Austronesere, austronesiske folk eller austronesisk-talende folk er forskellige beslægtede folkeslag i Asien, Oceanien og Afrika, som taler sprog i den austronesiske sprogfamilie. Folkeslagene inkluderer oprindelige taiwanere; de største etniske grupper i Malaysia, Østtimor, Filippinerne, Indonesien, Brunei, Cocosøerne, Madagaskar, Mikronesien og Polynesien, såvel som malayerne i Singapore, de polynesiske folk i New Zealand og Hawaii, og de ikke-Papuan i Melanesien. Der findes også minoriteter i Pattani-regionen i Thailand og Cham-områderne i Vietnam, Cambodia, og Hainan-regionen i Kina, dele af Sri Lanka, sydlige Myanmar og på nogle af Andamanerne. De geografiske områder, som er befolket af austronesisk-talende folk, kendes samlet som Austronesien.

Noter

Bøger

Eksterne henvisninger

 Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University
 Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages

Austronesere


ජනගහනය සහ භාෂාව

මල්මෙන් යනු ඉතා විශාල ජනගහණත්වයන් සිටිය රාජ්‍යයක් වන අතර එහි භාවිතා කළ භාෂාවද ඉතා දියුණු තත්ත්වයක පැවතෙන මල්මෙත් හි භාවිතා කරන ලද භාෂාව Mixe –Zoquean  ලෙස හැදින්විය. මෙම Mixe –Zoquean   භාෂාවෙන් බොහෝ වචන අනෙකුත් මාධ්‍ය ඇමෙරිකානු භාෂා උකහා ගෙන ඇති නිසා ඔල්මෙන්නි භාෂාව ලොව ප්‍රථම ශිෂ්ඨ සම්පන්න භාෂාව ලෙස ද හැදින්විය හැක.

ආගම සහ මිත්‍යා විශ්වාස

Las Limas නම් පිළිරුව ඔල්මෙන්හි මිත්‍යා විශ්වාස වල ප්‍රධාන ස්ථානයක් අසුලයි. එම ප්‍රතිමාවෙහි තරුණයෙන් ජගුවර් පැටියෙන් අතින් ගෙන සිටින අතර අද්භුත බලවේග නිරූපනය කරන රෑප 4 ක් එම තරුණයාගේ උරහිස මත හා දණහිස මත සිටියි.

මල්මෙන්හි ආගමික කටයුතු රාජ්‍යය පාලකයන් පුජකයන් සහ යකැදුරන් විසින් පවත්වනු ලැබ ති‍බේ.

සමාජීය සහ දේශපාලනික සංවිධානය

San Lorezo සහ  La Vento නගර වල සිදුකළ කැණිම් කටයුතු වලින් නිගමනයය වුයේ එම නගර දෙක  Regal – සහ  Rital Citis ලෙස එල්මෙක් රාජ්‍යයෙහි ප්‍රධාන අන්තර්ගත දෙක ලෙස අතීතයේ පැවති ඇති බවයි. මෙම නගර දෙකෙහි එකල පුභූ පැලැන්තියට අයත් පිරිස් ජීවත් වු අතර ඔවුන් විසින් Arrayo Saonso   වැනි ගම්මාන පාලනය කර ඇති බවට සාක්ෂි පවතී.

ගැමි ජීවනය හා ආහාර

La venta සහ  San Larenza නගර ලෙස පැවතුන දද ජනයාගෙන් බොහෝ දෙනා Tabasco සහ veracrz වැනි ගම්මාන වල ජීත් විය.
මෙම ගම්මාන උස් බිම් මත තැනින් තැන පිහිටි නිවාස වලින් සමන්විතයි. විශාල ගම්මාන තුළ දේවාලයක් දක්නට ඇ.. එක් පවුලකට නිවාසයක්, ගොවිබිමක්, එහි අමුද්‍රව්‍යය ගබඩා කර තැබිමට අටුවක් අයිතිව පවතී. යාබද ගෙවත්තෙහි ඖෂධ පැලෑටි හෝ ගෙවතු බෝග වගා කිරීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරයි.

ගංගා නිම්න වල සහ එළිකර කරන ලද කැළෑ ප්‍රදේශවල වගා කටයුතු සිදු කර ඇත.ගොවි බිම් බෙහෝ විට ගම්මානයෙන් පිටත  පිහිටා තිබු අතර ඒවායෙහි බඩ ඉරිගු, දාන්‍ය වර්ග, මඤ්ඤක්කා, අර්තාපල් මෙන්ම පුළුන් ද වගා කරනු ලැබිය

පළතුරු, මාළු,කැස්බෑවන් කකළුවන් හා ගල් මාලු ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර කුරුප්පන් හා වල්ඌරන් වැනි සත්ත්වයන් ද දඩයම් කර ආහාරයට ගන්නා ලදී.

සටහන්

| Olmecs - Daily life
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මල්තේ ශිෂ්ඨාචාරය


Dikilitaş, İstanbul'un Beşiktaş ilçesinde Balmumcu ile Fulya arasında kalan semt. Kuzeyden Gayrettepe, doğudan Balmumcu ve Yıldız, güneyden Abbasağa ve Türkali ile batıdan da Şişli'ye bağlı Teşvikiye mahalleleri ile çevrilidir. Barbaros Bulvarı doğu sınırını, Hakkı Yeten Caddesi batı sınırını oluşturur.

Semte adını veren Dikilitaş'ın yanında bulunan açıklayıcı plakada, "II. Mahmud'un 1810 (Hicri 1224) tarihinde bir yarış sırasında bu taşın yerine diktirdiği devekuşu yumurtasına bin yüz elli beş adım uzaktan, şeşhane denilen tüfekle yaptığı atışla isabet kaydetmesi dolayısıyla hatıra olarak bu taş dikilmiştir. Taşın kitabesinde yazılı olan şiir Enderunlu Vasıf'ındır." yazmaktadır.

Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu ile Darphane ve Damga Matbaası Genel Müdürlüğü bu semtte yer alır. Darphane Genel Müdürlüğü'nün bulunduğu kuzey kesimi "Darphane" olarak da bilinir.

Camiler
 Dikilitaş Camii
 Hz. Ebubekir Camii

Okullar
 Dikilitaş Mehmetcik İlköğretim Okulu
 Gazi Mustafa Kemal İlköğretim Okulu
 Yıldızlar Anaokulu

Liseler
 Bingül Erdem Anadolu Lisesi
 Erhan Gedikbaşı Çok Programlı Anadolu Lisesi

Ulaşım
 26 Dikilitaş - Eminönü
 43 Dikilitaş - Taksim

Dış bağlantılar
 Dikilitaş Mahallesi - Beşiktaş Belediyesi

Beşiktaş'ın mahalleleri

Dikilitaş, Beşiktaş


An Habenaria thomana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Habenaria thomana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria thomana


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Athalarik, İtalya'da Ostrogotlar Krallığı ikinci kralı (ö. 534)

Ölümler

516


Fiat S.p.A. (Fiat Grubu olarak da bilinir) otomobil üreticisi, finansal ve endüstriyel grup. 11 Temmuz 1899'da Giovanni Agnelli Tarafından Torino'da kurulmuştur. İsmini Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino" kelimelerinin baş harflerinden almıştır. Bünyesinde Lancia, Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Yamaha Motor Company, Iveco, Ferrari gibi markaları barındırmaktadır. Yani bu markaların bir anlamda sahibidir. Dünyanın en büyük otomobil ve endüstriyel grupları arasında yer alır.

Fiat tarihi

Kuzey İtalya'da bulunan Torino, tamamen yeniliklerle dolu endüstri şehri olarak, Fiat gibi bir sanayi birliğin büyümesi ve gelişmesi için uygun şartlara sahipti. Seçkin bir tüketici grubu için lüks bir ürün olarak üretilen otomobiller, hem İtalya'da, hem de yurt dışında çabucak popüler oldular. Çok kısa bir süre sonra Fiat yarış konusunda da kimsenin geçemediği bir duruma geldi.

1909 yılında Fiat, Birleşik Devletler'de bir fabrika kurdu ve orada özel otomobillerin yanı sıra kamyonet, traktör, tren, gemi motorları ve uçak üretimi de yaptı.
1922 yılında Fiat, sayıları sürekli artış gösteren normal tüketiciler için de uygun fiyata sahip ürünleri olan bir marka olmaya yöneldi. Sanayi Birlik kendisinin Birleşik Devletler pazarında açık kalan ve motorize küçük otomobillerle kolayca doldurulacak bir boşlukta olduğunu hissediyordu. "Herkes için bir otomobil".

50'li yılların ortalarında, milyonlarca küçük Fiat modelinin (Seicento ve Cinquecento) seri üretimi yapıldı. Fiat, otomobili bir kitle malı haline dönüştürmüştü ve İtalyan ekonomi mucizesinin sembolü olmuştu.

