The Gowanus Canal (originally known as the Gowanus Creek) is a  canal in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, on the westernmost portion of Long Island. Once a vital cargo transportation hub, the canal has seen decreasing use since the mid-20th century, parallel with the decline of domestic waterborne shipping. It continues to be used for occasional movement of goods and daily navigation of small boats, tugs and barges.

Connected to Gowanus Bay in Upper New York Bay, the Gowanus Canal borders the neighborhoods of Red Hook, Carroll Gardens, and Gowanus, all within South Brooklyn, to the west; Park Slope to the east; Boerum Hill and Cobble Hill to the north; and Sunset Park to the south. Seven bridges cross the canal, carrying, from north to south, Union Street, Carroll Street, Third Street, the New York City Subway's Culver Viaduct, Ninth Street, Hamilton Avenue, and the Gowanus Expressway.

The canal arose in the mid-19th century from local tidal wetlands and freshwater streams. By the end of the 19th century, heavy industrial use had caused large amounts of pollutants to drain into the Gowanus Canal. Various attempts to remove the pollution or dilute the canal's water have failed. Even though most industrial tenants stopped using the Gowanus Canal in the middle of the 20th century, the pollution was never remedied. By the 1990s, it was recognized as one of the most polluted bodies of water in the United States. Owing to pollution with high ratios of fecal coliforms, deadly proportions of pathogens, and a low concentration of oxygen, it is generally seen as incompatible with macroscopic marine life, although a variety of extremophiles have been observed in the canal.

Despite the canal's heavy pollution, its proximity to Manhattan and upper-class Brooklyn neighborhoods is attracting concerted waterfront redevelopment. This has restarted calls for environmental cleanup, and prompted concerns that adjacent waterfront economic development would be incompatible with environmental restoration and environmental risks. It was designated a Superfund site in 2009, and work to clean up the canal began in 2013.

Course

The Gowanus Canal begins at Butler Street in the neighborhood of Boerum Hill, in the northwestern part of Brooklyn. The wastewater pumping station at 201-234 Butler Street, a terracotta structure dating to 1911, is located north of the canal's head. The canal then runs in a south-southwest alignment parallel to the local street grid. Its course is located mid-block between Bond Street to the west and Nevins Street to the east. Along the way it passes bridges at Union Street, Carroll Street, and Third Street from south to north. While the Union Street and Third Street Bridges are movable bascule bridges, the Carroll Street Bridge is a retractable bridge that can be rolled diagonally to let ships through.

The western bank of the Gowanus Canal hosts a boat launch at Second Street. The Second Street boat launch is located adjacent to a "Sponge Park", which absorbs pollutants from the western bank before they can go into the canal. At Fourth Street, the Fourth Street Basin splits off to the east, while the Gowanus Canal proper turns west. A walkway with seating, built as part of the construction of a Whole Foods Market, is located on the north bank of the 4th Street Basin.

At Hoyt Street, two blocks west of Bond Street, the canal turns south with two extra tributaries at the east: one  tributary at Seventh Street, and another  near Sixth Street. Shortly afterward, it crosses under the Ninth Street Bridge, a vertical-lift bridge opened in 1999. The New York City Subway's Culver Viaduct, a  fixed-span viaduct, crosses above the Ninth Street Bridge. The viaduct contains the Smith–Ninth Streets station, which is partially located above the canal and is served by the . There is a short tributary to the east, about  long, connecting to the parking lot of a Lowe's home-improvement store to the east, and Hamilton Plaza: a shopping center located at 1-37 12th Street which formerly housed a Pathmark supermarket and a Dunkin' Donuts directly to the south. At this point, a walkway leads from Lowe's north to Ninth Street along the northern bank of the tributary and the eastern bank of the canal. Owing to its hidden location, the waterfront promenade has seen little use.

At approximately 14th Street along the eastern bank, Hamilton Avenue and the Gowanus Expressway cross the canal at a diagonal from southeast to northwest, connecting to Lorraine Street on the western bank. Separate movable bascule bridges built in 1942 carry both directions of Hamilton Avenue's traffic, while the Gowanus Expressway rises on a viaduct far above the canal.

The Gowanus Canal's mouth is at the Gowanus Bay, a portion of Upper New York Bay bordering western Brooklyn. The mouth is located near 19th Street on the eastern bank, or Bryant Street on the western bank. The canal takes a north-northeasterly course from this point, running east of Smith Street. An asphalt plant and marine transfer station are located on the canal's eastern bank, as well as a Home Depot and a FedEx Shipping Center.

History

Early history

Mill Creek

The Gowanus neighborhood originally surrounded Gowanus Creek. It consisted of a tidal inlet of navigable creeks in original saltwater marshland and meadows that contained wildlife. The Dutch government issued the first land patents within Breukelen (modern-day Brooklyn), including the land of the Gowanus, from 1630 to 1664. In 1636, the leaders of New Netherland bought the area around the Gowanus Bay. In 1639, the inhabitants swapped land claims with each other to build a tobacco plantation. The area's early settlers named the waterway "Gowanes Creek" after Gouwane, sachem (chief) of the local Lenape tribe called the Canarsee, who farmed on the shores.

Adam Brouwer, who had been a soldier in the service of the Dutch West India Company, built and operated the first tide-water gristmill patented in New York at Gowanus. The mill was located on land that was deeded on July 8, 1645, to Jan Evertse Bout. It was the first gristmill in the town of Breukelen and the first mill to operate in New Netherland. The mill was located north of Union Street, west of Nevins Street, and next to Bond Street. A second mill—Denton's Mill, also called Yellow Mill—was built on Denton's Mill Pond, after permission was granted to dredge from the creek to the mill pond once located between Fifth Avenue and the present-day canal at Carroll and Third Streets. On May 26, 1664, several Breuckelen residents, headed by Brouwer, petitioned Director General Peter Stuyvesant and his Council for permission to dredge a canal at their own expense through the land of Frederick Lubbertsen to supply water to run the mill. The petition was presented to the council on May 29, 1664, and the motion was granted. Another mill, Cole's Mill, was located just about at present day 9th Street, between Smith Street and the canal. Cole's Mill Pond, located north of 9th Street, occupied the present location of Public Place.

Farms and oyster fishing
In 1700, a settler named Nicholas Vechte built a farmhouse of brick and stone now known as the Old Stone House. In 1776, during the Battle of Long Island, American troops engaged British Army troops at the house, enabling General George Washington to relocate his troops behind American lines. This house sat at the southeastern edge of the Denton's Mill pond. Brower's Mill, also known as Freeks Mill or Brouwer's Mill, was located at the present-day intersection of Union and Nevins Streets. It can be seen in drawings depicting the Battle of Brooklyn.

Throughout this period, a few Dutch farmers settled along the marshland and engaged in clamming of large oysters that became a notable first export to Europe. The Gowanus Bay's  tides pushed brackish water further into the creek, creating an environment where large bivalves thrived. In succeeding generations, negative artificial selection slowly reduced the size of the bivalves, since smaller bivalves were better adapted to the creek's water. Larger bivalves were less likely to survive, and thus, less likely to reproduce. In 1774 the Government of New York enacted a law to widen the creek into a canal, to keep the watercourse in good condition, and to levy taxes on people who used land near it.

Industrial use

Transformation to city
By the mid-19th century, the City of Brooklyn was quickly growing and was the United States' third-largest city. The creek and surrounding agricultural land was now part of an urban agglomeration, consisting of villages along the creek's shores. That same shoreline of river and swamp functioned as both a transportation system and an informal sewage system for the growing city. The valley's watershed is approximately  and includes drainage from what are now the adjacent neighborhoods of Carroll Gardens and Park Slope. Wealthier residents tended to live inland and uphill to avoid the smells and "discomforts" of lower areas. Industries, which needed water for processing, transport, and disposal of wastes, gravitated toward sites along the shoreline.

The mills on the Gowanus were home to public landing sites, connecting the water route to the old Gowanus Road. As the local population grew, and the 19th-century industrial revolution reached Brooklyn, the need for larger navigational and docking facilities grew. Colonel Daniel Richards, a successful local merchant, advocated building a canal to benefit existing inland industries, and draining the surrounding marshes for land reclamation that would raise property values.

In 1849, under a decree by the New York Legislature, the Gowanus Creek was deepened so it could be used as a  commercial waterway connected to Upper New York Bay. The creek's dredging was completed in 1860. Another act of the Legislature in 1867 allowed the canal to be deepened further. In the same decade, a developer named Edwin Litchfield undertook a project to straighten the creek into a canal.

At the time the ,  canal was built, several designs were proposed for it. Some included lock systems that would have allowed daily flushing of the whole waterway. However, these designs were considered too expensive. After exploring numerous alternative (and some more environmentally sound) designs, the final plan was chosen for its low cost. United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Major David Bates Douglass was hired to design the canal, which was essentially complete by 1869. The cost of the construction came from assessments on the local residents of Brooklyn and State money.

Industrial heyday and massive pollution

Despite its relatively short length, the Gowanus Canal was a hub for Brooklyn's maritime and commercial shipping activity. At its busiest, as many as 100 ships a day transported cargo through it. In addition, the industrial sector around the canal grew substantially over time to include stone and coal yards; flour mills; cement works, and manufactured gas plants; tanneries, factories for paint, ink, and soap; machine shops; chemical plants; and sulfur producers. All of these industries emitted substantial water and airborne pollutants. Chemical fertilizers were manufactured along the canal soon after the Civil War.

Coal processing had been a dominant industry since 1869. By the late 19th century, there were 22 coal plants with frontage on the canal. Coal plants along the upper canal used large amounts of water in the conversion of coal to coke, liquids and gases. Coal gas was soon used for heating, light, and factory power. Coke was used to make steel. Wastewater and coal tar (now known to be a source of carcinogens) were dumped back into the canal. Brooklyn's slaughterhouses dumped blood and other wastes into the canals.

There was no through-flow of water and the canal was open at only one end, in the hope that the tides would be enough to flush the waterway. But with the canal's wooden and concrete embankments, the strong tides of fresh diurnal doses of oxygenated water from New York Harbor were barred from flowing into the channel. With the high level of development in the Gowanus watershed area, excessive nitrates and pathogens are constantly flowing into the canal, further depleting the oxygen and creating breeding grounds for the pathogens responsible for the canal's odor. Water quality measures of the concentration of oxygen in the canal were just 1.5 ppm, well below the minimum 4 ppm needed to sustain life. The canal water took on a reddish-purple color, and a colloidal mixture described as "black mayonnaise" accumulated on its bottom.

In 1887, the New York State Legislature closed the Bond Street outflow point. By 1889, pollution in the Gowanus Canal had become so bad that the Legislature appointed a commission to study ways to ameliorate the canal's condition. It concluded that the canal would be best off if it were closed to commercial traffic and then covered-over. The commission also called the canal "a disgrace to Brooklyn" because of the foul smells arising from the waterway.

Attempts to lessen pollution
The first step to ameliorate the canal's pollution was the 1890s construction of the Bond Street sewer pipeline that carried sewage out into the harbor. This proved inadequate. In the first attempt to improve flow at the northern, closed end of the canal, the "Big Sewer" was constructed from Marcy Avenue in Prospect Heights to Green and 4th Avenues in Gowanus. It then entered the canal at an inflow point near Butler Street. Scientific American featured this sewer design for its innovative construction method and size. The area the sewer ran through was known as the "Flooded District". It was believed that this new sewer would serve two purposes: to drain the flooded district, and to use the flow of that excessive water to move the water of the upper Gowanus Canal. The tunnel was completed by 1893, but Brooklyn residents complained their sewage outputs were not connected to the Big Sewer. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle initially hailed the sewer's size and extent. However, the newspaper declared it an "engineering blunder" in 1898, saying the Big Sewer caused sewage to go back into the Gowanus Canal, rather than its intended purpose of draining sewage from it.

