In economics, a complementary good is a good whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. Technically, it displays a negative cross elasticity of demand and that demand for it increases when the price of another good decreases. If  is a complement to , an increase in the price of  will result in a negative movement along the demand curve of  and cause the demand curve for  to shift inward; less of each good will be demanded. Conversely, a decrease in the price of  will result in a positive movement along the demand curve of  and cause the demand curve of  to shift outward; more of each good will be demanded. This is in contrast to a substitute good, whose demand decreases when its substitute's price decreases.

When two goods are complements, they experience joint demand - the demand of one good is linked to the demand for another good. Therefore, if a higher quantity is demanded of one good, a higher quantity will also be demanded of the other, and vice versa. For example, the demand for razor blades may depend on the number of razors in use; this is why razors have sometimes been sold as loss leaders, to increase demand for the associated blades. Another example is that sometimes a toothbrush is packaged free with toothpaste. The toothbrush is a complement to the toothpaste; the cost of producing a toothbrush may be higher than toothpaste, but its sales depends on the demand of toothpaste.

All non-complementary goods can be considered substitutes. If  and  are rough complements in an everyday sense, then consumers are willing to pay more for each marginal unit of good  as they accumulate more . The opposite is true for substitutes: the consumer is willing to pay less for each marginal unit of good "" as it accumulates more of good "".

Complementarity may be driven by psychological processes in which the consumption of one good (e.g., cola) stimulates demand for its complements (e.g., a cheeseburger). Consumption of a food or beverage activates a goal to consume its complements: foods that consumers believe would taste better together. Drinking cola increases consumers' willingness to pay for a cheeseburger. This effect appears to be contingent on consumer perceptions of these relationships rather than their sensory properties.

Examples

An example of this would be the demand for cars and petrol. The supply and demand for cars is represented by the figure, with the initial demand . Suppose that the initial price of cars is represented by  with a quantity demanded of . If the price of petrol were to decrease by some amount, this would result in a higher quantity of cars demanded. This higher quantity demanded would cause the demand curve to shift rightward to a new position . Assuming a constant supply curve  of cars, the new increased quantity demanded will be at  with a new increased price . Other examples include automobiles and fuel, mobile phones and cellular service, printer and cartridge, among others.

Perfect complement

A perfect complement is a good that must be consumed with another good. The indifference curve of a perfect complement exhibits a right angle, as illustrated by the figure. Such preferences can be represented by a Leontief utility function.

Few goods behave as perfect complements. One example is a left shoe and a right; shoes are naturally sold in pairs, and the ratio between sales of left and right shoes will never shift noticeably from 1:1.

The degree of complementarity, however, does not have to be mutual; it can be measured by the cross price elasticity of demand. In the case of video games, a specific video game (the complement good) has to be consumed with a video game console (the base good). It does not work the other way: a video game console does not have to be consumed with that game.

Example
In marketing, complementary goods give additional market power to the producer. It allows vendor lock-in by increasing switching costs. A few types of pricing strategy exist for a complementary good and its base good:

Pricing the base good at a relatively low price - this approach allows easy entry by consumers (e.g. low-price consumer printer vs. high-price cartridge)
Pricing the base good at a relatively high price to the complementary good - this approach creates a barrier to entry and exit (e.g., a costly car vs inexpensive gas)

Gross complements
Sometimes the complement-relationship between two goods is not intuitive and must be verified by inspecting the cross-elasticity of demand using market data.

Mosak's definition states "a good of  is a gross complement of  if  is negative, where  for  denotes the ordinary individual demand for a certain good." In fact, in Mosak's case,  is not a gross complement of  but  is a gross complement of . The elasticity does not need to be symmetrical. Thus,  is a gross complement of  while  can simultaneously be a gross substitutes for .

Proof
The standard Hicks decomposition of the effect on the ordinary demand for a good  of a simple price change in a good , utility level  and chosen bundle  is

If  is a gross substitute for , the left-hand side of the equation and the first term of right-hand side are positive. By the symmetry of Mosak's perspective, evaluating the equation with respect to , the first term of right-hand side stays the same while some extreme cases exist where  is large enough to make the whole right-hand-side negative. In this case,  is a gross complement of . Overall,  and  are not symmetrical.

Effect of price change of complementary goods

 Substitute good

References

Goods (economics)
Utility function types

Complementary good


Broadcasting & Cable es una revista sobre comercios en la industria de televisión, publicada por NewBay Media. Sus nombres anteriores incluyeron Broadcasting-Telecasting, Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising, y Broadcasting. Broadcasting fue publicada de frecuencia bisemanal hasta enero de 1941, y de manera semanal a partir de entonces.

Historia
Broadcasting era fundada en Washington D. C. por Martin Codel, Sol Taishoff, y Harry Shaw (el último siendo el presidente anterior de la National Association of Broadcasters), y su primera edición fue publicada el 15 de octubre de 1931. Originalmente, Shaw fue el publicador, Codel fue el editor, y Taishoff fue el editor gerente, pero cuando Shaw jubiló, Codel se convirtió en el publicador, y Taishoff asumió el cargo de editor jefe. (Taishoff había sucedido Codel escribiendo la columna radiofónica para la Consolidated Press Association, ambos hombres usando el seudónimo "Robert Mack"; los dos unieron mientras cubrir la radio en Washington.) Los hombres operaron bajo el nombre corporativo de Broadcasting Publications, Inc., pero después de la salida de Shaw, la compañía pertenecía a Codel, Taishoff, y sus esposas. Codel dejó la revista en enero de 1943 para trabajar en relaciones públicas para la Cruz Roja en la Campaña en África del Norte durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero permaneció en la mancheta como publicador hasta junio de 1944, punto en el cual Taishoff y su esposa compró la interés de los Codels en la revista. Taishoff luego asumió el puesto de publicador en adición a él de editor.

Broadcasting fusionó con Broadcast Advertising en 1932, con The Broadcast Reporter en 1933, y con Telecast en 1953. El título se cambió a Broadcasting-Telecasting comenzando con la edición del 26 de noviembre de 1945; Telecasting fue retirado de la portada de la revista el 14 de octubre de 1957, pero permaneció en la mancheta hasta el 5 de enero de 1959. Se mantuvo el título Broadcasting desde entonces hasta los años 1990, cuando el nombre Broadcasting & Cable se acuñó.

En 2009, Reed Business Information vendió Broadcasting & Cable, junto con TWICE y Multichannel News, a NewBay Media, que permanece como el propietario actual hasta la fecha.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Revistas de comercio
Revistas de televisión

Broadcasting & Cable


La  est l'une des quatre circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Nagasaki au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La deuxième circonscription de la préfecture de Nagasaki regroupe les villes de Shimabara, Isahaya, Unzen et Minamishimabara, le nord de Nagasaki et le district de Nishisonogi.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Deuxième circonscription de la préfecture de Nagasaki


El nudo de Salomón () es el nombre común de un motivo decorativo tradicional utilizado desde la antigüedad, y que fue adoptado por numerosas culturas. A pesar de su nombre, en realidad se lo clasifica como un eslabón, y no es un nudo verdadero de acuerdo a las definiciones de la teoría matemática de los nudos.

Estructura
El nudo de Salomón consiste de dos lazos cerrados, los cuales se encuentran dos veces entrelazados de manera intercalada. Es decir, si se lo coloca sobre una superficie plana, el nudo de Salomón posee cuatro cruces en los cuales los dos lazos se entrelazan por debajo y por encima del otro (en contraposición con los dos cruces que posee el eslabón de Hopf).

En la mayoría de las representaciones artísticas, las partes de los lazos que en forma alternativa se cruzan son los lados de un cuadrado central, mientras que los cuatro lóbulos se extienden hacia afuera en las cuatro direcciones. Los cuatro lóbulos pueden tener forma oval, cuadrada, o triangular, o pueden tener extremos en forma de formas libres tales como hojas, alas, lóbulos etc.

Véase también
 Lóbulo (arquitectura)
 Esvástica
 Eslabón de Whitehead
 Magistri Comacini

Referencias

Bibliografía
Un estudio detallado sobre el Nudo de Salomón es Seeing Solomon's Knot, With Photographs by Joel Lipton by Lois Rose Rose, Los Angeles, 2005 (official website http://www.StoneandScott.com/solomonsknot.asp ).

 Bain, George. Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction. New York: Dover Publications, 1951, 1973, ISBN 0-486-22923-8, 9780486229232. (Examples and history of Solomon's Knot with many elaborations, pp. 27, 59, 71, 87.)
 Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia, The: Recent Soviet Discoveries. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1981. (Early examples of Solomon's Knot from the Gonur 1 settlement, figure 4, p. 233.)
 Chen, Lydia. Chinese Knotting. Taiwan: Echo Publishing Company, 1981, ISBN 0-8048-1389-2. (Instructions for creating a "flat" or Solomon's Knot, p. 58.)
 Christie's Catalog: The Erlenmeyer Collection of Ancient Near Eastern Stamp Seals and Amulets. London: Christie, Manson & Woods, Auction June 6, 1989. (Cruciform interlace carved stone seal, Ubaid, circa 4500 BCE, Lot 185.)
 Fraser, Douglas and Herbert M. Cole, eds. African Art and Leadership. Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972.
 Cole, Ibo Art and Authority, p. 85.
 Fraser: Symbols of Ashanti Kingship, pp. 143–144.
 Fraser: King's ceremonial stool, personal choices of various African leaders, p,209, p. 215, p. 283, p. 290, p. 318
 Fraser: More attention should be paid to the significance of the Solomon's Knot motif, p. 318.
 Laine, Daniel. African Kings. Berkeley, Toronto: Ten Speed Press, 1991, ISBN 1-58008-272-6. (Two Nigerian chiefs, Oba Oyebade Lipede and Alake of Abeokuta, wear garments with embroidered Solomon's Knots, p. 63.)
 Lusini, Aldo. The Cathedral of Sienna. Sienna, Italy: 1950. (The choir stall, carved 1363 to 1425: photographs of stalls showing variations of Solomon's Knot, plate 49, pp. 20–21.)
 Wolpert, Stuart. "UCLA Chemists Make Molecular Rings in the Shape of King Solomon's Knot, a Symbol of Wisdom," News release from the University of California at Los Angeles, January 10, 2007, http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/UCLA-Chemists-Make-Molecular-Rings-7626.aspx?RelNum=7626.

Enlaces internos

 L4a1 knot-theoretic link on Knot atlas site

Salomon
Artes decorativas
Salomón

Nudo de Salomón


Adelaide Cottage (anteriormente conhecida como Adelaide Lodge ) é uma casa de campo pertencente à monarquia britânica que fica nos terrenos do Castelo de Windsor (Windsor Home Park), no condado inglês de Berkshire.

É, desde agosto de 2022, a residência do Príncipe William, primeiro na linha de sucessão ao trono, e sua família.

Localização
Adelaide Cottage foi construída a leste do Castelo de Windsor, entre a Adelaide Road e o Queen Victoria's Walk, e fica a apenas 10 minutos de caminhada do Castelo de Windsor.

História
Construída em 1831 sob supervisão do arquiteto Jeffry Wyatville para para a Rainha Adelaide (de onde provém seu nome), esposa do rei William IV, a residência já foi chamada de "castamente elegante". A imprensa reportou em 2022 que ela é uma casa "modesta", de apenas quatro quartos.

A residência conta também com duas salas, uma lareira de mármore no estilo greco-egípcio que data da época da regência e um jardim privado e foi toda reformada em 2015.

"Fonte dizem que sonham [William e a esposa] com uma casa "modesta" com jardim para que as crianças possam brincar juntas ao ar livre", reportou o The Sun em junho de 2022.

Peter Townsend, amante da Princesa Margareth, a falecida irmã da Rainha Elizabeth II, residiu na casa com sua família entre 1944 a 1952.

Residência dos Cambridge
Em junho de 2022 surgiram os primeiros rumores de que William, sua esposa Catherine e os três filhos do casal pudessem se mudar para a residência no verão seguinte , o que foi confirmado em 22 de agosto de 2022, quando o Palácio de Kensington enviou um comunicado para os veículos de imprensa. "William e Catherine querem privacidade e um ambiente rural para eles e seus três filhos - George, nove anos, Charlotte, sete, e Louis, quatro anos", reportou a BBC então.

Além desta residência, a família também manterá Anmer Hall, em Norfolk, e um apartamento no Palácio de Kensington, em Londres.

