A cell site, cell phone tower, cell base tower, or cellular base station is a cellular-enabled mobile device site where antennas and electronic communications equipment are placed (typically on a radio mast, tower, or other raised structure) to create a cell, or adjacent cells, in a cellular network.  The raised structure typically supports antenna and one or more sets of transmitter/receivers transceivers, digital signal processors, control electronics, a GPS receiver for timing (for CDMA2000/IS-95 or GSM systems), primary and backup electrical power sources, and sheltering.

Multiple cellular providers often save money by mounting their antennas on a common shared mast; since separate systems use different frequencies, antennas can be located close together without interfering with each other. Some provider companies operate multiple cellular networks and similarly use colocated base stations for two or more cellular networks, (CDMA2000 or GSM, for example).

Cell sites are sometimes required to be inconspicuous; they can be blended with the surrounding area or mounted on buildings or advertising towers. Preserved treescapes can often hide cell towers inside an artificial or preserved tree. These installations are generally referred to as concealed cell sites or stealth cell sites.

Overview

A cellular network is a network of handheld mobile phones (cell phones) in which each phone communicates with the telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna at a cellular base station (cell site).  The coverage area in which service is provided is divided into a mosaic of small geographical areas called "cells", each served by a separate low power multichannel transceiver and antenna at a base station.  All the cell phones within a cell communicate with the system through that cell's antenna, on separate frequency channels assigned by the base station from a common pool of frequencies used by the system.

The purpose of cellular organization is to conserve radio bandwidth by frequency reuse; the low power radio signals used within each cell do not travel far beyond the cell, so the radio channels can be reused in geographically separated cells.  When a mobile user moves from one cell to another, their phone is automatically "handed off" to the new cell's antenna, and assigned a new set of frequencies, and subsequently communicates with this antenna.  This background handoff process is imperceptible to the user and can occur in the middle of a phone call without any service interruption.  Each cell phone has an automated full duplex digital transceiver and communicates with the cell antenna over two digital radio channels in the UHF or microwave band, one for each direction of the bidirectional conversation, plus a control channel which handles registering the phone with the network, dialing, and the handoff process.

Typically a cell tower is located at the edge of one or more cells and covers multiple cells using directional antennas.  A common geometry is to locate the cell site at the intersection of three adjacent cells, with three antennas at 120° angles each covering one cell. The type of antenna used for cellular base stations (vertical white rectangles in pictures), called a sector antenna, usually consists of a vertical collinear array of dipoles. It has a flat fan-shaped radiation pattern, which is tilted slightly down to cover the cell area without radiating at higher angles into further off cells which reuse the same frequencies.  The elevation angle of the antenna must be carefully adjusted, so the beam covers the entire cell without radiating too far.  In modern sector antennas beam tilt can usually be adjusted electronically, to avoid the necessity of a lineman climbing the tower to mechanically tilt the antenna when adjustment is needed.

Operation

Range

The working range of a cell site (the range which mobile devices connects reliably to the cell site) is not a fixed figure. It will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
 Height of antenna over surrounding terrain (Line-of-sight propagation).
 The frequency of signal in use.
 The transmitter's rated power.
 The required uplink/downlink data rate of the subscriber's device
 The directional characteristics of the site antenna array.
 Reflection and absorption of radio energy by buildings or vegetation.
 It may also be limited by local geographical or regulatory factors and weather conditions.
 In addition there are timing limitations in some technologies (e.g., even in free space, GSM would be limited to 150 km, with 180 km being possible with special equipment)

Generally, in areas where there are enough cell sites to cover a wide area, the range of each one will be set to:
 Ensure there is enough overlap for "handover" to/from other sites (moving the signal for a mobile device from one cell site to another, for those technologies that can handle it - e.g. making a GSM phone call while in a car or train).
 Ensure that the overlap area is not too large, to minimize interference problems with other sites.

In practice, cell sites are grouped in areas of high population density, with the most potential users.  Cell phone traffic through a single site is limited by the base station's capacity; there is a finite number of calls or data traffic that a base station can handle at once. This capacity limitation is commonly the factor that determines the spacing of cell mast sites.  In suburban areas, masts are commonly spaced  apart and in dense urban areas, masts may be as close as 400–800 m apart.

The maximum range of a mast (where it is not limited by interference with other masts nearby) depends on the same considerations. In any case the limiting factor is the ability of a low-powered personal cell phone to transmit back to the mast. As a rough guide, based on a tall mast and flat terrain, it may be possible to get between . When the terrain is hilly, the maximum distance can vary from as little as  due to encroachment of intermediate objects into the wide center fresnel zone of the signal. Depending on terrain and other circumstances, a GSM Tower can replace between  of cabling for fixed wireless networks. In addition, some technologies, such as GSM, have an additional absolute maximum range of , which is imposed by technical limitations. CDMA and IDEN have no such limit defined by timing.

Practical example of range
 3G/4G/5G (FR1) Mobile base station tower: it is technically possible to cover up to 50–150 km. (Macrocell)
 5G (FR2) Mobile base station: the distances between the 5G base-station is about 250–300 m, due to the use of millimetre waves.

Channel reuse
The concept of "maximum" range is misleading in a cellular network. Cellular networks are designed to support many conversations with a limited number of radio channels (slices of radio frequency spectrum necessary to make one conversation) that are licensed to an operator of a cellular service. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to repeat and reuse the same channels at different locations. Just as a car radio changes from one local station to a completely different local station with the same frequency when traveling to another city, the same radio channel gets reused on a cell mast only a few miles away. To do this, the signal of a cell mast is intentionally kept at low power and in many cases tilted downward to limit its reach. This allows covering an area small enough not to have to support more conversations than the available channels can carry. Due to the sectorized arrangement of antennas on a tower, it is possible to vary the strength and angle for each sector depending on the coverage from other towers in the area.

Signal limiting factor
A cellphone may not work at times because it is too far from a mast, or because the phone is in a location where cell phone signals are attenuated by thick building walls, hills, or other structures. The signals do not need a clear line of sight but greater radio interference will degrade or eliminate reception. When many people try to use the cell mast at the same time, e.g. during a traffic jam or a sports event, then there will be a signal on the phone display but it is blocked from starting a new connection. The other limiting factor for cell phones is the ability to send a signal from its low powered battery to the cell site. Some cellphones perform better than others under low power or low battery, typically due to the ability to send a good signal from the phone to the mast.

The base station controller (a central computer that specializes in making phone connections) and the intelligence of the cellphone keeps track of and allows the phone to switch from one mast to the next during conversation. As the user moves towards a mast it picks the strongest signal and releases the mast from which the signal has become weaker; that channel on that mast becomes available to another user.

Geolocation

Cellular geolocation is less precise than by GNSS (e.g. GPS), but it is available to devices that do not have GPS receivers and where the GNSS is not available. The precision of this system varies and is highest where advanced forward link methods are possible and is lowest where only a single cell site can be reached, in which case the location is only known to be within the coverage of that site.

An advanced forward link is where a device is within range of at least three cell sites and where the carrier has implemented timing system use.

Another method is using angle of arrival (AoA) and it occurs when the device is in range of at least two cell sites, produces intermediate precision. Assisted GPS uses both satellite and cell phone signals.

In the United States, for emergency calling service using location data (locally called "Enhanced 911"), it was required that at least 95% of cellular phones in use on 31 December 2005 support such service. Many carriers missed this deadline and were fined by the Federal Communications Commission.

Radio power and health

According to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission: "Measurement data obtained from various sources have consistently indicated that 'worst-case' ground-level power densities near typical cellular towers are on the order of 1 µW/cm² (or 10 mW/m²) or less (usually significantly less)."

Cell phones, cell towers, wi-fi, smart meters, digital enhanced cordless telecommunications phones, cordless phones, baby monitors, and other wireless devices all emit non-ionizing radio frequencies, which the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified as a "potential" carcinogen, According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, "No mechanism by which ELF-EMFs or radiofrequency radiation could cause  cancer has been identified."

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Scientific consensus shows that non-ionizing radiation is not a carcinogen and, at or below the radio frequency exposure limits set by the FCC, non-ionizing radiation has not been shown to cause any harm to people."

Temporary sites

Although cell antennas are normally attached to permanent structures, carriers also maintain fleets of vehicles, called cells-on-wheels (COWs), that serve as temporary cell sites. A generator may be included for use where network electrical power is not available, and the system may have a wireless backhaul link allowing use where a wired link is not available.

COWs are also used at permanent cell sites—as temporary replacements for damaged equipment, during planned outages, and to augment capacity such as during conventions.

Employment
Cell site workers are called tower climbers or transmission tower workers. Transmission tower workers often work at heights of up to , performing installation, maintenance and repair work for cellular phone and other wireless communications companies.

Spy agency setup
According to documents leaked to Der Spiegel, the NSA sells a $40,000 "active GSM base station" to be used as a tool to mimic a mobile phone tower and thus monitor cell phones.

In November 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Technical Operations Group of the U.S. Marshals utilizes spy devices, known as "dirtboxes", to mimic powerful cell tower signals. Such devices are designed to cause mobile phones to switch over to the tower, as it is the strongest signal within reach. The devices are placed on airplanes to effectively create a "dragnet", gathering data about phones as the planes travel above populated areas.

Off-grid systems

An off-grid cell site is not connected to the public electrical grid. Usually the system is off-the-grid because of difficult access or lack of infrastructure. Fuel cell or other backup power systems are added to critical cell sites to provide day-to-day and emergency power. Traditionally, sites have used internal-combustion-engine-driven generator sets, however, being less efficient than public power, they increase operating expense and are a source of pollution (atmospheric, acoustic, etc.) and some are in areas protected by environment and landscape conservation.

Renewable sources, such as solar power and wind power may be available where cell sites are placed. The first off-grid mast in the UK was installed in 2022 in Eglwyswrw, Wales. This can reduce the cost of fuel to the cell site or telecom tower by up to 75%. They can be backed up by a fuel generator system which allows the cell site to work when the renewable sources are not enough. One such energy production system consists of:
 Solar power generator
 Wind generator
 Electro-chemical generator fuel cells

Electrical energy from intermittent sources is stored in secondary batteries which are usually designed to have an average of two days of self-sufficiency, also known as autonomy, to allow time for maintenance personnel to arrive at site when a repair is needed.

The renewable energy systems supply electrical power when available. The fuel cells are activated only when the natural sources are not enough to supply the energy the system needs. The emergency power supply (the fuel cells) is designed to last an average of ten days. In this way the structure is completely self-sufficient: this enables the maintenance team to pay only few visits to the site, since it is usually hard to get to.

Camouflage

There is often local opposition to new masts for reasons of safety and appearance. The latter is sometimes tackled by disguising the mast as something else, such as a flag pole, street lamp, or a tree (e.g. palm trees, pine trees, cypress) or rooftop structures or urban features such as chimneys or panels.

