A magnetic bearing is a type of bearing that supports a load using magnetic levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving parts without physical contact. For instance, they are able to levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion with very low friction and no mechanical wear. Magnetic bearings support the highest speeds of any kind of bearing and have no maximum relative speed.

Active bearings have several advantages: they do not suffer from wear, have low friction, and can often accommodate irregularities in the mass distribution automatically, allowing rotors to spin around their center of mass with very low vibration.

Passive magnetic bearings use permanent magnets and, therefore, do not require any input power but are difficult to design due to the limitations described by Earnshaw's theorem. Techniques using diamagnetic materials are relatively undeveloped and strongly depend on material characteristics. As a result, most magnetic bearings are active magnetic bearings, using electromagnets which require continuous power input and an active control system to keep the load stable. In a combined design, permanent magnets are often used to carry the static load and the active magnetic bearing is used when the levitated object deviates from its optimum position. Magnetic bearings typically require a back-up bearing in the case of power or control system failure.

Magnetic bearings are used in several industrial applications such as electrical power generation, petroleum refinement, machine tool operation and natural gas handling.  They are also used in the Zippe-type centrifuge, for uranium enrichment and in turbomolecular pumps, where oil-lubricated bearings would be a source of contamination.

Design

An active magnetic bearing works on the principle of electromagnetic suspension based on the induction of eddy currents in a rotating conductor. When an electrically conducting material is moving in a magnetic field, a current will be generated in the material that counters the change in the magnetic field (known as Lenz's Law). This generates a current that will result in a magnetic field that is oriented opposite to the one from the magnet. The electrically conducting material is thus
acting as a magnetic mirror.

The hardware consists of an electromagnet assembly, a set of power amplifiers which supply current to the electromagnets, a controller, and gap sensors with associated electronics to provide the feedback required to control the position of the rotor within the gap. The power amplifier supplies equal bias current to two pairs of electromagnets on opposite sides of a rotor. This constant tug-of-war is mediated by the controller, which offsets the bias current by equal and opposite perturbations of current as the rotor deviates from its center position.

The gap sensors are usually inductive in nature and sense in a differential mode.  The power amplifiers in a modern commercial application are solid state devices which operate in a pulse-width modulation configuration.  The controller is usually a microprocessor or digital signal processor.

Two types of instabilities are typically present in magnetic bearings. Attractive magnets produce an unstable static force that decreases with increasing distance and increases at decreasing distances. This can cause the bearing to become unbalanced. Secondly, because magnetism is a conservative force, it provides little damping; oscillations may cause loss of successful suspension if any driving forces are present.

History
The table below lists several early patents for active magnetic bearings. Earlier patents for magnetic suspensions can be found but are excluded here because they consist of assemblies of permanent magnets of problematic stability per Earnshaw's Theorem.

Jesse Beams from the University of Virginia filed some of the earliest active magnetic bearing patents  during World War II.  The patents dealt with ultracentrifuges intended for the enrichment of isotopes of elements needed for the Manhattan Project. However, magnetic bearings did not mature until advances in solid-state electronics and modern computer-based control technology with the work of Habermann and Schweitzer. In 1987, Estelle Croot further improved active magnetic bearing technology, but these designs were not manufactured due to expensive costs of production, which used a laser guidance system. Estelle Croot's research was the subject of three Australian patents  and was funded by Nachi Fujikoshi, Nippon Seiko KK and Hitachi, and her calculations were used in other technologies that used rare-earth magnets but the active magnetic bearings were only developed to the prototype stage. Croot's design also included an advance computerised control system, while the last design was a non-linear magnetic bearing.

Kasarda reviews the history of active magnetic bearings in depth.  She notes that the first commercial application of active magnetic bearings was in turbomachinery.  The active magnetic bearing allowed the elimination of oil reservoirs on compressors for the NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) gas pipelines in Alberta, Canada. This reduced the fire hazard allowing a substantial reduction in insurance costs.  The success of these magnetic bearing installations led NGTL to pioneer the research and development of a digital magnetic bearing control system as a replacement for the analog control systems supplied by the American company Magnetic Bearings Inc. In 1992, NGTL's magnetic bearing research group formed the company Revolve Technologies Inc.  for commercializing the digital magnetic bearing technology. The company was later purchased by SKF of Sweden.  The French company S2M, founded in 1976, was the first to commercially market active magnetic bearings. Extensive research on magnetic bearings continues at the University of Virginia in the Rotating Machinery and Controls Industrial Research Program .

During the decade starting in 1996, the Dutch oil-and-gas company NAM installed twenty gas compressors, each driven by a 23-megawatt variable-speed-drive electric motor.  Each unit was fully equipped with active magnetic bearings on both the motor and the compressor. These compressors are used in the Groningen gas field to extract the remaining gas from this large gas field and to increase the field capacity. The motor-compressor design was done by Siemens and the active magnetic bearings were delivered by Waukesha Bearings (owned by Dover Corporation). (Originally these bearings were designed by Glacier, this company was later taken over by Federal Mogul and is now part of Waukesha Bearings.) By using active magnetic bearings and a direct drive between motor and compressor (without having a gearbox in between) and by applying dry gas seals, a fully dry-dry (oil-free) system was achieved. Applying active magnetic bearings in both the driver and in the compressor (compared to the traditional configuration using gears and ball bearings) results in a relatively simple system with a very wide operating range and high efficiencies, particularly at partial load. As was done in the Groningen field, the full installation can additionally be placed outdoors without the need for a large compressor building.

Non-contacting permanent magnet bearings with electromotive stabilisation were applied for patent by R. G. Gilbert in 1955 (U. S. Patent 2,946,930)  and K. Boden, D. Scheffer in 1968 (German Patent 1750602). These inventions provide the technological basis for a number of practical applications, some of which have reached the stage of industrial series production under licence from Forschungszentrum Jülich since about 1980.

Meeks pioneered hybrid magnetic bearing designs (US patent 5,111,102) in which permanent magnets provide the bias field and active control coils are used for stability and dynamic control. These designs using permanent magnets for bias fields are smaller and of lighter weight than purely electromagnetic bearings.  The electronic control system is also smaller and requires less electrical power because the bias field is provided by the permanent magnets.

As the development of the necessary components progressed, scientific interest in the field also increased, peaking in the first International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings held in 1988 in Zürich with the founding of the International Society of Magnetic Bearings by Prof. Schweitzer (ETHZ), Prof. Allaire (University of Virginia), and Prof. Okada (Ibaraki University). Since then, the symposium has developed into a biennial conference series with a permanent portal on magnetic bearing technology  where all symposium contributions are made available. The web portal is supported by the international research and industrial community. Joining the hall of fame and earning lifetime achievement awards in 2012 were Prof. Yohji Okada, Prof. Gerhard Schweitzer, and Michael Swann of Waukesha Magnetic Bearings .

Applications

Magnetic bearing advantages include very low and predictable friction, and the ability to run without lubrication and in a vacuum. Magnetic bearings are increasingly used in industrial machines such as compressors, turbines, pumps, motors and generators.

Magnetic bearings are commonly used in watt-hour meters by electric utilities to measure home power consumption.  They are also used in energy storage or transportation applications and to support equipment in a vacuum, for example in flywheel energy storage systems.  A flywheel in a vacuum has very low wind resistance losses, but conventional bearings usually fail quickly in a vacuum due to poor lubrication.  Magnetic bearings are also used to support maglev trains in order to get low noise and smooth ride by eliminating physical contact surfaces. Disadvantages include high cost, heavy weight and relatively large size.

Magnetic bearings are also used in some centrifugal compressors for chillers with a shaft made up of magnetic material lies between magnetic bearings. A small amount of current provides magnetic levitation to the shaft which remains freely suspended in air ensuring zero friction between the bearing and the shaft.

Among the most significant industrial applications are turbomolecular pumps for vacuum generation in semiconductor production plants. First commercial magnetic bearing type turbopumps without mechanical stabilisation were marketed by Leybold AG in 1975 (electromagnetic) and in 1989 (permanent magnet based).

In the field of vacuum metrology the spinning rotor gauge (SRG) was introduced as a reference standard by BIPM, Paris 1979. A first laboratory setup of this gauge was established by Jesse Beams in 1946. Commercial series production started in 1980 under licences from Forschungszentrum Jülich. The SRG is significant for vacuum process control in semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

A new application of magnetic bearings is in artificial hearts.  The use of magnetic suspension in ventricular assist devices was pioneered by Prof. Paul Allaire and Prof. Houston Wood at the University of Virginia, culminating in the first magnetically suspended ventricular assist centrifugal pump (VAD) in 1999.

Several ventricular assist devices use magnetic bearings, including the LifeFlow heart pump,
the  DuraHeart Left Ventricular Assist System,
the Levitronix CentriMag,
and the Berlin Heart.
In these devices, the single moving part is suspended by a combination of hydrodynamic force and magnetic force.
By eliminating physical contact surfaces, magnetic bearings make it easier to reduce areas of high shear stress (which leads to red blood cell damage) and flow stagnation (which leads to clotting) in these blood pumps. Berlin Heart INCOR was the first commercial ventricular assist device without mechanical or fluid dynamic stabilisation.

Calnetix Technologies, Synchrony Magnetic Bearings (subsidiary of Johnson Controls International), Waukesha Magnetic Bearings, and S2M (subsidiary of SKF) are among the major magnetic bearing developers and manufacturers worldwide.

Future advances

With the use of an induction-based levitation system present in maglev technologies such as the Inductrack system, magnetic bearings could replace complex control systems by using Halbach arrays and simple closed loop coils. These systems gain in simplicity, but are less advantageous with regard to eddy current losses. For rotating systems it is possible to use homopolar magnet designs instead of multipole Halbach structures, which reduce losses considerably.

An example that has bypassed the Earnshaw's theorem issues is the homopolar electrodynamic bearing invented by Dr Torbjörn Lembke. This is a novel type of electromagnetic bearing based on a passive magnetic technology. It does not require any control electronics to operate and works because the electrical currents generated by motion cause a restoring force.

See also
Flywheel
Levitron
Spin-stabilized magnetic levitation
Electrodynamic wheel

References

Further reading

External links
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
 MADYN2000, Rotordynamics Software supports computer-aided design of Magnetic Bearing controllers and provides multiple analytic reports of design quality.

Bearings (mechanical)
Magnetic levitation

Magnetic bearing


Bembidiomorphum es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies

 Bembidiomorphum convexum
 Bembidiomorphum silvicola

Referencias

  1918: Notes on various South American Coleoptera collected by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the "Beagle", with descriptions of new genera and species. Entomologist's monthly magazine, 54: 43-54. BHL
 ;  2009: Revision of the New Zealand species of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrinae, Mecyclothoracini) and the consequent removal of several species to Meonochilus gen. n. (Psydrinae, Meonini).  New Zealand entomologist, 32: 5-22.
  2000: The subtribes and genera of the tribe Broscini (Coleoptera, Carabidae): cladistic analysis, taxonomic treatment, and biogeographical considerations. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, (255)
 ; ; ; ;  2008: Description and phylogenetic relationships of two new species of Baripus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Broscini) and considerations regarding patterns of speciation. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 77(1): 211–227.

Enlaces externos

 ION search for Bembidiomorphum

 Nomenclator Zoologicus search for Bembidiomorphum
 Nomenclator Zoologicus search for Microbarypus

Barypina

Bembidiomorphum


Josef Wenzig (n. 1807, Praga - d. 28 august 1876, Turnov) a fost un scriitor și autor de librete ceh.

Viața
Wenzig a fost profesor particular în familiile nobile, rector al Școlii Reale Cehe din Praga și din 1833 profesor de limba germană și de geografie. În timpul carierei sale didactice a contribuit la promovarea egalității limbii cehe cu cea germană în școlile din Boemia (Lex Wenzig). El a fost director al Asociației Artiștilor (Umělecká beseda) și l-a cunoscut acolo pe Bedřich Smetana .

