The Fairey Battle is a British single-engine light bomber that was designed and manufactured by the Fairey Aviation Company. It was developed during the mid-1930s for the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a monoplane successor to the Hawker Hart and Hind biplanes. The Battle was powered by the same high-performance Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engine that powered various contemporary British fighters such as the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. As the Battle, with its three-man crew and bomb load, was much heavier than the fighters, it  was therefore much slower. Though a great improvement over the aircraft that preceded it, its relatively slow speed, limited range and inadequate defensive armament of only two .303 (7.7 mm) machine guns left it highly vulnerable to enemy fighters and anti-aircraft fire.

The Fairey Battle was used on operations early in the Second World War. During the "Phoney War" the type achieved the distinction of scoring the first aerial victory of an RAF aircraft in the conflict. In May 1940, the Battles of the Advanced Air Striking Force suffered many losses, frequently in excess of 50 per cent of aircraft sorties per mission. By the end of 1940 the type had been withdrawn from front-line service and relegated to training units overseas. As an aircraft that had been considered to hold great promise in the pre-war era, the Battle proved to be one of the most disappointing aircraft in RAF service.

Development

Origins
In April 1933, the British Air Ministry issued Specification P.27/32 which sought a two-seat single-engine monoplane day bomber to replace the Hawker Hart and Hind biplane bombers then in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). A requirement of the prospective aircraft was to be capable of carrying  of bombs over a distance of  while flying at a speed of . According to aviation author Tony Buttler, during the early 1920s, Britain had principally envisioned that a war with France as its enemy and the range to reach Paris was sought. According to aerospace publication Air International, a key motivational factor in the Air Ministry's development of Specification P.27/32 had been for the corresponding aircraft to act as an insurance policy in the event that heavier bombers were banned by the 1932 Geneva Disarmament Conference.

The Fairey Aviation Company were keen to produce a design to meet the demands of Specification P.27/32 and commenced work upon such a design. The Belgian aeronautical engineer Marcel Lobelle served as the aircraft's principal designer. One of the early decisions made by Lobelle on the project was the use of the newly developed Rolls-Royce Merlin I engine, which had been selected due to its favourable power and compact frontal area. The Merlin engine was quickly paired to a de Havilland Propellers-built three-bladed variable-pitch propeller unit. The choice of engine enabled the designing of the aircraft to possess exceptionally clean lines and a subsequently generous speed performance. The resulting design was an all-metal single-engine aircraft, which adopted a low-mounted cantilever monoplane wing and was equipped with a retractable tail wheel undercarriage.

A total of four companies decided to formally respond to Specification P.27/32, these being the Fairey, Hawker Aircraft, Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft, and Bristol Aeroplane Company. Of the submissions made, the Air Ministry selected Armstrong Whitworth and Fairey to produce prototypes to demonstrate their designs. On 10 March 1936, the first Fairey prototype, K4303, equipped with a Merlin I engine capable of generating , performed its maiden flight at Hayes, Middlesex. The prototype was promptly transferred to RAF Martlesham Heath, Woodbridge, Suffolk for service trials, during which it attained a maximum speed of 257 MPH and reportedly achieved a performance in advance of any contemporary day bomber.

Even prior to the first flight of the prototype, some members of the Air Staff had concluded that both the specified range and bomb load, to which the aircraft had been designed to, were insufficient to enable its viable use in a prospective conflict with a re-emergent Germany. Despite these performance concerns, there was also considerable pressure for the Battle to be rapidly placed into mass production in order that it could contribute to a wider increase of the RAF's frontline combat aircraft strength in line with similar strides being made during the 1930s by the German Luftwaffe. As such, the initial production order placed for the type, for the manufacture of 155 aircraft built as per the requirements of Specification P.23/35, which had received the name Battle, had been issued in advance of the first flight of the prototype.

Production

In 1936, further orders were placed for Fairey to build additional Battles to Specification P.14/36. In June 1937, the first production Battle, K7558, conducted its maiden flight. K7558 was later used to perform a series of official handling and performance trials in advance to the wider introduction of the type to operational service. During these trials, it demonstrated the Battle's ability to conduct missions of a 1,000-mile range while under a full bomb load. The first 136 Fairey-built Battles were the first to be powered by the Merlin I engine. By the end of 1937, 85 Battles had been completed and a number of RAF squadrons had been re-equipped with the type, or were otherwise in the process of re-equipping.

As the RAF embarked on what became a substantial pre-war expansion programme, the Battle was promptly recognised as being a priority production target. At one point a total of 2,419 aircraft were on order for the service. In June 1937, the first aircraft was completed at Hayes, but all subsequent aircraft were manufactured at Fairey's newly completed factory at Heaton Chapel, Stockport, Cheshire. Completed aircraft were promptly dispatched for testing at the company's facility adjacent to RAF Ringway, about 6 miles away. A total of 1,156 aircraft were produced by Fairey. Subsequently, as part of government-led wartime production planning, a shadow factory operated by the Austin Motor Company at Cofton Hackett, Longbridge, also produced the type, manufacturing a total of 1,029 aircraft to Specification P.32/36. On 22 July 1938, the first Austin-built Battle, L4935, conducted its maiden flight. At that point, concerns that the aircraft was obsolete had become widespread, but due to the difficulties associated with getting other aircraft types into production, and the labour force having already been established, stop-gap orders were maintained, and production continued at a steady rate through to late 1940.

A further 16 were built by Fairey for service with the Belgian Air Force. The Belgian Battles were delivered in early 1938, and were differentiated from British-built examples by having a longer radiator cowling and a smoother camouflage finish. In September 1940, all production activity came to a close and the final assembly lines were shuttered. Overall production of the Battle during its entire manufacturing life was 2,201 machines, including 16 for Belgium.

A number of Battles which had been originally completed as bombers were later converted to serve in different roles, such as target tugs and trainer aircraft.

Design

The Fairey Battle was a single-engine monoplane light bomber, powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. Production aircraft were progressively powered by various models of the Merlin engine, such as the Merlin I, II, III (most numerous) and V but all bomber variants were called the Battle Mk I. The Battle had a relatively clean design, having adopted a slim oval-shaped fuselage which was manufactured in two sections. The forward section, in front of the cockpit, included a steel tubular structure to support the engine; the rear section was of a metal monocoque structure comprised hoop frames and Z-section stringers which was built on jigs. The structure of the aircraft involved several innovations and firsts for Fairey, it had the distinction of being the company's first low-wing monoplane; it also was the first light-alloy stressed-skin construction aircraft to be produced by the firm.

The wing of the Battle used a two-part construction, the centre section being integral with the fuselage. The internal structure of the wings relied upon steel spars which varied in dimension towards the wing tips; the ailerons, elevators and rudder all were metal-framed with fabric coverings, while the split trailing edge flaps were entirely composed of metal.

The Battle had a crew of three, pilot, observer/bomb aimer and radio operator/air gunner, under one long continuous canopy which extended between the two cockpits set at the leading and trailing edges of the wing. The aircraft had a fixed .303 Browning machine gun mounted in the starboard wing for the pilot and a free .303 Vickers K machine gun in the rear cockpit for the gunner. The forward view past the long canopy from the observer's station was virtually non-existent. The bomb aiming position was in the bottom of the aircraft with sighting done in a prone position through an open aiming panel behind the radiator outlet. If the pilot's canopy was open a rush of hot air and glycol/oil mist through the open panel would prevent the bomb aimer from using the Mk. VII Course Setting Bomb Sight.

The armament and crew of the aircraft were similar to the Bristol Blenheim bomber: three crew, 1,000 lbs standard bomb load and two machine guns, although the Battle was a single-engine bomber with less horsepower. The Battle had a standard payload of four  bombs which was carried in cells contained within the internal space of the wings. Maximum bomb load was , with two additional  bombs on under-wing racks or with two  bombs carried externally under bomb bays and two  bombs on under-wing racks. The bombs were mounted on hydraulic jacks and were normally released via trap doors; during a dive bombing attack, they were lowered below the surface of the wing.

The Battle was a robust aircraft which was frequently described as being easy to fly, even for relatively inexperienced pilots. The pilot was provided with good external visibility and the cockpit was considered to be roomy and comfortable for the era but the tasks of simultaneously deploying the flaps and the retractable undercarriage, which included a safety catch, has been highlighted as posing considerable complication. Climate control within the cockpit was also reportedly poor.

By the time that the Battle was entering service in 1937 it had already been rendered obsolete by the rapid advances in aircraft technology. The performance and capabilities of fighter aircraft had increased to outstrip the modest performance gains that the light bomber had achieved over its biplane antecedents. For defence, the Battle had been armed only with a single Browning machine gun and a trainable Vickers K in the rear position; in service, these proved to be woefully inadequate. The Battle lacked other common defensive features of the era, such as an armoured cockpit and self-sealing fuel tanks. The Battle was considered well-armoured by the standards of 1940, although there was an emphasis on protection against small-arms fire from the ground. No RAF bombers were fitted with self-sealing tanks at the beginning of the war, although they were hastily fitted once the necessity became apparent. Since it was some time before self-sealing tanks could be mass-produced, it was a common stop-gap in 1940, even into 1941, to simply armour the rear of the fuel tanks with single or double layers of 4 mm armour. The Battle, along with the rest of the early-war inventory, was taken out of front-line duties before it had a chance to be fitted with self-sealing tanks.

Operational history

Introduction

In June 1937, No. 63 Squadron, based at RAF Upwood, Cambridgeshire, became the first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Fairey Battle. On 20 May 1937, the delivery of the first Battle to No. 63 occurred; following further deliveries, the squadron was initially assigned to perform development trials. The type holds the distinction of being the first operational aircraft powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine to enter service, having beaten the debut of the Hawker Hurricane fighter by a matter of months.

By May 1939, there were a total of 17 RAF squadrons that had been equipped with the Battle. While many of these were frontline combat squadrons, some, under the No. 2 Group, were assigned to a non-mobilising training role; on the eve of the outbreak of war, these squadrons were reassigned to operate under No. 6 Training Group or alternatively served as reserve squadrons.

Wartime bomber service

The Battle was obsolete by the start of the Second World War, but remained a front-line RAF bomber owing to a lack of a suitable replacement. On 2 September 1939, during the "Phoney War", 10 Battle squadrons were deployed to pre-selected airfields in France to form a portion of the vanguard of the British RAF Advanced Air Striking Force, which was independent of the similarly-tasked Army-led British Expeditionary Force. Once the Battles arrived, the aircraft were dispersed and efforts were made to camouflage or otherwise obscure their presence; the envisioned purpose of their deployment had been that, in the event of German commencement of bombing attacks, the Battles based in France could launch retaliatory raids upon Germany, specifically in the Ruhr valley region, and would benefit from their closer range than otherwise possible from the British mainland.

Initial wartime missions were to perform aerial reconnaissance of the Siegfried Line during daylight, resulting in occasional skirmishes and losses. On 20 September 1939, a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 was shot down by Battle gunner Sgt F. Letchford during a patrol near Aachen; this occasion is recognised as being the RAF's first aerial victory of the war. Nonetheless, the Battle was hopelessly outclassed by Luftwaffe fighters, being almost  slower than the contemporary Bf 109 at . That same day, three Battles were engaged by German fighters, resulting in two Battles being lost. During the winter of 1939–1940, the Advanced Air Striking Force underwent restructuring; some of the Battle-equipped squadrons were returned to the UK while their place was taken by Bristol Blenheim-equipped squadrons instead. The activities of the Advanced Air Striking Force were principally restricted to training exercises during this time.