Ver também

 Anmer Hall
 Palácio de Kensington
 Castelo de Windsor
 Frogmore Cottage

Referências

Sumário

Residências reais da Inglaterra
William, Príncipe de Gales
Catherine, Princesa de Gales
Castelo de Windsor

Adelaide Cottage


9564 Jeffwynn este un asteroid care intersectează orbita planetei Marte.

Descriere
9564 Jeffwynn este un asteroid care intersectează orbita planetei Marte. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,32 și o înclinație de 22,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi care intersectează orbita planetei Marte
Centura de asteroizi
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1987

9564 Jeffwynn


An Eleocharis parvula in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johann Jakob Roemer ngan Schult., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Friedrich Link, Bluff, Nees och Johannes Conrad Schauer. An Eleocharis parvula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis parvula


Tirmit mantarı (Lactarius volemus), Russulaceae familyasından yenebilen bir mantar türü. Şapkası 5–15 cm kadar büyüklükte, kuru ve et gibidir, hiçbir zaman yapışkan olmaz. Gençken yarım küre şeklinde tümsek olup olgunlaşınca açılır ve derin olmayan huni şekline dönüşür, üst tarafı düzensiz, dalgalı gibi bir hal alır. Kenarı başlangıçta içeri kıvrıktır, daha sonra düzensiz olarak dalgalı olur. Gençken sarımtırak kahverengi olgunlaşınca kırmızımsı kahverengi olan mantarın iki formu vardır. Kırmızı kahverengi tipi iğne yapraklı ağaç ve kayın ormanlarında yosunlar arasında gelişir, ateş sarısı tipi yalnızca kayın ve meşe ormanlarında bulunur.

Lameller, gençken sarımsı beyaz turuncu, olgunlaşınca sarı açık kahverengidir, dokunulduğunda kahverengi olur. Bol miktarda beyaz sıvıya sahiptir. Oldukça sık olup sap üzerinde az olarak aşağı devam eder. Sapı 12 cm kadar uzunlukta ve oldukça kalın, sağlamdır. Mum gibi bir örtüsü vardır. Şapka ile aynı renkte veya birazcık daha açık, şapka tarafındaki birkaç santimetrelik kısımda sarımsı, diğer kısımlarında kırmızımtırak kahverenktedir. Etli kısmı gençken yumuşak, beyaz, olgunlukta sünger gibi, katı ve açık sarıdır, daha sonra yavaş yavaş kahverengi lekelilik kazanır. Spor izi çok açık kırmızımtırak sarıdır.

Temmuz ve Eylül arasında yapraklı ağaç meşçerelerinde bilhassa kayın ormanlarında ve sınırlarında, bazen çam meşçerelerinde gelişir. Badem gibi hoş bir tadı, balık gibi kokusu vardır. Kolay tanınabilen bir mantardır, bol miktarda çıkarılan beyaz sıvısı ile iyi ayırt edilebilir, renk değiştirmez ve balık kokusundadır. Taze mantar kesildiği zaman bol miktarda beyaz sıvısı akar, kuru ve yaşlı örneklerde bu özellik yoktur. Salamura edilmiş balık gibi olan kokusu, mantar yaşlandıkça artar.

Yenilebilen iyi bir mantardır, hatta çiğ olarak bile emniyetle yenebilir. Kızartılırken lamelleri yukarı gelecek şekilde tavaya konulmalıdır. Çorbalar için de iyidir. Bununla beraber, tadı çok acı olan ve şapkasının ortasında konik bir çıkıntı bulunan Lactarius rufus ile karıştırılmamalıdır, bu mantar zehirli değildir fakat yenmesi lezzet bakımından tavsiye edilmez. Bir lezzet denemesi yapmak için küçük bir parça çiğ olarak tadılabilir.

Russulaceae
Yenilebilen mantarlar
Asya mantarları
Avrupa mantarları
Orta Amerika mantarları
Kuzey Amerika mantarları
1753'te tanımlanan mantarlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Tirmit mantarı


Amalie Lyhne (født 12. april 1979 i København) er en dansk cand.scient.pol. og har siden november 2017 været skribent for Børsen. Hun er aktiv som foredragsholder og debattør.

Referencer

Personer fra København
Skribenter fra Danmark

Amalie Lyhne


A Methodist local preacher is a layperson who has been accredited by the Methodist Church to lead worship and preach on a frequent basis. With separation from the Church of England by the end of the 18th century, a clear distinction was recognised between itinerant preachers (later, ministers) and the local preachers who assisted them. Local preachers have played an important role in Methodism since the earliest days of the movement, and have also been important in English social history. These preachers continue to serve an indispensable role in the Methodist Church of Great Britain, in which the majority of church services are led by laypeople. In certain Methodist connexions, a person becomes a local preacher after obtaining a license to preach. In many parts of Methodism, such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection, there are thus two different tiers of ministers—licensed preachers and ordained elders.

Historical background

Local preachers have been a characteristic of Methodism from its beginnings as a revival movement in 18th-century England. John Wesley tried to avoid a schism with the Church of England, and encouraged those who attended his revival meetings to attend their parish churches, but they also attended Methodist preaching services which were held elsewhere and met in "classes" (small cell groups). It quickly became necessary to build "preaching houses" where the Methodist meetings could be held. These began to function as alternative churches, often depending on the attitude of the local Anglican clergy.

One such preaching house was The Foundery, which served as Wesley's base in London. In about 1740, Wesley was away on business and had left a young man, Thomas Maxfield, in charge of The Foundery. Since no clergymen were available, Maxfield took it upon himself to preach to the congregation. Wesley was annoyed by this and returned to London in order to confront Maxfield. However, his mother, Susanna Wesley, persuaded him to hear Maxfield out, suggesting that he had as much right to preach as Wesley. Wesley was sufficiently impressed by Maxfield's preaching to see it as God's work and let the matter drop, with Maxfield becoming one of Methodism's earliest lay preachers.

Methodism formally broke with the Anglican church as a result of Wesley's 1784 ordination of ministers to serve in the United States following the American War of Independence. Before the schism, Wesley had as accredited preachers only a handful of fellow Anglican priests who shared his view of the need to take the gospel to the people where they were. Because of their small number, these priests were necessarily itinerant, travelling around the country like Wesley himself. Their travelling pattern, like that used until the mid 20th century by judges, gave rise to the use of the word circuit to describe a group of churches overseen by a single minister; this word is still in use today.

Because of the limited number of ordained ministers he could call on, Wesley appointed local preachers who were not ordained but whom he examined, and whom he felt he could trust to lead worship and preach: though not to minister sacraments.

As the independent Methodist Church developed following the schism and Wesley's death, a pattern was soon established in which ordained ministers, whose number was still limited, were attached for a short period (at first three years, subsequently five, and now more usually seven or more) to a circuit. The circuit minister had pastoral oversight and administered sacraments, but the majority of services were led – and sermons preached – by laypersons. Local preachers would regularly spend a whole day with a local church (called a Society), leading one or more services and undertaking pastoral visiting. Many travelled significant distances in the course of a day, often on foot.

In its essentials, this pattern has remained in British Methodism to the present day. Although by the end of the 19th century most circuits were staffed by several ministers, there were almost always more churches in the circuit than ministers, many of them offering two or three services every Sunday. The need for local preachers has never declined and in many circuits an active local preacher may well be involved in preparing and leading worship on seven or eight occasions in a thirteen-week quarter.

Women as local preachers
Methodism has always acknowledged and valued the ministry of women, a Wesleyan influence going back to Susanna Wesley herself.  In early British Methodism, a number of women served as local preachers (the heroine of George Eliot's Adam Bede is represented as one). Methodism itself was subject to schism giving rise, in England, to several Methodist connexions including the Primitive Methodists and the Bible Christians as well as the majority Wesleyan Methodist Church. The separated denominations went much further than the Wesleyans in making use of women as local preachers and as ordained ministers. In Wesleyan Methodism from 1803, women were restricted to addressing women-only meetings. This restriction meant that women preachers in Wesleyan Methodism found it increasingly difficult to exercise their ministry and even though in 1804 the Wesleyan Conference was very short of male preachers, it would not sanction the use of women. Some women, such as Sarah Mallett, however, ignored this ban. From 1910 the blanket ban was repealed, and from 1918 on, Wesleyan Methodism recruited and deployed women local preachers on exactly the same basis as men. When Methodist Union in England took place in 1932, the ordination of women in the separated denominations ceased until 1971, but the equal status of women as local preachers continued.

Importance of local preachers in English social history

Local preachers have always been required to undergo some form of training and examination – the examination being concerned with their doctrinal orthodoxy as well as with their knowledge of Scripture, and the history and doctrines of the church. Because Methodism had great strength among the lower middle classes and skilled working classes in 19th-century England, training as a local preacher was one of the ways in which intelligent people who had little chance of formal schooling acquired education and an ability at public speaking. Although the church as an institution was by no means politically radical, many of its members were, and the discipline and eloquence of Methodist local preachers found a ready use in the developing labour movement of the later 19th century.

Many of the founders of the trade union movement in Britain were local preachers, including George Loveless, the leader of the Tolpuddle Martyrs.  Local preachers continue to be found in the ranks of the Labour movement: prominent recent examples include George Thomas, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1976 to 1983, Len Murray, General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress from 1973 to 1984, David Hallam Member of the European Parliament 1994 to 1999 and, early in his career, David Blunkett, former Home Secretary.

Discipline, training and accreditation of local preachers today

Local preachers, together with their colleagues in the ordained ministry (presbyters and deacons), are members of the Local Preachers' Meeting of the circuit in which their membership is held. The Preachers' Meeting used to meet quarterly, though in many circuits it is now less often. The Meeting is the body which is responsible for the training and development of local preachers, for their pastoral care in this specific role and also for the discipline (should that be necessary) of its own members. It functions also as a study and fellowship group, and as a focus for continuing development of fully accredited local preachers. The standing of a local preacher, however, is national not local and, for example, is not affected by removal to another church or circuit – though it is always up to the superintendent minister whether any preacher is given any appointments.

Currently, the training for local preachers in Britain consists of a course supported by local tutors, with examination on its content by continuous assessment rather than unseen examination. The course (Worship: Leading and Preaching) is organised on a connexional (national) basis, but all other aspects of the training and examination of preachers are dealt with at the local (circuit) level.

Those offering themselves for training first ask for a note to preach from the superintendent minister of their circuit which is given at his or her sole discretion and reported to the Preachers' Meeting. The new preacher is then listed as On note, begins a course of study and practical training (which takes between two and five years to complete), and begins to accompany an accredited preacher and share in the leadership of worship.

After some months, provided favourable reports are received at the Circuit Preachers' Meeting, they then progress to being On Trial. Local Preachers On Trial still work at first with an experienced preacher, but in due course they progress to leading worship on their own. The Preachers' Meeting continues to appoint preachers and other local officers to audit their services, make reports and offer guidance. The Meeting carries out an oral doctrinal examination at the beginning of training, at intermediate points, and before the final acceptance of the candidate as an accredited preacher. The candidate must also give an account of their Call to Preach, and are expected to have knowledge of some of the most important of the Sermons of the Rev. John Wesley. Final admission as a Local Preacher is referred to as being fully accredited or received onto full plan, the Circuit Plan being the schedule of preaching appointments for the circuit. The decision is formally ratified by the Circuit Meeting before it is put into effect. A Service of Recognition is held, often within the context of a principal act of worship.

All candidates for ordination as a presbyter in the Methodist Church in Great Britain (as well as the Methodist Church in Ireland) are required to be admitted as local preachers before they can be accepted as candidates or begin their training.

Local preachers and the liturgy

Compared to lay people in some other denominations, Methodist local preachers are accorded significant authority over the progress of a service, for which they are seen as having overall responsibility, rather than just delivering the sermon. A local preacher may, at his or her discretion, do a number of different things:

create the order of service;
omit or include any part of the order of service;
determine which Bible readings are to be included, which may – but need not – be selected from those defined in the lectionary;
involve other people in the preparation and leading of the worship

Increasingly, in British Methodism, local preachers accept guidance from the churches to which they go, for example in regular or seasonal local elements of liturgy, or in using those nominated in a rota of readers or prayer leaders. A relatively recent development is the appointment of Worship Leaders who are members of the local church and authorised to share in the leading of worship there. All preachers and worship leaders are offered additional resources for shaping worship and preaching by their own charity, the Leaders of Worship and Preachers' Trust (LWPT) which publishes a quarterly journal (Ichthus) and has its own website.

Local preachers worldwide
The institution of local preachers spread from the original Wesleyan Methodist church to the other Methodist denominations that developed in Britain; and from Britain to Methodist churches in other countries, particularly those that were founded or supported by the UK Methodist church, such as the churches in India, Australia, New Zealand, the Caribbean, Fiji, and many countries in Africa.  The title of "local preacher" was used historically in several Methodist denominations in North America, and local preachers there had the right to marry and bury people (though not to administer Communion) as well as to lead worship.  But the role has more or less vanished from America to-day.  Although the modern US United Methodist Church recognises an order of "lay speakers", they do not have the authority or the responsibility for leading worship in the same way as a local preacher in Britain.  Within the last decade, the United Methodist Church began an order called "local pastors," who are appointed by a bishop to serve in one local charge.

Lay preaching in other denominations
Although Methodism has probably organised the institution of local preaching more thoroughly than any other denomination, lay preachers are used by many other churches.  The other Nonconformist churches in Britain have long had similar arrangements, and the Church of England now makes considerable use of "lay readers". However Anglican lay readers, and indeed the lay preachers of other denominations, have never quite enjoyed the status within their own churches, or the recognition beyond them, that are associated with the Methodist local preacher.

References

Further reading

External links
Local preachers – Methodist.org.uk

Methodism in the United Kingdom
Preachers
Preachers

Methodist local preacher


Aero Chord (né Alex Vlastaras le ) est un producteur de musique et DJ grec qui produit principalement du Trap.