These concealed cell sites can distinguish themselves by foliage shape and bark type. The foliage of all these antennas is composed of leaves made of plastic material accurately designed, taking into consideration quantity, shape and array suitable to completely conceal the antennas and all accessory parts in a natural manner. The materials used guarantee absolute radio-electric transparency and resistance to UVA rays. Nicknames include "monopalm" for a monopole disguised as a palm tree or "Pseudopinus telephoneyensis" for a mast disguised as a pine tree. In monopoles, the directional antennas are sometimes hidden in a plastic housing near the top of the pole so that the crossbars can be eliminated.

Rooftop structures such as concealment chimneys or panels, 6 to 12 meters high, may conceal one or more mobile telephone operators on the same station. Roofmask panels can be fixed to existing rooftop structures, restyling them quickly and cheaply.

Miniature
Researchers at Alcatel-Lucent have developed a cell site called lightRadio that fits in the palm of hand. It is the size of a Rubik's cube. It is capable of relaying 2G, 3G and 4G signals. They are more energy efficient and deliver broadband more efficiently than current cell sites. They could be used in very populated urban areas to make room for more radio space.

See also

 Cellular network
 Node B
 OpenBTS
 Mobile phone radiation and health
 Telecom infrastructure sharing
 Base transceiver station
 Radio masts and towers
 Mobile cell sites
 Distributed antenna system
 Telecommunications lease
 Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations
 In re Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data
 Tower climber

References

External links
Maps of All Towers Across the United Kingdom
FCC: Universal Licensing Information
FCC: Information On Human Exposure To Radio frequency Fields From Cellular and PCS Radio Transmitters
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) Base Station Survey 2007- 2011

Telecommunications infrastructure
Radio masts and towers

Cell site


Lurisia ( Luřisa en piémontais) est une fraction de la commune de Roccaforte Mondovì ( Cuneo ), au pied du Monte Pigna (1768 m) dans les Alpes liguriennes.

Elle abrite une station de ski et un établissement thermal, les Terme di Lurisia.

La population est d'environ 200 habitants, mais elle peut atteindre 1000 personnes pendant les vacances d'été et d'hiver. La superficie de la fraction est d'environ 12 km².

Lurisia est situé à seulement 13 km de la frontière avec la France, même s'il n'y a pas de routes y menant.

Le nom du lieu devrait dériver du piémontais losa , terme avec lequel sont appelées les pierres plates du ruisseau homonyme, qui avant de prendre le nom actuel était connu sous le nom de "Loresa" puis "Lorica".

Histoire
Le hameau est situé dans la vallée traversée par le ruisseau homonyme qui, n'ayant pas d'exutoires, n'a jamais été traversé. Cependant, il a certainement été habité depuis la préhistoire, comme les vallées contiguës d'Ellero et de Pesio . La vallée fut ensuite conquise par les Romains et convertie au christianisme vers l'an 300 ; elle subit ensuite divers raids sarrasins ainsi que diverses annexions, dont celle des comtes de Morozzo (901), Breo, du district de Mondovì (à partir de 1243), jusqu'à ce qu'elle passe finalement au Duc de Savoie en 1559.

Au XVIe siècle, les premières informations concernant le hameau apparaissent à partir de manuscrits et de diverses archives (municipales et paroissiales) ; le principal produit de la vallée était constitué de châtaignes. Au début du XIXe siècle, la ville, comme le reste de la région, fut soumise aux troupes napoléoniennes et assignée à la juridiction de Chiusa Pesio. À la fin du XIXe siècle, les différentes migrations (notamment vers le sud de la France voisine) entraînent un dépeuplement progressif de la localité.

Au début du XXe siècle, une découverte importante a considérablement changé la fortune du pays. Dans les carrières de Losa "Nivolano", juste en amont de la zone habitée, une source radioactive contenant du radium et aux propriétés bénéfiques particulières a été découverte par les mineurs ; tout cela a confirmé ce que certaines légendes historiques ont transmis qui racontaient les propriétés miraculeuses de l'eau de cette région et que les animaux mourants qui buvaient à la source revenaient soudainement à un état de bien-être.

Les propriétés de l'eau ont été confirmées par la physicienne prix Nobel de physique, Marie Curie, venue à Lurisia le 16 août 1918, initialement invitée par le ministère de la Guerre pour évaluer une éventuelle utilisation de matière radioactive (en particulier l'autunite dont on extrait l'uranium) à des fins de guerre.

En août 1940, la station thermale a été ouverte et plus tard le système d'embouteillage de l'eau avec le symbole historique du mineur (qui rappelle la façon dont la source a été découverte) toujours présent aujourd'hui. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la localité a connu un flux touristique impressionnant, en raison de l'ouverture des installations thermales et de ski : dans les années 70, il y avait jusqu'à 17 hôtels ouverts en même temps, ainsi que de nombreux restaurants, des activités commerciales, une discothèque et un nombre considérable de résidences secondaires.

Dans les années suivantes, cependant, les peu de chutes de neige et la construction de nouvelles stations de ski situées à proximité des altitudes plus élevées ( Prato Nevoso et Artesina ) ont réduit la population touristique qui, cependant, surtout en été, reste considérable, attirée par les thermes et les différentes excursions possibles dans la région. Ces dernières années, il a été proposé de construire un Skydome juste en amont du hameau (dans la vallée d'Asili, où commencent les remontées mécaniques), mais le projet n'est pas encore terminé.

Points d'intérêts

Architectures religieuses

L'église paroissiale de Lurisia est dédiée au Saint Nom de Marie et sa construction remonte au XVIIIe siècle, extension d'une chapelle du XVIIe siècle qui a subi diverses rénovations entre 1742 et 1811 ; le clocher date plutôt de 1892.

Parmi les différentes œuvres présentes à l'intérieur de l'église, le chœur en bois, sculpté en bas-relief à Certosa di Pesio est notable. En 2000, les trois fenêtres de l'abside ont été réalisées en verre soufflé de Venise.

En dehors de l'agglomération se trouve la chapelle Olocco, construite à l'emplacement où se trouvait un pylône contenant une statuette en bois de la Vierge. L'église est accessible à pied en une heure environ en partant de la station thermale, ou de Vigna (hameau de la commune voisine de Chiusa di Pesio ) par une route carrossable
.
Dans le hameau se trouvent les installations de Monte Pigna, construites à partir des années 1960. Les pistes couvrent une extension totale d'environ 40 km et sont desservis par 5 remontées mécaniques (Bucaneve, Margherita, Pineta, Betulla et Genzianella) et un tapis roulant ; enfin il y a une télécabine biplace, qui a remplacé en 2008 l'ancienne télébenne ; les pistes présentent un bon degré de difficulté technique et se déroulent entre les 800 m d'altitude du départ des remontées mécaniques et les 1768 m du Monte Pigna.

L'exposition nord-ouest des pistes favorise un bon enneigement en saison "normale", en tout cas complété par un enneigement artificiel desservant partiellement la station. De plus, à haute altitude, il y a un anneau de ski de fond d'environ 2 kilomètres. La télécabine est normalement également ouverte pendant la saison estivale les week-ends et dans les semaines centrales d'août.

À Lurisia il y a un établissement thermal, les Termes de Lurisia. L'usine utilise des sources d'eau radioactive qui ont été étudiées en profondeur par la physicienne polonaise Marie Curie en 1918. L'usine est active depuis 1940 et est de "niveau 1 Super" ; elle exerce des activités en tant que centre de bien-être, mais aussi en tant que centre de santé, grâce à un accord avec le Service national de santé .

Parmi les invités illustres, il y avait aussi quelques présidents de la république (Luigi Einaudi et Giovanni Gronchi ), l'honorable Nenni et le président de Fiat Giovanni Agnelli. L'usine est également liée à une activité d'embouteillage d'eaux minérales et de boissons non alcoolisées, commercialisées sous la marque Lurisia En septembre 2019, le centre industriel, à l'exception du parc thermal, a été acquis par The Coca-Cola Company.

La fête patronale se tient généralement le deuxième week-end de septembre et est dédiée au Très Saint Nom de Marie.

Chaque année, en juillet, ont lieu les Cours internationaux de Musique, organisés par l'association culturelle "G. De Santi".

Notes

Hameau dans la province de Coni
Roccaforte Mondovì
Page utilisant P473
Page géolocalisée par Wikidata
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Lurisia


Ballerina  er en dansedokumentar, instrueret af Maja Friis fra 2012.

Filmen er om den svenske ballerina Elsa Marianne von Rosen og hendes kærlighed til dansen

Medvirkende
Elsa Marianne von Rosen som Sig selv
Stina Ekblad som Fortællerstemme

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm om dans
Balletfilm
Danske film fra 2012
Portrætfilm fra Danmark

Ballerina (film fra 2012)


El Ishikawajima Ne-20 (ネ20) es un turborreactor, el primero realizado en Japón que motorizó un avión capaz de despegar por sus propios medios, el Nakajima J9Y, un interceptor bimotor también llamado Kikka (azahar).

Historia
Los primeros desarrollos de turborreactores en Japón llevaron a la creación del Ne-12B, un motor de flujo centrífugo. Cuando a mediados de julio de 1944 la producción en serie de este motor estaba próxima a llevarse a cabo, el comandante Eiichi Iwaya arribó a Japón procedente de Alemania. Había desembarcado en Singapur del I-29, un submarino que transportaba motores cohete así como planos detallados de los mismos, y más importante aún, también de los turborreactores alemanes.

Todo ese material se perdió cuando el I-29 fue hundido en su viaje desde Singapur hasta Japón. Tan sólo las fotografías y esquemas básicos del motor BMW 003A que el comandante Iwaya portaba consigo se salvaron. Partiendo de tan escaso material se iniciaron trabajos en cuatro motores distintos, empleando un compresor axial en sustitución del previo sistema centrífugo. Uno de esos proyectos sería el Ne-20.

Diseño
El Ne-20 es un turborreactor basado en el BMW 003A, pero no es una copia exacta del mismo debido a la inexistencia de un modelo que copiar. Su tamaño es menor, ya que tiene aproximadamente el 75% de las dimensiones del 003A, sin embargo su compresor es de 8 etapas en lugar de las 7 del motor alemán. Algunos componentes, como los quemadores de la cámara de combustión, mantuvieron el mismo tamaño que en el 003A, pero debido al menor diámetro de la cámara, simplemente se redujo su número de 16 a 12. Del mismo modo, ciertos materiales empleados en la construcción son distintos, principalmente debido a la falta de los mismos a causa de la guerra. Por ejemplo, la carencia de níquel forzó a que los álabes de la turbina estuviesen realizados de acero aleado con manganeso, cromo y vanadio.

Especificaciones
 Tipo: turborreactor
 Longitud: 2.750 mm
 Diámetro: 620 mm
 Peso: 450 kg
 Compresor: axial de ocho etapas
 Compresión: 3,4 a 1
 Velocidad de rotación: 11.000 rpm
 Empuje: 475-500 kg
 Consumo específico: 730-740 kg/h

Referencias

Notas

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Kugisho Ne-20, Naval Air Technical Arsenal, Turbojet Engine  -Información acerca del motor en el Museo Nacional del Aire y el Espacio de Estados Unidos (en inglés)

Motores turborreactor

Ishikawajima Ne-20


Agrilus kolleri é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1912.

