Wild rose is the common name of certain flowering shrubs:
Any wild members of the Genus Rosa (see List of Rosa species), or, more especially:
 Rosa acicularis, "wild rose", a rose species which occurs in Asia, Europe, and North America
 Rosa arkansana, "wild prairie rose", a rose species native to a large area of central North America
 Rosa canina, "wild rose" or "dog rose", a climbing rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia
 Rosa virginiana, "Virginia rose", a rose species native to North America
Rosa woodsii, "wild rose" of the sagebrush steppe in the Great Basin of North America
Genus Diplolaena:
Diplolaena grandiflora, an Australian flowering shrub

Wild Rose or Wildrose may also refer to:

Places
Canada
 Wild Rose, Edmonton, neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta
 Wild Rose (electoral district)
 Wild Rose, Saskatchewan
Wildrose, North Dakota
 Wild Rose, Wisconsin, village
 Wild Rose, Richland County, Wisconsin, unincorporated community

Arts, literature, music
 Wild Rose (band), a country music performance group
 Wild Rose, a novel by American writer Deb Caletti
 Wild Roses, a painting by Vincent van Gogh
 Wild Rose, a musical by W. O. Mitchell
 "Wild Rose", a song by the Bombay Rockers
 "Wild Roses", a song by Of Monsters and Men from Fever Dream, 2019

Film and television
 Wildrose (film), a 1984 film directed by John Hanson
 Wild Rose (film), a 2018 film directed by Tom Harper
 Wild Roses (film), a 2017 Polish film directed by Anna Jadowska
 Wild Roses (TV series), a Canadian television show

Bars, brewers, beverages
 The Wildrose (bar), Seattle lesbian bar opened in 1984
 Wild Rose Brewery, a beer brewery located in Calgary, Alberta
 Wild Irish Rose, an alcoholic beverage produced by Canandaigua Wine Company

Politics
Wildrose Party, a political party in Alberta which merged into the United Conservative Party
Wildrose Party of Alberta, forerunner of the Wildrose Party
Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, a provincial political party consisting of the merging of the Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta and Wexit Alberta
Wildrose Loyalty Coalition, a political party split from the Wildrose Independence Party

Ships
 USS Wilrose II (SP-195), a United States Navy patrol vessel in service from 1918 to 1919 sometimes referred to in U.S. Navy records as "USS Wild Rose"

Wild Rose


Isabella Jagellonica eller Isabella Jagiełło (; ) (18. januar 1519–15. september 1559) var en polsk-litauisk prinsesse, der var dronning af Ungarn fra 1539 til 1540.

Hun var datter af kong Sigismund 1. af Polen og blev gift med den ungarske konge Johan Zápolya i 1539. Efter mandens død var hun regent i Ungarn fra 1540 til 1559 som formynder for sønnen Johan Sigismund Zápolya, der under navnet Johan 2. var konge af Ungarn fra 1540 til 1570.

En af hendes søstre, Katarina Jagellonica, blev dronning af Sverige.

Biografi

Isabella blev født den 18. januar 1519 i Krakow i Polen som datter af kong Sigismund 1. af Polen i hans ægteskab med den italienske prinsesse Bona Sforza. I 1539 blev hun gift med den ungarske konge Johan Zápolya. Da denne døde to uger efter fødslen af deres søn Johan Sigismund i 1540, blev hun regent af Ungarn som formynderske for sin umyndige søn, der blev valgt til konge af Ungarn. Efter Budas erobring af tropper fra Det Osmanniske Rige i 1541 fik hun af sultan Süleyman 1. tildelt området Transsylvanien at regere over. Da Transsylvanien efter en traktat i 1551 tilfaldt kejser Ferdinand 1., forlod hun landet med sin søn men vendte tilbage i 1556. Hun døde 40 år gammel den 15. september 1559 i Gyulafehérvár i Transsylvanien (i dag Alba Iulia, Rumænien).

Eksterne links

Dronninger af Ungarn
Huset Jagiello

Isabella Jagellonica


Dean Bradley Henderson (fæddur 12. mars 1997) er enskur knattspyrnumaður sem spilar stöðu markvarðar með Nottingham Forest á láni frá Manchester United og enska landsliðinu.

Henderson spreytti sig í úrvalsdeildinni sem aðalmarkmaður Sheffield United 2019-2020.

Enskir knattspyrnumenn
fólk fætt árið 1997

Dean Henderson


Contrea (Carmaron), jedno od glavnih hjuronskih sela u Ontariju u 17. stoljeću; smješten u blizini današnjeg jezera Lannigan's Lake. Champlain (1615.) ga naziva Carmaron.

U 17. stoljeću spominje se i neko pleme hjuronski nazivano Kontareahronon, na Ragueneau-ovoj mapi iznačeno na južnoj obali rijeke St. Lawrence. Ime očito označava stanovnike sela Contrea.

Ostale varijante imena: Contareia, Contarrea, Kontarea.

Izvori

Indijanska sela, Huron

Contrea


Alice Louise Waters (født 28 april 1944) er en amerikansk kok, aktivist og forfatter. Hun ejer restauranten Chez Panisse i Berkeley, Kalifornien som er kendt for at bruge lokale og økologiske madvarer og som en pioner indenfor California cuisine.

Hun har skrevet flere bøger om mad og madlavning, senest hendes erindringer under titlen 'Coming to my Senses: The Making of a Counterculture Cook' fra 2017. Hun startede Chez Panissefonden i 1996.

Bøger
 California Fresh Harvest: A Seasonal Journey through Northern California
 Chez Panisse Pasta, Pizza, Calzone (1984)
 Chez Panisse Menu Cookbook (1995)
 Chez Panisse Vegetables (1996)
 Fanny at Chez Panisse: A Child's Restaurant Adventures with 46 Recipes (1997)
 Chez Panisse Café Cookbook (1999)
 Chez Panisse Cooking (2001)
 Chez Panisse Fruit (2002)
 Slow Food: The Case for Taste (Arts and Traditions of the Table: Perspectives on Culinary History)
 The Art of Simple Food (2007)
 The Edible Schoolyard (2008)
 In the Green Kitchen: Techniques to Learn by Heart (2010)
 Coming to my Senses: The Making of a Counterculture Cook (2017)

Kokke
Personer fra USA
Kogebogsforfattere

Alice Louise Waters


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter bei der OECD enthält alle Ständigen Vertreter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bei der OECD in Paris seit 1948 (bis 1961 OECC).

Weblinks
 Website der Ständigen Vertretung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bei der OECD in Paris

OECD
Deutschland
Deutschland
Außenwirtschaftspolitik (Deutschland)

Liste der Ständigen Vertreter Deutschlands bei der OECD


Kavuktepe, Tunceli ilinin Hozat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski ismi "Geviçler" olup 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 59 km, Hozat ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Hozat belde ve köyleri

Kavuktepe, Hozat


Adam Hamilton Ingram (born 1 May 1951) is a Scottish politician who was a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2016. He was first a MSP for the South of Scotland region from 1999 to 2011, then the MSP for the Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituency from 2011 to 2016.

Early life
Ingram was born on 1 May 1951 in Kilmarnock, Scotland. He was an economist before becoming a parliamentarian, and had been the SNP's national organiser.

Electoral record
Ingram stood as a candidate in the Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituency in the first four Scottish Parliament elections. In the first three elections he lost to Labour's Cathy Jamieson but was elected as a list MSP for the South of Scotland region each time in 1999, 2003 and 2007. He was elected to the constituency in the 2011 election with a majority of 2,581 votes over his nearest rival, Richard Leonard, future Leader of the Scottish Labour Party.

Positions held
Ingram was a shadow deputy minister from 2000 onwards, with responsibility for Children and Early Education from 2004. After the SNP formed a minority government in 2007, Ingram was the Scottish Government's Minister for Children and Early Years until 2011.

External links
MSP website

SNP website

1951 births
Living people
People from Kilmarnock
Scottish businesspeople
Scottish economists
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016

Adam Ingram (SNP politician)


Pedro Marcelo Mouratian (Valentín Alsina, Lanús, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 8 de julio de 1965) es un político argentino. Tuvo un rol preponderante en la aprobación de las leyes del Reconocimiento del Genocidio armenio cometido por Turquía (Ley 26.199) y de Matrimonio Igualitario (Ley 26.618). Se desempeñó como interventor en INADI desde junio de 2011 a diciembre de 2015.

Biografía
Mouratian nació el 8 de julio de 1965 en Valentín Alsina, en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hijo de María Hekimian, nacida en Montevideo, República Oriental del Uruguay y Carlos Garabed Mouratian, un especialista en alfombras persas y armenias. Pedro es el segundo hijo de los tres que tuvieron. Sus abuelos llegaron al Río de la Plata escapándose del genocidio armenio cometido por Turquía en los años 1915-1923.

Mouratian hizo el jardín de infantes, la primaria y la secundaria en la Escuela Armenia Jrimian, de la Asociación Cultural Armenia.

Carrera
Interesado por trabajar en el tema de las reivindicaciones por el tema de las reparaciones históricas al pueblo armenio, en 1981 entró en las filas de la Unión Juventud Armenia (UJA), en la filial Valentín Alsina y allí comenzó su vocación por la política. En el año 1983 inició la carrera de Licenciatura en Publicidad en la Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. En 1984 formó parte de la Comisión Central Sudamericana de la Unión Juventud Armenia.

En 1987 dirigió el semanario La Tribuna para toda la zona norte del Gran Buenos Aires. Desde el año 1992 fue el editor del Diario Armenia. De 1998 a 2003 fue Presidente del Foro de ONG´s que luchan contra la discriminación y miembro del Consejo de Presidencia de la Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos (APDH).

Participó en 2001 como representante de la República Argentina de la Conferencia de Revisión de Durban realizada en la sede de Naciones Unidas (ONU) en Ginebra, repitiendo en 2009 su asistencia como representante del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de Argentina. Fue Director del Consejo Nacional Armenio de Sudamérica en 2002 hasta 2006, cuando fue nombrado Vicepresidente del Instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación, la Xenofobia y el Racismo (INADI), por acuerdo de ambas Cámaras del Congreso Nacional y designado por el Presidente Néstor Kirchner. Mantiene el cargo durante sus cuatro años correspondientes.

En 2010 se lo designó miembro de la delegación oficial argentina en la presentación del 19° y 20° Informes Periódicos ante el Comité para la Eliminación de todas las formas de Discriminación Racial de las Naciones Unidas. En el mismo año fue distinguido por la Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas (DAIA), en reconocimiento de "su actitud permanente en pos de rescatar la pluralidad, la diversidad, la convivencia y contribuir a construir una sociedad mejor". Además, en el mismo año recibió una distinción del Centro Islámico de la República Argentina (CIRA) por su trayectoria en el campo de los derechos humanos.

Tras haber finalizado su gestión como vicepresidente del INADI, fue designado en 2010 como Coordinador de Investigación y Capacitación de Políticas contra Discriminación del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, con rango de Subsecretario, mediante los Decretos presidenciales N° 219 y 220. En el discurso de asunción expresó su reconocimiento a la presidenta de la Nación, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, por haber tomado la decisión de nombrarlo en un cargo de tan alta responsabilidad.

El 10 de junio de 2011 el gobierno nacional presidido por Cristina Kirchner dispuso intervenir por 180 días el Instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación, la Xenofobia y el Racismo (INADI) mediante el Decreto 756 y designó a Mouratian al frente del organismo.

Referencias

Derechos humanos en Argentina
Políticos de Argentina

Pedro Mouratian


Várias marinhas construíram uma série de cruzadores pesados entre as décadas de 1910 e 1940. Estes navios foram definidos pelo Tratado Naval de Washington de 1922 e pelo Tratado Naval de Londres de 1930 como cruzadores armados com canhões principais maiores que 155 milímetros e de até 203 milímetros. Os primeiros navios do tipo foram aqueles da Classe Hawkins da Marinha Real Britânica, que pela década seguinte também construiu a Classe County e a Classe York. A Marinha Imperial Japonesa começou com a Classe Furutaka, que foi sucedida pela Classe Aoba, Classe Myōkō e Classe Takao. Os tratados internacionais proibiram o Japão de construir mais cruzadores pesados, assim construíram a Classe Mogami como cruzadores rápidos, porém estes foram depois convertidos em cruzadores pesados e sucedidos pela Classe Tone e Classe Ibuki, mas esta última nunca foi finalizada.