Upon the commencement of the Battle of France in May 1940, Battles were called upon to perform unescorted, low-level tactical attacks against the advancing German army; this use of the type placed the aircraft at risk of attack from Luftwaffe fighters and within easy range of light anti-aircraft guns. In the first of two sorties carried out by Battles on 10 May 1940, three out of eight aircraft were lost, while a further 10 out of 24 were shot down in the second sortie, giving a total of 13 lost in that day's attacks, with the remainder suffering damage. Despite bombing from as low as , their attacks were recorded as having had little impact on the German columns. During the following day, nine Belgian Air Force Battles attacked bridges over the Albert Canal that connects to the Meuse River, losing six aircraft and in another RAF sortie that day against a German column, only one Battle out of eight survived.

On 12 May, a formation of five Battles of 12 Squadron attacked two road bridges over the Albert Canal; four of these aircraft were destroyed while the final aircraft crash-landing upon its return to its base. Two Victoria Crosses were awarded posthumously for the action, to Flying Officer Donald Garland and air observer/navigator sergeant Thomas Gray of Battle serial P2204 coded PH-K, for pressing home the attack in spite of the heavy defensive fire. The third crew member, rear gunner Leading Aircraftsman Lawrence Reynolds, did not share the award. Both fighters and flak had proved lethal for the Battles. Although Garland's Battle managed to destroy one span of the bridge, the German army quickly erected a pontoon bridge to replace it.

On 14 May 1940, in a desperate attempt to stop German forces crossing the Meuse, the Advanced Air Striking Force launched an "all-out" attack by all available bombers against the German bridgehead and pontoon bridges at Sedan. The light bombers were attacked by swarms of opposing fighters and were devastated. Out of a strike force of 63 Battles and eight Bristol Blenheims, 40 (including 35 Battles) were lost. After these abortive raids, the Battle was switched to mainly night attacks, resulting in much lower losses.

A similar situation befell the German Luftwaffe during the early days of the Battle of Britain, when the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber suffered equivalent losses in a similar role. With the exception of a few successful twin-engine designs such as the de Havilland Mosquito, Bristol Beaufighter and Douglas A-20, low-level attack missions passed into the hands of single-engine, fighter-bomber aircraft, such as the Hawker Hurricane, Hawker Typhoon and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt.

On 15 June 1940, the last remaining aircraft of the Advanced Air Striking Force returned to Britain. In six weeks almost 200 Battles had been lost, with 99 lost between 10 and 16 May. After the return from France, for a short period of time, the RAF continued to rely on the light bomber. Reforming No. 1 Group and later equipping four new Polish squadrons with the type, it continued to be deployed in operations against shipping massed in the Channel ports for Operation Sealion. Their last combat sortie was mounted on the night of 15/16 October 1940 by No. 301 (Polish) Squadron in a raid on Boulogne, and Nos 12 and 142 Squadrons bombing Calais. Shortly afterwards Battle squadrons of No. 1 Group were re-equipped with Vickers Wellington medium bombers. Battles were operated into 1941 by 88 and 226 Squadrons in Northern Ireland and 98 Squadron in Iceland, for coastal patrol work.

East Africa
The South African Air Force were also supplied with some Battles. In August 1940, No. 11 Squadron took possession of at least four, which were flown north to be operated in the Italian East Africa (Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland and Eritrea) campaign. They conducted bombing and reconnaissance operations. Whereas in France the RAF's Battles had encountered modern German fighters in large numbers, the South Africans faced a smaller number of Italian biplane fighters (Fiat CR.32 and CR.42), which enabled the aircrews to contribute more effectively to the campaign; but not without several losses, especially when surprised above some predictable targets (air bases, ports etc.). Italian biplanes dived as fast as possible over the bombers, trying to shoot them down in the first pass.

Greece
The last combat operations carried out by Fairey Battles were during the Italian and German invasion of Greece, from the end of 1940 until April 1941. A few Fairey Battles of the RAF and about a dozen belonging to the RHAF – serial numbers starting from B274 – participated in secondary bombing roles against enemy infantry. Most of them were destroyed on the ground by Luftwaffe air attacks on the airfields of Tanagra and Tatoi north of Athens between end of March and mid April 1941. No significant contribution of this type was reported during this period, although some hits were recorded by the Greek Air Force.

Prior to the Second World War, in spring 1939, the Polish government had placed an order for 100 Battle bombers, but none of these were delivered before the outbreak of war. The first 22 aircraft were sent in early September 1939 on two ships to Constanta in Romania, to be received there by the Polish crews, but the ships were ordered back while in Istanbul when the fall of Poland became inevitable. They were next offered to Turkey.

Some sources state that the Fairey Battle was licence-produced in Denmark for the Danish Air Force before the German invasion in 1940, but no such plane is known to have been completed.

Trainer role

While found to be inadequate as a bomber aircraft in the Second World War, the Fairey Battle found a new niche in its later service life. As the Fairey Battle T, for which it was furnished with a dual-cockpit arrangement in place of the standard long canopy, the type served as a trainer aircraft. The Battle T was equipped with dual-controls in the cockpit and optionally featured a Bristol-built Type I gun turret when employed as a bombing/gunnery training. As the winch-equipped Fairey Battle TT (target tug), it was used as a target-towing aircraft to support airborne gunnery training exercises. Furthermore, Battles were not only used in this role by the RAF, several overseas operators opted to acquire the type as a training platform.

In August 1939, the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) received its first batch of eight Battles at RCAF Station Borden, Ontario, Canada. A total of 802 Battles were eventually delivered from England, serving in various roles and configurations, including dual-control trainers, target-tugs, and gunnery trainers for both the Bombing and Gunnery schools of the Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Canadian use of the Battle declined as more advanced aircraft, such as the Bristol Bolingbroke and North American Harvard, were introduced; the type remained in RCAF service until shortly after the end of hostilities in 1945.

The Battle served as a trainer with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), which allocated it the prefix A22. On 30 April 1940, the first four RAAF Battles were delivered to No. 1 Aircraft Depot; on 29 June 1940, the first assembled aircraft, P5239, conducted its first flight. Deliveries occurred at a steady pace until the last Battle was received on 7 December 1943. These aircraft were a mix of bomber, target tug, and dual-control trainer variants; they were mainly used by Bombing and Gunnery schools until 1945; the last aircraft were phased out in 1949.

Following an initial evaluation using a handful of aircraft, the SAAF purchased a number of Battles. Operated in the Western Desert and East Africa, SAAF Battles were used into early 1942. Battles were also sold to the Turkish Air Force, which was reportedly pleased by the type's manoeuvrability. The type remained in RAF service, in secondary roles, until 1949.

Engine testbed

While the Battle was no longer viable as a frontline combat aircraft, its benign handling characteristics meant that it was an ideal platform for testing engines, and it was used in this role to evaluate engines up to  including the Rolls-Royce Exe, Fairey Prince (H-16) and Napier Dagger. These trials were often conducted to support the development of other aircraft, such as the Fairey Spearfish, as well as the suitability of the individual engines.

As part of a study of potential alternative engines in the event of supply interruptions of the Merlin engine, which normally powered the type, were encountered, a single Canadian Battle, R7439, was re-engined by Fairchild Aircraft with a Wright R-1820 Cyclone radial engine. R7439 was the sole aircraft to be equipped with this powerplant.

In 1939, one Battle, K9370, underwent extensive modifications in order to test the Fairey Monarch  or higher engine; in addition to the engine itself, K9370 was furnished with electrically-controlled three-bladed contra-rotating propellers and a large ventral radiator. According to Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1946–47, the aircraft was shipped to the US after 86 hours test time in December 1941. Testing continued for a time at Wright Airfield, Liberty County, Georgia.

Two aircraft, K9270 and L5286, acted as flying testbeds for the Napier Sabre engine. Modifications included the adoption of a fixed undercarriage, large ventral radiator, and an auxiliary intake. The two Sabre-equipped Battles accumulated roughly 700 flight hours.

Variants
Fairey Day Bomber Prototype (K4303).
Battle Mk I Three-seat light bomber version. Powered by a  Rolls-Royce Merlin I, a  Merlin II, Merlin III or Merlin V inline piston engines (sometimes known unofficially as Battle I, II, III, V respectively).
Battle T After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into training aircraft.
Battle IT After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into training aircraft with a turret installed in the rear.
Battle IIT In October 1940, a sole RCAF Battle Mk I was converted into a prototype for a future series, powered by an  Wright Cyclone R-1820-G38. The Battle IIT was conceived as a stopgap conversion in the likelihood that Merlins were unavailable.
Battle TT After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into target tug aircraft; 100 built.
Battle TT.Mk I Target tug version. This was the last production version; 226 built.

Operators

In addition to the units listed, many Battles were operated by training schools, particularly for bombing and gunnery training.

 Royal Australian Air Force received 366 aircraft which were used for training purposes

 Belgian Air Force operated 16 aircraft.

 Royal Canadian Air Force received 739 aircraft.

 Indian Air Force received four Battles in 1942.

 Irish Air Corps interned 1 ex-RAF target tug in 1942. It was in use as a target tug from 1944 to 1946.

 Hellenic Air Force received 12 aircraft.

 Polish Air Forces on exile in Great Britain
 No. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Mazowieckiej
 No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Pomorskiej
 No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Śląskiej im. Ks. Józefa Poniatowskiego
 No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Wielkopolskiej im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego

 South African Air Force received approximately 340 aircraft.
 11 Squadron SAAF

 Turkish Army Air Force received 30 aircraft, including 1 Target Tug.

 Royal Air Force

 No. 12 Squadron RAF
 No. 15 Squadron RAF
 No. 35 Squadron RAF
 No. 40 Squadron RAF
 No. 52 Squadron RAF
 No. 63 Squadron RAF
 No. 88 Squadron RAF
 No. 98 Squadron RAF
 No. 103 Squadron RAF
 No. 105 Squadron RAF
 No. 106 Squadron RAF
 No. 141 Squadron RAF
 No. 142 Squadron RAF
 No. 150 Squadron RAF
 No. 185 Squadron RAF
 No. 207 Squadron RAF
 No. 218 Squadron RAF
 No. 226 Squadron RAF
 No. 234 Squadron RAF
 No. 235 Squadron RAF
 No. 239 Squadron RAF
 No. 242 Squadron RAF
 No. 245 Squadron RAF
 No. 253 Squadron RAF
 No. 266 Squadron RAF
 No. 616 Squadron RAF

 Fleet Air Arm (operated 3 aircraft)

Accidents and incidents
On 16 December 1939 a recently qualified flyer, Pilot Officer Harold G. Tipple of 264 Squadron RAF was tasked with ferrying Fairey Battle Mk.I (N2159) from RAF Little Risington to RAF Martlesham Heath in company with a more experienced officer in another Battle. Tipple had never flown the type previously and received only brief instruction before takeoff. Once in the air the aircraft was observed to be trailing smoke. By the time the pair had reached Hintlesham, Suffolk the aircraft was losing altitude and Tipple attempted to bail out. The aircraft crashed at Little Wenham, Babergh, Suffolk and the pilot was killed. Tipple is buried in Hintlesham churchyard and is commemorated on the adjacent war memorial.

