مسرحية بنات النوخذة هي مسرحية من تأليف الأديبة الإماراتية: باسمة يونس. تحكي قصة ثلاث شقيقات، أجبرهن والدهن النوخذة على العيش في عزلة بعيدا عن الناس ونشر خبر وفاتهن بين الآخرين في القرية خشية اقحام بناته في مهاترات المجتمع واستلابهن من قبل الذئاب البشرية المتحفزة للنيل من النساء. ويبدأ المشهد الأول بمنظر الأب وهو مستلق على الحصيرة وبناته يعملن حوله. يدق الباب الخارجي فتشعر الشقيقات بالرعب لأن الأب موجود فمن يدق الباب عليهن وهو أمر لم يختبرنه من قبل؟ من خلال الحوارات وتفاعل الأحداث نكتشف بان الأب قد مات وهو مستلق على الحصيرة وعرفت الشقيقات بموته لكنهن لم يجرؤن على الإفصاح عن ذلك خشية الاعتراف به لأنفسهن. ويتضح أن الطارق على الباب هو عيسى الذي يعمل على المركب مع والدهن النوخذة وقد جاء يبحث عنه بعد أن طال غيابه. من خلال تداعي الأحداث يبدأ عيسى الذي كان رفيق طفولتهن يحاول إخراجهن من العزلة التي فرضها عليهن الأب المتوفي لكن الشقيقتان الأكبر سنا ترفضان الخروج وقد تجاوزت كل منهن سن الثلاثين ولم تعد قادرة على مواجهة العالم وحدها أما الصغرى فهي تضع يدها في يد عيسى وتخرج للحياة.وبعد خروجها ينهار سقف المنزل فوق الشقيقتان الباقيتان في المنزل.

والمسرحية تعالج أكثر من قضية كانت المراة تعيشها في المجتمع الشرقي ولا تزال حتى اليوم تعاني منها في الكثير من الدول العربية. ولابد من الإشارة إلى أن الإمارات قد حققت سبقا في مساواة المرأة بالرجل وفي كفالة هذه المساواة لها والتي تحققت عبر ادراج مبدأ المساواة في الدستور الإماراتي ودعم المراة وتعليمها وتنصيبها في ماركز قيادية عالية.

الجوائز
الاديبة باسمة يونس قد نالت على هذه المسرحية جائزة الشارقة للتأليف المسرحي عام 2002 ولها أكثر من عشرة نصوص مسرحية حصلت على جوائز في أعوام مختلفة.كما ولها اثنا عشر مجموعة قصصية ورواية والعديد من النصوص الدرامية والأعمال التلفزيونية.

وتعرف الكاتبة باسمة يونس بأنها من الأديبات النشيطات على الساحة الثقافية الإماراتية ولها دور متميز في المشهد الثقافي. ومن خلال تطوعها في العديد من المؤسسات والجمعيات الثقافية استطاعت أن تبني لها سيرة تطوعية ثقافية متميزة، وأن تسهم في دعم تنمية المجتمع من خلال تعزيزها لمفاهيم الثقافة ونجاحات المرأة. وقد حصلت مؤخرا على شهادة الماجستير في إدارة وسياسة التعليم الدولية وقدمت بحثا يلخص قصص حياة مجموعة من 30 ناجحة من النساء الإماراتيات اللواتي دعمهن التعليم والرؤى الإماراتية المتفتحة في دعم المراة وحثها على النجاح والرقي بالمعرفة.

كما تعمل باسمة يونس حاليا في وزارة الثقافة والشباب وتنمية المجتمع وترأس عدة مشاريع ثقافية أسهمت في تأسيس مفهوم الثقافة ولاقت الكثير من الاهتمام والدعم الهائل من قبل وزير الثقافة والشباب وتنمية المجتمع ومسؤولين في الثقافة في الإمارات.

من أعمالها:

1-مجموعة قصص (عذاب) –إصدار خاص-1987 –دبي –مطبعة دبي.
«تحتوي هذه المجموعة على عدد 21 قصة قصيرة اجتماعية. قصة عذاب حولت إلى مسلسل تلفزيوني بعنوان» أبي عفوا «من خلال مؤسسة دبي للإنتاج الفني /تلفزيون دبي وعرضت على كافة الشاشات العربية وعلى فضائية mbc» والقصة تدور في اطار القضية الأبدية عن تفضيل انجاب الذكور على البنات).
وقد نشرت كافة قصص المجموعة في الدوريات الإماراتية والعربية المختلفة.

2-مجموعة قصص (اغتيال أنثى)-إصدار خاص-1988 –دبي-مطبعة دبي.
"تحتوي هذه المجموعة على عدد 11 قصة قصيرة يجمعها الخيط الاجتماعي والقضايا الإنسانية. تضم المجموعة قصتين معنونتين ب"حكاية زهرة "ذبول امرأة" والثمن "المزاد" الفائزتين بجائزتي المركزين الأول والثاني في مسابقة تلفزيون أبوظبي للقصة القصيرة عام 1987 ".
ونشرت كافة قصص المجموعة في الدوريات المحلية والعربية.

3-مجموعة قصص (طريق إلى الحياة) –إصدار خاص-1989-دبي-مطبعة دبي.
"تحتوي هذه المجموعة على عدد 15 قصة قصيرة وهي تعالج الهم الإنساني والقضايا اليومية للإنسان في مجتمع جديد يتطور يوميا ويمر فوق المهمشين بدون أن يرحمهم. وتضم قصتين فائزتين وهما "اعلان" الحائزة على المركز الثاني في مسابقة نادي الشباب العربي 1987 وقصة "استغاثة"الحائزة على شهادة تقدير في مسابقة اتحاد كتاب وأدباء الإمارات عام 1988.
ونشرت كافة قصص المجموعة في الدوريات المحلية والعربية.

4-مجموعة قصص«هجير» إصدار الهيئة العامة للكتاب ومركز ابن خلدون للدراسات 1992واصدار آخر خاص –مطبعة دبي1992.
«المجموعة فازت بمسابقة الدكتورة سعاد الصباح للابداع الفكري والأدبي بين الشباب العربي عام 1992. وفيها 13 قصة تطوي بينها حكايات متنوعة وخطوط الهم الإنساني اللامتناهي».

5-مجموعة قصص (رجولة غير معلنة) إصدار اتحاد كتاب وأدباء الإمارات –الشارقة 2000.
14 قصة قصيرة، تنوعات الحكايات وطروحات مختلفة، ورؤية للعالم والواقع المحيط من وجهة نظر كاتبتها. وفي القصة الكثير من القضايا التي تعاني منها النفس الإنسانية على اختلاف مشاربها ونوعياتها وهمومها.

6-مجموعة قصص«ماذا لو مات ظلي» إصدار دائرة الثقافة والاعلام في الشارقة-2004
مجموعة 13 قصة قصيرة من الواقع الاجتماعي وفيها قضايا فلسفية مثلقصة «ماذا لو مات ظلي» التي تحولت إلى فيلم قصير وقصة «الموتى يعترفون» الحائزة على المركز الأول في مسابقة الصدى للقصة القصيرة.

7-مجموعة قصص «علاقة خطرة» إصدار اتحاد كتاب وأدباء الإمارات -2006
بدأت الخليقة بآدم وحواء وتستمر بهما ولن تنتهي إلا بهذين. والعلاقة التي يعيشانها سويا علاقة خطرة بكل أبعادها وبكافة مستوياتها وبكل ماتعنيه هذه العلاقة. ومجموعة قصص «علاقة خطرة» تتجه في مسارها لتوضيح أنواع العلاقات التي يمكن أن تصبح خطرة في يوم ما.

8-رواية (ملائكة وشياطين –إصدار خاص –1990 –مطبعة دبي.
رواية طويلة، تتحدث عن العلاقة بين الشرق والغرب من وجهة نظر عائلة عربية تضطر إلى الرحيل وتلقي بها الأيام في فوهة الاغتراب الصعب. ما الذي قد يحدث حينما يصبح الرحيل واقعا يغلف القلوب. هي عائلة صار الخوف شمسها التي تبزغ كل صباح. صار الألم هو خطوط قطاراتها المنقوشة فوق واقعها. وحينما غاب قمر الوطن، صارت العتمة هي نجمة سمائها التي تهتدي بها إلى المجهول ! العائلة تتشرد في دولة غربية ومن خلال هذا الاختلاف في البيئة والتقاليد تحدث لها كوارث ومصائب.

9-مسرحية –البديل- إصدار دائرة الثقافة والاعلام في الشارقة –الشارقة 2001.
مسرحية الفصل الواحد، وحازت على المركز الأول في مسابقة جمعية المسرحيين بالشارقة للتأليف المسرحي بين الكتاب المسرحيين في الوطن العربي عام 1999.
«في داخل كل منا بديل. ولكن، ماذا يفعل البديل ان خرج وتحول إلى واقع يتجسد كالغول. ماذا نفعل ان نحن أرضعنا الشيطان الذي بداخلنا حقدا وعتوا، حتى تمرد وكسر القيد، ثم خرج ليحكم ويسيطر؟ المفارقة، أن يكون هذا البديل هو الحق والسلام وأن يكون الأصل، هو الحقد والدمار انه السيد الذي صنع لنفسه تمثالا فتمرد التمثال عليه وصار هو الأقوى !»

10-مسرحية «بنات النوخذة» –إصدار دائرة الثقافة والاعلام في الشارقة –الشارقة 2002
مسرحية الفصل الواحد، وحازت على المركز الثاني في مسابقة التأليف المحلي المسرحي. وهي مسرحية تتحدث عن الماضي في الإمارات من خلال فترة الغوص ومايحدث لعائلة مكونة من ثلاث بنات وأبوهن النوخذة في ذلك الزمان. القصة تعتمد على المعالجة السيكولوجية لنفسيات ثلاث فتيات شقيقات غير متزوجات يحبسهن الأب في الدار ويمنعهن من الخروج إلى العالم والاختلاط بالناس فيتحول الأمر إلى مأساة وترفض الفتيات الخروج من الحبس حتى بعد وفاة والدهن ماعدا واحدة تحمل الامل والتفاؤل في ذاتها.

11-ثلاث مسرحيات (فصل واحد) آخر ليلة باردة /دمى/صاحب المطعم.عن دائرة الثقافة والاعلام في الشارقة 2005 وهي متنوعة ومختلفة في قضاياها.وقد جسدت الأولى على المسرح بطولة هدى الخطيب وآلاء شاكر /صاحب المطعم نالت جائزة جمعية المسرحيين.

12-مسرحية بحاران (فصل واحد) النص الفائز بجائزة الشارقة الثانية للتأليف المسرحي 2005 الحياة بكل ما فيها من تناقضات والإنسان بكل ما فيه من شر ورغبة في امتلاك الحياة.

13-مسرحية (الخطايا)
لن يعبر الإنسان في هذا العالم بدون مأساة والنتائج دائما تختلف ولكن تبقى النهاية هي الحكم الأخير عليه وعلى مايستحقه.

14-مسرحية (قلب في الماء)

عروس البحر وهموم الإنسان الصياد الفقير. الحب الذي لايمكن أن يعيش ويكبر لأنه حب محفوف بالمخاطر، لكن الموت هو النهاية الوحيدة والأخيرة.

15-مسرحية (رجل)

رجل يجابه أوهام شكوكه فيقتل زوجة كان يحبها ثم يكتشف أنه قد قتل نفسه فهي لم تكن خائنة بقدر ما كان هو واهما، ويصبح شبحها السوط الذي يعذبه ويعاقبه.

الجوائز التي حصلت عليها:
الجوائز الادبية:
1-جائزة اتحاد كتاب وأدباء الإمارات (تقديرية عن قصة استغاثة ونشرت في مجموعة قصص بعنوان (12 قصة قصيرة) 1988
2-جائزة نادي الشباب العربي (الثانية عن قصة اعلان)1989
3-جائزة تلفزيون أبوظبي (المركزان الأول والثاني) عن قصتي (حكاية زهرة –المزاد)1987
4-جائزة غانم غباش للقصة القصيرة (تقديرية عن قصة كلمة شرف 1990، تمرد 1991، حمد الوارث 1992) الثالثة مناصفة عن قصة (مساء الخير) 1993 الأولى مناصفة عن قصة (لعبة الرفض)1995.
5-جائزة وزارة الاعلام والثقافة في أبوظبي (الثالثة –مسرحية الفصل الواحد (النخلة) 1992.
6-جائزة د.سعاد الصباح للابداع الفكري والأدبي بين الشباب العربي –هيئة الكتاب المصرية –مركز ابن خلدون –القاهرة عن مجموعة قصص (هجير) 1992.
7-جائزة (المركز الأول) في مسابقة التأليف المسرحي في الوطن العربي –جمعية المسرحيين –الإمارات -مسرحية البديل 1999
8-جائزة (المركز الأول) في مسابقة القصة القصيرة –مجلة الصدى-الإمارات قصة (الموتى يعترفون) فبراير 2000.(صدرت في عدد خاص يصدر عن المجلة)
9-جائزة المركز الثالث في مسابقة المسرح المدرسي بالشارقة عن مسرحية (الأم) 2000.

