Die Zeitschrift der Straße (Eigenschreibweise DIE ZEITSCHRIFT DER STRASSE) ist ein Straßenmagazin in der Freien Hansestadt Bremen mit ausgeprägtem Lokalbezug, das im Rahmen eines sozialen Gemeinschaftsprojekts produziert und vermarktet wird. Die Zeitschrift wird im Erscheinungsort Bremen und in Bremerhaven hauptsächlich von Wohnungslosen auf der Straße verkauft. Sie hat ihren Sitz in der Bremer Bahnhofsvorstadt, Auf der Brake 10–12. Das Projekt sowie Konzept und Gestaltung der Zeitschrift wurden mehrfach prämiert.

Geschichte

Die Zeitschrift der Straße ist das erste lokal produzierte und ausgerichtete Straßenmagazin im Land Bremen. Die Zeitschrift wurde initiiert von Professor Michael Vogel, dem Leiter des Studiengangs Cruise Tourism Management an der Hochschule Bremerhaven, der ein Praxisprojekt für seine Studenten suchte und dem dabei auffiel, dass es in Bremen noch keine eigene Straßenzeitung gab. Vogel sprach die Innere Mission in Bremen sowie die Hochschule für Künste Bremen (HfK) an, woraufhin sich ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt bildete. Nach einer längeren Vorlaufphase erschien am 2. Februar 2011 das erste Heft, die Ausgabe Sielwall. Fortan kam die Zeitschrift zunächst alle 6–8 Wochen heraus, inzwischen erscheint sie alle 8 Wochen. Die Auflage betrug anfangs 14.000 Exemplare und liegt seit Anfang 2012 bei 13.000 Exemplaren. Die Zeitschrift hat einen Umfang von 48 Seiten.

Für die Zeitschrift, die "wohnungslosen und in Not geratenen Menschen im Land Bremen eine Einkommensmöglichkeit sichern" soll, arbeiten Hochschulen und Diakonie im Land Bremen zusammen. Das Magazin wird größtenteils von Studierenden – sowie daneben auch von Bremer (Nachwuchs-)Autoren, freien Journalisten und Wohnungslosen etc. – gemacht und von Bedürftigen auf der Straße verkauft. Die Verkäufer, die meist wohnungslos sind, werden von Streetworkern unterstützt und betreut. Die Zeitschrift der Straße ist damit zugleich ein soziales Projekt, ein Medienprojekt und ein Lernprojekt, sowie auch ein wirtschaftliches Unterfangen. Während Wohnungslose und teils auch andere Bedürftige verkaufen, gestalten Studierende das Magazin und die meisten Texte und können dabei in ihrem Studium Praxiserfahrungen sammeln sowie Leistungsnachweise bekommen. Langfristiges Projektziel ist es, "für gute Verkäufer feste sozialversicherungspflichtige Jobs zu schaffen".

Der Verkaufspreis der Zeitschrift der Straße beträgt 2,80 Euro. Die Zeitschriften werden zum Preis von 1,40 Euro pro Exemplar an die Verkäufer abgegeben, so dass diese bei jedem Heftverkauf einen Erlös in Höhe von 1,40 Euro erzielen.

Das Projekt wurde bei einem interdisziplinären Ideenwettbewerb im Dezember 2011 prämiert. Außerdem erhielt die Zeitschrift der Straße für ihr Konzept und ihre Gestaltung mehrere internationale Auszeichnungen und Designpreise. Unter anderem wurde sie vom renommierten Type Directors Club (TDC) in New York City dreifach prämiert und dabei zugleich von einem Jury-Mitglied für eine Vorstellung im kommenden TDC-Jahrbuch Typography 33 ausgewählt.

Die Zeitschrift der Straße ist Mitglied im internationalen Netzwerk der Straßenzeitungen (International Network of Street Papers, INSP).

Konzept und Umsetzung
Das Projekt- und Marketing-Konzept für eine eigene Bremer Straßenzeitung wurde ab 2009 von Studierenden der Hochschule Bremerhaven unter Leitung des Bremerhavener Tourismusmanagement- und BWL-Professors Vogel erarbeitet. Auf dieser Grundlage entwickelten Studierende der Hochschule für Künste Bremen, in einem Workshop mit dem Schweizer Gestalter Ludovic Balland und unter Leitung der Bremer Kommunikationsgestaltungs- und Corporate-Design-Professorin Andrea Rauschenbusch eine Magazingestaltung, "[die] versucht, mit einem modernen Erscheinungsbild […] gesellschaftskritische und lokale Themen gleichermaßen zu transportieren". Jede Ausgabe befasst sich mit einer Straße, woraus sich der Name ergab, bzw. mit einem Ort aus Bremen oder Bremerhaven. Die Autoren sind gehalten, das "Geschehen auf dem Platz oder der Straße zu beobachten" und "ihren Text darauf aufzubauen". Die "Beobachtungen" des jeweiligen Straßenraumes oder städtischen Ortes bilden den Ausgangspunkt für Berichte, Reportagen, Interviews, Essays, Fotostrecken und künstlerische Illustrationen. Außerdem enthält jede Ausgabe auch literarische Beiträge, wie Prosa, Märchen, Gedichte und mehr. Die Straße oder der Ort werden nach eigenen Angaben des Projektteams "nicht als Metapher für soziales Elend [thematisiert], sondern als Ort des öffentlichen Lebens".

Die Redaktion wird seit Oktober 2010 von dem freiberuflichen Bremer Journalisten Armin Simon geleitet. Die Autoren sind größtenteils Studierende aller Bremer und Bremerhavener Hochschulen; die literarischen Beiträge stammen meist von Schriftstellern und Autoren mit Bezug zum Land Bremen, wie Cora Frost, Corinna Gerhards, Anja Kümmel, Karsten Redmann, Imke Müller-Hellmann, Janine Lancker, Jens Laloire, Stephan Reich, Haleh Soleymani und Renate Ullerich. Für die Bereiche Fotografie, Layout, Gestaltung und Druckvorstufe sind Studierende der HfK Bremen zuständig, während Marketing und Events zu den Aufgaben des studentischen Mitarbeiterteams der Hochschule Bremerhaven gehören.

Das Design des Magazins wurde bewusst "irritierend" angelegt, so das Projektteam, "um Sehgewohnheiten und Denkmuster herauszufordern, statt sie zu bestätigen". Das Magazin erscheint in einem ungewöhnlichen Hochformat. Der obere Abschnitt von knapp einem Viertel des Gesamtformats ist "querliegend" zum unteren Hauptteil bedruckt und kann mittels einer Perforation abgetrennt werden. Er enthält allgemeine Informationen zur Zeitschrift und zum Projekt sowie tagebuchartige "Beobachtungen" zu jedem Artikel, besteht teils aber auch aus unbedruckten (Teil-)Seiten. Rauschenbusch bezeichnet den gewählten Schrifttyp des Magazins als "nicht schön, nicht hässlich, aber vor allem aufmerksamkeitsstark". Neben den Fotografien sei dies ein Baustein, der das Erscheinungsbild der Zeitschrift der Straße ausmache.

Das Straßenmagazin wurde anfangs auf weißem Papier mit einem Flächengewicht von 115 g/m² gedruckt. Nach Kritik von Seiten der Verkäufer, wonach die ersten Ausgaben zu sehr wie Hochglanz-Magazine gewirkt hätten, wurde inzwischen auf Recyclingpapier umgestellt, mit dem die Verkäufer sich besser identifizieren können. Zudem wurde ein etwas dünneres Papier gewählt, so dass die Hefte von den Verkäufern einfacher zu transportieren sind.

Gegenwärtig (2012) arbeiten an der Zeitschrift etwa zwölf Autorinnen und Autoren, wobei es sich größtenteils um Studierende von Bremer Hochschulen handelt, sowie etwa zwölf Gestalterinnen und Gestalter; hinzu kommen ein fünfköpfiges Marketingteam, zwei ehrenamtliche Betreuer des Vertriebsbüros und einige Beschäftigte der Inneren Mission. Als Verkäufer sind beim Projekt mehr als 120 Männer und Frauen registriert, von denen aber nur einige täglich im Einsatz sind.

Marktumfeld
Mitausschlaggebend für die Gründung der Zeitschrift der Straße war, dass es im Unterschied zu anderen Großstädten in Bremen und Bremerhaven zuvor keine eigene Straßenzeitung gab. Es wurden und werden dort der Berliner Strassenfeger und das hannoversche Asphalt-Magazin verkauft, die jedoch redaktionell keinen lokalen Bezug haben. Gleichwohl wurde bislang von den aktiven Verkäufern des neuen Bremer Straßenmagazins meistens gleichzeitig das Asphalt-Magazin angeboten. Von der Inneren Mission Bremen als einem der Projektträger wurde Ende 2011 eine Konkurrenzsituation zwischen den beiden Blättern eingeräumt. Bertold Reetz, der damalige Bereichsleiter der Wohnungslosenhilfe beim Verein für Innere Mission in Bremen, verwies in diesem Zusammenhang einerseits auf die unterschiedlichen Konzepte und sieht andererseits jedoch "auf Dauer [keinen] Platz für zwei Obdachlosenzeitungen […] trotz der graduell unterschiedlichen Zielgruppen".

Auszeichnungen
 2011: Certificate of Excellence in der Kategorie Newspapers, Magazines, verliehen vom internationalen Berufsverband von und für Typografen und Grafiker, der International Society of Typographic Designers (ISTD), London (prämiert wurden die ersten drei Hefte, die Ausgaben Sielwall, Bahnhofsplatz und Alte Bürger)
 2011: Top 10 Team des interdisziplinären Ideen- und Startup-Wettbewerbs für Studierende aller Fachrichtungen beim Projekt Generation-D. Ideen für Deutschland. Gemeinsam anpacken, München
 2012: Certificate of Typographic Excellence, Student Best of Show award und Judge's Choice, verliehen vom internationalen Type Directors Club (TDC), New York City (prämiert wurde die Ausgabe Tenever)
 2012: Professor Michael Vogel erhält den Bremer Bürgerpreis für seinen Einsatz zugunsten der Zeitschrift der Straße

Weblinks

 Website der Zeitschrift der Straße
 Angaben zur Zeitschrift der Straße beim Verein für Innere Mission in Bremen
 Angaben zur Zeitschrift der Straße auf der Website des Ideenwettbewerbs Generation-D. Ideen für Deutschland. Gemeinsam anpacken
 Porträt eines Verkäufers der Zeitschrift der Straße im Bremer Weser-Kurier
  beim Hörfunkprogramm Bremen Vier

Einzelnachweise

Straßenzeitung
Zeitschrift (Deutschland)
Kultur (Bremen)
Kultur (Bremerhaven)
Medien (Bremen)
Ersterscheinung 2011
Deutschsprachige zweimonatliche Zeitschrift

Zeitschrift der Straße


Itapajé es un municipio brasileño del estado del Ceará. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 44.914 habitantes.

Geografía

Clima

Tropical caliente semiárido con un promedio de lluvias media de 836 mm con lluvias concentradas de enero a la abril.

Hidrografía y recursos hídricos

Los principales cursos de agua son: Ríos: Caxitoré y Itapajé, que desaguan en el río Curu. Arroyos: Camocim, Gramíneas Açu, Eldorado, Ipu, Sao Joaquim y otros. Represas: Caxitoré, 1 Acueducto y 56 Pozos.

Relieve y suelos

Localizada de la Sierra de Uruburetama, tiene como principales elevaciones las sierras del Mulungu, de Uruburetama y de la Vertes.

Política

La administración municipal se localiza en la sede, Itapajé.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Ceará

Itapajé


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za kemiju:

Rođenja

 21. siječnja: Konrad Bloch, njemačko-američki biokemičar († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kemija u 1912.


Paul Couderc, né à Auch en France le , est un sportif professionnel de VTT slopestyle et freeride français.