Referências

kolleri

Agrilus kolleri


Appian Yolu () MÖ 312 yılında Romalı yüksek bir memur ("censor") olan Appius Claudius'un yapımına önderlik ettiği 660 km uzunluğundaki Romalıların yaptığı yol.

Yol Roma'dan İtalya'nın batı kıyısı boyunca güneye uzanmakta sonra doğu'ya dönerek Adriyatik denizi kıyısındaki Brindisi'ye oradan da Otranto'ya gitmekte idi.

Kaynakça

Antik Roma yolları
İtalya'daki mezarlıklar
Lazio'da ulaşım
Campania'da ulaşım
Basilicata
Puglia
1960 Yaz Olimpiyatları
MÖ 4. yüzyılda Roma Cumhuriyeti'nde kurulan oluşumlar
MÖ 4. yüzyılda İtalya'da kurulan oluşumlar

Via Appia


Nikola Došen (Zadar, 15. studenoga 1991.), hrvatski profesionalni košarkaš. S hrvatskom reprezentacijom (do 18) bio je brončani na Europskom prvenstvu 2008. godine u Grčkoj (Amaliada, Pyrgos).

Izvori

Hrvatski košarkaši

Nikola Došen


Les Myxochloridaceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta  de la classe des Xanthophyceae et de l'ordre des  Rhizochloridales.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Myxochloris, composé du préfixe myxo-, du grec μυξα / myxa « mucosité », et du suffixe chlor-, « en rapport avec la couleur verte », littéralement « mucosité verte  ».

Taxonomie

Description
Le Myxochloris est un organisme qui, à l'état adulte, peut être solitaire ou à plusieurs, dans les cellules aquatiques de sphaignes (plante bryophyte aquatique), sous la forme de grandes cellules plurinucléées (plusieurs noyaux), pourvues de nombreux chromatophores.

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Myxochloris Pascher, 1930

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Références taxonomiques

Xanthophyceae
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Myxochloridaceae


Die 67. French Open 1968 waren ein Tennis-Sandplatzturnier der Klasse Grand Slam, das von der ILTF veranstaltet wurde. Es fand vom 27. Mai bis 9. Juni 1968 in Roland Garros, Paris, Frankreich statt.

Titelverteidiger im Einzel waren Roy Emerson bei den Herren sowie Françoise Dürr bei den Damen. Im Herrendoppel waren John Newcombe und Tony Roche, im Damendoppel Gail Sherriff und Francoise Dürr und im Mixed Billie Jean King und Owen Davidson  die Titelverteidiger.

Es war die erste Ausgabe des Grand-Slam-Turniers seit Beginn der Open Era, bei dem professionelle Tennisspieler zugelassen waren.

Herreneinzel

 Setzliste

Dameneinzel

 Setzliste

Herrendoppel

 Setzliste

Damendoppel

 Setzliste

Mixed

 Setzliste

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz

French Open 1968


Ademar is a masculine Germanic name, ultimately derived from Audamar, as is the German form Otmar. It was in use in medieval France, Latinized as Adamarus, and in modern times has been popular in French, Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries. A feminine form Adamardis seems to have been in use from the 10th century, reduced to Aanord, Aenor by the 12th.

In the Portuguese language, Ademar is the current spelling, being Adhemar an archaic version of the name.

Medieval:
 Ademar de Chabannes (d. 1034), French monk
 Ademar Jordan (d. 1212), French knight
 Guilhem Ademar (d. 1217), French troubadour
 Ademar lo Negre (d. 1219), French troubadour

Modern:
 Ademar Caballero (born 1918), Brazilian swimmer
 Ademar José Gevaerd (born 1952), Brazilian ufologist
 Ademar Benítez (born 1956), Uruguayan footballer
 Ademar Marques (born 1959), Portuguese footballer
 Ademar da Silva Braga Júnior (born 1976), Brazilian  footballer
 Ademar Rodríguez (born 1990), Mexican footballer
 Ademar Tavares Júnior (born 1980), Brazilian  footballer
 Ademar dos Santos Batista (born 1983), Brazilian  footballer
 Ademar Aparecido Xavier Júnior (born 1985), Brazilian  footballer

See also
 Ademir
 CB Ademar León, Spanish handball team

References

Germanic given names
French masculine given names
Masculine given names
Brazilian given names
Portuguese masculine given names
Spanish masculine given names

Ademar


Yahima Ramirez (* 10. Oktober 1979 in Alto Songo, Kuba) ist eine kubanisch-portugiesische Judoka.

Ramirez ist ursprünglich Kubanerin und gehörte bereits der kubanischen Nationalauswahl an. Von 1998 bis 2005 absolvierte sie in Havanna ein Sportstudium, das sie mit der Licenciatura abschloss. Später ging sie nach Portugal und erwarb 2007 zusätzlich die portugiesische Staatsangehörigkeit. Von Februar 2006 bis August 2008 unterrichtete sie an der Sporthochschule von Rio Maior.

Sie wurde zwischen 2008 und 2011 vier Mal in Folge portugiesische Meisterin in der Gewichtsklasse über 70 Kilogramm. 2008 gewann sie bei der Europameisterschaft in Lissabon in der Gewichtsklasse bis 78 Kilogramm die Bronzemedaille. Bei den Europameisterschaften 2009 und 2012 wurde sie jeweils Siebte. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London schied sie in der ersten Runde aus.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Judoka (Portugal)
Portugiesischer Meister (Judo)
Olympiateilnehmer (Portugal)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer an den Europaspielen (Portugal)
Teilnehmer der Europaspiele 2015
Portugiese
Geboren 1979
Frau
Kubaner

Yahima Ramirez


was a town located in Nogi District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,330 and a density of 55.60 persons per km2. The total area was 95.87 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Hakuta, along with the town of Hirose (also from Nogi District), was merged into the expanded city of Yasugi.

Dissolved municipalities of Shimane Prefecture
Yasugi, Shimane

Hakuta, Shimane


Mickaël Correia est un journaliste franco-portugais. Il est auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur les multinationales climaticides et le football populaire.

Biographie

Originaire d'une famille ouvrière portugaise immigrée à Roubaix, Mickaël Correia a dans un premier temps écrit pour le journal de critique sociale CQFD, mais aussi Le Monde diplomatique, Le Canard Enchaîné et la Revue du crieur.

Il a participé à de nombreux titres de la presse alternative (Article11, Revue Z, Panthère Première)et a traduit de la poésie portugaise contemporaine. Il est cofondateur de la revue indépendante Jef Klak qui croise expériences littéraires, sonores, visuelles, et critique sociale.

Depuis mars 2021, Mickaël Correia a rejoint Mediapart (pôle écologie).

Son travail porte principalement sur la question climatique, les luttes écologiques ainsi que les classes populaires et leurs cultures.

Depuis 2022, il publie régulièrement des enquêtes climat sur la multinationale française TotalEnergies.

Publications

 Devenir paysan (col.), Les Champs des Possibles, 2016, 160 p.
 Une Histoire populaire du football, La Découverte, 2018, 408 p.  / Poche, 2020.
 Monsieur Porc, Jorge Roque (traduction du portugais de Mickaël Correia), Hochroth Paris, 2019, 30 p
 Criminels climatiques. Enquête sur les multinationales qui brûlent notre planète, La Découverte, 2022, 188 p.
 Le Grand Footoir. Les dérives du football expliquées en 15 matches (dir.). Solar, 2022, 304 p.
 "Criminels climatiques" in Écologies. Le vivant et le social (dir. Philippe Boursier, Clémence Guimont), La Découverte, 2023, 624 p.
 Habiter une ville touristique. Vue sur mer pour les précaires. (Préface de Mickaël Correia), Collectif Droit à la ville Douarnenez, Éditions du Commun, 2023, 260 p.
 "TotalEnergies, l'histoire d'un mensonge" par Mickaël Correia in Mediapart 15 grandes enquêtes, Seuil, 2023, 288 p. (EAN 9782021538137)

Références

Liens externes

Journaliste français du XXIe siècle

Mickaël Correia


"Posavsko-podmajevička grupna nogometna liga" je bila jedna od četiri grupne lige "Međuopćinskog nogometnog saveza Brčko" i liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1982./83.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio klub "Dinamo" iz Donje Mahale.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Međuopćinska liga Brčko 1982./83.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Iljo Dominković: 65 žutih ljeta : NK "Bok" od 1950. do 2015., Orašje, 2015., , str. 91-99

Posavsko-podmajevička
1982-83
1982-83 Posavsko-podmajevička

Posavsko-podmajevička grupna nogometna liga 1982./83.


Onthophagus kachinicus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 2006 por Kabakov.

Referências

Ligações externas

kachinicus
Coleópteros descritos em 2006

Onthophagus kachinicus


Navodeće svjetlo Rampside (eng. Rampside Leading Light), poznat i kao "Igla", je navodeće svjetlo (navigacijski svjetionik) smješteno u području Rampsidea, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, Engleska. Izgrađen 1875. godine, jedini je preživjeli primjer 13 takvih svjetionika izgrađenih oko Barrow-a tijekom kasnog 19. stoljeća za pomoć brodovima pri ulasku u gradsku luku. Visok je 20 metara, a izrađen je od crvene i žute cigle. Svjetionik Rampside je zaštićen od 1991. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Port Barrow

Rampside

Svjetionik Rampside


Cotteinae, podtribus trajnica i jednogodišnjeg bilja iz porodice trava, dio je tribus Eragrostideae, čije su vrste iz četiri roda rasprostranjene po svim kontinentima. Jedina vrsta koja raste i u Europi je Enneapogon persicus u Španjolskoj.

Rodovi
 Cottea Kunth (1 sp.)
 Enneapogon Desv. ex P.Beauv. (28 spp.)
 Kaokochloa De Winter  (1 sp.)
 Schmidtia Steud. ex J.A.Schmidt (2 spp.)

Izvori

Eragrostideae

Cotteinae


Sally Rand (born Helen Gould Beck; April 3, 1904 – August 31, 1979) was an American burlesque dancer, vedette, and actress, famous for her ostrich-feather fan dance and balloon bubble dance. She also performed under the name Billie Beck.

Early life
Rand was born in the village of Elkton, Hickory County, Missouri. Her father, William Beck, was a West Point graduate and retired U.S. Army colonel, while her mother, Nettie (Grove) Beck, was a school teacher and part-time newspaper correspondent. The family moved to Jackson County, Missouri while she was still in grade school.

Helen started on the stage quite early, working as a chorus girl at Kansas City's Empress Theater when she was only 13. An early supporter of her talent was Goodman Ace, a drama critic for the Kansas City Journal, who saw her performing in a Kansas City nightclub and wrote glowing reviews. After studying ballet and drama in Kansas City, the teenaged Helen decided her future lay in Hollywood. For a short time, as she worked her way to the west coast, she was employed as an acrobat in the Ringling Brothers Circus. She also performed in summer stock and traveling theater, including working with a then-unknown Humphrey Bogart.

