Anthony John Abbott  (; born 4 November 1957) is an Australian former politician who served as the 28th prime minister of Australia from 2013 to 2015. He held office as the leader of the Liberal Party of Australia.

Abbott was born in London, England, to an Australian mother and a British father, and moved to Sydney at the age of two. He studied economics and law at the University of Sydney, and then attended The Queen's College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics. After graduating from Oxford, Abbott briefly trained as a Roman Catholic seminarian, and later worked as a journalist, manager, and political adviser. In 1992, he was appointed director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy, a position he held until his election to parliament as a member of parliament (MP) for the division of Warringah at the 1994 Warringah by-election, before the election of the Howard government in 1996.

Following the 1998 election, Abbott was appointed Minister for Employment Services in the second Howard ministry. He was promoted to cabinet in 2001 as Minister for Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business. In 2003, Abbott became Minister for Health and Ageing, retaining this position until the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 election. Initially serving in the shadow cabinets of Brendan Nelson and then Malcolm Turnbull, Abbott resigned from the front bench in November 2009, in protest against Turnbull's support for the Rudd government's proposed Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). Forcing a leadership ballot on the subject, Abbott narrowly defeated Turnbull to become the party's leader and leader of the opposition. Abbott led the Liberal-National Coalition to the 2010 federal election, which resulted in a hung parliament, and an eventual victory for the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Abbott remained leader, and led the Coalition to a landslide victory at the 2013 election.

After assuming office, the Abbott government implemented Operation Sovereign Borders in an effort to halt illegal maritime arrivals. It abolished several reforms enacted by the preceding government, including the Minerals Resource Rent Tax and Australia's carbon pricing scheme. His government aimed to rein in a federal budget deficit that reached A$48.5 billion by June 2014, and established the National Commission of Audit to advise on restoring the federal budget to surplus. Abbott instituted the Royal Commission into Trade Union Governance and Corruption; founded the Medical Research Future Fund; and produced white papers on developing Northern Australia and the Agricultural Competitiveness. In international affairs, Abbott concluded free trade agreements with China, Japan and South Korea. He challenged the Russian president Vladimir Putin over Russia's actions in Ukraine and over the shooting down of Malaysian Flight MH17 in Ukraine. He committed Australian forces to the battle against ISIS during the Syrian conflict, and agreed to resettle an additional 12,000 refugees from the region. He launched the New Colombo Plan to encourage educational exchange with the Indo-Pacific region. Domestically, Abbott campaigned for recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution, and promised a plebiscite on the issue of same-sex marriage.

Abbott's "budget repair" measures proved unpopular, with his government's austere 2014 budget being widely criticised. Due to Abbott's poor opinion polling and personal unpopularity, he was defeated by rival Malcolm Turnbull in a September 2015 leadership spill, and replaced as prime minister. He remained in the Parliament as a backbencher, until he lost his seat of Warringah to independent candidate Zali Steggall at the 2019 federal election. In September 2020, he was named an adviser to the British government's Board of Trade. Abbott continues to contribute to international public debate as a writer, public speaker and advocate for conservative causes. He is often ranked in the lower tier of Australian prime ministers.

Early life

Birth and family background
Abbott was born on 4 November 1957 at the General Lying-In Hospital in Lambeth, London, England. He is the oldest of four children born to Fay (née Peters; b. 1933) and Richard Henry "Dick" Abbott (1924–2017). He has three younger sisters, including Christine Forster, who has also been involved in politics. His mother was born in Sydney, while his father was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.

At age 16, Dick Abbott moved to Australia with his parents. Two years later, in 1942, he was called up to the Royal Australian Air Force. Dick Abbott and his mother returned to the UK in 1954 where he met and married Fay Peters, a dietitian.

Childhood and education
On 7 September 1960, Abbott, his parents, and younger sister Jane, left the UK for Australia on the Assisted Passage Migration Scheme ship SS Oronsay. Settling in Sydney, the family first lived in the suburb of Bronte and later moved to Chatswood. Dick Abbott established what was to become one of the largest orthodontics practices in Australia, retiring in 2002.

Abbott attended primary school at St Aloysius' College at Milson's Point, before completing his secondary school education at St Ignatius' College, Riverview, both Jesuit schools. During his time at St Ignatius' College, one was his teachers was John Kennedy, who would later go on to serve as the member for Hawthorn. He graduated with a Bachelor of Economics (BEc) in 1979 and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) in 1981 from the University of Sydney. He resided at St John's College and was president of the Student Representative Council. Influenced by his chaplain at St Ignatius', Father Emmet Costello, he then attended The Queen's College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where in June 1983 he graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) and on 21 October 1989 proceeded by seniority to Master of Arts.

During his university days, Abbott gained media attention for political opposition to the then dominant left-wing student leadership. Once he was violently beaten at a university conference. A student newspaper editor with political views opposed to those of Abbott took him to court for indecent assault after he touched her during a student debate; the charges were dismissed by the court. According to the Sun-Herald newspaper, it was "an ugly and often violent time", and Abbott's tactics in student politics were like "an aggressive terrier". Abbott organised rallies in support of Governor-General John Kerr after he dismissed the Whitlam government in November 1975, as well as a pro-Falklands War demonstration during his time at Oxford. At St. Ignatius College, Abbott had been taught and influenced by the Jesuits. At university, he encountered B. A. Santamaria, a Catholic layman who led a movement against Communism within the Australian labour movement in the 1950s, culminating in the 1955 Labor Party split and the formation of the Democratic Labor Party. Santamaria has been described as Abbott's "political hero". He wrote the foreword to a novelisation of Santamaria's life written by Alan Reid, and in 2015 launched a biography of Santamaria written by Gerard Henderson. In 1977, Abbott faced charges of common and indecent assault after allegedly groping trainee teacher Helen Wilson while she was making a speech at the Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education in Sydney. Abbott pleaded not guilty, and the charges were ultimately dropped.

Abbott was a student boxer, earning two Blues for boxing while at Oxford. He was a heavyweight with modest height and reach.

When Abbott was a student, on one occasion he rescued a child who had been pulled out into the sea by the current. On another occasion, while drinking at a pub, he helped rescue children from the burning house next door. On both of these occasions, he left the scene after the rescues and did not wait to be thanked.

Early adult life and pre-political career
Following his time in Britain, Abbott returned to Australia and told his family of his intention to join the priesthood. In 1984 at the age of 26, he entered St Patrick's Seminary, Manly. Abbott did not complete his studies at the seminary, leaving the institution in 1987. Interviewed before the 2013 election, Abbott said of his time as a trainee priest: "The Jesuits had helped to instil in me this thought that our calling in life was to be, to use the phrase: 'a man for others'. And I thought then that the best way in which I could be a 'man for others' was to become a priest. I discovered pretty soon that I was a bit of a square peg in a round hole … eventually working out that, I'm afraid, I just didn't have what it took to be an effective priest."

Abbott worked in journalism, briefly ran a concrete plant, and began to get involved in national politics. Throughout his time as a student and seminarian, he was writing articles for newspapers and magazines—first for Honi Soit (the University of Sydney student newspaper) and later The Catholic Weekly and national publications such as The Bulletin. He eventually became a journalist and wrote for The Australian.

At birth, Abbott was a British citizen by birth in the UK and by descent from his British-born father. He did not hold Australian citizenship from birth, as at the time Australian citizenship by descent could only be acquired from the father.  Abbott became a naturalised Australian citizen on 26 June 1981, apparently so as to become eligible for a Rhodes scholarship.  On 12 October 1993, he renounced his British citizenship to be eligible to run for parliament under section 44 of the constitution.

Political career

Early career
Abbott began his public life when he was employed as a journalist for The Bulletin, an influential news magazine, and later for The Australian newspaper. While deciding his future career path, Abbott developed friendships with senior figures in the New South Wales Labor Party, and was encouraged by Bob Carr, as well as Johno Johnson, to join the Labor Party and run for office. Abbott felt uncomfortable with the role of unions within the party, however, and wrote in his biography that he felt Labor "just wasn't the party for me." For a time he worked as a plant manager for Pioneer Concrete before becoming press secretary to Liberal Leader John Hewson from 1990 to 1993, helping to develop the Fightback! policy.

Prime Minister John Howard wrote in his autobiography that Abbott considered working on his staff before accepting the position with The Bulletin, and it was on Howard's recommendation that Hewson engaged Abbott. According to Howard, he and Abbott established a good rapport, but Hewson and Abbott fell out shortly before the 1993 election, and Abbott ended up in search of work following the re-election of the Keating government. He was approached to head Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (ACM), the main group organising support for the maintenance of the Monarchy in Australia amidst the Keating government's campaign for a change to a republic. Abbott renounced his British citizenship in 1993. Between 1993 and 1994, Abbott was Executive Director of ACM. According to biographer Michael Duffy, Abbott's involvement with ACM "strengthened his relationship with John Howard, who in 1994 suggested he seek pre-selection for a by-election in the seat of Warringah". Howard provided a glowing reference and Abbott won pre-selection for the safe Liberal seat.

Despite his conservative leanings, Abbott acknowledged he voted for Labor in the 1988 NSW state election as he thought that "Barrie Unsworth was the best deal Premier that New South Wales had ever had". Nevertheless, Abbott then clarified that he has never voted for Labor in a federal election.

Member of Parliament, 1994–2009

Abbott won Liberal preselection for the federal Division of Warringah by-election in March 1994 following the resignation of Michael MacKellar.  He easily held the safe Liberal seat in the Liberals' traditional Northern Beaches heartland, suffering a swing of only 1 percentage point in the primary vote. He easily won the seat in his own right at the 1996 general election. Before 2019, he only dropped below 59 percent of the two-party vote once, in 2001; that year independent Peter Macdonald, the former member for the state seat of Manly, held Abbott to only 55 percent.

Abbott was the parliamentary secretary to the Minister for Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs (1996–1998), Minister for Employment Services (1998–2001), Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Small Business (2001), Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations (2001–03) and Minister for Health and Ageing from 2003 to November 2007. From early 2002 to October 2007, he was also the Leader of the House in the House of Representatives.

In 1998, Abbott established a trust fund called "Australians for Honest Politics Trust" to help bankroll civil court cases against the One Nation Party and its leader Pauline Hanson. Prime Minister John Howard denied any knowledge of existence of such a fund. Abbott was also accused of offering funds to One Nation dissident Terry Sharples to support his court battle against the party. However, Howard defended the honesty of Abbott in this matter. Abbott conceded that the political threat One Nation posed to the Howard government was "a very big factor" in his decision to pursue the legal attack, but he also claimed to be acting "in Australia's national interest". Howard also defended Abbott's actions saying "It's the job of the Liberal Party to politically attack other parties – there's nothing wrong with that."

As a Parliamentary Secretary, Abbott oversaw the establishment of the Green Corps program which involved young people in environmental restoration work. As Minister for Employment Services, he oversaw the implementation of the Job Network and was responsible for the government's Work for the Dole scheme. He also commissioned the Cole Royal Commission into "thuggery and rorts" in the construction industry and created the Office of the Australian Building and Construction Commissioner in response and to lift productivity.

