Oldham Athletic Association Football Club is a professional football club in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. The team compete in the National League, the fifth level of the English football league system, as of the 2023–24 season.

The history of Oldham Athletic began with the founding of Pine Villa F.C. in 1895, a team that played in the Manchester and Lancashire leagues. When neighbours Oldham County folded in 1899, Pine Villa moved into their stadium and changed their name to Oldham Athletic. They won the Lancashire Combination title in 1906–07 and were elected into the Football League. They won promotion out of the Second Division in 1909–10 and went on to finish second in the First Division in 1914–15, before being relegated in 1923. Another relegation in 1935 left them in the Third Division North, which they won at the end of the 1952–53 campaign, only to be relegated back into the following year. Placed in the Fourth Division, they secured promotion in 1962–63, and again in 1970–71 after another relegation in 1969.

Jimmy Frizzell managed the club from 1970 to 1982 and under his leadership, Oldham won the Third Division title in 1973–74. He was succeeded by Joe Royle, who also had a 12-year spell in charge, during which time Oldham reached the League Cup final in 1990, before winning the Second Division title in 1990–91, which took them back into the top-flight for the first time in 68 years. Oldham were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but were relegated two years later and fell to the third tier by 1997. The club ended a 21-season-long stay in the third tier – which encompassed numerous financial crises – with relegation out of League One in 2018. At the end of the 2021–22 season, relegation from League Two was confirmed and the club fell into the National League, becoming the first former Premier League team to play non-League football.

They play home matches at Boundary Park. Known as "Latics", Oldham traditionally play in blue shirts. The club contests numerous local rivalries, most notably with Rochdale, Bolton Wanderers and Huddersfield Town, the latter of which is known as the Roses Derby.

History

Early history

In July 1895, licensee John Garland with his son formed a football club named Pine Villa Football Club with a group of friends inside the Featherstall & Junction Inn. The club was initially named after the Pine Mill whose shadow the club played in. The term Villa is thought to have originated due to Aston Villa's dominance at the time of formation. The club changed its appearance and name in 1899 to Oldham Athletic Football Club. The club immediately gained professional status and played in both the Lancashire Combination and Lancashire League. Unlike many clubs, Oldham Athletic gained quick success and gained acceptance into the Football League in 1907–08. After three years in the Second Division, Latics gained promotion to the First Division.

Within a couple of seasons, Oldham had announced themselves serious contenders, finishing 4th in the league in 1912–13, and reaching the F.A. Cup semi-finals the same season, losing out 1–0 versus Aston Villa. In 1914–15, Latics reached the quarter-finals of the FA Cup but were knocked out once again after a 0–3 replay against Sheffield United. In the league that season they almost won it all; Latics lost the league by one point, as close as they have ever come to winning the league. Latics early success was only halted by the First World War.

Interwar struggles

Following the return of competitive football after the First World War, Oldham Athletic struggled to find their early success before they returned to the Second Division in 1923 – it would be another 68 years before they played top division football again.

Many of the players from their former squads had either retired from football or had been killed in the war. Their highest success came in the 1929–30 season as they finished in 3rd, missing out on promotion by finishing two points behind Chelsea From then on they slowly but surely fell down the league table, until a final placing of 21st at the end of the 1934–35 season saw them relegated to the Third Division North. They found life in this new division much more to their liking, coming 7th in their first season and following this with three seasons in the top five. Promotion back to the Second Division looked like it might just be a possibility, but the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 brought an end to League Football. Players' contracts were terminated, and relying largely on guest players, the club was to play in the war-time Northern League until August 1946.

Post-war plight

Following the return of competitive football there was to be no immediate success for Oldham Athletic. They finished 19th in the first league season after the war and manager Frank Womack resigned. In spite of reaching a more respectable 6th place under his successor Billy Wooton in 1949, it wasn't until the appointment of George Hardwick as player-manager in November 1950 that the club found any real form.

Hardwick's appointment came at a cost, with a £15,000 transfer fee paid to Middlesbrough. This was a huge amount at the time, especially for a third division club, but it was to stir up the town and its fans, who now looked forward to seeing a man who had been captain of England only two years previously in charge of its club's fortunes. In Hardwick's first full season in charge they finished 4th after topping the table for a considerable time. Home gates stayed high, with an amazing 33,450 watching a 1–0 win over local rivals Stockport County in March 1952, after a January game in the snow had established a new club scoring record when Chester were beaten 11–2. Eric Gemmell scored seven of these to establish an individual club record for one game which still stands to date. The season after, Oldham Athletic proudly finished champions of the division and won promotion to the Second Division. With an ageing squad and little money to recruit, however, the season that followed was a massive disappointment. Only eight games were won, Oldham finished in last place and quickly returned to the Third Division North, where a first equally disappointing season saw them finish no higher than 10th.

Hardwick resigned in 1955 and between then and 1960, they continued to struggle, finishing below the top 20 on three occasions. With a 15th-place finish in 1958–59, Oldham became a founding member of a newly formed Fourth Division. In the following season they finished in the 23rd position – their lowest position in the entire League, and had to apply for reelection, which they passed as the League chose to drop Gateshead, who had finished above them, in favour of newcomers Peterborough United.

Ken Bates entered the picture at Oldham Athletic in the early 1960s (where he was chairman for 5 years), and along with the appointment of manager Jack Rowley, the club's fortunes turned for the better. During the 1962–63 season, Oldham Athletic again gained promotion to the Third Division as Rowley left as manager. Over the next six seasons, Oldham struggled with consistency in the league and at the manager position, with Les McDowall, Gordon Hurst and Jimmy McIlroy all spending time at the managerial position.

In the 1968–69, Jack Rowley once more returned as manager. With their inconsistency, Rowley and Bates could not save the club from a last-place finish and inevitable relegation. Midway through the 1969–70 season, Rowley and Bates both left the club as Jimmy Frizzell became Latics manager, a position he held for the next 13 seasons.

Frizzell and Royle eras

In the 1970–71 season, Oldham saw their best result since 1962–63 as they finished in third place, earning promotion back to the Third Division. After a mid-table finish in their first season, Latics missed out on promotion, finishing in fourth place, seven points behind local rivals and league champions Bolton Wanderers. In the 1973–74 season, Latics finished in 1st place and returned to the Second Division for the first time in 21 years. Oldham's trip back to the Second Division was far more successful than their previous visit. During Frizzell's remaining time at the club, Latics remained in the Second Division, but with little FA Cup and Football League Cup success.

In June 1982, the club appointed Joe Royle as their manager. Royle's side finished 7th in his first season in charge, but fell to 19th in his second. In the 1986–87 season, Oldham narrowly missed promotion to the First Division finishing three points behind Portsmouth and losing in the inaugural play-offs to Leeds United, when previous seasons would have seen them automatically promoted.

Royle's Latics reached Wembley Stadium in the 1990 Football League Cup final versus Nottingham Forest, where they lost 1–0. The next season, Oldham did not have the same cup success, but instead found success by winning the Second Division and returning to the First Division for the first time in 68 years. In their first season back in the top flight, the club finished 17th and became one of the founding members of the newly formed Premier League. After two further seasons at the top level, Oldham faced relegation yet again and during the following season, the Joe Royle era came to an end, as he left the club for Everton.

During this era, Oldham Athletic reached the FA Cup semi-finals twice, both times losing to Manchester United after a replay. In 1994 they were less than a minute away from winning 1–0 in extra time when a Mark Hughes equaliser for Manchester United saw the game at Wembley Stadium end in a 1–1 draw, and Oldham were beaten 4–1 in the replay at Maine Road. Many fans of Oldham in the years since have described the last minute equaliser by Hughes the start of a decline from which Oldham have never recovered. Oldham failed to win any of their seven remaining league games following the semi-final and were relegated on the final day of the season after a 1–1 draw at Norwich City.

1994–2018: second and third tier struggles

Graeme Sharp took over as Oldham's player-manager on the departure of Joe Royle in November 1994, but he was unable to mount a promotion challenge and the pressure continued to build up a year later when Oldham narrowly avoided relegation. Relegation to Division Two happened at the end of the 1996–97 season, just after Sharp had resigned to be succeeded by Neil Warnock.

As one of the biggest clubs in Division Two for 1997–98, and being managed by Warnock who had achieved no less than five promotions with other clubs in the last 11 years, Oldham Athletic were tipped for an immediate return to Division One, but they finished a disappointing 13th in the league and Warnock resigned. Oldham would ultimately stay in the third tier for 21 years. Veteran striker Andy Ritchie took over as player-manager, but he too failed to mount a promotion challenge and was sacked in October 2001 to be succeeded by Mick Wadsworth.

In 2001, Oxford-based businessman Chris Moore purchased Oldham Athletic, vowing to take the club back to Premier League football within five years. Wadsworth quit as manager in the summer of 2002 to make way for Iain Dowie, who transformed Oldham's fortunes on the pitch as they made their first serious challenge for promotion in Division Two. Oldham finished fifth and their promotion dreams were ended in the playoffs, and their fans were furious when Moore decided to end his interest with the club, leaving behind large debts and a weak squad, and after selling the better players at a fraction of their market value at the time. For a while, it looked as though the club would go out of business, but a takeover deal was soon completed.

In 2004–05, Simon Blitz and two other partners, Simon Corney and Danny Gazal, purchased Oldham Athletic, trying to rescue the club from possible liquidation. While trying to repay debts, Oldham struggled for several seasons, barely avoiding relegation once more in 2004–05. In 2006–07, Oldham's fortune turned for the better once more as the club narrowly missed out on promotion, losing to Blackpool 5–2 on aggregate in the play-off semi-final. After two years with the club, manager John Sheridan was sacked on 15 March 2009, immediately being replaced by former manager Royle. After being offered the job on a permanent basis, Royle rejected the proposal and announced that he would be leaving the club after the final game of the season. Darlington boss Dave Penney was announced as Royle's successor on 30 April. Penney was dismissed as Oldham manager on 6 May 2010, with his assistant, Martin Gray, taking over as caretaker manager for the final game of season 2009–10. During June 2010, Paul Dickov was named as Oldham Athletic player-manager signing a one-year contract. On 3 February 2013, he left his role as manager despite having knocked Liverpool out of the FA Cup the previous week.

On 18 March 2013, the club hired Lee Johnson to become the next manager; at the time of his appointment, he was the youngest manager in the Football League at 31. The club narrowly avoided relegation for the 2012–13 season, finishing 19th and just three points above the drop zone. The club fared better in Johnson's second season, finishing mid-table at 15th.

In January 2015, it was reported that Oldham was attempting to sign Ched Evans, an accused rapist. The move faced a significant public backlash, including from politicians, while a petition against the signing gained 60,000 signatures and Verlin Rainwater Solutions withdrew club sponsorship. Oldham ultimately decided not to sign Evans due to "unbearable pressure" while condemning the "vile and abusive threats, some including death threats, which have been made to our fans, sponsors and staff".

In January 2018, Moroccan football agent Abdallah Lemsagam agreed a deal with the club's majority shareholder Corney, ending his 14-year association with Oldham. Gazal and Blitz had left in 2010, with Corney staying as the majority shareholder. Lemsagam owned 97% of the club, while the Supporters' Trust maintained a 3% stake. The takeover did not include Boundary Park's North Stand, which the club did not own but could use on match days. In the two years prior to the Lemsagam deal, Oldham had faced a number of winding-up orders for non-payment of its tax bills, and saw its ground raided by HMRC in November 2017.

2018–present: decline and relegation from the Football League

Oldham were relegated to League Two on 5 May 2018. They had not been in the fourth tier since 1971. The club faced further HMRC winding-up petitions in late 2019 and early 2020. Former owner Blitz sought to put the club into administration on 6 March 2020 because of debts owed to his company, Brass Bank, which owned Boundary Park, but the case was adjourned to 21 April after a "significant" proportion of the debt was paid, as was Oldham's tax debt to HMRC. One-time Watford owner Laurence Bassini was reported to be interested in buying the club, but this was labelled as "false" during the 6 March hearing.

Former Australia international Harry Kewell took over as Oldham manager in August, at the start of the 2020–21 season and recorded 11 wins, six draws and 15 defeats before he was sacked by the club in March 2021. He left the club 10 points above the relegation places; some fans regarded the club's decision as premature given that Oldham had recently beaten promotion challengers Newport County, Forest Green Rovers and Salford City. Keith Curle stepped in as temporary head coach, and made the move permanent in May 2021, but his efforts to build a stronger squad were hampered by an EFL transfer embargo, COVID-19 illness, and fans protests against the club's owner.

On 7 September, with the club in 23rd position in the fourth tier, Lemsagam insisted he did not wish to sell his stake. Curle left Oldham in November. In December 2021 Lemsagam announced he was willing to sell the club amid accusations of late payment of salaries, threats of player strikes, and concerns about administration. Sheridan was re-appointed as manager in January 2022, but could not halt the slide towards the National League. With two games still to play, Oldham were relegated from the English Football League following a 2–1 home defeat by Salford City on 23 April, a match interrupted by an on-pitch protest by fans against the club's owner. The club became the first former Premier League team to drop into non-league since its creation in 1992.

