The Merck Group, branded and commonly known as Merck, is a German multinational science and technology company headquartered in Darmstadt, with about 60,000 employees and a presence in 66 countries. The group includes around 250 companies; the main company is Merck KGaA in Germany. The company is divided into three business lines: Healthcare, Life Sciences and Electronics. Merck was founded in 1668 and is the world's oldest operating chemical and pharmaceutical company, as well as one of the largest pharmaceutical companies globally.

Merck operates in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. It has major research and development centres in Darmstadt, Boston, Tokyo and Beijing, as well as other Research and Development units in Taiwan, France, Israel, South Korea, India, and the UK. Merck pioneered the commercial manufacture of morphine in the 19th century and for a time held a virtual monopoly on cocaine.

Merck was privately owned until going public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 1995 and is listed on the DAX index of Germany's top companies. The Merck family still controls a majority of 70.3% of the company's shares. The Merck Group includes around 250 companies in 180 countries; the current main parent company of the group, since 1995, is named Merck KGaA, and is itself mainly owned by the former main parent company, E. Merck oHG, which now operates as a holding company.

The American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. was established as a subsidiary of Merck in 1891, but was nationalized by the United States in 1917, before being privatized again when George W. Merck, a member of an American branch of the Merck family, repurchased the stock in 1919. It is known as MSD (Merck Sharp and Dohme) outside of North America. The original Merck of Darmstadt holds the rights to the name Merck in all countries except the U.S. and Canada, where it is known as EMD (Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt), and the life science business specifically is known as MilliporeSigma. In 2015 Merck adopted a uniform brand identity for all its subsidiaries, and the company has stressed its intention to protect the brand of "the real Merck" globally and initiated litigation against its former subsidiary over use of the name.

In 2018, the company celebrated their 350th anniversary. Merck has formed a strategic alliance with the Technische Universität Darmstadt, which is located in the same town as Merck.

History

Origins and confiscation

The roots of Merck reach back as far as the 17th century in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (now a part of Germany). In 1668, Friedrich Jacob Merck, an apothecary, assumed ownership of the Engel-Apotheke ("Angel Pharmacy") in Darmstadt.

In 1816, Emanuel Merck, a descendant of the original founder, took over the pharmacy. Thanks to his scientific education he was successful in isolating and characterizing several different alkaloids in the pharmacy's laboratory, and by doing so also invented a number of drugs. He began the manufacture of these substances "in bulk" in 1827, touting them as a "Cabinet of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Innovations". He and his successors gradually built up a chemical-pharmaceutical factory that produced — in addition to raw materials for pharmaceutical preparations — a multitude of other chemicals and (from 1890) medicines.

In 1891, Georg(e) Merck established himself in the United States and set up Merck & Co. with Theodore Weicker in New York. Merck & Co. was confiscated following the First World War and set up as an independent company in the United States.  Today, the US company, which operates as Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) outside the U.S. and Canada, has about 68,000 employees (December 2021) in 120 countries. It is one of the top 5 pharmaceutical companies worldwide, larger than its German ancestor, which employs 60,334 people in 67 countries (December 2021). While Merck in Darmstadt is the legal successor of the original Merck and retains the rights to the name "Merck" in all countries except the U.S. and Canada, it is sometimes known as the "German Merck" or "Merck Darmstadt" in North America. The company was formerly also referred to as "E. Merck" (Emanuel Merck).

20th century activities

Nazi years
In the years of the Nazi rule, the company was led by Karl Emanuel Merck who became a member of the Nazi party in 1933 and subsequently received the title of Wehrwirtschaftsführer. In addition, Merck was president of the Hessian Chamber of Commerce and Industry as well as performing an advisory function in the Expert Advisory Council for National Health ("Sachverständigenrat für Volksgesundheit") of the NSDAP. During World War II, Merck was manufacturing war essential products such as narcotics, vitamins, biocides and other chemicals. According to the company's account, 265 forced laborers were working in the plant in Darmstadt, most of them women from Russia and Poland. Additionally, several hundred Fremdarbeiter ("foreign workers") from France and Belgium were employed throughout the war years. An air raid on 12 December 1944 destroyed nearly 70 percent of the plant and killed 55 employees.

Post-war
In 1973, Merck Ltd. acquired BDH Chemicals from the Glaxo Group.

In the early 1980s Merck Group built a visitor center at its Darmstadt headquarters that featured a pyramid.

Merck was legally named E. Merck oHG until 1995. In 1995 it was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and became a KGaA, legally named Merck KGaA.

Merck KGaA established its philanthropic foundation in 2008 called Merck Foundation and Rasha Kelej currently serves as its CEO.

2000 to 2009
On 13 March 2006, Merck announced a takeover bid for Schering AG, the world's largest producer of oral contraceptives. On 23 March 2006, Bayer AG made a supported offer for Schering and Merck decided to drop out of the bidding for the company. Schering is not to be confused with Schering-Plough which was once part of Schering AG but was acquired by Merck & Co. in 2009. In September 2006 the company announced a takeover bid of $13.2 billion for Serono SA, Switzerland's largest biotech firm. The deal included a buy-out of the Bertarelli family's 64.5% stake in Serono to be followed by a public tender offer for the remaining shares starting in November 2006. The combined company has an R&D budget of approximately $1.1 billion and sales of approximately $4.6 billion. Its approximately $2 billion in sales of biologics would make it 7th among pharmaceutical/biotech companies. The new entity, Merck Serono, began operations in 2007.

2010 onwards

In 2010, Merck took over Billerica (MA) based Millipore Corporation for EUR 5.3 billion (US$7.2 billion). It is now Merck's life science business unit. With the acquisition of Millipore, Merck is consolidating its US holdings and shutting down the Gibbstown facility and warehouse.  Gibbstown operations will be transferred to the new Philadelphia office and Millipore headquarters.

Merck Korea received the "Leading Investor Award" at the 5th Korea-EU Industrial Cooperation Day in 2011.

In December 2013, the company bought AZ Electronic Materials SA (AZEM) for about $2.6 billion in cash to increase its offering of specialty chemicals to the electronics industry.

In September 2014 Merck halted the clinical development of two drug candidates in development with Oxygen Biotherapeutics. One drug candidate suffered a lack of success in patient recruitment, with its MUC1 antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy drug, tecemotide (L-BLP25), missing its Phase I/II endpoint of increasing overall survival in patients with Stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Later in September it was announced that the company would acquire Sigma-Aldrich for $17 billion. After the acquisition was completed in 2015, Merck had around 50,000 employees. In November 2014, Merck and Pfizer agreed a deal for the latter to sell the former sharing rights to develop an experimental immunotherapy drug for a fee of $850 million.

In October 2015, Merck revealed it would return the rights of the Kuvan drug to BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. The drug is effective in the treatment of the rare genetic disorder PKU, however Merck is moving away from genetics into cancer treatment, immunology and neurology. In October, it was announced that Karl-Ludwig Kley, CEO of Merck since April 2007, would retire in April 2016, and be succeeded by Stefan Oschmann, who has been a member of the executive board since 2011. The company started building new facilities for its R&D operations and a new visitor center at its Darmstadt site in the early 2010s by 2015 had torn down the site's pyramid as part of the renovations.

In April 2017, the company announced it had completed the acquisition of food safety testing company, BioControl Systems Inc. In August of the same year the company announced the acquisition of Natrix Separations for an undisclosed sum.

In April 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Versum Materials. The acquisition was completed in October 2019 and represented an equity value of about U$5.8 billion. In the same year, Merck has also announced the acquisition of Intermolecular Inc, the California-based company for advanced materials. The acquisition was completed in September 2019 and represented an equity value of U$62 million.

In February 2020, Merck announced the divestment of its Allergopharma Business to Dermapharm, under an unspecified fee. The deal includes Merck's Portfolio in Europe and parts of Asia, including China and India.

In January 2021, MilliporeSigma announced it would acquire AmpTec to expand and enhance the businesses mRNA vaccine capabilities as well as its treatment and diagnostics offerings. In March, its Performance Materials division changed name to Electronics division. In December of the same year, EMD Serono (Merck Group operations in the US and Canada) announced it would acquire Swiss-based Chord Therapeutics and its lead drug cladribine, used in generalised myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Merck consumer-health
In September 2017, Merck said it is considering options for its consumer-health division, including a potential full or partial sale, or strategic partnership. An equity analyst estimated the unit could command a purchase price of €1.8 billion to €2.7 billion from a full sale. In December Reuters reported that both Nestlé and private equity owners of Stada were preparing bids for Merck's consumer health group. Days later, Reuters again reported that Perrigo was also preparing a bid for the division in the region of €4 billion ($4.7 billion to $4.8 billion). In April 2018, Reuters reported that generic drug manufacturer, Mylan was in advanced discussions to acquire the consumer health business for between  €3.5–4 billion (£3–3.4 billion). Later in the month, Reuters reported that Procter & Gamble would purchase the division for €3.4 billion euros (£2.96 billion; $4.2 billion).

Name

Merck in Darmstadt is the sole legal successor of the original Merck and retains the rights to the trademark "Merck" in all countries except the U.S. and Canada, where "EMD" brand is mostly used (it was introduced alongside Merck's 2001 logo). In recent branding campaigns, the company has referred to itself as "the original Merck" and "the real Merck". The company was legally known as E. Merck oHG until 1995, when Merck KGaA became the main parent company and the former a holding company. Both oHG and KGaA are generic business entity type designations and not used in everyday speech or branding.

In 2015 Merck adopted a new logo to increase the visual differences between both companies, while also visualizing "vibrant science and technology" as the new company's brand. It has initiated litigation in several countries against its former subsidiary Merck & Co. (MSD) over infringing use of the Merck name. In 2016, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom; the judge also held that MSD's use of "Merck" as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck's trade mark rights in the UK. In response, MSD has initiated counter-litigation in the United States.

After those controversies, Merck also adopted a new logo for EMD. The same look was also given to the logos of EMD Serono, MilliporeSigma, and EMD Performance Materials (renamed EMD Electronics in March 2021) divisions. Its corporate website is merckgroup.com in the world excluding U.S. and Canada, displaying normal Merck logo in the header, and emdgroup.com in U.S. and Canada, displaying use of its corporate name, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, in the header and additionally displaying a disclaimer about trademark ownership in the footer.

On 7 December 2021, Merck, which uses the name EMD Electronics in North America, announced they would be investing $1 billion in a U.S. operations joint venture with Palantir Technologies to assist in solving some of the chip industries supply chain problems. The plan is for sites in Pennsylvania, Texas, California, and Arizona.

Price fixing settlement
Generics UK (Merck's former British subsidiary, the global Generics business being sold on 2 October 2007) paid a £12M out-of-court settlement with the Department of Health and Social Care of the UK over involvement in an alleged price and supply fixing cartel.

The NHS alleges various drugs companies exploited the oligopolistic market conditions, forcing the NHS to pay inflated prices. NHS fraud investigators believe there was a conspiracy to limit the supply of 30 of its most commonly prescribed drugs, including a class of penicillin antibiotics and to a generic version of best-selling ulcer treatment Zantac. The NHS has so far filed claims in relation to just three drugs, seeking damages of more than £150m, while the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) is conducting a parallel investigation into the price-fixing allegations limited to the supply of blood-thinning pill warfarin and penicillin-based antibiotics. Homes and offices of executives at six firms, including Ranbaxy, Generics UK, Norton Healthcare, Goldshield and Regent-GM were raided by the SFO in May 2002.

