Eugénia Tabosa, nome artístico de Maria Eugénia Gonçalves Tabosa Dias (Lisboa, 16 de dezembro de 1931 – São Paulo, 30 de janeiro de 2022) é uma pintora e escritora, professora, ilustradora e ceramista portuguesa. Licenciada em Pintura pela Faculdade de Belas Artes de Lisboa, trabalhou também em cerâmica e azulejaria; fez restauro arqueológico e lecionou Educação Visual no ensino público por mais de 26 anos em Portugal. Mudou-se para São Paulo em 2005.

Foi casada com o publicitário e criador de jogos Mário Seabra, com quem teve três filhos (Carlos, Dulce e Eduardo) e com o arquiteto e arqueólogo Manuel Gustavo Fernandes Marques, com quem teve dois filhos (Gustavo e João).

Em artes plásticas trabalhou com técnicas de óleo sobre tela,  aquarela, sumi-ê, desenhos a lápis e a nanquim, serigrafia, cerâmica baixo fogo, argila com engobe, terracota brunida, pintura em porcelana, pintura em seda, fotografia.

Depois do 25 de Abril de 1974, a Revolução dos Cravos em Portugal, participou da pintura de muros e painéis em atividades de militância nas áreas de cultura e educação. Nessa época, cursou, juntamente com sua filha Dulce Seabra, durante dois anos, oficinas do Teatro do Oprimido com Augusto Boal, então exilado em Portugal.

Começou a escrever e publicar poesia, haicais e microcontos em blogs e sites na internet, usando a experiência visual em sua produção poética , tendo publicado seus três livros nos últimos seis meses de vida: Ao sabor do vento , com prefácio de Eduardo Alves da Costa, Microcontos, com prefácio de José Santos Matos, e Haicais , com prefácio de Carlos Seabra, todos com as ilustrações do miolo e da capa de sua autoria.

Livros publicados

 Ao sabor do vento (Arribaçã Editora - Cajazeiras, PB) 2021.
 Microcontos (Estúdio Aspas - São Paulo, SP) 2021.
 Haicais (Terra Redonda Editora - São Paulo, SP) 2021.
 Meu amor é um anjo - antologia de contos, vários autores (Editora Draco - São Paulo, SP) 2012.
 Moedas Para o Barqueiro - Contos Fantásticos Sobre a Morte - vários autores (Andross Editora - São Paulo, SP) 2010.

Ligações externas

 Pedaços de mim
 Escritas
 Recanto das Letras

Referências

Escritoras de Portugal
Escritoras do Brasil
Pintores de Portugal
Pintores do Brasil

Eugénia Tabosa


Francis Gerald "Frank" Sullivan (* 26. Juli 1898 in Toronto, Ontario; † 8. Januar 1989 ebenda) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und -trainer. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1928 gewann er als Mitglied der kanadischen Nationalmannschaft die Goldmedaille.

Karriere
Frank Sullivan begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der Mannschaft der University of Toronto, mit der er 1921 den Allan Cup, den kanadischen Amateurmeistertitel, gewann. 1928 vertrat er mit den Toronto Varsity Grads, die ein Jahr zuvor ebenfalls den Allan Cup gewonnen hatten, Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen. Obwohl er zuvor nicht zum Kader der Mannschaft gehört hatte, verhalf ihm sein Bruder Joe gegen den Willen von Trainer Conn Smythe einen Platz im Team. In den 1930er Jahren war Frank Sullivan selbst Cheftrainer der Toronto Varsitiy Grads.

International
Für Kanada nahm Sullivan an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1928 in St. Moritz teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille gewann. Er selbst erzielte im Turnierverlauf in drei Spielen zwei Tore. Bei der Eishockey-Weltmeisterschaft 1953 war er Trainer der Schweiz, die die Bronzemedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1921 Allan-Cup-Gewinn mit der University of Toronto
 1928 Goldmedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen
 1953 Bronzemedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1953 (als Trainer)

Familie
Sein Bruder Joe Sullivan wurde ebenfalls 1928 Olympiasieger im Eishockey. Auch sein Sohn Peter Sullivan war Eishockeyspieler und bestritt 126 Spiele in der National Hockey League.

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Eishockeytrainer (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1928
Olympiasieger (Eishockey)
Geboren 1898
Gestorben 1989
Mann
Kanadier
Eishockeynationaltrainer (Schweiz)

Frank Sullivan (Eishockeyspieler, 1898)


Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa (?-27 Aralık 1808) Karaman valisi ve Osmanlı Devletinin Islahat döneminde önemli görevlerde bulunmuş bir devlet adamı.

Hizmetleri

Nizam-ı Cedid

Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa bugünkü Antalya ilinin İbradı ilçesinde doğdu. 1803 yılında III. Selim tarafından Osmanlı Devletinin Karaman (Konya) eyaletine vali olarak atandı. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa III. Selim'in kurduğu Nizam-ı Cedid ordusunu Karaman'da örgütledi. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa, Nizam-ı Cedid askerleri ile, o zamana kadar ortadan kaldırılamamış Anadolu'daki bazı Celalileri, Çorlu ve Malkara civarında yenerek ortadan kaldırmayı başardı. III. Selim bunun üzerine 1806 Temmuz'unda Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'yı Nizam-ı Cedid ordusunu Rumeli'de örgütlemek üzere Edirne'ye yolladı. Fakat Rumeli ayanlarının Nizam-ı Cedid'e şiddet kullanarak direnmeleri III.Selim'i Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'yı geri çağırmak zorunda bıraktı. Padişahın bu zayıflığı Nizam-ı Cedid'e karşı çıkanların cesaretini arttırdı ve III. Selim Kabakçı Mustafa'nın yönettiği bir ayaklanma sonunda 30 Mayıs 1807'de, tahttan indirildi ve yerine IV. Mustafa tahta geçti.

Sekban-ı Cedid

14 aylık bir saltanattan sonra Rusçuk ayanı Alemdar Mustafa Paşa İstanbul'a ordusuyla yürüyerek IV. Mustafa'yı tahtan indirdi ve yerine II. Mahmut'u tahta geçirdi (28 Temmuz 1808). II. Mahmut Alemdar Mustafa Paşa'yı sadrazam yaptı. Alemdar Mustafa Paşa'nın sadrazam olduktan sonra yaptığı ilk işlerden biri devletin ileri gelenleriyle büyük bir toplantı yapmak oldu. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa Konya'dan İstanbul'a bu toplantıya katılmak için çağrıldı. Bu toplantıda alınan kararlar Sened-i İttifak adı verilen bir belgede derlendi. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa da bu belgeyi imzalayanlardan biri oldu (7 Ekim 1808). Bu belge ile ayanlar, hükûmet emirlerini dinleyeceklerine söz verdiler. Nizam-ı Cedid ordusu Sekban-ı Cedid adıyla yeniden kuruldu. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa yeni ordunun başına geçti.

Tahttan indirilen IV. Mustafa ve adamları bu gelişmelerden hoşnut değillerdi. 14 Kasım 1808 gecesi, Alemdar Mustafa Paşa'nın konağını bastılar. Gelecek yardımı bekleyerek yeniçerilerle kıyasıya çarpışan sadrazam, damı delmekte olan yeniçerileri görünce patlattığı barut fıçısıyla intihar etti. Ayaklananlar II. Mahmut'u tahttan indirmek için saraya saldırdılar. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa Sekban-ı Cedid askeriyle Topkapı Sarayı'nı savundu. Bozguna uğrayan ayaklananların üzerine giden Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa, 3.000'den fazla yeniçeriyi ve diğer ayaklananları kılıçtan geçirtti. Ama yeniçeriler üstünlük sağladılar. Sultan II. Mahmut 18 Kasım 1808 tarihinde Sekban-ı Cedid'i dağıtmak zorunda kaldı.

Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'nın Öldürülmesi

Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa askerleriyle oturduğu Selimiye Kışlası'ndan bir kömürcü kayığına binerek Gemlik'e kaçtı ve oradan Kütahya ve sonra da yanında küçük oğlu vergi müdürü Abdullah Paşa ve büyük oğlu medrese Hocası Mehmet Bey olduğu halde memleketi olan İbradı'daki evine sığındı. Kapukulu askerlerinin ısrarı üzerine Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'nın diri veya ölü elde edilmesi için bir ferman çıkarılmıştı. Bu fermanın yerine getirmek için de Teke vergi memuru Kapıcıbaşı Hacı Mehmet Ağa'ya görev verilmişti. Hacı Mehmet Ağa Antalya yöresinden topladığı 10.000 kadar yeniçeri ile İbradı'yı bastı. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa İbradı dağlarına kaçmışsa da tutularak İbradı kasabasında medrese Çarşısındaki konağında 27 Aralık 1808 tarihinde boğduruldu. Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'nın oğulları hakkında idam fermanı yok iken Kapıcıbaşı Hacı Mehmet Ağa'nın oğlu İbrahim Bey 12 gün sonra kavgalı olduğu Abdullah Paşa'yı ve ertesi gün de Mehmet Bey'i öldürttü. Bu üç kişinin mezarları İbradı Mezarlığındadır.

II. Mahmut Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'nın idamına karşı olduğu için Hacı Mehmet Ağa'yı cezalandırmak için fırsat bekledi. Bu sırada Hacı Mehmet Ağa öldü ve yerine oğlu İbrahim Bey geçti. Ibrahim Bey, Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'dan arta kalan mal ve eşyaları vermemekte direnerek Sultan'a sert cevap verince, II. Mahmut'un gönderdiği askerler Antalya kalesine saklanan İbrahim Bey'i karadan ve denizden kuşatarak yakaladılar. İbrahim Bey idam edildi ve ailesi Selanik'e sürgüne gönderildi.II Mahmut daha sonra da Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa'nın tüm haklarını ve mallarının iadesini sağladı.

Kaynakça
 Antalya Rehberi
 Osmanlı Araştırmaları

Osmanlı paşaları
Osmanlı kadıları
1808 yılında ölenler
İbradı doğumlular
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
Antalya'da ölenler
Osmanlı Konya valileri

Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa


Migrations () es un drama franco–yugoslavo de 1988 dirigido por Aleksandar Petrović y protagonizado por Isabelle Huppert.

Reparto
 Avtandil Makharadze – Vuk Isaković
 Isabelle Huppert – Dafina Isaković
 Richard Berry – Aranđel Isaković
 Bernard Blier
 Erland Josephson
 Dragan Nikolić – Pavel Isaković
 Miki Manojlović – Arnold de Sabrant
 Rade Marković
 Petar Božović – Field Marshal von Berenklau
 Ljubomir Ćipranić – Sekula
 Jelica Sretenović
 Dobrica Jovanović
 Jovan Janičijević Burduš
 Ružica Sokić
 Aljoša Vučković

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas dirigidas por Aleksandar Petrović
Películas de Francia
Películas en francés
Películas de Yugoslavia

Migrations


Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) is the primary public transit authority of Miami, Florida and the greater Miami-Dade County area.  It is the largest transit system in Florida and the 15th-largest transit system in the United States. As of , the system has  rides per year, or about  per weekday in . MDT operates the Metrobus with their paratransit STS systems run by LSF. MDT also operates two rail transit systems: Metrorail and Metromover.