Début
Aero Chord parle des origines de son nom lors d'une interview :

Carrière
Aero Chord sort plusieurs morceaux de musique sur différents labels tel que Monstercat, NoCopyrightSounds.

Accusations
Le , le chanteur et producteur de disques britannique MYLK l'accuse de harcèlement sexuel qui remonterait à 2014. À la suite des accusations, Monstercat met en conséquence fin à tous les liens avec Vlastaras.

A  la suite d'une plainte deposee contre Aero Chord par MYLK ,il a été entendu le 9 septembre par la police a Manchester Aucune charge n'ayant été retenue contre lui ,  il a été  remis en liberté le jour même sans autre future poursuite.No Further Action

Discographie

Publications Monstercat

Singles
 Aero Chord – Surface (23. avril 2014) — #23 sur Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists
 Aero Chord - Boundless (7. octobre 2014)
 Aero Chord - Break Them (feat. Anna Yvette) (24. novembre 2014)
 Aero Chord – Saiko (18. mai 2015)
 Razihel & Aero Chord – Titans (22. juin 2015)
 Aero Chord – 4U (3. août 2015)
 Aero Chord & Klaypex - Be Free (25. novembre 2015)
 Aero Chord - Resistance (17. janvier 2017)
 Wolfgang Gartner & Aero Chord – Borneo (7. avril 2017)
 Aero Chord - Drop It (12. juillet 2017)
 Aero Chord - Shadows (feat. Névé) (27. février 2018)
 Aero Chord - Play Your Part

Love & Hate EP (14. octobre 2016)

 Aero Chord - The 90's
 Aero Chord - Wanchu Back
 Aero Chord - Kid's Play
 Aero Chord x Tylor Maurer – Gone
 Aero Chord x Fractal - Until The End (feat. Q'Aila)

Remixes
 Télévision—Old Skool (27. Septembre 2013)
 SCNDL - La Munsta (17. juin 2014)
 Excision & Pegboard Nerds - Bring The Madness (feat. Maire Apeshit) (23. mars 2015)

Autres chansons

Singles
 Aero Chord – Warrior of the Night
 Aero Chord x GAWTBASS – Secret
 Aero Chord – Ricochet
 Aero Chord – Chord Splitter
 Aero Chord – Warfare
 Aero Chord – BLVDE
 Aero Chord feat. DDARK – Shootin' Stars [NCS Release]
 Aero Chord – Time Leap [NCS Release]
 Aero Chord – Prime Time
 Aero Chord – Mortar
 Aero Chord x Yuki - No Half Steppin'
 Aero Chord – Android Talk
 Aero Chord – Fight Theme
 Aero Chord – Ctrl Alt Destrucion
 Aero Chord – Battle Cry
 Aero Chord – By My Hand
 Aero Chord – Mechanical Mayhem
 Aero Chord – Bouzouki
 Aero Chord – Barracuda
 Aero Chord – Heart Attack
 Aero Chord & Anuka – Incomplete [NCS Release]
 Aero Chord & Danyka Nadeau – Attention
 Aero Chord & Kirsten Collins – Confession
 Aero Chord & Norman Perry – SVNSET

Remixes
 Bro Safari - "Scumbag" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Major Lazer x DJ Snake feat. MØ - "Lean On" (bootleg Aero Chord)
 Jack U feat. Bunji Garlin - "Jungle Bae" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Jessie J feat. 2 Chainz - "Burnin' Up" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Revolvr et Genesis, avec Splitbreed - "Unstoppable" (Aero Chord remix)
 LeKtriQue et Seek N Destroy - "Atomic" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Calvin Harris - "Summer" (bootleg Aero Chord)
 Knife Party - "LRAD" (remix karnivalstep d'Aero Chord)
 The Pitcher - "Savor Time" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Martin Garrix & Firebeatz - "Hélicoptère" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 The Chainsmokers - "Selfie" (le dub flip d'Aero Chord)
 Krewella - "Live for the Night" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Botnek & 3LAU - "Vikings" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Bang La Decks - "Utopia" (remix trap du festival d'Aero Chord)
 Pegboard Nerds - "20K" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Showtek & Noisecontrollers - Get Loose (Quand le rythme baisse) [Aero Chord remix]
 Alex Balog feat. Edward McEvenue - "Never Stop" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Protohype - "Fly" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Diamond Pistols feat. Anna Yvette - "Twerk" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Dada Life - "Bass Don't Cry" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Dada Life - "Kick Out The Epic Mother ** cker" (remix censuré d'Aero Chord)
 Dada Life - "So Young So High" (remix Trapped Out d'Aero Chord)
 Dada Life - "Arrive Beautiful Leave Ugly" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Frère Safari x OVNI ! – « Drama » (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike vs Dvbbs & Borgeous - "STAMPEDE" (bootleg du festival trap d'Aero Chord)
 Pegboard Nerds & Tristam - "Razor Sharp" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 W&W - "Thunder" (remix de trap du festival Aero Chords)
 Astronaute - "Apollo" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Zomboy - "Vancouver Beatdown" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Au-dessus et au-delà de l'exploit. Zoë Johnston - "Fly To New York" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Justin Bieber - "Qu'est-ce que tu veux dire" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Exploit GTA. Sam Bruno - "Lèvres rouges" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Pegboard Nerds & Nghtmre feat. Krewella - "Superstar" (remix d'Aero Chord)
 Kodak Black feat. Travis Scott & Offset - "ZEZE" (Aero Chord Remix)
 DJ Snake feat. Selena Gomez, Ozuna et Cardi B - "Taki Taki" (remix d'Aero Chord)

Liens externes

Notes et références

Musicien grec de musique électronique
Pseudonyme
Disc jockey grec
Producteur de musique électronique
Naissance en novembre 1991

Aero Chord


السوامير إحدى قرى فلسطين المهجرة بعد حرب 1948.

نبذة تاريخية وجغرافية
تقع إلى الجنوب من مدينة حيفا وتبعد عنها 22كم وترتفع 50 م عن سطح البحر، بلغ عدد سكانها عام 1931 (1439) نسمة مع عين غزال. سقطت القرية في يد الصهاينة في 23-5-1948. يقع جزء من مستعمرة «عوفر» التي أقيمت سنة 1950 على أراضي القرية.

القرية اليوم
يشاهد حطام حائطين (كانا جزءا من أحد الأبنية) في الموقع الذي بات مسيجا بأسلاك شائكة. وينتشر شجر الصنوبر على رقعة واسعة من الموقع. وتتبعثر أشجار الرمان والتين ونبات الصبار في أرجائه. يستعمل المزارعون الإسرائيليون الأراضي الساحلية المحيطة لزراعة الخضروات، والفاكهة، ولا سيما الموز.

المستعمرات الصهيونية على اراضي القرية

في سنة 1949 أنشئت مستعمرة عين أيالا إلى الغرب من موقع القرية، وعلى أراضي قرية كفر لام. وقد زرع الغرب من موقع القرية، على أراضي قرية كفر لام. وقد زرع سكانها الأراضي الساحلية المتاخمة للقرية، ويقع جزء من مستعمرة عوفر التي أنشئت في سنة 1950 على أراضي القرية، والجزء الآخر على أرض كانت تابعة لقرية عين غزال.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة المدن والقرى الفلسطينية التي طرد منها سكانها خلال حرب 1948

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء حيفا
مقالات تتضمن معلومات من موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

السوامير (حيفا)


Litla Narøyna est une île dans le landskap Sunnhordland du comté de Vestland. Elle appartient administrativement à Øygarden.

Géographie

Rocheuse et désertique, à l'ouest de Stora Narøyna, elle s'étend sur environ  de longueur pour une largeur approximative de . Elle est partagée en deux gros blocs.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des îles de Hordaland

Liens externes

 Fiche descriptive

Île de Vestland

Litla Narøyna


1854 අර්ථ දැක්වීම

ඔහුගේ 1854 චරිතාපදානයේ දී ක්ලවුසියස් පළමුව අභ්‍යන්තර කාර්යය බාහිර කාර්යය යන සංකල්පය ගොඩ නඟන ලදී. තරලයක හෝ වායුවක ක්‍රියාත්මක වන ප්‍රදේශය මත ක්‍රියා කරන මෙය අපේක්ෂිත පරිදි ක්‍රියාත්මක වනුයේ පිස්ටනයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමය. "ඔහු විසින් අභ්‍යන්තර කාර්යය හා බාහිර කාර්යය හඳුන්වා දුන්නේ පිළිවෙලින් " වස්තුවෙහි වූ පරමාණු එකිනෙක මත බලය යොදවන දෙය" හා "වස්තුව නිරාවරණය වී ඇති බාහිර බල ජැටිවලින් මතුවන දේ" පරිදිය. ඉන්පසුව ඔහු විසින් Q බෙදිය හැකි තාප වර්ග සාකච්ඡා කළේය.

1.	සත්‍ය වශයෙන්ම වස්තුව තුළ වූ තාපය ඉහල නැංවීමට යෙදෙන තාපය

2.	අභ්‍යන්තර කාර්යය නිපදවීමට යෙදවෙන තාපය

3.	බාහිර කාර්යය නිපදවීමට යෙදවෙන තාපය

මෙම තර්කය මත ගොඩ නැගෙමින් හා ප්‍රථම මූලික ප්‍රමේයය ගණිතමය ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම අනුගමනය කරමින් ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් එන්ට්‍රොපියේ ප්‍රථම ගණිතමය සූත්‍රකරණය ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. කෙසේ නමුත් ඒ දිනවල ඔහුගේ සිද්ධාන්තවල දියුණු වීම් එය හඳුන්වන ලද්දේ "තුල්‍යතා අගය ලෙසය. එමනිසා එය වඩාත් සම්බන්ධ ලෙස යනුයේ එක කාලය තුළ වර්ධනය වෙමින් පැවති තාපයේ යාන්ත්‍රික තුල්‍යතාවයටය. ඔහු කියා සිටියේ,

තාපයේ යාන්ත්‍රික සිද්ධාන්තයේ දෙවන මූලික ප්‍රමේයය මෙලෙස පැහැදිලිව ප්‍රකාශ කළ හැක. පරිවර්තන දෙකක්, වෙනත් ස්ථිර වෙනස් වීම් අවශ්‍ය නැතිව අන්‍යෝන්‍ය වශයෙන් එකිනෙක ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය හැකි නම් ඒවා තුල්‍ය යයි කියනු ලැබේ. එවිට උෂ්ණත්වයේ දී කාර්යයෙන් Q  තාප ප්‍රමානයක් උත්පාදනය වීම සඳහා පහත තුල්‍ය අගය පවතී,

Q තාප ප්‍රමාණය T1 උෂ්ණත්වයේ සිට T2 උෂ්ණත්වය සංක්‍රමණය වීම සඳහා පහත තුල්‍ය අගය පවතී.

මෙහි T යනු පරිවර්තනය සිදුවන ක්‍රියාවලියේ ස්වභාවයෙන් ස්වාධීන උෂ්ණත්වයේ ශ්‍රිතයකි.

මෙය එන්ට්‍රොපිය ප්‍රථම ගණිතමය සුත්‍රකරණය විය. කෙසේ නමුත් මෙම අවස්ථාවේදීත් අපි දැනට එය දන්නා පරිදි එන්ට්‍රොපිය ලෙස ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් නම් කොට නොතිබිනි. එම නම පැමිණෙන්නට ඇත්තේ ඉදිරි වසර කිහිපය තුළය. නූතන ව්‍යවහාරයේ දී අප මෙම තුල්‍යතා අරය එන්ට්‍රොපිය ලෙස ඒකක අතර S මඟින් සංකේතවත් කරනු ලැබේ. එම නිසා , අපට Q තාප ප්‍රමාණයක් T1 උෂ්ණත්වයේ සිට T2  උෂ්ණත්වයට තරලයක ක්‍රියාත්මක සමූහය හරහා (තාප එන්ජිම බලන්න) සංක්‍රමණය වීම සඳහා එන්ට්‍රොපිය ΔS ඉහත විස්තර කිරීම යෙදා ගෙන ගණනය කළ හැක. එය පහත දක්වා ඇත.

සාදි කාර්නෝට්ගේ තාප එන්ජිමෙහි රූප සටහන 1824 අපි යන පැවතීම කළ හොත්

එවිට පරිවර්තනය සඳහා එන්ට්‍රොපි වෙනස හෝ "තුල්‍යතා අගය"

ආරම්භක
අවසාන

එය     ට සමාන වේ.

Q ඉවතට ගැනීමෙන්, ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න කළ පරිදි පහත ආකාරය ලැබේ.

1856 අර්ථ දැක්වීම

1856 දී ක්ලවුසියස් ඔහු විසින් තාපයේ යාන්ත්‍රික සිද්ධාන්තවල දෙවන නියමය යැයි ඔහු විසින් හඳුන්වන ලද දෙක පහත ආකාරයෙන් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී.

මෙහි N යනු චක්‍රීය ක්‍රියාවලියක ඇතුළත් සියලු හානපූරිත නොවු පරිවර්තනවල තුල්‍යතා අගයයි. මෙම තුල්‍යතා අගය එන්ට්‍රොපියේ පුරෝගාමී ස‍ූත්‍රකරණයකි.