On 2 August 1940, Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth, a racing motorist, aviator and prolific collector of veteran cars and aircraft was killed when Fairey Battle L4971 of No. 12 Operational Training Unit RAF Benson crashed into a hill during a solo night flying exercise.

On 23 September 1940, Fairey Battle K9480 on a training flight, crashed onto a house, killing the Polish pilot and five civilians from one family in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire.

Surviving aircraft
 L5343/L5340 – Battle I on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum Hendon in London. In July 1940, it was with No. 98 Squadron RAF, based at Kaldadarnes, Iceland for anti-invasion operations supporting British forces. L5343 was the first RAF aircraft to land on Icelandic soil, and crashed during subsequent operations. In 1972, the RAF recovered the wreck for restoration, which was completed at the Michael Beetham Conservation Centre of the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford using parts from L5340.
 N2188 – Battle I under restoration at the South Australian Aviation Museum in Port Adelaide, South Australia. The aircraft was recovered from a tidal swamp near Port Pirie in South Australia.
 R3950 – Battle TT.I on static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History in Brussels, Belgium. This aircraft spent much of its career in Canada. It was acquired by the Brussels museum in 1990 as representative of aircraft that served with the Belgian Air Force in 1940.
 R7384 – Battle IT on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. It was built as a pilot trainer in 1940, and taken on strength by the RCAF in 1941. Converted to a gunnery trainer with a turret in 1942, it was used until stored in 1943. The aircraft was transferred to the Canada Aviation Museum in 1964, and was restored in the 1990s.
 Unknown – Unknown under restoration at the Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum in Brandon, Manitoba.

Specifications (Mk.II)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Wings. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. .
 Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Midland Publishing, 2004. .
 "Elegantly Obsolete...the Fairey Battle". Air International, Vol. 20, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 127–134. ISSN 0306-5634.
 Ethell, L. Jeffrey. Aircraft of World War II.  Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. .
 Garcia, Dionisio. "Air Force on the Edge: Belgian Military Aviation in 1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 96, November/December 2001, pp. 65–68. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing.
 Gifford, Simon. "Lost Battles: The Carnage of May 10 to May 16, 1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 109, January/February 2004, pp. 18–25. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing.
 Harrison, W. A. "Database: Fairey Battle". Aeroplane, Vol. 44, No. 6, June 2016. pp. 87–101. .
 Huntley, Ian D. Fairey Battle, Aviation Guide 1. Bedford, UK: SAM Publications, 2004. .

 Lever, John. Fairey Battle in the RAAF. Koorlong, Victoria, Australia: John Lever, 2002. .
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
 March, Daniel M. British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace, 1998. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber Since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. .
 Matricardi, Paolo. Aerei Militari: Bombardieri e da trasporto (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori Electa, 2006. No ISBN.
 Molson, Kenneth M. et al. Canada's National Aviation Museum: Its History and Collections. Ottawa: National Aviation Museum, 1988. .
 Moyes, Philip, J. R. The Fairey Battle. Aircraft in Profile Number 34. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
 Moyes, Philip, J. R. The Fairey Battle. Aircraft in Profile, Volume 2 (nos. 25–48). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1971. .
 Moyes, Philip, J. R. Royal Air Force Bombers of World War II (Volume 1).  Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Hylton Lacey Publishers Ltd., 1968. .
 Neulen, Hans Werner. In the Skies of Europe: Air Forces Allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 1998. .
 Pacco, John. "Fairey Battle". Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het Militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique Militare 1930–1940 (bilingual French/Dutch). Aartselaar, Belgium: J. P. Publications, 2003, pp. 52–55. .
 Richards, Denis. The Hardest Victory: RAF Bomber Command in the Second World War. London: Coronet, 1995. .

 Shaile, Sidney and Ray Sturtivant. The Battle File. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1998. .
 Taylor, H. R. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1974. .
 Taylor, John W. R. "Fairey Battle". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .
 Willis, David. "Battles for Power"]. FlyPast, January 2009.

External links

 Austin & Longbridge Aircraft Production
 "Designed for mass-production". Flight, 19 August 1937
 "Building the Battle". Flight, 17 June 1937

1930s British bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Battle
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
World War II British bombers

Fairey Battle


Caldecote es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de North Warwickshire, en el condado de Warwickshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Caldecote tiene una superficie de 2,58 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Caldecote tenía 135 habitantes (53,33% varones, 46,67% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 52,33 hab/km². El 13,33% eran menores de 16 años, el 82,22% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 4,44% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 43,57 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 30,77% estaban solteros, el 46,15% casados, y el 23,08% divorciados o viudos.

El 97,76% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido y el 2,24% de cualquier otro lugar salvo del resto de países europeos. Todos los habitantes eran blancos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 73,68%, mientras que el 16,54% no eran religiosos y el 9,77% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 64 hogares con residentes y 3 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Warwickshire
Parroquias civiles de Warwickshire

Caldecote (Warwickshire)


Burhaniye, Sakarya ilinin Geyve ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 42 km, Geyve ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet

Geyve'nin mahalleleri

Burhaniye, Geyve


Grönland Denizi, Grönland'ın doğu sahili, İzlanda'nın kuzey kıyısı, Jan Mayen ve Svalbard arasında uzanan, 1.000.000 kilometrekareden daha fazla alana sahip bir deniz. Arktik Okyanusu'nun bir yan denizidir. Ancak kısmen Kuzey Atlas Okyanusu'na dâhil edilir. Grönland Denizi'nin ortalama derinliği 1.526 metredir. En derin yeri Norveç'in Spitsbergen Adası'nın 140 km batısında bulunan 5.608 m derinliğindeki Malloy Çukuru'dur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Norveç'teki denizler
Grönland'daki denizler
Atlas Okyanusu'ndaki denizler
Arktik Okyanusu'ndaki denizler

Grönland Denizi


تولوس هوستيليوس  (ولد 673 قبل الميلاد – توفي 642 قبل الميلاد) هو ثالث الملوك الأسطوريين على روما. وقد خلف نوما بومبيليوس على العرش وخلفه أنكوس ماركيوس. على عكس سلفه، فقد كان تولوس معروفا كملك محارب.

كان تولوس هوستيليوس حفيد هوستوس هوستيليوس، الذي قاتل مع رومولوس وتوفي أثناء الغزو السابين لروما.

وكانت السمة الرئيسية لعهد لتولوس هي هزيمته لمدينة ألبا لونغا، وذلك بانتصار ثلاثة أبطال رومان على ثلاث من أبطال ألبا لونغا، وأصبحت المدينة تابعة لروما. إلا أنميتيوس فوفيتيوس حاكم ألبا خان روما لاحقا، فأمر تولوس بتدمير المدينة وقام بتهجير مواطنيها إلى روما، حيث تم دمجهم وأصبحوا مواطنين رومان.

كما خاض تولوس عدة حروب ناجحة ضد قبائل فيديناي وفيي وسابين.

ذكر ليفي أن تولوس لم يولي اهتماما كبيرا بالشعائر الدينية خلال فترة حكمه، حيث رأى أنها لا تستحق اهتمام الملك. ومع ذلك، وفي نهاية فترة حكمه، وتأثرت روما بسلسلة من النبوءات بما فيها وابل من الحجارة على جبل ألبان (فأقيم بعده احتفال ديني أقيم لتسعة أيام يدعى novendialis)، كما سمع صوت مدوي على قمة الجبل يشكو من أن أهل ألبانز لم يظهروا إخلاصهم لآلهتهم القديمة، وضرب وبأء روما. أصبح الملك تولوس مريضا وضحية للخرافات. وقرء مذكرات نوما بومبيليوس وحاول تقديم الأضاحي التي أوصى بها نوما للإله جوبيتر. إلا أن تولوس لم ينفذ الطقوس بشكل صحيح، فضرب هو ومنزله بصاعقة وحولته إلى رماد بسبب غضب جوبيتر.

وصلات

مصادر

أساطير الرومان
رومان القرن 7 ق م
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
ملكيون في القرن 7 ق م
ملوك روما
ملوك روما القرن 7 ق م
وفيات 642 ق م

تولوس هوستيليوس


Oleksiy Iouriyovytch Reznikov (en ), né le  à Lviv, est un avocat et homme politique ukrainien. Il est ministre de la Défense de 2021 à 2023.

Parcours politique
Oleksiy Reznikov a précédemment occupé plusieurs autres postes au sein du Gouvernement Chmyhal : il a été , .

Il a également été chef adjoint de l'administration d'État de la ville de Kiev, de 2016 à 2018, et maire adjoint secrétaire du conseil de Kiev, de  à . Il a également été chef de la délégation nationale de l'Ukraine au congrès des pouvoirs locaux et régionaux du Conseil de l'Europe, de 2015 à 2016, et a été choisi par le président Volodymyr Zelensky, le , pour représenter l'Ukraine dans le sous-groupe politique de travail du  concernant un règlement de la guerre du Donbass.

Le , durant l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, le Service de sécurité d'Ukraine rapporte qu'il a arrêté des tueurs des services spéciaux russes qui avaient planifié les meurtres d'Oleksiy Reznikov, alors ministre de la Défense et de Kyrylo Boudanov chef du renseignement de défense de l'Ukraine.

Fin janvier 2023, le gouvernement est secoué par une série de démissions et de limogeages sur fond de scandale de corruption révélé par la presse portant sur un contrat signé par le ministère de la Défense d'un montant présumé surévalué et concernant les produits alimentaires destinés aux soldats. Plusieurs hauts responsables du ministère sont alors démis de leurs fonctions, tandis qu'Oleksiy Reznikov dénonce, dans un premier temps, des accusations . Début février, il promet des  internes au sein de son ministère et reconnaît que les services de lutte contre la corruption de son ministère avaient  et qu'ils devaient être .

Début février 2023, à la suite de ce scandale de corruption au sein de son ministère, on évoque son remplacement au poste de ministre de la Défense par le général Kyrylo Boudanov, chef du renseignement militaire. Le député David Arahamiya, chef du parti Serviteur du peuple annonce qu'Oleksiy Reznikov doit devenir ministre des industries stratégiques afin de renforcer la coopération militaro-industrielle. Le remaniement de Reznikov serait le changement de gouvernement le plus médiatisé dans une série de démissions et de licenciements après un scandale de corruption à la fin du mois de janvier et de l'engagement de Volodymyr Zelensky que l'Ukraine respecte les normes occidentales de gouvernance propre. Finalement, il reste en poste et on lui adjoint Oleksandr Pavliouk comme premier vice-ministre de la Défense au sein du gouvernement Chmyhal.

Le , le président Zelensky annonce dans une vidéo son remplacement par Roustem Oumerov et indique : . Il remet sa lettre de démission au parlement, le lendemain, qui accepte sa démission le 5 septembre et approuve la candidature de son successeur le 6 septembre.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ministre ukrainien de la Défense
Naissance en juin 1966
Naissance à Lviv
Vice-Premier ministre de l'Ukraine

Oleksiy Reznikov


කැනේඩියානු ලේඛකයකු හා  නායකත්වය පිළිබඳ කථිකයකු වන රොබින් ශර්මා ඔහුගේ කෘති මාලාවක් වන The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari තුලින් ඉමහත් ප‍්‍රසිද්ධියකට පත්විය.