Il participe depuis 2012 au Freeride Mountain Bike World Tour, compétition internationale qui regroupe les meilleurs coureurs de la discipline.

Au terme de l'année 2023 il se classe cinquième de la compétition au niveau mondial, et meilleur Français.

Il s'est fait connaître pour ses figures créatives et atypiques, dont certaines n'avaient jamais été réalisées auparavant tel que le « halfcab flair. »

Biographie
Paul Couderc naît à Auch et grandit dans la commune de Lissac-et-Mouret, il habite actuellement à Figeac dans le Lot. Il est passionné par le VTT dès son plus jeune âge mais les infrastructures adéquates pour l'apprentissage de figures manquent dans sa région. En conséquence il est obligé de se déplacer dans d'autres spots en France pour travailler ses compétences en slopestyle, ou de créer lui-même des bosses dans le jardin de ses parents. À partir de 2013, il crée à Figeac un terrain avec des infrastructures adaptées à la pratique du Dirt et du Slopestyle, avec le soutien de la mairie.

Paul commence sa participation au FMB World Tour dès 2012 dans des compétitions amateurs alors qu'il est âgé de seulement 16 ans. C'est à partir de cet âge là qu'il commence à s'associer à des sponsors, d'abord des entreprises locales comme Ride Boutik, puis des marques internationales comme Smith Optics ou Troy Lee Designs.

Il se met rapidement à concourir dans les compétitions en tant que professionnel et participe depuis chaque année aux différentes épreuves du FMB World Tour, entrant dans le top 20 puis top 10 mondial à partir de 2019.

Il réalise sa meilleure saison en 2023 avec une cinquième place au niveau mondial, et meilleur français. Sa saison est surtout marquée par une seconde place lors de la Redbull Joyride aux Crankworx Whistler, compétition la plus prestigieuse de la discipline Slopestyle.

Outre les compétitions Paul Couderc se fait également remarquer en sortant régulièrement des vidéos sur Internet où il met en avant ses nouvelles figures. Ses vidéos My War, My War IIet My War III sorties respectivement en 2019, 2021 et 2023 ont été visionnées par plusieurs centaines de milliers de personnes et ont reçu les éloges de la communautés du VTT Slopestyle. Il y réalise notamment plusieurs figures jamais réalisées en VTT auparavant, et en invente même complètement certaines en s'inspirant de la discipline du parkour.

Carrière

 2015 : Il remporte pour la première fois les Natural Games de Millau.
 2016 :
  de la compétition O'Marisquino en Espagne, sa première victoire sur le FMB World Tour.
 2017 :
 Il remporte pour la seconde fois les Natural Games de Millau.
  lors du FISE à Chengdu en Chine.
  de la compétition O'Marisquino.
  du FISE de Montpellier.
 Il intègre cette année-là les compétitions Crankworx, parmi les plus prestigieuses de la discipline Slopestyle.
 2018 :
  lors du FISE à Chengdu.
  au GlemmRide Slopestyle.
 2019 :
 Troisième victoire aux Natural Games de Millau.
  lors du Swatch Rocket Air en Suisse.
  aux Crankworx d'Innsbruck.
 Il termine au  rang mondial au terme de cette année 2019.
 2020 :
 L'année 2020 est marquée par l'arrêt quasi total des compétitions en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19, il termine néanmoins  aux Crankworx Innsbruck, seule compétition de l'année.
 2021 :
  des Crankworx Innsbruck.
  des Crankworx Rotorua en Nouvelle-Zélande.
  des Crankworx BC au Canada.
 Il termine au  rang mondial au terme de l'année 2021.
2022 :
  des Crankworx Innsbruck.
  des Crankworx BC au Canada.
  du Red Bull District Ride.
 Il remporte le 4 Bikes Festival en Allemagne.
 Il termine au  rang mondial au terme de cette année 2022.
2023 :
  des Crankworx Rotorua en Nouvelle-Zélande.
  des Crankworx Innsbruck.
 Quatrième victoire aux Natural Games de Millau.
  de la Red Bull Joyride aux Crankworx BC, son premier podium lors d'un évènement Crankworx.
 Il termine au  rang mondial au terme de l'année 2023.

Sponsors
Paul Couderc fait actuellement (Août 2023) partie de l'équipe Commencal.

Il est également sponsorisé par Monster Energy, Giro, Michelin, Ilabb, Title, Marzocchi, HT et Novatec.

Notes et références

Naissance en septembre 1996
Naissance à Auch
Coureur de VTT français

Paul Couderc (sportif)


Thiesi (sardisk: Tièsi) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 461 meters højde og har 2.986 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 63,25 km² og grænser til kommunerne Bessude, Borutta, Cheremule, Cossoine, Giave, Ittiri, Romana og Villanova Monteleone.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Thiesi


Jared Clark, né le  en Australie, est un footballeur international vanuatuan. Il évolue au poste de défenseur central.

Biographie

Carrière en club

Le défenseur est formé dans les clubs australiens de Western Strikers, Adélaïde City et White City. En 2014, il part en Serbie pour signer au FK Vojvodina, et après trois ans dans ce pays, il rentre en Australie pour jouer avec l'équipe réserve d'Adélaïde United. En 2019, il rejoint le club semi-professionnel des Croydon Kings.

Carrière internationale
Clark est né en Australie, et a une ascendance vanuatuan par sa mère. Il est d'abord appelé dans la sélection préliminaire de l'équipe nationale du Vanuatu pour la Coupe d'Océanie 2020, mais le tournoi est annulé en raison du Covid-19.

Le , il fait ses débuts avec le Vanuatu lors d'un match amical perdu 3-0 contre les Fidji. Toutefois, cette rencontre n'est pas considérée comme officielle par la FIFA.

Le , il joue son premier match officiel FIFA avec le Vanuatu, lors d'un nouveau match amical contre les Fidji (défaite 1-2). Lors de cette rencontre, le vanuatuan est titulaire et joue l'intégralité de la partie.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international vanuatais
Naissance en janvier 1998
Naissance en Australie

Jared Clark


Movileanu este un nume de familie românesc, provenind de la toponimul "movila".

În Republica Moldova, conform datelor din cartea de telefoane (anul 2007), numele de familie Movileanu se întâlnește în 64 de localități în care există 213 de familii cu acest nume.

În Romania, acest nume este pe locul #1747 ca popularitate. Pe glob sunt 650+ oameni cu numele Movileanu.

Personalități cu acest nume
 Vasile Movileanu, pictor

Note

Nume de familie românești

Movileanu


الشعروية الحمراء  أحد أنواع الشعرويات.

مقدمة
يعتبر هذا الفطر الأكثر شيوعاً في التسبب بمرض قدم الرياضي و حكة جوك و مرض القوباء الحلقية. أول ما وصف هذا الفطر في عام 1845 من قبل مالمستين. يتراوح معدل النمو لهذا الفطر من بطئ إلى سريع معتدل. يكون النسيج الفطري شمعي، أملس أو قطني. يكون الوجه الظاهري للمستعمرة أبيض إلى بيج مصفر أو أحمر بنفسجي. بينما يتلون الوجه السفلى للمستعمرة باللون الأصفر الشاحب، البني, أو البني المحمر. كما يعتبر هذا الفطر الأكثر تسبباً لمرض لعدوى الأظافر الفطرية من بين مجموعة الفطور الجلدية.

أمراض الجلد الشائعة
 القوباء الحلقية
 قدم الرياضي و التي تدعى أيضاً Tinea pedis
 حكة جوك و كما تسمى Tinea cruris
 التهاب جريبات فروة الرأس وتدعى Tinea capitis
 التهاب جريبات الشعر في الذقن وتدعى Tinea barbae
 التهاب جريبات الشعر في الرجلين وتدعى Majocchi granuloma
 عدوى الأظافر الفطرية

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Mycology Unit at the Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital
 Doctor Fungus

فطريات طفيلية
فطريات وصفت في 1845
مفصلاويات

شعروية حمراء


Medway kan have flere betydninger:

 Medway (borough), Kent, England
 Medway (flod), Kent, England
 Medway, Massachusetts, USA
 Medway, Maine, USA

Medway


Essanay Film Manufacturing Company a fost un studio de film  american. Studioul a fost fondat în 1907 cu sediul în Chicago și mai târziu cu platouri suplimentare de filmare în Niles Canyon, California. Este cel mai cunoscut pentru filmele mute produse aici cu/de Charlie Chaplin în 1915. În anii 1920, după ce s-a unit cu alte studiouri, a fost absorbit în Warner Brothers.

Studioul a fost fondat în 1907 în Chicago de către George K. Spoor și Gilbert M. Anderson, inițial ca Peerless Film Manufacturing Company. La 10 august 1907, numele a fost schimbat în Essanay  ("S and A").

Note

Vezi și
:Categorie:Filme Essanay Studios

Studiouri de film din Statele Unite
Fondări în 1907

Essanay Studios


During the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), management and treatment of prisoners of war (POWs) were very different from the standards of modern warfare. Modern standards, as outlined in the Geneva Conventions of later centuries, assume that captives will be held and cared for by their captors. One primary difference in the 18th century was that care and supplies for captives were expected to be provided by their own combatants or private resources.

American prisoners

King George III of Great Britain had declared American forces traitors in 1775, which denied them prisoner-of-war status. However, British strategy in the early conflict included pursuit of a negotiated settlement, and so officials declined to try or hang them, the usual procedure for treason, to avoid unnecessarily risking any public sympathy the British might still enjoy. Great Britain's neglect resulted in starvation and disease. Despite the lack of formal executions, neglect achieved the same results as hanging.

American prisoners of war tended to be accumulated at large sites, which the British were able to occupy for extended periods of time. New York City, Philadelphia in 1777, and Charleston, South Carolina, were all major cities used to detain American prisoners of war. Facilities there were limited. The occupying army could sometimes be larger than the total civilian population. The surgeon in charge of the New York hospitals housing American prisoners, Francis Mercier, was accused of killing them by poisoning and by assault, and he was ultimately executed for an unrelated murder. An estimated 20,000 Americans were held as prisoner during the war, with almost half dying in captivity.

The loyalist stronghold of St. Augustine, Florida, was also used by the British to detain patriot prisoners. Notable prisoners included Brigadier General Griffith Rutherford of the Salisbury District Brigade.

Prison ships
The British solution to this problem was to use obsolete, captured, or damaged ships as prisons. Conditions were appalling, and many more Americans died of neglect in imprisonment than were killed in battle. While the Continental Army named a commissary to supply them, the task was almost impossible. Elias Boudinot, as one of the commissaries, was competing with other agents seeking to gather supplies for Washington's army at Valley Forge. Historian Edwin G. Burrows writes that "by the end of 1776, disease and starvation had killed at least half of those taken on Long Island and perhaps two-thirds of those captured at Fort Washington – somewhere between 2,000 and 2,500 men in the space of two months."

During the war, at least 16 hulks, including the infamous HMS Jersey, were placed by British authorities in the waters of Wallabout Bay off the shores of Brooklyn, New York as a place of incarceration for many thousands of American soldiers and sailors from about 1776 to about 1783. The prisoners of war were harassed and abused by guards who, with little success, offered release to those who agreed to serve in the British Navy. Over 10,000 American prisoners of war died from neglect. Their corpses were often tossed overboard but sometimes were buried in shallow graves along the eroding shoreline.

Many of the remains became exposed or were washed up and recovered by local residents over the years and later interred nearby in the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument at Fort Greene Park, once the scene of a portion of the Battle of Long Island.
Survivors of the British prison ships include the poet Philip Freneau, Congressmen Robert Brown and George Mathews. The latter was involved in extensive advocacy efforts to improve the prison conditions on the ships.