Metrobus operates over 93 routes, including the South-Dade Transitway. MDT's main transit stations are Government Center in Downtown, and the Miami Intermodal Center in Grapeland Heights, which can access the Miami International Airport.

Metrorail is composed of two rail lines (Green and Orange lines) with 23 stations radiating from the city center towards outlying neighborhoods north and south of Downtown. Metromover operates throughout the Downtown, Omni, and Brickell neighborhoods, and is composed of three rail loops and 22 stations. The opening of the Metrorail Orange Line in July 2012 significantly increased usage of the system.  As of 2013, rail fares collected were $23 million/yr and it cost $78 million/yr to operate the rail system.

Tri-Rail is a separate entity and not controlled by MDT. Tri-Rail, a commuter rail system, connects the Miami Intermodal Center & Tri-Rail Metrorail Transfer station to Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach.

History
In 1960, the Dade County Commission passed an ordinance creating the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) to unify the different transit operations into one countywide service. This ordinance provided for the purchase, development, and operation of an adequate mass transit system by the County. These companies included the Miami Transit Company, Miami Beach Railway Company, South Miami Coach Lines, and Keys Transit Company on Key Biscayne and would be managed by National City Management Company. National City was dismissed as manager in 1974. Over the years and under various administrations, MTA evolved into the Metro-Dade Transportation Administration, the Metro-Dade Transit Agency, the Miami-Dade Transit Agency, and is now known simply as Miami-Dade Transit (MDT).

Miami-Dade Transit, a county department of more than 4,000 employees, is the largest transit agency in the state of Florida and accounts for more than half of the trips taken on public transit in the state. MDT operates an accessible, integrated system of 93-plus Metrobus routes; the  Metrorail rapid transit system; Metromover, a free Downtown people mover system; and the Paratransit division's Special Transportation Service. Metrobus routes cover more than 35-million miles annually, including limited service to Broward and Monroe counties. In 2004, MDT's Metrorail, Metromover, and Metrobus transported more than 96 million passengers, compared to 85 million the previous year.

2011 federal investigation
Miami-Dade Transit was undergoing a federal investigation by the Federal Transit Administration that includes several audits and a criminal investigation of the transit agency due to concerns over money mismanagement within the agency. This caused a freezing of federal funds being granted to the county agency. In late 2010 the county manager claimed that it was 'not fraud' but rather accounting errors, poor management, and erroneous information given to the auditors that triggered the investigation, including a withdrawal of $15 million through the ECHO program that was made by a transit official two hours after a letter arrived in September 2010 from the FTA telling them withdrawals had been restricted. The investigation and lack of funding let to emergency service cuts to Metrorail, Metrobus, and Metromover being considered by the agency by the middle of 2011, six months into the investigation and lack of funding which began in November 2010, causing MDT to lose $185 million in grant money. Assistant county manager Ysela Llort became responsible for Miami-Dade Transit after director Harpal Kapoor left in April 2011. Additionally, funding for the Metrorail airport link was jeopardized by the funding freeze. The FTA decided to continue funding under strict control in order to keep service cuts from happening.

MDT headquarters are located in the Overtown Transit Village in Downtown Miami.

Future

The SMART Program
The Strategic Miami Area Rapid Transit (SMART) Program involves the implementation of five rapid transit corridors in Miami-Dade County. It includes new extensions of the current Metrorail and Metromover systems as well as the introduction of new forms of rapid transit, such as bus rapid transit (BRT).

South-Dade Transitway (South Corridor Bus Rapid Transit)
The South-Dade Transitway Corridor will become a gold standard bus rapid transit (BRT) line, including 2 terminals and 14 new iconic BRT stations, all featuring fare gates, center platform boarding, all-door and level boarding, next bus arrival screens, air-conditioned waiting areas, and other rail-like amenities. Along the transitway, signal preemption and level crossing gates will be implemented so that BRT vehicles never stop at a light. The BRT will use 60-foot New Flyer Xcelsior battery-electric articulated buses. The project should be completed by March 2024.

North Corridor (Metrorail extension)
The North Corridor is an extension of the current Metrorail system along NW 27 Avenue from the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Plaza station to the north county line. It will be implemented in two phases. The first phase will extend the Metrorail to a station at the Hard Rock Stadium, with a stop at the Miami-Dade College North Campus. The second phase will include the remainder of the project, with a total of eight new stations added.

Northeast Corridor (Commuter rail)
The Northeast Corridor will feature commuter rail service (potentially Tri-Rail), extending from MiamiCentral to the Aventura station along the existing Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) tracks. It will have seven stations for the service in Miami-Dade, with both of the terminal stations having access to Brightline. Service could begin as soon as 2027.

East-West Corridor (Bus Rapid Transit)
The East-West Corridor consists of three BRT routes on dedicated bus lanes running from Tamiami Terminal to the Miami Intermodal Center and Government Center, as well as through the Blue Lagoon area. One of the routes will go on dedicated lanes, mainly along SR 836, and include four stations between Tamiami Terminal and the Miami Intermodal Center.

In April 2023, the Miami-Dade Transportation Planning Organization (TPO) considered commuter rail service instead of BRT as the form of rapid transit for the reason that BRT is "no longer seen as practical" and that commuter rail service on the CSX Lehigh Spur has "become more flexible [on cost]."

Beach Corridor (Metromover extensions and bus/trolley lanes)
The Beach Corridor includes three rapid transit projects. The first is an extension of the current Metromover system along Miami Avenue from the School Board station to NW 41st Street. The second, known as BayLink, is another Metromover extension along the southern edge of MacArthur Causeway to Miami Beach, with stations in between. BayLink could begin service as soon as 2028. The third is dedicated bus/trolley lanes along Washington Avenue from 5th Street to the Miami Beach Convention Center.

Metrorail

Metrorail is an elevated heavy rail rapid transit system. It has two lines on  of track with termini west of Hialeah, at Miami International Airport, and in Kendall.

Metrorail serves the urban core of Miami, connecting the urban centers of Miami International Airport, the Health District, Downtown Miami, and Brickell with the northern developed neighborhoods of Hialeah and Medley to the northwest, and to suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, and South Miami, ending at Dadeland South in Kendall.

Metromover

Metromover is a free, elevated, automated mass transit people mover that runs on three loops: the Downtown Inner Loop, Brickell Loop, and the Omni Loop. The systems total  with 22 stations at roughly every two blocks in the greater Downtown area. Metromover serves the neighborhoods of Downtown, Arts & Entertainment District, Brickell, Park West, and Overtown.

Metrobus

The Metrobus network provides bus service throughout Miami-Dade County 365 days a year.  It consists of about 93 routes and 880 buses, which connect most points in the county and part of southern Broward County as well.  Seven of these routes operate around the clock: Routes 3, 11, 27, 38, 77 (last bus from Downtown Miami 1:10am, first bus from Downtown Miami 4:10am), L (No 24-hour service to Hialeah, all trips terminate at Northside Station) and S. Routes 246 Night Owl (served by LSF) & Route 500 Midnight Owl (County operated) which operate from midnight to 5am. Most other routes operate from 4:30am to 1:30am. All Metrobuses are wheelchair accessible, in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and all county buses except for private run routes are equipped with bicycle racks. Some privatized routes trucks are receiving bike racks but very limited.

Bus route 301 (Dade-Monroe Express) extends into Monroe County, reaching Marathon, where a transfer is available to a Key West Transit bus proceeding further into the Keys.  With the appropriate bus transfers, one can travel all the way from Key West to Jupiter entirely on public-transit buses.

Paratransit (STS)

Paratransit/Special Transportation Services (STS) is available for people with a mental or physical disability who cannot ride Metrobus, Metrorail, or Metromover. For $3.50 per one-way trip, STS offers shared-ride, door-to-door travel in accessible vehicles throughout most of Miami-Dade County, in some parts of south Broward County, and in the middle and northern Keys. STS operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including most holidays. Service is run by private company.

Rates

The "EASY Card" system is a regional fare collection system with interoperable smartcards and equipment.  The following information is specific to Miami-Dade Transit:

Since October 1, 2009, Miami-Dade Transit has used the EASY Card system for fare collection.

On December 13, 2009 paper-based bus transfers were discontinued, and bus-to-bus transfers are now free only when using an EASY Card or EASY Ticket.

 An EASY Card can be purchased for $2 at EASY Card sales outlets, vending machines in Metrorail stations, calling 3-1-1 in Miami-Dade County, or online. Money can be reloaded on to the card at the same places and locations. The card is durable plastic and lasts for 20 years from first use since 2013.
 Alternatively an EASY Ticket may be purchased with no sales charge.  However EASY Tickets are limited to the fare type initially loaded onto it, and expire 60 days after purchase.  EASY Tickets also may not be purchased online or via telephone.
 With the change, paper transfers are being eliminated on transit. People paying fares in cash will need to pay full fare when transferring. Transfers will be available only by paying with an EASY Card or Ticket and using the card again within 3 hours of boarding transit.

The current standard fare is $2.25 and reduced fare is $1.10. A standard monthly pass costs $112.50 and $56.25 for reduced fare (College Students). The monthly Metropass is loaded onto the EASY Card. Fare gates at all Metrorail stations does not accept any type of cash, and require an EASY Card/Ticket, contactless device, or contactless debit/credit card to enter and exit the stations.

Reduced fares are available only to Medicare recipients, people with disabilities, and Miami-Dade students in grades K-12. Fare is free to kids below  tall with fare-paying rider. Full time college students may also purchase a College EASY Ticket to ride Metrobus or Metrorail at $56.25 at their college/university along with a valid Student ID. Miami-Dade County employees can also receive discounted monthly rates and pre-tax savings by enrolling in the Monthly Pass Payroll Deduction program.

All Miami-Dade senior citizens aged 65 years and older and with Social Security benefits ride free with a Golden Passport pass. Veterans residing in Miami-Dade and earning less than $22,000 annually ride free with the Patriot Passport pass.

As of August 21, 2019, and December 23, 2019 riders can use their smartphones/smartwatches and contactless credit/debt cards to board the Metrorail and Metrobus.  (Accepting Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay, Fitbit Pay etc.).

Finances
In 2018, the annual operating expense was $552 million; annual revenue was $106 million.  Each passenger trip cost $6.77.  One-way rides on Metrobus and Metrorails cost $2.25; rides on Metromover were free of charge to passengers.

Passenger ridership

In February 2011, Miami-Dade Transit ridership totaled 336,067 passengers, including all Metrorail, Metromover and Metrobus lines. With a population of about 2.5 million in Miami-Dade County, Miami-Dade Transit accounts for 15% of the population's daily mode of transportation. Note: This figure does not include Tri-Rail, Miami's commuter rail operator.

Since the debut of Uber in the Miami area ridership has decreased each year, especially on the buses. By 2018, there were fewer riders than in 1999.  In 2018, Metrorail and Metromover began to shut down earlier in the evening; the peak in-service fleet was cut by 4%; and service miles were cut by 2 million.