Following the relegation, the club's supporters' trust started to campaign for a community takeover of the club. On 30 June 2022, after Lemsagam and the Boundary Park owner agreed to a sale, it was reported Oldham Athletic could be sold within the next month to an unnamed local business. On 28 July 2022, it was confirmed that the club had been sold to businessman Frank Rothwell, owner of Oldham-based Manchester Cabins, and that Oldham were at an advanced stage in negotiations to buy Boundary Park from former owner Simon Blitz - a deal agreed in late August 2022, and eventually completed in March 2023.

Oldham started their first National League campaign with just two wins from their first eight games. Sheridan stepped down as manager on 17 September 2022 following a 3–2 defeat of Eastleigh and was replaced by David Unsworth. The side finished the season in 12th place. Unsworth was sacked on 17 September 2023 after a seven-match winless run.

Kit and badge
Latics originally started out playing in red and white hooped shirts with blue shorts, bearing strong similarities to the Oldham Rugby League Club colours. The red stripes were eventually replaced with blue, before this was in turn replaced by a white shirt with the blue stripe down the middle; this shirt was rumoured to have been influenced by the Ajax shirt of the times. In the mid-1960s, under the ownership of Ken Bates, the strip was changed to tangerine shirts with blue shorts. In the mid-1970s the club adopted an all blue shirt, and these colours have been worn ever since, with the exception of the red and blue hooped shirt that was used the late 1990s. This shirt proved unpopular among supporters and caused kit clashing problems, resulting in opposition teams occasionally having to wear Oldham's away kit. The club brought back the colours from the 1960s as an away kit for the 2007–08 season and this proved to be popular amongst the supporters. Home and away shirts currently bear the slogan "keep the faith" as a result of the financial turmoil the club faced in 2004. On 27 April, it was announced on a new website set up by the club (wearelatics.co.uk) that there was to be a new crest for the club. This new badge was shown on the new away kit for the 2011–12 season, and was introduced to the home kit for the following season. The badge contains the traditional blue and white colours, however, there is no longer any red visible; there is still an image of an owl, yet it remains on top of a football.

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Table of kit suppliers and shirt sponsors appear below:

Stadium

After playing at what was originally called Athletic Ground, Boundary Park was opened for Oldham's first football club—Oldham County F.C. In 1899, after County had folded, Pine Villa moved into the ground and renamed the club and stadium. The stadium is located on the Oldham side of the conjunction of Oldham, Chadderton and Royton, and has a current capacity of 13,512. Before the demolition of the north stand in 2008, the stadium had a capacity of 13,624. The new north stand has recently opened with many new facilities available. This was done in a bid to gain extra revenue in a troubled cash stricken period for the club since Moore's departure.

The record attendance is 47,671 during an FA Cup tie between Oldham and Sheffield Wednesday in 1930 – the ground capacity at the time was nearly 50,000.

In February 2006, the club unveiled plans for the reconstruction of the stadium. After initially being rejected by Oldham Council, the decision was overturned with permission for the entire ground to be redeveloped. The ground was expected to seat at least 16,000 and cost approximately £80 million. On 5 September 2008, Simon Blitz announced on World Soccer Daily podcast that due to the economic problems in England, the development of the stadium was placed on hold temporarily.

On 22 July 2009, the club and Oldham Council unveiled plans for an entirely new, £20 million stadium to be located in Failsworth. The club made an agreement with BAE Systems to purchase a  piece of land, on which the club plans to build an initial 12,000-capacity arena along with other leisure and corporate facilities. Oldham Council initially backed the plans for the new stadium after council chiefs voted in favour of pushing forward with a land deal, but later offered the club £5.7 million to help with the redevelopment of Boundary Park, which would involve building a new North Stand on the site of the former Broadway Stand.

Initial preparatory work began on the site for the new North Stand at Boundary Park in mid-May 2013. The stand has a capacity of 2,671 for spectators and contains various other non-matchday facilities such as a health and fitness suite and supporters bar. The new North Stand partially opened against Sheffield United on 17 October 2015, with maximum capacity operation and corporate facilities in use on 26 December 2015 vs. Doncaster Rovers.

Support
Notable Oldham Athletic fans include comedy duo Cannon and Ball, professor and former musician Brian Cox, ex-Manchester United footballer Paul Scholes, ex-Leeds Rhinos and England rugby captain Kevin Sinfield, The Courteeners rhythm guitarist Danny Moores, glamour model Michelle Marsh, Hollyoaks actor Alex Carter and comedian Eric Sykes.

Rivalries
Boundary Park is less than  from the nearby Football League stadiums of Rochdale, Manchester City, Salford City and Manchester United, with the stadiums of Stockport County, Huddersfield Town, Burnley, Bolton Wanderers, Accrington Stanley and Blackburn Rovers all within a 20-mile (32 km) radius.

Traditional local rivals include Bolton Wanderers, Huddersfield Town, Stockport County, Rochdale, Bury and Blackburn Rovers, although none of these clubs are now a regular opponent.

Dislike for Manchester United and Manchester City is also common and often eclipses more traditional rivalries amongst Oldham supporters. This is largely fuelled by Oldham's proximity to Manchester, with a sizeable number of people in the borough choosing to support one of the Manchester clubs rather than their local club. The dislike for Manchester United is also partly fuelled by the FA Cup semi-final meetings in 1990 and 1994, both of which Oldham lost after replays.

A survey conducted in August 2019 by GiveMeSport.com revealed that Latics fans consider Rochdale to be the club's main rival with 82% of votes, followed by Bolton Wanderers (74%), Huddersfield Town (67%), Blackburn Rovers (58%) and Manchester United (52%).

Conversely, Oldham Athletic have a long-standing supporters friendship with Eintracht Frankfurt. A small section of Frankfurt's support often makes the journey to Oldham Athletic games at Boundary Park.

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Youth team

Women's team
Oldham Athletic have a women's team who play in the Greater Manchester Women's Football League.

Club management
As of 27 August 2023

Club officials

Chairman: Frank Rothwell

Directors: Frank Rothwell, Luke Rothwell, Su Schofield, Darren Royle, Joe Royle, Peter Norbury, Kevin Roberts

CEO: Darren Royle
Club Secretary: Mark Sheridan
Chief Finance Officer: Donna Worthington
Finance Executive: Joseph Dyson
Football Liaison Officer: Sue Bowskill
Safety Officer: Rod Cross
Club Doctors: Dr David Nichols & Dr Natalie Cheyne
Crowd Doctor: Dr Jim Weems

Coaching positions
Manager/Head coach: Steve Thompson, interim
Assistant manager: Neil Redfearn, interim
First team coach: Vacant
Goalkeeper coach: Steve Collis
Head of recruitment: Steve Thompson
Physiotherapists: Rebecca O'Loughlin, Claire Swindall, Mick Rathbone
Sports scientist & strength and conditioning coach: Trystan Jones
Performance analyst: Dan Coates
Kit manager: Dean Pickering Sr.

Academy staff
Academy manager: Paul Murray
Head of coaching: Craig Large
Professional development phase lead coach: Chukwuma Akuneto
Youth development phase lead coach: Dmtri Lavrinovic
Foundation development phase lead coach: David Hankey
Strength & conditioning coach:  Imogen Barnes
Physiotherapist: Mick Rathbone
Head of education: Phil Arbelo-Dolan
Head of recruitment: TBC
Academy administrator: Graham Yates
Head of player care: Frank Wolstenholme

Managerial history

In the history of the club, only three managers have won a league title: George Hardwick (Division Three North, 1953), Jimmy Frizzell (Division Three, 1974) and Joe Royle (Division Two, 1991). Frizzell also won promotion from Division Four in 1971 (3rd place), as did Jack Rowley from the runners-up spot in 1963.

However, arguably the most successful manager in the club's history is David Ashworth. Appointed in 1906, he guided them to the Lancashire Combination Championship and promotion to the Football League in his first season. In 1910, after just three seasons in Division 2, they finished in second place and won promotion to the top flight of English football. For the next four years Ashworth maintained the club's smooth progress. They finished season 1913–14 in fourth place, only for Ashworth to move to Stockport County, leaving his successor Herbert Bamlett to take the team to its best-ever league placing the season after, when they finished runners-up to Everton, missing out on the League Championship by just one point.

Meanwhile, at the end of World War 1, Ashworth emerged as manager of Liverpool, guiding them to the League Championship in 1921–22, after they had finished fourth in his previous two seasons. Although he then took what seemed to many to be a strange decision, moving back to Oldham in a brave but failed attempt to save them from relegation in 1923, he remains the only Oldham Athletic manager ever to have won the Football League Championship with any club.

Honours and achievements
Oldham Athletic's honours include:

League
Second Division / Championship (level 2)
Champions: 1990–91
Runners-up: 1909–10
Third Division North / Third Division (level 3)
Champions: 1952–53, 1973–74
Fourth Division / League Two (level 4)
Runners-up: 1962–63
Promoted: 1970–71
Lancashire Combination
Champions: 1906–07

Cup
Football League Cup
Runners-up: 1989–90
Lancashire Senior Cup
Winners: 1908, 1967, 2006
Anglo-Scottish Cup
Runners–up: 1978–79

Club records
As of 29 September 2022

Highest League finish: 2nd in Football League First Division, 1914–15
Best FA Cup performance: Semi-finals, 1912–13, 1989–90, 1993–94
Best League Cup performance: Final, 1989–90
Record league victory: 11–0 vs. Southport, Division Four, Boundary Park, 26 December 1962
Record FA Cup victory: 10–1 vs. Lytham, first round, Boundary Park, 28 November 1925
Record League Cup victory: 7–0 vs. Scarborough, second round, Boundary Park, 25 October 1989
Record league defeat: 13–4 vs. Tranmere Rovers, Division Three (North), Prenton Park, 26 December 1935
Record FA Cup defeat: 6–0 vs. Huddersfield Town, third round, Leeds Road, 13 January 1932 and 6–0 vs. Tottenham Hotspur, third round, White Hart Lane, 14 January 1933
Record League Cup defeat: 7–0 vs. Brentford, League Cup, third round, Brentford Community Stadium, 21 September 2021
Record home attendance (all competitions): 47,671 vs. Sheffield Wednesday, FA Cup, fourth round, Boundary Park, 25 January 1930
Record home league attendance: 45,304 vs. Blackpool, Division Two, Boundary Park 21 April 1930
Longest unbeaten league run: 20 league games between 1 May 1990 and 17 November 1990 in Division Two
Most league appearances: 525, Ian Wood, 1966–1980
Most overall appearances (all competitions): 582, Ian Wood, 1966–1980
Most league goals: 141, Roger Palmer, 1980–1994
Most overall goals (all competitions): 156, Roger Palmer, 1980–1994
Most league goals in a season: 33, Tom Davis, Division 3 (North), 1936–37
Most overall goals in a season (all competitions): 38 Tom Davis, 1936–37
Most goals by a single player in a league fixture: 7, Eric Gemmell, 26 December 1951, Division 3 (North)
Most capped player: 25, Gunnar Halle – Norway, 1991–1996
Record transfer fee paid: £750,000 Ian Olney, Aston Villa, June 1992
Record transfer fee received: £1,700,000 Earl Barrett, Aston Villa, February 1992
Oldest player: David Eyres aged 42, vs. Scunthorpe United, 6 May 2006
Youngest player: Zak Emmerson, aged 15 years 73 days, vs. Walsall, 22 October 2019

References

External links

1895 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1895
Football clubs in England
Lancashire Combination
National League (English football) clubs
English Football League clubs
Premier League clubs

Oldham Athletic A.F.C.


) este un regizor, producător, scenarist, animator, scriitor și desenator de manga japonez. Este co-fondatorul Studio Ghibli, înființat în 1985.

Cu o carieră de peste cincizeci de ani, Miyazaki este comparat cu Walt Disney, Steven Spielberg și Orson Welles. În 2002 a câștigat Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film de animație pentru Călătoria lui Chihiro, iar în 2014 a primit Premiul Oscar pentru întreaga carieră.

Filmografie

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1941
Nașteri pe 5 ianuarie
Regizori japonezi

Hayao Miyazaki


Ivan, istarski vojvoda/knez (druga polovica 8. st. – prva polovica 9. st.). Franački upravitelj Istre vjerojatno od vremena franačkog osvajanja 788. gdine. Vladajući s državnoga dobra kraj  Novigrada, uvodio je franački feudalni sustav: ukinuo mjesnu samoupravu i postavio mjesne upravitelje (centenare), nametnuo nova podavanja i radne obveze, posjednicima oduzeo zemlju u gradskom kotaru te na njoj dopustio naseljavanje Slavena. Nezadovoljstvo gradova bilo je iskazano 804. na Rižanskome saboru na kojem je sudjelovao i Ivan (dux Joannes). Isprava s rižanskim pritužbama i zaključcima glavni je izvor za njegovu djelatnost u Istri. To sudsko ročište sazvali su carski izaslanici, a održano je na traženje istarskih posjednika. Na tom ročištu predstavnici istarskih gradova i utvrda iznijeli optužbe na račun biskupa i istarskog vojvode Ivana. To je dragocjen izvor za proučavanje franačkog sustava upravljanja, te uvođenje promjena, kao i za usporedbu bizantskog i franačkog sustava. Doneseni dokument sabora naziva se Rižanski pravorijek.