During the first decade of the 20th century, up to 700 structures were built in South Brooklyn every year. Thriving industry brought many new people to the area, but important questions about wastewater sanitation had not been properly addressed to handle such growth. All sewage from the new buildings drained downhill and into the Gowanus. Since there was less open ground than before, rainwater now went onto the roofs of the buildings and down into the canal. The building of new sewer connections only compounded the problem by discharging raw sewage from farther away neighborhoods into the canal. Pollutants, storm runoff, and discharge from the sewage system combined to make the canal's malodor so disgusting it was nicknamed "Lavender Lake". Compounding the problem, area property owners sued the city for damages related to the flooding issues that plagued the canal.

By 1910, complaints were being made about the canal's water being almost solid waste, which provoked the installation of a flushing tunnel that was  across. The Butler Street Pumping Station, a Beaux-Arts structure at the canal's inland end, opened on June 21, 1911. The new flushing tunnel connected to the Pumping Station. At first, the brick-lined  tunnel supplied clean water from the Buttermilk Channel between Brooklyn and Governors Island, carried it eastward underneath Butler Street, and discharged the clean water at the mouth of the Gowanus Canal. The flushing tunnel also failed, and aside from numerous operational glitches, a long series of errors and mistakes occurred throughout the 1960s. This culminated in an incident when a city worker dropped a manhole cover, severely damaging the pump system, which was already suffering from the effects of the corrosive salt water. The Clean Water Act of 1972 had not yet been passed, and the city, stretched for funds at the time, did nothing to address the issue. As a result of the unrepaired damage to the flushing tunnel, and the long stretch of economic recession, the waters of the canal lay stagnant and under-used for years.

Reputation as dumping ground
There is an urban legend that the canal served as a dumping ground for the Mafia. Some cases are on record: news reports state that the bodies of a Brooklyn racketeer in the 1930s and a president of the Grain Handlers Union in the 1940s were found in the Gowanus Canal. In Lavender Lake, a 1998 documentary film about the canal, two New York City police discussed the then-recent discovery of a suitcase containing human body parts that was taken from the waterway by fishermen.

There have been reports of not just persons who have died in or near the canal, but vessels lost as well. For instance, on January 2, 1889, the tug boat "Hugh Bond" sank in the canal during a gale, though the crew escaped. On May 10, 1892, the canal boat Alpha sank with a cargo of coal. On December 31, 1903, a dredge was found sunk in the canal, and an unnamed engineer/nightwatchman was reported missing and believed to be drowned.

Economic decline

With six million tons of cargo produced and trafficked annually though the waterway after World War I, the Gowanus Canal became the nation's busiest commercial canal, and arguably the most polluted. The heavy sewage flow into the canal required regular dredging to keep the waters navigable. By the 1950s Brooklyn's fuel trade was already converting from coal and artificial gas to petroleum, which was served by the wider and deeper Newtown Creek, and natural gas, which arrived by pipeline. In 1951, with the opening of the elevated Gowanus Expressway over the waterway, easy access for trucks and cars catalyzed industry slightly. The expressway carried 150,000 daily vehicles, which unloaded tons of toxic emissions into the air and water beneath. Around this time, sewage going to the Gowanus Canal was redirected into sewage treatment plants near the Buttermilk Channel.

With the early 1960s growth of containerization, the number of industrial waterfront jobs in the state declined, and the canal's industries were no exception. With much fanfare, the USACE completed its last dredging of the canal in 1955, and soon afterward abandoned its regular dredging schedule, deeming it to no longer be cost-effective. The intake fan that brought Buttermilk Channel water into the flushing tunnel broke in 1963, leading to its closure. A year later, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge opened, eliminating the need for industrial boats to use the canal at all, since trucks could use the bridge and Interstate 278 to ship goods from around the country to the Gowanus area.

With the failure of the city sewage and pump station infrastructure, the Gowanus Canal was used as a derelict dumping place. It remained in that condition for almost three decades. By 1993, a single company was actively using the Gowanus Canal as a shipping channel, and three of the drawbridges along the canal would only retract to let that company's boats pass. The few remaining barges mostly carried fuel oil, sand, gravel and scrap metal for export. The canal still serves as a port moving goods in and out of Brooklyn.

Environmental cleanup

Early attempts at cleanup

Repeated calls have been made to revitalize the economy and the environment of the Gowanus area. The first major U.S. law that would allow this, a law to address water pollution, was the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948. It was followed by the establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 and the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972.

Beginning in the 1960s, locals formed the Carroll Gardens Association (CGA) to lobby for civic improvements, including cleanup of the Gowanus Canal. Long-time restaurateur Nick Monte called it a "stinking, cancerous sore" and a "stinking cesspool".  CGA founder Salvatore "Buddy" Scotto Jr. referred to the canal as "the most polluted waterway in the world", and "the spine of our deterioration", relating it directly to the economic problems of the area. In 1971, the City of New York held hearings on a Gowanus Industrial Urban Renewal Project, but did not support it with funding.

In 1974, Scotto brought microbiologists from the New York City Community College (now New York City College of Technology, or City Tech) to test the Gowanus Canal's water for bacteria. The organisms they found included typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and tuberculosis. The next year, funding was obtained for a preliminary assessment of the canal. Initial findings revealed an almost total absence of oxygen, much raw sewage, grease, oil, and sludge. In 1978, construction began on the Red Hook Sewage Treatment plant in Vinegar Hill that had been planned since the 1950s.

A full study of the canal was published in 1981. It indicated that on an average day, more than  of raw sewage emptied into it. The report also documented the decreasing use of the canal by industry and shipping. The number of industrial firms using the canal fell from nearly fifty in 1942 to six in 1981. The amount of freight brought through the canal was more than 55% lower, and the number of times the drawbridge was opened declined by almost 70%. The report put forward a number of recommendations, one of which was fixing the flushing tunnel to increase the oxygen content of the water.

In 1987, the Red Hook Treatment Plant was opened, diverting more sewage input from the canal. This $375 million plant collected waste from the existing Bond Street sewer and brought the total of combined sewer overflow (CSO) points in the city to 14. With the opening of the new plant, the last dry-weather discharge into a New York City waterway ended, and the CSO points now only function during rain storms. The next year a sewage pipe was installed within the flushing tunnel, but according to a New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP) engineer, the pipe was so poorly installed that it failed "almost immediately". The city unsuccessfully attempted to fix the Flushing tunnel's sewage pipe in 1998. It was fixed in 1999 after engineers reversed the direction of the tunnel's fan. Previously, water from the canal had gone westward into the Buttermilk Channel, but now water from the channel went into the Gowanus Canal.

Superfund cleanup

Planning

In 2002, USACE entered into a cost-sharing agreement with the DEP to collaborate on a $5 million Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Study of the Gowanus Canal area. It was to examine possible alternatives for ecosystem restoration such as dredging, and wetland and habitat restoration  and be completed in 2005. Discussions turned to breaking down the hard edges of the canal to restore some of the natural processes to improve the overall environment of the Gowanus wetlands area. The DEP also initiated the Gowanus Canal Use and Standards Attainment project to meet the city's obligations under the Clean Water Act.

In early 2006, the problem of wastewater management arose during a controversy over a planned arena for the Brooklyn Nets in nearby downtown Brooklyn. The project, at that point called Pacific Park, was to include a basketball arena and 17 skyscrapers. The resulting sewage would flow into antiquated combined sewers that can overflow when it rains. The Gowanus Canal has 14 combined sewer overflow points. The fear was the additional wastewater from the arena would lead to more frequent overflows in the canal.

In March 2009, the EPA proposed that the canal be listed as a Superfund cleanup site. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) supported this action. It had requested help from the EPA to address the canal's environmental problems. In May 2009, the city stepped forward to oppose the Superfund listing. For the first time it offered to produce a Gowanus cleanup plan that would match the work of a Superfund cleanup, but with a promise to accomplish it faster. The city said it could now achieve a faster cleanup than the EPA. It would fund the cleanup through taxpayer dollars from the state and city levels, while the EPA would seek its funding from the polluters. The nonprofit Gowanus Canal Conservancy was also founded in 2009, creating partnerships with the EPA, the NYCDEP, groups such as Riverkeeper, and universities such as Cornell and Rutgers. On March 4, 2010, the EPA announced that it had placed the Gowanus Canal on its Superfund National Priorities List. Following this, the USACE halted their study immediately, giving all their research to the EPA.

Initially, local residents resisted the EPA's proposed cleanup methods, as they feared that the toxic waste retrieved from the canal would instead be displaced onto nearby public areas. By 2013, the NYCDEP was planning to reduce the sewage content of the canal by repairing a tunnel that flushes fresh water into the Gowanus. The repair would mitigate, but not eliminate, the sewage problem. On September 27, 2013, the EPA approved a cleanup plan for the Gowanus Canal. The plan, which would cost $506 million and be completed by 2022, divided the canal into three segments split by 3rd Street and the Hamilton Avenue Bridge. The plan entails three steps: dredging contaminated sediment from the bottom of the canal; capping the dredged areas; and implementing controls on combined sewer overflows to prevent future contamination. It also involves excavating and restoring approximately  of the former 1st Street Basin and  of the former 5th Street Basin. The restoration is expected to be paid for by the host of entities deemed "responsible parties" for the pollution by the EPA, including Brooklyn Gas and Electric, now doing business as National Grid and the City of New York.

The EPA suggested seven plans for the cleanup. In 2014, the EPA presented a proposal for containing toxic sludge in the Gowanus Canal. The Village Voice reported two scenarios as most viable. These were estimated to take ten years to complete and would cost around $350–$450 million. The first step in the plans was dredging, which was scheduled to begin in 2016. The second step was to lay down one of two different proposed "caps". The first "cap" proposal was for a concrete device, while the second was for a multi-layered device with pollutant-absorbent clay, a sand buffer, and an anchor composed of rocks. Ultimately, the multi-layered cap was selected for installation in the canal. However, there were concerns that the cleanup could pose a health risk.

Beginning of cleanup
In early 2017, EPA administrator Scott Pruitt, who had proposed many of the EPA budget changes and program eliminations, approved of the funding, saying that Superfund cleanups should be prioritized.

Work on the cleanup process began in October 2017, and at the time, the cleanup was expected to cost $506 million. The first phase of a pilot study at the canal's Fourth Street Turning Basin began in December 2016, but was delayed while bulkheads were being installed along the canal's banks. The pilot dredging uncovered several artifacts such as a crash boat from World War II; industrial wooden bobbins for textiles; and 19th-century wagon wheels. These artifacts had to be cleaned of contaminants before archaeologists could study them. In July 2018, during the pilot study, the promenade near Whole Foods was damaged due to contractor error. The cleanup itself was expected to start in 2020 and be completed two years later. The EPA issued a formal order on Tuesday, January 28, 2020, which initiated the first phase of the $506 million cleanup on the 1.8 mile long canal. This $125 million first phase would begin in September 2020 and last 30 months.

Components

EPA treatment

The canal's toxic sediment layer averages  thick, and at some spots reaches . As part of the Superfund cleanup, the EPA would remove approximately  of highly contaminated sediment from the upper and middle segments and  of contaminated sediment from the lower segment. The sediment would be treated at an off-site facility.

Then, at the locations where contamination had permeated the underlying sediment, the EPA would cap the dredges with multiple layers of clean material. The multi-layer caps consist of an "active" layer made of a specific type of clay that would remove contamination that could well up from below. Atop the clay layer is an "isolation" layer of sand and gravel that will ensure that the contaminants are not exposed. Next, an "armor" layer of heavier gravel and stone prevents boat traffic and canal currents from eroding the underlying layers. The topmost layer comprises sufficient clean sand atop the "armor" layer, filling the gaps in the layer of stones and establishing sufficient depth to restore the canal bottom as a habitat. In the middle and upper segments of the canal, where liquid coal tar has seeped into the natural sediment, the EPA would stabilize that sediment by mixing it with concrete or similar materials. The stabilized areas would then be covered with the multiple-layer caps.