A Marinha Nacional Francesa começou construindo a Classe Duquesne, com a Marinha Real Italiana respondendo com a Classe Trento. Os franceses então construíram a Classe Suffren e o , já os italianos construíram em seguida a Classe Zara e o . Os franceses ainda planejaram a Classe Saint-Louis, que nunca foi construída. A Marinha dos Estados Unidos foi a mais prolífica na construção de cruzadores pesados, operando a Classe Pensacola, Classe Northampton, Classe Portland, Classe New Orleans, , Classe Baltimore, Classe Oregon City e Classe Des Moines, porém algumas unidades destas duas últimas não foram finalizadas. As alemãs Reichsmarine e depois Kriegsmarine também construíram alguns navios, sendo estes da Classe Deutschland e Classe Admiral Hipper, também planejando mas nunca construindo a Classe D e Classe P.

Outros países também operaram cruzadores pesados, mas em número muito menor do que as grandes potências. A Marinha Real Australiana inicialmente operou dois membros da Classe County britânica, com uma terceira unidade sendo depois transferida da Marinha Real Britânica quando um de seus navios originais foi afundado. A Armada Argentina encomendou na Itália dois membros da Classe Veinticinco de Mayo, que tinha seu projeto inspirado na Classe Trento. A Armada Espanhola construiu dois navios da Classe Canarias usando um projeto britânico como base. Por último, a Marinha Soviética construiu seis embarcações da Classe Kirov, também recebendo da Kriesgmarine um membro incompleto da Classe Admiral Hipper que nunca foi finalizado.

Apenas dois cruzadores pesados foram perdidos antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial: o britânico  em 1922 e o espanhol  em 1938. A enorme maioria participou da Segunda Guerra desempenhando diferentes funções, atuando no Oceano Atlântico, Oceano Pacífico, Oceano Índico e Mar Mediterrâneo. A maioria dos cruzadores de Alemanha, Itália e Japão foram afundados durante o conflito, enquanto várias das unidades da França foram deliberadamente afundadas por suas tripulações em 1942 para não serem tomadas pelos alemães. Austrália, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido também perderam um pequeno número de suas embarcações. Após o fim da guerra, a grande maioria dos navios sobreviventes foi descomissionada e desmontada pelas décadas seguintes, porém alguns dos cruzadores norte-americanos continuaram servindo no pós-guerra, participando da Guerra da Coreia e Guerra do Vietnã. O  dos Estados Unidos é o único cruzador pesado do mundo preservado.

Alemanha

Argentina

Austrália

Espanha

Estados Unidos

França

Itália

Japão

Reino Unido

União Soviética

Referências

Bibliografia

Lista de cruzadores pesados


Solveig Vitanza (nascida a 10 de julho de 1982) é uma política norueguesa.

Foi eleita vice-representante no Storting pelo círculo eleitoral de Østfold para o período 2021-2025, pelo Partido Trabalhista. Ela substituiu Jon-Ivar Nygård no Storting a partir de 2021, enquanto Nygård é ministro no governo.

Vitanza é natural de Halden e é membro do conselho municipal de Halden desde 2019. Ela formou-se na Universidade de Oslo, e já trabalhou na Universidade de Østfold.

Mulheres da Noruega na política
Membros do Parlamento da Noruega
Alunos da Universidade de Oslo
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1982
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Solveig Vitanza


Friedrich Ludwig Scharf (* 1884 im Großherzogtum Mecklenburg; † 1965 vermutlich in Mosbach) war ein deutscher Zeichner, Maler und Soldat im Ersten Weltkrieg.

Leben
Der nach den Signaturen seiner Werke zumeist als Ludwig Scharf bezeichnete Künstler war zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs Berufssoldat im Großherzoglich-Mecklenburgischen Jäger-Bataillon 14, wo er den Rang eines Standartenträgers innehatte. Während des Kriegsverlaufs verbrachte Scharf die meiste Zeit an der Ostfront, wo er sowohl zusammen mit Kavallerieregimentern als auch Reserve- und Landsturmtruppen an Kampfhandlungen teilnahm, aber auch Zeit fand, die Uniformierung und Ausrüstung dieser diversen Einheiten in zahlreichen Aquarellen und kolorierten Holzschnitten exakt festzuhalten. Scharf erwarb 1918 den Rang eines Offiziersstellvertreters. Auch nach 1918 fertigte er, nachweislich bis etwa 1939, weitere Uniformdarstellungen an.

Neben der Darstellung kontemporärer deutscher Uniformen fertigte Scharf auch einige Serien mit zahlreichen Farbabbildungen historischer Uniformen von Armeen diverser europäischer Nationen, einschließlich der türkischen Armee, an. Eine Zusammenarbeit mit Herbert Knötel, dem Sohn des Historienmalers Richard Knötel, ist für einige Bilderserien nachweisbar. Vermutlich nach 1945 war Scharf in Mosbach ansässig und als Zeichner bekannt.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Zweierlei Tuch.
 Buntes Tuch.
 mit Herbert Knötel: Das Kasket – Handdrucke zur Geschichte der militärischen Tracht. Siegfried Weyr u. a., Wien 1924/25.

Literatur
 Hans-Werner Haas: Friedrich Ludwig Scharf, ein Zeichner in Mosbach, im Bauland u. Odenwald. In: Unser Land. Band 1984, 1985, S. 81–84, m. Abb.
 Peter Hofschroer: Prussian Light Infantry 1792–1815. Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78096-527-7, S. 37.
 Charles Woolley: In the Service of the Kaiser: Uniforms and Equipment of the World War I German Soldier as painted by Soldier-Artist Friedrich Ludwig Scharf. Schiffer Publishing, Atglen PA, USA, 2004, ISBN 0-7643-1981-7.
 Nigel Thomas: The German Army in World War I (1): 1914-15. (= Men at Arms. Band 394). Osprey Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1-84176-565-1, S. 13.
 U. Friese, W. Pahl: Die Uniformierung, Ausrüstung und Bewaffnung der Freiwilligen Jäger der Preußischen Armee 1813–1815. (Versuch einer Rekonstruktion der Handzeichnungen der von Kleist'schen Sammlung und basierend auf zeitgenössischen Quellen sowie späteren Bearbeitungen von Richard Knötel, Herbert Knötel d. J., Ludwig Scharf, Georg Schäfer u. a). LTR-Verlag, Buchholz 1998, ISBN 3-88706-421-6.

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Deutschland)
Zeichner (Deutschland)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Künstler (Mecklenburg)
Kriegsmaler
Deutscher
Geboren 1884
Gestorben 1965
Mann

Friedrich Ludwig Scharf


En Kvinde uden Moral (originaltitel: Woman of Affairs er en amerikansk dramafilm fra 1928, som er instrueret af Clarence Brown.

Filmen havde Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Douglas Fairbanks Jr. og Lewis Stone i hovedrollerne. Manuskriptet blev skrevet af Bess Meredyth og er baseret på bestsellerromanen The Green Hat af Michael Arlen. Meredyth blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste filmatisering i 1930. Filmen blev udgivet med synkroniseret musik og lydeffekter.

Medvirkende
 Greta Garbo – Diana Merrick Furness
 John Gilbert – Neville "Nevs" Holderness
 Lewis Stone – Dr. Hugh Trevelyan
 Johnny Mack Brown – David Furness
 Douglas Fairbanks Jr. – Jeffry Merrick
 Hobart Bosworth – Sir Morton Holderness
 Dorothy Sebastian – Constance

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1928
Sort-hvide film fra USA
Engelsksprogede film
Dramafilm fra USA

En Kvinde uden Moral


Euphalacra este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Drepanidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Euphalacra

Euphalacra


The following is a list of Dadaists. It includes those who are generally classed into different movements, but have created some Dadaist works.

A - D
 Pierre Albert-Birot (22 April 1876 – 25 July 1967)
 Guillaume Apollinaire (August 26, 1880 – November 9, 1918)
 Louis Aragon (October 3, 1897 – December 24, 1982)
 Jean Arp (September 16, 1886 – June 7, 1966)
 Alice Bailly (February 25, 1872 – January 1 1938)
 Johannes Baader (June 22, 1875 – January 15, 1955)
 Johannes Theodor Baargeld (October 9, 1892 – August 16 or 17, 1927)
 Hugo Ball (February 22, 1886 – September 14, 1927)
 André Breton (February 19, 1896 – September 28, 1966)
 Gino Cantarelli (1899 – 1950)
 John Covert (painter) (May 22, 1887 – November 1918?)
 Jean Crotti (April 24, 1878 – January 30, 1958)
 Theo van Doesburg (August 30, 1883 – March 7, 1931)
 Marcel Duchamp (July 28, 1887 – October 2, 1968)

E - H
 Viking Eggeling (October 21, 1880 – May 19, 1925)
 Paul Éluard (December 14, 1895 – November 18, 1952)
 Max Ernst (April 2, 1891 – April 1, 1976)
 Julius Evola (May 19, 1898 – June 11, 1974)
 Lyonel Feininger (July 17, 1871 – January 13, 1956)
 Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (12 July 1874 – 15 December 1927)
 George Grosz (July 26, 1893 – July 6, 1959)
 Raoul Hausmann (July 12, 1886 – February 1, 1971)
 John Heartfield (June 19, 1891 – April 26, 1968)
 Emmy Hennings (February 17, 1885 – August 10, 1948)
 Wieland Herzfelde (April 11, 1896 – November 23, 1988)
 Hannah Höch (November 1, 1889 – May 31, 1978)
 Richard Huelsenbeck (April 23, 1892 – April 30, 1974)
 Barry Humphries (17 February 1934 –)

I - R
 Marcel Janco (May 24, 1895 – April 21, 1984)
 Tsuji Jun (October 4, 1884 – November 24, 1944)
 Yves Klein (April 28, 1928 – June 6, 1962) (see Neo-Dada)
 Hans Leybold (April 2, 1892 – September 8, 1914)
 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (December 22, 1876 – December 2, 1944)
 Agnes Elizabeth Ernst Meyer (1887 – 1970)
 Pranas Morkūnas (October 9, 1900 – December 28, 1941)
 Clément Pansaers (May 1, 1885, – October 31, 1922)
 Francis Picabia (January 28, 1879 – November 30, 1953)
 Man Ray (August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976)
 Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes (June 19, 1884 – July 9, 1974)
 Hans Richter (April 6, 1888 – February 1, 1976)

S - Z
 Yi Sang (September 14, 1910 – April 17, 1937)
 Christian Schad (August 21, 1894 – February 25, 1982)
 Rudolf Schlichter (December 6, 1890 – May 3, 1955)
 Kurt Schwitters (June 20, 1887 – January 8, 1948)
 Walter Serner (January 15, 1889 – August 1942)
 Philippe Soupault (August 2, 1897 – March 12, 1990)
 Sophie Taeuber (January 19, 1889 – January 13, 1943)
 Tristan Tzara (April 4 or 16, 1896 – December 25, 1963)
 Louis Norton-Varése (20 November 1890 – 1 July 1989)
 Beatrice Wood (March 3, 1893 – March 12, 1998)
 Fried-Hardy Worm  (February 8, 1896, Berlin – August 29, 1973)
 Marius de Zayas (March 13, 1880 – January 10, 1961)

Dadaists

List of Dadaists


Crédit Agricole Group (), sometimes called La banque verte () due to its historical ties to farming, is a French international banking group and the world's largest cooperative financial institution. It is second largest bank in France, after BNP Paribas, as well as the third largest in Europe and tenth largest in the world. It consists of a network of Crédit Agricole local banks, 39 Crédit Agricole regional banks and a central institute, the Crédit Agricole S.A.. It is listed through Crédit Agricole S.A., as an intermediate holding company, on Euronext Paris' first market and is part of the CAC 40 stock market index. Local banks of the group owned the regional banks, in turn the regional banks majority owned the S.A. via a holding company, in turn the S.A. owned part of the subsidiaries of the group, such as LCL, the Italian network and the CIB unit. It is considered to be a systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board.

It was the title sponsor of the Crédit Agricole professional road cycling team from 1998 to 2008.

History

In the second half of the 19th century, French farmers struggled to obtain long-term, flexible, reasonably-priced credit. There were several attempts to set up farming banks, including Crédit Foncier de France in 1861, but none was successful.

Birth of Crédit Agricole and creation of the local and regional banks 1894–1900

Crédit Agricole can trace its history back to the end of the 19th century, and specifically to the Act of 1884 establishing the freedom of professional association, which authorised, among other things, the creation of farm unions and the foundation of local mutual banks. Société de Crédit Agricole was created on 23 February 1885 at Salins-les-Bains in the district of Poligny in the Jura region. It was the first of its kind in France.

