Tillsonburg is a town in Oxford County, Ontario, Canada with a population of 18,615 located about 50 kilometres southeast of London, on Highway 3 at the junction of Highway 19.

History
Prior to European settlement, the present site of Tillsonburg was home to Indigenous tribes.  The Tillsonburg Village Site, a 14th century Iroquoian village, was excavated in 2001 and 2008, in the northwest corner of the town, and contained 15 longhouses.

The area was settled in 1825 by George Tillson and other immigrants from Enfield, Massachusetts. A forge and sawmill were erected and roads built which led to the establishment of this small community, originally called Dereham Forge. The settlement was on the Big Otter Creek.

In 1836 the village was renamed Tillsonburg in honour of its founder. It was also in this year that the main street, Broadway, was laid out to its full  width. Because the village was predominantly a logging and wood product centre, the street was built to accommodate the turning of three-team logging wagons. This width is now unique to Ontario and has become a benefit toward handling the pressures of modern-day traffic by providing angled parking. The extension of Broadway north was called Plank Line and is now known as Highway 19.

The mid-19th century proved to be the first step in the industrialization of this municipality. A water system was devised to not only supply pure water for domestic use, but also to provide water power to such industries as a sawmill, planing mill, gristmill, spinning mill, pottery and a tannery. Many of these new establishments were either owned, started, or financed by George Tillson.

In 1872 the village was incorporated as the Town of Tillsonburg, with Edwin Delevan Tillson elected as its first mayor. The Town of Tillsonburg reached a population of 2,000 in 1885, experienced its first church dedication, and had its first telephone installation established. Electric power was first used in 1912 and automobiles began to appear on the market.

In 1915, a public library was built with funds provided by the Carnegie Foundation, and the town's Memorial Hospital opened in 1925.

In the 1920s, major enterprises included milk production, manufacture of shoes, tractors, textiles and an increased production of tobacco. The Tillsonburg Livingstons basketball team (representative of Tillsonburg's largest industry) won the Canadian Championships in 1952 and represented Canada in the 1952 Summer Olympics at Helsinki, Finland. CKOT Radio began broadcasting operations in 1955 and the Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Marketing Board opened its new auction exchange three years later.

Government
Tillsonburg is one of eight municipalities that make up the County of Oxford. The mayor also represents the town as a County Councillor. The county administers social programs, ambulance and paramedic services, planning, water and wastewater services, garbage and landfill operations and the County road system.

Tillsonburg is governed by an elected mayor, deputy mayor and five councillors. Council meets on the 2nd and 4th Mondays of each month in the Council Chambers in the Corporate Municipal Office. They oversee staff and set policy for the various operations and services provided by the town.

The town also owns and operates:
Tillsonburg Municipal Airport
Lake Lisgar Water Park

Oxford County now owns and operates:
Tillsonburg Public Library

Healthcare

The town has one hospital accredited through the Ontario Ministry of Health. Tillsonburg District Memorial Hospital is in the downtown area on Rolph Street. The TDMH serves the town and region.

Development
In the Town's Centennial Year (1972), the new $1,000,000 Community Recreation Complex was opened by the Governor-General of Canada.  The Tillsonburg Museum was also opened in the old community centre on the shores of Lake Lisgar. A new  library was completed in 1975, and a second indoor skating rink was built in 1977, funded completely by donations from industry, commerce, service clubs, citizens and the Wintario lottery. In 1979, the hospital built a $7,000,000 addition for offices, improved x-ray and emergency departments, and an expanded Intensive Care Unit. A fire hall was constructed in 1979, replacing the old building which was demolished to make way for a downtown mall.

The controversial Tillsonburg Town Centre Mall opened in 1980, where the former Town Hall once stood. The mall, a joint effort of the town and Trottier Investments, was built primarily to meet competition from out-of-town malls and keep more of the shopping dollar in town.

In 1983, two important buildings - Annandale House (built by the founding Tillson family) and the Hale Street railway station became public buildings. The former would be restored as a house museum, while the latter became The Station Arts Centre.

A residential development geared for seniors, named Hickory Hills, began selling homes in 1986. The development significantly added to the town's population and increased the pool of volunteers for local non-profit agencies.

In 1991, a food bank was established for the community's needy and continues to be operated on a volunteer basis.

Throughout the early 1990s, volunteers were also busy on the Lake Lisgar Renaissance Project, which sought to revitalize the lake, and make the park around the lake more attractive with the construction of a gazebo, water fountain and walkways into the lake.

In that period two major entertainment outlets closed: the Skylark Drive-In and the Strand movie theatre, victims of the video store arrival. The original angled marquee architecture of the Strand Theatre is still intact but the building is again unoccupied after brief stints as businesses. To the relief of many, big screen movies came back in Tillsonburg in 1996 with the opening of Broadway Cinemas.

In 1994, the downtown area was significantly enhanced with the construction of the Rotary Club Clock Tower, which incorporated a clock from the town's former Post Office, and a bell from the demolished Town Hall. Soon, it became a community tradition (sponsored by the Rotary Club) for local residents to gather at the Clock Tower to ring in the New Year with fireworks, hot apple cider and the dropping of a ball.

Further development of residential senior's focused development began in 2001 with the Baldwin Place subdivision located on the western periphery of the town. This development which is in Phase 8 will have approximately 300 homes when completed.

The Tillsonburg Community Centre was refurbished in 2004 with renovations and enlargement of the main ice surface to NHL size. The project's scope of work included keeping the whale-back roof as a key architectural feature as well as to increase seating and provide for new recreation and health club facilities.

Residential development includes the re-urbanization of the former railway lands on Bridge Street East which is the site of Tillson Landing condominium, the first such highrise construction in more than a decade.

Industry and economy
Tillsonburg serves a regional tri-county area of 65,000 people at the convergence of Oxford, Elgin and Norfolk counties. The industrial base has become quite diverse during the decline of the once prominent tobacco industry. The area is home to several branch plants of major US and internationally based automotive suppliers including Autoneum Canada Ltd, THK-TRW, Marwood Metal Fabrication Ltd and a new site for Armtec. There are many service-related industries including Future Transfer Co. Inc, Inovata Foods, E & E McLaughlin, J/E Bearing Ltd., Fleetwood Metal Products, and MIL-SIM-FX International Inc.

The town has a very active and developing downtown core area which includes the Tillsonburg Town Centre mall, built in 1980 and big box stores including Canadian Tire, Shopper's Drug Mart and Staples.  Newly expanded The Source store and Mark's Work Wearhouse are in the Tillsonburg Town Centre Mall.

All of the major Canadian banks have branches in the town and there is also a credit union.

The town is served by three grocery stores: Sobeys, Zehrs and Metro.

Tillsonburg is served by three radio stations; the New Country 107.3 (107.3 CJDL FM), Country 1510 (1510 CKOT AM), Easy 101 (101.3 CKOT FM) and two newspapers: 'Norfolk & Tillsonburg News.

The town has been positively impacted by the CAMI plant in Ingersoll, 22 kilometres north of the town, which opened in 1986. The CAMI plant, owned by General Motors of Detroit, Michigan, has been retooled to produce the BrightDrop series of all-electric delivery vans.

The area also has a strong agricultural community with cash crops, hog farming, milk production, tobacco, ginseng and various tertiary crops (including watermelons).

The town has recently become a hub for regional operations of the Ontario Provincial Police including Oxford County Division Headquarters and also the Southwestern Ontario Forensics laboratory which opened in April 2008.

Tourism
In January 2006 the National Post listed Tillsonburg as number 75 on the top 100 places to visit in Canada.
Annandale House was designated a Canadian National Historic Site in 1997.

Tillsonburg is home to three barn quilts.  One is on the north end of town on the side of a furniture store, shaped as a barn.  Another one is on the grounds of Station Arts in front of the caboose and the third quilt is on the original Pea & Barley Mill, built in 1878 by E.D. Tillson, son of the town's founder and opened in 2009 as the Mill Tales Inn beside the Otter Creek featuring a restaurant and inn. These barn quilts make up part of the Barn Quilt Trail in Southwest Ontario.

Another attraction is the Station Arts Centre, a multi-use facility which was created from two historic train stations that were joined together by a central gallery. It has been home to artistic, cultural and technical groups since its founding in 1983.  It is also home to the Saturday morning Tillsonburg Farmers' Market which operates from May to November.

A number of organizations across Tillsonburg collaborate in putting together events such as Turtlefest, the Week of Remembrance and the Tillsonburg Country Christmas Festival.

Camping is available north of town at Casey's Park on Highway #19 north of Mount Elgin, which is the home of weekly Country Music Jamborees between Victoria Day and Labour Day, where audience members are encouraged to participate on stage.

Lake Lisgar, a small lake in the centre of town, has been rehabilitated and is home for the Tillsonburg Rowing Club and the Lake Lisgar Water Park.

Education

Elementary and secondary schools
Tillsonburg elementary and secondary schools are under the control of two school boards, the Thames Valley District School Board (TVDSB) and the London District Catholic School Board (LDCSB).

 Glendale High School
 Annandale Public School
 Monsignor J.H. O'Neill Catholic School
 South Ridge Public School
 St. Joseph's Catholic School
 Westfield Public School
 Rolph Street Public School (closed)
 Maple Lane Public School (closed as of 2014)

Special service schools

Adult Basic Literacy Program: A Multi-Service Centre program, in the Livingston Centre, established: 1987. Literacy instruction is provided to any adults free of charge. Students are encouraged to purchase their books.
Tillson Avenue Education Centre: Established: 1995. Adult Day School offering credit courses, independent learning courses, basic literacy, English as a second language (ESL) and driver education.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Tillsonburg had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Transportation

Road
Though not directly on the route, Highway 401 passes close to the town, and is connected to it by Highway 19, at exit 218. Greyhound no longer has weekly bus service to and from Tillsonburg. T:GO Transit  provides weekday local and out-of-town bus service to Woodstock, Ingersoll, and other neighbouring communities.

Rail

The Town of Tillsonburg rail service had been served by the St. Thomas & Eastern Railway, a division of Trillium Railway, which ran in most cases parallel to Highway 3 in the south end of the town on the former Canadian National Railway Cayuga subdivision, previously the Great Western Railway's Canada Air Line. Service on the STER was daily, Monday to Friday, but ceased operation in 2013. However, GIO Rail resumed service on January 4, 2022.

The Ontario Southland Railway also serves Tillsonburg using the former CPR Port Burwell subdivision running from nearby Ingersoll, parallel to Highway 19 north of town, and then into the north-east end of town. The OSR interchanges with the STER at the south end of town.

Passenger train services are provided by Via Rail stations in nearby Ingersoll or Woodstock.

Air
The town is served by the Tillsonburg Municipal Airport, owned and operated by the Town of Tillsonburg.  The airport is 7 km north of the town in Southwest Oxford Township. The airport is home to several aviation-related businesses. The airport has 3 runways, with the primary runway being re-constructed and extended to 5,500 feet, constructed of asphalt.  Its terminal building houses a flying school and has a cafe, lounge, patio and viewing area.  The airport is used by corporate aircraft including jets. Regular users of the airport also include the Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association, Air Ambulance, Canadian Coast Guard, the Ontario Provincial Police and other government agencies.

Recreation

Curling is available at the Tillsonburg Curling Club
The Bridges at Tillsonburg is an 18-hole golf course south of town
Lake Lisgar is home to the Lake Lisgar Water Park which is open from Father's Day to Labour Day.
The Tillsonburg Senior Centre, located at the Tillsonburg Community Centre Complex, offers more than 2 dozen activities including a woodworking shop, aerobics, handcrafts, a library, card playing including a bridge club and seasonal activities.
The Tillsonburg Community Centre Complex offers a variety of recreation programs, including hockey and ringette.  It has two rinks and a mini practice rink, swimming pool, baseball diamonds, skate park, racquet courts and other facilities.
The Tillsonburg Thunder of the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League, play at the Memorial Arena located at the Tillsonburg Community Centre Complex.
The Tillsonburg Soccer Park has a land area of . Opened in 2000, this facility draws regional tournaments and players from across the region. The park also includes a full clubhouse with meeting and catering facilities.