The American Revolution was an expensive war, and lack of money and resources led to the horrible conditions of British prison ships. The climate of the South worsened the difficult conditions. The primary cause of death in prison ships was diseases, as opposed to starvation. The British lacked decent and plentiful medical supplies for their own soldiers and had even fewer reserved for prisoners. Offshore in the North, conditions on prison ships caused many prisoners to enlist in the British military to save their lives. Most American POWs who survived incarceration were held until late 1779, when they were exchanged for British POWs. Prisoners who were extremely ill were often moved to hospital ships, but poor supplies precluded any difference between prison and hospital ships.

Prison laborers and other prisoners of the British
American prisoners were additionally housed in other parts of the British Empire. Over 100 prisoners were employed as forced laborers in coal mines in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia – they later chose to join the Royal Navy to secure their freedom. Other American prisoners were kept in England (Portsmouth, Plymouth, Liverpool, Deal, and Weymouth), Ireland, and Antigua. By late 1782 England and Ireland housed over 1,000 American prisoners, who, in 1783, were moved to France prior to their eventual release.

Continental Army prisoners of war from Cherry Valley were held by Loyalists at Fort Niagara near Niagara Falls, New York and at Fort Chambly near Montreal.

British, Hessian, and Loyalist prisoners

American laws of war
During the American Revolution, some officers ftom the Continental Army attempted to put the laws of war into practice regarding prisoners of war. The Americans believed that all captives should be taken prisoner. On September 14, 1775, Washington, commander of the Northern Expeditionary Force, at camp in Cambridge, Massachusetts, wrote to Colonel Benedict Arnold: "Should any American soldier be so base and infamous as to injure any [prisoner]... I do most earnestly enjoin you to bring him to such severe and exemplary punishment as the enormity of the crime may require."

After winning the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776, Washington found himself left with hundreds of Hessian troops who had surrendered to the Americans. Washington ordered his troops to take the prisoners in and "treat them with humanity," which they did. "Let them have no reason to complain of our copying the brutal example of the British army in their treatment of our unfortunate brethren who have fallen into their hands," Washington said. The official stance in the capturing of enemy troops was one of mercy.

Grievances
Edward G. Burrows remarks that although British and Hessian captives did "fare better on the whole than their American counterparts," there were nevertheless "instances of outrageous cruelty" against them, that "certain state governments had particularly bad records of prisoner abuse", and that there were "numerous... complaints over the years from enemy prisoners about bad food, squalor and physical abuse." The treatment of prisoners of war varied from state to state. Provisions among the prisoners also varied but generally ranged from mediocre to bad in the last years of the war.

British and German prisoners
The British and the Germans shared similar and differing experiences as POWs. The Continental Congress's policies on the treatment of POWs remained the same for all enemy combatants, and so the prisoner system was generally the same for the two nationalities. However, the British troops were valued more than the German mercenaries and thus there are many more examples of British prisoner exchanges than German.

Americans grew to hate the British more than the better-behaved Germans. The British were more likely to cause disturbances, get into fights, and oppose the guards and the militia, having been more invested in the defeat of the Americans than the Germans were.

Loyalists
Loyalists were the most hated POWs. The Continental Congress took the stance that since prisoners of war were enemy combatants, not criminals, the treatment of POWs differed from criminals. However, depending on the state, Loyalists were often treated more like criminals than POWs. Debate waged throughout the colonies whether to treat Loyalists as enemy soldiers or treasonous citizens.

Prison towns
There were very few American prisons because the Thirteen Colonies and the Continental Congress were not in a position to create new ones to imprison British and German soldiers. Instead, Congress sent most British and Hessian prisoners to local American towns and ordered local officials to hold them under strict parole.

The Continental Congress had the sole authority to decide where the prisoners went, and the local towns had little forewarning and no say in the matter. Prison towns found themselves with the burden of providing for hundreds or thousands of prisoners at a time. In towns that could not afford to feed prisoners, the prisoners were put to work to feed themselves. British and German prisoners cultivated gardens; worked for farms and craftsmen; and found other forms of unskilled labor. Local communities attempted to make prison towns as profitable as possible and often helped prisoners find jobs or sent them to other towns and states for work.

The more useful the prisoners of war were, the less economically burdensome they were on the town. A town unable to erect barracks for the prisoners was forced to house them in community churches and even citizens' homes. The Continental Congress's forcing of Americans to quarter prisoners was a major source of contention among the people.

Even when British and Hessian prisoners of war were not being held in individual houses, they were still in public view, which caused general fear, resentment, and anger. Prisoners were generally not confined to their quarters and could remain in public for the duration of the day. Security proved to be a problem for prison towns. With no official police force and the military's preoccupation with war, local militias and volunteers generally guarded the prisoners of war. Protests in prison towns were common, and people who denied prisoners entry were punished for disobeying the Continental Congress in the form of fines, jail time, and even property expropriation.

The reception prisoners received varied by location. Overall, the prisoners staying in Boston were in relative peace, remarking that the general population of Boston was civil and tolerant of them. In Virginia and other southern states, wealthy planters and plantation owners were happy to have prisoners (in Albemarle County, for example), because they could count on an even greater abundance of free or cheap labor.

In contrast, the lower class in the South was generally much less tolerant of sharing residence with abundant prisoner populations. In Maryland, the state militia directly and aggressively challenged the Continental Army when it attempted to escort the prisoners of war into the state. The South had a collective fear of insurrection that emerged because of the slave population.

Convention Army
On October 17, 1777, nearly 6,000 British and Hessian soldiers of the Convention Army surrendered to the Americans. The Continental Congress was now in the position of holding a massive number of prisoners of war on American soil, an infrequent occurrence until then. It was already struggling to provide for the Continental Army. After Saratoga, it also had to provide for enemy combatants.

Background
After British, German, and Canadian troops were defeated, Lieutenant General John Burgoyne and Major General Horatio Gates were unable to agree about the fate of 5,900 prisoners. In the Convention of Saratoga, the terms stipulated that the troops would be returned to Europe, never to wage war with North America again. Congress saw that condition as an abysmal part of the treaty for one of its greatest victories in the American Revolution and delayed its ratification repeatedly. General Burgoyne grew frustrated with Congress and openly condemned its actions. Congress used Burgoyne's words as evidence that he was planning to renounce the convention and suspended it until Great Britain recognized American independence. The Americans ended up holding the Convention Army for the duration of the war.

Marches
"After spending the next year in camps near Cambridge and Rutland, Massachusetts, they were sent by Congress on an overland odyssey that, by the end of the war, took them down to Virginia, then up to Maryland, into Pennsylvania again, and finally back to Rutland. Almost every step of the way they contended with meagre rations, shortages of fuel, inadequate accommodations, and physical violence."

Over the course of the revolution, the Convention Army was marched across the colonies. First, it was marched to Massachusetts and remained there for a year, and in 1778, it was moved to Virginia, where it remained for two years. In 1780, it was moved north and gradually dispersed to different states, cities, and towns for the rest of the war. The marches themselves were brutal on the soldiers, but their lives generally improved once they got to their destinations. The main reasons for the marches across America were security and finance.

Once resources became scarce in Massachusetts, Congress ordered the army to be moved South. The war effort was very different in the North as contrasted with the South. In 1780, it had become difficult to provide British and German prisoners of war and their guards with food in the South, where their presence had become a security risk. The British had started their official campaigns in the South, which brought the risk of insurrections. The Convention Army was thus ordered to march back North and was dispersed.

Freedom
There were three ways for a prisoner of war to achieve freedom after being captured: desertion, exchange, or parole. Most of the time, a small militia-hired guard was tasked to supervise the imprisonment of captured British and German soldiers. The guard's ability to watch over prisoners efficiently was constantly tested. The Convention Army initially took its POW status gracefully, but only because it was under the assumption that it would be sent home within a year. When it became clear that the Americans had no intention of allowing the British to return to Great Britain until the war ended, tensions between the soldiers and the guard escalated, and desertions rose rapidly in number. Propaganda was used by Americans and by captured high-ranking British officials to dissuade troops from deserting, but it largely failed. Many of the prisoners who escaped captivity took American women with them and reared families. A large number of Hessians remained in the US after the war was over because they had married American women. Between the time of the Siege of Yorktown (1781) and the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), many of the Convention troops, by then mostly Germans, escaped and took up permanent residence in the United States. The American government did not have the means to prevent this.

The two other official forms of reaching freedom (parole and exchange) were common among high-ranking officers. Parole specifically dealt with individual prisoners of war, and so the process of being removed from imprisonment or house arrest and placed on parole was very simple and speedy. Most British and German prisoners of war thus sought parole, but the breaking of parole was common; many used it to make desertion easier. Some British and Hessian prisoners of war were paroled to American farmers. Their labor made up for shortages caused by the number of men serving in the Continental Army.

Exchange, however, was a very complex and slow process because it involved negotiation and diplomacy between a new and inexperienced nation and a state that absolutely refused to recognize American independence. A major hindrance to exchange was the reluctance of the British to concede non-rebel status to its adversaries. The British perception of the Americans as rebels prevented exchange. A degree of mutual acceptance between Congress and the states of the principle of exchange and procedure in its implementing must have been attained by the end of March 1777. Exchange was handled primarily by Congress, instead of state powers. While state and local government had considerable power over parole, the federal government had power of negotiating exchanges.

Reaction and impact
The capture of thousands of British prisoners of war in the hands of the Americans had the effect of further dissuading British officials from hanging colonial prisoners, despite the abandoned hopes for a settlement by this stage, as they feared reprisals on prisoners being held by the Americans. After the Convention Army was captured, the rate of prisoner exchanges increased dramatically as a result.

During the first years of the conflict, the Continental Congress tried to give prisoners of war the same amount of provisions as the soldiers guarding them. However, after the capture of the Convention Army, resources turned scarce and the federal government had to rely on state governments to provide for prisoners of war. From 1777 to 1778, Lieutenant General Henry Clinton was providing food for the Convention Army, but he eventually decided to end his assistance and to place the full economic burden of providing for the prisoners on the US government. In order to compensate for the lack of resources Congress could give to the British and German prisoners, they were moved from state to state. The marches were largely a result of diminishing provisions.

Aside from the official marching of the Convention Army, captured prisoners were paraded through cities after military victories as a form of celebration for the Americans and humiliation for their enemies. The intent of the parades was to boost morale among Americans. The Revolutionary War had devastating effects on communities, and to see clear examples of US progress and victory helped gain support for the war effort.

Notable prisoners of war
Robert Brown, U.S. Congressman
Philip Freneau, poet
Andrew Jackson, later U.S. President
Charles Lee, major general
George Mathews, brigadier general, U.S. Congressman, governor of Georgia
John Sullivan, major general
 William Alexander, Lord Stirling, brigadier general
Samuel Miles (Philadelphia Mayor, later first faithless elector - Presidential election 1796)

References

Further reading
 Armbruster. Eugene L. The Wallabout Prison Ships: 1776-1783. New York, 1920.
 Boyle, Joseph Lee, ed. Their Distress is Almost Intolerable: The Elias Boudinot Letterbook, 1777-1778; 2002, Heritage Books (paperback), .
 Burrows, Edwin G. Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War (NY: Basic Books, 2008)
 Cray, Robert E., Jr. "Commemorating the Prison Ship Dead: Revolutionary Memory and the Politics of Sepulture in the Early Republic, 1776-1808," William and Mary Quarterly (1999) 56#3 pp. 565–590 in JSTOR
 Dabney, William M. After Saratoga: The Story of the Convention Army. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1954.
 Dandridge, Danske. American Prisoners of the Revolution. The Michie Company, Printers, Charlottesville, Va. 1911.
 Dandridge, Danske. American Prisoners of the Revolution. Baltimore. Genealogical Publishing Company. 1911.
 Krebs, Daniel. A Generous and Merciful Enemy: Life for German Prisoners of War during the American Revolution. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
 Lowenthal, Larry. Hell on the East River: British Prison Ships in the American Revolution. Fleischmanns, New York. Purple Mountain Press. 2009.
 Metzger, Charles H. The Prisoner in the American Revolution. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1971.
 Pope, Johnathan. "Law, Tradition, and Treason: Captured Americans During the American Revolution, 1775--1783" (M.A. Thesis, University of New Brunswick, 2003). online
 Ranlet, Philip. In the Hands of the British: The Treatment of American POWs during the War of Independence. The Historian 62, no. 4 (2000): pp. 731–57 in JSTOR.