Annual passenger ridership

* Record highs

Weekday passenger ridership averages

See also

Transportation in South Florida
Tri-Rail
List of Rapid Transit Systems

References

External links

 Transportation & Public Works
 Citizens' Independent Transportation Trust
 APTA ridership information

1960 establishments in Florida
Bus rapid transit in Florida
Bus transportation in Florida
Government of Miami-Dade County, Florida

Miami-Dade Transit


Chevening es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Sevenoaks, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Chevening tiene una superficie de 15,59 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Chevening tenía 2762 habitantes (48,55% varones, 51,45% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 177,16 hab/km². El 20,13% eran menores de 16 años, el 72,09% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 7,78% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,48 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 19,4% estaban solteros, el 68,13% casados y el 12,47% divorciados o viudos.

El 90,73% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 2,93% de la población, mientras que el 6,34% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 97,79% eran blancos, el 0,62% mestizos, el 0,72% asiáticos, el 0,18% negros, el 0,43% chinos y el 0,25% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 80,84%, el budismo por el 0,14%, el hinduismo por el 0,18%, el judaísmo por el 0,22%, el islam por el 0,4% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el sijismo, por el 0,25%. El 11,95% no eran religiosos y el 6,01% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

1274 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 1240 de ellos (97,33%) empleados y 34 (2,67%) desempleados. Había 1089 hogares con residentes, 28 vacíos y 4 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Chevening


Jean Blanchet est un médecin, chirurgien, professeur, officier de milice et homme politique du Bas-Canada né le  à Saint-Pierre-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, décédé le  à Québec.

Biographie
Fils de cultivateur, Jean Blanchet fit ses études au petit séminaire de Québec de 1810 à 1813. Il commence des études de médecine avec son oncle, François Blanchet à 17 ans. En 1818, il poursuit sa formation médicale en Europe auprès de médecins reconnus, tels Guillaume Dupuytren et Dominique-Jean Larrey à Paris ainsi que Astley Paston Cooper et de Sir William Blizard à Londres. Il obtient sa licence de chirurgie en 1820 Royal College of Surgeons de Londres.

De retour à Québec, Jean Blanchet s'associe avec son oncle François Blanchet duquel il prend la succession en 1830 à la mort de ce dernier. Parallèlement à sa pratique, Jean Blanchet commence l'enseignement de l'anatomie à l'hôpital des Émigrants en 1823. Sa renommée se répand et son dévouement lui mérite le surnom de  « médecin des pauvres ».

Instigateur de l'enseignement médical, Jean Blanchet fait partie, en 1847, des fondateurs de l'École de médecine de Québec qui deviendra la Faculté de médecine de l'Université Laval en 1854 et dont il fut le premier doyen.

Références

Liens externes

Professeur à l'Université Laval
Chirurgien canadien
Médecin québécois

Jean Blanchet (médecin)


The Lydians (Greek: Λυδοί; known as Sparda to the Achaemenids, Old Persian cuneiform 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭) were an Anatolian people living in Lydia, a region in western Anatolia, who spoke the distinctive Lydian language, an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group.

Questions raised regarding their origins, reaching well into the 2nd millennium BC, continue to be debated by language historians and archeologists. A distinct Lydian culture lasted, in all probability, until at least shortly before the Common Era, having been attested the last time among extant records by Strabo in Kibyra in south-west Anatolia around his time (1st century BC).

The Lydian capital was at Sfard or Sardis. Their recorded history of statehood, which covers three dynasties traceable to the Late Bronze Age, reached the height of its power and achievements during the 7th and 6th centuries BC, a time which coincided with the demise of the power of neighboring Phrygia, which lay to the north-east of Lydia.

Lydian power came to an abrupt end with the fall of their capital in events subsequent to the Battle of Halys in 585 BC and defeat by Cyrus the Great in 546 BC.

Sources

Material in the way of historical accounts of themselves found to date is scarce; the knowledge on Lydians largely rely on the impressed but mixed accounts of ancient Greek writers.

The Homeric name for the Lydians was Μαίονες, cited among the allies of the Trojans during the Trojan War, and from this name "Maeonia" and "Maeonians" derive and while these Bronze Age terms have sometimes been used as alternatives for Lydia and the Lydians, nuances have also been brought between them. The first attestation of Lydians under such a name occurs in Neo-Assyrian sources. The annals of Assurbanipal (mid-7th century BC) refer to the embassy of Gu(g)gu, king of Luddi, to be identified with Gyges, king of the Lydians. It seems likely that the term Lydians came to be used with reference to the inhabitants of Sardis and its vicinity only with the rise of the Mermnad dynasty.

Herodotus states in his Histories that the Lydians "were the first men whom we know who coined and used gold and silver currency". While this specifically refers to coinage in electrum, some numismatists think that coinage per se arose in Lydia. He also states that during the kingship of Croesus, there was no other Asia Minor ethnos braver and more militant than the Lydians.

Customs

According to Herodotus, once a Lydian girl reached maturity, she would ply the trade of prostitute until she had earned a sufficient dowry, upon which she would publicize her availability for marriage. This was the general practice for girls not born into nobility.

He also attributes the Lydians with inventing a variety of ancient games, notably knucklebones, claiming the games' rise in popularity to be during a particularly severe drought, where the games afforded the Lydians a psychological reprieve from their troubles.

Language and script

Lydian texts discovered to date are not numerous and usually short, but close liaisons maintained between leading scholars of Anatolian linguistics enables constant impetus and progress in the field, new epigraphical findings, evidence being added and new words being recorded continuously. Nevertheless, a real breakthrough for the understanding of the Lydian language has not occurred yet.

Presently available texts begin around the mid-7th century and extend until the 2nd century BC, which leads one scholar to conclude, "Lydians wrote early, but [in the light of the available sources, it seems] they did not write much."

Religion

A number of Lydian religious concepts may well go back to the Early Bronze Age and even Late Stone Age, such as the vegetation goddess Kore, the snake and bull cult, the thunder and rain god and the double-axe (Labrys) as a sign of thunder, the mountain mother goddess (Mother of Gods) assisted by lions, associable or not to the more debated Kuvava (Cybele). A difficulty in compounding Lydian religion and mythology remains as reciprocal contacts and transfer with ancient Greek concepts occurred for over a millennium from the Bronze Age to classical (Persian) times. As pointed out by archaeological explorers of Lydia, Artimu (Artemis) and Pldans (Apollo) have strong Anatolian components and Cybele-Rhea, the Mother of Gods, and Baki (Bacchus, Dionysos) went from Anatolia to Greece, while both in Lydia and Caria, Levs (Zeus) preserved strong local characteristics all at the same sharing the name of its Greek equivalent.

Among other divine figures of the Lydian pantheon which still remain relatively obscure, Santai, Kuvava's escort and sometimes a hero burned on a pyre, and Marivda(s), associated with darkness, may be cited.

In literature and arts

Niobe, daughter of Tantalus and Dione and sister of Pelops and Broteas, had known Arachne, a Lydian woman, when she was still in Lydia/Maeonia in her father's lands near to Mount Sipylus, according to Ovid's account. These eponymous figures may have corresponded to the obscure ages associated with the semi-legendary dynasty of the Atyads or Tantalids, and situated around the time of the emergence of a Lydian nation from their predecessors or previous identities as Maeonians and Luvians.

Several accounts on the dynasty of Tylonids succeeding the Atyads or Tantalids are available and once into the last Lydian dynasty of Mermnads, the legendary accounts surrounding Ring of Gyges, and Gyges's later enthronement to the Lydian throne and foundation of the new dynasty, by replacing the King Kandaules, the last of the Taylanids, this in alliance with Kandaules's wife who then became his queen, are Lydian stories in the full sense of the term, as recounted by Herodotus, who himself may have borrowed his passages from Xanthus of Lydia, a Lydian who had reportedly written a history of his country slightly earlier in the same century.

Several expressions on Lydians were in common use in ancient Greek and in Latin languages, and a collection and detailed treatment of these were done by Erasmus in his Adagia.

There are also several works of visual arts depicting Lydians or using as theme subject matters of Lydian history.

See also

 Lydia
 Lydia (satrapy)
 Lydian Treasure (Karun Treasure)
 Luvian language

References

Sources

Ancient peoples of Anatolia
Luwians

Lydians


Rubyvale is a rural town and locality in the Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia.  In the , the town of Rubyvale had a population of 640 people.

Rubyvale was one of three towns within the locality of The Gemfields (the others being Sapphire and Anakie) until  17 April 2020, when the Queensland Government decided to replace The Gemfields with three new localities (Rubyvale, Sapphire Central and Anakie Siding) based around each of the three towns respectively. The boundaries of Argyll were also modified to accommodate the introduction of the locality of Rubyvale with an area of .

Geography
The town is located near the south-east boundary of the locality. The town is approximately  west of Emerald. Sapphires are mined extensively in the area.

History
The name Rubyvale derives from a ruby weighing  found near the town by miner William Dunn in the early 1900s. Dunn was very proud of the ruby and did not sell it but showed it to people he trusted; after his death the ruby could not be found.

Rubyvale Provisional School opened on 19 October 1908. On 1 January 1909 it became Rubyvale State School. It closed in 1963.

At the , Rubyvale had a population of 510.

In the , Rubyvale had a population of 640 people.

Rubyvale was one of three towns within the locality of The Gemfields (the others being Sapphire and Anakie) until  17 April 2020, when the Queensland Government decided to replace The Gemfields with three new localities (Rubyvale, Sapphire Central and Anakie Siding) based around each of the three towns respectively. The boundaries of Argyll were also modified to accommodate the introduction of the locality of Rubyvale with an area of .

Amenities
Rubyvale has a convenience store/news agents, post office, hotel and take-away bottle shop, as well as a variety of accommodation and fossicking areas. Some popular places to go fossicking are the Bob n John Mine, Bobby Dazzler and Pats Gems.

The Central Highlands Regional Council operates a public library at 7 Burridge Road ().

Education
There are no schools in Rubyvale. The nearest primary school is Anakie State School in Anakie to the south. The nearest secondary schools are Emerald State High School in Emerald to the east and Capella State High School in Capella to the north-east.

Climate
The area can get up to 40 °C during summer, and can reach 0 °C in winter.

Heritage listings
Rubyvale has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Argyll (but nearest town is Rubyvale): Tomahawk Creek Huts

References

External links

Map and facilities list
A Gemfields home page

Mining towns in Queensland
Towns in Queensland
Central Highlands Region
Localities in Queensland

Rubyvale, Queensland


Amos Townsend (* 1821 in Brownsville, Fayette County, Pennsylvania; † 17. März 1895 in St. Augustine, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Vom 4. März 1877 bis 3. März 1883 war er Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für den 20. Kongressdistrikt des Bundesstaates Ohio.

