The Hunt Museum () is a museum in the city of Limerick, Ireland. The Hunt Museum holds a personal collection donated by the Hunt family, it was originally situated in the University of Limerick, before being moved to its present location in Limerick's Georgian custom house in 1997. The Custom House is situated on Rutland Street on the banks of the River Shannon at its confluence with the Abbey River. Among the museum's collection are works by notable artists and designers such as Pablo Picasso, Jack B. Yeats, and Sybil Connolly as well as distinctive historical items such as the O'Dea Mitre and Crozier.

History

As antique dealers and advisors to collectors, as well as collecting pieces commercial purposes, John and Gertrude Hunt also acquired pieces that reflected their own interests and curiosity. During the latter stages of John Hunt's life, the couple became increasingly aware of the scale of their collection and wished that it would remain intact, so they began to search for a permanent home for it. They met Professor Patrick Doran of the National Institute of Higher Education (now University of Limerick) and Dr Edward Walsh, the institute's president, who agreed to house a substantial part of the collection on a temporary basis. The Hunt Museum opened there in 1978 in an exhibition room with the display designed by architect Arthur Gibney.

During this period, the Irish government had declined the offer of the Hunt's collection, so the requirement to find a suitable home and owner to take responsibility for the artefacts became more urgent. The Hunt Museums Trust was established in 1974 to hold the collection, and the property at Craggaunowen (a 16th-century four-storey tower house, typical of late medieval Ireland, purchased and restored by John and Gertrude Hunt) was held in trust on behalf of the people of Ireland. The trust established The Hunt Museum Ltd., the sole purpose of which was the establishment of a permanent home for the museum. A public private partnership involving the University of Limerick, Shannon Development, Limerick Corporation and the Department of Arts, Heritage, the Gaeltacht and the Islands, linked with local business interests secured the historic 18th-century former custom house in Limerick city together with the funds to restore and renovate the building for use as a museum. The museum was officially opened by the then Taoiseach John Bruton on 14 February 1997.

Custom House

The Hunt Museum is housed in Limerick's former Custom House, an eighteenth century building constructed in limestone rather than red brick which was used in the construction of most of the city's Georgian houses. It is a Palladian-style building designed by the Italian architect, Davis Ducart, in 1765 and completed between 1765 and 1769.

The Limerick Custom House was the administrative centre for the Revenue Commissioners (including Customs and Excise) in Limerick and it was also the home of the Customs Collector in the eighteenth century. In the 1840s, with the introduction of a new postal system, a Penny Post Office was opened in the Custom House.

The Office of Public Works (OPW) undertook a major restoration and refurbishment of the building, completing it in 1996. The Custom House opened as The Hunt Museum on 14 February 1997. The anniversary of the opening of The Hunt Museum is celebrated annually as 'Open Day' with free admission, talks, tours, and workshops.

Collection
The Hunt Museum holds about 2,500 different artefacts, both from Ireland and abroad. The oldest pieces are from Stone-Age Ireland and ancient Egypt. The collection includes the Antrim Cross (an early 9th-century cast bronze and enamel cross), dresses by Irish designer Sybil Connolly, drawings by Picasso and a bronze horse once thought to be a design by Leonardo da Vinci for a large monument. The bronze horse is similar to the Budapest horse, but its provenance was disproven in 2009. Some of the Hunt collection is also on display at the nearby Craggaunowen in County Clare, which was also greatly contributed to by John and Gertrude Hunt.

Religious artefacts
John Hunt was extremely interested in early Christian art and artefacts and he collected them widely, so the museum collection held many religious items from rosary beads to statues of varying sizes, from not just Ireland but from around Europe. The Museums 'Treasury Room' houses a great number of these items and among the artefacts in this room are the Arthur Cross and Arthur Chalice. Also found in the collection are a number of medieval Christian pieces such as the Antrim Cross, the Cashel Bell, and the Hohenzollern Crucifix.

Sybil Connolly

The Sybil Connolly collection at The Hunt Museum is formed by different documents, sketches, letters, photographs, ceramic and textile items. The textile collection is made up for 45 pieces designed by Sybil Connolly during her career. Most of the collection, which includes dresses like the "Heiress Dress" or "Pink Ice Dress", was donated to museum by Gertrude Hunt.

Horse Outside

In 2011 a lifesize model of a horse, painted by  young people aged 10–18 was placed outside the front of the building.  This was joined by a second one in 2012.  The models are made of fibreglass, and are taken inside at night. The art installation was inspired by the song Horse Outside by the group The Rubberbandits.

Controversy
In December 2003, the Simon Wiesenthal Center alleged in a letter to President Mary McAleese that the museum's collection contained items looted by the Nazis during the Second World War, although the letter did not refer to any specific items in the collection.  The museum denied the claims.

An inquiry led by former Supreme Court judge Donal Barrington was set up by the museum, but its members resigned in February 2005, saying that the museum's funding made an independent inquiry impossible, and requesting that a more appropriate inquiry be created. The Department of Arts then provided €150,000 in funding for a second inquiry led by former civil servant Seán Cromien, under the auspices of the Royal Irish Academy (RIA).

The second inquiry submitted an interim report to the RIA in February 2006. In the meantime, in October 2005, the museum had published a catalogue of its exhibits on the internet, providing details of all the items in its collection. In June 2006, the inquiry submitted a final report, which was published on the RIA's website. Also in June 2006, a one-day conference took place on the theme of Contested Cultural Property and Museums: The Case of the Hunt Museum. At this conference, a message was conveyed from Shimon Samuels, who had sent the original letter of allegation, questioning why he had not been invited to the seminar. Later, the terms of reference of the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group were questioned, the Simon Wiesenthal Center believing that more emphasis should have been placed on investigating the purported Nazi links of the Hunt family and the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group believing that this lay beyond their terms of reference, which were to do with provenance research. The RIA issued a press release responding to the statement of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

Resolution
A 2007 report from Lynn Nicholas, published by the RIA following three years of investigation, called the Wiesenthal Center's allegations "unprofessional in the extreme". Nicholas found that the Wiesenthal Center had misidentified names in the letters.

"The name used, four times in one letter, is Buhl, not Buhrle, and the individual described, an unreliable dealer who sells forgeries, certainly bears no resemblance to the extremely rich collector and armaments manufacturer Emil Buhrle," the report said.

In 2008, the Simon Wiesenthal Center published a 165 page analysis entitled, "The Hunt Controversy: A Shadow Report" written by Erin Gibbons which covered the history of the controversy and the findings.

See also
 Limerick City Gallery of Art
 Limerick City Museum
 List of museums in the Republic of Ireland

References

External links

Hunt Museum Evaluation Group final report  — June, 2006

Art museums established in 1978
Art museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland
Museums in County Limerick
Egyptological collections in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings and structures in Limerick (city)
Education in Limerick (city)
1978 establishments in Ireland
Former private collections

Hunt Museum


La Campanule pyramidale (Campanula pyramidalis) est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Campanulacées.

Liens externes

+
Espèce de Campanulaceae (nom vernaculaire)
Taxon décrit par Carl von Linné

Campanule pyramidale


Insulele SSS  reprezintă un acronim care se referă la trei teritorii insulare în Antilele Mici, care sunt sub suveranitate olandeză:
 Saba
 Sint Eustatius
 Sint Maarten
Sint Maarten este o țară constituentă a Regatului Olandei și ocupă jumătatea sudică a Insulei Saint Martin (jumătatea de nord   este  Comunitatea franceză din Saint Martin). Insulele Saba și Sint Eustatius sunt unități teritoriale ale Olandei.

Acronimul este analog cu Insulele ABC, formate din Aruba, Bonaire și Curaçao, și Insulele BES, constând din Bonaire, Sint Eustatius și Saba, ambele făcând parte din Regatul Olandei. Toate cele șase insule făceau parte din Antilele Olandeze.

Istoria
Insula Saint Martin a fost împărțită între Olanda și Franța în 1648. Partea olandeză a devenit o singură colonie olandeză în 1818 ca Sint Eustatius și Dependențe, când Franța și-a retrocedat posesiunile după Războaiele Napoleoniene. Această colonie a fuzionat în 1828 cu coloniile Curaçao și Dependențe (Insulele ABC) și Surinam, cu capitala la Paramaribo. Când această unificare a fost parțial anulată în anul 1845, partea olandeză a Insulelor SSS a devenit parte din Curaçao și Dependențele cu Willemstad drept capitală. Această colonie a devenit Antilele Olandeze, în 1952. Partea olandeză a Insulelor SSS au format inițial o singură diviziune administrativă (în eilandgebied principala diviziune administrativă din Antilele Olandeze, guvernată de un consiliu insular) Insulele Sub Vânt () până în 1983.

A se vedea, de asemenea
 Insulele ABC
 Insulele BES

Insule

Insulele SSS


Sharp ist ein Einschlagkrater im Nordwesten der Mondvorderseite. Er befindet sich nordöstlich des Kraters Mairan und südwestlich von Harpalus, westlich der Bergkette der Montes Jura und des Sinus Iridum.

Zwischen Sharp und Sharp A verläuft eine unbenannte Mondrille in nordwestlicher Richtung. Die nach dem Krater benannte Rima Sharp verläuft weiter im Westen im Mare Frigoris in nordsüdlicher Richtung.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem englischen Astronomen und Mathematiker Abraham Sharp offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Sharp auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Sharp (Mondkrater)


Tunia je rijeka u Kolumbiji, lijeva pritoka rijeke Apaporís. Pripada porječju rijeke Amazone.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Pritoke Apaporísa

Tunia (rijeka)


Mongólatoppur (fræðiheiti Lonicera maackii) er runni af geitblaðsætt ættaður frá norðaustur Asíu (Kína, Japan, Khabarovskfylki, Kórea, Mansjúría, Prímorja, Tíbet ).

Hann hefur tæpast verið reyndur á Íslandi.

Heimild

Geitblaðsætt

Mongólatoppur


Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex is a Japanese anime television series produced by Production I.G and based on Masamune Shirow's manga Ghost in the Shell. It was written and directed by Kenji Kamiyama, with original character design by Hajime Shimomura and a soundtrack by Yoko Kanno. The first season aired from October 2002 to October 2003 and was positively received by critics. A second season, titled Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG, aired from January 2004 to January 2005. Critical response to the series was generally positive.