වෘත්තීය
 .

References

ජීවමාන ජනයා

රොබින් ශර්මා


The Douglas X-3 Stiletto was a 1950s United States experimental jet aircraft with a slender fuselage and a long tapered nose, manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Its primary mission was to investigate the design features of an aircraft suitable for sustained supersonic speeds, which included the first use of titanium in major airframe components. Douglas designed the X-3 with the goal of a maximum speed of approximately , but it was seriously underpowered for this purpose and could not even exceed Mach 1 in level flight. Although the research aircraft was a disappointment, Lockheed designers used data from the X-3 tests for the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter which used a similar trapezoidal wing design in a successful Mach 2 fighter.

Design and development
The Douglas X-3 Stiletto was the sleekest of the early experimental aircraft, but its research accomplishments were not those originally planned. It was originally intended for advanced Mach 2 turbojet propulsion testing, but it fell largely into the category of configuration explorers, as it never met its original performance goals due to inadequate engines. The goal of the aircraft was ambitious—it was to take off from the ground under its own power, climb to high altitude, maintain a sustained cruise speed of Mach 2, then land under its own power. The aircraft was also to test the feasibility of low-aspect-ratio wings, and the large-scale use of titanium in aircraft structures. The design of the Douglas X-3 Stiletto is the subject of U.S. Design Patent #172,588 granted on July 13, 1954 to Frank N. Fleming and Harold T. Luskin and assigned to the Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc.

Construction of a pair of X-3s was approved on 30 June 1949. During development, the X-3's planned Westinghouse J46 engines were unable to meet the thrust, size and weight requirements, so lower-thrust Westinghouse J34 turbojets were substituted, producing only  of thrust with afterburner rather than the planned . The first aircraft was built and delivered to Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 11 September 1952.

The X-3 featured an unusual slender, streamlined shape having a very long, gently-tapered nose and small trapezoidal wings. The aim was to create the thinnest and most slender shape possible in order to achieve low drag at supersonic speeds. The extended nose was to allow for the provision of test equipment while the semi-buried cockpit and windscreen were designed to alleviate the effects of "thermal thicket" conditions. The low aspect ratio, unswept wings were designed for high speed and later the Lockheed design team used data from the X-3 tests for the similar F-104 Starfighter wing design. Due to both engine and airframe problems, the partially completed second aircraft was cancelled, and its components were used for spare parts.

Operational history

The first X-3 "hop" was made on 15 October 1952, by Douglas test pilot Bill Bridgeman. During a high-speed taxi test, Bridgeman lifted the X-3 off the ground and flew it about one mile (1.6 km) before settling back onto the lakebed. The official first flight was made by Bridgeman on 20 October and lasted about 20 minutes. He made a total of 26 flights (counting the hop) by the end of the Douglas tests in December 1953. These showed that the X-3 was severely underpowered and difficult to control; its takeoff speed was unusually high—. More seriously, the X-3 did not approach its planned top speed. Its first supersonic flight required that the airplane make a 15° dive to reach Mach 1.1. The X-3's fastest flight, made on 28 July 1953, reached Mach 1.208 in a 30° dive. A plan to re-engine the X-3 with rocket motors was considered but eventually dropped.

With the completion of the contractor test program in December 1953, the X-3 was delivered to the United States Air Force. The poor performance of the X-3 meant only an abbreviated program would be made, to gain experience with low aspect ratio wings. Lieutenant Colonel Frank Everest and Major Chuck Yeager each made three flights. Although flown by Air Force pilots, these were counted as NACA flights. With the last flight by Yeager in July 1954, NACA made plans for a limited series of research flights with the X-3. The initial flights looked at longitudinal stability and control, wing and tail loads, and pressure distribution.

NACA pilot Joseph A. Walker made his pilot checkout flight in the X-3 on 23 August 1954, then conducted eight research flights in September and October. By late October, the research program was expanded to include lateral and directional stability tests. In these tests, the X-3 was abruptly rolled at transonic and supersonic speeds, with the rudder kept centered. Despite its shortcomings, the X-3 was ideal for these tests. The mass of its engines, fuel and structure was concentrated in its long, narrow fuselage, while its wings were short and stubby. As a result, the X-3 was "loaded" along its fuselage, rather than its wings. This was typical of the fighter aircraft then in development or testing.

These tests would lead to the X-3's most significant flight, and the near-loss of the aircraft. On 27 October 1954, Walker made an abrupt left roll at Mach 0.92 and an altitude of . The X-3 rolled as expected, but also pitched up 20° and yawed 16°. The aircraft gyrated for five seconds before Walker was able to get it back under control. He then set up for the next test point. Walker put the X-3 into a dive, accelerating to Mach 1.154 at , where he made an abrupt left roll. The aircraft pitched down and recorded an acceleration of -6.7 g (-66 m/s²), then pitched upwards to +7 g (69 m/s²). At the same time, the X-3 side-slipped, resulting in a loading of 2 g (20 m/s²). Walker managed to bring the X-3 under control and successfully landed.

The post-flight examination showed that the fuselage had been subjected to its maximum load limit. Had the acceleration been higher, the aircraft could have broken up. Walker and the X-3 had experienced "roll inertia coupling," in which a maneuver in one axis will cause an uncommanded maneuver in one or two others. At the same time, several North American F-100 Super Sabres were involved in similar incidents. A research program was started by NACA to understand the problem and find solutions.

For the X-3, the roll coupling flight was the high point of its history. The aircraft was grounded for nearly a year after the flight, and never again explored its roll stability and control boundaries. Walker made another ten flights between 20 September 1955 and the last on 23 May 1956. The aircraft was subsequently retired to the National Museum of the United States Air Force.

Although the X-3 never met its intention of providing aerodynamic data in Mach 2 cruise, its short service was of value. It showed the dangers of roll inertia coupling, and provided early flight test data on the phenomenon. Its small, highly loaded unswept wing was used in the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, and it was one of the first aircraft to use titanium. Finally, the X-3's very high takeoff and landing speeds required improvements in tire technology.

Production
Two aircraft were ordered, but only one was built, completing 51 test flights.

Aircraft on display
The X-3 was transferred in 1956 to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. , it is on display in the Museum's Research & Development Gallery.

Specifications (X-3)

See also

References

 United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Association, 1975 edition.
 Winchester, Jim. "Douglas X-3." Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2005. .

External links

 NASA Dryden X-3 photo collection
 NASA-Dryden X-3 Fact Sheet
 Global Aircraft: X-3 Stiletto

X-3 Stiletto
Edwards Air Force Base
NASA aircraft
X-03 Stiletto
Aircraft first flown in 1952

Douglas X-3 Stiletto


සරත් රණවක (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Sarath Ranawaka) ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ හිටපු මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි. එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂ කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික් මන්ත්‍රී.

ජීවන සටහන්
කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු දේශපාලනඥයින්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
සිංහල ජනයා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලංකික දේශපාලනඥයෝ
1951 උපත්
2009 මරණ

සරත් රණවක


Hematokrit, kırmızı kan hücrelerinin oluşturduğu hacmin, toplam kan hacmine oranıdır. Hematokritin normal değerleri yaş ve cinsiyete bağlı olarak değişmekte olup erişkin bir erkekte %42-52, kadında %36-46 aralığındadır. Kansızlıkla ve diğer kırmızı kan hücrelerini ilgilendiren hastalıklarla ilişkili olarak düşebilir ya da yükselebilir.

İnce uzun tüpe alınan kan santrifüj makinesine konulur. Kanın içindeki ağır olan hücreler dibe çökerken daha hafif olan plazma üstte kalır. Plazma ve kan hücrelerinin arasındaki sınır değeri okunur. Bu hastanın hematokrit değeridir. Hematokrit bulmanın diğer yolu ise hemogram cihazıdır. 1 dk işlem ile sonuca ulaşılabilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Hekimce.com açıklaması

Hematoloji
Kan testleri

Hematokrit


Hubert Raymond Glaszmann (* 21. September 1884 in Saint-Laurent; † 21. Februar 1953 in Paris) war ein französischer Autorennfahrer.

Karriere

Raymond Glaszmann (in manchen Quellen wird der Vorname Robert angegeben) war ein französischer Automobilpionier und gehörte zu jenen Fahrern, die beim ersten 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans der Motorsportgeschichte 1923 am Start waren. Glaszmann war Werksfahrer bei Chenard & Walcker und war 1921 für das Team beim Coupe Georges Boillot am Start. Sein erstes Le-Mans-Rennen beendete er 1923 als Gesamtsiebter. 1924 fiel er an der Seite von Robert Sénéchal nach 83 gefahrenen Runden durch technischen Defekt aus. Seinen letzten Start in Le Mans hatte er ein Jahr später; er beendete das Rennen als Zehnter.

Statistik

Le-Mans-Ergebnisse

Literatur

 Moity/Teissedre: 24 Stunden Le Mans 1923–1992. Edition D'Art J.P. Barthelemy, ISBN 2-909-413-06-3.

Weblinks

 Raymond Glaszmann bei 24-h-en-piste

Rennfahrer des 24-Stunden-Rennens von Le Mans
Rennfahrer (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1884
Gestorben 1953
Mann

Raymond Glaszmann


ZB vz. 24 este o pușcă cu repetiție concepută și produsă în Cehoslovacia, între anii 1924 și 1942, pornind de la seria Mauser Gewehr 98.

Puștile ZB vz. 24 au fost cumpărate și de Armata României, înaintea și în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, aceste arme fiind fabricate în Cehoslovacia la fabrica de armament Zbrojovka Brno, apoi exportate în România.

Armele ZB vz. 24 sunt considerate ca fiind unele dintre cele mai bune arme de tip Mauser fabricate sub licență.

Puști
Arme din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial

ZB vz. 24


Isla San José es una isla privada ubicada en Panamá, la segunda más grande del archipiélago de las Perlas en el golfo de Panamá, parte del océano Pacífico, a 80 km del canal de Panamá. y al oeste de la isla del Rey. Posee una superficie estimada en 44 km², su punto más alto alcanza los 137 metros sobre el nivel del mar, y su principal actividad económica es el turismo centrado en sus 57 playas y su vegetación tropical. Miles de cerdos cimarrones y ciervos habitan en la isla, que tiene una costa escarpada y rocosa.

Una unidad del Ejército de los Estados Unidos probó armas químicas desde 1945 hasta 1947 en la entonces desierta isla, abandonando al menos ocho bombas sin explotar de 500 y 1000 libras. Un texto militar estadounidense afirma que las bombas más grandes contenían fosgeno y cloruro de cianógeno, mientras que las más pequeñas contenían gas mostaza. Otros reportes afirman que los soldados también probaron el gas nervioso VX y sarín.

Véase también
 Geografía de Panamá
 Geografía de América

Notas

Referencias
 David Pugliese, "Panama: Bombs on the Beach," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 58 (julio–agosto de 2002)
 John Lindsay-Poland. "Test Tube Republic: Chemical Weapons Tests in Panama and U.S. Responsibility" San Francisco: Fellowship of Reconciliation Panama Campaign, 1998.