Lucrări
Wenzig a încercat să-și creeze o carieră de scriitor și a scris o piesă de teatru, care a fost recenzată pozitiv de Jan Neruda. Cu toate acestea, el a fost un dramaturg nesemnificativ pentru vremea sa. Mai cunoscute sunt libretele sale, pe care le-a scris inițial în limba germană și apoi le-a tradus în limba cehă (Dalibor și Libuše, puse ambele pe muzică de Smetana). Multe dintre poeziile sale au fost puse pe muzică de Johannes Brahms: op. 31 / 2 + 3; op. 43 / 1; op. 48 / 1 + 4; op. 49 / 3; op. 61/ 4; op. 69 / 1 + 2 + 3 + 4; op. 75 / 3; op. 104 / 4.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1807
Decese în 1876
Scriitori cehi
Dramaturgi cehi

Josef Wenzig


Pablo Picasso (25 Ekim 1881, Málaga, İspanya - 8 Nisan 1973, Mougins, Fransa), Fransa'da yaşamış İspanyol ressam, heykeltıraş, sahne tasarımcısı, şair ve oyun yazarıdır. 20. yüzyıl sanatının en iyi bilinen isimlerindendir. Georges Braque ile birlikte kübizm akımının temelini atmış, asamblajı icat etmiş, kolajın icadında yer almış ve çok çeşitli tarzların gelişimine katkı vermiştir. En önemli eserleri olarak öncü kübizm eseri Avignonlu Kızlar ve Alman ve İtalyan askerlerin İspanyol İç Savaşı sırasında yaptığı katliamı anlatan Guernica sayılabilir.

Hayatı
Küçük yaşta resim yapmaya ressam ve resim öğretmeni babası tarafından yönlendirildi. Resim yeteneği kısa sürede keşfedildi ve 1895'te Güzel Sanatlar Okulu'na girdi. 1901 yılından itibaren anne soyadı olan Picasso'yu kullanmaya başladı. Eserleri İspanyol bir dergi olan Juventut'ta yayınlandı.

1900'de ilk kez Paris'e gitti. Dönemin yenilikçi sanatçılarının yaşadığı Montmartre semtinde bir süre parasızlık içinde yaşadı. Picasso yaklaşık 1901-04 arasındaki ilk dönem yapıtlarında sıradan insanların, sirk palyaçolarının, akrobatlarının resimlerini yaptı. Büyük kentlerdeki yaşam kadar, sirk yaşamı da ilgisini çekiyordu. Ne var ki, tablolarında bu yaşamın hüzünlü yanını yansıttı. Sanatçının bu dönemi Mavi Dönem olarak tanımlanır.

Picasso, Georges Braque ile kübizmin temellerini atmış sayılmaktadır. 1907'den 1914'e kadar kübist olarak adlandırılan tarzda tablolar yapar. Kübist tabloların genel özelliği, geometri ve geometrik şekillerin kullanılmasıdır. Resmedilen nesneler geometrik formlar oluşturacak şekilde basitleştirilmiş yahut geometrik şekillere bölünmüştür. Kübizmin bir diğer özelliği de uzaydaki üç boyutlu bir cismi iki boyutlu yüzeye aktarma çabasıdır. Bu amaçla Picasso, şekilleri yanal yüzeylerine bölüştürüp her birini iki boyutlu yüzeyde göstermeye çalışır. Yine bu nedenden portrelerindeki insanların hem profili hem de önden görünüşü görülmektedir.

1911 yılında Leonardo Da Vinci'ye ait Mona Lisa eserini, bu eserin doğduğu şehir, Floransa'ya kaçırmakla suçlandı. Ancak iddialar hiçbir zaman kanıtlanamadı.

I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Picasso, Jean Cocteau ile beraber Roma'da kalır. 20'li yılların başında ressam klasisizme geri döner: Trois Femmes à la fontaine (1921, Modern Sanat Müzesi, Paris). Ayrıca mitolojiden de esinlenir: les Flûtes de Pan (1923, Picasso Müzesi, Paris).

Picasso tanınan en üretken sanatçıdır. Guiness Rekorlar Kitabı'na göre, toplam resim, 100,000 baskı, 34,000 kitap resmi ve 300 heykel ve birçok seramik ve çizim üretmiştir.

Bir genelevdeki beş hayat kadınını gösteren ve Kübizm akımının en önemli örneklerinden biri olarak görülen ünlü eseri Avignonlu Kadınlar, Fransa'da 1907 yılında çizilmiştir.

En tanınmış eseri Alman hava kuvvetlerinin Guernica kasabasını bombalamasını anlatan Guernica adlı eseridir. Resim 1937'de yapılmıştır. Bu resim şu anda Madrid'de Reina Sofía Müzesinde bulunmaktadır. Picasso, bir sergisi sırasında kendisine, "Bu resmi siz mi yaptınız" diye soran bir Alman generaline, "Hayır, siz yaptınız" cevabını vermiştir. Bu resim Picasso'nun savaşa ve Guernica'nın bombalanmasına karşı duyduğu güçlü nefreti anlatmaktadır. Resimdeki insan ve hayvan figürleri acı, hüzün ve savaşa karşı duyulan nefreti yansıtmaktadır.

Sanatçı, ressamlığının yanında yazar ve şair olarak da gündeme geldi. Şiirler kaleme aldı, sürrealist bir oyun yazdı.

Özel hayatı

Picasso sahne dekoratörü olarak çalışırken Roma'da tanıştığı Ukraynalı balerin Olga Khokhlova ile Temmuz 1918'de evlendi ve daha sonra onun sayesinde Paris sosyetesi ile tanışma imkanı buldu. Çiftin 1921'de Paulo (Paul) adında oğulları oldu.

1927'de 46 yaşında iken Picasso 17 yaşındaki bir Fransız kız, Marie-Thérèse Walter ile gizli ilişki yaşamaya başladı. Hohlova ancak 1935'te bu ilişkiyi ve Walter'in hamile olduğunu öğrenince derhal Picasso'yu terk edip güneye taşınarak boşanma davası açtı. Fakat kanunen mal varlığının eşit olarak paylaşılması gerektiğinden Picasso boşanmayı reddetti ve bu evlilik Hohlova'nın kanserden öldüğü 1955'e dek kağıt üzerinde devam etti.

Picasso'nun 1921 doğumlu oğlu Paulo, 1935 doğumlu kızı Maya'dan sonra, 61 yaşındayken ilişki yaşamaya başladığı 21 yaşındaki Françoise Gilot'dan 1947 doğumlu oğlu Claude ve 1949 doğumlu kızı Paloma oldu. Bu üçü dışında Picasso'nun hayatına Dora Maar, Fernande Olivier gibi daha birçok kadın girdi.  İkinci ve son nikahlı eşi Jacqueline Roque ile 1953'te tanıştığında kendisi 72 yaşında, Jacqueline ise 26 yaşındaydı. Altı ay türlü çeşitli kurlar yaptıktan sonra onunla yaşamaya başladı ve 1961'de nikahlandılar.

Resmi ya da fiili eşi konumundaki kadının yanı sıra birkaç kadınla daha ilişkisi olan ve bu ilişkilerinde kadınlara şiddet dahil kötü davranan Picasso için torunu Marina Picasso, Dedem Picasso adlı anılarında şöyle yazdı:

Onları kendi hayvani cinselliği için kullanıyor, itaatkar hale getiriyor, büyülüyor, sindiriyor ve ezip tuvaline sürüyordu. Geceler boyu onların özünü sömürdükten sonra, bitip tükendiklerinde ise onları başından atıyordu.

Hayatındaki birkaç önemli kadından Marie-Thèrése Walter ve Jacqueline Roque intihar ettiler, Hohlova ve Dora Maar ise sinir krizleri yaşadılar. Oğlu Paulo depresyon sonucu alkolizmden öldü. Torunu Pablito da ressamın cenazesine katılmasına son nikahlı eşi Jacqueline Roque izin vermeyince aynı yıl klorak içerek intihar etti.

Picasso'nun son vasiyetnamesine onu akıl sağlığı yerinde değilken yazdığı gerekçesiyle itiraz eden Françoise Gilot ile Jacqueline Roque arasındaki miras davası önce itiraz reddedilmekle birlikte sonunda Picasso'nun oğlu Paulo'nun ölümünden sonra, miras sahiplerinin Jacqueline ile birlikte Picasso'nun çocukları ve torunları Claude, Paloma, Maya, Bernard ve Marina Picasso olduğuna karar verildi.

Politik görüşü

Picasso gençliğinde Katalan bağımsızlık hareketine sempati duyup genel olarak desteğini ifade ederek hareket içindeki aktivistlerle dostlukları olmakla birlikte kendisi bu harekete aktif olarak katılmadı. I. Dünya Savaşı, İspanya İç Savaşı ve II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında da hiçbir tarafın silahlı kuvvetlerine katılmadı. Fransa'da yaşayan bir İspanyol olarak her iki dünya savaşında da işgalci Almanya ordularına karşı savaşa katılma zorunluluğu yoktu.

1940 yılında Fransa vatandaşlığına başvurduğu fakat "komünizme doğru evrilen aşırılıkçı görüşleri" nedeniyle reddedildiği 2003 yılında ortaya çıktı.

1936'da İspanya İç Savaşı başladığında Picasso 54 yaşındaydı. Çatışmalar başladıktan kısa bir süre sonra Cumhuriyetçiler tarafından "gıyaben de olsa Prado'nun müdürü" olarak atandı ve John Richardson'a göre o da "görevlerini çok ciddiye alarak" müze koleksiyonunun Cenevre'ye taşınması için gerekli fonları sağladı. Savaş Picasso'nun ilk açıkça politik çalışmasına fırsat yarattı. 1937 yılında "özellikle propaganda ve bağış toplama amacıyla" yapılan ve 18 resimden oluşan Franco'nun Rüyası ve Yalanı adlı çalışmasında Francisco Franco'ya ve faşistlere yönelik öfkesini dile getirdi.

1944'te Fransız Komünist Partisine girdi. 1948'de Polonya'da yapılan Barışı Savunmak İçin Dünya Aydınlar Kongresine katıldı ve 1949'da Dünya Barış Konseyi için çizdiği güvercin uzun yıllar resmi dünya çapında komünist hareket içinde ve dışında yaygın şekilde barış sembolü olarak kullanıldı. 1950'de Sovyet hükûmetinden Stalin Barış Ödülü aldı. 1953'te Stalin'in ölümü üzerine parti yayın organı için çizdiği Stalin portresi yeterince gerçekçi olmadığı gerekçesiyle eleştirilere maruz kalınca Sovyetler Birliği'ne yönelik şevki zayfılamakla birlikte ölümüne kadar Komünist Partinin sadık bir üyesi olarak kaldı. 1962'de Lenin Barış Ödülü aldı.

Ölümü
Pablo Picasso, 8 Nisan 1973'te Fransa'nın Mougins kentinde, eşi Jacqueline ile akşam yemeği için arkadaşlarını ağırladıktan sonraki sabah, akciğer ödemi ve kalp krizinden öldü. 1958'de satın aldığı ve 1959 ile 1962 arasında Jacqueline ile birlikte yaşadığı bir mülk olan Aix-en-Provence yakınlarındaki Vauvenargues Şatosu'na defnedildi. Jacqueline, çocukları Claude ve Paloma'nın cenazeye katılmasını engelledi. Picasso'nun ölümünden sonra harap ve yalnız kalan Jacqueline, 1986'da 59 yaşındayken kendisini vurarak intihar etti.

Dış bağlantılar

 Deniz Harp Okulu Pusula Dergisi
 Resmi İnternet Sitesi*
 Picasso ve Kübizm
 Pablo Picasso Sitesi
 Bilim adamları hayatları ve çalışmaları

Notlar

Kaynakça

1881 doğumlular
1973 yılında ölenler
İspanyol erkek heykeltıraşlar
20. yüzyıl heykeltıraşları
İspanyol duvar ressamları
İspanyol erkek ressamlar
19. yüzyıl İspanyol ressamları
20. yüzyıl İspanyol ressamları
İspanyol komünistler
İspanyol ateistler
Lenin Nişanı sahipleri
Lenin Barış Ödülü sahipleri
Kübist sanatçılar
1939 New York Dünya Fuarı sanatçıları
Eski Roma Katolikleri
Fransız Komünist Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Nü
Politik sanatçılar
Paris Okulu
Fransa'daki İspanyol gurbetçiler
İtalyan asıllı İspanyollar
Sürrealist ressamlar
İspanyol gerçeküstücü sanatçılar
Bale tasarımcıları
Çocuk sanatçılar
İspanya İç Savaşı'nda İspanyollar

Pablo Picasso


Crkva sv. Nikole u Gornjem Mikloušu župna je rimokatolička crkva u selu Gornji Miklouš u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji.

Sagrađena je 1704. i obnovljena 1789. te početkom 19. stoljeća, kada dobiva današnji izgled. Jednobrodna je građevina pravokutnog tlocrta i užeg polukružno zaključenog svetišta sa sakristijom i zvonikom pred zapadnim pročeljem. Nekad nadsvođen prostor broda danas je prekriven drvenim stropom, a svetište i sakristija svođeni su bačvasto sa susvodnicama. Inventar potječe uglavnom iz 19. stoljeća uz barokni glavni oltar.