The Liberal Party allowed members a free choice in the 1999 republic referendum. Abbott was one of the leading voices within the party campaigning for the successful "No" vote, pitting him against future parliamentary colleague and leading republican Malcolm Turnbull.

Cabinet minister (1998–2007)
When Abbott was promoted to the Cabinet in 1998, Prime Minister Howard described him as an effective performer with an endearing style, whereas the Opposition described him as a "bomb thrower." Howard appointed Abbott to replace Kay Patterson as Minister for Health in 2003, during a period of contentious Medicare reform and a crisis in Medical indemnity Insurance, in which the price of insurance was forcing doctors out of practice. The Australian Medical Association was threatening to pull out all Australian doctors. Abbott worked with the states to address the crisis and keep the system running.

Health care initiatives instigated by Abbott include the Nurse Family Partnership, a long term scheme aimed at improving conditions for indigenous youth by improving mother-child relationships. The scheme was successful in reducing child abuse and improving school retention rates.

In 2005, Abbott was holidaying with his family in Bali when the Bali bombings occurred. Abbott visited the victims of the bombings in hospital, and in his capacity as Health Minister organised for Australians who required lifesaving emergency surgery and hospitalisation to be flown to Singapore.

In 2006, Abbott controversially opposed access to the abortion drug RU486, and the Parliament voted to strip Health Ministers of the power to regulate this area of policy. During this time, Abbott likened the act of having an abortion to committing a murder, saying "we have a bizarre double standard, a bizarre double standard in this country where someone who kills a pregnant woman's baby is guilty of murder but a woman who aborts an unborn baby is simply exercising choice".

Abbott introduced the Medicare Safety Net to cap the annual out-of-pocket costs of Medicare cardholders to a maximum amount. In 2007, he attracted criticism over long delays in funding for cancer diagnostic equipment (PET scanners).

According to Sydney Morning Herald's political editor, Peter Hartcher, before the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 election, Abbott had opposed the government's centrepiece WorkChoices industrial relations deregulation reform in Cabinet, on the basis that the legislation exceeded the government's mandate, was harsh on workers, and was politically dangerous to the government. John Howard wrote in his 2010 autobiography that Abbott was "never a zealot about pursuing industrial relations changes" and expressed "concern about making too many changes" during Cabinet's discussion of WorkChoices.

Abbott campaigned as Minister for Health at the 2007 election. On 31 October, he apologised for saying "just because a person is sick doesn't mean that he is necessarily pure of heart in all things", after Bernie Banton, an asbestos campaigner and terminal mesothelioma sufferer, complained that Abbott was unavailable to collect a petition. In The Australian Doctor's 2015 poll, Tony Abbott was ranked as the third "worst health minister in 35 years", as voted on by doctors. Peter Dutton was ranked the overall worst.

Shadow minister (2007–2009)
The Coalition lost government in 2007 and Abbott was re-elected to the seat of Warringah with a 1.8% swing toward the Labor Party. Following Peter Costello's rejection of the leadership of the Parliamentary Liberal Party, Abbott nominated for the position of party leader, along with Malcolm Turnbull and Brendan Nelson. After canvassing the support of his colleagues, Abbott decided to withdraw his nomination. He seemingly did not have the numbers, noting that he was "obviously very closely identified with the outgoing prime minister." He said he would not rule out contesting the leadership at some time in the future. Of the three candidates, Abbott was the only one who had previous experience in Opposition. Nelson was elected Liberal leader in December 2007 and Abbott was assigned the Shadow Portfolio of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. As indigenous affairs spokesman, Abbott said that it had been a mistake for the Howard government not to offer a national apology to the Stolen Generations; spent time teaching at remote Aboriginal communities; and argued for the Rudd government to continue the Northern Territory National Emergency Response which restricted alcohol and introduced conditional welfare in certain Aboriginal communities.

During this period in Opposition, Abbott wrote Battlelines, a biography and reflection on the Howard government, and potential future policy direction for the Liberal Party. In the book, Abbott said that in certain aspects the Australian Federation was "dysfunctional" and in need of repair. He recommended the establishment of local hospital and school boards to manage health and education, and discussed family law reform, multiculturalism, climate change, and international relations. The book received a favourable review from former Labor Party speech writer Bob Ellis and The Australian described it as "read almost universally as Abbott's intellectual application for the party's leadership after the Turnbull experiment".

The number of unauthorised immigrant arrivals in boats to Australia increased during 2008. Abbott claimed that this was an effect of the Rudd government's easing of border protection laws and accused Kevin Rudd of ineptitude and hypocrisy on the issue of unauthorised immigrants upon boats arriving, particularly during the Oceanic Viking affair of October 2009, saying, "John Howard found a problem and created a solution. Kevin Rudd found a solution and has now created a problem".

During November 2009, Abbott resigned from shadow ministerial responsibilities due to the Liberal Party's position on the Rudd government's Emissions trading Scheme (ETS), leading to the resignation of other shadow ministers.

Leader of the Opposition (2009–2013)
On 1 December 2009, Abbott was elected to the position of Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia over Turnbull and Shadow Treasurer Joe Hockey. Abbott proposed blocking the government's ETS in the Senate whereas Turnbull sought to amend the bill which the majority of the Liberal Party did not support. Abbott named his Shadow Cabinet on 8 December 2009.

Abbott described Prime Minister Rudd's Emission Trading plan as a 'Great big tax on everything' and opposed it. The Coalition and minor parties voted against the government's ETS legislation in the Senate and the legislation was rejected. Abbott announced a new Coalition policy on carbon emission reduction in February, which committed the Coalition to a 5 per cent reduction in emissions by 2020. Abbott proposed the creation of an 'emissions reduction fund' to provide 'direct' incentives to industry and farmers to reduce carbon emissions. In April, Rudd announced that plans for the introduction his ETS would be delayed until 2013.

When appointed to the Liberal leadership, Abbott's Catholicism and moral beliefs became subjects of repeated media questioning. Various commentators suggested that his traditionalist views would polarise female voters. He told press gallery journalist Laurie Oakes that he did not do doorstop interviews in front of church but regularly faced pointed questions about his faith which were not being put to Prime Minister Rudd, who conducted weekly church door press conferences following his attendances at Anglican services.

Abbott reportedly missed the 2009 vote on the Rudd government $42 billion stimulus package because he fell asleep in his parliamentary office after a night of drinking. When asked by a journalist whether he had been drunk, Abbott said "that is an impertinent question" and that he "wasn't keeping count" but thought it was "maybe two" bottles of wine.

In a 60 Minutes interview aired on 7 March 2010, Abbott was asked: "Homosexuality? How do you feel about that?". He replied: "I'd probably feel a bit threatened … it's a fact of life and I try to treat people as people and not put them in pigeonholes." In later interviews Abbott apologised for the remark. In 2013, Abbott stated on 3AW that if his sister Christine Forster were to have a marriage ceremony with her partner Virginia he would attend.

In March 2010, Abbott, announced a new policy initiative to provide for six months paid parental leave, funded by an increase in corporate tax by 1.7 percentage points on all taxable company income above $5 million. Business groups and the government opposed the plan, however it won support from the Australian Greens.

While Opposition Spokesman for Indigenous Affairs, Abbott spent time in remote Cape York Aboriginal communities as a teacher, organised through prominent indigenous activist Noel Pearson. Abbott repeatedly spoke of his admiration for Pearson, and in March 2010, introduced the Wild Rivers (Environmental Management) Bill to Parliament in support of Pearson's campaign to overturn the Queensland government's Wild Rivers legislation. Abbott and Pearson believed that the Queensland law would 'block the economic development' of indigenous land, and interfere with Aboriginal land rights.

Abbott completed an Ironman Triathlon event in March 2010 at Port Macquarie, New South Wales. In April he set out on a 9-day charity bike ride between Melbourne and Sydney, the annual Pollie Pedal, generating political debate about whether he should have committed so much time to physical fitness. Abbott described the events as an opportunity to "stop at lots of little towns along the way where people probably never see or don't very often see a federal member of Parliament."

In his first Budget reply speech as Opposition Leader, Abbott sought to portray the Rudd government's third budget as a "tax and spend" budget and promised to fight the election on the new mining "super-profits" tax proposed by Rudd.

2010 election

On 24 June 2010, Julia Gillard replaced Kevin Rudd as Australian Labor Party leader and Prime Minister. The replacement of a first-term Prime Minister was unusual in Australian political history and the Rudd-Gillard rivalry remained a vexed issue for the Gillard government into the 2010 election and its subsequent term. On 17 July, Gillard called the 2010 federal election for 21 August. Polls in the first week gave a view that Labor would be re-elected with an increased majority, with Newspoll and an Essential poll showing a lead of 10 points (55–45) two party preferred.

The two leaders met for one official debate during the campaign. Studio audience surveys by Channel 9 and Seven Network suggested a win to Gillard. Unable to agree on further debates, the leaders went on to appear separately on stage for questioning at community fora in Sydney and Brisbane. In Sydney on 11 August, Abbott's opening statement focused on his main election messages around government debt, taxation and asylum seekers. An exit poll of the Rooty Hill RSL audience accorded Abbott victory. Gillard won the audience poll at Broncos Leagues Club meeting in Brisbane on 18 August. Abbott appeared for public questioning on the ABC's Q&A program on 16 August.

Labor and the Coalition each won 72 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, four short of the requirement for majority government, resulting in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.

Abbott and Gillard commenced a 17-day period of negotiation with crossbenchers over who would form government. On the crossbench, four independent members, one member of the National Party of Western Australia and one member of the Australian Greens held the balance of power. Following the negotiations, Gillard formed a minority government with the support of an Australian Greens MP and three independent MPs on the basis of confidence and supply. Another independent and the WA National gave their confidence and supply support to the Coalition, resulting in Labor holding a 76–74 tally of votes on the floor of the Parliament. The Coalition finished with 49.88 percent of the two party preferred vote, obtaining a national swing of around 2.6%.

During negotiations, the Independents requested that both major parties' policies be costed by the apolitical Australian Treasury. The Coalition initially resisted the idea, citing concerns over Treasury leaks, however they eventually allowed the analysis. Treasury endorsed Labor's budget costings but projected that Coalition policies would add between $860 million and $4.5 billion to the bottom line over the next four years, rather than the $11.5 billion
projected by the Coalition. The close result was lauded by former Prime Minister John Howard, who wrote in 2010 that Abbott had shifted the dynamic of Australian politics after coming to the leadership in 2009 and "deserves hero status among Liberals".

After the 2010 election
Following the 2010 election, Abbott and his deputy, Julie Bishop, were re-elected unopposed as leaders of the Liberal Party. Abbott announced his shadow ministry on 14 September, with few changes to senior positions, but with the return of former leadership rival Malcolm Turnbull, whom he selected as Communications spokesman. Abbott announced that he wanted Turnbull to prosecute the Opposition's case against the Gillard government's proposed expenditure on a National Broadband Network.