1862 අර්ථ දැක්වීම

1862 දී ක්ලවුසියස් ඔහු විසින් "පරිවර්තනවල තුල්‍ය අගයන් සම්බන්ධ ප්‍රමේයය" ලෙස හැඳින්වූ හෝ දැනට තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ දෙවන නියමය ලෙස හඳුන්වන දෙය පහත පරිදි ප්‍රකාශ කිරීය.

චක්‍රීය ක්‍රියාවලියක් සිදුවන සියලු පරිවර්තනවල වීජීය එකතුව ධන පමණක් වේ. ඉතා කලාතුරකින් කිසිවක් නොවිය හැකිය.

ප්‍රමාණාත්මක ලෙස ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් මෙම ප්‍රමේයය සඳහා ගණිතමය සිද්ධාන්තය පහත පරිදි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. යම් වස්තුවකින් එහි සිදුවන වෙනස්වීම් වලදී ඕනෑම සංචිතයකට දෙන ලද තාප ප්‍රමාණය Q ලෙස ගනිමු. මෙහිදී සංචිතයකින් අවශෝෂණය කරගන්නා ලද තාපය සෘණ සෙ සැලකේ. තවද තාපය දෙන අවස්ථාවේ දී වස්තුවේ නිරපේක්ෂ උෂ්ණත්වය T ලෙස ගනිමු. එවිට

යන සමීකරණය සියලු ප්‍රතිවර්ථ චක්‍රීය ක්‍රියාවලිවලට සත්‍ය විය යුතුය. තවද

යන සම්බන්ධය සියලු චක්‍රීය ක්‍රියාවලි මඟින් තෘප්ත විය යුතුය. මෙය දෙවන නියමයේ මුල් කාලීන ඇතිවීමක් වන අතර එන්ට්‍රොපිය පිළිබඳ සංකල්පයේ මුල් ආකාරවලින් එකකි.

1865 අර්ථ දැක්වීම

1865 දී ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් අප්‍රතිවර්ත තාප හානිය හෝ පෙර "තුල්‍යතා අගය" ලෙස හැඳින්වූ දෙයට නමක් දෙන ලදී.

මම පරිවර්තනය (trope)  යන ග්‍රීක වදන් යොදා ගනිමින් S යන රාශිය පද්ධතියේ එන්ට්‍රොපිය ලෙස නම් කරමි. මවිසින් ඉතාමත් ඕනෑකමින් එන්ට්‍රොපිය යන වදන තෝරා ගන්නේ ශක්තිය යන වචනයට හැකිතාක සමීප වන අයුරිනි. භෞතිකව ඉතා ළඟින් සම්බන්ධ වන මෙම දෙකෙහි නම් ලෙස මෙම වචන යොදා ගැනීමෙන් ඒවායේ නම්වල ඇතිවන සමාන බව සුදුසු සේ පෙනේ.

ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් එන්ට්‍රොපිය නිරූපණය කිරීමට S සංකේතය යොදා ගත්තේ ඇයිදැයි පැහැදිලි නොවන නමුත් ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් එය තෝරා S කාර්නොට් ට ගරු කිරීමක් වශයෙන් බවට තර්ක කළ හැක. ක්ලවුසියස් කාර්නොට් ගේ 1824 ලිපිය සඳහා වසම් 15කට වඩා වැඩි කාර්යයන් හා පර්යේෂණ කැප කරන ලදී. ඔහුගේ 1850 මුල් ලිපියේ පළමු පිටුවෙන් "On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be Deduced from it for the Theory of Heat"

ක්ලවුසියස් විසින් කාර්නොට්, තාපය පිළබඳ සිද්ධාන්තවල වඩාත් වැදගත් පර්යේෂකයා ලෙස හඳුන්වා දෙයි.

පසු කාලීන දියුණු වීම්

1876 දී භෞතිකඥ විලර්ඩ් ගිබ්ස්, ක්ලවුසියස් හා හර්මොන් වොන් හෙල්ම් හෝල්ට්ස් වැනි අයගේ කාර්යයන් මත ගොඩ නැගෙමින් තාප ගතික පද්ධතියක ඉතිරි ශක්තිය ΔG පද්ධතියේ මුළු ශක්ති වෙනස් ΔH ගෙන ආකෘති හානිය TΔS අඩු කිරීමෙන් ගණිතමය ගණනය කළ හැකිය දර්ශනය පිහිටුවීය. මෙම සංකල්පය පසුව ජේම්ස් ක්ලාර්ක් මැක්ස්වෙල් (1871)  හා මැක්ස් ප්ලාන්ක් විසින් තවදුරටත් දියුණු කරන ලදී.

එන්ට්‍රොපිය තාප ගතිකව උෂ්ණත්වයට ප්‍රතිබද්ධ යැයි පැවසෙනු ලැබේ.

එ‍න්ට්‍රොපිය හා කාර්යය කිරීමට සහභාගී නොවන පද්ධතියේ අභ්‍යන්තර ශක්තිය අතර වැදගත් සම්බන්ධතාවක් තිබේ. පද්ධතිය විසින් ΔE ශක්තිය මුදා හරින හා එහි එන්ට්‍රොපිය ΔS කින් පහත වැටෙන ඕනෑම ක්‍රියාවලියක දී අඩුම තරමින් TR ΔS තාප ප්‍රමාණයක් වත් භාවිතා නොකළ තාපය ලෙස අවට පරිසරයට මුදා හැරේ. (TR යනු පද්ධතියේ බාහිර වටපි‍ටාවේ උෂ්ණත්වයයි. මෙය පද්ධතියේ පවතින උෂ්ණත්වයට සමාන නොවිය හැක.

තාප ගති විද්‍යාව ප්‍රතිබද්ධ විචල්‍ය
. පීඩනය

. පරිමාව

. (ආතතිය)	(විතතිය)

. උෂ්ණත්වය

. එන්ට්‍රොපිය

. රසායනික විභවය

. අංශු සංඛ්‍යාව.

ඓතිහාසික අර්ථ දැක්විම් එන්ට්‍රොපිය


Jamestown: Legend of the Lost Colony (Jamestown: La leyenda de la colonia perdida, en español) es un videojuego de estilo matamarcianos con scroll vertical, desarrollado por Final Form Games en 2011.

La historia es una ucronía de estilo steampunk que se sitúa en Marte. En esta historia alternativa en el siglo XVII, los conquistadores españoles y los marcianos indígenas quieren hacerse con el planeta rojo, que ahora es una colonia británica.

Modos de juego

La mecánica de juego de Jamestown es similar a la de otros juegos del género: manejaremos una de las cuatro naves disponibles (tres de ellas habrá que desbloquearlas con la puntuación obtenida), y cada una de ellas cuenta con un ataque principal y uno secundario diferentes, que pueden verse potenciadas con la habilidad "Vaunt", que puede ser activada cuando se consigue suficiente oro, y además de mayor potencia de ataque crea alrededor de la nave un escudo temporal. Mientras esta habilidad esté activada, aparecerá un multiplicador que otorgará mayor puntuación.

El juego cuenta con varios modos de juego, todos ellos para un solo jugador o con modo multijugador para hasta cuatro jugadores simultáneos de manera local. Estos modos de juego son: el modo historia, en el que tendremos que superar las diferentes fases para ir descubriendo lo que sucede en el planeta Marte; el modo "Gauntlet", un modo historia a superar sin ser abatidos ni una sola vez; y el modo "desafío", una especie de niveles de bonus que desbloqueamos cambiando nuestro oro en la tienda, y que ofrece diferentes retos a superar.

Desarrollo

El juego fue desarrollado durante dos años por el pequeño estudio independiente Final Form Games, financiado con los propios ahorros de los tres fundadores Timothy Ambrogi, Michael Ambrogi y Halsted Larsson. Entre las influencias directas para crear este juego, los desarrolladores nombraron el shooter Progear y las películas animadas de Hayao Miyazaki, en particular Nausicaä del Valle del Viento y El castillo en el cielo.

Expansiones

El 10 de noviembre de 2011 fue lanzado el DLC de pago Gunpowder, trason & plot, que agrega tres nuevas naves y sus pilotos (entre ellos Guy Fawkes, de ahí el título), cada uno con nuevas tipos de ataque.

Humble Indie Bundle 4
El 13 de diciembre de 2011 el juego es incluido en el lanzamiento del cuarto Humble Indie Bundle, que junto a Jamestown incluye otros cuatro juegos: Bit.Trip Runner de Gaijin Games, Super Meat Boy de Team Meat, Shank de Klei Entertainment y NightSky de Nicalis. Pagando más de la media, además, se incluían otros dos juegos: Cave Story + y Gratuitous Space Battles.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Jamestown: Legend of the Lost Colony  Página web oficial del juego
 Jamestown teaser trailer en YouTube

Videojuegos para Windows
Videojuegos para Mac
Videojuegos para GNU/Linux
Videojuegos cooperativos
Videojuegos de 2011
Matamarcianos
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador
Ucronía en los videojuegos

Jamestown: Legend of the Lost Colony


Le centre historique de Pontevedra (Espagne) est le plus vieux quartier de la ville. C'est la deuxième vieille ville la plus importante de Galice après celle de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle et a été déclarée ensemble historico-artistique le 23 février 1951.

Le centre historique possède une grande richesse architecturale et conserve de nombreux vestiges de l'époque médiévale, moderne et contemporaine.

Géographie
Le centre historique de Pontevedra est délimité principalement par les rues qui coïncident avec le tracé de l'ancienne muraille, sa partie nord étant située sur la rive gauche du fleuve Lérez qui traverse la ville. La vieille ville est délimitée par la rue Sierra au nord, la rue Arzobispo Malvar à l'est, la rue Michelena au sud et les rues Cobián Roffignac et Padre Amoedo à l'est. L'Alameda et la Gran Vía de Montero Ríos avec les ruines du couvent Saint-Dominique et les bâtiments institutionnels officiels de la fin du  peuvent être considérés comme une extension du centre historique à l'ouest.

Histoire
C'est probablement au  que la population de Pontevedra a commencé à se regrouper autour des anciens pont et enclave romains. En 1169, le roi Ferdinand II de León lui accorde le statut de ville. La construction du nouveau pont médiéval (aujourd'hui le pont du Bourg) commença et la population s'installa progressivement dans ce qui est aujourd'hui le centre historique.

Pontevedra fut dotée d'une enceinte fortifiée qui se développa en trois étapes successives à partir du noyau originel situé dans les environs de la basilique Sainte-Marie-Majeure, le secteur le plus élevé et le plus facile à défendre. Le plan de la première muraille est celui d'une bastide pré-planifiée, organisée en trois rues parallèles (Platería Vella, Amargura-San Martiño et rues Alta-Sor Lucía) et une transversale centrale correspondant à la partie supérieure de la rue Isabel II.

Au , l'enceinte fortifiée est agrandie en raison de l'essor économique et démographique progressif généré par les privilèges royaux accordés à la ville (en 1229, Alphonse IX lui accorde un privilège exclusif pour le traitement et la distribution du poisson dans tout le royaume, et en 1238, Ferdinand III lui accorde la fabrication de la graisse de sardine). Dans les dernières années du  arrivèrent les ordres mendiants des Dominicains, des Clarisses et des Franciscains, ces derniers construisant leur couvent sur l'autre point haut de la vieille ville, à l'est.

Au , une deuxième phase d'expansion de la muraille a eu lieu, longeant la rue Pasantería et la place de la Herrería jusqu'à sa confluence avec la rue Michelena. Au , l'essor de la ville rend nécessaire une dernière extension de la muraille. En 1452, Jean II de Castille a accordé à Pontevedra le titre de port de chargement et de déchargement de la Galice et, en 1467, Henri IV l'a récompensée en lui donnant l'autorisation d'établir une foire franche annuelle de 30 jours. Il était nécessaire de disposer d'un espace suffisamment large et contrôlé pour organiser la foire (correspondant à l'actuelle Place de la Herrería). Le nouveau mur d'enceinte a été achevé en 1480.

Au , le pouvoir économique de la Guilde des marins a conduit à la construction de la basilique Sainte-Marie-Majeure. Tout au long du , le réseau de rues, de places et de bâtiments a recouvert une partie des espaces vides de l'intérieur des remparts de Pontevedra. En 1719, l'invasion anglaise a causé de gros dégâts à la ville. Au cours de ce siècle, des rénovations urbaines ont été réalisées avec de nouvelles places et rues et de nouveaux édifices religieux ont été construits, comme l'église Saint-Barthélemy et le collège de la Compagnie de Jésus, ainsi que de nouveaux palais urbains comme celui de Mugartegui et le remaniement de celui des comtes de Maceda. À proximité de l'enceinte fortifiée, l'église de la Vierge Pèlerine a été construite en 1792.

Au , la muraille médiévale a été démolie, en commençant en 1852 par la porte Trabancas et en terminant par le tronçon de la rue Rouco et de la rue Cobián Roffignac en 1875. Les  tours archiépiscopales et la forteresse des Churruchaos ont également été démolies et l'hôtel particulier Mendoza a été construit.