As the Superfund model required the EPA to seek restitution from the Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs), the estimated cost of the cleanup plan would be divided and distributed among more than 30 companies responsible for polluting the canal, as well as government entities like the New York City government and the United States Navy. Some of these companies, such as Brooklyn Union Gas, either no longer existed, had relocated, or had been renamed. If these defunct companies have been incorporated into another company, the property owners and the parent companies were expected to take responsibility, as are the companies that created or moved the pollutants around. The EPA Superfund Gowanus report identified two major PRPs: National Grid (which later acquired Brooklyn Union Gas' successor KeySpan) and the New York City government.

Reactivation of the flushing tunnel

According to the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, plans to reactivate the flushing tunnel pump were proposed in 1982. Various events caused the project to be delayed until 1994. The tunnel was finally reactivated in 1999. The new design employed a 600 horsepower (450 kW) motor, that pumped an average rate of  a day of aerated water from the Buttermilk Channel in the Upper New York Bay into the head end of the canal. Although water was circulating through the tunnel, tidal forces meant it could only be pumped 11 hours a day. The water quality of samples taken while the flushing pump was operating was reported to have improved.

In 2010, New York City began a four-year project to upgrade and reactivate the flushing tunnel. According to The New York Times, the proposed plans included steps to "reconstruct the motor pit and replace the propeller with three modern vertical turbines; clean, patch and smooth the interior of the tunnel; replace the broken sewer pipe and encase it in concrete to improve water flow; and reduce the amount of sewer overflow into the canal by increasing capacity at a nearby pumping plant". Increasing oxygen content was a major goal of the project. The original plans were modified in 2012, after Hurricane Sandy, to protect critical equipment from flooding. In 2014, following completion of much of the work, the tunnel was reactivated at a cost of $177 million.

Stormwater management
Throughout its history, the Gowanus Canal's sewage problems have been exacerbated by the effects of stormwater. For years, heavy rains have flooded streets and caused sewage lines to overflow, contributing to the canal's contamination. Much of the Gowanus Canal area is at sea level, in a Zone A risk area for flooding. To help prevent flooding, the city is investing in various methods of stormwater management. One related improvement has been the creation of specialized curbside gardens, or bioswales, along sidewalks to absorb stormwater and reduce sewer overflows into the canal. A community-based non-profit organization, the Gowanus Canal Conservancy, is involved in stewardship of the bioswales. In 2015, the city built Sponge Park, along the canal's western bank at Second Street. The park doubles as a stormwater catchment area, absorbing pollutants before they can go into the canal.

Beginning in 2017, the city's Department of Environmental Protection built several miles of high-level storm sewers (HLSS) to prevent stormwater from flooding the city's sewage system. The new storm sewers carry stormwater collected in new and existing catchment areas, preventing it from entering the sewage system. The first phase, comprising sewer installations south of Douglass Street, was supposed to be completed by summer 2018; a second phase north of Douglass Street would proceed from 2018 to 2020. The HLSS, built on a  area east of the northern end of the canal, are planned to capture half of the stormwater within the Gowanus Canal's watershed.

Also in 2017, the New York City government published plans to construct two combined sewer overflow facilities along the canal to help with stormwater management. The first facility, the "Head End Site", is to be at the very north end of the canal on the eastern bank. The facility, located adjacent to an existing manufactured gas plant site, would handle sewage from the Red Hook Watershed, which comprises the land around the canal's western bank and north of the canal's head. The second facility, the "Owls Head Site", is to be at Second Avenue and Fifth Street, where the Fourth Street Basin splits off the rest of the canal. It would clean the water from the Owls Head watershed, which constitutes the land from the eastern bank to Prospect Park. These new facilities are required as part of an agreement between the city and the EPA.

By February 2019, the EPA and the city disagreed on whether untreated sewage should be stored in tanks or flushed out through a tunnel. The EPA wanted to divert the sewage to newly built tanks along the canal, which would be less costly and be complete by 2027. However, the city has proposed diverting untreated sewage into a new tunnel, which would be more expensive and be finished in 2030.

Redevelopment

Redevelopment plans

As early as 1980, the Gowanus area's low rents and proximity to more expensive cultural centers in New York had attracted artists and musicians. The sparsely occupied industrial area offered spaces for studios, music venues, bars, gyms and other businesses that benefited from low space-to-cost ratios. Nonetheless, the area's population declined to a historic low of 24,000 residents in 1990. The Carroll Street Bridge, an important Gowanus Canal crossing, closed for renovations in 1985. This caused major inconveniences for the surrounding communities, who had to walk several blocks to get to the other side of the canal. Businesses and schools closed as a result. The bridge reopened in 1989, its 100th anniversary.

In 1999, Assemblywoman Joan Millman allocated $100,000 to the Gowanus Canal Community Development Corporation (GCCDC) to produce and distribute a bulkhead study and public access document. The following year, GCCDC received $270,000 from the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation's  Green Street program to construct three street-end public open spaces along the Gowanus Canal. Governor George E. Pataki funded an additional $270,000 to create a revitalization plan in 2001. $100,000 in capital funds were allocated in 2002 to implement a pilot project on the shoreline. In 2003, Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez allocated an additional $225,000 to create a comprehensive community development plan. The organization relies on community volunteers to maintain and clean these Green Street Projects.

The New York City government, local citizens' groups, developers, the EPA, and the USACE had a wide variety of concerns and differing visions for redevelopment in the area. The New York City government feared that designating the Gowanus Canal as a Superfund site would result in many potentially costly lawsuits against polluters. Meanwhile, the area directly to the east of the Gowanus neighborhood was rezoned for high density residential use with a strong commercial component in 2003. In 2009, plans to rezone Gowanus were also created. Many residents and community groups have expressed concern over the sewage overflow that the rezoning could possibly create.

Redevelopment sites
The United States Postal Service closed a USPS maintenance garage on the east side of the Ninth Street Bridge in the early 1990s. The  site became available for commercial development. In 1998, the site was proposed for the construction of Brooklyn Commons, a $63 million entertainment and retail complex featuring a 22-screen multiplex cinema, a bowling alley, shops, restaurants and a 1,500-space parking lot. The Swedish furniture store IKEA planned to open a store on the site, but withdrew its proposal in 2001 after opposition from the community. IKEA was later given permission to build a store in adjacent Red Hook. The 9th Street site remained empty until 2004 when a large Lowe's store was built and opened, along with an adjacent public promenade overlooking the canal.

By 1998, the neighborhoods around the canal (Carroll Gardens and Park Slope) were experiencing a resurgence of interest in the residential market. Perceptions of environmental risk related to pollution and possible flooding vied with the appeal of a diverse community accessible to more expensive areas of New York City. The area was given a new zoning designation, the "Gowanus Manufacturing Zone", as various groups try to determine the future of this complex urban space.

Effects of the cleanup on redevelopment

In February 2009, the City of New York granted a zoning change to the developer, Toll Brothers Inc. This allowed for a 480-unit, twelve-story super-block residential project, the first one permitted along the waterway. The city also set aside some land for a medium-sized development with 3,200 apartments. Twenty-five city blocks were allocated for 60 sites that were planned to produce a combined $500 million in tax revenues per year. Toll Brothers abandoned their project in 2010 after the Gowanus Canal was declared a Superfund cleanup site.

However, the cleanup itself led to a larger redevelopment movement in Gowanus. The first large-scale luxury development in the Gowanus area, 365 Bond, opened in June 2016 and was completely occupied by the following year. There were more than 56,000 applications for the 86 affordable apartments included in the development. In August 2016, the city restarted the rezoning process for the surrounding neighborhood. In June 2017, the Gowanus Canal Conservancy began the process of designing a redevelopment plan for the area. Officials planned to reveal a more comprehensive plan in 2018, including rezoning a 43-block area and requiring developers to reserve 25% of the new units for affordable housing.

By late 2017, new development was concentrated around a rezoning area in the northern half of the canal. Although this area had gentrified rapidly, some residents opposed the new developments. The zoning plan for the area was projected to undergo changes through 2019, at which point the Superfund cleanup would be at its peak. Several developers bought, or were planning on buying, abandoned or little-used waterfront sites along the canal. An artist's community at Ninth Street was being turned into a mixed-use office building complex. In addition, the lyric-annotation website Genius.com had moved into a  building in the northern portion of the canal.

Current usage

Organizations dedicated to providing waterfront access and canal education include the Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club (founded in 1999), and The Urban Divers Estuary Conservancy (founded in 1998). During the 2003 season, more than 1,000 people participated in Dredger Canoe Club programs, logging more than 2,000 trips along the canal.

The city government took a site at Smith and 4th Streets in 1975 and designated it a public place for use as "public recreation space". Despite the legal standing as a Public Place, developers have continually proposed developing the site for other uses. National Grid is accountable for cleanup of the pollution left on the site after years of coal gas manufacture. Upon completion of this cleanup, the site was to be turned over to the New York City Parks Department.

Activism
In November 2006, HABITATS, a festival dedicated to "local action as global wisdom", celebrated the Gowanus Canal with environmental conferences, collaborative art, educational programs and interactive walks around the area. The canal has also been the home to various arts organizations. Issue Project Room once organized art events in a converted silo along the bank of the canal. The Yard, an outdoor concert space, opened in the summer of 2007 near the Carroll Street Bridge, but shut down at the end of summer 2010.

On Earth Day in 2015, environmental activist Christopher Swain swam through the Gowanus Canal to promote awareness of the environmental restorative work. He wore protective swimwear however some of his skin was exposed to the biological and industrial waste. He applied preventative countermeasures such as antibacterial lotion and a hydrogen peroxide mouthwash. Swain, who had swum through heavily polluted waterways, described the Gowanus as being the dirtiest body of water that he had swum through, composing of "mud, poo, detergent, oil and gasoline" and "swimming through a dirty diaper".

Water quality

Different parts of the Gowanus Canal are effectively microclimates, which may have very different conditions and types of contamination. Overall, the water is considered unsafe to drink or swim in, and contact with the canal's water is discouraged. The Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club encourages people to canoe on the canal, in part as an incentive to revitalize the area. The Urban Divers Estuary Conservancy allows careful diving using full-encapsulation suits, followed by rigorous decontamination procedures. Fish caught in the canal are generally toxic and unsafe to eat in large quantities.  birds have begun returning to the canal, which some hope suggests the water quality is improving enough to support wildlife.

Anecdotal descriptions
Anecdotal reports of the canal's water quality include descriptions of a reddish-purplish color due to coal and slaughterhouse wastes in the 19th century, and a lighter purplish color, leading to its nickname "Lavender Lake" in the 20th century. Twentieth-century author H. P. Lovecraft described "the lapping oily waves at its grimy piers". In 1999, the water's usual color was described as "green with a white undertone, akin to the look of cream-infused coffee". A 2013 account describes the canal's "modern" color as being gray-green. In 2017, two long-time residents recalled the canal's black color in the 1950s: "All you could see was a big cesspool, and bubbles coming up."

The surface of the Gowanus Canal's water has frequently been reported to have an iridescent sheen suggestive of oil, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), coal tar, and other industrial wastes. As recently as December 2009 a Gowanus Canal Investigation Executive Summary Report noted the presence of "spotty, iridescent, and platy sheens of varying intensity," fecal matter, emulsified oil, and blebs of non-aqueous phase liquid in various areas of the canal. Photographers have also captured artistic images of the canal.

The opaqueness of the canal's water obstructs sunlight to one-third of the  depth needed for the bottom-level growth of aquatic plants. Rising gas bubbles betray the decomposition of sewage sludge that on a warm, sultry day produces the Gowanus Canal's notable ripe stench. One reporter described the smell as "like sticking your head into a rubber boot filled with used motor oil and rotten eggs," while another said that it was "less a scent than an assault that reaches in to choke the throat. Sometimes it has the biting odor of petroleum, with more than a hint of dead fish." There are reports that the smell has lessened in recent years as oxygen levels in the water have increased.