The series centers on the members of an elite law enforcement unit known as Public Security Section 9 as they investigate cybercrime and terrorism cases; the cases in the first season often are connected to their pursuit of an elite "Super Class A" hacker and corporate terrorist known only as "The Laughing Man", whose actions end up creating the series' titular "Stand Alone Complex". A series of associated short comic animations, titled Tachikomatic Days, aired after each episode. These shorts star the Tachikoma "think-tanks" from the main series, and they typically relate directly to the story of the preceding Stand Alone Complex episode.

The first season was adapted into a feature-length OVA titled The Laughing Man, which was released in 2005. The series also received video game spin-offs for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and mobile phones. 2nd GIG was also later adapted into a feature-length OVA entitled Individual Eleven, which was released in 2006.  Solid State Society, a TV-film sequel to the Stand Alone Complex series, was also released in that year. A new ONA anime series installment titled Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 was formally announced in December 2018 and the first season was released on Netflix on 23 April 2020. The second season was released on 23 May 2022. Both seasons consist of 12 episodes each, with Kenji Kamiyama directing one season, and Shinji Aramaki directing the other season.

Plot

Premise

The series takes place in the year 2030, where many people have become cyborgs with prosthetic bodies. Primarily set in , in the fictional Japanese prefecture of , the series follows the members of Public Security Section 9, a special-operations task-force made up of former military officers and police detectives. While the group investigates various crimes, both seasons feature ongoing investigations into two incidents that embroil the group in corruption within other branches of the Japanese government.

Season 1
The first season of Stand Alone Complex focuses on the Laughing Man incident, wherein a hacktivist ultimately reveals to the Major that he had discovered that several micromachine manufacturing corporations, in association with the Japanese government, suppressed information on an inexpensive cure to a debilitating cyberization disease in order to profit from the more expensive micromachine treatment. Following this, he abducted one of the owners of the company and attempted to force him to reveal the truth on live television, resulting in the hacker live-hacking everyone's vision and cameras at the event to cover his face with the stylized laughing face logo that became synonymous with his image.

His popularity spawned several genuine imitators, resulting in the series' titular Stand Alone Complex. After an investigation by the authorities causes him to resurface in the present, Section 9 discovers these companies and several Japanese politicians later used the Laughing Man's image to garner public support and profit, and they begin a campaign, spearheaded by Togusa and the Major, to disseminate the truth. This ultimately leads to the Cabinet labeling them as domestic terrorists and forcibly disbanding them, resulting in the capture of several members and the apparent death of Motoko Kusanagi. However, it is all a ruse to deceive the government, and the very alive and well members of Section 9 regroup to bring the micromachine corporations and corrupt politicians to justice, resulting in the dissolution of the current Japanese government.

Season 2
The second season, 2nd GIG, set two years after the events of the first season, explores the political and social ramifications of the two world wars that took place prior to the events of the series. At the time of the Third and the Fourth World Wars, about three million Asians became refugees and were invited into Japan as a source of cheap labor. These "invited refugees", based on the reclaimed island of Dejima, soon became unemployed in the post-war period, and their social unrest borders on outright war.

Section 9's involvement in the refugee issue begins after they successfully stop a hostage crisis caused by a domestic terrorist group known as the Individual Eleven, after which newly elected Prime Minister Yoko Kayabuki officially reinstates the organization. The group seems to be modeling themselves after the May 15 Incident, where a group of naval officers assassinated the Prime Minister and then gained the support of the public, and hope to stir up the refugees' spirits by fighting for them against the Japanese government.

The group also comes into contact with Kazundo Gōda, head of the Cabinet Intelligence Service, who gets assistance from the group in defusing several instances between the refugees as well as assisting him in transporting plutonium through Dejima, result in several failures and refugee deaths, further straining relations.

Section 9 ultimately discovers that Gōda has been manipulating both events behind the scenes, leaking the social virus that creates the Individual Eleven ideology and creating a new Stand Alone Complex, as well as the intentional failures with the refugees. However, he cannot account for the charismatic Hideo Kuze who genuinely believes in the best for the refugees and helps rally for their independence from Japan. Throughout the investigation, Kusanagi discovers she may know Kuze from her childhood. Ultimately, Gōda is found guilty of his part in the refugee incidents and killed before he can defect to the American Empire, but not before his ministrations also result in the death of Kuze.

Film
In the film Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society, set two years following the resolution of the Individual Eleven incident, the Major has left Section 9, and Togusa is now field commander, leading an investigation into several deaths of refugees from the Siak Republic, which results in the discovery of a government computer system coordinating the kidnappings of 20 thousand abused children who have had their cyberbrains replaced and placing them under the care of several senior citizens made comatose by another government program that takes care of all of their bodily needs.

Their investigation, which brings the Major out of hiding, reveals an entity known as the Puppeteer behind the kidnappings. The Puppeteer is a rhizome formed by the collective will of the senior citizens, and the Siak Republic's intent to use the kidnapped children in their plans leads to their downfall. However, the investigation further reveals that a member of the House of Representatives is also using the children for his nationalistic purposes. Section 9 and the Major infiltrate a welfare center where the MP brainwashes the children, resulting in the Puppeteer revealing that the senior citizens wished to give the children free will in their future, with the politician interfering in that new plan.

Production

Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex was animated by Production I.G, and produced by Bandai Visual, Bandai Entertainment, Dentsu, Nippon Television Network, Tokuma Shoten, Victor Entertainment, and Manga Entertainment. The series was directed and written by Kenji Kamiyama, with additional screenwriters including Junichi Fujisaku, Yoshiki Sakurai, Shōtarō Suga, Dai Satō, Nobutoshi Terado, Yutaka Ōmatsu, and Yūichirō Matsuka. Masamune Shirow, author of the original Ghost in the Shell manga, provided plot for several episodes, sketches of characters and mechanical designs (including the Tachikoma), and gave his approval to the scripts before production. The series was produced with an 800 million yen investment. Kenji Kamiyama decided to make the anime television series as a "relative" to the manga and film, serving as a separate parallel world from both.

For the second season, Mamoru Oshii contributed with his ideas to the concept of the entire series and initial planning stages. In an interview, Oshii described his role in 2nd GIG as supervising the entire series and writing the plots for each episode. Dai Sato stated that they were initially going to concentrate on how Japan was going to participate in war after 9/11 as intended to portray a fictional future. But by the time they were working on the episodes, the Iraq War had already started and Japan's Self-Defense Force was sent to Iraq. During this time Japan also had an election. Sato continued to state that he created the "Individual Eleven" episodes to express irresponsibility of the Japanese people when they voted for the politicians that planned to send Japanese troops to Iraq and Afghanistan.

Music

The soundtrack for the series was composed by Yoko Kanno and produced by Victor Entertainment. The first season's opening theme is "Inner Universe" performed by Origa (written by Origa and Shanti Snyder). The lyrics are in Russian, English, and Latin. The first season's ending theme is "Lithium Flower" performed by Scott Matthew (written by Tim Jensen). When the series was later re-broadcast on terrestrial television in Japan, "Inner Universe" was replaced with "GET9", performed by jillmax (written by Tim Jensen), while "Lithium Flower" was replaced with "I Do", written and performed by Ilaria Graziano.

The opening theme for S.A.C. 2nd GIG is "Rise" performed by Origa (written by Tim Jensen), while the ending theme is "Living Inside the Shell" performed by Steve Conte (written by Shanti Snyder). 2nd GIG also used alternate opening and closing themes when it was re-broadcast on terrestrial television, with "Rise" was replaced by "CHRisTmas in the SiLenT ForeSt" performed by Ilaria Graziano (written by Shanti Snyder), and "Living Inside the Shell" was replaced by "Snyper", performed by Ilaria Graziano (written by Tim Jensen).

Broadcast

The pay-per-view distribution of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex started on SKY PerfecTV!'s Animax channel on 1 October 2002. It ran for 26 episodes until 1 October 2003. The series was later aired on the terrestrial Nippon TV from January to June 2004. A series of associated short comic animations, titled , aired immediately after each episode of the series. These shorts star the Tachikoma "think-tanks" from the main series, and typically relate directly to the story of the preceding Stand Alone Complex episode.

The production of a second season was immediately decided after the first season's TV airing. The second season was initially hinted when Bandai has extended the episode list to 52 episodes at Otakon of 2003. In October 2003, Production I.G officially announced a second season of 26 for the series, which would air at a rate of 2 episodes per month. The second season of Stand Alone Complex, titled Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG, aired on Animax from 1 January 2004 to 8 January 2005. It later aired on Nippon TV from April to September 2005.

Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex was subsequently licensed by Bandai Visual and Manga Entertainment in North America, and Madman Entertainment in Australia. It was broadcast in the United States on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block, in Canada by YTV and in the United Kingdom by AnimeCentral.

On 18 March 2015 it was announced that Stand Alone Complex would receive a full weekly rebroadcasting in Japan on BS11, starting on 1 April 2015. On 25 April 2017, Starz announced that they would be offering episodes of the series for their Video on Demand service starting 1 May 2017.

Related media

OVA

A feature-length OVA titled Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - The Laughing Man was released in Japan on 23 September 2005, and in North America on 2 October 2007. The OVA retells the first season of the anime television series with minor alterations to the storyline to accommodate an abbreviated take on the Laughing Man affair. Some additional animation and voice work was also added. Although the Japanese-language version retained the voice cast from the anime series, the English version has a new cast of voice actors. The dialogue recording for the English version was produced by Ocean Productions. A Blu-ray version was released on 22 December 2010.

Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG – Individual Eleven is a feature-length OVA which retells the events of S.A.C. 2nd GIG, altered to focus on both the Individual Eleven investigation and the relationship between Hideo Kuze and Motoko Kusanagi. Newly animated scenes and a remixed soundtrack are also included.

A TV-film sequel titled Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society was released in 2006.

Video games

Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex has received two console game spinoffs. The first is Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex for the PlayStation 2, and was developed by Cavia. It was released on 4 March 2004 in Japan and 8 November 2004 in North America. The second—a sequel to the first—is a PSP title, developed by G-Artist, and is also titled Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex. It was released in Japan on 15 September 2005 and in North America on 25 October 2005.

Several mobile phone games have been released exclusively to Japan. The first is titled  and was developed by GREE and released on 14 February 2011. The second shares the name of the anime and PlayStation 2 video game, was developed by Mobage and released on 16 November 2011. The game focuses on an unnamed new detective who works for Section 9. The third is a social game also developed by Mobage, titled , and released on 29 March 2012.