External links
 Saratoga Articles of Convention, 1777
 Britain's Prison Ships, 1776-1783
 Prisoner Exchange and Parole in the American Revolution
 The Exchange of Prisoners
 The William and Mary Quarterly

American Revolutionary War
New York (state) in the American Revolution

Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War


In geometry, a deltahedron (plural deltahedra) is a polyhedron whose faces are all equilateral triangles. The name is taken from the Greek upper case delta (Δ), which has the shape of an equilateral triangle. There are infinitely many deltahedra, all having an even number of faces by the handshaking lemma. Of these only eight are convex, having 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 20 faces. The number of faces, edges, and vertices is listed below for each of the eight convex deltahedra.

The eight convex deltahedra
There are only eight strictly-convex deltahedra: three are regular polyhedra, and five are Johnson solids. The three regular convex polyhedra are indeed Platonic solids.

In the 6-faced deltahedron, some vertices have degree 3 and some degree 4. In the 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-faced deltahedra, some vertices have degree 4 and some degree 5. These five irregular deltahedra belong to the class of Johnson solids: convex polyhedra with regular polygons for faces.

Deltahedra retain their shape even if the edges are free to rotate around their vertices so that the angles between edges are fluid.  Not all polyhedra have this property: for example, if some of the angles of a cube are relaxed, the cube can be deformed into a non-right square prism.

There is no 18-faced convex deltahedron. However, the edge-contracted icosahedron gives an example of an octadecahedron that can either be made convex with 18 irregular triangular faces, or made with equilateral triangles that include two coplanar sets of three triangles.

Non-strictly convex cases
There are infinitely many cases with coplanar triangles, allowing for sections of the infinite triangular tilings.  If the sets of coplanar triangles are considered a single face, a smaller set of faces, edges, and vertices can be counted.  The coplanar triangular faces can be merged into rhombic, trapezoidal, hexagonal, or other equilateral polygon faces. Each face must be a convex polyiamond such as , , , , , ,  and , ...

Some smaller examples include:

Non-convex forms
There are an infinite number of nonconvex forms.

Some examples of face-intersecting deltahedra:

 Great icosahedron - a Kepler-Poinsot solid, with 20 intersecting triangles

Other nonconvex deltahedra can be generated by adding equilateral pyramids to the faces of all 5 Platonic solids:

Other augmentations of the tetrahedron include:

Also by adding inverted pyramids to faces:
 Excavated dodecahedron

See also
 Simplicial polytope - polytopes with all simplex facets

References

Further reading
.
.
.
.
 pp. 35–36

External links

 The eight convex deltahedra
 Deltahedron
 Deltahedron

Polyhedra

Deltahedron


Purpuri eru ýmsir litir á milli rauðs og blás. Nafnið hans kemur frá purpuraskelinni, sem liturinn var upprunalega unninn úr.

Litir

Purpuri


Dambudzo Marechera (Charles William Dambudzo Marechera, 4 de junio de 1952, Rusape, Rodesia, 18 de agosto de 1987, Harare) fue un novelista y poeta zimbabuense.

Vida

Marechera nació en Vhengere, Rusape, Zimbabue (entonces llamado Rodesia), hijo de Isaac Marechera, empleado de un depósito de cadáveres, y de Masvotwa Venenzia Marechera, sirvienta.

En su novela, The House of Hunger (1978) y en diferentes entrevistas, Marechera solía decir que su padre había muerto "atropellado por un tren del siglo XX", que "había vuelto a casa con un cuchillo en la espalda" o que "su cuerpo había sido encontrado en el depósito de cadáveres del hospital acribillado a balazos". Todas estas historias son falsas, pero reflejan cómo Marechera sometía su propia vida a una revisión constante.

Flore-View Wild, posiblemente la máxima autoridad sobre la obra de Marechera destacó la importancia de la autodestrucción en el joven Marechera a raíz de lo que su hermano Michael le contó. Michael sugería que Dambudzo fue víctima de la crueldad de su madre, y daba a entender que esta estaba maldita, poseída por algún espíritu. Curiosamente, cuando Marechera volvió de Londres y se convirtió en escritor residente en la Universidad de Zimbabue, su madre y hermanas intentaron ponerse en contacto con él, pero se negó argumentando que ella había intentado matarle. De hecho, Marechera no volvió a ponerse en contacto con ningún miembro de su familia hasta el día de su muerte.

Marechera se crio en medio de una atmósfera de discriminación, pobreza y violencia. Fue a la escuela en la misión de San Agustín, Penhalonga, pero tuvo fuertes confrontaciones con sus profesores sobre los planes de estudios coloniales que se impartían en las misiones. Ingresó en la Universidad de Rodesia (ahora Universidad de Zimbabue), pero fue expulsado debido a su participación en las revueltas estudiantiles. Corrió la misma suerte en el New College,Oxford, del cual fue expulsado debido a un comportamiento antisocial y al abandono de la actividad académica.

En su corta carrera literaria publicó un libro de relatos, dos novelas (una de ellas póstuma), un volumen recopilatorio de obras de teatro y poesía y una colección de poesía.

Obras

Su primer libro, The House of Hunger, es el resultado de un período de desesperación tras su estancia en Oxford. A lo largo de las nueve historias que componen el libro, el narrador describe una infancia y juventud marcadas por la violencia en la Rodesia colonial, con un estilo que denota una gran fuerza emocional y agresividad verbal. Su narrativa se caracteriza por cambios constantes de tiempo y lugar, a la vez que se difumina la barrera entre realidad y ficción. Esta obra está considerada como una de las más representativas de la nueva narrativa africana. Fue galardonada con el "Guardian Fiction Price" en 1979.

En 1980 publicó Black Sunlight, que a pesar de haber sido comparada con obras de James Joyce y Henry Miller, no llegó a tener el éxito de The House of Hunger. Es una novela poco estructurada, con un estilo complejo y múltiples digresiones eruditas sobre cuestiones literarias y filosóficas. Marechera analiza el anarquismo como postura intelectual. Su siguiente novela, Black Insider (1990), nos presenta a unos intelectuales refugiados en el edificio de la facultad de bellas artes ante una supuesta guerra. Los personajes debaten entre sí acerca de la identidad africana, la naturaleza del arte, el machismo y las figuras autoritarias del continente africano.

En el New College de Oxford, Marechera destacó como un alumno sumamente inteligente, pero algo anárquico y con muy poco interés por la vida académica. Marechera ignoraba los programas de sus asignaturas, no le interesaban las lecturas propuestas por sus profesores y leía aquello que más le llamaba la atención. Se ganó una mala reputación en el campus, de provocador y granuja, que no dudaba en pelearse con cualquiera que le llevara la contraria en los pubs de Oxford.

No están claras cuáles pueden ser las razones: quizás fuera choque cultural o un consumo excesivo de alcohol, pero poco a poco comenzó a tener un comportamiento cada vez más errático, que el psicólogo de la universidad diagnosticó como esquizofrenia. Marechera perdió en cierta manera el control, amenazaba a algunas personas con que las iba a asesinar e intentó prender fuego a la universidad. Llegó a recabar cierta fama por su total falta de respeto ante las autoridades basadas en la superioridad racial o de clase, experiencias muy relacionadas con el tema de su libro Black Sunlight. Después de su intento de quemar la facultad, a Marechera le dieron dos opciones: someterse a un examen mental en un psiquiátrico o ser expulsado. Marechera eligió la segunda alegando que no deseaba ser mentalmente violado.

A partir de este momento Marechera empezó a tener problemas más graves. En Gales estuvo a punto de acabar en la cárcel por posesión de marihuana. Se quedó sin residencia fija y comenzó a vagar por los alrededores de Oxford, durmiendo en casa de amigos. Pasó mucho tiempo en la calle, escribiendo. Su vida de vagabundo le expuso a muchos peligros, fue asaltado en varias ocasiones y tuvo problemas con la policía. Durante este periodo también pasó algunos meses viviendo con la comunidad ocupa de Tolmers Square, en el centro de Londres, donde se cree que escribió su primer libro. De sus experiencias en las universidades de Rodesia y Oxford, de su período vagabundeando por las calles de Inglaterra y Gales fue de donde surgió The House of Hunger, su primera novela. Cuando fue publicada por James Currey, Marechera consiguió cierta repercusión en los círculos literarios ingleses, pero su instinto autodestructivo causaba indignación allá donde iba. En la presentación del libro llegó a lanzar cubiertos contra los invitados debido a una rabieta. Pese a todo, la universidad de Leeds le ofreció una residencia como escritor.

Tras la publicación de su libro, Marechera pensaba que no se le estaba compensando de manera adecuada por ello, y visitaba constantemente las oficinas de James Curry pidiendo una y otra vez que le pagara los derechos de autor. En entrevistas posteriores a James Curry, este admite que llegó a darle más dinero del que le correspondía, intentando ayudar en lo posible a Marechera. Pese a esto, Marechera vivía en la extrema pobreza, estaba desnutrido y bebía de manera excesiva.

Algunos amigos y compañeros de Zimbabue como Musaemura Zimunya (poeta), Rino Zhuwarara, Stanley Nyamufukudza (escritor) intentaron ayudarle, pero Marechera, posiblemente muy afectado por el alcoholismo y la esquizofrenia, los rechazaba a todos y los acusaba de entrometerse en su vida, pese a las buenas intenciones de estos. Su excéntrica vida llevó a que muchos africanos, incluidos antiguos compañeros de Zimbabue, considerasen que Marechera no ayudaba a su integración con sus aires de grandeza ante las clases altas británicas, su manera extravagante de vestir etc. Debido a su complejo carácter Marechera fue expulsado en varias ocasiones del Centro Africano, una asociación cultural para el estudio de temas africanos. Existen rumores de que Marechera se casó con una mujer británica durante esta época.

Marechera volvió a la nueva Zimbabue, ahora independiente, en 1982 para asistir al rodaje de la versión cinematográfica de su obra The house of Hunger. La película no llegó a acabarse debido al fuerte encontronazo entre Marechera y el director. Ya no volvió a Inglaterra, permaneció en Zimbabue, viviendo en las calles de la ciudad de Harare durante cinco años, hasta el día de su muerte debido a una enfermedad pulmonar relacionada con el sida.

Mindblast; or, The Definitive Buddy (1984) fue escrita el año siguiente a su regreso, componiéndose de tres obras de teatro, una narración en prosa, poemas y un diario. El libro criticaba el materialismo, la intolerancia, el oportunismo y la corrupción que habían aflorado tras la independencia de Zimbabue. Llevaba el debate más allá del nacionalismo, Marechera pretendía una regeneración social de su pueblo. Combinó un profundo auto examen con una fuerte crítica social para hacer un llamamiento a una nueva generación de ciudadanos zimbabuenses que debían buscar nuevos roles dentro de esta nación emergente.

La poesía de Marechera se publicó póstumamente en el volumen Cemetery of Mind (1992). Al igual que sus relatos, sus poemas reflejan la influencia de los modernistas, desde Arthur Rimbaud y T. S. Eliot hasta Allen Ginsberg y Christopher Okigbo, y confirma su tendencia a la crítica social aguda, a un intenso autoanálisis y a la provocación verbal.