Media

Radio

Newspapers
 The Tillsonburg News, a bi-weekly newspaper, first published in 1863

Neighbourhoods
Annandale Heights
Baldwin Place: Modelled largely after the successful Hickory Hills subdivision, this neighbourhood also features one-storey homes.
Broadway Acres: A neighbourhood immediately adjacent to Broadway with homes built as far back as the 1960s.
Brookside: One of the newer areas located off Quarterline Road near the Tillsonburg Soccer Park. This area of larger single-family homes has recently been connected with Broadway Acres via the long-awaited extension of Glendale Drive. Monsignor O'Neill and Glendale High School are located nearby.
Cadman Subdivision
Claron Heights
Georgian Heights
Glenridge
Hickory Hills: The first of the retirement subdivisions in the town. Planned in the late 1980s this neighbourhood has quaint small homes, all one-storey with attached garages. The residents have their own residents association and community centre.
The Oakes: New area located off Quarterline Road just South of the Tillsonburg Soccer park.
Park Place
Riva Ridge
Riverview
Rolling Meadows: also was annexed by the Town of Tillsonburg in the 1970s and features larger homes on sizeable lot frontages. This neighbourhood is in the north end of town with convenient access to Highway #19.
South Ridge
Trottier Subdivision
VanNorman Drive
Westmount: Originally part of the former Township of Dereham, this neighbourhood boasts a large park and homes spread out over very large lots dating back to 1970.
Woodhaven
Woodland Estates

Notable people
Lloyd Andrews, played for the Toronto St. Patricks from 1921–1925 and won the Stanley Cup
Shirley Barrie, playwright and winner of a Dora Mavor Moore Award
Jeff Bes, won gold medal at the 1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, drafted by the Minnesota North Stars. Played in the Central Hockey League
Colin Campbell, former National Hockey League (NHL) player, and former vice-president of hockey operations of the NHL. An arena commemorating Campbell is located at the Tillsonburg Community Centre
Gregory Campbell, former NHL player, won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 2011
Bill Coulthard, basketball player, competed for Canada at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Michael DeGroote, billionaire, member of the Order of Canada
Debra DiGiovanni, comedian, Canadian Comedy Award winner
Gary Green, hockey coach and broadcaster, was the youngest head coach in NHL history with the Washington Capitals
Anne Harris, renowned Canadian Sculptor
Tillson Harrison, physician, army officer and adventurer, also known for his humanitarian work in China.
Harley Hotchkiss, executive with the Calgary Flames, member of the Order of Canada, member of the Hockey Hall of Fame
Gerry Livingston, philanthropist in the areas of sport and social services and sponsor of Canada's Olympic male basketball teams in 1952 and 1960. He received Papal honours in 1962 and died in 1988. The Livingston Centre was named in his honour.  He also founded the Multi-Service Centre.
Christopher Mabee, silver medalist at the 2007 Canadian Figure Skating Championships
Kevin Matisyn, lead vocalist for the alternative rock band Parabelle, former lead vocalist for the Juno-nominated rock band Evans Blue.
Dave Moylan, former ice hockey defenceman, won the silver medal at the 1986 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, drafted in 1985 by the Buffalo Sabres
Austin Pasztor, football player, played for Virginia in the NCAA, and in the NFL for several teams as an offensive lineman
David Rokeby, artist, awarded the Governor General's Award
Jay Triano, the first Canadian-born coach in the NBA, former head coach of the Toronto Raptors. He captained Canada's basketball team at the 1984 and 1988 Olympics.
Shawn Tompkins, long time Mixed Martial Arts trainer

Popular culture
Stompin' Tom Connors and The Cash Brothers have each written and recorded songs entitled "Tillsonburg".

Historical churches
Avondale Zion United Church: 62 Harvey St. Designated a Heritage Building on June 19, 1981, this neo-Gothic white brick church is the oldest religious structure in Tillsonburg. The congregation was established in 1849. The current church was the result of a union between a Methodist and Presbyterian Church in 1925.
Bethel Temple: 119 Bidwell St. The congregation was established in 1939.
Church of Christ, Tillsonburg: 204244 Keswick Rd.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints: 19 Rid out S W
First Baptist Church: 101 Bidwell St. The congregation was established in 1853.
Harvest Time Christian Fellowship: 115 Queen St.
New Hope Baptist Church: Highway 3 and Greenline Rd. The congregation was established in 1985.
North Broadway Baptist Church: 6 North St. E. The congregation was established in 1939.
The Salvation Army: 110 Concession St W. The congregation was established in 1884.
St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church: 48 Bock St W. The congregation was established in 1849.
St. John's Anglican Church: 46 Ridout St. A church was built and dedicated in 1868, but burned down in 1870. A new building was erected in 1872. A time capsule was opened 100 years after its placement near the cornerstone in 1899. A new 100-year time capsule containing some of the original documents has been stored in the same location.
St. Luke's Lutheran Church: 14 Glendale Dr. The congregation was established in 1948.
St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church: 51 Venison St. W. Built in 1932.
St. Paul's United Church: 34 Ridout St W. The congregation was established in 1867. The current building was erected in 1913.
Tillsonburg Bible Chapel: 63 Queen St. Built in 1920.
Tillsonburg Christian Reformed Church: 150 Concession St W. The congregation was established in 1977.
Tillsonburg Free Methodist Church: 44 Tillson Ave. The congregation was established in 1883.

Historical schools
Rolph Street P.S.: The first school was built in 1866 and the current building opened in 1912.
St. Mary's C.S.: 131 Rolph St. Built in 1949.

Historical/architectural resources
Annandale House: 30 Tillson Ave. Annandale National Historic Site is one of the finest examples of the Aesthetic Art Movement, a Victorian style which utilized colour, decorative detail, and nature. Constructed in the 1880s for E.D. Tilson, the first mayor of Tillsonburg, Annandale NHS provides the opportunity to tour a restored period mansion and changing local history exhibits.
Leachman Residence: 94 Rolph St. This Italianate-style house, with its rounded windows and eyebrow surrounds was built in 1876.
Private Residence: 41 King St. Like many other buildings in Tillsonburg, this house was constructed of locally formed white brick. Decorative gingerbread under the eaves matches the gingerbread trim on the corner oriel windows.
Private Residence: 101 Rolph St. This two storey Gothic-style house was built in 1880. Bay window projections on the front and side of the house combine with the striking two storey porch to create an inviting exterior. Of note are the wooden shutters that are shaped to fit each curved window.
St. Paul's United Church Manse: 38 Ridout St. W. This two and a half storey house was built in 1870 as the manse for the adjacent United Church. The front facade presents an interesting combination of features with its delicate gingerbread in the gable, small dentil trim under the eaves, and rough stone window surrounds.
Vivian House: 300 Broadway St. From the slate roof to the decorative stained glass, stylish gingerbread and detail work under the eaves, trim on the two storey porch, and unique keyhole window on a side elevation, this house is a wonderful example of Victorian elegance.
 T.W Gibson Residence:280 Broadway. In 1909 T.W Gibson started construction of a fine new brick residence which still stands as a stately home along Tillsonburg's tree-lined main street.

Plaques and monuments
Memorial Wall: 170 Broadway St. Plaque located in the Town Centre Mall. It memorializes various citizens' achievements.
Tillsonburg Cenotaph: 170 Broadway St. The Cenotaph is located in the Town Centre Mall. This memorial is dedicated to Tillsonburg men and women who served in World Wars I and II.
Rotary Clock Tower: 41 Bridge St W. Located at the corner of Bridge St and Broadway St. The clock came from the old Post Office, and the bell from the old Town Hall. The Tower is surrounded by memorial paving stones, engraved with the names of various prominent members of the community, as well as those designated by donors.

Cultural resources
Great Western Railway Station: 41 Bridge St W. at corner of Bidwell St. The typical station roof lines of this building disclose its busy past. Note the spelling of Tilsonburg, with only one "l". The Baggage Room Gift Shop and Gallery, located in the former railway station, is operated by the Station Arts Centre. This train station was joined to the Lake Erie & Pacific Railway Station by adding the Changing Exhibit Gallery.  Visitor Information site with brochures and maps for Ontario plus a computer kiosk was added in summer of 2013 for both tourist information and services for the Town of Tillsonburg.
Theatre Tillsonburg: 14789 Potters Rd. Built in 1961. This is the former Hungarian Cultural Centre and was converted to a theatre in 1990.
Tillson Pea and Barley Mill: 20 John Pound Rd. Originally an agricultural mill built in 1878, this three storey structure underwent a major reconstruction and reopened as The Mill Tales Inn and restaurant.
Tillsonburg Lake Erie & Pacific Railway Station: 41 Bridge St W. Originally located on King St, but moved to its present location on Bridge St. in 1992. A gallery was built to join the original train station with this one. The two stations illustrate two distinct styles of railway station architecture. The Station Arts Centre is located in this building. Also home of the Farmers Market open from spring to Thanksgiving.
Tillsonburg Public Library: 2 Library Lane. The Tillsonburg Public Library at Broadway and Washington Grand was built in 1974 replacing a Carnegie Library from 1915 built on the same site. The library joined the Oxford County library system on January 1, 2013 and the building has undergone a major renovation and re-opened on July 29, 2013. A mural of the former Carnegie Library is painted inside the library by local artist Ches Sulkowski. Two more murals are planned of the former Town Hall and one picturing a tobacco farm. The front of the building includes a paved area, with a paving stone for each of the Citizens of the Year designated by the Tillsonburg Chamber of Commerce. The stones begin with Harry Ostander, 1978. Each year, another stone is added for the current Citizen of the Year. Library Lane is also a paved area, with some memorial stones added as requested by donors. A plaque commemorates the founding of Tillsonburg and its founder, George Tillson, 1782-1864. This community, known as the Dereham Forge, grew around the sawmill and foundry that Tillson established. Plaque- Tillsonburg Public Library, 1975, plaque inside the building lists the library board, contractors and architects.

Natural areas and parks
Coronation Park: Van St. 8 ha (20 acres) of parkland.
Lake Lisgar Water Park: 45 Hardy Ave. Plaque - a plaque commemorating Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian gold medalist figure skater in the 1950s. Plaque- In memory of Donald M. Gimbson, a prominent and community minded citizen who served as chairman of the parks and recreation commission and was instrumental in developing Tillsonburg's recreation facilities.
Memorial Park: Ross T. Dixie Tribe Park. Plaque - The Dixie Tribe Memorial Park plaque was presented to the Town of Tillsonburg by H.M. Tribe Trumpour in memory of her son Dixie Tribe, 1941.
VanNorman Memorial Park: A plaque to commemorate the VanNorman family, co-founders of the Town of Tillsonburg in the year 1825.Tillsonburg Tri-County Agricultural Society - a plaque for the Ontario Department of Agriculture presented this plaque in honour of J.M. Climie and in recognition of one hundred years of service by the Society on August 29, 1961.
ParticiPark: 41 Bridge St W. 10ha (25 acres) of parkland along Stoney Creek.
Tillsonburg Conservation Area: Simcoe T 27 Hyman. Passive recreation. Part of the Long Point Region Conservation Authority.

References

External links

Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario
Towns in Ontario

Tillsonburg


Jan Piotrowski (Szczurowa, Polônia, 5 de janeiro de 1953) é um clérigo polonês e bispo católico romano de Kielce.

Jan Piotrowski entrou no seminário da diocese de Tarnów em 1972 e recebeu o sacramento da ordenação em 25 de maio de 1980. Depois de anos como capelania na diocese de Tarnów, ele foi para Brazzaville, no Congo, como missionário por seis anos em 1985. De 1991 a 1997 trabalhou em Roma para a difusão da fé. Durante este tempo, ele também estudou missiologia no Institut Catholique de Paris por dois anos. Em 1997, ele concluiu o doutorado neste assunto na Academia Teológica de Varsóvia. O ol. PhD. Em 1999 e 2000, ele serviu como missionário no Peru.

De 2000 a 2010, Piotrowski foi Diretor Nacional das Pontifícias Obras Missionárias na Polônia. Em 2004 foi agraciado com o título honorário de Capelão Honorário Papal (Monsenhor). Desde 2009 ele é pastor em Nowy Sącz.