Izvori

Literatura
Maurizio Levak, Slaveni vojvode Ivana. Kolonizacija Slavena u Istri u početnom razdoblju franačke uprave, Zagreb: Leykam international, 2007.

Životopisi, Istra
Plemstvo
Istra pod franačkom vlašću

Ivan (istarski vojvoda)


An Machaerina flexuosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Hendrikus Kern. An Machaerina flexuosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Machaerina, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 M. f. flexuosa
 M. f. laevinux
 M. f. polyanthemum

Mga kasarigan

Machaerina

Machaerina flexuosa


Nostálgica FM es una estación de radio chilena, ubicada en Copiapó, y con cobertura en la Región de Atacama. Actualmente las 13 frecuencias que cubren las 9 comunas, carreteras y faenas mineras.

La emisora inició sus transmisiones el 10 de diciembre de 2003, bajo el nombre de FM Contigo hasta 2007, cuando adoptó el nombre actual. El 26 de febrero de 2014 inició las transmisiones su repetidora ubicada en la cuesta Pajonales con la que se logra cubrir las localidades de Domeyko, Cachiyuyo, Incahuasi, Chañaral de Aceituno y Punta Colorada.

En la actualidad su sede principal se encuentra en Carlos Van Buren 165, Copiapó. Su gerente general es Ricardo Campos Morales.

Locutores
 Fernando Solís
 Carlos Sánchez
 Franklin Garay
 Juan Hinojosa
 Hernando "Nano" Contreras
 Jacobo Fernández
 Mario Huerta.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Nostálgica FM

Emisoras de radio de Chile
Emisoras de radio fundadas en 2003

Nostálgica FM


Međunarodna prijateljska nogometna utakmica Paragvaj – Herceg-Bosna jedina je utakmica Nogometne reprezentacije Herceg-Bosne protiv neke druge nogometne reprezentacije.

Utakmica
Paragvajska nogometna reprezentacija i Nogometna reprezentacija Herceg-Bosne odigrali su prijateljska nogometnu utakmicu 21. travnja 1996. godine u paragvajskome glavnome gradu, Asunciónu. Tu utakmicu Paragvajski nogometni savez (zabilježena je kao 425.) i FIFA vode kao službenu utakmicu protiv Bosanskohercegovačke nogometne reprezentacije, a Paragvajska nogometna reprezentacija pobijedila je s 3:0 (1:0).

Zapisnik

Zanimljivosti
 Zbog istih boja dresova (bijelo-crvenih) dvije reprezentacije Nogometna reprezentacija Herceg-Bosne odgrala je tu utakmicu u posuđenim pričuvnim dresovima Paragvajske nogometne reprezentacije.
 O utakmici je snimljen dokumentarni film Paragvaj – Herceg-Bosna, Asuncion '96 autora Alberta Pehara.

Bilješke
Ovaj susret (...) Nogometni savez Paragvaja vodi kao službeni. Zabilježen je kao 425. po redu otkada su Paragvajci oformili svoju reprezentaciju. Paragvajci su utakmicu zabilježili kao da su igrali s Bosnom i Hercegovinom (...) S druge strane Nogometni savez BiH ne priznaje taj susret i on uopće nije registriran na službenim web stranicama saveza u Sarajevu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Galerija slika, 24sata.hr

Hrvatski šport u Bosni i Hercegovini
Hrvatski nogomet u Bosni i Hercegovini
Športski savez Herceg-Bosne

Paragvaj – Herceg-Bosna, prijateljska utakmica (1996.)


Otra cosa es con guitarra es una película argentina dirigida por Antonio Ber Ciani sobre guion de César Tiempo que se estrenó el 15 de junio de 1949 y que tuvo como protagonistas a Roberto Quiroga, Francisco Charmiello, Mario Fortuna y Adriana Alcock.

Sinopsis
Una joven se enamora de un cantor y cuando éste desaparece, un sosías lo reemplaza.

Reparto

Comentario
La crítica de Noticias Gráficas  expresaba: "Un pretexto …para hacerle cantar varias canciones a Roberto Quiroga. Y para hacer desfilar…una serie de atracciones de carácter popular".

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Información sobre Otra cosa es con guitarra en el sitio del cine nacional

Películas musicales

Otra cosa es con guitarra (película)


Ploven - Indstilling og justering er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1977.

Handling
Om hvordan den trefurede plov kan bruges rigtigt og forkert.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1977

Ploven - Indstilling og justering


Januar
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 2. januar − Nat Adderley, amerikansk musiker (født 1931).
 2. januar − Patrick O'Brian, engelsk romanforfatter (født 1914).
 6. januar – Don Martin, amerikansk tegneserietegner (født 1931).
 8. januar – Jack Stokes, canadisk politiker (født 1923).
 9. januar − Poul Mejer, dansk fodboldspiller (født 1931).
 10. januar – Bent Hansen, dansk politiker, minister og redaktør (født 1931).
 10. januar − Dangoule Rasalaite, litauisk offer for sex (født 1983). − selvmord
 11. januar − Bent Albrectsen, dansk journalist (født 1930).
 13. januar – Eric Dodson, britisk skuespiller (født 1920).
 15. januar − Željko Ražnatović, serbisk militærleder (født 1952). − myrdet
 16. januar – Gene Harris, amerikansk pianist (født 1933).
 16. januar – John Pes, italiensk katolsk biskop (født 1916).
 18. januar – Svenn Eske Kristensen, dansk arkitekt og kgl. bygningsinspektør (født 1905).
 19. januar – Hedy Lamarr, østrigsk skuespillerinde (født 1914).
 19. januar – Bettino Craxi, italiensk premierminister (født 1934).
 19. januar − Frederick Herzberg, amerikansk psykolog (født 1923).
 22. januar – E. W. Swanton, britisk cricket kommentator (født 1907).
 23. januar – Nicholas Nagy-Talavera, ungarsk historiker (født 1929).
 24. januar – Helge Larsen, dansk politiker og undervisningsminister (født 1915).
 26. januar − Don Budge, amerikansk tennisspiller (født 1915).
 27. januar − Cal Strong, amerikansk vandpolospiller (født 1907).
 28. januar – Bertel Lauring, dansk skuespiller (født 1928).
 28. januar − Gad Rausing, svensk arkæolog (født 1922).
 31. januar − Bendt Jørgensen, dansk fodboldspiller og -træner (født 1924).
 31. januar − Jafar Salmasi, iransk vægtløfter (født 1918).

Februar
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 2. februar − Katty Tørnæs, dansk direktør og politiker (født 1948).
 3. februar − Preben Maaløe Jespersen, dansk officer (født 1912).
 3. februar − Pierre Plantard, fransk arkitekt (født 1920).
 4. februar – Lars Nordskov Nielsen, dansk professor og ombudsmand (født 1924).
 5. februar − Barbara Pentland, canadisk komponist (født 1912).
 6. februar − Gus Johnson, amerikansk jazztrommeslager (født 1913).
 7. februar − Big Pun, amerikansk rapper (født 1971).
 8. februar – Ion Gheorghe Maurer, rumænsk politiker (født 1902).
 11. februar – Roger Vadim, fransk filminstruktør (født 1928).
 11. februar − Vilhelm Wedell-Wedellsborg, dansk embedsmand (født 1908).
 12. februar – Charles M. Schulz, skaberen af tegneserien Radiserne (født 1922).
 12. februar − Screamin' Jay Hawkins, amerikansk musiker og skuespiller (født 1929).
 13. februar − Joseph Samson, dansk speditør (født 1907).
 14. februar − Robert Riis, dansk kreditforeningsdirektør (født 1922).
 18. februar − Harald Søbye, dansk præst (født 1908).
 19. februar − Friedensreich Hundertwasser, østrigsk kunstner (født 1928).
 19. februar − Marin Goleminov, bulgarsk musiker (født 1908).
 23. februar – Stanley Matthews, engelsk fodboldspiller (født 1915).
 23. februar − Poul Kops, dansk bokser (født 1915).
 29. februar − Fritz Michael Hartmann, dansk embedsmand (født 1909).
 29. februar − Karen Hoff, dansk kajakroer (født 1929).

Marts
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 1. marts – Jesper Høm, dansk filmfotograf og -instruktør (født 1931).
 2. marts – Sandra Schmirler, canadisk curling mester (født 1963) - cancer.
 3. marts − Jytte Rasmussen, dansk atlet (født 1943).
 7. marts – Kirsten Jessen, dansk skuespillerinde (født 1922).
 9. marts – Ivo Robic, kroatisk sanger (født 1923).
 11. marts – Carlo Alberto Galluzzi, italiensk politiker (født 1919).
 13. marts − Hans Neumann, tysk/dansk atlet og cand.mag. (født 1915).
 14. marts − Helmut Berthold, tysk håndboldspiller (født 1911).
 15. marts − Anders Nørgaard, dansk agent. − selvmord
 19. marts − Egon Jönsson, svensk fodboldspiller (født 1921).
 20. marts − Ādolfs Skulte, lettisk komponist og lærer (født 1909).
 20. marts − Vivian Fine, amerikansk komponist (født 1913).
 22. marts − Leif Grane, dansk professor (født 1928).
 23. marts – Antony Padiyara, indisk kardinal (født 1921).
 24. marts − Al Grey, amerikansk basunist (født 1925).
 27. marts – Ian Dury, britisk sanger (født 1942).
 29. marts – Anna Sokolow, amerikansk danser og koreograf (født 1910).
 30. marts – Richard Malmros, dansk læge (født 1905).
 30. marts − Rudolf Kirchschläger, østrigsk politiker (født 1915).

April
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 1. april – John De Murtas, italiensk politiker (født 1957).
 2. april – Ole Scherfig, dansk direktør (født 1930).
 4. april − Torben Hede Pedersen, dansk embedsmand (født 1937).
 6. april – Habib Bourguiba, tunesisk præsident (født 1903).
 8. april – Claire Trevor, amerikansk skuespiller (født 1910).
 10. april – Kirsten Rolffes, dansk skuespillerinde (født 1928).
 14. april − Wilf Mannion, engelsk fodboldspiller (født 1918).
 16. april − Knud Aage Frøbert, dansk journalist og jurist (født 1927).
 17. april – Victor Andreasen, dansk chefredaktør (født 1920).
 22. april – Cæsar, dansk protestsanger (født 1938).
 25. april – Niels Viggo Bentzon, dansk komponist (født 1919).
 26. april – Egon Weidekamp, dansk politiker (født 1921).
 28. april − Kim Borg, finsk/dansk musiker (født 1919).
 28. april − Penelope Fitzgerald, britisk forfatter (født 1916).
 29. april – Phạm Văn Đồng, vietnamesisk premierminister (født 1906).
 30. april – Poul Hartling, dansk politiker og statsminister (født 1914).

Maj
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 5. maj − Gino Bartali, italiensk cykelrytter (født 1914).
 8. maj − Hubert Maga, beninsk præsident (født 1916).
 11. maj − Andreas Stenz, dansk gårdejer (født 1911).
 12. maj − Erik Ole Olsen, dansk filmfotograf og -instruktør (født 1921).
 14. maj – Keizō Obuchi, japansk premierminister (født 1937).
 16. maj – Anna Ladegaard, dansk forfatter (født 1913).
 17. maj − Ellis Kohs, amerikansk komponist (født 1916).
 19. maj – Jevgenij Khrunov, russisk kosmonaut (født 1933).
 20. maj – Jean-Pierre Rampal, fransk fløjtenist (født 1922).
 21. maj – John Gielgud, britisk skuespiller (født 1904).
 21. maj – Barbara Cartland, engelsk forfatter (født 1901).
 21. maj − Mogens Køie, dansk økolog (født 1911).
 21. maj − Erich Mielke, tysk kommunist og politiker (født 1907).
 21. maj − Dulcie Holland, australsk musiker og lærer (født 1913).
 23. maj − Aksel Bender Madsen, dansk møbelarkitekt (født 1916).
 23. maj − Olav Lian, norsk skiløber (født 1906).
 27. maj − Inga Abel, tysk skuespiller (født 1946).
 28. maj − Preben Hansen, dansk maler (født 1925).
 31. maj − W.E. von Eyben, dansk jurist (født 1912).
 31. maj − Rodolfo Pini, uruguayansk fodboldspiller (født 1926).