En una entrevista, Marechera dijo de él mismo: "Creo que soy el doppelgänger del que carecía la literatura africana hasta que yo llegué". Esta es una valoración certera del papel que juega Marechera al hacer que el lector se mire a sí mismo de nuevo a través de los ojos del otro. Su individualismo, su experimentación estilística y su iconoclastia garantizan que su obra sea imposible de etiquetar: rompe todas las barreras y está en constante cambio.

Legado de Marechera
El legado de Marechera sigue muy vivo, continúa siendo uno de los escritores más influyentes de la literatura zimbabuense. Desde su muerte, decenas de jóvenes escritores y muchos de sus contemporáneos han escrito numerosos relatos y biografías en torno a su compleja vida y obra.

En la década de los noventa aparecieron gran cantidad artículos y estudios de su obra de críticos extranjeros, destacando especialmente a Flora Veit-Wild, quien ha escrito diferentes libros sobre su vida y obra.

En lo que Wild se equivoca es al considerar todas las historias de Marechera como reales. Marechera se inventaba su propia vida, creaba situaciones irreales y contaba historias que nunca había sucedido, cosa que Wild suele tomar como hechos auténticos.

Recientemente, estudiosos Zimbabuenses han abordado la vida y obra del escritor. Sienten que hasta la fecha el legado de Marechera ha sido usado por los investigadores extranjeros de manera poco fiel y usado en beneficio propio. Aunque Marechera siempre desconfió bastante de sus colegas y estudiosos de Zimbabue y mantuvo posturas bastante encontradas con ellos. Se encontraba mejor entre sus amigos blancos, turistas y admiradores extranjeros que supuestamente se aprovecharon de él y de su situación. La vida de Marechera y su legado son y seguirán siendo una historia inconclusa y llena de interrogantes.

Bibliografía
 The House of Hunger (1978)
Black Sunlight (1980)
The Black Insider (1990)
Mindblast; or, The Definitive Buddy (1984)
Cemetery of Mind (1992)

Referencias

Alumnado del New College
Escritores de Zimbabue
Escritores en inglés
Escritores del siglo XX
Zimbabuenses del siglo XX
Novelistas de Zimbabue
Poetas de Zimbabue
Fallecidos en Harare
Cuentistas de Zimbabue

Dambudzo Marechera


Lovísa Elísabet Sigrúnardóttir (fædd 10. september 1982), betur þekkt sem Lay Low er íslensk söng- og tónlistarkona.

Hún hefur samið tónlist aðallega í stíl blúss, þjóðlagatónlistar og kántrí. Lovísa hóf ferilinn í hljómsveitinni Benny Crespo's Gang þar sem hún spilaði á hljómborð og gítar. Árið 2006 vann hún verðlaun fyrir bestu söngkonuna á Íslensku tónlistarverðlaununum fyrur sólóplötu sína Please don't hate me.

Hún hefur hitað upp fyrir Emilíönu Torrini á heimstónleikaferðalagi hennar og Of Monsters and Men á bandaríkjatónleikaferðalagi þeirra.

Lovísa samdi lagið Með hækkandi sól með systrunum Siggu, Betu og Elínu sem voru fulltrúar Íslands fyrir Eurovision 2022.

Hún fæddist í London og á föður frá Sri Lanka.

Tónlistarferill

Sóló
Please Don't Hate Me (2006)
Ökutímar  (2008)
Farewell Good Night's Sleep (2008)
Flatey (CD + DVD) (2009)
Brostinn strengur (2011)
Live at Home (2013)
Talking About the Weather (2015)

Benny Crespo's Gang
Benny Crespo's Gang (2007)

Smáskífur
"Ekkert þras" (2013) (ásamt Agli Ólafssyni, Moses Hightower og Högna Egilssyni)
"Taktu númer og bíddu við" (með Björgvini Halldórssyni) (2013)
"Gently" (2013)
"Þannig týnist tíminn" (2012) (með Ragnari Bjarnasyni) (Dúettar)

Tenglar

vefsiða laylow.is (á ensku)

Íslenskar söngkonur
Íslenskir tónlistarmenn

Lay Low


O rio Jabuti (ou rio Jaboti) é um curso de água que nasce e deságua no município brasileiro de Guarapari, no litoral do estado do Espírito Santo. Sua nascente se encontra na zona rural municipal, em uma região de montanhas, tendo sua foz na baía de Guarapari, nas águas do oceano Atlântico. Tem como principais afluentes o rio Conceição e os córregos Boa Esperança, São João do Jabuti, Maringá e Barra do Limão.

A bacia hidrográfica do rio Jabuti possui . Seu curso é relativamente preservado, mas intercede uma região com considerável presença de pousadas e propriedades rurais. Dá nome a algumas localidades rurais de Guarapari, como Alto Jabuti, Arraial do Jabuti e São João do Jabuti. As principais estradas que cruzam o leito são a BR-101 e a ES-060 (Rodovia do Sol).

Apesar de ter menos de  de extensão, trata-se de um dos mananciais mais expressivos de Guarapari, sendo que suas águas são utilizadas para o abastecimento público da cidade. A captação das águas do rio é feita a  de sua foz.

Um problema enfrentado pelo manancial é a diminuição da disponibilidade de suas águas durante longos períodos de estiagem, o que gera um risco de desabastecimento e regimes de rodízios de água no município. Isso também ocorre com o aumento da demanda de consumo durante a alta temporada das praias de Guarapari.

Bibliografia

Jabuti
Geografia de Guarapari

Rio Jabuti


جيبرز كريبرز  فيلم رعب أمريكي من إنتاج العام 2001، وهو الجزء الأول من ثلاثية تحمل الاسم ذاته.

الفيلم استوحي اسمه من أغنية جاز شهيرة في العام 1938 حملت نفس العنوان "Jeepers Creepers" والتي أنتجتها ذات الشركة المنتجة للفيلم ورنر برذرز.

افتتح الفيلم في 2,944 دار عرض سينمائي داخل الولايات المتحدة ليحقق عوائد قيمتها 37,904,175 مليون دولار أمريكي، لاحقا عندما تم عرضه عالميا حقق 59,217,789 مليون دولار أمريكي.

في 2003 تم عرض الجزء الثاني من السلسلة والذي حمل عنوان جيبرز كريبرز 2 " Jeepers Creepers II" وقد عرض الجزء الثالث من السلسلة في 2009.

قصة الفيلم
أحداث الفيلم تدور في يوم واحد، الكريبر وهو كائن خرافي يقوم باصطياد مجموعة منتقاة من البشر ويأكل منهم كل شيء مميز فيهم فإذا كان يحتوي على بصر حاد أكل عينه على سبيل المثال. ويقوم بهذا الأمر كل 23 عاما لمدة 23 يوما، كما تدور حول الفتاة تريش وشقيقها الشاب الجامعي داري العائدان إلى منزل العائلة بسيارتهما القديمة في طريق سريعة في أرياف فلوريدا الشمالية قادمين من إجازة الربيع.

وأثناء العودة يتضايقان من سائق يقود عربة نقل سوداء في الطريق تحاول تخطيهما مسرعة ليلمحاها لاحقا قرب كنيسة مهجورة حيث يريان شخصا متشحا بالسواد يقوم بإلقاء مابدى لهما أنها جثث مغطاة بملاءات بيضاء في أنبوب للتصريف قرب الكنيسة. نتيجة إصرار داري على العودة ويقرر الأخ النظر عبر الأنبوب إلا أنه يسقط فيه ليكتشف مشهدا مروعا عبارة عن «معرض» للجثث المحنطة التي تم فصل أجزاء منها وإعادة حياكتها في أجزاء منفصلة وزين بها كهف أسفل الأنبوب.

يغادر الشقيقان المكان في فزع، وفي طرق الهرب يريان عربة الكريبر قادمة بالاتجاه المعاكس عائدة نحو الكنيسة ليفاجآ بعد وقت قصير بالعربة السوداء ذاتها تقترب منهما بسرعة.. لاخقا يتوجهان إلى أقرب مقهى على الطريق لطلب الشرطة، في أثناء محاولتهما طلب الشرطة من هاتف المقهى يتلقيان مكالمة هاتفية من قبل المتبصرة أو العرافة جيزيل التي تخبرهما بأنه عليهما الفرار إذا سمعا أغنية Jeepers Creepers، في تلك الأثناء يقتحم الكريبر سيارتهما ويعبث بمحتويات وملابس الفتى. تحضر سيارة دورية للشرطة لمرافقة الشقيقين لمركز الشرطة وهنا يقوم الكائن بقتل الشرطيين ومطاردة داري وتريش.

في المشهد ماقبل الأخير يتواجد الشقيقين برفقة المتبصرة جيزيل في مركز الشرطة، وكما هو متوقع يطاردهما الكريبر حيث يقوم بعدد من عمليات القتل ليصل إلى الشقيقين حيث يختار الفتى داري وهنا تعرض تريش أن يأخذها عوضا عن شقيقها وما أن تقتحم فرقة من الشرطة الغرفة حتى يفرد الكريبر جناحين له ويطير بداري بعيدا، تلحق به شقيقته لكنه يختفي في الظلام.

المشهد الأخير يعرض صباح اليوم التالي حيث تنتظر تريش وصول والديها في مركز الشرطة برفقة جيزيل وعندما تخرج من باب مركز الشرطة تشاهد غرابا، نركز نظرها على الغراب ليتحول المشهد إلى مصنع مهجور يعج بالغربان، داخل المصنع يسمع موسيقى أغنية جيبرز كريبرز ليظهر مشهد لجلد داري وقد تم سلخه وتركز الكاميرا على محل عين داري الفارغة ليظهر خلف فراغ العين عين الكريبر مبتسمة والتي تشبه عين داري.

ممثلون
 جاستين لونغ
 جينا فيلبس
 جونثان بريك
 باتريشا بلشر
 برادن سميث

جوائز وترشيحات
 جائزة كريستال ريل - أفضل مشاركة.
 ترشح من قبل أكاديمية الخيال العلمي، الفانتازيا وأفلام الرعب (جائزة ساتورن أفضل فيلم رعب).
 ترشح من قبل أكاديمية الخيال العلمي، الفانتازيا وأفلام الرعب (أفضل أداء للممثل الشاب جاستن لونغ).
 ترشح لجائزة دليل الرعب العالمي International Horror Guild كأفضل فيلم.
 ترشح لستيغس – مهرجان الفيلم الكاتالوني في إسبانيا كأفضل فيلم لفيكتور سالفا.

نسخة بديلة

في المشهد النهائي الذي ينال فيه الكريبر أو المخلوق مايريده، كانت هناك نهاية ممددة أو مضافة، هذه النهاية كانت لتبين أن الأمر كله كان مجرد قصة يرويها غاري (لعب الدور أيضا جستن لونغ) لصديقته ليزا (لعبت الدور أيضا دينا فيلبس). هي لم تصدق القصة التي رواها اياها، وغادرا موقع تخييمهما ورغم كون الحافلة لم تفتهما إلا أنهما قررا الركوب عبر الطريق عبر أول من يتوقف لهما للتوصل واستقلا شاحنة خضراء، للأسف تبين أن الشاحنة هي شاحنة الكريبر ومع نهاية المشهد تقوم ليزا بتشغيل المذياع لتنطلق أغنية جيبرز كريبرز.i

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 Jeepers Creepers Official site

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام ألمانية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام الطريق
أفلام إنتاج 2001
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تقطيع ألمانية
أفلام تقطيع أمريكية
أفلام خارقة للطبيعة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام رعب ألمانية
أفلام رعب إنتاج 2001
أفلام رعب خارق أمريكية
أفلام رعب مراهقة عقد 2000
أفلام رعب ومراهقة أمريكية
أفلام عن أخوة
أفلام غموض رعب
أفلام ليون غيتز إنترتينمنت
أفلام مصورة في فلوريدا
أفلام من إخراج فيكتور سالفا
أفلام وحوش أمريكية
أفلام يونايتد آرتست
العفاريت في الأفلام
عفاريت وشياطين خياليون

جيبرز كريبرز (فيلم 2001)


Oliver Napoleon Hill (October 26, 1883 – November 8, 1970) was an American self-help author and conman. He is best known for his book Think and Grow Rich (1937), which is among the best-selling self-help books of all time. Hill's works insisted that fervid expectations are essential to improving one's life.  Most of his books were promoted as expounding principles to achieve "success".