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Zhang Zhao (156–236), courtesy name Zibu, was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, military general, and politician. He served as an official of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Zhang Zhao started his career as a scholar in his native Xu Province before the chaos towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty forced him to flee south to the Jiangdong (or Wu) region for shelter. In Jiangdong, Zhang Zhao became an adviser to the rising warlord Sun Ce. After Sun Ce's death in the year 200, Zhang Zhao played a key supporting role to Sun Ce's younger brother and successor, Sun Quan, as he consolidated power and his control over the Jiangdong territories. In 208, Zhang Zhao strongly urged Sun Quan to surrender to Cao Cao, a rival warlord, because he believed that they stood no chance against an impending invasion by Cao Cao. However, Sun Quan refused to listen to Zhang Zhao and instead heeded the advice of Lu Su and Zhou Yu. Sun Quan's forces ultimately scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs in the winter of 208. From 200 until his death in 236, Zhang Zhao served under Sun Quan through the collapse of the Eastern Han dynasty and into the Three Kingdoms period after Sun Quan became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state. Throughout his career, Zhang Zhao was known for being a stern, uncompromising and intimidating figure who commanded respect from both his colleagues and Sun Quan. Despite Zhang Zhao's seniority and experience, Sun Quan passed him over twice as a candidate for the position of Imperial Chancellor in 222 and 225 as he believed that Zhang Zhao was so headstrong and stubborn that he would not be able to effectively lead the administration. Nevertheless, Sun Quan paid his due respects to Zhang Zhao as a mentor-like figure who saw him through his formative years to his accession to the throne.

Early life
Zhang Zhao was born in the late Eastern Han dynasty in the Pengcheng State (), a principality in Xu Province centred around present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu. As a youth, he was known for being diligent in his studies and for specialising in the clerical script style of calligraphy. He studied the Zuo zhuan and Chunqiu under the tutelage of Bohou Zi'an (), and was known for being well read in history. He was also a close friend of two other well-known scholars, Zhao Yu () and Wang Lang.

When Zhang Zhao reached the age of adulthood around 19, he was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) to serve in the government. However, he declined the offer and chose to join Wang Lang in compiling an essay on the ancient use of taboo names. They received praise from other Xu Province scholars, such as Chen Lin, for their work. The essay contradicted the arguments of Ying Shao, another celebrated scholar from Runan Commandery (汝南郡; around present-day central Henan).

Sometime later, when Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province, nominated Zhang Zhao as a maocai (茂才; outstanding candidate) to serve in the government, Zhang Zhao declined the offer again. Tao Qian perceived Zhang Zhao's rejection as an insult, so he ordered the latter's arrest. However, Zhao Yu, who was serving in Tao Qian's administration at the time, managed to convince the governor to pardon Zhang Zhao.

Service under Sun Ce
When chaos broke out throughout China in the 190s, many people living in Xu Province fled their homes and crossed the Yangtze River to take shelter in Yang Province (or the Jiangdong region) in the south. Zhang Zhao followed suit and moved from Pengcheng State to Jiangdong.

Between 194 and 199, the warlord Sun Ce conquered the territories in Jiangdong and established his own regime in the region. During this time, he heard of Zhang Zhao and wanted to recruit him as an adviser. After Zhang Zhao agreed and joined him, he was so delighted that he told Zhang Zhao: "Now that I have expanded my domain in all the four corners, I should treat learned and virtuous men with the utmost respect. I won't treat you in any degrading manner." He then appointed Zhang Zhao as a Colonel () and honoured him like a teacher.

Later on, Sun Ce made Zhang Zhao his Chief Clerk () and promoted him from Colonel to General of the Household Who Pacifies the Army (). Apart from paying his respects to Zhang Zhao's mother and treating Zhang Zhao like an old friend, Sun Ce also consulted Zhang Zhao on various matters related to civil and military policy.

Receiving flattering letters
While serving under Sun Ce, Zhang Zhao received several flattering letters from his fellow literati in the north. He faced a dilemma on how to deal with those letters. On one hand, he was afraid that if he kept quiet about those letters, Sun Ce would start questioning his loyalty. On the other hand, he was also worried that others would scorn him for being boastful if he revealed the letters.

When Sun Ce found out, he laughed and told Zhang Zhao: "In the past, when Guan Zhong was the chancellor of Qi, he was called zhongfu. With his help, Duke Huan of Qi became a hegemon among the feudal lords. Today, as I have a virtuous talent like Zibu to assist me, isn't his glory also mine?"

Sun Ce entrusting Sun Quan to Zhang Zhao's care
In the year 200, before Sun Ce died, he entrusted his younger brother and successor, Sun Quan, to Zhang Zhao's care. He told Zhang Zhao: "If Zhongmou turns out to be incompetent, you may replace him. If there is no way to overcome the difficulties, you can gradually retreat back to the west where you will have no worries."

After Sun Ce's death, Zhang Zhao led all of Sun Ce's former subjects to support Sun Quan and pledge their allegiance to him. Zhang Zhao also wrote a memorial to the Han central government to inform them about Sun Ce's death and that Sun Quan had succeeded his brother. He also wrote to all the key appointment holders throughout Sun Quan's domain to order them to continue performing their duties as before.

Service under Sun Quan

Assisting Sun Quan in consolidating power
When an 18-year-old Sun Quan first came to power, he was so overwhelmed with grief over his brother's death that he spent his time mourning instead of taking charge of the regime established by his brother in Jiangdong. Zhang Zhao told him:

Sun Quan's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Zhang Zhao told the young Sun Quan:

Sun Quan heeded Zhang Zhao's advice. He changed out of his mourning attire, got onto horseback with Zhang Zhao's help, and inspected his troops as they assembled in formation. Sun Ce's former subjects accepted Sun Quan's leadership and pledged their allegiance to him. Sun Quan also appointed Zhang Zhao as his Chief Clerk () and ordered him to perform the same duties as he did under Sun Ce.

With Zhang Zhao's assistance, Sun Quan managed to consolidate his control over the unstable Jiangdong regime left behind by Sun Ce. Apart from pacifying and winning over the people, he also recruited many talented and capable persons to serve in his administration. Whenever Sun Quan went into battle, he left Zhang Zhao behind to guard his base and oversee day-to-day affairs in the Jiangdong territories. During this time, Zhang Zhao suppressed an uprising by remnants of the Yellow Turban rebels.

Battle of Jiangxia

In the spring of 208, Gan Ning, who had recently joined Sun Quan, pointed out to Sun Quan that Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and most of northern China, was planning to attack Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to the west of the Jiangdong (or Wu) territories. He also noted that Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, was incapable of defending his domain, so it would be better for Sun Quan to seize Jing Province before Cao Cao could do so. The first step in Gan Ning's plan was to attack Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Wuhan, Hubei), which was guarded by Liu Biao's subordinate Huang Zu.

Sun Quan approved Gan Ning's plan, but Zhang Zhao strongly objected and said: "The territories in Wu have not been completely pacified yet. If we proceed with this campaign, I am afraid there will be chaos." Gan Ning rebuked Zhang Zhao: "Our lord has entrusted responsibilities to you as if you were Xiao He. If you can't even be confident that there won't be chaos under your watch, how can you expect to be like Xiao He?"

Sun Quan ignored Zhang Zhao and put Gan Ning in charge of planning and leading the campaign. They emerged victorious in the campaign as they killed Huang Zu in battle and conquered Jiangxia Commandery.

Battle of Red Cliffs

In the late autumn of 208, Cao Cao launched a military campaign aimed at eliminating all forces in southern China who opposed him. He swiftly conquered Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) after the provincial governor Liu Cong surrendered without a fight. When Sun Quan's subjects heard that Cao Cao had gained control of Jing Province along with its tens of thousands of land and naval troops, they became fearful as they knew that Cao Cao's next target was Sun Quan's territories in the Jiangdong region. Sun Quan summoned them for a meeting and showed them a threatening letter he received from Cao Cao, in which Cao Cao claimed that he had 800,000 troops.

Some of Sun Quan's subjects, including Zhang Zhao and Qin Song, suggested that Sun Quan surrender to Cao Cao because, in their opinion, they could not win a battle against Cao Cao. However, Sun Quan ultimately heeded the advice of Lu Su and Zhou Yu and hardened his decision to go to war with Cao Cao. He also told Lu Su and Zhou Yu privately that he was deeply disappointed with Zhang Zhao, Qin Song and those who advised him to surrender to Cao Cao. After making up his mind, he summoned all his subjects, drew his sword, slashed the table in front of him and said: "Any of you who dares to speak of surrendering to Cao Cao shall end up like this table!"

In the winter of 208–209, Sun Quan and his ally Liu Bei scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. After the Battle of Red Cliffs, while Zhou Yu led Sun Quan's forces to attack Cao Cao's garrison at Jiangling, Sun Quan personally led another army to attack Hefei, a heavily fortified city under Cao Cao's control. During the campaign, he ordered Zhang Zhao to lead a separate detachment of troops to assault Kuangqi (), another of Cao Cao's fortresses in Guangling Commandery (廣陵郡; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu). Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao did not manage to capture Hefei and Kuangqi, while Zhou Yu successfully conquered Jiangling.

Zhang Zhao later led Sun Quan's forces to attack and eliminate bandit forces led by Zhou Feng () in Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡; around present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi). After this battle, Zhang Zhao hardly assumed positions of military command again as Sun Quan decided to keep him by his side as a strategist and adviser. Sun Quan also treated him very respectfully because of his senior status in the administration.

In late 209 or early 210, after Sun Quan received the appointment of acting General of Chariots and Cavalry () from the Han central government through Liu Bei's nomination, he appointed Zhang Zhao as his Army Adviser ().

Lecturing Sun Quan on hunting excursions
Sun Quan enjoyed going on hunting excursions as a leisure activity. On one occasion, while he was hunting a tiger on horseback with a bow and arrows, the tiger suddenly attacked him and clawed at his saddle.

When Zhang Zhao heard about it, he lectured Sun Quan:  Sun Quan then apologised to Zhang Zhao: "I am young and lacking in wisdom. Sir, I am sorry for letting you down."

Despite being lectured, Sun Quan was unwilling to give up on his favourite pastime so he designed a chariot for his hunting excursions. The chariot had squarish openings but no roof. Accompanied by only a driver to drive the chariot, Sun Quan fired arrows at wild beasts through the openings. When they encountered animals who left their packs/herds and came very close to the chariot, Sun Quan got out and took pleasure in hand-to-hand combat with the animal. When Zhang Zhao found out, he repeatedly urged Sun Quan to stop engaging in such dangerous activities but the latter laughed and ignored him.

Service under the King of Wu
In late 220, Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei (or Wei) with himself as the emperor. This event marked the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China.

In September 221, Sun Quan pledged nominal allegiance to Cao Pi and agreed to become a vassal of Wei. In return, Cao Pi sent an emissary, Xing Zhen (), to confer the title "King of Wu" () on Sun Quan. On 23 September that year, when Xing Zhen arrived at Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), the capital of Sun Quan's domain, for the conferment ceremony, he did not dismount from his carriage when he reached the city gates. Zhang Zhao told him:  Upon hearing what Zhang Zhao said, Xing Zhen immediately got off the carriage and entered the city on foot.

After Sun Quan became the King of Wu, he awarded Zhang Zhao the appointment of General Who Pacifies Distant Lands () and the peerage of Marquis of Youquan (). Zhang Zhao, along with Sun Shao, Teng Yin, Zheng Li () and others, drafted the rules of imperial protocol for the Kingdom of Wu based on those of the Zhou and Han dynasties.

Lecturing Sun Quan on making merry
When Sun Quan was in Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), he once hosted a drinking party on a terrace and invited all his subjects to attend. He ordered his servants to splash water at everyone, after which he jokingly declared: "The party shall not end until everyone gets dead drunk."

Zhang Zhao did not say anything, put on a stern face, walked out of the party, and sat inside his carriage alone. Sun Quan sent someone to ask him to come back, and then asked him: "This is a time for all of us to make merry and be happy. Sir, why are you angry?" Zhang Zhao replied:  Sun Quan fell silent and looked embarrassed after hearing Zhang Zhao's words. He then called off the party.

Not chosen to be Imperial Chancellor
In November 222, Sun Quan broke ties with Cao Pi and declared himself an independent ruler of his Kingdom of Wu by adopting an era name for his reign. After that, he wanted to create the position of Imperial Chancellor () in his government, so he consulted his subjects on suitable candidates to fill in this post. Although all of them came to the consensus that Zhang Zhao was the best candidate, Sun Quan said: "We are living in times of chaos. Such key appointments are to be filled by persons capable of shouldering great responsibilities; they shouldn't be treated like honorary positions." Sun Quan ultimately selected Sun Shao to be the first Imperial Chancellor of Wu.

After Sun Shao died in office in the summer of 225, Sun Quan's subjects nominated Zhang Zhao to succeed Sun Shao as Imperial Chancellor. However, Sun Quan refused again and said: "It's not that I am being unkind towards Zibu (by not choosing him). The person holding the position of Imperial Chancellor has to deal with so many issues on a daily basis. (Zhang Zhao) is too headstrong. If people don't listen to him, there will be a lot of conflicts. It won't be helpful at all." He then chose Gu Yong to be the second Imperial Chancellor of Wu.