Following the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, Abbott opposed plans by the Gillard government to impose a "flood levy" on taxpayers to fund reconstruction efforts. Abbott said that funding should be found within the existing budget. Abbott announced a proposal for a taskforce to examine further construction of dams in Australia to deal with flood impact and food security.

In February 2011, Abbott criticised the Gillard government's handling of health reform and proposal for a 50–50 public hospitals funding arrangement with the states and territories, describing the revised Labor Party proposal as "the biggest surrender since Singapore". Although Abbott had previously stated that he considered a carbon tax the best way to set a price on carbon, he opposed Prime Minister Gillard's February 2011 announcement of a proposal for the introduction of a "carbon tax", and called on her to take the issue to an election. Abbott said that Gillard had lied to the electorate over the issue because Gillard and her Treasurer Wayne Swan had ruled out the introduction of a carbon tax in the lead up to the 2010 election.

In April 2011, Abbott proposed consultation with Indigenous people over a bipartisan Federal Government intervention in Northern Territory towns including Alice Springs, Katherine and Tennant Creek, which would cover such areas as police numbers and school attendance in an effort to address what he described as a "failed state" situation. April saw Abbott announce a $430 million policy plan to improve the employment prospects of people with serious mental health problems.

Following the first Gillard government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax. Rhetorically echoing Liberal party founder, Robert Menzies, Abbott addressed remarks to the "forgotten families".

In June 2011, Abbott for the first time led Gillard in a Newspoll as preferred Prime Minister. In September 2011, he announced a plan to develop an agricultural food bowl in the north of Australia by developing dams for irrigation and hydroelectricity. Coalition task force leader Andrew Robb claimed that Australia currently produced enough food for 60 million people, but that the Coalition plan could double this to 120 million people by 2040. The head of the Northern Australia Land and Water Taskforce expressed concerns about the economic and environmental viability of this plan as well as its effects on the indigenous Australian communities in northern Australia.

Reflecting on indigenous issues on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy on Australia Day 2012, Abbott said that there had been many positive developments in indigenous affairs in recent decades including Rudd's apology and moves to include indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution. Later that day, Abbott became the target of protesters from the "Embassy" after one of Gillard's advisers contacted a union official who advised Tent Embassy protesters of Abbott's whereabouts and misrepresented Abbott's views on Aboriginal affairs to them, saying he intended to "pull down" the embassy. A major security scare resulted, which was broadcast around the world, resulting in Gillard and Abbott being rushed to a government car amid a throng of security due to fears for their safety.

In an address to the National Press Club on 31 January 2012, Abbott outlined some of his plans for government if elected. These included an intent to live one week of every year in an indigenous Australian community, and to prune government expenditure and cut taxes. Abbott also announced "aspirational" targets for a disability insurance scheme and a subsidised dentistry program once the budget had been restored to "strong surplus".

Abbott responded to the February 2012 Labor leadership crisis by criticising the cross bench independents for keeping Labor in power and renewed his calls for a general election to select the next Prime Minister of Australia.

In criticising the Gillard government on foreign policy, Abbott said that "foreign policy should have a Jakarta rather than a Geneva focus". Following his attendance at the 10th anniversary commemoration of the Bali bombing in Bali, Abbott travelled to Jakarta with his Shadow Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Immigration for a meeting with Indonesian President Yudhoyono and Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa. Abbott promised a "no-surprises principle" for dealings with Indonesia. The presidential reception was an unusual occurrence for an opposition leader.

In November 2012, Abbott launched his fourth book, A Strong Australia, a compilation of nine of his "landmark speeches" from 2012, including his budget reply and National Press Club addresses.

Gillard misogyny speech
On 9 October 2012, Prime Minister Julia Gillard accused Tony Abbott of misogyny and hypocrisy in a speech to Parliament that gained international notice.

Prime Minister (2013–2015)

Early policy implementation

At the federal election on 7 September 2013, Abbott led the Liberal-National coalition to victory over the incumbent Labor government, led by Kevin Rudd. Abbott and his ministry were sworn in on 18 September 2013. He was the subject of criticism for his decision to only include one woman, Deputy Liberal leader Julie Bishop, in his cabinet.

On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop the maritime arrival of asylum seekers, which received strong public support.

Abbott announced a Royal Commission into trade union governance and corruption on 11 February 2014. This was followed by amendments to the Fair Work Act, and a "Repeal Day", where more than 10,000 "red tape" regulations were repealed.

As Prime Minister, Abbott oversaw free trade agreements signed with Japan, South Korea and China.

The Carbon Tax Repeal Bill passed both houses of Parliament on 17 July 2014 and the Mining Tax Repeal Bill passed both houses of Parliament on 2 September 2014 after negotiations with the Palmer United Party.

2014 budget
The 2014 Australian federal budget, the Abbott government's first budget, delivered by Treasurer Joe Hockey, was criticised by the Opposition as "cruel" and "unfair" and a large number of budget saving measures were blocked by the crossbench in the Senate. Hockey and Abbott were both criticised for their inability to "sell" the necessity of the budget cuts to the cross bench or the public. Hockey was further criticised for several "out of touch" and "insensitive" comments in subsequent months, however, the prime minister continuously publicly backed the treasurer, refusing to replace him with a better performing minister.

Knighting of Prince Philip

On 25 March 2014, Abbott announced that he had advised the Queen to reinstate the knight and dame system of honours to the Order of Australia. Outgoing Governor-General Quentin Bryce and her successor, Peter Cosgrove, became the first recipients of the reinstated honours. On Australia Day 2015, Abbott announced that Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen's husband and a resident of the United Kingdom, would be appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia. This decision was widely criticised, including by members of the government, and fuelled speculation that the prime minister's leadership could be challenged. On 2 November 2015, new prime minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that knights and dames had been removed from the Order of Australia, as "not appropriate in our modern honours system", although existing titles would not be affected.

February 2015 leadership spill

On 6 February 2015, Liberal backbencher Luke Simpkins announced that he would move a motion, at a meeting of the party room, for a spill of the federal Liberal Party's leadership positions. Simpkins stated that such a motion would give Liberal members of parliament and senators the opportunity to either endorse the Prime Minister or "seek a new direction." The meeting was held on 9 February 2015 and the spill motion was defeated by 61 votes to 39. Both Malcolm Turnbull and deputy leader Julie Bishop were speculated to be considering a leadership run if the spill motion had succeeded. Prime Minister Abbott described the leadership motion as a "near death experience" and declared that "good government starts today", promising to consult his colleagues more, to shy away from his so-called "captain's calls" and to reduce the role of his chief of staff Peta Credlin.

Choppergate
In July 2015, Bronwyn Bishop, who had been successfully nominated by Abbott in November 2013 for the position of Speaker of the House, came under intense media scrutiny after details of her use of taxpayer-funded political entitlements were made public, including chartering a helicopter flight between Melbourne and Geelong to attend a Liberal party fundraiser. Abbott was criticised over his handling of the entitlements scandal as he allowed the controversy to drag on for weeks because of his refusal to sack the Speaker, a close friend and political mentor. Despite Abbott's support, Bishop resigned as Speaker on 2 August 2015.

Same-sex marriage debate
During Abbott's prime ministership, Australian law continued to define marriage as a union of a man and a woman, while recognising same-sex couples as de facto couples in areas such as taxation law, social security law, immigration and superannuation, and Abbott did not support changing the law. During Abbott's time as Opposition Leader and Prime Minister, the position of the Labor Party and opinion polls shifted towards favouring same-sex marriage. Abbott determined that a national plebiscite, rather than a Parliamentary vote should settle the issue.

As an Opposition front bencher in 2008, Abbott wrote: "The love and commitment between two people of the same sex can be as strong as that between husband and wife... There is more moral quality in a relationship between two people devoted to each other for decades than in many a short-lived marriage. Still, however deeply affectionate or long lasting it may be, the relationship between two people of the same sex cannot be a marriage because a marriage, by definition, is between a man and a woman... Let's celebrate all strong relationships, whether they are between a man and a woman or between people of the same sex but let's be careful about describing every lasting sexual bond as a 'marriage'." The First Rudd government and Gillard government held similar views (although the short-lived second Rudd government reversed Labor's position on the issue).

Abbott reaffirmed that he did not support changing the law to recognise same-sex marriage, and did not alter Coalition policy on the issue – however he permitted Coalition members to advocate for change if they felt strongly on the issue, and indicated that if a bill were to come before the new parliament, the Coalition party room would discuss its stance on the issue. Opinion polls suggested growing support for change. On 11 August 2015, after renewed debate about same-sex marriage in Australia, Abbott called a Coalition Party room vote and Coalition MPs voted against allowing a free vote on the issue 66 to 33. Some MPs said they were willing to cross the floor on the issue and Abbott was criticised by some pro-gay marriage Liberal MPs, including Christopher Pyne, for holding the vote in the Coalition party room, rather than the Liberal party room (as the inclusion of National Party votes decreased chances of a pro-change outcome). To settle the issue, Abbott proposed a plebiscite following the next election. Although he remained personally opposed to change, he said Parliament should respect the outcome of the national vote on the issue. A national plebiscite regarding same-sex marriage would eventually be held in 2017, under the subsequent Turnbull government.

September 2015 leadership spill

On 14 September 2015, Malcolm Turnbull, the Minister for Communications, resigned and stated his intention to challenge the Liberal Party leadership in a leadership spill. A party-room meeting held that evening saw Abbott defeated by Turnbull on a 54–44 vote. According to The Economist, Abbott was ousted due to poor opinion polling, lacklustre economic management, and involvement in several political gaffes and scandals. In comments just after the result was announced, Turnbull praised Abbott for his "formidable achievements" as prime minister. By the time he was removed from premiership, Abbott was one of the most unpopular world leaders, and he has been regarded by critics and political experts as one of Australia's worst prime ministers.

Later years in parliament (2015–2019)

After Malcolm Turnbull successfully challenged Abbott for the Liberal Party leadership in 2015, Abbott returned to the government backbench and pledged to remain in Parliament. In a final media conference as Prime Minister, Abbott told reporters: "Leadership changes are never easy for our country. My pledge today is to make this change as easy as I can. There will be no wrecking, no undermining, and no sniping. I've never leaked or backgrounded against anyone. And I certainly won't start now [...] I am proud of what the Abbott government has achieved. We stayed focused despite the white-anting [...] The nature of politics has changed in the past decade. A febrile media culture has developed that rewards treachery. If there's one piece of advice I can give to the media, it's this: refuse to print self-serving claims that the person making them won't put his or her name to. Refuse to connive at dishonour by acting as the assassin's knife."

 Turnbull government

Malcolm Turnbull gave the former Prime Minister no portfolio in the new government. As a backbencher, he continued to defend the record of the Abbott government, and speak out on a range of issues. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, he backed Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi call for a "revolution in Islam" in a speech in Singapore, and told Sky News, "All of those things that Islam has never had — a Reformation, an Enlightenment, a well-developed concept of the separation of church and state — that needs to happen." He defended the Abbott government's 2014 Budget measures and called on future Prime Ministers to follow his commitment to spending a week a year in indigenous communities. Abbott declared he would have won the 2016 Election. In a December 2015 editorial, The Sydney Morning Herald accused Abbott of contradicting his undertaking that there would be "no undermining of Malcolm Turnbull".