Mjesto Gornji Miklouš dobilo je i ime po crkvi sv. Nikole, tj. po mađarskoj inačici imena Nikola - "Mikloš". Župa se koja je najmanja u Bjelovarsko-križevačkoj biskupiji, kao i susjedna Samarica, prvi put spominje u popisu iz 1334., i zatim u popisu župnika iz 1501. Nakon odlaska Turaka bila je filijala Čazme, od koje se 1789. osamostaljuje, ali kao mjesna kapelanija u Vojnoj krajini, a tek 1813. postaje u pravom smislu riječi samostalna župa.

Osim blagdana sv. Nikole, od davnina se posebno štuje i slavi i blagdan sv. Lovre ili Lovrečevo.

Ispred crkve pod stoljetnom lipom, svake se godine održava turistička manifestacija "Zapovijed pod lipom".

Zaštita
Pod oznakom  Z-1911 vodi se kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji
Gornji Miklouš

Crkva sv. Nikole u Gornjem Mikloušu


An Pterygodium pentherianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Pterygodium pentherianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pterygodium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pterygodium

Pterygodium pentherianum


Reimegrend Station (Reimegrend stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der ligger i Voss kommune i Norge. Stationen består af tre spor, en perron og en stationsbygning i træ med ventesal og toilet. Den ligger i området Reimegrend, hvor der er mange hytter.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 10. juni 1908. Oprindeligt hed den Reime, men den skiftede navn til Reimegrend 15. juli 1928. Den blev fjernstyret 15. oktober 1981 og gjort ubemandet 2. november 1981. Stationen var tidligere det vestlige endepunkt for snerydningstjeneste på banen gennem fjeldene.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Etableret i 1908
Jernbanestationer i Hordaland

Reimegrend Station


Arno van Zwam (født 16. september 1969) er en tidligere hollandsk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Holland

Arno van Zwam


La littérature jordanienne désigne l'ensemble des pratiques et productions textuelles, orales et écrites, à toute époque, en toute langue, en tout lieu (diasporas comprises), par des Jordaniens de tout statut (citoyenneté, résidence, clandestinité, autre) et/ou toute personne revendiquant, au moins partiellement, son appartenance à la culture jordanienne. Il s'agit d'abord de littérature contemporaine, essentiellement en arabe (toutes variantes confondues).

La littérature jordanienne est ainsi la littérature (écrite comme orale) originaire du pays actuel, appelé désormais officiellement royaume hachémite de Jordanie. Cette littérature est influencée par les littératures des autres pays arabophones, particulièrement la littérature syrienne et par l'histoire sociale et politique du pays et de la région.

Démographie
En 2022, 95% de la population est arabe (y compris Druzes et Bédouins) et musulmane (toutes tendances confondues).
Parmi les minorités anciennes : Circassiens, Tchétchènes, Arméniens, Assyriens.
Et de très nombreux réfugiés, relativement récents, irakiens, syriens, palestiniens (liste des camps de réfugiés palestiniens, réfugiés de la guerre civile syrienne en Jordanie).

La très nette évolution de la population (1900 (), 1952 (), 1961 (), 1979 (), 1983 (), 2002 (), 2017 ()) renvoie à l'effectif estimé de 1800 ( : condensé des traditions culturelles) et à l'accélération de l'urbanisation (liste de villes de Jordanie, à effervescence culturelle probable, surtout à Amman).

Histoire

La région participe au déclin et à la chute de l'Empire ottoman : nahda, nationalisme arabe,  (1900-1905), révolte du Hauran de 1910,  (1910), révolte arabe de 1916-1918, bataille d'Aqaba (1917), et à la partition de l'Empire ottoman (1918-1922) : territoires ennemis occupés (au Levant, 1918-1920).

Les dirigeants du pays acceptent le principe d'une Palestine mandataire (avec toute la question de la Cisjordanie) et d'un mandat français en Syrie et au Liban, et la création d'un émirat de Transjordanie (1921-1946) sous protectorat britannique, devenant en 1946 royaume hachémite de Jordanie. La Jordanie fait face à divers défis :  (1921-1923),  (1922-1924),  (1923), grande révolte arabe de 1936-1939 en Palestine mandataire, création de l'État d'Israël (1948), guerre israélo-arabe de 1948-1949, Fédération arabe d'Irak et de Jordanie (quelques mois en 1958), Septembre noir (1970-1971).

La liste des souverains de Jordanie est brève :
 Abdallah Ier (1882-1951, émir de 1921 à 1946, roi de 1949 à 1951),
 Talal (1909-1972, roi de 1951 à 1952),
 Hussein (1935-1999, roi de 1952 à 1999),
 Abdallah II (1962-, roi depuis 1999).

Littérature
La littérature jordanienne moderne et contemporaine s'écrit par des Jordaniens (souvent d'ascendance mixte, particulièrement palestinienne) en arabe et souvent en anglais, surtout pour les auteurs des diasporas (États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, pays du Golfe, etc.).

La plus grande partie de la littérature jordanienne, contemporaine d'abord, est méconnue du lectorat francophone, car peu traduite et/ou peu diffusée.

La presse arabophone est active : journalistes jordaniens,

La chaîne qatarienne de télévision Al Jazeera revitalise l'ensemble de la scène culturelle arabe.

Auteurs
  (1899-1949, Arar), poète, écrivain, enseignant, fonctionnaire
  (1909-1971), écrivain, penseur, universitaire, historien, conteur, traducteur

1910
  (1910 ?-2004), enseignante, avocate, militante politique, philanthrope
  (1916-1979), poète, auteur, politique
  (1919-2008), historien

1920
  (1923-1995), romancier, journaliste, politique
  (1923-2014), historien, universitaire, politique
 Salma Khadra Jayyusi (1926-), poétesse, critique, historienne, essayiste

1930
  (1932-1989), romancier, nouvelliste, traducteur, critique littéraire, activiste (politique)
 Abdel Rahman Mounif (1933-2004), journaliste, romancier, essayiste, À l'est de la Méditerranée (1975), Cités de sel (1984)…
  (1935-2021), universitaire, historien, anthropologue
  (1935-), poétesse, auteure, essayiste, critique littéraire
  (1938-), historien, essayiste, réalisateur, producteur
  (1939-1973), poète, romancier, animateur de radio, avocat

1940
  (1940-2012), enseignant en droit islamique, salafiste, frère musulman
  (1940-2019), femme de radio
  (1940-), poète
  (1942-), poète, journaliste, chroniqueur
  (1942-), poétesse, défenseure (droits des femmes)
  (1944-), réalisateur, auteur
  (1944-2015), druze, nouvelliste, dramaturge, scénariste
  (1945-2007), romancier
  (1945-), enseignant, nouvelliste, scénariste, satiriste
  (1946-), auteure, nouvelliste
  (1946-), universitaire, poète, écrivain, politique
  (1948-2008), poétesse, nouvelliste, plasticienne
  (1948-2020), romancier, nouvelliste
  (1948-2021), journaliste, romancière

1950
  (1950 ?), poète, journaliste, chroniqueur, analyste politique
  (1951-2002), romancier, dont 15 ouvrages ont reçu des prix
 Noor de Jordanie (1951), reine, auteure
  (1954-2018), romancier, nouvelliste
  (1954-), architecte, artiste, auteur, professeur, sénateur
 Ibrahim Nasrallah (1954-), poète, peintre, photographe, journaliste
 Amjad Nasser (1955-2019), poète, un des pionniers de la modernité poétique arabe et du poème arabe en prose, journaliste, romancier
  (1955 ?), universitaire, auteur, traducteur
  (1955-), poète, bédouin
  (1956-), romancière, journaliste, traductrice, scénariste
  (1956-), universitaire, romancière, nouvelliste, dramaturge
  (1956-), poète, journaliste
  (1957-2008), journaliste, satiriste, nouvelliste
 Amal Naseer (1959-), universitaire, critique littéraire, écrivaine, essayiste

1960
 Nahed Hattar (1960-2016), journaliste, politique
  (1961-), ingénieure, auteure, chercheuse, conférencière, activiste (technologies de l'information, culture Internet)
 Kafa Al-Zou'bi (1965-), romancière
  (1967-), artiste, calligraphe, universitaire
  (1967-), auteure, nouvelliste
  (1967-), poète, universitaire, critique
  (1969-), poétesse, universitaire, auteure

1970
  (1970-), ingénieur, journaliste, poète, romancier, nouvelliste
  (1970-, Norma Bagain Toliopoulos), auteure de Honor Lost : Love and Death in Modern Day Jordan (2003)
  (1971-), romancière, dramaturge (enfance)
  (1971-), documentariste, réalisateur, écrivain
  (1972-), écrivain, formateur en médias et chercheur, collaborateur de différents journaux et magazines du Golfe
  (1972-), poète, romancier
  (1974-), chercheur, analyste politique, consultant
  (1975-), chroniqueur, dramaturge, satiriste, nouvelliste
  (1975 ?), journaliste, analyste politique, essayiste
 Dima Tahboub (1976-), journaliste politique, attachée de presse du Front islamique d'action (Frères musulmans)
  (1977-), poétesse, présentatrice média, activiste (droits humains)
 Sanaa Shalan (1977-), universitaire, romancière, auteure (enfance)
  (1978 ?-2019), entrepreneur (Aranim Media Factory), bédéiste
  (1979-), romancier, poète, auteur, scénariste, peintre

1980
  (1980 ?), poète, défenseur (droits de l'enfance)
  (1980 ?), poète
  (1980 ?), réalisateur (TV), producteur, auteur
  (1980 ?), journaliste, blogueur, romancier, Aroos Amman (2012)
  (1981 ?), poète
  (1981-), romancier
  (1987-), poétesse, écrivaine (enfance)
  (1989 ?), actrice, réalisatrice, écrivaine

La Jordanie est marquée par les guerres en Syrie et en Irak, les attentats du 9 novembre 2005 à Amman, la contestation de 2011-2012 en Jordanie (printemps arabe) et les menaces de l'organisation État islamique (Daesh).

Institutions

 Prix international de la fiction arabe
  (depuis 1988)

 Marefa, projet encyclopédique en arabe, façon wikipedia
 , éditeur de contenu arabe en ligne, basé en Jordanie
 Critiques littéraires jordaniens :  (1967-), Amal Naseer (1959-), Sanaa Shalan (1977-)
 Département de la bibliothèque nationale de Jordanie
 Institut français de Jordanie (2012)

Littératures de Jordanie avant 1900
La Jordanie s'inscrit dans l'Arabah de la vallée du rift du Jourdain, partie sud de la faille du Levant.

Antiquité
Le Proche-Orient ancien, localement, concerne l'histoire de la Palestine et d'Israël antique : Samarie, Transjordanie, Palestine Pérée, Galaad...

Au second millénaire, les peuples remarqués du Levant sont les Hyksôs, les Apirou et les Shasou, surtout dans des textes d'exécration égyptiens. Au premier millénaire, les peuples proches sont les Cananéens, les Phéniciens, les Philistins (histoire de Gaza antique), les Ammonites, puis les Nabatéens (Pétra, route de l'encens, Avdat (Néguev)).

Parmi les royaumes qui s'établissent dans le voisinage : pays de Madian ou des Midianites (Dumat Al-Djandal), royaume d'Aram-Damas (1150-732), Monarchie unifiée d'Israël et Juda (1020-930), Royaume de Juda (de -931 à -586), Royaume d'Ammon (de -930 à -332), Royaume de Moab (de -850 à -400 environ), Édom (de -650 à 533).

Après les guerres des Diadoques (322-281, succession d'Alexandre le Grand (356-323)), et les  (314-312), le royaume nabatéen (de -320 environ à + 106) devient le centre économique et culturel pour quatre siècles.

Puis, l'Empire romain s'impose, fondant en 106 la province romaine d'Arabie pétrée (Arabia Petraea.), avec Bosra pour capitale, et Pétra comme cité nabatéenne emblématique : , , Décapole de Jordanie,  (ou Palaestina Tertia (300-636)).
Les Nabatéens semblent avoir abandonné vers 250-300 l'écriture nabatéenne au profit de l'écriture grecque, et s'être christianisés ver 350-450.
Le séisme de 363 en Galilée endommage gravement la ville de Pétra, et précipite son déclin (au profit de Palmyre et surtout d'Alexandrie).