Service under the Emperor of Wu
In the summer of 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor of Wu, Zhang Zhao retired from active service on the grounds of old age and poor health. He resigned from his position as General Who Pacifies Distant Lands () and returned command of his troops to the Wu government.

Sun Quan embarrassing Zhang Zhao in public
According to the Jiang Biao Zhuan, although Sun Quan highly respected Zhang Zhao for his loyal, bold and forthright character, he never forgot that Zhang Zhao had advised him to surrender to Cao Cao before the Battle of Red Cliffs. After he became emperor, he told all his subjects: "I wouldn't have become an emperor today if there wasn't Zhou Yu to assist me." Just as Zhang Zhao prepared to hold up his hu and congratulate Sun Quan, the emperor remarked: "If I had listened to Lord Zhang, I'd be begging for food today." Zhang Zhao felt deeply embarrassed and he broke out in a cold sweat as he sank to his knees.

Pei Songzhi, in his annotations to Zhang Zhao's biography in the Sanguozhi, argued that Zhang Zhao had never intended to help Sun Ce or Sun Quan become rulers in their own right; all he desired was to assist them in bringing peace to the common people living under their control. When he saw that Cao Cao had pacified northern China and conquered Jing Province just before the Battle of Red Cliffs, he advised Sun Quan to surrender to Cao Cao because he saw that as an opportunity for the fragmented Han Empire to be reunified under Cao Cao's control. If the Han Empire were reunified, there would be no more conflicts among the warlords, and the common people would finally be able to live in peace. Pei Songzhi thus concluded that although Zhang Zhao may not be considered loyal towards Sun Quan, he had the greater interests of the common people at heart.

The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny believed that this account from the Jiang Biao Zhuan is probably false because Sun Quan stood to gain little for his own reputation and authority from making such an extraordinary public insult at Zhang Zhao.

Life in retirement
Although Zhang Zhao had effectively retired, Sun Quan still gave him an honorary position as General Who Assists Wu (), whose status was just below the Three Ducal Ministers in the hierarchy of the Eastern Wu government. Sun Quan also changed Zhang Zhao's peerage from the Marquis of Youquan () to the Marquis of Lou (), and awarded him a marquisate comprising 10,000 taxable households.

Zhang Zhao stayed at home after retiring and he spent his time writing a guide to the Zuo zhuan and an annotated copy of the Analects.

Sun Quan once asked Yan Jun to recite something he memorised in his childhood. Yan Jun thus recited "The Scope and Meaning of the Treatise", the opening paragraph of the Classic of Filial Piety. Zhang Zhao, who was also present, remarked: "Yan Jun is a mediocre scholar. I humbly seek permission to recite for Your Majesty." After Sun Quan approved, Zhang Zhao recited "The Service of the Ruler", another paragraph in the Classic of Filial Piety. Sun Quan's other subjects agreed that Zhang Zhao had a good understanding of what he should recite in front of the emperor.

Quarrel with Sun Quan
Zhang Zhao was known for being very outspoken, forthright and blunt in his speech whenever he spoke up in Sun Quan's imperial court. On one occasion, after he openly defied an order from Sun Quan, he was not allowed to enter the imperial court for some time.

During this time, Wu's ally state Shu sent an ambassador to Wu for an official visit. The Shu ambassador sang praises about Shu in front of Sun Quan and his imperial court. Some Wu officials tried to challenge the Shu ambassador but failed. Sun Quan sighed: "If Lord Zhang were here, (the Shu ambassador) would feel intimidated before he could even debate with us, much less boast about his state!"

The following day, Sun Quan sent a messenger to visit Zhang Zhao at his residence and invite him back to the imperial court. When Zhang Zhao showed up, he apologised to Sun Quan but refused to take his seat, so Sun Quan knelt down and begged him to stop. Zhang Zhao then sat down, with his eyes looking up, and said:  Sun Quan apologised to him and left.

Quarrel with Sun Quan over the Liaodong issue
In 233, the Liaodong-based warlord Gongsun Yuan pledged allegiance to Sun Quan and expressed willingness to become a vassal of Eastern Wu. Sun Quan was delighted as he saw Gongsun Yuan as a potential ally against Wu's rival state, Wei. He then wanted to send Zhang Mi () and Xu Yan () as his representatives to Liaodong to meet Gongsun Yuan and grant him the title "King of Yan" (). However, Zhang Zhao strongly objected and said:

Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao had a heated quarrel over this issue; Zhang Zhao, adamant that he was right, stubbornly refused to yield. Sun Quan eventually lost his temper, placed his hand on the hilt of his sword, and angrily told Zhang Zhao: "When the people of Wu enter the palace, they pay respects to me. Outside the palace, they pay respects to you. My respect for you has already reached the maximum possible extent, yet you humiliate me in front of everyone. I am really afraid that I will lose control of myself and end up hurting you." Zhang Zhao stared at Sun Quan for some time before replying:  He then broke down in tears. Sun Quan dropped his sword and started crying too.

When Sun Quan ultimately sent Zhang Mi and Xu Yan to Liaodong, Zhang Zhao felt so frustrated with the emperor for not heeding his advice that he claimed that he was sick and refused to show up in the imperial court. An angry Sun Quan then ordered the entrance of Zhang Zhao's residence to be sealed by piling up earth in front of it to block people from entering or leaving. In response, Zhang Zhao also ordered his servants to pile up earth too and block the entrance from the inside.

In the autumn of 233, Gongsun Yuan betrayed Sun Quan and executed Zhang Mi and Xu Yan. When Sun Quan heard about it, he realised that he was in the wrong. After Zhang Zhao ignored his apologies several times, Sun Quan personally went to Zhang Zhao's residence and called him to come out but Zhang Zhao refused and claimed that he was ill. Sun Quan then set fire to the entrance of Zhang Zhao's residence to scare him and force him to come out. His plan backfired as Zhang Zhao not only refused to come out, but also shut all the doors and windows of his residence. Left with no choice, Sun Quan ordered his servants to put out the fire, and he stood at the entrance for a long time. Zhang Zhao's sons then helped their father out, while Sun Quan arranged for a carriage to fetch Zhang Zhao to his palace. At the palace, Sun Quan apologised profusely to Zhang Zhao, who finally forgave him and returned to work.

The Jin dynasty historian Xi Zuochi praised Sun Quan for acknowledging his mistake and doing his best to show his remorse and apologise to Zhang Zhao. However, he also criticised Zhang Zhao for his pompous and condescending attitude towards Sun Quan. He argued that Zhang Zhao, as a subject of a ruler, should know his place and refrain from pushing things to such an extreme even if he was right.

Death
Throughout his life, Zhang Zhao was known for maintaining a dignified and solemn appearance, and for having an awe-inspiring bearing. His colleagues in the Wu imperial court saw him as an intimidating figure. Sun Quan once said: "When I speak to Lord Zhang, I don't dare to say anything in jest."

Zhang Zhao died at the age of 81 (by East Asian age reckoning) in 236 during the Jiahe era (232–238) of Sun Quan's reign. Before he died, he gave instructions that he wanted to be buried in a coffin of simple design and to be dressed in plain clothes. Sun Quan donned mourning garments and attended his funeral in person. He also honoured Zhang Zhao with the posthumous title "Marquis Wen" ().

Family
Zhang Zhao was survived by at least two sons, who both served as military generals in Eastern Wu. His first son, Zhang Cheng, had already received a peerage of his own, so his second son Zhang Xiu inherited his peerage and became the next Marquis of Lou ().

Zhang Zhao's nephew, Zhang Fen (), designed a war chariot to serve as a siege engine when he was only 19. Bu Zhi recognised his talent and recommended him to serve in the Wu army. However, Zhang Zhao disapproved as he told Zhang Fen: "You are still young. Why do you want to put yourself through hardship by serving in the army?" Zhang Fen replied: "In the past, Wang the boy died a hero while Ziqi governed E. I may be untalented but I am no longer young." He then served in the army and rose through the ranks to become a general. The highest appointment he held was Chief Controller of Pingzhou (). He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lexiang Village ().

Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Zhao's biography in the Sanguozhi, appraised him as follows: "Zhang Zhao received a mission to assist (Sun Quan). His contributions were outstanding. He was loyal, outspoken and upright; his actions were not for his own interests. However, he was feared because he was too stern, and he was shunned by others because he liked to assume the moral high ground. He was given neither the role of a chancellor nor an imperial tutor. Instead, he had a rather unimpressive career and spent his old age in retirement. This shows that Sun Quan was not as wise as Sun Ce."

The Dianlue () recorded that Liu Biao, the governor of Jing Province, once wrote a letter to Sun Ce. Before sending, he showed it to Mi Heng, who disdainfully remarked: "Is this letter for children in Sun Ce's domain to read out? Or is it for Zhang Zibu's perusal?" This remark showed that even the notoriously haughty Mi Heng acknowledged Zhang Zhao's literary talent.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Zhang Zhao's fictionalised persona in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms is generally similar to its historical counterpart. In the novel, he first appears in Chapter 15 when Zhou Yu recommends him and Zhang Hong (not related to Zhang Zhao), who are collectively referred to as the "Two Zhangs" () of Jiangdong", as talents to assist Sun Ce. Sun Ce then visited them at their homes and succeeded in recruiting them to serve as his advisers. In Chapter 29, when Sun Ce is about to die, he says that if Sun Quan cannot make decisions on domestic and external issues, he can consult Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu respectively.

In chapters 43 to 49, when Sun Quan is discussing with his subjects about how to counter an impending invasion by Cao Cao just before the Battle of Red Cliffs, his subjects are divided into two camps: one advocating surrender to Cao Cao, and the other advocating going to war with Cao Cao. Zhang Zhao is one of the leading figures in the former camp. Chapter 43, in particular, describes a fictitious debate between Zhuge Liang and the various scholar-officials serving under Sun Quan. Zhang Zhao is the first among those scholar-officials to challenge Zhuge Liang, who manages to silence all of them through his eloquent responses to their queries and comments, as well as taunts and insults.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

 Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

156 births
236 deaths
Generals from Jiangsu
Eastern Wu calligraphers
Eastern Wu essayists
Eastern Wu generals
Eastern Wu government officials
Han dynasty calligraphers
Government officials under Sun Quan
Politicians from Xuzhou
Writers from Xuzhou

Zhang Zhao (Eastern Wu)


The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is an intergovernmental agency that is organized under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Originally formed on 1 February 1958 with the name European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA)—the United States participated as an Associate Member—the name was changed on 20 April 1972 to its current name after Japan became a member.

The mission of the NEA is to "assist its member countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co-operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases required for the safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes."

History
The creation of the European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA) was agreed by the OEEC Council of Ministers on December 20, 1957.

Members
NEA currently consists of 34 countries from Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific region. In 2021, Bulgaria accessioned to NEA as its most recent member. In 2022, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Russia's membership was suspended.

 (suspended)

Together they account for approximately 85% of the world's installed nuclear capacity. Nuclear power accounts for almost a quarter of the electricity produced in NEA Member countries. The NEA works closely with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna and with the European Commission in Brussels.

Within the OECD, there is close co-ordination with the International Energy Agency and the Environment Directorate, as well as contacts with other directorates, as appropriate.

Areas of work

 Nuclear safety and regulation
 Nuclear energy development
 Radioactive waste management
 Radiation protection and public health
 Nuclear law and liability
 Nuclear science
 Data bank
 Information and communication
 European Nuclear Energy Tribunal

Structure

Since 1 September 2014, the Director-General of the NEA is William D Magwood, IV, who replaced Luis E. Echávarri on this post. The NEA Secretariat serves seven specialised standing technical committees under the leadership of the Steering Committee for Nuclear Energy—the governing body of the NEA—which reports directly to the OECD Council.

The standing technical committees, representing each of the seven major areas of the Agency's programme, are composed of member country experts who are both contributors to the programme of work and beneficiaries of its results. The approach is highly cost-efficient as it enables the Agency to pursue an ambitious programme with a relatively small staff that co-ordinates the work. The substantive value of the standing technical committees arises from the numerous important functions they perform, including: providing a forum for in-depth exchanges of technical and programmatic information; stimulating development of useful information by initiating and carrying out co-operation/research on key problems; developing common positions, including "consensus opinions", on technical and policy issues; identifying areas where further work is needed and ensuring that NEA activities respond to real needs; organising joint projects to enable interested countries to carry out research on particular issues on a cost-sharing basis.

See also
 International Energy Agency
 International Atomic Energy Agency
 European Organization for Nuclear Research

References

External links
 – OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

International organizations based in France
International nuclear energy organizations
Nuclear organizations
Radiation protection organizations
OECD

Nuclear Energy Agency


Santa Cruz Portekiz'de Vinhais belediyesine bağlı olan, 10,48 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 57 nüfuslu (2011) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vinhais'in bucakları

Santa Cruz (Vinhais)


Andrea Ćakić (1963.), hrvatska filmska scenaristica i urednica.

Životopis
Rodila se je 1963. godine. U Zagrebu je diplomirala na Filozofskom fakultetu. Od 1989. je godine suradnica Dokumentarnog programa HTV-a, a zaposlenica je od 1996. godine.