Drawing on this experience and in an effort to promote lending to small family farms, the Act of 5 November 1894, which had the support of the Minister for Agriculture Jules Méline, paved the way for the creation of Crédit Agricole's local banks. The first local banks were set up by local elites, including agronomists, teachers and property owners, with farmers playing a minority role.

In the early years, business was made up exclusively of short-term loans provided as advances on harvests, enabling farmers to live more comfortably. Medium-term and long-term loans were added later, making it possible to buy equipment and livestock.

The 1894 Act did not confer any financial advantages, and the local banks soon faced financial problems, such as a lack of capital and insufficient collateral from small farmers. It was not until 1897 that the government addressed these problems by requiring the Banque de France to provide funding to Crédit Agricole through an endowment of 40 million gold francs and an annual fee of 2 million francs. A year later, the Act of 1898 resolved the collateral issues. Meanwhile, the Act of 31 March 1899 instituted a commission within the Ministry for Agriculture to distribute the government advances between the regional banks, which were also created at this time. These cooperative entities brought together the local banks in their catchment area and acted as their clearing organisations.

Building nationwide coverage 1900–1945
More and more local and regional banks were established from the turn of the century. By the eve of the First World War, every region had at least one. But the government continued to provide three-quarters of the funding, and short-term lending still accounted for the lion's share of business despite the authorisation to issue long-term loans granted by the Acts of 29 December 1906 and 19 March 1910. With some regions becoming isolated owing to the War, the need for a central bank to regulate business became more apparent, especially as Crédit Agricole was asked to provide financing to rebuild farming operations damaged during the conflict.

New legislation of 5 August 1920 established a public central clearing organisation for the regional banks: the Office National de Crédit Agricole (ONCA), with Louis Tardy as its chief executive officer, merging two services that were previously embedded in the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1926, the institution was renamed Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricole (CNCA).

In the 1920s, the bank continued to build its nationwide coverage and expand its business activities, notably by introducing loans to small-scale rural craftsmen in 1920, financing rural electrification and financing local authorities in rural areas from 1923.

Local and regional banks did not emerge from the 1930 crisis unscathed. The Caisse Nationale took on a greater role and aided the most heavily exposed banks. A joint deposit guarantee fund was set up in 1935. The following year, Crédit Agricole provided additional support by financing wheat stocks through discounting when the National Cereals Board (ONIC) was established. The payment mechanisms used helped to make cheques and bank accounts more popular in the countryside.

Between 1939 and 1945, the Vichy regime imposed stricter state supervision on Crédit Agricole. Major financial developments also took place at this time, including the creation of the five-year note.

Post-War period and creation of Fédération Nationale du Crédit Agricole 1945–1966

To finance the post-war reconstruction and encourage the mechanisation of farming, CNCA stepped up deposit-taking to supplement the funds provided by the government. The regional banks opened many offices, with the total increasing from 1,000 in 1947 to 2,259 by 1967.

Fédération Nationale du Crédit Agricole (FNCA) was created in 1948. It was tasked with representing the Crédit Agricole regional banks with respect to the public authorities and CNCA. It also played a role in training staff and gradually expanding Crédit Agricole's expertise.

In 1959, Crédit Agricole was authorised by decree to finance property loans for primary residences in rural areas, irrespective of the status of the owner (even non-farmers). The distribution of long-term bonds created in 1950 enabled Crédit Agricole to be self-financing from 1963. Financial flows between the government and the organisation reversed, with Crédit Agricole now sending deposits to the Treasury.

Crédit Agricole continued to modernise, with an influx of new managerial talent both in the regional banks and at CNCA. In 1960, Paul Driant became the first Chairman of CNCA to come from a farming background. He remained in this position for 14 years.

Birth of a universal bank 1966–1988
In 1966, as part of efforts to boost savings and remove Crédit Agricole from its budget, the government gave CNCA financial autonomy. Savings inflows no longer passed through the Treasury, and CNCA was now responsible for balancing the surpluses and deficits of the regional banks. The 1971 "Rurality Act" extended Crédit Agricole's potential financing sources to rural zones and to new types of customers, such as craftsmen and food producers. Lending to SMEs and mid-tier firms followed after.

The Banking Reform of 1966 allowed the organisation to offer households the same products as those provided by competitors, including passbook accounts and home savings plans.

The first subsidiaries were set up at the end of the 1960s to address the specific needs of CNCA: Union d'études et d'investissements (UI) was created in 1967 to make equity investments, followed by Segespar for asset management in 1968, and Unicrédit to grant loans to food producers in 1971. Crédit Agricole began distributing home purchase savings products from 1967, government-regulated mortgages from 1972 and first-time-buyer loans in 1977.

In 1976, the group adopted the slogan "le bon sens près de chez vous" ("common sense close to home").

Crédit Agricole opened its first foreign branch, in Chicago, in 1979, signalling the start of its strategy of international expansion. In that year, The Banker magazine ranked Crédit Agricole among the world's leading banks. Reflecting this progress, Crédit Agricole was made subject to France's 1984 Banking Act; previously it had been subject only to the Rural Code. In addition, an interbank agreement was signed to make Crédit Agricole bank cards part of the carte bleue system used by other banks.

The group's business diversification started in the 1980s. The Predica life insurance subsidiary was set up in 1986, while property & casualty unit Pacifica was created in 1990. The group expanded into bancassurance, offering the first retirement savings plans. At this time, many local bank directors were also directors of Groupama, an insurer from the farming sector. There was talk of a merger between the two, but this did not ultimately come to pass.

Institutional changes 1988–2001

On 18 January 1988, the CNCA Mutualisation Act came into force. CNCA was reincorporated into a public limited company, with a 90% stake sold to the regional banks and 10% to staff. Crédit Agricole became fully independent of the government, putting an end to the latter's practice of skimming off surplus funds. In 1990, Crédit Agricole lost the monopoly on granting low-interest loans to farmers and one year later, in 1991, the "normalisation" process was completed as it was allowed to begin financing large corporations.

International expansion continued with the acquisition of stakes in Banco Ambrosiano Veneto in Italy in 1989 and Banco Espírito Santo in Portugal in 1991.

Consolidation among the regional banks began officially in 1990, with the aim of reducing costs. The aim was to halve the number of regional banks, and that objective had been surpassed by the turn of the 21st century. Meanwhile, 18 of the 94 regional banks were listed on the secondary market through issues of cooperative investment certificates, although most of the share capital of the regional banks remained in the hands of the 5.5 million client stakeholders.

In 1993, Lucien Douroux, who led the plan to mutualise FNCA, became CNCA's first Chief Executive Officer, having been appointed by Crédit Agricole from existing staff.

In 1996, the group bought Banque Indosuez and then created Indocam, an asset management subsidiary (renamed Crédit Agricole Asset Management in 1999), and Crédit Agricole Indosuez for corporate and investment banking. In 1999, diversification continued as the group took a stake in the newly privatised Crédit Lyonnais, and acquired leading consumer finance company Sofinco.

CNCA was listed on the stock market in 2001 under the name Crédit Agricole S.A. This gave the regional banks a listed vehicle through which to carry out major acquisitions.

Crédit Agricole in the 21st century

Picking up the pace of business diversification 2001–2008

The 21st century saw the group continue to diversify its business line-up. Finaref was acquired in 2003. That same year, Crédit Agricole acquired Crédit Lyonnais in a friendly takeover orchestrated by then Chairman of the Board René Carron after a market battle was triggered by the government's decision to auction off its stake in Crédit Lyonnais in December 2002. The two banks were combined in 2003 and 2004, which led to the different business lines being grouped into subsidiaries. This included the creation of Calyon in 2004 from the merger of the corporate and investment banking activities of Crédit Lyonnais and Crédit Agricole Indosuez. Crédit Lyonnais focused on retail banking and was rebranded as LCL in August 2005.

Between 2004 and 2005, the regional banks and Crédit Agricole S.A. embarked on a major development plan aimed at bolstering the regional banks' leading positions in France by gaining a greater presence in major cities, while at the same time increasing the group's international reach. Businesses were established in Egypt, Ukraine, Serbia, Greece, Italy and Portugal.
In 2006, Crédit Agricole Assurances was created to bring together the Pacifica and Predica brands.

In 2007, the group started to part away from newly formed Italian banking giant Intesa Sanpaolo, which Crédit Agricole was the largest shareholder of Banca Intesa, despite on 22 January 2007 Crédit Agricole still acted as the third largest shareholder of Intesa Sanpaolo. On 1 March 2007 Crédit Agricole acquired 202 former Banca Intesa branches, as well as Cariparma and FriulAdria from Intesa Sanpaolo. In 2011 Crédit Agricole acquired Carispezia from Intesa Sanpaolo, as well as 96 branches directly from Intesa Sanpaolo. In 2012 Crédit Agricole finally sold all the shares of Intesa Sanpaolo.

Business overview
The group's acquisitions enabled it to strengthen its leadership in French retail banking, expand its position in corporate and investment banking and build up its international network of branches and subsidiaries. By now, the group was the number-one bank in France with 28% of the domestic market, the global number-two by revenues and number-ten by profits, according to Fortune magazine, and number-15 worldwide according to Forbes rankings.

Crédit Agricole and the 2008–2012 crisis
When the interbank lending market seized up, Crédit Agricole was forced in January 2008 to sell its long-standing stake in Suez for €1,3 billion and then in May 2008 to organise a €5.9 billion rights issue to which all the regional banks subscribed to meet Basel II regulatory requirements. It also undertook a €5 billion programme of non-strategic asset disposals.

At the end of 2008, the government decided to loan France's six largest banks €21 billion in two tranches, at an interest rate of 8%, to enable them to continue to play their role in the economy. Crédit Agricole did not take part in the second tranche and repaid the government in October 2009. Crédit Agricole's crisis exit strategy was well received by the markets, with the share price gaining more than 40% over 2009.

In 2012, Crédit Agricole continued to report negative results, posting a loss of around €3 billion in the third quarter. The Greek branch Emporiki was separated from its profitable wealthy parts in Albania, Bulgaria and Romania which were integrated into the Crédit Agricole group. The whole investment into Emporiki cost around €9 billion. The remaining Greek part was sold off to Alpha Bank for €1. Crédit Agricole also withdrew totally from Spanish bank Bankinter, resulting in a book loss of €193 million, and took a massive €600 million write-down on consumer credit, notably owing to difficulties in Italy. Furthermore, Crédit Agricole had to write down the goodwill on its balance sheet. Goodwill amounted to €17.7 billion in September 2012, well above the actual value. In early February 2013, the bank announced that it would book €3.8 billion in writedowns and costs – a record amount according to the media.

Mergers and acquisitions from 2014
In March 2014, the Crédit Agricole Group unveiled its medium-term strategic plan, which put the emphasis on retail banking, insurance and saving. Internationally, the group decided to refocus on its core markets, starting with Italy, the group's second-largest market.

The Crédit Agricole Group sold its Bulgarian subsidiary to Corporate Commercial Bank for €160 million. On 22 April 2014, Crédit Agricole S.A., Crédit Agricole Nord and Crédit Agricole Nord-Est announced that they would sell 50% of their stake in Crelan S.A., a Belgian bank created out of the merger of Crédit Agricole Belgique and Centea, to Caisses coopératives belges by June 2015.

In 2017, the group bought 3 small Italian banks.

Corporate governance
Crédit Agricole has a three-tier structure, comprising the local banks, the regional banks (and their branches and equity investments) and Crédit Agricole S.A. (and its subsidiaries). The local and regional banks are cooperative companies. Crédit Agricole S.A. is a société anonyme. Crédit Agricole is one of the leading cooperative companies in the world.

Local banks
The 2,509 local banks form the foundation of Crédit Agricole. They have 7.4 million stakeholders (December 2013), who are both clients and owners of the share capital (through ownership shares) of the local banks, in accordance with the cooperative governance principle.

The local banks hold the bulk of the capital of the regional banks. At the annual general meetings of the local banks, which attract around 500,000 participants every year, the stakeholders appoint over 32,000 volunteer directors.

Regional banks
Crédit Agricole's regional banks are cooperative entities and fully-fledged banks, offering a wide range of financial products and services to their 20 million clients (end-2008). They boast a network of some 7,200 branches and 12,000 ATMs, plus more than 7,000 in-store cash points, which provide Crédit Agricole customers with basic banking services. Some regional banks have merged to improve their financial strength and competitiveness, with the total number of regional banks falling from 94 to 39 between 1988 and 2008.