Acquisition history
The following is an illustration of the company's mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and historical predecessors:

Merck Group
MilliporeSigma
Merck Millipore
Merck Serono
Merck (Founded 1668 by Jacob Friedrich Merck)
Serono (Acq 2006)
Millipore Corporation (Acq 2010)
Waters Associates Inc (Acq 1979)
Waters Chromatography Division (Sold 1994)
Amicon Separation Sciences (Acq 1996)
Tylan General (Acq 1997)
Bioprocessing Ltd (Acq 1999)
Microelectronics Division (Spun off 2001 as Mykrolis)
MicroSafe (Acq 2005)
NovAseptic (Acq 2005)
Newport Bio Systems (Acq 2006)
Serologicals Corporation (Acq 2006)
Guava Technologies (Acq 2009)
BioAnaLab (Acq 2009)
AZ Electronic Materials (Acq 2013)
Sigma-Aldrich (Acq 2014)
Sigma-Aldrich Corporation
Aldrich Chemical Co. (Merged 1975)
Sigma International Ltd (Merged 1975)
Ultrafine (Acq 2004)
JRH Biosciences (Acq 2005)
Proligo Group (Acq 2005)
Beijing Superior Chemicals and Instruments Co (Acq 2006)
Iropharm (Acq 2006)
Pharmorphix Ltd (Acq 2006)
Advanced Separation Technologies (Acq 2006)
Epichem Group Ltd (Acq 2007)
Molecular Medicine BioServices (Acq 2007)
BioReliance (Acq 2012)
BioControl Systems Inc. (Acq 2017)
Natrix Separations (Acq 2017)
AmpTec (Acq 2021)
Erbi Biosystems (Acq 2022)
Versum Materials (Acq 2019)
Dynaloy (Acq 2017)
Intermolecular Inc (Acq 2019)
Chord Therapeutics (Acq 2021)

Healthcare
After Wilhelm Adam Sertürner's isolation of morphine from opium in 1805, Merck pioneered (from 1827) the commercial manufacture of morphine for an expanding global market. From 1884 onwards, Merck also played role in the production and marketing of cocaine. Sigmund Freud, author of Über Coca (1884), was an enthusiastic collaborator in Merck's cocaine research, though the methodological sophistication of his self-experimentation studies has been challenged.
Attention was directed at vitamins as a new product category, and Vigantol was introduced in 1927, followed by Cebion in 1934.

Following the defeat of Germany in World War II, Merck was granted permission by the military government to produce drugs, pesticides, food preservatives, reagents, and fine chemicals for laboratory use. Soon afterward the boom that is commonly known as the "Wirtschaftswunder" (economic miracle) set in. For Merck, this meant two-digit sales-growth figures for many years. Products of this time included corticoid preparations — for example Fortecortin, which is still used today — the cold remedy Nasivin or the hormone preparations Gestafortin and Mantova.

Merck currently employs over 2,500 people in its 4 R&D hubs via. Boston, Darmstadt, Beijing and Tokyo. In the year 2018, Merck invested over €1,6 billion in its R&D operations.
The focus of Merck's current pharmaceutical R&D is on oncology, neurology and immunology. In oncology, its first marketed product is Erbitux (cetuximab), for which it has marketing rights worldwide, apart from North America. (Cetuximab was discovered by Imclone Systems, and is marketed in North America by Bristol-Myers Squibb.) Other areas of Expertise from Merck Healthcare include Fertility, Endocrinology and General Medicine, the later focusing on treatments for Diabetes, Thyroid disease and Cardiovascular diseases. Some products from Merck include Metformin, Bisoprolol, Levothyroxine and Digitoxin. Merck's clinical research strategy consists of a partnership with Quintiles in which the latter helps the former in the clinical development of all its compounds. In February 2019, Merck also announced a partnership with GSK to develop and commercialize M7824 (bintrafusp alfa*), a new Immunotherapy with potential in various difficult-to-treat cancers. In 2020, Merck launched partnership with Pechoin in China to develop "high-tech herbal" skincare products.

Life science

The life science business of Merck, formerly known as Merck Millipore, was created in July 2010 following the completed acquisition of the US company Millipore. It employs around 19'000 people in 66 countries and runs 65 manufacturing sites and uses the brands Sigma-Aldrich, Milli-Q and Millipore. This division comprises all Millipore activities and major segments of the former Merck division Performance & Life Science Chemicals.Merck Millipore had three business units: Bioscience, Lab Solutions and Process Solutions. The Bioscience business unit is dedicated to solutions and reagents for protein research and cell biology, cell culture solutions, as well as to products and services for the development of biopharmaceutical agents. The scope of activities of Lab Solutions included laboratory chemicals and other materials for research, science and industry, products and services for sampling, and test kits for the pharmaceutical, foods and diagnostics industries, along with products, consumables and services surrounding highly purified laboratory water for science and industry. Process Solutions focused on products and services for the production of chemical and biopharmaceutical agents. In 2022 the business was restructured and consisted afterwards of the entities Life Science Services, Science & Lab Solutions, and Process Solutions. The Life Science Services include the Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) and contract testing services. Science & Lab Solutions includes products for Laboratories and Quality Control organizations. Process Solutions supports the biopharma manufacturing processes of its clients with single-use products.

In 2015, Merck acquired SigmaAldrich and combined it with Merck Millipore. The company was branded Merck globally and MilliporeSigma in the United States and Canada The newly established life science business of Merck has 300,000 products and three business units: Research Solutions, Process Solutions and Applied Solutions. The company serves customers in biotech, pharma, diagnostics, food safety, academia, and environmental. Matthias Heinzel serves as the CEO of the life science business of Merck.

The Life Science business sponsors several award programs for graduate students. One of these awards, the Alfred R. Bader Award for Student Innovation recognizes advanced chemistry graduate students, typically in the field of synthetic organic chemistry.

Electronics

Semiconductors

Semiconductor Solutions is the largest business unit within Merck's Electronics business sector. It provides materials, delivery systems, and services for the semiconductor industry. The business unit supplies products for every major production step in the wafer processing, including doping, lithography, patterning, deposition, planarization, etching, and cleaning. After the acquisition of Intermolecular, its capabilities allow material combinations to be tested directly in the specific application environment accelerating learning cycles. Since the acquisition of Versum and Intermolecular, inc., the company's portfolio in electronic materials was significantly expanded. The launch of the integrated organization was done on 1 June 2020.

Pigments and cosmetics
Merck started working on effect pigments in 1957. The business unit is called Surface Solutions. The core markets for Surface Solutions are automotive coatings, cosmetics, and, to a smaller extent, industrials. An example of its pigments is alumina effect pigments sold under the brand name Xirallic. Currently, this business unit pools all activities for pigments in lacquering, printing, and plastic applications, in the field of security technology (for instance counterfeiting protection), pigments for applications in the food and pharmaceutical areas, functional materials, and active substances and pigments for cosmetics.

M Ventures
M Ventures is a venture capital fund of Merck. In 2021, the funds available for investment were increased by Eur 600M to enable investments Biotechnology and Technology.

Emanuel Merck Lectureship award

The award was jointly established by Merck and the Technische Universität Darmstadt in 1992. It recognizes globally-renowned scientists who have made superb contributions to chemical and pharmaceutical research.

Future Insight Prize
During the company's 350th anniversary in 2018, Merck announced the Future Insight Prize, designed to stimulate innovative solutions to solve some of humanities biggest problems and to help realize the dreams of a better tomorrow. The prize consists of a research grant of €1,000,000 ($1.1 million) every year through the next 35 years, to motivate innovation in areas that could solve humanity's most pressing issues.

References

External links

Healthcare Business of Merck in LinkedIn

Chemical companies of Germany
Drug brand names
Health care brands
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1668
Pharmaceutical companies of Germany
1668 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1995 initial public offerings
17th-century establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Companies based in Hesse
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
German brands

Merck Group


Afskåret er en dansk film fra 2016, filmen er instrueret af Anders Fløe.

Medvirkende
 Emilie Kruse som Sarah
 Morten Deurell som Carsten
 Julie Christiansen som Anita
 Thomas Magnussen som Kenneth
 Mira Brandes som Patricia

Eksterne Henvisninger

Danske film fra 2016
Dramafilm fra Danmark

Afskåret


A Euro Summer Tour 2022 foi uma turnê promocional da cantora e compositora brasileira Anitta para promover seu então mais recente álbum de estúdio,
Versions of Me. A pequena turnê passou exclusivamente pelo continente europeu, passando pelos principais festivais de música da Europa. Anitta começou a série de
shows na Espanha e finalizou com um super concerto em Portugal.

Turnê
Para promover seu mais recente trabalho, Anitta iniciou uma nova turnê intitulada Euro Summer Tour, passando pelas principais cidades da Europa.

Apresentações Canceladas

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Anitta
Turnês de Anitta

Euro Summer Tour 2022


Bifurkasyon (dallanma), ilk kez Henri Poincaré tarafından yaratılan bir kavramdır.

Edward Lorenz ile yaklaşık aynı tarihlerde W. E. Ricker balık üretme çiftliklerindeki popülasyon düzeyindeki değişimi simüle edebilecek bir denklem takımı arayışına girdi. Ricker, lojistik diferansiyel denklem olarak da bilinen  denklemini seçti. Bu denklemde, bir sonraki yılın popülasyon miktarı geçen yılın popülasyon miktarı ve popülasyon artış hızına bağlı olarak belirlenmekteydi. Küçük r değerleri için popülasyon sabit bir sayıda kararlı kalırken, daha büyük r değerlerindeki davranışı oldukça karmaşık olmaktaydı. Ricker bu konu üzerinde fazla çalışmadı, ancak Robert May 70'li yılların başında aynı lojistik denklem üzerinde çalışmaya, üstelik de r'nin yüksek değerlerinde neler olduğunu araştırmaya başladı. r 3'ten daha büyük seçildiğinde popülasyon iki değer arasında salınım yapmaktaydı. r biraz daha arttırıldığında salınım periyodu 4, 8, 16 gibi katlanarak artmaktaydı. Belirli bir noktadan sonra ise sistemin çıkışı tamamen kaotik bir hal aldı. May, tüm bu sonuçları görerek yorumlayabileceği bir diyagram geliştirdi. Bu diyagrama bifurkasyon (dallanma) eğrisi denir. Bu noktada May, çalışmalarını daha ileriye götüremedi, ancak James Yorke eğriyi doğru yorumlayarak tek boyutlu bir sistemde üç periyotlu bir evrenin bulunması halinde sistemin kaotik bir yapı içerdiğini kanıtladı.

Epidemiyolojide salgın hastalıkların düzenli ya da düzensiz olarak dönemsel yaşandığı bilinir. May, bu salınımlı davranışın nonlineer bir modelle medellenebileceğini düşünmüş ve böyle bir sistem kurmuştur. May, modeli üzerinde bu tür bir sistemin ani pertürbasyonlara maruz kaldığında neler olabileceğini araştırmıştır. Geleneksel düşünceye göre aşılama kampanyaları sistemi istendiği yönde düzenli bir şekilde değiştirmeliydi. Oysa May, nonlineer bir sistemin genel eğilimi azalma yönünde olsa bile ara sıra beklenmedik ve yüksek artışlar gösterebileceğini savunmaktaydı. İngiltere'de yapılan kızamıkçık ile mücadele programının sonuçları May'i doğrular nitelikteydi. Doktorlar hastalıktaki ani artışları aşı kampanyasının başarısızlığı olarak yorumlayıp yeni aşı araştırmaları yapmaktaydılar. May, bu durumun aşıların başarısızlığı değil, sistemin genel karakteri olduğunu göstermiştir.