Biografie
Amos Townsend wurde 1821 in Brownsville in Pennsylvania geboren. Ein genaues Geburtsdatum ist nicht überliefert. In Pittsburgh besuchte er die öffentlichen Schulen. 1839 zog er nach Mansfield um, wo er als Geschäftsmann tätig war. Später arbeitete er für den United States Marshals Service. 1858 zog es ihn nach Cleveland, wo er im Supermarktgeschäft arbeitete. Zwischen 1866 und 1876 war er Mitglied des Stadtrates von Cleveland, davon alleine sieben Jahre als Präsident.

1876 wurde Townsend erstmals ins Repräsentantenhaus nach Washington, D.C. gewählt. Dort vertrat er fortan den 20. Wahlbezirk von Ohio. 1878 und 1880 verteidigte er seinen Sitz erfolgreich. Ab 1881 war er im House Vorsitzender des  Committee on Railways and Canals. Eine erneute Wahl 1882 lehnte er ab. Er schied letztlich 1883 aus dem House aus. Nach seiner politischen Laufbahn betätigte er sich wieder als Geschäftsmann. Während eines Besuchs 1895 in St. Augustine starb er. Er wurde auf dem Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Ohio
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1821
Gestorben 1895
Mann

Amos Townsend


Butler County er navnet på otte amter i USA:

 Butler County, Alabama
 Butler County, Iowa
 Butler County, Kansas
 Butler County, Kentucky
 Butler County, Missouri
 Butler County, Nebraska
 Butler County, Ohio
 Butler County, Pennsylvania

Butler County


Matthias Buchholz (* 19. Mai 1967 in Remagen) ist ein deutscher Koch.

Leben
Nach der Ausbildung im "Restaurant Schießhaus" in Gelnhausen wechselte Buchholz zu mehreren mit einem Michelin-Stern ausgezeichneten Restaurants: 1986 zum Restaurant an der Rehwiese bei Peter Frühsammer in Berlin, 1988 zu Schu`s Restaurant im Schweizer Hof in Hannover, 1989 zu Weinhaus Brückenkeller bei Hans Haas in Frankfurt und 1991 zu Andresen`s Gasthof in Bargum.

1992 ging er als Küchenchef zurück zum Restaurant Schießhaus in Gelnhausen. 1994 wechselte er zum Restaurant im Logenhaus in Berlin.

Oktober 1996 ging er zum Restaurant first floor unter Leitung von Rolf Schmidt im Hotel Palace Berlin, wo er Anfang 1999 Küchenchef wurde. Hier wurde er mit einem Michelinstern und 18 Punkten bei Gault Millau ausgezeichnet. Im April 2010 legte er eine Familienpause  ein.

Im August 2011 eröffnete er das Buchholz Gutshof Britz in Berlin-Britz, wo er gehobene Landhausküche anbietet.

Buchholz ist mit der RBB-Moderatorin Britta Elm verheiratet und hat eine Tochter.

Auszeichnungen
2000 "Berliner Meisterkoch"
2001 "Berliner Meisterkoch"
2001 "Gault Millau-Koch des Jahres"
2003 "Berliner Meisterkoch"
2004 "Five Star Diamond Award"

Publikationen
 Magie in der Küche, Jan Bartelsmann BV, Holland

Weblinks
matthias-buchholz.de

Einzelnachweise

Koch (Deutschland)
Sachbuchautor (Essen und Trinken)
Deutscher
Geboren 1967
Mann

Matthias Buchholz (Koch)


The Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (TTP) or Theologico-Political Treatise, written in Latin by the Dutch philosopher Benedictus Spinoza (1632–1677), was one of the most important and controversial texts of the early modern period. Although it was published anonymously in 1670, during Spinoza's lifetime, his identity was guessed quickly. In it, Spinoza expounds his views on contemporary Jewish and Christian religion and critically analyses the Bible, especially the Old Testament, which underlies both. He argues what the best roles for state and religion should be and concludes that a degree of democracy and freedom of speech and religion works best, such as in Amsterdam, while the state remains paramount within reason. The goal of the state is to guarantee the freedom of the citizens. Religious leaders should not meddle in politics. Spinoza prepares the ground for his work on metaphysics and psychology, Ethics, published posthumously in 1678, rightly anticipating harsh criticism and vigorous attempts by religious leaders and conservative governments to suppress his work entirely. One described it as being "Forged in hell by the apostate Jew working together with the devil". It has been characterized as "one of the most significant events in European intellectual history," laying the groundwork for ideas about liberalism, secularism, and democracy."

Historical context

The vaunted religious tolerance of the Dutch Republic was under strain in the mid-seventeenth century.  War with England over trade and imperial dominance affected the Northern Netherlands' prosperity. The conservative leaders of the Dutch Reformed Church put pressure on civil authorities to curtail freedom of expression and the circulation of ideas to which they objected. In the political sphere conservatives sought to restore the position of stadholder, or head of state, with a member of the House of Orange. During the First Stadtholderless period (1650-1672) Johan de Witt functioned as head of state and was in favor of policies of religious toleration, which had helped fuel prosperity. Jews could practice their religion openly and were an integral part of the commercial sector. There were also a great number of Christian sects that contributed to the religious and intellectual ferment of the Republic. Some dissenters began openly challenging religious authorities and religion itself, as Spinoza had done, leading to his expulsion from the Jewish community in Amsterdam in 1656. A like-minded friend and kindred intellectual spirit, Adriaan Koerbagh (1633-1669), had published two works scathing of religion. Because they were published in Dutch rather than Latin, and therefore accessible to a much wider readership, he quickly came to the attention of religious authorities, arrested, and thrown into prison, where he quickly died.  His death was a hard blow for Spinoza and his reaction was to commence writing in 1665 what became the TTP. Heeding the danger of writing in Dutch, Spinoza's treatise is in Latin.  Unlike the dense text of the Ethics, the TTP is much more accessible and deals with religion and politics rather than metaphysics. Scholars have suggested that the text of the TTP incorporates the Apologia ("defense") he had written in Spanish after his expulsion from the Jewish community in 1656.

Writing and publication history
Spinoza had been working on his magnum opus, The Ethics, when he put it aside to write the TTP.  Unlike the abstract composition of that work as a mathematical proof, the TTP is more discursive and accessible to readers of Latin.  He wrote to Henry Oldenburg, Secretary of the Royal Society, who had visited him in the Netherlands and they continued the connection via letters, telling him about the new work. Oldenburg was surprised and Spinoza wrote his justifications for the diversion from metaphysics. The TTP is a frontal assault on the power of theologians underpinned by Scripture. Spinoza wanted to defend himself against charges of atheism. He sought the freedom to philosophize, unhindered by religious authority.

The treatise was published anonymously in 1670 by Jan Rieuwertsz in Amsterdam. In order to protect the author and publisher from political retribution, the title page identified the city of publication as Hamburg and the publisher as Henricus Künraht. It was written in Neo-Latin, the language of European scholars of the era.

Treatment of religion
In the treatise, Spinoza put forth his most systematic critique of Judaism, and all organized religion in general. Spinoza argued that theology and philosophy must be kept separate, particularly in the reading of scripture. Whereas the goal of theology is obedience, philosophy aims at understanding rational truth. Scripture does not teach philosophy and thus cannot be made to conform with it, otherwise the meaning of scripture will be distorted. Conversely, if reason is made subservient to scripture, then, Spinoza argues, "the prejudices of a common people of long ago... will gain a hold on his understanding and darken it."

Spinoza argued that purportedly supernatural occurrences, namely prophecy and miracles, have in fact natural explanations. He argued that God acts solely by the laws of his own nature and rejected the view that God acts for a particular purpose or telos. For Spinoza, those who believe that God acts for some end are delusional and projecting their hopes and fears onto the workings of nature.

Scriptural interpretation
Spinoza was not only the real father of modern metaphysics and moral and political philosophy, but also of the so-called higher criticism of the Bible. He was particularly attuned to the idea of interpretation; he felt that all organized religion was simply the institutionalized defense of particular interpretations. He rejected in its entirety the view that Moses composed the first five books of the Bible, called the Pentateuch by Christians or Torah by Jews. He provided an analysis of the structure of the Bible which demonstrated that it was essentially a compiled text with many different authors and diverse origins; in his view, it was not "revealed" all at once.

His Tractatus Theologico-Politicus undertook to show that Scriptures properly understood gave no authority for the militant intolerance of the clergy who sought to stifle all dissent by the use of force. To achieve his object, Spinoza had to show what is meant by a proper understanding of the Bible, which gave him occasion to apply criticism to the Bible. His approach stood in stark contrast to contemporaries like John Bunyan, Manasseh ben Israel, and militant clerics. Spinoza, who permitted no supernatural rival to Nature and no rival authority to the civil government of the state, rejected also all claims that Biblical literature should be treated in a manner entirely different from that in which any other document is treated that claims to be historical. His contention that the Bible "is in parts imperfect, corrupt, erroneous, and inconsistent with itself, and that we possess but fragments of it" roused great storm at the time, and was mainly responsible for his evil repute for a century at least. Nevertheless, many have gradually adopted his views, agreeing with him that the real "word of God", or true religion, is not something written in books but "inscribed on the heart and mind of man". Many scholars and ministers of religion now praise Spinoza's services in the correct interpretation of Scripture as a document of first rate importance in the progressive development of human thought and conduct.

Treatment of Judaism
Though of Jewish ancestry, Spinoza does not refer to himself as Jewish at all through the treatise. He only speaks of "the Hebrews" or "the Jews" in third person.
The treatise also rejected the Jewish notion of "chosenness"; to Spinoza, all peoples are on par with each other, as God has not elevated one over the other. Spinoza also offered a sociological explanation as to how the Jewish people had managed to survive for so long, despite facing relentless persecution. In his view, the Jews had been preserved due to a combination of Gentile hatred and Jewish separatism.

He also gave one final, crucial reason for the continued Jewish presence, which in his view, was by itself sufficient to maintain the survival of the nation forever: circumcision. It was the ultimate anthropological expression of bodily marking, a tangible symbol of separateness which was the ultimate identifier.

Spinoza also posited a novel view of the Torah; he claimed that it was essentially a political constitution of the ancient state of Israel. In his view, because the state no longer existed, its constitution could no longer be valid. He argued that the Torah was thus suited to a particular time and place; because times and circumstances had changed, the Torah could no longer be regarded as a valid document.

Spinoza's political theory
Spinoza agreed with Thomas Hobbes that if each man had to fend for himself, with nothing but his own right arm to rely upon, then the life of man would be "nasty, brutish, and short". The truly human life is only possible in an organised community, that is, a state or commonwealth. The state ensures security of life, limb and property; it brings within reach of every individual many necessaries of life which he could not produce by himself; and it sets free sufficient time and energy for the higher development of human powers. Now the existence of a state depends upon a kind of implicit agreement on the part of its members or citizens to obey the sovereign authority which governs it. In a state no one can be allowed to do just as he pleases. Every citizen is obliged to obey its laws; and he is not free even to interpret the laws in a special manner. This looks at first like a loss of freedom on the part of the individuals, and the establishment of an absolute power over them. Yet that is not really so. In the first place, without the advantages of an organised state the average individual would be so subject to dangers and hardships of all kinds and to his own passions that he could not be called free in any real sense of the term, least of all in the sense that Spinoza used it. Man needs the state not only to save him from others but also from his own lower impulses and to enable him to live a life of reason, which alone is truly human. In the second place, state sovereignty is never really absolute. It is true that almost any kind of government is better than none, so that it is worth bearing much that is irksome rather than disturb the peace. But a reasonably wise government will even in its own interest endeavour to secure the good will and cooperation of its citizens by refraining from unreasonable measures, and will permit or even encourage its citizens to advocate reforms, provided they employ peaceable means. In this way the state really rests, in the last resort, on the united will of the citizens, on what Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who read Spinoza, subsequently called the "general will".