The murky depths of the canal conceal the legacy of its industrial past: cement, oil, mercury, lead, multiple volatile organic compounds, PCBs, coal tar, and other contaminants. A sludgy bottom-layer of "black mayonnaise" was described beginning in the 19th century and is still present—in some places up to  deep.

Scientific measurements
Beginning in the 1970s, a variety of governmental, academic, and citizens' groups have taken intermittent measurements of the canal's water quality. There has been no coherent, long-term program for tracking water quality because no funds exist for such a program.

The canal hosts high levels of pathogens, many of which are harmful to humans. The 1974 report by New York City Community College microbiologists found that the water contained typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and tuberculosis. Additionally, a 2003 report of the New York Harbor showed that the Gowanus Canal had the highest level of pathogens of any location in the entire harbor. Microbiologist Nasreen Haque and her classes from the City University of New York have also tested water from the Gowanus. In 2007–2008, Haque's classes reported finding "every kind of imaginable pathogen," including those that cause gonorrhea. However, in 2010, students from City Tech found lower levels of Escherichia coli than they had expected.

Fecal matter is also prevalent in the canal. In 2009, a local environmental "neighborhood watch" called Riverkeeper tested canal water immediately following heavy rains and sewage flooding. It reported Enterococcus at levels of 17,329 cells per 100 milliliters, with anything above 104 cells per 100 milliliters being considered unsafe; Enterococcus is considered an indicator of other possible pathogens. As of 2013, fecal matter was still present in Gowanus' water at levels of parts per hundred. A more usual measurement for a waterway would be parts per million.

Low levels of dissolved oxygen in the canal's waters predate World War I. The minimum level of oxygen required to support healthy marine life is estimated at 4 parts per million. As early as 1909, it was reported that the canal had no oxygen at all. In 1975 a severe lack of oxygen was still observed, indicating the water was incapable of sustaining plant life or fish. In 1999, just before the flushing tunnel was reactivated, The Environmental Magazine reported that oxygen levels in the Gowanus Canal measured about 1.5 parts per million; this number continued to be quoted fourteen years later. However, by 2008, nine years after the flushing tunnel was reopened to provide oxygenation of the water, biologist Kathleen Nolan and students from St. Francis College sampled the water and reported that levels of dissolved oxygen had substantially increased. In 2014, a NYSDEC representative stated that dissolved oxygen levels were reported to be in the range of , or approximately 9–12 parts per million.

With respect to the underlying layers of residue in the canal, the EPA and other organizations have performed detailed analyses of the composition and distribution of black mayonnaise throughout it. The 2012 Superfund Proposed Plan also includes detailed assessments of risk related to the types of pollutants in the layers of sediment, the water, and the surrounding area.

The Gowanus Canal's pollution has also spread to Gowanus Creek, at the mouth of the canal. In 1982, USACE released the results of a report on navigation in the creek. It found that there were nonexistent levels of oxygen; high concentrations of fecal coliforms; and significant clusters of oil and grease.

Wildlife
Originally, the marshland and freshwater springs that drained into the Atlantic Ocean in Upper New York Bay were capable of supporting massive oyster beds. As late as 1911, people reported fishing in the Gowanus Canal and treading for clams. By 1927, the last of New York's oyster beds had closed as a result of habitat destruction, over-harvesting, and pollution.

Attempts have been made to reintroduce oysters and other shellfish to the canal, because they can filter out toxins and help clean the water. One oyster can process as much as  of water a day. The NY/NJ Baykeeper environmental group gives oysters to volunteers who then monitor their health and growth in local waterways. They have helped Katie Mosher-Smith and The Gowanus Community Oyster Garden's Stewards to partner with teachers, students and the Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club to install and monitor oyster cages in the canal. In 2012, landscape architect Kate Orff proposed a design for a park with a living reef containing oysters, mussels, and eelgrass.  As part of a pilot program, ropes were hung off of a pier to attract ribbed mussels.

Restoration of the flushing tunnel, and the resulting increase in oxygen levels in the canal, have supported the return of some aquatic life. Within months of the reopening of the flushing tunnel in 1999, John C. Muir of the Brooklyn Center for the Urban Environment observed pink jellyfish, blue crabs, and a variety of fish. By 2009, white perch, herring, striped bass, and anchovies were living in the waterway. In 2014, the Gowanus Canal Conservancy reported that herons, egrets, bats, and Canada geese were living nearby. However, individuals and populations of wild animals living in the Gowanus Canal may be at risk for reproductive problems. Creatures living in the canal generally have a below-average life expectancy compared to members of the same species living elsewhere in New York Harbor.

Approximately 15 edible species of fish and shellfish can be found in the canal, but they are toxic. The shellfish contain toxins and are unsafe to eat, according to a 2012 report. However, signs posted in 2018 note that men over age 15 and women over age 50 can safely eat up to six blue crabs from the Gowanus Canal each week, although women under 50 and children under 15 should not eat the canal's blue crabs at all.

Aquatic mammals have been observed in the canal only rarely and in cases of severe distress. A harp seal was observed in the canal in 2003, its flippers bloodied, but it survived and was relocated to the Long Island Sound. In 2007, a young minke whale ended up in the canal as a result of heavy storms. The whale, soon nicknamed "Sludgy", was unable to get out and soon died. A necropsy of Sludgy, performed by animal anatomist Joy Reidenberg, indicated that the whale had already been sick. On January 26, 2013, a dolphin entered the canal at low tide, was unable to get out, and died. A necropsy showed that it was middle-aged and sickly before becoming trapped. It had kidney stones, gastric ulcers, and parasites.

New forms of life

Although the Gowanus Canal is poisonous to humans, it may be breeding previously unidentified types of organisms. In 2008, Nasreen and Nilofaur Haque reported the presence of white clouds of "biofilm" floating above the sludge on the bottom of the canal. Examinations suggested that the colloquially named "white stuff" is a co-operative mix of bacteria, protozoa, chemicals, and other substances. The parts of the mixture acted together to find food, and the biological components exchanged genes and excreted material that acts as an antibiotic to protect it from toxins in the water. The Haques started studying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the canal to learn more about what makes bacteria resistant, so that the research might help to develop new antibiotic drugs.

In 2014, volunteers and scientists donned Hazmat suits to sample the black mayonnaise from the canal, extracting DNA which was sequenced at the Weill-Cornell Medical College. Ellen Jorgensen, executive director of the startup Genspace, reported that the group failed to identify half of the DNA. They found "42 kinds of bacteria, two viruses, and five life forms from the domain Archaea," many uniquely adapted to the extreme environment of the Gowanus Canal. Methylococcaceae, a family of microbes found in the Fourth Street Basin, consume methane. Desulfobacterales take in sulfate and release hydrogen sulfide, contributing to the Gowanus' characteristic rotten egg smell.

Bioengineers and others involved in the 2014 study were also interested in studying the Gowanus Canal's unique microbial communities. These naturally-evolving bioremediating bacteria consume the Gowanus' pollutants. Understanding how they co-exist with and degrade toxic compounds might suggest new methods for bioremediation.

In popular culture

Thomas Wolfe described the "huge symphonic stink" of the canal which was "cunningly compacted of unnumbered separate putrefactions" in his 1940 novel You Can't Go Home Again. The 1985 film Heaven Help Us used Carroll Street Bridge as a filming location.  In Jonathan Lethem's Motherless Brooklyn (1999), a character refers to the canal as "the only body of water in the world that is 90 percent guns". In Joseph O'Neill's novel Netherland (2008), the remains of one of the protagonists are found in the Gowanus Canal. In an episode of the TV show Bored to Death, called "The Gowanus Canal Has Gonorrhea!", two antagonists threaten the show's hero with a swim in the canal.

In 2014, So What? Press published an issue of its comic series Tales of the Night Watchman, entitled "It Came from the Gowanus Canal", about a toxic sludge monster who lives in the canal and takes revenge on a gangster who once dumped bodies there. It was written by Dave Kelly and illustrated by Molly Ostertag. The publisher also produced a fake movie poster in conjunction with the Gowanus Souvenir Shop based on the issue in 2015. In 2017, a sequel to the comic was produced with the title "It Came from the Gowanus Canal...Again!" It was written by Dave Kelly, drawn by Brett Hobson, colored by Clare DeZutti, with a cover by Tim Hamilton. In the sequel, the monster returns and takes revenge on criminals who are responsible for the death of a young boy, but the Night Watchman must protect one of the killers to stop the monster.

In November 2015, Gothamist posted a video that featured a fisherman saying that he had just caught a three-eyed catfish in the canal. Although the story was later posted by a number of news outlets, experts expressed skepticism about the fish story. A New York Times article indicated that the three-eyed catfish was a hoax perpetrated by the performance artist Zardulu.

The daily podcast and radio show The Majority Report, which broadcasts from Brooklyn refers to the canal in the opening of every show saying they are: "broadcasting live steps from the industrial ravaged Gowanus Canal, in the heartland of American Brooklyn New York."

See also
 List of Superfund sites in New York
 The Gowanus Memorial Artyard
 Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary
 Bob Zuckerman, activist who has advocated for cleaning the canal

References

External links

 Remediation updates website
 Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club
 The Gowanus Canal at southbrooklyn.net
 The Urban Divers Estuary Conservancy
 Gowanus Canal Conservancy

1869 establishments in New York (state)
Boerum Hill
Canals in New York (state)
Canals opened in 1869
Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn
Cobble Hill, Brooklyn
Gowanus, Brooklyn
Park Slope
Port of New York and New Jersey
Rivers of Brooklyn
Superfund sites in New York (state)
Transportation buildings and structures in Brooklyn
Water transportation in New York City

Gowanus Canal


Sezonul Serie A 2018-2019 a fost cel de-al 117-lea sezon al Serie A, eșalonul principal de fotbal profesionist din Italia. Sezonul a început pe  și s-a încheiat pe .
Juventus a fost campioana en-titre și și-a păstrat titlul pentru a opta oară consecutiv. Empoli, Parma și Frosinone sunt echipele care au promovat din Serie B în sezonul 2017-2018.

Echipe

Stadioane și orașe

''Notă: Tabelul se aranjează în ordine alfabetică.

Rezultate

Clasament
 Rezultate meciuri

Sursa: Rezultate Serie A

1. Echipa gazdă este trecută pe coloana din stânga

2. Culori: Albastru = victorie a echipei gazdă; Galben = egal; Roșu = victorie a echipei oaspete

Statistici

Golgheteri

1 Piątek a jucat pentru Genoa până în etapa a 20-a și a marcat 13 goluri.

Actualizat la 13 martie 2019

Pasatori

Premii
În 2019, Serie A a introdus pentru prima dată premiile Serie A, folosind statisticile de la Opta Sports și Netco Sports pentru a stabili cei mai buni jucători ai sezonului .

Note

Referințe

Sezoane Serie A
2018 în fotbal
2019 în fotbal
2018 în Italia
2019 în Italia

Serie A 2018-2019


Cyril Winston Wilkinson (* um 1940; † 1. Oktober 2014) war ein nordirischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Cyril Wilkinson war einer der bedeutendsten Badmintonspieler seines Landes in den 1960er Jahren. National gewann er insgesamt 16 Titel. 1968 nahm er an der Erstauflage der Badminton-Europameisterschaften teil.

Sportliche Erfolge

Literatur

Badmintonspieler (Nordirland)
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Nordirland)
Irischer Meister (Badminton)
Nordire
Brite
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 2014
Mann

Cyril W. Wilkinson


Les minéraux carbonatés sont les minéraux contenant l'ion carbonate, .