Career
During the 1920s, she acted on stage and appeared in silent films. Cecil B. DeMille gave her the name Sally Rand, inspired by a Rand McNally atlas. She was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars in 1927.

After the introduction of sound films, she became a dancer, known for the fan dance, which she popularized starting at the Paramount Club, at 15 E. Huron, in Chicago.  Her most famous appearance was at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, known as the Century of Progress, accompanied by her backing orchestra, directed by Art Frasik. She would play peek-a-boo with her body by manipulating her fans in the front and behind her, like a winged bird as she swooped and twirled on the stage, usually to "Clair de Lune". She was arrested four times in a single day during the fair due to perceived indecent exposure after a fan dance performance and while riding a white horse down the streets of Chicago, where the nudity was only an illusion, and again after being bodypainted by Max Factor Sr. with his new makeup formulated for Hollywood films. She also conceived and developed the bubble dance, in part to cope with wind while performing outdoors. She performed the fan dance on film in Bolero, released in 1934. She performed the bubble dance in the film Sunset Murder Case (1938).

In 1936, she purchased The Music Box burlesque hall in San Francisco, which later became the Great American Music Hall. She starred in "Sally Rand's Nude Ranch" at the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco in 1939 and 1940. To advertise for her upcoming Treasure Island Nude Ranch, she organized a stunt on February 17, 1939, wherein lingerie clad women on horses rode down Market Street in downtown San Francisco.

During this time, Rand took an interest in flying due in part to her brief relationship with Charles Lindbergh. By 1923, Rand had learned to fly, and she would later receive her pilot's license. Rand often flew herself to her performances. On August 1, 1939, she reportedly broke the current record for light plane speed for a flight she made from San Francisco to Reno. She completed the trip in 1 hour and 54 minutes.

In the early 1940s, Rand did summer stock in Woodstock, New York. She signed on to star in Rain and Little Foxes whose cast also included Karl Malden. He remembered being stressed that she was unprepared and seemed to care more about her costumes, which he admitted were dazzling to the point that he forgot his lines during a performance, than learning her own lines. "Her burlesque days were written all over her, especially in her hygiene habits," wrote Malden in his memoirs. "One could assume she rarely bathed, and the college kids who cleaned the rooms at the playhouse confirmed that the tub was never used. Instead, she just kept dousing herself with perfume and shoveling on the makeup, layer upon layer, until it began to cake and separate so that you could see the dirt buildup in the creases around her neck."

She was arrested twice in San Francisco in 1946; while performing at Club Savoy, she was arrested by six police officers in the audience as she danced, seemingly nude, in silhouette behind a large white fan;  the judge, Daniel R. Shoemaker, granted her immunity should she be arrested for the same offense while on trial; however she was arrested during a night of the trial while performing her act, despite her immunity and the fact that she was wearing long underwear and a note that read "CENSORED. S.F.P.D." that time.  In an unusual move, the judge viewed her performance at the Savoy and cleared her of all charges after deeming that "anyone who could find something lewd about the dance as she puts it on has to have a perverted idea of morals".

In the early 1950s, she was traveling with a 17-member troupe around the Midwest, appearing at state fairs and small theaters. Edith Dahl accompanied Rand's famous fan dance, the finale of the show, on the violin and "cracked a few jokes". According to local newspaper accounts, Rand's large white feathered fans acted as "a guard to keep too much of mother nature from showing." "Smutty jokes" were at minimum in the afternoon performances." The tour was across Oklahoma and Texas, then west toward Washington before returning east. She refused to divulge her age to reporters at the time, but was known to be approaching 50.

Rand was the mystery guest on the December 28, 1952, episode of What's My Line?.  Her identity was correctly solved by panelist Robert Q. Lewis.

She appeared on television on March 12, 1957, in episode 13 of the first season of To Tell the Truth with host Bud Collyer and panelists Polly Bergen, Ralph Bellamy, Kitty Carlisle, and Carl Reiner. She did not "stump the panel", but was correctly identified by all four panelists (she was introduced as Helen Beck, her birth name).

She continued to appear on stage doing her fan dance into the 1970s. Rand once replaced Ann Corio in the stage show This Was Burlesque, appeared at the Mitchell Brothers club in San Francisco in the early 1970s and toured as one of the stars of the 1972 nostalgia revue Big Show of 1928, which played major concert venues, including New York's Madison Square Garden.  Describing her 40-year career, Rand said, "I haven't been out of work since the day I took my pants off."

Death
Rand died on August 31, 1979, at Foothill Presbyterian Hospital, in Glendora, California, aged 75, from congestive heart failure. She was deeply in debt at her death. Rand's adopted son told an interviewer that Sammy Davis Jr. stepped in and wrote a $10,000 check, which took care of Rand's expenses.

Football play
Football coaches at the University of Delaware named a football play after Sally Rand. One explanation is that the play misdirected the defense, or in other words, like the dancer herself, the offense was showing more than they actually had. The name migrated to Canada, where a "naked bootleg" became known as a "Sally Rand" and was used to great effect by the BC Lions.

In popular culture
 In Tex Avery's cartoon Hollywood Steps Out (1941), a rotoscoped Rand performs her famous bubble dance onstage to an appreciative crowd. A grinning Peter Lorre caricature in the front row comments, "I haven't seen such a beautiful bubble since I was a child." The routine continues until the bubble is suddenly popped by Harpo Marx and his slingshot, with a surprised Rand (her nudity covered by a well-placed wooden barrel) reacting with shock. Rand is referred to as "Sally Strand" here. Closer to the beginning of the cartoon, a coat check girl says "Good evening, Miss Rand," as we see a woman's hand offer her a set of feather fans to hang up.
 She was the model of several characters in Robert A. Heinlein's science fiction stories, such as the Mary-Lou Martin character of "Let There Be Light". She was also a guest of Robert and Virginia Heinlein at 1976's 34th World Science Fiction Convention, held in Kansas City, Missouri, where Robert Heinlein was the Guest of Honor; at that Worldcon, she served as a judge for the convention's masquerade costume contest. She was also included in Heinlein's 1987 book, To Sail Beyond the Sunset, as a friend of main character, Maureen Johnson Long, mother of the character Lazarus Long.
 In the 1979 book The Right Stuff, the author Tom Wolfe described Sally Rand fan-dancing for the first American astronauts and other dignitaries at the barbecue in Houston celebrating the space center, and referred to the astronauts' observing this sixtyish woman's "ancient haunches".  In the 1983 film version of The Right Stuff, Rand was portrayed by actress Peggy Davis.
 A fictionalized version of Rand appeared in Toni Dove's interactive cinema project Spectropia, played by Helen Pickett of the Wooster Group.
 In the 1936 Merrie Melodie cartoon Page Miss Glory, a robustly proportioned matron performs a parody of Rand's fan dance.
 In the "Nathan Heller" mystery series by Max Allan Collins, Detective Heller meets Rand.
 In her novel The Fountainhead, Ayn Rand (no relation) mentions a Sally Rand-inspired performer named Juanita Fay "who danced with a live peacock as sole garment" at the The March of the Centuries 1936 world fair (which strongly resembles 1933 Century of Progress fair).

Partial filmography

The Dressmaker from Paris (1925) - Mannequin (uncredited)
Fifth Avenue Models (1925) - Mannequin / Dancer (uncredited)
The Texas Bearcat (1925) - Jean Crawford
The Road to Yesterday (1925) - Party Guest (uncredited)
Braveheart (1925) - Sally Vernon
Bachelor Brides (1926) - Maid
Sunny Side Up (1926) - A Dancer
Gigolo (1926) - Tourist Girl in Paris
Man Bait (1927) - Nancy
The Night of Love (1927) - Gypsy Dancer
Getting Gertie's Garter (1927) - Teddy Desmond
The Yankee Clipper (1927) - Wing Toy (uncredited)
The King of Kings (1927) - Mary Magdalene's Slave (uncredited)
His Dog (1927) - Marian Gault
The Fighting Eagle (1927) - Fräulein Hertz
Galloping Fury (1927) - Dorothy Shelton
Heroes in Blue (1927) - Anne Dugan
A Woman Against the World (1928) - Maysie Bell
Crashing Through (1928) - Rita Bayne
Nameless Men (1928)
A Girl in Every Port (1928) - Girl in Bombay (uncredited)
The Czarina's Secret (1928, Short)
Golf Widows (1928) - Mary Ward
Black Feather (1928)
The Sign of the Cross (1932) - Crocodiles' Victim (uncredited)
Hotel Variety (1933)
Bolero (1934) - Annette
The Big Show (1936) - State Fair Performer
Sunset Murder Case (1938) - Kathy O'Connor

References

Sources
Knox, Holly. Sally Rand, From Films to Fans. Maverick Publications (1988);
Lowe, Jim. Barefoot to the Chin - The Fantastic Life of Sally Rand (2018);
Hazelgrove, William Elliott. Sally Rand: American Sex Symbol (2020)

External links

Sally Rand at IBDB
Sally Rand and The Music Box at Virtual Museum of SF
Sally Rand (Harriet Helen Beck) - Sheila Sue Altenbernd's genealogy

1904 births
1979 deaths
Actresses from Missouri
Columbia College (Missouri) alumni
American female erotic dancers
American erotic dancers
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
American vedettes
American burlesque performers
People from Hickory County, Missouri
Actresses from New York City
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American actresses
WAMPAS Baby Stars
20th-century American dancers

Sally Rand


عنتر بن شداد هو فيلم مصري تاريخي عرض في 4 ديسمبر 1961، من إخراج نيازي مصطفى وبطولة فريد شوقي وكوكا، ويحكي عن الفارس والشاعر الجاهلي عنترة بن شداد العبد الأسود الذي يرعى أغنام والده والذي لا يعترف به. وهو يحب ابنة عمه عبلة، فيضيع في الصحراء عند ذهابه للحصول على النوق كمهر لعبلة، ثم يصبح من رجال الملك النعمان. وفي النهاية يصبح بطل بني عبس عند إنقاذه لعبلة.

قصة الفيلم
شداد أمير بني عبس أنجب من جاريته زبيدة ابن أسماه عنترة. ثم تبرأ منه وضمه إلى جملة العبيد ولم يعلم شداد ولا أحد أن هذا العبد سيصبح ببطولته وفروسيته حامي حمى قومه وسيدًا مكرمًا بين عشيرته، يحب عبلة ابنة عمه، ويقوم بإنقاذ القبيلة وبناتها في غياب الرجال، يلقى عنترة المزيد من العرفان من الجميع لكن أباه يظل على موقفه في عدم الاعتراف به. هذا الأمر يؤرق عنترة فهو يود أن يصبح حرًا من أجل الزواج من عبلة. تؤكد له أمه الحبشية أنه ابن شداد، تقوم زوجة شداد بمحاولة إغواء عنترة، فلما يصدها عنترة، توغل صدر شداد عليه. ويسعى أبو عبلة إلى أن يزوجها من أمير من قبيلة أخرى، حتى يرد عنه العار، يقوم الأمير بإرسال رجال لمجابهة عنترة فينتصر عليهم، يقرر والد عبلة أن يزوج ابنته لعنترة مقابل مهر كبير من أجل إبعاده عن القبيلة، وكي يزوجها من رجل آخر، يسافر عنترة إلى بلاد بعيدة، ويدافع عن الملك النعمان، ويعود بعد سنوات ليجد عبلة تكاد تتزوج من غريمه القديم، فيبارزه، وينتصر عليه ويتزوج من عبلة.