Spinoza sometimes writes as if the state upheld absolute sovereignty. But that is due mainly to his determined opposition to every kind of ecclesiastical control over it. Though he is prepared to support what may be called a state religion, as a kind of spiritual cement, yet his account of this religion is such as to make it acceptable to the adherents of any one of the historic creeds, to deists, pantheists and all others, provided they are not fanatical believers or unbelievers. It is really in the interest of freedom of thought and speech that Spinoza would entrust the civil government with something approaching absolute sovereignty in order to effectively resist the tyranny of the militant churches.

Human power consists in strength of mind and intellect
One of the most striking features in Spinoza's political theory is his basic principle that "right is might." This principle he applied systematically to the whole problem of government, and seemed rather pleased with his achievement, inasmuch as it enabled him to treat political theory in a scientific spirit, as if he were dealing with applied mathematics. The identification or correlation of right with power has caused much misunderstanding. People supposed that Spinoza reduced justice to brute force. But Spinoza was very far from approving Realpolitik. In the philosophy of Spinoza the term "power" (as should be clear from his moral philosophy) means a great deal more than physical force. In a passage near the end of his Political Treatise he states explicitly that "human power chiefly consists in strength of mind and intellect" — it consists in fact, of all the human capacities and aptitudes, especially the highest of them. Conceived correctly, Spinoza's whole philosophy leaves ample scope for ideal motives in the life of the individual and of the community. However, Spinoza considers only men full citizens, as outlined in his unfinished Tractus Politicus, as noted by biographers Steven Nadler and Jonathan I. Israel.

Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy
Spinoza discusses the principal kinds of states, or the main types of government, namely, Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy. Each has its own peculiarities and needs special safeguards, if it is to realise the primary function of a state. Monarchy may degenerate into Tyranny unless it is subjected to various constitutional checks which will prevent any attempt at autocracy. Similarly, Aristocracy may degenerate into Oligarchy and needs analogous checks. On the whole, Spinoza favours Democracy, by which he meant any kind of representative government. In the case of Democracy the community and the government are more nearly identical than in the case of Monarchy or Aristocracy; consequently a democracy is least likely to experience frequent collisions between the people and the government and so is best adapted to secure and maintain that peace, which it is the business of the state to secure.

Reception and influence
It is unlikely that Spinoza's Tractatus ever had political support of any kind, with attempts being made to suppress it even before Dutch magistrate Johan de Witt's murder in 1672. In 1673, it was publicly condemned by the Dutch Reformed Church  Synod of Dordrecht (1673) and banned officially the following year. Harsh criticism of the TTP began to appear almost as soon as it was published. One of the first, and most notorious, critiques was by Leipzig professor Jakob Thomasius in 1670.
The British philosopher G. E. Moore suggested to Ludwig Wittgenstein that he title one of his works "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" as a homage to Spinoza's treatise.

See also
 Thomas Hobbes
 Moses Maimonides
 Abraham ibn Ezra
 Toleration
 Tractatus Politicus

References

Further reading
 Israel, Jonathan I. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750. Oxford University Press: 2001.
Melamed, Yitzhak and Michael Rosenthal, eds. Spinoza's Theological-Political Treatise: A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010.
 Nadler, Steven. A Book Forged in Hell: Spinoza's Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2011.

External links

 Spinoza and Two Views of God
 Theologico-Political Treatise (English translation by A. H. Gosset, Introduction by Robert Harvey Monro Elwes, 1883)
 Theologico-Political Treatise (English translation by Robert Harvey Monro Elwes)
 Tractatus Theologico-Politicus – Full text in Latin
 A Spinoza Chronology
 Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Contains a version of this work, slightly modified for easier reading
 Spinoza as a Prophet of Reason, a graduate-level research paper
 Note on the text and translation – Cambridge Books Online

1670 books
Anonymous works
Books critical of Christianity
Books critical of Judaism
Books critical of religion
Philosophy of religion literature
Political philosophy literature
Works by Baruch Spinoza
Treatises
Censored books

Tractatus Theologico-Politicus


An Oberonia insularis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bunzo Hayata. An Oberonia insularis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oberonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oberonia

Oberonia insularis


Die Kamyschinka-Ilowlja-Portage war ein Schiffkarrenweg, der Sarepta bei Wolgograd an der Wolga mit Ilowlja und damit Sarkel am Don verband.

Diodor erwähnte und Ibn Fadlān bereiste diesen Schleppweg (Diolkos).

Um 830 wurde die Festung Sarkel errichtet.

1568 ließ Selim II. Erdarbeiten für einen Durchstich zwischen dem Don-Nebenfluss Ilowlja und dem Wolga-Nebenflüsschen Kamyschinka (bei Kamyschin am 50. Breitengrad) ausführen, um Nachschub für eine Erstürmung von Astrachan zu liefern.
Johann Christoph von Urbich war im Besitz eines Planes für einen Kanal zwischen Don und Ilovlya. 1894 wurde die Wasserscheide durch eine Eisenbahn überwunden.

Der Wolga-Don-Kanal wurde von 1949 bis 27. Juli 1952 gegraben.

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte der Binnenschifffahrt
Verkehrsgeschichte (Russland)
Verkehrsbauwerk in Russland
Verkehrsbauwerk (Schifffahrt)
Aufgegebenes Verkehrsbauwerk
Erbaut in den 1560er Jahren

Kamyschinka-Ilowlja-Portage


Kloroplast, fotosentezin gerçekleştiği sitoplazmik organeldir. Bitkilerin sadece yeşil kısımlarında bulunur. Bitkide besin ve oksijen üretilmesini sağlar. Genellikle yeşil renkli olduğu için bitkilerin çoğunun yeşil renkli olmasının temel sebebidir. Güneş enerjisini moleküler bağlar halinde saklayabilen tek yapı kloroplastlardır ve senede bu yolla dünyada 200 milyar ton organik madde üretilmektedir. Fotosentez yapma yeteneği kazanmış bir çekirdeksiz ve organelsiz ilkin hücre (mavi alg) ve heterotrof (adrıbeslek) canlıların içerisine girerek simbiyoz yaşama uymuş bu şekilde kloroplastları meydana getirmiştir. Yani mavi algler kloroplastların evrimsel olarak atasıdır.

Çift katmanlı zarla çevrilidir. İç katman fotosentez pigmentleri enzimleriyle klorofil içeren yassı keseciklere dönüşmüştür. DNA içeren kloroplastlar, bağımsız işlev gören ve kendi kendine çoğalan yapılardır.

Kloroplastta fotosentezi gerçekleştirmek üzere hazırlanmış tillakoidler, iç zar ve dış zar, stromalar, enzimler, ribozom, DNA gibi oluşumlar bulunur. Bu oluşumlar hem yapısal hem de işlevsel olarak birbirlerine bağlıdırlar ve her birinin kendi bünyesinde gerçekleştirdiği son derece önemli işlemler vardır. Örneğin kloroplastın dış zarı, kloroplasta madde giriş-çıkışını kontrol eder. İç zar sistemi ise "tillakoid" olarak adlandırılan yapıları içermektedir. Disklere benzeyen tillakoid bölümünde pigment (klorofil) molekülleri ve fotosentez için gerekli olan bazı enzimler yer alır. Tillakoidler "grana" adı verilen kümeler meydana getirerek, güneş ışığının en fazla miktarda emilmesini sağlarlar. Bu da bitkinin daha fazla ışık alması ve daha fazla fotosentez yapabilmesi demektir.

Bunlardan başka kloroplastlarda stroma adı verilen; içinde DNA, RNA, ribozomlar ve fotosentez için gerekli olan enzimleri barındıran bir de sıvı bulunur. Kloroplastlar sahip oldukları bu DNA ve ribozomlarla hem kendilerini çoğaltırlar hem de bazı proteinlerin üretimini gerçekleştirirler.

Yapısı

Klorofil ve diğer pigmentler bu iç membran sistemine yerleşmiş olarak bulunurlar. Fotosentezin ışık reaksiyonları ile buna bağlı elektron taşınım reaksiyonları granada gerçekleşir. Stromada ise fotosentetik karbon çemberi (Calvin çemberi) enzimleri, ribozomlar ve kloroplasta ait DNA yerleşmiştir. Bundan başka yine stromada çeşitli granüller, lipid damlacıkları, primer nişasta taneleri ve veziküller de bulunabilir.

Görevi
Işık enerjisinin emilimini CO2 alınımı CO2'den karbonhidrat oluşumu ve O2 oluşumu olayları hep kloroplastta gerçekleşir.

Işıktan faydalanarak Adenozin trifosfat'nin fosfat bağlarındaki enerjiyi, hücrede kullanılabilecek enerjiye çevirir. Adenozin trifosfat'ı kullanarak karbonun hücre için gerekli organik maddelere dönüştürülmesini sağlar.
Bitkiye yeşil rengi verir.

Ve aynı zamanda Dünya havasını temizler.

İç bağlantılar
 Endosimbiyoz Kuramı

Dış bağlantılar
 Kloroplast ve Fotosentez
 Kloroplast
 Kloroplast
 www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
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Store Rise er en landsby i Rise Sogn, på Ærø. Den hører i lighed med resten af øen til Region Syddanmark. Gårdene og husene ligger langs det forgrenede vejnet, der går fra kirken og præstegården i nord mod syd med et knæk undervejs, hvorfra der udgår veje mod øst og nord.

Rise Skole blev nedlagt i 2013, og eleverne flyttet til Marstal Skole.

På De Gamles Hjem i Rise er der i alt 23 lejligheder med eget tekøkken og eget stort badeværelse. lejlighederne er fordelt i 3 bo-enheder. I hver bo-enhed er der et stort fælles køkken/TV-/spisestue, hvor beboerne har mulighed for at spise deres måltider sammen. Hver bo-enhed har plads til mellem 7 – 9 borgere, som fungerer som en slags "familie". Det betyder, at beboerne frivilligt kan deltage i den daglige husholdning. Bygningerne er fra 1951, men er igennem årene blevet renoveret og moderniseret.