On 13 December 2012, Nexon stated it had obtained the rights of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex for the purpose of the creation of a massively multiplayer online game. The game was formally announced on 17 September 2015, under the title of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online. The game was a squad-based first-person shooter for Microsoft Windows, developed by Neople and featuring voice performances by the original anime cast. First Assault Online entered early access on Steam on 14 December 2015, but was discontinued in all territories by the end of 2017, due to low player uptake, poor reception, lack of differentation from other games in the genre, and the developers' own dissatisfaction with the quality of the game.

Novels
A three-volume novel series based on the anime television series and collecting self-contained stories was written by staff writer Junichi Fujisaku and illustrated by Kazuto Nakazawa. The novels were published by Tokuma Shoten and distributed by Dark Horse Comics in the United States. The first volume, titled Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - The Lost Memory, was released on 21 January 2004 in Japan and on 24 May 2006 in the US. The second volume, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Revenge of the Cold Machines, was released on 8 July 2004 in Japan and on 26 September 2006 in the US. The third volume, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - White Maze was released on 4 February 2005 in Japan and on 2 January 2007 in the US.

Short stories
Two short prose stories were released in the Ghost in the Shell: Five New Short Stories prose anthology released in 2017. The first was called Shadow.Net written by Toh Enjoe which references the Puppeteer's actions from the Solid State Society film but could also conceivably be referring to the events in the manga. The second story (which appears as the third story in the collection) was called Soft and White by Kafka Asagiri which revolves around the Laughing Man's actions in the time period between Standalone Complex and 2nd GIG.

Manga
Two manga series based on Stand Alone Complex have been published by Kodansha. The first series, , is based on the associated Tachikomatic Days shorts. The manga was drawn by Mayasuki Yamamoto and was launched on 9 December 2009 in Monthly Young Magazine. Eight tankōbon volumes were released.

The second manga series, sharing its name with the television series, was illustrated by Yu Kinutani and launched on 14 December 2009 in Weekly Young Magazine, and later transferred to Monthly Young Magazine on 14 April 2010. The manga is an adaptation of the first season of the anime series. Five tankōbon volumes were released. The first volume subtitled "Episode 1: Section9" was released on 6 April 2010 in Japan and on 24 May 2011 in North America. The second volume subtitiled "Episode 2: Testation" was released on 5 November 2010 in Japan and on 29 November 2011 in North America. The third volume subtitled "Episode 3: Idolater" was released on 5 August 2011 in Japan. The fourth volume subtitled "Episode 4: ¥€$" was released on 6 March 2012 in Japan. The fifth volume subtitled "Episode 5: Not Equal" was released on 6 March 2013 in Japan.

Other
An official guidebook and DVD to the first 19 episodes of the TV series titled Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Official Log 1 was released by Bandai and Manga Entertainment on 25 October 2005. The guidebook and DVD contains several interviews from several staff members, reports on several animation techniques and other reports on several concepts of the series. A second guidebook/DVD titled  Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Official Log 2 was released on 24 January 2006 featuring background, commentary and examination of the remaining 7 episodes. Another guidebook titled  was published by Tokuma Shoten and released on 31 March 2007. Another guidebook titled Tachikoma's All Memory.

Numerous figurines have been released for Stand Alone Complex versions of the characters with Motoko and Tachikoma being a central focus. Various figures have been produced from CM Corporation, and Kaitendo. Tachikoma figures have been produced by various companies, including one by the Good Smile Company in cooperation with Nendoron. A 1/24-scale plastic model kit of the Tachikoma was produced by Wave in December 2005. Other merchandise includes clothing, key chains, notebooks, patches, bags, posters and body pillows.

Reception

Season 1
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the series' high quality of animation and the musical score by Yoko Kanno. In particular, reviewers reacted positively to the world of high-technology that Stand Alone Complex presents, described as "believably futuristic". Lawrence Person from Locus Online wrote that "the world of [Stand Alone Complex] is recognizably our own, or rather, one recognizably extrapolated from modern Japan. While parts of the technology seem unlikely in the time-frame allotted, none seems impossible."

In addition, several reviews mentioned what they perceived to be overarching themes explored in the series as a result of the setting; specifically, the meaning of humanity in a world where the lines between man and machine were becoming increasingly blurred, as well as various societal issues that might emerge as a result of advances in technology.

Reviewers agreed that the main "Laughing Man" storyline was satisfying, characterizing it variously as "interesting", "complex", and "engaging". Reaction to the series' "Stand Alone" episodes, however, was mixed: some reviewers considered these episodes to be boring and, in some cases, the worst episodes of the series, while others contended that they allowed further development of the characters and the futuristic setting.

Certain commentators specifically focused on the series' success or failure in achieving the high standards set by the critically acclaimed 1995 film Ghost in the Shell. Opinion in this regard was divided: although these reviewers took an overall favorable view, some reviews criticized the quality of animation, while others felt that the series' story lacked the depth of the original film. This "lack of depth", however, was attributed to the fact that Stand Alone Complex is an action-oriented series with a limited episode length in which to explore deeper themes.

Bolstering the generally positive reviews of the series, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex won an Excellence Prize (Animation Division) at the 2002 Japan Media Arts Festival, a Notable Entry Award at the 2003 Tokyo International Anime Fair, and was featured in June 2004 by Newtype USA, with a "double scoop" cover story. The Japan Media Arts Festival provided a brief summary of Stand Alone Complex, calling it a "completely original television series...entertaining and easy to understand".

Season 2
Chris Beveridge of Mania gave 2nd GIG an overall score of A praising its coloring stating, "Colors are gorgeous and solid, especially all the various areas of large soft colors that look to be amazingly solid and with no visible break-up even during pausing." Mark Thomas of Mania also gave it an overall score of A, stating: "It has plenty of good action and thought provoking plot points." Andy Patricio of IGN rated the first DVD volume 9/10 praised the animation, stating: "Artwork is richer; this is easily the best-looking anime Production I.G. has ever produced. CG is richer and more widely used. Animation is more complex and fluid, although it's still a little jerky, which is common in TV shows."

Joe Luscik of Animefringe ranked the series 4.5 out of 5 praising the animation stating it "is just awesome". Adam Arseneau of DVD Verdict praised the direction of the 2nd season compared to the first stating, "The tongue-in-cheek humor that made the show clever and endearing is still present, but the atmosphere feels more violent, more urban and dystopic, as if no longer afraid to address the social problems of the future."

The third DVD volume of the series was one of top-selling series in North America in 2006. It was also nominated for the Best Animated TV DVD honor category in the TV DVD Awards. In the American Anime Awards from 2007, Mary Elizabeth earned the award of "Best Actress".

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex official website
Production I.G's Stand Alone Complex website
Manga Entertainment page: SAC, SAC 2nd Gig, The Laughing Man, Individual Eleven
Official Adult Swim website

2002 anime television series debuts
2004 Japanese novels
2004 Japanese television seasons
2004 anime television series debuts
2005 anime OVAs
2006 anime OVAs
2009 manga
2020 anime ONAs
Action anime and manga
Animated television series reboots
Animax original programming
Anime and manga about terrorism
Anime series based on manga
Bandai Entertainment anime titles
Bandai Visual
Brain transplantation in fiction
Cyberpunk anime and manga
Cyberpunk television series
Espionage in anime and manga
Fiction about memory erasure and alteration
Madman Entertainment anime
Postcyberpunk
Production I.G
Refugees and displaced people in fiction
Seinen manga
Stand Alone Complex
Television shows adapted into comics
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Television shows adapted into novels
Television shows adapted into video games
Television series set in the 2030s
Thriller anime and manga
Toonami

Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex


Et termobarisk våben, termobarisk bombe, vakuumbombe eller aerosolbombe, også kaldet FAE-bombe (fra engelsk fuel-air explosive) er en sprængladning, hvor et brændstof fordeles som en aerosol i luften, hvorefter det antændes og reagerer med luftens ilt. Bomben anvender således luftens ilt for at oxidere brændstoffet, hvorved bomben adskiller sig fra konventionelle bomber, der indeholder oxidatorer. Termobariske bomber har derfor et højere energiindhold per masseenhed end almindelige bomber. Termobariske våben giver en kraftig trykbølge, men ingen, eller et meget begrænset antal, fragmenter.

En termobarisk bombe indeholder normalt to sprængladninger; først en mindre, der fordeler brændslet i luften, og herefter en, der antænder brændslet. Visse nyere modeller har blot en enkelt ladning men er udstyret med en kraftigere brændselbeholder, der forsinker spredningen indtil brændslet bliver antændt.

Begrebet termobarisk anvendes alene om de bomber, der virker gennem både varme og tryk. Dette opnås ved at ladningen er suppleret med en relativ stor mængde brændstof eller metaller, der brænder ved høj temperatur, som eksempelvis magnesium eller aluminium. Ladninger uden disse tilsætningsstoffer har deres ødelæggende effekt alene gennem trykbølgen.

Udvikling
De første forsøg med sprængning af sådanne bomber blev foretaget under anden verdenskrig i 1944 af Tysklands Luftwaffe under ledelse af Mario Zippermayr. Under de tyske prøvesprængninger blev benyttet kulpulver blandet med flydende ilt.

Efter anden verdenskrig har særlig Sovjetunionen/Rusland udviklet termobariske våben. Der er udviklet våben i form af granater til brug i nærkamp, hvilket giver den fordel, at sikkerhedsafstanden kan være ned til fire meter som følge af, at der ikke er spredes spængningsfragmenter ved spængningen af granaten, ligesom der er udviklet kraftige bomber med sprængkraft større end de mindste atomvåben.

I september 2007 foretog Rusland en prøvesprængning af det kraftigste termobariske våben nogensinde. Sprængkraften var kraftigere end de mindste nukleare våben. Rusland kaldte bomben "Father of All Bombs" som et svar på den amerikanske GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, også kaldet "Mother of All Bombs", der indtil da blev anset som den kraftigske ikke-nukleare bombe nogensinde. Den russiske bombe indeholder ca. 7 ton flydende brændstof, såsom ethylenoxid blandet med nanopartikler af bl.a. aluminium der ved sprængningen skabte en eksplosion svarende til 44 ton TNT.

Anvendelse

Termobariske bomber har blandt andet været anvendt af russisk militær under den første og anden tjetjenske krig og af amerikansk militær under Irak-krigen og under Krigen i Afghanistan.