La grande région semble, globalement quoique minoritairement, gagnée par le judaïsme et le christianisme (deux religions du Livre centrées à Jérusalem, à 100 km d'Amman) : mont Sinaï, monastère Sainte-Catherine du Sinaï, monastère de Mar Saba, christianisme primitif, monastères de la région de Gaza, Pères du désert, , Marie l'Égyptienne, tribus juives de Yathrib, sabéisme, mandéisme, nestorianisme, royaume d'Himyar, pacte de Najran...

Le groupe des langues sémitiques du Nord-Ouest (partie de la famille des langues chamito-sémitiques), comprenant les langues autochtones du Levant, se subdivisent en langues cananéennes (hébreu, phénicien/punique, amorrite, ammonite, éqronite, moabite et édomite), araméen et ougaritique. L'araméen est la langue véhiculaire du Levant à peu près de -600 à +600 (avec le grec commun ou koinè).

De toutes ces littératures antiques, en araméen, judéo-araméen, hébreu, cananéen, grec, latin, syriaque, il reste fort peu de textes qui concernent spécifiquement les populations de l'actuelle Jordanie.

Une puissance finit par s'imposer, les Ghassanides (220-638), confédération de tribus arabes (du sud) chrétiennes (monophysistes), chargée par l'empereur byzantin Justinien Ier de devenir un royaume vassal de protection contre les Sassanides, les Lakhmides et les Bédouins. Leur présence active entraîne une prospérité, une urbanisation, un mécénat des arts, de la musique et surtout de la poésie arabe : l'art arabe préislamique des Ghassanides est une influence de l'art omeyyade.

Moyen Âge : 635-1516
Le groupe des langues sémitiques du sud s'impose dès l'expansion de l'islam : arabe (des Arabes du Nord) plutôt que langues sudarabiques anciennes. Les Hachémites sont une dynastie descendant de Hachim ibn Abd Manaf, de la riche et commerçante tribu des Quraych (de la famille de Mahomet), originaire de La Mecque, protectrice des lieux saints de l'islam, avec de nombreux chérifs et d'émirs, et à ce titre respectée par les différentes dynasties des empires (fatimide, seldjoukide, ayyoubide, mamelouk, ottoman), puis appelée à régner en Syrie, Irak, Jordanie.

La littérature arabe en Jordanie ne semble pas beaucoup se distinguer de la littérature de langue arabe de tous les pays d'islam.
L'adab correspond à une littérature en prose de personnes de qualité (mais ni philosophique ni religieuse) : miroir, conte, fable, apologue, proverbe, généalogie, géographie, anthologie, compilation, encyclopédie, manuel, maqâma (ou Séance, court récit de fiction)… Trois grands ensembles textuels sont évidents.
 Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (897-967) est l'auteur de la grande anthologie dénommée Livre des Chansons (Kitâb al-Aghânî), ordonnée par le sultan Hâroun ar-Rachîd.
 Chroniqueurs arabes sur les croisades, dont Ibn al-Athîr, avec surtout l'intermède de la Seigneurie d'Outre-Jourdain (1118-1189).
 Les Mille et Une Nuits, un des sommets de la littérature indo-perso-arabe, pas vraiment jordanien, souvent classé dans la littérature arabe épique, relève plutôt d'une remarquable imbrication de ces petites fictions populaires.

Les évolutions de l'écriture de l'arabe, dont les styles calligraphiques arabes, permettent le développement d'un art du livre arabe, et de la miniature arabe, dont témoignent les manuscrits enluminés.

Domination ottomane : 1516-1918
Le gros village ruiné d'Amman est abandonné au profit de As-Salt (Saltus) comme centre administratif (rasé en 1840) pour gérer un sous-ensemble du pachalik de Damas (1517-1864), puis du vilayet de Syrie (1865-1918).

De cette époque, il reste peu de textes (en arabe ou en turc ottoman) accessibles pour un lectorat francophone.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Le Roman arabe (1834-2004), Kadhim Jihad Hassan, Actes Sud, 2006,

Articles connexes
 Liste du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité en Jordanie, dont calligraphie arabe, As-samer et espace culturel de Bedu de Petra et Wadi Rum
 Histoire de la Jordanie, Culture de la Jordanie
 Littérature arabophone, critique arabe classique, poésie arabe, liste de poètes de langue arabe
 Littérature syrienne, palestinienne, irakienne, égyptienne, libanaise
 Littérature musulmane
 Juifs dans le monde arabe, Chrétiens dans le monde arabe, Christianisme en Jordanie
 Politique en Jordanie, Sièges réservés (Jordanie)
 Territoires palestiniens occupés, Autorité palestinienne, État de Palestine

Littérature en Asie

Littérature jordanienne


Cotton Plant est une municipalité située dans l'État américain de l'Arkansas, dans le comté de Woodruff.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Comté de Woodruff
Ville en Arkansas

Cotton Plant (Arkansas)


Hava Harp Okulu (HHO), Türk Hava Kuvvetlerine muvazzaf subay yetiştiren, lisans derecesinde akademik eğitim ve öğretim veren askeri okul. 2016 yılında çıkarılan kanun hükmünde kararname ile Milli Savunma Üniversitesine bağlanmıştır.

Tarihçe
Batıdaki askeri havacılık alanındaki gelişmelere paralel olarak Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda, 1912 yılında, Hava Harp Okulunun bugünkü bulunduğu bölgede, Tayyare Mektebi adıyla ilk havacılık eğitim kurumu açıldı. Uzun bir süre, bir dizi aşamalar geçiren ve yer değiştiren okulda çoğunlukla Kara Harp Okulu mezunu subaylar uçucu olmak üzere eğitilmişler ve daha sonra bu subaylar, Türk Hava Kuvvetleri'nin çekirdeğini oluşturmuşlardır. 1951 yılında kurulan Hava Harp Okulu ve yerleşkesi Yeşilyurt, Bakırköy'dedir. Hava Teknik Okullar Komutanlığı yerleşkesi ise 17 Eylül 1954 tarihinde Gaziemir, İzmir'e taşınmıştır.

Uçuş eğitimi
Gerekli şartları sağlayarak Hava Harp Okuluna girmek için başvuruda bulunan aday öğrenciler spor, sağlık, psikomotor ve mülakat aşamalarını başarı ile tamamladıktan sonra öğrenci seçme uçuşuna tabi tutulurlar. Pilotaj eğitimleri pervaneli uçaklar kategorisindeki T-41D ile yapılmaktadır. Öğrenci seçme uçuşunu başarı ile tamamlayanlar bir aylık intibak eğitimini de başarı ile geçenler sonrasında yemin ederek okulun öğrencisi olurlar. Hava Harp Okulu'ndaki dört yıllık öğrenimleri süresince öğrenciler, sınıflarına göre uçuş aktivitelerinde bulunurlar. Ayrıca ara sınıf öğrencileri kampında ve yaz tatilinde Yalova'da bulunan Hava Astsubay Meslek Yüksekokulunda düzenlenen Türk Hava Kurumunun planör eğitimini alırlar. Uçuş eğitiminin amacı ise Hava Harp Okulu öğrencisini pilotaj eğitimine hazırlamak, uçuş disiplini, uçuş emniyeti ve brifing usullerini öğretmek, çeklist, uçuş el kitabı ve teçhizat kullanma alışkanlığı kazandırmak, zamana riayet, uçuculuk örf ve adetlerini aşılamak, temel havacılık bilgilerini uygulama ortamında öğretmektir. Erasmus Programı'nın aktif olduğu okulda ayrıca 1992 yılından beri farklı ülkelerden misafir askeri personele eğitim de verilmektedir.

Okul öğrencileri ya da mezunları içerisinden yetenek keşfi sonrası yapılan özel sınavla Türk Yıldızları ve Solo Türk uçuş ekibine katılmak üzere yetiştirilmek üzere öğrenciler seçilmektedir.

Görev yapmış komutanlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri

1951'de kurulan eğitim kurumları
Hava kuvvetleri akademileri
Türkiye'deki askerî okullar
Bakırköy'deki üniversiteler
1951'de Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar

Hava Harp Okulu


Les 48 heures de Royan est une compétition de course à pied d'ultramarathon se déroulant en France dans la ville de Royan. L'épreuve fait partie des courses horaires dont l'objectif consiste à parcourir la plus grande distance possible sur un parcours délimité en l'espace de 48 heures.

Histoire
La première édition des 48 heures de Royan a eu lieu en 2008. Se déroulant au mois d'octobre au Stade d'honneur de Royan, la course est devenue annuelle depuis .

La compétition comprend également les courses de formats 12 et 24 heures ; des épreuves de marche athlétique se déroulent sur le même circuit.

La piste du Stade d'honneur est rénovée en 2022 et inaugurée à l'occasion de l'événement.

L'événement qui accueille chaque année une centaine de concurrents français et internationaux, constitue l'épreuve emblématique du format 48 heures en France.

Records
Les records des 48 heures de Royan sont détenus par  avec  () et Julia Fatton avec  ().

Pour l'épreuve de marche, les records de distance sont détenus par Daniel Duboscq avec 304.160 km (2016) et Françoise Arnault avec 239,969 km (2019).

À 74 ans, Christian Perchoc établit en 2023 le record de France de 48 heures dans la catégorie M7 avec une distance de 290,273 km.

L'âge médian des participants s'élève à 56 ans; en 2023, à 34 ans, Ray Qi devient le plus jeune vainqueur de l'épreuve depuis sa création en 2008.
Les courses 48 heures représentent l'un des formats les plus exigeants des courses d'ultra-endurance multi-jours. Alors que sur les courses de 6 jours, les coureurs doivent impérativement gérer leur sommeil et phases de repos, lors d'une course de 48 heures, les athlètes les plus endurcis sont tentés de ne pas s'octroyer de périodes de sommeil pendant toute la durée de l'épreuve.

Palmarès
Vainqueurs des 48 heures de Royan d'après la base de données de la DUV:

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ultrafond
 Ultra-marathon
 48 heures de Surgères

Liens externes
 Site officiel

Compétition d'ultrafond en France

48 heures de Royan


Ioan Teodorescu (n. 1 ianuarie 1922, Ploiești – d. 31 august 1975, Iași) – a fost inginer agronom, universitar și inventator român.

Biografie și activitate
Școala primară și  cursul inferior al liceului le-a făcut în orașul natal, apoi a urmat cursurile Școlii medii de agricultură din Roman, pe care le-a terminat în 1942. A absolvit ca șef de promoție Facultatea de Agronomie din Iași în 1950, cu diplomă de merit. A fost încadrat ca asistent (1951) la catedra de fitotehnie, ca, la cerere, să dea concurs pentru Catedra de mașini agricole. În 1959 devine șef de lucrări. În pararel cu activitatea academică, timp de cinci ani (1957- 1962), a funcționat ca cercetător principal și șef al Laboratorului de mecanizare din cadrul Stațiunii experimentale agricole Podul Iloaiei. Activitatea sa de cercetare a fost axată, în principal, pe optimizarea exploatării diferitelor tipuri de mașini și utilaje agricole, pe adaptarea acestora la efectuarea unor lucrări speciale și pe crearea de noi utilaje. Rodul activității sale de cercetare s-a concretizat în 65 de lucrări publicate sau comunicate și în obținerea a cinci brevete de invenții. Una dintre ele, remorcă semipurtătoare pentru transportul mașinilor agricole, a fost introdusă în fabricație de serie.

Contribuții

Brevete de invenție (autor)
 Remorcă semipurtătoare pentru transportul mașinilor agricole. Invenție. Certificat autor Nr. 42214 din 29 oct. 1963, OSIM.
 Robinet de comandă a circulației aerului la mașinile de stropit. Invenție. Brevet de autor nr. 46068 din 19 oct. 1966, OSIM.
 Procedeu și dispozitiv pentru prevenirea ruperii plantelor la prășit. Invenție. Brevet nr. 46o69 din  19 oct. 1966, OSIM.
 Procedeu și dispozitiv pentru mărirea stabilității tractoarelor pe pante. Invenție. Brevet nr. 49052 din 28 iulie 1967, OSIM.

Brevete de invenție (coautor)
 Dispozitiv pentru încărcarea strugurilor și a altor produse agricole în vrac. Invenție în colaborare cu ing. V. Bălan. Certificat de Inventator nr. 54937 din 2 februarie 1972, OSIM

Titluri articole (autor)
 Marcatorul cu țevi, "Revista GAS și SMT", nr. 4/1956 la rubrica Inovații
 Din experiența mecanizării lucrărilor în cultura pământului la Stațiunea experimentală Podul Iloaiei – Regiunea Iași, "Mecanizarea și electrificarea agriculturii", nr 1/1959.
 Orientări și tendințe în mecanizarea agriculturii,  "Cercetări agronomice în Moldova", nr 1/1959.