Sortes de minéraux carbonatés

Carbonates anhydres

 Groupe calcite : trigonal
 Calcite
 Gaspéite
 Magnésite
 Otavite
 Rhodochrosite
 Sidérite
 Smithsonite
 Sphérocobaltite
 Groupe aragonite : orthorhombique
 Aragonite
 Cérusite
 Strontianite
 Withérite
 Rutherfordine
 Natrite

Carbonates anhydres à formules composées

 Groupe des dolomites : trigonal
 Ankérite
 Dolomite
 Huntite
 Minrecordite
 Barytocalcite

Carbonates avec hydroxyle ou halogène

 Carbonate avec hydroxyde : monoclinique
 Azurite (OH)2
 Hydrocérusite (OH)2
 Malachite (OH)2
 Rosasite (Cu, Zn)2(OH)2
 Phosgénite )
 Hydrozincite (OH)6
 Aurichalcite (Zn, Cu)5((OH)6

Carbonates hydratés

 Hydromagnésite (OH)2.4
 Ikaïte ·6()
 Lansfordite ·5()
 Monohydrocalcite ·
 Natron ·10()
 Zellerite )(·5()

La classe des carbonates dans les systèmes de classification Dana et Strunz comprend les nitrates.

Classement Nickel–Strunz -05- carbonates

L'IMA-CNMNC propose un nouveau schéma hiérarchique (Mills et al., 2009). Cette liste utilise la classification de Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org,  édition, publication en attente).

 Abréviations :
 "*" - discrédité (statut IMA/CNMNC).
 "?" – douteux/douteux (statut IMA/CNMNC).
 "REE" - élément de terre rare (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
 "PGE" - élément du groupe du platine (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
 03. C Aluminofluorures, 06 Borates, 08 Vanadates (04. HV [5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates :
 Neso : insulaire (du grec νησος nēsos, île)
 Soro : groupement (du grec σωροῦ sōros, tas, monticule (surtout de maïs))
 Cyclo : anneau
 Ino : chaîne (du grec ις [génitif : ινος inos ], fibre)
 Phyllo : feuille (du grec φύλλον phyllon, feuille)
 Tekto : cadre tridimensionnel
 Schéma de code Nickel – Strunz : NN.XY.##x
 NN : numéro de classe minérale Nickel – Strunz
 X : lettre de division minérale Nickel – Strunz
 Y : Lettre de la famille minérale Nickel-Strunz
 ##x : Nickel–Strunz minéral/numéro de groupe, x lettre complémentaire

Classe des carbonates

 05.A Carbonates sans anions additionnels et sans
 05.AA carbonates alcalins : 05 Zabuyélite ; 10 Grégoryite, 10 Natrite ; 15 Nahcolite, 20 Kalicinite, 25 Teschemachérite, 30 Wegscheidérite
 05.AB Carbonates alcalino-terreux (et autre M2+) : 05 Calcite, 05 Gaspéite, 05 Magnésite, 05 Rhodochrosite, 05 Otavite, 05 Sphérocobaltite, 05 Sidérite, 05 Smithsonite ; 10 Ankérite, 10 Dolomite, 10 Kutnohorite, 10 Minrécordite ; 15 Cérussite, 15 Aragonite, 15 Strontianite, 15 Withérite ; 20 Vatérite, 25 Huntite, 30 Norséthite, 35 Alstonite ; 40 Olekminskite, 40 Paralstonite ; 45 Barytocalcite, 50 Carbocernaïte, 55 Benstonite, 60 Juangodoyite
 05.AC carbonates alcalins et alcalino-terreux : 05 Eitélite, 10 Nyereréite, 10 Natrofairchildite, 10 Zemkorite ; 15 Butschliite, 20 Fairchildite, 25 Shortite ; 30 Sanromanite, 30 Burbankite, 30 Calcioburbankite, 30 Khannéshite
 05.AD avec des éléments de terres rares (REE) : 05 Sahamalite-(Ce) ; 15 Rémondite-(Ce), 15 Petersénite-(Ce), 15 Rémondite-(La) ; 20 Paratooïte-(La)
 05.B Carbonates avec anions additionnels, sans
 05.BA avec Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn : 05 Azurite, 10 Chukanovite, 10 Malachite, 10 Georgeïte, 10 Pokrovskite, 10 Nullaginite, 10 Glaukosphaérite, 10 Mcguinnessite, 10 Kolwezite, 10 Rosasite, 10 Zincrosasite ; 15 Aurichalcite, 15 Hydrozincite ; 20 Holdawayite, 25 Defernite ; 30 Loseyite, 30 Sclarite
 05.BB avec alcalis, etc. : 05 Barentsite, 10 Dawsonite, 15 Tunisite, 20 Sabinaïte
 05.BC avec cations alcalino-terreux : 05 Brenkite, 10 Rouvilléite, 15 Podlesnoïte
 05.BD avec des éléments de terres rares (REE) : 05 Cordylite-(Ce), 05 Lukechangite-(Ce) ; 10 Kukharenkoïte-(La), 10 Kukharenkoïte-(Ce), 10 Zhonghuacerite-(Ce) ; 15 Cébaïte-(Nd), 15 Cébaïte-(Ce) ; 20a Bastnäsite-(Ce), 20a Bastnäsite-(La), 20a Bastnäsite-(Y), 20a Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce), 20a Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La), 20a Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd), 20a Thorbastnäsite, 20b Parisite-(Nd), 20b Parisite-(Ce), 20c Synchysite-(Ce), 20c Synchysite-(Nd), 20c Synchysite-(Y), 20d Rontgénite-(Ce) ; 25 Horvathite-(Y), 30 Qaqarssukite-(Ce), 35 Huanghoïte-(Ce)
 05.BE avec Pb, Bi : 05 Shannonite, 10 Hydrocérusite, 15 Plombonacrite, 20 Phosgénite, 25 Bismutite, 30 Kettnérite, 35 Beyérite
 05.BF avec (Cl), , ,  : 05 Northupite, 05 Ferrotychite, 05 Manganotychite, 05 Tychite ; 10 Bonshtedtite, 10 Crawfordite, 10 Bradleyite, 10 Sidorenkite, 15 Daqingshanite-(Ce), 20 Reederite-(Y), 25 Mineevite-(Y), 30 Brianyoungite, 35 Philolithite ; 40 Macphersonite, 40 Susannite, 40 Leadhillite
 05.C Carbonates sans anions additionnels, avec
 05.CA avec des cations de taille moyenne : 05 Nesquehonite, 10 Lansfordite, 15 Barringtonite, 20 Hellyerite
 05.CB avec de grands cations (carbonates alcalins et alcalino-terreux) : 05 Thermonatrite, 10 Natron, 15 Trona, 20 Monohydrocalcite, 25 Ikaïte, 30 Pirssonite, 35 Gaylussite, 40 Chalconatronite, 45 Baylissite, 50 Tuliokite
 05.CC avec des éléments de terres rares (REE): 05 Donnayite-(Y), 05 Mckelveyite-(Nd)*, 05 Mckelveyite-(Y), 05 Wéloganite ; 10 Tengerite-(Y), 15 Lokkaïte-(Y) ; 20 Shomiokite-(Y), 20 IMA2008-069 ; 25 Calkinsite-(Ce), 25 Lanthanite-(Ce), 25 Lanthanite-(La), 25 Lanthanite-(Nd) ; 30 Adamsite (Y), 35 Decrespignyite-(Y), 40 Galgenbergite-(Ce), 45 Ewaldite, 50 Kimuraïte-(Y)
 05.D Carbonates avec anions additionnels, sans
 05.DA avec des cations de taille moyenne : 05 Dypingite, 05 Giorgiosite, 05 Hydromagnésite, 05 Widgiemoolthalite ; 10 Artinite, 10 Chlorartinite ; 15 Otwayite, 20 Kambaldaïte, 25 Callaghanite, 30 Claraïte ; 35 Hydroscarbroïte, 35 Scarbroïte ; 40 Charmarite-3T, 40 Charmarite-2H, 40 Caresite, 40 Quintinite-2H, 40 Quintinite-3T ; 45 Brugnatellite, 45 Barbertonite, 45 Chlormagaluminite, 45 Zaccagnaïte, 45 Manasséïte, 45 Sjogrenite ; 50 Desautelsite, 50 Comblainite, 50 Hydrotalcite, 50 Pyroaurite, 50 Reevesite, 50 Stichtite, 50 Takovite ; 55 Coalingite, 60 Karchevskyite, 65 Indigirite, 70 Zaratite
 05.DB avec des cations de taille moyenne et grande : 05 Alumohydrocalcite, 05 Para-alumohydrocalcite, 05 Nasledovite ; 10 Dresserite, 10 Dundasite, 10 Strontiodresserite, 10 Petterdite, 10 Kochsandorite ; 15 Hydrodresserite, 20 Schuilingite-(Nd), 25 Sergeevite, 30 Szymanskiite, 35 Montroyalite
 05.DC avec des grands cations : 05 Ancylite-(Ce), 05 Ancylite-(La), 05 Gysinite-(Nd), 05 Calcioancylite-(Ce), 05 Calcioancylite-(Nd), 05 Kozoïte-(La), 05 Kozoïte-(Nd) ; 10 Kamphaugite-(Y), 15 Sheldrickite, 20 Thomasclarkite-(Y), 25 Peterbaylissite, 30 Clearcreekite, 35 Niveolanite
 05.E Carbonates uranyle
 05.EA : > 1:1: 10 Urancalcarite, 15 Wyartite, 20 Oswaldpeetersite, 25 Roubaultite, 30 Kamotoïte-(Y), 35 Sharpite
 05.EB : = 1:1: 05 Rutherfordine, 10 Blatonite, 15 Joliotite, 20 Bijvoetite-(Y)
 05.EC : < 1:1 - 1:2: 05 Fontanite ; 10 Metazellerite, 10 Zellerite
 05.ED : = 1:3: 05 Bayleyite, 10 Swartzite, 15 Albrechtschraufite, 20 Liebigite, 25 Rabbittite, 30 Andersonite, 35 Grimselite, 40 Widenmannite, 45 Znucalite, 50 Cejkaïte
 05.EE : = 1:4: 05 Voglite, 10 Shabaïte-(Nd)
 05.EF : = 1:5: 05 Astrocyanite-(Ce)
 05.EG avec  ou : 05 Schrockingerite, 10 Lepersonnite-(Gd)

Classe des nitrates

 05. Nitrates
 05. NA sans OH ni  : 05 Nitratine, 10 Nitre, 15 Gwihabaïte, 20 Nitrobarite
 05. NB avec OH : 05 Gerhardtite, 05 Rouaïte
 05. NC avec  : 05 Nitromagnésite, 10 Nitrocalcite
 05. ND avec OH (etc.) et  : 05 Likasite, 10 Mbobomkulite, 15 Hydrombomkulite, 20 Sveïte

Références

Carbonate (minéral)

Minéral carbonaté


Karagöçer, Adana ilinin Karataş ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 45 km, Karataş ilçesine 46 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Karataş'ın mahalleleri

Karagöçer, Karataş


The China Service Medal was a service medal awarded to U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard personnel. The medal was instituted by Navy Department General Order No. 176 on 1 July 1942.  The medal recognized service in and around China before and after World War II.

Criteria
Served ashore in China or who were attached to any of the vessels that operated in support of the operations in China between 7 July 1937, and 7 September 1939.

1. The commemorative purposes for which the China Service Medal was established and authorized by General Order No. 176, dated 1 July 1942, are extended to include the services performed by personnel of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard during the operations in China subsequent to 2 September 1945, and until a terminal date to be designated. It is further provided that the Secretary of the Navy may tender this medal to personnel of the Army or other components of the Armed Forces of the United States for service which he may determine to be commensurate with and consistent with the services for which the award is made to personnel in the naval service, and this provision for tender shall apply for all periods of time for which award of this medal is authorized. Served ashore in China or were attached to any of the vessels that operated in support of operations in China between September 2, 1945 and April 1, 1957.