Hill is a controversial figure. Accused of fraud, modern historians also doubt many of his claims, such as that he met Andrew Carnegie and that he was an attorney. Gizmodo has called him "the most famous conman you've probably never heard of".

Life and career

Childhood
Hill was born in a one-room cabin near the Appalachian town of Pound in southwest Virginia. His parents were James Monroe Hill and Sarah Sylvania (Blair), and he was the grandson of James Madison Hill and Elizabeth (Jones). His grandfather came to the United States from England and settled in southwestern Virginia in 1847. His father was an unofficial dentist and was also a moonshiner.

Hill's mother died when he was nine years old, and his father remarried two years later to Martha. His stepmother was a good influence for him: "Hill's stepmother, the widow of a school principal, civilized the wild-child, Napoleon, making him go to school and attend church." At the age of 13, Hill began writing as a "mountain reporter", initially for his father's newspaper. At the age of 15, he married a local girl who had accused him of fathering her child; the girl later recanted the claim, and the marriage was annulled.

Early career
At the age of seventeen, Hill graduated from high school and moved to Tazewell, Virginia, to attend business school. In 1901, Hill accepted a job working for the lawyer Rufus A. Ayers, a coal magnate and former Virginia attorney general. Author Richard Lingeman wrote that Hill received this job after arranging to keep confidential the death of a black bellhop whom the previous manager of the mine had accidentally shot while drunk.

Hill left his coal mine management job soon afterward and enrolled in law school before withdrawing owing to a lack of funds. Later in life, Hill would use the title of "Attorney of Law", although Hill's official biography notes that "there is no record of his having actually performed legal services for anyone."

In 1903, Hill married for the second time to Edith Whitman; in 1905 their child Edith Whitman Hill was born. Their marriage was a fraught one due to Hill's alleged physical abuse of his wife and daughter in addition to his frequenting of prostitutes.

Failed business ventures and charges of fraud
Hill relocated to Mobile, Alabama, in 1907 and co-founded the Acree-Hill Lumber Company. In October 1908, the Pensacola Journal reported that the company was facing bankruptcy proceedings and charges of mail fraud for purchasing lumber from outside Mobile, from other counties in Alabama and Florida, and selling it below cost, thereby failing to generate a return.

His wife Edith filed for divorce in 1908, at the proceedings Hill's friends and business partners testified to his affairs with prostitutes.

It is sometime in 1908 that Hill claims his pivotal conversation with Andrew Carnegie happened, however there is no record of the two meeting and he spent much of the year on the run from the authorities.

Following the exposure of his fraud in Alabama, Hill fled to Washington, DC, where he dropped Oliver as his first name and began going by Napoleon Hill. In 1909 he founded the Automobile College of Washington. The college assembled cars for the Carter Motor Corporation, which declared bankruptcy in early 1912; students were not paid for their labor. During April 1912, the automobile magazine Motor World accused Hill's college of being a scam and derided its marketing materials as "a joke to anyone of average intelligence". Following the bankruptcy of the Carter Motor Corporation, Hill pivoted the organization to teaching people how to sell cars rather than make them. Students were incentivized to themselves sell Automobile College of Washington courses on which they would earn a commission. In practice, the focus was on signing up more students, not in learning how to sell cars. In this form, it resembled a modern  multi-level marketing company.

During June 1910, Hill married Florence Elizabeth Horner, with whom he had three sons: James, born in 1911; Napoleon Blair, born in 1912; and David, born in 1918. Horner was in high school when they met and was from a wealthy West Virginia family. Despite investment from her family, the Automobile College of Washington closed in 1912.

He subsequently moved to Chicago and accepted a job with the La Salle Extension University, before co-founding the Betsy Ross Candy Shop. Following his move to Chicago, Hill began claiming that he was a lawyer. Hill was soon forced out of the candy shop by his partners and had left La Salle within a year of starting. In September 1915, he established the George Washington Institute of Advertising, where he intended to teach principles of success and self-confidence. On June 4, 1918, the Chicago Tribune reported that the state of Illinois had issued two warrants for his arrest, charging him with violating blue sky laws by fraudulently attempting to sell shares of his school at a $100,000 capitalization, despite the school's possessing assets appraised only at $1,200.

In 1917, Hill threatened the Illinois Central Railroad with a lawsuit due to low lighting in their cars allegedly making him need glasses. The George Washington Institute was unaccredited and closed in 1918 following allegations of fraud made by students. During this time, Florence and their children were living with her family in West Virginia.

Following the closure of the George Washington Institute, Hill embarked on other business ventures, among them the personal magazines Hill's Golden Rule and Napoleon Hill's Magazine. In 1919 the Federal Trade Commission brought charges against Hill and Hill's Golden Rule for fraudulent advertising and laundering funds meant for a veteran's charity into a fraudulent oil stock scheme. Hill claimed that it was in 1918 following the collapse of GWI that Woodrow Wilson personally reached out to Hill for his help winning the First World War, he claimed that Wilson offered him large sums for his aid but that he did not accept any payment for his work because he was a patriot. He claimed that he was so important and involved in the war effort that he had the power to veto the President. Hill claimed to have participated intimately in the negotiation of the armistice with Germany. These claims are not believed to be true. White House records include no reference to his ever being there.

In 1922, he opened the Intra-Wall Correspondence School, a charitable foundation intended to provide educational materials to prisoners in Ohio. The foundation was directed by, among others, check forger and former convict Butler Storke, who would be sent back to prison only a year later. According to Hill's official biography, it was during this period that hundreds of documents proving Hill's association with various famous figures were destroyed in a Chicago storage fire. Intra-Wall Correspondence School primarily sold Hill's Golden Rule and correspondence courses. In 1923 it was exposed by local newspapers as a scam. Following the murder of Donald Mellett he promoted a lecture tour based on their acquaintance; this event would later become a significant part of his myth with Hill claiming to have been the target of the same assassins.

The Law of Success
During 1928, Hill relocated to Philadelphia and persuaded a Connecticut-based publisher to publish his eight-volume work The Law of Success (1925). The book was Hill's first major success, allowing Hill to adopt an opulent lifestyle. By 1929, he had already bought a Rolls-Royce and a  property in the Catskill Mountains, with the aid of some lenders.

The beginning of the Great Depression, however, affected Hill's finances adversely, forcing his Catskills property into foreclosure before the end of 1929. He went broke, forcing his wife's family to pay for the expenses of Florence and her children.

Hill's next published work, The Magic Ladder to Success (1930), proved to be a commercial failure. During the next few years, Hill traveled through the country, returning to his habits from the prior decade of initiating various short-lived business ventures. He was involved in the production of the first Mormon film Corianton: A Story of Unholy Love, which collapsed after investors accused Hill of malfeasance. Hill claimed to have been an advisor to Franklin D. Roosevelt during this time. He claimed to have coined the President's famous phrase "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

In 1935, Hill's wife Florence filed for and received a divorce in Florida as divorce was illegal at that time in West Virginia. In 1936 Hill met Rosa Lee Beeland when she attended one of his lectures; he proposed the next day, and they were soon married. Unable to afford a place of their own, he and Rosa moved in with Hill's son Blair in New York City. Following a few months of this living arrangement Blair's wife Vera left due to Napoleon Hill's harassment and abuse with Blair following soon after. Before leaving Blair gave his father and Rosa a loan to continue work on a new book, Think and Grow Rich.

Think and Grow Rich
In 1937, Hill published the best-selling book Think and Grow Rich, which became Hill's best-known work. Hill's new wife Rosa Lee Beeland contributed substantially to the authoring and editing of Think and Grow Rich. Hill's biographers would later say this book sold 20 million copies over 50 years, although as Richard Lingeman remarks in his brief biography, "Alice Payne Hackett's 70 Years of Best Sellers suggests the amount was considerably less."

Wealthy once more, Hill re-initiated his lavish lifestyle and purchased a new estate in Mount Dora, Florida. Napoleon and Rosa also become involved with The Royal Fraternity of the Master Metaphysicians, a cult led by James Bernard Schafer which regarded Think and Grow Rich as a religious text. Napoleon became The Godfather of "Baby Jene", a child the cult had adopted and claimed to be raising in such a way that she would be immortal. In 1941 the child was returned to her biological mother. After being arrested and convicted in 1942 Schafer claimed that Napoleon had scammed him.

The couple divorced around 1940, with much of the wealth from the book going to his wife Rosa Lee Hill, leaving Napoleon Hill to start his pursuit of success once again. Rosa proceeded to marry her divorce lawyer. Hill and Rosa never repaid Blair for the $300 loan with Rosa taunting Blair.

Starting again
In 1941 Hill published Mental Dynamite but it was a commercial failure.

Hill met Annie Lou Norman, who was 47 years old, where he rented a room. They married in 1943 and relocated to California. Hill went on the lecture circuit once again. In 1947 he briefly hosted a show on KFWB Radio in Los Angeles. In 1952 he launched a new scam selling courses about success in Missouri. The scam soon collapsed, and he set up a firm called Napoleon Hill Associates to sell courses with W. Clement Stone. In the 1960s Hill and Stone fell out with Hill turning to selling his course Science of Success through franchises. In 1963 he founded the Napoleon Hill Foundation.

Philosophy of Achievement

Hill's "Philosophy of Achievement", offered as a formula for rags-to-riches success, was published initially in the 1928 multi-volume study course entitled The Law of Success, a rewrite of a 1925 manuscript. Hill identified freedom, democracy, capitalism, and harmony as being among the foundations to his "Philosophy of Achievement". He asserted that without these foundations, great personal achievements would not be possible.

Hill claimed his philosophy was superior to those of others and that its principles were responsible for the successes of Americans. Hill blamed failure on such emotions as fear and selfishness.

A "secret" of achievement was discussed in Think and Grow Rich, but Hill did not explicitly identify this secret in the book, insisting that readers would benefit most if they discovered it for themselves.

In the introduction, Hill states of the "secret" that Andrew Carnegie "carelessly tossed it into my mind" and that it inspired Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine Islands to "gain freedom for his people". Although he mentions a "burning desire for money" repeatedly throughout the book, he suggests that avarice is not his "secret" at all. Indeed, in The Law of Success, published nine years earlier, he identifies the secret as the Golden Rule, insisting that only by working harmoniously and cooperating with other individuals or groups of individuals and thereby creating value and benefit for them can one create sustainable achievement for oneself.

Hill returned to the topic of a secret in a 1967 book, where he explicitly stated:

He presents the notion of a "Definite Major Purpose" as a challenge to his readers to ask themselves: "In what do I truly believe?" According to Hill, "98%" of people have few or no strong beliefs, which made their achieving success unlikely.

Hill declares that the life story of his son Blair is an inspiration to him, claiming that despite being born without ears, Blair had grown-up able to hear and speak almost normally. Hill reports that his son, during his last year of college, read chapter two of the manuscript of Think and Grow Rich, discovered Hill's secret "for himself", and then inspired "hundreds and thousands" of people who could neither listen nor speak.

From 1952 to 1962, Hill taught his Philosophy of Personal Achievement—Lectures on Science of Success in association with W. Clement Stone. During 1960, Hill and Stone co-authored the book Success Through A Positive Mental Attitude. Norman Vincent Peale is quoted saying that Hill and Stone "have the rare gift of inspiring and helping people" and that he owes "them both a personal debt of gratitude for the helpful guidance I have received from their writings."