Le nouvel hôtel de ville a été construit en 1880, la Place d'Espagne a été aménagée et l'Alameda  (l'ancien verger dominicain) a été agrandie, devant laquelle ont été construits les bâtiments administratifs, siège des institutions de la capitale provinciale, octroyée en 1833. En 1951, le centre historique de Pontevedra a été déclaré ensemble historico-artistique. En 1999, le centre historique devient piétonnier et une profonde rénovation urbaine est menée.

Urbanisme
La Basilique Sainte-Marie-Majeure et le couvent Saint-François marquent les points stratégiques d'ouest en est de la vieille ville sur deux collines. Entre eux, la ville médiévale et son labyrinthe de rues (ruas) et de places médiévales furent façonnées. Les rues ont été structurées autour d'un axe principal qui correspond aux actuelles rues Sarmiento et Isabelle II, et de là, le reste des rues a été divisé, formant un exemple classique de ville médiévale avec un plan en arêtes de poisson, où les rues sont structurées à partir d'un axe central unique sur lequel viennent se greffer les rues secondaires. La Rue Real (rue Royale) traverse une partie de la vieille ville du nord au sud. Entre les rues, le centre historique est parsemé de places aux proportions régulières, carrées ou rectangulaires, avec de nombreuses maisons nobles aux armoiries en pierre, qui aèrent le tissu urbain et lui confèrent de l'élégance.

Le principal espace vert de la vieille ville est celui des jardins Casto Sampedro, annexés à l'église et à l'ancien couvent Saint-François. À l'ouest se trouve le Campillo de Santa María avec les vestiges de l'ancienne muraille et, au sud-ouest de la vieille ville, se trouve l'Alameda de Pontevedra, l'ancien verger des Dominicains.

Lieux et monuments

Places d'origine médiévale
Le centre historique s'organise autour de plusieurs places. Ces places médiévales de la vieille ville de Pontevedra se distinguent comme de petites salles aux proportions régulières et géométriques. Beaucoup d'entre elles évoquent avec leurs noms commerciaux les activités qui y avaient lieu il y a des siècles: place du bois de chauffage, des légumes, de la carrière à pierre, de la forge…
Les places les plus importantes sont : la place de la Verdura, la place de la Herrería, la place de la Leña, la place de Teucros, la place de la Pedreira et la place Méndez Núñez. D'autres places importantes de la vieille ville sont : Cinco Calles, Muelle, Curros Enríquez ou Alonso de Fonseca et en bordure du centre historique: la place de la Peregrina et la place d'Espagne.

Édifices religieux
Les édifices religieux les plus représentatifs de la vieille ville ont été construits par des ordres mendiants (dominicains, franciscains), par la puissante guilde des marins, par les Jésuites et par la confrérie Notre Dame du Refuge et Mère Divine des Pèlerins. Ces edifices sont : les ruines du couvent gothique Saint-Dominique, l'église gothique Saint-François, la basilique gothico-renaissance Sainte-Marie Majeure, l'église baroque Saint-Barthélemy, le collège de la Compagnie de Jésus et l'église baroque de la Vierge Pèlerine. Dans la vieille ville, on trouve également plusieurs chapelles, comme la chapelle du Nazaréen et la chapelle des âmes du purgatoire et le sanctuaire des Apparitions, et à l'extérieur, à quelques mètres à l'est des anciens remparts, se trouve le couvent gothique Sainte-Claire.

Édifices civils
Pontevedra fut un lieu de résidence privilégié de la noblesse et des puissantes familles galiciennes. Aucune ville galicienne n'a une telle richesse en armoiries sur les façades de nombreuses maisons nobles et pazos. Le centre historique compte plus de 200 armoiries sculptées en pierre.

Des édifices civils importants sont: la Maison des Cloches, la maison Vaamonde, la maison du Vieux Courrier, le Palais des Comtes de Maceda, le Pazo des Gago et Monténégro, le Palais de Mugartegui, le Pazo García Flórez, le Pazo Castro Monteagudo, la Maison des Têtes, le Théâtre Principal de Pontevedra et le Liceo Casino, le Pazo du Marquis d'Aranda, l'Hôtel de ville de Pontevedra, l'Hôtel Mendoza, le Palais de la Députation de Pontevedra, le Lycée Valle-Inclán, le Bâtiment de l'association officielle des métreurs et des architectes techniques de Pontevedra, le Marché central de Pontevedra et le Bâtiment Castelao.

Statues
Les statues du centre historique rendent hommage à des personnages importants de l'histoire de la ville: El Fiel contraste, le Monument aux héros de Puente Sampayo ou la statue de Valle-Inclán, ainsi qu'à des personnages populaires comme le Perroquet Ravachol ou les femmes galiciennes (Femme avec des poules).

Ponts
Le pont du Bourg est le pont-voûte qui permet d'accéder au centre historique par le nord et qui a donné son nom à la ville (Pontis Veteris).

Musées
Les musées suivants sont situés dans le centre historique de la ville :
 Musée de Pontevedra : il a été inauguré en 1929 et compte 6 bâtiments. Il est classé parmi les trois meilleurs musées provinciaux d'Espagne.
 Centre d'interprétation des tours archiépiscopales (CITA) : il a été inauguré en 2010 et montre ce qui fut l'une des plus importantes structures défensives de la ville.

Événements culturels et festivités
Le centre historique de la ville est le lieu où se déroulent la Feira Franca de Pontevedra, l'enterrement du perroquet Ravachol, Os Maios et diverses manifestations de la fête patronale de la Vierge Pèlerine.

Galerie d'images

Références

Voir également

Bibliographie
 .

 .
 .
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Articles connexes
 Remparts de Pontevedra
 Musée de Pontevedra

Liens externes
www.visit-pontevedra.com
turismoriasbaixas.com

Quartier de Pontevedra
Pontevedra
Tourisme en Galice

Centre historique de Pontevedra


501 er en dansk kortfilm fra 2009 instrueret af Jesper Maintz og efter manuskript af Thomas Glud og Jesper Maintz.

Handling

"501" udspiller sig på den lokale bodega, hvor en fremmed gæst forstyrrer en af stamkunderne, der er i gang med det sidste, afgørende kast i dartspillet '501'. Dartspilleren giver den forstyrrende gæst en chance, og de finder sammen over en øl ved baren. Men gæsten er slet ikke, hvad han giver sig ud for at være, og vi kører baglæns i tiden for at lære ham nærmere at kende.

Medvirkende

 Troels Thorsen
 Steffen Nielsen
 Claus Lund
 Mads Dollerup Nielsen
 Anne Stenholt

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

501 (film)


Milan Basta (Kurjak, pokraj Udbine, 1. ožujka 1920. - Beograd, 4. prosinca 2007.), bio je sudionik narodnooslobodilačke borbe, oficir JA, te jedan od jugoslavenskih pregovarača prilikom bezuvjetne kapitulacije vojnih jedinica NDH 15. svibnja 1945., kod Bleiburga, u Austriji.

Djetinjstvo i mladost
Rođen je 1. ožujka 1920., u mjestu Kurjak, pokraj Udbine, u Lici, u srpskoj, pravoslavnoj obitelji. U rodnom je mjestu pohađao pučku (osnovnu) školu, a gimnaziju je pohađao u Zagrebu. Tijekom gimnazijskog školovanja priključio se ilegalnom komunističkom pokretu, te je 1939. primljen u SKOJ, a 1941. biva primljen u KPJ.

Sudjelovanje u Drugom svjetskom ratu
Početak Drugoga svjetskog rata, okupacija Jugoslavije i uspostava NDH, zatječu ga u Zagrebu, odakle odlazi natrag u rodnu Liku, gdje se po izbijanju ustanka, ljeti 1941., priključuje narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi.

Tijekom rata, obnašao je niz dužnosti, te je bio politički komesar u Krbavskom bataljunu, Druge ličke divizije, Treće ličke proleterske brigade. Pred kraj rata, bio je major u 20. diviziji, 12. vojvođanske brigade, da bi završne vojne operacije za oslobođenje Jugoslavije i kraj rata, u svibnju 1945., dočekao u činu potpukovnika i političkog komesara 51. vojvođanske divizije, koja je bila dio Treće Jugoslavenske armije, pod zapovjedništvom Koste Nađa.

Basta je bio jedan od jugoslavenskih predstavnika koji su 15. svibnja 1945., uz posredovanje predstavnika britanskih jedinica, sudjelovali u pregovorima o bezuvjetnoj kapitulaciji vojnih jedinica NDH na Loibaškom polju pokraj Bleiburga. Na tom je sastanku parlamentarima NDH, pred Britancima, bilo obećano pravedno postupanje, u skladu sa svim Haaškim i Ženevskim konvencijama, pod zaštitom običaja ustanovljenih među civiliziranim narodima, zakonima čovječnosti i zahtjevu javne savjesti, umjesto čega su odvođeni na križne putove i ubijani grupno ili pojedinačno.

O navedenim je događajima historiografija na temelju dostupnih povijesnih izvora dala svoj sud, ali, o samom Milanu Basti, ako sudioniku pregovora, u medijima su progovorili određeni istaknuti pojedinci. Naime, hrvatski nogometni sudac, Josip Strmečki, jednom je prilikom sudio na utakmici u kojoj je protiv NK Niša igrala NK Crvenka, kojoj je predsjednik kluba bio upravo Basta, te je kazao kako Basta se hvalio kako je prevario ustaše na pregovorima u Bleiburgu, kazavši pritom:"Mislili su da će ići kući kad su bacili oružje, jesu k... išli kući, tek onda smo ih naganjali po Jugoslaviji!"Dugogodišnji urednik TV Kalendara, na HRT-u, hrvatski novinar i pravnik, Obrad Kosovac, u intervjuu iznosi činjenicu o svojim saznanjima do kojih je došao istražujući navedenu tematiku za potrebe dokumentarnog programa, u razgovoru s Mikom Špiljkom, saznao kako je ovaj noću, 8. svibnja 1945., džipom ušao u prazan Zagreb i zatekao upaljena svjetla na zgradi u Savskoj ulici, gdje je danas MUP RH. Tada su se ondje, navodno, vodili pregovori između njemačkih i jugoslavenskih predstavnika o slobodnom prolasku njemačkih jedinica i vojske NDH prema Austriji. O tome je, prema kazivanju Špiljka, sklopljen sporazum, tako da su izbjegnute borbe za oslobođenje Zagreba. Nastavno su ti njemački generali kasnije godinama dolazili na ljetovanje, na jadranskoj obali, u Jugoslaviji, a troškovi su bili pokrivani iz sredstava SUBNOR-a. O samom Milani Basti, Kosovac iznosi sljedeće: " Možete li zamisliti da jedan običan potpukovnik Milan Basta prima predaju stotina tisuća vojnika i civila? Ni u jednom ratu to nije bilo moguće. Basta je samovoljno i narcisoidno uletio u veliku igru. Na temelju dogovora iz Zagreba, nesretna je gomila trebala ući u Austriju gdje bi onemogućila svako napredovanje engleskih trupa, a partizani bi bez smetnji okupirali dijelove Koruške i Štajerske. Basta je zbog svog brzopletog izleta trebao biti strijeljan. U zadnji čas ga je spasilo to što je London prozreo Titove namjere i prepustio mu nesretne izbjeglice. Britanci su jednostavno zatvorili Bleiburg tenkovima i Basta je uskočio u povijest. No nikada nije, za kaznu, imenovan narodnim herojem zbog čega je kukao cijeli život."

Karijera u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji
Nakon rata završava Vojnu akademiju u Beogradu, da bi se nakon odlaska iz vojske vratio u Hrvatsku. Živio je u Zagrebu, radio u državnoj upravi, da bi se nakon umirovljenja posvetio publicistici.

U kasnijoj publicističkoj karijeri, njegova knjiga, "Rat je završio 7 dana kasnije", doživjela je nekoliko izdanja, te se u toj životnoj fazi aktivno družio sa Simom Rajićem, visokim partijskim funkcionarom, sinom poginulog partizanskog borca, rodom iz Like. Rajić iznosi podatak kako je Basta jednom prilikom zatražio sastanak kod Vladimira Bakarića, kako bi s istim, razgovarao o nekim temama iz završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata u Jugoslaviji, na što ga je navodno Rajić upozorio kako je ta tema preuranjena. Na Rajićev upit o točnim pitanjima koja je namjeravao postaviti Bakariću, Basta mu je odgovorio:  "Zašto da ti ne kažem, želim nastaviti pisati, ali me muče još neke stvari oko Bleiburga i Križnog puta, ustanka u Srbu i njegove i Hebrangove uloge u prvoj godini ustanka. Predložit ću mu da odvojimo Bleiburg od Križnog puta, jer to nije isto, i da ovim mučenicima s Križnog puta se odužimo jednom lijepom gestom - javnim priznanjem, a zašto ne i spomenikom. "  Nastavno, treba uzeti u obzir kako su teme Bleiburga i križnog puta, u razdoblju socijalističke Jugoslavije bile proskribirane, te se strogo kažnjavao svaki javni izričaj i onaj tko bi se o tome usudio iole slobodnije govoriti.

Zanimljivosti
Inače, Basta je bio blizak prijatelj Jovanke Broz, s kojom ga je povezivalo porijeklo, s obzirom da su oboje bili iz Udbine, u Lici. U kasnijem razdoblju, nakon raspada Jugoslavije, Basta je Jovanku znao povremeno posjećivati, u njezinoj vili u Beogradu.