Rusland anvender bl.a. raketkasteren TOS-1 til affyring af termobariske våben. TOS-1 har 24-rør, der er designet til at affyre 220 mm (8,7 tommer) termobariske raketter. Russiske styrker er rapporteret at have benyttet termobariske bomber under invasionen af Ukraine i 2022.

Ukraine har udviklet et våbensystem RPV-16, der består af en håndholdt granatkaster, der afsender et sprænghoved med en termobarisk ladning, hvilket våbensystem ligeledes benyttes under Ruslands invasion af landet.

Noter

Se også
 GBU-43/B
 Klyngebombe
 Molotovcocktail

Eksterne henvisninger
 Fuel/Air Explosive (FAE)
 Thermobaric Explosive (Global Security)
 Thermobaric warhead for RPG-7
 XM1060 40 mm Thermobaric Grenade (Global Security)
 Defense Update: Fuel-Air Explosive Mine Clearing System
 Russia claims to have tested the most powerful "Vacuum" weapon

Våben

Termobarisk våben


Jack G. Hills este un astronom și matematician american, teoretician al dinamicii stelare, a lucrat asupra Norului lui Oort, a cărui parte internă, Norul lui Hills, a fost numită în onoarea sa.

Note

Nașteri în secolul al XX-lea
Americani în viață
Astronomi americani
Astronomi din secolul al XX-lea
Matematicieni americani din secolul al XX-lea
Matematicieni americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Oameni în viață

Jack Hills (astronom)


Dorota Nvotová, née le  à Považská Bystrica (Tchécoslovaquie), est une chanteuse, actrice et journaliste slovaque.

Biographie

Dorota Nvotová naît de l'actrice  et du musicien . Elle vit actuellement alternativement en Slovaquie et au Népal, où elle dirige des expéditions de randonnée pour les touristes.

Nvotová travaille pour le journal  et vit actuellement alternativement en Slovaquie et au Népal, où elle dirige des expéditions de randonnée pour les touristes.

Discographie
 Overground (2002)
 Dorota Nvotová (2004)
 Sila vzlyku (2008)
 Just! (2012)
 More (2018)

Filmographie partielle
 1996 : Prásky na spanie (téléfilm)
 1997 :  : Terezka
 2000 :  : Paula
 2002 :  : Ema
 2002 : Perníková vez : Vera
 2008 :  : Anca Prepichová
 2008 : O zivot : Zita
 2009 :  : Sandra
 2011 : Mrtvola musí zomriet
 2012 :  : Maria
 2018 : Dezo Ursiny 70

Récompenses et distinctions

 2003 : Festival international du film de Thessalonique : meilleure actrice pour son rôle dans

Notes et références

Liens externes

Chanteuse slovaque
Actrice slovaque du XXIe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1982
Naissance à Považská Bystrica
Journaliste slovaque
Naissance en Tchécoslovaquie

Dorota Nvotová


Die Bozner Nachrichten waren eine deutsche Tageszeitung, die zwischen 1894 und 1925 in Bozen erschien. Die politische Ausrichtung der Zeitung galt als gemäßigt deutschnational und freiheitlich, die Bozner Nachrichten standen dem damaligen Bürgermeister Julius Perathoner nahe.

Geschichte
Die Bozner Nachrichten waren ein Konkurrenzblatt zur wesentlich älteren und traditionsreicheren Bozner Zeitung, die bereits seit 1842 erschien. Herausgegeben wurden die Bozner Nachrichten vom Verlagshaus Gottfried Ferrari jun., das ursprünglich auch die Bozner Zeitung besaß. Nachdem diese an einen Innsbrucker Verleger verkauft worden war, begann das Verlagshaus mit der Herausgabe der Bozner Nachrichten, um den Anzeigenmarkt und die Tagespolitik nicht der nunmehrigen Konkurrenz zu überlassen.

Nach nur kurzer Zeit entwickelten sich die Bozner Nachrichten zum führenden Blatt des Bürgertums in Bozen. Da die Bozner Zeitung eine radikalliberale, aggressiv antiklerikale Linie verfolgte, waren die gemäßigteren Bozner Nachrichten als Informationsblatt für ein breiteres Publikum attraktiv.

Die Bozner Nachrichten galten als Sprachrohr des Bozner Bürgermeisters Julius Perathoner, der von 1895 bis 1922 an der Spitze der Stadtverwaltung stand. Die Verbundenheit mit Perathoner ging so weit, dass die Zeitung im Volksmund auch als "Bürgermeisterblatt" bezeichnet wurde.

Prägend für das Pressewesen des 19. Jahrhunderts in Tirol war der Kulturkampf zwischen dem freiheitlich-liberalen Bürgertum und katholisch-konservativer Mehrheit, die sich vor allem auf die Geistlichkeit, den Adel und die Landbevölkerung stützte.

Trotz der in religiösen Fragen sehr gemäßigten Haltung wurden die Bozner Nachrichten vor allem von katholisch-konservativen Kreisen scharf angegriffen. So galt die ebenso in Bozen erscheinende Tageszeitung Der Tiroler als Widerpart der Bozner Nachrichten.

1925 wurden die Bozner Nachrichten aufgrund der faschistischen Italianisierungspolitik sowie der Aufhebung der Pressefreiheit eingestellt. Als letzter Schriftleiter fungierte der bekannte Heimatforscher Karl Theodor Hoeniger.

Sonstiges
Von 2004 bis 2016 erschien das amtliche Nachrichtenblatt der Gemeindeverwaltung Bozen unter dem Titel Bolzano notizie – Bozner Nachrichten. Ein Zusammenhang mit der historischen Zeitung ist nicht ersichtlich.

Anmerkungen

Literatur
 Franz Volgger: Das Pressewesen Deutsch-Südtirols von 1900 bis 1914. Dissertation Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 1971.

Weblinks
 Alle Ausgaben der Zeitung als Digitalisat auf der Website der Landesbibliothek "Dr. Friedrich Teßmann"

Zeitung (Erscheinen eingestellt)
Zeitung (Österreich-Ungarn)
Zeitung (Italien)
Deutschsprachige Zeitung im Ausland
Medien (Bozen)
Geschichte Bozens
Tirolensien
Ersterscheinung 1894
Erscheinen eingestellt 1925

Bozner Nachrichten


Den 1.330 ha store Thayadal nationalpark ligger i grænseområdet mellem delstaten Niederösterreich (Østrig) og Tjekkiet, og den er sammenhængende med den tjekkiske Podyjí nationalpark. Thayatal med de stejlt beliggende skove er blandt de smukkeste gennembrudsdale i Østrig. Den største højde har Umlaufberg, der består af gnejs, og som floden Thaya løber rundt om (deraf navnet, idet Umlauf = "omløb").

Retsgrundlaget for denne nationalpark findes i den østrigske lov om nationalparker. Forbundstaten Østrig og delstaten Niederösterreich indgik aftale om det allerede i 1997. Den retter sig vidtgående efter de internationale kriterier for nationalparker, sådan som de er fastslået af International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Man forudså allerede ved grundlæggelsen, at arealet skulle udvides til 1.700 ha.

Placering

I nationalparken ligger foruden byen Hardegg også borgen af samme navn og borgruinen Kaja. Man kan komme direkte fra den østrigske del via Thayabroen, som danner statsgrænse, og ind i den tjekkiske nationalpark enten til fods eller på cykel.

Ud over dalens beliggenhed i forhold til solindstrålingen er også dalens form og undergrundens kemiske egenskaber medvirkende til den økologiske mangfoldighed.

Opståen
Selv om den tjekkiske del af nationalparken er betydeligt ældre, går bestræbelserne for en fredning også langt tilbage i Østrig.

Da det blev kendt i 1984, at man ville bygge et kraftværk på den tjekkiske side af Thaya, opnåede private initiativer og byen Hardegg med held at hindre dette.

I årene 1988 og 1991 blev to områder langs Thaya bragt under naturbeskyttelse ved en forordning fra delstatsregeringen i Niederösterreich. Disse to områder blev forløbere for den nuværende nationalpark.

Da man havde skabt den tjekkiske del af nationalparken i 1991, blev det besluttet allerede i 1992 at stille den østrigske del under beskyttelse på tilsvarende måde.

Efter fremlæggelse af forskellige studier vedrørende mulighederne for virkeliggørelse og ved etablering af de lovmæssige rammebetingelser nåede man i 1997 frem til undertegnelse af en officiel aftale mellem forbundsrepublikken Østrig og delstaten Niederösterreich angående oprettelse af nationalparken.

Flora
Den mindste nationalpark rummer halvdelen af alle de plantearter, der findes i Østrig. Årsagen ligger i, at området ligger på klimagrænsen mellem det mere barske og fugtige højlandsklima i Mellemeuropa og det kontinentalt påvirkede og mere tørre pannoniske klima. I den vestlige ende og på de skyggede nordvendte skråninger dominerer bøgeskovsamfund, hvor der foruden Almindelig Bøg også findes Ahorn, Almindelig Taks og Småbladet Elm. I skovbunden vokser Krans-Lilje, Peberbusk, Skovsyre, Tandrod, Enblomstret Flitteraks og som en sjældenhed Hvidgul Skovlilje (Cephalanthera damasonium).

Først og fremmest i den østlige ende af området finder man på de solvendte, meget tørre og varme sydhæld ege-avnbøgeskove. I veddet på væltede træer trives larver af eghjort.

Fauna
Den sjældne steppeilder færdes i de større, varmt-tørre egeskove i den tjekkiske nationalpark. Blandt de øvrige pattedyr, fugle og krybdyr findes
 Brandts flagermus
 Bækforel
 Hvepsevåge
 Hærfugl
 Ildsalamander
 Isfugl
 Kamsalamander
 Odder
 Sort stork
 Stalling
 Stor hornugle
 Æskulapsnog
 Østlig smaragdfirben
Efter fjernelsen af jerntæppet har man igen kunnet se de ellers forsvundne dyrearter i Østrig: elg og vildkat.