Temel Tanımlar

  şeklinde tanımlanmış bir dinamik sistem olsun. Bu dinamik sistemin çözümlerinin kümesinin geometrik olarak temsil edilişine sistemin faz portresi denir.
  şeklinde tanımlanmış bir fonksiyon olsun. Bir  elemanı alalım. Eğer  sabit fonksiyonu  dinamik sisteminin bir çözümü ise  bu sistemin bir denge noktasıdır.
  dinamik sistemini düşünelim.  elemanının bu sistemin bir denge noktası olduğunu varsayalım.
  bir  parametresine bağlı olan bir fonksiyon olsun ve   şeklinde tanımlanmış bir dinamik sistem düşünelim. Bir bifurkasyon,   parametresi çeşitli değerler aldığında sistemin faz portresinde meydana gelen topolojik bir değişikliği tanımlar.

Dış bağlantılar
 Kaos sunumu
 The Logistic Map and Chaos by Elmer G. Wiens

Dinamik
Matematiksel analiz

Bifurkasyon


Bjarne Bisgaard (født 1951) er en tidligere basketballspilller som spillede hele sin karriere i Stevnsgade. Bjarne Bisgaard fik debut i 1968 og spillede indtil 1981. Han var en af klubbens bærende profiler og vandt klubbens to første mesterskaber i hhv. 1979-1980 og 1980-1981. Han spillede desuden med holdet de to år holdet var i Euroleague og bl.a. mødte Real Madrid.

Bjarne Bisgaard havde længe klubrekorden for flest spillede 1. holdskampe (i alt 285) for Stevnsgade, indtil den blev overtaget af Waseem Ahmad i sæsonen 2001-2002. Bjarne Bisgaard scorede i alt 4.060 point (14,2 ppg) i sine 13 sæsoner for klubben og han var desuden anfører de sidste 9 sæsoner.

Referencer

Basketballspillere fra Danmark

Bjarne Bisgaard


Gayle Kawaipuna Prejean (April 14, 1943 – April 14, 1992)
was a Hawaiian nationalist, activist and advocate for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Prejean was founder of the Hawaiian Coalition of Native Claims, now known as the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation.

A pioneer of sovereignty during the "Hawaiian Renaissance" of the 1970s, Prejean was one of the first voices to advocate for Kanaka Maoli (native Hawaiian) independence at the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. He was involved in the formation of the movement to stop the bombing of the island of Kahoolawe by the U.S. Navy; this was an issue which catalyzed the formation of the modern "Hawaiian Movement".

Prejean was known for his music and "stand-up" comedy as well as for his unrelenting criticism of the U.S. military presence in Hawaii. It was Kawaipuna Prejean who originally proposed the convening of the 1993 Kanaka Maoli Tribunal, and other historical actions which were carried out after his death.

Kawaipuna Prejean died on his 49th birthday while fighting to stop the construction of Interstate H-3, which destroyed many ancient Hawaiian sites and substantially impacted native species along its path on the island of Oahu, including several probable extinctions.

See also

Hawaiian sovereignty movement

Notes

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20050301092226/http://www.woodstocknation.org/aloha.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20050428223633/http://www.namaka.com/catalog/misc/hookuokoa.html
http://ilind.net/gallery_old/stand-together-1976/source/pko-rally_4-3.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20050428051310/http://www.namaka.com/catalog/misc/funeral.html

1943 births
1992 deaths
Native Hawaiian politicians
Native Hawaiian nationalists

Kawaipuna Prejean


Documentários de televisão são produções de mídia televisionadas que exibem documentários. Os documentários para a televisão existem como uma série documental para a televisão ou como um filme documental para a televisão.
 Séries documentais de televisão, às vezes chamadas de docusséries, são séries de televisão exibidas dentro de uma coleção ordenada de dois ou mais episódios televisionados.
 Filmes documentais para a televisão existem como um documentário singular a ser transmitido por meio de um canal de documentário ou de um canal de notícias. Ocasionalmente, os filmes documentários inicialmente destinados à transmissão televisiva podem ser exibidos no cinema.

A televisão documental ganhou destaque durante a década de 40, surgindo de empreendimentos anteriores na produção de documentários cinematográficos. As primeiras técnicas de produção eram altamente ineficientes em comparação com os métodos de gravação modernos. Os primeiros documentários de televisão normalmente apresentavam assuntos históricos, de guerra, investigativos ou relacionados a eventos. Os documentários de televisão contemporâneos se estenderam para incluir assuntos sobre celebridades, esportes, viagens, economia e vida selvagem.

Muitos documentários de televisão criaram polêmica e debate em torno de questões éticas, culturais, sociais e políticas. A controvérsia também surgiu em relação à formatação atual das séries documentais televisivas, bem como à contextualização dos documentários televisionados por meio de serviços contemporâneos de streaming.

História

Pré-1900
O documentário televisivo se originou em várias maneiras de comunicação midiática do cinema, fotojornalismo e rádio. De forma específica, o documentário televisivo pode ser rastreado até as origens do documentário cinematográfico. O documentário surgiu em destaque no cinema de não-ficção para relatar eventos históricos e contemporâneos. Em 1898, Bolesław Matuszewski, um cineasta polonês, sugeriu que o documentário fosse uma "nova fonte de história". Com a evolução generalizada do cinema documental, James Chapman considerou suas origens como um grande "processo internacional" envolvendo nações como os Estados Unidos da América, França, Alemanha, União Soviética e Grã-Bretanha.

1900–1950
O surgimento do documentário televisivo acompanhou o advento do lançamento da primeira televisão pública de alta definição do mundo, em 2 de novembro de 1936, pela British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Após o início das  transmissões, o serviço de televisão da BBC continuou, mesmo que em capacidade limitada, até 1939 com o início da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esta suspensão durou seis anos, durante todo o período de guerra. As transmissões regulares retornaram em 1946. A expansão subsequente da rede da BBC ocorrida nos anos seguintes em direção à cobertura nacional, canais adicionais, e também a introdução de uma nova concorrência no mercado de redes de televisão (principalmente a Independent Television) estimulou oportunidades para o surgimento de documentários televisivos. Em consonância com a concepção britânica de uma rede de transmissão televisiva pública, o documentário televisivo também encontra suas origens na mídia britânica.

Existe um senso comum de que a revolução que se difundiu amplamente na televisão, particularmente no cinema documental, foi uma construção inevitável. Duncan Ross e Ramsay Short tornaram-se pioneiros na criação do documentário televisivo, ao incorporar de forma proeminente as técnicas cinematográficas que estão presentes neste novo veículo de transmissão. Ross, em 1950, declarou que a mídia documental estava "muito à vontade na televisão". Nessa época, ele e seus contemporâneos consideravam o documentário de televisão algo que vai além do documentário tradicional – de forma particular celebrar a definição de John Grierson de que o documentário existe como "um retrato da realidade". Esses primeiros documentaristas de televisão defendiam a influência potencial do documentário de televisão nos meios educacionais, sociais e culturais.

1950-1970
As origens do documentário televisivo nos Estados Unidos são de 1949, retratando uma série de memórias de guerra  Durante os anos 50, redes de televisão comerciais proeminentes, como NBC, ABC e CBS, fizeram documentários televisivos sobre gêneros históricos, militares, de guerra e relacionados a eventos. A década de 1960 é comemorada como a "Era de Ouro" do documentário de televisão nos Estados Unidos. Nessa época, os documentários de televisão ganharam relevância tanto no âmbito jornalístico quanto no político. Notavelmente, o governo Kennedy acreditava que os  documentários de televisão poderiam contribuir para que os americanos se esforçassem para restringir o crescimento do comunismo.

O documentário de televisão continuou ganhando popularidade a nível global ao longo das décadas seguintes. James Chapman observa Família Real (1969) como "a melhor indicação da aceitação cultural" do documentário televisivo. Após sua exibição, a Família Real registrou uma audiência de 40 milhões de pessoas mundialmente.

1970–2000
Nas últimas décadas do século XX, houve uma perda de popularidade dos documentários de televisão nas redes de televisão comerciais, que passaram a serem exibidos principalmente pelas redes de televisão a cabo. Com isso, surgiram vários canais sobre documentários, como The History Channel e National Geographic, no início dos anos 2000. Durante este período nos Estados Unidos, a PBS continuou exibindo documentários investigativos na televisão. Além disso, também surgiram documentários de televisão produzidos por minorias, oferecendo novas opiniões culturais e políticas.

Documentários de televisão contemporâneos
Um novo gênero de documentários surgiu na década de 2000 e continuou crescendo na década de 2010. Documentários interativos, também conhecidos como i-docs ou documentários da web, geralmente acompanham documentários de televisão tradicionais, apresentando hiperlinks interativos, áudio, texto e imagens. Documentários interativos possuem reconhecimento em festivais de cinema recentes, como o Tribeca Film Festival e o Sundance Film Festival, principalmente pelo sucesso em produções midiáticas educacionais e históricas.

A trajetória atual das produções documentais televisivas é feita para entrar nos serviços de streaming como Netflix e Stan. Ao mesmo tempo, acontece o surgimento de documentários patrocinados por marcas. Por exemplo, a Johnson & Johnson encomendou a produção de 5B, que  retrata várias enfermeiras que fundaram uma ala de AIDS no Hospital Geral de São Francisco. O documentário explora o foco da marca em "cuidado" e "toque". Tim Stevenson revela que os documentários patrocinados pela marca permitem que os profissionais de marketing acessem audiências amplas através de mídias que os métodos tradicionais de publicidade não conseguem.

Técnicas de produção
Os primeiros documentários de televisão foram produzidos gravando áudio e vídeo separadamente. Câmeras de filme de dezesseis milímetros, que muitas vezes estão sobre tripés, capturaram a imagem, com equipamentos de iluminação e filtragem de acompanhamento. O som foi gravado usando um gravador de som de um quarto de polegada junto com vários microfones. Durante a pós-produção, os elementos de imagem e som foram sincopados.

Equipamentos que eram muito utilizados durante o início da produção de documentários de televisão incluíam câmeras de filme Éclair 16mm, junto com gravadores de som Nagra. Tentativas contemporâneas de refazer um ambiente de produção vintage semelhante observam que esses métodos não têm eficiência e em muitas vezes há defeitos.

No início dos anos 70, houve mudanças revolucionárias nas técnicas de produção documental. Marshall McLuhan e Buckminster Fuller se revoltaram contra os métodos tradicionais existentes de comunicação da informação para a sociedade dos Estados Unidos. A recém-desenvolvida câmera de vídeo Portapak, da Sony, foi responsável por impulsionar a campanha de televisão Guerrilla e foi reconhecida pela facilidade de transferência de gravações de fitas de vídeo do dispositivo de uma empresa para o respectivo dispositivo da outra.