Juni
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 3. juni − Merton Miller, amerikansk økonom (født 1923).
 9. juni – Ernst Jandl, østrigsk forfatter og oversætter (født 1925).
 10. juni – Hafez al-Assad, syrisk præsident (født 1930).
 11. juni − Orla Hyllested, dansk politiker (født 1912).
 14. juni − Preben Wölck, dansk billedkunstner (født 1925).
 16. juni – Poul Dam, dansk højskoleforstander, politiker og forfatter (født 1921).
 19. juni – Noboru Takeshita, japansk politiker (født 1924).
 21. juni − Alan Hovhaness, amerikansk komponist (født 1911).
 22. juni – Vera Myhre, dansk grafiker og maler (født 1920).
 23. juni − Jerome Richardson, amerikansk musiker (født 1920).
 25. juni – Erling Ladewig Petersen, dansk historiker (født 1929).
 28. juni – Johannes L. Madsen, dansk digter (født 1942).
 28. juni – Nils Poppe, svensk skuespiller og komiker (født 1908).
 29. juni – Vittorio Gassman, amerikansk skuespiller (født 1922).
 30. juni − Winstrup Olesen, dansk musiker (født 1907).

Juli
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 1. juli – Walter Matthau, amerikansk skuespiller (født 1920).
 2. juli − Arnulf Abele, tysk major (født 1914).
 6. juli − Miervaldis Birze, lettisk forfatter og læge (født 1921).
 15. juli − Kalle Svensson, svensk fodboldspiller (født 1925).
 15. juli − Paul Young, engelsk sanger (født 1947).
 22. juli – Claude Sautet, fransk filminstruktør og manuskriptforfatter (født 1924).
 28. juli − Abraham Pais, hollandsk/amerikansk fysiker (født 1918).
 30. juli – Vagn Madsen, dansk økonom (født 1917).
 31. juli − Lars Jansson, finsk forfatter (født 1926).

August
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 5. august – Alec Guinness, britisk skuespiller (født 1914).
 8. august − Louis Nucéra, fransk manuskriptforfatter (født 1928).
 11. august − Asta Bang, italiensk/dansk forfatter og redaktør (født 1903).
 11. august − Jean Papineau-Couture, canadisk komponist og akademiker (født 1916).
 12. august − Loretta Young, amerikansk skuespillerinde (født 1913).
 15. august − Edward Craven Walker, britisk pilot og opfinder af Lavalampen (født 1918).
 21. august – Nina Kalckar, dansk skuespillerinde (født 1907).
 25. august – Carl Barks, amerikansk tegneserietegner (Anders And) (født 1901).
 25. august − Frederick C. Bock, amerikansk pilot (født 1918).
 31. august − Dan Fog, dansk musikantikvar (født 1919).

September
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 5. september – Palle Nielsen, dansk grafiker (født 1920).
 6. september − Roger Verey, polsk roer (født 1912).
 7. september – Eigil Nielsen, dansk fodboldspiller og grundlægger (født 1918).
 8. september – Otto K. Lind, dansk general og forsvarschef (født 1920).
 17. september − Alexandra Valerjevna Petrov, russisk model (født 1980). − myrdet
 20. september – German Titov, sovjetisk kosmonaut (født 1935).
 22. september − Yehuda Amichai, israelsk digter (født 1924).
 24. september − Basil Bernstein, britisk sociolog (født 1924).
 25. september – R.S. Thomas, walisisk digter (født 1913).
 25. september − Edy Schmid, schweizisk håndboldspiller (født 1911).
 28. september – Pierre Trudeau, canadisk premierminister (født 1919).
 30. september − Mario Valota, schweizisk fægter (født 1918).

Oktober
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 2. oktober – Lean Nielsen, dansk digter (født 1935).
 2. oktober – Ole Christensen, dansk billedhugger (født 1932).
 4. oktober – Erling Jensen, dansk politiker (født 1919).
 8. oktober - Frank Fog Nielsen, far.
 10. oktober − Ferenc Farkas, ungarsk komponist (født 1905).
 16. oktober – Folmer Wisti, dansk direktør, lektor og filolog (født 1908).
 16. oktober − Tom Lund, dansk håndboldspiller (født 1944).
 23. oktober − Rodney Anoai, polynesisk wrestler (født 1966).
 27. oktober − Orla Nørberg, dansk officer (født 1903).
 30. oktober – Steve Allen, amerikansk komiker (født 1921).
 30. oktober − Poul "Rassi" Rasmussen, dansk fodboldspiller (født 1925).

November
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 1. november − Gustaf Wingren, svensk professor (født 1910).
 1. november − Steven Runciman, britisk historiker (født 1903).
 1. november − George Armstrong, engelsk fodboldspiller (født 1944).
 2. november − Simeon Simeonov, bulgarsk fodboldspiller (født 1946).
 4. november − Vernel Fournier, amerikansk jazztrommeslager (født 1928).
 7. november – Ingrid, dansk dronning (født 1910).
 10. november – Jacques Chaban-Delmas, fransk politiker og premierminister (født 1915).
 11. november − Chi-yun Eskelund, kinesisk/dansk forfatter (født 1918).
 15. november – Jens Jørgen Thorsen, dansk multikunstner (født 1932).
 19. november − Jan Jesper Tvede, dansk dokumentarfilminstruktør (født 1920).
 22. november – Emil Zátopek, tjekkisk løber (født 1922).
 24. november − Erik F. Qvist, dansk ingeniør (født 1921).
 30. november − Poul Astrup, dansk kemiker (født 1915).

December
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"

 1. december − Kurt Brauer, dansk typograf (født 1937).
 1. december − Erik Simonsen, dansk atlet (født 1915).
 12. december – Knud W. Jensen, dansk museumsdirektør (født 1916).
 13. december − Erhard Krack, østtysk politiker (født 1931).
 14. december − Uldis Pūcītis, lettisk skuespiller og filminstruktør (født 1937).
 19. december − John Lindsay, amerikansk politiker og tv-vært (født 1921).
 19. december − Milt Hinton, amerikansk jazzbassist (født 1910).
 23. december – Victor Borge, dansk-amerikansk komiker og pianist (født 1909).
 23. december – Aage Haugland, kgl. dansk operasanger (født 1944).
 25. december − Willard van Orman Quine, amerikansk filosof (født 1908).
 26. december – Jason Robards, amerikansk skuespiller (født 1922).
 28. december − Jacques Laurent, fransk forfatter (født 1919).
 30. december – Julius J. Epstein, amerikansk manuskriptforfatter (født 1909).
 31. december − Kenneth Pike, amerikansk antropolog (født 1912).

Referencer

Døde i 2000


Taynikma - Legenden om Rax er en animationsfilm, der bygger på Taynikma-universet. Filmen er instrueret af Jan Kjær efter manuskript af Merlin P. Mann.

Handling
Rax tror, han hører til i den mægtige bjergklan, men klanen beskylder ham for at være tyv og jager ham på porten. Hjemløs og på flugt bliver Rax tilbudt at komme med i den lokale tyvebande. Nu må Rax vælge, hvad der er vigtigst: At være tro mod sig selv eller være en del af et fællesskab. "Tyv eller gadeunge ... Du vælger selv!"

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011
Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Taynikma - Legenden om Rax


The 1927 Quebec general election was held on May 16, 1927, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Arthur Sauvé.

It was the second general election victory in a row for Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, who had held office since 1920.

Results
Twelve Liberal MLAs were returned by acclamation, including one on the Island of Montreal. Taschereau himself was acclaimed in Montmorency, because of the alleged technical rejection of the Conservative candidate Lucien Drolet's nomination papers. Drolet would later sue the returning officer over this.

The Liberals won back six of the Montreal seats they had lost in 1923. There was a controversy in Montréal–Saint-Louis, where the Conservative candidate Louis Fitch claimed that he had been subject to false arrest on Election Day.

Polling was deferred to May 23 in Gaspé. This was because weather conditions caused the closure of many roads in the area.

|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party
! rowspan=2 | Party leader
! colspan=4 | MPPs
! colspan=4 | Votes
|-
! Candidates
!1923
!1927
!±
!#
! ±
!%
! ± (pp)
|-
|rowspan="3" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Government candidates
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|Louis-Alexandre Taschereau
|85
|64
|74
|10
|188,687
|38,957
|59.34
|7.82
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|1,365
|
|0.43
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Opposition candidates
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|Arthur Sauvé
|67
|20
|9
|11
|109,105
|92,295
|34.31
|5.01
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|–
|1
|–
|1
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|Did not campaign
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|2,685
|2,246
|0.84
|0.86
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|1
|1
|4,432
|1,993
|1.39
|0.55
|-
|rowspan="3" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|7
|–
|1
|1
|9,345
|3,759
|2.94
|1.02
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|2,342
|1,417
|0.74
|0.42
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
| 167
! " colspan="3"| 85
! " colspan="2"| 317,961
! " colspan="2"| 100%
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
| 2,843
| 965
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
| 320,804
| 26,347
| 62.91
| 0.89
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors (contested ridings only)
| 509,935
| 35,141
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" | Candidates returned by acclamation
| 12
| 4
| colspan="4"|
|}

See also
 List of Quebec premiers
 Politics of Quebec
 Timeline of Quebec history
 List of Quebec political parties
 17th Legislative Assembly of Quebec

Further reading

References

Quebec general election
Elections in Quebec
General election
Quebec general election

1927 Quebec general election


Karpuzlu Çayı: Karpuzlu ilçesi sınırları içinden geçerek Büyük Menderes nehrine kavuşan bir akarsu.

Türkiye'deki çaylar
Büyük Menderes Nehri
Aydın ilinde bulunan akarsular
Çay

Karpuzlu Çayı


تيتان (ميثولوجيا) هي أحد مرادفات مصطلح الجبابرة.
 جبابرة (قرية) هي أحد القرى شمال المغرب، بإقليم تاونات.

جبابرة (توضيح)


Mianne Bagger (born 25 December 1966) is a professional golfer from Denmark. In 2004, by playing in the Women's Australian Open, she became the first openly transitioned woman to play in a professional golf tournament. She also became the first trans woman to qualify for the Ladies European Tour in 2004, and the first high-profile transitioned woman to qualify for a professional sports tour since Renee Richards joined the Women's Tennis Association tour during the 1970s.

She has been instrumental in gaining eligibility for transitioned women to compete on professional golf tours. Through her efforts, many professional golf organizations have amended their practices, but the policies generally still constrict rules of gender variance, and view atypically gendered women as something other than women. Bagger has sought to remove gender policies, specifically female-at-birth, as more problematic than helpful, and encourage sports organizations to see "a fuller understanding and acceptance of gender variance and human diversity."

Early life and amateur career
Bagger was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 25 December 1966. She took up golf at the age of eight. At the age of 14, she was pictured with golfer Greg Norman during a golf clinic. Bagger moved with her family to Australia in 1979. In 1992 she started hormone replacement therapy, and in 1995 had sex reassignment surgery. In 1998 she returned to competitive golf as an amateur in Australia. She was open about her life and played in various amateur events around Adelaide and was invited to join the women's South Australian State Squad. After winning the 1999 South Australian State Amateur the media attention increased.

Bagger played for the state team of South Australia (1999–2002) achieving a national top-ten rank for amateur women. She described facing suspicion from various players concerned about physiological unfairness: "they would still just say that if I happen to do well or win a tournament, that it was because of an unfair advantage." She had researched the issues herself and, also through personal experience, believed that concerns were unfounded. All organizations that prevented her from competing had never actually done any research but had merely adopted a blanket ruling without question. Bagger answered that many people are not aware of physiological aspects of gender variant conditions and the issues related to transitioning. Bagger again won the South Australian Amateur in 2001 and 2002.

Bagger felt she had taken her amateur career as far as it could go and was looking to turn professional. She found that rules would prevent her from competing professionally in Australia and "on most golf tours around the world." While still an amateur, she was offered the chance to play in the 2004 Women's Australian Open. This led to a front-page story in Sydney, which prompted Bagger to hold a news conference the day before the tournament to answer questions and present information on transitioned and transgender people.

Professional career and campaigning for trans rights
After becoming the 6th best player in Australia in 2003, she turned a professional golfer.

 In 2004 she played the Swedish Telia Tour and finished twice in the top 10.
 In 2005 she played her first tournament on the Ladies European Tour. She finished in the 35th place
 In 2006 she finished on the 91st place
In 2007 she finished as 54th

Her coach is Australian Andrew Mowatt at the Royal Fremantle Golf Club in Perth.

At Bagger's first tournament as a professional, Laura Davies and Rachel Teske were among players who were happy to allow Bagger to compete. Bagger caused a media stir in 2004 when she played the Australia Women's Open and had intentions also of joining the Australian Ladies Professional Golf Tour (ALPG Tour). At a tournament in the United States, she met Ty Votaw, the commissioner of the LPGA Tour, who was later questioned about their policies stating "right now, our rule is that they have to be born women." Bagger notes that "they obviously don't consider that I meet that condition." Votaw left the possibility open for that rule to change in the future.