Em 14 de dezembro de 2013, o Papa Francisco o nomeou bispo titular de Sinitis e bispo auxiliar em Tarnów. Ele e Stanisław Salaterski, nomeado na mesma época, foram ordenados bispos pelo bispo de Tarnów, Andrzej Jeż, em 25 de janeiro do ano seguinte. Os co-consagradores foram o Núncio Apostólico na Polônia, Arcebispo Celestino Migliore, e o bispo auxiliar emérito em Tarnów, Władysław Bobowski.

Em 11 de outubro de 2014, o Papa Francisco o nomeou Bispo de Kielce. A posse ocorreu em 29 de novembro do mesmo ano.

Em 2014, o Cardeal Grande Mestre Edwin Frederick O'Brien nomeou-o Grande Oficial da Ordem dos Cavaleiros do Santo Sepulcro em Jerusalém. Em 29 de novembro de 2014, a solene investidura na Tenência polonesa ocorreu na Catedral da Assunção em Kielce.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Polônia

Jan Piotrowski


Anders Jivarp (d. 18 Temmuz 1973), İsveçli melodik death metal grubu Dark Tranquillity'nin kurulduğu günden beri davulcusudur. Ayrıca In Flames'in 1994 yılında çıkarılan Subterranean adlı EP'sindeki "Subterranean" ve "Biosphere" parçalarında bateri çalmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
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1973 doğumlular
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Anders Jivarp


أريحا مدينة سورية تتبع منطقة أريحا في محافظة إدلب في شمال غرب سوريا، تحدها من الشمال مدينة إدلب، ومن الغرب مدينة جسر الشغور، ومن الجنوب مدينة معرة النعمان. تبعد مدينة أريحا عن محافظة حلب ما يقرب 75 كيلومتر. بلغ عدد سكانها 39,501 نسمة في عام 2004 حسب إحصاء المكتب المركزي للإحصاء. عرفت بأهميتها من القدم ذكرت في الكثير من المخطوطات الأثرية، يعود تاريخ المدينة إلى أكثر من خمسة آلاف سنة.

وتتقدم المدينة في شتى المجالات العمرانية والخدمية بكافة أنواعها، أريحا مدينة تاريخية وهي موغلة في القدم ذكرت في الكثير من المراجع الأثرية والتاريخية، وعرفت كواحدة من مدن سوريا القديمة، واسم أريحا آرامي سوري قديم يعني الأريج أو رائحة الزهور، ويعد جبل الزاوية المجاور لها من أشهر المناطق بزراعة الكرز والتين والمحلب والعديد من الأشجار المثمرة والمحاصيل الزراعية، التي هي الداعم الأساسي للاقتصاد في أريحا يتبع لأريحا عدد 55 بلدة وقرية وما يزيد على 44 مزرعة وناحية إحسم وناحية محمبل.

تقع أريحا وسط بقعة من أجمل بقاع سورية تحيط بها بساتين الزيتون والكرز والتين والمحلب وتحتل موقعاً استراتيجياً حيث يمر فيها طريق حلب اللاذقية، وهي محطة استراحة للمسافرين لأنها ملتقى الطرق بين اللاذقية حلب وإدلب معرة النعمان وفيها مصيف جبل الأربعين الذي يرتفع عن سطح البحر 900 متر، ويطل مباشرة على سهول إدلب الخضراء، وتعبر مدينة أريحا ذات هواء عليل، ويضم هذا المصيف عدداً من المطاعم السياحية والمنتزهات والفنادق التي تخدم المصطافين، وقد تجمعت المدينة في بداية هذا القرن على شكل مخروط يتقدمها أربع خانات: خان البازار السوق الشيباني القيصرية وتغذيها سبعة قساطل تستجر مياهها من ينابيع العين، تتميز أريحا بكثرة جوامعها وجمال بنيانها وعمرانها، كما تشتهر المدينة بالسياحة العلاجية، ويأتي إليها السياح خصيصا من كل مكان.

الطبيعة والتضاريس

تعد أريحا واحدة من أجمل المدن السورية بطبيعتها الساحرة، فهي ملتقى الطرق بين اللاذقية وحلب، وتتمتع أيضا بمظاهر طبيعية خلابة من أشجار وجبال فهي تقع بين أحضان جبل الأربعين المعروف بأهميته مما يجعلها محطة وفود السياح والمسافرين منذ العصور القديمة للراحة والتمتع بطبيعتها الخلابة الرائعة وهوائها العليل، وبساتين الفاكهة وينابيع المياه، وتشتهر بزراعة الكرز والزيتون والتين، إذ أنها تعتبر منبع التين في سوريا. أريحا مدينة يتبع لها 55 قرية وما يزيد على 45 مزرعة وناحيتين على امتداد كبير من محافظة إدلب الخضراء.

السياحة

السياحة في أريحا (سوريا) لها أصول، ومعروفة كمصيف سوري منذ زمن بعيد كمصيف ومقصد سياحي، واشتهرت أريحا كواحد من المصايف السورية التقليدية العريقة لما تتمتع به من جمال الطبيعة والآثار الهامة، وموقع جبل الأربعين المعروف بمغارته التاريخية الشهيرة، وجوها النقي المعتدل وانتشار أماكن النزهة وينابيع المياة العذبة ويوجد العديد من المنتزهات والاستراحات وعشرات المقاصد للسياحة التاريخية والثقافية حيث المنطقة مليئة بالمواقع الأثرية إضافة للطبيعة الخلابة.

تاريخ أريحا
قال ياقوت الحموي في وصف أريحا: «أريحا بلدة من نواحي حلب أنزه بلاد الله وأطيبها، ذات بساتين وأشجار وليس في نواحي حلب أنزه منها».

تعد أريحا من المدن التاريخية السورية الموغلة في القدم، وقد كانت المدينة القديمة قائمة على تل أثري بجوار المدينة الحالية ابتدأت الحياة في المدينة قبل خمسة آلاف عام في آلاف الثالث قبل الميلاد، وفي العهدين الروماني والبيزنطي من 64 ق م كانت أريحا مركزاً دينيا هاماً وتتبع لأنطاكية، ووصلت المدينة إلى أوج ازدهارها ما بين 240 و 350 م، فتحها عمر بن العاص عام 637م وألحقت بجند قنسرين وفي العهد الأيوبي ألحقت ب حلب وثم مرة أخرى ب قنسرين.

إذا تجولت في شوارع أريحا القديمة فإنك بلا شك تكون قد دخلت التاريخ وستشاهد حاراتها الموغَلة بالقدم بقناطرها وممراتها ومبانيها، آثار تعود للحقبة الرومانية والبيزنطية وآثار لحقب تاريخية متلاحقة على المدينة وزواياها الأثرية لبداية العهد الإسلامي ومساجدها التاريخية.
عام 1516 م تسلم السلطان سليم الأول مفاتيح أريحا (سوريا) وأتبعت أيامها لمدينة جسر الشغور وفي عام 1809 م أصبحت آغوية مستقلة مرتبطة بالباب العالي.

مدينة أريحا في إدلب من المدن التاريخية الهامة في شمال سوريا، كانت بيوتها محفورة تحت الأرض في العصر الروماني، ويحيط بها سور ضخم يحوي 16 باب، فيها العديد من الآثار التاريخية التي تعود للعهد البيزنطي والروماني من المباني والمدافن والخزانات والقنوات المائية الرومانية وآثار تعود لفترات زمنية مختلفة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة أريحا
مدن أثرية سورية
مدن سوريا

أريحا (إدلب)


Sophie Gräfin von Arnim (ab 1902, geb. Gräfin und Edle Herrin zur Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld; * 21. Februar 1876 in Dresden; † 17. August 1949 in Grainau) war eine deutsche Schriftstellerin.

Leben
Sophie Gräfin und Edle Herrin zur Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld wurde als Tochter des königlich sächsischen Generals der Kavallerie a. D. Franz Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe-Weißenfeld (1820–1880) und der Marie, geb. Freiin von Beschwitz (1836–1921), geboren. Prinz Clemens zur Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld war ihr Bruder; Freiherr Hans Oppen von Huldenberg war ein Sohn ihrer Tante Lydia, geb. Gräfin und Edle Herrin zur Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld.

Sie wuchs in Dresden auf und heiratete in Dresden am 29. September 1902 den preußischen Großgrundbesitzer und Freien Standesherrn Adolf von Arnim (1875–1931), Rechtsritter des Johanniterordens, Fideikommißherrn der Freien Standesherrschaft Muskau und Präsident des Automobilclubs von Deutschland. Neben ihren Pflichten als Gutsherrin und Mutter von 4 Kindern, begann sie nach dem Tode ihres Mannes ab 1931 zu schreiben. Ihre Stoffe fand sie vor allem im heimatlichen Bereich Muskau. Sie beschrieb das Leben und Wirken der jeweiligen Schlossherren von Muskau, der Grafen von Callenberg, des Fürsten Pückler und des Prinzen der Niederlande, der Vorbesitzer des Schlosses Muskau, bevor die Familie der Grafen von Arnim die Standesherrschaft, deren Sitz im Preußischen Herrenhaus und das Schloss erbten.

Da sie vielseitig interessiert war, befasste sie sich auch mit dem romantischen Malers Carl Gustav Carus, dessen Biographie sie verfasste. 1945 musste sie im Zuge der Kriegsereignisse Muskau verlassen; das Schloss Muskau brannte wenige Tage nach Kriegsende ab, die Ländereien und der Muskauer Park wurden enteignet.

Werke
 Carl Gustav Carus. V. Zahn und Jaensch-Verlag, Dresden 1930.
 Goethe und Fürst Pückler. V. Zahn und Jaensch-Verlag, Dresden 1932.
 Der Landvogt von Callenberg. C. A. Starke, Görlitz 1934.
 Bilder aus Muskaus Vergangenheit. Teil 1, C. A. Starke, Görlitz 1935.
 Bilder aus Muskaus Vergangenheit. Teil 2, C. A. Starke, Görlitz 1934.

Literatur
 Walter von Hueck, Friedrich Wilhelm Euler: Genealogisches Handbuch der Gräflichen Häuser, A (Uradel), Band V., Band 40 der Gesamtreihe GHdA, C. A. Starke, Limburg (Lahn) 1967, S. 17. Mit Portrait.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Sophie
⚭Sophie
Sophie
Deutscher
Geboren 1876
Gestorben 1949
Frau

Sophie von Arnim


Die erste Polka est un film allemand réalisé par Klaus Emmerich, sorti en 1979.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Die erste Polka
 Réalisation : Klaus Emmerich
 Scénario : Helmut Krapp d'après le roman de Horst Bienek
 Musique : Edward Aniol
 Photographie : Michael Ballhaus
 Montage : Hannes Nikel
 Production : Helmut Krapp
 Société de production : Bavaria Atelier et Neue Deutsche Filmgesellschaft
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame
 Durée : 96 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Maria Schell : Valeska Piontek
 Erland Josephson : Leo Maria Piontek
 Guido Wieland : Montag
 Ernst Stankovski : Wondrak
 Claus Theo Gärtner : Metzmacher
 René Schell : Josef Piontek
 Marco Kröger : Andreas
 Miriam Geissler : Ulla
 Eva Maria Bauer : tante Lucie
 Jan Biczycki : Pattas
 Marie Bardischewski : Wassermilka
 Regine Lamster : Irma
 Markus Stolberg : lieutenant Heiko
 Jessica Früh : Halina
 Ursula Strätz : Witwe Zoppas
 Holger Hildmann : Klingsor
 Maria Donnerstag : Witwe Kupka

Distinctions
Le film a été présenté en sélection officielle en compétition lors de Berlinale 1979.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film allemand sorti en 1979
Film dramatique allemand
Adaptation d'un roman allemand au cinéma

Die erste Polka


Serkans sommer er en film instrueret af Inger M. Clausen.

Handling
Serkan er på sommerferie i sine forældres landsby, Yesilyurt i Tyrkiet. Dias-serien fortæller om hans dagligdag sammen med familien og legekammeraterne. Serkan stjæler et æsel og tager afsted på tur, hvilket fører til nogle spændende oplevelser, men også til problemer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1987
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Serkans sommer


El principio del handicap es una hipótesis propuesta originalmente en 1975 por el biólogo Amotz Zahavi para explicar cómo la evolución puede hacer que se produzcan señales de buenas intenciones entre animales que tienen una motivación obvia para engañar al otro o para engañarse mutuamente.