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla
 El País: Estados Unidos dejó en Panamá basureros de armas químicas usadas en experimentos

Archipiélago de las Perlas

Isla San José (Panamá)


Emelihter Kihleng est une poète micronésienne de l'île de Pohnpei. Elle est la première personne micronésienne à publier un recueil de poésie en anglais.

Biographie
Née à Guam, elle obtient un Master de création littéraire à l'Université d'Hawaï à Mānoa en 2003, puis enseigne l'anglais au  à Pohnpei. Elle obtient un doctorat en études du Pacifique de l'Université Victoria de Wellington en 2015. Sa thèse de doctorat est intitulée « Menginpehn Lien Pohnpei : une ethnographie poétique des urohs (jupes pohnpéiennes) ».

En mai 2008, elle publie son premier recueil de poèmes, My Urohs. La poète de Kiribati Teresia Teaiwa décrit le recueil comme une  et . L'écrivaine samoane Sia Figiel décrit sa poésie comme « troublante et obsédante, éclairante et tendre » et « tissée à partir des fils violents du postcolonialisme, agrémentée de touches d'humour insulaire ».

Kihleng explique que les urohs sont la tenue par excellence d'une femme pohnpéienne. Elle dit avoir choisi d'intituler la collection My Urohs parce que .

En février 2009, Kihleng et Evelyn Flores, professeure d'anglais de l'université de Guam, annoncent leur intention de publier la toute première anthologie de littérature micronésienne, appelant à des contributions d'écrivains de Guam, Palau, des îles Mariannes du Nord, Nauru, Kiribati, des îles Marshall, et des États fédérés de Micronésie. Kihleng note que, alors que la Polynésie et la Mélanésie ont un impact notable sur la littérature du Pacifique, la Micronésie est souvent négligée.

En 2008, Kihleng vit à Guam et travaille au programme de prévention de la violence contre les femmes de l'Université de Guam.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Poétesse américaine du XXIe siècle
Étudiant de l'université Victoria de Wellington
Étudiant de l'université d'Hawaï
Personnalité micronésienne

Emelihter Kihleng


Høgni Mohr (født i Thorshavn den 8. oktober 1968) er en færøsk forfatter og journalist. I 2014 blev han nomineret til kortfilmsprisen Geytin for Fall for Ewe. Hans bog Fractura Nasi var den mest solgte bog på Færøerne i 2017.

Mohr har arbejdet for flere færøske aviser, og er tilmed blevet publiceret i danske og islandske aviser. I mange år arbejdede han som radio- og tv-reporter på Kringvarp Føroya. Derudover har han arbejdet for BBC og Al-Jazeera, været vært i naturprogrammer for Vice Media og korrespondent for Huffington Post.

Bibliografi
Siden 2006 har Mohr udgivet otte bøger på færøsk på Øgiliga egið forlag.
 Ali babba- og 49 aðrar blaðgreinir (2006),
 Tá deyðin verður avdúkaður (2010),
 Fractura nasi (2017), . Oversat til dansk i 2019. Dansk titel: Rejse for livet. Forlag, Amanda Books. Solgt til filmproduktion i 2018.
 Slepp tær til heiti fani (2018),  Med illustrationer af Astrid Andreasen
 Mær dámar ikki høgna hoydal (2019),
 Tað tómliga tolsemið (2020),
 Grøðandi greinir (2021),
 Saga JAM (2022),
 Hvør skal nú pløga jørðina grøna - Manuskript til film om den færøske hest

Filmografi

 2013 - Summarsál (dokumentarserie), 6 episoder, instruktør
 2014 - Fall for ewe (kortfilm), skaber
 2014 - Fat birds are easy prey: Fulmar hunting in the Faroe Islands (dokumentar), vært
 2021 - 111 góðir dagar (film), skuespiller
 2022 - Starin í stovuni (dokumentar), instruktør

Radioudsendelser

 2019 - Gamli maðurin og vatnið (radioserie), 4 episoder, producent

Kilder

Forfattere fra Færøerne

Høgni Mohr


On Swift Horses é um futuro filme americano de drama dirigido por Daniel Minahan, com roteiro de Bryce Kass adaptando o romance de mesmo nome de Shannon Pufahl. Ley Line Entertainment e FirstGen Content produzem o projeto que tem um elenco que inclui Daisy Edgar-Jones, Jacob Elordi, Will Poulter, Diego Calva e Sasha Calle.

Sinopse
Os recém-casados Muriel e Lee estão começando uma nova vida depois que ele retorna da Guerra da Coreia, quando a chegada do carismático irmão mais novo de Lee, Julius, um jogador rebelde com um segredo, cria um perigoso triângulo amoroso. Julius vai para Las Vegas e Muriel embarca em uma vida secreta de jogos de azar em cavalos de corrida e descobre um amor que ela achava impossível.

Elenco
 Daisy Edgar-Jones como Muriel
 Jacob Elordi como Julius
 Will Poulter como Lee
 Diego Calva como Henry
 Sasha Calle como Sandra

Produção
O produtor Peter Spears e o diretor Daniel Minahan iniciaram o projeto em julho de 2021 com Ley Line Entertainment e Bryce Kass adaptando o romance de Shannon Pufahl. Spears está produzindo ao lado de Mollye Asher, Tim Headington, Theresa Steele Page e Michael D'Alto. As finanças estão vindo da Ley Line Entertainment e da FirstGen ao lado do Wavelength. Alvaro Valente e o roteirista Bryce Kass são produtores executivos, assim como Christine Vachon e Pamela Koffler da Killer Films, Nate Kamiya e David Darby da Ley Line, Randal Sandler, Claude Amadeo e Chris Triana para FirstGen, e Jennifer Westphal e Joe Plummer para Wavelength.

Filmagens
As gravações começaram em Los Angeles em 28 de fevereiro de 2023. Diego Calva disse a Variety que ele e Jacob Elordi têm algumas "cenas muito gostosas".

Filmes gravados na Califórnia

On Swift Horses


Fjorten år og to nætter er en dansk kortfilm fra 2011, der er instrueret af Jeanette Nordahl efter manuskript af hende selv og Eini Carina Grønvold.

Handling
På sin 14-års fødselsdag får Laura besøg af sin mors ven, modefotografen Asger, som Laura altid har været fascineret af. Asger skal fotografere Laura, hvilket hendes mor, Henriette, længe har set frem til - til trods for en voksende jalousi til den smukke datter. Men hvad Henriette ikke ved, er, at Lauras følelser for Asger er ved at ændre sig. Det sætter spor i forholdet mellem mor og datter i form af et opgør og en konkurrence, som skaber stærke udfordringer for Laura. Mødet med Asger og modelmiljøet bliver en introduktion til voksenlivet og en opdagelse af seksualiteten. Hun mærker begæret for første gang og oplever samtidig magten, der følger med.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Fjorten år og to nætter


The Yeomanry Mounted Division was a Territorial Force cavalry division formed at Khan Yunis in Palestine in June 1917 from three yeomanry mounted brigades. It served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War, mostly as part of the Desert Mounted Corps. In April 1918 six of the regiments were withdrawn from the division and sent to France, being converted from Yeomanry to battalions of the Machine Gun Corps. These were replaced by Indian Army cavalry regiments withdrawn from France, and the division was renamed 1st Mounted Division, the third such division to bear that title. In July the combined division was renamed as the 4th Cavalry Division.

History

Formation
In June 1917, it was decided to reorganize the mounted troops of the Desert Column into three divisions.  Previously, the two existing divisions (ANZAC Mounted Division and Imperial Mounted Division) each contained four mounted brigades; hereafter, the three divisions would have three mounted brigades each.  As a result, between 20 June and 22 July 1917, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was formed at Khan Yunis, Palestine.
 the 6th Mounted Brigade was transferred complete from the Imperial Mounted Division on 27 June 1917, joining the new division at el Maraqeb.  On 20 June, the Imperial Mounted Division was redesignated Australian Mounted Division as the majority of its units were now Australian.
 the 8th Mounted Brigade arrived back in Egypt from Salonika on 8 June 1917.  The Machine Gun Squadron was formed in Egypt on 14 June.  The brigade moved forward and joined the new division on 21 July 1917 at el Fuqari.
 the 22nd Mounted Brigade was transferred complete from the ANZAC Mounted Division on 6 July 1917, joining the new division at el Fuqari.
 the CCLXIII (V Lowland) Brigade, RFA from 52nd (Lowland) Division joined as XX Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (T.F.) (less Essex Battery, RHA which was attached to 7th Mounted Brigade) on 7 July 1917 at Khan Yunis.  On the same date, the Berkshire Battery, RHA (formerly of the Imperial Mounted Division) and the Leicestershire Battery, RHA (formerly of the ANZAC Mounted Division) joined XX Brigade.
 the Field Squadron Royal Engineers was newly formed at el Maraqeb between 1 and 22 July 1917.
 the signal squadron was newly formed at Alexandria between 29 May and 11 July 1917. It joined the division at Khan Yunis on 14 July.

Battles
The Yeomanry Mounted Division served as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Palestine throughout its brief existence.  From 31 October it took part in the Third Battle of Gaza, including the Battle of Beersheba (in GHQ Reserve) and the Capture of the Sheria Position under the Desert Mounted Corps (DMC).  Still with the DMC, it took part in the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 and 14 November and the Battle of Nebi Samwil for 17 to 24 November.  From 23 November it was attached to XXI Corps.  From 27 to 29 November, it withstood the Turkish counter-attacks during the Capture of Jerusalem.  From 28 November it was attached to XX Corps.

Restructured and renamed
In March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France.  The British units (notably 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, 17th Lancers, 1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons and A, Q and U Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.

By an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre.  On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was indianized and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division, the third distinct division to bear this title.

On 24 April 1918, the 6th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade, the 8th Mounted Brigade with the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade, and the 22nd Mounted Brigade with the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade.  Six of the Yeomanry Regiments were merged in pairs, converted to Machine Gun Battalions, and posted to the Western Front:
C Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the 1/1st Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars and the 1/1st Berkshire Yeomanry
D Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the 1/1st Lincolnshire Yeomanry and the 1/1st East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry
E Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the 1/1st City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) and the 1/3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
They were replaced by Indian Cavalry Regiments from France.  The Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections merged with their Indian counterparts.  Other units were retained unchanged, though some were renumbered to reflect the new divisional designation.

On 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division and the brigades as the 10th, 11th and 12th Cavalry Brigades.  The sub units (Signal Troops, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections) were renumbered on the same date.

See also

 List of British divisions in World War I
 British yeomanry during the First World War

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
The British Army in the Great War: The Yeomanry Mounted Division

Yeomanry
British cavalry divisions
Military units and formations established in 1917
Military units and formations disestablished in 1918

Yeomanry Mounted Division


Göynük, Bolu ilinin güneybatı kısmında yer alan yedi mahalle ve altmış altı köy barındıran 'şeker fasulyesi', 'uğut marmelatı', 'tokalı örtüleri' ve 'tahta oymacılık eserleri' ile ünlü bir ilçesidir. 20. yüzyıl başlarına ait eski Türk evleri bakımından zengin olan ilçe, sahip olduğu 137 adet tarihî konut, 21 cami, türbe, çeşme, hamam, kule ve hazire olmak üzere toplam 158 adet sivil mimari eser sebebiyle "Kentsel SİT Alanı" ilan edilmiştir. İlçede ayrıca 14. yüzyılda Gazi Süleyman Paşa tarafından inşa ettirilen tarihi cami, hamam ve konak da bulunmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Bolu yöresine ilk yerleşenlerin Bebrikler olduğu sanılmaktadır. Bebrikya adıyla anıldığı sanılan bu yöreye M.Ö. 8.yüzyıldan sonra batıdan gelen Bithynialılar yerleşmiştir. Bithynia olarak adlandırılan bu topraklardaki başlıca yerleşim yerleri Kienos (daha sonra Prusias, bugün Konuralp) ile Bithynion (bugünkü Bolu)'du. İskender'in ölümünü izleyen dönemde Bolu yöresinde bağımsız Bithynia Krallığı  kurulmuştur.