2. The medal will be awarded to individuals who shall have been attached to, present, and serving on permanent duty with an organization of the naval service of the United States credited by the Secretary of the Navy with having participated in operations in China. Service In a passenger status, or as an observer, visitor, courier, escort, inspector, or other similar status when not permanently attached to an eligible unit, is not creditable toward eligibility for the above medal. Services performed in the Asiatic-Pacific area between 3 September 1945 and 2 March 1946, inclusive, shall not be credited toward individual eligibility for the China Service Medal unless the individual is already eligible for the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal for services performed prior to 2 September 1945.

3. Organizations will, consistent with the above dates, be credited with qualifying service for services performed on shore in China and such adjacent islands and territories as are recognized to be Chinese, or in ships operating in such territorial waters or contiguous ocean areas, or in aircraft based upon and operating from such territories or ships.

4. The China Service Medal shall not be awarded for any service for which another service medal is authorized except as provided in paragraph 2 above and not more than one medal shall be awarded to any individual. No clasps, distinguishing devices, or other insignia are authorized to be worn on the corresponding service ribbon except that Individuals to whom the medal has been or may be awarded for service performed under General Order No. 176, of 1 July 1942, shall upon becoming eligible for this award for service performed subsequent to 2 September 1945, wear a bronze star signifying the second award on the ribbon of the medal and on the service ribbon.
.

Regulations permit the wearing of a bronze service star if a service member had performed duty during both periods of eligibility.  The China Service Medal is no longer awarded by the United States Navy.

Appearance
Designed by American sculptor George Holburn Snowden, the medal is bronze, 1.25 inches in diameter. The center of the obverse bears a three-sailed Chinese junk borne upon scroll waves.  The boat is surrounded by the inscription in relief China Service, in an Asian-style font.

The reverse of the medal bears a bald eagle facing left.  The eagle clutches laurels while perched on the horizontal shank of an anchor with its flukes to the right.  On the left side of the eagle is the word For and the right side Service.  Arching above the eagle is one of two inscriptions United States Navy for the version awarded to sailors or United States Marine Corps for the version awarded to Marines.

The suspension ribbon, and service ribbon, for the medal is gold with red stripes at either side.

See also

Awards and decorations of the United States military''
Yangtze Service Medal

References

1942 establishments in the United States
Awards established in 1942
United States service medals
China–United States military relations

China Service Medal


Mary Kay Adams (Middletown, 12 de septiembre de 1962) es una actriz estadounidense conocida por sus papeles en televisión, en la luz guía de la telenovela y como Na'Toth en la segunda temporada de la serie de televisión de ciencia ficción Babylon 5.
Creció en el municipio de Middletown, Nueva Jersey, y es un descendiente de John Adams y John Quincy Adams. Asistió al Emerson College y se graduó en Bellas Artes.
Fue estrella invitada en Star Trek: Deep Space Nine como Grilka. Apareció en los episodios "La casa de Quark" y "En busca de Mach par en todos los lugares equivocados".
También participó durante siete meses en la obra Tamara y más tarde apareció en la producción de off-Broadway Programa para el asesinato.

Cinematografía

Películas
 The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) (no acreditada)
 See No Evil, Hear No Evil (1989) ... Dr. Bennett
 Born Yesterday (1993) ... Chica (no acreditada)
 Satan's Little Helper (2004) ... Fran

Televisión
 Guiding Light (1984–1987, 1990, 1998–1999, 2002, 2004, 2005) ... India von Halkein Spaulding
 Disney Presents The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage (1991) ... Marla Lance
 Jake and the Fatman (1992)
 As the World Turns (1992–1993) ... Neal Keller Alcott
 One Life to Live (1992) ... Death
 Babylon 5 (1994–1995) ... Na'Toth
 Land's End (1995) ... Mildred
 Fast Company (1995)
 The John Larroquette Show (1996) ... Bunny Abelson
 Dark Skies (1996) ... Alicia Bainbridge
 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1994, 1996) ... Grilka
 Everybody Loves Raymond (1997) ... Dr. Nora
 Diagnosis: Murder (1997) ... Vanessa Sinclair
 Third Watch (1999)
 Law & Order (2000) ... Nancy Álvarez

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de Nueva Jersey
Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices del siglo XXI
Alumnado de Emerson College
Actrices de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI

Mary Kay Adams


La scintigraphie au gallium est un type de test de médecine nucléaire utilisant un gallium-67 (67Ga) ou gallium-68 (68Ga) radio-pharmaceutique pour obtenir des images d'un type spécifique de tissu, ou l'état de maladie tissulaire. Les sels de gallium peuvent être utilisés comme citrate de gallium et nitrate de gallium. La forme de sel n'est pas importante, car c'est l'ion de gallium libre dissous Ga3+ qui est actif. Les sels 67Ga et 68Ga ont des mécanismes de captage similaires. Le gallium peut également être utilisé sous d'autres formes, par exemple 68Ga-PSMA est utilisé pour l'imagerie du cancer de prostate. L'émission gamma de gallium-67 est détectée par une caméra gamma, tandis que l'émission de positons de gallium-68 est détectée par tomographie par émission de positons (PET).

Les sels de gallium sont absorbés par les tumeurs, l'inflammation et les infections aiguës et chroniques permettant l'imagerie de ces processus pathologiques. Le gallium est extrêmement utile pour l'imagerie de l'ostéomyélite impliquant la colonne vertébrale et pour l'imagerie d'infections plus anciennes et chroniques pouvant être à l'origine d'une fièvre d'origine inconnue.

Les analyses DOTA au gallium-68 remplacent de plus en plus les analyses à l'octréotide (un type d'analyse à l'indium-111 utilisant l'octréotide comme ligand du récepteur de la somatostatine). Le gallium-68 est lié à un produit chimique dérivé de l'octréotide tel que DOTATOC et les positons qu'il émet sont imagés par PET-CT. Ces analyses sont utiles pour localiser les tumeurs neuroendocrines et le cancer du pancréas.

Notes et références

Médicament orphelin
Gallium
Radio-oncologie

Scintigraphie au gallium


Dănuț pleacă pe vapor este un film românesc din 2008 regizat de Radu Potcoavă. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ionuț Adăscăliței, Valentina Popa, Dorian Boguță.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2008 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2008
Filme regizate de Radu Potcoavă

Dănuț pleacă pe vapor


Le kaipen, kai paen, khaiphaen ou khai pene () est un en-cas laotien composé d'algues vertes d'eau douce, d'ail, de légumes et de graines de sésame.

Préparation
Le kaïpen est produit dans le nord du Laos et est particulièrement populaire dans la ville de Luang Prabang. Pendant les mois secs de l'hiver (de novembre à avril), lorsque le niveau de la rivière est au plus bas, l'algue verte appelée kai est récoltée au fond de la rivière. Elle est lavée et pilée pour l'adoucir, généralement dans de l'eau douce en dehors de la rivière, puis coupée. Un liquide bouilli et aromatisé comprenant de l'eau, des olives vertes et noires et du tamarin est ensuite versé dessus. La matière est aplatie sur une feuille de plastique, puis placé sur un tapis de roseaux plat. On y saupoudre des graines de sésame et, éventuellement, des tranches d'ail, de tomate et d'oignon séchées. Les tapis de roseaux sont ensuite placés à l'extérieur sur un réseau à ossature en bois pour sécher/cuire au soleil pendant quelques heures. Le produit fini ressemble à une grande feuille de nori japonais. Les feuilles de kaipen sont emballées dans des sacs en plastique pour être revendues.

Consommation

Le kaipen est riche en vitamines et minéraux et a un goût similaire à celui du nori, mais il est légèrement plus sucré, amer et aromatique. Le kaipen peut être consommé seul (à l'apéritif ou aux mariages) ou utilisé pour aromatiser d'autres aliments. La friture rapide est la méthode de préparation préférée, après quoi il peut être consommé comme une chips.

Un petit nombre de Laotiens mangent les kaipen sans cuisson, bien que l'on puisse s'interroger sur la sécurité de cette pratique, car il s'agit d'un aliment cru et son goût n'est pas aussi bon que celui des kaipen rapidement frits, qui sont délicieusement croustillants. En 2002, certains marchés aux États-Unis ont commencé à vendre des kaipen.

Types d'algues utilisés
Plusieurs types d'algues peuvent être utilisés : Cladophora, Dichotomosiphon tuberosus, Chlorophyta spirogyra

Galerie

Références

Snack
Spécialité à base d'algue
Cuisine laotienne

Kaipen


Le Rose Art Museum, fondé en 1961, est un musée d'art moderne et contemporain qui fait partie de l'université Brandeis à Waltham, au Massachusetts (États-Unis).

Histoire

Nommé d'après les bienfaiteurs Edward et Bertha Rose, le musée propose des expositions temporaires et présente et abrite des œuvres d'art de sa collection permanente de . Le musée possède l'une des plus grandes collections d'art moderne et contemporain de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Depuis son inauguration, le Rose Art Museum est reconnu pour son approche avant-gardiste et avant-gardiste de l'art moderne et contemporain. En 1970, le musée présente au public « Vision & Television », la première exposition d'art vidéo aux États-Unis.

Le 15 décembre 2021, l'université Brandeis nomme le réputé historien de l'art et auteur israélien Gannit Ankori nouveau directeur et conservateur en chef du musée. Ankori succède à l'ancien directeur du Rose, Luis Croquer, qui a quitté le musée en juin 2020. Après le départ de Croquer, Ankori et l'équipe du Rose lancent une stratégie de programmation ambitieuse afin de diversifier l'art exposé dans le musée. Pour célébrer le  du musée, Ankori organise « re:collections », une rétrospective tournante de trois ans de la collection du musée. L'exposition en cours place des artistes moins connus (et souvent exclus et marginalisés) en juxtaposition à des figures célèbres de l'art pour apporter de nouvelles voix et corriger les pratiques d'exclusion de l'histoire de l'art.

Collections
La collection du musée comprend plus de , dont des œuvres d'artistes tels que Mark Bradford, Judy Chicago, Cindy Sherman, Helen Frankenthaler, Nan Goldin, William Kentridge, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Matisse, Mona Hatoum, Jasper Johns, Ellsworth Kelly, Willem de Kooning, Roy Lichtenstein, Marisol, Robert Motherwell, Robert Rauschenberg, Andres Serrano, Jack Whitten, Yoko Ono, Yayoi Kusama, Willem de Kooning, Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso, Roy Lichtenstein et Andy Warhol.

Devant le musée se dresse Light of Reason de Chris Burden, une sculpture commandée par l'université et installée en 2014 et qui se compose de trois rangées de 24 lampadaires victoriens qui s'éloignent de l'entrée du musée. La sculpture sert de passerelle et d'espace événementiel extérieur, et est devenue un point de repère du campus.

Expositions notables
 A Century of Modern European Painting, exposition inaugurale, 3 juin - 15 septembre 1961
 Vision & Television, première exposition d'art vidéo aux États-Unis, 21 janvier - 23 février 1970
 Vasily Kandinsky,  - 7 juin 1974

Liste des directeurs
 Sam Hunter (1961 - 1965)
 Guillaume Seitz (1965 - 1971)
 Russell Connor (1971)
 Michael Wentworth (1971 - 1974)
 Carl Belz (1974 - 1998)
 Joshep D. Ketner (1998 - 2006)
 Michael Rush (2006 - 2011)
 Christophe Bedford (2012 - 2017)
 Luis Crouer (2017 - 2020)
 Gannit Ankori (2020 - présent)

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Université Brandeis
Musée fondé en 1961
Musée d'art au Massachusetts
Musée d'art contemporain aux États-Unis
Musée d'art moderne

Rose Art Museum


I. Knut ya da Büyük Knut (995 - 12 Kasım 1035), İngiltere, Norveç ve Danimarka Kralı. Çatalsakal Sweyn'in oğlu.

1013'te babasıyla birlikte İngiltere'ye gitti. Ülkeyi 1016'da II. Edmund'la bölüştü, aynı yıl Edmund'un ölümü üzerine bütün ülkeye egemen oldu. 1019'da Danimarka tahtına geçti; 1027'de İskoçya'yı istila etti.