Preventing exclusion from banking services
To prevent customers affected by a personal event, such as a death or unemployment, from being excluded from banking services, 30 regional banks have set up Point Passerelle centres, which provide a friendly ear, mediation and support for clients looking for help to get out of a difficult situation. Caisse Régionale du Nord-Est first introduced the system in 1997.

Promoting employment for people with disabilities
Through an association set up to promote the employment of people with disabilities within Crédit Agricole (HECA), the Crédit Agricole regional banks devote resources to the recruitment, integration and continued employment of disabled workers. Measures include workstation modifications, transport facilities and training. Since a lack of training makes it harder for people with disabilities to get work, Crédit Agricole has set up work/study training programmes to enable people who have their high school diploma to receive post-secondary qualifications. The goal was to recruit more than 800 disabled persons between 2006 and end-2010, and by end-2009, more than 360 permanent contracts and 670 work/study contracts had been signed. Former Miss France runner-up Sophie Vouzelaud, who has been deaf from birth, is HECA's official ambassador.

Promoting the cooperative model
The regional banks help to promote the cooperative model locally through a variety of initiatives, such as the Perspectives Mutualistes conference series (Pau in 2006, Angers in 2007, Reims in 200831, Orléans in 2009), and by issuing special bank cards for stakeholders.

Fédération Nationale du Crédit Agricole

Fédération Nationale du Crédit Agricole (FNCA) is the body through which the regional banks discuss policy, express their views and represent themselves. FNCA plays the role of a trade body. It is a forum for discussions that arise at the grass-roots level, and it plays a proactive, guiding role.

It represents Crédit Agricole's regional banks and the group with respect to the public authorities, agricultural trade associations and bodies with authority for cooperative and mutual banking.
FNCA provides services to regional banks, particularly in the fields of vocational training, through the Crédit Agricole Mutuel training centre, and human resource management.
The senior management team is represented by:
 Dominique Lefebvre, Chairman of Fédération Nationale du Crédit Agricole,
 Philippe Brassac, Secretary General of Fédération Nationale du Crédit Agricole,
 Bertrand Corbeau, CEO of Fédération Nationale du Crédit Agricole.

Crédit Agricole S.A.
In 1988, Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricole was privatised, becoming Crédit Agricole S.A., a public limited company owned by the regional banks and group employees. In 2001, Crédit Agricole S.A. was floated on the stock market, although the regional banks (44 at the time) retained a majority share, as provided for by the group's mutual articles of association.

Senior management of Crédit Agricole S.A.
 Chairman: Dominique Lefebvre
 CEO: Philippe Brassac

Board of directors
The Board is made up of members elected by the annual general meeting, representatives of trade organisations, members elected by employees, a non-voting member and a representative of the Works Council.

A complex structure
The regional banks own 54% of Crédit Agricole S.A., which in turn holds 25% of their capital in the form of non-voting cooperative securities (certificats coopératifs d'associés). An internal debate is continually underway on striking a balance between growing activities that serve the regional banks directly and promoting businesses that lie outside their sphere. Institutional investors, particularly in the UK and US, are not always at ease with this approach.

Brand identity

Slogan
 1976 to 1987: "Le bon sens près de chez vous" ("Common sense close to home");
 1987 to 1994: "Le bon sens en action" ("Common sense in action");
 1994 to 2005: "L'imagination dans le bon sens" ("Imagination guided by common sense" but also "Imagination in the right direction");
 2005 to 2011: "Une relation durable, ça change la vie" ("A lasting relationship changes your life");
 Since 2011: "Le bon sens a de l'avenir" ("Common sense has a future").

Visual identity

Financial and market data
The cooperative investment certificates of 15 regional banks, and the shares of Crédit Agricole S.A., the group holding company, are listed on the Paris stock exchange. Crédit Agricole S.A. is also a member of the Dow Jones, Euro Stoxx 50, SBF 120, Euronext 100, ASPI Eurozone and FTSE4Good Index.

Crédit Agricole Group data
The Crédit Agricole Group comprises all the local and regional banks, Crédit Agricole S.A. and all their subsidiaries.

Crédit Agricole S.A. Group data
The Crédit Agricole S.A. Group comprises the holding company, Crédit Agricole S.A., as well as all its subsidiaries.

Sports sponsorship

Cycling
In 1998, following the Tour de France, Crédit Agricole became the lead sponsor of the cycling team led by Roger Legeay, previously sponsored by Gan, an insurer. The initial investment was FRF 30 million a year. Over the years, the team won many stages in major cycling races as well as several national championships. In 2008, Crédit Agricole reviewed its sports sponsorship strategy and ended its partnership after ten years.

Rugby
Crédit Agricole has been the main sponsor of the Italian national rugby team since 2007 via its Italian subsidiary Cariparma.

Football
It was the official sponsor of France national football team in the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Controversies

 In September 2007 Credit Agricole had to book a €250 million charge related to an unauthorized trading loss at its New York subsidiary.
 On April 18, 2008, Credit Agricole revealed that it would post $1.2 billion in losses related to subprime mortgage securities. In May 2008 Credit Agricole sought to raise €5.9 billion in equity capital from its shareholders. The shares controversially sold off from €19 to €6 over the successive period as the financial crisis escalated.
 In May 2008 Credit Agricole identified €5billion of asset disposals including the bank's 5.6 percent stake in Italian bank Intesa Sanpaolo, which was worth an estimated €3 billion.
 The group purchased in August 2006 Emporiki Bank for €2.2 billion which it later sold for one euro after suffering €6 billion of losses in the investment.
 In 2010 the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Crédit Agricole, the sum of €384.9 million for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing, especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to "Exchanges Check-Image" electronic transfer.

See also

 European Financial Services Roundtable

References

Further reading
 Gale Directory of Company Histories, "Credit Agricole" (2012)  online

External links

Crédit Agricole
Banks established in 1894
Investment management companies of France
Multinational companies headquartered in France
French brands
Companies listed on Euronext Paris
CAC 40
Systemically important financial institutions
Banks under direct supervision of the European Central Bank

Crédit Agricole


Jean-Louis Garot, né le  à Alençon et mort à Paris le , est un militaire et résistant français, compagnon de la Libération. Saint-Cyrien n'acceptant pas la défaite de 1940, il se rallie à la France libre et passe dans l'aviation. Il s'illustre comme pilote de bombardier pendant la seconde guerre mondiale puis continue sa carrière dans l'Armée de l'air après le conflit. Travaillant pour les états-majors français ou ceux de l'OTAN, il termine sa carrière militaire avec les étoiles de général de corps aérien.

Biographie

Jeunesse et engagement

Fils d'un fonctionnaire du ministère des colonies, Jean-Louis Garot naît le 29 mai 1916 à Alençon. Après ses études secondaires, il intègre le Prytanée national militaire en 1935 et prépare Saint-Cyr où il entre en 1936 dans la promotion "Soldat inconnu" où il a pour camarade Alain de Boissieu. Sorti de l'école en 1938, il se destine à être affecté dans les troupes coloniales mais une grave tuberculose le contraint à être mis en congé pendant deux ans.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

N'ayant pas pu combattre lors de la bataille de France du fait de sa convalescence, Jean-Louis Garot n'accepte pas la défaite. Entendant l'appel du général de Gaulle en juin 1940, il embarque à Granville avec l'intention de rejoindre l'Angleterre via les îles Chausey et Jersey, amenant avec lui une vingtaine de française et un soldat anglais. Débarqué à Southampton le 26 juin, il s'engage aussitôt dans les forces françaises libres et est affecté au bataillon de chasseurs de Camberley où il est chargé de l'instruction des élèves-officiers. Désireux de devenir pilote, il obtient sa mutation dans les forces aériennes françaises libres et intègre en 1941 les écoles de pilotage de la Royal Air Force en Angleterre et au Canada. En 1943, il obtient son brevet de pilotage sur bimoteur. De retour en Grande-Bretagne, il est affecté au groupe de bombardement Lorraine. Promu capitaine, il conduit un grand nombre de missions de nuit à la tête de formations de six ou douze appareils et s'illustre à de nombreuses reprises, notamment le 24 février 1944 lorsqu'il réussi à mener à bien sa mission malgré une forte défense antiaérienne et alors que son avion a été endommagé et son navigateur blessé.

Prenant le commandement de l'escadrille Nancy du groupe Lorraine du  mai au 15 juin 1944, il participe à la préparation et à l'exécution du débarquement de Normandie. Il se distingue par ses attaques menées à basse altitude en dépit de l'artillerie ennemie. De nouveau commandant de Nancy entre juillet et novembre, il effectue désormais des missions de jour sur l'Angleterre et la France à la tête de formations d'une vingtaine d'avions. Engagé dans l'appui aérien de l'opération Market Garden, il s'y illustre à nouveau par la précision de ses bombardements. Il suit ensuite le groupe Lorraine dans la bataille des Ardennes et l'invasion de l'Allemagne. Il termine la guerre en ayant effectué  de combat.

Après-guerre

Après un stage au Staff College de la Royal Air Force, il est promu commandant et prend la tête du groupe Lorraine de 1945 à 1947. Il est ensuite affecté à l'état-major de la base aérienne 152 d'Agadir au Maroc puis à la section des opérations de l'état-major de l'Armée de l'air. En 1949, promu lieutenant-colonel, il prend le commandement de la 33e escadre de reconnaissance jusqu'en 1951. Stagiaire à l'École supérieure de guerre en 1952, il sort major de sa promotion et devient chef du bureau des plans de l'état-major de la défense aérienne. En 1957, il suit les cours du collège de défense de l'OTAN puis de 1958 à 1960, il fait partie de l'état-major du SHAPE. Par la suite directeur de la sécurité militaire, il est parallèlement auditeur au centre des hautes études militaires et à l'institut des hautes études de Défense nationale.

Commandant de la zone sud de la défense aérienne de 1961 à 1963, il est nommé général de brigade aérienne durant cette période. En 1964, il recommence à travailler pour l'OTAN en tant que chef d'état-major adjoint à la logistique et administrateur des forces aérienne de la région centre-Europe. Il est ensuite, de 1964 à 1966, chef de la division doctrines et plans du SHAPE. En 1966, il part pour les États-Unis pour y être attaché militaire auprès de l'ambassade de France. Promu général de division aérienne en 1967, il revient en France en 1969 pour devenir inspecteur des armements nucléaires. Il est promu général de corps aérien en 1970 et placé en  section des officiers généraux en 1973.

De retour dans la vie civile, il est engagé chez Europ Assistance dont il devient le directeur de l'assistance médicale aérienne pendant deux ans. En 1974, il entre chez Total où il est ingénieur juriste jusqu'à sa retraite en 1982.

Jean-Louis Garot meurt le 13 avril 1990 à Paris et est inhumé au cimetière du Père-Lachaise.

Décorations

Références

Bibliographie

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Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Ordre de la Libération
 Libération de la France

Liens externes

Élève du Prytanée national militaire
Élève de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
Officier des Forces aériennes françaises libres
Résistant français
Général français du XXe siècle
Attaché militaire français
Aviateur français
Aviateur français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance
Titulaire de la médaille des évadés
Titulaire de la médaille de l'Aéronautique
Récipiendaire de la Distinguished Flying Cross (Royaume-Uni)
Récipiendaire de la Distinguished Flying Cross (États-Unis)
Récipiendaire de l'Air Medal
Naissance en mai 1916
Naissance à Alençon
Décès en avril 1990
Décès dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 73 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière du Père-Lachaise (division 26)

Jean-Louis Garot


Un quadrilatère équidiagonal est un quadrilatère convexe dont les diagonales ont la même longueur. Les quadrilatères équidiagonaux étaient importants dans les mathématiques indiennes antiques, où les quadrilatères étaient classés en premier lieu selon qu'ils étaient équidiagonaux ou non.

Cas particuliers

Les trapèzes isocèles, les rectangles et les carrés sont des quadrilatères équidiagonaux.

Le quadrilatère ayant le plus grand rapport de son périmètre à son diamètre est un cerf-volant équidiagonal ayant des angles de π/3, 5π/12, 5π/6 et 5π/12.

Caractérisations
Un quadrilatère convexe est équidiagonal si et seulement si son parallélogramme de Varignon, le parallélogramme formé par les milieux de ses côtés, est un losange. Une autre formulation est que les bimédianes du quadrilatère (les diagonales du parallélogramme de Varignon) soient perpendiculaires.