The 2004 ruling by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) regarding transitioned athletes led to a re-examination of rules in many sports. The IOC 2004 Stockholm Consensus, which researchers have criticized as "a measure that polices the traditional gender binary while being disguised as a progressive and inclusive measure," spells out specific requirements for a transitioned athlete. Bagger notes that the USGA policy requires "a signed waiver by the entrant giving complete and unrestricted access to one's medical records and pre-operative and post-operative psychiatric records" – requirements that are unheard of for other competitors.

In September 2004, after continued lobbying by Bagger, the Ladies European Tour voted on amending their membership entry criteria, allowing Bagger to compete on tour. Later that year, the ALPG also voted in favour of changing their constitution to remove the 'female at birth' clause, thus making Bagger eligible to join the ALPG Tour in Australia. On 9 February 2005, the Ladies Golf Union also announced a policy change allowing Bagger to compete in the Women's British Open. On 21 March 2005, the United States Golf Association announced it adopted a new 'gender policy' that allows transitioned athletes to compete in USGA golf championships, including the upcoming U.S. Women's Open. In 2010, the LPGA amended their bylaws and removed the "female at birth" entry condition. Although the various policy changes have enabled transitioned athletes to compete, the policies remain under review. Bagger, along with a few high-profile athletes and a growing number of medical professionals and researchers around the world, continue to lobby the IOC, IAAF, WADA et al. in their approach to embracing transitioned athletes. Bagger also shares that many of these decisions are made by popular vote of members, often professionals in their sport, who are not doctors or medical professionals, and have no relevant medical training.

Amateur wins
1999 South Australian Ladies Amateur
2000 South Australian Business Women's Championship
2001 South Australian Ladies Amateur, South Australian 72 Hole Strokeplay Championship (Rene Erichsen Trophy)
2002 South Australian Ladies Amateur

See also
 Transgender people in sports
 Sex verification in sports

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Australian female golfers
Danish female golfers
Ladies European Tour golfers
ALPG Tour golfers
Sex verification in sports
LGBT golfers
Australian LGBT sportspeople
Danish LGBT sportspeople
Transgender sportswomen
Australian transgender people
Danish transgender people
Australian people of Danish descent
Sportspeople from Copenhagen
1966 births
Living people

Mianne Bagger


Anoura fistulata es una especie de murciélago filostómido endémico de Ecuador Y Bolivia.      Fue descrito en el año 2005.

Descripción
Tiene una longitud total de unos 6 cm y un peso de unos 12 g; tiene un hocico corto, la cola mide 5 mm de longitud y su uropatagio tiene forma de V invertida. Su nombre específico, fistulata tiene su origen en la palabra latina fistŭla, que significa tubo o canal, debido al labio inferior de este murciélago que se extiende 3,3-4,8 mm más allá del labio superior y está enrollado en forma de tubo. La función exacta de su labio en forma de tubo es desconocida. Su lengua es el doble de larga que la de otras especies del género Anoura y, con 8 cm de longitud (el 150% de la longitud total de su cuerpo), este murciélago tiene la lengua más larga en relación con su tamaño corporal de todos los mamíferos.

Por evolución convergente, esta especie, los pangolines y el oso hormiguero gigante (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), tienen lenguas separadas de su hueso hioides y se extienden a través de la faringe profundamente en el tórax; esta extensión está entre el esternón y la tráquea.

Alimentación
Se alimenta fundamentalmente de néctar y polen de varias plantas, y complementa su dieta con insectos. La extraordinaria longitud se su lengua podría haber coevolucionado con las largas flores que poliniza, en especial con Centropogon nigricans.

Distribución
Su área de distribución se restringe a los Andes ecuatorianos, y habita en bosques nubosos montanos a una altitud de 1300-1890 m en las laderas orientales y de 2000-2275 m en las occidentales.

Véase también
 Anoura geoffroyi
 Anoura caudifer

Referencias

Murciélagos de Ecuador
fistulata

Anoura fistulata


Comitetul Național Cehoslovac (în , NVČ) a fost un organ al politicii cehoslovace, fondat la 13 iulie 1918 în Casa Municipală din Praga în timpul Primului Război Mondial. A nu se confunda cu Consiliul Național Cehoslovac (Československá národní rada) fondat în 1916 la Paris, rue Bonaparte no. 18.

Din momentul fondării sale, Comitetul Național Cehoslovac a fost principalul exponent al opoziției ceho-slovace în cadrul Austro-Ungariei. Comitetul era expresia convingerii că negocierile cu guvernul cezaro-crăiesc nu mai constituiau o perspectivă. Scopul organizației era pregătirea independenței față de Austro-Ungaria și realizarea primelor legi constituționale. Reprezentanții comitetului, mai târziu numiți bărbații de la 28 octombrie, au proclamat în Praga independența noului stat Cehoslovacia la 28 octombrie 1918 și au publicat primele legi. În aceeași zi au fost primiți în Comitetul Național Cehoslovac patru reprezentanți slovaci.

În 14 noiembrie 1918, din Comitetul Național Cehoslovac s-a plămădit Adunarea națională revoluționară a Republicii Cehoslovace (Revoluční národní shromáždění Československé republiky). Aceasta a transferat puterea executivă primului guvern condus de Karel Kramář.

Surse
 www.vlada.cz/assets/... Období první republiky 1918 - 1938 (Perioada primei republici 1918 - 1938) (PDF; 98 kB) Material publicat pe saitul guvernului Republicii Cehe.

Politica Cehoslovaciei
Organizații din Cehoslovacia
Comitete

Comitetul Național Cehoslovac


Le lac de la Sagamité est un lac situé dans le quartier de Notre-Dame-des-Laurentides, dans l'arrondissement de Charlesbourg, à Québec.

Toponymie

Le nom du lac fait référence à la sagamité, un mets de base autochtone. Il apparaît en 1878 sur la carte Atlas of the City and the Country of Quebec de W. H. Hopkins. Il est ensuite renommé « lac Fortier » avant de reprendre son nom initial en 2001. Le toponyme est officialisé le 25 janvier 2001 par la Commission de toponymie du Québec.

Géographie

Le lac inclut dans sa portion nord une tourbière minérotrophe. On y trouve des herbacées et des mousses. La canneberge, le mélèze laricin et le rhododendron du Canada sont présents. Le lac est alimenté principalement par le ruisseau Dugas. Il est voisin et relié au lac Clément, situé en amont et duquel il est séparé par l'autoroute 73. 94,1% de son alimentation provient du ruissellement dans son bassin versant contre 5,9% par précipitations directes.

Histoire

À l'automne 2009, onze remorques de détritus sont retirés des abords du lac. Jusqu'en 2022, le lac fait partie d'une propriété privée (le « Domaine de la Sagamité »). Son propriétaire reçoit une subvention gouvernementale en 2010 afin de développer un projet récréotouristique. En mars 2022, la Ville de Québec en fait l'acquisition avec Canards illimités pour 2,3 millions $. Des activités d'interprétation et d'observation de la nature sont envisagés.

Notes et références

Lac dans la Capitale-Nationale

Lac de la Sagamité


Moleque Tião é um filme brasileiro de drama de 1943,  dirigido por José Carlos Burle e escrito por ele e Alinor Azevedo. Foi o primeiro filme em que Grande Otelo foi protagonista, e o primeiro dirigido por José Carlos Burle. Até onde se sabe não existe nenhuma cópia do filme, sendo considerado um filme perdido. No youtube é possível encontrar uma gravação dos bastidores do filme onde aparece Grande Otelo, Lurdinha Bittencourt e Custódio Mesquita.

Moleque Tião marcou a estreia da Atlântida Cinematográfica, sendo o primeiro filme distribuído comercialmente pela companhia. O lançamento ocorreu no Cinema Vitória, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

O original do filme foi destruído no incêndio ocorrido na Atlântida, em 1952.

Elenco

Ligações externas

Filmes do Brasil de 1943
Filmes de drama do Brasil
Filmes em língua portuguesa
Filmes de drama da década de 1940
Filmes dirigidos por José Carlos Burle

Moleque Tião


La porte Saint-Jacques est une porte de ville de Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France.

Description
La porte Saint-Jacques est la plus orientale des cinq portes de l'enceinte de Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. Il s'agit d'un édifice en grès, en arc en plein cintre.

La porte débouche sur la rue de la Citadelle.

Historique
Les remparts de la ville haute de Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port datent des , et les cinq portes de la ville sont ouvertes à cette époque. La porte Saint-Jacques est la seule des cinq qui est retouchée, en même temps que d'autres parties de l'enceinte, sous Vauban en 1685.

La porte Saint-Jacques est l'entrée historique des pèlerins du chemin de Compostelle dans la ville. Ils poursuivaient leur chemin en suivant les rues de la Citadelle et d'Espagne jusqu'au pont enjambant la Nive.

Protection
La porte Saint-Jacques est classée au titre des monuments historiques, en même temps que l'ensemble des remparts, le . Elle est également inscrite au patrimoine mondial en 1998 comme élément des chemins de Compostelle en France.

Références

Annexes
 Chemins de Compostelle en France

Saint-Jacques
Monument historique dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Monument historique classé en 1986
Patrimoine jacquaire en France
Patrimoine mondial dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Porte Saint-Jacques (Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port)


An Neoglaziovia concolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Henry Wright. An Neoglaziovia concolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neoglaziovia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Neoglaziovia

Neoglaziovia concolor


සීගිරිය ප්‍රාග් ඵෙතිහාසික යුගය තුළ ද ජනාවාස වී තිබෙන්නට ඇත. සැදැහැවතුන් විසින් සකස් කිරීමෙන් පසු බෞද්ධ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේ උදෙසා පූජා කරන ලද ගල් ලෙන් සහිත එම ලෙන් ආරාම ක්‍රි.පූ 5 වැනි සියවසේ සිට පරිහරණය කර තිබේ. උද්‍යානයන් සහ මාළිගය තැනවූයේ කාශ්‍යප රජු විසිනි. කාශ්‍යපයන්ගේ මරණයෙන් පසු 14 වැනි සියවස දක්වා ඵය ආරාම සංකීර්ණයක් ලෙස පැවතුන අතර ඉන් පසු පාළුවට ගියේය. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික ගවේෂකයෙකු වූ ජෝන් ස්ටිල් නැමැත්තා මෙහි නටබුන් අනාවරණය කළේ ය. සීගිරියෙහි වූ කුරුටු ගී පුරාවිද්‍යාඥ සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන  මහතා විසින් කියවූ පසුව   කාණ්ඩ 2 ක් ලෙස ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ආයතනය විසින් 'සීගිරි කුරුටු ගී' නමින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. පරණවිතාන විසින්ම (Story of Sigiriya) සීගීරියේ කතාන්දරය නැමැති කෘතියද කරන ලද්දේ ය.

සිගීරියේ මූලාරම්භය පිළිබඳ පුරා කථා

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පුරාණ ඵෙතිහාසික වංශ කතාවක් වූ මහා වංශ‍යෙහි කාශ්‍යප විස්තර වන්නේ ධාතුසේන රජුගේ පුත්‍රයා වශයෙනි. කාශ්‍යප  තම පියා ධාතුසේන රජු පණ පිටින් බිත්තියකට බැඳ ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත් කොට තම සහෝදරයා වූ මොග්ගල්ලානට උරුමව තිබූ රජකම පැහැර ගත්තේ ය. මොග්ගල්ලාන යනු රජුගේ අග බිසවගේ පුත්‍රයා ය. මොග්ගල්ලාන ඉන්දියාවට පලා ගියේ තම සහෝදරයා වූ කාශ්‍යප විසින් ඝාතනය කරනු ලැබේය යන බියෙනි. ඵහෙත් කාශ්‍යපගෙන් පලි ගන්නා බවට ඔහු ශපත කළේ ය. ඔහු ආපසු ලංකාවට පැමිණ තමනට උරුම රාජ්‍යය ලබා ගන්නෙමැයි අදහසින් ඉන්දියාවේ සිට සේනා සංවිධානය කළේ ය.

මොග්ගල්ලානගේ ආපසු පැමිණීම නියත වශයෙන්ම සිදු වන බව සිතූ කාශ්‍යප සීගිරිය බලකොටුවක් වශයෙන් තෝරා ගෙන ඵහි මතුයෙහි මාළිගාවක් ද ඉදි කළේය. මොග්ගල්ලාන ආපසු පැමිණ යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. යුද්ධය කෙරීගෙන යන අතරතුරේ දී කාශ්‍යපගේ හමුදාව ඔහු තනි කළේ ය. කාශ්‍යප තම කඩුව මත ඇද වැටී සිය දිවි හානි කර ගත්තේ ය. පුරාවෘත්තවල සහ  ජනප්‍රවාදවල සඳහන් වන අන්දමට ඵ් පුවත මෙසේය "කාශ්‍යප තම යුද හස්තියා සටන් කිරීමට සුදුසු ස්ථානයක් සොයා වෙනත් තැනකට මෙහෙය වූ විට ඔහුගේ හමුදාව ඵය වරදවා තේරුම් ගත්තේ කාශ්‍යප පැරදී පසු බසින ලෙසිනි" ඉන් පසු ඔහුගේ හමුදාව කාශ්‍යප සම්පූර්ණයෙන් ම තනි කොට පලා ගියහ. මොග්ගල්ලාන තම අගනුවර ලෙස අනුරාධපුරය තෝරා ගත්තේ ය. සීගිරිය ආරාම සංකීර්ණයක් බවට පත් විය.