On 24 January 2016, Abbott confirmed that he would stand for Liberal preselection for the Division of Warringah in the federal election. He was re-elected with a small swing against him, matching the statewide swing against the Government. Following his re-election, he voiced various concerns about the direction of the Turnbull government. In February 2017, he told a book launch that the Turnbull government was perceived by many conservatives as "Labor lite", and risked a "drift to defeat" at the upcoming election if it failed to improve its performance. Turnbull's ousting of Abbott had divided the Liberal Party rank and file and tensions continued in the parliamentary Party. Abbott said Turnbull supporters had plotted against him.

In the lead up to the 2017 postal survey on same sex marriage, Abbott campaigned for the retention of the status quo. During the campaign, Abbott was headbutted in Hobart by protester Astro Labe, who was sentenced to six months imprisonment. Following the "yes" vote in the plebiscite, Abbott said he accepted the result, and that the matter was settled.

In October 2015, The Australian reported that a "poll of 1631 voters shows 62 per cent of Australians believe the Liberal Party did the right thing" in ousting Abbott. Abbott was returned as the Member for Warringah at the subsequent election, but the Coalition's majority in the House of Representatives was reduced from 29 seats to one seat. In April 2018, the now-elected Turnbull government reached the 30-consecutive-Newspoll-losses benchmark Turnbull had used to unseat Abbott. Turnbull resigned after losing the support of the Party in room during the Liberal leadership spills of 2018. Abbott supported Peter Dutton in the leadership vote. Following the election of Scott Morrison as party leader, Abbott said the Coalition now had a better chance of re-election in the upcoming poll, telling the Centre for Independent Studies: "I am confident, given the ministerial appointments that he's made, that there will be better policy, there will be a united party, and there will be a sharper difference with our opponents."

 Morrison government

Following Turnbull's resignation, Abbott was appointed as Prime Minister Scott Morrison's Special Envoy on Indigenous Affairs, with a brief to focus on indigenous school attendance and performance. Abbott presented his first report to Parliament as Special Envoy in December 2018. He recommended increasing substantially the salary supplements and the retention bonuses for teachers in very remote areas; waiving HECS debt of longer term teachers in very remote schools; incentives for communities to adopt debit card arrangements; an extension of the Remote School Attendance Strategy, with more local school buy-in and engagement; extension of the Good to Great Schools program that has reintroduced phonics and disciplined learning for further evaluation and emulation; and that the government should match the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation's private and philanthropic funding on an ongoing basis.

On 18 May 2019, during the federal election, Abbott lost his seat of Warringah to independent candidate and former Olympic skier Zali Steggall, marking the first time the seat had been lost by the Liberals and their predecessors since its creation in 1922. Steggal ran as a pro-climate action candidate and her campaign won extensive media coverage and the backing of the left wing GetUp! lobby group. Abbott went into the election holding Warringah on a two party preferred margin of 61 percent. However, he lost over 12 percent of his primary vote from 2016, and finished over 4,100 votes behind Steggall on the first preference count and over 13,000 after preferences were distributed - losing by 57.2% to 42.8% . Abbott had won the seat at nine elections and served 25 years as the Member for Warringah.

Post-parliamentary career
On 4 September 2020, Abbott was appointed as an adviser to the UK's Board of Trade with the stated aim of providing "a range of views to help in its advisory function, promoting free and fair trade and advising on UK trade policy to the International Trade Secretary". The role involves advising on the negotiation of international trade deals for the UK, but it was reported that Abbott would not be involved in advising the government on the country's Brexit process. He will be joined on the board by other senior political figures, including Patricia Hewitt, a former UK Secretary of State for Health, Daniel Hannan, a former Member of the European Parliament, and Linda Yueh, a writer and broadcaster. News of the appointment prompted UK Opposition politicians to question his suitability for the job because of comments previously made by Abbott about climate change, women and same-sex marriage. Boris Johnson, the UK's Prime Minister, said that he could not agree with the views of everyone in his government, but that Abbott had been elected as Prime Minister by that "great, liberal democratic nation of Australia" which he said "speaks for itself".

He currently holds the role of a Senior Advisor at New Direction, a think tank affiliated with the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in the European Parliament.

In February 2023, Abbott joined the board of UK think-tank Global Warming Policy Foundation which is known for its climate change scepticism.

Possible Senate appointment
After the death of Senator Jim Molan, former Victorian Liberal president Michael Kroger in an interview with Sky News Australia suggested the idea of Abbott taking Molan's Senate seat. Opposition Leader Peter Dutton told ABC News that there was ''no question Tony Abbott would be an asset" but also stated that "there will be many other candidates who are very credible as well". Abbott has not confirmed whether he is interested in returning to public life.

Political views
Abbott is a member of the National Right faction of the Liberal Party.

The term "Abbottism" has been coined by several media outlets to refer to his political ideology. Abbottism has been compared to several other eponymous political ideologies, namely Hansonism (the views of Pauline Hanson) and Trumpism (the views of Donald Trump).

Aboriginal affairs
Abbott has an active interest in indigenous affairs. As Opposition Leader, Abbott promised to prioritise indigenous affairs. As Prime Minister, Abbott reformed the administration of the portfolio, moving it into the Department of Prime Minister.

As Health Minister, Abbott established the Nurse Family Partnership to improve conditions for indigenous youth. As Opposition Leader, he worked with Cape York Aboriginal activist Noel Pearson, volunteered as a teacher in remote Aboriginal Communities and gave a commitment to continue to live one week a year in such communities if elected Prime Minister. In contrast to his mentor John Howard, Abbott praised Rudd's National Apology to the Stolen Generation.

While the Coalition and Labor were engaged in negotiations with crossbenchers to obtain minority government in 2010, Noel Pearson lobbied Rob Oakeshott to back Abbott. Rising to support the passage of the Gillard government's historic Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Bill through the House of Representatives in 2013, Abbott said:

In November 2012, Abbott flew to Alice Springs to back Aboriginal Country Liberal Party (CLP) MLA Alison Anderson to run in the federal seat of Lingiari and to become the first Indigenous woman to enter Parliament. Anderson eventually did not run as the CLP candidate for Lingiari in the 2013 federal election.

In August 2015, he rejected the request of Aboriginal leaders Patrick Dodson and Noel Pearson for the federal government to fund a series of Indigenous-only conventions on the wording for the referendum, citing concerns it could be potentially divisive.

Constitutional monarchy
Abbott supports the Australian monarchy. Before entering parliament, he worked as the Executive Director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy from 1993 to 1994.

In March 2014, Abbott advised the Queen to reintroduce the grade of Knight/Dame to the Order of Australia, without discussing it in the Cabinet and despite stating in December 2013 that he did not plan to do so. The Fraser government initially introduced the grade of Knight/Dame of the Order of Australia in 1976; the Hawke government discontinued it in 1986.

Climate change
Before becoming Opposition Leader, Abbott initially supported proposals by Liberal leaders Howard and Turnbull to introduce floating prices to reduce carbon emissions, but also expressed some doubts as to the science and economics underlying such initiatives. In 2009, Abbott announced his opposition to Turnbull's support for the Rudd government's Emissions Trading Scheme proposal, and successfully challenged Turnbull for the Liberal leadership, chiefly over this issue. As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests. On the eve of the 2013 election, Abbott told the ABC:

Before becoming Opposition Leader in November 2009, Abbott questioned the science of climate change and an ETS.  In November 2009, Abbott outlined his objections to the Rudd government's carbon pricing plan on the ABC's Lateline program.  Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme. Under Abbott, the Coalition joined the Greens and voted against the CPRS in the Senate, and the bill was defeated twice, providing a double dissolution trigger. The Rudd government eventually deferred its CPRS legislation until 2013.

With Abbott as Opposition Leader, the Liberal party opposed a carbon emissions tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme. Abbott predicted in March 2012 that the Gillard government's carbon tax would be the world's "biggest". A January 2013 OECD report on taxation of energy use measured Australia's effective tax rate on carbon at 1 July 2012 as among the lower rates in the OECD. In July 2011, Abbott criticised the proposed powers of the government's carbon tax regulator.

In October 2017, Abbott spoke in London at the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a climate-skeptic lobby group, where he described climate change as "probably doing good; or at least, more good than harm." He argued that higher concentrations of carbon dioxide act as "plant food" and "are actually greening the planet and helping to lift agricultural yields."

On 15 December 2019, he claimed that the world was "in the grip of a climate cult".

Social policy
Abbott opposed the legislation of same-sex marriage in Australia.  Abbott is an opponent of embryonic stem cell research and euthanasia. He supports the right for women to have an abortion. As Health Minister, he tried, but failed, to block the introduction of the abortion pill RU-486. As Health Minister, Abbott advocated for reducing the number of abortions performed each year as a national priority, and referred to abortion as the "easy way out". Abbott opposed allowing the introduction of embryonic stem cell research or therapeutic cloning in a conscience vote.

In his 2009 book Battlelines, Abbott proposed that consideration should be given to a return to an optional at-fault divorce agreement between couples who would like it, similar to the Matrimonial Causes Act, which would require spouses to prove offences like adultery, habitual drunkenness, cruelty, desertion, or a five-year separation before a divorce would be granted. Abbott said that this would be a way of "providing additional recognition to what might be thought of as traditional marriage".

Early on in his Prime Ministership, the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly passed the Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013, a bill to allow same-sex couples to legally marry. Abbott announced that the federal government would challenge this decision in the High Court. The case was heard on 3 December. Nine days later, on 12 December, the High Court gave judgement that the Same Sex Act would be dismantled as it clashed with the Federal Marriage Act 1961. When the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017, which posed the question of whether same-sex couples should be able to marry, was presented to members of parliament, Abbott abstained from voting. Ultimately, same-sex marriage would be passed into law in December 2017.

Abbott supported Peter Dutton's call to give "special treatment" to white South African farmers seeking asylum.

National Broadband Network
Abbott was opposed to a majority Fibre-to-the-Home (FttH) National Broadband Network (NBN). In 2010, as Leader of the Opposition, Abbott stated that he would "ferociously" hold the Labor government to account over what he believed to be "a white elephant on a massive scale" and would "demolish" the NBN.

In 2010, Abbott argued that an LTE network could meet Australia's future broadband needs, with "a tower on every street corner".

In 2011, he called for the NBN to be scrapped entirely with funding diverted to assist with recovery efforts following the Queensland floods, stating "The National Broadband Network is a luxury that Australia cannot now afford. The one thing you don't do is redo your bathroom when your roof has just been blown off."