O desenvolvimento significativo seguinte nas técnicas de produção de documentários de televisão surgiu na década de 80, quando apareceram gravadores de vídeo portáteis, também conhecidos como filmadoras. Mais notavelmente, a Sony desenvolveu o Betacam. Este produto era conhecido pela mobilidade e flexibilidade das câmeras de vídeo, o que facilita o aumento da eficiência na produção de documentários. Além disso, as filmadoras permitiram reduções substanciais de custos de produção comparando-se às técnicas tradicionais de produção de câmeras de filme, permitindo assim que mais imagens fossem capturadas. Isso fez com que as filmadoras substituíssem quase por completo as câmeras de filme no final do século XX. Glover diz que essa ampla adoção de métodos para produzir documentários digitais rendeu novas oportunidades para que documentários "assumam qualquer um ou vários modos" de documentário, conforme explica Bill Nichols. Isso garante uma conveniência particular à produção da abordagem de 'apresentação de slides', que mostra fotos em moldura com narradores de 'cabeças falantes' – um "grampo constante" do documentário televisivo.

Gêneros
Os primeiros documentários da televisão britânica abordavam bastante eventos históricos, locais e estados governantes. Além disso, os documentários de guerra se destacaram no final dos anos 40 e início dos anos 50, ilustrando os esforços das Forças Aliadas na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Documentários de televisão investigativos também ganharam popularidade durante a década de 50. Chad Raphael destaca See It Now (1951-1955), da CBS, como sendo um documentário de televisão que se tornou referência para o gênero investigativo, dando origem ao "primeiro jornalismo crítico na televisão". Mais tarde, nos anos 60, os gêneros de documentários de televisão continuaram expandindo; assuntos de história natural e vida selvagem tornaram-se assuntos documentais populares.

O mesmo aconteceu com os documentários que exploravam temas da humanidade. Civilization (1969), uma série documental de treze partes transmitida pela BBC Two, que retratava a civilização ocidental, era famosa pela mídia televisiva colorida e contemporânea.

Os documentários de televisão continuam explorando assuntos de guerra, históricos, governamentais e de vida selvagem. Os gêneros de documentários de televisão também que existem hoje incluem esportes, saúde, economia, mídia social e assuntos de celebridades.

Críticas
O contínuo surgimento do documentário televisivo perante os contextos históricos e informativos da mídia causou debates e controvérsias significativos por causa de sua ampla influência. Essas controvérsias geralmente integram preocupações éticas, culturais, sociais e políticas. A mídia dos documentários de televisão foi considerada criando uma controvérsia ética em torno da representação incompleta de um evento; essa controvérsia após modificação de imagem através de técnicas de edição digital e preocupações éticas em relação à verificabilidade das informações de uma imagem. Como tal, a difamação no documentário de televisão é uma alvo constante de controvérsia. O documentário de 2003 da ITV, Living with Michael Jackson, recebeu críticas de Michael Jackson, que afirmou que o filme "o traiu totalmente" ao retratar seus relacionamentos com crianças pequenas. Da mesma forma, Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) abriu um debate sobre a precisão factual e a honestidade de seu retrato geopolítico do governo de George W. Bush. Tais discrepâncias factuais chegaram à conclusão de que os documentários de televisão ocasionalmente fogem às representações históricas precisas, com mais drama para fins de entretenimento.

A influência cultural do documentário televisivo esteve por muito tempo sob escrutínio público. Tais preocupações começaram a acontecer durante o surgimento inicial do documentário televisivo nas esferas públicas. A controvérsia cultural surgiu em relação à produção da BBC de 1965, The War Game. Embora tenha sido aprovado previamente, a BBC concluiu mais tarde que o documentário era "horrível demais para o meio de transmissão", portanto, não teve transmissão pública. Depois, houve comentários de que a BBC adotou tal abordagem preocupada com a influência institucional e cultural potencialmente negativa em consequência da transmissão televisiva pública de The War Game.

Estudos contemporâneos estão sendo realizados dando atenção específica à avaliação da influência social e política dos documentários televisivos. Feldman e Sigelman realizaram um estudo em 1985 para analisar o efeito do docudrama televisivo The Day After, apresentando as consequências de um ataque nuclear soviético à área de Kansas City. Eles concluíram que o docudrama foi influente para outras histórias de jornais e televisão, particularmente sobre as discussões sobre limitações de armas com a União Soviética. O estudo também descobriu que as preocupações do público aumentaram em relação à capacidade de sobrevivência dos Estados Unidos a um grande ataque nuclear. Além disso, The Day After gerou uma discussão sobre se o presidente Reagan deveria ou não ter aumentado os gastos com defesa pública. Da mesma forma, outro estudo concluiu que vários documentários recentes que falam sobre questões sociais, como Semper Fi, tinham "conhecimento situado" e, portanto, exerciam influência nos Estados Unidos na promulgação da reforma da lei.

O avanço e a formatação contemporânea dos documentários de televisão populares também gerou polêmica nos últimos anos. Em 2014, o famoso narrador de documentários, David Attenborough, expôs uma opinião lamentando o estado contemporâneo dos documentários televisivos. Ele acreditava que o público de hoje não tinha interesse em longas séries documentais, dando preferência a minisséries de dois ou três episódios. Ele declarou que essas minisséries não "tratam de algo adequadamente". Em vez disso, Attenborough esperava um "compromisso e crença mais fortes" em um assunto, o que facilitou a produção de séries documentais estendidas mais uma vez.

O surgimento de serviços de streaming no mainstream da transmissão cultural durante os anos 2010, em particular, também provocou uma polêmica contemporânea em torno do formato e classificação dos documentários televisivos. Posteriormente, a Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), uma organização honorária profissional que defende o avanço da indústria televisiva nos Estados Unidos, reconheceu documentários exibidos em serviços de streaming candidatos à consideração para um Emmy Award. A mídia televisiva, transmitida por meio do streaming, cresceu tanto em popularidade que os programas de televisão originais da Netflix receberam um recorde de 160 indicações no 72º Primetime Emmy Awards em 2020. Essa conquista foi seguida pela rival HBO, que recebeu 107 indicações em 2020. Notavelmente, o vencedor do prêmio de 2020 para Melhor Documentário ou Série de Não-ficção foi The Last Dance (2020), da ESPN, que foi transmitido no mundo inteiro pela Netflix.

Exemplos de canais
 Al Jazeera Documentary Channel
 Animal Planet
 CGTN Documentary
 Discovery Channel
 DOC: The Documentary Channel
 Docu TVE
 Documentary (canal de televisão)
 History
 National Geographic
 Science
 WORLD Channel

Ver também
 Bill Nichols
 Documentário
 Modo documentário
 Fazendo um filme
 John Grierson
 Lista de canais de televisão de documentários
 Mocumentário
 Televisão de acesso público
 Filme patrocinado
 Walter Goodman
 Documentário
 Produção cinematográfica
 Mocumentário

Ligações externas
 Uma equipe de documentários de 16 mm se prepara para filmar uma sequência básica de entrevistas
 Um cinegrafista de documentário de 16 mm discute as câmeras usadas para produção de documentários e dramas
 Um técnico de iluminação de 16 mm discute seus equipamentos e as desvantagens da iluminação para produção de documentários em ambientes domésticos

Gêneros televisivos

Documentário televisivo


Satz puede referirse a:
 Alexander Satz, pianista de origen ruso.
 Mario Satz, poeta, novelista, ensayista y traductor argentino.
 Wayne Thomas Satz, periodista estadounidense

Satz


Heinrich Guttenberg (* 29. April 1749 in Wöhrd; † 16. Januar 1818 in Nürnberg) war ein deutscher Kupferstecher.

Leben
Heinrich Guttenberg war ein jüngerer Bruder von Carl Gottlieb Guttenberg. Er stammte aus kleinen Verhältnissen und erhielt wohl keine höhere Schulbildung. Guttenberg besuchte die Nürnberger Zeichenschule unter J. J. Preissler und absolvierte im Alter von 17 bis 20 Jahren eine dreijährige Lehre bei dem Kupferstecher Würsching. Nach Beendigung seiner Lehrzeit verließ er heimlich das Elternhaus, um seinem Bruder Carl nach Paris zu folgen, musste jedoch schon in Frankfurt am Main feststellen, dass seine Barschaft dafür nicht ausreichte. Erst einige Monate später konnte er seine Fußreise nach Frankreich fortsetzen. Nach etlichen Schwierigkeiten arbeitete er einige Jahre lang im Atelier von Johann Georg Wille in Paris. Sein Stich einer Bacchantin machte ihn schließlich bekannt und erwies sich auch als einträgliche Einnahmequelle.

Nach dem Ausbruch der Französischen Revolution reiste Guttenberg nach Italien, von wo er nach Erhalt der Nachricht, dass sein Bruder lebensgefährlich erkrankt war, nach Frankreich zurückkehrte. Er traf Carl Gottlieb Guttenberg aber nicht mehr lebend an. Von Paris übersiedelte er nach Fontainebleau, von dort nach der Hinrichtung Ludwigs XVI. 1793 nach Nürnberg, das er aber 1803 wieder verließ, um erneut nach Paris zu ziehen. Ab 1798 war er der Lehrer Albert Christoph Reindels. 1816 kehrte er wiederum nach Nürnberg zurück. Bei einem Spaziergang am 9. Januar 1818 rutschte er aus und fiel auf den Hinterkopf. An den Folgen der Verletzungen, die er sich bei diesem Sturz zuzog, starb er eine Woche später. Er wurde im Grab Albrecht Dürers auf dem Johanniskirchhof in Nürnberg bestattet.

Für Carl Langs Schrift über das Denkmal der Gattenzärtlichkeit und Volksliebe von Philipp Jakob Scheffauer, die 1797 erschien, schuf er einen Stich als Titelbild nach einem Gemälde Thourets und einen Stich nach Jakob Gauermanns Zeichnung zu einem der Basreliefs, Seine treuen Wirtemberger erflehten ihn.

Das Art Institute of Chicago besitzt vier Stiche Guttenbergs nach Vorlagen von Jean-Michel Moreau: Le Rendez-vous pour Marly, Le rencontre au bois du Boulogne und zwei Versionen von Les derniers paroles de J. J. Rousseau.

Literatur

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Kupferstecher (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1749
Gestorben 1818
Mann

Heinrich Guttenberg


Souda (în ) este un oraș și o fostă municipalitate în unitatea regională Chania, Creta, Grecia. Odată cu reforma administrației publice locale din 2011 face parte din municipalitatea Chania. Este un important port naval și de feribot în Golful Souda.

Souda se află la o distanță de 6,5 km est de centrul orașului Chania, deși zona dintre ele este în mare parte ocupată cu construcții. Orașul este o așezare relativ nouă, construită pe ceea ce erau odată platouri de sare și mlaștini. Turcii cunoșteau zona sub numele de Tuzla, numele lor pentru platouri de sare. În anii 1870 ei au început să construiască o nouă așezare aici care a crescut pe măsură ce portul s-a dezvoltat. Golful Souda este unul dintre cele mai adânci porturi naturale din Marea Mediterană și este ușor de apărat.

În prezent Souda este punctul de sosire pentru feriboturile din Pireu. Există, de asemenea, o bază navală NATO situată în Souda și de partea cealaltă a golfului, cu spații de cazare și spital militar în oraș. O mare parte a comandamentului, în special cel al trupelor americane, se află de cealaltă parte a golfului, în Akrotiri. Un siloz de cereale ocupă centrul orașului. Poate din cauza naturii sale ca punct de plecare și oraș militar, el nu este popular cu turiști și poate părea sordid și amenințător. Cu toate acestea, conține magazine de toate tipurile și restaurante renumite cu produse pescărești în centrul vechi. Cimitirul de război Aliat, unde au fost îngropați soldații morți în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, se află pe țărmul orașului Souda. Există 1.527 de morminte, în care sunt îngropați în mare parte militari britanici, printre care 447 de neo-zeelandezi și 197 de australieni. În cimitir este înmormântat și arheologul John Pendlebury. Pendlebury a fost curator la Cnossos pentru Școala Britanică din Atena și a continuat săpăturile în Creta până la război. El a fost executat de germani în 1941.