Titluri articole (coautor)
 Experimentarea grapei cu discuri GD-4 încondiții de exploatare, "Lucrări științifice I.A.I.", 1960.
 Încercarea grapei 6-GCR-1,7 cu colți reglabili, în condiții de exploatare, "Lucrări științifice I.A.I.", 1960
 Adaptarea trupiței reversibile la plugul de vie, "Mecanizarea și electrificarea agriculturii", 1/1961.
 Experimentarea plugului basculant de desfundat  PBD-55, în condiții de exploatare, "Lucrări științifice I.A.I.", 1962.
 Plug purtat pentru executarea biloanelor în școala de vițe, "Grădina, via și livada", nr.2/1963.
 Contribuții la studiul comportării în exploatare a combinei de recoltat porumb CT-2-R, "Lucrări științifice I.A.I.", 1967.
 O mașină perfecționată de săpat gropi pentru hortiviticultură, "Cercetări agronomice în Moldova", decembrie, 1971.
 Cercetări privind comportarea în exploatare a mașinii de săpat gropi dezaxabilă, "Cercetări agronomice în Moldova", ianuarie-martie, 1973.
 Contribuții la realizarea unui echipament pentru administrat îngrășăminte chimice în vie, "Cercetări agronomice în Moldova", decembrie 1976

Note

Bibliografie
 Gh. Lixandru, I. Pavel, P.Ciobanu, File din istoria învățământului agronomic românesc. Liceul agricol "Ion Ionescu de la Brad".  Litografia Institutului Agronomic "Ion Ionescu de la Brad", 1990, p. 155, 164
 V. Bălan, Ioan Teodorescu (1922-1975), "Cercetări agronomice în Moldova", decembrie 1975, p. 160.
 V. Bălan, Ioan Teodorescu – cadru didactic universitar de prestigiu științific (1922-1975), "Cercetări agronomice în Moldova", Anul XXIX, vol 1-2 (105)/1996, pp. 309-314.
 I. Timofte, Personalități ieșene, vol. IX, 2001, pp. 276-278.

Inventatori români
Agronomi români
 Profesori universitari români

Format:Profesori ai Universității "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iași - Agronomie

Ioan Teodorescu


Rafael Marcelo Delgado (Reconquista, Santa Fe, Argentina, 13 de enero de 1990) es un futbolista argentino. Juega de lateral izquierdo en Colón de la Primera División de Argentina.

Trayectoria
Surgió de la cantera del Club Social Platense Porvenir de Reconquista.

Debutó en el primer equipo de Rosario Central el 4 de abril de 2011 en la vigesimoséptima fecha de la Primera B Nacional 2010/11 ante Ferro Carril Oeste. Omar Palma lo puso como titular en su primer encuentro como técnico del conjunto canalla y Rafael marcó el primer gol en la victoria de su equipo por 3 a 0. A partir de ese partido formó parte de todos los encuentros hasta finalizar la temporada, marcando otro gol a Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy en la fecha 36.

Con la llegada de Juan Antonio Pizzi como entrenador a su equipo, Delgado alternó partidos como titular y suplente con Germán Rivarola durante la primera parte de la Primera B Nacional 2011/12. Durante la segunda parte del torneo pasó la mayor parte de los encuentros sin estar convocado al banco de suplentes luego de ser expulsado en la fecha 18 ante Chacarita y en la fecha 20 ante Defensa y Justicia.

Durante la temporada 2012/13 fue titular en el primer partido del torneo ante Sarmiento de Junín pero en la fecha siguiente fue reemplazado por Javier Yacuzzi (quien llegaba como refuerzo al equipo rosarino). Sin embargo, dado a los malos desempeños de Yacuzzi, Delgado volvió a la titularidad en la fecha 13 ante Ferro Carril Oeste y desde ese partido no volvió a dejar la titularidad por resto del torneo. Logró el ascenso a primera división en la fecha 34 enfrentando a Gimnasia de Jujuy y su equipo logró ganar el campeonato en la última fecha ante Deportivo Merlo.
Actualmente Atlético Nacional de Medellín, Colombia

Estadísticas

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Títulos internacionales

Distinciones individuales

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Reconquista
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Rosario Central en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Atlético Nacional
Futbolistas del Club Social y Deportivo Defensa y Justicia
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Colón en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Colón en los años 2020

Rafael Marcelo Delgado


Conwy bymur er en middelalderlig forsvarsmur, der blev bygget omkring byen Conwy i North Wales. Muren blev opført mellem 1283 og 1287 efter Edvard 1. havde grundlagt byen Conwy. De blev designet som en integreret del af byens forsvar sammen med Conwy Castle. Muren er 1,3 km lang og inkluderer 21 tårne og tre portbygninger. Projektet blev udført med en stor mængde arbejdere, der var bragt til stedet fra England, og sammen med borgen kostede muren omkring £15.000, hvilket var en enorm sum for perioden.

Under Glyndwroprøret i 1401, der blev ledet af Owain Glyndŵr, blev de lidt skadede, men politiske ændringer i 1500-tallet reducerede behovet for at vedligeholde forsvarsværkerne omkring bilen. Da man bragt jernbanen til Conwy i 1800-tallet gjorde man det under hensyntagen til muren, og det har været med til at bevare den stort set intakt frem til i dag. Sammen med borgen er det en del af UNESCOs verdensarvsområde, som administreres af Cadw. Historikerne Oliver Creighton og Robert Higham har beskrevet deet som "en af de mest imponerende mure" i Europa.

Se også
 Bymure i England og Wales

Referencer

Litteratur
 Ashbee, Jeremy A. (2007) Conwy Castle. Cardiff: Cadw. .
 Brown, R. Allen. (1962) English Castles. London: Batsford. .
 Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2005) Medieval Town Walls: an Archaeology and Social History of Urban Defence. Stroud, UK: Tempus. .
 Given-Wilson, Chris. (1996) The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages. London: Routledge. .
 Hull, Lise E. and Whitehorne, Stephen. (2008) Great Castles of Britain & Ireland. London: New Holland Publishers. .
 Kenyon, John R. (2010) "Arnold Taylor's Contribution to the Study of the Edwardian Castles in Wales," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Lilley, Keith D. (2010) "The Landscapes of Edward's New Towns: Their Planning and Design," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Longley, David. (2010) "Gwynedd Before and After the Conquest," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Lott, Graham. (2010) "The Building Stones of the Edwardian Castles," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Prestwich, Michael. (2010) "Edward I and Wales," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
 Taylor, Arnold. (2008) Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls. Cardiff: Cadw. .
 Williams, Diane M. and John R. Kenyon. (eds) (2010) The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. .

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Wales
Bymure i Storbritannien

Conwy bymur


Un referendum o plebiscito sobre Estatus Político fue sostenido en Puerto Rico el domingo 14 de noviembre de 1993. Los votantes fueron provistos de varias elecciones entre las cuales retener el estatus territorial de Estado Libre Asociado (U.S. Commonwealth), Estadidad o Independencia. Los votantes otorgaron una pluralidad al estatus territorial con un 48.6%.

Resultados

Las siguientes estadísticas responden a los resultados oficiales publicados por la Comisión Estatal de Elecciones (CEE) de Puerto Rico:

Municipios

Voto por Municipio

Véase también
 Plebiscito sobre el estatus político de Puerto Rico (1967)
 Plebiscito sobre el estatus político de Puerto Rico (1998)
 Estatus político de Puerto Rico
 Estado 51

Referencias

Puerto Rico
Elecciones de Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico en 1993
Puerto Rico

Plebiscito sobre el estatus político de Puerto Rico de 1993


Representação de conhecimento e raciocínio  é o campo da inteligência artificial (IA) dedicado a representar informações sobre o mundo em uma forma que um sistema computacional pode usar para resolver tarefas complexas, como diagnosticar uma condição médica ou ter um diálogo em uma linguagem natural. A representação de conhecimento incorpora descobertas da psicologia sobre como os humanos resolvem problemas e representam o conhecimento para projetar formalismos que tornarão sistemas complexos mais fáceis de projetar e construir. A representação de conhecimento e raciocínio também incorporam descobertas da lógica para automatizar vários tipos de raciocínio, como a aplicação de regras ou as relações de conjuntos e subconjuntos.

Exemplos de formalismos de representação de conhecimento incluem redes semânticas, arquitetura de sistemas, quadros, regras e ontologias. Exemplos de mecanismos de raciocínio automatizado incluem mecanismos de inferência, provadores de teoremas e classificadores.

Bibliografia

 Ronald J. Brachman; What IS-A is and isn't. An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks; IEEE Computer, 16 (10); October 1983
 Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004
 Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque (eds) Readings in Knowledge Representation, Morgan Kaufmann, 1985,
 Chein, M., Mugnier, M.-L. (2009),Graph-based Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs, Springer, 2009,.
 Randall Davis, Howard Shrobe, and Peter Szolovits; What Is a Knowledge Representation? AI Magazine, 14(1):17-33,1993
 Ronald Fagin, Joseph Y. Halpern, Yoram Moses, Moshe Y. Vardi Reasoning About Knowledge, MIT Press, 1995,
 Jean-Luc Hainaut, Jean-Marc Hick, Vincent Englebert, Jean Henrard, Didier Roland: Understanding Implementations of IS-A Relations. ER 1996: 42-57
 Hermann Helbig: Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2006
 Frank van Harmelen, Vladimir Lifschitz and Bruce Porter: Handbook of Knowledge Representation 2007.
 Arthur B. Markman: Knowledge Representation  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998
 John F. Sowa: Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations. Brooks/Cole: New York, 2000
 Adrian Walker, Michael McCord, John F. Sowa, and Walter G. Wilson: Knowledge Systems and Prolog, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1990
 Mary-Anne Williams and Hans Rott: "Frontiers in Belief Revision, Kluwer", 2001.

Ligações externas

 What is a Knowledge Representation? by Randall Davis and others
 Introduction to Knowledge Modeling by Pejman Makhfi
 Introduction to Description Logics course by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy
 DATR Lexical knowledge representation language
 Loom Project Home Page
 Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Incorporated
 Description Logic in Practice: A CLASSIC Application
 The Rule Markup Initiative
 Nelements KOS - a non-free 3d knowledge representation system

Paradigmas de programação


RollerCoaster Tycoon is a series of construction and management simulation games about building and managing an amusement park. Each game in the series challenges players with open-ended amusement park management and development, and allowing players to construct and customize their own unique roller coasters and other thrill rides.

The first game was created by Scottish programmer Chris Sawyer, with assistance from various leading figures from the real-world roller coaster and theme park industry. The rest of the series contains three other main games, expansion packs, a number of ports, and a mobile installment. A refresh of the series, RollerCoaster Tycoon World, was released in November 2016, and followed up by RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures for Nintendo Switch in 2018 and PC in 2019.

Licensing for the series is currently held by Atari Interactive, who renewed their deal with Chris Sawyer on 11 October 2022, for ten more years.

Main series

RollerCoaster Tycoon

RollerCoaster Tycoon was released for Microsoft Windows on 22 March 1999.  RollerCoaster Tycoon was later ported to the Xbox Video game console in 2003. The game was developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Hasbro Interactive under the MicroProse brand.

RollerCoaster Tycoon received two expansion packs: Added Attractions (released in North America as Corkscrew Follies) in 1999, and Loopy Landscapes in 2000. Two special editions were released: RollerCoaster Tycoon Gold/Totally RollerCoaster in 2002, which contained the original game, Corkscrew Follies, and Loopy Landscapes; and RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe in 2003, which contained the content in Gold plus more designs for the different customizable rides.

A port for the Xbox was released on 23 March 2003, handled by Frontier Developments and published by Infogrames Interactive. This version featured both expansion packs as well.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 2

RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 was released on  15 October 2002.  The game was developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Infogrames Interactive.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 has two official expansion packs: Wacky Worlds and Time Twister, both released in 2003 and had no involvement from Chris Sawyer, instead being handled by Frontier Developments. The Combo Park Pack edition contains the original game and the Wacky Worlds expansion. The Triple Thrill Pack contains the original game and both expansions.

In April 2014, an open-source project, known as OpenRCT2, was launched to enhance the gameplay of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, including fixing bugs and allowing the game to run natively on macOS, Linux and modern Windows. The game is completely rewritten in the C++ programming language, but still relies on assets from the original game. OpenRCT2 reduces limitations in the original, and adds other completely new features such as multiplayer.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 was released on  2 November 2004, in North America. Although the core features of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 are based on the previous games, Chris Sawyer, the developer of the first two games, acted only as a consultant. The game was developed by Frontier Developments instead, and published and advertised by Atari Interactive featuring a completely different structure.