Modeller

Türkiye'de Satılan ve Satılmış Modeller
 Fiat Fullback
 Fiat 124
 Fiat Panda
 Fiat 500
 Fiat Grande Punto
 Fiat Punto Evo
 Fiat Bravo
 Fiat Marea
 Fiat Linea
 Fiat Albea Sole
 Fiat Palio Sole
 Fiat Fiorino
 Fiat Doblo
 Fiat Scudo
 Fiat Ducato
 Fiat Croma
 Fiat Siena
 Fiat Stilo
 Fiat Idea
 Fiat Strada
 Fiat Egea
 Fiat Egea Cross
Türkiye'de Satılmayan Modeller

 Fiat Multipla
 Fiat Ulysse
 Fiat Sedici
 Fiat Croma
 Fiat Viaggio

Üretimden Kalkmış Olan Modeller
 Fiat 600
 Fiat 124
 Fiat 126
 Fiat 127
 Fiat 128
 Fiat 130
 Fiat 131
 Fiat 132
 Fiat 147
 Fiat Argenta
 Fiat Barchetta
 Fiat Campagnola
 Fiat Oggi
 Fiat Ritmo
 Fiat Qubo
 Fiat Regata
 Fiat Mirafiori
 Fiat Cinquecento
 Fiat Palio Weekend
 Fiat Uno
 Fiat Tipo
 Fiat Tempra
 Fiat Brava
 Fiat Coupe
 Fiat Marea
 Fiat Zero
 Fiat Stilo
Klasikler
 Fiat Dino
 Fiat 500

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Fiat Grubu
 Fiat Resmi Web Sitesi
 Tofaş Resmi Web Sitesi
 FIAT (Twitter)
 FIAT (Facebook)
 FIAT (Instagram)

Edward devri
İtalya merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
İtalya'daki otomobil üreticileri
İtalyan markaları
1899'da kurulan oluşumlar
Otomobil markaları

Fiat


One by One is the fourth studio album by American rock band Foo Fighters, released on October 22, 2002, through Roswell and RCA Records. Production on the album was troubled, with initial recording sessions considered unsatisfying and raising tensions between the band members. They eventually decided to redo the album from scratch during a two-week period at frontman Dave Grohl's home studio in Alexandria, Virginia. The album, which includes the successful singles "All My Life" and "Times Like These", has been noted for its introspective lyrics and a heavier, more aggressive sound compared to the band's earlier work, which Grohl said was intended to translate the energy of the Foo Fighters' live performances into a recording. This was the first album recorded with Chris Shiflett as part of the band, and the first in which Grohl did not play drums, as drum duties were permanently assigned to Taylor Hawkins.

The album was a commercial success, topping the charts in Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and sold over one million copies in the United States. One by One was positively received by critics, who praised its sound and production, and won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 2004, the second for the band.

Production
Frontman Dave Grohl began working on new material for the band's next album as early as 2000 during the band's tour promoting There Is Nothing Left to Lose. Following the tour, the band started to compose songs for their next album in early 2001. After demo work in drummer Taylor Hawkins' home studio in Topanga, the band used the second quarter of 2001 to perform in European festivals. In August, after performing in Chelmsford's V Festival, Hawkins suffered a heroin overdose that left him in a coma for two weeks. After taking time off to recover, during which Grohl accepted an offer to play drums for the Queens of the Stone Age on their album Songs for the Deaf, the band got together in October 2001 to continue composition. During November and December, they had been recording at Grohl's Studio 606 in Alexandria, Virginia, working with both the producer for their previous album, Adam Kasper, and recording engineer Nick Raskulinecz, whom they met after he had engineered "A320" for Godzilla: The Album. Raskulinecz had just left his job at Sound City Studios, and speculated that Grohl, having found difficulty in 'finding a guy  who would commit to sitting in his basement for four months', picked him for his energetic and enthusiastic nature.

The progress of the Virginia sessions started to become stale, so with six tracks finished, in January 2002 the band moved to Los Angeles' Conway Studios for a "change of scenery". 29 songs were recorded, including "The One"—featured in the film Orange County and released as a standalone single— and ten finished tracks that were considered for the upcoming album. The sessions took four months and were at the cost of over US$1,000,000. It was the first Foo Fighters album produced with Pro Tools and on which the band members have recorded separately.

The recording sessions were considered unsatisfying; Hawkins said that "nobody had their studio chops together", and Grohl considered that the band was lacking enthusiasm and were too focused on production, adding that he felt the rough mixes "sucked a lot of the life out of the songs" and "sound[e]d like another band playing our songs." Tensions were escalating, as arguments broke out at the studio, and Hawkins said he "didn't feel we were much of a band" as there was much animosity among the bandmembers. Bassist Nate Mendel said that he was in a bad attitude during the sessions due to disagreements with Grohl, and guitarist Chris Shiflett added that he felt he would at times spend whole days in the studio without playing anything.

The band also showed disappointment with the ten songs that emerged from the sessions, as Hawkins described the finished tracks as "million-dollar demos", and Grohl considered the recordings "far too clean, too tame and boring". The band only liked five of the ten songs, and thought that listeners would enjoy the other five anyway. Grohl was afraid to promote the album because of his lack of confidence in it. After manager John Silva listened to the recordings, he agreed that it was not a work that represented the band well, and that "we can release it now, but I don't know if anyone would want to buy it".

In April 2002, the band discarded the recordings and took a break. The members then each started individual projects: Grohl became the full-time Queens of the Stone Age drummer for a tour, Shiflett started the Viva Death and Jackson projects with his brother Scott and rejoined his former band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, Hawkins played with Jane's Addiction bassist Eric Avery, and Mendel both played with Juno and reunited with his former bandmate William Goldsmith in The Fire Theft. Later on April, they reunited for the Foo Fighters' scheduled concert at the 2002 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, which Grohl felt could be the last the band would perform. During the rehearsals, the tensions broke out in huge fights, especially between Grohl and Hawkins. The musicians decided to at least perform in Coachella before deciding whether to continue playing together or end the band. After enjoying their performance, the bandmembers decided to remain united and returned to re-recording the album.

Grohl decided to take a two-week period before the QOTSA went on tour to work on the Foo Fighters record, and after consulting Raskulinecz decided to promote him to producer. First, Grohl visited Hawkins in Topanga to rework the songs that had already been done and show new compositions, such as "Times Like These", "Low", and "Disenchanted Lullaby". Then Grohl and Hawkins went to Virginia to redo the drum, vocal and guitar tracks across a twelve-day period, and Mendel and Shiflett were later called to record their parts in Los Angeles' The Hook Studios, which were mostly done with the supervision of Raskulinecz, as Grohl had to go back to QOTSA. The only remaining track from the original sessions was "Tired of You", which features a guest appearance by Queen guitarist Brian May. Two of the demos would leak online in 2012, with the other five unreleased demos being leaked on Reddit in 2015.

The title One by One—taken from a lyric on "All My Life", and for which the spelling 1 X 1 was also considered—was chosen according to Grohl because "it somehow made sense", and even worked as a reference to relationships—"one person by another person, or one after another". The singer added that the word one is frequently used in the album's lyrics, meaning either loneliness or continuation.

Composition

Upon its release, One by One was considered the band's heaviest album, as Grohl described the sound as a darker and more aggressive approach as opposed to the band's usual work. Grohl said that the album mainly focused on the energy of live performances, which he attributed to both the extensive touring preceding the compositions, and the short period during which the re-recordings were done. The frontman added that although the previous albums had songs which were never played live, the track listing on One by One was compared to a set list where he would play all songs every night. The early recording sessions had manager John Silva complimenting the songs that did not sound like the band's previous work, and suggesting that Grohl "stop trying to write hit singles and go back to being weird", the band decided to be more experimental in addition to writing music meant to be played in full arenas. The variety included moody songs such as "Have It All" and "Tired of You", the seven-minute "epic opus" album closer "Come Back", and the alternating dynamics of "Halo", which drew inspiration from Tom Petty, Cheap Trick and Guided by Voices. Grohl added that the sonority tried to blend dissonance and melody: "We figured we're gonna get mean, we're gonna get ugly. And then I end up putting this four-part harmony on it, and all of sudden it's beautiful. Like 'wait a second, it was supposed to be gross, and now it's gorgeous'."

While in previous records Grohl tried to not get introspective in his lyrics, for One by One he found himself writing lyrics that matched the "emotional level we were hinting with the music", such as "Come Back", with words "revealing all these dark, shitty sides of myself". The lyrics to a song were usually done after finishing the vocal track for another. Grohl described the track listing as "11 tortured love songs", with a major theme of "surrendering to yourself", and a sequencing that described the difficult beginnings of falling in love, and then the relief of feeling comfortable in love. A major inspiration was Grohl's new girlfriend Jordyn Blum, as well as the troubled times with the band, demonstrated in "Times Like These", which laments the absence of the Foo Fighters and ponders about their future. Grohl also described "All My Life", released as a single, as representative of the album's sound for being "much more aggressive" as well as "a little darker, more romantic, creepier than anything we have done".

Packaging and formats
The album artwork was done by Raymond Pettibon, who has worked with punk bands such as Black Flag and Minutemen. Grohl was introduced to Pettibon by ex-Minutemen bassist Mike Watt and, after visiting his house, decided to hire him for the artwork because "we had to somehow pay tribute to Pettibon as a hero, because his stuff, those images just stuck with me my whole life." Grohl came up with the heart theme used in the booklet and related singles. The album was issued with two different covers, black and white. The first 575,000 units comprised a limited edition with a bonus DVD.