Filmografija
Filmski joj opus čini šezdesetak dokumentarnih filmova pretežno socijalne tematike (Pater Cvek, Badava šta je cviće, Branino blago, Jedan sasvim običan dan, putopisni serijal Skitancije). Nagrađena za istraživačko novinarstvo i etički pristup radu.

Nagrade i priznanja
 za dokumentarni film Četvrta smjena:
 1998.: nagrada HND-a Marija Jurić Zagorka za istraživačko novinarstvo
 1999.: posebna pohvala Circom regional za etički pristup radu
 uvršten među osam najboljih europskih dokumentarnih filmova
 za film Ivan:
 2011.: Grand prix na Festivalu hrvatskoga katoličkog filma Trsat

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatski filmski scenaristi

Andrea Ćakić


Kollajen fibriller; bağ dokusunun tüm çeşitlerinde değişik miktarlarda yer alan, kollojenden yapılmış fibrillerdir. En çok fibroblastlar tarafından sentezlenir. Bununla beraber, osteoblast, odontoblast, kondroblastlar tarafından da sentezlenirler. Belirli bir uzunluğu yoktur, gerilme ve çekilmelere karşı çok dayanıklıdır. Bu özelliklerinden dolayı tendon, ligament, kemik, diş ve deride görülürler. Kaynatıldığında eriyerek yapışkan bir madde olan jelatine dönüşür. Dericilik sanayinde deriye dayanıklılık kazandırdığından bazı işlemlerden geçirilerek kullanılır.

29 tip kollajen fibril bulunur. Kolljen tip1, tip2, tip3, tip4 ve tip 5. Vücutta en fazla bulunanı tip 1 olup toplamın %30 kadarını oluşturur; osteoblast ve odontoblastlar tarafından sentezlenir. Kemik ve tendonlarda bulunur. Tip 2, kondroblastlar tarafından üretilip kıkırdak dokuya özgüldür. Tip 3 embriyonal safhada birçok tabakada bulunurken gelişim esnasında kollajen tip1'e dönüşür. Fibroblastlar tarafından sentezlenir ve ergin dönemde kan damarları ve bağırsak duvarlarında bulunur. Tip 4, bazal lamina yapı elemanıdır ve epitel ve endotel hücreleri tarafından üretilir. Tip 5'i neyin ürettiği bilinmemekle birlikte embriyonik zar ve kan damarlarında bulunur.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Kollajen
 Elastik fibriller
 Retiküler fibriller

Bağ doku

Kollajen Fibril


රාහුල් බෝස් (ජූලි 1967 27 උපත ලැබූ) ඉන්දීය සිනමා නළු, අධ්යක්ෂ, තිර රචකයෙකු, සමාජ ක්රියාකාරිකයකු, සහ රග්බි ක්රීඩකයා වේ. බෝස් එවැනි මහතා සහ එම මහත්මිය අයියර්, Kalpurush, Anuranan, Antaheen, ලැප්ටොප් සහ ජපන් බිරිඳ ලෙස බෙංගාලි චිත්රපට පෙනී සිට ඇත. ඔහු එවැනි Pyaar කෑ අතුරු ආබාධ, Maan Gaye මෝගල් අසාම්, Jhankaar Beats, Kucch Luv Jaisaa, සහ Chameli ලෙස හින්දි චිත්රපට ද පෙනී සිට ඇත. එමෙන්ම ඔහු 2013 දෙමළ-හින්දි චිත්රපටය තුළ විරුද්ධවාදියා ඉටු කලේ ය. මැක්සිම් "ප්රාචීන සිනමාවේ ෂෝන් පෙන්" ලෙස නම් අතර [1] ටයිම් සඟරාවේ "ඉන්දීය arthouse සිනමාවේ සුපිරි තරුව" ලෙස නම් කලේය. [2] ඔහුගේ කටයුතු සඳහා සමගාමීව ඉංග්රීසි, අගෝස්තු සහ මහතා සහ එම මහත්මිය අයියර් වැනි සිනමා චිත්රපට. ඔහු සමාජ ක්රියාකාරීත්ව කටයුතු සඳහා ද සැලකිය යුතු ය: ඔහු 2004 දින ඉන්දූනීසියාවේ අනුගමනය කරන සහන උත්සාහයන් සහභාගී වීම සහ විරෝධී වෙනස්කම් කිරීම් රාජ්ය නොවන සංවිධාන, ද පදනමේ නිර්මාතෘ වන [3.

මුල් දිවිය
රාහුල් බෝස් [4] ඔහු තමාවම විස්තර ජූලි 27, 1967 දින Rupen හා Kumud බෝස් උපත ලද "... අර්ධ බෙංගාලි; එක්-සිව්වන පන්ජාබ් හා එක්-සිව්වන මහාරාෂ්ටීය."
බෝස්, බැංගලෝර් ඔහුගේ මුල් ළමාවිය වැය කර්නාටක හා ඔහුගේ පවුලේ අය සමග මුම්බායි වෙත ගියා. ඔහු පාසල් නාට්යයක්, ටොම්, මේ Piper පුත්රයා මූලිකත්වය වාදනය කරන විට උන් වහන්සේගේ පළමු රංගනය භූමිකාව වයස අවුරුදු හයක් විය. ඔහුගේ මව සහ බොක්සිං රග්බි යූනියන් ඔහු හඳුන්වා පසු දරුවා ලෙස ඔහු ක්රීඩා වීණි. [6] ඔහු ක්රිකට් සහ ක්රිකට් මන්සූර් අලී ඛාන් පටෝඩි පුහුණුකරු විය. [7]

ඔහු මුම්බායි දෙව්මැදුර හා ජෝන් Connon පාසලේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි. ඇමරිකානු විශ්ව විද්යාල ගණනාවක් විසින් ප්රතික්ෂේප කිරීමෙන් පසුව, බෝස් Sydenham විද්යාලයේ සහභාගි වූහ. විද්යාලයේ දී ඔහු පාසල් මහතාගේ රග්බි කණ්ඩායම තරග සහ බොක්සිං රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගැනීමට බස්නාහිර ඉන්දියාව තරගාවලිය තරග කරන අතර. 1987 දී ඔහුගේ මවගේ මරණයෙන් පසු, බෝස් Rediffusion දී පිටපතක් ලේඛකයා ලෙස වැඩ ආරම්භ කළ අතර පසුව නිර්මාණශීලී අධ්යක්ෂ, දැන්වීම් පළ කිරීමට උසස් කරන ලදී. බෝස් ඔහුගේ පළමු චිත්රපටය, ඉංග්රීසි, අගෝස්තු නිකුත් කර අවසන් වූ පසුව පූර්ණ කාලීන නළු බවට පත් කිරීමට රැකියා පිටත්ව ගියේය. [6]

1967 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා
HCards සහිත ලිපි තනමින්
People from Mumbai

රාහුල් බෝස්


Soufiane Benjdida (en arabe : سفيان بنجديدة), né le  à Casablanca, est un footballeur international marocain évoluant au poste d'attaquant au Standard de Liège.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Soufiane Benjdida voit le jour le 5 septembre 2001 au quartier de Sidi Othmane dans la capital économique du Royaume, Casablanca. Il se met à jouer au football dans les rues de son quartier avant d'aller à Rabat pour rejoindre les minimes de l'Académie Mohammed VI de football à l'âge de 11 ans. Après trois ans, il quitte l'Académie pour rallier le centre de formation Fath Union Sport où il reste un an. Il rejoint ensuite l'AS FAR où joue avec les cadets pendant deux ans.

En 2018, il débarque au Complexe Oasis et rejoint le centre de formation du Raja Club Athletic, son équipe de cœur. Il évolue avec les juniors avant d'atteindre l'équipe espoir en 2019, entraînée alors par Bouchaib El Moubarki.

Raja Club Athletic (2021-2023)
À la fin de la saison 2020-2021, il est remarqué par l'entraîneur tunisien Lassaad Chabbi et commence à prendre part aux entraînements du groupe professionnel. Le 28 juillet 2021, il dispute son premier match avec l'équipe A au titre de la dernière journée du championnat face au Maghreb de Fès en entrant en jeu à la  minute (victoire 2-3). Il est expulsé à la  minute après avoir reçu un second carton jaune.

En début de la nouvelle saison 2021-2022, il ne joue plus jusqu'à l'arrivée de Marc Wilmots en novembre qui lui fait confiance et lui octroie plus de temps de jeu. Le 17 décembre, il joue une demi-heure face à Hassania d'Agadir et inscrit le but de la victoire pour le Raja CA à la  minute (1-0). Le 12 février 2022, il joue son premier match de Ligue des champions face à Amazulu FC au titre de la  journée de la phase de poules. Le 6 mai, il marque le second but face au Difaâ d'El Jadida (2-0) et culmine, avec 6 buts, à la tête du classement des buteurs du Raja en championnat, ex æquo avec Hamid Ahaddad et Mohsine Moutouali. Le 29 juin, il inscrit le premier but du Raja face à l'AS FAR de la tête après un centre de Beni Badibanga. Deux jours plus tard, le club lui décerne le prix Aigle du mois de juin 2022.

Standard de Liège (depuis 2023)
Le 30 août 2023, il s'engage pour deux saisons au Standard de Liège en signant un contrat de deux ans avec option d'achat de deux autres années supplémentaires. Il rejoint dans un premier temps l'équipe réserve du SL16 FC évoluant en deuxième division belge sous la houlette de l'entraîneur Arnaud Fransquet.

En sélection
Le 28 juillet 2022, il est convoqué par le sélectionneur Hicham Dmii pour un stage de préparation avec l'équipe du Maroc A', figurant sur une liste de 23 joueurs qui prendront part aux Jeux de la solidarité islamique en août 2022. Se retrouvant dans un groupe B composé de l'Iran, de l'Arabie saoudite et l'Azerbaïdjan, le premier match est remporté sur tapis verte suite au retrait de l'Iran de la compétition. Lors du deuxième match, les Marocains sont défaits par les Saoudiens sur un score de 2-0. Il est alors éliminé au premier tour après un match nul de 2-2 enregistré face à l'Azerbaïdjan. Lors de ce dernier match, les buts sont inscrits par Reda Slim et Hamza Regragui.

Le 15 septembre 2022, il est convoqué par Hicham Dmii avec le Maroc olympique pour une double confrontation face au Sénégal olympique dans le cadre d'un stage de préparation pour les qualifications aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024.

Le 22 mars 2023, il retourne avec le Maroc olympique sous le nouveau sélectionneur Issame Charaï pour un match amical face à la Côte d'Ivoire olympique à Rabat dans le cadre des préparations à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations des moins de 23 ans qui se déroulera au Maroc en 2023. Lors de ce match, il n'entre pas en jeu (défaite, 2-3). Deux jours plus tard, il figure sur le banc lors d'un nouveau match amical face au Togo olympique, mais entre en jeu en deuxième mi-temps à la  en remplaçant Ismael Saibari (victoire, 2-0). Il n'est finalement pas retenu dans la liste finale pour prendre part à cette compétition.

Statistiques détaillées

En sélection marocaine
Le tableau suivant liste les rencontres de l'équipe du Maroc U23 des catégories des jeunes dans lesquelles Soufiane Benjdida a été sélectionné depuis le .

Palmarès

En club
 Raja Club Athletic
 Championnat du Maroc
 Vice-champion en 2021-22.
 Coupe du Trône
 Finaliste en 2022.
 Supercoupe d'Afrique
 Finaliste en 2021.

Distinctions personnelles
 Prix 'Aigle du mois' pour le meilleur joueur du Raja CA pour le mois de juin 2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur marocain
Joueur du Raja Club Athletic
Joueur du Standard de Liège
Joueur du SL16 FC
Naissance en septembre 2001
Naissance à Casablanca

Soufiane Benjdida


129101 Geoffcollyer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
129101 Geoffcollyer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Jarnac din Vail-Jarnac. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,04 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 1,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 129001-130000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Centura de asteroizi

129101 Geoffcollyer


Neophasia es un género  de mariposas de la familia Pieridae que se encuentra en Norteamérica.

Especies
 Neophasia menapia (Felder, C & R Felder, 1859)
 Neophasia terlooii Behr, 1869

Referencias

Pierini
Géneros de lepidópteros

Neophasia


Lovedrive je šesti studijski album njemačkog heavy metal sastava Scorpions. Album je objavljen 25. veljače 1979. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Harvest Records. Smatran vrhuncom sastava od nekih kritičara, Lovedrive je bio evolucijski album Scorpionsova zvuka, koji je počeo s "klasičnim stilom" sastava koji će se kasnije usavršiti na nekoliko idućih albuma. Lovedrive je zapečatio "Scorpionsovu formulu" hard rock pjesama s mješavinom melodičnih balada.

Lovedrive je prvi album sastava kojeg je objavila diskografska kuća Harvest Records u Europi i Mercury Records u SAD-u i Kanadi, nakon što su raskinuli ugovor s RCA-om. Album je postao veliki komercijalni uspjeh, dospjeo je na 55. mjesto na Billboard Top 200 ljestvici. Ni jedan prijašnji album sastava nije dospjeo tako visoko. Udruženje diskografske industrije Amerike dalo je albumu 28. travnja 1986. godine, zlatnu nakladu. Album je također bio hit i u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, gdje je dospjeo na čak 36. mjesto.