Un quadrilatère convexe ayant des diagonales de longueurs  et  et des bimédianes de longeurs  et  est équidiagonal si et seulement si

Aire
L'aire  d'un quadrilatère équidiagonal peut être facilement calculée à partir des longueurs  et  des bimédianes. Un quadrilatère est équidiagonal si et seulement si:

L'aire d'un quadrilatère convexe étant le double de l'aire de son parallélogramme de Varignon, comme les diagonales de ce parallélogramme sont les bimédianes du quadrilatère, on en déduit la condition ci-dessus.

En utilisant les formules pour les longueurs des bimédianes, l'aire peut également être exprimée en fonction des côtés a, b, c, d du quadrilatère équidiagonal et de la distance x entre les milieux des diagonales par :

D'autres formules d'aire peuvent être obtenues en posant p = q dans les formules d'aire d'un quadrilatère convexe.

Relation avec d'autres quadrilatères
Un parallélogramme est équidiagonal si et seulement si c'est un rectangle; un trapèze est équidiagonal si et seulement si c'est un trapèze isocèle. Les quadrilatères équidiagonaux inscriptibles sont exactement les trapèzes isocèles.

On observe une forme de dualité entre quadrilatères équidiagonaux et quadrilatères orthodiagonaux : un quadrilatère est équidiagonal si et seulement si son parallélogramme de Varignon est orthodiagonal (un losange), et un quadrilatère est orthodiagonal si et seulement si son parallélogramme de Varignon est équidiagonal (un rectangle).

De la même manière, un quadrilatère a des diagonales de même longueur si et seulement s'il a des bimédianes perpendiculaires, et il a des diagonales perpendiculaires si et seulement s'il a des bimédianes de même longueur. Silvester donne d'autres relations entre les quadrilatères équidiagonaux et orthodiagonaux, via une généralisation du théorème de van Aubel.

Les quadrilatères à la fois équidiagonaux et orthodiagonaux sont appelés des pseudo-carrés, ou en anglais quadrilatères de carré médian (midsquare quadrilaterals) car ce sont les seuls pour lesquels le parallélogramme de Varignon (ayant pour sommets les milieux des côtés du quadrilatère) est un carré. Un tel quadrilatère, de côtés successifs a, b, c, d, a pour aire :

Un parallélogramme est un pseudo-carré si et seulement s'il est lui-même un carré.

Les quadrilatères à la fois orthodiagonaux et équidiagonaux, et dans lesquels les diagonales sont au moins aussi longues que les côtés du quadrilatère, sont les quadrilatères d'aire maximale à diamètre donné, résolvant le cas n = 4 du problème du plus grand petit polygone. Le carré est un de ces quadrilatères dont le nombre est infini.

Bibliographie

Quadrilatère

Quadrilatère équidiagonal


Cei frumoși și blestemați, publicată inițial la editura Scribner's în 1922, este al doilea roman al lui F. Scott Fitzgerald. Romanul explorează și portretizează societatea  mondenă și cosmopolită din New York și elita americană din estul Statelor Unite în timpul "erei jazzului", înainte și după "Marele Război" și la începutul anilor 1920. Ca și în celelalte romane, personajele lui Fitzgerald din acest roman sunt complexe, mai ales în ceea ce privește respectul față de căsătorie și intimitate. Lucrarea este în general considerată a fi desprinsă și bazată pe relația și căsătoria lui Fitzgerald cu soția sa, Zelda Fitzgerald.

Note

Romane de Francis Scott Fitzgerald
Romane din 1922
Romane americane după care s-au făcut filme

Cei frumoși și blestemați


Aðildarskortur í lögfræði á við þegar málsaðili hefur hvorki hagsmuni né skyldu til að fá leyst úr um dómkröfu sem höfð hefur verið uppi í máli. Dæmi um slíkt er þegar aðili ótengdur kröfuhafa höfðar mál gegn skuldara og krefst þess að skuldarinn greiði kröfuhafanum. Ef stefndi heldur fram aðildarskorti og dómari fellst á það, sýknar hinn síðarnefndi stefnda af þeirri kröfu.

Tengt efni
 Aðildarhæfi

Réttarfar
Lögfræði

Aðildarskortur


Campionatul European de Minifotbal 2018 este cea de a noua ediție a Campionatelor Europene de Minifotbal și este găzduită de Ucraina. La acest turneu participă douăzeci de echipe și este pentru prima oară când această competiție susține patru grupe a câte cinci echipe.

Faza Grupelor

În cazul în care două sau mai multe echipe sunt la egalitate de puncte după finalizarea meciurilor din grup, pentru a accede mai departe se aplică următoarele criterii de departajare:

 Rezultatul meciurilor jucate între echipele în cauză;
 Diferența de gol în toate meciurile din grupă;
 Un număr mai mare de goluri înscrise în toate meciurile din grupă;
 Numărul mai mare de victorii în toate meciurile din grupă;
 Poziția în sistemul de clasificare EMF;
 Dificultatea adversarilor (conform sistemului de clasificare a CEM);

Grupa A

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Grupa B

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Grupa C

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Grupa D

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Faza Eliminatorie
În fazele eliminatorie dacă un meci se termină la egalitate în timp regulamentar se trece direct la penalti, o repriză are 20 de minute.

Clasament Final

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Legături externe
 Official EMF website
 EMF Euro official website

Competiții fotbalistice

Campionatul European de Minifotbal 2018


Spectravideo International Limited (SVI) was an American computer manufacturer and software house. It was originally called SpectraVision, a company founded by Harry Fox in 1981. The company produced video games and other software for the VIC-20 home computer, the Atari 2600 home video game console, and its CompuMate peripheral. Some of their own computers were compatible with the Microsoft MSX or the IBM PC.

Despite their initial success, the company faced financial troubles, and by 1988, operations ceased. Later, a UK-based company bought the Spectravideo brand name from Bondwell in 1988, but this company, known as Logic3, had no connection to the original Spectravideo products and was dissolved in 2016.

History

SpectraVision was founded in 1981 by Harry Fox and Alex Weiss as a distributor of computer games, contracting external developers to write the software.  Their main products were gaming cartridges for the Atari 2600, Colecovision and VIC-20. They also made the world's first ergonomic joystick, the QuickShot. In late 1982 the company was renamed to Spectravideo due to a naming conflict with On Command Corporation's Hotel TV system called SpectraVision.

In the early 1980s, the company developed 11 games for the Atari 2600, including several titles of some rarity: Chase the Chuckwagon, Mangia and Bumper Bash.
A few of their titles were only available through the Columbia House music club.

The company's first attempt at a computer was an add-on for the Atari 2600 called the Spectravideo CompuMate, with a membrane keyboard and very simple programmability.

Spectravideo's first real computers were the SV-318 and SV-328, released in 1983. Both were powered by a Z80 A at 3.6 MHz, but differed in the amount of RAM (SV-318 had 32KB and SV-328 had 80KB total, of which 16KB was reserved for video) and keyboard style. The main operating system, residing in ROM, was a version of Microsoft Extended BASIC, but if the computer was equipped with a floppy drive, the user had the option to boot with CP/M instead. These two computers were precedent to MSX and not fully compatible with the standard, though the changes made to their design to create MSX were minor. The system had a wide range of optional hardware, for example an adapter making it possible to run ColecoVision games on the SVI.
SpectraVideo also created the QuickShot SVI-2000 Robot Arm which could be connected to a Commodore 64 user port or be controlled stand-alone with two joysticks.

In May 1983, Spectravideo went public with the sale of 1 million shares of stock at $6.25 per share in an initial public offering underwritten by brokerage D. H. Blair & Co.

However, Spectravideo quickly ran into trouble. By December 1983 its stock had fallen to 75 cents per share. In March 1984, the company agreed to sell a 60% stake of itself to Hong Kong-based Bondwell Holding in a deal that would have also required the resignation of president Harry Fox and vice-president Alex Weiss. That deal was set aside when Spectravideo was unable to restructure about $2.6 million worth of debt, and another deal where Fanon Courier U.S.A. Inc. would have purchased 80% of the company was struck in July.

The Fanon Courier deal similarly fell through, and Fox resigned as president in September, with Bondwell Holding purchasing over half of the company's stock and installing Bondwell vice-president Christopher Chan as the new president.

A later computer, the Spectravideo SVI-728, was made MSX compatible.

SVI-738, also MSX compatible, came with a built-in 360 KB 3.5" floppy drive.

The last computer produced by Spectravideo was the SVI-838 (also known as Spectravideo X'Press 16). It was a PC and MSX2 in the same device.

Legacy

The Spectravideo name was used by a UK-based company called SpectraVideo Plc, formerly known as Ash & Newman. That company was founded in 1977, and bought the Spectravideo brand name from Bondwell in 1988. They sold a range of products branded as Logic3, and have no connection to the original Spectravideo products. The company changed its name to Logic3 in 2006, and entered administration in 2013 after a licensing deal with Ferrari proved to be a failure. The company was formally dissolved on 19 April 2016.

References

External links
 Samdal.com: Roger's history of SpectraVision—Spectravideo webpage
 Spectravideo.se: Glenn's Spectravideo webpage

1981 disestablishments in the United States
1988 disestablishments in the United States
American companies established in 1981
American companies disestablished in 1988
Computer companies established in 1981
Computer companies disestablished in 1988
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Home computer hardware companies
MSX
Video game companies established in 1981
Video game companies disestablished in 1988

Spectravideo


Thierry Robin (født 1958 i Damery, Marne) er en fransk manuskriptforfatter, tegner og farvelægger af tegneserier.

Som 16-årig startede han på Kunstskolen i Reims, hvor han specialiserede sig i tegnefilm.

Han startede med at tegne til forskellige blade som Triolo og Mikado, og forskellige reklametegninger. Han udførte et stort arbejde med
reklametegning for det franske postvæsen i samarbejde med Lewis Trondheim, som han delte atelier med. I 1995 grundlagde han atelieret Entropie sammen med Stéphane Servain, Pierre-Yves Gabrion og Bertrand Antigny.

Hans inspiration får han blandt andet fra sine mange rejser til Kina, Japan og Indien, men også fra tyske stumfilm (specielt Fritz Lang, som han hylder i fjerde del af Koblenz), og belgisk art nouveau.

Hans arbejder dykker ofte ned i menneskesjælen og arbejder konstant med konfrontationen mellem fantasi og virkelighed.

Bibliografi

Tegneserietegnere fra Frankrig

Thierry Robin


قائمة بالأبطال في 1949 البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية لكرة المضرب (المعروفة الآن باسم أمريكا المفتوحة):

الكبار

فردي رجال

 بانشو غونزاليس هزم  تيد شرورد 16-18 2-6 6-1 6-2 6-4

فردي سيدات

 مارغريت أوسبورن دوبونت هزم  دوريس هارت 6-3, 6-1

مراجع

الرياضة في مدينة نيويورك في 1949
أحداث أغسطس 1949 الرياضية
أحداث سبتمبر 1949 الرياضية
البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1949
كرة مضرب أمريكية في 1949
أحداث أغسطس 1949 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة
أحداث سبتمبر 1949 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية 1949 (كرة مضرب)


ආයුර්වේදය යනු රෝගයන්ට ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමේ විද්‍යාවක් පමණක් නොවන අතර නීරෝගී හා තෙදැති දිවියක් ලබා දීමේ විද්‍යාවද වන අතර මෙම අවස්ථා දෙකෙහිදීම අනුපාන සඳහන් වෙයි. රෝග ප්‍රතිකාර ලෙසින් ගැණෙන ඔසු හා එදිනෙදා පරිභෝජනය වන ආහාර සම්බන්ධව අනුපාන භාවිතය විස්තර වන අතර, ඉතා සරල සිට මහත් අපැහැදිලි දක්වා පරාසයක වන කෘත්‍යයන් රැසක් එයින් සිදුවන බවක් පෙනෙයි.

ශබ්ද නිරුක්තිය
ඖෂධ හෝ ආහාර හෝ පරිභෝජනය හා සමගින් හෝ පරිභෝජනයෙන් අනතුරුව හෝ පානය කරන්නාවූ ද්‍රව්‍යයන් අනුපාන ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙයි.