With Malcolm Turnbull as Shadow Minister for Communications and Broadband, the Liberal/National Coalition proposed an alternative - The Multi-Technology Mix (MTM), which heavily utilised Fibre to the Node (FttN) technology - in the lead up to the 2013 Australian federal election. Abbott said that if elected, all Australians would have access to a minimum broadband speed of 25Mbit/s by the end of their first term of government. They promised download speeds between 25 and 100 Mbit/s by the end of 2016 and 50 to 100 Mbit/s by 2019, with the rollout completed by the end of 2019.

China and Taiwan
Abbott called the AUKUS defense pact between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, which is directed at countering Chinese power in the Indo-Pacific region, "the biggest decision that any Australian government has made in decades" as "it indicates that we are going to stand shoulder to shoulder with the United States and the United Kingdom in meeting the great strategic challenge of our time, which obviously, is China". Abbott said that Australia would be safer as a result, and cited China's increasing naval firepower as a justification for the deal.

Abbott strongly supports the de jure recognition of Taiwan as an independent nation. In 2021, Abbott attended a regional forum hosted in Taipei and met with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen. During a speech, he stated that he wants to help Taiwan end its isolation from global affairs and reaffirmed Australia's solidarity with the country amid increasing tensions with China. In the speech, he also referred to China as a "bully" and Chinese President Xi Jinping as "the new red emperor". Chinese officials highly criticised Abbott's visit and speech, although Prime Minister Scott Morrison and his government defended his visit.

Personal life
In March 2020, an Australian computer security researcher obtained Abbott's passport number and personal phone number after Abbott posted a photo of his aeroplane boarding pass on Instagram. The researcher found a security flaw in the online check-in portal of the airline carrier Qantas, that divulged sensitive information given details printed on the pass.

Abbott has admitted to having smoked cannabis once.

Marriage and children
When Abbott was 22, his girlfriend at the time became pregnant and claimed he was the biological father. The couple did not marry and put the child up for adoption. For 27 years, Abbott believed that he was the father of the child. In 2004, the man sought out Abbott, and it was publicly revealed he was an ABC sound recordist who worked in Parliament House, Canberra, and was involved in making television programs in which Abbott appeared. The story was reported around the world, but DNA testing later revealed that Abbott was not the man's father.

Following his departure from the seminary, Abbott met and married Margaret "Margie" Aitken, a New Zealander working in Sydney. The couple have three daughters (Louise, Bridget and Frances), and became grandparents in 2021.

Religion
Abbott is a Roman Catholic. Before the 2013 Election, Abbott spoke of his religious outlook:

As a former Catholic seminarian, Abbott's religiosity has come to national attention and journalists have often sought his views on the role of religion in politics. According to John Warhurst of the Australian National University, academics have at times placed an "exaggerated concentration on the religious affiliation and personal religious background of just one of [the Howard government's] senior ministers, Tony Abbott." Journalist Michelle Grattan wrote in 2010 that while Abbott has always "worn his Catholicism on his sleeve", he is "clearly frustrated by the obsession with [it] and what might hang off that". Abbott has said that a politician should not rely on religion to justify a political point of view:

Various political positions supported by Abbott have been criticised by church representatives, including aspects of Coalition industrial relations, asylum seeker, and Aboriginal affairs policies. After criticisms of Liberal Party policy by clergy, Abbott has said, "The priesthood gives someone the power to consecrate bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ. It doesn't give someone the power to convert poor logic into good logic."

Community service
Abbott is an active volunteer member for the Davidson, NSW Rural Fire Service. He is also an active volunteer member of the Queenscliff Surf Life Saving Club.

Abbott participates in the Pollie Pedal, an annual 1,000 km charity bike ride. In April 2007, he launched the tenth annual Pollie Pedal, to raise money for breast cancer research.

In 2008, Abbott spent three weeks teaching in a remote Aboriginal settlement in Coen on Cape York, organised through Indigenous leader Noel Pearson. He taught remedial reading to Aboriginal children and worked with an income management group helping families manage their welfare payments. In 2009, he spent 10 days in Aurukun on Cape York working with the truancy team, visiting children who had not been attending school. Abbott's stated goal for these visits was to familiarise himself with Indigenous issues.

Writings
Abbott has published four books. In 2009, he launched Battlelines; a personal biography, reflections on the Howard government and discussion of potential policy directions for the Liberal Party of Australia. Previously he had published two books in defence of the existing constitutional monarchy system, The Minimal Monarchy and How to Win the Constitutional War. In 2012, he released a compilation of key speeches from that year, entitled A Strong Australia.

Honours

National
  8 June 2020 Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), For eminent service to the people and Parliament of Australia, particularly as Prime Minister, and through significant contributions to trade, border control, and to the Indigenous community.
  4 November 2018 National Medal (Australia), for 15 years service as a volunteer Firefighter.
  1 January 2001 Centenary Medal, for service as Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations.

State medals
 : 8 March 2015 Rural Fire Service Long Service Medal, for ten years of long service

Foreign medals
 : 29 April 2022 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun

See also
 Abbott government
 2014 Australian federal budget
 2015 Australian federal budget

References

Further reading

External links

 Parliamentary profile

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1957 births
Abbott government
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Australian monarchists
Australian people of Dutch descent
Australian people of Welsh descent
Australian Rhodes Scholars
Australian Roman Catholics
British emigrants to Australia
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Companions of the Order of Australia
English emigrants to Australia
English people of Australian descent
English Roman Catholics
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Leaders of the Australian House of Representatives
Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Living people
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Warringah
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
People educated at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview
People educated at St Aloysius' College (Sydney)
People who lost British citizenship
People with acquired Australian citizenship
Politicians from London
Politicians from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Sydney Law School alumni
University of Sydney Business School alumni
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Ministers for Health
Foreign born Australian politicians

Tony Abbott


Minimax (predecesorul versiunii CEE) a fost difuzat pentru prima dată în Spania în 1993 și folosea sistemul de criptare Nagravision de la sateliții SES 1B și 1C la 19.2 grade est. Canalul a fost parte a pachetului Canal Satelite España (acum Canal+ España), ce includea CineMania, CineClassics, Documania și mai târziu SportMania. În 1996, Minimax a început difuzarea "Nickelodeon en Minimax", un mic segment ce difuza seriale marca Nickelodeon cu dublaj în limba spaniolă, inclusiv Ren și Stimpy și Rocko's Modern Life.

Minimax a fost un canal de televiziune spaniol creat în ianuarie 1994 sau prin sfârșitul anului 1993 și a transmis prin satelitul Astra 1C.

Își are originea în pachetul analogic al Canal Satélite (care mai târziu a devenit CanalSatélite Digital). Pe 3 august 1996, s-a ajuns la un acord cu Nickelodeon pentru a difuza unele din seriile lor la sfârșit de săptămână. După trecerea Canal Satelite de la analog la digital, canalul a fost reținut.

În decembrie 1998, Minimax a fost vândut firmei Fox, care îi schimbase numele în Fox Kids (emis de Canal Satélite Digital și Vía Digital). În 2005, Fox Kids a fost redenumit in Jetix. Disney a cumpărat mai târziu toate drepturile pentru acel canal și a făcut-o să devină actualul Disney XD Spania.

Minimax
Televiziuni din Spania

Minimax (canal spaniol desființat)


Wurtemberg-Hohenzollern (en alemán: Württemberg-Hohenzollern) fue un Estado histórico de la Alemania Occidental. Fue creado en 1945 como parte de la zona de ocupación francesa. Su capital fue Tubinga. En 1952 fue fusionado en el nuevo Estado federado de Baden-Wurtemberg.

Historia
Wurtemberg-Hohenzollern no debe ser confundido con el Gau de mayor tamaño, e igual nombre, que fue formado durante el Tercer Reich (1933-1945).

Wurtemberg-Hohenzollern consistía en la mitad sur del antiguo Wurtemberg y la región administrativa prusiana de Hohenzollern. La mitad norte de Wurtemberg se convirtió en el Estado de Wurtemberg-Baden bajo administración estadounidense. La división entre norte y sur fue establecida de tal modo que la Autobahn de conexión entre Karlsruhe y Múnich (en la actualidad A8) estuviera completamente contenida dentro de la zona americana.

El 18 de mayo de 1947 fue promulgada una nueva constitución y fue elegido el primer parlamento de Wurtemberg-Hohenzollern. Con la formación de la Alemania Occidental el 23 de mayo de 1949, Wurtemberg-Hohenzollern se unió a la República Federal.

El 24 de septiembre de 1950 se realizó un referéndum no vinculante en Wurtemberg-Hohenzollern, Wurtemberg-Baden y Baden en relación con una fusión de los tres Estados. El 16 de diciembre de 1951 se celebró un referéndum público. Los tres Estados fueron fusionados y el 25 de abril de 1952 fue formado el moderno Estado federado alemán de Baden-Wurtemberg.

Escudo de armas
El escudo de armas utilizado fue el del Estado Libre Popular de Wurtemberg, de la República de Weimar.

Lista de Ministros-Presidentes
 1945-1947: Carlo Schmid (SPD)
 1947-1948: Lorenz Bock (CDU)
 1948-1952: Gebhard Müller (CDU)

Antiguos estados y territorios de Baden-Wurtemberg
Zona de ocupación francesa
Estados y territorios fundados en 1945
Wurtemberg
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1952
Alemania en 1952

Wurtemberg-Hohenzollern


, Buddhist monastic name Yamamoto Jōchō (June 11, 1659 – November 30, 1719), was a samurai of the Saga Domain in Hizen Province under his lord Nabeshima Mitsushige. He became a Zen Buddhist priest and relayed his experiences, memories, lessons, ideas, and aphorisms to the samurai , who compiled them under the title Hagakure.

Early life and education
Yamamoto Tsunetomo was born 11 June 1659 to Yamamoto Jin'emon, then aged 71, and a woman whose maiden name was Maeda. He was the last born to the family, and regarded by his father as a superfluous addition who was intended to be given away to a salt merchant. For most of his childhood, Tsunetomo was sickly and claimed doctors told him he would not live past twenty years old. Despite his fragile health, he was employed at age 9 to be a page for Nabeshima Mitsuhige. Tsunetomo's skills in literature led Mitsuhige to have him study under noted man of letters Kuranaga Rihei.

In his twenties, Tsunetomo studied under the Zen Buddhist priest Tannen and the Confucian scholar Ishida Ittei, both of whom greatly influenced his philosophy. The last major influence in Tsunetomo's education was his nephew Yamamoto Gorōzaemon, who was older than Tsunetomo and helped him get a position as a scribe in Edo and then in the imperial capital Kyoto in 1686. In 1687, Gorōzaemon took responsibility for a large destructive fire, leading to him and Tsunetomo both resigning from their positions. Tsunetomo returned to work for Mitsuhige.

Buddhist priesthood
In 1695, Mitsushige retired due to ill health, and tasked Tsunetomo with finding a copy of a book of secret poetry instructions called Kokindenju. Tsunetomo obtained a copy in Kyoto and on 1 May 1700, presented it to Mitsuhige, who died two weeks later. Tsunetomo intended to commit suicide to follow his master in death, but both Mitsushige and the shogunate as a whole had banned the practice. Instead of continuing as a samurai seeking minor positions, Tsunetomo became a Buddhist priest and his wife became a nun, living in a hermitage in the mountains.