Lovedrive našao se na 25. mjestu IGN-ove ljestvice Top 25 najboljih metal albuma.

Promjena postave
Prvi je album na kojem glavnu gitaru svira Matthias Jabs, također i prvi na kojem se pojavljuje "klasična" postava sastava. Jabs je zamijenio Ulia Jon Rutha koji je otišao te osnovao vlastiti sastav, Electric Sun.

Michael Schenker, mlađi brat ritam gitarista Rudolfa, koji je nedavno napustio sastav UFO, svirao je glavnu gitaru na pjesmama "Another Piece of Meat", "Coast to Coast", "Holiday", "Loving You Sunday Morning" i "Lovedrive". Na početku Scorpionsove turneje u Njemačkoj u veljači 1979. godine, objavljeno je da se Michael pridružio sastavu te da su nerado otpustili Matthiasa Jabsa. Ipak, u travnju 1979. godine, dok su bili na turneji u Francuskoj, Michael je odustao nakon što se Jabs vratio nakon dugih pregovora.

Omot albuma
Originalan omot albuma prikazuje pristojno odjevenog muškarca i ženu na stražnjem sjedalu auta, a ženina se desna dojka vidi te je povezana s rastegnutom žvakom za muškračevu ruku. Omot iza prikazuje istog muškarca i ženu, dok drže fotografiju sastava, a ovaj put se lijeva dojka žene vidi, bez ikakve žvake. Fotografirao ih je Storm Thorgerson, iz dizajnerske firme Hipgnosis. Omot je izazvao polemike u SAD-u kod prve objave, zbog čega kasnija izdanja pokazuju plavi logotip Scorpionsa iza crne pozadine. Originalan omot ponovno je korišten kod remaster izdanja.

Kad se prisjećao fotografije, Thorgerson je izjavio: "Nije baš politički najtočnija scena koju ćete vidjeti. Mislio sam da je smiješno, ali žene sada gledaju drugačije na to."

U intervjuu iz 2010. godine, pjevač Klaus Meine komentirao je omot albuma, rekao je: "Nismo znali da će biti problema u Americi, to je bio samo sex i rock 'n' roll. Čudno je da su u Americi ovakvi omoti problem, zato što tijekom 80-ih, kada bismo svirali ovdje, žene bi nam uvijek pokazivale sise. Nigdje drugdje u svijetu, samo ovdje. Jednostavno nismo mislili da će biti problem objaviti Lovedrive u Americi."

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Scorpions
Klaus Meine – glavni vokali
Rudolf Schenker – ritam gitara, prateći vokali
Matthias Jabs – glavna gitara, prateći vokali (na pjesmama 3, 5, 6 i 9)
Francis Buchholz – bas-gitara, prateći vokali
Herman Rarebell – bubnjevi, prateći vokali
Michael Schenker – glavna gitara (na pjesmama 1, 2, 4, 7 i 8), prateći vokali (na pjesmama 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 i 10)
Ostalo osoblje
Dieter Dierks – produciranje
Storm Thorgerson – omot albuma

Izvori

Albumi iz 1979.
Njemački glazbeni albumi

Lovedrive


În fizică și în mecanica clasică, problema celor trei corpuri sau problema cu trei corpuri  este problema ca, fiind cunoscute pozițiile și vitezele (sau impulsurile) inițiale a trei mase punctuale, să se determine mișcarea lor ulterioară în conformitate cu legile lui Newton ale mișcării și legea gravitației universale (de asemenea formulată de Newton).
Problema celor trei corpuri din fizică este un caz particular al . Spre deosebire de problemele care implică doar două corpuri, care sunt rezolvabile atât literal cât și numeric, pentru problemele cu trei și mai multe corpuri nu există soluții generalizate pentru toate seturile de condiții inițiale. Sistemele dinamice cu componente multiple devin parte a studiilor din teoria haosului, iar în general sunt necesare metode numerice, de multe ori cu metodologii specifice cazului descris.

Din punct de vedere istoric, prima problemă specifică a trei corpuri care a primit un studiu extins a fost aceea care implica Luna, Pământul și Soarele. Într-un sens modern extins, o problemă cu trei corpuri este orice problemă din mecanica clasică sau din mecanica cuantică care modelează mișcarea a trei corpuri cerești, modelate ca particule, ca puncte ideale, fără dimensiuni, dar având masă.

Problema limitată cu trei corpuri

În problema cu trei corpuri restrânsă, un corp de masă neglijabilă ("planetoidul") se mișcă sub influența a două corpuri masive. Având o masă neglijabilă, planetoidul nu exercită nici o forță asupra celor două corpuri masive, care pot fi, prin urmare, descrise în termeni de mișcare cu două corpuri. De obicei, această mișcare cu două corpuri este considerată a fi formată din orbite circulare în jurul centrului de masă, iar planetoidul se presupune că se mișcă în planul definit de orbitele circulare.

Problema restrânsă cu trei corpuri este mai ușor de analizat teoretic decât întreaga problemă. Este de interes practic, deoarece descrie cu exactitate multe probleme din lumea reală, cel mai important exemplu fiind sistemul Pământ-Lună-Soare. Din aceste motive, a ocupat un rol important în dezvoltarea istorică a problemei cu trei corpuri.

În această formă, ecuațiile de mișcare poartă o dependență temporală explicită prin coordonate . Cu toate acestea, această dependență de timp poate fi eliminată printr-o transformare într-un cadru de referință rotativ, ceea ce reprezintă o simplificare importantă în orice analiză ulterioară a ecuațiilor diferențiale.

Soluții

Soluție generală

Nu există o soluție analitică generală la problema celor trei corpuri date de expresii și integrale simple algebrice. În plus, mișcarea a trei corpuri nu este în general repetitivă, cu excepția cazurilor particulare.

Pe de altă parte, în 1912, matematicianul finlandez Karl Fritiof Sundman a demonstrat că există o serie de soluții în puterile lui  pentru problema cu 3 corpuri.  Această serie converge pentru toate  reale, cu excepția condițiilor inițiale care corespund unui moment cinetic zero. (În practică, această restricție din urmă este nesemnificativă, deoarece astfel de condiții inițiale sunt rare, având măsura Lebesgue zero.)

O problemă importantă în a demonstra acest rezultat este faptul că raza de convergență pentru această serie este determinată de distanța până la cea mai apropiată singularitate. Prin urmare, este necesar să se studieze posibilele singularități ale problemelor celor trei corpuri. Așa cum va fi discutată în cele ce urmează, singurele singularități ale problemei cu trei corpuri sunt coliziunile binare (coliziuni între două particule într-un moment dat) și coliziuni triple (coliziuni între trei particule într-un moment dat).

Coliziunile, indiferent dacă sunt binare sau triple (de fapt, orice număr), sunt oarecum improbabile, deoarece s-a demonstrat că acestea corespund unui set de condiții inițiale de măsură zero. Cu toate acestea, nu există niciun criteriu cunoscut pentru a fi pus pe starea inițială pentru a evita coliziunile pentru soluția corespunzătoare. Strategia lui Sundman a constat în următorii pași:

 Folosind unei schimbări adecvate a variabilelor pentru a continua analiza soluției dincolo de coliziunea binară, într-un proces cunoscut ca regularizare.
 Dovedind că coliziunile triple apar numai atunci când momentul unghiular  dispare. Prin limitarea datelor inițiale la , el a eliminat toate singularitățile reale din ecuațiile transformate pentru problema cu 3 corpuri.
 Arătând că dacă , atunci nu numai că nu poate exista o coliziune triplă, dar sistemul este strict limitat de o coliziune triplă. Aceasta presupune, prin folosirea teoremei existenței a lui Cauchy pentru ecuațiile diferențiale, că nu există singularități complexe într-o bandă (în funcție de valoarea lui  ) în planul complex centrat în jurul axei reale (nuanțele lui Kovalevskaya).
 Găsind o transformare conformă care să înregistreze această bandă în discul unității. De exemplu, dacă  (noua variabilă după regularizare) și dacă ,    atunci această hartă este dată de

Aceasta termină demonstrația teoremei lui Sundman.

Din păcate, seria corespunzătoare converge foarte încet. Adică, obținerea unei valori de precizie utilă necesită atât de mulți termeni încât această soluție are puțină utilitate practică. Într-adevăr, în 1930, David Beloriszky a calculat că, dacă seria lui Sundman ar fi utilizată pentru observații astronomice, calculul ar implica cel puțin 10  termeni.

Soluții pentru cazuri particulare
În 1767, Leonhard Euler a găsit trei familii de soluții periodice în care cele trei mase sunt coliniare în fiecare moment.

În 1772, Lagrange a găsit o familie de soluții în care cele trei mase formează un triunghi echilateral în fiecare moment. Împreună, aceste soluții formează configurațiile centrale pentru problema cu trei corpuri. Aceste soluții sunt valabile pentru orice rapoarte de masă, iar masele se deplasează pe elipsele Keplerian . Aceste patru familii sunt singurele soluții cunoscute pentru care există formule analitice explicite. În cazul particular circular problema cu trei corpuri restricționat, aceste soluții, văzute într - un cadru rotativ cu primare, devin puncte care se face referire ca L1, L2, L3, L4 și L5 și numite punctele Lagrangianului, cu L 4 și L 5 fiind instanțe simetrice ale lui Lagrange soluție.

În lucrarea rezumată în 1892-1899, Henri Poincaré a stabilit existența unui număr infinit de soluții periodice la problema cu trei corpuri restrânse, împreună cu tehnicile pentru continuarea acestor soluții în problema generală cu trei corpuri.

În 1893, Meissel a spus ceea ce se numește acum problema triunghiului pythagorean: trei mase în raportul 3: 4: 5 sunt așezate în repaus la vârfurile unui triunghi drept 3: 4: 5 . Burrau  a investigat în continuare această problemă în 1913. În 1967, Victor Szebehely și colaboratorii au reușit să evadeze această problemă utilizând integrarea numerică, găsind în același timp o soluție periodică în apropiere.

În anii '70, Michel Hénon și Roger A. Broucke au găsit un set de soluții care fac parte din aceeași familie de soluții: familia Broucke-Henon-Hadjidemetriou. În această familie, toate cele trei obiecte au aceeași masă și pot prezenta forme retrograde și directe. În unele dintre soluțiile lui Broucke, două corpuri urmează aceleași căi.

În 1993, o soluție de impuls zero angular cu trei mase egale, care se deplasează pe o traiectorie în formă de 8, a fost descoperită numeric de către fizicianul Cris Moore la Institutul Santa Fe.  Existența sa formală a fost dovedită în 2000 de matematicienii Alain Chenciner și Richard Montgomery.  S-a demonstrat că soluția este stabilă pentru perturbații mici ale parametrilor de masă și de orbital, ceea ce ridică posibilitatea ciudată de a observa astfel de orbite în universul fizic. Cu toate acestea, s-a susținut că acest eveniment este puțin probabil deoarece domeniul de stabilitate este mic. De exemplu, probabilitatea unui eveniment de împrăștiere binar-binar, care are ca rezultat o orbită în formă de 8, a fost estimată a fi o mică fracțiune de 1%.

În 2013, fizicienii Milovan Šuvakov și Veljko Dmitrašinović de la Institutul de Fizică din Belgrad au descoperit 13 noi familii de soluții pentru problema cu trei corpuri de zero-unghiuri de forță egală.

În 2015, fizicianul Ana Hudomal a descoperit 14 noi familii de soluții pentru problema cu trei corpuri de masă egală și moment zero-unghiular.

În 2017, cercetătorii Xiaoming Li și Shijun Liao au găsit 669 de noi orbite periodice pentru problema cu trei corpuri de masă egală și moment zero-unghiular. Aceasta a fost urmată în 2018 de alte 1223 de soluții noi pentru un sistem cu zero impulsuri de mase inegale.

În 2018, Li și Liao au raportat 234 de soluții pentru problema cu trei corpuri în "cădere liberă"cu mase inegale , care au avut un caracter inegal.  Formularea căderii libere a problemei celor trei corpuri începe cu toate cele trei corpuri în repaus. Din acest motiv, masele într-o configurație de cădere liberă nu orbitează într-o "buclă" închisă, ci călătoresc înainte și înapoi de-a lungul unei "piste" deschise.

Problema gravitațională a trei corpuri în sensul său tradițional datează în fond din 1687, când Isaac Newton și-a publicat "Principia" ( Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ). În propoziția 66 din Cartea 1 a "Principiei" și în cele 22 de corale ale sale, Newton a făcut primii pași în definirea și studierea problemei mișcărilor a trei corpuri masive supuse atracțiilor lor gravitaționale perturbate reciproc. În propunerile 25-35 din cartea 3, Newton a făcut, de asemenea, primii pași în aplicarea rezultatelor Propoziției 66 la teoria lunară, mișcarea Lunii sub influența gravitațională a Pământului și a Soarelui.

Problema fizică a fost abordată de Amerigo Vespucci și ulterior de Galileo Galilei; în 1499, Vespucci a folosit cunoașterea poziției Lunii pentru a-și determina poziția în Brazilia. Ea a devenit de importanță tehnică în anii 1720, deoarece o soluție exactă ar fi aplicabilă navigației, în special pentru determinarea longitudinii pe mare, rezolvată în practică de inventarea de către John Harrison a cronometrului marin. Cu toate acestea, precizia teoriei lunare a fost scăzută, datorită efectului perturbativ al Soarelui și al planetelor asupra mișcării Lunii în jurul Pământului.