Unitatea municipală Souda
Souda a fost principalul oraș al fostei municipalități cu același nume, având primăria chiar în Souda. Unitatea municipală se întinde de la capătul orașului Chania (Souda, Nerokourou și Tsikalaria) de-a lungul coastei, cuprinzând satele Kalami și Megala Chorafia. Primarul din Souda era în 2005 Ioannis Perakis. Aproximativ 8.000 de oameni trăiesc în această unitate municipală, majoritatea chiar în Souda. Datorită vederii frumoase la mare și până la Munții Albi și a apropierii de Chania, există o mare presiune pentru a se construi noi case și apartamente în zonă. Aceste planuri nu au fost puse în aplicare până în prezent din cauza restricțiilor cauzate de prezența unei baze militare.

Scufundarea HMS York în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial
În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial crucișătorul greu HMS York al Royal Navy a fost scos din luptă în Golful Souda de două bărci cu motor explozive italiane (în italiană: barchini esplosivi) ce făceau parte din Decima Flottiglia MAS, lansate de distrugătoarele Crispi și Sella pe 26 martie 1941. Șase bărci cu motor au intrat în golf, conduse de locotenent Luigi Faggioni, și au atacat trei ținte în perechi; primul a fost York, al doilea tancul Pericles și ultimul o altă navă ancorată în port. Trei dintre ambarcațiunile de atac au avut diverse probleme, mecanice sau umane, din cauza condițiilor extreme de temperatură, dar celelalte trei au reușit să atace țintele cu succes. Două bărci cu motor, dotate cu încărcături de 330 kg, au lovit crucișătorul York, provocând inundații în camera cazanelor și în camera motoarelor. Doi marinari au fost uciși.

Galerie

Referințe

Legături externe

Insula Creta
Orașe din Grecia

Souda


This is a list of programs broadcast by CH / E!, a television system in Canada that operated from 2001 to 2009.

Fall 2008 schedule
In prime time, they carried some programming purchased from the American conventional broadcast networks, but otherwise aired a program schedule that was similar to the American E! network.

The last shows broadcast by E!

20/20
The Best Years
Dateline NBC
Deal or No Deal
Diva on a Dime
Doc
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
Guiding Light
The Harley Show
How I Met Your Mother
The Insider
The Loop
Monday Night Football (broadcast time unknown)
My Boys
Psych
Running In Heels
Stargate SG-1
Talkshow with Spike Feresten
WWE Friday Night SmackDown (Montreal only)

Formerly broadcast

60 Minutes (2001-2007)
24
10 Items or Less
Creature Comforts
Dark Angel (2001)
Century City (2004)
Crossing Jordan
Help Me Help You
The King of Queens
Las Vegas
Leap of Faith (2002)
NCIS (moved to Global)
One Tree Hill
K-Ville (2007)
Raines (2007)
Ramona
Stacked
Surface (2005-2006)
Touched by an Angel
Technical Knockout
Two and a Half Men (2003-2007)
 Viva Laughlin    - cancelled
The Guardian

Came into 2008-2009 season

24
Boston Legal
Do Not Disturb
Knight Rider
My Name is Earl
Secret Millionaire
Worst Week

See also
List of Canadian television series

E! Canada
E

List of programs broadcast by E! (Canadian TV system)


Koreatown () is a neighborhood in central Los Angeles, California, centered near Eighth Street and Irolo Street.

Koreans began immigrating in larger numbers in the 1960s and found housing in the Mid-Wilshire area. Many opened businesses as they found rent and tolerance toward the growing Korean population.  Many of the historic Art deco buildings with terra cotta façades have been preserved because the buildings remained economically viable for the new businesses.

Despite the name evoking a traditional ethnic enclave, the community is complex and has an impact on areas outside the traditional boundaries. While the neighborhood culture was historically oriented to the Korean immigrant population, Korean business owners are creating stronger ties to the Latino community in Koreatown. The community is highly diverse ethnically, with half the residents being Latino and a third being Asian. Two-thirds of the residents were born outside of the United States, a high figure compared to the rest of the city.

History

1900s–1980s
In 1882, the United States and Korea established the United States-Korea Treaty of 1882, which ended Korea's self-imposed isolation. The establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and Korea paved the way for Korean immigration to Hawaii in the late 1880s. In the early 1900s, Korean immigrants began making their way to Los Angeles, where they created communities based around ethnic churches. As the number of Koreans increased to the hundreds, their residential and commercial activities spread to the southwestern corner of the Los Angeles business district, putting them within walking distance of Little Tokyo and Chinatown.

By the 1930s, approximately 650 Koreans resided in Los Angeles. They established churches, restaurants, and community organizations, as well as businesses that primarily focused on vegetable and fruit distribution. In 1936, the Korean National Association, one of the largest Korean immigrant political organizations, moved its central headquarters from San Francisco to Los Angeles to continue promoting political, cultural, educational, and religious activities. However, racial covenant laws and economic constraints limited Korean residents to an area bounded by Adams Boulevard to the north, Slauson Avenue to the south, Western Avenue to the west, and Vermont Avenue to the east.  The 1930s also saw the height of the area's association with Hollywood. The Ambassador Hotel hosted the Academy Awards ceremony in 1930, 1931, 1932, and 1934. As the entertainment industry grew in the surrounding Koreatown area, Koreans remained segregated into low-income districts because of discriminatory housing policies. After the 1948 Shelley v. Kraemer Supreme Court case prohibited racially restrictive housing policies, Koreans began to move north of Olympic Boulevard to establish new homes and businesses.

In the late 1960s, the surrounding neighborhood began to enter a steep economic decline. The once-glamorous mid-Wilshire area became filled with vacant commercial and office space that attracted wealthier South Korean immigrants. They found inexpensive housing and many opened businesses in Koreatown. Many of the area's Art Deco buildings with terracotta facades were preserved because they remained economically viable with the new commercial activity that occupied them. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 removed restrictions on Asian migration and helped further the growth of the immigrant community in Koreatown.

By the late 1970s, most businesses in the Olympic Boulevard and 8th Street areas were owned by Koreans. This economic boom led to the creation of Korean media outlets and community organizations, which played a key role in developing a sense of communal identity in the neighborhood. The ethnic enclave was able to establish itself as the primary hub of the Korean community in Southern California, and the residents successfully lobbied for the installation of the first Koreatown sign in 1982.

1992 Los Angeles riots
During the time of the riots, there was racial strife between Black and Korean Americans. In many predominantly Black neighborhoods, Korean citizens owned the majority of businesses. When White residents left the area, Koreans purchased their businesses from them for little money. Rapper Ice Cube spoke of this, along with Asian suspicion of Black residents in his 1991 album Death Certificate during the song "Black Korea".

On March 16, 1991, a Korean store owner, Soon Ja Du, shot and killed a 15-year-old Black customer, Latasha Harlins. Du accused Harlins of stealing orange juice, and after watching her put down the jug and turn to leave, shot her in the head. Some historians view Du's posting bail as the breaking point in tensions.

The 1992 Los Angeles riots stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean-Americans, but also split them into two camps. The liberals sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating. The conservatives emphasized law and order and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party. The conservatives also tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities, specifically Blacks and Hispanics. Despite this divide within the Korean American community, the 1992 riots also inspired further efforts to build coalitions. The 1992 Koreatown Peace Rally was a record-setting demonstration with over 30,000 attendees representing intergenerational and interethnic solidarity.

The week-long rioting and looting destroyed much of Koreatown. There was $50 million worth of damage done, half of which was on Korean-owned businesses. During the riots, roads between Koreatown and safer neighborhoods were blocked off. Some Korean-Americans speculated that they were being trapped in the danger. One resident said, "It was containment. The police cut off traffic out of Koreatown, while we were trapped on the other side without help. Those roads are a gateway to a richer neighborhood. It can't be denied." Some Korean Americans who survived the riot have said that people of minority races and ethnicities were not served fairly by the current social system.

An 18-year-old Korean American, Edward Song Lee, and his three friends went to protect a Korean-owned pizza shop, along with other store owners and volunteers who would constitute the rooftop Koreans. Lee was accidentally shot to death by Korean shopkeepers who mistook him and his friends for looters. Hyungwon Kang captured a photograph of Lee's body in the street.

The 1992 unrest had a significant impact on the community, solidifying the importance of community-based nonprofit organizations, such as the Koreatown Youth and Community Center (KYCC) and Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance (KIWA) (see Community Organizations section) (Chung, 2005). These organizations advocated for reparations and protections for Korean Americans, who received little support from government authorities as a result of their low social status and language barrier.

The effects of the riots and looting, which displaced Korean Americans and destroyed their sources of income, combined with little aid having been given to those who suffered, are still being felt today as LA-based Koreans continue to struggle with poverty.

2000s–present
In late 2008, the City of Los Angeles designated Koreatown a special graphics district (along with Hollywood and the downtown neighborhood of South Park/LA Live). The designation allows for digital signage and electronic billboards, not permitted by city code, to be installed on building facades. The designation allowed Times Square and Shibuya District-inspired buildings lined with LCD jumbotrons. The 300-square block graphics district is bordered by 6th Street and Olympic Boulevard on the north and south respectively, and St. Andrews Place and Shatto Place on the west and east respectively.

Koreatown is now a commercially driven area, but continues to have problems of poverty and gentrification.  The construction of the Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools at the former site of the Ambassador Hotel highlighted the challenge of balancing resource expansion with business development and historic preservation. The schools were constructed with the intention of increasing educational opportunities for low-income Latina/Latino and Korean students, but the $578 million construction cost made the complex the most expensive public school in United States history. By 2020, Koreatown was "known for having one of the largest concentrations of nightclubs and 24-hour businesses and restaurants in the country. Other developments, such as the opening of new metro stations, shopping centers, and strip malls, have made Koreatown a popular tourist destination while also increasing economic inequality for locals. Protests against and in favor of building a homeless shelter took place in 2020.

Since Koreatown has a Latino majority, it is not unusual to find Latino employees in restaurants and grocery stores speaking Korean with customers or Korean store owners engaging Latino customers in Spanish. An example of a cultural interchange between Koreans and Latinos in Koreatown is the popularity of Korean-inspired taco trucks in Los Angeles that feature classic Mexican food infused with Korean ingredients.

Geography

The neighborhood lies  west of downtown,  southeast of Hollywood,  east of Santa Monica Beach and  northeast of Los Angeles International Airport. It is generally flat, with an average elevation of .

The boundaries of Koreatown are blurry; The most familiar thoroughfare is Wilshire Boulevard, from Vermont to Western avenues. But the area extends south as Olympic Boulevard and north to 3rd Street, with spillover into adjacent Westlake and Hancock Park.

The beginnings of Koreatown
In the early 1900s, Koreans clustered around the downtown Los Angeles Bunker Hill area. This housing segregation was due to racial covenant laws that restricted them to mixed-race, low-income districts. By the 1930s, Koreans began to move to Jefferson Boulevard between Western and Vermont Avenue.

The next major shift began in the 1960s. As the African American population increased in southern Los Angeles, middle-class White Americans began to move out of the mid-Wilshire district. The area north of Olympic Boulevard transitioned from a predominantly white suburb to a home for Asian residents. The area has become the mainstay of the Korean American community, although varying sources have established different boundaries for Koreatown.