Hagakure
Later in life, (between 1709 and 1716), Tsunetomo narrated many of his thoughts to the samurai . Many of these aphorisms concerned his lord's father and grandfather Naoshige and the failing ways of the samurai caste. These commentaries were compiled and published in 1716 under the title of Hagakure (葉隠), a word that can be translated as either In the Shadow of Leaves or Hidden Leaves.

The Hagakure was not widely known during the years following Tsunetomo's death, but by the 1930s it had become one of the most famous representatives of bushido taught in Japan. In 2011 a manga/comic book version was published Hagakure: The Manga Edition, translated by William Scott Wilson, adapted by Sean Michael Wilson and Chie Kutsuwada (Kodansha International Ltd., 2011).

Tsunetomo believed that becoming one with death in one's thoughts, even in life, was the highest attainment of purity and focus.  He felt that a resolution to die gives rise to a higher state of life, infused with beauty and grace beyond the reach of those concerned with self-preservation.  Some viewed him as a man of immediate action due to some of his quotes, and in the Hagakure he criticized the carefully planned Akō vendetta of the Forty-seven rōnin (a major event in his lifetime) for its delayed response.

Legacy
During Japan's militarist years in the 1930s and 1940s, soldiers hailed Hagakure as a key text for proper samurai behaviour.

The Hagakure was the book that the character Ghost Dog reads and lives his life by in the movie Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai.

See also
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Nakae Chōmin
Natsume Sōseki
Susumu Nishibe
Tsuneari Fukuda
Yukio Mishima

Footnotes

References

External links

 Hagakure Kikigaki : Orated Aphorisms of Yamamoto Jocho
 Hagakure! (Selected topics from Hagakure)
 Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao by Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.

1659 births
1719 deaths
Japanese writers of the Edo period
Japanese non-fiction writers
People from Saga Prefecture
Samurai
Japanese military writers
Bushido
Nabeshima retainers
Japanese Buddhist clergy
17th-century Japanese philosophers
18th-century Japanese philosophers

Yamamoto Tsunetomo


Patronyme

 Kim Van Hee (1978- ) (nom de scène: Kim Kay), chanteuse belge d'expression française.
 Marie-José Van Hee (1950- ), architecte belge.
 Miriam Van hee (1952- ), poétesse belge d'expression néerlandaise.
 Sylvain van Hee (1875-1960), prêtre jésuite belge, évêque de Kwango au Congo.

Patronyme belge

Van Hee


Un disc 45 rpm sau 7" este un tip de disc de vinil, utilizat pentru înregistrarea și redarea în special a melodiilor single. Au dimensiunea (diametrul) de 177,8 mm (7 inch/țoli)

Discuri de vinil

45 rpm


Aasiaat Radio er kystradiostationen i Grønland med i alt 30 VHF-sendere og -modtagere. Anlæggene er tiltænkt at dække fra de yderste øer og ud over havet.

Aasiaat Radio kan kaldes på både arbejdskanaler og kanal 16.

Endvidere har Aasiaat Radio også mellembølgeanlæg stående, som sørger for et GMDSS A2-havområde ved Grønland. Rækkevidden på mellembølge er normalt op til 3-500 sømil.

Kanalliste

MF kanaler

VHF kanaler

VHF Østkyst

VHF Vestkyst

Services

Trafiklister
Trafiklister udsendes på tiderne 0235, 0535, 0835, 1135, 1435, 1735, 2035, 2335 UTC, der sendes på alle arbejdsfrekvenser og -kanaler.

Med trafiklisterne følger altid navigationsadvarsler og servicemeldinger, som ligger til udsendelse.

Vejret
Aasiaat Radio udsender klokken 0605, 1005, 1505 og 2005 storm-, kuling- og overisningsvarsler til skibsfarten. Varslerne annonceres lige efter tavshedsperioden på 2182 kHz og kanal 16, og sendes derpå på alle arbejdsfrekvenser og -kanaler samtidig. Bemærk, at varsler gælder i 18 timer fra tidspunktet for udstedelse. Hvis der ikke er modtaget nye varsler udsendes på arbejdskanalerne, at der ikke er modtaget nye varsler.

Varsler der modtages til udsendelse udenfor de ovenstående tidspunkter, udsendes efter forudgående annoncering på MF DSC 2187,5 kHz, 2182 kHz og VHF kanal 16, på alle arbejdsfrekvenser og -kanaler. Sådanne varsler, gentages ved udløbet af den tavshedsperiode, som ligger tidsmæssigt mere end 30 minutter efter første udsendelse.

Varsler udgives af DMI, og refererer til havområder ved kysten af Grønland.

Varsler om piteraq ved Tasiilaq udsendes både sammen med de øvrige varsler; men også sammen med trafiklister.

NAVTEX

NAVTEX stationer i Grønland

NAVTEX stationer i omliggende farvande

Noter

Kystradiostationer i Danmark
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الجناح هو جسم مسطح يستخدم لإنتاج قوة الرفع ومن ثم الطيران ذلك بالسفر خلال الهواء أو وسط غازي. شكل الجناح يكون انسيابيا. كانت تلك الكلمة ترمز إلى الكتلة اللحمية بجوانب الطيور ومن ثم تمدد المصطلح ليشمل الخفاش والحشرات والديناصورات الطائرة وأجزاء الطائرة أو مايصنعه الإنسان.

الجناح أداة تنتج الرفع. في ديناميكا الهواء تعرَف بمعدل الرفع إلى السحب (Lift to Drag Ratio). فالرفع يتكون بواسطة الجناح عند السرعة المعطاة وزاوية هبوب الريح أو ما يسمى زاوية المواجهة. وقد يكون مقداره أكثر بمرة أو مرتين حسب المقدار التضاعفي من مقدار الإعاقة. هذا يعني قوة دفع صغيرة لها أهمية بمكان بحيث قادرة على تسيير الجناح خلال الهواء للحصول على رفع كاف.

جناح الطائرة

جناح الطائرة هو مكون أساسي من مكونات الطائرة، إذ أنه يحمل محركات الطائرة، ويساعدها في عمليتي الإقلاع والهبوط. أي طائرة نفاثة حديثة لابد أن يتكون جناحها من الأجزاء التالية:

 مقطع لحافة أمامية مستديرة(Leading Edge).
 الحافة الخلفية للجناح.
 أدوات الحافة الأمامية مثل السدفة أو الستر الثابت (Slot) أو المتحرك (Slat) أو الزوائد للطائرات العسكرية (Extensions)
 أدوات الحافة الخلفية مثل القلابات
 الجنيح ويكون عادة بجوار طرف الجناح، يستخدم للدوران.
 أداة تقليل الرفع (Spoilers) بالجزء العلوي ويستخدم لتقليل الرفع وعمل دوران اضافي.
 مولد الزوابع (Vortex generator) ويستخدم لمنع فصل الدفق بحالة الطيران فوق الصوت.
 حواجز الجناح تستخدم لجعل التيار بجوار الجناح وذلك بمنع الطبقة(الهواء المحيط بالجناح) الحاجزة من الانتشار
 الجناح بأسفل الهيكل (Dihedral) أو مايسمى زاوية جناح ايجابية ويعطي ثبات بالدوران, أو جناح بأعلى الهيكل (Enhedral) أو مايسمى زاوية الجناح السلبية للأفق وله تأثير غير مستقر.
 أجنحة قابلة للطي(Folding wings) ويستخدم لإدخال عدد أكبر من الطائرات بالأماكن الضيقة أو مراكز صيانة الطائرات لحاملة الطائرات.

علم الأجنحة
علم الأجنحة تعتبر من التطبيقات الأساسية لعلم ديناميكيا الهواء. لكي تنتج الأجنحة قوة الرفع يجب أن تكون بزاوية موجبة لتيار الهواء. وبتلك الحالة ستظهر منطقة ضغط منخفض بالجزء العلوي من الجناح مما يسحب الهواء الموجود فوق الجناح منحدرا للداخل بينما تحت الجناح حيث الضغط يصبح أعلى مما يسبب تيار الهواء منحدرا ومتجها للخارج من الطائرة, فرق الضغط ما بين تلك المنطقتين (فوق وتحت الجناح) ينتج قوة دفع للأعلى تسمى قوة الرفع.

فرق الضغط وعجلة التسارع للهواء وقوة الرفع للجناح تعتبر ضمن ميكانيكية واحدة. لذلك لمعرفة قيمة أحدهما يتم حساب الآخر. فعلى سبيل المثال تحسب قيمة الرفع بواسطة فرق الضغط أو بحساب طاقة التسارع للهواء، فكليهما يعطي نفس المحصلة النهائية إن تم حسابهما بشكل صحيح.

هناك فهم خاطئ يقول بأن شكل الجناح أساسي لتوليد قوة الرفع وذلك بعمل مدى أطول فوق الجناح بدلا من تحته، ولكن تلك ليست بالنقطة المهمة، فلكل نوع من الأجنحة لها مميزات خاصة وعيوب، فمثلا الجناح النحيف ومسطح قد يعطي قوة رفع كافية جدا له والأجنحة المحدبة بإمكانها الطيران بشكل مقلوب وبحيث تعطي الأجنحة زاوية مواجهة ايجابية مع تيار الهواء.

الشكل الانسيابي العام لشكل الجناح يكون ناشئا من عوامل متعددة وبعضها منها ليست له علاقة بالأمور الإيروديناميكية، بمعنى الأجنحة تحتاج لتكون قوية لذلك يجب أن تكون سميكة لكي تتحمل القطع الهيكلية. ويجب أن يكون بها تجويف لحمل الوقود ولحمل القطع الميكانيكية المتحركة وعجلات الهبوط.

أنواع الأجنحة

الجناح الرطب
إن تقنية الجناح الرطب (wet wing) هي تقنية في هندسة الطيران والفضاء الجوي حيث يتم غلق هيكل جناح الطائرة واستخدامه كخزان وقود. يطلق على الجناح الرطب أيضًا اسم خزان الوقود الكلي.

مساحة الأجنحة
مساحة الأجنحة لطائرة هي المساحة الجملية لكلا الجناحين. وتحسب ككل المساحات في الرياضيات. هذه المساحة هي أحد العناصر المهمة المحددة لقدرة حمل الطائرة. فطائرة بمحرك بسرعة صغيرة تعوض نقص السرعة ذلك بمساحة الاجنحة أهم وذلك لزيادة قدرة حملها واستحمال وزنها وبالعكس, الطائرات الاسرع لها اجنحة اصغر واقل مساحة.