Erhverv
Rise Bryggeri er et bryggeri, der i 2004 blev etableret i Store Rise. Bryggeribygningen er fra 1880'erne og blev oprindeligt bygget som mejeri. Det oprindelige mejeri blev startet i 1880. Den 15. april 1884 blev det købt af mejeriets forpagter Axel Westerboe, og i 1887 overtog sognefoged Rasmus Peder Rasmussen sammen med Jens Pedersen Christensen virksomheden med dampkedel og alt tilhørende inventar. Brygning af øl begyndte i 1926, og i 1934 begyndte man at producere flødeis. Under anden verdenskrig tørrede man fodersukkerrør, som blev brugt til kaffeerstatning. Dette ophørte i 1947. Da man dyrkede tobak, blev arbejdet med høst og tørring varetaget af bryggerimedarbejderne og bladene tørret på loftet af Rise Bryggeri. Brygning af øl ophørte 1956, og i 1961 ophørte produktionen af is. Det nuværende bryggeri producerer en klassisk Ærø-serie og en økologisk serie samt specialøl til større begivenheder.

Ærø Cigar har til huse på Sognefogedgården ved siden af Rise Bryggeri. I august 2014 blev de første Ærø Cigarer produceret. Fra juni til september vokser tobaksplanterne sig fra 5 cm i højde til 1,5 – 2 meter på en  mark ved gården. I denne periode  er der mulighed for at se tobaksplantagen.

Rise Sparekasse blev stiftet i 1859. I marts måned 2017 besluttede bestyrelserne for Rise Sparekasse og Flemløse Sparekasse at fusionere og hedder nu  Rise Flemløse Sparekasse, med afdelinger i Store Rise, Flemløse og Svendborg.

Rise Fjernvarme er et fjernvarmeanlæg på sol og træpiller. Anlægget er kun bemandet i 4 måneder om året og kører resten af tiden fuldautomatisk.

Ærøs seks vindmøller står ved Ærøs sydvestvendte kyst ved Risemark og Vejsnæs og erstatter ældre og udtjente vindmøller. De første tre nye møller blev sat i drift i december 2002. De nyeste tre møller blev sat i drift i november 2011. Møllerne er Vestas-modeller på 2 MW. Møllerne er hver 60 meter høje til navet, og vingerne er 40 meter lange.  De seks store vindmøller dækker 121 procent af øens elforbrug. Opsætningen af vindmøllerne, som erstattede nogle mindre og udtjente møller, skete under protester fra naboer og vindmøllemodstandere. Møllerne blev sat op på lokalt initiativ og er ejet af ærøboer, som har købt andele i møllerne og får afkast på deres investering fra salget af vindmøllestrøm.

Historie
Rise er nævnt første gang 1374 i formen Risam. Forleddet er navneordet ris, der betyder krat. Efterleddet '-inge' er afledt af indbyggernavne eller - som her - naturnavne. Landsbyen er anlagt mellem vikingetid og middelalder. Byen er ikke anlagt ved en udflytning og er en kirkeby. 1774 blev 12 gårde udflyttet. De fleste af de gamle gårdtomter er ikke bebygget, ligesom en stor del af tofterne også er bevaret.

Syd for Rise Kirke lå tinghuset for Gråsten Amt, som var en betegnelse i perioden 1749-73 for det forenede Gråsten-Vodrup Amt, som i 1749 blev solgt af  hertugen af Glücksborg til kongen.

Trap Danmark antager, at krongodset Ærøhus, som nævnes flere gange i middealderen, må have ligget i Rise, og at den er identisk med Risegård, som i 1500-tallet blev udstykket

Oldtidsminder
200 m nordvest for Rise Kirke ligger Tingstedet - en langdysse med 2 stenbyggede kamre, hvoraf den østlige har en dæksten, medens den vestlige er uden. På den sydøstlige randsten ses en del skålgruber. Over den nordvestlige del af højen ligger en rund 2 gange 20 m stor høj fra bronzealderen. Omkring kamrene er en 54 m lang og 8 m bred høj bygget af jord og sten. I 1945 blev dyssen restaureret af Nationalmuseet. Der er adgang ad sti fra Rise Kirkes vestlige side.

Turisme
 Rise Kirke er oprindelig en romansk kirke fra sidst i 1100-tallet. Altertavlen fra ca 1300-1450 fremstiller Jesu lidelses- og opstandelseshistorie. Den er billedskærerarbejde fra Slesvig Tårnet var oprindelig tækket med egespåner, men siden 1957 med kobber. I kirkegårdsmuren mod præstegårdshaven ses  Munkeporten - en middelalderlig port fra omkring 1450.
 Der er adgang ad sti en fra Rise Kirkes vestlige side til Tingstedet - en langdysse med 2 stenbyggede kamre. Omkring kamrene er en 54 m lang og 8 m bred høj bygget af jord og sten. I 1945 blev dyssen restaureret af Nationalmuseet.
Rise Bryggeri har fra april til oktober faste ugentlige rundvisninger og ølsmagninger. I juli og august  har caféen og bryggerihaven åbent.
 Risemark Strand er en sandstrand, der delvist er dækket af mellemstore og store sten. Ved vandkanten findes en del mellemstore og store sten, men et par meter ud fra stranden består havbunden primært af fint sand. Der kan køres til stranden via Søndre Kystvej, der leder til en parkeringsplads lige ved stranden. Herved findes bl.a. toiletfaciliteter samt borde og bænke. Der er ved Risemark Strand også en  naturiststrand (FKK).

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder
 www.historiskatlas.dk
 www.historieinfo.dk

Lokaliteter på Ærø

Store Rise


Lamelna spojka, lamelna tarna spojka ili tarna spojka s lamelama je vrsta tarne spojke koje trenjem svojih tarnih ploha prenose okretni moment i najčešće se koriste na motornim vozilima, građevinskim i sličnim strojevima.

Isključne tarne ili frikcijske spojke
Bez obzira na konstrukciju, moment vrtnje, odnosno snaga koju prenose ove spojke zavisna je od tlačne sile (pritisak) usmjerene okomito na tarnu površinu spojke i od koeficijenta trenja. Pri tome su mjerodavni koeficijenti trenja gibanja, a ne mirovanja, jer se te spojke uključuju uz međusobno klizanje tarnih površina sve dok se ne spoje, to jest do prestanka klizanja. Osim toga treba još razlikovati koeficijenta trenja pri gibanju po suhim i po podmazanim, odnosno po vlažnim tarnim površinama, prema tome, da li se površine spojke podmazuju ili ne. Koeficijenti trenja "na suho" uvijek su veći od onih "na vlažno". To znači da moment vrtnje pri uključenju ne može biti veći od momenta trenja MR, koji je jednak zbroju momenata vrtnje Mo potrebnog za neubrzanu rotaciju vođenog vratila (normalnog ili stacionarnog momenta vrtnje) i momenta ubrzanja Mu:

gdje je: I - moment tromosti mase vođene strane, ω - kutna brzina, t - vrijeme, G - težina, D - krak momenta sile, n - broj okretaja, g - ubrzanje zemljine sile teže. Prema tome mora biti:

Ti odnosi i procesi koji se odvijaju pri uključenju mogu se predočiti s pomoću dijagrama. Iz njega se vidi da pri uključenju, kad je ispunjen navedeni uvjet, broj okretaja n2 vođenog vratila mora najprije rasti od vrijednosti n2 = 0 do n2 = no. Pri tome se broj okretaja vodećeg vratila n1 najčešće smanji. Za to vrijeme kližu tarne površine jedna po drugoj, a od oblika promjena Mu s vremenom zavisi kako će se mijenjati broj okretaja vođenog vratila. Kada je Mu konstantan, ta je promjena linearna (ravna). Inače kada Mu nije konstantan, promjena n2 je zakrivljena. Na kraju vremena tR oba dijela spojke dosežu jednaki broj okretaja no, pa s time prestaje klizanje tarnih površina i počinje razdoblje ubrzavanja vrtnje (rotacije) sklopa kao cjeline. To razdoblje traje sve dok se ne uspostavi neko stacionarno stanje u kojem je zadovoljen uvjet sinkrone vrtnje n1 = n2. Određivanje momenta vrtnje za uključenje tarnih spojki povezano je, dakle, s određivanjem momenta ubrzanja.

Među tim spojkama najjednostavnije su one koje se uključuju mehanički, ručno, na samome mjestu. Ostale se prvenstveno upotrebljavaju za daljinsko upravljanje. Njihova izvedba složenija je, a primjena povezana s upotrebom uređaja za snabdijevanje tlačnim medijima (kod pneumatski i hidraulički isključnih spojka), ili ispravljača (kod elektromagnetskih spojka). Tarni dijelovi tih spojka mogu biti napravljeni (odnosno njihove površine samo obložene) od različitih materijala, kao što su čelik, odnosno čelični lim, čelični lijev, bronca, lijevano željezo, mjed, drvo, prešana koža, prešani papir, sinterovani i drugi prikladni tarni materijali. Metalne tarne površine trebaju biti podmazane, a drvo, koža i papirnate mase natopljene mašću.

Mehanički isključne tarne spojke mogu se podijeliti prema obliku njihovih tarnih površina na spojke s čelnim i spojke sa stožastim površinama. Prve se dalje dijele na spojke s pločama i spojke s lamelama (lamelne spojke).

Mehanički isključne spojke s pločama
Najjednostavnije među ovim spojkama su one s jednom tarnom pločom kakve se upotrebljavaju u automobilnim vozilima. Načelno su im slične mehaničke spojke koje za postizavanje većeg momenta trenja umjesto jedne imaju veći broj tarnih ploča.

Ortlinghausova spojka s jednom tarnom pločom
Ortlinghausova spojka s jednom tarnom pločom ima dvije tarne plohe. Zato se naziva i dvopovršinska spojka. Na glavini nalazi se uključni prsten, koji svojim uzdužnim gibanjem djeluje na kutne poluge smještene u utorima. Poluge tlače svojim kraćim krajevima na uzdužno (aksijalno) pomičnu kliznu ploču. Klizna ploča isto je tako okretno učvršćena na glavini. Vanjski prsten, koji sačinjava drugi dio spojke, nosi uzdužno pokretnu ploču obloženu tarnim oblogama. Pomicanjem uključnog prstena udesno oslobađaju se kutne poluge i time se međusobno odvajaju tarne ploče.

Tarne obloge za rad nasuho izrađene su najčešće od prešanih pamučnih vlakana povezanih umjetnom smolom ili su od čiste prešane umjetne smole. Pri specifičnom tlaku od 0,25 do 0,5 N/mm2 njihov je koeficijent trenja μ = 0,3 do 0,4. Umnožak specifičnog tlaka i obodne brzine (u m/s) p∙v = 4 do 8 N/mm2 je dopuštena veličina za opteretivost spojke u zavisnosti od obloge.

Mehanički isključne lamelne spojke
Mehanički isključne lamelne spojke razlikuju se od posljednjih uglavnom samo time što njihovi tarni dijelovi nisu ploče, nego lamele. Te lamele mogu biti od čelika, ili od čelika obloženog sinterovanim ili metalnim oblogama ili slojevima od različitih tarnih materijala (na primjer od plastičnih masa armiranih pamučnim ili metalnim pletivom). Nedostatak lamela s ravnim površinama jest njihova sklonost sljubljivanju. Taj nedostatak može se kompenzirati ugradnjom prstenova od valovitih opruga između pojedinih lamela koji ih odvajaju pri isključenju spojke. Isto tako djeluju i valovite (takozvane sinusne) lamele.