Roma Askeri yolunun "Dadastan" adı ile bilinen şimdiki Göynük'ten geçtiği tarih kitaplarında ifade edilmektedir. Göynük'ün bilinen en eski adı "Koinon Gallicanon"'dur. İlçe Türk beyliklerinin, Bizans, Roma ve Osmanlı medeniyetlerinin yerleşim bölgesindedir. İlçenin Susuz, Kilciler, Narzanlar, Boyacılar köylerinde ve bu köylerin civarlarında Bizans devrine ait yazılı eserler bulunmuştur. Ayrıca Kilciler Köyü'nde bir de kilise kalıntısı bulunmaktadır. Beldede günümüze kadar ayakta kalabilmiş tarihî eserler ve yapılar mevcuttur.

Akşemseddin Hazretleri Türbesi
1464 yılında Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından hocası Akşemseddin için yaptırdığı türbedir. Altıgen bir yapıya sahip olan türbenin kubbesi kasnaksız, kefeki taşından yapılmıştır. Girişi doğu yönünde olan kapısının üzerinde sivri kemerli bir alınlık yer alır.

Türbenin içi çok sadedir. Kubbenin oturduğu pandantifler ilgi çekicidir. Her kenarda, altta ve üstte ikişer sıra halinde yer alan pencerelerden üst sıradakiler geç devre ait renkli camlı alçı şebekelerle süslenmiştir. Türbede 2,50 x 0,50 metre boyutunda Akşemseddin'in sandukası, ayrıca Akşemseddin'in oğulları Sadullah ile Emrullah çelebilerin sandukaları vardır.  Kapakları nar çiçeği motifiyle bezenmiş, kabartma yazı ile süslü ve ceviz ağacından yapılmış olan bu sandukalar Osmanlı ağaç   işçiliğinin en güzel örneklerindendir.

Gazi Süleyman Paşa Cami
Yöredeki en güzide Osmanlı mimarilerinden olan cami, 1331-1335 tarihleri arasında Orhan Gazi'nin  oğlu Gazi Süleyman Paşa tarafından tek şerefeli, tek minareli ve tek ahşap kubbeli olarak inşa edilmiştir. 1948-1960 yıllarında restore edilen caminin en büyük özelliği yöredeki ilk Osmanlı eserleri içinde en sağlamlarından biri olmasıdır.

Zafer Kulesi
Göynük'ün simgelerinden biri olan Zafer Kulesi ilçeye hakim bir tepeye 1923 tarihinde Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk Kaymakamı Hurşit Bey tarafından yapılmıştır. Altıgen taş temel üzerine, 3 katlı ahşap yalı baskı mimarisiyle yapılan Zafer Kulesi, Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın başarılarını ebedileştirmek için anıtsal eser olarak yapılmıştır.

Gazi Süleyman Paşa Hamamı
Gazi Süleyman Paşa tarafından Gazi Süleyman Paşa Cami ile aynı tarihte yapılmıştır. Hamam, 1331-1335 yılları arasında tamamen traverten kesme taş ile yapılmış olup bay ve bayan bölümleri ayrıdır. Eser bölgenin en eski ve en büyük hamam olma özelliğini korumaktadır. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi'nde Ankara ve İstanbul'da dahi böyle muhteşem bir hamam bulunmadığı konusu övgü ile bahsedilmektedir.

Tabak Dede ve Ömer Sıkkın Türbeleri
Asıl mesleği deri tabakçısı olarak bilinen Tabak Dede'nin hayatı ile ilgili bilgiler çeşitli menkıbelere dayanmaktadır.  Tabak Dede, çeşitli rivayetlere göre ermiş ve ermişlikte yüksek bir mertebeye ulaşmıştır.

Ömer Sıkkın Akşemsettin ile aynı dönemde yaşamış olan Hacı Bayram Veli'nin müritlerindendir. O dönemlerde Göynük'te oturup, bıçakçılık yaparak geçimini sağlayan Ömer Sıkkıni'nin, miladi 1475 yılında vefat ettiği rivayet edilmektedir. Ömer Sıkkıni halk arasında "Bıçakçı Dede" diye de bilinmektedir.

Diğer tarihî kalıntılar
Göynük'ün Bizanslılar döneminde de bir yerleşim yeri olduğunun kanıtı olan Kilciler Köyü'nde bu döneme ait bir kilise kalıntısı ile o devirlere ait mezar kitabeleri vardır. Friglere ait en eski yazılı belge 1966 yılında Göynük'ün Soğukçam (Germonos) Köyü'nde bulunmuştur. Burada Friglere ait kalıntılar vardır. Bunların en önemlilerinden biri ise yüksek bir kaya üzerine yazılı kitabedir. Ayrıca tarihî ahşap Göynük evlerinden ve Osmanlı konaklarından günümüze taşınan örnekleri de mevcuttur.

Nüfus

Kültür
İlçe mevcut durumu ile tarihî dokusu bozulmamış ender rastlanan Osmanlı kasabalarından birisidir. Göynük en eskisi yaklaşık 700 yıllık eski eser niteliğindeki konut, işyeri, hamam, türbe, hazire, tarihî çınar ağaçları gibi tarihî değerlerle süslü olup bu eserler hâlen işlevlerini sürdürmektedirler. Bu değerlerle birlikte hâlen yaşayan bir tarih olan ilçede kültürel değerler ve gelenekler, giyim kuşam, yöresel folklor, yöresel mutfak kültürü ve sosyal ilişkiler hâlen orijinalliğini koruyarak yaşatılmaktadır.

İlçede korunan yapıların yanı sıra tüm yerleşim alanı kentsel SİT alanıdır. Bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar eski araştırmalar ile birleştirilerek geçmiş ve bugünkü durumlar tespit edilmiştir. En son kapsamlı çalışma ise 1991 yılında İller Bankası, Göynük Belediyesi ve Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kurulu tespit elemanlarının ortak çalışmaları ile hâlen yürürlükteki "Koruma Amaçlı İmar Planı" yapılarak yürürlüğe konulmuştur.

Eğitim
İlçede bulunan eğitim-öğretim kurumları;
 Göynük Halk Eğitim Merkezi,  Hacıapti Mah.
 Orhan Çalış Çok Programlı Lisesi,[ http://orhancaliscpl.meb.k12.tr/]Yenice Mah.
 Akşemseddin İmam Hatip Lisesi,  Sofuali Mah.
 Egemenlik İlköğretim Okulu, Yenice Mah.
 Göynük İlköğretim Okulu, Hacıapti Mah.
 Ali Ericek İlköğretim Okulu,  Dedeler Köyü
 Ekinciler 75. Yıl İlköğretim Okulu, Ekinciler Köyü
 Kuyupınar Ovaboyu İlköğretim Okulu, Kuyupınar Köyü
 Narzanlar İlköğretim Okulu, Narzanlar Köyü
 Nejla Türk İlköğretim Okulu,  Ahmetbeyler Köyü
 Akşemseddin İmam Hatip Lisesi Erkek Öğrenci Yurdu,  Sofuali Mah.
 İlim Yayma Kız Öğrenci Yurdu, Sofuali Mah.
 Mahmut Ericek Erkek Öğrenci Yurdu, Sofuali Mah.
 Özel Fetiye Hatun Ortaöğretim Kız Öğrenci Yurdu, Sofuali Mah.

Ekonomi
İlçenin ekonomisi küçükbaş kümes hayvancılığı ve tarım'a  dayalıdır. Öncesinde ilçe genelinde yüzden fazla el tezgâhında el dokuması bez ve kumaş dokuması yapılırken, günümüzde bu faaliyet yaygınlığını kaybetmiştir, ilçe merkezinde belediyeye bağlı bir kurs ile bir dokume evinde varlığını devam ettirmektedir. Kılavuzlar köyünde tahta oymacılığı günümüze taşınan el sanatlarındandır. Göynük, Çatacık köyü alçı taşı ve mermer sahasıdır ve bu konuda faaliyet gösteren işletmeler mevcuttur.

Ayrıca Göynük havzasından kömür madeni çıkarılmaktadır. İlçede hemen hemen hiçbir şekilde değerlendirilmeyen ve kömürden sonra en önemli enerji kaynağını oluşturan bitümlü şistler, sentetik sıvı yakıt olarak kullanılabilirliğinin yanı sıra, petro-kimya sanayii için de girdi olma potansiyeline sahiptir.

Vergi dairelerinin 31.12.2011 tarihi itibarı ile verilerine göre ilçede 136 basit usulde gelir vergisi, 577 gerçek usulde gelir vergisi, 90 kurumlar vergisi olmak üzere 803 mükellef vardır. Bolu ili genelinde gelişmekte olan ilçeler sınıflandırılmasında son sıralarda yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya

Göynük, Bolu'nun güneybatısında yer alıp il merkezine 98 km uzaklıktadır. İlçe Bilecik, Eskişehir, Ankara ve Sakarya illerinin sınır komşusudur. 1000–1500 m arasında bir şeritte sıralanan yaylaların en önemlileri Çubuk Yaylası, Arıkçayırı Yaylası, Bulanık Yaylası, Değirmenözü Yaylası, Hacımahmut Yaylası yaylalarıdır.

İlçenin 30 km güneydoğusunda dik yamaçlar arasında bir vadide Himmetoğlu Köyü yakınında "Çatak Sıcak Su Kaynağı" bulunmaktadır. Kaplıcanın 32 °C sıcaklıkta olan suyu kalsiyum bikarbonatlıdır. Romatizma ve siyatik gibi rahatsızlıklara iyi gelmektedir. Çevrede bulunan kalıntılardan Romalılardan beri kullanıldığı sanılmaktadır.

Geyik, karaca ve diğer yabani hayvanların korunarak çoğaltılması amacıyla kurulan yaban hayatı geliştirme sahası olan Göynük Kapıdağı Ormanı, Çatak Kaplıcaları, ilçenin 27 km doğusunda denizden yüksekliği 820 m olan (18 ha alanı) Sünnet Gölü, ilçenin 11 km kadar kuzeyindeki heyelan sonucunda meydana gelen (15 ha alanı) Çubuk Gölü, Bölücekova köyü şelale ve kanyonu görülmesi gereken turistik yerler ve diğer coğrafi yer şekilleridir.

Göynük'te yerleşme ile gelişme alanları flişlerden yapılıdır. Bolu ve Abant deprem üs merkezleri etkisindedir. Dik yamaçlarda kaya düşmeleri olabilmektedir. Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası'nda 2. derece tehlikeli bölge içindedir.