Kaynakça

995 doğumlular
1035 yılında ölenler
Danimarka kralları
Hristiyan hükümdarlar
Winchester Katedrali'nde defnedilenler

Knut (İngiltere kralı)


Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander er et britiskudviklet let passagerfly / transportfly fra 1960'erne. Det blev oprindeligt bygget af Britten-Norman. Islander er en af de bedst sælgende kommercielle fly produceret i Europa. Selvom flyene er blevet produceret i 1960'erne er over 750 stadig i brug ved civile operatører rundt om i verden i dag. Flyet bliver desuden benyttet af Hjemmeværnet, British Army, Storbritanniens politi og over 30 andre militære organisationer på verdensplan.
Fairey Aviation købte Britten-Norman, hvorefter flyproduktionen blev flyttet til Rumænien og derefter transporteret til Avions Fairey for endelig samling og derefter fløjet til Storbritannien for certificering.

Islander er også kendt for at servicere verdens korteste ruteflyvning, Loganair Flight 353, fra Papa Westray Lufthavn til Westray Lufthavn. Distancen mellem de lufthavne er 2,7 kilometer og den normale transporttid, inklusiv kørsel til og fra gaten er to minutter.

Design og udvikling

Britten-Norman blev startet i 1953 hvor man ombyggede landbrugsfly. Man byggede også luftpudefartøjer, men denne afdeling blev senere solgt til British Hovercraft Corporation). Islander-designet blev påbegyndt i 1963 og den første prototype BN-2 fløj for første gang 13. juni 1965, og den anden prototype 20. august 1966. Produktionsmodellen blev udstyret med en kraftigere motor end prototypen. Islander er et højvinget cantilever, monoplan med et rektangulært skrog og to motorer hængende under vingerne. Skroget har en konventionel hale. Flyet vil som standard kunne medbringe en pilot og op til ni passagerer.
Den første produktionsmodel fløj den 24. april 1967 og blev certificeret til passagerflyvning i august 1967. Produktionen blev startet ved Britten-Norman fabrikken i Bembridge, på Isle of Wight, men allerede efter et par år kunne fabrikken ikke følge med efterspørgslen på flyet og en indgik derfor en kontrakt med IRMA fra Rumænien som i begyndelsen skulle samle fly fra præfabrikerede dele. Der gik dog ikke lang tid før den rumænske fabrik var det primære produktionssted for Islander-flyet. hvor man producerede over over 500.
En militærversion af Islander, markedsført som Defender og fløj for første gang i 1970. Flyet var udstyret med våbenophæng under vingerne og var tiltænkt rollen som let troppetransportfly og et ildstøttefly.
Den oprindelige anden prototype blev ombygget for at blive en ny og større version af flyet, som der blev døbt Trislander. Firmaet var i begyndelsen af 1970'erne i store finansielle vanskeligheder og gik i slutningen af 1970 i betalingsstandsning. I 1972 blev selskabet købt af Fairey Aviation-Gruppen, hvorefter produktionen af Islander og Trislander-flyene blev flyttet til deres fabrik i (Avions Fairey) i Gosselies, Belgien. Flyene blev dog stadig fløjet til Bembridge til en endelig certificering. Det nye selskab forsøgte at udstyre Turbo Islander med Lycoming LTP101 turboprop motorer, men motorerne var for kraftfulde for flyet og designet blev grundlaget for Turbine Islander (BN-2T) med Allison 250 turboprop motorer. Fairey fik senere også finansielle problemer og måtte gå i betalingsstandsning hvorefter Fairey Britten-Norman blev solgt til schweiziske Pilatus.

En forbedret version BN-2A Islander, fløj første gang i 1969, der var fokus på at forbedre aerodynamikken og flyets avionik såvel som et ændret lastrum.
I 1978 fik en ny forbedret udgave, BN-2B Islander II, debut. Forbedringerne i denne version inkluderede forøget bæreevne og støjreduktion af propellerne. Der blev mulighed for at bestille forskellige tilkøbsmuligheder såsom forøget bagagekapacitet, ekstra brændstoftanke i vingerne og to Allison 250-B17C turboprop motorer. Når sidstnævnte blev installeret var flyets designation BN-2T Turbine Islander.

Defender er en militær variant af Islander, hvor flyets simple konstruktion er en fordel for kunder der ønsker et robust fly. De civile statsaktører og militære organisationer der har købt flyet har haft fokus på mulighederne for overvågnings- og antiterroroperationer. Maritime Defender er et maritimt patruljefly-variant, som er beregnet til search and rescue, patruljeflyvning og fiskeriinspektion.

Produktion under licens
Andre firmaer under Britten-Norman har produceret flyet under licens.
 Intreprinderea de Reparatii Material Aeronautic (IRMA) fra Rumænien har bygget flyet siden 1969 og det samme har SONACA (Avions Fairey), i Gosselies, Belgien.
 Yderligere 35 er desuden blevet blevet bygget af National Aero Manufacturing Corporation i Filippinerne.

Varianter

Der er bygget en lang række varianter der tilgodeser større motorer, kabine, brændstoftanke, avionik og aerodynamik.

Trislander
Et designprojekt der skulle udvikle en version af Islander med en større kapacitet udmøntede i Trislander-flyet, som har en længere krop, modificerede landingshjul og en tredje (halemonteret) motor. Prototypen blev udviklet på skroget fra den anden originale prototype for Islanderflyet. Jumfruflyvningen fandt sted den 11. september 1970.

Militære varianter

 Britten-Norman BN-2B Defender
 Militær variant med 2 styk 300 hestekræfters IO-540-K1B5 motorer og våbenstationer under vingerne og andre militære modifikationer.
 Islander AL.Mk 1
 Kommunikations- og opklaringsfly for British Army; 7 bygget. Benyttet til fotorekognoscering i Nordirland under Operation Banner. Flyene var en del af No. 1 Flight, Army Air Corps og havde base på RAF Aldergrove.
 Islander CC.Mk 2 and CC.Mk 2A
 Kommunikationsfly i RAF; 3 bygget.
 Maritime-Defender
 Maritimt patruljefly

Brugere
En lang række civile og militære organisationer der benytter flyet.
Blandt andet:

  Flyverhjemmeværnet
  Copenhagen Air Taxi

Specifikationer (BN-2A Islander)

 Besætning: 1 eller 2 piloter
 Passagerkapacitet: op til 9 passagerer
 Længde: 10,86 m
 Vingespænd: 14,94 m
 Højde: 4,18 m
 Vingeareal: 30,2 m²
 Tom vægt: 1.667 kg
 Max takeoff vægt: 2.994 kg
 Motor: Lycoming O-540-E4C5 eller Lycoming IO-540
 Antal propeller: 2
 Motorkraft: 260 hk (195 kW) eller 300 hk hvis der er benzinindsprøjtning
 Tophastighed: 147 knob, 273 km/t
 Marchhastighed: 139 knob, 257 km/t
 Minimal styrefart: 39 knob, 72 km/t
 Stallhastighed: 35 knob, 64 km/t
 Rækkevidde: 756 sømil, 1.400 km
 Maksimal flyvehøjde: 4.024 m
 Stigeevne: 295 m/min
 Lasteevne: 99 kg/m²

Referencer

Bibliografi

 Green, William. The Observer's Book of Aircraft. London. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 1976.

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.

 Lake, Jon. "Aircraft of the RAF - Part 8 Islander." Air International, Vol 75 Number 6, December 2008, s. 44–46.

 Simpson, R.W. Airlife's General Aviation. London: Airlife Publishing, 1991, s. 190. .

Eksterne henvisninger

 Islander at Britten-Norman.com

Transportfly
Passagerfly
Fly fra Storbritannien
2-motors propelfly

Britten-Norman Islander


Thorbjørn Jagland (d. 5 Kasım 1950, Drammen) Norveçli siyasetçi. 1996-1997 yılları arasında Norveç'in başbakanlığını yapmış olan Jagland, 2009-2019 tarihleri arası Avrupa Konseyi Genel Sekreterliği görevini sürdürmüştür.

Erken ve özel yaşamı
Thorbjørn Jagland 5 Kasım 1950 tarihinde  Norveç'in Buskerud eyâletinde yer alan Drammen'da doğdu. Orta öğrenimini 1969 yılında tamamladı. Oslo Üniversitesi'nde ekonomi bölümünde okumaya başladı fakat siyasete ilgi duyduğu için eğitimini yarıda bıraktı. 1976 yılında gazeteci Hanne Grotjord ile evlendi. Andres (d. 1978) ve Henrik (d. 1986) adında iki oğlu vardır.

Avrupa Konseyi Genel Sekreteri olarak Jagland, Strazburg, Fransa'da ikamet etmektedir.

Siyasi kariyeri
1966 yılında, 16 yaşındayken İşçi Gençlik Birliği'ne katıldı (AUF). 1981 yılından itibaren İşçi Partisi Sekreteri olarak çalıştı. 1992 yılında İşçi Partisi Genel Başkanı seçilen Jagland, 1993 yılında Norveç Parlamentosu'na Buskerud üyesi olarak seçildi. İlk döneminde partisinin Grub Başkanvekilliği görevini üstlendi.

Jagland, 25 Ekim 1996 tarihinde Jagland Hükûmeti'ni kurarak Norveç başbakanlığı görevine başladı. 1997 parlamento seçimleri'nde İşçi Partisi %36,9'un altında oy alırsa hükümetin istifa edeceğini açıkladı. Sosyalist Sol Parti (SV) Genel Başkanı Jagland istifa ederse "Norveç tarihindeki en şaşırtıcı politikacı" olacağını söyledi. Seçimlerde İşçi Partisi %35 oranında oy alınca Jagland, 29 Eylül 1997 tarihinde Başbakanlık görevinden istifa etti.

2000 yılında İlk Bondevik Hükûmeti'nin dağılması sonrasında Jens Stoltenberg tarafından yeni bir hükûmet kuruldu. Kurulan hükûmette Jagland, Norveç Dışişleri Bakanı olarak yer aldı. Görevini 2001 yılına kadar sürdürdü. 2002 yılında İşçi Partisi Genel Başkanlığı görevini Stoltenberg'e devretti.

Ekim 2005-2009 yılları arasında Norveç Parlamentosu'nun başkanlığını yaptı. Norveç Parlamentosu'nda 1993 yılından itibaren milletvekilliği görevini sürdürdü.  2009 yılı itibarıyla Avrupa Konseyi Genel Sekreteridir.

Siyasi görüşleri
Norveç'in Avrupa Birliği üyeliği konusundaki desteği ve İslamofobi'ye karşı çıkışlarıyla tanınır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Jagland'ın İslamofobi aleyhindeki makalesi

Kaynakça

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1950 doğumlular
Norveç başbakanları
Norveç dışişleri bakanları
Avrupa Konseyi Genel Sekreterleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Yüce Meclis (Norveç) başkanları
Siyasi parti liderleri

Thorbjørn Jagland


Chełm i Gdańsk Południe ( und Danzig Süden) has been an administrative district (dzielnica administracyjna) of the city of Gdańsk, Poland.