Kraj karijere i smrt
Uoči demokratskih promjena, zbog straha od navodnih progona zbog učinjenog u Drugome svjetskom ratu i poraću, trajno se nastanjuje u Beogradu. Nakon izbijanja oružanog sukoba i raspada Jugoslavije, više se nikada nije vraćao u Hrvatsku, te je umro u Srbiji, u Beogradu, 4. prosinca 2007., gdje je i pokopan.

Literatura

 Italija, Basta Milan, Klišanić Vjekoslav, Kultura, Beograd, 1960.
 Rat posle rata: Pavelićevi generali se predaju, Basta Milan, Stvarnost, Zagreb, 1963.
 Agonija i slom NDH, Basta Milan, Rad, Beograd, 1971.
 Rat je završen 7 dana kasnije, Basta Milan, Globus, Zagreb, 1976. (1.izd.).
 Partizani za pregovaračkim stolom: 1941. - 1945., Đurica Labović, Basta, Milan, Naprijed, Zagreb, 1986.

Povezani članci

Izvori

Jugoslavenski komunisti
Komunisti u drugoj Jugoslaviji
Partizanski zapovjednici

Milan Basta


අන්තර්ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් වංශකතාවේ නව පරිච්චේදයක ඇරඹුමක් ලෙස පන්දුවාර 20-20 ක්‍රිකට් තරඟ සඳහා ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලිය වර්ෂ 2007 දී දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේදී පළමුවරට පවත්වන ලදී. ලෝ වටා විසිරී සිටින ක්‍රිකට් ලෝලීන් හට නවමු අත්දැකීමක් ලබාදෙමින් මෙම තරඟාවලිය 2007 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 සිට 24 දින දක්වා දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු ක්‍රීඩාංගන 3ක පැවැත්විය. මෙම තරඟාවලිය සඳහා ටෙස්ට් වරම් ලද කණ්ඩායම් 10ත් එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර වරම් ලද කෙන්යාව සහ ස්කොට්ලන්තය සමඟ කණ්ඩායම් 12ක් කාණ්ඩ 4ක් යටතේ පළමුව තරඟ කරන ලදී. පළමුවන 20-20 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය දිනා ගැනීමට ඉන්දියාව සහ පාකිස්තානය අවසාන මහා තරඟයේදී ගැටුනු නමුදු තියුණු තරඟයකින් පසු ඉන්දියාව ජයග්‍රහණය කරන ලදී.

තරඟ නීති හා කොන්දේසි
සෑම තරඟයක් සඳහාම ජයග්‍රාහී කණ්ඩායමට ලකුණු 2ක් පිරිනැමෙන අතර තරඟයේ විසඳුමක් නොමැතිනම් කණ්ඩායම් 2 සඳහා ලකුණු 1 බැඟින් පිරිනමනු ලැබුණි. පරාජිත කණ්ඩායම සඳහා ලකුණු පිරිනොනැමින. නමුත් යම් තරඟයක් ලකුණු සමවීමෙන් අවසන් වුවහොත් ඒ සඳහා බෝල්-අවුට් ක්‍රමය මඟින් ජයග්‍රාහකයා තෝරාගනු ලැබූ අතර මෙම තරඟාවලියේ ඉන්දියාව හා පාකිස්තානය අතර පැවති මූලික වටයේ තරඟයේ තීරණය මේ ආකාරයෙන් ලබාදෙන ලදී.

පළමු වටයේ සහ සුපිරි 8 වටය සඳහා කණ්ඩායම් ශ්‍රේණිගතකිරීම සඳහා පහත දැක්වෙන ආකාරයේ නිර්ණායකයන් භාවිතා කරන ලදී.

1. එම කාණ්ඩයේ වැඩිම ලකුණු ලබාගත් කණ්ඩායම්.
2. ලකුණු සම නම්, අදාල කාණ්ඩයේ වැඩිම ජයග්‍රහනයන් ලබාගත් කණ්ඩායම්.
3. ජයග්‍රහනයන් සම නම්, අදාල කාණ්ඩයේ ශුද්ධ ලකුණු ලබාගැනීමේ වේගය මත.
4. ශුද්ධ ලකුණු ලබාගැනීමේ වේගය සම නම්, අවම පන්දුයැවීමේ වේගය මත.
5. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලය සම නම්, එම කණ්ඩායම් දෙක අතර තරඟයේ ජයග්‍රහනය කළ කණ්ඩායම අනුව.

සුදුසුකම් ලැබීම
ටෙස්ට් කණ්ඩායම් 10 ට අමතරව 2007 WCL පළමු කොටසේ පළමු හා දෙවන ස්ථානයට පත්වීමෙන් කෙන්යාව සහ ස්කොට්ලන්තය ලෝක විස්සයි20 සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලැබීය.

ක්‍රීඩාංගණ
සියලුම තරඟ පහත ක්‍රීඩාංගණ තුනේදී පැවැත්විණි.

කාණ්ඩය

A කාණ්ඩය

B කාණ්ඩය

C කාණ්ඩය

D කාණ්ඩය

සංචිත

කාණ්ඩ අදියර
සහභාගි වූ කණ්ඩායම් 12 කණ්ඩායම් තුන බැගින් වූ කාණ්ඩ හතරකට බෙදා ඇත. 2007 මාර්තු 1 වන දිනට විස්සයි20 කණ්ඩායම් ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් මත පදනම්ව කාණ්ඩ තීරණය කරන ලදී. සෑම කාණ්ඩයකින්ම පළමු කණ්ඩායම් දෙක තරඟාවලියේ දෙවන අදියර දක්වා ගියේය.

ඒ කාණ්ඩය

බී කාණ්ඩය

සී කාණ්ඩය

ඩී කාණ්ඩය

සුපර් 8 තරඟ වටය
මෙම තරඟාවලියේ සුපර් 8 ආකෘතිය නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්තේ තරඟාවලිය ආරම්භයේදීම එක් එක් කාණ්ඩයෙන් ඉහලම ශ්‍රේණි 2 ට කලින් තීරණය කළ පරිදිය. කණ්ඩායම සුපිරි අට කාණ්ඩයේ E හෝ F කාණ්ඩයට සුදුසුකම් ලබන්නේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීමේදී කණ්ඩායමේ සැබෑ දක්‍ෂතා කිසිදු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේ නැත. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස, C කාණ්ඩයේ දී, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව නවසීලන්තයට වඩා වැඩි ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලබා අවසන් වුවද, සුපිරි අට කාණ්ඩයට තේරීමේදී නවසීලන්තය කාණ්ඩයේ පළමු ස්ථානය (C1) රඳවා ගත් අතර, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව කාණ්ඩයේ දෙවැනි ස්ථානය (C2) රඳවා ගත්තේය.

පළමු ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම් දෙකට වඩා තුන්වන ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායමක් සුදුසුකම් ලැබුවහොත්, එය ඉවත් කරන ලද කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම ලබා ගත්තේය. මෙය සිදු වූයේ A කාණ්ඩයේ පමණි, එහිදී බංග්ලාදේශය (මුල් ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම A3) බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් (මුල් ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම A2) ඉදිරියෙන් සුදුසුකම් ලැබූ අතර එම නිසා F කාණ්ඩයේ A2 ස්ථානයට පත්විය.

එම කණ්ඩායම් අට කණ්ඩායම් හතර බැගින් වූ කාණ්ඩ දෙකකට බෙදා තිබුණි. සෑම කාණ්ඩයකින්ම පෙරමුණ ගත් කණ්ඩායම් දෙක අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට සුදුසුකම් ලබා ගත්හ.

ඊ කාණ්ඩය

එෆ් කාණ්ඩය

පිළිමළුන් පිටුදැකීමේ අදියර

අවසන් පූර්ව වටය

අවසාන තරගය

සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන
තරගාවලියේ වැඩිම ලකුණු ලාභියා වූයේ මැතිව් හේඩ්න් ලකුණු 265ක් රැස් කළ අතර වැඩිම කඩුලු ලාභියා වූ උමාර් ගුල් කඩුලු 13ක් දවා ගනිමින්. එක් එක් කාණ්ඩයේ ඉහළම පහ වන්නේ:

වැඩිම ලකුණු

වැඩිම කඩුළු

විනිසුරුවන්
ICC විනිසුරුවන්ගේ එලයිට් පැනලයෙන් විනිසුරුවන් සහ ICC තරග තීරක එලයිට් පැනලයෙන් තරග තීරකයන් තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී.

මාධ්‍ය ආවරණය
2007 ICC ලෝක කුසලාන විස්සයි20 තරගාවලිය මාධ්‍ය ආවරණය පහත පරිදි විය.

රූපවාහිනී ජාල

 අප්‍රිකාව — Supersport (සජීවී)
 ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව — Fox Sports (සජීවී)
 ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව — Nine Network
 බංග්ලාදේශය — Bangladesh Television(දෙවන කාණ්ඩයේ බංග්ලාදේශ තරගය පමණි) (සජීවී)
 කැනඩාව — Asian Television Network (සජීවී)
 කැරිබියන් – Caribbean Media Corporation (සජීවී)
 ඉන්දියාව — ESPN (සජීවී) – ඉංග්‍රීසි
 ඉන්දියාව — STAR Cricket (සජීවී) – හින්දි
 ජැමෙයිකාව – Television Jamaica (සජීවී)
 මැද පෙරදිග  – Ten Sports (සජීවී)
 නවසීලන්තය — SKY Network Television (සජීවී)
 පකිස්ථානය — GEO Super (සජීවී)
 පකිස්ථානය – Pakistan Television Corporation (සජීවී)
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාව — Sirasa Network (සජීවී)
 එක්සත් රාජධානිය — Sky Sports (සජීවී)
 එක්සත් ජනපදය — DirecTV CricketTicket (සජීවී)

ගුවන්විදුලි ජාල

 අප්‍රිකාව – All Jazz Radio
 ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව – Australian live radio
 බංග්ලාදේශය – DhakaFM
 කැනඩාව – CBC radio one
 කැරිබියන් – Radio airplay
 ඉන්දියාව – All India Radio
 ජැමෙයිකාව – Radio Jamaica Limited
 මැද පෙරදිග – Top Fm radio
 නවසීලන්තය – Radio pacific
 පකිස්ථානය – Radio Pakistan
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාව – Radio Sri Lanka, Sinhala Radio Service
 එක්සත් රාජධානිය – BBC Radio 5 Live
 එක්සත් ජනපදය – WHTZ-FM – Z-100

යොමු කිරීම්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

2007 වි20 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය


Le World Open est un tournoi annuel d'échecs organisé à New York (de 1973 à 1976 et en 1983) puis à Philadelphie de 1977 à 1980, en 1982, de 1985 à 2006, et la plupart des années  depuis 2008. C'est un des plus importants opens américains d'échecs en nombre de participants (répartis en plusieurs sections). Il est organisé dans la première semaine de juillet par la Continental Chess Association

Histoire du tournoi
Joel Benjamin a terminé premier, seul deux fois (en 1984 et 2000) et ex  æquo à quatre reprises (en 1981, 1999, 2001 et 2006). Il est l'auteur d'un livre sur l'histoire du tournoi jusqu'en 2001.

Organisation
Le World Open est un tournoi organisé suivant le système suisse en neuf rondes depuis 1974. L'édition de 1973 comptait dix rondes.

Palmarès du World Open

Notes et références

Compétition d'échecs en Amérique

World Open (échecs)


Baron Biddulph, of Ledbury in the County of Hereford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 1 August 1903 for the banker and politician Michael Biddulph. He was a partner in the London banking firm of Cocks, Biddulph and Co and also sat in the House of Commons for Herefordshire as a Liberal from 1868 to 1885 and for Ross from 1885 to 1900 as a Liberal Unionist. His father Robert Biddulph had previously represented Hereford in Parliament while his younger brother Sir Robert Biddulph was Governor of Gibraltar.  the title is held by the first Baron's great-great-grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1988. In 1978 he assumed the additional surname of Maitland, which is the maiden surname of his mother, Lady Mary Helena Maitland, granddaughter of Ian Colin Maitland, 15th Earl of Lauderdale. She is a Patroness of the Royal Caledonian Ball.

The Barons Biddulph are related to the Biddulph baronets of Westcombe. The first Baron Biddulph was a descendant of Anthony Biddulph, uncle of Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 1st Baronet, of Westcombe.

The family seat is Makerstoun House, near Kelso, Scottish Borders.

Barons Biddulph (1903)
Michael Biddulph, 1st Baron Biddulph (1834–1923)
John Michael Gordon Biddulph, 2nd Baron Biddulph (1869–1949)
Michael William John Biddulph, 3rd Baron Biddulph (1898–1972)
Robert Michael Christian Biddulph, 4th Baron Biddulph (1931–1988)
Anthony Nicholas Colin Maitland-Biddulph, 5th Baron Biddulph (b. 1959)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Robert Julian Maitland Biddulph (b. 1994)

See also
Biddulph baronets of Westcombe

References

Bibliography

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1903
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Biddulph


Mohamed Salah Hamed Mahrous Ghaly (, født 15. juni 1992 i Basyoun) også kendt som Mo Salah, er en egyptisk fodboldspiller, der spiller som kantspiller eller angriber. Han spiller for Premier League klubben Liverpool F.C. og er anfører for Egyptens landshold. Han betragtes som en af de bedste spillere i verden og blandt de største afrikanske spillere gennem tiden, og han er kendt for sin afslutningsevne, driblinger og fart.