Çubuk Gölü
Çubuk Gölü'nün yaklaşık olarak 13 metre derinliğinde ve 15 hektar genişliğinde olduğu bilinmektedir. Gölün doğal yapısı, yüzme, balık tutma, kano veya sandalla gezi gibi birçok doğal aktivite için elverişlidir. Gölün güney kıyısında, Göynük Şelalesi gibi doğal güzellikler de bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, kuş gözlemciliği yapmak isteyenler için de çekici bir destinasyondur. Gölün çevresinde yer alan ormanlık alanlar ve sulak alanlar, birçok kuş türüne ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Gölün çevresindeki doğal alanlar, yürüyüş ve trekking yapmak isteyenler için de ideal bir ortam sağlamaktadır.

Sünnet Gölü
Göynük'ün doğusunda yer alan ve doğal güzellikleri ile turizm açısından önem taşıyan bir göldür. Göl, 820 metre yükseltide olup 22 metre derinliğindedir. Gölün bulunduğu bölgede yer alan Sünnet Gölü Kaplıcaları mevcuttur.

İklim
Göynük ilçesinin büyük bir bölümü İç Anadolu iklim bölgesi içindedir. Ayrıca Karadeniz iklimi etki alanı içerisinde bölümleri de mevcuttur. Bolu ilinin güneyinde yağışlar, kuzeye göre daha azdır. İlçede yağışların %68'i ilkbahar ve kış aylarında görülür. Göynük'te kış aylarında yağışlar genelde kar olarak düşer.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Göynük Kaymakamlık Sitesi
 Göynük Belediye Başkanlık Sitesi
 Göynük MEB
 Diyar-ı Akşemseddin Göynük Rehberi

Cittaslow

Göynük


est un film japonais réalisé par Yōji Yamada et sorti en 1975. C'est le  film de la série C'est dur d'être un homme.

Synopsis
Dans un saloon, quelque part en Amérique, un gangster s'en prend à une jeune chanteuse, vite secourue par le fameux hors-la-loi Tiger Kid. Celui-ci est son frère mais refuse de la reconnaître. Tout ceci est en réalité un rêve de Torajirō, qui s'était endormi sur un chariot.

Revenant dans la boutique de sa famille à Tokyo, il y trouve une jeune fille de passage, Junko, qui croit être sa fille parce qu'il a envoyé longtemps des lettres à sa mère avec un peu d'argent. Il la détrompe : il a en effet connu sa mère autrefois, mais leur relation est restée platonique et Junko était d'ailleurs déjà née.

Torajirō va voir un prêtre dans un temple, qui lui conseille, malgré son âge, d'améliorer son éducation afin de « se connaître lui-même ». Torajirō achète des lunettes en croyant que c'est nécessaire pour s'éduquer et  revient à la boutique alors qu'une jeune archéologue, Reiko, vient de s'installer dans une chambre louée à l'étage. Elle accepte de lui donner des cours d'histoire ; toutefois c'est surtout lui qui apprend à Reiko des histoires fantastiques comme il sait les raconter.

Torajirō tombe plus ou moins amoureux de Reiko, mais celle-ci reçoit une lettre d'un professeur d'université, archéologue comme elle, qui lui demande sa main. Torajirō reprend alors la route, sans savoir que Reiko a en fait, non sans hésitation, refusé la demande en mariage. Sakura, sa demi-sœur, court après Torajirō mais ne parvient pas à le rattraper avant le départ de son train.

Fiche technique
 Titre : C'est dur d'être un homme : Intellectuellement vôtre
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Yōji Yamada
 Scénario : Yoshitaka Asama, Yōji Yamada
 Photographie :
 Montage :
 Musique : Naozumi Yamamoto
 Décors : Mitsuo Degawa
 Producteur : Kiyoshi Shimazu et Tōru Najima
 Société de production : Shōchiku
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : japonais
 Format : couleur — 2,35:1 — 35 mm — son mono
 Genres : comédie dramatique ; romance
 Durée : 100 minutes (métrage : huit bobines - )
 Dates de sortie :
 Japon :

Distribution
 Kiyoshi Atsumi : Torajirō Kuruma / Tora-san / Tiger Kid (rêve de Tora-san)
 Chieko Baishō : Sakura Suwa, sa demi-sœur
  : Ryūzō Kuruma, son oncle
  : Tsune Kuruma, sa tante
  : Hiroshi Suwa, le mari de Sakura
 Hayato Nakamura : Mitsuo Suwa, le fils de Sakura et de Hiroshi
  : Reiko Kakei
 Junko Sakurada : Junko Mogami
  : le policier de quartier Todoroki
 Keiju Kobayashi  : l'archéologue Tadokoro
 Hideji Ōtaki : le prêtre du temple Jion-ji
  : le chef des mexicains au saloon (rêve de Tora-san)
  : Umetarō Katsura, le voisin imprimeur
  : Genko
 Chishū Ryū : Gozen-sama, le grand prêtre

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 C'est dur d'être un homme (série de films)

Liens externes

  Site web officiel

Film japonais sorti en 1975
Comédie dramatique japonaise
Film en japonais
Film de Shōchiku
Film se déroulant à Tokyo
Film se déroulant dans la préfecture de Nagano
Film se déroulant dans la préfecture de Yamagata
Film réalisé par Yōji Yamada
Suite de film japonais
Film C'est dur d'être un homme


Articol principal: Partidul Popular European
Mai jos redăm lista europarlamentarilor din grupul Partidului Popular European, în mandatul 2019 - 2024. Cei din afara listei (nenumerotați) vor intra în Parlamentul European după Brexit. (În dreptul lor scrie: intră după Brexit.) În prezent sunt 179 de membri PPE, iar după Brexit vor fi 185.

Austria

Partidul Popular Austriac
Othmar Karas
Karoline Edtstadler
Angelika Winzig
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Vezi și
Parlamentul European
Lista membrilor Parlamentului European, 2019–2024

Referințe

Liste despre membrii Parlamentului European

Membrii grupului Partidului Popular European (PPE) 2019-2024


Secole: Secolul al VI-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al V-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al IV-lea î.Hr.

Decenii: Anii 460 î.Hr. | Anii 450 î.Hr. | Anii 440 î.Hr. | Anii 430 î.Hr. | Anii 420 î.Hr. - Anii 410 î.Hr. - Anii 400 î.Hr. | Anii 390 î.Hr. | Anii 380 î.Hr. | Anii 370 î.Hr. | Anii 360 î.Hr.

Ani: 415 î.Hr. | 414 î.Hr. | 413 î.Hr. | 412 î.Hr. | 411 î.Hr. - 410 î.Hr. - 409 î.Hr. | 408 î.Hr. | 407 î.Hr. | 406 î.Hr. | 405 î.Hr.

Evenimente

Arte, științe, literatură și filozofie

Nașteri

Decese
 Hipocrate din Chios, geometru și astronom din Grecia antică (n. 470 î.Hr.)

410 î.Hr.

410 î.Hr.


Pistol er en dansk kortfilm fra 2016 instrueret af Andreas Thaulow.

Medvirkende

 Bilal Mahdaovi, Bilal
 Ernesto Piga Carbone, Far
 Morten Hee Andersen, Røver
 Hakeem Hamil Ali, Dreng

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2016

Pistol (film)


Shirley R. Steinberg je pedagoginja, autorica, aktivistica i javni govornik čiji se rad fokusira na kritičkoj pedagogiji, socijalnoj pravdi te analizi same kulture društva. Napisala je i uredila mnoge knjige i članke o kritičkoj pedagogiji, urbanoj kulturi, kulturi mladih, analizi zajednica, kulturnim analizama, islamofobiji i pitanjima o razlikama u rasi, klasi, spolu i seksualnosti među ljudima. Ona vodi istraživačko vijeće studija mladih na Sveučilištu u Calgaryju i izvršna je direktorica Freire projekta freireproject.org, gostujući je istraživač Sveučilišta u Barceloni, te ujedno zadržava svoju fakultetsku dužnost i poziciju na Sveučilištu State University of Montclair, Sveučilištu Adelphi, veleučilištu Brooklyn, CUNY Graduate Centru i Sveučilištu McGill. Dvije godine vodila je Institut za istraživanje mladih i zajednice na Sveučilištu West of Scotland.

Ona često surađuje i s medijima kao što su CJAD radio, CBC Radio One, CTV, Toronto Globe and Mail, Canadian Press i The Montreeak Gazette vijestima. Radila je 20 godina kao glavni urednik članaka o obrazovanju u Peter Lang izdavaštvu, te je zajedno s Joem L. Kincheloem napisala jedno od najvećih serija knjiga o obrazovanju pod naslovom Counterpoints: Studies in the Postmodern Theory of Education,. Organizator je međunarodnog Instituta za kritičku pedagogiju a njezino transformativno vodstvom usmjeruje njen rad na stvaranje globalne zajednice transformativnih pedagoga i radnika koje se bave radikalnom ljubavlju, socijalnom pravdom i moći unutar društva i kulture.

Obrazovanje
Završila je predidplomski studij na sveučilištu u Lethbridgeu, Alberta, Canada, za sveučillišnog prvostupnika (univ. bacc.) 1987. godine za profesora engleskog jezika i likovne umjetnosti, magistrirala je 1991. godine. Doktorirala je 1997. godine na Pennsylvanija State Universityju obranivši svoju doktorsku disertaciju o nastavnom planu i provedbi nastave.

Profesionalna karijera
Sa svojim partnerom  Joeom L. Kincheloe,  Steinberg je osnovala međunarodni projekt pod nazivom The Paulo and Nita Freire za kritičku pedagogiju (freireproject.org) na sveučilištu McGill. Nakon Kincheloeove smrti projekt se transformirao u digitalnu arhivu globalnih inicijativa o kritičkoj pedagogiji. Steinberg je trenutno izvršna direktorica projekta.

Steinberg je glavna urednica međunarodnog časopisa o kritičkoj pedagogiji i zajedno s Kincheloeom,. Trenutno je konzultantska urednica časopisa "Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education".

Osnovala je The Werklund Foundation's Youth Leadership centar (YLC) koji je pokrenut u školi za obrazovanje Werklund na Sveučilištu u Calgaryu od srpnja 2011.  godine do ožujka 2014. godine.

Nagrade i priznanja
Steinberg je poznata po svojem podučavanju, aktivizmu, stipendijama u području obrazovanja te po raznim mentorstvima studenata, članova zajednica i kolega. 1997. godine u suradnji sa svojim suradnicima Joeom L. Kincheloeom i Aaronom D. Gressonom III primila je nagradu Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book koju im je dodjelio centar Gustavus Myers center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights za knjigu Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined.

1999. godine primila je nagradu Sveučilišta Adelphi. Sveučilište Lethbridge Alumni Association priznao je Steinberg kao uvaženu članicu 2006. godine.