طاقم التمثيل

 فريد شوقي. في دور "عنترة بن شداد"
 كوكا.. في دور عبلة
 عبد العليم خطاب في دور شداد والد عنترة
 عايدة هلال.. في دور سمية زوجة شداد
 نور الدمرداش في دور عمارة الزيادي
 فردوس محمد في دور زبيبة
 فاخر فاخر في دور مالك
 وداد حمدي في دور خادمة عبلة
 عبد الخالق صالح : قائد قبيلة عبس
 سعيد أبو بكر في دور شيبوب
 أحمد خميس
 حسن حامد في دور مفرج بن همام
 شريف حمدي
 ليلى فهمي في دور خادمة سمية
 محمود فرج في دور الجحجاح الشباح
 محمد أباظة
 بدر نوفل
 حسنة سليمان
 سحر عطية
 أنور ماضي
 محمد الهواري
 كامل الشباسي
 رفيعة الشال
 أحمد مرسي

فريق العمل
 إخراج: نيازي مصطفى
  قصة: محمد فريد أبو حديد
 سيناريو: نيازي مصطفى، عبد العزيز سلام
 حوار وأغاني: بيرم التونسي
 إنتاج: أفلام مصر الجديدة
 مهندس الصوت: أندريا زندليدس
 مدير التصوير: وديد سري
 مونتاج: جلال مصطفى، عبد العزيز فخري
 موسيقى وألحان: علي إسماعيل
 توزيع: أفلام مصر الجديدة
 الاستديو: في ستوديو مصر
 طبع الفيلم: في معامل دينهام - إنجلترا - إيستمان كلور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1961
أفلام فريد شوقي
أفلام سيرة ذاتية مصرية
أفلام دراما مصرية
أفلام حركة مصرية
أفلام تاريخية مصرية
أفلام مغامرات مصرية
أفلام أخرجها نيازي مصطفى

عنتر بن شداد (فيلم)


Ereignisse

Alpinismus

 14. Januar: Der Schweizer Bergsteiger Matthias Zurbriggen erreicht als erster Mensch den Gipfel des Aconcagua in 6961 Metern Höhe.

Ballsportarten

 8. Februar: Durch Bilden einer Fußballsektion wird der Budapesti Torna Club zum ersten Fußballverein Ungarns.
 11. September: Der Verband Deutscher Ballspielvereine wird in Berlin als Alternative zum Deutschen Fußball- und Cricket Bund gegründet, in dem die internen Streitigkeiten eskaliert sind.
 17. Oktober: In Karlsruhe wird der Verband Süddeutscher Fußball-Vereine gegründet.
 14. Oktober: Der Wiener Athletiksport Club wird gegründet.
 1. November: Der Fußballclub Juventus Turin wird gegründet. Eugenio Canfari wird erster Präsident des Vereins.
 Die Meisterschaft des Nordens in Berlin wird zum ersten und einzigen Mal ausgetragen.
 Acht Australian-Football-Mannschaften aus dem australischen Bundesstaat Victoria treten aus der Victorian Football Association aus und gründen die Victorian Football League.
 Der SC des Westens 1897 Berlin wird gegründet.

Fechten

Abgeordnete aus 29 Fechtvereinen aus Deutschland und Österreich gründen am 7. März in Berlin den Deutschen Fechterbund. Willibald Gebhardt wird zum ersten Vorsitzenden gewählt. Die Aufnahme eines Arierparagraphen in die Statuten wird nur mit knapper Mehrheit abgelehnt. Um eine Spaltung des Fechtbundes zu vermeiden, wird dieser am zweiten Fechtertag in Dresden am 16./17. Oktober in Deutscher und Österreichischer Fechterbund (DÖFB) umbenannt. Im Juni werden die ersten vom DÖFB ausgerichteten Deutschen Fechtmeisterschaften in Wien ausgetragen.

Leichtathletik

 19. April: Der Boston-Marathon ist der erste außerhalb der Olympischen Spiele veranstaltete Marathonlauf im Sport. 15 Athleten gehen in Boston an den Start. John J. McDermott aus den USA ist der erste Sieger der neuen Veranstaltung.

Motorsport

 31. Januar: Das erste Bergrennen der Automobilgeschichte findet statt. Die Route führt von Nizza hinauf zum Bergdorf La Turbie. Die zurückzulegende Strecke beträgt ca. 17 km.

Radsport

 18. Juli: In Paris wird die Radrennbahn Stade vélodrome du Parc des Princes, das heutige Prinzenparkstadion, eröffnet. Henri Desgrange wird erster Direktor der Rennbahn.
 30. Juli – 2. August: Bahn-Radweltmeisterschaften 1897

 Die Radrennbahn Friedenau wird errichtet und mit dem Rennen Großer Preis von Berlin eröffnet. Sieger bei dem Rennen wird Willy Arend.

Rudern

 3. April: Oxford besiegt Cambridge im Boat Race in 19′12″.

Ringen

 Deutsche Ringermeisterschaften 1897

Schach

 23. Juni: In London beginnt, organisiert von Rhoda Bowles, das erste internationale Schachturnier für Frauen. Das Turnier dauert bis zum 3. Juli. Siegerin ist die Engländerin Mary Rudge.
 Die Wiener Schachgesellschaft und der Neue Wiener Schach-Club fusionieren zum Wiener Schach-Club. Damit setzt in Wien eine Hochblüte des Schachspiels ein.

Schwimmen

 Deutsche Schwimmmeisterschaften 1897

Wintersport

 7. Februar: Peder Østlund, Norwegen, läuft die 500 Meter Eisschnelllauf in Trondheim in 46,6 s.
 13./14. Februar: Die Eiskunstlauf-Weltmeisterschaft 1897 in Stockholm gewinnt der Österreicher Gustav Hügel trotz einer Sehnenzerrung vor dem Schweden Ulrich Salchow und Johan Lefstad aus Norwegen.
 14. Februar: Auf dem Halensee in Berlin findet das älteste verzeichnete Eishockeyspiel in Deutschland statt, der Akademische Sport Club Berlin gewinnt gegen eine Studentenmannschaft mit 11:4.
 Der Norweger Svein Sollid erreicht beim Skispringen auf dem Hegnibakken in Morgedal, Norwegen, 31,5 m.

Vereinsgründungen und -umbenennungen

 8. Februar: Durch Bilden einer Fußballsektion wird der Budapesti Torna Club zum ersten Fußballverein Ungarns.
 7. März: Der schwedische Sportverein Hammarby Roddförening ändert seinen Namen in Hammarby IF, da hier neben Rudern auch andere Sportarten betrieben werden.
 16. Juni: Der FuCC Cricket-Viktoria 1897 Magdeburg wird gegründet.
 27. Oktober: Der chilenische Fußballverein CD Magallanes wird gegründet.
 Der finnische Sportverein Helsingfors IFK wird gegründet.

Geboren
 17. Januar: Donald Marcus Kelway Marendaz, britischer Kampfflieger, Unternehmer, Automobilrennfahrer und Konstrukteur († 1988)

 1. Februar: Duke Osborn, US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler († 1976)
 9. Februar: Hans Breitensträter, deutscher Schwergewichtsboxer († 1972)
 21. Februar: Paul Torchy, französischer Automobilrennfahrer († 1925)

 9. März: Zdeněk Heydušek, tschechischer Tischtennisspieler und -funktionär († 1973)
 15. März: Jackson Scholz, US-amerikanischer Leichtathlet und Olympiasieger († 1986)
 22. März: Ferruccio Novo, italienischer Fußballtrainer und -funktionär († 1974)
 28. März: Sepp Herberger, deutscher Fußballspieler und -trainer († 1977)
 28. März: Tillie Voss, US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler († 1975)

 7. Mai: Walter Claus-Oehler, deutscher Fußballspieler († 1941)
 18. Mai: Edgard Colle, belgischer Schachmeister († 1932)
 23. Mai: Jimmie Guthrie, britischer Motorradrennfahrer († 1937)
 25. Mai: Gene Tunney, US-amerikanischer Boxer und Schwergewichts-Weltmeister († 1978)
 30. Mai: Milada Skrbková, tschechoslowakische Tennisspielerin († 1935)

 1. Juni: Erik Bohlin, schwedischer Rad- und Motorradrennfahrer († 1977)
 9. Juni: Kees Pijl, niederländischer Fußballspieler († 1976)
 13. Juni: Paavo Nurmi, finnischer Leichtathlet († 1973)
 20. Juni: George Eyston, britischer Ingenieur, Rekord- und Automobilrennfahrer († 1978)
 27. Juni: Russ Method, US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler († 1971)
 28. Juni: André Dubonnet, französischer Militärpilot, Sportler, Automobilrennfahrer, Unternehmer und Erfinder († 1980)

 27. Juli: Adolfo Baloncieri, italienischer Fußballspieler und -trainer († 1986)

 2. August: Rudolf Schleicher, deutscher Ingenieur und Motorradrennfahrer († 1989)
 10. August: Edward Gourdin, US-amerikanischer Leichtathlet und Jurist († 1966)
 19. August: Ilse Thouret, deutsche Motorrad- und Automobilrennfahrerin, Sportlerin sowie Sportjournalistin († 1969)

 16. September: Wacław Kuchar, polnischer Sportler († 1981)

 12. Oktober: Otto Montag, deutscher Fußballspieler († 1973)
 31. Oktober: Pete Henry, US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler und -Trainer († 1952)
 4. November: Charles Lacquehay, französischer Radrennfahrer († 1975)

 5. Dezember: Ernst Zündorf, deutscher Motorradrennfahrer († 1964)

Gestorben
 14. April: Émile Levassor, französischer Automobilpionier und -rennfahrer (* 1843)
 18. Dezember: Choppy Warburton, britischer Langstreckenläufer, Radsportmanager und -trainer (* 1845)

Siehe auch

Weblinks

Sportjahr 1897


La Congregación de Santa Cruz (Congregatio a Sancta Cruce C.S.C.), es una congregación religiosa católica de sacerdotes y frailes fundada en Le Mans (Francia) por el beato Basile Moreau en 1837 para servir las necesidades educacionales de las gentes del campo y de los más necesitados.