Galleri

Filmografi
 Heinz Leger (instruktør): Das Tal an der Grenze: Nationalpark Thayatal, en dokumentarfilm på 50 min., Østrig, 2000
 Sabine Daxberger (instruktør): Im Reich der Wildkatze: 10 Jahre Nationalpark Thayatal, en dokumentarfilm på 23 min., Østrig, 2009

Se også
 Bølgekronet Storkenæb

Noter

Litteratur
 Hans Matz: Die Thaya - Ein Natur- und Kulturraum im Waldviertel, 1999,
 Thomas Hofmann: Nationalpark Thayatal-Podyjí - Natur verbindet, 2003,

Eksterne links
 Thayadal nationalparks egne netsider
 Venner af Thayadalen
 Fotografier fra Thayadal nationalparkl
 Nationalparkregionen Thayadal
 Podyjí nationalparks egne netsider

Nationalparker i Østrig
Østrigs geografi

Thayadal nationalpark


Amu Dar'ya ( en turkmène : Amyderýa ) est une ville située dans le district de Döwletli, province de Lebap, Turkménistan. Il y avait 5 018 habitants en 1989.

Personnes notables
 Recep Bazarov, homme politique turkmène

Ville au Turkménistan

Amu Dar'ya


قصر الأخيضر قصر عباسي في العراق.
 الدولة الأخيضرية
 حصن الأخيضر

الأخيضر (توضيح)


Ferrari LaFerrari er en hybrid-hyperbil lavet af Ferrari. Bilen drives af en 65° DOHC 6,3-liters V12-motor, der yder 800 PS (789 hk) ved 9.000 omdrejninger i minuttet. Bilen har også to elektriske motorer forbundet i et system, Ferrari kalder HY-KERS , hvor kun den ene bidrager med egentlig trækkraft. Den opsamler kinetisk energi, når bilen bremser, og kan bidrage med 163 PS (161 hk), når der er brug for det, hvilket bringer den samlede ydelse op på 963 PS (950 hk). Bilen er bygget af fire forskellige slags kulfiber for at gøre den så let som muligt, hvilket ender med en egenvægt på 1.585 kg. Bilen blev lanceret lidt efter sine rivaler, Porsche 918 og McLaren P1. LaFerrari har, som den første Ferrari-bil siden den Bertone-designede Dino 308 GT4 fra 1973, ikke fået hjælp med designet af Pininfarina. Bilens accelerationstid fra 0-100 km/t er 2,5 sekunder, og topfarten er 350 km/t.

LaFerrari

Ferrari LaFerrari


Alþjóðasamtök verkalýðsins, betur þekkt sem Fyrsta alþjóðasambandið, voru alþjóðasamtök ýmissa vinstrisinnaðra hópa og verkalýðsfélaga sem voru stofnuð á fundi í St. Martin's Hall í London árið 1864. Samtökin voru meðal annars stofnuð af róttæklingum frá Bretlandi, Póllandi, Ítalíu og Þýskalandi, sem seinna áttu eftir að skiptast í kommúnista, sósíalista og anarkista. Alþjóðasamtökin samanstóðu af hópum, samtökum og verkalýðsfélögum margra landa. Fyrsta þing þeirra var haldið í Genf í Sviss árið 1866. Á hátindi sínum höfðu samtökin alls um 8 milljónir manna innan vébanda sinna, að eigin sögn.

Klofningur varð árið 1872 vegna hugmyndarinnar um alræði öreiganna sem Karl Marx og fylgismenn hans héldu fram. Marx hafði þá gagnrýnt Parísarkommúnuna 1871 fyrir að hafa látið völdin of snemma í hendur kjörinna fulltrúa. Greidd voru atkvæði þar sem stefnan var samþykkt, en anarkistar mótmæltu. Anarkistar voru þá reknir úr samtökunum, en kommúnistar og aðrir sósíalistar héldu áfram.

Alþjóðasamtökin voru lögð niður 1876. Annað alþjóðasambandið var stofnað nokkrum árum síðar, eða 1889, af nokkrum hreyfingum sósíalista og kommúnista, en án þátttöku anarkista og syndikalista.

Stjórnleysisstefna
Kommúnismi
Sósíalismi
Verkalýðsbarátta

Fyrsta alþjóðasambandið


Alphonse Bellier, né à Saint-Nazaire le  et mort à Paris le , est un commissaire-priseur français, spécialisé dans la vente de collections d'objets d'art.

Biographie
Fils d'un boulanger de Saint-Nazaire, Alphonse Louis Marie Bellier vient à Paris en 1918 et s'oriente vers la carrière de notaire, puis devient commissaire-priseur le 27 mars 1920. Il occupe à Paris l'office  de la Chambre des commissaires-priseurs judiciaires de la Seine jusqu'au 7 novembre 1958. Son principal lieu de travail est l'hôtel Drouot où il dirige de très nombreuses ventes d'objets d'art. Il s'entoure d'experts, tels Jos Hessel, André Schoeller (1879-1955), Jacques Mathey, ou Robert Lebel, dans le cadre de ventes de tableaux et de dessins. Il est en relation avec des collectionneurs privés et des institutions muséales.

Au cours de l'Occupation, Bellier organise plus de 250 ventes entre 1941 et 1944, profitant du climat euphorique du marché de l'art. Ses ventes sont principalement des ventes d'objets d'art mais aussi de mobilier courant et de bijoux. Certaines d'entre elles concernent des collections spoliées, qui font l'objet de publicités importantes dans les organes de presse.

Bellier continue son activité après la Libération, et fait alors l'objet de deux procès, l'un contre Jean Bloch pour une vente effectuée le 11 décembre 1941, et l'autre contre la famille Fabius dans le cadre de la vente du stock en 1942 de la galerie d'Élie Fabius. Il soutient et aide des familles juives à la recherche d'œuvres dispersées sous l'Occupation.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Fonds d'archives Alphonse Bellier, sur Calames (INHA)

Commissaire-priseur
Collectionneur français d'œuvres d'art
Naissance en juillet 1886
Naissance à Saint-Nazaire
Décès en novembre 1980
Décès dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 94 ans

Alphonse Bellier


Merkez bankası (rezerv bankası, para otoritesi), bir ülkenin ya da ülkeler grubunun para politikasından sorumlu kurumdur. Merkez bankasının temel amacı para biriminin ve para arzının istikrarının sürdürülmesidir. Fakat merkez bankalarının bunun dışında bankacılık sektörünün son kredi mercii olmak, faiz haddinin kontrolü gibi görevleri de vardır. Bunun yanında merkez bankasının, bankalar ve diğer finansal kurumları, tedbirsizlik ve dolandırıcılığa karşı denetlemek gibi yetkileri de olabilir.

Günümüzde birçok gelişmiş ülkenin, siyasi müdahaleleri engelleyen yasalarla çalışan, bağımsız merkez bankaları bulunmaktadır. Federal Reserve (FED), Avrupa Merkez Bankası, İngiltere Bankası, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, Şili Merkez Bankası, Avustralya Rezerv Bankası, Hindistan Rezerv Bankası, Kanada Bankası, Kolombiya Cumhuriyeti Bankası, Norveç Merkez Bankası ve günümüz bağımsız merkez bankası örnekleridir. Bazı merkez bankalarının sahibi kamu iken, bazıları teoride, özel mülkiyettedir. Pratikte kamu mülkiyeti ve özel mülkiyet arasındaki fark çok küçüktür çünkü ikinci durumda bankanın elde ettiği kârın tamamına yakını hükûmete vergi olarak ödenmektedir.

Faaliyet ve sorumluluklar

Merkez bankasının işlevleri (bu işlevlerin tümü tüm merkez bankaları için geçerli değildir) şunlardır:

 Para politikasının uygulanması,
 ülkenin toplam para arzının kontrolü,
 hükûmetin ve bankaların bankası (son kredi mercii) olma,
 ülkenin döviz ve altın rezervlerini yönetme,
 bankacılık sektörünün düzenlenmesi ve denetlenmesi,
 resmî faiz oranını -enflasyon ve ülkenin döviz kurunu yönetmek amacıyla- belirlemek ve bu oranın çeşitli politika mekanizmaları aracılığıyla piyasada etkili olmasını temin etmek.

Merkez bankasının amaçları (bu işlevlerin tümü tüm merkez bankaları için geçerli değildir, amaçlardan bazıları birbirleriyle çelişkili olabilir) şunlardır:
 Fiyat istikrarının sağlanması,
 Döviz piyasasında istikrar sağlanması,
 Para piyasasında istikrar sağlanması,
 Büyüme,
 Tam istihdamın sağlanması

Para politikası

Merkez bankaları, ülkenin seçilen para politikasını uygular. Bu temel olarak ülkenin ne tür bir para birimi olacağını içerir. Kâğıt (itibari) para, banknot (altına dayalı para - IMF üyesi ülkelerde izin verilmez), para kurulu ya da para birliği. Bir ülkenin kendi ulusal para birimi olduğunda, bu hâlde kâğıdın, belirli şartlar altında "para"ya dönüştürüleceği taahhüdünü de içerir. Bu taahhüt, eskiden, parayı sabit bir miktardaki değerli metallerle değiştirme taahhüdüydü. Çoğu para biriminin kâğıt (itibari) para olduğu günümüzde; "ödeme taahhüdü", aynı para birimi toplamının ödenmesi taahhüdünden başka bir şey içermiyor.

Birçok merkez bankası varlık (döviz, altın ve diğer finansal varlıklar) ve yükümlülüklere sahip olmaları yönüyle bankadır. Bir merkez bankasının birincil yükümlülükleri, dolaşımdaki paradır ve bu yükümlülükler, bankanın varlıklarına dayanır. Fakat, ender görülen bir şekilde, FED gibi kâğıt (fiyat) para konusunda yetkili olan merkez bankaları yükümlülüklerini desteklemek için teorik olarak sınırsız miktarda para yaratabilir.

Birçok ülkede merkez bankası, bir "para kurulu" kullanmak yoluyla bir başka ülkenin para birimini doğrudan (para birliği) ya da dolaylı olarak kullanabilir. İkinci durumda yerel para birimi merkez bankasının dövizlerine doğrudan, sabit bir oranda dayandırılır. Bu mekanizma Hong Kong ve Estonya'da ciddî bir biçimde kullanılmaktadır.

Kâğıt (itibari) para kullanılan ülkelerde para politikası, faiz oranı hedeflerine ulaşmak ve para otoritesince üstlenilen diğer aktif işlemler gerçekleştirmek için kullanılabilir.