A limited international edition features seven bonus tracks: the outtake "Walking a Line", three live songs, and three covers, The Psychedelic Furs' "Sister Europe", the Ramones' "Danny Says"—with Shiflett on the vocals—and Joe Walsh's "Life of Illusion"—sung by Hawkins. A Norwegian version had an extra album with tracks recorded at the Oslo Spektrum on December 4, 2002. One by One was also issued as a double vinyl LP record, and a DVD-Audio with 5.1 surround sound mixes.

An Enhanced CD edition was released with weblinks to their official website and where to download free music.

Critical reception

One by One received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, a website that assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 75, based on 19 reviews. Reviewer Jon Pareles of Rolling Stone praised the "potent guitar riffs" and the introspective themes, which he called "stronger and broader than autobiography". NMEs April Long felt that "even the quieter moments bristle" and considered the album an affirmation of the band's quality. Michael Paoletta of Billboard considered the album "among the band's best work" and that the themes gave the record "an emotional intimacy that makes it all more satisfying". Entertainment Weeklys Ken Tucker rated the album A−, calling it full of "unexpected exhilaration" and liking the "exploration of various relationships" on the lyrics. The Austin Chronicle reviewer praised the heavy sound of the album, saying it drifted from the light-hearted tone of songs such as "Big Me" while "retaining their melodic instincts".

However, many reviewers felt that the album was not up to the standards of the Foo Fighters' previous work. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that although One by One was well-produced and played, it was too polished to "hit at a gut-level" and that the songs were "not as immediate or memorable" as the band's earlier compositions. Writing for PopMatters, Margaret Schwartz considered the album "ultimately unsatisfying" despite its quality writing and production, particularly for not drifting much from the band's typical style. Stephen Thompson of The A.V. Club described One by One as "mostly middling, sticking to slick, pounding, functional rock that doesn't dig much deeper than the usual spleen-venting and loud-quiet brooding-to-bluster formula". BBC's Nick Reynolds found the record inconsistent, praising the first four tracks but saying the following songs did not maintain the same quality, and concluding that although One By One is a good record, it may frustrate a listener. Eric Carr of Pitchfork was very critical of the album, saying it was overproduced and the songs are "weightless, antiseptic cuts" with "skillful composition" but "lacking strength and character".

In 2004, One by One won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album, while one year earlier at the 45th Grammy Awards "All My Life" was chosen as Best Hard Rock Performance. While the band had a positive opinion about the record following release, as Grohl said the songs were "the best we've ever written", he and the rest of the Foo Fighters eventually grew distasteful about the results. Grohl stated that he was frustrated at himself for rushing on the album: "four of the songs were good, and the other seven I've never played again in my life." Hawkins said that "if you think about things too much, they kinda get sterile, as we found out there", and Shiflett declared that "there are great songs [in One by One], and then there are... parts of great songs".

Awards

Grammy Awards

Commercial performance
One by One was released on October 22, 2002. That same day, the band began the One by One Tour with a concert at the Los Angeles Wiltern Theatre. The lead single "All My Life" had been released on September 7, and the band issued three more songs as singles in 2003: "Times Like These", "Low", and "Have It All". BMG became partners with telecom firm O2 and music provider Musiwave to promote the album in Europe with a special campaign focused on cellphones.

The album debuted at third place on the Billboard 200, with 122,000 copies sold in its first week, and spent 50 overall weeks on the chart. By 2011, One by One had sold 1.333 million units in North America, being certified Platinum by the RIAA. The international release was also successful, with RCA announcing One by One had surpassed 2 million copies worldwide in January 2003. The album debuted at number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Australia,  and outsold predecessor There Is Nothing Left to Lose in Australia, Japan and various Asian markets.

Track listing

Original release

Special Fan-Package bonus tracks

Special Limited Edition bonus disc

Special Norwegian Edition bonus disc

Special edition DVD
The album was also originally released with a limited edition bonus DVD which contains:
"All My Life" video / 5.1 audio / stereo audio versions
"Walking a Line" video / 5.1 audio / stereo audio versions
"The One"  5.1 audio / stereo audio versions
Extras — making of video + other clips
DVD-ROM — screensavers, buddy icons & weblinks
Photo gallery

Personnel
Adapted from the liner notes.

Foo Fighters
Dave Grohl – lead vocals, backing vocals, rhythm and lead guitar, piano on "Come Back", production
Nate Mendel – bass, production
Taylor Hawkins – drums, percussion, lead vocals on "Life of Illusion", production
Chris Shiflett – lead and rhythm guitar, lead vocals on "Danny Says", production

Additional musicians
Brian May – guitar on "Tired of You"
Krist Novoselic – backing vocals on "Walking a Line"
Gregg Bissonette – drums on "Danny Says"

Production

Adam Kasper – producer on "Tired of You"
Nick Raskulinecz – engineer, producer
Jim Scott – mixing
A.J. Lara – mastering
Bob Ludwig – mastering, mixing
Bob Michaels – mastering
Melinda Pepler – production coordinator
A.J. Lara – digital editing
Eddie Escalante – authoring
Kehni Davis – quality control
Rupesh Pattni – graphic design
Anton Corbijn – photography
Joshua White – photography, illustrations
Raymond Pettibon – artwork, illustrations
Hiro Arishima – liner notes

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

2002 albums
Albums produced by Adam Kasper
Foo Fighters albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Nick Raskulinecz
Grammy Award for Best Rock Album
Albums recorded in a home studio

One by One (Foo Fighters album)


George Robert Price (October 16, 1922 – January 6, 1975) was an American population geneticist. Price is often noted for his formulation of the Price equation in 1967.

Originally a physical chemist and later a science journalist, he moved to London in 1967, where he worked in theoretical biology at the Galton Laboratory, making three important contributions:  first, rederiving W.D. Hamilton's work on kin selection with the new Price equation that vindicated group selection; second, introducing (with John Maynard Smith) the concept of the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), a central concept in game theory; and third, formalizing Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection.

Price converted to Christianity and gave all his possessions to the poor.  Price grew depressed in the setting of thyroid disease and non-compliance with his medications, and committed suicide.

Early life
Price was born in 1922 in the U.S. state of New York. His father, an electrician, died when Price was four. His mother was a former theater actress, and the family struggled through the Great Depression.

Price attended Birch Wathen School followed by Stuyvesant High School in New York. He graduated with a degree in chemistry from University of Chicago in 1943 and received his doctorate in the subject from the same institution in 1946.

In 1947 he married Julia Madigan, but their relationship was contentious as George was a strong atheist while his wife was a practicing Roman Catholic. They divorced in 1955, having had two daughters, Annamarie and Kathleen.

Career

Early career
Price was a member of the Manhattan Project as a chemist looking into the characteristics of plutonium-235.
Between 1946 and 1948, he was an instructor in chemistry at Harvard University and consultant to Argonne National Laboratory. Later, he took a position at Bell Laboratories to work on the chemistry of transistors. He then worked as a research associate in medicine at the University of Minnesota, working on, among other things, fluorescence microscopy and liver perfusion. In 1955 and 1956, he published two papers in the journal Science criticizing the pseudoscientific claims of extrasensory perception.

Continuing with science journalism, Price tried to write a book titled No Easy Way about the United States' Cold War with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, but complained that "the world kept changing faster than I could write about it", and so the book was never finished.

From 1961 to 1967, Price was employed by IBM as a consultant on graphic data processing. In 1966, he was treated for thyroid cancer, but the operation to remove the tumour left his shoulder partially paralysed and left him reliant on thyroxine medication. With the money from his medical insurance, he moved to the United Kingdom to start a new life in November 1967.

In Britain
W.D. Hamilton failed to recall when Price first contacted him, but says Price had read Hamilton's 1964 papers on kin selection, and with no training in population genetics or statistics devised the Price equation, a covariance equation that generated the change in allele frequency of a population.  Although the first part of the equation had previously been derived by Alan Robertson and C. C. Li, its second component allowed it to be applied to all levels of selection, meiotic drive, traditional natural selection with an extension into inclusive fitness and group selection.

Conversion to Christianity
On 6 June 1970, Price had a religious experience and became an ardent scholar of the New Testament. He believed that there had been too many coincidences in his life. In particular, he wrote a lengthy essay titled The Twelve Days of Easter, arguing that the calendar of events surrounding Jesus of Nazareth's death in Easter Week was actually slightly longer. Later he turned away from Biblical scholarship and instead dedicated his life to community work, helping the needy of North London.

Other work in evolutionary theory
Price developed a new interpretation of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection, the Price equation, which has now been accepted as the best interpretation of a formerly enigmatic result.  He wrote what is still widely held to be the best mathematical, biological and evolutionary representation of altruism. He also pioneered the application of game theory to evolutionary biology, in a co-authored 1973 paper with John Maynard Smith. Furthermore, Price reasoned that in the same way as an organism may sacrifice itself and further its genes (altruism) an organism may sacrifice itself to eliminate others of the same species if it enabled closely related organisms to better propagate their related genes. This negative altruism was described in a paper published by W. D. Hamilton and is termed Hamiltonian spite.