Two expansion packs for RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 were released - Soaked! and Wild!. A bundle, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Gold, was also released, including the original game and the Soaked! expansion pack; this was followed by RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum (Deluxe for the EU version of the game), including both expansion packs and the original game.  RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum was released for Microsoft Windows and MacOS X.

A remastered version of the game titled RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Complete Edition, developed and published by Frontier Foundry, was released for Windows, macOS, and Nintendo Switch, featuring widescreen support and revamped controls to accommodate for Switch features.

RollerCoaster Tycoon World

RollerCoaster Tycoon World was developed by Nvizzio Creations for Atari Interactive and RCTO Productions and released on 16 November 2016. The installment is different from previous games in that players build coasters with a spline-based system. It also introduced a new "Architect mode" and "safety-rating" options when building coasters. The game is also the first to incorporate the Steam Workshop.

The game received largely negative reviews, both from critics and fans of the franchise, particularly compared to Planet Coaster, which was released the day after and received largely positive reviews.

Spinoffs

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D was released on  16 October 2012. It was developed by n-Space for the Nintendo 3DS. While using many assets and engine content from Rollercoaster Tycoon 3, this game reverted to an isometric view and, due to the limitations of the Nintendo 3DS, removed features such as additional scenery and pools.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile

RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile was released on  10 April 2014. The game was initially available for iPhone, iPad and iPod touch devices. The game was later released for Android devices (OS 4.0.3 and higher) on  18 October 2014. The game was developed by On5 Games without Chris Sawyer's input (other than licensing). The game returns to the isometric view used in the first two games. The game is built on the freemium model with social media integration.

This installment was universally panned amongst fans and critics alike. It was criticized due to Chris Sawyer's absence in the making of the game and the heavy use of microtransactions and wait times.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Mobile Edition
Released in August 2015, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Mobile Edition is an iOS version of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 developed and published by Frontier and is a faithful port of the original game (tutorial mode, original 18 scenarios for career, and a sandbox).

RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic

On  22 December 2016, a modified port of both RollerCoaster Tycoon and RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 was released for iOS and Android, featuring a single price point for the majority of content from both of the original games. It also features three in-app purchases for Expansion Pack content, based on the two expansion packs from RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 and an editor pack that allows users to create custom scenarios.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch
First released for iOS devices in December 2016, RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch is a free-to-play mobile port of RollerCoaster Tycoon World. Like RollerCoaster Tycoon 4, it contains in-app purchases and wait times, but expands upon the social media integration. An Android version was released in April 2017. In October 2017, items based on the Barbie brand were added to the game. On 28 January, items based on Shaun the Sheep were added to the game.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Joyride
An on-rails shooter based on the RollerCoaster Tycoon franchise, named RollerCoaster Tycoon Joyride, was released in 2018. The game was poorly received.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures
In January 2018, Atari Game Partners announced it was seeking equity crowdfunding via the StartEngine platform in order to develop a new game in the series. Titled RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures, it is an adaption of RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch and was released for the Nintendo Switch in Europe on  29 November 2018, and in North America on  13 December. The game was also released on Microsoft Windows via the Epic Games Store on  19 March 2019.

RollerCoaster Tycoon Puzzle
RollerCoaster Tycoon Puzzle (originally known as RollerCoaster Tycoon Story) is a free-to-play entry in the series developed by Graphite Lab. Atari released the game in January 2020 for iOS and Android mobile devices.

The free-to-play title is based on the tile-matching genre, in which the tiles to match move each turn on rollercoaster tracks within each level. Completing levels helps the player to restore a run-down theme park as part of the game's narrative.

Gameplay

The player is given control over an amusement park and is tasked with reaching particular goals, such as improving the park's value, attracting more guests, or maintaining the park rating. Some scenarios in the game provide an empty plot of land and allow the player to build a park from scratch, while others provide a ready-built park which usually suffers from deterioration, bad planning, or underdevelopment. The player must wisely invest the limited amount of money provided.

Most scenarios require that the goals be achieved by a specific in-game date, or else the scenario is not 'complete'. Completion of scenarios is a prerequisite for unlocking further scenarios in the first RollerCoaster Tycoon game. In RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, all the scenarios are available for play and the player can complete them in any order they choose.

The player is responsible for building out the park such as modifying terrain, constructing footpaths, adding decorative elements, installing food/drink stalls and other facilities, and building rides and attractions. Many of the rides that can be built are roller coasters or variations on that, such as log flumes, water slides and go-kart tracks. The player can build these out with hills, drops, curves, and other 'special' track pieces (such as loops, corkscrews and helixes), limited only by cost and the geography of the park and other nearby attractions. There are also stationary rides, such as Ferris wheels, merry-go-rounds, and bumper cars, most of which only contain single ride 'piece' and are very limited in terms of variation. Rides are ranked on scales of excitement, intensity, and nausea, all which influence which park guests will ride those attractions and how they will behave afterward. The player can set the prices for park admission rides and guest amenities, although care must be taken so that guests will not think prices are too high. The player is also responsible for hiring park staff to maintain the rides, keep the park clean, enforce security, and entertain guests. Players may also invest in 'research', which unlocks new rides and improvements as time goes on, though it costs money to continue research. Research in a particular category is disabled when all attractions in that category are researched.

The guests, who are integral to the gameplay, are treated as separate entities which can each have particular characteristics and be tracked by the player around the park. The game keeps track of how much money they have, what they are carrying, their thoughts, and what their current needs are (thirst, hunger, etc.). Each guest also has some unique features such as their preferred ride intensity, and their nausea tolerance. Some scenarios are even biased towards a specific guest demographic and require the player to take this into account in designing the park. In RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, the player can create their own guest groups to visit their parks.

Sequels have continually upgraded the number of rides and amount of customization available to the player.

Legacy
Planet Coaster, which has been called a spiritual successor to RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, was developed and published by Frontier Developments for Microsoft Windows and was released worldwide on  17 November 2016. Frontier Developments had previously worked in the amusement park construction and management genre with the Xbox port of RollerCoaster Tycoon, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, Thrillville, Thrillville: Off the Rails, and Zoo Tycoon.

OpenRCT2 (2014) is an open-source version of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 which adds some additional features and fixes numerous bugs.

Several user-created rollercoasters received media attention after footage of them were posted on various imageboards and social media.

The RollerCoaster Tycoon series spawned a popular Internet meme based on a series of posts made in 2012 on 4chan featuring a slow, ghost train track ride called "Mr. Bones' Wild Ride" that took four in-game years to complete, leading the passengers in the game to express "I want to get off Mr. Bones Wild Ride". At the ride's conclusion, the passengers were then greeted by a skeleton prop with a top hat, with a sign stating "The ride never ends". Both phrases have become popular memes.

Other media
The franchise has also spawned a board game and a pinball machine by Stern, both released in 2002, and a series of gamebooks released in 2002 and 2003. In 2010, it was reported that Sony Pictures Animation had acquired the rights to develop a film adaptation of the series.

References

External links

Amusement park simulation games
Business simulation games
Roller coaster games and simulations
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1999
Video games set in amusement parks

RollerCoaster Tycoon


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 İmparator Ninken, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 24. imparatoru (d. 449)

498


Lifeplus Wahoo er et cykelhold for kvinder, baseret i Storbritannien. Holdet blev etableret i 2016.

Holdet i 2023

Referencer

Cykelhold fra Storbritannien
Cykelhold for kvinder

Lifeplus Wahoo


Sands kirkja er en trækirke på Færøerne. Den ligger i bygden Sandur på Sandoy. I 1969 blev kirken restaureret. Den var da i dårlig forfatning, og meget af tømmeret måtte skiftes ud. Da man fjernede gulvet og gravede der, fandt man rester fra fem ældre kirker ovenpå hinanden. Den ældste, som er en stavkirke, er sandsynligvis lavet i Norge og senere fragtet til Færøerne, antagelig i tidsrummet 1000–1100.

Historie
Den tidligere kirke, der stod på samme sted, var kun 76 år gammel, da den blev anset for at være i så dårlig stand, at den blev revet ned. Hovedårsagen var dog, at den var alt for lille. Efter størrelsen at dømme, 13 m x 4,9 m, rummede den næppe mere end 80 personer, og i 1839 var folketallet i sognet vokset til rundt regnet 250.

Sommeren 1839 blev den gamle kirke revet ned, og en ny kirke opførtes på samme sted. Den nye kirke var næsten dobbelt så stor som den gamle, og rummede 230 personer. Tømmerarbejdet blev ledet af seks arbejdsformænd. Jógvan í Beiti var øverste myndighed på byggepladsen, og fik den højeste dagløn. Snedkerarbejdet udførtes af Niels Kristoffur Winther, men søjlerne mellem koret og kirkeskibet blev lavet af to drejere fra Tórshavn. Den 8. november samme år blev kirken indviet.

Eksterne henvisninger
Fólkakirkjan

Kirker på Færøerne
Sandoy

Sands kirkja


බ්ලේස් පැස්කල් (1623 ජුනි 19 , 1662 අගෝස්තු 19) ප්‍රංශ ජාතික ගණිතඥයෙක්, භෞතිකවාදියෙකු හා ආගමික දර්ශනවාදියෙකු වේ. ඔහු කුඩා කළ අසිරිමත් දරුවකු විය. ඔහු තම පියාගෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත්තේය. පැස්කල්ගේ මුල් වැඩ කටයුතු සිදු වූයේ ස්වාභාවික හා ව්‍යවහාරික විද්‍යාවෙනි. එහිදී ඔහුගේ වැදගත්ම ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම වූයේ ඔහු විසින් නිර්මාණය කළ යාන්ත්‍රික ගණක යන්ත්‍රයයි. තවද තරල පිළිබඳ හැදෑරීම් හා ඉවාන්ගෙලිස්ටා ටොරිශෙලිගේ පීඩනය හා රික්තය පිළිබඳ මූලධර්මය පැහැදිලි කිරීම ද අයත් වේ. මෙහි දී පැස්කල් විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනිමින් එම ලිපි ලිවීය.

මූලික වශයෙන් පැස්කල් ගණිතඥයෙකි. ඔහුගේ උදව්වෙන් පරීක්ෂණවල නව ප්‍රධාන දොරටු දෙකක් විවෘත විය. ඔහු ඉතා සිත් ගන්නා ශාස්ත්‍රීය නිබන්ධන කිහිපයක්ම ප්‍රක්ෂේපී ජ්‍යාමිතිය පිළිබඳව වයස අවුරුදු 16 දී ලිවීය. පසුව පියරේ ඩී ෆර්මාට් හා එක් වී නූතන වාණිජ විද්‍යාවේ හා සමාජ විද්‍යාවේ ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු වූ සම්භාව්‍යතා සිද්ධාන්තයන් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
මෙම විශ්මය ජනක සොයා ගැනීම්වලින් අනතුරුව 1654 අග භාගයේ දී ඔහු තම විද්‍යාත්මක කටයුතු අත්හැර දර්ශනවාදය හා සිද්ධාන්තමය කරුණු සෙවීය. මෙම කාලය තුළදී ඔහු අතින් සිදු වූ ප්‍රධාන කටයුතු දෙකක් නම්  Lettres provinciales හා Pensées ය. පැස්කල් තම ජීවිතය පුරාම අයහපත් සෞඛ්‍ය තත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අතර ඔහු තම 39 වන උපන්දිනයෙන් මාස දෙකකට පසු මිය ගියේය.

ආශ්‍රිත
 Expected value
 Gambler's ruin
 Pascal's barrel
 Pascal distribution
 Pascal's mugging
 Pascal's pyramid
 Pascal's simplex
 Problem of points
 Scientific revolution
 List of pioneers in computer science
 List of works by Eugène Guillaume

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Oeuvres complètes, volume 2 (1858) Paris: Libraire de L Hachette et Cie, link from HathiTrust.

The Correspondence of Blaise Pascal in EMLO

 Pensées de Blaise Pascal. Renouard, Paris 1812 (2 vols.) ()
 Discussion of the Pascaline, its history, mechanism, surviving examples, and modern replicas at http://things-that-count.net
 Pascal's Memorial in orig. French/Latin and modern English, trans. Elizabeth T. Knuth.
 Biography, Bibliography. (in French)

 BBC Radio 4. In Our Time: Pascal.
 Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977.
 Blaise Pascal's works: text, concordances and frequency lists

 Etext of Pascal's Pensées (English, in various formats)
 Etext of Pascal's Lettres Provinciales (English)
 Etext of a number of Pascal's minor works (English translation) including, De l'Esprit géométrique and De l'Art de persuader.