රසතරංගනී නම් ග්‍රන්ථය පරිදී ඖෂධ හා සමගින් පරිභෝජනය කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඖෂධයෙහි හැකියාව ආවර්ධනය කරලීමෙන් ආබාධය අවප්‍රමාණ කරගැනුමට ඉවහල් වන්නාවූ දෙය අනුපාන ලෙසින් අර්ථදැක්වෙයි.

අවශ්‍යතා
අනුපානයක තිබිය යුතු අවශ්‍යතා අතර
ආහාරයට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ ගුණාංග සහිත විය යුතුයි.
ධාතු සම්බන්ධයෙන් විරෝධක ලෙසින් ක්‍රියා නොකල යුතුයි.

නිදසුනක් ලෙසින් ස්නිග්ධ (තෙල් සහිත) ආහාර සඳහා රූක්ෂ (රළු) අනුපානද, මධුර රස සඳහා අම්ල රස අනුපානද, උෂ්ණ ආහාර සඳහා ශීත අනුපානද භාවිතා වෙයි.

වැසි ජලය හොඳම අනුපානය ලෙසින් සැලකෙයි.

මාත්‍රාව
අනුපාන පරිභෝජනයේදී මාත්‍රාව හෝ ලබා ගත යුතු ප්‍රමාණය දෝෂය අනුව වෙනස් වෙයි.
වාත රෝග සඳහා පලා එකක්ද, පිත රෝග සඳහා පලා දෙකක්ද, සෙම් රෝග සඳහා පලා තුනක්ද මාත්‍රාව ලෙසින් භාවිතා වෙයි.

අනුපාන


An Colpodium baltistanicum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dickore. An Colpodium baltistanicum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Colpodium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Colpodium

Colpodium baltistanicum


Le dème de Pamvótida, en  / Dímos Pamvótidos, est un ancien dème du district régional d'Ioánnina, en Épire, Grèce. En 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème d'Ioánnina.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Épire
Ancien dème en Grèce

Dème de Pamvótida


Das Staatssekretariat des Herzogtum Savoyen war eine Regierungsbehörde, die als einheitliche Organisation von 1521 bis 1717 bestand. Zunächst nur mit der Führung der herzöglichen Korrespondenz, mit notariellen Aufgaben und mit der Registerführung beauftragt, entwickelte es sich bald zum zentralen Ministerium, das im Auftrag des Herzogs den Großteil der Regierungsgeschäfte durchführte. Da die Herzöge von Savoyen 1720 Könige von Sardinien-Piemont wurden, und diese dann 1861 Könige von Italien, entstand aus dem Staatssekretariat der Savoyer die heutige italienische Ministerialverwaltung. Insbesondere die italienischen Ministerien für Äußeres und Inneres können ihre Geschichte bis auf das herzögliche Staatssekretariat zurückführen.

Geschichte

Das Herzogtum der Savoyer war ein heterogenes Gebilde, das beiderseits der Westalpen im Wesentlichen Savoyen, Piemont und die Grafschaft Nizza umfasste. Haupt- und Residenzstadt war zunächst Chambéry, ab 1563 dann Turin. Aus dem französischsprachigen Westen stammte der einflussreichere alte Adel, in den italienischsprachigen Ebenen im Osten konzentrierte sich die Wirtschaftskraft des Herzogtums. Die Teilung in zwei unterschiedliche Sprach- und Landschaftsräume brachte insbesondere für die Regierungsarbeit Schwierigkeiten mit sich, da man prinzipiell zusammengehörende Behörden oft teilen musste. Eine andere Lösung stellte die für die damalige Zeit in Europa nicht unübliche Herrschaftsausübung durch Reisen dar. Charakteristisch für das Herrschaftsgebiet der Savoyer und deren Regierungsgeschäfte blieb bis 1861 die sprachliche Uneinheitlichkeit und die Rivalität zwischen Savoyen und Piemont. Ausgleichend wirkte meist der Adel aus dem Aostatal.

Ursprünge
Im Spätmittelalter unterhielten die Grafen und Herzöge von Savoyen ein aus einflussreichen Adeligen bestehendes Gremium, das vorwiegend beratende Aufgaben hatte, aber auch Aufgaben im Bereich der Verwaltung und der Rechtspflege übernahm. Dieser Rat wurde im Jahr 1430 von Amadeus VIII. in seinen Statuta Sabaudiae geregelt und als consilium nobiscum residens oder consilium cum domino residens bezeichnet; er hatte also am jeweiligen Aufenthaltsort des Herzogs zu sein. Aus diesem Rat entstand um 1500 ein Geheimer Rat (consilium secretum) zur Führung oder Unterstützung der Regierungsgeschäfte und ein Justizrat (consilium iusticie) als oberstes Gericht. Letzteres wurde schließlich dauerhaft in Turin angesiedelt. Der wandernde Geheime Rat, auch Staatsrat genannt, verlor zusehends an Bedeutung und wurde im weiteren Verlauf mehrmals aufgelöst und wieder errichtet.

Im Gefolge der Grafen von Savoyen und ihres consilium nobiscum residens befanden sich bereits im 13. Jahrhundert Notare, Staatsschreiber und Sekretäre. Um das Jahr 1200 tauchen unter Thomas I. in Dokumenten ein notarius comitis und zwei scriptores comitis auf, ein Jahrhundert später mehrere secretarii et scribae nostri ("unsere Sekretäre und Schreiber"). Im weiteren Verlauf musste ein Teil der Sekretäre und Schreiber zugleich auch Notar sein. Sie wurden als "herzögliche Sekretäre" bezeichnet.

Im Jahr 1329 schuf Graf Aymon von Savoyen das Amt des Kanzlers von Savoyen, der dann als Großkanzler und Siegelbewahrer bis ins 16. Jahrhundert oberster Verwaltungsbeamter und ranghöchstes Mitglied im consilium nobiscum residens blieb. Dem Kanzler unterstanden die Sekretäre und Staatsschreiber. De facto behielten diese dennoch eine Sonderstellung, da sie noch nicht in festen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen standen. Die Sekretäre wurden vom Herzog nach erledigten Verwaltungsvorgängen oder Beurkundungen bezahlt. Daneben durften sie als Notare auch für die Allgemeinheit tätig sein. Entscheidend für die weitere Entwicklung war jedoch, dass sie in vielen Fällen den Grafen und Herzögen auch als Privatsekretäre dienten. Damit bearbeiteten sie auch private und geheime Angelegenheiten des Herrschers, was ein besonders enges Vertrauensverhältnis voraussetzte.

1461 begrenzte Ludwig von Savoyen die Anzahl der Sekretäre, die mit dem consilium nobiscum residens reisen durften, auf 16. Die sechs fähigsten Sekretäre wurden für Vermögens- und Finanzangelegenheiten zuständig, wobei sie zugleich oft Teile Finanzverwaltung leiteten. Die übrigen zehn Sekretäre hatten alle anderen Aufgaben zu bearbeiten, darunter auch auswärtige Angelegenheiten. Nur bei außergewöhnlichem Bedarf wurden weitere, besonders qualifizierte Notare als herzögliche Sekretäre hinzugezogen. In diesem Zusammenhang kam es bald zu Forderungen, einen regionalen Proporz bezüglich der Herkunftsgebiete der Sekretäre einzuhalten.

Auf Grund unterschiedlicher Qualifikationen und Vertrauensverhältnisse bildete sich unter den Sekretären eine interne Hierarchie aus, die Herzog Karl II. (III.)  am 4. November 1521 mit der Institutionalisierung des Staatssekretariates insofern bestätigte, als er die leitende Position eines "Ersten Sekretärs" schuf und gleichzeitig die Anzahl der gelegentlich als "unfähig" bezeichneten nachrangigen Sekretäre (secretarios ignaros et ineptos) vorübergehend auf acht oder zehn reduzierte. Der Erste Staatssekretär wurde zum wichtigsten Mitarbeiter des Herzogs, womit der Einfluss des Großkanzlers sank.

Entwicklung
Mit der Reform von 1521 erhielt Jean Vulliet (auch Jehan oder Giovanni Vulliet genannt) auch offiziell das Amt des Ersten Sekretärs, das er de facto schon seit einigen Jahren ausgeübt hatte. Vulliet war kein Adeliger und hatte um 1508 seine Stellung durch Ämterkauf erlangt. Er blieb vier Jahrzehnte im Amt und gab es dann an seinen Sohn Pierre-Hercule Vulliet (auch  Pietro Ercole Vulliet) weiter, der es bis zum Tod Karls III. im Jahr 1553 innehatte.

Der folgende Herzog Emanuel Philibert stand zunächst als Heerführer im Dienst Kaiser Karls V. Für seine militärischen Leistungen erhielt er sein von den Franzosen besetztes Herzogtum im Frieden von Cateau-Cambrésis wieder zurück. Emanuel Philibert wurde auch im Ausland von seinen Sekretären begleitet, die ihn 1559 bei den Friedensverhandlungen unterstützten. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurden sie nicht mehr nur als Sekretäre bezeichnet, sondern ganz offiziell als Staatssekretäre, womit sie auf einer Stufe mit ihren Pendants aus Spanien und Frankreich standen. Das Amt des Ersten Staatssekretärs hatte von 1553 bis 1560 Hugues Michaud inne. Ihm folgte bis 1575 Giovanni Fabri (auch Jean Fabri).

Emanuel Philibert kehrte in sein Herzogtum zurück, verlegte dessen Hauptstadt 1563 im Rahmen von umfangreichen Reformen nach Turin und legte Italienisch als Amtssprache fest. Mit der Niederlassung in Turin und der Reorganisation der Verwaltung nahm die reisende Herrschaftsausübung der Herzöge ab, und damit auch die Rolle des Staatsrates (des ehemaligen consilium nobiscum residens), der kaum mehr einberufen wurde. Dies stärkte in gewisser Weise die Rolle des Staatssekretariates, dessen rechtliche Grundlagen aus dem Jahr 1521 von Emanuel Philibert 1559 bestätigt und 1568 weiter präzisiert wurden. Andererseits reduzierte der Herzog die Anzahl der Staatssekretäre, die direkt in die Regierungsgeschäfte involviert waren, auf etwa vier, alle anderen hatten ihren Titel de facto nur ehrenhalber. Dies entsprach Emanuel Philiberts autokratischer Geisteshaltung, der sich gerne die Meinungen der unterschiedlichsten Fachleute anhörte, nicht nur die seiner Staatssekretäre, dann jedoch allein entschied.

Sein Sohn Karl Emanuel I. gab dem Staatssekretariat wegen häufiger Abwesenheit manchen Freiraum. Insbesondere dem fähigen Ersten Staatssekretär Bernardino Baretti überließ er zwischen 1608 und 1610 etliche wichtige Aufgaben. Danach begann im Staatssekretariat der Aufstieg der Familie Carron de Saint-Thomas (auch Carron di San Tommaso). Sie stammten aus dem Bugey und wurden dann Bürger in Chambéry. Jean (Giovanni) Carron trat als erster der Familie in herzögliche Dienste und wurde 1610 Staatssekretär für Finanzen. Da mit dieser Stellung in der Regel die Aufnahme in den Amtsadel einherging, machte ihn der Herzog 1617 zum Herren von Saint-Thomas-de-Cœur (heute Aigueblanche, Savoyen) und dann 1619 auch von Buttigliera (Piemont). 1625 wurde er Erster Staatssekretär, zunächst noch zusammen mit Gian Tommaso Pasero, welcher die Amtsgeschäfte in italienischer Sprache übernahm. Eine solche gemeinschaftliche Amtsführung kam aus politischen oder praktischen Gründen immer wieder vor. Oft handelte es sich dabei jedoch nur um eine formale Beteiligung, in anderen Fällen diente sie auch der Einarbeitung. So übernahm im Jahr 1641 Jean Carrons Sohn Guillaume François (Guglielmo Francesco) das Amt, wohl unter Anleitung des Vaters, der 1649 starb. Damit begann die Sitte der sopravvivenza, eine etwas mildere Form der besonders in Frankreich üblichen Amtsvererbung. Die Weitergabe erfolgte hier nur mit Zustimmung des Herzogs.