Najpoznatija od tih spojka s lamelama (Ortlinghausova spojka sa sinusnim lamelama) se sastoji od vodećeg dijela čvrsto spojenog s vratilom, koji svojim utorima na vanjskom obodu nosi vanjske lamele, i od vođenog dijela s utorima na unutarnjem obodu, koji nosi unutarnje lamele. U vođenom dijelu nalaze se još i utori u kojima su uležištene poluge kod kojih je jedan krak duži a drugi kraći. Na duže krakove poluga može se djelovati preko uzdužnopokretnog prstena, te tako kraći krakovi poluga djelujući na tlačne ploče tlače ili otpuštaju lamele. Unutarnje su lamele uzdužnopokretne u utorima vođenog dijela spojke, a vanjske su uzdužnopokretne u utorima vodećeg dijela spojke. Kod izvedbe s čeličnim lamelama potrebno je podmazivanje, a nutarnje su lamele radi lakšeg odvajanja valovite. Za rad na suho lamele imaju obloge od umjetne mase ili sinterovanih materijala (na primjer sinterovana bronca), a nutarnje su lamele glatke. Kod pojave trošenja zazor se među lamelama podešava s pomoću postavne matice.

Za spojke s ručnim ukapčanjem treba da se sila od ručice prenese na okretni uzdužno (aksijalno) pomični dio spojke s utorom i ojačanjem, smješten na jednoj polovini spojke. Taj prijenos se vrši pomoću kliznih kamena ili kliznih prstena koji zahvaćaju u žlijeb uključnog prstena. Budući da pomicanje uključnog prstena treba dosta veliku uzdužnu silu, valja voditi računa o tome da ručica bude dobro uležištena i obilno podmazivana. Spojku treba tako ugraditi da je uključni prsten pri vrtnji spojke rasterećen, to jest da se ne nalazi na pogonskom dijelu, već na onom gonjenom dijelu koji nakon iskapčanja miruje.

Izvori

Strojarstvo

Lamelna spojka


Baudenkmäler nach Straßen

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Abgegangene Baudenkmäler

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Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkungen

!ListeEltersdorf
Erlangen-Eltersdorf

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Erlangen-Eltersdorf


قائمة بطولات دورة رولان غاروس لعام 1993 :

الكبار

فردي رجال

 سيرجي بروغيرا هزم  جي كورير، النتيجة:6-4, 2-6, 6-2, 3-6, 6-3

فردي سيدات

 شتيفي غراف هزمت  ماري جو فيرنانديز، النتيجة:4-6, 6-2, 6-4

زوجي رجال

لوك جينسون ومورفي جيسنون  هزما مارك كيفن غوينر وديفيد بارينوسيال ()، النتيجة: 6-4, 6-7, 6-4

زوجي سيدات

جيجي فيرنانديز  وناتاليا زفريفا  هزمتا لاريسا نايلاند () ويانا نوفوتنا ()، النتيجة: 6-3, 7-5

زوجي مختلط
يوجينيا مانيكوفا وأندريه أولوفيسكي () هزما إيلنا ريناش وداني فايسر ()، النتيجة: 6-2, 4-6, 6-4

الشباب

فردي أولاد
روبرتو كاريتيرو () هزم ألبرتو كوستا ()، النتيجة: 6-0, 7-6

فردي بنات
مارتينا هينغيز () هزمت لورنس كورتويس ()، النتيجة: 7-5, 7-5

زوجي أولاد
ستيفن داونس وجيمس جرينلباغ () هزما نوفايلي جادوين وجاريث ويليامز ()، النتيجة: 6-1, 6-1

زوجي بنات
لورنس كورتويس ونانسي فيبر () هزمتا لارا بايتر ومايكا كوتستال ()، النتيجة: 3-6, 6-1, 6-3

مراجع

باريس في 1993
أحداث مايو 1993 الرياضية في أوروبا
أحداث يونيو 1993 الرياضية في أوروبا
دورات رولان غاروس
دورة فرنسا المفتوحة حسب السنة
رياضة فرنسية في 1993
كرة المضرب في 1993
كرة مضرب فرنسية في 1993

دورة فرنسا المفتوحة 1993


The Solomon Islands rain forests are a terrestrial ecoregion covering most of the Solomon Islands archipelago.

Geography
Included are the islands of Bougainville and Buka, which are part of Papua New Guinea and most of the islands within the nation of Solomon Islands. Excluded are the eastern islands of the nation of Solomon Islands, the Santa Cruz Islands, which lie in the Vanuatu rain forests ecoregion together with the neighbouring archipelago of Vanuatu. Both ecoregions are part of the Australasian realm, which also includes the neighbouring Bismarck Archipelago and New Guinea, as well as New Caledonia, Australia and New Zealand.

The Solomon Islands rain forests are a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion, also known as a tropical rainforest.

Flora
The natural vegetation of the Solomon archipelago consists of lowland and montane tropical forests. The major plant communities include coastal strand, mangrove forests, freshwater swamp forests, lowland rain forests, and montane rain forest. Seasonally-dry forests and grasslands are found on the northern (leeward) slopes of Guadalcanal.

Fauna

The islands are home to 47 native mammal species, including bats, murid rodents, and possums, gliders, and cuscuses. 26 species are endemic or near-endemic – 17 species of bats, and nine species of murid rodent.

199 bird species are native to the Solomon archipelago, of which 69 species are endemic. The ecoregion corresponds to the Solomon group endemic bird area.

Conservation and threats
The rainforests of this region are under threat as the governments of both Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands rely on logging for revenue, plan to expand farm land and to develop roads.

External links

 Solomon group endemic bird area (BirdLife International)

References

Australasian ecoregions
Ecoregions of Papua New Guinea
Ecoregions of the Solomon Islands
Environment of the Solomon Islands

Geography of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville
Geography of the Solomon Islands
Natural history of Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands (archipelago)
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Endemic Bird Areas
Natural history of Bougainville Island

Solomon Islands rain forests


Demir Han, Yakutların Tengricilik inancında, Yer Su'ların arasında ileri gelen ve tanrı ayarında bulunan ruhlardan biridir. Dağ başlarında oturur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk Mitolojisi
 Tengricilik

Demir Han


Țânțarul febrei galbene (Aedes aegypti) este un țânțar din familia culicide răspândit în zonele subtropicale din Africa, Asia, America, nordul Australiei. În Europa a fost găsit în trecut în Creta, Cipru, Franța, Grecia, Italia, Portugalia, Sardinia, Spania, sudul Rusiei, Turcia și fosta Iugoslavie. În prezent în Europa a fost găsit numai în Madeira, Olanda și în nord-estul coastei Mării Negre (sudul Rusiei și Georgia). De curand fiind identificat si în România și Republica Moldova (2020).

Pe lângă disconfortul pe care îl produc prin înțepăturile lor, acești țânțari pot transmite omului câteva boli virale deosebit de grave, și anume: denga, febra galbenă, febra Chikungunya și febra Zika și probabil encefalita ecvină venezueliană și febra West Nile.

Note

Bibliografie
 A global brief on vector-borne diseases. World Health Organization 2014
 Reiter P. Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe?. Eurosurveillance, Volume 15, Issue 10, 11 March 2010
  Francis Schaffner, Alexander Mathis. Dengue and dengue vectors in the WHO European region: past, present, and scenarios for the future. The Lancet Infectious Diseases.  Volume 14, Issue 12, December 2014, Pages 1271–1280
 Hadura Abu Hasan. Studies on Host-Seeking, Resting Behaviour and Control of the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy. September, 2014
 Guillaumot, L. "Les moustiques et la dengue." Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle–Caledonie. 2005.
 Aedes aegypti, le moustique. Direction des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales de Nouvelle-Calédonie (DASS-NC)
 La lutte antivectorielle - Méthodes à usage individuel et communautaire. Sous la direction de Jan A. Rozendaal. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Genève 1999
  La dengue. Bulletin Médical Calédonien et Polynésien. N° 34 - Octobre 2003
 Pompon Vincent. Le chikungunya: une arbovirose ré-émergente. Thèse pour le Diplôme d'État de Docteur en Pharmacie. 01 juin 2015. Université d'Angers
 Legros Vincent. Etude dynamique et proteomique de l'interaction entre Aedes albopictus et les arbovirus de la dengue et du chikungunya. These pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Veterinaire diplome d'etat. Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse. 2014
 Aurélie Bacq. Place du pharmacien d'officine dans la lutte contre les arboviroses (dengue et chikungunya) : exemple d'epidemies a la Reunion. Thèse pour le diplôme d'état de Docteur en Pharmacie. Universite de Limoges. Faculté de Pharmacie. 2014

Legături externe

 Aegypti Group. Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory

Aedes

Țânțarul febrei galbene


Luigi Nava (Torino, 13. lipnja 1851. – Alessandria, 9. srpnja 1928.) je bio talijanski general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata zapovijedao je 4. armijom na Talijanskom bojištu.

Vojna karijera
Luigi Nava je rođen 13. lipnja 1851. u Torinu. Sin je Giacoma Antonija Nave i Elisabette Nava rođ. Salino. Od rujna 1867. pohađa Vojnu školu za topništvo i inženjeriju u Torinu koju završava 1870. godine. U srpnju 1872. promaknut je u čin poručnika, te služi u 3. pukovniji poljskoga topništva. Od 1874. pohađa Ratnu vojnu akademiju u Torinu, da bi 1878. godine bio unaprijeđen u čin satnika. Potom služi u 1. diviziji u Alessandriji, te stožeru III. korpusa. Čin bojnika dostiže 1885., nakon čega zapovijeda bojnom u 4. pijemontskoj pukovniji. Dvije godine poslije upućen je u Afriku gdje 1887. zapovijeda bojnom bersagliera u 1. lovačkoj pukovniji. U Italiju se vraća svibnju 1888. gdje je raspoređen na službu najprije u XII., a potom IX. korpus. Obnaša i dužnost tajnika u povjerenstvu za dodjelu odlikovanja. U studenom 1889. promaknut je u čin potpukovnika, te imenovan načelnikom stožera divizije Milano. Godine 1890. ponovno je upućen u Afriku gdje se nalazi na službi do travnja 1892. godine. U studenom 1893. unaprijeđen je u čin pukovnika, nakon čega postaje zapovjednikom 40. pješačke pukovnije Bologna tada smještene u Milanu.

U siječnju 1896. upućen je u Afriku gdje sudjeluje u  Prvom talijansko-etiopskom ratu. U navedenom ratu u Bitci kod Adue je ranjen kopljem, te zarobljen od strane etiopskih snaga. Nakon oslobađanja iz zarobljeništva i povratka u Italiju je odlikovan, te imenovan pobočnikom kralja Umberta I. Nakon toga jedno vrijeme služi u Glavnom stožeru, da bi potom tri godine obnašao dužnost vojnog atašea u talijanskom veleposlanstvu u Beču. U travnju 1900. promaknut je u čin general bojnika, nakon čega preuzima zapovjedništvo nad Brigadom Acqui. Navedenom brigadom zapovijeda do rujna 1906. kada postaje zapovjednikom Vojne škole u Modeni. U travnju 1907. unaprijeđen je u čin general poručnika. Od 1900. zapovijeda 15 divizijom smještenom u Firenzi, a od rujna 1910. XI. korpusom sa sjedištem u Bariju. Jedanaestim korpusom zapovijeda od prosinca 1911. kada preuzima zapovjedništvo nad VI. korpusom smještenim u Bologni kojim zapovijeda do listopada 1914. godine.