Jean le Rond d'Alembert și Alexis Clairaut, care au dezvoltat o rivalitate de lungă durată, au încercat să analizeze problema într-un anumit grad de generalitate; ei prezentând primele analize concurente la Académie Royale des Sciences în 1747. Era în legătură cu cercetarea lor, la Paris, în anii 1740, cu numele "problema cu trei corpuri" () au început să fie utilizate în mod obișnuit. Un cont publicat în 1761 de Jean le Rond d'Alembert indică faptul că numele a fost folosit pentru prima dată în 1747.

Alte probleme care implică trei corpuri
Termenul de "problemă cu trei corpuri" este folosit uneori în sens mai general pentru a se referi la orice problemă fizică care implică interacțiunea a trei corpuri.

Un analog mecanic cuantic al problemei gravitaționale cu trei corpuri din mecanica clasică este atomul de heliu, în care un nucleu de heliu și doi electroni interacționează în funcție de Legea lui Coulomb. Ca și problema gravitațională cu trei corpuri, problema atomului de heliu nu poate fi rezolvată exact.

În mecanica clasică și cuantică, totuși, există legi de interacțiune netriviale, în afară forței inverso-pătrate, care conduc la soluții analoge precise cu trei corpuri. Un astfel de model constă într-o combinație de atracție armonică și o forță inverso-cubică repulsivă. Acest model este considerat netrivial, deoarece este asociat cu un set de ecuații diferențiale neliniare care conțin singularități (comparativ cu, de exemplu, interacțiunile armonice care conduc la un sistem ușor de rezolvat al ecuațiilor diferențiale liniare). În aceste două aspecte el este analog cu modelele (insolubile) care au interacțiuni Coulomb și, ca rezultat, a fost sugerat ca un instrument de înțelegere intuitivă a sistemelor fizice cum ar fi atomul de heliu.

Problema gravitatională cu trei corpuri a fost de asemenea studiată folosind relativitatea generală. Din punct de vedere fizic, un tratament relativist devine necesar în sisteme cu câmpuri gravitaționale foarte puternice, cum ar fi în apropierea orizontului evenimentului unei găuri negre. Cu toate acestea, problema relativistă este considerabil mai dificilă decât în mecanica newtoniană și sunt necesare tehnici numerice sofisticate. Rețineți că însăși problema completă a două corpuri (adică pentru raportul arbitrar al masei) nu are o soluție analitică riguroasă în relativitatea generală.

Problema cu  corpuri
Problema cu trei corpuri este un caz particular al problemei cu  corpuri, care descrie modul în care  obiecte se vor deplasa sub una dintre forțele fizice, cum ar fi gravitatea. Aceste probleme au o solutie analitica globala sub forma unei serii de puteri convergente, asa cum a demonstrat Karl F. Sundman pentru  și de către Qiudong Wang pentru  (vezi problema cu  corpuri  pentru detalii).

Cu toate acestea, seriile Sundman și Wang converg atât de încet încât sunt inutile în scopuri practice; este, prin urmare, necesar să aproximăm soluțiile prin analize numerice sub formă de integrare numerică sau, în unele cazuri, aproximări ale seriilor trigonometrice clasice.

Sistemele atomice, de exemplu, atomii, ionii și moleculele, pot fi tratați în termenii problemei cuantice cu  corpuri. Dintre sistemele fizice clasice, problema cu  corpuri se referă de obicei la o galaxie sau la un grup de galaxii; sistemele planetare, cum ar fi stelele, planetele și sateliții lor, pot fi, de asemenea, tratate ca sisteme de  corpuri. Unele aplicații sunt tratate în mod convenabil prin teoria perturbării, în care sistemul este considerat o problemă cu două corpuri plus forțe suplimentare care cauzează deviații de la o traiectorie ipotetică neperturbată a două corpuri.

În cultura populară
 1865 — Problema este, de asemenea, menționată în romanul De la Pământ la Lună al lui Jules Verne, unde președintele Barbicane explică cum să se calculeze viteza de anihilare a gravitației exercitate de Pământ.
 1951 — Problema cu trei corpuri este reprezentată ca un set de ecuații pe tabla profesorului Barnhardt în filmul Ziua în care Pământul s-a oprit.
 2008 — Problema apare în trilogia science-fiction a scriitorului chinez Cixin Liu, iar numele problemei a fost folosit atât pentru primul volum cât și pentru trilogie în ansamblu.

Vezi și
 Asistență gravitațională
 Sistem de trei stele
 Problema celor trei corpuri (roman)

Note

Referințe

 .

Legături externe
 Fizicienii descoperă un Whopping 13 noi soluții la problemele cu trei corpuri ( știință )
 Eclipsa solară: o poveste multimilenară de calcul

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Fizică matematică
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Orbite
Pages with unreviewed translations
Probleme ale teoriei haosului
Sisteme dinamice

Problema celor trei corpuri


The Andamanese languages are a pair of language families spoken by the Andamanese peoples of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean. The two language families are Great Andamanese and Ongan, while the Sentinelese language is spoken by an uncontacted people and therefore at present unclassifiable.

History
The indigenous Andamanese people have lived on the islands for thousands of years. Although the existence of the islands and their inhabitants was long known to maritime powers and traders of the South– and Southeast–Asia region, contact with these peoples was highly sporadic and very often hostile; as a result, almost nothing is recorded of them or their languages until the mid-18th century. By the late 18th century, when the British first established a colonial presence on the Andaman islands, there were an estimated 5,000 Great Andamanese living on Great Andaman and surrounding islands, comprising 10 distinct tribes with distinct but closely related languages. From the 1860s onwards, the  British established a penal colony on the islands, which led to the subsequent arrival of mainland settlers and indentured labourers, mainly from the Indian subcontinent. This coincided with the massive population reduction of the Andamanese due to outside diseases, to a low of 19 individuals in 1961.

One of the first accounts in English of the languages was by the early phonetician Alexander John Ellis, who presented to the Philological Society on the South Andamanese languages on his retirement.  This presentation was later adapted into a Report of Researches into the Language of the South Andaman Island.

By the beginning of the 20th century most of these populations were greatly reduced in numbers, and the various linguistic and tribal divisions among the Great Andamanese effectively ceased to exist, despite a census of the time still classifying the groups as separate. Their linguistic diversity also suffered as the surviving populations intermingled with one another, and some also intermarried with Karen (Burmese) and Indian settlers.

By the latter part of the 20th century the majority of Great Andamanese languages had become extinct.

At the start of the 21st century only about 50 or so individuals of Great Andamanese descent remained, resettled to a single small island (Strait I.); about half of these speak what may be considered a modified version (or creole) of Great Andamanese, based mainly on Aka-Jeru. This modified version has been called "Present Great Andamanese" by some scholars, but also may be referred to simply as "Jero" or "Great Andamanese". Hindi increasingly serves as their primary language, and is the only language for around half of them.

The Ongan languages survive mainly because of the greater isolation of the peoples who speak them. This isolation has been reinforced by an outright hostility towards outsiders and extreme reluctance to engage in contact with them by South Andamanese tribes, particularly the Sentinelese and Jarawa. The Sentinelese have been so resistant that their language remains entirely unknown to outsiders.

Grammar
The Andamanese languages are agglutinative languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.  They have a distinctive noun class system based largely on body parts, in which every noun and adjective may take a prefix according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the "aka-" at the beginning of the Great Andamanese languages' names is a prefix for objects related to the tongue.  (See Great Andamanese languages for examples.) Terms for body parts are inalienably possessed, requiring a possessive adjective prefix to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

The basic pronouns are almost identical throughout the Great Andamanese languages; Aka-Bea will serve as a representative example (pronouns given in their basic prefixal forms):

The Ongan pronouns are rather different; Önge is cited here:

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two cardinal numbers: one and two and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.

Lexicon
Abbi (2009) lists the following lexical items for Onge, Jarawa, and Great Andamanese, showing that Ongan and Great Andamanese are distinct language families sharing few lexical similarities.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! English !! Onge !! Jarawa !! Great Andamanese
|-
! boat
| ɖaŋɛ cɨ || (cagiya paɖa)-taŋ/daŋ || rowa
|-
! bow
| ɪja || aːw || ko
|-
! child
| ɨcɨʐɨ || ɨcɨʐə || ʈʰire
|-
! crocodile
| ʈɔjəgɨ || torogijəi || sare-ka-teo
|-
! crows
| wawa-le || waːraw || pʰaʈka
|-
! dog
| wəːme, uame || wɔm || caːw
|-
! goat
| ʈikʷabuli || tʰikʰwa-gopejajo || –
|-
! laugh
| ɨɲja || əniaː || kʰole
|-
! water
| ɨɲe || iːɲ || ino
|-
! 1SG (I)
| mi || mi || ʈʰu
|-
! 2SG (you)
| ɲi || ɲi || ɲ
|-
! forehead
| -ejale || -ejea || -beŋ
|-
! eye
| -ejebo || -ejebo || -ulu
|-
! ear
| -ekʷagɨ || -ikʰəwə || -boa
|-
! elbow
| -ito-ge || -itʰo-ha || -bala-tara ɖole
|-
! wrist
| -moɲa-ge || -eɲia || -ʈʰo
|-
! palm
| -obanaŋ-ge || -obaŋna || -koro
|-
! thumb
| -oboʈa-ge || -obotʰa || -kənap
|-
! thigh
| -ibo || -ibə || -buco
|-
! knee
| -ola-ge || -olak ~ -ola || -curok
|-
! sole
| -ubtəga-me || -ugɖaga || -moʈora-ɖole
|-
! neck
| -aŋgiʈo || -agiʈʰo || -loŋɔ
|}

Below are Proto-Ongan reconstructions from Blevins (2007) compared with Great Andamanese lexical items from Abbi (2011).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Ongan !! Great Andamanese
|-
! head
| *-otab || ɛr-co
|-
! hair (of head)
| *-ode || ot-bec
|-
! eye
| *-ecebo < *eca-ipo || er-ulu
|-
! ear
| *-ikwag || er-buo
|-
! nose
| *-iɲjan-ipo || er-kɔʈʰo
|-
! tooth
| *-akwed || er-pʰile, ɸile
|-
! tongue
| *-adalaŋ || ɑ-tɑt
|-
! mouth
| *-alaŋ || er-pʰoŋ
|-
! hand
| *-ome || er-ʈoŋ
|-
! foot
| *uge || u-mɔʈo
|-
! breast
| *-akak || er-me-tɛi
|-
! meat, flesh
|  || e-tʰomo
|-
! blood
| *-aceŋ || e-tei
|-
! bone
| *daŋ || e-tɔe, o-ʈɔy
|-
! person
| *eŋ, *əŋ (< *en) ||
|-
! name
| *-atiba || liu
|-
! dog
| *wem(e) || cɑo
|-
! fish
| *napo || ʈɑjeo
|-
! louse
| *kuhi || kɔemo
|-
! tree
| *taŋ 'tree, log' || ɛʈ-ʈole 'wood'
|-
! leaf
| *bebe || tec
|-
! flower
| *okw || ʈɔl, ʈɔlo
|-
! water
| *iŋ || ino
|-
! fire
| *tuke || ɑʈ; luro
|-
! stone
| *uli || meo
|-
! earth
| *bela || buɑ
|-
! salt
|  || sɑre
|-
! road, path
| *icala || ɲɔrtɔ
|-
! eat
| *-ita || ɲɑ; iji
|-
! die
| *peca-me || em-pʰil
|}

The languages and their classification

The Andaman languages fall into two clear families,
Great Andamanese: Spoken by the Great Andamanese people; Aka-Jeru, had 36 speakers in 1997 who are bilingual in Andaman Creole Hindi.
Ongan: Two languages spoken by 300 people, mostly monolingual.

In addition, there is the unattested language
 Sentinelese; likely at least 50 speakers, and perhaps up towards 250 (the population of the Sentinelese people is unknown).

These have frequently been assumed to be related. However, the similarities between Great Andamanese and Ongan are so far mainly of a typological morphological nature, with little demonstrated common vocabulary. As a result, even long-range researchers such as Joseph Greenberg have expressed doubts as to the validity of Andamanese as a family.

Blevins (2007) summarizes,

As alluded to in this quotation, Greenberg proposed that the Great Andamanese are related to western Papuan languages as members of a phylum he called Indo-Pacific, but this is not generally accepted by other linguists. Stephen Wurm states that the lexical similarities between Great Andamanese and the West Papuan and certain languages of Timor "are quite striking and amount to virtual formal identity […] in a number of instances", but considers this to be due to a linguistic substratum rather than a direct relationship. Blevins (2007) proposes that the Ongan languages are related to Austronesian in an Austronesian–Ongan family, for which she has attempted to establish regular sound correspondences. The proposed connection between Austronesian and Ongan has not been supported by Austronesianists, and Robert Blust (2014) finds that Blevins' conclusions are not supported by her data: Of her first 25 reconstructions, none are reproducible using the comparative method, and Blust concludes that the grammatical comparison does not hold up. Blust, in addition, cites non-linguistic (such as cultural, archaeological, and biological) evidence against Blevins' hypothesis.