වෙනත් කතාන්දරවලින් කියවෙන්නේ සීගිරියේ මුල් නිමැවුම්කරු ධාතුසේන රජු බවත් තම පිය රජු සිහිවීම පිණිස කාශ්‍යප එහි වැඩ කටයුතු නිම කළ බවත් ය. කාශ්‍යප රජු  විනෝදකාමියෙකු මෙන්ම සීගිරිය විනෝද මාළිගාවක් ලෙස ඉදි වූ බවත් වෙනත් කතාන්දරයකින් කියවෙයි. කාශ්‍යපගේ අවසාන ඉරණම පිළිබඳව තිබෙන තොරතුරු අස්ථීර ය. සමහර ප්‍රවාදවල කියවෙන්නේ කාශ්‍යපගේ අනියම් බිරියක විසින් වස දීමෙන් ඔහු ඝාතනය වූ බවයි. ඔහුගේ අවසාන සටනේදී ඔහුගේ හමුදාව විසින් තනි කිරීම නිසා තම අසිපතින් ගෙල සිඳ ගෙන කාශ්‍යප දිවි තොර කර ගත් බව තවත් කතන්දරයකින් කියැවේ. සීගිරිය නිර්මාණය බෞද්ධ ප්‍රජාවගේ කාර්යයක් වූ බවත් ඊට හමුදා සහභාගිත්වයක් කිසිසේත් නො වුණු බවත් තවදුරටත් විස්තර කරන අර්ථකථනයන් ද තිබේ. පුරාණ ලංකාවේ මහායාන හා ථෙරවාද දෙපාර්ශවය අතර පැවති තරඟයේදී සීගිරි පරිශ්‍රය වැදගත් ස්ථානයක් ඉසිලූ බව ද කියැවේ.මේ

පිහිටීම

සීගිරිය පිහිටා තිබෙන්නේ (උ. 7.5700) (නැ.80) මධ්‍යම පළාතේ මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුළයි.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya#History

සීගිරිය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ලෝක උරුම අඩවි

සීගිරියේ ඉතිහාසය


An Microchloa kunthii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicaise Auguste Desvaux. An Microchloa kunthii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Microchloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Microchloa

Microchloa kunthii


Gennaro Kardinal Portanova (* 11. Oktober 1845 in Neapel; † 25. April 1908 in Reggio Calabria) war Bischof mehrerer Bistümer und Kardinal der römisch-katholischen Kirche.

Leben
Der Sohn von Camillo Portanova und Angela Califano, der das Sakrament der Firmung im Jahre 1855 empfing, besuchte eine Jesuitenschule. Durch den Erzbischof von Neapel, Sisto Kardinal Riario Sforza, empfing er am 22. Mai 1869 die Priesterweihe. Er war Professor für Mathematik, Physik und Philosophie in einer Reihe von neapolitanischen Instituten. In den Jahren 1877 bis 1883 war er Professor für Theologie am Priesterseminar in Neapel.

Papst Pius IX. ernannte ihn am 9. August 1883 zum Titularbischof von Rhosus und Koadjutorbischof von Ischia mit dem Recht der Nachfolge. Der Sekretär der Kongregation für die heilige römische und universielle Inquisition und Erzpriester der Lateranbasilika, Raffaele Kardinal Monaco La Valletta, spendete ihm am 12. August desselben Jahres in der Kirche Santissimo Redentore a Villa Caserta in Rom die Bischofsweihe, Mitkonsekratoren waren Camillo Santori, Heiligster Auditor, und Placido Maria Schiaffino OSBOliv, Präsident der Päpstlichen Diplomatenakademie. Nach dem Tod Francesco di Nicolas folgte er ihm am 11. Februar 1885 als Bischof von Ischia nach.

Am 16. März 1888 wurde er zum Erzbischof von Reggio Calabria ernannt. Das Bistum Bova leitete er von 1889 bis 1895 als Apostolischer Administrator. Als Diözesanadministrator leitete er das Bistum Oppido Mamertina von 1898 bis 1899. Er war auch Protektor der Töchter der Unbefleckten Jungfrau Maria von Reggio Calabria, die von Brigida Maria Postorino in Catona gegründet wurden.

Leo XIII. nahm ihn am 18. Juni 1899 als Kardinalpriester in das Kardinalskollegium auf und er erhielt am 22. Juni des gleichen Jahres die Titelkirche San Clemente. Er nahm am Konklave 1903, das Papst Pius X. wählte, teil.

Nachdem er am 25. April 1908 um 6 Uhr morgens gestorben war, wurde sein Leichnam in der Kathedrale von Reggio Calabria aufgebahrt und auf dem städtischen Friedhof von Reggio Calabrias beigesetzt. Später wurden seine sterblichen Überreste in die Kathedrale von Reggio Calabria überführt.

Weblinks

 New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious (englisch)

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Titularbischof
Kardinal (20. Jahrhundert)
Kardinal (19. Jahrhundert)
Person (Reggio Calabria)
Koadjutorbischof
Apostolischer Administrator
Diözesanadministrator
Italiener
Geboren 1845
Gestorben 1908
Mann
Person (Ischia, Kampanien)
Person (Religion, Kampanien)
Person des Christentums (Italien)
Christentum (Kampanien)

Gennaro Portanova


Der Tagebau Profen ist ein Braunkohletagebau rund neun Kilometer nordöstlich von Zeitz und drei Kilometer westlich von Pegau. Etwa 75 Prozent der beanspruchten Flächen liegen im Burgenlandkreis in Sachsen-Anhalt und 25 Prozent im Landkreis Leipzig in Sachsen. Der Aufschluss des Tagebaus begann im Jahr 1941 in der Nähe von Profen. Der heutige Betreiber ist die im Jahr 1994 privatisierte Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlengesellschaft mbH (MIBRAG), seit 2012 ein Tochterunternehmen der EP Energy a.s.

Derzeitiger Betrieb
Der Tagebau erstreckt sich heute über drei Abbaufelder: Profen-Süd, Schwerzau und Domsen. Es handelt sich um einen kombinierten Band-LKW-Tagebau, in dem drei Kohleflöze abgebaut werden. Die geförderte Kohle entstand vor 45 bis 20 Millionen Jahren. Zur Freilegung des Hauptflözes muss neben dem Abraum eine fünf bis zehn Meter starke Quarziteinlagerung beseitigt werden. Der Abtransport des Abraums erfolgt über ein Drei-Schnitt-Förderband. Das metamorphe Gestein wird durch Sprengung aufgelockert und mittels Hydraulikbagger sowie Frontschaufellader auf Schwerlastkipper (85 t Nutzlast) verladen. Der zwischen dem Ober- und Unterflöz anstehende Mittelabraum gelangt über Förderbänder zum Absetzer. Die Abraummassen werden seit dem Jahr 1999 auf einer Halde innerhalb des Tagebaus verkippt.

Pro Jahr fallen 20 bis 26 Millionen Kubikmeter Abraum an. Dem steht eine jährliche Kohleförderung von etwa 7,5 Millionen Tonnen gegenüber. Als Großgeräte sind verschiedene Eimerkettenbagger, Absetzer, Schaufelradbagger und Rückladegeräte im Einsatz. Die Förderbänder haben eine Gesamtlänge von 36 km. Das Fassungsvermögen des Kohlemisch- und Stapelplatzes (KMS) beträgt 400.000 Tonnen. Hier wird die Rohbraunkohle zerkleinert, gemischt und zwischengelagert. Der Weitertransport der Braunkohle zur Wärmeerzeugung, elektrischen Energieerzeugung und Veredlung erfolgt per Bahn und LKW.

Für den Tagebaubetrieb ist eine ständige Wasserhebung notwendig. Abgepumpt werden pro Minute bis zu 120 Kubikmeter Grubenwasser, das seit dem Jahr 2017 über eine Wasserreinigungsanlage am Rande des Tagebaus behandelt und in die Weiße Elster geleitet wird. Gegenwärtiger Hauptabnehmer der Braunkohle aus dem Tagebau Profen ist nach Angaben des Betreibers das Kraftwerk Schkopau in Sachsen-Anhalt. Dieses Braunkohlekraftwerk liefert Strom und Prozesswärme an verschiedene mitteldeutsche Standorte der Dow Olefinverbund GmbH sowie in das öffentliche Stromnetz und in das Netz der Deutschen Bahn.

Auch das von der MIBRAG beziehungsweise ihrer alleinigen Gesellschafterin EP Energy betriebene Industriekraftwerk Wählitz ist an das Werkbahnnetz des Tagebaus Profen angeschlossen und wird täglich mit zwei Zügen Rohbraunkohle beliefert. Ein weiterer Hauptabnehmer war das Kraftwerk Deuben, das nach zahlreichen Protesten und Störfällen am 7. Dezember 2021 vom Netz genommen wurde.

Aussagen von Umweltaktivisten und Mitgliedern des deutschen Bundestages zufolge, beliefert die MIBRAG mit Braunkohle aus dem Tagebau Profen seit dem Jahr 2012, offiziell nach unternehmenseigenen Angaben seit 2014, die Braunkohlekraftwerke in Komořany u Mostu und Opatovice nad Labem in Tschechien, wo der Betrieb von Braunkohletagebauen im Jahr 2022 vollständig eingestellt werden soll und schon seit 2012 unfreiwillige bergbauliche Grundabtretungen nicht mehr zulässig sind.

Geschichte

Verbunden mit der Industrialisierung stieg in Mitteldeutschland gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts die Nachfrage nach heimischer Kohle für den Hausbrand, vor allem aber für die wachsende Anzahl von Fabriken stark an. Verkehrsgünstig an der Bahnstrecke Leipzig-Zeitz gelegen, eröffnete in rund vier Kilometer Entfernung vom Haltepunkt Profen die Waldauer Braunkohlen-Industrie AG im Jahr 1908 die Tiefbaugrube Bunge-Nebe bei Queisau. Zwei Jahre später baute das Unternehmen eine Brikettfabrik in Profen mit sechs Umformpressen und einer Nasspresssteinanlage. Die Fabrik wurde zunächst über eine Drahtseilbahn mit Rohbraunkohle aus der Grube Bunge-Nebe beliefert. Noch zu DDR-Zeiten trugen die Briketts aus Profen die Prägung Waldau. Damit war ersichtlich, dass die installierten Pressen von 1910 unverändert viele Jahrzehnte in Betrieb blieben.

Die Waldauer Braunkohlen-Industrie AG wurde 1911 von der Werschen-Weißenfelser Braunkohlen AG übernommen, die sich 1924 mit der Aktiengesellschaft der Anhaltischen Kohlenwerke (AKW) zuerst im Rahmen einer Verwaltungsgemeinschaft und 1940 vollständig vereinte. Zu den AKW gehörte der Großtagebau in Wählitz, von wo aus die Brikettfabrik in Profen ab 1930 über werkseigene Kohlebahnen beliefert wurde. 1930 folgte die Schließung der Grube Bunge-Nebe bei Queisau. Im Mai 1938 gelangten die Aktien der Werschen-Weißenfelser Braunkohlen AG und der Anhaltischen Kohlenwerke in den Mehrheitsbesitz von Friedrich Flick. Rund acht Monate später begannen in Profen die Arbeiten zur Errichtung einer hochmodernen Schwelerei im Lurgi-Spülgasverfahren, die 1940 in Betrieb ging. Zur gleichen Zeit fiel der Entschluss, in der unmittelbaren Umgebung einen neuen Großtagebau zu eröffnen. Dieser sollte in Konkurrenz zur hochtechnisierten Otto-Scharf Grube der A. Riebeck'sche Montanwerke (IG Farben) stehen.

Im Jahr 1941 begannen die Entwässerungsarbeiten für den Aufschluss des neuen Tagebaus. Parallel entstand eine weitere Werksbahn nach Wählitz. Über diese Verbindung erfolgte der Transport des ersten Abraums aus Profen zur Verkippung im ausgekohlten Teil des Tagebaus Wählitz II, später auch "Quarzitkippe" genannt. Schon bei der ersten Abraumbeseitigung, die ab 1943 begann, stießen die Bagger auf Tertiärquarzit, der sich als spezifisch für das unter der Oberfläche liegende Gebirge im Raum Profen herausstellte. Während der NS-Diktatur sowie der SED-Diktatur spielten Begleitrohstoffe grundsätzlich eine untergeordnete Rolle, soweit bei der Gewinnung der Braunkohle keine Verzögerungen eintraten. Nach 1990 wurden die früheren Quarzitkippen von der Bergbauindustrie als "Zwischenlager" bezeichnet, und die verschütteten Gruben zur "Rohstoffsicherung" erneut geöffnet.