Between 2010 and 2019 it was divided in the districts of:
 Chełm
 Jasień
 Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe
 Ujeścisko-Łostowice

References

External links
 gedanopedia.pl: Chełm (Polish)

Gdańsk

Chełm i Gdańsk-Południe


බරවාකුඹුකේ සියදෝරිස් ව්‍යාපාරය යනු ජගත් මුතුකුමාරණ මහතා විසින් නිර්මාණය කළ වේදිකා නාට්‍යයක් වෙයි. මෙය, දෙනගම සිරිවර්ධන නම් ගුරු මහතෙක් විසින් දිවයින ඉරිදා සංග්‍රහයට යොමු කළ වාර්තාමය සත්‍ය කථාවක් පදනම් ව නිපදවා ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 බරවකුඹුකේ සියදෝරිස්

මූලාශ්‍ර

වේදිකා නාට්‍ය

බරවාකුඹුකේ සියදෝරිස් ව්‍යාපාරය


Verna Frances Bloom () a fost o actriță americană. Ea a a jucat în filmul High Plains Drifter (1973) al lui Clint Eastwood și în filmul pentru televiziune Where Have All The People Gone? (1974) cu Peter Graves și Kathleen Quinlan. Bloom a avut roluri, de asemenea, în peste 30 de filme și episoade de televiziune începând din anii 1960, inclusiv rolul Mariei, mama lui Isus, în Ultima ispită a lui Isus în 1988 și Marion Wormer în Animal House în 1978.

Viața personală și moartea
Bloom s-a născut în Lynn, Massachusetts și a urmat Școala de Arte Frumoase din cadrul Boston University, absolvind cu o licență în arte în 1959. Ea a studiat, de asemenea, la HB Studio în New York City. Era evreică.

Verna Bloom a murit la vârsta de 80 de ani pe 9 ianuarie 2019 în Maine în urma unor complicații cauzate de demență.

Filmografie

Filme

Filme de televiziune

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1938
Decese în 2019
Actrițe americane din secolul al XXI-lea
Actrițe americane din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe de film americane
Evrei americani

Verna Bloom


Razavi Horasan Eyaleti (Farsça: استان خراسان رضوی Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Rażavī), İran'ın 31 eyaletinden birisidir.

Ülkenin kuzeydoğusunda yer alan eyaletin Afganistan'a sınırı vardır. 2004 yılında Horasan'ın parçalanmasıyla müstakil bir eyalet yapılmıştır.

Razavi Horasan eyaletinin merkezi, Meşhed şehridir. 144.681 km² yüzölçümündeki eyaletin nüfusu 5.203.000'dir.

Eyaletin önemli şehirleri: Kuçan, Dargaz, Çenaran, Serahs, Fariman, Torbat Cam, Taybad, Haf, Roşthar, Kaşmar, Bardeskan, Nişabur, Sabzevar, Gonabad, Kalat, Halilabad.

Bölge nüfusu büyük oranda Farslar'dan oluşup Horasan Kürtleri, Horasan Türkleri ve Türkmenler gibi diğer etnik gruplarda bölgede yaşamaktadır. Ayrıca Afganistan'dan gelen mülteci akını nedeniyle Afgan nüfus da bölgede yaşamaktadır.

Kaynakça

Razavi Horasan


Wandeir Oliveira dos Santos, genannt Wandeir (* 15. Mai 1980 in Morada Nova de Minas, Minas Gerais), ist ein ehemaliger brasilianischer Fußballspieler, der in Mazedonien eingebürgert wurde. Er spielte im Sturm vorzugsweise als hängende Spitze, fungierte aber auch als Flügelspieler.

Karriere
Wandeir spielte zwischen 1995 und 2002 in Brasilien für fünf verschiedene Vereine, darunter auch América Mineiro. Im Januar 2003 wechselte er zum mazedonischen Erstligisten FK Cementarnica 55 Skopje. Im Mai gewann er mit dem Klub den mazedonischen Pokal. Im Sommer 2003 verließ er den Verein jedoch schon wieder und wechselte zum Ligakonkurrenten Vardar Skopje. Dort konnte er durch seine Torgefährlichkeit überzeugen, sodass er im Sommer 2005 vom deutschen Zweitligisten Kickers Offenbach für ein Jahr auf Leihbasis verpflichtet wurde. Jedoch konnte er die Erwartungen nicht erfüllen und kam meist nur als Einwechselspieler zum Einsatz. Daher kehrte er im Sommer 2006 nach Mazedonien zurück. Nach einer weiteren guten Saison bei Vardar Skopje (Pokalsieg) wechselte er zum portugiesischen Erstligisten Naval 1º de Maio. Dort konnte er sich jedoch auch nicht durchsetzen und wechselte nach einem halben Jahr auf Leihbasis bis zum Saisonende 2007/08 zum rumänischen Erstligisten Pandurii Târgu Jiu. Diese wollten ihn auch nicht fest verpflichten, weshalb er im Sommer 2008 nach Portugal zurückkehrte, wo er sich dann dem Zweitligisten Varzim SC anschloss. Jedoch verließ er auch diesen Verein schon wieder im Februar 2009 und wechselte zurück nach Mazedonien, wo er bei Rabotnički Skopje unterschrieb. Dort wurde er wieder Stammspieler und traf auch wieder regelmäßiger das Tor. Im Mai 2009 wurde er mit dem Verein Pokalsieger. Im Januar 2011 wechselte er zum Ligakonkurrenten Vardar Skopje. Dort lief sein Vertrag im Sommer 2011 aus und Wandeir war vereinslos. Im Januar 2012 kehrte er nach Brasilien zurück und unterschrieb bei São José EC. 2017 beendete er seine aktive Laufbahn.

Erfolge
Cementarnica
 Mazedonischer Pokalsieger: 2003

Vardar
 Mazedonischer Pokalsieger: 2007

Rabotnički
 Mazedonischer Pokalsieger: 2009

Weblinks

  von der ehemaligen Datenbank von Playerhistory.com (englisch)

Fußballspieler (SC Corinthians Alagoano)
Fußballspieler (Mogi Mirim EC)
Fußballspieler (América Mineiro)
Fußballspieler (FK Cementarnica 55 Skopje)
Fußballspieler (Vardar Skopje)
Fußballspieler (Kickers Offenbach)
Fußballspieler (Naval 1º de Maio)
Fußballspieler (Pandurii Târgu Jiu)
Fußballspieler (Varzim SC)
Fußballspieler (Rabotnički Skopje)
Fußballspieler (São José EC)
Brasilianer
Nordmazedonier
Geboren 1980
Mann

Wandeir


71971 Lindaketcham este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
71971 Lindaketcham este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Carbuncle Hill de D. P. Pray. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,42 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 7,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 71001-72000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

71971 Lindaketcham


Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family.  It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species  of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous  monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and sedges. They often grow on infertile soils in a wide range of moisture conditions. The best-known and largest genus is Juncus. Most of the Juncus species grow exclusively in wetland habitats. A few rushes, such as Juncus bufonius are annuals, but most are perennials.

Description
The leaves are evergreen and well-developed in a basal aggregation on an erect stem. They are alternate and tristichous (i.e., with three rows of leaves up the stem, each row of leaves arising one-third of the way around the stem from the previous leaf).  Only in the genus Distichia are the leaves distichous.  The rushes of the genus Juncus have flat, hairless leaves or cylindrical leaves.  The leaves of the wood-rushes of the genus Luzula are always flat and bear long white hairs.

The plants are bisexual or, rarely, dioecious.  The small flowers are arranged in inflorescences of loose cymes, but also in rather dense heads or corymbs at the top of the stem or at its side.  This family typically has reduced perianth segments called tepals.  These are usually arranged in two whorls, each containing three thin, papery tepals.  They are not bright or flashy in appearance, and their color can vary from greenish to whitish, brown, purple, black, or hyaline. The three stigmas are in the center of the flowers.  As is characteristic of monocots, all of the flower parts appear in multiples of three.

The fruit is usually a nonfleshy, three-sectioned dehiscent capsule containing many seeds.

Uses
The dried pith of plants of this family was used to make a lighting implement known as a rushlight.

The common rush (Juncus effusus) is called  in Japanese and is used to weave the soft surface cover of tatami mats.

In medieval Europe, loose fresh rushes would be strewn on earthen floors in dwellings for cleanliness and insulation. Particularly favored for such a purpose was Acorus calamus (sweet flag), but despite its alternate vernacular name "sweet rush", it is a plant from a different monocot order, Acorales. Up until the 1960s in Ireland, rushes were spread on the earthen floor of homes during wet weather to help keep the floor dry during periods of snow or rain, or during hot weather to keep rooms cool. Rushes used in Ireland included Juncus effusus, Juncus glaucus, and Juncus conglomeratus.

The stems and leaves of Juncus kraussii were used by Indigenous Australians for fibre, for string, fishing lines, woven rugs and woven baskets. It is commonly used today for stabilisation of the banks of estuaries, around salt marshes and riparian zones next to sites developed for human use. It is also used in biofiltration systems and rain gardens.

References

External links

  Information and pictures

Poales families

Juncaceae


Trájilos (En griego: τράχηλός, "cuello"), también conocida como Trájila, es una pequeña isla griega deshabitada en el Mar de Libia, al sur del cabo Gudero, al sur de Creta. Forma un grupo de islas conocidas como Kufonisia junto con Kufonisi, Makrulo, Mármaro y Stronguilí.

Referencias

Islas deshabitadas de Grecia
Lasithi
Islas del Mar de Libia
Islas de la periferia de Creta

Trájilos


Bügelfibeln sind eine Formengruppe von frühmittelalterlichen Fibeln, die im 5. bis 7. Jahrhundert als Bestandteil einer germanischen Frauentracht, der sogenannten Vierfibeltracht in Mode kamen. Sie wurden gewöhnlich paarweise übereinander zur Befestigung einer Amulettkette oder eines Gehängebands im Schossbereich eines tunikaartigen Kleides getragen und galten als Statussymbol.

Beschreibung

Bügelfibeln wurden meist aus Silber oder aus Bronze gegossen und sind häufig vergoldet. Sie wurden in der Regel paarweise in Verbindung mit einer Amulettkette oder einem Gehängeband getragen. Im Design gehen sie auf ostgermanische, gotische Ursprungsformen aus dem Donaugebiet zurück.

Die ursprünglichen ostgermanischen Blechfibeln bestehen aus zwei Platten, die miteinander mit einem Bügel verbunden sind. Spätere Exemplare sind aus einem Stück gegossen, wobei der dreiteilige Charakter erhalten blieb. Die Kopfplatte (Spiralplatte) ist rechteckig oder halbrund und mit eingravierten Ornamenten verziert. Auf der Rückseite der Kopfplatte ist eine Nadel befestigt, die durch den Bügel in Spannung gehalten wird. Festgemacht wird die Nadel unterhalb der zweiten Platte, der sogenannten Haken- oder Fußplatte. Die verschiedenen Elemente sind häufig mit geometrischen Mustern verziert.

Verbreitung
Ausgehend vom ostgotischen Siedlungsraum kommen Bügelfibeln ab der zweiten Hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts bei germanischen Frauentrachten, insbesondere bei den sogenannten Vierfibeltrachten, in Mode und bleiben bis ins 7. Jahrhundert nachweisbar.

Siehe auch
 Fibel (Schließe)

Literatur
 Herbert Kühn: Die germanischen Bügelfibeln der Völkerwanderungszeit in der Rheinprovinz. In: Rheinischen Forschungen zur Vorgeschichte Band 4. Bonn 1940.
 Herbert Kühn: Die Bügelfibeln der Völkerwanderungszeit in Nord- und ehemaligen Ost-Deutschland. Graz 1979.

 Joachim Werner: Katalog der Sammlung Diergardt. Band 1: Die Fibeln. Berlin 1961
 Gudula Zeller: Tracht der Frauen. In: Alfried Wieczorek, Patrick Périn, Karin von Welck, Wilfried Menghin: Die Franken – Les Francs. Band 2. Zabern, Mainz 1996. S. 673ff.

Weblinks
 Bügelfibel in 3D - Digitalisat im Kulturportal bavarikon

Anmerkungen

Archäologische Fundgattung
Vierfibeltracht
Kostümkunde des Frühmittelalters
Fibel (Schließe)

Bügelfibel