See also
Kusunda language#Classification

References

Bibliography
Abbi, Anvita. 2006. Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands. LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics, 64. München: Lincom Europa.

Burenhult, Niclas. 1996. Deep linguistic prehistory with particular reference to Andamanese.  Working Papers 45, 5–24. Lund University: Department of Linguistics.
Man, E.H.
Dictionary of the South Andaman Language, British India Press: Bombay 1923.
 On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 12, 1883.
Manoharan, S. 1997. "Pronominal Prefixes and Formative Affixes in Andamanese Language." Anvita Abbi (ed.). The Languages of Tribal and Indigenous Peoples of India. The Ethnic Space. Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass.
Portman, M.V. 1887. A Manual of the Andamanese Languages. London: W.H. Allen & Co.
Temple, Richard C. A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair 1902.
Zide, Norman Herbert & V. Pandya. 1989. "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics." Journal of the American Oriental Society 109: 639–51.

External links
South Asia Bibliography – Andamanese
Andaman Association
Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese Anvita Abbi, Jawaharlal Nehru University
The Andamanese Language Family (I) & (II)
Burenhult's Paper on Andamanese
Another link to Burenhult on Andamanese

Languages of India
Proposed language families

Andamanese languages


L'église Saint-François-de-Paule de Rio de Janeiro est une église catholique située sur le Largo de São Francisco de Paula, dans le centre historique de la ville de Rio de Janeiro, au Brésil. C'est l'une des plus grandes églises de la commune.

Historique

Le Largo de São Francisco a été l'un des principaux points de la ville, de la seconde moitié du  à la fin du  et, à partir du , un lieu de grand mouvement dans le quartier de la Région Centrale.

La construction de l'église a commencé en 1759 à l'initiative des frères du Tiers Ordre des Minimes de São Francisco de Paula et s'est achevée en 1801. Tout au long de son histoire, elle a subi plusieurs interventions de conservation et de restauration.

L'église a été inaugurée le 7 mars 1865, dans un te-déum solennel, avec la présence des empereurs D. Pedro II et D. Teresa Cristina.

Caractéristiques
Les grandes portes d'entrée en bois ont été sculptées par Antônio de Pádua e Castro, qui a également ajouté le portique néoclassique en marbre qui encadre la porte principale. L'intérieur est entièrement recouvert d'un décor sculpté. Mestre Valentim est l'auteur du maître-autel et de la chapelle de Nossa Senhora da Vitória.

La décoration de la nef centrale est réalisée à partir de 1855, d'après un projet du peintre Mário Bragaldi, dans un style néoclassique.

La collection est enrichie de peintures de Victor Meirelles, de panneaux de Manoel da Cunha, ainsi que de vitraux d'origine allemande et d'une vasque en mosaïque et marbre dans la sacristie, avec des robinets en bronze.

L'une des cloches de l'église s'appelait "Aragon", car elle exécutait le couvre-feu déterminé par l'Intendente Geral de Polícia Teixeira de Aragão, entre 1824 et 1827.

L'orgue de l'église a été inauguré par l'organiste de Rio Antônio Silva.

Galerie

Bibliographie

 Paul Berger, Dictionnaire historique des rues de Rio de Janeiro. Éditions Olimpica, 1974.
 Bérénice Seara, Guide touristique de Rio Antigo. Prol Editora, 2004.

Liens externes

 Introduction à l'architecture coloniale à Rio de Janeiro
 Visite virtuelle de la chapelle Nossa Senhora da Vitória - Église São Francisco De Paula, produit par Caroline Lorraine Collection

Édifice religieux du XIXe siècle au Brésil
Édifice religieux à Rio de Janeiro
Rio

Église Saint-François-de-Paule de Rio de Janeiro


Bir tonozun uyguladığı itme kuvvetini dengelemeye yarayan kâgir kütle. Dayanma duvarı da denir.

Kâgir bir kütlenin ağırlığını geçici olarak taşımaya yarayan göğüsleme, destek gibi çatkı öğesi, payanda

Mimari öğeler

Karşılamalık


Hardthöhe, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bonn kentine bağlı idari bölge. Toplam 3230 kişinin görev yaptığı Almanya Savunma Bakanlığı'nın merkezi, bu bölgede yer almaktadır. Bakanlığın yaklaşık 500 görevlisinin bulunduğu bir başka merkezi, Berlin'in Bendlerblock semtinde bulunmaktadır.

1955'ten bu yana görev yapan Almanya Savunma Bakanlarının Listesi

Dış bağlantılar
 Almanya Savunma Bakanlığı resmi sitesi

Hardthöhe


Arne Brustad (f. 14. apríl 1912 - d. 22. ágúst 1987) var knattspyrnumaður frá Noregi. Hann var í keppnisliði Noregs sem hlaut bronsverðlaun á Berlínarólympíuleikunum 1936. Tveimur árum síðar skoraði hann fyrsta HM-mark Noregs á HM í Frakklandi.

Ævi og ferill
Sem unglingur æfði Brustad með Ullevål IL frá Ósló en lék allan sinn meistaraflokksferil, frá 1930-48, með Lyn í sömu borg. Hann var mikill markaskorari og hlaut viðurnefnið Ofurstinn. Lyn var á þessum árum ekki í hópi allra sterkustu liða Noregs, en varð þó tvívegis bikarmeistari, árin 1945 og 1946 og hafnaði í 2. sæti norsku deildarinnar leiktíðina 1937-38.

Afrek með landsliðinu

Frá 1935-46 lék Brustad 33 landsleiki og skoraði í þeim 17 mörk. Fyrri hluti þessa tímabils var mikill uppgangstími hjá landsliðinu. Asbjørn Halvorsen hafði tekið við stjórn þess, eftir að hafa numið knattspyrnuþjálfun í Þýskalandi. Fáir bjuggust við miklu af norska liðinu á ÓL í Berlín 1936. Tyrkir voru lagðir að velli í fyrsta leik, 4:0, þar sem Brustad skoraði eitt markanna. Í næstu umferð biðu gestgjafarnir sjálfir þar sem Norðmenn skoruðu snemma, pökkuðu því næst í vörn og gerðu loks út um leikinn undir lokin, 2:0. Adolf Hitler var meðal áhorfenda og er viðureignin talin hafa gert hann fráhverfan knattspyrnu.

Í undanúrslitum mættu Norðmenn heimsmeisturum Ítala (sem tefldu þó ekki fram aðalliði sínu heldur liði skipuðu stúdentum og áhugamönnum). Ítalir náðu forystunni en Brustad jafnaði metinn um miðjan seinni hálfleikinn. Ítalir höfðu þó betur, 2:1, í framlengingu. Við tók leikur um bronsverðlaunin gegn Pólverjum. Staðan var orðin 2:2 eftir aðeins 25 mínútur, þar sem Brustad hafði skorað bæði mörk sinna manna. Hann fullkomnaði svo þrennuna undir lokin og Norðmenn unnu 3:2 og tryggðu sér 3. sætið. Það er mögulega til marks um vinsældir norska liðsins í keppninni að leikirnir gegn Ítalíu og Póllandi voru þær tvær viðureignir í keppninni sem drógu til sín flesta áhorfendur, fleiri en sjálfur úrslitaleikurinn.

Á HM tveimur árum síðar drógust Norðmenn á móti ítölsku heimsmeisturunum í fyrsta leik og veittu þeim harða keppni. Ítalir tóku forystuna í blábyrjun en Brustad jafnaði þegar skammt var til leiksloka. Skömmu síðar setti Brusted knöttinn aftur í ítalska markið en það var dæmt af vegna umdeildrar rangstöðu. Ítalir náðu aftur forystunni í framlengingunni og þar við sat. Þetta var í fyrsta sinn sem Norðmenn kepptu í úrslitakeppni HM og áttu þeir ekki eftir að endurtaka leikinn fyrr en í Bandaríkjunum 1994.

Í viðurkenningarskyni fyrir frammistöðu sína var Arne Brustad valinn í Evrópuúrvalið sem mætti Englendingum á Highbury sama ár.

Heimildir

Norskir knattspyrnumenn

Arne Brustad


Hrabri ljudi (30 Godina Na Sceni) naziv je kompilacijskog albuma Gabi Novak i Arsena Dedića, objavljenoga 1988. godine. Album je izdan povodom njihovog 30 godišnjeg scenskog rada. Album je kompilacija novih i već objavljenih pjesama te novih aranžmana već objavljenih pjesama.

Popis pjesama

Vanjske poveznice
 Discogs: Hrabri ljudi

Albumi Arsena Dedića
Albumi iz 1988.

Hrabri ljudi (Gabi i Arsen)


An Rytidosperma sorianoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elisa G. Nicora. An Rytidosperma sorianoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rytidosperma, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rytidosperma

Rytidosperma sorianoi


CFR, (cost and freight) Mal bedeli ve navlun anlamına gelen uluslararası bir ticari terim. İthalat ve ihracatta taşınan ürünün, daha önce belirlenmiş limana kadar bütün taşıma masraflarının tamamen ihracatçı firma tarafından karşılanacağını belirtir. Fakat masraflardaki artış veya nakliye sırasındaki hasarlar karşı tarafın (alıcının) sorumluluğundadır. CIF"Cost Insurance & Freight"(deniz nakliyesi), CIP"Cost Insurance Paid To"(kara, hava ve birleşik taşımalı nakliyeler) tanımlamasından farkı sigorta sorumluluk detayı içermemesidir.

INCOTERMS

CFR


La Danza de la muerte es un importante fresco gótico de la Iglesia de la Santa Trinidad (Hrastovlje, Eslovenia). Uno de los monumentos más destacados de la pintura mural medieval en Eslovenia. Pintado en 1490 por el pintor esloveno Janez iz Kastva y algunos de sus ayudantes. El fresco fue descubierto en 1951 por Jože Pohlen.

Descripción

El fresco muestra una serie de esqueletos que caminan en procesión, acompañando a representantes de las distintas clases sociales hacia la tumba, donde una figura de la Muerte aguarda, representada también como esqueleto en un trono. Los personajes son: un papa, un rey, una reina, un cardenal, un obispo, un monje, un comerciante, un caballero, un mendigo y un bebé.

Tema

El tema del fresco es la muerte, que ninguno puede evitar ni por su posición social ni por su edad, no se la puede corromper, es inexorable e implacable.
La danza macabra es un género literario y figurativo muy popular al final de la Baja Edad Media que se proyectó a lo largo de las Edades Moderna y Contemporánea coincidiendo con periodos de graves crisis demográficas. Examinada en su conjunto, es una gran sátira social que contempla la Muerte como elemento unificador de toda la humanidad, con independencia de cualquier tipo de escala económica, estamento o grupo social.

Motivo iconográfico

El motivo iconográfico de la danza de la muerte es poco frecuente en la pintura mural medieval. Surge a principios del  y en el siglo siguiente desaparece. Según R. Hammerstein habría dos tipos fundamentales en la representación del mismo motivo, el antiguo francés en forma de baile en rueda y otro llamado de Basilea caracterizado por figuras agrupadas a pares.¹ El fresco de Hrastovlje formaría parte del último, pero con algunas características especiales dado el infujo de la pintura italiana.

Referencias
1. Höfler, Janez (1997), Srednjeveške freske v Sloveniji - Primorska (Frescos medievales en la Eslovenia litoral), Družina, Ljubljana, p. 96.

Cuadros del Gótico
1490
Arte de Eslovenia
Cuadros del siglo XV
Murales y frescos
Alegorías en el arte

da:Døden fra Lübeck
de:Lübecker Totentanz
it:Danza macabra di Lubecca

Danza de la muerte (Hrastovlje)


Die Parlamentswahl in Slowenien 1990 fand am 8. April 1990 statt. Bei der Wahl wurden die Abgeordneten der Staatsversammlung bestimmt. Es handelte sich um die erste freie und demokratische Wahl Sloweniens innerhalb der Sozialistischen Föderativen Republik Jugoslawiens.

Alle Wahlberechtigten konnten über 78 der 80 Sitze in der Staatsversammlung entscheiden. Zwei Sitze waren für Vertreter der ungarischen und italienischen Minderheit reserviert.

Wahlergebnis
Sieger der ersten freien Wahl wurde die Vereinigte Liste der Sozialdemokraten (SDP) mit 17,3 %. Damit wurde sie stärkste Partei im Parlament. Auf dem zweiten Platz landete die Liberaldemokratie Sloweniens (LDS) mit 14,5 %.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Internetseite der Nationalen Wahlkommission (slowenisch, englisch, italienisch, ungarisch)
 Offizielle Internetseite der Staatsversammlung (slowenisch, englisch)

Siehe auch
 Wahlen in Slowenien
 Politisches System Sloweniens

Einzelnachweise

1990
Slowenien

Parlamentswahl in Slowenien 1990


على الدنيا السلام, مسلسل كويتي انتج عام 1987.

قصة المسلسل

يتحدث المسلسل عن قصة الشقيقتين محظوظة ومبروكة مع عمهما بعد أن يدبر لهما مسألة الجنون ليدخلا مستشفى الطب النفسي ليستولي على ورثهما ومن ثم هروبهما من المستشفى، وتتوالى الأحداث من خلال كوميديا شيقة ودراما متقنة.