1623 උපත්
1662 මරණ

1623 births
1662 deaths
Writers from Clermont-Ferrand
French Roman Catholic writers
17th-century French writers
17th-century male writers
17th-century French mathematicians
17th-century philosophers
Aphorists
Christian apologists
Christian humanists
Roman Catholic mystics
Critics of atheism
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Fluid dynamicists
French mathematicians
French philosophers
French physicists
17th-century French theologians
17th-century Christian mystics
Hypochondriacs
Jansenists
Probability theorists
Catholic philosophers
17th-century Roman Catholics
Burials at Saint-Étienne-du-Mont
Cartesianism
Scientists from Clermont-Ferrand

බ්ලේස් පැස්කල්


A Igreja do Senhor Bom Jesus dos Aflitos, anteriormente denominada simplesmente de Igreja do Bom Jesus e popularmente conhecida como "capela velha", situa-se na aldeia da Golpilheira, na freguesia homónima, no concelho da Batalha, em Portugal.

A capela, situada no centro da povoação, possui planta rectangular. O templo é hoje usado sobretudo para funerais, permanecendo normalmente fechado, excepto em dias de festa e feriados religiosos especiais. Missas regulares foram transferidas para a Igreja de Nossa Senhora de Fátima aquando da inauguração desta, nos anos 60 do século XX.

Arquitectura
A fachada, virada a poente, é de pano único, destacando-se um modesto portal de verga recta. As paredes estão todas caiadas e definidas no embasamento por uma faixa cinzenta. Abrem-se duas janelas, uma a rematar o friso do pórtico e outra mais à esquerda. A frontaria termina em empena assimétrica, e é ultimada por uma cruz no topo e, à direita, por duas muito pequenas torres sineiras, cada uma com um sino, estando uma delas viradas para sul. A fachada norte destaca-se por dois contrafortes e duas janelas dispostas alternadamente, e dá para uma pequena praça com uma fonte construída pela Câmara Municipal da Batalha em 1911. A fachada sul tem duas janelas e uma entrada para a sacristia. A parte leste está escondida e tem um traçado ligeiramente curvo, que reflecte a forma da capela-mor.

O interior da Igreja do Senhor Bom Jesus dos Aflitos está dividido por um arco triunfal com motivos vegetalistas manuelinos. Encontra-se assim uma nave única coberta por abóbada de berço e uma capela-mor coberta por uma abóbada de cruzaria de ogivas apoiada em mísulas e com uma cruz na chave. No centro da capela-mor, foi aberto um nicho emoldurado e envidraçado para o altar-mor e que contém uma cruz de Cristo ladeada pela Virgem e São João. A flanquear todo este conjunto, existem dois nichos com imagens de Santo António e São Sebastião.

História
O início da construção da então chamada Capela de Jesus remonta a 1474. O trabalho foi realizado pelo aparelhador do Mosteiro da Batalha João Afonso, mas a sua mulher, Catarina Pires, teve um papel mais forte na obra. A administração da capela passou para o filho, Pêro Anes (referido por vezes como Pedro Gomes ou Pedro Gomes da Rosa), sendo lá realizadas 24 missas por ano. Este escrivão da Chancelaria Régia seria sepultado no pavimento da capela-mor, junto ao altar. Sabe-se também que por volta de 1650, a igreja era administrada por Diogo Frade, que estabeleceu uma capelania de 20 missas por ano. Quanto ao nome actual da capela velha, ou pelo menos à denominação de "Bom Jesus", esta é já referida em 1721. Alguns documentos apontam Santo António como o padroeiro da primitiva capela no século XV.

Galeria

Golpilheira
Igrejas no distrito de Leiria

Igreja do Senhor Bom Jesus dos Aflitos (Golpilheira)


Exhibit B: The Human Condition (engl.: Ausstellungsstück B: Die Conditio humana) ist das neunte Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Thrash-Metal-Band Exodus. Das Album wurde am 7. Mai 2010 via Nuclear Blast veröffentlicht. Es ist das letzte mit Rob Dukes als Sänger.

Entstehung
Exhibit B: The Human Condition, vom Titel her an The Atrocity Exhibition – Exhibit A anschließend, beschäftigte sich mit Themen wie Krieg, Religion sowie weiteren politischen und sozialen Gegebenheiten. Gary Holt sagte, es behandle "Grausamkeit, Ignoranz, Unmenschlichkeit und Brutalität". Das Cover ist an den vitruvianischen Menschen Leonardo da Vincis angelehnt. Die Band wollte damit die Gewalt des Menschen darstellen.

Auch bei diesem Album schrieb Gary Holt alle Lieder, außer "The Ballad of Leonard and Charles" und "Democide", die von Rob Dukes und Lee Altus geschrieben wurden. Bei den Aufnahmen zum Album steuerte Brendon Small das Gitarrensolo zum Bonustrack "Devil's Teeth" bei. Peter Tägtgren übernahm den Hintergrundgesang bei "The Sun Is My Destroyer". Raymond Anthony spielte Keyboards bei "The Ballad of Leonard and Charles".

Rezeption
Auf der Webseite Allmusic.com schrieb Greg Prato, Exodus hätten es immer schnell und zornig gemocht, und sie enttäuschten mit dem Album sicher nicht.

Titelliste
 The Ballad of Leonard and Charles (7:14) (Lee Altus, Rob Dukes)
 Beyond the Pale (7:39) (Gary Holt)
 Hammer and Life (3:31) (Holt)
 Class Dismissed (a Hate Primer) (7:14) (Holt)
 Downfall (6:21) (Holt)
 March of the Sycophants (6:45) (Holt)
 Nanking (7:22) (Holt)
 Burn, Hollywood, Burn (4:05) (Holt)
 Democide (6:36) (Altus, Dukes)
 The Sun Is My Destroyer (9:32) (Holt)
 A Perpetual State of Indifference (2:24) (Holt)
 Good Riddance (5:33) (Holt)

Bonustrack diverser CD- und LP-Pressungen
 Devil's Teeth (4:14) (Dukes, Holt)

Bonustrack der japanischen CD-Veröffentlichungen
 Don't Make No Promises (2:54) (Herman Rarebell, Matthias Jabs)

Coverversion
 "Don't Make No Promises" ist eine Scorpions-Coverversion und heißt eigentlich mit ganzem Titel "Don't Make No Promises (Your Body Can't Keep)". Das Lied wurde ursprünglich 1980 auf dem Album Animal Magnetism veröffentlicht.

Einzelnachweise

Exodus-Album
Album (Thrash Metal)
Album 2010

Exhibit B: The Human Condition


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Muránska Huta enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Muránska Huta im Okres Revúca.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Muranska Huta


Audubon é a principal publicação periódica naturalista e conservacionista da National Audubon Society. Sendo abundantemente ilustrada, aborda assuntos relacionados à natureza, dando ênfase especial às aves. Seus volumes são publicados bimestralmente aos membros da sociedade. Adicionalmente, um blogue, que é atualizado frequentemente, conhecido como The Perch produz atualizações diárias em relação aos volumes. No ano de 2011, a revista recebeu o prêmio de Melhor Cobertura Ambiental do Utne Reader Independent Press Award.

História
A edição mais antiga do movimento Audubon seria intitulada de The Audubon Magazine. Esta foi publicada entre fevereiro de 1887 até meados de 1889 pelo antropólogo George Bird Grinnell, que era responsável, também, pela publicação da Forest and Stream. Devido à ausência de financiamento suficiente e outros motivos, o primeiro projeto do movimento Audubon se mostraria fracassado.

Bird-Lore foi publicado inicialmente em 1899 por Frank Chapman. Este periódico era descrito em sua capa como "órgão oficial das sociedades de Audubon" e "uma revista bimestral ilustrada devota ao estudo e proteção das aves". Em 1935, a National Association of Audubon Societies compraria os direitos de publicação da Bird-Lore de Chapman.

Bird-Lore se tornaria a Audubon Magazine no ano de 1941, após a National Association of Audubon Societies ser renomeada de National Audubon Society em 1940. Essa denominação seria posteriormente reduzida à apenas Audubon em 1966.

Ligações externas

 National Audubon Society
 Audubon Magazine
Revistas bimestrais de informação
Revistas dos Estados Unidos
Revistas de biologia
Revistas em inglês
Revistas

Audubon (revista)


Eritrichiinae, podtribus boražinovki dio tribusa Cynoglossoideae. Sastoji se od dva podtribusa sa 11 rodova.

Podpleme Eritrichiinae pripada plemenu Rochelieae (Boraginaceae; Cynoglossoideae) koje se sastoji od oko 200 vrsta u pet rodova uključujući Eritrichium, Lappula, Hackelia, Lepechiniella i Rochelia. Većina vrsta je jednogodišnja i raste na kserskim staništima. Rod Lappula prilagođen aridnoj klimi i drugi po veličini rod u Eritrichiinae s više od 50 vrsta rasprostranjen je uglavnom u irano-turanskoj regiji. Autori Mahboubeh Sherafati, Maryam Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar i Shahrokh Kazempour-Osaloo upotrijebili su BEAST Bajesov zaključak za procjenu vremena divergencije na temelju podataka o sekvenci nrDNA ITS, plastida trnL-F i rpl32-trnL (UAG) 46 vrsta Eritrichiinae ekstrahiranih iz GenBank. Rezultati dobiveni analizom molekularnog datiranja pokazali su da Eritrichiinae skupina datira u kasnom oligocenu. Diverzifikacija roda Lappula u Aziji događa se od kasnog miocena do kasnog pleistocena. Sjevernoameričke vrste potječu od azijskih srodnika u kasnom miocenu.

Rodovi
 Hackelia Opiz ex Berchtold (49 spp.)
 Embadium J. M. Black (3 spp.)
 Oncaglossum Sutorý (1 sp.)
 Pseudolappula Khoshsokhan & Kaz. Osaloo (1 sp.)
 Eritrichium Schrad. (76 spp.)
 Lappula Moench (78 spp.)
 Lepechiniella Pop. (15 spp.)
 Rochelia Rchb. (25 spp.)

Izvori

Cynoglossoideae

Eritrichiinae


Som et strejf af en dråbe – Danmark synger farvel til Kim Larsen var DR's mindekoncert for Kim Larsen 7. oktober 2018 på Rådhuspladsen i København produceret i samarbejde med Nordisk Film TV. Mindekoncerten blev sendt direkte på DR1 og P4. En række danske musikere præsenterede deres fortolkninger af Kim Larsens sange, og Mads Steffensen var vært for mindekoncerten, mens Stine Schwennesen var tv-speaker. Storskærme blev sat op i Aalborg på Musikkens Plads ved Musikkens Hus, i Aarhus på Officerspladsen ved Musikhusparken og i Odense på Flakhaven ved Rådhuset.

Koncerten lukkede dele af H.C. Andersens Boulevard, og både på den og ned af Vesterbrogade til Tivoli var der fyldt med mennesker. Ifølge Københavns Politis oplysninger til Ekstra Bladets liveblog var der 20.000-25.000 mennesker til stede på og omkring Rådhuspladsen. Ifølge arrangøren og sikkerhedsteamet var der 35.000 til stede. I Aalborg overværede cirka 10.000 mindekoncerten på storskærm. I Aarhus deltog omkring 8.000, mens der i Odense var samlet 3.500. 1,4 millioner fulgte mindekoncerten på DR1. Blandt programmer med mere end 1,4 millioner seere findes primært store sportsbegivenheder samt ganske få afsnit af dansk drama og underholdning.

Koncertnavnet
Navnet på koncerten kommer fra en af Gasolin's korteste sange, Som et strejf af en dråbe - en sang der blev brugt som afslutning på DR's Ungdomsradioen P4 i P1 fra 1973-1994 og derefter som afslutning på Tine Brylds ungdomsprogram Tværs frem til 2008. Den har derfor en stor tilknytning til Danmarks Radio, der jo stod bag koncerten.

Sangen var også den sidste sang, som Kim Larsen sang i hans sidste koncert i Holbæk.