Steinberg je dobila nagradu kritičara Američke udruge obrazovnih studija za nekoliko svojih radova:

 2000: White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America u suradnji s Kincheloe, Rodriguez, N., & R. Chennault [1]
 2007: Nineteen Questions: Teaching in the City (u suradnji s Kincheloe)[2]
 2012: Critical Qualitative Research Reader (u suradnji s Gaile S.[3] Cannella)
 2014: Critical Youth Studies Reader (u suradnji s Awad Ibrahim). [4]

Dodatne nagrade:

 2011: Paulo Freire Lifetime nagrada za uspjeh za socijalnu pravdu i obrazovanje, Sveučilište Chapman University Faculty of Education.[5]

 2013: Cinema Perpetuum Mobile Film Festival Screening Selection: Seeing through Paulo's Glasses: Political Clarity, Courage, and Humility, u suradnji s Dr. G. Cucinelli. CPM, Minsk, Bjelorusija. [6]
 2014: Nagrada za životno djelo, International Conference for Critical Media Literacy. Normal, Illinois. [7]
 2016: Uvažena profesorica University of Calgary. [8]

Studije

Kritički multikulturizam
Kritički multikulturizam je smjer koji proučava pedagogiju usmjerenu na presjeku moći, identiteta i znanja. Steinberg je svoj okosnicu rada predstavila 2001. godine u svojoj knjizi, Multi/Intercultural Conversations, iako je već 1997. godine isti takav koncept predstavila u suradnji s Kincheloeom u knjizi, Changing Multiculturalism. 1998. godine Dr. Stephen Bigger navodi da "Različiti načini viđenja" mogu biti moćni koncept koji podupire izazovan i transformativni nastavni plan kako bi potaknuo "učenje na razlikama". Nadalje objašnjava:

Multikulturalizam, pojam koji je teško objasniti, te koji je razriješen u poziciji "kritičkog multikulturalizma", opisan s odobrenjem kako istražuje 'način na koji moć oblikuje svijest'… Rasa, spol i klasa su povezani kao ukorijenjeni pojmovi u društvu i gospodarskoj strukturi. Pa tako roz školovanje učenici trebaju graditi vlastita razumijevanja, osjećaje indentiteta i vlastite težnje… Možemo zamisliti učionicu kao "središnje mjesto za razumijevanje mitova, laži i tišine, nižih socijalno – ekonomskih klasa i ostalih marginaliziranih pojedinaca '.

Medijska pismenost
Njezini tečajevi vrte se oko kritičkog pedagoškog pristupa medijima, kao što je definirala u knjizi koju je napisala zajedno s Donaldom Macedom: Media Literacy: A reader. Bit knjige objašnjava kako društvene, kulturne i političke ideje djeluju na ljudskost. Prema internetskim stranicama autora, objašnjenje ideje samog autora o medijskoj pismenosti je " analizira na koji način naše svakodnevne odluke utječu na emocionalne i tjelesne obveze vezane uz naše želje i osobna raspoloženja u našoj svakodnevnici, a sve to u poznatoj frazi Noam Chomsky, "'Proizvodnji pristanka'".

Kinderkultura
Steinberg i Kincheloe predstavili su pojam "kinderkulture" u knjizi Kinderculture: Corporate Construction od Chilhood (Westview Press 1997. godine), to je uređena zbirka eseja koji se fokusiraju na društvenu konstrukciji djetinjstva u suvremenoj Ameriici. Prema Steinberg i Kincheloeu " najutjecajniji pedagozi našeg društva više nisu nastavnici u školi" ili roditelji. Umjesto toga, velike korporacije postaju pedagozi, koristeći masovne medije i popularnu digitalnu kulturu (poput televizije, filmova i videoigara) kako bi kulturno odgojili postmoderno dijete. U uvodu knjige "No More Secret – Kinderculture, Information Saturation and the Postmodern Child", autori daju ime za tu korporativnu konstrukciju dječje kulture: kinderkultura.

Steinberg i Kincheloe ističu kako korporacije koriste različite oblike kinderkulture kao što su Barbie lutke, Disney filmovi, horor romani i edukativni televizijski programi "kako bi ubacili svoja učenja u fantazije, želje, potrošačke želje suvremene djece". Korporacije znaju da djeca i roditelji imaju različite ukuse i želje te "iskorištavaju" te razlike kako bi ostvarili dobit i promijenili ciljane kulturne i ideološke stavove kako kod djece tako i kod roditelja.

Zbrika knjiga uključuje i Stenbergovo poglavlje "The Bitch who has Everything", gdje analizira kako Matt uz pomoć Barbike utječe na život mladih djevojaka.

Kritičari ističu da u radu Steinberga i Kincheloea postoje dva nedostatka i to su: homogena kompozicija suradnika a i njihova pristranost prema publici, učiteljima, roditeljima i djeci srednje klase. I dok se u mnogim esejima bave ulogom klase i spola u izgradnji kinderkulture, zaboravljaju na djecu koja su u klasama nižeg staleža i kupovne moći.

Post-formalizam
1993. godine Steinberg i Kincheloe moderniziraju pojmove u svojim temeljnim člancima, A Tentative Description of Post-Formal Thinking: The Critical Confrontation with Cognitive Theory in the Harvard Education Review, usmjeravajući pozornost na pozitivne pretpostavke napravljene analizama u radovima Jeana Piageta. U svom radu iz 1996., Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined, Steinberg i Kincheloe pišu kako se "postformalizam bazira na razmišljanju i razvijanju svijesti same osobe, a ne slijepom vjerovanju nametnute ideologije i norme… Postformalistički mislioci sudjeluju u pokretanju meta-dijaloga, kako bi se razvijali u stalnom razgovoru sa samim sobom." 1999. godine Steinberg i Kincheloe su zajedno s Patricijom H. Hincheyom napisali knjigu Post-Formal Reader : Cognition and Education, te su Steinberg i Kincheloe nastavili razvijati tu ideju sljedećih desetljeća.

Prema recenziji postformalista Raymonda A. Horna, Juniora postformalizam se sastoji od četverodijelne strukture koja sadržava etimologiju, uzorak, proces i kontekst". Jednostavnije rečeno, postformalni upit razmatra pitanja značenja i svrhe, višestruke perspektive, ljudskog dostojanstva, slobode te društvene odgovornosti. Kurikulum i nastava temeljeni su na postformalizmu koji uključuju otkrivanje problema, skrivenih pretpostavki, pronalaženje odnosa, dekonstrukciju, povezivanje logike i emocije, te sudjelovanja.

Objavljeni radovi
Članci:[9]

Knjiige, jedan od autora:

 (2000)	Contextualizing Teaching: Introduction to Education and Educational Foundations. New York, NY: Longman Publishing. (u suradnju s Joeom L. Kincheloem).
 (1999)	The Stigma of Genius: Einstein, Consciousness and Education. New York, NY: Peter Lang. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem i Deborah J. Tippins)
 (1997)	Changing Multiculturalism: New Times, New Curriculum. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem)

Knjige, uredila:

 (2011)	Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood. Boulder, CO:  Westview Press. [Treća urednica]
 (2010) 19 Urban Questions: Teaching in the City New York, NY: Peter Lang. [Druga urednica]
 (2009) Diversity and Multiculturalism: a Reader. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
 (2005) Teen Life in Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
 (2001) Multi/intercultural Conversations : a Reader. New York, NY: Peter Lang.

Knjige, uredila surađujući s drugima:

 (2016). Critically Researching Youth New York, NY:  Peter Lang. (u suradnji s Awadom Ibrahim)
 (2016)  The Curriculum:  Decanonizing the Field New York, NY:  Peter Lang. (u suradnji s Joaom Paraskeva)
 (2014)  Critical Youth Studies Reader New York, NY: Peter Lang. (u suradnji s Awadom Ibrahim)
 (2012)  Critical Qualitative Research Reader. New York, NY: Peter Lang. (u suradnji s Gaile Sloan Cannella)
 (2010)	Boy Culture:  an Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Clio. (u suradnji s Michaelom Kehlerom and Lindsay Cornish)
 (2010) Teaching Against Islamophobia." New York, NY: Peter Lang. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem)
 (2009)	Christotainment:  Selling Jesus Through Popular Culture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem)
 (2007)	Cutting Class: Socioeconomic Class and Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem)
 (2007)	Media Literacy: a Reader. New York, NY: Peter Lang. (u suradnji s Donaldom Macedom)
 (2006)	Contemporary Youth Culture: an Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. (u suradnji s Priyaom Parmar and Birgit Richard)
 (2006)	What You Don't Know About Schools. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem)
 (2004)	19 Urban Questions: Teaching in the City. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem)
 (2004)	Kinderculture: the Corporate Construction of Childhood. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. [Drugi urednici.] (u suradnji s Joem L. Kincheloem)
 (2004)	The Miseducation of the West: How Schools and the Media Distort Our Understanding of the Islamic World. Westport, CT: Praeger Press, (u suradnji s Joe L. Kincheloe)
 (2000)	Thinking Queer: Sexuality, Culture and Education. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. (u suradnji sa Susan Talburt) *NOTE: Prevedeno na španjolski
 (1999)	The Post-Formal Reader: Cognition and Education. New York, NY: Falmer Press. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem and Patriciom Hinchey)
 (1998)	White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. (u suradnji s Joe L. Kincheloe, Nelsonom Rodriguezom, Ronaldom E. Chennault)
 (1998)	Students as Researchers: Creating Classrooms that Matter. London, UK: Falmer Press. (u suradnji s Joeom L. Kincheloem) *NOTE: Prevedeno na kineki 2001.
 (1998)	Unauthorized Methods: Strategies for Critical Teaching. New York, NY: Routledge. (u suradnji s Joem L. Kincheloem)
 (1997)	Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. [Prvi urednici] (u suradnji s Joem L. Kincheloem) *NOTE: Prevedeno na španjolski i portugalski
 (1996)	Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.  (u suradnji s Joe L. Kincheloe i Aaronom D. Gresson III)
 (1996)	Thirteen Questions: Reframing Education's Conversation. New York, NY: Peter Lang. [Drugi urednici] (u suradnji s Joem L. Kincheloem)

Više
 Joe L. Kincheloe

Izvori

Literatura
 Recenzija knjige Shirley R. Steinberg i Gaile S. Cannella (ur.) Critical Qualitative Research Reader

Vanjske poveznice
 The Freire Project
 The Werklund Youth Leadership Centre
 List of the American Educational Studies Association's Critics' Choice Awards

Američki pedagozi
Američki aktivisti

Shirley R. Steinberg


Sir Henry Kellet (født 2. november 1806 i Clonabody på Irland, død 1. marts 1875 sammesteds) var en engelsk admiral.

Kellet blev søofficer i 1828. I 1840 foretog han en eventyrlig rejse tværs over Stillehavet med en lille kutter og spillede som lodskommandør en meget vigtig rolle i de kinesiske farvande, hvor englænderne førte krig. 1845—51 ledede han en videnskabelig ekspedition i Stillehavet med fregatten Herald, hvilken rejse er bleven beskreven i 2 bind. I 1852 gik han med kaptajn Edward Belcher til polaregnene for at søge efter sir John Franklin; ekspeditionen, der var resultatløs, varede i to år og endte med, at besætningen forlod skibet og gik over isen til et andet skib. Førstnævnte drev dog senere fri af isen, blev taget op og bragtes senere velbeholden til England igen i 1856. Kellet var 1855—59 eskadrechef ved Jamaica og blev 1862 kontreadmiral. 1864—67 beklædte han stillingen som chef for værftet i Malta. I 1868 forfremmedes han til viceadmiral og var 1869—71 højestkommanderende i kinesiske farvande.

Kilder

Admiraler fra Storbritannien
Polarforskere fra Storbritannien
Briter i 1800-tallet

Henry Kellett


An Lepanthes quadrata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Fawcett ngan Alfred Barton Rendle. An Lepanthes quadrata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes quadrata