نهاية المسلسل
عندما اكتشفت بطلتا المسلسل محظوظة ومبروكة قسوة الحياة وأن لا مكان لهم فيها قررا الهرب والرجوع إلى مستشفى المجانين الذي كانتا قد هربتا منه.. كان مشهد النهاية مهيبا حينما نزعتا الحذاء وأخذتا تركضان بصورة هستيرية.

شخصيات المسلسل

فريق العمل

أغنية مقدمة المسلسل

غناء: محمد البلوشي
كلمات: عبد اللطيف البناي
ألحان: أنور عبد الله

منهو فينا ما إنجرح في هالزمان
منهو فينا يضمن الود والأمان

منهو فينا..

كل من إستبشرنا خير
نلقاها نلقاها غير..
رحمة رحمة.. يا أهل الضمير

والزمن آه آه يالزمن
ما يهمه إن ضحكنا أو بچينا

إحنه بصراع بين الوجود.. وبين الضياع
ما ندري إحنا.. إحنه الفائزين

ولا مضحوك علينا..

قالوا الدنيا في خير
كلها حب وسلام

قلنا لا لا لا.. وا على الدنيا السلام

أغنية نهاية المسلسل

يا للأسف.. يا للأسف
إحنا القضية في الملف

نطلع في رف.. ننزل في رف
لا من درى لا من عرف

هذا الزمان.. لغتنا صارت بالرموز..
هذا الزمان.. الظلم يسبقنا ويفوز..

وإن جيت تحچي أو ترد
قاطعوك لا لا.. لا ما يجوز.. لا ما يجوز

أصبح الحق إتهام..
والحقيقة انتقام..

الابن ينسى أبوه..
والأخو يظلم أخوه..

وا على الدنيا السلام..
وا على الدنيا السلام..

تأليف
 طارق عثمان

إخراج
 حمدي فريد

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية كويتية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كويتية بدأ عرضها في 1987
مسلسلات عبير الجندي

على الدنيا السلام (مسلسل)


Skagens Kunstmuseer er et kunstmuseum, der opstod i 2015 som en fusion mellem Skagens Museum, Michael og Anna Anchers Hus og Drachmanns Hus

Eksterne henvisninger

Kunstmuseer i Danmark
Kunstmuseer
Etableret i 2015

Skagens Kunstmuseer


In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Ensembles

Ensemble Kettelerstraße

Die westliche Seite der Kettelerstraße weist eine Folge von Mietshausfassaden aus dem ersten Jahrzehnt des 20. Jahrhunderts auf. Neben Jugendstilformen sind, wenn auch wenig ausgeprägt, Stilelemente der Renaissance, des Barock und des Klassizismus vertreten. Die Häuserreihe ist charakteristisch für die Art der Bebauung des Quartiers um die neuromanische Josefskirche (Bürgermeister-Prechtl-Straße 13), die mit ihren Türmen in das Ensemble hineinwirkt.

Aktennummer: E-3-63-000-1

Ensemble Schlörplatz
Nach Aufhebung der Bastionen 1708 dehnte sich die im Mittelalter angelegte Lederervorstadt auf den freigewordenen Flächen aus und wuchs so wieder enger mit dem Stadtkern zusammen. Vor dem Unteren Tor entstand ein unregelmäßiger, offener Platz, in den mehrere Straßen münden. Die Bebauung stammt aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Im westlichen Platzwinkel hat man auf einem begrünten Rondell dem Namensstifter Gustav von Schlör 1885 ein Denkmal errichtet.

Aktennummer: E-3-63-000-2

Ensemble Altstadt Weiden in der Oberpfalz

Das Ensemble umfasst die Altstadt innerhalb der ursprünglichen mittelalterlichen Stadtbefestigung; die Umgrenzung orientiert sich am Verlauf der Zwingermauer bzw. im Südwesten, Süden und Südosten am Verlauf des Stadtgrabens. Die innere Stadt- und die Zwingermauer sind heute nur noch in Resten vorhanden oder teilweise in die neuere Bebauung integriert, anhand der Baulinien in ihrem Verlauf aber weitestgehend nachzuvollziehen. Der Stadtgraben, der einst die gesamte Altstadt umschloss und im Süden den Stadtmühlbach, eine künstliche Abzweigung der Waldnaab, einschließt, ist im Südwesten und Süden gut erkennbar geblieben. Im Südosten lässt sich sein Verlauf an den rückwärtigen unbebauten Parzellenflächen der Gebäude "Hinterm Wall" ablesen.

Die Siedlung entwickelte sich auf einer flachen Terrasse über der Talaue der Waldnaab, südlich begrenzt durch die Terrassenkante, an der der Stadtmühlbach entlanggeführt wurde. Die erste Erwähnung Weidens fällt in das Jahr 1241; als "statt" wurde Weiden 1283 und 1320 bezeichnet, wobei wohl von einer königlichen Gründung auszugehen ist.
Zwischen 1300 und 1360 galt Weiden als freie Reichsstadt, danach war sie wechselnden Landesherren unterstellt. Der Lage an der von Frankfurt nach Prag führenden Handelsstraße (Goldene Straße) verdankt Weiden seine erste große Blütezeit seit der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts, der erst der Dreißigjährige Krieg ein jähes Ende setzte. Die im späten 13. Jahrhundert bis wohl Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts planmäßig angelegte Stadt besaß die einem Rechteck angenäherte Form eines Ovals. Den Stadtgrundriss teilt als Mittelachse der breite, leicht bogenförmig von Südwesten nach Nordosten verlaufende Straßenmarkt. Rechtwinklig zweigen neun Seitengassen ab, welche zur Stadtmauer bzw. zum Ringweg innerhalb des Mauerverlaufs führen. Abweichungen von dieser klaren Grundrissstruktur zeigen sich einzig im westlichen Stadtbereich: Die unregelmäßige, kleinteilige Bebauung um die Pfarrkirche lässt hier einen älteren Siedlungskern vermuten, der quer zu der heute noch erkennbaren Ovalform der Anlage des 13. Jahrhunderts angeordnet war und auch den Bereich der heutigen Pfannenstielgasse einbezog.

Mit der wahrscheinlich 1347 begonnenen, bis Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts ausgebauten Stadtbefestigung entstanden an den Enden des Straßenmarktes zwei Tortürme. Von diesen ist nur das Untere Tor (Unterer Markt 36) original erhalten; das südliche Gegenstück wurde 1911 zur Straßenerweiterung abgetragen und nur vereinfacht wiederaufgebaut. Ein drittes Tor lag am Nordende der Türlgasse (abgebrochen 1862), ein vierter Stadtausgang wird in der Oberen Bachgasse anstelle eines späteren Viereckturms (1630) vermutet. Somit waren nicht nur die beiden Enden der Hauptachse, sondern wohl auch die der mittleren Querachse durch Torbauten gesichert. Der hohen Hauptmauer mit Laufgang wurde wohl in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts eine niedrige Zwingermauer vorgelegt, der zusätzlich Batterie- und Schalentürme angegliedert waren. Um die Zwingermauer wurde ein Graben gezogen und der Aushub zu einem Wall aufgehäuft. Um die Wende zum 16. Jahrhundert erfolgte der weitere Ausbau der Stadtbefestigung mit der Anlage eines Futtergrabens im Westen.

Die zwischen 1448 und 1469 entstandene Pfarrkirche St. Michael – der einzige Sakralbau innerhalb der mittelalterlichen Mauern – prägte einst mit Südflanke und Chor den nordwestlichen Teil des Oberen Marktplatzes. Der ursprünglich der Kirche südlich vorgelagerte Friedhof wurde jedoch nach 1534 mit einer traufseitigen, im 19. Jahrhundert weitgehend überformten Häuserzeile bebaut; seither bestimmen nur noch die oberen Partien der Kirche sowie der 1792 barock erneuerte Turm das Platzbild. Als landesherrlicher Verwaltungssitz diente das ehemalige Veste Haus, welches in der Nähe des Oberen Tores in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts begonnen und nachfolgend mehrfach umgebaut und verändert wurde.

Der Straßenmarkt wird durch das frei in der Mitte stehende Rathaus in einen westlichen Oberen Markt und einen östlichen Unteren Markt geteilt. Das Rathaus als städtischer Repräsentationsbau wurde als zweigeschossiges Giebelhaus 1539–1545 auf den Mauern des 1536 abgebrannten Vorgängerbaues errichtet. Im Mittelalter diente das Erdgeschoss als Kaufhaus mit überwölbten Läden und der Brotbank. 1912–1915 errichtete man die stattliche Freitreppe vor der südwestlichen Giebelfront.

Neben der Kaufmannschaft beruhte der Wohlstand der Stadt vor allem auf drei verschiedenen Gewerben: den Tuchmachern, die in der Innenstadt ansässig waren, den Hafnern, die vor dem Oberen Tor lebten, und den Gerbern, die vor dem Unteren Tor eine eigene Vorstadt (Lederervorstadt) innehatten. Grundriss und Fronten der heutigen Wohnhäuser lassen Weiden als eine vor allem im 16. Jahrhundert ausgeformte Ackerbürgerstadt erkennen, die hauptsächlich durch die Wiederaufbauphasen nach den verheerenden Stadtbränden von 1536 und 1540 geprägt ist. Dabei wurden nicht selten erhalten gebliebene gotische Keller und Teile der ursprünglichen Umfassungswände wiederverwendet. Die zu dieser Zeit meist zweigeschossigen, zwei bis sechs Achsen breiten Giebelhäuser wurden ab der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts zumeist um ein weiteres Obergeschoss und reiche Giebel aufgestockt. Letztere zeigen eigenwillige Kombinationen des noch in gotischer Tradition stehenden Stufengiebels mit böhmisch beeinflussten Zierformen der Renaissance. Eine seitlich angebrachte, meist kreuzgratgewölbte Durchfahrt führte in den tiefen, von Stall- und Scheunenbauten umstandenen Hof. Der wirtschaftliche Wohlstand Weidens, der die Wiederaufbau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen im Altstadtkern ermöglicht und das Entstehen von Vorstädten begünstigt hatte, endete mit dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg. Als 1634 im Auftrag der schwedischen Besatzung die Untere Vorstadt (heute Schlörplatz) mit 149 Häusern, dem Spital und der Spitalkirche abgetragen werden musste, war dies der Anfang einer Stagnation, die bis in das 19. Jahrhundert andauerte.

Erst mit der Industrialisierung und dem Bau der Eisenbahn 1863 konnte sich die Stadt vor allem mit der Herstellung von Glas und Porzellan industriell entwickeln. Neuer Wohnraum wurde hauptsächlich im Westen vor der Altstadt geschaffen, wo der Obere Markt außerhalb des Oberen Tores seine Fortsetzung in der Anlage der Wörthstraße fand. Seit dieser Zeit breiten sich nach allen vier Himmelsrichtungen entlang der Hauptverkehrsadern neue Viertel aus, während die Altstadt selbst von größeren Überformungen verschont blieb.

Im Zusammenhang mit Maßnahmen der Altstadtsanierung in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren erfuhr das Altstadtensemble durch Abbrüche und unmaßstäbliche Neubauten Veränderungen. Um 1970/80 wurde im Rahmen der damals favorisierten "Flächensanierung" das Quartier zwischen Oberer Bachgasse und Hinterem Wall durch Neubauten ersetzt.

Aktennummer: E-3-63-0004

Ensemble Ortskern Neunkirchen bei Weiden
Das Ensemble umfasst den Kern des Ortes, der die Mutterpfarrei von Weiden war und durch das kirchliche Patrozinium des fränkischen Heiligen Dionysius auf frühe Gründungszeit verweist. Die beiden Kirchen in Höhenlage westlich der Stadt dokumentieren auf engstem Raum ein wesentliches Stück Oberpfälzischer Konfessionsgeschichte mit dem eigentümlichen Simultaneum. Die mittelalterliche östliche Kirche, die heutige evangelisch-lutherische Pfarrkirche, zeigt Wehrhaftigkeit am mächtigen Chorturm und an der hohen Kirchhofmauer. An der West- und Südseite stehen, ebenfalls in einbergender Funktion, die Pfarrhofsanlagen, das ehemalige evangelische Schulhaus aus dem 18. Jahrhundert und das ehemalige katholische Schulhaus von 1863, alle mit abgewalmten Dächern. Als Gegenpol entstand im Westen 1910–1912 die neubarocke katholische Kirche. Am Südost-Eck bildet ein gusseiserner Wegweiser ein reizvolles Detail.

Aktennummer: E-3-63-000-3

Stadtbefestigung

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Baudenkmäler nach Stadtteilen

Weiden

Marktplatz

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Restliche Altstadt

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Schlörplatz

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Restliche Kernstadt

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Latsch

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Letzau

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Mallersricht

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Matzlesrieth

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Neunkirchen bei Weiden

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Oberhöll

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Oedenthal

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Rothenstadt

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Tröglersricht

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Ullersricht

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Weiden in der Oberpfalz

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Weblinks

Weiden in der Oberpfalz
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Liste der Baudenkmäler in Weiden in der Oberpfalz