El principio del handicap sugiere que esas señales deben conllevar un coste para el portador, pues tales señales consisten en alguna característica que no puede ser afrontada por otros individuos. Por ejemplo, en el caso de la selección sexual, la teoría sugiere que los individuos con gran eficacia biológica muestran este estatus mediante un comportamiento desventajoso o una constitución física que merma sus cualidades en otros terrenos. La idea central es que los rasgos de la selección sexual actúan como señales de ostentación, mostrando la capacidad de darse el lujo de desperdiciar un recurso simplemente por derroche. El receptor sabe que el rasgo indica calidad porque individuos de calidad inferior no pueden permitirse el lujo de tales derroches extravagantes. Por ejemplo, la cola del pavo real permite discernir la calidad del macho, pero al mismo tiempo es una extremidad engorrosa y pesada.

Véase también
 Aposematismo

Referencias

1.^ Zahavi, A. (1975) Mate selection - a selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology 53: 205-214.

2.^ Zahavi, A. (1977) The cost of honesty (Further remarks on the handicap principle). Journal of Theoretical Biology 67: 603-605.

3.^ Zahavi, A. and Zahavi, A. (1997) The handicap principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle. Oxford University Press. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-510035-2

4.^ Review by Andrew Pomiankowski, A. & Iwasa, Y. 1998. Handicap Signaling: Loud and True? Evolution, 52, 928-932

5.^ a b c d Johnstone, R.A. (1995) Sexual selection, honest advertisement and the handicap principle: reviewing the evidence" Biological Reviews 70 1-65.

6.^ Johnstone, R.A. (1997) The evolution of animal signals, In Behavioural Ecology: an evolutionary approach 4th ed., J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, editors. Blackwell. Oxford, pp:155-178.

7.^ Maynard Smith, J. and Harper, D. (2003) Animal Signals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852685-7.

8.^ Davis, J. W. F., & O'Donald, P. (1976). Sexual selection for a handicap: A critical analysis of Zahavi's model. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 57, 345–354.

9.^ Eshel, I. (1978). On the handicap principle — a critical defence. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 70, 245–250

10.^ Kirkpatrick, M (1986) The handicap mechanism of sexual selection does not work. American Naturalist 127:222-240.

11.^ Pomiankowski, A. (1987). Sexual selection: The handicap principle does work sometimes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Series B, 231, 123–145.

12.^ Maynard Smith, J. (1976). Sexual selection and the handicap principle. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 57, 239–242

13.^ Maynard Smith, J. (1978). The handicap principle — a comment. Journal of Theoretical Biology,70, 251–252

14.^ Maynard Smith, J. (1985). Mini review: Sexual selection, handicaps and true fitness. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 115, 1–8.

15.^ Grafen, A. (1990) Biological signals as handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144:517-546.

16.^ Spence, A.M. (1973) Job Market Signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics 87:355-374.

17.^ Getty, T. (1998) Handicap signalling: when fecundity and viability do not add up. Anim. Behav. 56, 127–130

18.^ Getty, T. (1998) Reliable signalling need not be a handicap. Anim. Behav. 56, 253–255

19.^ Getty, T. (2002) Signaling health versus parasites. Am. Nat. 159,363–371

20.^ Getty. T (2006) Sexually selected signals are not similar to sports handicaps. Trends Ecol. & Evol 21, 83-88

21.^ Nur, N. and Hasson, O. (1984) Phenotypic plasticity and the handicap principle. J. Theor. Biol. 110, 275–297

22.^ Godfray, H.C.J. 1991. Signalling of need by offspring to their parents, Nature 352 328-330.

23.^ Yachi, S. 1995. How can honest signalling evolve? The role of the handicap principle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series B 262 283-288.

24.^ Adams, E.S. & Mesterton-Gibbons, M. 1995. The cost of threat displays and the stability of deceptive communication. Journal of Theoretical Biology 175 405-421.

25.^ Kim, Y-G. 1995. Status signalling games in animal contests. Journal of Theoretical Biology 176, 221-231.

26.^ Enquist, M. 1985. Communication during aggressive interactions with particular reference to variation in choice of behaviour. Animal Behaviour 33 1152-1161.

27.^ Rodríguez-Girones, M.A., Cotton, P.A. & Kacelnik, A. 1996. The evolution of begging: signaling and sibling competition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93:14637-14641.

28.^ Lachmann, M. & Bergstrom, C.T. 1998. Signalling among relatives. II. Beyond the tower of babel. Theoretical Population Biology, 54:146-160.

29.^ Bliege Bird, R. and Smith, E. A. (2005). Signalling theory, strategic interaction, and symbolic capital. Current Anthropology, 46(2), 221-248.

30.^ Folstad, I. & Karter, A.K. (1992) Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist 139:603-622.

31.^ Wedekind, C. and Folstad, I. (1994) Adaptive or non-adaptive immunosuppression by sex hormones? American Naturalist 143:936-38.

32.^ Folstad, I. & Sakrstein, F. (1996) Is male germ line control creating avenues for female choice? Behavioral Ecology 8:109-112

33.^ Roberts, M.L., Buchanan K.L., Evans, M.R. (2004). Testing the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis: a review of the evidence. Animal Behaviour. 68:227-239

34.^ For footage of this, see Attenborough, D. (1990) The Trials of Life, Episode 10. BBC

Relaciones biológicas interespecíficas
Etología
Semiótica
Selección sexual

Principio del handicap


Dărmănești es una ciudad con estatus de oraș de Rumania en el distrito de Bacău.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 104  a 323 km de la capital, Bucarest.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 14 690 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades del distrito de Bacău

Dărmănești


Sterley Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı bölge. 21,39 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla yaklaşık 964 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Robert Ollmann tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-lauenburgische-seen.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Sterley


Barbara ist ein deutsches Filmdrama von Christian Petzold aus dem Jahr 2012 mit Nina Hoss und Ronald Zehrfeld in den Hauptrollen. Das Drama, für das Petzold auch das Drehbuch verfasste, ist zur Zeit der DDR im Jahr 1980 angesiedelt und stellt eine Ärztin in den Mittelpunkt, die an ein Provinzkrankenhaus versetzt wird, nachdem sie einen Ausreiseantrag gestellt hat. Barbara wurde von Florian Koerner von Gustorf und Michael Weber in Zusammenarbeit mit dem ZDF und Arte produziert.

Der Film wurde am 11. Februar 2012 im Wettbewerb der 62. Berlinale uraufgeführt. Der deutsche Kinostart erfolgte am 8. März 2012.

Im August 2012 wurde Barbara als offizieller Kandidat Deutschlands auf eine Oscar-Nominierung in der Kategorie Bester fremdsprachiger Film ausgewählt. Der Film erhielt jedoch keine Nominierung.

Handlung
Die DDR, im Sommer 1980: Die Ost-Berliner Ärztin Barbara wurde nach Stellung eines Ausreiseantrags inhaftiert und anschließend von der Charité in ein Provinzkrankenhaus an der Ostseeküste strafversetzt. Dort arbeitet sie von nun an in der Kinderchirurgie, die unter Leitung des Arztes André Reiser steht. Reiser wird von dem Stasi-Offizier Klaus Schütz auf Barbara angesetzt. Diese verhält sich misstrauisch und äußerst distanziert zu den Kollegen. Bereits an ihrem ersten Arbeitstag, als Reiser sie nach Hause fährt, ahnt Barbara, dass er auf sie angesetzt wurde. Er erkundigt sich nicht nach ihrem Werdegang und kennt ihre Adresse. Auch muss Barbara in der Folge von Schütz angeordnete Hausdurchsuchungen und Ganzkörperkontrollen über sich ergehen lassen.

Barbaras berufliche Fähigkeiten beeindrucken Reiser, als sie bei der jungen Ausreißerin Stella seine Diagnose infrage stellt und eine durch Zecken übertragene Meningitis diagnostiziert. Barbara kümmert sich aufopferungsvoll um Stella. Das Mädchen ist aus dem Jugendwerkhof Torgau geflohen und erwartet ein Kind. Stella wünscht sich, das Baby nach der Entbindung zu behalten und mit diesem in den Westen zu flüchten. Reiser wiederum gewinnt Barbaras Respekt, als er in einem selbsteingerichteten Labor im Krankenhaus ein Serum für die Patientin herstellt. Gleichzeitig ist er genau wie Barbara den schönen Künsten zugetan und versucht, sie mit einer Eigeninterpretation des Gemäldes Die Anatomie des Dr. Tulp zu beeindrucken. Er weiht sie außerdem in den Grund seiner eigenen Versetzung in die Provinz ein: Eine junge Assistenzärztin, die unter Reisers Aufsicht stand, hatte zwei importierte Brutkästen falsch bedient, woraufhin zwei Säuglinge erblindeten. Der Vorfall wurde vertuscht, Reiser aber von Eberswalde in das Provinzkrankenhaus an der Ostsee strafversetzt. Die Stasi erwartet außerdem von Reiser, Berichte an Schütz zu liefern, nun über Barbara. Barbara bezweifelt die Geschichte und stellt Reiser eine Frage nach dem Typ der Inkubatoren, die dieser nicht beantwortet.

Parallel dazu bereitet ihr Geliebter Jörg heimlich von der BRD aus Barbaras Flucht in den Westen vor. Barbara erhält das Geld für die Flucht über die Ostsee. Sie trifft sich mit Jörg heimlich im Wald und im Rostocker Interhotel. Er macht ihr dabei den Vorschlag, selber in die DDR überzusiedeln, was Barbara aber strikt ablehnt. Ebenso gibt er ihr zu verstehen, dass sie nach der erfolgreichen Flucht ihre berufliche Karriere aufgeben könne, da er genug für sie beide verdiene.

Neuer Patient der Klinik ist unterdessen der Jugendliche Mario, der sich aus Liebeskummer aus dem Fenster gestürzt hat. Obwohl erste Tests positiv ausfallen, fürchtet Reiser, den Jungen am offenen Gehirn operieren zu müssen. Der Verdacht bestätigt sich, als Marios Freundin Angie von dessen plötzlicher Gefühlskälte berichtet.

An dem Wochenende, an dem Barbara ihre Flucht über die Ostsee nach Dänemark plant, überschlagen sich die Ereignisse. Reiser hat mit einem auswärtigen Spezialisten Marios Operation für Samstagabend vereinbart, Barbara soll die Anästhesie übernehmen. Am selben Tag wird sie vorher Zeugin davon, wie Reiser die schwerst krebskranke Ehefrau von Schütz heimlich mit Morphium versorgt. Als Reiser Barbara zu sich nach Hause zum Essen einlädt und ihr eine Ausgabe der Aufzeichnungen eines Jägers von Iwan Turgenjew schenkt, in der eine Geschichte über einen Kreisarzt enthalten ist, duzen sich beide erstmals. Barbara küsst Reiser und flüchtet daraufhin in ihre Wohnung. Dorthin gelangt die verletzte Stella, die erneut aus Torgau geflohen ist. Barbara bleibt der Operation von Mario fern, versorgt die geschwächte junge Frau notdürftig mit Schmerzmitteln und Koffein und fährt mit ihr zur vereinbarten Stelle an der Ostseeküste, um den Fluchthelfer zu treffen. Sie überlässt Stella ihren Platz in einem kleinen, von einem AquaScooter gezogenen Schlauchboot. Überraschend für Reiser – Schütz und er hatten in der Nacht Barbaras Wohnung verlassen vorgefunden – kehrt sie am Morgen ins Krankenhaus zurück, wo sie Reiser am Krankenbett des frisch operierten Mario antrifft.

Mit dieser Einstellung und einer Schwarzblende endet der Film.