In 1980, the neighborhood of Koreatown was officially designated by Los Angeles.

City of Los Angeles boundaries

The city of Los Angeles has set the official boundaries for Koreatown as Vermont Avenue on the east, Western Avenue on the west, Third Street on the north, and Olympic Boulevard on the south. A business corridor running about 3/4 of a mile along Western Avenue to Rosewood Avenue is also included as part of Koreatown.

In 2010, the City of Los Angeles considered expanding Koreatown further west to include Wilshire Park and Park Mile.  The request was rejected, and the committee reiterated that the western boundary for Koreatown was at Western Avenue.

The Koreatown Regional Commercial Center runs along Olympic Boulevard and is "generally bounded by Eighth Street on the north, Twelfth Street on the south, Western Avenue on the west, and continues east towards Vermont Avenue", according to the Wilshire Community Plan of the City of Los Angeles.

Google Maps

Google Maps draws the following boundaries for Koreatown: Vermont Avenue on the east, Western Avenue on the west, Third Street on the north and Olympic Boulevard on the south.

Mapping L.A. boundaries

According to the Mapping L.A. project of the Los Angeles Times, Koreatown has the following boundaries:

Beverly Boulevard on the north, Virgil Avenue, Wilshire Place and Westmoreland Avenue on the east, Olympic Boulevard on the south and Crenshaw Boulevard and Wilton Place on the west. The neighborhood is flanked by East Hollywood to the north, Westlake to the east, Pico-Union, Harvard Heights and Arlington Heights to the south, Mid-Wilshire and Windsor Square to the west and Larchmont to the northwest.

This version of Koreatown includes the neighborhoods of Wilshire Center, Wilshire Park and part of Park Mile.

Climate

Demographics
Koreatown is one of the densest neighborhoods in the United States.
The 2000 U.S. census counted 115,070 residents in the 2.7-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 42,611 people per square mile, the highest density of any community in Los Angeles County. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 124,281. The median age for residents was 30, an average age for both the city and Los Angeles County.

Koreatown is considered "highly diverse" ethnically. The breakdown is Latinos, 53.5%; Asians, 32.2%; whites, 7.4%; blacks, 4.8%, and others, 2%.  Korea (28.6%) and Mexico (23.9%) were the most common places of birth for the 68% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that is considered high compared to the city as a whole.

The median annual household income in 2008 dollars was $30,558, a low figure for Los Angeles, and the percentage of households that earned less than $20,000 was high. The average household size of 2.7 people was about the same as the rest of the city. Renters occupied 93% of the housing units, and house- or apartment owners the rest.

The percentages of never-married men and women, 44.6% and 36.2%, respectively, were among the county's highest. There were 2,833 military veterans in 2000, or 3.3%, a low figure for Los Angeles.

Homeless population

In 2022, there were 435 homeless individuals in Koreatown.

Economy
Olympic Boulevard has blocks dominated by Korean-language signs and new blue-tile-roofed shopping centers. This initial Korean business area has spread to an area bounded by Olympic Boulevard, Vermont Avenue, 8th Street and Western Avenue. The Korean business area also sprawls to the north and south along Western and Vermont for three miles, and to the east and west along Olympic for two miles. South Korean investment has been a large contributor to the neighborhood economy since the 1960s. Since the early 2000s, that investment has increased greatly, ballooning to an estimated $1 billion in new construction investment. Jamison Services, Inc is Koreatown's biggest landlord and most prolific residential builder. The area also has a vibrant nightlife with many lively restaurants and clubs, especially Korean barbeque restaurants and karaoke bars.

Asiana Airlines operates a sales office in Koreatown. Korean Air's United States Passenger Operations headquarters are located in close proximity to Koreatown in the Westlake community. Grupo TACA operates a Los Angeles-area TACA Center in Suite 100P at 3600 Wilshire Boulevard.

The Consulate-General of South Korea in Los Angeles is at 3243 Wilshire Boulevard. The Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Los Angeles is at 443 Shatto Place, while the passport and visa office is on the third floor of 500 Shatto Place. The Consulate General of El Salvador is at 3450 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 250  and the Consulate General of Guatemala is at 3540 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 100 . The Consulate General of Honduras and Nicaragua are at 3550 Wilshire Blvd. The Consulate General of Bolivia is at 3701 Wilshire Blvd #1056. The Consulate General of Indonesia is at 3457 Wilshire Blvd. , while the Consulate General of the Philippines, which has been in Koreatown since 1967, is presently located next door at the fifth floor of the Equitable Life Building at 3435 Wilshire Blvd.

Government
The Wilshire Center - Koreatown Neighborhood Council is designated by the City of Los Angeles to represent the area's citizens' concerns to the city. The area represented by the council includes Koreatown and Wilshire Center, as well as parts of MacArthur Park, Hancock Park, and Mid-Wilshire.

Representatives
Koreatown lies within Los Angeles City Council District 10. As of 2023, it is represented on the city council by Heather Hutt. The area is represented by Holly Mitchell, Supervisor of District 2 for Los Angeles County. Miguel Santiago is the State Assemblyman for District 53, which includes Koreatown. Jimmy Gomez of California's 34th congressional district represents the area in the United States House of Representatives.

Fire service
Four Fire Stations of the Los Angeles Fire Department serve Koreatown:

Station 29 serving Southwest Koreatown at Wilshire Blvd. and Wilton Avenue.
Station 13 serving Southeast Koreatown at Pico Blvd. and Westmoreland Avenue.
Station 52 serving Northwest Koreatown at Melrose Avenue and Western Avenue.
Station 6 serving Northeast Koreatown at Temple Street and Virgil Avenue.

Police service
The Los Angeles Police Department provides police service to the City of Los Angeles, broken up into 21 local divisions. Koreatown is served by Olympic Division. The new station completed construction and opened for service on January 4, 2009.

Education

21.4% of Koreatown residents aged 25 and older have a four-year degree, an average rate for both the city and the county. The percentage of residents with less than a high school diploma was high for the county.

Schools within the Koreatown borders are:

 Central City Value, LAUSD charter high school, 221 North Westmoreland Avenue
 Ambassador School of Global Leadership, LAUSD K-12, 701 South Catalina Street
 New Open World Academy, LAUSD K-12, 3201 West Eighth Street
 UCLA Community School, LAUSD K-12, 701 South Catalina Street
 Virgil Middle School, LAUSD, 152 North Vermont Avenue
 Young Oak Kim Academy, LAUSD, 615 S. Shatto Place
 Cahuenga Elementary School, LAUSD, 220 South Hobart Boulevard
 Saint Brendan School, private elementary, 238 South Manhattan Place
 New Horizon School/Los Angeles, private elementary, 434 South Vermont Avenue
 Saint James' Episcopal Day School, private elementary, 625 South Saint Andrews Place
 Camino Nuevo Charter Academy, LAUSD charter, 697 South Burlington Avenue
 Saint Gregory Nazianzen, private elementary, 911 South Norton Avenue
 Wilton Place Elementary School, LAUSD, 745 South Wilton Place
 Hobart Boulevard Elementary School, LAUSD, 980 South Hobart Boulevard
 Mariposa-Nabi Primary Center, LAUSD, 987 South Mariposa Avenue
 Pilgrim School, private preK-12, 540 South Commonwealth Avenue
 Larchmont Charter School - Layfayette Park Campus, 8-12, 2801 W 6th Street
 Berendo Middle school - 1157 S Berendo St, Los Angeles, CA 90006
 Los Angeles Senior High - 4650 W Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90019

Other education
The Korean Education Center, affiliated with the government of South Korea, is in Suite 200 at 680 Wilshire Place.

Southwestern Law School offers degree and non-degree programs in the Westmoreland Building and the former Bullock's Wilshire building at 3050 Wilshire Boulevard.

Public libraries

 Pio Pico Koreatown Branch Library (피오 피코 코리아타운 도서관) of the Los Angeles Public Library serves the area.

Festivals
Annual festivals include the Korean Festival & Parade on Olympic Boulevard, with a march to the Seoul Peace Park. The Wilshire Center Business Improvement District (WCBID) holds the annual Earth Day / Car Free Day Festival every April 22 on Wilshire. KTOWN Night Market holds an annual festival at Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools.

Community organizations
 The popular Anderson-Munger YMCA at 3rd and Oxford offers swimming, exercise programs, child and teen programs, and social services to the community.
 Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance (KIWA) organizes in the community on behalf of social change.

Transportation

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates two subway lines in or near Koreatown — the B Line, beneath Vermont Avenue, and the D Line, beneath Wilshire Boulevard. The neighborhood is served primarily by the D Line Wilshire/Normandie station, but there are two other stops, Wilshire/Vermont and Wilshire/Western.

In addition to the two subway lines, Metro operates numerous Express, Rapid and Local bus lines in the district. Rapid lines include the 720 Wilshire and 754 Vermont. Local lines include the 207 Western, 20 Wilshire/Westwood, 204 Vermont, 206 Normandie, and 210 Crenshaw. Many MTA bus lines in Koreatown offer 24-hour service.

The LADOT operates three district-to-district DASH routes, one Commuter Express line and Cityride. Koreatown is served by DASH Hollywood/Wilshire line and Dash Koreatown. The DASH lines are meant for local neighborhood transportation; their routes are shorter than MTA lines. DASH service ends at 7pm weekdays and only Dash Koreatown operates on weekends, ending service at 6pm. DASH fares are 50 cents. Commuter Express line 534 Century City provides weekday service while Cityride offers door to door dial-a-ride service for the elderly and disabled.

Notable places

 The Korean American National Museum - 3727 West 6th Street
 The Korean Cultural Center - 5505 Wilshire Boulevard
 Korean Pavilion and parklet, Normandie Avenue just north of Olympic Boulevard

 Koreatown Plaza - 928 South Western Avenue
 Chapman Park Market, 3405 West 6th Street
 The Wiltern Theater at Wilshire Boulevard and Western Avenue.
 Liberty Park - 3700 Wilshire Boulevard
 LA Metro subway station, Western Avenue and Wilshire Boulevard.
 Bimini Baths
 Cafe Brass Monkey

See also

 History of the Korean Americans in Los Angeles
 Korean Bell of Friendship

Notes

References

Further reading/viewing
 Nancy Abelmann and John Lie, Blue dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots (1997)
 H.C. Laux and G. Theme, "Koreans in Greater Los Angeles: socioeconomic polarization, ethnic attachment, and residential patterns," in W. Li, ed. From urban enclave to ethnic suburb: New Asian communities in Pacific Rim countries (U of Hawaii Press, 2006) pp 95–118
 Lee, Dong Ok. "Responses to Spatial Rigidity in Urban Transformation: Korean Business Experience in Los Angeles," International Journal of Urban & Regional Research, March 1995, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp 40–54
 Light, Ivan and Edna Bonacich. Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965-1982 (1989).
 Youngmin Lee and Kyonghwan Park, "Negotiating hybridity: transnational reconstruction of migrant subjectivity in Koreatown, Los Angeles," Journal of Cultural Geography, Oct 2008, Vol. 25 Issue 3, pp 245–262
Kim, Katherine Yungmee, "Los Angeles's Koreatown" (2010)
Lee, Sum Tin Wong, " The Ups and Downs of Koreatown" (1997)

External links

 Wilshire Center—Koreatown Neighborhood Council

Neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Central Los Angeles
Koreatowns in the United States
Ethnic enclaves in California
Korean-American culture in Los Angeles
Wilshire, Los Angeles

Koreatown, Los Angeles


حسين مزيد عويس هادي الديحاني المطيري، من مواليد 1955، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي.