Prvi svjetski rat
Nakon ulaska Italije u rat na strani Antante Nava je imenovan zapovjednikom 4. armije. Navedena armija prema talijanskom ratom planu trebala je zauzeti Val Pustriu, te prekinuti u tom dijelu najvažniju austrougarsku željezničku liniju. U tome zbog pretjeranog opreza nije uspio, zbog čega je u rujnu 1915. smijenjen s mjesta zapovjednika. Na mjestu zapovjednika 4. armije zamijenio ga je Mario Nicolis di Robilant. Nakon smjene 1916. godine imenovan je predsjednikom središnje zdravstvene komisije koju dužnost obnaša do veljače 1917. U travnju 1918. tražio je od novog načelnika Glavnog stožera Armanda Diaza da mu se dodijeli zapovjedništvo jedinice na bojištu, ali mu to nije odobreno.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata Nava se posvetio pisanju, te je napisao dva sveska memoara u kojima je branio svoja postupanja u ratu. U lipnju 1921. je umirovljen, te raspoređen u pričuvu. U studenom 1914. dodijeljen mu je čin generala armije. Preminuo je 9. srpnja 1928. godine u 78. godini života u Alessandriji.

Vanjske poveznice
     Luigi Nava na stranici Treccani.it
     Luigi Nava na stranici Notiziedalfronte.it
     Luigi Nava na stranici Hrono.ru

Talijanski vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Luigi Nava


La querología (del griego χείρ 'mano') es el término de la teoría fonológica usado para describir las unidades combinatorias elementales o queremas que constituyen las palabras y signos de las lenguas de señas. La querología puede considerarse una rama de la fonología abstracta.

Un querema, es una unidad básica de una lengua signada, es funcionalmente y psicológicamente equivalente a los fonemas de las lenguas orales. Actualmente los términos están en desuso y en la literatura científica moderna tiende a hablarse de "fonología" y "fonema" aún para designar a las unidades mínimas no fonéticas de estas lenguas. Los términos "querología" y "querema" fueron acuñados en 1960 por William Stokoe de la Universidad de Gallaudet como parte del intento de describir las lenguas de señas como auténticas lenguas naturales, aunque esa posición no fue universalmente aceptada y la terminología fue desechada.

La querología analiza las señas, en lugar de mediante rasgos fonéticos, mediante rasgos geométricos y de movimiento:
 Localización o espacio donde se hace la seña, el significado de una determinada seña puede cambiar según se "articule" más arriba, más abajo, a la derecha o la izquierda.
 Configuración o forma que adopta la mano según la configuración de los dedos.
 Movimiento, dado que muchas señas son dinámicas e involucran un cambio de posición, la forma en que se realiza este movimiento se usa para introducir diferencias semánticas.

Referencias

Véase también
 Grafema

Fonología
Lengua de señas

Querología


Tadeusz Reytan (andere Schreibweisen Rejtan, Reyten; * 20. August 1742 in Hruszówka; † 8. August 1780 ebenda) war ein polnischer Adeliger, Patriot und Abgeordneter zum polnischen Sejm, der durch seinen Widerstand gegen die Erste Teilung Polens berühmt geworden ist.

Leben
Reytan war Abgeordneter der Stadt Nowogródek und wandte sich am 19. April 1773 auf der ersten Sitzung des Sejms zusammen mit Samuel Korsak und Stanisław Bohuszewicz gegen den Antrag des Sejmmarschalls Adam Poniński auf Konstitution eines "konföderierten Sejms", der der Teilung zustimmen sollte. Reytan zweifelte die Legitimation Ponińskis an und weigerte sich, den Sitzungssaal zu verlassen. Wegen dieser Aktion wurde er von einem Gericht zu einer Gefängnisstrafe und der Konfiszierung seines Eigentums verurteilt. Er blieb aber im Sitzungssaal und stellte sich am 21. April dort Abgeordneten entgegen, die den Saal verlassen wollten – diese Szene ist auf einem berühmten Gemälde von Jan Matejko festgehalten. Am 22. April verließ er schließlich nach Garantien durch ausländische Botschafter den Sejm. Er blieb noch bis 1776 in Warschau und kehrte dann auf sein Landgut zurück, wo er im Alter von 38 Jahren unverheiratet verstarb.Reytan galt späteren Generationen als ein Symbol für die Unabhängigkeit Polens. Nach ihm sind in ganz Polen zahlreiche Straßen und auch Schulen benannt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Sejm-Abgeordneter (Polen-Litauen)
Person in der Konföderation von Bar
Pole
Geboren 1742
Gestorben 1780
Mann

Tadeusz Reytan


Roberto Rubén Domínguez (Ciudad de Salta, 15 de marzo de 1948 - Tilcara, 12 de abril de 1998) fue un abogado y político argentino, que ejerció como Gobernador de la Provincia de Jujuy entre 1991 y 1993.

Biografía

Aunque nació en Salta, su familia era originaria de Libertador General San Martín, Provincia de Jujuy, y vivió en San Salvador de Jujuy desde los diez días de edad. Cursó sus estudios escolares en Jujuy y se graduó de abogado en 1970 en la Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, en San Miguel de Tucumán.

Durante sus estudios en Tucumán fue fundador de la Juventud Universitaria Peronista de esa provincia. De regreso en Jujuy fue asesor del Consejo provincial de Educación. En 1973, con el regreso de la democracia, fue fiscal de estado. Tras el golpe de Estado de 1976 se alejó temporalmente de la administración pública para ejercer como abogado y como secretario del Colegio de Abogados local. En 1977 fue nombrado miembro del Juzgado Federal de San Salvador de Jujuy.

En 1978 fue nombrado decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, por lo que se radicó temporalmente en Tucumán.

En 1983 fue elegido diputado provincial por el Partido Justicialista, centrando su gestió en los temas de derechos humanos. Entre sus principales gestiones estuvieron promover la investigación de la desaparición forzada de cientos de personas durante la última dictadura; y la reglamentación del ejercicio profesional de martilleros públicos, psicólogos y arquitectos.

En 1986 formó parte de la Convención que reformó la Constitución provincial. Desde ese mismo año fue también consejero académico de la
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional de Jujuy.

Fue elegido diputado nacional por su partido. Se destacó en temas de modernización legislativa, especialmente en materia electoral y partidaria.

Además de su actividad académica en las universidades de Jujuy y Santo Tomás de Aquino de Tucumán, fue docente en la Escuela Superior de Policía de Jujuy. También desarrolló cursos sobre Procedimiento Administrativo y Tributario en su provincia y en otras del norte del país.

En 1991 fue elegido gobernador de su provincia por medio de un complicado proceso electoral en que tres candidatos obtuvieron cantidades muy similares de votos. El candidato del principal partido opositor, la Unión Cívica Radical, Humberto Salum, había obtenido más votos, pero la aplicación de la Ley de Lemas le permitió acumular a su favor los votos del otro candidato del Justicialismo, Guillermo Eugenio Snopek, que era además el autor de esa ley.

Su gobierno estuvo signado por las restricciones a la acción gubernamental impuestas por el neoliberalismo que guiaba el gobierno nacional de Carlos Menem. Obligado por la estrechez presupuestaria a rechazar las demandas salariales de los empleados públicos, y enfrentado a los diputados de la Legislatura, incluso la mayoría de los de su propio partido, pertenecientes al sector de Snopek, su gobierno se vio envuelto en sucesivas crisis políticas.

El 1 de junio de 1993, convencido de no poder llevar adelante su gobierno por falta de apoyo interno, presentó su renuncia. En su reemplazo asumió el vicegobernador Carlos Ficoseco.

Pasó el resto de la década dedicado a la docencia universitaria, y aquejado por una enfermedad respiratoria crónica. Falleció a raíz de un paro cardiorrespiratorio en la localidad de Tilcara el 12 de abril de 1998.

Referencias

Abogados de Argentina
Políticos del Partido Justicialista
Políticos de la ciudad de Salta
Gobernadores de la provincia de Jujuy
Diputados del Congreso de la Nación Argentina por la provincia de Jujuy

Roberto Domínguez


La Princesse de la Lune (竹取物語, Taketori monogatari) est un film japonais réalisé par Kon Ichikawa, sorti en 1987.

Synopsis
Dans l'ancien Japon, un coupeur de bambous, Taketori-no-Miyatsuko, parti se recueillir sur la tombe de sa fille découvre un bébé et décide de le prendre sous son aile. Mais le bébé grandit beaucoup plus vite que la normale car il vient de l'espace.

Fiche technique
 Titre : La Princesse de la Lune
 Titre original : 竹取物語 (Taketori monogatari)
 Réalisation : Kon Ichikawa
 Scénario : Shin'ya Hidaka, Kon Ichikawa, Mitsutoshi Ishigami et Ryūzō Kikushima d'après le conte Kaguya-hime du même nom de Murasaki Shikibu
 Musique : Kensaku Tanikawa
 Photographie : Setsuo Kobayashi
 Montage : Chizuko Osada
 Production : Hiroaki Fujii, Masaru Kakutani et Junichi Shinsaka
 Société de production : Fuji Television Network et Tōhō Pictures
 Pays :
 Genre : Aventure, drame, historique et science-fiction
 Durée : 121 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Toshirō Mifune : Taketori-no-Miyatsuko
 Ayako Wakao : Tayoshime
 Yasuko Sawaguchi : Kaya, la princesse Kaguya
 Kōji Ishizaka : Mikado
 Kiichi Nakai : Otomo-no-Dainagon, ministre des armées
 Koasa Shunpūtei : Kuramochi-no-Miko, ministre de la culture
 Takatoshi Takeda : Abe-no-Udaijin, ministre des finances
 Megumi Odaka : Akeno
 Katsuo Nakamura : Lise
 Shirō Itō : Sojo-no-Doson
 Fujio Tokita : Shonin-no-Uda
 Takeshi Katō : Fujiwara-no-Okuni
 Kyōko Kishida : Kougo
 Jun Hamamura : Sakanoue-no-Dajo-Daijin
 Gen Idemitsu : Mura-no-Choja
 Hirokazu Inoue : Ono-no-Fusamori
 Miho Nakano : Kaya

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour neuf Japan Academy Prizes et reçu celui de la meilleure direction artistique ainsi qu'un prix spécial pour les effets spéciaux.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film japonais sorti en 1987
Film d'aventure japonais
Film dramatique japonais
Film historique japonais
Film de science-fiction japonais
Adaptation d'un conte au cinéma
Film de Tōhō
Film réalisé par Kon Ichikawa

La Princesse de la Lune