Entstehungsgeschichte

Die Anfänge des Filmprojekts reichen laut Regisseur Christian Petzold, Sohn von DDR-Flüchtlingen, bis zum Anfang der 2000er Jahre zurück, als er die Novelle Barbara des Österreichers Hermann Broch (1886–1951) entdeckte. Diese ist Ende der 1920er Jahre angesiedelt und berichtet von einer kommunistischen Widerstandskämpferin, die in einem Krankenhaus arbeitet und sich in einen Arzt verliebt. Petzold konnte sich jedoch eine Verfilmung dieses Milieus nicht vorstellen. Erst 2006 kam ihm das Werk wieder in Erinnerung, nachdem er einen Arzt aus Fürstenwalde kennengelernt hatte, der ihm über die Praktiken berichtete, die DDR-Ärzte nach gestellten Ausreiseanträgen zu erdulden gehabt hätten. Männer seien in Erziehungsmaßnahmen gesteckt und später als Militärärzte eingesetzt worden, während Frauen in Provinzkrankenhäuser versetzt worden seien.

Für die Titelrolle verpflichtete Petzold die deutsche Schauspielerin Nina Hoss, mit der er bereits in Toter Mann (2002), Wolfsburg (2003), Yella (2007) und Jerichow (2008) zusammengearbeitet hatte. Hoss bemerkte anlässlich der Berlinale 2012, dass zwischen ihr und dem Regisseur auch bei Drehpausen "immer ein Dialog über Filme" bestehe und sich beide über die Filme gemeinsam sehr entwickelt hätten ("Weil wir immer wieder neugierig aufeinander sind."). Für die männliche Hauptrolle des André Reiser wurde der ostdeutsche Schauspieler Ronald Zehrfeld verpflichtet, der zum ersten Mal einen Intellektuellen verkörperte ("Ich habe zuerst richtig mit der Rolle des Arztes gehadert und mich gefragt, nimmt man so einem Vieh wie mir den Akademiker überhaupt ab?"). In Vorbereitung sahen sie viele Filme, darunter Werke von Claude Chabrol sowie Howard Hawks' Haben und Nichthaben (1944) und Händler der vier Jahreszeiten (1972) von Rainer Werner Fassbinder, die Petzold eigenen Angaben zufolge besonders beeindruckt hätten.
"Wir wollten das filmen, was zwischen den Menschen ist, sich aufgetürmt hat, was sie misstrauen lässt, oder vertrauen, abwehren und annehmen", so der Regisseur. Vor den Dreharbeiten standen ausführliche Leseproben mit allen Schauspielern in Berlin an.

Die Filmsets wurden zwei Monate vor Drehbeginn vom Szenenbildner Klaus-Dieter Gruber erstellt, wobei laut Petzold bei jedem Gegenstand Wert auf historische Authentizität gelegt wurde. Die Schauspieler hätten sich Räume und Gegenstände dann in Vorbereitung zu eigen gemacht. Die Dreharbeiten begannen am 16. August 2011 und gingen bis Oktober, da Petzold die Farbigkeit des beginnenden Herbstes mit leichten Brauntönen einfangen wollte. Petzold selbst erwähnte in seiner "Director's Note" zu Barbara, dass die DDR in den Filmen der letzten Jahre "entsättigt" dahergekommen sei, ohne Farben, Wind und stattdessen "das Grau der Grenzübergänge" vorgeherrscht hätte. Der Film ist im weitesten Sinn als Liebesdrama angelegt und Kameramann Hans Fromm verwandte relativ viele Gegenschuss-Einstellungen mit hoher Auflösung.

Der Großteil der Dreharbeiten fand in Kirchmöser, in Brandenburg an der Havel, statt, wo sich ein seit mehreren Jahren leerstehendes Krankenhaus, die ehemalige HNO-Klinik des Bezirkskrankenhauses Brandenburg/Havel, befand. Für die Dreharbeiten mussten die Versorgungsleitungen wiederhergestellt werden, teilweise wurden Wände herausgenommen, um den Flur in eine Flucht zu verwandeln. Die restlichen Motive wurden hinzugebaut. Weitere Dreharbeiten fanden in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Ahrenshoop) sowie am alten Bahnhof von Schneidlingen (Sachsen-Anhalt) statt. Die Szenen wurden weitgehend chronologisch gedreht, mit Ausnahme der Kussszene zwischen Barbara und Reiser. "[...] so eine Szene möchte ich aus zwei Gründen aus der Chronologie reißen: Erstens, wenn man das schon am achten Tag dreht, dann hat man den Kuss für die restlichen Tage in sich und weiß als Schauspieler, wo man hinkommt. Und zweitens, wenn es nicht gut ist, kann man es nochmal machen", so Petzold.

Erste Standbilder aus dem Film von Fotograf Christian Schulz wurden im Dezember 2011 im Rahmen der Doppelausstellung Am Set in der Deutschen Kinemathek in Berlin gezeigt.

Kritiken
Barbara wurde am 11. Februar 2012 im Wettbewerb der 62. Internationalen Filmfestspiele Berlin uraufgeführt. Die Fachkritik lobte Petzolds Regiearbeit überwiegend und zählte diese zu den Mitfavoriten auf den Hauptpreis des Filmfestivals.

Verena Lueken (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) lobte den Film für seine Darstellung des Staatssicherheits-Apparats der DDR, gegen den Florian Henckel von Donnersmarcks Das Leben der Anderen wie ein "Boheme-Märchen" wirke. Sie bemerkte "große Kinobilder", die an den amerikanischen Film erinnern würden und die Geräuschkulisse, einen "DDR-Soundtrack aus Originaltönen, der einen auf die Stuhlkante zwingt wie in einem Thriller". Die Darstellung von Nina Hoss beschrieb sie als "so spröde, als sei ihre Seele rissig geworden".

Susan Vahabzadeh (Süddeutsche Zeitung) beschrieb Barbara als grandiosen deutschen Auftakt und makellosen Film. Die Konstellation erinnere ein wenig an Roland Gräfs DEFA-Film Die Flucht (1977), die Titelfigur erscheine wie in Petzolds vorangegangenen Filmen wie eine "Untote". Der Regisseur schicke "seine Figuren immer wieder an die Grenzen zwischen Leben und Tod, zwischen Traum und Wirklichkeit, auf die Suche nach Erlösung." Als Film über die DDR sei Barbara dadurch so "großartig", da "das Verhalten eines Individuums zum Staat tatsächlich zu einer ganz individuellen Frage" gemacht werde. Vahabzadeh verwies ebenso auf die überwältigend schönen Landschaftsaufnahmen und das Nebeneinander der Szenen in Barbaras schäbiger Wohnung.

Daniel Sander (Spiegel Online) bemerkte eine in Petzolds Werken bisher ungekannte Wärme, die den hochspannenden Film nach dem unterkühlten Anfang immer mehr durchdringe. Es handle sich um ein "selten stimmiges Porträt der DDR", dem Sander Preischancen zugestand. Er lobte die "perfekt komponierte" Kameraarbeit von Hans Fromm und die Darstellung von Nina Hoss. Petzold baue "kunstvoll eine Atmosphäre der ständigen Bedrohung auf".

Laut Hanns-Georg Rodek (Die Welt) zeige der klare und geradlinige Film das "'System Petzold' in Perfektion", das "ökonomisch" sei und "keine Geste, kein Wort, keine Kamerabewegung" zu viel enthalte, jede Szene sei ein "eigener, kleiner Spannungsbogen für sich". Auch Rodek wies auf die Geräuschkulisse hin, die praktisch völlig auf Musik verzichte. Gleichzeitig habe sich der Regisseur von den "doppelten, metaphysischen Ebenen" der vorangegangenen Filme Gespenster und Yella gelöst. Zu Recht habe der Film den "allerbesten Platz" erhalten – die Galavorstellung am Samstagabend des ersten Berlinale-Wochenendes.

Jan Schulz-Ojala (Der Tagesspiegel) hingegen kritisierte die "Festumrissenheit" in Geschichte, Schauspielführung und dramaturgischen Mitteln, was den Film kleiner mache als Gespenster oder Yella und zu einem kleinen "Verlust" für Petzolds Kino führe. "Nirgends ein schwindlig machendes Rätsel, das den ganzen Film umfasst, nirgends jenes Gefühl, zu fliegen, bloß weil man – scheinbar zärtlich – den Boden unter den Füßen weggezogen bekommt", so Schulz-Ojala.

Tim Schleider urteilte in der Stuttgarter Zeitung: "Die Geschichte, die der Regisseur mit seinen wunderbaren Darstellern erzählt, trifft den Zuschauer im Hier und Jetzt. Deswegen interessiert sie ihn. Diese DDR-Geschichte ist ein deutscher Film, so kraftvoll und aktuell, wie man ihn sich nur wünschen kann."

Fritz Göttler schrieb in der Süddeutschen Zeitung: "Christian Petzolds Film Barbara ist kühl, ohne Anbiederung und voreilige Verständnisseligkeit, er ist bewegend und trifft einen ins Herz."

Auszeichnungen
Der Film erhielt 2012 eine Einladung in den Wettbewerb um den Goldenen Bären der Internationalen Filmfestspiele Berlin, wo Christian Petzold den Silbernen Bären für die beste Regie erhielt. Im Rahmen des Filmfestivals gewann Barbara auch den Leserpreis der Berliner Morgenpost. Im selben Jahr wurde Nebendarstellerin Jasna Fritzi Bauer für ihre Darstellung der Stella für den Deutschen Schauspielerpreis nominiert. Bei Bekanntgabe der Nominierungen für den Deutschen Filmpreis 2012 führte Barbara das Feld der favorisierten Filme mit acht Nominierungen an (Bester Spielfilm, Hauptdarsteller – Ronald Zehrfeld, beste Regie, Drehbuch, Kamera, Schnitt, Kostümbild, Tongestaltung), wurde aber nur mit dem Filmpreis in Silber in der Kategorie Bester Spielfilm ausgezeichnet. Es folgten Nominierungen für den Europäischen Filmpreis 2012 (bester Film, beste Darstellerin – Nina Hoss, Publikumspreis).

Die Auslandsvertretung der deutschen Filmbranche, German Films, wählte Barbara Ende August 2012 als offiziellen Kandidaten für eine Oscar-Nominierung in der Kategorie Bester fremdsprachiger Film aus. Damit setzte sich Petzolds Film gegen die sieben ebenfalls nominierten Produktionen Abschied von den Fröschen von Ulrike Schamoni, Hannah Arendt von Margarethe von Trotta, Hotel Lux von Leander Haußmann, Kriegerin von David Wnendt, Schutzengel von Til Schweiger, This Ain't California von Martin Persiel und Die verlorene Zeit von Anna Justice durch. Der Film schaffte es jedoch nicht in die engere Auswahl der Academy und erhielt keine Oscar-Nominierung.

Im Jahr 2013 wurde der Film mit dem Preis der deutschen Filmkritik 2012 in den Kategorien bester Spielfilm und Schnitt ausgezeichnet.

Die Deutsche Film- und Medienbewertung FBW in Wiesbaden verlieh dem Film das Prädikat besonders wertvoll.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webpräsenz

 Datenblatt bei berlinale.de

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
Deutscher Film
Filmdrama
Christian Petzold (Regisseur)

Barbara (2012)


Jacquelyn Ann Kallunki (n. 1948 ) es una botánica brasileña-estadounidense. Desarrolla actividades científicas en taxonomía, filogenia y evolución de las familias, con énfasis en los taxones neotropicales del Amazonas, en el Departamento de Sistemática Vegetal de la Universidad Federal del Oeste de Pará (UFOPA). En la actualidad desarrolla actividades académicas como Directora Asociada y Curadora, en el Herbario William & Lynda Steere, del Jardín Botánico de Nueva York, trabajando entre otras en el "Proyecto Catálogo de Las especies de Brasil".

En 1979, obtuvo su Ph.D., por la Universidad de Wisconsin, siendo experta en Galipeinae (rutáceas).