Medvirkende
Flere danske musikere deltog i koncerten:

 Caroline Henderson: "Som et strejf af en dråbe"
 Dorthe Gerlach: "This Is My Life"
 Rasmus Nøhr: "Hvis din far gir dig lov"
 Love Shop: "Langebro"
 Mette Lindberg og Kira Skov: "Kloden drejer stille rundt" og "Sirenesangen"
 The Minds of 99: "Kvinde min" og "Tik Tik"
 Oh Land: "Papirsklip"
 Michael Falch: "Midt om natten"
 Mattias Kolstrup: "Masser af succes"
 Rasmus Walter: "De smukke unge mennesker"
 Kwamie Liv: "Pianomand"
 Carl Emil Petersen: "Jutlandia"
 Alfred Nordhøj Kann fra DR VokalEnsemblet - "Joanna"
 Magtens Korridorer: "Det bedste til mig og mine venner" og "Rabalderstræde"
 DR PigeKoret: "Om lidt"

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Som et strejf af en dråbe – Danmark synger farvel til Kim Larsen - DR. Kan ses indtil 4. januar 2019

Kim Larsen
DR-programmer
Begivenheder i 2018
Musik i 2018


Giovanni Vincenzo Infantino ()  un administrator din domeniul fotbalului. În prezent, este președintele FIFA din 2016.

Biografie
Gianni Infantino s-a născut la 23 martie 1970 în Brig, Elveția. Este fiul părinților imigranți italieni din Calabria și Lombardia. A studiat dreptul la Universitatea din Fribourg. Cunoaște fluent limbile italiană, franceză și germană și cunoaște de asemenea limba engleză, spaniolă și araba.

Carieră
Infantino a lucrat ca secretar general al Centrului Internațional pentru Studii Sportive (CIES) de la Universitatea din Neuchâtel.

UEFA
Gianni Infantino a început să lucreze cu UEFA în august 2000 și a fost numit director al diviziei de afaceri juridice și de licențiere a clubului UEFA în ianuarie 2004. A devenit secretar general adjunct al UEFA în 2007 și secretar general al UEFA în octombrie 2009. În timpul său, UEFA a introdus jocul financiar echitabil și un sprijin comercial îmbunătățit pentru asociațiile naționale mai mici. El a supravegheat extinderea UE 2016 la 24 de echipe și a jucat un rol în concepția Ligii Națiunilor UEFA și UE 2020 Euro 2020, care va avea loc în 13 țări europene.În 2015, guvernul grec a decis să introducă o nouă lege privind sportul ca răspuns la recentele scandaluri și acte de violență și corupție, în special în fotbalul grec. Gianni Infantino, în calitate de secretar general al UEFA, a condus negocierile cu guvernul grec și a sprijinit avertizarea Federatiei de fotbal a Greciei că se confruntă cu suspendarea din partea fotbalului internațional pentru intervenția guvernului.

FIFA
Infantino a fost membru al Comitetului de reformă al FIFA. La 26 octombrie 2015, a primit sprijinul Comitetului Executiv al UEFA pentru a reprezenta funcția de președinte în cadrul Congresului Extraordinar al FIFA din 2016. În aceeași zi, și-a confirmat candidatura și a depus declarațiile de susținere necesare. El a promis să extindă Cupa Mondială FIFA la 40 de echipe. La 26 februarie 2016, a fost ales președinte al FIFA pentru o perioadă de 3 ani. Cu alegerea sa, el a devenit primul italian care deține președinția FIFA.

Documentele din Panama
Infantino a fost implicat în scandalul corupției FIFA în documentele publicate în documentele Panama. Acestea arată că UEFA a efectuat tranzacții cu cifrele inculpate, unde anterior au negat orice relație. Infantino a declarat că este "uluit" de rapoarte și că nu a tratat personal părțile implicate.

Investigațiile etice ale FIFA
În iulie 2016, Infantino a fost suspectat că a încălcat codul de etică al FIFA și a fost intervievat de camera de cercetare a Comitetului de etică al FIFA. Ancheta a fost axată pe trei domenii: "mai multe zboruri efectuate de domnul Infantino în primele luni ale președinției sale, chestiuni legate de resursele umane legate de procedurile de angajare în cabinetul președintelui și refuzul dlui Infantino de a semna contractul specificându-și relația de muncă cu FIFA". Chiar dacă s-a scurs un document care a indicat cheltuieli nelegitime ale fondurilor FIFA, chestiunea privind cheltuielile și guvernanța nu a fost investigată. Documentul a arătat că Infantino a facturat FIFA pentru cheltuieli personale, cum ar fi 8795 de lire sterline pentru saltele la domiciliu, 6829 de lire sterline pentru un aparat de exerciții pas cu pas, 1086 pentru un tuxedo, 677 pentru flori și 132 pentru spalatul personal. În plus, el a facturat organismului de conducere al FIFA pentru un conducător extern pentru familia și consilierii săi în timp ce acesta era departe.

Viață personală
Infantino este căsătorit cu libaneza Leena Al Ashqar; cuplul are patru copii. Este un fan al clubului italian din Seria A, Inter Milano.

Note

Legături externe

Biography on UEFA website

Nașteri în 1970
Oameni de afaceri italieni
Oameni de afaceri elvețieni
Președinții FIFA

Gianni Infantino


El curutié colorado (Certhiaxis cinnamomeus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae, una de las dos pertenecientes al género Certhiaxis. Es nativa de América del Sur.

Nombres comunes
Aparte de curutié colorado (en Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay), también se le denomina curutié rojizo (en Bolivia y Argentina), chamicero barbiamarillo o rastrojero barbiamarillo (en Colombia), cola-espina de barbilla amarilla (en Perú), coludito rojizo (en Uruguay) o güitío (o gϋaití) de agua (en Venezuela).

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye ampliamente desde el norte del continente por Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, Guyana, Surinam, Guayana francesa, hacia el sur por el este, centro y sur de Brasil (penetrando por el río Amazonas hasta el extremo noreste de Perú), este de Bolivia, Paraguay, noreste y este de Argentina y Uruguay.

Vive en las proximidades de ambientes acuáticos, a lo largo de las costas, en los pantanos, manglares y en bosques abiertos a la orilla o cerca de los ríos, por debajo de los 500 m de altitud.

Descripción
Mide 14 a 15 cm de longitud y pesa en promedio 15 g. El dorso y la corona son de color castaño rojizo ferruginoso; el cuello y las partes inferiores son blancuzcas, con una pequeña mancha amarilla en el mentón.

Alimentación
Se alimenta de insectos y sus larvas, arácnidos, lombrices y moluscos. Generalmente busca alimento en el suelo o en arbustos bajos, como máximo a 3 m de altura.

Reproducción
Construye su nido con palitos, en horquillas o ramas laterales sobre la vegetación baja próxima a depósitos o corrientes de agua. El nido forma redondeada o de botella acostada. La hembra pone tres huevos color crema; los polluelos nacen después de 14 a 15 días de incubación y luego de 18 días más, abandonan el nido.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie C. cinnamomeus fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista alemán Johann Friedrich Gmelin en 1788 bajo el nombre científico Certhia cinnamomea; la localidad tipo es: «sin localidad, se asume Cayena».

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Certhiaxis» es una combinación de los géneros Certhia (los trepadores del Viejo Mundo) y Synallaxis (los pijuís); y el nombre de la especie «cinnamomeus», proviene del latín moderno y significa «de color canela».

Taxonomía
La población del noreste de Colombia (norte de Arauca) se presume que pertenezca a la subespecie marabinus, y las del oeste del río Amazonas (al este hasta el río Negro) son colocadas tentativamente en pallidus; son necesarios más estudios. La subespecie propuesta albescentior (de Carabobo) es un sinónimo de valencianus.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird v.2019 se reconocen ocho subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus fuscifrons (, 1913) – norte de Colombia (río Atrato hacia el este hasta la base de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, también en el bajo valle del Cauca y en casi todo el Valle del Magdalena).
 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus marabinus , 1946 – noreste de Colombia (norte de Arauca) y noroeste de Venezuela (Zulia al oeste del lago Maracaibo, y oeste de Trujillo, oeste de Mérida y noroeste de Táchira).
 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus valencianus , 1944 – centro oeste de Venezuela (Lara, Portuguesa y Barinas hacia el este hasta Aragua y Guárico).
 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus orenocensis , 1935 – bajo valle del Orinoco en Venezuela (sur de Apure, sureste de Guárico, norte de Amazonas, y norte de Bolívar al este hasta el sur de Sucre y Delta Amacuro).
 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus cinnamomeus (, 1788) – Trinidad, noreste de Venezuela (norte de Sucre, norte de Anzoátegui), las Guayanas y noreste de Brasil (Pará al este hasta el norte de Maranhão).
 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus pallidus , 1935 – extremo sureste de Colombia (sureste de Amazonas) y oeste y centro de la Amazonia brasileña (hacia el este, incluyendo los bajos ríos Negro y Purus, hasta el bajo río Tocantins).
 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus cearensis (, 1916) – este de Brasil (sur de Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Pernambuco, norte de Bahia).
 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus russeolus (, 1817) – este de Bolivia (al sur desde Pando), suroeste y sur de Brasil (centro de Mato Grosso al este hasta el sur de Bahia, y hacia el sur hasta Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, norte de Argentina (al sur hasta Salta, noreste de Córdoba y norte de Buenos Aires) y Uruguay.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de  en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Certhiaxis cinnamomeus en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  Certhiaxis cinnamomeus en Wikiaves.

cinnamomeus
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1788
Taxones descritos por Johann Friedrich Gmelin

Certhiaxis cinnamomeus


Events from the year 1824 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: George IV

Federal government
Parliament of Lower Canada: 11th (until July 6)
Parliament of Upper Canada: 8th (until January 19)

Governors
Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events
The first Welland Canal is begun, partly in response to American initiatives in the Erie Canal.
Russians begin exploration of mainland that leads to discovery of Nushagak, Kuskokwim, Yukon, and Koyukuk Rivers.
William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate.
First Lachine Canal near Montreal is completed.

Births
January 4 – Peter Mitchell, politician, Minister and a Father of Confederation (died 1899)
March 14 – John Robson, journalist, politician and Premier of British Columbia (died 1892)
August 4 – Antoine Gérin-Lajoie, poet and novelist (died 1882)
November 18 – John Bolton, businessman and politician (died 1872)

Full date unknown
Philip Francis Little, 1st Premier of Newfoundland of the colonial (died 1897)
Edward Whelan, journalist and politician (died 1867)

Deaths
 January 17 – William Osgoode, judge (born 1754)
 February 9 – Ward Chipman, lawyer, public servant, politician (born 1754)
 April 4 – Alexander Henry the elder, fur trader, merchant, militia officer, jp, and author (born 1739)
 August 3 – Joseph Barss, privateer (born 1776)

References

Canada
Years of the 19th century in Canada
1824 in North America

1824 in Canada


Adolf Rebhuhn (* 8. Februar 1854 in Klein-Baudiß, Niederschlesien; † 4. Dezember 1924 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Volksschullehrer und von 1879 bis 1924 Verwalter sowie Leiter der Bibliothek des Deutschen Schulmuseums, der späteren Deutschen Lehrerbücherei (ab 1908) und heutigen Bibliothek für Bildungsgeschichtliche Forschung in Berlin.
"Um ihre Entwicklung und Ausweitung hat sich vor allem der Lehrer Adolf Rebhuhn verdient gemacht".
In seiner Forschungstätigkeit beschäftigte er sich schwerpunktmäßig mit Adolf Diesterweg, indem er eine "Zusammenstellung seiner weithin verstreuten Korrespondenz" organisierte.
Die Akademie der Pädagogischen Wissenschaften der DDR würdigte ihn anlässlich des 100-jährigen Jubiläums der Bibliothek als "eine bedeutende Persönlichkeit in der Geschichte des deutschen Bibliothekswesens".

Werke
 Gedenkblatt zum hundertsten Geburtstage Adolf Diesterweg. Behrend, 1890 (mit Edwin Wilke).
 Diesterwegs Beziehungen zu dem Vereinsleben unter den deutschen Lehrern. In: Festschrift zum 8. Deutschen Lehrertage in Berlin. 1890.
 Briefe Adolf Diesterwegs. Leipzig, Quelle & Meyer 1907 (als Herausgeber).
 Das Berliner Lehrervereinshaus. Berliner Lehrerverein, 1912 (mit Hermann Born).
 Pädagogisches Druckgut vergangener Jahrhunderte. Ein erziehungsgeschichtl. Quellennachweis aus d. Beständen d. dt. Lehrer-Bücherei anlässl. ihres 50 jährigen Bestehens. A. W. Hayn in Potsdam, 1925.

Ehrungen
Die Rose, "Direktor Rebhun Kordes", wurde 1929 nach ihm benannt. Die Pflanze ist eine Teehybride mit den Farben Orange, Rot, Gelb und einem starken Duft.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schullehrer
Deutscher
Geboren 1854
Gestorben 1924
Mann
Bibliotheksleiter

Adolf Rebhuhn