Der wohl herausragendste Erste Staatssekretär war Carlo Giuseppe Vittorio Carron di San Tommaso, Graf von Buttigliera. Er führte das Staatssekretariat von 1663 bis 1696 und erhielt auch erstmals den zusätzlichen Titel Minister. Über ihn schrieb der Botschafter und spätere Doge von Venedig Marco Foscarini, dass er eines der außergewöhnlichsten Talente gewesen sei, die das 17. Jahrhundert Europa geschenkt habe. Entsprechendes konnte über den letzten Nachfolger Giuseppe Gaetano Giacinto Carron di Buttigliera nicht gesagt werden. Viktor Amadeus II. zog ihm oft nachgeordnete Staatssekretäre vor, ab 1701 insbesondere Ercole di Priero (Priè). Carron musste 1717 seinen Posten ganz aufgeben, auch weil das Staatssekretariat reformiert werden sollte.

Teilung
Viktor Amadeus II. erhielt mit dem Frieden von Utrecht 1713 Sizilien und damit die Königswürde. Zwar musste er die Insel 1720 gegen Sardinien eintauschen, doch gehörte er damit weiterhin zur relativ kleinen Gruppe europäischer Könige. Sein neuer Status veranlasste ihn unter anderem dazu, eine Verwaltungsreform nach dem Muster einiger großer Monarchien einzuleiten. Im Februar 1717 teilte er sein Staatssekretariat in zwei selbständige Behörden auf: ein Staatssekretariat für auswärtige Angelegenheiten und eines für innere Angelegenheiten. Ein willkommener Nebeneffekt war, dass er damit nicht nur den ungeschickten, aber doch einflussreichen Giuseppe Carron aus dessen Amt drängen konnte, sondern auch die fast traditionellen Ansprüche der Familie Carron auf den höchsten Posten im Staatssekretariat auf elegante Weise ausmanövrierte oder zumindest begrenzte. Die Politik des divide et impera wurde noch verstärkt, indem der bisherige Staatssekretär für Krieg am 17. Februar 1717 ein eigenes Staatssekretariat erhielt. Gleichzeitig wurde ein neuer Finanzrat eingerichtet, in dem unter anderem der generale delle finanze vertreten war, der an der Spitze der Finanzverwaltung stand und als eigentlicher Finanzminister galt. Der seit dem 16. Jahrhundert etwas ins Abseits geratene Großkanzler und Siegelbewahrer machte ebenfalls eine Transformation durch und stand schließlich an der Spitze der Justizverwaltung. Die Staats- und Verwaltungsreformen Viktor Amadeus II. führten dazu, dass sein Königreich im 18. Jahrhundert einen der fortschrittlichsten Verwaltungsapparate Europas hatte. Die Grundlagen für die Entwicklung der klassischen Ressorts für Äußeres, Inneres, Krieg, Finanzen und Justiz waren geschaffen.

Bei diesen Staatssekretariaten handelte es sich zunächst um sehr kleine Organisationen. Unmittelbar nach der Teilung bestanden sie in der Regel jeweils aus einem Ersten Staatssekretär als Behördenleiter, drei weiteren Staatssekretären und drei nachgeordnete Unterstaatssekretären. Sie waren in der Regel in drei Büros für verschiedene Sachgebiete zuständig. Zwischen dem Ersten Staatssekretär und dessen Staatssekretären stand bald ein "Erster Offizial", der die Koordinierung der Amtsgeschäfte übernahm. Erst im Lauf der Zeit kamen einige wenige Mitarbeiter für einfachere Aufgaben hinzu. Grundsätzlich waren die Ersten Staatssekretäre weiterhin nur für die Ausführung königlicher Anordnungen zuständig, die an die nachgeordneten Mitarbeiter delegiert werden konnten.

Das Außenamt übernahm von 1717 bis 1732 Ignazio Solaro di Moretta, Marchese del Borgo, der in den Jahren davor bereits als Diplomat tätig gewesen war. Das Staatssekretariat für inneren Angelegenheiten führte von 1717 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1730 Pierre Mellarède de Bettonet, der hinter zahlreichen Verwaltungsreformen stand. Von herausragender Bedeutung war jedoch Carlo Vincenzo Ferrero di Roasio, Marchese d'Ormea, der 1717 generale delle finanze oder Finanzminister wurde, 1730 dann das Innenressort übernahm und zusätzlich von 1732 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1745 auch das Außenamt leitete. 1742 wurde er auch noch Großkanzler, musste aber bei dieser Gelegenheit auf das Staatssekretariat für Inneres verzichten. Für etwa zehn Jahre hatte Ferrero d'Ormea damit eine Stellung, die der eines Premierministers relativ nahekam.

Ab 1732 ließen Viktor Amadeus II. und Karl Emanuel III. in Turin von den Hofarchitekten Filippo Juvarra und dann Benedetto Alfieri den Palazzo delle Regie Segreterie di Stato errichten, in dem dann ab 1756 alle Staatssekretariate ihren Dienstsitz hatten.

Weitere Entwicklung

Eine Zäsur bildete die napoleonische Besetzung der Festlandsbesitzungen zwischen 1796 und 1814 und der Rückzug der Savoyer nach Sardinien. Der Wiederaufbau der Verwaltung in Turin stellte bis 1816 die vorrevolutionären Organisationen wieder her, jedoch mit einigen Anpassungen und Modernisierungen, die dann in den folgenden 50 Jahren weiter vorangetrieben wurden. Aus den ersten kleinen Büros der Staatssekretariate wurden "Abteilungen" (divisioni), hinzu kamen manchmal kleinere unterstützende Dienststellen. Der Personalumfang blieb weiterhin sehr niedrig: 1816 hatte das Staatssekretariat für auswärtige Angelegenheiten insgesamt 22 Mitarbeiter, im Jahr 1835 lag diese Zahl bei 35, 1848 stieg sie auf 46.

Im Zug der Revolution von 1848 und der oktroyierten Verfassung Karl Alberts (Statuto Albertino) wurden die Staatssekretariate in Ministerien umbenannt. Dies betraf neben den drei Staatssekretariaten für Äußeres, Inneres und Krieg auch das Staatssekretariat für Finanzen, das 1817 aus dem generalato delle finanze entstanden war, sowie die Großkanzlei, aus der das Justizministerium hervorging. Hinzu kam noch das 1847 eingerichtete Ministerium für öffentlichen Unterricht und das ebenfalls 1847 entstandene Ministerium für öffentliche Arbeiten, Landwirtschaft und Handel. Letzteres wurde kurz darauf in zwei separate Ministerien aufgeteilt. Diese Ministerien wurden im Zug der Einigung Italiens unter Führung des Königreiches Sardinien-Piemont 1861 italienisch und dehnten ihre territoriale Zuständigkeit auf den gesamten neuen Staat aus. 1865 kamen sie nach Florenz, 1871 dann nach Rom.

Literatur
 Alessandro Barbero: Il ducato di Savoia. Amministrazione e corte di uno stato franco-italiano. Laterza, Rom 2002, ISBN 88-420-6708-3.
 Carlo Rosso: Una burocrazia di Antico Regime: i segretari di Stato dei duchi di Savoia (1559-1637). Turin 1992.

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Historische Behörde (Italien)

Staatssekretariat (Herzogtum Savoyen)


Volta ao Algarve 2018 var den 44. udgave af det portugisiske landevejscykelløb i Algarve. Løbet foregik i perioden 14. til 18. februar 2018. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2018 og var i kategorien 2.HC. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev polske Michał Kwiatkowski fra  for anden gang i karrieren.

Ryttere og hold

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Volta ao Algarve 2018


Asunta Limpias de Parada, (Trinidad 11 de enero de 1915 – Cochabamba 27 de octubre de 1995) fue una compositora, escritora y cantante boliviana autora de una amplia y diversa producción musical folklórica.

Biografía
Nació en Trinidad capital del Departamento del Beni el 11 de abril de 1915. Hija Corina García, maestra de piano, y del escritor y periodista Manuel Limpias Saucedo, fundador del periódico El eco del Beni, editado en Trinidad, y autor de la obra documentada Los Gobernadores de Moxos.

Realizó los estudios de primaria y secundaria en su ciudad natal. Su madre le enseñó a tocar el piano y a apreciar la música. De su padre recibió el amor a la poesía y a escribir. A los 17 años de edad contrajo matrimonio con Sócrates Parada Suárez, un abogado muy estimado en su medio.

Formó y dirigió conjuntos de voces y guitarras que alcanzaron un notable éxito, tales como: "Los Carlos", "Los Trinitarios", y en Cochabamba "Los Benianos", "Las Chaskatikas", "Korisimis", quienes grabaron discos y actuaron en televisión en Buenos Aires con mucho éxito.

Trayectoria y producción musical
Entre su amplia trayectoria destacan:

 Quiero estar en Cochabamba
 Canita al aire (Taquirari)
 No estas en mi (Taquirari)
 La vida y el Mamoré(Taquirari)
 Escúchame (Polka)
 No nací para casado
 Callaron las guitarras
 La Pascana
 Vera Cruz
 Canción para encontrarme
 Pobre lunita
 Como una cintita
 Escobita (cueca)
 Gaviota sin mar (cueca)
 Amancaya y otras.

Estas y muchas otras canciones, cuya letra y música le pertenecen, no fueron solamente interpretadas por ella, sino también por varios conjuntos e intérpretes, entre los cuales cabe mencionar a Gladys Moreno, Nora Zapata y el grupo "Gamma 3".

También fue autora del libro de poemas y composiciones musicales "Vivencias". Murió en Cochabamba el 27 de octubre de 1995 a los 80 años de edad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Asunta Limpias de Parada Escritora boliviana

Música de Bolivia
Cantantes femeninas de Bolivia
Escritoras de Bolivia
Músicos de Bolivia
Cantautores de Bolivia
Compositores de Bolivia

Asunta Limpias de Parada


Kukës es una ciudad de Albania, capital del distrito de Kukës y del condado homónimo. Con una población de 16.000 habitantes, es el decimoctavo municipio más habitado del país.

Se encuentra situada en la llanura de Luma, cerca de la confluencia de los ríos Drin Negro y Drin Blanco, y está rodeada por el lago Fierza y por las colinas de los montes Korab y Šar. Los primeros asentamientos en la zona se remontan al periodo ilirio; tiempo atrás fue un punto de paso en la vía Egnatia que conectaba desde Dirraquio, sobre el mar Adriático, hasta Bizancio en el este. La ciudad original fue demolida en los años 1970 para facilitar la construcción de un lago artificial y una central hidroeléctrica, así que la nueva Kukës se erigió en un terreno cercano a 320 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

Debido a su condición de enclave fronterizo, Kukës jugó un importante papel en la guerra de Kosovo al haber acogido más de 400.000 refugiados albanokosovares en campamentos. Su ejemplo le valió la nominación al Premio Nobel de la Paz en el 2000, convirtiéndose en la primera ciudad que optaba a ese reconocimiento.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Kukës


Louise Jacobson () a fost o adolescentă franceză evreică moartă în lagărul de concentrare din Auschwitz în timpul celui de al Doilea Război Mondial și care a lăsat o mulțime de scrisori rudelor sale.

Biografie
Louise Jacobson a fost fiica lui Salman Jacobson și Golda Veldsland ; născută la Paris, în 1924, naturalizată în anul următor. Studia la Lycée du Cours de Vincennes (azi Lycée Hélène-Boucher) și pregătea diplomă de licență când, la sfârșitul lunii august 1942, o scrisoare anonimă o denunță și este arestată la ea acasă, Rue des Boulets nr.8, în arondismentul 11 din Paris, de către poliția franceză pentru că nu a purtat steaua galbenă. În acest timp, sora sa Nadia se afla în Zona liberă; mama sa va fi, de asemenea, închisă în urma acestui denunț. Louise este dusă la închisoarea din Fresnes, internată în lagărul de concentrare de la Drancy și apoi deportată pe 13 februarie 1943.

A murit gazată în Auschwitz pe 18 februarie 1943, la doar optsprezece ani, lăsând în urmă șase luni de scrisori redactate în timpul captivității sale, și destinate familiei și prietenilor săi, într-o culegere (douăzeci și una de scrisori scrise la Fresnes și șase la Drancy, din data de 1 septembrie 1942 până la 13 februarie 1943) care va fi publicată de sora sa Nadia Kaluski-Jacobson în 1997, cu o prefață de Serge Klarsfeld.

A fost numită " Anne Frank franceză ".

Moștenirea literară
Patrick Modiano în romanul său Dora Bruder , publicat în 1997 dedicat poveștii similare a unui tânăr evreu parizian care a murit deportat – o  menționează  pe Louise Jacobson și dă transcrierea raportului poliției asupra arestării în casa ei de către inspectorii Curinier și Lasalle pe 1 septembrie 1942.<ref>Patrick Modiano, Dora Bruder', éditions Gallimard, coll. « Quarto », 2013, , p. 707-708. À noter que Modiano transforme le lycée Hélène-Boucher en lycée Henri IV où lui-même fut étudiant]</ref>.