حياته البرلمانية
شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 في الدائرة السابعة عشر، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 2125 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003 في الدائرة السابعة عشر، وحصل على المركز الأول برصيد 3249 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006 في الدائرة السابعة عشر، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 5541 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في الدائرة الرابعة، وحصل على المركز الثالث عشر برصيد 7345 صوت وخسر الانتخابات. وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2009 في الدائرة الرابعة، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 13388 صوت وفاز الانتخابات

السيرة الذاتية
 دبلوم المعهد التجاري
 ليسانس اداب جامعه دمشق
 مراقب عام بلديه الكويت 1984
 مراقب عام محافظات الاحمدي، العاصمة، الجهراء
 مراقب عام الشؤون الادارية بالبلديه
 عضو لجنه التطوير الإداري العليا بفك التشابك بين وزارات الدولة
 عضو اللجنة العليا للتوصيف الوظيفي
 عضو اللجنة العليا لتنميه المهارات القيادية
 محاضر بالهيئة العامة للتعليم التطبيقي والتدريب
 عضو المجلس البلدي 1993
 نائب رئيس المجلس البلدي 1995
 عضو مجلس الامه 1999، 2003، 2006، 2009

مراجع

أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2009
مواليد 1955

حسين مزيد


An Anthurium vomeriforme in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Luis Aloysius, Luigi Sodiro. An Anthurium vomeriforme in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium vomeriforme


Editta Braun (* 25. Mai 1958 in Vöcklabruck, Österreich) ist eine österreichische Choreographin, Bühnentänzerin, Tanzpädagogin sowie Gründerin und Leiterin der Salzburger Tanzkompanie editta braun company.

Leben
Editta Braun wurde als jüngstes von vier Kindern von Margarethe und Martin Braun im oberösterreichischen Salzkammergut geboren. Bereits im Alter von sechs Jahren erhielt sie Unterricht in klassischem Ballett und Klavierspiel und trainierte intensiv Kunstturnen (oberösterreichische Landesmeisterin bei den Jungturnerinnen 1974).

Von 1976 bis 1982 studierte sie an der Universität Salzburg Sportwissenschaften und Germanistik, engagierte sich in der Studentenpolitik und schloss ihr Studium mit Arbeiten zu den Themen "Sport an Alternativschulen" und "Kunst ist lamentieren, alles bezweifeln, was keine Frage ist – Maria Erlenbergers Werk aus feministischer Sicht" ab. 1983 trat sie ihre Tanzausbildung an: in Paris vorwiegend in der École Peter Goss und in New York im Studio Eleo Pomare. Darüber hinaus prägte sie der Tanzunterricht bei Cristina Caprioli, Sônia Mota und Germaine Acogny sowie Schauspielunterricht (Method Acting) bei Walter Lott. Stilistisch wurde sie außerdem beeinflusst durch ein von der SZENE Salzburg initiiertes Tanzprojekt mit Wim Vandekeybus, wo sie ihre Kunstturntechnik mit zeitgenössischem, sportlich geprägtem Tanz zu verbinden lernte.

Den Impuls, sich dem Zeitgenössischen Tanz zuzuwenden, hatte die Begegnung mit dem Werk von Pina Bausch bei einer Aufführung in Wien 1980 gegeben.

Künstlerische Laufbahn

1982 gründete Editta Braun gemeinsam mit Beda Percht das "Kollektiv Vorgänge", das 1986 mit Lufus den damals international begehrtesten Choreographiepreis von Bagnolet gewann (ex equo mit Saburo Teshigawara).

1989 gründete sie in Salzburg die editta braun company, mit der sie seither jährlich mindestens ein abendfüllendes Tanzstück erarbeitet und international tourt. Ihre Tanzstücke wurden bzw. werden in zahlreichen Ländern Europas, Afrikas und Asiens bei renommierten Festivals aufgeführt und gewannen zahlreiche Auszeichnungen.

Im Bereich Tanzverfilmung arbeitete Braun bereits früh u. a. mit Othmar Schmiderer, Wolfram Paulus und Hannes Klein zusammen. 1993 entstand unter der Regie Othmar Schmiderers der Kurzfilm "Collision", der 1995 mit der Bronzemedaille beim New York Film Festival ausgezeichnet wurde. 2022 holte sie gemeinsam mit dem Fotografen und Werbefilmmacher Menie Weissbacher im Kurzfilm LUVOS migrations die befremdlichen Luvos-Wesen aus ihrem Körperillusionstheater auf die Leinwand.

Lehre
Von 1980 bis 2021 lehrte Editta Braun am Interfakultären Fachbereich für Sport- und Bewegungswissenschaften der Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg akrobatisch-turnerische und gymnastisch-tänzerische Bewegungsformen sowie Afrikanischen Tanz und Modern Dance am Universitätssportinstitut Salzburg (USI). Seit 1997 unterrichtet sie am Institute for Dance Arts der Anton Bruckner Privatuniversität in Linz (Österreich) Zeitgenössischen Tanz, Physical Theater, Choreographie, Improvisation und professionelle Strategien.

Von 1992 bis 1997 arbeitete sie als Dozentin bei ImPulsTanz Wien (vormals Internationale Tanzwochen Wien) und von 1994 bis 1997 als Auftragschoreographin für die Ballettschule der Wiener Staatsoper. 2006 betreute sie das Jugendprojekt "wintertime" am Festspielhaus St. Pölten.

Im Rahmen ihrer Lehrtätigkeiten entwickelte Editta Braun eine spezifische Improvisationstechnik, bei der Schauspiel und zeitgenössischer Tanz zu "Physical Theater" verbunden werden.

Stil und Arbeitsweise

Editta Brauns Tanzstücke besitzen durchweg einen expressiven, theatralen Stil, welcher ihnen einen unverwechselbaren Charakter verleiht. Humor und Pathos liegen dabei oft dicht beieinander, immer auch verwoben mit einem entschieden gesellschaftskritischen Engagement.

Der besondere Stil der Tanztheaterstücke Editta Brauns ergibt sich auch durch die besondere Arbeitsweise der Choreographin im schöpferischen Schaffensprozess:

Editta Braun ist Tänzerin, Choreografin, Künstlerin, mag sein eine "grande dame", vielleicht auch eine "wilde Hummel", wie andere sagen… vor allem anderen aber ist sie ein Mensch. Als Mensch arbeitet sie mit Menschen und für Menschen. Was banal klingt, ist wesentlich. Ist zentral für sie, für ihr schöpferisches Arbeiten und für die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit. Menschlichkeit macht das Wesen ihrer Arbeit aus und prägt das Resultat, das – ganz menschlich – übrigens nie fertig ist, nie wirklich "Resultat" und damit Objekt, sondern immer im Werden, Projekt.

Charakteristisch für die kreative Arbeit von Editta Braun ist die enge Zusammenarbeit mit Komponisten, Live-Musikern sowie Künstlern außerhalb Österreichs. Prägend war in frühen Jahren insbesondere die Zusammenarbeit mit dem französischen Tänzer und Choreographen Jean-Yves Ginoux, mit dem ägyptischen Regisseur Mahmoud Aboudoma sowie mit dem legendären Jean Babilée. Mit ihm entstand 1993/94 in Paris und Salzburg das Tanztheaterstück "La vie, c'est contagieux":

Auf der Bühne viele kleine Lampen, ein gemütliches Sofa und eine Komposition aus biederen Lampenschirmen. Sonst nichts als ein Vater, der mit den verschiedenen Stadien seiner Tochter konfrontiert wird. Zuerst die 13-Jährige, spielerisch, temperamentvoll, individuell, aber in seinen Schritten wandern – Arm in Arm. Dann die 22-Jährige, erwachsen werdend. Stark und doch nicht unabhängig. Die erste Liebe ist, wie die folgenden, geprägt von der Vater-Figur. Bei der 33-Jährigen noch immer.

Seit 1996 ist die Entstehung ihrer Stücke eng mit der Musik des Komponisten und Musikers Thierry Zaboitzeff verbunden, mit dem sie auch zusammenlebt.

Eine der international erfolgreichsten Produktionen und allgemein wohl eines der am häufigsten aufgeführten Stücke ist Luvos, vol.2. Der "Dauerbrenner" (Ditta Rudle 2008) entstand als Weiterentwicklung zum Stück Lufus (s. o.) 2001 in Salzburg und begründet mit diesem eine Reihe innovativen, rein weiblichen Körperillusionstheaters aus mittlerweile sieben Stücken Editta Brauns, zu der außerdem planet LUVOS (2012), Close Up (2015) bzw. Close Up 2.0 (2017), Fanghoumé (2019) und Hydráos (2020) gehören. In dieser Reihe führt Editta Braun mit ihrer Company eine kontinuierliche Recherche zur visuellen Überwindung der Körpergrenzen.

Die "Luvos"-Reihe
In den mittlerweile sieben Stücken aus der Luvos-Reihe, von Lufus des Kollektivs Vorgänge (Uraufführung 1985) bis zu Hydráos (2020) schlägt sich die kontinuierliche Recherche Editta Brauns und ihrer Company zur visuellen Überwindung der Körpergrenzen durch ein innovatives Körperillusionstheater nieder. LUVOSmove® ist die geschützte Bezeichnung für die von editta braun company über mehr als zwei Jahrzehnte hinweg entwickelte, sehr spezielle und rein weibliche Körpersprache, die seit einem Kolloquium 2021 an der Anton Bruckner Universität Linz auch wissenschaftlich erforscht wird. Mit dem Kurzfilm LUVOS migrations (2022) wird die Luvos-Ästhetik neuerdings auch im Film genutzt.

Luvos, vol.2 wurde am 18. Juli 2001 im Sommerszene Festival in Salzburg zur Premiere gebracht und zwischen 2001 und 2012 vor insgesamt ca. 15.000 Zusehern aufgeführt. Einige der Stationen waren Jerusalem und Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Nowosibirsk und Moskau, Marseille, Limassol und Nicosia, Brüssel, Tallinn, Kaunas,  Riga, Wien, Salzburg und Linz. Hier feierte auch am 27. September 2012 im Rahmen des Brucknerfests die nächste Version des Luvos-Themas Premiere: planetLUVOS.

Mit der Erforschung dieser besonderen Ästhetik eines rein weiblichen Körpertheaters, das mit dem Aufbau eines regelrechten Luvos-Ensembles von auf dieses Bewegungsrepertoire spezialisierten Tänzerinnen einherging, begibt sich die Company über die Grenzen des herkömmlichen zeitgenössischen Tanzes und auch des Tanztheaters hinaus. Das zeigt auch die Tatsache, dass die Produktionen Luvos, vol.2 (2012) und planetLUVOS (2014) sowie Close Up (2016) zum manipulate-Festival in Edinburgh eingeladen waren. Die Einbeziehung von Live-Musik (Konzertpianistin) in die beiden Close Up-Versionen öffnet die "Luvos"-Reihe darüber hinaus in ein Zusammenspiel synästhetischer Elemente.