Fundada el 1 de marzo de 1837 en el distrito de Santa Cruz de Le Mans, de donde toma su nombre, como una asociación diocesana dedicada a la educación allí donde la diócesis se lo requiriese, se convirtió en congregación religiosa en 1840 cuando se decidió enviar a un grupo de misioneros a Argelia. El 15 de agosto de 1840 el padre Moreau y cuatro más se convirtieron en los primeros religiosos de la congregación.

Tras su primera misión en Argelia, el padre Moreau decidió llevar su trabajo a todas las partes del mundo y en la actualidad la congregación tiene universidades y escuelas en todos los continentes.  Padre Moreau dio a la Congregación su lema: Ave crux spes unica, que quiere decir "¡Ave, Cruz, nuestra única esperanza!".

En 1841 se fundarían las Hermanas de la Santa Cruz.

Superiores Generales
Beato Basilio Moreau, C.S.C. (1837–1866)
Mons. Pierre Dufal, C.S.C. (1866–1868)
R.P. Edward Sorin, C.S.C. (1868–1893)
R.P. Gilbert Francais, C.S.C. (1893-1926?)
R.P James Wesley Donahue, C.S.C. (1926–1938)
R.P. Albert Cousineau, C.S.C. (1938–1950)
R.P. Christopher O'Toole, C.S.C. (1950–1962)
R.P. Germain-Marie Lalande, C.S.C. (1962–1974)
R.P. Tom Barrosse, C.S.C. (1974–1986)
R.P. Claude Grou, C.S.C. (1986–1998)
R.P. Hugh Cleary, C.S.C. (1998–2010)
R.P. Richard Warner, C.S.C. (2010–2016)
R.P. Robert Epping, C.S.C. (2016-2022)
Hno. Paul Bednarczyk, C.S.C. (2022-)

Religiosos Conocidos
 San Andrés Bessette
 Mons. Marcos G. McGrath, C.S.C.
 R.P. Julius Aloysius Arthur Nieuwland, C.S.C.
 R.P. Patrick Peyton, C.S.C.
 R.P. Gerardo Whelan, C.S.C.
 Cardenal  John Francis O'Hara, C.S.C., Arzobispo de la Arquidiócesis de Filadelfia

Instituciones de la Congregación de Santa Cruz

Educación Superior
 Universidad de Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana (1842)
 Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana (1844) (Hermanas de Santa Cruz)
 St. Edward's University, Austin, Texas (1878)
 Universidad de Portland, Portland, Oregon (1901)
 Our Lady of Holy Cross College, Nueva Orleans, Luisiana (1916) (Marianitas de Santa Cruz)
 King's College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (1946)
 Stonehill College, Easton, Massachusetts (1948)
 Holy Cross College, Notre Dame, Indiana (1966)

Escuelas Secundarias

Bangladés
 Saint Placid's High School, Chittagong, Bangladés (1853)
 Saint Gregory's High School, Daca, Bangladés (1881)
 Holy Cross High School, Daca, Bangladés (1912)
 Saint Nicholas High School, Nagori, Bangladés (1920)
 Biroidakuni High School, Mymensingh, Bangladés (1941)
 Brother Andre High School, Noakhali, Bangladés (1940)
 Mariam Ashram High School, Chittagong, Bangladés (1946)
 Notre Dame College, Daca, Bangladés (1949)
 Holy Cross College, Daca, Bangladés (1950) Sisters of the Holy Cross
 Holy Cross Girls' High School, Daca, Bangladés (1950) Sisters of the Holy Cross
 Udayan High School, Barisal, Bangladés (1952)
 Saint Joseph Higher Secondary School, Daca, Bangladés (1954)
 Saint Joseph School of Industrial Trades, Daca, Bangladés (1954)

Brasil
 Colegio Santa Maria, São Paulo, Brasil (1947) Hermanas de Santa Cruz
 Colegio Dom Amando, Santarém, Brasil (1966)
 Colegio Notre Dame, Campinas, Brasil (1968)
 Colegio Santa Cruz, São Paulo, Brasil (1989)

Canadá

 Collège Notre-Dame du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal, Quebec, Canadá (1861)
 Notre Dame College School, Welland, Ontario, Canadá
 Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School, St. Catharines, Ontario
 Saint Joseph's Oratory, Montreal, Quebec, Canadá

Chile
 Saint George's College, Santiago, Chile (1943)
 Colegio Nuestra Señora de Andacollo, Santiago, Chile (1975)

Inglaterra
 The Holy Cross Catholic Girls School (New Malden, Londres, Inglaterra)

Francia
 Saint-Michel de Picpus, París. Francia
 Notre Dame d'Orveau Ecole, Nyoiseau, Francia

Ghana
 St. Augustine's College, Cape Coast, Ghana
 St John's Secondary School, Sekondi Takoradi, Ghana

Haití
 Notre Dame College, Cabo Haitiano, Haití (1904)
 École Père Pérard, Plaisance, Haití
 École Père Joseph Lepévédic, Limbé, Haití

India
 Holy Cross Matriculation Higher Secondary School   www.salemholycross.org , Salem, India (1965)
 Notre Dame of Holy Cross School [CBSE ], Gundukallur, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. [2008]
 Holy Cross School, Whitefield, Bangalore, India
 Holy Cross School, Agartala, India (1970)
 Jeevan Jyothi Technical Institute, Honavar, India
 Holy Cross School, Mizoram, India
 Holy Cross School, Trichy, TN (2002) * Holy Cross School, Aymanam, Kerala (2003)
 Holy Cross School, Ghanpur, AP (2003) []
 St Louis School, Dahisar, Bombay (2002)
Abhayadhama, Human Development Centre, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka (1976)

Liberia
 St. Patrick's High School, Liberia

Uganda
 Holy Cross Lake View Senior Secondary School (Wanyange), Jinja District (1993)

Estados Unidos
 Holy Cross High School, Nueva Orleans, Louisiana (1849)
 Academy of the Holy Cross, Kensington, Maryland (1868) Hermanas de Santa Cruz
 Holy Trinity High School, Chicago, Illinois (1910)
 Notre Dame High School, West Haven, Connecticut (1946)
 Gilmour Academy, Gates Mills, Ohio (1946)
 Notre Dame High School, Sherman Oaks, California (1947)
 St. Edward High School, Lakewood, Ohio, (1949)
 Holy Family High School, Port Allen, Louisiana (1949) Marianitas de Santa Cruz
 Archbishop Hoban High School, Akron, Ohio (1953)
 St. Francis High School, Mountain View, California (1955)
 Holy Cross High School, Flushing, Nueva York (1955)
 Holy Cross High School, San Antonio, Texas (1957)
 St. Edmond's Academy, Wilmington, Delaware (1959)
 Bishop McNamara High School, Forestville, Maryland, (1964)
 Moreau Catholic High School, Hayward, California (1965)
 Holy Cross High School, Waterbury, Connecticut (1968)
 Notre Dame High School, Portsmouth, Ohio

Escuelas Primarias

Uganda
 Holy Cross Primary School (Bugembe), Jinja District
 Saint Andrew's Primary School (Wanyange), Jinja District
 Saint Jude's Primary School, Jinja District

Parroquias

Canadá
Oratorio de San José

Chile
 Parroquia San Roque (Peñalolén) (1949), incluyendo Capilla San Carlos de Peñalolén
 Parroquia Nuestra Señora de Andacollo (Santiago de Chile) (1977)
 Parroquia Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Calle Larga (1989)

Estados Unidos
 Christ the King Parish, South Bend, Indiana (1933)
 Holy Cross Parish (1929) y St. Stanislaus Parish (1899), South Bend, Indiana
 Holy Cross Parish, South Easton, Massachusetts (1967)
 Holy Redeemer Parish, Portland, Oregon (2002)
 Sacred Heart Parish, Colorado Springs, Colorado (1984)
 Sacred Heart Parish, Notre Dame, Indiana (1842)
 St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend (2003) y St. Casimir Parish, South Bend, Indiana (1897)
 St. Ignatius Martyr Parish, Austin, Texas (1938)
 St. John Vianney Parish, Goodyear, Arizona (1981)
 St. Joseph Parish, South Bend, Indiana (1853)
 St. André Bessette Parish, Portland, Oregon (2001)

México
 Parroquia Nuestra Madre de la Luz, Monterrey, Nuevo León (1996)

Perú
 Parroquia El Señor de la Esperanza, Canto Grande, Lima
 Fe y Alegria 25, Canto Grande, Lima
 INFAM
 Apostolado del Rosario en Familia
 Poloclinico Hermano Andrés
 Yancana Huasy
 Centro Patricio Peyton

Otros Ministerios
 Ave Maria Press

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial
 Congregación de Santa Cruz en Chile

Congregación de Santa Cruz
Organizaciones católicas fundadas en Francia
Organizaciones religiosas fundadas en 1837
Sociedades e institutos aprobados por Pío IX

Congregación de Santa Cruz


Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri, Türkiye'yi denizden gelebilecek her türlü saldırıya karşı korumakla görevlidir. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri komutası altındaki en büyük 2. kuvvettir.  Kuruluş tarihi, ilk Türk denizcisi kabul edilen Çaka Bey'in İzmir'de oluşturduğu donanmanın kuruluş tarihi olan 1081'dir. 9 Kasım 2016 tarihinde değiştirilerek kabul edilen Olağanüstü Hal Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamesi ile bu tarihe dek Genelkurmay Başkanlığı kuruluş ve kadrolarında bulunan Komutanlık, Millî Savunma Bakanlığı kadro ve kuruluşuna geçirilmiştir. Ayrıca aynı Kararname, cumhurbaşkanı ve başbakanın kuvvet komutanı ve astlarına emir verebilmesini ve bu emirlerin hiçbir kurum, kuruluş veya kişinin onayı olmaksızın yerine getirilmesini de düzenlenmiştir.

Tarihçe

Kuruluşu
Mudanya Mütarekesi'nin 11 Ekim 1922 tarihinde imzalanması ile birlikte 14 Kasım 1922 tarihinde Kasımpaşa'daki Bahriye Nezareti binası İstanbul Bahriye Kumandanlığı karargâhı haline getirilmiş ve küçük tonajlı harp gemilerinin (Burakreis, Sakız, İsareis ve Kemalreis gambotları ile Taşoz sınıfı üç muhrip) bakım ve onarımlarının yaptırılarak harekâta hazır hale getirilmesi için çalışmalar başlatılmıştır.

Ayrıca, bu çalışmalar paralelinde okul gemisi olarak kullanılması planlanan TCG Hamidiye Kruvazörü onarıma alınmıştır.

Lozan Antlaşması gereği, Boğazlar bölgesinin özel bir komisyon tarafından idare edilecek tarafsız bir statüde olması nedeniyle Marmara Denizi içinde Donanmaya ait üs teşkil edecek bir liman yapılmasına karar verilmiş ve bu maksatla en elverişli bölge olan İzmit Körfezi'nde uygun yerlerin fizibilite çalışmaları yapılmıştır. 1923 yılında Marmara Üssü Bahri ve Kocaeli Müstahkem Mevki Kumandanlığı adı altında yeni bir komutanlık İzmit'te teşkil edilmiş ve aslında kilise olan Fransız okul binası satın alınarak, Komutanlık Karargâhı bu binaya nakledilmiştir. İzmit Bahriye Kumandanlığı ise bu Komutanlığa bağlanmıştır.