أمثلة
 طائرات مدنية
 مساحة اجنحة كبيرة
 أنتونوف أن-225 : 905 متر²
 مساحة اجنحة صغيرة
 موران-سولنيار رالي : 12,3 مت²
 طائرات عسكرية
 مساحة اجنحة كبيرة
 نورث أمريكان اكس بي-70 : 585 متر²
 بي-52 : 371,60 متر²
 مساحة اجنحة صغيرة
 اكس-43 : ~ 2 متر²

انظر أيضا
 طائرة
 دفع
 رفرفة مضادة للعزم
 محرك نفاث
 حافة خلفية
 جنيح (طيران)
 جناح دلتا

مراجع

تشريح الثدييات
تشريح الحشرات
تشريح الطيور
ديناميكا هوائية
طيران الطيور
مكونات الجناح
هندسة الطيران والفضاء الجوي
مكونات أجنحة الطائرات

جناح


O Governo da República da Ossétia do Sul (em russo: Правительство Республики Южная Осетия) é a liderança política da República da Ossétia do Sul apenas parcialmente reconhecida, mas de fato independente.

Poder Executivo
O Chefe de Estado da Ossétia do Sul é o Presidente, o atual presidente é Alan Gagloyev. O Chefe de Governo é o Primeiro-Ministro, que é apoiado por um Gabinete de Ministros. O atual Primeiro-Ministro é Konstantin Djussoev.

Em agosto de 2009, o então Presidente Eduard Kokoity demitiu o Gabinete de Aslanbek Bulatsev. Foi dito que Bulatsev estava doente há muito tempo e repetidamente tentou renunciar. Todos os ministros mantiveram seus cargos por algum tempo e trabalham com o novo PM, Vadim Brovtsev, embora alguns tenham sido substituídos depois de um tempo.

Gabinete atual

Ver também

 Política da Ossétia do Sul
 Presidente da Ossétia do Sul
 Primeiro-Ministro da Ossétia do Sul
 Reconhecimento internacional da independência da Abecásia e Ossétia do Sul
 Constituição da Ossétia do Sul

Referências

Ligações externas

 Site oficial do Governo da Ossétia do Sul (em russo)

Política da Ossétia do Sul
Governos nacionais
Poder Executivo por país

Governo da Ossétia do Sul


Die 67. Vuelta a España fand vom 18. August 2012 bis 9. September 2012 statt. Sie war insgesamt 3.282 km lang. Sie wurde von dem spanischen Radprofi Alberto Contador gewonnen.

Die dreiwöchige spanische Rundfahrt bestand aus 21 Etappen und wurde in Pamplona mit einem Mannschaftszeitfahren über 16,2 Kilometer gestartet. Es fanden insgesamt zehn Bergetappen, davon fünf Bergankünfte, sowie neun Flachetappen statt. Außerdem wurde ein Einzelzeitfahren über 40,0 km von Cambados nach Pontevedra ausgetragen. Das zur UCI WorldTour 2012 zählende Etappenrennen endete am 9. September 2012 in Madrid.

Teams
Nach dem Reglement der UCI WorldTour waren die 18 ProTeams zur Teilnahme berechtigt und verpflichtet. Da die Fahrerzahl je Team auf neun und die Gesamtteilnehmerzahl auf 200 begrenzt war, lud der Veranstalter vier Professional Continental Teams über Wildcards ein.

Etappenübersicht

1 Mannschaftszeitfahren
2 Einzelzeitfahren

Wertungen im Tourverlauf
Die Tabelle zeigt den Führenden in der jeweiligen Wertung am Ende der jeweiligen Etappe an.

Siehe auch
 Tour de France 2012
 Giro d'Italia 2012

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

2012
Radrennen 2012

Vuelta a España 2012


George Smith King jr. (Charleston, Virginia Occidental,  - Naples, Florida, ) fue un jugador y entrenador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó seis temporadas en la NBA y entrenó durante 13 temporadas a equipos de la NCAA. Con 1,83 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de base.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas con los Golden Eagles del Morris Harvey College, donde fue dos temporadas máximo anotador del país, consiguiendo varios récords de su División, entre ellos el de promediar 31,2 en 1950 y el de anotar 2.535 puntos a lo largo de su carrera. Fue elegido en dos ocasiones como mejor atleta amateur de Virginia Occidental.

Profesional
Fue elegido en el puesto 87 del Draft de la NBA de 1950 por Chicago Stags, pero la franquicia desapareció esa temporada, marchándose a jugar a los Phillips Oilers de la AAU. Al año siguiente ficha por los Syracuse Nationals, donde jugó 5 temporadas, todas ellas como titular. En la temporada 1952-53 fue el tercer mejor pasador de la liga, solo superado por Bob Cousy y Andy Phillip, promediando 5,1 asistencias por partido. En la temporada 1954-55 consiguió su único anillo de campeón de la NBA tras derrotar en las Finales a los Fort Wayne Pistons, promediando 8,9 puntos, 4,9 asistencias y 3,4 rebotes por partido.

En 1956 abandonó temporalmente las pistas para entrenar a su alma máter, pero regresó en  fichando por los Cincinnati Royals, donde jugó una última temporada, en la que promedió 9,7 puntos y 5,3 asistencias por partido.

Entrenador
Su carrera como entrenador prosiguió en la Universidad de Virginia Occidental en 1958, siendo dos años asistente de Fred Schaus. Cuando éste dejó la universidad para dirigir a los Lakers en 1960, King se hizo cargo del equipo como entrenador principal. Allí permaneció 5 temporadas, con un balance de 102 victorias y 43 derrotas, logrando en tres ocasiones el título de la Southern Conference.

En 1965 se hizo cargo del equipo de la Universidad de Purdue, a los que llevó su primer título de la Big Ten Conference en 29 años en 1969, permaneciendo durante 7 temporadas, en las que consiguió 109 victorias y 54 derrotas. Tras dejar el banquillo, siguió vinculado a Purdue como director de deportes hasta 1992, año en el que se retiró.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de George King en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Virginia Occidental
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Estados Unidos
Entrenadores de baloncesto de la NCAA
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Charleston Golden Eagles
Baloncestistas de los Syracuse Nationals
Baloncestistas de los Cincinnati Royals
Baloncestistas de los Phillips 66ers
Nacidos en Charleston (Virginia Occidental)
Fallecidos en Naples (Florida)

George King (baloncestista de 1928)


Jonny Clarke es un actor inglés, conocido por haber interpretado a Bart McQueen en la serie Hollyoaks.

Biografía
Jonny sale con una estudiante de Chester.

Carrera
El 4 de agosto del 2010 obtuvo su primer papel en televisión importante cuando se unió como personaje principal de la exitosa serie británica Hollyoaks donde interpretó al problemático Bartholomew "Bart" McQueen, hasta el 9 de enero del 2013 luego de que su personaje decidiera huir de Hollyoaks junto con Joel Dexter después de que Brendan Brady los amenazara luego de descubrir que intentaban robarle dinero. El 13 de febrero del 2017 Jonny regresó a la serie, sin embargo el 13 de abril del mismo año se fue nuevamente después de ser asesinado por Warren Fox.

En el 2010 interpretó a Bart en el spin-off de la serie conocida como Hollyoaks: Later.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy :: Celebrity News :: Jonny Clarke

Actores de televisión de Inglaterra

Jonny Clarke


Carlos Alberto de Pinho Moreira Azevedo (* 4. September 1953 in Milheirós de Poiares, Portugal) ist ein römisch-katholischer Geistlicher und Kurienbischof im Vatikan.

Leben
Der Bischof von Porto, António Ferreira Gomes, weihte ihn am 10. Juli 1977 zum Priester.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 4. Februar 2005 zum Titularbischof von Belali und Weihbischof in Lissabon. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm der Patriarch von Lissabon, José da Cruz Kardinal Policarpo, am 2. April desselben Jahres in der Catedral Sé Patriarcal; Mitkonsekratoren waren Armindo Lopes Coelho, Bischof von Porto, und João Miranda Teixeira, Weihbischof in Porto.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 11. November 2011 zum Delegaten des Päpstlichen Rates für die Kultur. Am 2. Juni 2015 berief ihn Papst Franziskus zum Mitglied der Päpstlichen Kommission für Sakrale Archäologie.

Am 3. Dezember 2022 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus zum Delegaten des Päpstlichen Komitees für Geschichtswissenschaft.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Weihbischof in Lissabon
Titularbischof
Person (Römische Kurie)
Träger des Ordens des Infanten Dom Henrique (Großkreuz)
Portugiese
Geboren 1953
Mann

Carlos Alberto de Pinho Moreira Azevedo


L'église du Saint-Esprit des Gondoles est une église catholique paroissiale de Choisy-le-Roi, en banlieue parisienne dans le Val-de-Marne. Elle est située dans le quartier des Gondoles, d'où son nom local.

Description
Les vitraux, réalisés par Jacques Avoinet, sont de style contemporain.

Historique
Cette église paroissiale fut construite en 1908 pour desservir le nouveau quartier des Gondoles.

En 1929, l'architecte en chef des monuments historiques Jean-Marie Trouvelot construisit un nouveau transept. Un nouveau chœur lui fut adjoint en 1958.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Choisy-le-Roi
Choisy
Choisy
Choisy

Église du Saint-Esprit des Gondoles


عازور هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء جزين في محافظة الجنوب.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قرى جبل عامل
قضاء جزين
مدن لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء جزين

عازور


Agrilus andersoni é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Hespenheide, 2008.

Referências

andersoni

Agrilus andersoni


Gregorio Horacio Guzmán (16 de febrero de 1913 — 11 de agosto de 1992) fue un político y abogado argentino, que ocupó el cargo de Gobernador de la Provincia de Jujuy de 1958 a 1962, y más tarde, de 1963 a 1964.

Biografía
Horacio Gregorio Guzmán nació en la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy, siendo hijo de Margarita Ocampo y Stanislaus Flavio Guzmán, en 1913. Se alistó en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, donde obtuvo su juris doctor en 1939. Militó dentro de la Unión Cívica Radical (UCR) centrista, que se opuso al "fraude patriótico" del gobierno de la Concordancia, como miembro de la sección juvenil del partido, y en 1940, fue elegido diputado provincial en Jujuy. Horacio Guzmán fue elegido gobernador el 23 de febrero de 1958, asumiendo el 1 de mayo y desempeñándose en el cargo hasta seis días antes del vencimiento del mandato constitucional, 24 de abril de 1962, fecha en la que el gobierno de Frondizi fue depuesto por un golpe militar. El 12 de octubre de 1963 el Colegio Electoral lo designó nuevamente como gobernador de la provincia, cargo en el que estuvo hasta el 21 de agosto de l964, cuando en razón de los fuertes conflictos sociales y políticos, Jujuy fue intervenido por el Gobierno Nacional, a cargo entonces de Arturo Illia.

Tras el golpe de Estado que instauró la dictadura autodenominada Revolución Libertadora que derrocó a Juan Domingo Perón, Guzmán fue nombrado Director del Fondo de Seguridad Social de la Provincia, y se convirtió en el líder de la UCR jujueña.

Fue titular de la UCR local, cargo al que renunció a partir de la Convención Nacional en Tucumán en 1957, ya que se incorporó a la Unión Cívica Radical Intransigente, acompañando a Arturo Frondizi. Próximo a finalizar el mandato, se convocó a elecciones generales en la provincia para el 25 de febrero de 1962, que fueron postergadas hasta el 18 de marzo. Pese a ello el gobierno nacional intervino en todas las provincias, no pudiendo finalizar su mandato.