Faiz Oranı Müdahaleleri

İcra Gücünün Sınırları

Politika araçları

Piyasa Faiz Oranları

Açık Piyasa İşlemleri (APİ)

Deneme

Rezervasyon

Döviz Alım-Satımı

Doğrudan Alım Satım

Banka düzenleme ve diğer faaliyetler

Bağımsızlık

Merkez Bankası bağımsızlığı ile, merkez bankasının para politikası ile ilgili kararların alınmasında ve uygulamasında doğrudan politik baskılardan uzak hareket edebilme yeteneği kastedilmektedir. Son yıllarda birçok ülkede merkez bankalarının bağımsızlığı büyük ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir ve siyasi iktidarlardan bağımsız, özerk bir merkez bankacılığı anlayışı giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bağımsızlık kavramı, para ve banka sisteminin işleyiş ve denetiminde ortaya çıkan ve sürekli artış gösteren karmaşık problemlere çözüm olarak ortaya çıkmış; her ülkenin sosyal, politik, ekonomik ve kurumsal özelliklerine göre zamanla uygulanış aşamasında farklılık göstermiştir.

Literatürde merkez bankasının bağımsızlığı; siyasi iktidardan bağımsızlık, başka bir deyişle, hükûmetin merkez bankası üzerinde etkinliğinin kalmaması olarak yorumlanmaktadır. Merkez bankasının bağımsızlığından söz edilebilmesi için, merkez bankasının paranın istikrarını sağlama görevini yerine getirirken siyasi otoriteden direktif almaması gerekmektedir. Bir başka deyişle, merkez bankasının bağımsızlığının birincil koşulu para politikasına ilişkin temel kriterleri belirleme ve uygulamada serbestlik içinde olmasıdır. Ancak bu bağımsızlık, merkez bankasının hükûmetin ekonomi politikalarına uygun para politikalarını belirleyip uygulamaları anlamındadır. Diğer bir deyişle, merkez bankasının bağımsızlığından ziyade, özerkliğinden bahsetmek yerinde olacaktır.

Bağımsızlığın önemli olmasının nedeni bağımsız merkez bankalarının oluşturacağı enflasyon karşıtı para politikasının her zaman siyasetçilerin kendi çıkarlarına uymayacak olmasıdır. Örneğin hükûmetin merkez bankasını kontrol ettiği bir durumda politikacılar seçim öncesinde oy toplamak adına kısa süreli ekonomik getiri için uzun vadede ekonomi için zararlı sonuçları olacak eylemlere başvurabilmektedir. Enflasyon oranı ve merkez bankası bağımsızlığı arasında yüksek bağlantı tespit edilmiştir. Bağımsız merkez bankasına sahip olmayan devletlerdeki yüksek enflasyon oranı, politikacılara olanak verildiği takdirde olması gerekenden çok daha fazla para basmaya yatkın olmalarıdır.

Tarihçe

Avrupa'da 17. yüzyıl başlarında paranın çoğu mal-para (özellikle altın ya da gümüş) idi. Fakat en azından 500 yıldır madene dayalı paralar (banknot) hem Avrupa'da hem de Asya'da kullanılıyor ve kabul görüyordu. Orta Çağ Avrupa Tapınak Şövalyeleri belki de bir merkez bankasının en iyi bilinen erken prototipini oluşturdular. Taahhütleri geniş ölçüde kabul ediliyordu ve üstlendikleri birçok faaliyet, günümüz çağdaş bankacılık sistemine önderlik etti. Yaklaşık olarak aynı zamanlarda Çin, Moğol Hakanı Kubilay Han sayesinde kâğıt parayı tanımıştır.

Dünyanın en eski merkez bankası, Hollandalı bir iş insanının yardımıyla 1668 yılında İsveç'te kurulan İsveç Ulusal Bankası (Riksbanken)'dır. Bunu, İngiliz hükûmetinin savaş için yardım ödemesi yapmasını istemesi üzerine İskoç iş insanı Willieam Peterson tarafından 1694'te Londra'da kurulan İngiltere Bankası izlemiştir. Bulgar Ulusal Bankası 25 Ocak 1879'da kurulmuştur. FED ise Glass-Owen Bill'in kongreden geçmesi ve Başkan Woodrow Wilson'ın 23 Aralık 1913 tarihindeki onayıyla kurulmuştur.

Çin Halk Bankası, merkez bankası işlevini 1979 yılında, ülkenin piyasa ekonomisine girişiyle almış ve 1989 yılında bu işlevi, en azından ihracat bakımından genellikle kapitalist bir yaklaşımda olması dolayısıyla bu işlevi artmıştır. 2000 yılında Çin Halk Bankası tüm yönleriyle çağdaş bir merkez bankasıydı ve kısmen Avrupa Merkez Bankası'na karşılık ortaya çıkmıştı.

Adlandırma

Bir merkez bankasını adlandırmak için standart bir terminoloji yoktur. Fakat çoğu ülkede merkez bankaları ülke adıyla, "[Ülke] Bankası" olarak adlandırılır. Örneğin; İngiltere Bankası, Kanada Bankası, Japonya Bankası.

Kimi merkez bankaları "Ulusal Banka" olarak adlandırılır. Örneğin; İsviçre Ulusal Bankası, Ukrayna Ulusal Bankası, Moldova Ulusal Bankası.

Birçok ülkede ulusal sözcüğünü ticaret unvanına ekleyen özel bankalar olabilir. Birçok ülkenin kamu mülkiyetinde olup ya da diğer yarı kamu mülkiyetinde olup da, ithalat ve ihracatı finanse etmek gibi tamamen farklı işlevleri olan kurumları vardır.

Diğer adlandırmalarda "Merkez" sözcüğü banka adına eklenir. Örneğin; Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, Avrupa Merkez Bankası, Rusya Merkez Bankası, Mısır Merkez Bankası.

Ayrıca "Rezerv" sözcüğü de kullanılmaktadır. Örneğin; Federal Rezerv (FED), Hindistan Rezerv Bankası, Avustralya Rezerv Bankası, Güney Afrika Rezerv Bankası.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Merkez bankaları listesi
Para politikası
Madenî para
İtibari para
Dijital para
Merkez bankası dijital para birimi

Kaynakça

Makroekonomi
Para

Merkez bankası


John Donovan Cannon (April 24, 1922 – May 20, 2005) was an American actor. An alumnus of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City, he is best known for his co-starring role of Chief of Detectives Peter B. Clifford in the television series McCloud with Dennis Weaver from 1970 until 1977, and for his part as the witness Lloyd Chandler who cleared Dr. Richard Kimble (David Janssen) in "The Judgment", the series finale of The Fugitive.

Life and career

Films and television

Cannon served in the United States Army during World War II. Cannon first appeared on television as Master Sergeant Sherman in the sitcom The Phil Silvers Show, also known as You'll Never Get Rich.

He appeared in a 1963 episode of Combat!, titled "The Quiet Warrior", as a member of the American Intelligence.

In 1964, he appeared in the TV Western Gunsmoke, as the evil killer "Pike Beecham" in the episode "Big Man, Big Target" (S10E10).

In 1965, he appeared in an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. The episode, titled "Completely Foolproof", originally aired March 29, 1965.

In 1970 Cannon appeared as Roy Harkness on The Men from Shiloh, the retitled name for the final season of TV western The Virginian in the episode titled "Hannah." He played a recurring character – a lawman named Harry Briscoe working for the Bannerman Detective Agency - in the 1971 to 1973 series Alias Smith and Jones. He guest-starred in many series over the years, including Wagon Train, The Defenders, Gunsmoke, Rawhide, Lancer, The Fugitive, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, The Untouchables, The Wild, Wild West, East Side/West Side, The Invaders, Combat!, Stoney Burke, and the miniseries Testimony of Two Men (1977) and Top of the Hill (1980). He was cast in several episodes of Murder, She Wrote. His last television acting appearance was on an episode of Law & Order in 1991.

He wore a toupee in most of his later roles. The exception was the Remington Steele episode "Steele in the News" (4 March 1983), in which Cannon played a TV news anchor who only wore his toupee while broadcasting. He also appeared (with his toupee), that same season (#2), of Remington Steele in episode 21 "Hounded Steele". In the second season of Twelve O'Clock High (1965–1966), he played Brig. Gen. Dave Creighton in the 34th episode of the series "RX for a Sick Bird".

Cannon appeared in film roles, often as a cold-eyed villain. His film credits included An American Dream (1966), Cool Hand Luke (1967), Krakatoa, East of Java (1969), The Thousand Plane Raid (1969), Heaven with a Gun (1969), Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970), Lawman (1971), Scorpio (1973), Raise the Titanic (1980), Death Wish II (1982) and Beyond Witch Mountain (1982).

Stage
Cannon was a founding member of Joseph Papp's New York Shakespeare Festival, starring in their productions of The Taming of the Shrew (1956) and Much Ado About Nothing (1961).

Other Appearances
In 1979, Cannon was the presenter in an instructional video demonstrating an MCA DiscoVision video disc player.

In 2019, Anders Enger Jenson sampled the original instruction video and into his music track.

Personal life
Cannon married Alice McCamley, an actress and writer who appeared in Broadway productions including Company and Johnny Johnson. In 1962, he and Colleen Dewhurst starred in his wife's play Great Day in the Morning, based on her childhood in St. Louis.

Cannon died at his home in Hudson, New York, on May 20, 2005, at the age of 83. Alice suffered a debilitating stroke in 2014 and died in 2017.

Filmography

References

External links

1922 births
2005 deaths
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American male film actors
American male television actors
People from Salmon, Idaho
People from Hudson, New York
Male actors from Los Angeles
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American male actors

J. D. Cannon


Marie Antoinette er navnet på følgende personer:

 Marie-Antoinette (1755–1793) – østrigsk ærkehertuginde og dronning af Frankrig

Marie Antoinette kan også henvise til:
 Marie Antoinette (film fra 1922) – stumfilm instrueret af Rudolf Meinert (også: Marie Antoinette - Das Leben einer Königin)
 Marie Antoinette (film fra 1938) – film instrueret W.S. Van Dyke
 Marie Antoinette (film fra 2006) – film instrueret Sofia Coppola
 Marie Antoinette (musical) – musical fra 2006

 Andet
 Marie Antoinette (ur)

Marie Antoinette (flertydig)


Anka Slonjšak  (Düsseldorf, 1973.) hrvatska je ekonomistica, rukometna juniorska reprezentativka Hrvatske, prva pravobraniteljica za osobe s invaliditetom. Od 2008. obnaša dužnost Pravobraniteljice za osobe s invaliditetom Hrvatske.