 Algunas publicaciones
 . 2002a. Rutaceae. En: S. A. Mori, G. Cremers, C. Gracie, J.-J. de Granville, S. V. Heald, M. Hoff,& J. D. Mitchell (eds.) Guide to the vascular plants of central French Guiana. Parte 2. Dicotyledons. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 76(2): 649-656

 ---------------------------------. 2002b. Goodyera (Orchidaceae). pp. 514-517, fig. pág. 513. En: Flora of North America. Vol. 26. Oxford University Press

 . 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from rbcL and atpB sequence variation. Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1191-1199

 . 1998a. Revision of Ticorea Aubl. (Rutaceae, Galipeinae). Brittonia 50: 500-513

 ---------------------------------, . 1998b. Synopses of Angostura Roem. & Schult. and Conchocarpus J.C.Mikan. Kew Bull. 53: 257-334

 ---------------------------------. 1998c. Andreadoxa flava (Rutaceae, Cuspariinae): a new genus and species from Bahia, Brazil. Brittonia 50: 59-62

Libros
 . 1984. Ethnobotany in the neotropics: proceedings. Volumen 1 de Advances in economic botany. Edición ilustrada de New York Botanical Garden, 156 pp. ISBN 0893272531

 ---------------------------------. 1979. Reproductive biology of mixed-species populations of Goodyera (Orchidaceae) in northern Michigan. Editor University of Wisconsin--Madison. 142 pp.

 ---------------------------------. 1974. Population studies in Goodyera (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on the hybrid origin of G. tesselata. Editor University of Wisconsin--Madison, 292 pp.

Honores
 Editora asociada de Brittonia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Brasil
Botánicos de Estados Unidos

Jacquelyn Ann Kallunki


La Copa del Rey de fútbol sala 2010/11 es la primera edición de la Copa del Rey de fútbol sala en España, que organizan conjuntamente la Liga Nacional de fútbol sala y la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. Comenzó el 6 de diciembre de 2010, y concluyó el 7 de mayo de 2011 con una final a partido único. La Copa cuenta con la participación de 48 equipos de División de Honor, División de Plata y Primera Nacional "A".

El campeón de esta primera edición fue el FC Barcelona Alusport, que venció en la final al Inter Movistar por 4:3.

Equipos participantes
{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
 División de Honor (16 equipos)
 Azkar Lugo FS
 Benicarló Aeroport Castelló
 FC Barcelona Alusport
 Caja Segovia FS
 Carnicer Torrejón
 ElPozo Murcia
 Fisiomedia Manacor
 Gestesa Guadalajara
 Inter Movistar
 Marfil Santa Coloma
 OID Talavera
 Playas de Castellón FS
 Reale Cartagena
 Sala 10 Zaragoza
 Triman Navarra
 Xacobeo 2010 Lobelle de Santiago
</td>
 División de Plata (14 equipos)

 Albacete 2010
 BP Andorra
 Arcebansa Zamora
 Azulejos y Pavimentos Brihuega
 CD Burela
 Extremadura Cáceres 2016
 Fuconsa Jaén
 Gáldar Fútbol Sala
 Melilla FS
 Puertollano FS
 Restaurante Frontera Tobarra
 Rios Renovables Ribera Navarra
 Space Gasifred Ciutat d'Eivissa
 UPV Maristas Valencia
 Primera Nacional "A" (18 equipos)
 CDFS Alamín
 Auzoak Zierbena
 Avilés Oquendo
 Burgos FS
 Carballiño FS
 Construcciones Gascó Alcoy
 Elefrío Aquasierra
 Fielsan Roldán
 Finques Centelles
 Fonononos Gomerón
 Grupo Disfarol Valdepeñas
 Hospitalet Bellsport
 FS La Nucía
 Linares FS
 Mera FS
 Pinseque FS
 Solimar Albense FS
 SD Zalatambor
|}

De División de Plata, no se inscribieron en la competición Lanzarote Arrecife 2020 Tías Yaiza, UMA Antequera y Unión África Ceutí por razones económicas y para centrar sus esfuerzos en la liga. Por su parte, los filiales de clubes en División de Honor (FC Barcelona "B" y ElPozo Ciudad de Murcia) quedaron excluidos. El reparto de los equipos de Primera Nacional "A" se realizó con invitaciones, por parte del Comité Nacional de Fútbol Sala.

Primera ronda
La primera fase se disputó el 8 de diciembre de 2010 e incluye a equipos de División de Plata e invitados de Primera Nacional "A". Los encuentros son a partido único, y se configuran con división geográfica, por lo que no existe un sorteo puro. Juega en casa el rival que quedó peor posicionado la temporada anterior.

En negrita, figuran los equipos que pasaron de ronda.

Segunda ronda
La segunda fase se disputó el 22 de diciembre de 2010, y en ella entraron los equipos de Honor, que jugaron como visitantes frente al vencedor de la primera ronda, a partido único.

En negrita, figuran los equipos que pasaron de ronda.

Tercera ronda

Se disputó el 29 de diciembre a partido único, en el estadio del rival que quedó peor posicionado la temporada anterior.

Fase final

Cuartos de final
Para configurar los cuartos de final y semifinales, se hizo un sorteo puro. La ronda se disputó el 11 de enero de 2011, en el estadio del equipo que quedó peor clasificado la pasada temporada. Todos los participantes juegan en División de Honor.

Benicarló Aeroport Castelló - FC Barcelona Alusport

OID Talavera - Azkar Lugo FS

Caja Segovia FS - ElPozo Murcia

Sala 10 Zaragoza - Inter Movistar

Semifinales
Las semifinales de la Copa del Rey son a partido doble, y en caso de empate se resuelve por doble valor del gol fuera, o prórroga y penaltis. Las rondas se disputaron el 22 de marzo y el 29 de marzo de 2011.

Azkar Lugo FS - FC Barcelona Alusport

ElPozo Murcia - Inter Movistar

Final
La final de la Copa del Rey de fútbol sala se disputó el 7 de mayo de 2011, en el Pabellón Municipal "Javier Lozano" de Toledo (Castilla-La Mancha), donde también se homenajeó a Javier Lozano Cid, histórico entrenador de la selección española de fútbol sala, y presidente de la LNFS. El encuentro se retransmitió en directo por Nitro, de cobertura nacional.

Inter Movistar - FC Barcelona Alusport

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web de la Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala (LNFS)
 Sitio web del Comité Nacional de Fútbol Sala

Copa del Rey de fútbol sala
Fútbol sala en 2010
Fútbol sala en 2011

Copa del Rey de fútbol sala 2010-11


Olaylar
20 Mart - Baharat ticaretini Portekizliler'in elinden almak için Hollanda Doğu Hindistan Şirketi Amsterdam'da kuruldu.
 8 Kasım - İngiltere'deki Oxford Üniversitesi'ndeki Bodleian Kütüphanesi açıldı.
 Celâlî isyanları Anadolu'ya yayılmaya başladı.
 William Shakespeare'in komedyası Windsor'un Şen Kadınları yayınlandı.
İtalyan Cizvit misyoneri Matteo Ricci tarafından Doğu Asya'nın coğrafi haritası yayınlandı.

Devam eden olaylar
Rus kıtlığı
1593-1606 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşı
Celâlî isyanları

Doğumlar
 20 Kasım - Otto von Guericke, Alman bilim insanı, bulucu ve politikacı (ö. 1686)

Ölümler
 Li Zhi, Neokonfüçyüsçü filozof.

1602


سان جواكوين  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة فريسنو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 14 فبراير، 1920.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لسان جواكوين في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان سان جواكوين 3,270 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 702 أسرة وعدد العائلات 637 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 735 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 35.44% من البيض و0.21% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.56% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و3.61% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و53.73% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.44% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و91.99% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 702 أسرة كانت نسبة 75.1% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 70.9% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 12.5% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 7.3% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 9.3% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 6.7% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 4.1% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 4.66، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 4.79.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 22.1 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 41.2% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 14.2% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 27.9% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 12.7% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 4% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 113.6 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 114.3 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 24,934 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 25,441 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 20,382 دولارًا مقابل 16,023 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 6,607 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 33.9% من العائلات ونسبة 34.6% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 41.2% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 23.7% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان سان جواكوين 4,001 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 882 أسرة وعدد العائلات 815 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 934 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 49.14% من البيض و0.77% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.35% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.92% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و44.14% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.67% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و95.60% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 882 أسرة كانت نسبة 74.8% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 68.1% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 18.5% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 5.8% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 7.6% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 5.4% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 2.3% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 4.54، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 4.66.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 23.6 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 41.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 10.7% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 27.5% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 16.1% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 4.4% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 50.7% ذكور و49.3% إناث.

أعلام
 بادي أوستين
 إيملي بست
 لي روبرتس
 ريتشارد أ. بيتمان

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1920
تأسيسات سنة 1920 في كاليفورنيا
مدن مقاطعة فريسنو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا

سان جواكوين (كاليفورنيا)


Coronaviridae je porodica virusa s virusnom ovojnicom ili perikapsidom i genomom kojeg čini pozitivno orijentiran jednostruki RNK lanac. Skupinu čine podskupine Letovirinae i Orthocoronavirinae. Virusi iz tih skupina napadaju vodozemce, ptice i sisavce.

Virusni genom je duljine 26–32 kilobaze. Čestice su obično ukrašene velikim (~ 20 nm) površinskim izbočenjima u obliku latica ili latica ("peplomeri" ili "šiljci"), koji u elektronskim mikrografima sfernih čestica stvaraju sliku koja podsjeća na sunčevu koronu.

Virologija
5 'i 3' krajevi genoma imaju poklopac, odnosno poli (A) trakt. Virusna ovojnica, dobivena pucanjem kroz membrane endoplazmatskog retikuluma (ER) ili Golgijeva aparata, uvijek sadrži dvije vrste proteina specifične za virus (gliko), S i M. Glikoprotein S sadrži velike površinske izbočine, dok je M trostruka, protežu transmembranski protein. Torovirusi i odabrana podskupina koronavirusa (posebno pripadnici podskupine A u rodu Betacoronavirus) imaju, osim peplomera sastavljenih od S, drugu vrstu površinskih izbočina sastavljenih od proteina hemaglutinin-esteraze. Drugi važan strukturni protein je fosfoprotein N, koji je odgovoran za spiralnu simetriju nukleokapsida koji zatvara genomsku RNK.

Taksonomija
Obitelj Coronaviridae organizirana je u dvije podskupine, 5 rodova, 23 pod-roda i oko 40 vrsta:

Lista svih vrsta coronavirusa

 Coronaviridae
 Orthocoronavirinae
 Letovirinae
 Alphaletovirus
 Milecovirus
 Microhyla letovirus 1
 Alphacoronavirus
 Colacovirus
Coronavirus šišmiša CDPHE15
 Decacovirus
 Coronavirus šišmiša HKU10
 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013
 Duvinacovirus/ljudski coronavirus 229E
 Luchacovirus
 Lucheng Rn štakorski coronavirus
 Minacovirus
 Ferret coronavirus
 Mink coronavirus 1
 Minunacovirus
 Miniopterus coronavirus šišmiša 1
 Miniopterus coronavirus šišmiša HKU8
 Myotacovirus
 Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011
 Nyctacovirus
 Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013
 Pedacovirus
 Porcinski epidemijski proljevni virus
 Scotophilus coronavirus šišmiša 512
 Rhinacovirus
 Rhinolophus coronavirus šišmiša HKU2
 Setracovirus
 Ljudski coronavirus NL63
 NL63 povezan coronavirus šišmiša BtKYNL-63-9b
 Tegacovirus
 Alphacoronavirus 1
 Betacoronavirus
 Embecovirus
 Betacoronavirus 1
 Ljudski coronavirus OC43
 Kineski Rattus coronavirus HKU24
 Ljudski coronavirus HKU1
 Mišji coronavirus
 Hibecovirus
 Betacoronavirus hp šišmiša Zhejiang2013
 Merbecovirus
 Ježev coronavirus 1
 Bliskoistočni respiratorni sindrom coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
 Pipistrellus coronavirus šišmiša HKU5
 Tylonycteris coronavirus šišmiša HKU4
 Nobecovirus
 Rousettus coronavirus šišmiša GCCDC1
 Rousettus coronavirus šišmiša HKU9
 Sarbecovirus
 SARSr-CoV (Teški akutni respiratorni sindrom povezan coronavirus)
 SARS-CoV (Teški akutni respiratorni sindrom coronavirus)
 SARS-CoV-2 (Teški akutni respiratorni sindrom coronavirus 2)
 Gammacoronavirus
 Cegacovirus
 Beluga coronavirus kita SW1
 Igacovirus
 Ptičji coronavirus
 Deltacoronavirus
 Andecovirus
 Wigeon coronavirus HKU20
 Buldecovirus
 Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
 Svinjski coronavirus HKU15
 Munia coronavirus HKU13
 Coronavirus bijelog oka HKU16
 Herdecovirus
 Noćni heron coronavirus HKU19
 Moordecovirus
 Uobičajeni moorhen coronavirus HKU21

Povezani člamci
 SARS-CoV-2
 SARS-CoV

Izvori

Coronaviridae


Ukrajinska avangarda izraz je koji se naširoko upotrebljava za označavanje najinovativnijih metamorfoza u ukrajinskoj umjetnosti od kraja 1890-ih do sredine 1930-ih, zajedno s pridruženim umjetnicima. Općenito govoreći, to je ukrajinska umjetnost sinkronizirana s međunarodnom avangardom u područjima kao što su: kiparstvo, slikarstvo, književnost, kino, kazalište, scenski dizajn, grafika, glazba i arhitektura.