İzmir Bahriye Kumandanlığı Karargâhı, İstiklal Harbi'ni takiben Kordon Boyu'nda kiralanan bir bina içinde kurulmuştur. Bu komutanlık deniz emniyet ve müdafaa işlerini yürütmüştür. Emrine Mayın Grubu, Müstahkem Mevki Bahriye Müfrezesi, Uzunada İşaret İstasyonu, İzmir Atölyeleri ve Tayyare Bölüğü verilmiştir.

Donanma Komutanlığı, İstanbul Bahriye Komutanlığı binasında küçük bir bölümde faaliyet göstermiştir. Gemilerin hemen hepsi hurda durumda olduğundan bu Komutanlık öncelikle çalışmalarını gemilerin bakım ve onarımı üzerinde yoğunlaştırmıştır.

Cumhuriyet'in ilanından bir yıl gibi kısa bir süre sonra Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 11 Eylül-21 Eylül 1924 tarihleri arasındaki Karadeniz seyahatini Cumhuriyet Donanması'nın denize çıkan ilk gemisi olan Hamidiye Kruvazörü ile yapmıştır.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Deniz Kuvvetleri gibi çok pahalı bir yatırım ve zaman gerektiren bir gücün bir anda oluşturulamayacağını çok iyi bilmekteydi. Bu nedenle, Deniz Kuvvetlerinin mevcut durumunu geliştirecek ve geleceğini planlayacak özerk bir Vekaletin kurulması gerekliliğine içtenlikle inanmaktaydı. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün bu açık ve kesin desteğinden sonra, Kastamonu Milletvekili Ali Rıza Bey'in önerisi ile Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nden 30 Aralık 1924 tarihinde Bahriye Vekaleti (Denizcilik Bakanlığı) yasası çıkarılmıştır. Bahriye Vekaleti, Millî Müdafaa Vekaleti'nden ayrı bir kuruluş olarak görev yapmaya başlamış, eğitim, tatbikat, denetleme gibi alanlarda Erkan-i Harbiye-i Umumiye Reisliği (Genelkurmay Başkanlığı)'ne bağlanmıştır.

Deniz Müsteşarlığı (1928-1949)
Bahriye Vekâleti'nin İlgasına Dair Kanunun kabulü ile Bahriye Vekaleti kaldırılmıştır. Hemen akabinde 16 Ocak 1928 tarih ve 1199 sayılı kanun ile Milli Savunma Vekâleti'ne bağlı bir Deniz Müsteşarlığı kurulmuştur.

Genç Cumhuriyet donanması, bu dönem başlarında envanterinde 4 Kruvazör (TCG Yavuz, TCG Turgut Reis, TCG Hamidiye ve TCG Mecidiye), 2 Torpido Kruvazörü (TCG Peyk ve TCG Berk) ve 3 muhrip gemisi ile Gölcük yoğunluklu olarak faaliyet göstermiştir.  Bu dönemin en önemli gelişmelerinden biri de, nitelikli askerî personel eğitiminde olmuştur. Kurmay subay yetiştirmek amacıyla 2 Kasım 1930 tarihinde Deniz Harp Akademisi, Yıldız Sarayı'ndaki binasında eğitim öğretim faaliyetlerine başlamıştır.

1928'de iki adet İnönü sınıfı denizaltı, 1930'da yenilenmiş Yavuz, 1931'de üç hücumbot (Martı, Denizkuşu ve Doğan) ile dört avcı bot, 1932'de ise Adatepe, Kocatepe, Tınaztepe ve Zafer muhripleri ile Dumlupınar ve Sakarya denizaltıları Deniz Kuvvetlerine katılmıştır. 1930'da bakım ve onarımı tamamlanan Yavuz, yaklaşık 20 sene boyunca Deniz Kuvvetlerinin sancak gemisi olarak görev yapmış, birçok devlet büyüğü ve yabancı konuk bu gemide ağırlanmıştır. Atatürk, Yavuz'un diplomasideki önemini Donanma komutanına söylediği; "Yavuz gemisine ilk defa geliyorum. Yaralı da olsa bugünkü şekli o zamandan daha pek çok değerlidir. Bu gemiyi Türk Milletinin ihtiyacı olan sağlam ve kudretli bir zırhlı şekline sokacağız. Bu kudret, silah bakımından sizlere, dış politika bakımından da bizlere büyük hizmetler görecek, gurur sağlayacaktır" sözleriyle vurgulamıştır.

TBMM onayı ile 1933 yılında Donanmanın ana üssünün Gölcük Deniz Ana Üssü olmasına karar verilmiştir. Aynı yıl Gölcük Tersanesinde inşa edilen ilk gemi olan Gölcük Tankeri 26 Temmuz 1934 tarihinde kızağa konmuş ve 1 Kasım 1935 tarihinde denize indirilmiştir.

1936 yılında Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'nin imzalanmasıyla birlikte boğazlar üzerindeki Türk egemenliği pekişmiş, donanmanın önemi çok daha öne çıkmıştır. Bu öneme binaen İstanbul ve Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlıkları kurulmuş ve bu komutanlıklara bağlı olarak çalışacak Deniz Komutanlığı birimleri oluşturulmuştur.

Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri, II. Dünya Harbi zamanında da boş durmamıştır. 1939 yılında İngiltere'den dört muhrip ve dört denizaltı (bkz: Refah Faciası) siparişi verilmiş ve isimlerini bizzat Atatürk'ün verdiği BATIRAY, ATILAY, SALDIRAY ve YILDIRAY denizaltıları donanmaya katılmıştır.

Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı (1949-günümüz)

Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Karargâhında 1928 yılından 1949 yılına kadar Deniz Müsteşarlığı olarak temsil edilen Deniz Kuvvetleri, Yüksek Askerî Şûra'nın 15 Ağustos 1949 günü almış olduğu tarihi bir kararla Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı olarak teşkil edilmiştir. Bu yeni teşkilatlanma, Türk Deniz Kuvvetlerinin çağdaş ve güçlü bir yapıya kavuşması yönünde önemi bir dönüm noktasıdır. Bu tarihten itibaren Deniz Kuvvetinin tüm yönetimini üzerine alan Deniz Kuvvetleri, mevcut kaynaklarını en rasyonel şekilde kullanarak her geçen gün daha da büyümüş, dünyadaki tüm gelişmeleri takip ederek, emin ve kararlı adımlar atmıştır.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 18 Şubat 1952 tarihinde Kuzey Atlantik Savunma Paktı (NATO)'na üye olması ile birlikte, Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri de NATO'ya üye olan ülkelerle ilişkilerini artırmış; kuvvet yapısını, eğitim doktrinini, imkân ve kabiliyetlerini geliştirmiş ve NATO standartlarında harekât icra edebilen bir hüviyet kazanmıştır.

Bu dönemde, 4 Nisan 1953 tarihinde TCG Dumlupınar denizaltısının Çanakkale Boğazı'nda İsveç şilebi Naboland ile çarpışması sonucu 81 denizaltıcı ölmüştür.

Deniz Kuvvetlerinin büyüyen ve gelişen ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak maksadıyla Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı:

Donanma Komutanlığı
Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanlığı
Güney Deniz Saha Komutanlığı
Deniz Eğitim Komutanlığı
Deniz Teknik Komutanlığı

şeklinde beş ana ast komutanlık olarak yeniden teşkilatlandırılmıştır. Deniz Eğitim Komutanlığının ismi 1995 yılında Deniz Eğitim ve Öğretim Komutanlığı olarak değiştirilmiştir.

Kıbrıs Sorunu 1960'lı yıllarda yoğun olarak ülke gündemini işgal etmeye başladığında çeşitli ihtimaliyat planları yapılmış ve güçlü bir Çıkarma Filosunun tesis ve idamesi bir zorunluluk olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu gelişmeler paralelinde, yurt içinde amfibi gemi ve araçlarının inşasına öncelik verilirken, yurt dışından da özellikle tank çıkarma gemisi tedariki yönünde planlamalar yapılmıştır. Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri, 1974 yılında Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı'nda kilit rol oynamış ve amfibi harekâtı başarı ile gerçekleştirerek, amfibi ve kara birliklerinin emniyetle Kıbrıs'a çıkmasını sağlamış; aynı zamanda hem Kıbrıs'a yönelik düşman takviyesini engellemiş hem de kara harekâtına deniz top ateş desteği sağlayarak, askerî ve siyasi hedeflerin ele geçirilmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır. Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri, harekât sırasında 67 mensubunu (54 denizci, 13 deniz piyadesi) ve TCG Kocatepe (D-354) muhribini kaybetmiştir.

1980'li yıllar Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri'nin Cumhuriyet dönemindeki gelişiminin tepe noktasına doğru ivme kazandığı yıllar olmuştur. Bu yıllarda, muhtelif modernizasyon projeleri gerçekleştirilmiş; Deniz Kuvvetlerinin harp silah ve araçlarında tek kaynağa bağlı kalmamak hedefine yönelik önemli adımlar atılmıştır. Gölcük Tersanesinde 1980 yılında inşa edilen 1000 tonluk Ay Sınıfı denizaltı, Türk denizaltıcılığının gelişim sürecinde önemli dönüm noktalarından birisini teşkil etmiş; yine Gölcük'te 1988 yılında inşa edilen ilk modern fırkateyn olan TCG Fatih (F-242), Gölcük Tersanesinin uluslararası arenadaki prestijini daha da artırmıştır.

Bazı alanlardaki imkân ve kabiliyetlerini 1980'li yıllarda istenilen seviyeye çıkaramayan Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri, 1990'lı yılların sonunda gerçek anlamda bir açık deniz kuvveti hüviyeti kazanmıştır. Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri bu yıllarda harbe hazırlık seviyesi ve harekât kabiliyetini önemli ölçüde geliştirmiştir. Bu dönemde, Kara ve Hava Kuvvetleri ile yapılan müşterek harekâta yönelik büyük ilerlemeler kaydedilmiş; Hava Kuvvetleri uçakları ile Orta ve Doğu Akdeniz de dahil olmak üzere, açık denizlerde müşterek harekât icra edebilme yeteneği artırılmıştır.

Bu dönemin en önemli gelişmelerinden birisi de, 1987 yılında Aksaz Deniz Üssü'nün Ege ile Akdeniz'i buluşturan stratejik bir mevkide tesis edilmesi olmuş; böylece, hem Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri hem de dost ve yabancı ülke gemilerini üs ve liman kolaylıkları açısından desteklemek üzere ilave bir yetenek kazanılmıştır.

2023 yılında Deniz Kurmay Albay Gökçen Fırat, tuğamiral rütbesine terfi ederek Deniz Kuvvetlerinin ilk kadın amirali olmuştur.

Birimleri

1961 yılında Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, Karargâh ve 4 ana ast komutanlık olarak teşkilatlandırılmıştır.