Price's 'mathematical' theory of altruism reasons that organisms are more likely to show altruism toward each other as they become more genetically similar to each other. Thus, in a species that requires two parents to reproduce, an organism is most likely to show altruistic behavior to a biological parent, full sibling, or direct offspring. The reason for this is that each of these relatives' genetic makeup contains (on average in the case of siblings) 50% of the genes that are found in the original organism. So if the original organism dies as a result of an altruistic act it can still manage to propagate its full genetic heritage as long as two or more of these close relatives are saved. Consequently, an organism is less likely to show altruistic behavior to a biological grandparent, grandchild, aunt/uncle, niece/nephew or half-sibling (each carry one-fourth of the genes found in the original organism); and even less likely to show altruism to a first cousin (carrying one-eighth of the genes found in the original organism). The theory then asserts that the further genetically removed two organisms are from each other, the less likely they are to show altruism to each other.

Helping the homeless
Price grew increasingly depressed by the implications of his equation. As part of an attempt to prove his theory right or wrong, he began showing an ever-increasing amount (in both quality and quantity) of random kindness to complete strangers. In this way, he dedicated the latter part of his life to helping the homeless, often inviting homeless people to live in his house. Sometimes, when the people in his house became a distraction, he slept in his office at the Galton Laboratory. He also gave up everything to help alcoholics; yet as he helped them steal his belongings, he increasingly fell into depression.

He was eventually evicted from his rented house owing to a construction project in the area, making him unhappy because he could no longer provide housing for the homeless. He moved to various squats in the North London area, and became depressed over Christmas, 1974.

Death
Possibly due to the long-term complications of his thyroid treatment, Price committed suicide on January 6, 1975, by cutting his carotid artery with a pair of nail scissors. His body was identified by his close colleague, W.D. Hamilton.

A memorial service was held for Price in Euston. The only persons present from academia were Hamilton and Maynard Smith, the other few mourners being those who had come to know him through his community work. He is buried in St Pancras Cemetery.

Recognition
Price's contributions were largely overlooked for 20 years; he had worked in theoretical biology for only a short time and was not very thorough in publishing papers. This has changed in recent years. An article by James Schwartz published in 2000 was the beginning of the historical redress. In 2010, Oren Harman's LA Times Book Prize winning biography, The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness was published, and has received major attention, finally bringing Price and his story to the general public. A stage play about Price, The Altruists by Craig Baxter, won the fourth STAGE International Script Competition. On 29 March 2016, Farnworth's play Calculating Kindness opened for a sold-out three-week run at the Camden People's Theatre.

In media
The story of Price's equation, its application to altruism, and the profound effects this supposedly had on its discoverer's life were featured in an episode of Dark Matters: Twisted But True, in a segment entitled "Killed by Kindness".
Similar coverage, both of Price's contributions to studies of altruism and his efforts to disprove the supposed selfishness of altruism, was discussed in "The Good Show" episode of the NPR series Radiolab in December 2010.
The life and work of Price and his work with Bill Hamilton is the central theme of the third and final documentary of the series All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace by Adam Curtis and includes an interview with his daughter Kathleen.
The life story of George R. Price was dramatized in 2010 by Craig Baxter, whose play "The Altruists"  won the S.T.A.G.E. (Scientists, Technologists and Artists Generating Exploration)  International Playwriting Competition in that year; and again in 2016 by Lydia Adetunji as a play titled "Calculating Kindness".
Northern Irish singer songwriter Joshua Burnside wrote about Price and his fate in his song George Price

Legacy
The Papers of George R Price are housed at the British Library. The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue.

Bibliography

   (written )
 Harman, Oren. (2010). The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness, Bodley Head.

References

Further reading
 Harman, Oren (2010). The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness (New York, W.W. Norton) The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness by Oren Harman
Frank, S.A. (1995). George Price's contributions to Evolutionary Genetics. Journal of Theoretical Biology 175: 373-388 abstract - full text, pdf 412 KB (both from Steven A. Frank's Home Page)
 Frank, S.A. (1997). The Price Equation, Fisher's fundamental theorem, kin selection, and causal analysis. Evolution 51:1712–1729 full text, pdf 551 KB
 Frank, S.A. (2002). Price, George. In: M. Pagel (ed) Encyclopedia of Evolution pp930–1 pdf file

1922 births
1975 suicides
20th-century American mathematicians
Academics of University College London
American physical chemists
Critics of parapsychology
Converts to Protestantism from atheism or agnosticism
Game theorists
20th-century squatters
Harvard University faculty
Population geneticists
Suicides by sharp instrument in England
American Christian writers
Suicides in Camden
University of Chicago alumni
Christian radicals
Burials at St Pancras and Islington Cemetery
Stuyvesant High School alumni
Mathematicians from New York (state)
Birch Wathen Lenox School alumni
1975 deaths
20th-century American chemists

George R. Price


East Orchard is a small village and parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies in the Blackmore Vale within the North Dorset administrative district. It is situated roughly midway between the hilltop town of Shaftesbury and the riverside town of Sturminster Newton. It is separated from the neighbouring village of West Orchard by a small stream. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 100. For local government purposes the parish is grouped with the parishes of West Orchard and Margaret Marsh, to form a Group Parish Council.

The Orchard ("Horcerd") listed in the Domesday Book of 1086, is more likely to refer to "Orchard" near Church Knowle on Purbeck, rather than East and West Orchard.

References

External links

Villages in Dorset
Civil parishes in Dorset

East Orchard


Samara da Silva Vieira (n. 7 octombrie 1991, la Natal) este o handbalistă braziliană care joacă pentru clubul românesc CSM București pe postul de intermediar stânga. Da Silva este și componentă a echipei naționale a Braziliei.

Biografie
Samara da Silva a început să joace handbal la vârsta de 9 ani, avându-i ca antrenori pe mama sa și pe profesorul Flávio Tinoco. Tânăra handbalistă a urmat cursurile școlii Sagrada Família din Natal și și-a petrecut perioada de juniorat sportiv la echipa locală, Fazenda Parque. Pentru o perioadă a jucat pe postul de portar, dar a fost reprofilată ca intermediar datorită fizicului dezvoltat. A fost convocată la echipele naționale ale Braziliei pentru toate categoriile inferioare de vârstă, iar la Campionatul Mondial pentru Tineret din 2008 a fost votată cea mai bună jucătoare (MVP) a competiției.

În 2009, considerând că e greu de urmat o carieră sportivă în statul brazilian Rio Grande do Norte, handbalista a semnat un contract cu echipa spaniolă C.Le.Ba.León. În 2011 a suferit o accidentare gravă și a fost operată la ligamente, iar în 2012 s-a transferat la echipa italiană ASD Sassari Città dei Candelieri. Cu cele două echipe Samara da Silva a jucat, în 2010–11 și 2012–13, în Cupa EHF.

În februarie 2013, Da Silva a suferit o nouă accidentare și a fost din nou operată la genunchi, fiind obligată să-și întrerupă până în 2014 activitatea. S-a întors în Brazilia și a jucat pentru CBHb Caxias do Sul/UCS (2014–15) și FAB/Vasco da Gama (2015–16).

În 2016 a revenit în Europa și a jucat un an la echipa germană HSG Blomberg-Lippe, iar în 2017 s-a transferat la echipa turcă Üsküdar BSK. Sfârșitul sezonului 2017–18 a găsit-o însă la clubul CBHb Apahand/UCS din țara natală. În 2018 s-a transferat la echipa românească SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea, iar după două sezoane a semnat cu clubul sloven Krim Mercator Ljubljana. În 2021 a revenit în România semnând cu Dunărea Brăila. Pe 11 decembrie 2021, ea s-a transferat la CSM București.

Palmares
Liga Campionilor:
Sfertfinalistă: 2020
Optimi de finală: 2021

Cupa EHF:
Turul 3: 2011, 2012, 2019

Liga Națională:
 Câștigătoare: 2019

Cupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2022
 Finalistă: 2019

Supercupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2018
 Finalistă: 2019

Campionatul Braziliei:
Medalie de bronz: 2016

Cupa Braziliei:
Medalie de argint: 2016
Medalie de bronz: 2015

Campionatul statului Rio de Janeiro:
Medalie de aur: 2016

Distincții personale
Cea mai bună handbalistă de la Campionatul Mondial pentru Tineret: 2008;
Cel mai bun centru din Cupa Braziliei: 2015

Note

Legături externe
 Samara da Silva Vieira pe pagina EHF
 Samara da Silva Vieira pe pagina Ligii Germane de Handbal

Jucătoare de handbal din Brazilia
Nașteri în 1991
Sportivi brazilieni în viață
Oameni din Natal, Rio Grande do Norte
Handbaliste ale SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea
Handbaliști expatriați
Brazilieni expatriați în Spania
Brazilieni expatriați în Italia
Brazilieni expatriați în Germania
Brazilieni expatriați în Turcia
Brazilieni expatriați în România
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2020

Samara da Silva


Slutspillet i UEFA Champions League 2017-18 starter den 13. februar 2018 og slutter den 26. maj 2018 med finalen på NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium i Kyiv, Ukraine, som vil afgøre vinderen af UEFA Champions League 2017-18. I alt 16 hold konkurrerer i slutspillet.