Salah skiftede til Liverpool i 2017 hvor han har opnået stor succes. Således blev Salah udnævnt til Årets fodboldspiller i Afrika i 2017  og BBC African Footballer of the Year  som han har vundet to gange i træk, 2017-2018. I hans debutsæson for Liverpool blev han tre gange kåret til Premier League Player of the Month for november 2017, februar 2018 og marts 2018. Dermed slog han rekorden for flest månedens spiller-kåringer i én sæson. Samtidig blev Salah i sin debutsæson for Liverpool kåret som årets spiller i Premier League for sæsonen 2017-18.

I sin første sæson satte han rekorden for flest mål scoret i Premier League (32) i en 38-kamps sæson og hjalp Liverpool til finalen i UEFA Champions League 2018. Salah fortsatte med at være en afgørende spiller i klubbens Champions League og Premier League-titler i de følgende to sæsoner og har siden også vundet FA Cup og League Cup. Salah har opnået talrige individuelle priser, herunder to PFA Players' Player of the Year-awards, tre Premier League Golden Boots, Premier League Player of the Season, Premier League Playmaker of the Season og blev nr. 3 i Best FIFA Men's Player i 2018 og 2021. Han modtog FIFA Puskás Award i 2018 for sit vindende mål i den første Merseyside-derby i sæsonen 2017-18.

På internationalt niveau repræsenterede Salah Egypten på ungdomsniveau, før han debuterede på seniorsiden i 2011. Efter hans præstationer ved Sommer-OL 2012 blev han kåret som CAF's mest lovende afrikanske talent i året. Siden da har han været næstbedste målscorer i 2017 og 2021 Africa Cup of Nations og var topscorer under CAF-kvalifikationen, da Egypten kvalificerede sig til FIFA World Cup 2018. Salah blev kåret som CAF African Footballer of the Year (2017 og 2018), BBC African Footballer of the Year (2017 og 2018) og blev udvalgt til holdet i 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, 2021 Africa Cup of Nations og CAF Team of the Year ved flere lejligheder.

Klubkarriere

El Mokawloon
Salah startede sin karriere med El Mokawloon. Her scorede han 11 mål i 38 kampe.

Basel
Efter Port Said Stadium optøjerne organiserede FC Basel en venskabskamp mod Egyptens U/23-landshold. Kampen fandt sted 16. marts på Stadion Rankhof i Basel, og Salah scorede to gange. Efterfølgende blev han inviteret til prøvetræning i klubben, og d. 10. april 2012 blev det offentliggjort, at Salah havde skrevet under på en 4-årig kontrakt med Basel.

Han skiftede dermed til Basel i sommeren 2012, hvor han opnåede stor succes i de efterfølgende to sæsoner. Han var med til at vinde den schweiziske Super League i sin første sæson i klubben, og han blev udpeget som Afrikas mest lovende talent i 2012. Bl.a. scorede Salah i september 2013 ude mod Chelsea i en 2-1 sejr i Champions League gruppespillet, og i det omvendte opgør scorede han igen, da Basel vandt 1-0 over Chelsea.

Chelsea
I januar 2014 skiftede Salah til Chelsea for £11 millioner. Salah blev dermed den første egypter på kontrakt i Chelsea. Han spillede sin første kamp for klubben 8. februar 2014 som indskifter i en 3-0 sejr over Newcastle United, og hans første mål for klubben kom 22. marts 2014, da han som indskifter scorede i 6-0 sejren over ærkerivalerne fra Arsenal.

I Chelsea opnåede Salah dog aldrig den store succes, og han blev efterfølgende udlånt til ACF Fiorentina og til A.S. Roma, før han efterfølgende skiftede permanent til Roma.

Roma
Forud for sit permanente skifte til Roma var Salah udlånt til Roma i i sæsonen 2015-16. Her scorede han 15 gange og havde 9 målgivende afleveringer i 42 kampe. Hans præstationer overbeviste klubledelsen i Roma om at købe ham permanent, og i sommeren 2016 købte Roma således Salah fra Chelsea.

Sæsonen 2016-17 blev også en stor succes for Salah, der scorede 19 gange og lagde op til 15 mål i 41 kampe. Bl.a. scorede han et hattrick 6. november 2016 i en 3-0 sejr over Bologna.

Liverpool

2017-18 sæsonen
22. juni 2017 offentliggjorde Liverpool F.C., at de havde købt Salah i A.S. Roma for en sum på £35 millioner, som kunne løbe op i £39 millioner, på daværende tidspunkt klubrekord. Salah scorede allerede i sin debutkamp for klubben i en 3-3 kamp mod Watford F.C. 12. august 2017.

I sin første sæson for Liverpool blev Salah den Liverpool-spiller, der hurtigst af alle i historien scorede 20 Premier League-mål (26 kampe).

17. marts 2018 scorede Salah fire mål og lagde op til det sidste mål i en 5-0 sejr over Watford, hvilket var hans første hattrick for Liverpool og samtidig det første egyptiske hattrick i Premier League. De fire mål betød, at Salah dermed foreløbigt havde scoret hele 36 mål i sin første sæson for klubben, hvilket var mere end nogen anden spiller i klubbens historie.

Salah blev i 2017 udnævnt til Årets fodboldspiller i Afrika og BBC African Footballer of the Year. I sin debutsæson for Liverpool blev han tre gange kåret til Premier League Player of the Month: november 2017 samt februar og marts 2018, hvilket blev fulgt op af titlen som årets spiller i Premier League for sæsonen 2017-18. Derudover vandt Salah også PFA Player of the Year for sæsonen 2017–18.

Søndag 13. maj scorede Salah sit 32. ligamål i blot 36 kampe og slog dermed rekorden for flest Premier League-mål i én sæson.

Sammen med Liverpool spillede Salah sig til Champions League-finalen, hvor det endte med et 3-1 nederlag til Real Madrid, og Salah måtte udgå i første halvleg med en skade. I alt endte Salah med at score 44 gange i 52 kampe for Liverpool, og dermed cementerede han en imponerende debutsæson for Liverpool.

2018-19 sæsonen

Landshold
Salah har spillet på det egyptiske A-landshold siden sin debut 3. september 2011 og har desuden deltaget i U/20 VM i fodbold 2011 og OL 2012. Han scorede sit første mål for Egypten i en 3-0-sejr over  i oktober 2011. Salah scorede sit første hattrick for landsholdet 9. juni 2013 i en 4-2 sejr ude mod .

Ved kvalifikationen til VM 2018 i Rusland blev Salah topscorer for Egypten med sine fem mål, heriblandt to mål mod  i en afgørende 2-1 sejr, hvoraf det sidste mål blev scoret på straffespark i det sidste minut af kampen. Målet var dermed med til at sende Egypten til VM-slutrunden for første gang siden 1990.

Ved VM-slutrunden i Rusland var Salah kun akkurat spilleklar igen efter skaden i Champions League-finalen, men han scorede to gange; én gang mod Rusland og én gang mod Saudi Arabien. Begge kampe endte dog i nederlag, og Egypten gik ikke videre fra den indledende runde.

Privat liv
Mohammed Salah er troende muslim. Han er blandt andet kendt for at indtage den muslimske bedeposition sajda efter sine scoringer.

Salah og hans kone, Maggi, blev gift i 2013. Deres datter, Makka, blev født i 2014 og er opkaldt til ære for den islamiske hellige by Mekka. Salah har også en anden datter, Kayan, som blev født i 2020. Han har fortalt CNN, at "det er noget som at bede eller takke Gud for det, jeg har modtaget, men ja, det er bare at bede og bede om en sejr. Jeg har altid gjort det, siden jeg var ung, overalt."

Salah nyder at spille fodbold på sin PlayStation og har spøgefuldt indrømmet, at "Salah i videospillet er stærkere end den virkelige Salah." Han har også afsløret, at hans yndlingsmad er kushari, en egyptisk arbejderklasse-ret, som normalt er lavet af ris, pasta og linser og toppet med forskellige valgmuligheder, herunder krydrede tomater, kikærter og løg.

Under det egyptiske præsidentvalg i 2018 involverede en stor mængde ugyldige stemmesedler, muligvis mere end en million, at vælgerne streger begge navne ud og i stedet skrev Salahs navn.

I november 2020 testede Salah positiv for COVID-19.

Hæder og priser

Klub
Basel
 Schweiziske Super League: 2012-13

Chelsea
 Premier League: 2014–15
 League Cup: 2014-15

Egypten
 African Youth Championship (Bronze): 2011
 Africa Cup of Nations (Sølv): 2017

Personlig
 Årets fodboldspiller i Afrika: 2017
 BBC African Footballer of the Year: 2017
 Arab Footballer of the Year: 2013, 2017
 UAFA Golden Boy: 2012
 SAFP Golden Player: 2013
 Roma Player of the Season: 2015–16
 Globe Soccer Best Arab Player of the Year: 2016
 CAF Team of the Year: 2016, 2017
 CAF Most Promising Talent of the Year: 2012
 CAF Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2017
 Premier League Player of the Month: November 2017,  Februar 2018 , Marts 2018
 PFA Player of the Month: November 2017, December 2017,  februar 2018
 PFA Player off the Year 2017–18

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Egypten
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018
Fodboldspillere fra FC Basel
Fodboldspillere fra Chelsea F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra ACF Fiorentina
Fodboldspillere fra AS Roma
Fodboldspillere fra Liverpool F.C.
Olympiske fodboldspillere fra Egypten
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Deltagere for Egypten ved sommer-OL 2012

Mohamed Salah


16718 Morikawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16718 Morikawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,06 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 4,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

16718 Morikawa


Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole. It is the primary form of myxomatous degeneration of the valve. There are various types of MVP, broadly classified as classic and nonclassic. In severe cases of classic MVP, complications include mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, congestive heart failure, and, in rare circumstances, cardiac arrest.

The diagnosis of MVP depends upon echocardiography, which uses ultrasound to visualize the mitral valve.

MVP is the most common valvular abnormality and is estimated to affect 2–3% of the population and 1 in 40 people might have it.

The condition was first described by John Brereton Barlow in 1966. It was subsequently termed mitral valve prolapse by J. Michael Criley. Although mid-systolic click (sound of prolapsing mitral leaflet) and systolic murmur have been noticed earlier with stethoscope in 1887 by physicians M. Cuffer and M. Barbillon.

Signs and symptoms

Murmur
Upon auscultation of an individual with mitral valve prolapse, a mid-systolic click, followed by a late systolic murmur heard best at the apex, is common. The length of the murmur signifies the time period over which blood is leaking back into the left atrium, known as regurgitation. A murmur that lasts throughout the whole of systole is known as a holo-systolic murmur. A murmur that is mid to late systolic, although typically associated with less regurgitation, can still be associated with significant hemodynamic consequences.

In contrast to most other heart murmurs, the murmur of mitral valve prolapse is accentuated by standing and Valsalva maneuver (earlier systolic click and longer murmur) and diminished with squatting (later systolic click and shorter murmur).  The only other heart murmur that follows this pattern is the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.  An MVP murmur can be distinguished from a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmur by the presence of a mid-systolic click which is virtually diagnostic of MVP.  The handgrip maneuver diminishes the murmur of an MVP  and the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The handgrip maneuver also diminishes the duration of the murmur and delays the timing of the mid-systolic click.

Both Valsalva maneuver and standing decrease venous return to the heart thereby decreasing left ventricular diastolic filling (preload) and causing more laxity on the chordae tendineae.  This allows the mitral valve to prolapse earlier in systole, leading to an earlier systolic click (i.e. closer to S1), and a longer murmur.

Mitral valve prolapse syndrome
Historically, the term mitral valve prolapse syndrome has been applied to MVP associated with palpitations, atypical precordial pain, dyspnea on exertion, low body mass index, and electrocardiogram abnormalities (ventricular tachycardia), syncope, low blood pressure, headaches, lightheadedness, exercise intolerance, gastrointestinal disturbances, cold extremities and other signs suggestive of autonomic nervous system dysfunction (dysautonomia).

Mitral regurgitation

Mitral valve prolapse is frequently associated with mild mitral regurgitation, where blood aberrantly flows from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. In the United States, MVP is the most common cause of severe, non-ischemic mitral regurgitation. This is occasionally due to rupture of the chordae tendineae that support the mitral valve.

The degree of MVP regurgitation severeness is usually estimated in grading system:

 0 (none or trivial)
 Grade 1 (mild)
 Grade 2 (moderate)
 Grade 3 (moderate to severe)
 Grade 4 (severe)

Cardiac arrhythmia
People with mitral valve prolapse might have arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse which includes higher incidence of ventricular contraction disorders and tachycardia compared to the normal population, although the relationship between both phenomena is not entirely clear. Prolapse of both mitral leaflets and the presence of mitral regurgitation further increases the risk of severe ventricular arrhythmias during exertion, which may not be resolved with surgery. The most common rhythm disorder is ventricular extrasystole, followed by paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.