Im Mai 1944 nahm der Tagebau Profen seinen Betrieb auf. Wie von den damaligen Geologen bei der Exploration korrekt ermittelt, zeichnete sich die Rohbraunkohle in den erschlossenen Gebieten mit einem Bitumenanteil von bis zu 70 Prozent aus. Die Profener Schwelerei veredelte die Kohle zu Schwelteer, den unter anderem das im Jahr 1939 von der Braunkohle-Benzin AG (BRABAG) fertiggestellte Hydrierwerk Zeitz in synthetische Kraftstoffe umwandelte. Trotz der kriegswichtigen Produktion, stand eine Devastierung von Orten für den Tagebau Profen zu dieser Zeit nicht zur Diskussion und wurde auch nicht in Erwägung gezogen. Vielmehr existierten ab 1942 beim Bergamt Zeitz konkrete Pläne zur Wiederurbarmachung der Tagebaufläche.

Die im April 1945 in Profen einrückenden Streitkräfte der Vereinigten Staaten schenkten dem Tagebau wenig Beachtung. Dies änderte sich am 1. Juli 1945. Gemäß dem Zonenprotokoll rückten an diesem Tag die US-Streitkräfte aus Mitteldeutschland ab und überließen das Gebiet im Tausch gegen West-Berlin der Sowjetischen Besatzungsmacht. Deren Rote Armee war für die nun einsetzenden Enteignungen und Demontagen verantwortlich. Im Gegensatz zur nahegelegenen Grube Otto-Scharf bei Köttichau, deren Tagebauausrüstung von sowjetischen Beutekommandos zwischen Juli und November 1945 vollständig abtransportiert wurde, hielten sich die Demontagen in Profen in Grenzen. Hier ging die Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland (SMAD) sehr schnell auf eine Entnahme der von ihr erhobenen Reparationsansprüche aus der laufenden Produktion über.

Am 16. November 1946 folgte die Enteignung und Überführung der Anhaltischen Kohlenwerke in eine Sowjetische Aktiengesellschaft (SAG Maslo). Ein Betriebsteil davon wurde das "Kombinat Profen" mit dem Tagebau Profen, der Kippfelder Wählitz I und II sowie den Brikettfabriken in Profen, Wählitz und Köpsen. Das Kombinat produzierte für die folgenden sechs Jahre nahezu ausschließlich für die UdSSR. Im April 1952 gestattete die SMAD der DDR den etappenweisen "Rückkauf" der Braunkohlewerke Profen. Jedoch wurden erst nach dem Volksaufstand vom 17. Juni 1953 die Reparationsleistungen vollständig eingestellt.

Von 1953 bis 1955 erfolgte der Bau einer Werksbahn zwischen Profen und dem VEB Braunkohlenwerk 'Erich Weinert' in Deuben. Bereits 1952 begann mit dem Aufschluss des sogenannten Sachsenfeldes, westlich von Elstertrebnitz, die Erweiterung des Tagebaus. Von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen, wiesen alle nach 1945 neu eröffneten Kohlefelder erhebliche Defizite auf. Die fortan gewonnene Kohle führte zeitweise zu großen Leistungseinbrüchen in den Weiterverarbeitungswerken Profen und Deuben. Die Zumischung von Teerrückständen aus den Schwelereien zeigte nur bedingt eine Qualitätsverbesserung.

Generell konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Braunkohle einen relativ hohen Wassergehalt von 48 bis 60 Prozent besitzt. Nur etwa 35 bis 50 Prozent sind verbrennbares Material (Reinkohle). Bis zu 16 Prozent der verbrannten Rohbraunkohle bleiben als Asche und Schlacke zurück. Der hohe Wassergehalt führt zu einem vergleichsweise niedrigen Heizwert. Als zentraler Nachteil erwies sich jedoch der Schwefelgehalt: Neben dem Tagebau Schleenhain hat die Kohle aus dem Tagebau Profen deutschlandweit den höchsten Schwefelgehalt von 1,7 Prozent. Ein hoher Schwefelgehalt führt grundsätzlich zu höherem Verschleiß in den Kraftwerken sowie zu höherem Aufwand und höheren Kosten für die Rauchgasreinigung. Zudem erschwert ein ungünstiges Abraum-Kohle-Verhältnis von durchschnittlich 7:1 sowie großflächig eingelagerte Quarzitbänke bei allen nach 1945 neu eröffneten Abbaufeldern im Tagebau Profen die Gewinnung der Braunkohle.

Am 1. Juli 1968 wurde der Tagebau Profen nebst angeschlossener Tagebaue und Fabriken in das VEB Braunkohlenwerk 'Erich Weinert' Deuben integriert. Ein Jahr später erfolgte die Schließung der Profener Schwelerei. Nach der Auskohlung der alten Abbaufelder, begann im September 1971 zeitgleich der Aufschluss der neuen Tagebaue Profen-Nord und Profen-Süd. Die Felder durchlief ein Millionen Jahre altes Deckgebirge mit massiven Quarzitschichten, die mit der bisher verwendeten Baggertechnik nicht durchbrochen werden konnte. Die Beseitigung übernahm eine neu gegründete Hauptabteilung Bohr- und Sprengtechnik mit rund 100 Beschäftigten und eigens für den Tagebau Profen ausgebildeten Sprengmeistern. In den 1980er-Jahren erreichte der Jahresverbrauch an Sprengmitteln eine Größenordnung von rund 1100 Tonnen. Damit war das Braunkohlenwerk Deuben mit seinen Tagebauen Profen-Nord und Profen-Süd einer der größten zivilen Sprengstoffverbraucher der DDR. Die Förderung von Braunkohle erreichte 1977 mit rund 5,4 Millionen Tonnen im Tagebau Profen-Nord und 1989 mit rund 12 Millionen Tonnen im Tagebau Profen-Süd ihre Höhepunkte.

Im August 1990 wurde die Brikettfabrik Profen geschlossen. Das VEB Braunkohlenwerk Deuben ging zunächst in eine Aktiengesellschaft im Eigentum der Treuhandanstalt über und erhielt die Bezeichnung Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlenwerke AG (MIBRAG). Nach mehreren Übernahmen befindet sich das Unternehmen als Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung seit dem Jahr 2012 vollständig im Besitz der EP Energy a.s., ein 100-prozentiges Tochterunternehmen der tschechischen Energetický a Průmyslový Holding.

Mit der planmäßigen Auskohlung endete Anfang 1991 der Betrieb im Tagebau Profen-Nord. Seitdem führt die MIBRAG den Tagebau Profen-Süd als Tagebau Profen mit den Abbaufeldern Profen-Süd/D1 sowie Schwerzau und Domsen weiter. Im Jahr 2017 gab der Betreiber bekannt, dass Profen-Süd/D1 noch über 1,3 Millionen Tonnen Rohbraunkohle verfüge und bis 2021/2022 ausgekohlt sein soll. Das im Jahr 2006 eröffnete Abbaufeld Schwerzau hatte nach Unternehmensangaben 2017 noch einen Inhalt von 41 Millionen Tonnen und soll bis zum Jahr 2024 ausgebaggert werden. Der Aufschluss des 888 Hektar großen Abbaufelds Domsen begann 2016; hier rechnet die MIBRAG damit, bis zum Jahr 2035 insgesamt 82 Millionen Tonnen Rohbraunkohle abbaggern zu können.

Mit der Stilllegung des Veredelungswerkes in Deuben im Dezember 2021 wurde auch die Werkbahn von Profen nach Deuben eingestellt.

Motorsport
Das Tagebaugelände wurde seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre auch für Motorsportwettbewerbe genutzt. Bis zur Erweiterung der betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen (Umverlegung von Förderbändern sowie Strom- und Wasserleitungen) fand dort bis 2017 jährlich die Baja Deutschland sowie das Offroad Sommerfestival der OF Series statt. Im Jahr 2015 war der Tagebau bspw. Startpunkt und Austragungsort der ersten Etappen der Rallye Breslau.

Abraumkippe Pirkau
Zum VEB Braunkohlenwerk Deuben gehörte der Tagebau Pirkau, der im Jahr 1945 in Betrieb ging und unmittelbar an den Tagebau Profen südwestlich grenzte. Nachdem im Jahr 1968 der Tagebau Profen in das VEB Braunkohlenwerk Deuben integriert wurde, bildeten die beide Tagebaue faktisch eine Einheit. Im Jahr 1971 fiel der Entschluss, nicht den Tagebau Pirkau weiter nach Osten in Richtung Draschwitz, sondern den Tagebau Profen nach Süden in Richtung Döbris und Draschwitz zu treiben. Daraus entstand das Abbaufeld Profen-Süd, womit im Jahr 1974 der Abbau im Tagebau Pirkau endete.

Ab diesem Zeitpunkt gehörte der stillgelegte Tagebau Pirkau auch formell zum Tagebaugebiet Profen und wurde als Abraumkippe genutzt. Die vollständige Verfüllung des Tagebaus Pirkaus mit Abraum aus dem Tagebau Profen-Süd beziehungsweise dem Baufeld Süd/D sollte ursprünglich bis 1988/89 erfolgen. Tatsächlich begann die Verfüllung erst im Jahr 1985. Die Außenkippe Pirkau wurde vom Tagebau Profen bis zum Jahr 2000 betrieben.

Zerstörte Ortschaften
Nach 1945 erreichte der Braunkohlenabbau eine neue Dimension. Zur Energieerzeugung setzte die DDR nahezu ausschließlich heimische Braunkohle ein. Die Maximierung der Fördermengen führte zur Inanspruchnahme riesiger Flächen. Orte, die in den Kohlefeldern lagen, wurden konsequent abgebaggert. Die größte Zahl der Ortsabbrüche und Umsiedlungen in Mitteldeutschland fiel daher in die Zeit der DDR. Jahrhunderte alte Gutshöfe, Kirchen und Kulturdenkmale wurden zerstört, Friedhöfe entweiht, ganze Wälder gerodet, Flüsse und Bäche verlegt, kanalisiert oder eingedeicht. Der Abbau der Braunkohle erfolgte in der DDR praktisch ohne Rücksicht auf Menschen oder Umweltbelange.

Der Braunkohlenbergbau hat das Landschaftsbild im Raum Profen nachhaltig verändert. Im Zeitraum von 1947 bis heute erfolgte in mehreren Etappen die Devastierung von 20 Orten beziehungsweise Ortsteilen. Mehr als 6000 Menschen mussten ihre Heimat verlassen. Die Mehrheit der Betroffenen wurde in neu errichtete Stadtteile in Hohenmölsen und Zeitz umgesiedelt. In der folgenden Übersicht sind die abgebaggerten Orte im Tagebau Profen aufgeführt, einschließlich der Abraumkippe Pirkau.

Nachnutzung
Auf einem Teil der Innenkippe des Tagebaus haben die MIBRAG und die Getec-Gruppe 2017 den Windpark Hohlenmölsen-Profen mit einer Leistung von insgesamt 28,8 Megawatt in Betrieb genommen. Errichtet wurden neun Windenergieanlagen des Typs Siemens SWT-3.2-113. Auf weiteren Rekultivierungsflächen plant die MIBRAG die Errichtung des Windparks Profen II mit einer Leistung von insgesamt 60 Megawatt und investiert rund 70 Mio. Euro. Das prognostizierte jährliche Regelarbeitsvermögen der zehn Windenergieanlagen soll bei 160 GWh liegen.

Siehe auch
 Liste deutscher Braunkohletagebaue
 Liste der aktiven Bergwerke in Deutschland, Abschnitt Braunkohle-Tagebaue

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Elsteraue)
Geographie (Pegau)
Geographie (Zeitz)
Geographie (Hohenmölsen)
Bergwerk in Europa
Tagebau im Mitteldeutschen Braunkohlerevier
Bergwerk in Sachsen-Anhalt
Unternehmen (Burgenlandkreis)
Bergwerk in Sachsen
Unternehmen (Landkreis Leipzig)

Tagebau Profen


falamaleikum ist ein Gedicht des österreichischen Lyrikers Ernst Jandl. Es entstand am 14. Juli 1958 und wurde 1966 in Jandls Gedichtband Laut und Luise im Walter Verlag veröffentlicht. Der Titel des Gedichts verweist auf die arabische Grußformel Salem Aleikum  ("Friede sei mit euch"), die durch den Austausch von Buchstaben verfremdet wird, bis schließlich eine Aussage über die Gefallenen im Krieg entsteht. Das Gedicht wird als Lautgedicht oder wie von Jandl bevorzugt als "Sprechgedicht" eingeordnet, das seine Wirkung vor allem im Vortrag entfaltet.