Kvalificerede hold

Ottendedelsfinaler
Lodtrækningen til ottendedelsfinalerne afholdes den 11. december 2017, 12:00 CET, i UEFA hovedkvarteret i Nyon, Schweiz.

De første kampe spilles den 13., 14., 20 og 21. februar, returkampene spilles den 6., 7., 13 og 14. marts 2018.

Kvartfinaler
Lodtrækningen til kvartfinalerne afholdes den 16. marts 2018, 12:00 CET, i UEFA hovedkvarteret i Nyon, Schweiz.

De første kampe spilles den 3. og 4. april, returkampene spilles den 10. og 11. april 2018.

|}

Referencer

UEFA Champions League 2017-18

UEFA Champions League slutspil 2017-18


Ivan Penović (Split, 17. listopada 1992.) je hrvatski dramatičar, dramaturg i redatelj.

Životopis

Diplomirao dramaturgiju na Akademiji dramske umjetnosti u Zagrebu. Od 2012. godine profesionalno radi kao dramaturg na produkcijama HNK Ivana pl. Zajca u Rijeci, HNK Varaždin, ZKM-a, Dubrovačkih ljetnih igara i Teatra &TD.

Od 2014. godine režira vlastite tekstove od kojih su najpopularniji Sva lica Kim-Jong Una (Ateatar), Prijeđanje vublike 148 (Ganz Novi Festival/Teatar &TD) i Flex (KunstTeatar/Umjetnička organizacija Punctum). Veliki uspjeh postiže predstavom Katalonac u Teatru &TD. Predstava je dobila odlične kritike te je gostovala na nekoliko prestižnih festivala u zemlji i svijetu.

Od 2019. godine vodi Kazlišnu družinu KUFER zajedno s producenticom Romanom Brajša.

Praizvedbe
2014. Sva lica Kim-Jong Una, Ateatar, Zagreb
2017. Prijeđanje vublike 148, Ganz Novi Festival/Teatar &TD, Zagreb
2018. Katalonac, Teatar &TD/RUPER, Zagreb
2019. Flex, KunstTeatar/Umjetnička organizacija Punctum, Zagreb
2020. Znaš ti tko sam ja, HNK Zagreb
2020. Proces Kafka, Teatar &TD, Zagreb
2020. Bit ću televizor (dio omnibusa Monovid-19), režija: Anica Tomić, ZKM

Nagrade

2021. Posebna nagrada za specijalno postignuće (Dani satire Fadila Hadžića) za dramaturško oblikovanje predstave Znaš ti tko sam ja?

Hrvatski književnici
Hrvatski dramatici
Hrvatski kazališni redatelji

Ivan Penović


Manicaland is a province in eastern Zimbabwe. After Harare Province, it is the country's second-most populous province, with a population of 2.037 million, as of the 2022 census. After Harare and Bulawayo provinces, it is Zimbabwe's third-most densely populated province. Manicaland was one of five original provinces established in Southern Rhodesia in the early colonial period. The province endowed with country's major tourist attractions, the likes of Mutarazi Falls, Nyanga National Park and Zimbabwe's top three highest peaks. The province is divided into ten administrative subdivisions of seven rural districts and three towns/councils, including the provincial capital, Mutare. The name Manicaland is derived from one of the province's largest ethnic groups, the Manyika, who originate from the area north of the Manicaland province and as well as western Mozambique, who speak a distinct language called ChiManyika in Shona (one of the dialect of the Shona language).

Manicaland is bordered by Mashonaland East Province to the northwest, Midlands Province to the west, Masvingo Province to the southwest, and Mozambique to the east. It has an area of , equal to 9.28% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the sixth-largest in area of Zimbabwe's ten provinces. Its economy is largely centered around industry and agriculture, particularly manufacturing, diamond and gold mining, timber, tea and coffee plantations, and tourism. In recent years, Manicaland's economy has declined as manufacturing firms and mines continue to fold, and the province now lags behind other Zimbabwean provinces economically and developmentally.

Recent developments in the province are noted mainly in Bocha area where several major infrastructural projects are underway. The province is one heavily underdeveloped areas in the country, on top of that, it's economy is one the worst mainly due to Zezuru-Korekore supremacy agenda which was pushed by former president Robert Gabriel Mugabe It is noticeable like in this instance despite the fact it hubs largest rural population, second largest population by province and country third largest city, it is among last 5 developed provinces and does not have an international airport which in turn restricts its growth. It is the home of Zimbabwean tourism alongside Matebeleland North but international tourists does not have direct access, they have to come via Harare where there is an international airport. Diamonds were first discovered in country in Chiadzwa area in Bocha but several years down the line, the area have not benefited anything from the discovery. Penalonga is were illegal gold extraction is done but instead of Manicaland benefiting, the resources are being looted by Scot Sakupwanya's company and several top government officials.

Etymology
The name Manicaland derives from the fact that part of the area has been occupied in history by the Manyika people. The Manyika are a tribal grouping classified as Shona, with their own language variant, the Manyika language.

Geography
The province is bordered by Mashonaland East Province to the north, Midlands Province to the west, Masvingo Province to the south and southwest, and the Republic of Mozambique to the east. The provincial capital, Mutare (pop:184,205), lies approximately , by road, southeast of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country.

The Eastern Highlands run along the eastern edge of Manicaland. The highlands are made up of several mountain ranges and include Mount Nyangani, Zimbabwe's highest peak. Manicaland has a tropical forest climate.

The northern part of Manicaland is drained northwards by tributaries of the Zambezi River, including the Gairezi and the Nyangombe. The central and southern portions of the province are drained southwards by the Save River and its tributaries, including the Odzi River. Some areas along the province's eastern edge, including Honde Valley, Burma Valley, and eastern Chimanimani and Chipinge districts, drain eastwards into the Pungwe and Buzi rivers.

Districts

The province is subdivided into seven rural districts and three town/councils:
 Buhera District
 Chimanimani District
 Chipinge District
 Makoni District
 Mutare District (in the center)
 Mutasa District
 Nyanga District (in the northeast of the province)
 Mutare City Council
 Chipinge Town Council
 Rusape Town Council

Demographics and diversity

Manicaland is the second most populated province in Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 1,755,000 which constitutes about 13.5% of the country's total population.

The people of Manicaland speak Shona although the different districts have own languages and dialects. For example, Mutasa District use Manyika as a language. In Makoni District, the MaUngwe people use the chiUngwe. In Chipinge District the Ndau people use chiNdau and the Machangana/ Shangaani people use chiChangana/ Shangaan language. In Mutare District  the people of Marange use chiBocha and the Jindwi people of Zimunya use chiJindwi.

These languages transcend the modern day boundaries set by the districts, being synonymous with the people in their Chiefdoms, who originally occupied these lands and beyond, prior to the displacement and resettlement caused by colonial occupation and repression in the early part of the 20th century. Boundaries between Kingdoms/ Chiefdoms were redrawn under the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951.  Colonial authorities used a similar technique to divide up land and authority, which in colonial Rhodesia manifested itself, through a long series of legislative measures (most importantly the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951), in the sharp division between Native reserves (later known as the Tribal Trust Lands), and European farming areas, with the Native Purchase Areas forming a kind of middle stage between the two. After the country's independence in 1980, district boundaries were redrawn based on political direction in the newer dispensation.

Spirituality and religion

A great number of the population practise their own traditional way of worshipping, but many also practice Christianity (about 65%). The majority falling under the traditional churches: Methodist Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The Pentecostal churches have large followings in the urban areas of Mutare and a few other growth points. Some gatherings fall under the Apostolic Churches, with a notably higher proportion of the Apostolic followers in Mutare and Buhera district. Polygamy is quite prevalent among church members. Other communities such as Muslim are represented, owing to the influence of migration

Schools
Manicaland boasts of some of the best performing schools in the country. Schools such as St Augustines (Tsambe), St Faith's School, Rusape  (Fisco-'Madetere') (Currently the best performing school 2012 at 'O' level and 'A' level in Zimbabwe), Nyanga High School, Marist Brothers, St Marys, Bonda High, Emmanuel High, Kriste Mambo, Mutare Boys' High School, Mutare Girls High (The Shumbas), St Dominics Mutare, Marange High, Hartzell High, Lydia Chimonyo, Sakubva High, Dangamvura High. These have produced exceptional results over the years and a great number of academics renowned internationally.

The privately run Africa University provides some relief (albeit to a lesser extent), but it simply cannot absorb the huge numbers of school leavers with high grades.

In general, there is a school within a  radius across Manicaland. There are numerous primary and secondary schools scattered across the province. The distribution of schools by district is shown in the table below.