Sudden cardiac death
Severe mitral valve prolapse and moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction is associated with arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation that can progress to cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Because there is no evidence that prolapse has contributed to these arrhythmias, these complications may be due to mitral regurgitation or congestive heart failure. The incidence of life-threatening arrhythmias in the general population with MVP remain low. Sudden cardiac death results in 0.2% to 0.4% patients per year.

Risk factors
MVP may occur with greater frequency in individuals with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome or polycystic kidney disease.  Other risk factors include Graves disease and chest wall deformities such as pectus excavatum.  For unknown reasons, MVP patients tend to have a low body mass index (BMI) and are typically leaner than individuals without MVP. Also women tend to have joint hypermobility.

Rheumatic fever is common worldwide and responsible for many cases of damaged heart valves. Chronic rheumatic heart disease is characterized by repeated inflammation with fibrinous resolution.  The cardinal anatomic changes of the valve include leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, and shortening and thickening of the tendinous cords. The recurrence of rheumatic fever is relatively common in the absence of maintenance of low dose antibiotics, especially during the first three to five years after the first episode. Heart complications may be long-term and severe, particularly if valves are involved. Rheumatic fever, since the advent of routine penicillin administration for Strep throat, has become less common in developed countries. In the older generation and in much of the less-developed world, valvular disease (including mitral valve prolapse, reinfection in the form of valvular endocarditis, and valve rupture) from undertreated rheumatic fever continues to be a problem.

In an Indian hospital between 2004 and 2005, 4 of 24 endocarditis patients failed to demonstrate classic vegetations. All had rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and presented with prolonged fever. All had severe eccentric mitral regurgitation (MR). (One had severe aortic regurgitation (AR) also.) One had flail posterior mitral leaflet (PML).

The mitral valve, so named because of its resemblance to a bishop's mitre, is the heart valve that prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium of the heart. It is composed of two leaflets, one anterior and one posterior, that close when the left ventricle contracts.

Each leaflet is composed of three layers of tissue: the atrialis, fibrosa, and spongiosa. Patients with classic mitral valve prolapse have excess connective tissue that thickens the spongiosa and separates collagen bundles in the fibrosa. This is due to an excess of dermatan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan.  This weakens the leaflets and adjacent tissue, resulting in increased leaflet area and elongation of the chordae tendineae. Elongation of the chordae tendineae often causes rupture, commonly to the chordae attached to the posterior leaflet. Advanced lesions—also commonly involving the posterior leaflet—lead to leaflet folding, inversion, and displacement toward the left atrium.

In diagnostics
Common risk factors in diagnostics for severe, arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse include:
 Electrocardiography - Inferior T wave inversions in II, III, aVF leads, ST-segment depression, QT dispersion, QT prolongation, complex ventricular ectopy (PVCs), PVC-triggered ventricular fibrillation
 Echocardiography - moderate mitral regurgitation, leaflet thickening, bi-leaflet MVP with redundancy, spiked systolic high-velocity signal (pickelhaube spike) when ≥ 16 cm/s in mitral annular tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), mitral annular disjunction (MAD)
 Cardiac MRI - myocardial/papillary scars (fibrosis), myocardial stretch, systolic curling

Genetics

Mitral valve prolapse is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal dominant trait, which can be passed down from one parent to child, who will have a 50% chance to inherit the mutated gene.

Research has shown an association between MVP and primary cilia defects. Studies have identified mutations in the Zinc finger protein DZIP1 gene which regulates ciliogenesis; the same problem was found in mice who also developed MVP with this gene. It was found that primary cilia loss during development results in progressive myxomatous degeneration and profound mitral valve pathology.

Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve is a genetic abnormality that is mapped to the Xq28 gene.

Other genes that have been associated with MVP include:

 13.q31.3-q32.1
 16p12.1-p11.2
 Ch16p11.2-p12.1
 11p15.4
 DCHS1
Genetic causes of MVP are complex and currently not fully understood. Further research is needed to fully identify all of the genes and genetic mechanisms involved in the development of MVP.

Diagnosis

Echocardiography is the most useful method of diagnosing a prolapsed mitral valve. Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography is particularly valuable as they allow visualization of the mitral leaflets relative to the mitral annulus. This allows measurement of the leaflet thickness and their displacement relative to the annulus. Thickening of the mitral leaflets >5 mm and leaflet displacement >2 mm above the annular plane in parasternal long-axis view indicates classic mitral valve prolapse.

Prolapsed mitral valves are classified into several subtypes, based on leaflet thickness, type of connection to the mitral annulus, and concavity. Subtypes can be described as classic, nonclassic, symmetric, asymmetric, flail, or non-flail.

All measurements below refer to adult patients; applying them to children may be misleading.

Classic versus nonclassic
Prolapse occurs when the mitral valve leaflets are displaced more than 2 mm above the mitral annulus high points. The condition can be further divided into classic and nonclassic subtypes based on the thickness of the mitral valve leaflets: up to 5 mm is considered nonclassic, while anything beyond 5 mm is considered classic MVP.

Symmetric versus asymmetric
Classical prolapse may be subdivided into symmetric and asymmetric, referring to the point at which leaflet tips join the mitral annulus. In symmetric coaptation, leaflet tips meet at a common point on the annulus. Asymmetric coaptation is marked by one leaflet displaced toward the atrium with respect to the other. Patients with asymmetric prolapse are susceptible to severe deterioration of the mitral valve, with the possible rupture of the chordae tendineae and the development of a flail leaflet.

Flail versus non-flail

Asymmetric prolapse is further subdivided into flail and non-flail. Flail prolapse occurs when a leaflet tip turns outward, becoming concave toward the left atrium, causing the deterioration of the mitral valve. The severity of flail leaflet varies, ranging from tip eversion to chordal rupture. Dissociation of leaflet and chordae tendineae provides for unrestricted motion of the leaflet (hence "flail leaflet"). Thus patients with flail leaflets have a higher prevalence of mitral regurgitation than those with the non-flail subtype.

Treatment

Individuals with mitral valve prolapse, particularly those without symptoms, often require no treatment. Those with mitral valve prolapse and symptoms of dysautonomia (palpitations, chest pain) may benefit from beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol). People with prior stroke or atrial fibrillation may require blood thinners, such as aspirin or warfarin. In rare instances when mitral valve prolapse is associated with severe mitral regurgitation, surgical repair or replacement of the mitral valve may be necessary. Mitral valve repair is generally considered preferable to replacement. Current ACC/AHA guidelines promote repair of mitral valve in people before symptoms of heart failure develop. Symptomatic people, those with evidence of diminished left ventricular function, or those with left ventricular dilatation need urgent attention.

Prevention of infective endocarditis
Individuals with MVP are at higher risk of bacterial infection of the heart, called infective endocarditis. This risk is approximately three-to eightfold the risk of infective endocarditis in the general population. Until 2007, the American Heart Association recommended prescribing antibiotics before invasive procedures, including those in dental surgery. Thereafter, they concluded that "prophylaxis for dental procedures should be recommended only for patients with underlying cardiac conditions associated with the highest risk of adverse outcome from infective endocarditis."

Many organisms responsible for endocarditis are slow-growing and may not be easily identified on routine blood cultures (these fastidious organisms require special culture media to grow). These include the HACEK organisms, which are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora and are responsible for perhaps 5 to 10% of infective endocarditis affecting native valves. It is important when considering endocarditis to keep these organisms in mind.

Prognosis
Generally, MVP is benign. However, MVP patients with a murmur, not just an isolated click, have an increased mortality rate of 15-20%. The major predictors of mortality are the severity of mitral regurgitation and reduction in ejection fraction.

Close monitoring and treatment, if necessary, is recommended for those with severe MVP to prevent complications and reduce the risk of mortality. In most cases, individuals with MVP can lead a normal and healthy life with minimal symptoms.

Prophylaxis
The consensus is that mitral valve prolapse is a non-preventable condition, although some of its complications may occur. Because symptoms rarely appear, the productivity of the patient's life is not affected. The worsening of the disorder can be delayed by avoiding smoking, the use of contraceptives (because they have the risk of clotting) and regulating the amount and type of exercise and nutrition under the supervision of a health professional.  The risk of infective endocarditis is considered high in patients with prosthetic heart valves, moderate in those with mitral prolapse concomitant with mitral regurgitation and low in patients with mitral prolapse without other valve disease.

Antibiotic prophylaxis
Those with mitral prolapse are at increased risk of infective endocarditis, a bacterial infection of the heart tissue, as a result of certain routine non-sterile procedures, such as brushing the teeth. However, in April 2007, a study by the American Heart Association had determined that the risks of prescribing antibiotics outweigh the prophylactic antibiotics before invasive surgery, such as dental surgery or biopsy by colonoscopy or bronchoscopy.

Epidemiology
Prior to the strict criteria for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, as described above, the incidence of mitral valve prolapse in the general population varied greatly. Some studies estimated the incidence of mitral valve prolapse at 5 to 15 percent or even higher. One 1985 study suggested MVP in up to 35% of healthy teenagers.

Recent elucidation of mitral valve anatomy and the development of three-dimensional echocardiography have resulted in improved diagnostic criteria, and the true prevalence of MVP based on these criteria is estimated at 2-3%. As a part of the Framingham Heart Study, for example, the prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in Framingham, MA was estimated at 2.4%. There was a near-even split between classic and nonclassic MVP, with no significant age or sex discrimination. MVP is observed in 7% of autopsies in the United States.

In a Taiwanese CHIEF heart study of Asian adult military personnel, it was estimated that out of 2442 people in Hualien aged 18 to 39, mitral valve prolapse occurred in 3.36%. People with MVP had lower body mass index, somatic symptoms related to exercise (chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations during exercise) and systolic click in auscultation. 7 out of 82 participants with MVP had mild pectus excavatum.

Research
In a human and mice study of MVP, a relationship was found between MVP and progressive fibrosis effects on left ventricular structure, which suggests the cause of molecular and cellular changes are a response of papillary and inferobasal myocardium to increased chordal tension from prolapsing mitral valve leaflets.

In animals
In 2019 an experimental adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy method developed by Rejuvenate Bio, a biotechnology company. The method was successfully and effectively used on mice to reverse multiple age-related diseases: heart failure, kidney failure, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The study found that mice experienced a 58% increase in heart function and 75% reduction in kidney degeneration. Rejuvenate Bio later collaborated with Tufts University to use the same method on Cavalier King Charles spaniel to stop the progression of mitral valve disease by stopping the accumulation of scar tissue in the heart. The therapy used a virus to deliver a genetic therapy that blocks the action of a specific protein that contributes to the accumulation of scar tissue.

History
The term mitral valve prolapse was coined by J. Michael Criley in 1966 and gained acceptance over the other descriptor of "billowing" of the mitral valve, as described by John Brereton Barlow.

References

Further reading

External links

Valvular heart disease
Syndromes

Mitral valve prolapse


Rhapis excelsa es una especie de palmera originaria de Asia.

Descripción
Tiene los tallos agrupados, formando grandes colonias, alcanzando un tamaño de a 3 m de altura, y 1,5 cm de diámetro. Está cubierto con vainas persistentes y hojas fibrosas. Las inflorescencias que se encuentra entre las hojas, está ramificada; con brácteas tubulares,  raquis de 26 cm; y raquilas a 11 cm; las flores masculinas de 6 mm; con los sépalos unidos en un tubo, los pétalos unidos en una corola tubular. Los frutos  amarillos, globosos a elipsoidales, de 1 x 0,8 cm.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en localidades dispersas en los bosques de tierras bajas o los bosques secos, en las laderas, por debajo de 1000 metros de altura, en Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan, Tailandia (quizás introducida) y Vietnam.

Taxonomía
Rhapis excelsa fue descrita por (Carl Peter Thunberg) Augustine Henry y publicado en Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 11(3): 153, en el año 1930.

Etimología

El nombre del género deriva del griego: Rhapis, que significa "aguja", y el nombre de la especie es el nombre en latín para  "alto", un nombre irónico elegido para R. excelsa que no es la más alta en el género.

Sinonimia

Chamaerops excelsa Thunb.
Chamaerops kwanwortsik Siebold ex H.Wendl.
Rhapis aspera W.Baxter
Rhapis cordata W.Baxter
Rhapis divaricata Gagnep.
Rhapis flabelliformis L'Hér. ex Aiton
Rhapis kwamwonzick Siebold ex Linden
Rhapis major Blume
Trachycarpus excelsus (Thunb.) H.Wendl.

Usos

Los tallos se utilizan para los palillos y los bastones. Esta especie es ampliamente plantada como ornamental y se ha introducido en Japón.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 FLORIDATA Link
 PACSAO.org
 http://www.palmweb.org/?q=cdm_dataportal/taxon/ffd5df6a-3adf-4c22-8b21-3db916fc3c79

excelsa
Plantas descritas en 1930
Flora de Asia oriental
Plantas descritas por Thunberg
Plantas descritas por A.Henry

Rhapis excelsa