Životopis
Anka Slonjšak rođena je 16. travnja 1973. godine u Düsseldorfu, Njemačka. Godine 1998. je diplomirala na Ekonomskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a do prometne nesreće 1992. profesionalno se bavila rukometom i bila članica rukometnih klubova Trešnjevka, Zagreb i Podravka, Koprivnica te kadetska reprezentativka bivše Jugoslavije i juniorska reprezentativka Hrvatske. Dugi niz godina bila je i članica Međunarodne udruge slikara ustima i nogama i izlagala svoje radove na brojnim izložbama.

Bila je aktivna u pokretu osoba s invaliditetom Hrvatske gdje je kao članica Hrvatskih udruga paraplegičara i tetraplegičara (HUPT ) provodila brojne projekte usmjerene unaprjeđenju kvalitete života osoba s invaliditetom od kojih se posebno ističe njezin doprinos provođenju pilot projekta Osobnog asistenta za osobe s najtežim tjelesnim oštećenjem u suradnji sa Zajednicom saveza osoba s invaliditetom.

Anka Slonjšak imenovana je na dužnost prve hrvatske pravobraniteljice za osobe s invaliditetom 18. lipnja 2008., a na dužnost je stupila 1. srpnja 2008. godine. Hrvatski sabor imenovao ju je pravobraniteljicom za osobe s invaliditetom u drugom osmogodišnjem mandatu 16. listopada 2016. godine.

Kao prva pravobraniteljica za osobe s invaliditetom Anka Slonjšak ustrojila je Ured pravobraniteljice za osobe s invaliditetom i izgradila ga u instituciju prepoznatljivu na nacionalnoj i međunarodnoj razini koja zapošljava dvadeset djelatnika u središnjem uredu u Zagrebu i u tri područna ureda u:

 Osijeku od 2018. godine,
 Splitu od 2019. godine i
 Rijeci od 2021. godine.

Aktivnosti
Sudjeluje u radu Hrvatskog sabora kroz pripremanje, uređivanje i predstavljanje godišnjih izvješća o radu Pravobranitelja za osobe s invaliditetom kao i posebnih izvješća te sudjelovanjem u raspravama. Organizira i sudjeluje u radu tematskih sjednica saborskih odbora.

Inicijatorica je predlaganja niza preporuka i prijedloga za izmjenu zakonodavstva i provođenja istraživanja u različitim područjima u svrhu unaprijeđenja položaja osoba s invaliditetom u kojem se posebno izdvajaju Zakon o socijalnoj skrbi, Zakon o asistenciji, Zakon o inkluzivnom dodatku, Zakon o javnim cestama, Zakon o registru osoba s invaliditetom, Pravilnik o znaku pristupačnosti, Pravilnik o osiguravanju pristupačnosti građevina osobama s invaliditetom i smanjene pokretljivosti, Pravilnik o pomoćnicima u nastavi, osiguravanja proračunskih sredstava državnih tijela i jedinica lokalne i regionalne samouprave, pristupačno stanovanje i širenje usluga u zajednici te istraživanje Majčinstvo i žene s invaliditetom.

Aktivna je na području međunarodne suradnje kao predstavnica Republike Hrvatske na Radnom forumu o implementaciji Konvencije o pravima osoba s invaliditetom UN-a u Bruxellesu.

Bila je i predstavnica Republike Hrvatske u Odboru za zaštitu i unaprjeđivanje prava žena i djevojaka s invaliditetom (CAHPAH-WGD) vezano uz Akcijski plan Vijeća Europe za osobe s invaliditetom od 2006. - 2015. u Strasbourgu, 2011. godine.

Godine 2013. organizirala je posjet Posebnog UN-ovog izvjestitelja za osobe s invaliditetom .

Uključila je i učlanila instituciju Pravobranitelja za osobe s invaliditetom u Europsku mrežu tijela za jednakost (Equinet), 2015. godine , a pokrenula je i suradnju s pravobraniteljskim uredima u susjednim zemljama.

Nagrade
 2017. -"Srebrna plaketa" za doprinos ostvarivanju strateških ciljeva za izjednačavanje mogućnosti osoba s invaliditetom Zajednice saveza osoba s invaliditetom Hrvatske - SOIH
 2017. - "Zlatna plaketa" u povodu 60 godina postojanja Hrvatskog saveza udruga osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama
 2012. -"Povelja Ivančica" za doprinos u aktivnostima u provođenju profesionalne rehabilitacije i zapošljavanja osoba s invaliditetom, URIHO

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica Pravobraniteljice za osobe s invaliditetom
 Zakon o pravobranitelju za osobe s invaliditetom, NN 107/07
 Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o pravima osoba s invaliditetom i fakultativnog protokola uz Konvenciju o pravima osoba s invaliditetom, NN 6/07

Hrvatski športaši s invaliditetom
Pokret za ljudska prava u Hrvatskoj
Hrvatski politički aktivisti
Životopisi, Düsseldorf
Hrvatski rukometaši
Invaliditet u Hrvatskoj

Anka Slonjšak


Robert Doyle Marshall Jr. (born October 17, 1960) is an American film and theater director, producer, and choreographer. He is best known for directing the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago, which was based on the play of the same name by playwright Maurine Dallas Watkins. His work on the film  earned him the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film, as well as nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director, the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and the BAFTA Award for Best Direction.

Early life and education
Robert Doyle Marshall Jr. was born in Madison, Wisconsin. His father and namesake, Robert Doyle Marshall Sr., was a Ph.D. student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and his mother Anne was a teacher. Like him, his younger sister Kathleen became a choreographer and director.

In 1984, Robert Marshall joined the English department at the University of Pittsburgh, and the Marshall family relocated to Pittsburgh. Anne would later work for Pittsburgh Public Schools and the University of Pittsburgh School of Education, and Robert would become associate professor of English and dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the same university.

Rob Marshall graduated from the Falk School, and then in 1978 from Taylor Allderdice High School, into whose alumni hall of fame he later was inducted. Graduating from Carnegie Mellon University in 1982, Marshall worked in the Pittsburgh theatre scene, performing with such companies as Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera.

Career
Marshall went on to perform as a dancer in various Broadway shows, but suffered a herniated disc while performing in Cats and after recovering, transitioned into choreography and then directing.

He debuted in the film industry with the TV adaptation of the musical Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin. He went on to direct the 2002 adaptation of the Kander and Ebb musical Chicago, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director. His next feature film was the drama Memoirs of a Geisha based on the best-selling book of the same name by Arthur Golden starring Zhang Ziyi, Gong Li, Michelle Yeoh and Ken Watanabe. The film went on to win three Academy Awards and gross $162.2 million at the worldwide box office.

Marshall went on to direct the 2009 film Nine, an adaptation of the Broadway production with the same name starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Marion Cotillard, Nicole Kidman, Sophia Loren and Penélope Cruz, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. On August 2009, it was reported that Marshall was to direct Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, the fourth chapter of Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean film series starring Johnny Depp, Penélope Cruz, Ian McShane and Geoffrey Rush, which opened on May 20, 2011 and grossed $1 billion worldwide.

After working with Disney on Pirates, Marshall directed Disney's film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods (2014), and produced the film under his Lucamar Productions banner. His next film was the sequel to the 1964 film Mary Poppins, titled Mary Poppins Returns, reuniting two Into the Woods actresses: Emily Blunt as the title character and Meryl Streep in a supporting role.

By December 2017, Disney was considering Marshall to direct the live-action/CGI adaptation of The Little Mermaid, which he was officially confirmed to direct in December 2018.

Personal life
As of at least 2007, Marshall lives in New York City with his partner, producer John DeLuca. In 2004, they bought a $4.2 million summer home in Sagaponack, New York, part of The Hamptons.

Filmography

Film

Television

TV movies

Awards and nominations

List of Tony Award nominations

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of LGBT people from New York City

References

External links

1960 births
American theatre directors
Artists from Madison, Wisconsin
Artists from Pittsburgh
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
CAS Filmmaker Award honorees
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Fantasy film directors
Film directors from Pennsylvania
Film directors from Wisconsin
American gay men
Helpmann Award winners
LGBT people from Wisconsin
LGBT theatre directors
Living people
People from Sagaponack, New York
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Taylor Allderdice High School alumni

Rob Marshall


2C-I, piše se još i 2Ci i 2C-I, droga, "rođak" raširenije verzije halucinogena 2cb, jedne od brojnih kemikalija sličnih obitelji MDMA (ecstasy), samo sa snažnijim i dužim djelovanjem od nekada popularnije verzije 2cb-a i od samog E-ja. 2C-I (2,5-dimethoxy-4-odophenethylamine) osamdesetih su godina prošlog stoljeća sintetizirali kemičari Alexander i Anne Shulgin (odgovorni za stvaranje više od dvije stotine psihoaktivnih supstanci). Detaljnu dokumentaciju, način pripreme i učinke, objavili su u svojoj kultnoj knjizi "Pikhal - A Chemical Love Story". 2000-ih se 2C-I na nekim od najvećih glazbenih događanja sezone - ta nova droga masovno se konzumirala na maratonskim tulumima u raskošnim klubovima Ibize i na velikoj open air rock veselici Glastonbury. Krajem 2003. godine 2C-I postaje i novom noćnom ponudom Londona. Partyjaneri opisuju 2C-I superlativima. "Ecstasy kojeg možeš bolje kontrolirati, samo s boljim vizualnim efektima", jedan je od opisa djelovanja ove droge od strane onih koji su je probali, dok drugi kažu da 2C-I djeluje kao LSD, samo što "gledaš film umjesto da ga živiš". Čini se i da 2C-I daje više energije nego ecstasy. Shulgini su 2C-I testirali u različitim dozama, opisujuću u "Pihkalu" učinke uz različite doze. Primjerice, s dozom od 15 miligrama Alexander je doživio vizualni efekt sličan uzimanju droge 2cb. Učinak uspoređuje s "perzijskim tepihom, vrlo šarenim i aktivnim". S jednim miligramom više učinak postaje intenzivniji; vrhunac doživljaja boja događa se oko dva sata nakon uzimanja doze. O posljedicama nakon uzimanja 20 miligrama Shulgin piše: "Idući dan spavao sam sjajno. Energija - neobično dobra". 2C-I je u Britaniji klasificiran u grupu "teških droga". Na tržište zapada dolazi preko Indije, Azije i "balkanskih ruta". U Hrvatskoj 2C-I-a u široj uporabi još nema.