Main sights
Troutbeck, Manicaland
Nyanga
Marange diamond fields
Vumba
Chimanimani
Hot Springs
Osborne Dam
Smallbridge Dam
Birchenough Bridge
Mutarazi Falls and "Mudhebdheb" suspension bridges

See also

Provinces of Zimbabwe
Districts of Zimbabwe
Massi Kessi
Sadomba Women Cattle Project

References

External links

 Energy Sector Background for Manicaland Province
 Manicaland Publicity Association
 The Catholic Church In Manicaland 1896-1996

Provinces of Zimbabwe

Manicaland Province


L'Homme de la situation, série télévisée française diffusé entre 2011 et 2015 ;
 L'Homme de la situation (The Guy for This), troisième épisode de la saison 5 de Better Call Saul diffusé en 2020.

L'Homme de la situation (homonymie)


() est un site d'actualité créé en 2018 par Jean-Patrick Labouyrie à l'origine comme un annuaire de podcasts dans le but de faciliter leur découverte à travers des collections thématiques.

En juillet 2018 la version en anglais du site est lancée à l'occasion d'un partenariat avec Pippa, plateforme franco-américaine d'hébergement de podcasts, qui sera rachetée l'année suivante par Acast.

Podmust est principalement reconnu pour ses sélections thématiques de podcasts, et sa couverture de l'actualité du secteur, ainsi que sa lettre d'information. En 2020 le site est cité par le magazine Archimag comme l'un des principaux sites pour trouver et écouter les meilleurs podcasts.

En janvier 2021, le site est cité dans les fiches pédagogiques de l' comme site de référence sur les podcasts. En septembre 2021 Podmust participe au festival L'Été du Podcast lors d'une table ronde consacrée aux podcasts politiques avant l'élection présidentielle française de 2022 avec Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, Lauren Bastide et Jules Lavie.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
Podcasting

Liens externes

-

Site web français
Moteur de recherche (service)
Podcasting
Site web lancé en 2018
Site web d'actualité
Média Internet
Média en français

Podmust


Catherine Bearder (* 14. Januar 1949 in Broxbourne, Hertfordshire) ist eine britische Politikerin der Liberal Democrats.

Leben
Bearder war von 2009 bis Januar 2020 Abgeordnete im Europäischen Parlament. Bearder ist mit dem Zoologen Simon Bearder, der als Hochschullehrer an der Oxford Brookes University lehrt, verheiratet und hat drei Kinder.

MdEP Mitglied des Europaparlament
Als MdEP war Bearder im Ausschuss für regionale Entwicklung und in der Delegation in der Paritätischen Parlamentarischen Versammlung AKP-EU. Als Stellvertreterin war sie im Ausschuss für internationalen Handel, im Ausschuss für Verkehr und Fremdenverkehr und in der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite von Catherine Bearder

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für das Vereinigte Königreich
Liberal-Democrats-Mitglied
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Brite
Geboren 1949
Frau
Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video

Catherine Bearder


A geologia da Chapada Diamantina procura explicar os processos geológicos que deram origem à Chapada Diamantina, formação orográfica situada na região central do estado brasileiro da Bahia.

A descrição geral do aspecto geológico do acidente geográfico, conforme Roseli Ganem e Maurício Viana, é: "Rochas mais antigas (granito-gnaisses e rochas vulcânicas), de até 3,5 bilhões de anos, ocorrem um pouco mais distantes da área do PNCD, a sudoeste (Brumado, Rio de Contas), ao sul (Tanhaçu) e a leste (após a cidade de Itaetê). Rochas um pouco mais jovens, com idades entre 0,6 e 0,9 bilhão de anos, formadas pela ação de geleiras (conglomerados, arenitos e siltitos), bem como as de origem química marinha (calcários, dolomitos), ocorrem nas proximidades das cidades de Lençóis e Andaraí (a leste delas), ao norte de Palmeiras, em Iraquara e em Itaetê. Há ainda sedimentos quaternários recentes na planície aluvionar dos principais cursos d'água, tais como a do rio Paraguaçu."

Após o surgimento da vida a região teria passado por uma glaciação cerca de 850 milhões de anos atrás, após o que ali teria se formado o Mar Bambuí, voltando a vida com os primitivos estromatólitos até que, por volta de há 650 milhões de anos, a Serra do Espinhaço veio a surgir, coincidindo com o surgimento de vida mais complexa, e teve então início a formação do relevo tal como hoje se encontra.

Orogenia
Dez por cento da área brasileira com área sedimentar e metassedimentar, e baixo grau de rocha metamórfica, é ocupada pela Chapada Diamantina, cuja formação data da metade da Era Proterozoica, e são exemplo da evolução da plataforma continental desde então, numa evolução que data de cerca de 1,7 bilhão de anos. Na época o terreno fazia parte do chamado Mar Espinhaço, que a seguir tornou-se o Deserto Tombador para em período subsequente voltar a ser um ambiente aquático, no Mar Caboclo.

A formação do acidente geográfico deve-se a dois processos tectônicos: o primeiro, de soerguimento e abatimento que data de cerca de 1,2 bilhão de anos e duração de 700 milhões de anos, onde a bacia existente foi preenchida por sedimentos que formaram as rochas características; o segundo processo data de 600 milhões de anos, com a formação das montanhas num processo de orogênese chamado de Ciclo Brasiliano, com basculamento e falhamento que, junto a outros fatores externos, originou as atuais formações do relevo sedimentar: planaltos, chapadas tabulares, cuestas, etc.

Assim, na área da Chapada a estratigrafia sugerida em 2010 apresenta-se compondo o chamado Supergrupo Espinhaço, que ali se divide em várias formações como a Ouricuri do Ouro, Mangabeira e a Guiné, esta última visível na base do Morro do Pai Inácio onde limita-se com arenito da Formação Tombador, perceptível também na Cachoeira da Fumaça.

Como divisão do Supergrupo tem-se o Grupo Chapada Diamantina, que contém na sua ocorrência rochas das formações Caboclo, Morro do Chapéu e Tombador, que "é a mais visível nos principais atrativos turísticos" além do Pai Inácio como no Serrano, em Lençóis, em que a pedra conglomerada é exposta na superfície; a Formação Morro do Chapéu é exemplo da formação da rocha em "ambiente fluvial desértico" que sucedeu  "ambientes de sedimentação do Mesoproterozoico".

Histórico dos estudos geológicos na Chapada

Os primeiros estudos geológicos da região foram feitos por Moraes Rego que, em 1926, realizou um mapa geológico da parte ocidental do estado, na escala de 1:1.000.000, distinguindo na Chapada duas séries distintas: uma algonquiana de Jacobina, mais antiga, e outra mais recente que denominou de Lavras, esta última da era cambriana. Novos estudos foram realizados em 1947, por A. J. Domingues que, identificando caracteres como o gnaisse do grupo Bambuí, atribuiu a mesma datação do pesquisador antecedente. Foi apenas no período da década de 1970 e começo da seguinte que os estudos da área ganharam novo impulso a começar com o trabalho de vários pesquisadores do Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral e da Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais que, em 1974, realizaram um mapa mais detalhado (escala 1:250.000) e "definindo os principais ambientes geológicos e tectônicos"; dois anos depois outros pesquisadores prospectaram fluorita, chumbo e zinco na Serra do Ramalho, o que permitiu expandir o conhecimento a outros crátons do estado (Projeto Fluorita da Companhia Baiana de Pesquisa Mineral).

Geoparques propostos
Com o surgimento do termo geoturismo em 1994 e o estabelecimento em 2004 da Rede Mundial de Geoparques, no Brasil houve o aumento da instalação de geoparques, surgindo então proposta de instalação destes na região da Chapada, como o Geoparque Serra do Sincorá.

A proposta do Geoparque Serra do Sincorá, feita em 2017, foi elaborada pela Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (CPRM) e visa disciplinar o uso e conservação de importantes sítios geológicos existentes na chamada "Lavras Diamantinas", que engloba municípios inseridos no contexto do Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina e seu entorno, e tendo por objeto sítios como a Rampa do Caim, Caverna Torras, Cachoeira da Donana, o pantanal de Marimbus, etc.

Outro geoparque sugerido pela CPRM foi o Alto Rio de Contas, visando as formações existentes na Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico Nascentes do Rio de Contas e vizinhança.

Orogenias

Geologia da Chapada Diamantina


E483 bezeichnet:

 eine Gleichstromlokomotive, siehe Bombardier Traxx#Baureihe E 483
 ein Lebensmittelzusatzstoff, siehe Stearyltartrat

E483


Hiromi Kawakami (japoneză , Kawakami Hiromi;  sub numele de Hiromi Yamada (), Yamada Hiromi), este una dintre cele mai cunoscute scriitoare japoneze contemporane. La început a scris science fiction.

După ce a studiat știința, a predat biologia, înainte de a publica o colecție de nuvele intitulată Kamisama (Dumnezeu), în 1994.

Pentru Hebi o fumu a primit în 1996 Premiul Akutagawa, în anul 2000 pentru Oboreru Premiul pentru literatură Ito Sei și Premiul pentru literatură pentru femei și în 2001 pentru Sensei no kaban Premiul Tanizaki Jun'ichirō.