The book is listed in John C. Maxwell's A Lifetime "Must Read" Books List.

Hill claimed insight into racism, slavery, oppression, failure, revolution, war, and poverty, asserting that overcoming these difficulties using his "Philosophy of Achievement" was the responsibility of every human.

Influence of famous people
Later in life, Hill claimed that the turning point of his life had been a 1908 assignment to interview the industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. At that time, Carnegie was among the most powerful men in the world. Hill wrote, after Carnegie's death in 1918, that Carnegie had actually met with him at that time and challenged him to interview wealthy people to discover a simple formula for success, and that he had then interviewed many successful people of the time. The authenticity of many of Hill's claims has been widely disputed. Napoleon Hill's collaboration with Andrew Carnegie has never been confirmed either by Carnegie himself or the Carnegie estate, and Hill allegedly only started making claims of interviewing Carnegie after he had died. Aside from Hill's writings, there are no accounts of the meeting taking place. Carnegie biographer David Nasaw stated that he "found no evidence of any sort that Carnegie and Hill ever met" or "that the book was authentic."

The acknowledgments in his 1928 multi-volume work The Law of Success, listed forty-five of those he had studied, "the majority of these men at close range, in person", like those to whom the book set was dedicated: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, and Edwin C. Barnes (an associate of Thomas Edison). Hill reported that Carnegie had given him a letter of introduction to Ford, who Hill said then introduced him to Alexander Graham Bell, Elmer R. Gates, Thomas Edison, and Luther Burbank.

Endorsements for The Law of Success were allegedly sent in by William H. Taft, Cyrus H. K. Curtis, Thomas Edison, Luther Burbank, E. M. Statler, Edward W. Bok, and John D. Rockefeller. The list in the acknowledgments includes, among those Hill wrote that he had personally interviewed, Rufus A. Ayers, John Burroughs, Harvey Samuel Firestone, Elbert H. Gary, James J. Hill, George Safford Parker, Theodore Roosevelt, Charles M. Schwab, Frank A. Vanderlip, John Wanamaker, F. W. Woolworth, Daniel Thew Wright, and William Wrigley Jr.

Aside from these, Hill's other claims have been called into question. There is no known evidence that he aided President Wilson to negotiate Germany's surrender in World War I; that he helped President Roosevelt write his fireside chats; or that he was an attorney. There are no known records of Hill's meetings with the famous men he claimed to have interviewed besides for a brief photo op with Edison.

Alleged spirit visitations
Hill openly described visits from spirits in Chapter 12 of his book Grow Rich! With Peace of Mind (1967). He described them as unseen friends, unseen watchers, strange beings, and the Great School of Masters that had been guarding him, and who maintain a "school of wisdom". Hill states that the "Master" spoke to him audibly, revealing secret knowledge. Hill further insists that the Masters "can disembody themselves and travel instantly to any place they choose to acquire essential knowledge or to give knowledge directly, by voice, to anyone else."

Grow Rich! With Peace of Mind was allegedly influenced by Hill's spirit voices; Hill cites the "Master", saying, "Much of what he said already has been presented to you in the chapters of this book or will follow in other chapters." In Chapter 14 of his book Think and Grow Rich (1937) he openly talks about his "invisible counselors" with whom he discusses various areas of his life. Hill refers to these meetings with his counselors as being real because he consistently told himself they were real, a principle he refers to as "autosuggestion". Hill does admit the talks were only real to him because of his imagination but professes his belief that the "dominating thoughts and desires" of one's mind make those thoughts real.

Death
Napoleon Hill died aged 87 on November 8, 1970.

Legacy
Hill's works were inspired by the philosophy of New Thought and the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson and are listed as New Thought reading.

Hill has been seen as inspiring later self-help works, such as Rhonda Byrne's The Secret.

In 1995 the authorized biography of his life A Lifetime of Riches, by Michael J. Ritt Jr. and Kirk Landers, was released. In it his official biographers came to a number of controversial conclusions including that Hill and Carnegie had actually met.

Napoleon Hill Foundation
The Napoleon Hill Foundation is a nonprofit foundation which promotes the teachings of Napoleon Hill. Following the death of Napoleon in 1970 the foundation and his widow Annie Lou engaged in a protracted court battle over the estate which lasted into the 1980s. The foundation maintains a private archive of Hill's papers. It awards the annual Napoleon Hill Award, in 2014 the award was given to Organo Gold. The foundation continues to sell Hill's books and courses as well as leadership certificates.

Works
The Law of Success (1928)
The Magic Ladder to Success (1930)
Think and Grow Rich (1937)
Outwitting the Devil (1938, published 2011)
How to Sell Your Way Through Life (1939)
The Master-Key to Riches (1945)
How to Raise Your Own Salary (1953)
Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude (with W. Clement Stone) (1959)
Grow Rich!: With Peace of Mind (1967)
Succeed and Grow Rich Through Persuasion (with E. Harold Keown) (1970)
You Can Work Your Own Miracles (1971)

See also
 Dale Carnegie
 Law of Attraction

References

External links

1883 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American writers
People from Pound, Virginia
American motivational writers
American self-help writers
American finance and investment writers
Andrew Carnegie
Writers from Virginia
American people of English descent
American confidence tricksters

Napoleon Hill


An Huntleya lucida in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Huntleya lucida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Huntleya, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Huntleya

Huntleya lucida


A categoria até 57 kg feminino foi um evento do Campeonato Mundial de Taekwondo de 2022, que ocorreu no Centro Aquático Scotiabank, em Guadalajara, no México, no dia 14 de novembro.

Medalhistas

Resultados

Legenda
DQ - Ganhou por desqualificação

Fase final

Metade superior

Primeira chave

Segunda chave

Metade inferior

Terceira chave

Quarta chave

Ligações externas

 Site da Federação Mundial de Taekwondo

Campeonato Mundial de Taekwondo de 2022

Campeonato Mundial de Taekwondo de 2022 - Até 57 kg feminino


est un genre éteint de plantes qui vivaient au Crétacé.

Liste des espèces

 Cupressinocladus valdensis A.C. Seward, 1919

Bibliographie

  A.C. Seward, Fossil plants: a text-book for students of botany and geology, volume IV, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Gnetales, Cambridge Biological Series, Cambridge University Press, 1919
  A Survey of the Non-marine Cretaceous in China, Chen Pei-ji, Cretaceous Research, 1983, 4, 123-143.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Gymnosperme préhistorique
Genre de Pinophytes (nom scientifique)
Taxon éteint du Crétacé
Taxon fossile décrit en 1919
Araucariales

Cupressinocladus


Lutie bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Lutie (Missouri)
 Lutie (Oklahoma)
 Lutie (Texas)

Siehe auch:
 Luti
 Luty

Lutie


The Amazing Spider-Man 2 er en amerikansk superheltefilm fra 2014 instrueret af Marc Webb.

Medvirkende
 Andrew Garfield som Peter Parker / Spider-Man
 Emma Stone som Gwen Stacy
 Jamie Foxx som Max Dillon / Electro
 Dane DeHaan som Harry Osborn / Green Goblin
 Sally Field som Tante May
 Campbell Scott som Richard Parker
 Embeth Davidtz som Mary Parker
 Colm Feore som Donald Menken
 Paul Giamatti som Aleksej Sytsevitj / Rhino
 Denis Leary som Kommissær Stacy
 Felicity Jones som Felicia Hardy
 Marton Csokas som Dr. Kafka
 Chris Cooper som Norman Osborn

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2014
Actionfilm fra USA
Science fiction-film fra USA
Superheltefilm

The Amazing Spider-Man 2


El pez cabeza de serpiente cobra (Channa marulius) es una especie nativa del Sureste Asiático pero ha sido introducido en otros países. En la India es frecuente en embalses. Es una especie capaz de respirar en el aire.

En España es una especie invasora incluida en el Anexo del Real Decreto 630/2013, de 2 de agosto, por el que se regula el listado y catálogo español de especies exóticas invasoras.

Son capaces de permanecer un par de días fuera del agua y pueden atacar incluso personas, siendo posibles las mordeduras a los pescadores cuando lo capturan.

Usos
Es un pez comercial que se pesca para su consumo en economías de subsistencia. En la India los alevines se recogen en redes y se echan en los pozos de riego superficiales, donde los alimentan con desperdicios domésticos y alcanzan una longitud de 30 cm en un año, momento en que los trasladan vivos al mercado para su venta.

También es empleado por en acuariología en acuarios públicos.

Referencias

 Channa marulius - USGS

Enlaces externos

 snakeheads.org

marulius
Peces del Sureste Asiático
Especies invasoras animales
Animales descritos en 1822

Channa marulius


بورومليا (Боромля) هي مدينة في مقاطعة سومسكا في أوكرانيا.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

بورومليا (سومسكا)


Çöl tilkisi (Vulpes zerda), Fennek tilkisi olarak da bilinir, köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasının en küçük üyesidir. Çöl yaşamına çok iyi uyum sağlamış, Kuzey Afrika'da ve Arap yarımadasında rastlanılabilen bir tilki türüdür.

Özellikleri
40 cm'ye varan vücut uzunluğuna ters orantılı olarak 15 cm'ye varan kulakları çok uzundur. Bu özel durum kendisini çölde yaşamasını sağlar, çünkü vücut sıcaklığını kulakları vasıtası ile dengede tutar.  Kuyruğu 25 cm uzunluğundadır, ağırlığı 1,5 kg'a kadar varır. Kürkü krem rengidir, karın kısmı ve yüzü beyazdır,uzun kulaklı çöl tilkisinin yağ depolaması ısı kaybına yarar.Yetişkinlerin boyu 21–40 cm arasında değişir.

Yaşam alanı
Uzun kulaklı çöl tilkisi, Sahel çölünde, Sina Yarımadası'nda, Arap Yarımadası'nda ve Türkiye'nin güneyinde bulunur.

Yaşam şekli
Çölün öldürücü sıcaklığından dolayı, sadece gece aktif olan bir hayvandır. 5-10 hayvandan meydana gelen gruplar oluşturup, inşa ettikleri bir mağara sisteminde yaşarlar. Tehlikeyi sezdikleri durumlarda, kendilerini derhal kumun içine saklayabilirler.

Fare, kertenkele ve çekirgeler ile beslenirler. Nadir olarak kuş da avlayabilirler. Uzun kulaklı çöl tilkisinin yaşam alanında pek bitkisel gıda bulunmaz, ama hayvanat bahçelerinde tutulanları severek meyve de yerler. Su ihtiyacının çoğunluğunu yediği hayvanlardan giderdiği tahmin edilir. Ama bir su kaynağı bulursa su içebilir.

Gebelikleri yaklaşık 50 gün sürer, ve sonunda 2-4 yavru doğururlar. Yavrular doğduktan sonra erkek hayvan çok agresif olur ve ailesini her türlü tehlikeye karşı cesurca savunur. Yavrular bir sene ailenin koruması altında kalıp, sonra ayrılır.

Ayrıca
Çoğu başka dilde kullanılan ve Arapça kökenli olan "Fenek", Arapça'da aynı zamanda "Tavşan" anlamına da gelir. Bu ismin Araplar'daki ortak kullanımı iki türün de uzun kulaklara sahip olmasından kaynaklanır.

Tilkiler
Sahra faunası

Çöl tilkisi


بيتر يوهاس (بالمجرية:Péter Juhász)، من مواليد 3 أغسطس 1948، لاعب كرة قدم هنغاري سابق. لعب مع منتخب هنغاريا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مجريون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من لوتشينيتس
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من المجر
لاعبو أويبست
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون أولمبيون
لاعبو منتخب المجر لكرة القدم
مواليد 1948
مواليد في لوتشينيتس
مجريون في سلوفاكيا
رياضيون من إقليم بانسكا بيستريتسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم بانسكا بيستريتسا

بيتر يوهاس


Gristina er en dansk kortfilm fra 2017 instrueret af Malte Pedersson og efter manuskript af Nanna Westh.