Gesellschaftskritisches und ökologisches Engagement
Entstanden aus einem kreativen und zugleich kritischen Impuls der achtziger Jahre, der bis heute trägt, ist Editta Brauns künstlerische Arbeit immer auch dezidiert politisch gewesen. Stücke wie Voyage à Napoli, Luvos, vol. 2, König Artus oder derzeit wohnhaft in machten dies schon in der Wahl der Themen deutlich. schluss mit kunst mit Textbeiträgen u. a. von Kurt Palm und Christian Felber hinterfragte 2011 schmerzhaft den Sinn des Kunstschaffens angesichts von Hunger, Krieg, Umweltzerstörung, Artensterben und wachsender Ungleichheit.

Brauns politischer Ansatz schlägt sich aber auch in einer entschieden interkulturellen Produktionsweise nieder: Wiederholt entwickelte die Choreographin sozial engagierte Projekte vor allem in Asien und Afrika mit Künstlern vor Ort und konfrontierte deren Kultur-, Geschichts- und Sozialidentität mit mitteleuropäischen Traditionen. Zu den so entstandenen Stücken zählen etwa India (1998 in Bangalore und Salzburg), manifest (2002 im Senegal und in Salzburg) und Coppercity 1001 (2007/08 in Alexandria/Ägypten und Salzburg).

Wichtig ist in ihrem Werk auch der feministische Impuls, der Frauenschicksale in den Blick rückt und in jüngster Zeit oft zu ausschließlich weiblichen Besetzungen führt.

Werke

Abendfüllende Stücke
 1989: Die Jagd (Quintett)
 1990: Materialien für Tanz & Musik (Tanz und Live-Musik)
 1991: Collision (Duett mit Jean-Yves Ginoux)
 1991: Bonjour Adieu (Auftragsarbeit für die Luxemburg Dance Company)
 1992: but kind old sun will know... (Tanztheater)
 1993: La vie, c'est contagieux (Tanztheater mit Jean Babilée)
 1994: Voyage à Napoli (Tanz und Rock'n Roll live)
 1995: Titania (Suchbild in Bewegung zu Sisi, Kaiserin von Österreich, Königin von Ungarn; Duett mit Céline Guillaume)
 1996: Im Dschungel des Pianisten (Tanzfabel für junge Gemüter)
 1997: Heartbeat – concerto for dance & music, op. 1 (Duo Musik und Tanz mit dem Musiker und Komponisten Thierry Zaboitzeff)
 1998: India (entstanden in Bangalore, Südindien)
 1999: Miniaturen (Tanz und Live-Musik, Auftragswerk für das Eröffnungsfest der Salzburger Festspiele)
 2000: Nebensonnen (Quartett)
 2001: Luvos, vol. 2 (Quintett, Körperillusionstheater)
 2002: manifest (Schauspiel, Tanz und Martial Arts; entstanden im Senegal)
 2003: Tajine (Improvisationsprojekt mit Tanz, Schauspiel, Live-Musik)
 2004: Eurydike (Symbiose aus drei Sparten zum Theaterstück Eurydike von Barbara Neuwirth)
 2005: oXalis (entstanden in Griechenland und Österreich)
 2006: Eurydike revisited (Auftragsarbeit für das Welttheaterfestival Carnuntum)
 2006: Matches of Time (Tanztheater; entstanden in Italien und Österreich)
 2007: Coppercity 1001 (Schauspiel und Tanz; entstanden in Ägypten und Österreich)
 2008: Wenn ich einmal tot bin, komme ich ins Paradies (Tanz und Livemusik)
 2009: Abseits (Tanztheater; entstanden in Portugal und Österreich)
 2010: König Artus (Tanz und Schauspiel)
 2011: schluss mit kunst (Tanz und Schauspiel)
 2012: planet LUVOS (Tanz und Körperillusionstheater)
 2013: derzeit wohnhaft in (Tanztheater, Solo)
 2014: Paula (Solo)
 2014: instant (surprise performance)
 2015: close up, Klavierkonzert mit Aysedeniz Gökcin und Körpertheater
 2016: LoSt (Tanztheater, Duo)
 2017: Close Up 2.0, Klavierkonzert mit Cécile Thévenot und Körpertheater
 2018: trails, Tanztheater, Quartett unter Verwendung von Bildern aus dem Film Homo Sapiens von Nikolaus Geyrhalter.
 2019: Fanghoumé (Körperillusionstheater)
 2019 Layaz (Tanzduo Urban Dance)
 2020 Hydráos (Körperillusionstheater)
 2020 Hydrolákis (3 Kurzfilme)
 2021 long life (Duo Schauspiel, Tanz)
 2022 NaYmA (Solo)
 2022: LUVOS migrations (Kurzfilm)

Kurzstücke
 1986: Gitter (Solo)
 1986: Passion für Zwei (Duo)
 1987: Lego (Quartett)
 1987: Diva (Duo)
1988: Felis (Trio)
 1988: Steinhof (Solo)
 1991: if I listen to the moment (Auftragsarbeit für die Luxemburg Dance Company)
 1994: Welcome to Salzburg (Auftragsarbeit für die Ballettschule der Wiener Staatsoper)
 1995: Grey Blue Sky (Auftragsarbeit für die Ballettschule der Wiener Staatsoper, 15 min.)
 1996: Tutu. Ça va? (Rock-Ballett, 10 min.)
 1997: Fahrradwerkstatt (Auftragsarbeit für die Ballettschule der Wiener Staatsoper, 9 min.)
 1998: Fish (12 junge Tänzerinnen, 15 min.)
 1998: Fragile (23 junge Tänzerinnen, 20 min.)
 1999: Dornröschen schläft (Auftragsarbeit für die Ballettschule der Wiener Staatsoper, 8 min.)
 2000: Prêt-à-Porter (9 junge Tänzerinnen, 20 min.)
2000: kalt (Auftragsarbeit für Bruckneruni Linz, 20 min.)
 2001: Mozart! (Quartett, 13 min.)
 2002: Zwei Sonnen (Duo, 30 min., Auftragsarbeit für das HumoFestival Taschkent/Usbekistan)
 2003: La Boîte (livemusic & dance, 25 min.)
 2010: Kellerkids (Auftragsarbeit für Bruckneruni Linz, Tanz, 20 min.)
 2011: We are the 99 % (Auftragsarbeit für Bruckneruni Linz, physical theater, 20 min.)

Filme
 1986: Lufus (Regie: Kurt Liwehr, ORF-Kunststücke)
 1986: monaxiá (Regie: Rainer Berson, Tanzfiktion)
 1993: Collision (Regie: Othmar Schmiderer, Tanzfiktion; Bronzemedaille beim New York Film Festival)
 1994: La Vie, c'est contagieux (Regie: Wolfram Paulus, Doku)
 2003: editta braun company at Kaay Fecc Festival in Dakar (Regie: Hannes Klein, Doku für den ORF)
 2007: e.poration (Regie: Hannes Klein, Kurzfilm)
 2022: LUVOS migrations (Regie: Editta Braun & Menie Weissbacher, Kurzfilm)

Preise
 1986: Zweiter Preis und Preis für die Innovativste Choreographie beim Concours Chorégraphique International de Bagnolet in Paris für «Lufus» des Kollektivs Vorgänge
 1995: Bronzemedaille beim New York Film Festival for "Collision", Regie Othmar Schmiderer
 2001: Preis für die beste Regie beim Cairo International Festival for Experimental Theatre für "Nebensonnen"
 2014: Internationaler Preis für Kunst und Kultur der Stadt Salzburg
 2017: Großer Kunstpreis des Landes Salzburg
 2022: Preis für die beste Ensembleperformance, Cairo International Festival for Experimental Theater

Literatur

 Edith Wolf Perez: "Geehrt: Editta Braun". http://www.tanz.at/index.php/magazin/people/1880-geehrt-editta-braun, abgerufen am 18. Mai 2019
 "Editta Braun – Die Rebellin". In: Caroline Kleibel: Bühnen-Frauen. Linz: Fram-Verlag, 2001. S. 45–57.
 Editta Braun: "Levitationen". In: Rudolf Habringer, Josef P. Mautner (Hrsg.): Der Kobold der Träume. Wien: Picus, 2006, S. 157–160.
 Gerti Krawanja: "Die Alphafrau". In: Echo, März 2008, S. 68ff.
 "Großer Kunstpreis des Landes für Editta Braun". Salzburger Nachrichten, 9. Oktober 2017. https://www.sn.at/salzburg/kultur/grosser-kunstpreis-des-landes-fuer-editta-braun-19096552, abgerufen am 19. Mai 2019.
 Österreich tanzt: Geschichte und Gegenwart. Hrsg. von Andrea Amort und Mimi Wunderer-Gosch. Wien: Böhlau, 2001.
 Ditta Rudle: "Eine wilde Hummel". In: Echo 03/2008, S. 68f.
 Tanz Kunst Leben. 20 Jahre editta braun company. Hrsg. von Gerda Poschmann-Reichenau und gestaltet von Bettina Frenzel. Norderstedt: Book on Demand, 2009.

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz von Editta Braun

 Collision

Einzelnachweise

Tänzer (Österreich)
Choreograf (Moderner Tanz)
Österreicher
Geboren 1958
Frau

Editta Braun


An Pterostylis bureaviana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Pterostylis bureaviana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pterostylis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New Caledonia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pterostylis

Pterostylis bureaviana


Hobart ist ein international operierender Hersteller von gewerblicher Spül-, Gar-, Zubereitungs- und Umwelttechnik. Der Hauptsitz der Hobart Corporation befindet sich in Troy (Ohio), USA. Das Unternehmen gehört seit 2001 zum US-Konzern Illinois Tool Works. Sitz der deutschen Niederlassung ist in Offenburg.

Die Geschichte des Unternehmens reicht bis zur Erfinderin der Geschirrspülmaschine, Josephine Cochrane, zurück. 1883 gründete Charles Clarence Hobart eine Motorenfabrik in Middletown (Ohio). 1886 wurden dort die ersten Geschirrspülmaschinen hergestellt. Später übernahm Hobart Cochranes Unternehmen. 1930 eröffnete Hobart die erste deutsche Niederlassung in Hamburg.

Mit weiteren Tochterfirmen und Beteiligungen bietet Hobart eine umfangreiche Produktpalette an Spül-, Gar-, Zubreitungs- und Umwelttechnik für Großküchenbetriebe und die Lebensmittelfertigung an. Für den deutschen Markt stellt das Unternehmen heute hauptsächlich Geschirrspülmaschinen für Verpflegungsbetriebe her. Dieses Produktangebot reicht von kleinen Untertisch-spülmaschinen für den Thekenbetrieb bis hin zu vollautomatisierten Bandspülanlagen für Großkantinen, Mensen oder Kliniken.

Die Hobart GmbH ist nach eigenen Angaben weltweiter Marktführer in der gewerblichen Spültechnik. Die Hobart-Gruppe hat Zweitniederlassungen in über 60 Ländern, beschäftigt weltweit über 6900 Mitarbeiter, davon fast 1000 in Deutschland.

Der Gesamtumsatz der Hobart-Gruppe lag 2017 bei	1,49 Mrd. US-Dollar.

Weblinks
 Website der deutschen Hobart GmbH
 Website der Hobart Corp. USA

Einzelnachweise

Maschinen- und Gerätehersteller
Unternehmen (Miami County, Ohio)
Troy (Ohio)

Hobart (Unternehmen)


Pantalonașii se poartă uscați este un film românesc din 1957 regizat de Bob Călinescu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1957 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1957
Filme de animație
Filme regizate de Bob Călinescu

Pantalonașii se poartă uscați