Opere (selecție)
 Kamisama (), 1993
 Hebi o fumu (), 1996
 Sensei no kaban (), 2000
 Nishino Yukihiko no koi to bokken (), 2003
 Furudogu nakano shōten (), 2005
 Manazuru (), 2006
 Kazahana (), 2008

Traduceri în limba română
 Manazuru, editura All, 2012, ISBN 9789737244017
 Cele zece iubiri ale lui Nishino, editura Polirom, 2015, ISBN 9789734653782 (Traducere din limba japoneză de Florin Oprina)
 Prăvălia de mărunțișuri a domnului Nakano, editura Polirom, 2015, ISBN 9789734655694 (Traducere din limba japoneză de Magdalena Ciubancan)
 Vreme ciudată la Tokio, editura Polirom, 2015, ISBN 9789734652280 (Traducere din limba japoneză de Diana-Elena Tihan)
Jurnalul unei nopți nedesăvârșite, editura Polirom, 2021, ISBN: 978-973-46-8551-6 ( Traducere din limba japoneză de Diana-Elena Tihan )

Note

Legături externe

 Perlentaucherrezensionen la: Cerul este albastru, pământul este alb
 Comentarii la: Cerul este albastru, solul este de culoare albă, dl Nakano și femeile, la mare este mai cald: o poveste de dragoste, anul viitor, în primăvara anului
 Mogera Wogura, ing.
 Interviu cu Hiromi Kawakami (engleză)
 Lisette Gebhardt (2009): "Stil de viață și psihodesign în literatura moratorie japoneză - Kawakami Hiromi și Ogawa Yôko". Cercetări privind literatura japoneză contemporană, Seria de studii japoneze Frankfurt, Vol. 1, 38 p.

Nașteri în 1958
Femei din Japonia
Japonezi în viață
Oameni din Tokio
Romanciere japoneze
Romancieri din secolul al XX-lea
Romancieri din secolul al XXI-lea
Scriitori cunoscuți sub pseudonimele folosite
Scriitori de literatură științifico-fantastică

Hiromi Kawakami


Paul Louis Adrien Henri Hymans (23 March 1865 – 8 March 1941), was a Belgian politician associated with the Liberal Party. He was the second president of the League of Nations and served again as its president in 1932–1933.

Life
Hymans was the son of the Belgian writer and historian Louis Hymans, himself the son of a Jewish doctor originally from Dordrecht, and Louise de l'Escaille, a Christian Protestant Belgian Walloon. His mother came from an old aristocratic Belgian Walloon family. He became a lawyer and professor at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles. As a politician, he became Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, holding this post from 1918 to 1920 (and again from 1927 to 1935), was Minister of Justice from 1926 to 1927 and member of the Council of Ministers from 1935 to 1936. In 1919, together with Charles de Broqueville and Emile Vandervelde he introduced universal suffrage for all men (one man, one vote) and compulsory education.

As foreign minister during the Great War, Hymans was successful in securing promises from the Allies that amounted to co-belligerency. Britain, France and Russia pledged in the Declaration of Sainte-Adresse in February 1916 that Belgium would be included in the peace negotiations, its independence would be restored and it would receive monetary compensation from Germany for the damage. When the war began, Hymans also received major promises of relief support from the United States that were approved by President Woodrow Wilson. Relief was directed primarily by the American Herbert Hoover and involved several agencies: the Commission for Relief in Belgium, American Relief Administration, and Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation.  At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Belgium officially ended its longtime neutral status and became the first in line to receive reparations payments from Germany. However, Belgium received only a bit of German territory and was rejected in its demands for all of Luxembourg and part of the Netherlands. However, it was given colonial mandates over the German colonies of Rwanda and Burundi. Hymans was the leading spokesman for the small countries at Paris and became the president of the first assembly of the new League of Nations. He helped to form the customs union of Belgium and Luxembourg (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) in 1921 and played a leading part in negotiating the Dawes Plan in 1924. In 1928, he signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact for Belgium.

A Protestant and a freemason, he was a member of the lodge Les Amis Philanthropes of the Grand Orient of Belgium in Brussels. He is interred in the Ixelles Cemetery in Brussels.

Bibliography
 Paul Hymans, Pages liberales (E: Liberal Notes), 1936

Notes

References
 Paul Hymans
 Helmreich, J.E., Paul Hymans and Henri Jaspar : Contrasting Diplomatic Styles for a small power, in : Studia Diplomatica, XXXIX, 1986, p. 669–682.
 Willequet, J., Les mémoires de Paul Hymans, in : Le Flambeau, 1958, nr. 9-10, p. 565–573.

External links

1865 births
1941 deaths
Belgian Ministers of State
Foreign ministers of Belgium
Burials at Ixelles Cemetery
Belgian Ministers of Justice

Paul Hymans


21678 Lindner este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
21678 Lindner este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Drebach de Gerhard Lehmann și Jens Kandler. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,55 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 7,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 21001-22000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

21678 Lindner


«Me odio cuando miento» es el segundo sencillo de Una temporada en el infierno de Fangoria lanzado a finales de 1999.

Información general

El tema «Me odio cuando miento» es uno de los más valorados del disco. Puede interpretarse la letra de la canción como una persona lamentándose por una relación que llegó a su fin, debido a que ganó el orgullo, por culpa de ese orgullo, ninguno en la pareja quiso decir lo que sentía y esta relación terminó. Originalmente escrita por Luis Prosper cuando junto con Clara Morán y Ger Espada componían la banda Heroica. Y luego, cedida a Fangoria para incluirla en su álbum de estudio Una temporada en el infierno.

La canción comienza con un ritmo trip hop, destacando en primer plano la voz de Alaska. Cuando llega al estribillo comienza la base electrónica. Al final, en una estrofa con voz en off la letra dice como si fuera un lamento: "Me odio cuando miento, también cuando me mienten mentiras que pretenden borrar los sentimientos. Me odio cuando miento."

Video musical

El videoclip de «Me odio cuando miento» está dirigido por un fan de Fangoria. No usa la versión álbum, sino una versión editada que a diferencia de la anterior en la que la base de música electrónica comienza en el estribillo, esta comienza antes, casi después de que Alaska comience a cantar; además acorta la canción quitándole la última parte con la voz en off.

En cuando al video, filmado con efectos de película antigua, Alaska y Nacho llegan en coche negro a un bosque donde una pequeña niña (interpretada por la sobrina del realizador del vídeo) de unos 7 años, rubia y vestida de blanco, juega con distintas cosas como un espejo, un vestido, un pañuelo rojo, unas flores, etc. Al final, Alaska y Nacho Canut montan el auto con el que llegaron junto con la niña y se van.

Incluido en
A continuación se muestran los álbumes y formatos oficiales en los que "Me odio cuando miento" ha sido incluida.

 1999, CD Una temporada en el infierno - (Subterfudge)
 2003, CD Dilemas, amores y dramas (CD 1) - (Subterfudge)
 2008, CD Una temporada en el infierno (CD 1) - (Subterfudge-Pias)
 2010, CD Una temporada en el infierno - (Subterfudge/Sony)
 2010, CD El paso trascendental del vodevil a la astracanada (CD 2, Vodevil) - (Warner Bros. Records)
 2010, CD/DVD El paso trascendental del vodevil a la astracanada, Edición de Lujo 3 CD y DVD (CD 2, Vodevil; DVD, Videoclip) - (Warner Bros. Records)

Versiones oficiales
A continuación se enlistan las versiones oficiales de la canción:

 Álbum Versión - (4:54)
 Video Edit - (3:30)
 Moody remix (by Spunky) - (3:49) (no lanzado)
 Groovy remix (by Spunky) - (5:34) (no lanzado)
 Rubeck vs. Spunky mix (by Spunky & Rubeck) - (5:56) (no lanzado)
 Base remix - (6:06) (remix no oficial)
 Versión demo de Heroica - (5:20) (inédita)
 Versión editada de El paso trascendental del vodevil a la astracanada - (4:00)

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web oficial Fangoria
 Letra de la canción

Sencillos de Fangoria
Sencillos de 1999
Sencillos de pop
Canciones de España de 1999
Canciones en español

Me odio cuando miento


El Gobierno General Imperial Alemán de Varsovia  o simplemente Gobierno General de Varsovia fue un distrito administrativo civil creado por el Imperio alemán durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Albergaba la mayor parte de las zonas noroccidentales de las antiguas Tierras del Vístula, gobernada por el Imperio ruso (Zarato de Polonia), que cubría casi toda su mitad.

Creación
Como resultado de la ofensiva de las Potencias Centrales llevada a cabo entre mayo y agosto de 1915 la totalidad del territorio del Zarato de Polonia se encontraba bajo la ocupación del Imperio alemán y del Imperio austrohúngaro. Así, el Gobierno General de Varsovia abarcó las Gobernaciones de Kalisz, Varsovia, Płock, Łomża, que forman parte de las provincias de Piotrków Trybunalski y Siedlce.

Como resultado de la conferencia de Pszczyna del 5 de noviembre de 1916, el Imperio alemán y el Imperio austrohúngaro emitieron la Ley del 5 de noviembre, que anunciaba la creación de un nuevo Estado polaco.