Scrisorile Louisei Jacobson au făcut obiectul unei adaptări în teatru (Scrisorile Louisei Jacobson) de Alain Gintzburger cu Juliette Batlle în rolul Louisei.

Note

 Bibliografie
 Kaluski-Jacobson, Nadia, Scrisorile Louisei Jacobson și ale familiei sale: Fresnes, Drancy, 1942-1943, prefață de Serge Klarsfeld, editions Robert Laffont, 1997 .
 Arraéz, José Luis, "Diálogo con los Otros ausentes o la correspondencia privada de Simone Weil y Louise Jacobson desde la Shoah", în Çedille'', nr. 9, 2013, pp. 25-32. .

Nașteri în 1924
Pieriți în Holocaust

Louise Jacobson


مقحل ثنائي القطب بي جي تي

 مقحل معدني مؤكسد الموسفت

ترانزستور (توضيح)


Jaklin Çelik, (1968, Diyarbakır, Hançepek (Gâvur ) Mahallesi) yazar.

İlk öykü kitabı "Kum Saatinde Kumkapı" 2000 yılında Aras Yayıncılık tarafından yayınlandı, 2001'de İngilizceye çevrildi. (Stories From The Sandgate) Bu kitaptaki öyküleri, bireyin her türden kimliği aşarak gelse de konjonktürel olarak kimlik bilgisine kolayca eklenebilen ortak deneyimlerine odaklanıyordu. Çelik, öykülemeye büyüdüğü Kumkapı'dan başlıyor, ancak bu kadarla yetinmeyeceğinin işaretlerini daha ilk öykülerinde veriyordu. Her türden yoksunluk ve uzaklık duygusunu büründükleri klişelerden uzaklaştırarak işliyordu. Çelik'in ikinci öykü kitabı "Yılanın Yolu" 2003'te yayınlandı. Bu kitaptaki on öyküde temelde sorguladığı, insanın toprakla, doğayla ve doğanın bir parçası olan kendisiyle kurduğu ilişkilerdi. Öykülerinin geldiği aşamada Çelik adeta insandan mesafe almış, antroposentrik bakışın dışına taşmaya başlamıştı. Kahramanlarını başlarına gelen küçüklü büyüklü, acı tatlı olaylar etrafında gözlemliyor, onlara fazlaca yaklaşmamaya özen gösteriyordu. Çocuklar için yazdığı "Öykülerle ABC" Adam Yayınları tarafından 2004'te yayınlandı. 2005'te Çitlembik Yayınları'ndan çıkan kitabı "Kaçak Yolcu" da ise gezilerini kaleme aldı. Öykülemedeki deneyimini gezi yazılarına yansıtan Çelik'in bu kitabı Anadolu'nun 55 şehrine yaptığı yolculuklardan artakalanları aktarıyor,"taşra"nın dönüşümünü resmediyordu. Çelik'in öykülerinden bir seçki de Lis Yayınları tarafından 2007'de Kürtçeye çevrilerek "Jiyanê Lı Îstasyonê Dest Pê Kır" (İstasyonda Başladı Hayat) adıyla yayınlandı.

2011 yılında İletişim Yayınları'ndan çıkan "Öfkenin Şenliği", Çelik'in ilk romanı. Kitabın konusu en genel anlamıyla 1915. Çelik, 1915'te olanların "olay ânı"ndan bugüne kadar yaşamış üç kuşağın kendisini anlama ve bu dünyada, ülkede konumlama, kendisiyle ilişki kurabileceği bir zemin üretme bağlamında nasıl bir işlevi olduğunu sorguluyor. Geçmişi yeniden öykülendirerek, bir bakıma tarihi yeniden yazmak yerine, geçmişin esasen tarihsiz olan bir günde/bugünde nasıl yaşadığını anlamaya çalışıyor. Onu bir zemin değil, bir karakter olarak dahil ediyor. Dolayısıyla tarihsel anlatılardan bilinçli olarak uzak duruyor. Ramela adlı annenin Deyruzzor'da ikinci kez Ayşe olarak vaftiz ettiği kızı Şake ve yanında İstanbul'a getirdiği, ama hayatta tutamadığı Mari, romanın başlıca karakterleri. Romanın bir diğer karakter dizisi ise en genel tanımıyla sıçanlar. Ramela'nın yalnız başına yaşadığı ahşap evin istenmeyen sakinleri sıçanlarla arasındaki "muhabbet" aracılığıyla Çelik, bir klişe olarak gördüğü "öteki" kavramını da bir tür "itiraf"olarak konumlandığı ayrıcalıklı yerinden söküp alıyor. Çelik'in hikâyeyi bugüne taşımak için romana dahil ettiği bir başka karakter ise isimsiz, cinsiyetsiz ve handiyse milliyetsiz bir üçüncü kuşak temsilcisi… Geçmişin emaneti bir tutam saçla ne yapacağını bilemeyen, sadece etrafında yaşananlara değil, kendi tecrübesine de ironi ve antidepresanlarla ördüğü güvenlikli konumundan bakan bu karakter, Ramela'nın evi üzerindeki tasarrufuyla "şimdiki zaman"a hapsediyor kendini.

Kitapları
 Kum Saatinde Kumkapı (2000) - Öykü
 "Stories From The Sandgate" (2002) Öykü (ABD)
 Yılanın Yolu (2003) - Öykü
 Öykülerle ABC - (2004) - Fabl
 Kaçak Yolcu (2005) - Deneme
 "Jiyanê Lı Îstasyonê Dest Pê Kır" (2007) - Öykü (Kürtçe seçki)
 Öfkenin Şenliği] (2011) - Roman,

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.iletisim.com.tr/kişi/jaklin-çelik-24026.aspx
 Türk yazarlar Almanya ve Avusturya'da

 [asiaculture.net/zboard/view.php?id=notice&no=75]
 Stories from the Sandgate by Jaklin Celik
 Aras Yayıncılık resmi web sitesi - JAKLİN ÇELİK
 http://armenianweekly.com/2014/11/26/jaklin-celiks-festival-of-wrath/
 http://www.demokrathaber.net/kitap/1915in-golgesinde-ofkenin-senligi-h41550.html

1968 doğumlular
Türkiye Ermenileri
Diyarbakır doğumlu yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Türk hikâye yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk hikâye yazarları
20. yüzyıl Ermeni yazarları
21. yüzyıl Ermeni yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar

Jaklin Çelik


En probabilidad y estadística, la correlación indica la fuerza y la dirección de una relación lineal y proporcionalidad entre dos variables estadísticas. Se considera que dos variables cuantitativas están correlacionadas cuando los valores de una de ellas varían sistemáticamente con respecto a los valores homónimos de la otra: si tenemos dos variables (A y B) existe correlación entre ellas si al disminuir los valores de A lo hacen también los de B y viceversa. La correlación entre dos variables no implica, por sí misma, ninguna relación de causalidad (Véase cum hoc ergo propter hoc). Por  ejemplo, losngresos y gastos de una familia, la producción y ventas de una fábrica, los gastos en publicidad y beneficios de una empresa.

Una relación funcional se expresa mediante una función matemática. Si X es la variable independiente e Y es la variable dependiente, una relación funcional tiene la forma: Y=f(X)

Fuerza, sentido y forma de la correlación
Si representamos cada par de valores como las coordenadas de un punto, el  conjunto de todos ellos se llama nube de puntos o diagrama de dispersión. La relación entre dos variables cuantitativas queda representada mediante la línea de mejor ajuste, trazada a partir de la nube de puntos. Los principales componentes elementales de una línea de ajuste y, por lo tanto, de una correlación, son la fuerza, el sentido y la forma:
 La fuerza extrema según el caso, mide el grado en que la línea representa a la nube de puntos: si la nube es estrecha y alargada, se representa por una línea recta, lo que indica que la relación es fuerte; si la nube de puntos tiene una tendencia elíptica o circular, la relación es débil.
 El sentido mide la variación de los valores de B con respecto a A: si al crecer los valores de A lo hacen los de B, la relación es directa (pendiente positiva); si al crecer los valores de A disminuyen los de B, la relación es inversa (pendiente negativa).
 La forma establece el tipo de línea que define el mejor ajuste: la línea recta, la curva monotónica o la curva no monotónica

Coeficientes de correlación
Existen diversos coeficientes que miden el grado de correlación, adaptados a la naturaleza de los datos. El más conocido es el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (introducido en realidad por Francis Galton), que se obtiene dividiendo la covarianza de dos variables entre el producto de sus desviaciones estándar. Otros coeficientes son:
 Coeficiente de correlación de Spearman
 Correlación canónica

Interpretación geométrica
Dados los valores muestrales de dos variables aleatorias  e , que pueden ser consideradas como vectores en un espacio de n dimensiones, pueden construirse los "vectores centrados" como:

El coseno del ángulo alfa entre estos vectores es dado por la fórmula siguiente:

Pues  es el coeficiente de correlación muestral de Pearson. El coeficiente de correlación es el coseno del ángulo entre ambos vectores centrados:
 Si r = 1, el ángulo °, ambos vectores son colineales (paralelos).
 Si r = 0, el ángulo °, ambos vectores son ortogonales.
 Si r =-1, el ángulo °, ambos vectores son colineales de dirección opuesto.
Más generalmente: .

Por supuesto, desde el punto vista geométrico, no hablamos de correlación lineal: el coeficiente de correlación tiene siempre un sentido, cualquiera sea su valor entre -1 y 1. Nos informa de modo preciso, no tanto sobre el grado de dependencia entre las variables, sino sobre su distancia angular en la hiperesfera de n dimensiones.

La Iconografía de las correlaciones es un método de análisis multidimensional que reposa en esta idea. La correlación lineal se da cuando en una nube de puntos se encuentran o se distribuyen alrededor de una recta.

La fórmula de correlación para dos series distintas con cierto desfase "k", está dada por la fórmula:

Distribución del coeficiente de correlación
El coeficiente de correlación muestral o analítico de una muestra es de hecho una variable aleatoria, eso significa que si repetimos un experimento o consideramos diferentes muestras se obtendrán valores diferentes y por tanto el coeficiente de correlación muestral calculado a partir de ellas tendrá valores ligeramente diferentes. Para muestras grandes la variación en dicho coeficiente será menor que para muestras pequeñas. R. A. Fisher fue el primero en determinar la distribución de probabilidad para el coeficiente de correlación.

Si las dos variables aleatorias que trata de relacionarse proceden de una distribución gaussiana bivariante entonces el coeficiente de correlación r sigue una distribución de probabilidad dada por:

donde:
 es la distribución gamma
 es la función gaussiana hipergeométrica.
Nótese que el valor esperado del coeficiente de correlación muestral r es:

por tanto, r es estimador sesgado de . Puede obtenerse un estimador aproximado no sesgado resolviendo la ecuación:

Aunque, la solución:

es subóptima. Se puede obtener un estimador sesgado con mínima varianza para grandes valores de n, con sesgo de orden  buscando el máximo de la expresión:

En el caso especial de que , la distribución original puede ser reescrita como:

donde  es la función beta.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Diccionario Estadístico - Divestadística (en castellano)
  Simulación de la correlación entre dos variables discretas con R (lenguaje de programación)

Relación estadística


El estadio Hongkou () es un estadio de fútbol de Shanghái, China. Situado en el Distrito de Hongkou, el estadio tiene una capacidad de 33060 personas. El estadio fue reconstruido en 1999.

En la actualidad se utiliza sobre todo para partidos de fútbol y es la casa del Shanghái Greenland Shenhua, club de la Superliga de China.

Fue sede de la Copa Mundial Femenina de Fútbol de 2007 en donde albergó ocho partidos incluida la final del torneo.

El estadio cuenta con 3 pistas de squash en el interior y un pared de escalada, que fue reconstruida a principios de 2009.

Transporte
Al estadio se puede llegar por la línea 3 y 8 del Metro de Shanghái y llegar a la estación del estadio.

Véase también
 Anexo:Estadios de fútbol de China

Referencias

Hongkou
Estadios de la final en la Copa Mundial Femenina de Fútbol
Estadios de la Copa Mundial Femenina de Fútbol de 2007
Estadios de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol Sub-16 de 1985

Estadio Hongkou


An Aristida tenuissima in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Aristida tenuissima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aristida

Aristida tenuissima