Inhalt und Form

Ernst Jandl
falamaleikum
Link zum Video einer Lesung des Gedichts
(Bitte Urheberrechte beachten)

Das Gedicht besteht aus sieben Zeilen, wobei die erste Zeile – "falamaleikum" – auch als Titel verstanden werden kann. Jandl selbst sprach daher auch von sechs Zeilen. Jede Zeile scheint lediglich ein langes Wort zu enthalten. Wie häufig bei Jandl gibt es keine Großbuchstaben, für ihn ungewöhnlich sind die Satzzeichen in den letzten beiden Zeilen: ein Punkt und ein Fragezeichen.

Auf den ersten Blick lässt sich in den Zeilen keine Semantik ausmachen, durch die Lesung wird allerdings klar, dass in den Aneinanderreihungen von Phonemen einzelne semantische Bestandteile stecken, die ohne Leerzeichen ineinander übergehen. Von Zeile zu Zeile werden die Wörter verändert. Während von der ersten in die zweite Zeile – "falamaleitum" – lediglich ein Konsonant getauscht wurde, gibt es zur dritten Zeile – "falnamaleutum" – erste Lautverschiebungen. Mit der vierten, zentralen Zeile kommt es für Hermann Helmers zum pointenhaften Umschlag der Subsemantik in die Semantik, des abstrakten in ein konkretes Gedicht. "fallnamalsooovielleutum" lässt sich aus dem Wiener Dialekt übertragen als "fallen aber mal so viele Leute um" verstehen. Auch in den folgenden drei Zeilen werden die Sequenzen von Phonemen weiterhin ohne Trennung aneinandergeschrieben, doch die Worte sind hier eindeutig erkennbar: "Wenn aber einmal der Krieg lang genug aus ist, sind alle wieder da. Oder fehlt einer?"

Erst aus der zweiten Gedichthälfte lässt sich das verharmlosende "Umfallen" der "Leute" als im Krieg Gefallene erkennen. Auch der Tonfall des "fehlt einer" wie zuvor die "Leute" erinnern nun an Militärjargon. Die realitätswidrige Aussage der vorletzten Zeile, nach der am Ende des Krieges alle Beteiligten zurückkehrten, regt den Zuhörer an, sich über den Inhalt des Gedichts eigene Gedanken zu machen, was durch die abschließende Frage noch verstärkt wird. Für Ulrich Gaier wird der Hörer am Ende zu einer selbständigen Entscheidung angeregt. Dabei wird seine Antwort ganz unterschiedlich ausfallen, ob er die Frage dahingehend versteht, dass die Gefallenen als Individuen in der Nachkriegsgesellschaft vermisst werden, oder ob er sie als Frage nach den moralischen "Umfallern" des Krieges begreift, die dann, wenn der Krieg bloß "langgenugausist", längst wieder "da" sind und es in der Gesellschaft zu etwas gebracht haben.

Interpretation

Beschwörung

Im Titel falamaleikum schwingt die arabische Grußformel Salem Aleikum ("Friede sei mit euch") mit. Dabei weckt die Verfremdung durch den Konsonanten "f" beim erstmaligen Hörer die verschiedensten Assoziationen (Hörfehler, Sprachfehler, bewusste oder unbewusste Abänderung der Originalformel), was zu einer Verunsicherung führt, die die Zuhörer auf Jandls Lesungen mit Gelächter reagieren lässt. Es klingen jedoch auch Beschwörungsformeln an. So führt Lisa Kahn das Wort "falamaleikum" zurück auf "the children's magic formula of 'aleikum'". Anne Uhrmacher erinnert bereits der Aufbau mit seinen Wortwiederholungen an magische Figurengedichte. In der Häufung der a-Vokala klingt für sie die Formel Abrakadabra an, in der Buchstabenfolge "ala" und dem abschließende "m" ein Simsalabim. So trügerisch wie diese Formeln eines Zauberkünstlers erweise sich auch die Friedensbeschwörung in Jandls Gedicht.

Walter Magaß zieht die Verbindung zur hebräischen Formel Schalom Alechem, die "mit ihrem Abwehrzauber oft ein Signal der Friedlosigkeit gewesen" sei, was etwa schon der Prophet Jeremia berichtet: "[…] und sagen: Friede, Friede! – und da ist doch kein Friede."  Dass Jandl die Friedensformel "Schalom" in eine Beschreibung der Friedlosigkeit überführt, ist für Magaß Ausdruck von Schriftgelehrsamkeit. Er bediene sich dabei einer Form von Buchstabenmystik der Kabbala und wende die Formel um, wie es zur Tora heißt: "Wende sie um und um, denn alles ist in ihr." Zur Wandlung der Friedensformel in eine kriegerische Aussage verweist Anne Uhrmacher auf die Nähe von Segenswünschen zu ins Gegenteil verkehrten Flüchen. So führen sie die Silbenkombination "male" und der Anlaut "f" in falamaleikum auch zum Wort "vermaledaien" im Sinne von "verfluchen".

Krieg

falamaleikum wurde 1966 in Jandls Gedichtband Laut und Luise in der Rubrik krieg und so neben anderen bekannten Gedichten über den Krieg wie wien: heldenplatz und schtzngrmm veröffentlicht. Jandl selbst bezeichnete falamaleikum als "Antikriegsgedicht", in dem "innerhalb von sechs zeilen ein umschlagen von einem lachen-müssen zu einem eigentlich-nicht-mehr-lachen-können erreicht wird." Für Dietrich Segebrecht sind die Gedichte von Jandl "als Aufruf, als Pamphlet unbrauchbar". falamaleikum sei "als beschwörende Warnung vor einem Krieg […] denkbar ungeeignet." Dem widerspricht Anne Uhrmacher, für die falamaleikum ein "polemisches Gedicht" ist,  das "Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen, die den Krieg euphemistisch darstellen", entlarve. Der Sprecher des Gedichts ist für sie ein Vertreter der Kriegspropaganda, wofür auch Jandls Lesungen sprechen, in denen er die abschließende Frage in schneidendem Tonfall stelle, dass sie die Wirkung eines Befehls habe. Die "zynische Verachtung für Menschenleben" des Sprechers entlarve Jandl mit dem Stilmittel der Ironie, angefangen vom unaufrichtigen Friedensgruß zu Beginn, der falschen Behauptung von den wiederkehrenden Kriegstoten bis zur abschließenden Scheinfrage. Hermann Helmers sieht durch sie "die Frage nach der Sinnlosigkeit des Sterbens" im Krieg gestellt, wobei das "Chaos der Abstraktion von Phonemen" das "Chaos eines sinnlosen Krieges" widerspiegele.

Walter Weiss und Ernst Hanisch stellen falamaleikum in den historischen Kontext von Ausführungen Winfried Schulzes über den Zusammenhang von Wirtschaftswachstum und Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach demographischen Krisen wie etwa einem Krieg. Weiss führt weiter aus, dass Jandls "wennabereinmalderkrieglanggenugausist" eine Formel für die einsetzende Restauration ist und das Ende "wieder zurück zum fatalen Anfang" mit dem "verfälschten Friedensgruß" führe, zu einer Wiederkehr der Ereignisse. Horst Stürmer betont, dass im "langgenug" bereits die Aussage steckt, dass der Zustand des Nicht-Krieges "lange genug" wenn nicht gar "zu lange" andauere. Dass "alle" wieder da seien, mache falamaleikum zum Sprachrohr einer "Rechtfertigung der Täter". Für Wolfgang Mantl bewegt sich das Gedicht immer weiter vom ursprünglichen Friedensgruß weg, hin zu einer Friedlosigkeit der Nachkriegszeit, in der alle Zeichen auf eine Wiederkehr von Krieg und Kriegern deuteten. Den Schlussappell setze das abschließende Fragezeichen. Anne Uhrmacher spricht mit Georg Büchner von einem "gräßlichen Fatalismus der Geschichte", auf das ein Gedicht wie falamaleikum nur mit grimmiger Ironie reagieren könne.

Rezeption

falamaleikum gehört zu den Gedichten Jandls, die bei seinen Lesungen besonders beliebt waren und das Publikum trotz des ernsten Inhalts zum Lachen animierten. Volker Hage zählte falamaleikum neben lichtung, etüde in f, fünfter sein, schtzngrmm und ottos mops zu den "Hits und Evergreens" des Lyrikers, "die die Zuhörer wie selbstverständlich erwarten". Auch im Schulunterricht wird das Gedicht gelesen. Laut Franz Schuh kam im Jahr 2000 ein "Kanon deutscher Lyrik" ohne schtzngrmm und falamaleikum nicht mehr aus. Im Jahr 1983 gab das Gedicht den Titel eines Gedichtbandes Jandls für Kinder mit Bildern von Jürgen Spohn.

Friedrich Cerha vertonte falamaleikum neben anderen Gedichten Jandls in seinem Zyklus Eine Art Chansons, der am 28. Juni 1988 erstmals aufgeführt wurde. Diese "Sprachfehler-Gedichte" erhielten laut Hartmut Krones durch Cerha "wunderbare musikalische Nachemfindungen", die "[b]ei jeder Aufführung Begeisterungsstürme entfachten".

Ausgaben

 Ernst Jandl: Laut und Luise. Walter, Olten 1966, S. 53.
 Ernst Jandl: falamaleikum. Gedichte und Bilder. Mit Bildern von Jürgen Spohn. Luchterhand, Darmstadt 1983, ISBN 3-472-68488-7.

Literatur

 Ulrich Gaier: Über Lektüre und Interpretation. Zu einem Gedicht von Ernst Jandl. In: Renate Lachmann (Hrsg.): Dialogizität. Fink, München 1982, ISBN 3-7705-2089-0, S. 107–126.
 Hermann Helmers: Lyrischer Humor. Strukturanalyse und Didaktik der komischen Versliteratur. 2. überarbeitete Auflage. Klett, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-12-923571-X, S. 46–48.
 Walter Magaß: Schriftgelehrtes zu Jandls "falamaleikum". In: Renate Lachmann (Hrsg.): Dialogizität. Fink, München 1982, ISBN 3-7705-2089-0, S. 127–130.
 Anne Uhrmacher: Spielarten des Komischen. Ernst Jandl und die Sprache. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-484-31276-0, S. 42–51. (Germanistische Linguistik, Bd. 276)

Weblinks

 Ernst Jandl und der Krieg – Video einer Lesung von falamaleikum auf der Seite ernstjandl.com
 Lesesport 8. Ernst Jandl: falamaleikum (1966) auf der Seite der Hölderlin-Gesellschaft mit Volltext des Gedichts (pdf; 19 kB).
 Heide und Rainer Schwochow: zerbrochen sind die harmonischen Krüge. Auf: Deutschlandfunk vom 4. August 2007 mit Volltext des Gedichts.

Einzelnachweise

Werk von Ernst Jandl
Gedicht
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (Österreich)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literarisches Werk

Falamaleikum


Febra musculară este o durere și rigiditate resimțită de mușchi timp de mai multe ore sau zile după exerciții fizice nedeprinse și intense.

Durerea este resimțită mai puternic într-un interval de 24 până la 72 de ore după exercițiu. Ea este considerată a fi cauzată de exerciții excentrice (întinderi), care determină afecțiuni mici (microtraume) la fibrele musculare. După un astfel de exercițiu, mușchii se adaptează rapid pentru a preveni afecțiunile musculare și durerea, dacă exercițiul se repetă.

Febra musculară este un simptom al afecțiunilor musculare produse de exerciții fizice. Celălalt este durerea musculară acută, care apare în timpul și imediat după exercițiu.

Cauză
Durerea este cauzată de un exercițiu excentric, care constă din contracții excentrice (întinderi) ale mușchilor. Exercițiile izometrice (statice) cauzează mult mai puțin durere, iar cele concentrice (scurtarea mușchilor) nu produc durere.

Prevenire
Febra musculară poate fi redusă sau preveniă prin creșterea treptată a intensității unui nou program de exerciții, profitând astfel de adaptarea încetul cu încetul a mușchilor la efort.

Întinderea statică sau încălzirea mușchilor înainte sau după exercițiu nu previne durere. Suprasolicitarea poate provoca durere.

Tratament
Durerea dispare de obicei în aproximativ 72 de ore după apariție. Dacă se dorește tratament, orice măsură care crește fluxul de sânge către mușchi, cum ar fi activitățile de intensitate scăzută, masajul, băile calde sau sauna pot ajuta într-o oarecare măsură.

Scufundarea în apă rece sau înghețată, un remediu ocazional recomandat, s-a dovedit a fi ineficient în reducerea febrei musculare potrivit unui studiu din 2011, dar eficient potrivit unui alt studiu. Există, de asemenea, insuficiente dovezi pentru a determina dacă crioterapia întregului corp – comparativ cu odihna pasivă sau cu crioterapia parțială a corpului  – reduce febra musculară sau îmbunătățește recuperarea corpului, după exercițiu.

Referințe

Exerciții fizice

Febră musculară