Neki poznati ukrajinski avangardni umjetnici su: Kazimir Maljevič, Aleksander Arčipenko, Vladimir Tatlin, Sonia Delaunay, Vasily Yermylov, Aleksander Bogomazov, Aleksandra Ekster, David Burliuk, Vadym Meller i Anatol Petrytsky. Svi su rođenjem, obrazovanjem, jezikom, nacionalnim tradicijama ili identitetom bili blisko povezani s ukrajinskim gradovima Kijevom, Harkivom, Lavovom i Odesom.

Prva formalna umjetnička grupa koja sebe naziva "Avangarda" osnovana je u Harkivu 1925. godine. Izraz "ukrajinska avangarda", koji se odnosi na slikarstvo i kiparstvo tijekom sovjetske cenzure, korišten je tijekom rasprave na Tatlinovoj izložbi. Zalaganjem pariškoga kustosa i povjesničara umjetnosti Andréija Nakova, u Londonu 1973., izložba je predstavila radove ukrajinskih umjetnika Vasila Yermylova i Aleksandra Bogomazova. Prve međunarodne avangardne izložbe u Ukrajini, koje su uključivale francuske, talijanske, ukrajinske i ruske umjetnike, predstavljene su u Odesi i Kijevu u Salonu Izdebsky; djela su kasnije bila izložena u Sankt Peterburgu i Rigi. Naslovnica "Izdebskog salona 2" (1910.–'11.) sadržavala je apstraktni rad Vasilija Kandinskog.

Galerija

Izvori

Ukrajinska umjetnost

Ukrajinska avangarda


Cornelis Piet "Pete" Hoekstra (; born October 30, 1953) is a Dutch-American politician who served as the United States Ambassador to the Netherlands from January 10, 2018, to January 17, 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the U.S. representative for Michigan's 2nd congressional district from 1993 to 2011.

Born in the Netherlands, Hoekstra immigrated to the United States as a child. In 1992, Hoekstra ran for the U.S. House, defeating thirteen-term incumbent Guy Vander Jagt in the Republican primary and Democratic opponent John H. Miltner in the general election. Hoekstra was the chairman of the House Intelligence Committee from 2004 to 2007. He was a candidate for governor in Michigan's 2010 gubernatorial election, but came in second to Rick Snyder in the Republican primary. Hoekstra was also a candidate for the United States Senate in 2012, losing to Democratic incumbent Debbie Stabenow in the general election.

In July 2017, Hoekstra was nominated to be United States Ambassador to the Netherlands by President Donald Trump. This nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 9, 2017, and Hoekstra was sworn in as U.S. Ambassador on December 11, 2017. He took office on January 10, 2018. He left office on January 17, 2021.

Early life and education
Hoekstra was born Cornelis Piet Hoekstra in Groningen, Netherlands. He moved to the U.S. with his parents at the age of three, and Anglicized his name to Peter Hoekstra.  He graduated from Holland Christian High School (Holland, Michigan) in 1971. He received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Hope College in 1975 and an MBA from the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business in 1977. He then joined office furniture maker Herman Miller and remained there for 15 years, eventually becoming vice president of marketing.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
In 1992, Hoekstra made his first bid for public office in the 2nd District. The district, previously the 9th, had been represented for 26 years by Guy Vander Jagt, longtime chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee. Hoekstra rode his bicycle across the district, charging that Vander Jagt had served in Congress for too long; Vander Jagt had won his first election in 1966, when Hoekstra was 13 years old. He scored a monumental upset, winning by almost six percent. Hoekstra dominated the district's more populated southern portion; Vander Jagt's margins in the northern portion, his longtime base, weren't enough to close the gap. This primary win was tantamount to election in a district reckoned as Michigan's most Republican district; the GOP has held the district for all but four years since it was created in 1873. Hoekstra later defeated Democrat John H. Miltner and Libertarian Dick Jacobs in the general election, with 63% of the vote. Hoekstra continued to ride his bicycle across the district every summer, and biked across the state for his gubernatorial campaign.

When he was first elected, Hoekstra initially pledged to serve no more than six terms (12 years) in the House. However, in 2004, he announced he would break that pledge and seek a seventh term. In 2006, Hoekstra's Leadership PAC (the Mileage Fund) raised nearly $160,000 in Political Action Contributions from contributors including the Teamsters, Michigan Credit Union League, and Little Planet Books.

Hoekstra faced no significant opposition in the Republican primary or in the general election (as in his previous five reelection campaigns) and went on to secure his seventh term. Shortly after the primary, he was named chairman of the Intelligence Committee, succeeding Porter Goss, who became Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

2006

Hoekstra had no primary opponent. In November he was opposed by the Democratic candidate Kimon Kotos, who was also his 2004 opponent. Hoekstra defeated Kotos 183,518 votes to 87,361 votes.

2008
Hoekstra ran for re-election in 2008 against Fred Johnson, associate professor of History at Hope College. He beat Johnson by 215,471 to 119,959 votes.

Tenure
Hoekstra had a conservative voting record, consistent with the conservative nature of the 2nd congressional district. He opposed abortion rights, opposed expanding health care benefits for children, opposed gay adoption rights and gay marriage, and voted against paid parental leave for federal employees. However, he also opposed amending the Constitution to prohibit flag desecration.

Gun laws
Hoekstra consistently opposed gun control during his tenure, earning an A rating from the NRA Political Victory Fund. In 2005 he voted to prohibit product lawsuits against gun manufacturers. In 1994 he voted against the Federal Assault Weapons Ban.

False claims about WMDs in Iraq
Hoekstra was a proponent of the claim that the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and held onto this belief even after no WMDs were found in the wake of the Iraq invasion. In 2006, Hoekstra made headlines by announcing at a press conference in the Capitol that weapons of mass destruction had been located in Iraq in the form of 500 chemical weapons. However, the weapons in question were defunct munitions, manufactured prior to the 1991 Gulf War and which had been scattered throughout Iraq. The media had already reported on these munitions when Hoekstra made his announcement that the weapons had been discovered. Hoekstra's insistence that the Hussein regime possessed weapons of mass destruction were disputed by both Pentagon officials, the Duelfer Report, and the intelligence community.

On November 3, 2006, The New York Times reported that a website created at the request of Hoekstra and Senator Pat Roberts was found to contain detailed information that could potentially be helpful to those seeking to produce nuclear weapons. The website was shut down on November 2 following questioning by The New York Times.

As of September 17, 2007, some news outlets reported that the Congressional committee Hoekstra had overseen had created "erroneous" and "misleading" reports about Iran's nuclear capabilities. "Among the committee's assertions is that Iran is producing weapons-grade uranium at its facility in the town of Natanz. The IAEA called that "incorrect", noting that weapons-grade uranium is enriched to a level of 90 percent or more. Iran has enriched uranium to 3.5 percent under IAEA monitoring."

Operation Iraqi Freedom documents
During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, some 48,000 boxes of documents, audiotapes and videotapes were discovered by the U.S. military.  In March 2006, the U.S. government, at the urging of members of Congress, made them available online at its Foreign Military Studies Office website, requesting Arabic translators around the world to help in the translation.  On April 18, 2006, about a month after the first documents were made public, Hoekstra, chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, issued a news release acknowledging "minimal risks," but saying the site "will enable us to better understand information such as Saddam's links to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and violence against the Iraqi people." He added: "It will allow us to leverage the Internet to enable a mass examination as opposed to limiting it to a few exclusive elites."

In early November 2006, the entire set of documents was removed. Media reports stated that the website was taken offline because of security concerns regarding the posting of sophisticated diagrams and other information regarding nuclear weapon design prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf war.

Repatriation of Yemeni captives in Guantanamo
On December 27, 2009, Hoekstra commented on reports that Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, who had allegedly tried to set off a suicide bomb on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 on December 25, 2009, had subsequently confessed to being trained and equipped in Yemen.
Hoekstra called for a halt to the repatriation of Yemeni captives in Guantanamo.

Tea Party Caucus
Hoekstra was a founding member of the Congressional House Tea Party Caucus in 2010.

Committee assignments
 Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
 As ranking member of the full committee, Rep. Hoekstra may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees
 Committee on Education and Labor
 Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education
 Subcommittee on Workforce Protections

Caucus memberships
 Founding chairman of the Education Freedom Caucus
 Founding chairman of the Congressional Caucus on the Netherlands

2010 gubernatorial election

In December 2008, Hoekstra said he would not seek re-election to his U.S. House seat in 2010, and instead campaign to be Michigan's governor. Hoekstra joined Mike Bouchard, the Oakland County Sheriff and former state senator, former Gateway, Inc. president Rick Snyder, State Senator Tom George and Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox as 2010 Republican gubernatorial candidates. In the primary, held on August 3, 2010, Hoekstra finished second to Snyder.

2012 U.S. Senate election

Hoekstra was suggested as a possible challenger for Democratic incumbent Debbie Stabenow in the 2012 Senate election, but he initially declined to run. Hoekstra later changed his mind and decided to challenge Stabenow in the election. On August 29, 2011, Hoekstra was endorsed by Republican Michigan Governor Rick Snyder, and on September 23, 2011, Hoekstra was endorsed by 2012 Presidential candidate Michele Bachmann.

Hoekstra faced Stabenow and four third-party candidates in the general election. On November 6, 2012, Hoekstra was defeated by Stabenow, receiving 38% of the vote.

Ad controversy
Hoekstra targeted Democratic incumbent Debbie Stabenow with a television ad which ran statewide during the 2012 Super Bowl. The 30-second ad, created by Republican advertising consultant Fred Davis III, opened with the sound of a gong and the image of a Chinese woman (played by 2012 Miss Napa Valley Lisa Chan) riding a bike alongside a rice paddy. The ad sarcastically accused Stabenow of contributing to the U.S.' spending problem, with the woman thanking "Michigan Senator Debbie Spenditnow", in broken English, implying Stabenow has earned China's gratitude for making the U.S. economy "very weak" while China's "get very good".

The commercial included a link to a Hoekstra campaign website with statistics about federal spending, decorated with images of Chinese flags and currency and using a stereotypical Chinatown font. In the HTML code on Hoekstra's site, the woman in the ad is identified as "yellowgirl". A statement released by the Hoekstra campaign said the HTML code was mistakenly shortened from "yellowshirtgirl".

Asian-American groups called the ad "very disturbing", and two of Hoekstra's GOP opponents, Clark Durant and Gary Glenn, questioned whether Hoekstra was the right candidate for Republicans to support. The ad was criticized by Michael Yaki, former aide to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a member of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, and U.S. Senator Dan Inouye. James Fallows of The Atlantic called it the "most revolting ad". The NAACP denounced the ad as an "unnecessary race card."

The ad proved costly for Hoekstra; several polls reported him losing ground to Stabenow in a head-to-head match-up.

Hoekstra initially stood by the ad, claiming it hit Stabenow "smack dab between the eyes" on the economy.  However, on February 10, 2012, Hoekstra shut down his controversial Chinese-themed website and phased in a new TV commercial in place of his original ad.  American Values super PAC, an Asian American group, claimed credit for the scrub shortly after the group's launch of an online viral ad condemning Hoekstra.

On February 16, Chan apologized for her involvement in the ad. In a statement on her Facebook page, she said the role was "not in any way representative of who I am" and "absolutely a mistake on my part."