Guzmán creó incentivos para la instalación de empresas privadas en su provincia llevó a la ingenios Ledesma (uno de los más importantes en la Argentina) realizar la modernización de sus instalaciones. Por sus servicios a la iglesia católica recibió comendador de la Orden de San Gregorio Magno por nombramiento del papa Juan XXIII.  En cuanto a la salud, no había en la provincia suficientes hospitales ni médicos, y especialmente en la Puna, eran muchos los niños que morían antes de cumplir dos años. Las carencias en materia de educación dieron como resultado un alto número de analfabetos.

Las políticas nacionales prevalecieron, sin embargo, el 29 de marzo de 1962, Guzmán fue destituido del cargo tras el golpe de Estado contra el presidente Frondizi. Regresó al cargo tras ser electo nuevamente en las elecciones de julio de 1963; cuyo segundo período estuvo marcado por disputas políticas.Fueron intervenidas todas las provincias y se anularon los comicios realizados en el país desde enero.- El 12 de octubre de 1963 asumieron el Presidente y el vicepresidente de la Nación, Dres. Arturo Umberto Illia y Carlos H. Perette. En esta provincia, a legislatura no recibió el juramento de los gobernantes.- La mayoría de los Diputados pertenecientes al "Partido Blanco de los Trabajadores", resolvió declarar la nulidad de la elección de Gobernador y Vicegobernador efectuada por la Junta de electores en su reunión de los días 26 y 29 de agosto y designó Gobernador interino al Vicepresidente primero Sr. Mario Juan Carlos D'Amico.y finalmente el presidente Arturo Illia en agosto de 1964 removió a Guzmán del cargo. Guzmán subsecuentemente fundó el Movimiento Popular Jujeño (MPJ), y no ocuparía aquel cargo sino hasta 1982, cuando durante el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, durante la presidencia de facto del General Leopoldo Galtieri lo nombró gobernador.

Renunció en octubre de ese año, y fue elegido Diputado nacional en 1985. Renunció en 1987, y posteriormente sería electo Intendente de San Salvador de Jujuy.

Horacio Guzmán murió el 11 de agosto de 1992. Su hija, la abogada María Cristina Guzmán, estuvo dentro del Congreso Nacional por el MPJ de 1983 a 1999, y su nieta, Mónica Arancio, fue elegida senadora nacional por Jujuy, siendo así la primera mujer senadora jujeña, en 2001.

Referencias

Gobernadores de la provincia de Jujuy
Jujeños (capital)
Comendadores de la Orden de San Gregorio Magno
Funcionarios y magistrados durante el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional
Intendentes de San Salvador de Jujuy

Horacio Guzmán


Fatma Jynge (29 de novembro de 1945 - 16 de julho de 2019) foi uma arquitecta e política norueguesa do Partido Trabalhista.

Nascido na Tanzânia e educada em Nairobi, no Quénia, Jynge mudou-se para a Noruega em 1971. Ela acabou por assumir vários cargos administrativos no município do Condado de Hedmark, na Norwegian Defence Estates Agency e no Norwegian State Housing Bank. Ela foi nomeada Secretária de Estado no ministério do governo local em 2000, mas serviu apenas por um curto período de tempo.

Jynge faleceu em Hamar a 16 de julho de 2019.

Mulheres da Noruega na política
Arquitetos da Noruega
Mortos em 2019
Nascidos em 1945
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Fatma Jynge


Madhu Bai Kinnar é o prefeito de Raigarh em Chhattisgarh, Índia.  Concorrendo como candidato independente, Madhu venceu a eleição para prefeito da Corporação Municipal de Raigarh, garantindo 33.168 votos e derrotando o rival mais próximo, Mahaveer Guruji, do partido no poder BJP, por 4.537 votos. Ela é a única prefeita abertamente transgênero da Índia.

Antes das eleições
Madhu Bai era anteriormente conhecido como Naresh Chauhan e tem uma educação de oitava série. Quando adolescente, Madhu deixou sua família para se juntar à comunidade transgênero local. Ela pertence à comunidade Dalit na Índia.

Antes de assumir o cargo, Madhu Bai ganhava a vida fazendo biscates e cantando e dançando nas ruas de Raigarh e se apresentando em trens que faziam a rota Howrah-Mumbai. Ela concorreu ao cargo de prefeito com um orçamento de 60.000 a 70.000 rúpias, dizendo que foi por insistência de alguns cidadãos magoados que ela decidiu disputar as eleições.

Antes de Madhu, Kamla Jan foi eleita a primeira prefeita transgênero da Índia em Katni . Sua candidatura foi declarada "nula" porque ela disputou na categoria feminina.

Na política
Madhu Kinnar deseja trabalhar como líder independente, em vez de se juntar a um partido político. Sua vitória eleitoral em 4 de janeiro de 2015 ocorreu cerca de nove meses após o veredicto da Suprema Corte NALSA, que deu reconhecimento legal às pessoas trans na Índia. Na primeira reunião da Corporação Municipal de Raigarh, os membros do Congresso e do BJP fizeram uma paralisação, resultando no adiamento da reunião.

Uma parte crucial de sua agenda tem sido o saneamento. Em entrevista ao The Guardian, ela afirma que "Não havia calçadas adequadas. Os becos estavam sujos e cheios de lixo. Pobres, abandonados na velhice, dormiam nas ruas sem nada para mantê-los aquecidos. Decidimos fazer algo – concorrendo a esta eleição." Alguns de seus eleitores também sugeriram que ela se dedicasse à limpeza e enchimento de lagos e lagoas, bem como à criação de pequenos parques e jardins. Ela também estará trabalhando no redirecionamento do tráfego de caminhões para as estradas externas da cidade.

Referências

Nascidos em 1980
Políticos LGBT da Índia
Pessoas LGBT da Índia

Madhu Kinnar


Ionel Floroiu (n. , Parincea, Bacău, România) este un deputat român, ales în 2016.

Vezi și
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Ionel Floroiu


O golpe de Estado no Peru  de 1919 foi um golpe de Estado perpetrado em 4 de julho pelo então candidato presidencial e ex-presidente Augusto B. Leguía, com o apoio da gendarmaria de Lima, contra o governo cessante de José Pardo y Barreda. O resultado do golpe foi exitoso para Leguía, que iniciou um processo político conhecido como «Patria Nueva», pelo qual pretendia modernizar o país por meio de uma mudança nas relações entre o Estado e a sociedade civil, e que derivou em uma ditadura de onze anos conhecida como Oncenio. Este governo terminou abruptamente por outro golpe de Estado, em 1930, liderado pelo comandante Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro.

Antecedentes
Nas eleições de 1919, convocadas pelo então presidente José Pardo, apresentaram-se como candidatos Ántero Aspíllaga (presidente do oficialista Partido Civil) e o ex-presidente Augusto B. Leguía (candidato do opositor Partido Democrático Reformista), que havia governado o país entre 1908 e 1912. Durante a campanha presidencial, Leguía se apresentou como o defensor dos anseios da juventude universitária e das classes trabalhadoras e populares para mudar as estruturas do país. Seu triunfo  se vislumbrava, pois era o candidato mais carismático.

As eleições foram realizadas e o escrutínio davam Leguía como o vencedor; foi então que a Corte Suprema anulou um grande número de votos que favoreciam o Partido Democrático Reformista  e temia-se que as eleições fossem anuladas pelo Congresso. Diante desse panorama, e alegando que sua vitória não seria reconhecida pelo governo civilista, Leguía e seus partidários deram um golpe de Estado na madrugada de 4 de julho de 1919.

O golpe de 4 de julho
O plano consistia em dois batalhões da gendarmeria de Lima assaltando o Palácio do Governo. O complô, iniciado em 3 de julho, foi um sucesso, pois o Exército Peruano não repeliu o golpe, os marinheiros da Base Naval de Callao se inclinavam a acabar com o governo civilista, e os conjurados conseguiram aprisionar o presidente José Pardo, que terminaria seu mandato em apenas 45 dias, e parte de seu governo. Leguía fez sua flamante entrada no Palácio Presidencial às seis da manhã, sendo aplaudido por tropas afins e simpatizantes civis.

Houve uma tentativa de restabelecer a ordem constitucional por parte do Coronel Samuel del Alcázar, que comandava um batalhão do Exército implantado nas ruas próximas à Plaza de Armas de Lima. Ao chegarem à sede do governo, as companhias aderiram ao golpe. Após uma breve escaramuça entre os gendarmes que resguardavam o Palácio Presidencial e as tropas que acompanhavam o Coronel Alcázar, este último foi preso. Por sua vez, o chefe do Estado-Maior, coronel Pedro Pablo Martínez, tentou reunir as tropas acantonadas no quartel de Santa Beatriz para assaltar o Palácio do Governo, mas os soldados se juntaram ao golpe, aplaudindo Leguía.

Uma turba invadiu as instalações do jornal El Comercio, enquanto outra incendiou a residência do presidente Pardo.

Pardo foi exilado em Nova York. Leguía assumiu o poder como presidente provisório e seu primeiro ato foi dissolver o Congresso, que lhe era adverso. Em 21 de julho, Leguía publicou um manifesto no diário oficial El Peruano justificando suas ações:

O golpe de Estado foi apoiado apenas pelo Partido Constitucional do marechal e herói nacional Andrés Avelino Cáceres.

Consequências
Leguía convocou um plebiscito para submeter ao voto dos cidadãos uma série de reformas constitucionais que considerava necessárias; dentre essas reformas, estava contemplada a eleição simultânea do Presidente da República e dos membros do Congresso, ambos com mandatos de cinco anos (antes, o mandato presidencial era de quatro anos e o Parlamento era renovado por terços a cada dois anos). Dessa forma, queria fortalecer o Executivo frente ao Legislativo e evitar a oposição parlamentar exacerbada que havia sofrido em seu primeiro governo. Apelou ainda à realização de eleições em setembro para integrar um novo congresso constituinte, que passaria a denominar-se Assembleia Nacional, cuja missão seria a de criar uma nova Constituição Política, em substituição da Constituição de 1860, então em vigor.  A Assembleia foi instalada em 24 de setembro de 1919 e presidida pelo sociólogo e jurista Mariano H. Cornejo. Em 12 de outubro, a Assembleia proclamou Leguía como Presidente Constitucional da República.

Para recompensar o Exército por sua cumplicidade no golpe, o presidente Leguía promoveu ascensões entre a oficialidade.

Bibliografia

Golpes de Estado no Peru
1919 no Peru

Golpe de Estado no Peru em 1919


El síndrome de Ackerman se caracteriza por raíces molares fusionadas con un solo canal (taurodonismo) y forma piramidal y taurodontismo, labio superior sin un arco de cupido, surco nasolabial grueso y ancho, y de vez en cuando, glaucoma juvenil.

También puede referirse a dermatitis granulomatosa intersticial.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Enfermedades epónimas
Enfermedades genéticas

Síndrome de Ackerman