Evolución
Aunque inicialmente formaba parte del Ober Ost bajo la autoridad del general Erich Ludendorff, luego de los avances militares en la ofensiva de Gorlice-Tarnów, el territorio adquirió una administración separada en octubre. Continuó existiendo incluso después de la fundación de la Regencia de Polonia, un gobierno títere de las Potencias Centrales. Su gobernador general fue Hans von Beseler, quien estuvo el cargo por la duración entera de su existencia. La sede del Gobierno General estaba ubicada en el Castillo Real de Varsovia, mientras que la sede del gobernador general estaba en el Palacio Belwederski, también en Varsovia.

Asimismo, existió una contraparte al sur, controlada por el Imperio austrohúngaro, que fue denominada Gobierno General de Lublin.

El 18 de octubre de 1916, fue implementada una administración conjunta para los dos distritos del antiguo Zarato de Polonia, con un funcionario civil alemán Wolfgang von Kries nombrado como el primer jefe de la administración propuesta. Como resultado de la conferencia de Pszczyna del 5 de noviembre de 1916, el Imperio alemán y el Imperio austrohúngaro emitieron la Ley del 5 de noviembre, que anunciaba la creación de un nuevo Estado polaco.

El 9 de diciembre de ese año, Wolfgang von Kries fundó un banco central polaco que emitió una nueva divisa: el marco polaco (Marka polska).

Durante la ocupación, las autoridades alemanes reclutaron a polacos para realizar trabajos forzados para reemplazar a los trabajadores alemanes que se habían enlistado en el ejército.

El Gobierno General de Varsovia contó con dos jefes de la administración conjunta:
Wolfgang von Kries (18 de octubre de 1915 - 26 de noviembre de 1917)
Otto von Steinmeister (26 de noviembre de 1917 - 6 de octubre de 1918)

Véase también
 Ober Ost
 Regencia de Polonia
 Frente Oriental (Primera Guerra Mundial)

Referencias

Historia de Polonia (1795-1918)
Historia de Varsovia
Estados y territorios fundados en 1915
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1918
Imperio alemán en la Primera Guerra Mundial
Polonia en la Primera Guerra Mundial

Gobierno General de Varsovia


An Cyrtochiloides panduriformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Norris Hagan Williams och Mark W. Chase. An Cyrtochiloides panduriformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtochiloides, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtochiloides

Cyrtochiloides panduriformis


28 Days are an Australian punk rock band, which formed in 1997, by mainstay members Jay Dunne as lead vocalist, guitarist Simon Hepburn, and bassist Damian Gardiner. Their second studio album Upstyledown (July 2000), peaked at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart. Their singles, "Rip It Up" (May 2000), "Say What?" (November 2001) and "What's the Deal?" (October 2002), all reached the associated ARIA Singles Chart top 40. After declining popularity following their 2004 album, Extremist Makeover, the band released a greatest hits album 10 Years of Cheap Fame (March 2007) before separating later that year. They reformed in 2009 to support long time friends Bodyjar on their End is Now Tour. 28 Days have released no new material since "Unmarked Graves" (April 2015). Their drummer, Scott Murray, died after being struck by a car in November 2001, aged 22.

History

1997–1999: Formation to Kid Indestructible

28 Days were formed in Frankston, Victoria in October 1996 by James "Jay" Dunne on lead vocals, Simon Hepburn on lead guitar (the pair had worked together both on graffiti and in several punk and hardcore bands including Mindsnare, S.I.C., and Self Reliance), Damian Gardiner on bass guitar and Adam Nanscawen ( Adam Bomber) on drums.

Their self-titled debut album, was released independently in March 1998 via Stubble Records. Music journalist, Ed Nimmervoll, observed it gained, "a wave of encouraging reviews from journalists worldwide, including a 4K rating from Kerrang! in the U.K." Within a year they were signed by Festival Mushroom Records for a new imprint, Sputnik. During 1998 the band added Jay Howard on turntables and then replaced Bomber on drums by Scott Murray. In May 1999 the group released Kid Indestructible, a five-track extended play, which was engineered by Kalju Tonuma. The EP peaked number 69 on the ARIA Charts. National youth radio Triple J played its tracks, "Kool" and "La Tune", on high rotation. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1999, Tonuma was nominated for Engineer of the Year for his work.

2000–2002:Upstyledown and Stealing Chairs

28 Days released another five-track EP, Here We Go (February 2000), which included the single, "Sucker". The EP debuted at number 21 on the ARIA Charts. "Rip It Up" was released in May and peaked at number 12. In July they released their second studio album, Upstyledown, which debuted at number one on the ARIA Charts and was certified platinum by ARIA for shipment of 70000 copies. It also reached the top 40 on the New Zealand Albums Chart. Two further singles were released from the album, "Goodbye" and "Song for Jasmine".

The group issued a DVD, When Dickheads Snap (2001), featuring tour shots, and behind-the-scenes footage from concerts in Europe, Japan and Australia. In November 2001 the band released, "Say What?", a collaboration with British electronic group, Apollo 440, which reached number 23 on the ARIA Charts. On 18 November 2001 Scott Douglas Murray died, aged 22, after being struck by a car while walking home after band practice.

Vince Jukic joined in August 2002 as Murray's replacement on drums. The band released "Take Me Away", in that month, as the lead single from their third studio album, Stealing Chairs (September 2002). The album peaked at number six and was certified gold. "What's the Deal?" was released in October and appeared at number 32.

2003–2007: Extremist Makeover and hiatus

In February 2003 the band received negative publicity when they and their fans, were accused of causing damage worth $4,500 at a concert by rival Sydney-based alt-rock band, the Drugs. The damage was allegedly in response to an open letter, which the Drugs' lead singer, Ian Baddley (Matt Downey), had posted on his band's website. Baddley wrote that, at 28 Days' 2003 Big Day Out performance in Sydney, Dunne had provided "improper, unhealthy and bigoted messages of hate and vilification [which] are far worse then [sic] anything I've ever heard from a member of Rammstein." A report in The Age concluded that Baddley was, "accusing [Dunne] of being homophobic and using hateful labels." Dunne did not reply to Baddley, and denies being homophobic; he described the situation as, "a bit gay". 28 Days were not charged by police despite the Drugs' accusations.

28 Days issued a single, "Like I Do" (March 2004), followed by "Use It" (August) and "Birthday" (October), but none reached the top 50. Their fourth studio album, Extremist Makeover (October 2004), peaked at number 31 and the group left Festival Mushroom in the following month. A month before the album appeared, Matt Bray was replaced by Adrian Griffin on drums. In March 2006, the band self-released a six-track EP, Bring 'Em Back, and another DVD, When Dickheads Snap 3 which was only available at 28 Days shows. The band announced their 10 Years of Cheap Fame Tour and a compilation album of the same name appeared in March 2007. The band retired late in 2007.

2009–2018: Reformation and Lost Songs

28 Days reformed in 2009 with the line-up of Dunne, Gardner, Hepburn and Griffin. In May they released a new demo on their MySpace page. They supported Bodyjar's farewell tour in November of that year and played the Fistful of Awesome showcase at Melbourne's Hi Fi Bar, with up and coming rock acts. In April 2010, 28 Days released a single, "Sing It to Me". In 2013 they issued, "Amber Afternoons", and another six-track EP, Lost Songs, which is a collection of rare tracks. Their final single, "Unmarked Graves", appeared in April 2015. Subsequently no new material and their official website has not been updated since mid-2013; They contiune to play live regularly despite no new music being in the works.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Notes

Awards and nomination

ARIA Music Awards

The ARIA Music Awards are annual awards, which recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. 28 Days were nominated for five awards.

|-
| 1999 || Kalju Tonuma for Kid Indestructible|| Engineer of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2000 ||rowspan="3"| "Rip It Up" || Breakthrough Artist – Single ||
|-
| Best Alternative Release ||
|-
| Single of the Year ||
|-
| 2001 || Upstyledown|| Breakthrough Artist – Album ||
|-

References

Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
Musical groups reestablished in 2009
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
Australian punk rock groups
Musical groups from Melbourne
Australian rap rock groups
Australian musical quartets
People from Frankston, Victoria

28 Days (band)


NGC 772, Koç takımyıldızı bölgesinde yaklaşık olarak uzaklıkta bulunan bir çubuksuz sarmal gökadadır. William Herschel tarafından 29 Kasım 1785 tarihinde keşfedildi. Halton Arp tarafından görüntülenmiş ve Arp 78 olarak "Eşlikçileri küçük ama yüksek yüzey parlaklığına sahip sarmal gökadalar" kategorisi altında Tuhaf Gökadalar Atlası'na dahil edilmiştir. NGC 770 adlı bir uydu gökadası bulunur. Ayrıca SN 2003 hl ve SN 2003 iq süpernovaları gözlenmiştir. NGC 772 muhtemelen bir H II çekirdeğe sahiptir veya bir geçiş nesnesi de olabilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Girdap Gökadası
 NGC 1097

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 NGC 772 Gözlem bilgisi (In-The-Sky.org)
 Sarmal gökada NGC 772; Eliptik gökada NGC 770
 yarı-profesyonel bir teleskopla çekilmiş yüksek çözünürlüklü fotoğraf

Çubuksuz sarmal galaksiler
Koç takımyıldızı
0772
01466
007525
078
William Herschel'in keşifleri
1785'te keşfedilen astronomik cisimler

NGC 772