Sualtı Taarruz Komutanlığı, İstanbul

Donanma Komutanlığı, Gölcük,Kocaeli
Harp Filosu Komutanlığı, Gölcük, Kocaeli
Kuzey Görev Grup Komutanlığı, Gölcük, Kocaeli
Batı Görev Grup Komutanlığı, Foça, İzmir
Güney Görev Grup Komutanlığı, Aksaz, Muğla
Denizaltı Filosu Komutanlığı, Gölcük, Kocaeli
Mayın Filosu Komutanlığı, Erdek, Balıkesir
Deniz Hava Komutanlığı, Cengiz Topel, Kocaeli
Yıldızlar Suüstü Eğitim Merkezi Komutanlığı Gölcük, Kocaeli
Lojistik Destek Gemileri Komodorluğu, Gölcük, Kocaeli
Gölcük Ana Üs Komutanlığı,Gölcük,Kocaeli
Envanter Kontrol Merkezi Komutanlığı, Kocaeli
Deniz İkmal Merkezi Komutanlığı, Kocaeli
Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanlığı, Kasımpaşa, İstanbul
İstanbul Boğaz Komutanlığı, Anadolukavağı, İstanbul
Çanakkale Boğaz Komutanlığı, Çanakkale
Karadeniz Bölge Komutanlığı, Karadeniz Ereğli, Zonguldak
Kurtarma ve Sualtı Komutanlığı, Beykoz, İstanbul
Seyir Hidrografi ve Oşinografi Dairesi Başkanlığı, Çubuklu, İstanbul
Deniz Müzesi Komutanlığı, Beşiktaş, İstanbul
Deniz Tıbbi Araştırma Merkezi Komutanlığı, Tuzla, İstanbul
Tuzla Bakım, Onarım ve İstihkam Komutanlığı
Güney Deniz Saha Komutanlığı, Narlıdere, İzmir
Amfibi Görev Grup Komutanlığı
Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugay Komutanlığı, Foça, İzmir
Amfibi Gemiler Komutanlığı
Aksaz Deniz Üs Komutanlığı, Marmaris
Akdeniz Bölge Komutanlığı, Akdeniz, Mersin
Deniz Gözetleme Komutanlığı,İzmir
İskenderun Deniz Üs Komutanlığı, İskenderun, Hatay
Ege Deniz Bölge Komutanlığı, Bayraklı, İzmir
Foça Deniz Üs Komutanlığı, Foça, İzmir
Sarucapaşa Eğitim Merkezi Komutanlığı, Foça, İzmir
İzmir Bakım Onarım ve İstihkam Komutanlığı
Deniz Eğitim ve Öğretim Komutanlığı, Beylerbeyi, İstanbul

Eğitim Filotillası Komodorluğu, Tuzla, İstanbul
Karamürselbey Eğitim Merkezi Komutanlığı, Altınova, Yalova
Derince Eğitim Merkezi Komutanlığı, Derince, Kocaeli
Deniz KBRN Savunma ve Eğitim Merkezi Komutanlığı, Altınova, Yalova
Deniz Teknik Komutanlığı

 Araştırma Merkezi Komutanlığı Pendik, İstanbul

Projeler ve alımlar

Envanter

Savaş gemileri

Denizaltılar

Komutanlar

Rütbeler

Ayrıca bakınız
Bağlı olduğu birim
 (sonra) Millî Savunma Bakanlığı
 (önce) Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri
Diğer birimler
 Türk Kara Kuvvetleri
 Türk Hava Kuvvetleri
Daha fazlası
 Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanları listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Deniz Müzesi

Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri


Karılar Koğuşu, 1989 yapımı Türk filmi. Başrollerini Kadir İnanır, Hülya Koçyiğit ve Perihan Savaş paylaşmıştır.

Konusu
Kemal Tahir'in 3 aylık cezaevinde geçen zamanı anlatılır.

Oyuncular
 Kadir İnanır - Murat / Kemal Tahir (ses. Kamran Usluer)
 Hülya Koçyiğit - Tözey (ses. Arsen Gürzap)
 Perihan Savaş - Hanım Kuzu
 Erol Taş - Baş Gardiyan (ses. Haldun Ergüvenç)
 Tuncer Necmioğlu - Hacı Abdullah
 Ayşegül Ünsal - Şefika (ses. Bedia Ener)
 Serra Yılmaz - Arşanuzlu Safiye (ses. Güler Ökten)
 Süer İzat - Müdür (ses. Köksal Engür)
 Saime Bekbay - Ayşe Ana
 Güzin Çorağan - Mahkum Sıdıka
 Beste Sezin Çınarcı - Aduş
 Ülkü Ülker - Eplemeli Ayşe
 Sami Hazinses - Topal Sefer
 Kudret Karadağ - Gardiyan Vahap (ses. Ersin Sanver)
 Sırrı Elitaş - Gardiyan Derviş (ses. Savaş Taner)
 Esin Eden - Ali'nin annesi
 Nalan Yavuz - Halime
 İrem Altuğ - Selime
 İhsan Yüce - Remzi Efendi (ses. Özdemir Han)
 Köksal Önem - Başçavuş Rıfkı (ses. Rıdvan Çelebi)
 Zekai Müftüoğlu - Müdür
 Bülent Ufuk - Hakim
 Hikmet Gül - Hubuş Bacı (ses. Zerrin Sümer)
 Sabriye Kara - Münevver
 Hakkı Kıvanç - Bekçi
 Neşe Arda - Fatma Bacı
 Nalan Kıray - Ayşe
 Gonca Çokdan
 Mehtap Ar - Kıvırcık

Ödüller
 1990 Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, "En İyi Film" Ödülü
 1990 Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, "En İyi Yönetmen" Ödülü, Halit Refiğ
 1990 Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, "En İyi Kadın Oyuncu" Ödülü, Hülya Koçyiğit
 1990 Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, "En İyi Yardımcı Kadın Oyuncu" Ödülü, Ayşegül Ünsal
 1990 Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, "En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu" Ödülü, Tuncer Necmioğlu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Beyazperde´de Karılar Koğuşu
 IMDb´de Karılar Koğuşu
 Sinemalar´da Karılar Koğuşu
 SinemaTürk'te Karılar Koğuşu
 TSA´de Karılar Koğuşu

Altın Portakal Ödülü sahipleri
1989 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Türker İnanoğlu'nun yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Kemal Tahir
Halit Refiğ'in senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
Türk romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
Türk hapishane filmleri
Halit Refiğ'in yönettiği filmler
Melih Kibar'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Altın Portakal En İyi Film Ödülü kazanan filmler
Erler Film filmleri
Çetin Gürtop'un görüntülediği filmler
1980'lerde Türkçe filmler
1989 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Karılar Koğuşu (film)


Mishima may refer to:

Places
 Mishima, Fukushima, a town in Fukushima Prefecture
 Mishima, Kagoshima, a village in Kagoshima Prefecture
 Mishima, Niigata, a town in Niigata Prefecture
 Mishima, Shizuoka, a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
 Mishima District, Osaka, a district in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
 Mishima Island, Yamaguchi, an island outside Hagi in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
 Mishima cattle, an endangered cattle breed found on the island

Other uses
 People named Mishima (surname); most notably, Japanese writer Yukio Mishima
 Mishima, a megacorporation in Mutant Chronicles
 Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, a 1985 film directed by Paul Schrader
 Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (soundtrack), soundtrack to the 1985 film performed by Kronos Quartet and composed by Philip Glass
 Mishima pottery, slip inlay style of ceramic pottery adopted from Korea probably in the 16th century
 , a predreadnought battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy
 Mishima (band), a Catalan indie pop band
 Mishima Zaibatsu, a fictional company owned by the Mishima family in the Tekken series

Mishima


Son Osmanlı Yandım Ali, Suat Yalaz'ın aynı adlı çizgi romanından uyarlanmış sinema filmi. İstanbul'un işgal altında olduğu yıllarda Osmanlı külhanbeyi Yandım Ali'nin, Mustafa Kemal Paşa'yla yolunun kesişmesiyle başlayan Kurtuluş Savaşı macerasını anlatıyor. Yönetmenliğini Mustafa Şevki Doğan'ın üstlendiği filmin başrollerinde Kenan İmirzalıoğlu, Cansu Dere, Engin Şenkan ve Ukraynalı Anna Babkova rol almaktadır.

Konusu
Film, Osmanlı başkenti İstanbul'un düşmanın kuşatması altında kaldığı I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonraki yıllarda geçiyor. Askerliğini yeni tamamlayan Tahtacızade Ali (Kenan İmirzalıoğlu) adlı bir donanma çavuşu, Ali uzakta iken başka bir adamla evlenen nişanlısı Defne'ye (Cansu Dere) özlem duymaktadır. Ali, Defne'yi kaçırıp Viyana'ya kaçmayı planlar. Ancak Ali'nin planları, Türk topraklarını düşmandan kurtarmak için yeni yola çıkan Mustafa Kemal Paşa ile karşılaşınca değişir. Ali, gerçek aşkının ülkesi olduğunu anlar ve ülkesini kurtarma çabalarına katılır.

Oyuncular
 Kenan İmirzalıoğlu - Tahtacızade "Yandım" Ali
 Cansu Dere - Defne
 Engin Şenkan - Çukurçeşmeli Osman Bey
 Anna Babkova - Nadia
 Alican Yücesoy - Mustafa Kemal Paşa
 Hasan Yalnızoğlu - Kara Necati (Casus)
 Baykut Badem - Kelle
 John Baker - Dimitri Dimitros
 Emin Boztepe - M. Gouraud (Mösyü Guro)
 Öner Erkan - Gerard (Jerar)
 Kim Feenstra - Colette
 İlker Ayrık - Yorgo
 Halil Kumova - İsmail Bey
 Mustafa Selçuk Gürmeriç - Müftü
 Kaya Gürel - Kaymakam
 Halil İbrahim Kalaycıoğlu - Cemal Paşa

Yapımı
Yönetmen Mustafa Şevki Doğan Reuters'e verdiği demeçte, Yandım Ali büyük bir kahraman ve kahramanlık her zaman bize hitap eden bir şey. Belki de halkımızın yapısını bildiğimiz ve milliyetçi filmleri seven çoğunluk olduğunu bildiğimiz için bu yolu izliyoruz şeklinde konuşmuştur.

Film, İstanbul ve Bahçeşehir'de çekildi.

Festival Gösterimleri
 31. Kahire Uluslararası Film Festivali (27 Kasım-7 Aralık 2007)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Filmin resmî sitesi

 http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/397501.asp/

2007 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Türk tarihî aksiyon filmleri
Türk çizgi romanlarından uyarlanan filmleri
Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı filmleri
2000'lerde aksiyon macera filmleri
Türk aksiyon macera filmleri
Türk savaş filmleri
Özen Film filmleri
Konusu Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda geçen filmler
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler
2000'lerde Türkçe filmler
2000'lerde aksiyon-savaş filmleri

Son Osmanlı Yandım Ali