Izvori

Psihoaktivne droge

2C-I


Areocentrična orbita je orbita oko planeta Marsa.

Prefiks areo izveden je iz drevne grčke riječi Ares koja je personifikacija planeta Mars u grčkoj mitologiji. Ime je analogno izrazu "geocentrična orbita" za orbitu oko Zemlje. Apsidi su nazvani periarej i apoarej.

Prvi umjetni sateliti u areocentričnoj orbiti i prvi orbiteri u orbiti drugog nebeskog tijela (osim Mjeseca) bile su američka sonda Mariner 9 i sovjetski orbiteri Mars 2 i Mars 3 koji su ušli u orbitu 14., odnosno 27. studenoga. Kasnije su ih slijedile mnoge sonde.

Vidi također

 Areostacionarna orbita
 Heliocentrični sustav
 Heliocentrična orbita
 Geocentrična orbita
 Popis orbita

Izvori

Mars

Areocentrična orbita


Renato Dionisi (* 21. November 1947 in Riva del Garda) ist ein ehemaliger italienischer Stabhochspringer.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1964 in Tokio schied er in der Qualifikation aus.

1966 wurde er Vierter bei den Leichtathletik-Europameisterschaften in Budapest, und 1967 gewann er Silber bei den Mittelmeerspielen. Bei den Europäischen Hallenspielen wurde er 1968 in Madrid Vierter und 1969 in Belgrad Fünfter.

Bei den EM 1971 in Helsinki gewann er Bronze, im Jahr darauf jedoch schied er bei den Olympischen Spielen in München in der Vorrunde ohne gültigen Versuch aus.

Einem Sieg bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften 1973 in Rotterdam folgte ein achter Platz bei den Hallen-EM 1974 in Göteborg.

1975 holte er jeweils Bronze bei den Mittelmeerspielen und der Universiade. Ebenfalls Bronze errang er bei den Hallen-EM 1976 in München.

Zehnmal wurde er italienischer Meister im Freien (1964–1971, 1977, 1978) und zweimal in der Halle (1971, 1973).

Persönliche Bestleistungen
 Stabhochsprung: 5,45 m, 25. Juni 1972, Rovereto
 Halle: 5,40 m, 10. März 1973, Rotterdam

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1964
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1972
Stabhochspringer (Italien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Italien)
Italiener
Geboren 1947
Mann
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 1975
Universiadeteilnehmer (Italien)

Renato Dionisi (Leichtathlet)


The Evening Advocate foi um jornal publicado em Innisfail, Queensland, Austrália.

Digitalização
O jornal foi digitalizado como parte do Programa de Digitalização de Jornais Australianos da Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália.

Jornais da Austrália

The Evening Advocate


Muses diskografi omfatter otte studiealbums, to livealbums, ét opsamlingsalbum, fire EP'er, 41 singler, 59 musikvideoer samt fire andre optrædender. Gruppen blev dannet i Teignmouth, Devon i 1994, og skrev kontrakt med Mushroom Records i Storbritannien og Maverick Records i USA før de udgav deres debutalbum Showbiz i 1999. Albummet blev en succes i hele Europa og i Storbritannien nåede det nummer 29 på UK Albums Chart, og blev certificeret platin af British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Der blev udgivet fem singler fra Showbiz, og den sidste, "Unintended", blev gruppens første single i top 20 på UK Singles Chart. Muse udgav eres andet album, Origin of Symmetry, i 2001, som nåede nummer 3 på UK Albums Chart og blev certificeret dobbelt platin af BPI. De første tre singler fra albummet, "Plug In Baby", "New Born" og "Bliss", nåede alle i top 25 i Storbritannien.

I 2002 udgav bandet deres første live videoalbum kaldet Hullabaloo: Live at Le Zenith, Paris, samt opsamlingsalbummet Hullabaloo Soundtrack. Videoalbummet nåede nummer 2 pp UK Music Video Chart, mens soundtrack-albummet nåede nummer 10 på UK Albums Chart. Gruppens tredje studiealbum, Absolution, blev udgivet i 2003 via East West Records, og det blev gruppens først album der toppede UK Albums Chart. Albummet nåede kun nummer 103 på US Billboard 200, men er blevet certificeret platin af Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Time Is Running Out" var den første af gruppens singler, der nåede ind i top 10, hvor den toppede som nummer otte. Absolution Tour, der var et videoalbum som var optaget under Absolution promoveringskoncerter, nåede nummer ni UK Music Video Chart.

Efter de havde etableret deres eget pladeselskab, Helium 3, og have skrevet kontrakt med Warner Bros. Records, udgav Muse Black Holes and Revelations i 2006. Albummet blev en kommerciel succes og toppede albumhitlister i flere alnde og det nåede ind i top 10 på Billboard 200. Førstesinglen "Supermassive Black Hole" er gruppens hidtil mest succesfulde single, idet den toppede som nummer fire på UK Singles Chart. Bandets første livealbum HAARP blev udgivet i 2008 og nåede andenpladsen på UK Albums Chart. The Resistance blev herefter udgiveti 2009 og toppede albumhitlisterne i flere lande, og den nåede nummer 3 i USA. Den første single fra albummet, "Uprising", blev gruppens første nummer som kom ind i top 40 på Billboard Hot 100, og var samtidig deres fjerde der nåede ind i top 10 i Storbritannien. Muse har fortsat med at have stor succes i de senere år – The 2nd Law (2012) og Drones (2015) toppede begge UK Albums Chart, og sidstenævnte blev også bandets første udgivelse, som toppede Billboard 200. I 2018 udkom Simulation Theory der nåede førstepladsen på UK Albums Chart.

Albummer

Studiealbum

Livealbums

Opsamlingsalbum

EP'er

Singler

Andre sange

Videoer

Videoalbums

Musikvideoer

Andre optrædender

Noter

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Muse discography på bandets hjemmeside
 Muse discography på AllMusic
 Muse discography på Discogs
 Muse discography på MusicBrainz

Diskografi
Diskografier

Muses diskografi


An Actinocephalus heterotrichus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Silveira, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Paulo Takeo Sano. An Actinocephalus heterotrichus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Actinocephalus, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Actinocephalus

Actinocephalus heterotrichus


Charles-Gabriel Pravaz (født 24. marts 1791 i Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, departement Isère, død 24. juni 1853 i Lyon) var en fransk læge.

Pravas tog doktorgraden 1824 med afhandlingen Recherches pour servir à l'histoire de la phthisie laryngée og blev læge ved Asile royal de la Providence. Senere arbejdede han sammen med Guérin ved et ortopædisk institut i Passy ved Paris, og herfra udsendte han 1827 sit berømte værk: Méthode nouvelle pour le traitement des déviations de la colonne vertébrale, der 1829 efterfulgtes af Mémoires sur l'orthopédie. Meget indgående studier ofrede Pravaz på den medfødte hofteluksation og dens reposition, som han behandlede i flere skrifter, deriblandt Traité théorique et pratique des luxations congénitales du fémur (1847). Efter at have oprettet et ortopædisk institut i Lyon, kom Pravaz ind på nye baner, anvendelse af bade med komprimeret luft, gymnastikkens betydning for redressementet af misdannelser. Pravaz er også kendt som opfinder af et system af instrumenter til knusning af galde- eller nyresten. Han angav en metode til behandling af aneurismer med elektrisk strøm, og ved de forsøg, som han gjorde i denne anledning, og som gjordes dels med, dels uden akupunktur, opdagede han den intensivt koagulerende virkning af visse klorjernsforbindelser, hvorved han revolutionerede behandlingen af alle sygdomme i karsystemet. Den sprøjte, han anvendte til disse injektioner, fandt kun ringe anvendelse i fremtiden til den slags formål, men den kom dog — som morfinsprøjten — i enhver læges hånd, idet den anvendes til den subkutane injektion.

Kilder

Læger fra Frankrig
Faglitterære forfattere fra Frankrig
Fransksprogede forfattere
Franskmænd i 1800-tallet

Charles-Gabriel Pravaz


La Edad de Oro danesa es el período de producción creativa en Dinamarca, especialmente durante la primera mitad del . Aunque Copenhague había sufrido incendios, una batalla y quiebra nacional, las artes asumían un nuevo período de creatividad catalizada por el romanticismo alemán.

Antecedentes

Se pueden rastrear los orígenes de la Edad de Oro a los comienzos del . Sorprendentemente este período fue duro para Dinamarca. Copenhague, el centro de la vida intelectual del país, sufrió incendios por primera vez en 1794 y 1795 que destruyeron el Palacio de Christiansborg y grandes áreas del centro.

En 1801, como resultado de la participación del país en la Segunda Liga de Neutralidad Armada, la armada británica causó daño serio en la ciudad durante la Batalla de Copenhague.

Pintura
Probablemente el período es más asociado con la pintura de la Edad de Oro danesa desde 1800 hasta 1850 que abarca las obras de Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg y sus estudiantes, incluyendo Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, Ditlev Blunck y Wilhelm Marstrand, además de la escultura de Bertel Thorvaldsen.

Arquitectura
También tuvo lugar el desarrollo de la arquitectura danesa en el estilo neoclásico. Copenhague, en particular, adquirió un nuevo aire, con edificios diseñados por Christian Frederik Hansen y Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll.

Música
En cuanto a la música, la Edad de Oro incluye varias figuras inspiradas por el nacionalismo romántico danés, incluyendo J.P.E. Hartmann, Hans Christian Lumbye, Niels W. Gade y el maestro de ballet August Bournonville. La literatura centraba en el pensamiento romántico, introducido en 1802 por el filósofo noruego-alemán Henrik Steffens.

Colaboradores claves incluyeron Adam Oehlenschläger, Bernhard Severin Ingemann, Nikolaj Grundtvig y Hans Christian Andersen, el partidario del cuento de hadas moderno. Søren Kierkegaard avanzó la filosofía mientras Hans Christian Ørsted lograba progreso fundamental en las ciencias. Entonces, La Edad de Oro tuvo un efecto profundo no sólo en la vida en Dinamarca, sino que en la frente internacional también.

Véase también
Arte de Dinamarca

Referencias

Dinamarca en el siglo XIX
Música de Dinamarca
Arquitectura de Dinamarca
Literatura de Dinamarca
Pintura de Dinamarca
Edades de oro

Edad de Oro danesa