Handling
Gristina er en ung gris, der bor med sin mor og 14 søskende på en lille gård på landet. Men Gristinas ambitioner rækker videre: Hun vil være smuk som en fotomodel. Gristina stikker af fra svinestien og opsøger et forsøgslaboratorium, hvor læger eksperimenterer med kosmetiske operationer. Hvad hun ikke ser, er, at hendes yngste lillesøster og største fan, Sofie, følger efter. Gristina gennemgår, til sin store fryd, en masse kosmetiske operationer, men bliver til sidst tvunget til at vælge mellem søsteren og livet som forsøgslaboratoriets feterede skønhedsdronning.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2017

Gristina


iteacher වෙබ් අඩවිය, නොහොත් අයිටීචර් ඩොට් එල්කේ  යනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ගුරුවරුන්ගේ එකමුතුවකි. එය 2016 සැපැතැම්බර් මස දියත් කරන ලදි. අයිටීචර් ඩොට් එල්කේ වෙබ් අඩවිය පළමු වරට ප්‍රසිද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ 2017 ජනවාරි මාසයේය. මෙම ගුරු එකමුතුවේ අභිප්‍රාය වන්නේ එහි සාමාජිකයන් වන ගුරුවරුන් සඳහා විවිධ නවීන තාක්ෂණික පැතිකඩයන් රාශියක් ඔස්සේ ඉගෙනුම් ක්‍රියාවලිය සංවර්ධනය කරගැනීමටත්, දැනුම හුවමාරු කරගනීමට ඉඩ ප්‍රස්ථා සලසා දීමයි. එහි සාමාජිකයන් හට ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමටත්, තොරතුරු සොයා ගැනීමටත්, පුහුණු අවස්තා ලබා ගැනීමටත් මෙන්ම අනෙක් සමාජිකයන් සදහා සහාාය වීමටද අවස්තා උදාවේ.

අයිටීචර්


El Klemm L25, denominado posteriormente en 1930 como Klemm Kl 25 fue un avión utilitario monomotor y biplaza, construido por la compañía alemana Klemm a finales de los años 1920. Realizó su primer vuelo en el año 1927. Se llegaron a fabrican más de 600 aeronaves, llegándose también a producirse bajo licencia en el Reino Unido y en los Estados Unidos.

Diseño y construcción
Con un ala baja cantilever , tren de aterrizaje fijo y dos cabinas abiertas en tándem, el avión fue desarrollado por Hanns Klemm, que utilizó su diseño anterior, el Klemm Kl 20, como punto de partida. En un principio voló con un motor Daimler-Leichtflugmotor Typ F 7502 de 20 hp (15 kW). Se construyeron alrededor de 30 versiones diferentes del Kl 25, y estas estaban equipadas con motores que variaban de 32 a 70 kW (43 a 94 CV). La estructura del fuselaje y alas estaba cubierta con planchas de madera contrachapada.

Según el modelo, el peso de la aeronave variaba entre los 620 a 720 kg y tenía una envergadura de 10,5 a 13 m. El despegue se lograba a solo 50 km/h y la velocidad máxima estuvo entre 150 y 160 km/h.
En relación con un avión similar de la época, el montaje era muy fácil, y esto lo convirtió en un avión muy popular. De acuerdo con los folletos de venta, solo se requería el 25% de potencia del motor para mantener el avión en vuelo, en comparación con los biplanos del período, que requerían un 50% de potencia del motor.

Alrededor de 600 ejemplares se construyeron en Alemania entre 1929 y 1936, sirviendo con varias organizaciones de entrenamiento de vuelo, ya sea con tren de ruedas, esquís o flotadores. Quince fueron vendidos en Gran Bretaña antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial donde resultaron ser muy apreciados, siendo equipados con una variedad de motores domésticos. A resultas de ello  el distribuidor británico de la L.25, el comandante E.F. Stephen, creó la "British Klemm Airplane Company" (que en 1935 se conocería como British Aircraft Manufacturing Co.) en London Air Park, Hanworth, Middlesex para producir una versión de la L.25 bajo licencia como BK Swallow y en 1935 BA Swallow. A partir de 1928 comenzó la producción bajo licencia en los Estados Unidos; se llevó a cabo por la firma Aeromarine-Klemm Company, que tuvo un éxito moderado, así como el desarrollo de modelos para el mercado estadounidense, en forma aislada de la empresa matriz, con aproximadamente 120 modelos construidos en total.

Los Klemm L.25 participaron en muchos concursos, entre otros en competiciones internacionales de Aviones de Turismo (Europa Rundflug) en 1929 (mejor 4 ° lugar) y en 1930 (mejor 2 ° y 3 ° lugar, con la variante L 25E)
Wolff Hirth ganó con un L.25 en 1929 la Copa Hindenburg y en 1930 realizó un vuelo de larga distancia de más de 24.000 km. La famosa aviadora Elly Beinhorn completó su vuelo a África, voló a lo largo de la costa este, y después regresó por la costa oeste solo con un Klemm 25 con motor Salmson.

Variantes

L 25 a: variante con motor Daimler F 7502 ; construido entre 1927 y 1929
L 25 I, Ia  y IW: variante con motor radial Salmson AD-9 de 40 hp ; construido desde 1928 hasta 1929
L 25 b: variante de 1931 con motor Daimler de 22 hp
L 25 b VII: variante con motor Hirth HM 60
L 25 d II: variante con motor radial de cinco cilindros Siemens-Halske Sh 13 a de 88 hp
L 25 d VII R: variante con motor lineal de cuatro cilindros Hirth HM 60 R de 80 hp
L 25 IVa: variante con motor radial de cinco cilindros Armstrong Siddeley Genet II de 80 hp.

British Klemm Aeroplane Company BK Swallow
British Aircraft Manufacturing Co. BA Swallow II

Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-25
Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-26
Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-27
Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-60
Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-70
Aeromarine-Klemm Model 70 Trainer

Especificaciones (L 25 d VII R)

Véase también

Referencias
Citas

Bibliografía
 Ketley, Barry; Rolfe, Mark. Luftwaffe Foledglings 1935-1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and their Aircraft. Aldershot, Hikoki Publications, 1996, p.12

Enlaces externos

 Hanns Klemm. Kl.25

Klemm Kl 25
Aviones deportivos de Alemania de los años 1920
Aeronaves civiles de entrenamiento de Alemania de los años 1920

Klemm Kl 25


Equus hemionus kulan, le Kulan turkmène, également appelé « âne sauvage transcaspien », « onagre turkmène » ou simplement « kulan », est une sous-espèce de l'Onagre (âne sauvage asiatique) originaire d'Asie centrale. Elle a été déclarée en danger en 2016.

Population
La population de la sous-espèce était récemment en déclin au Turkménistan, alors qu'elle augmente lentement dans les sites de réintroduction. Le Kulan turkmène a été réintroduit au Kazakhstan, en Ouzbékistan et en Ukraine, où les onagres existaient autrefois, ainsi qu'en Israël, où la sous-espèce fait des hybrides avec des onagres persans à l'état sauvage.

En 2005, la population était estimée entre  au Turkménistan. Aucune autre donnée n'existait sur l'état des populations du Turkménistan, mais l'espoir subsistait que de petits groupes d'animaux vivaient toujours dans des zones inaccessibles autour de Badkhyz et prospéraient dans le Kopet-Dag occidental (vallée de Sumbar-Chandyr) et le plateau d'Ustyurt autour du lac Sarakamish. Cependant, certaines populations fragmentées d'ânes sauvages transcaspiens sont actuellement en augmentation et comptent même plus de  à l'état sauvage. On estime que plus de  vivent en Asie centrale. En 2017, il y a  en liberté au Kazakhstan, dont la plus grande part (3 400) vit dans le parc national Altyn-Emel.

Autres sous-espèces d'hémiones
 khulan (âne sauvage de Mongolie), Equus hemionus hemionus
 khur (âne sauvage d'Inde),
 gur (onagre de Perse), Equus hemionus onager
 hémippe (âne sauvage de Syrie),  Equus hemionus hemippus

Liens externes

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Equidae
Sous-espèce de périssodactyles (nom scientifique)
Faune d'Asie centrale

Equus hemionus kulan


Glacier National Park ligger i den canadiske provins Britisk Columbia. Den omfatter en stor del af Columbia Mountains. Parkens areal er på 1.349 km², og blev oprettet i 1886.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Parks Canada – Glacier National Park
 Parks Canada – Offisiell nasjonalparkguide
 Artikkel om Glacier nasjonalpark hos The Canadian Encyclopedia

Nationalparker i Canada
Britisk Columbia

Glacier National Park (Canada)


A Casa da Moeda do Governo da Índia, Mumbai é uma das quatro casas da moeda da Índia, na cidade de Mumbai. A casa foi fundada em 1829 pelo então governador da Presidência de Bombaim. A casa da moeda fica em frente ao Reserve Bank of India na área de Fort do sul de Mumbai .

Além de moedas, a casa da moeda produz medalhas e é um centro de emissão de lingotes de ouro. A instituição possui um departamento que faz pesos e medidas oficiais, como pesos métricos, capacidade e medidas lineares para governos estaduais, laboratórios e o Bureau of Indian Standards.

As moedas cunhadas na Casa da Moeda de Mumbai frequentemente apresentam como marca um pequeno ponto circular ou em formato de losango.

Moedas cunhadas na Casa da Moeda de Mumbai

Veja também
 Rupia indiana

Mumbai
Economia de Bombaim


Maccabi Tel Aviv, Maccabi Tel Aviv spor kulüplerinin bir parçası olan İsrailli futbol kulübüdür.

1906 yılında kurulan bu kulüp maçlarını Bloomfield Stadyumu'nda oynamaktadır. İsrail tarihinin en başarılı futbol kulübüdür. Kulüp; 21 lig şampiyonluğu, 23 ulusal kupa, 2 AFC Şampiyonlar Ligi zaferi ve 3 lig kupası sahibidir. Yedi sezon hem ligi, hem de ulusal kupayı kazanma başarısını göstermiştir. İsrail liginde küme düşmeyen tek takımdır. Coğrafi olarak Avrupa'da yer almamalarına rağmen Avrupa kupalarına katılabilmektedir. Basketbol kulübünün adı Maccabi Tel Aviv'dir.

Kadro
26 Haziran 2019 itibarıyla

Başarıları
 Old Liga Leumit/Ligat ha'Al (24): 1935-36, 1936-37, 1938-39, 1940-41, 1946-47, 1949-50, 1951-52, 1953-54, 1955-56, 1957-58, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1971-72, 1976-77, 1978-79, 1991-92, 1994-95, 1995-96, 2002-03, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2018-19, 2019-20
 Gvia HaMedina (24):  1928-29, 1929-30, 1932-33, 1940-41, 1945-46, 1946-47, 1953-54, 1954-55, 1957-58, 1958-59, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1966-67, 1969-70, 1976-77, 1986-87, 1987-88, 1993-94, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2004-05, 2014-2015, 2020-21
 İsrail Süper Kupası (7): 1964-65 (kupayı Hakoah Ramat Gan ile paylaştılar), 1967-68, 1976-77, 1978-79, 1987-88, 2019-20, 2020-21
 Asya Kulüp Şampiyonası (2): 1968-69, 1970-71
 Toto Kupası (2): 1992-93, 1998-99, 2008-09, 2014-15

Kaynakça

Makkabi Tel Aviv (futbol takımı)


Takehiro Tomiyasu (født 5. november 1998) er en japansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for den engelske london-klub Arsenal. Han er medlem af Japans fodboldlandshold.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2022

Takehiro Tomiyasu


An Festuca willdenowiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schult. ngan Julius Hermann Schultes. An Festuca willdenowiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca willdenowiana