Despite the controversy, Hoekstra won the Republican primary. He lost to Stabenow in the general election.

Post-political career
In February 2011, Hoekstra joined the government relations group and Washington, D.C. law firm Dickstein Shapiro, and was named a visiting distinguished fellow at the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation, concentrating on education reform.  Hoekstra left Dickstein Shapiro in 2014 to join one of its rivals, Greenberg Traurig.

Hoekstra joined Steven Emerson's Investigative Project on Terrorism in 2014 as a Shillman Senior Fellow, specializing in national security, international relations, global terrorism and cyber security.

Hoekstra published his first book in October 2015, Architects of Disaster: The Destruction of Libya with Terri Blumenfeld.

In an interview with NPR's Robert Siegel on December 10, 2014, Hoekstra said he disagreed with the recently released Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture.

CNN's KFile reported that Hoekstra in 2016 accused Huma Abedin of ties with the Muslim Brotherhood. A 2016 Washington Post fact-checker gave that claim "four Pinocchios". CNN also stated that Hoekstra was a frequent guest on a talk show hosted by Frank Gaffney, an anti-Muslim conspiracy theorist based in Washington.

On March 11, 2017, Hoekstra said that Chelsea Manning, Edward Snowden, and other leakers of government materials, having illegally released classified information, were traitors and should have taken their evidence to the intelligence committees of the U.S. Congress for proper investigations.

U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands
On July 24, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Hoekstra to be United States Ambassador to the Netherlands. He was confirmed by the Senate on November 9 via voice vote and sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on December 11, 2017. He took office on January 10, 2018.

Anti-Muslim comments

Later that December, NOS U.S. correspondent Wouter Zwart questioned Hoekstra about inaccurate claims that he had made in November 2015 at a panel titled "Muslim Migration into Europe: Eurabia come True?" hosted by the David Horowitz Freedom Center that the Netherlands had "no-go zones" and that politicians and cars were being set on fire in the country due to radical Islam. Hoekstra told Zwart that he had never said such things, saying, "we would call it fake news. I never said that." Zwart then played the clip in which he made those remarks for his viewers. Later in the interview, Hoekstra denied that he denied it, saying "I didn't call it 'fake news'. I didn't use those words today." On December 23, Hoekstra issued an apology on Twitter, writing that he "made certain remarks in 2015 and regret[ted] the exchange during the Nieuwsuur interview".

On January 10, 2018, during his press conference after presenting his credentials to King Willem-Alexander, Hoekstra said that he did not want to revisit the comments made in 2015. Despite repeated questions from Dutch reporters regarding these comments, Hoekstra refused to talk about these statements and refused to answer further questions.

On January 11, 2018, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Steve Goldstein said that in 2015, Hoekstra "made comments that should not have been made", that "the State Department does not agree with those statements" and "that is not the language we would use." He added that the "comments were wrong and don't reflect the U.S. view of the Netherlands". One day later, in an interview with Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf, Hoekstra finally retracted his statement about the presence of "no-go zones" in the Netherlands where cars and politicians are being set on fire, saying: "Looking back, I'm dismayed that I said it. It was an incorrect statement. It was just wrong." He further claimed that he could not recall how he got to the statement or what it was based on, saying: "I've mixed up countries. I was wrong, and I don't know how that could have happened. I do know: it was wrong."

Interference in Dutch politics
In September 2020, a group of Dutch officials demanded answers from Hoekstra in response to reports that he had hosted a fund-raising event at the U.S. embassy for the right-wing Dutch political party Forum for Democracy, a potential violation of international law. This is not the first time Hoekstra has been associated with the far-right party. In May 2020, Hoekstra was interviewed by party leader Thierry Baudet on the party's video channel and he was also a guest speaker at the party's conference in November 2019.

See also
 WMD theories in the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq War

References

External links
 Articles by Pete Hoekstra IPT (Investigative Project on Terrorism)

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1953 births
21st-century American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Hope College alumni
Living people
Politicians from Groningen (city)
People from Holland, Michigan
People with acquired American citizenship
Reformed Church in America members
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
Ross School of Business alumni
Tea Party movement activists
Trump administration personnel
Members of Congress who became lobbyists

Pete Hoekstra


Silicon Fen also known as the Cambridge Cluster, is the name given to the region around Cambridge, England, which is home to a large number of high tech businesses focused on software, electronics, and biotechnology, including Arm and AstraZeneca.

The name Silicon Fen originated as an analogy with Silicon Valley in California because it lies at the southern tip of the English Fenland. The local growth in technology companies started with Sinclair Research and Acorn Computers.

Business growth
More than 1000 high-technology companies established offices in the area during the five years preceding 1998. Some early successful businesses were Advanced RISC Machines and Cambridge Display Technology. In 2004, 24% of all UK venture capital, representing 8% of all venture capital in the European Union, was received by Silicon Fen companies, according to the Cambridge Cluster Report 2004 produced by Library House and Grant Thornton.

The so-called Cambridge phenomenon, which gave rise to start-up companies in a town that previously had only light industry in the electrical sector, is usually dated to the founding of the Cambridge Science Park in 1970 as an initiative of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge.

The characteristic of Cambridge is small companies in sectors such as computer-aided design. They are spread over an area defined by the CB postcode or 01223 telephone area code, or more generously in an area bounded by Ely, Newmarket, Saffron Walden, Royston, and Huntingdon.

In 2000, then Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown set up a research partnership between MIT and Cambridge University, the Cambridge–MIT Institute, in order to increase international collaboration between the two universities and strengthen the economic success of Silicon Fen.

In February 2006, Cambridge Judge Business School reported estimates that there were approximately 250 active start-ups directly linked to the university, valued at roughly US$6 billion. Several of these companies have grown into multinationals, including Arm, Autonomy Corporation, AVEVA, and Cambridge Silicon Radio.

In 2012, it was reported that strong employment growth in the Silicon Fen hub was hampered due to its significant concentration on research and development, which was limiting competition in manufacturing and costs.

Cambridge Ahead, the business and academic membership organisation dedicated to the long-term growth of the city and its region, reported in 2015–16, that growth of Cambridge companies was approximately 7% over one, three, and five-year durations. Global turnover of Cambridge companies increased by 7.6% to £35.7bn, up from £33bn the previous year, and global employment grew by 7.6% to 210,292. The number of companies headquartered within 20 miles of Cambridge grew from 22,017 to 24,580.

Area characteristics
The Cambridge Network is an organization facilitating networking in the area.

Other possible factors include a high standard of living available in the county, and good transport links, for example to London and with Cambridge Airport having a full service business jet centre.  Many graduates from the university choose to stay on in the area, giving local companies a rich pool of talent to draw upon. The high-technology industry has little by way of competition, unlike say in Oxfordshire where many other competing industries exist. Cambridgeshire has only recently become a high-technology centre, which has meant that commercial rents were generally lower than in other parts of the UK and thus giving companies a head-start on those situated in other more expensive regions. However, the recent technology boom has changed the situation and Cambridgeshire now ranks as one of the highest costs of living in the UK outside London, which is home to an even bigger technology centre.

People and companies associated with Silicon Fen

People

Companies

See also
Silicon Valley
List of places with 'Silicon' names
List of city nicknames in the United Kingdom
Oxford-Cambridge Arc

References
The Cambridge Cluster Report 2007, Library House 2007, Download
The Cambridge Phenomenon: The Growth of High Technology Industry in a University Town, Segal Quince & Partners 1985,

The Cambridge Phenomenon Revisited – a synopsis of the new report by Segal Quince Wicksteed, Segal Quince & Partners 2000, Download
The Cambridge Cluster Report 2003, Library House 2003, Download
The Cambridge Cluster Report 2004, Library House in association with Grant Thornton 2004, Download
The Cambridge Cluster Report 2006, Library House 2006, Download
The Cambridge Technopole Report 2006 An overview of the UK's leading high tech cluster, St John's Innovation Centre 2006,
The Impact of the University of Cambridge on the UK Economy and Society A high-level study commissioned by EEDA and the Cambridge Network in 2006,
INSIGHTS & RESEARCH | WHAT IS SILICON FEN? bidwells.co.uk,

External links
Cambridge Corporate Gateway
Cambridge Technopole

Economy of Cambridge
High-technology business districts in the United Kingdom
History of Cambridge
Information technology places
Science and technology in Cambridgeshire

Silicon Fen


Heimsmeistaramót landsliða í knattspyrnu kvenna er alþjóðamót á vegum FIFA sem haldið hefur hefur verið á fjögurra ára fresti frá árinu 1991. Lið Bandaríkjanna er sigursælast með fjóra heimsmeistaratitla. Núverandi meistarar (2023) eru Spánverjar.

Meistarar

Álfumót og -keppnir landsliða í knattspyrnu kvenna


ඵිලිප් සේය්මර් හොෆ්මන් අමෙරිකානු රංගන ශිල්පියෙකු සහ නාට්‍ය  අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙකි.ඔහු රගපැම ආරම්භ කලේ 1991 දී රූපාවහිනි නාට්‍යකින් නමුදු එම වසරේදීම චිත්‍රපට වල රගපැමට අවස්තාව ලැබුනි.ඒව අතුරින් including Scent of a Woman (1992), Boogie Nights (1997), The Big Lebowski (1998), Magnolia (1999), The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), Almost Famous (2000), 25th Hour (2002), Punch-Drunk Love (2002), and Cold Mountain (2003)  ඔහුට වඩාත් හොද පිලිගැනීමක් ලැබුන

2005 දි හොෆ්ෆ්මාන්ට  biographical film Capote නම් චිත්‍රපටයක ප්‍රදාන චරිතය ලැබුනි.එය සදහා ඔහුට හොදම  නලුවාට හිමි Academy  සම්මනයක්ද in Charlie Wilson's War (2007) සහ Doubt  නම් චිත්‍රපට සදහා Academy  නාමයොජන 2ක් ද ලැබුනි.

තවද හොෆ්මන් වෙදික නාට්‍ය රංගනය සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණයහි නිරත විය.ඔහු 1995 දි the LAByrinth Theater Company නම් සමාගමකට හවුල් වූ අතර ඒ හරහා රංගනයෙහි සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණයෙහි  දිගින් දිගටම කටයුතු කලේය. Broadway  නම් නට්‍යයෙහි රංගනය  වෙනුවෙන්  Tony  සම්මාන 2ක් ද හොදම ප්‍රධාන චරිතයට  True West (2000), නාට්‍යයට සහ  Long Day's Journey into Night (2003).
සම්මාන කිහිපයක්ම හිමි විය.

මුල් අවධිය

හොෆ්මන් ගේ උපත සිදුවූයේ නිව් යොර්ක් හිදීය.ඔහුගේ පියා  Marilyn L. O'Connor  නීතිද්‍යයෙකු වූ අතර මව Gordon S. Hoffman ,Xerox හි විධායක නිලදාරියෙකි.ඔහුට සහෝදරියන් 2ක් සහ (ජිල් සම එමලි ) Gordy Hoffman නම් වූ සහෝදරයෙකු වේ.ඔහුගේ පිය ජෙර්මානු රෙපරමාදු කරුවෙකු වූ අතර මව කතෝලික පසුබිමකින් යුක්ත අය වේ.ඔහුගේ දෙමාපියන් ඔහුට වයස අවුරුදු 9ව තිබියදී දික්කසාද විය.ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතම රංගනය Radar O'Reilly  විය.

හොෆ්මන් 1984 දි New York State Summer School of the Arts යන පාසලට අතුලත් විය.ඉන් පසු ඔහු Circle in the Square Theatre සම්බන්ද වූ අතර එමගින් තම රංගන පුහුනුව ගුරුතුමෙක් ලවාම පවත්වාගෙන යන ලදි.ඔහුට 1989 දී නිව් යොර්ක් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේදී BFA  in drama  ලැබුනු අතර ඔහු  Bullstoi නම් නාට්‍ය ව්‍යාපාරයේ මුල් ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙක්ද විය. උපාදියෙන් පසු ඔහු මත් ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ මත්පැන් වලින් පුණුරුත්ථාපනය වීම සදහා යොමු විය.

ඵිලිප් සේය්මර් හොෆ්මන්