Use Your Illusion II is the fourth studio album by the American hard rock band Guns N' Roses. The album was released on September 17, 1991, the same day as its counterpart Use Your Illusion I. Both albums were released in conjunction with the Use Your Illusion Tour. Bolstered by the lead single "You Could Be Mine", Use Your Illusion II was the slightly more popular of the two albums, selling a record 770,000 copies its first week and debuting at number 1 on the U.S. charts, ahead of Use Your Illusion I'''s first-week sales of 685,000. As of 2010, Use Your Illusion II has sold 5,587,000 units in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Both albums have since been certified 7× Platinum by the RIAA. It was also No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart for a single week.

It is the last Guns N' Roses album to credit rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin. It also includes "Civil War", the last track to feature drummer Steven Adler in any capacity. This album, along with the counterpart of the album, was the last Guns N' Roses album to feature original material until 2008's album Chinese Democracy.

Overview
The Use Your Illusion albums were a stylistic turning point for Guns N' Roses (see Use Your Illusion I). In addition, Use Your Illusion II is more political than most of their previous work, with songs like "Civil War", a cover of Bob Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", and "Get in the Ring" dealing respectively with the topics of violence, law enforcement and media bias. The thematic material deals less with drug use than previous Guns N' Roses albums. Use Your Illusion I featured several songs pre-Appetite for Destruction while Use Your Illusion II featured more tracks written during and after Appetite for Destruction.

The band's cover of "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" had been released almost a year earlier on the Days of Thunder soundtrack, while "Civil War" debuted at the 1990 Farm Aid concert. That concert also featured Guns N' Roses playing a cover of the U.K. Subs song "Down on the Farm", a studio version of which would later appear on the band's 1993 release of cover songs, "The Spaghetti Incident?". "Civil War" was released as a B-side to "You Could Be Mine". The song had also been released on the charity album Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal, a fund-raising compilation for Romanian orphans.

"You Could Be Mine" was released in June 1991 and is featured in the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day. The song was not released on the actual soundtrack. The band also filmed a video featuring Arnold Schwarzenegger in character as the Terminator, with a loose plot featuring Axl Rose as its "target". However, he is saved from termination as he is deemed a "waste of ammo" by the T-800's lock-on system. The original subject matter of the song dealt with Izzy Stradlin's failed relationship with ex-girlfriend Angela Nicoletti.

The Use Your Illusion albums can be considered a single cohesive work, and certain elements of Use Your Illusion II underscore this intent. For instance, both albums have a version of the song "Don't Cry", and both have one cover song; "Live and Let Die" by Paul McCartney (Use Your Illusion I) and "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" by Bob Dylan (Use Your Illusion II). Each also has at least one track sung by other members of the band: lead vocals are performed by bassist Duff McKagan on "So Fine", a song that was dedicated to punk rock musician Johnny Thunders, who died from a drug overdose before the recording of the album.

The song "Get in the Ring" finds the band lashing out at a career's worth of critics and enemies. Among those referred to by name are editors of several entertainment magazines. The industrial flavored "My World", the final track, was written and recorded in three hours, with Rose claiming those in the recording room were on mushrooms at the time.

The band had some difficulty achieving the final sound, especially during the mixing stages of both albums. According to a 1991 cover story by Rolling Stone magazine, after mixing 21 tracks with engineer/producer Bob Clearmountain, the band fired Clearmountain when he tried to replace the real drums with samples. According to Slash's autobiography, "one afternoon we discovered a notepad of his where he'd notated all the drum samples he planned to mix in over Matt's drum tracks" the band decided to scrap the mixes and start from scratch with engineer Bill Price of Sex Pistols fame.

Slash has stated that most of the material for the album was written on acoustic guitars in a couple of nights at his house (the Walnut House), after several months of non-productivity. According to Slash "Breakdown" was one of the most complicated songs to record on the album; the banjo, drum, and piano parts were hard to synchronize and drummer Matt Sorum "lost it" a couple of times trying to get the drums just right. The song "Locomotive" was written in a house Slash and Izzy Stradlin rented in the Hollywood Hills following the Appetite for Destruction tours. The song shows the group dabbling in funk metal, and is also the only song on either album where the phrase "use your illusion" appears as a lyric.

Artwork

Both albums' covers are the work of Estonian-American artist Mark Kostabi. They consist of detail from Raphael's painting The School of Athens. The highlighted figure, unlike many of those in the painting, has not been identified with any specific philosopher. The only difference in the artwork between the albums is the color scheme used for each album. Use Your Illusion II uses blue and purple. The original painting was titled by Paul Kostabi as Use Your Illusion and also became the title of both albums. Both Use Your Illusion albums' liner notes include the message "Fuck You, St. Louis!" amongst the thank you notes, a reference to the Riverport Riot near there at the Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre in July 1991 during the Use Your Illusion Tour.

ReceptionUse Your Illusion II received positive reviews, though some critics rated it lower than Use Your Illusion I. Rolling Stone critic Christian Wright wrote that the album's songs "range from ballad to battle, pretty to vulgar, worldly to incredibly naive", concluding that Rose "whips victimization, menace and struggle into one fluid, triumphant motion." Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune commented that both Use Your Illusion albums "represent a staggering leap in ambition, musicianship, production and songwriting" and "rank with the best hard rock of the last decade", while also finding that II contains more "knockout punches" than I. Although deeming I the better record, USA Todays Edna Gundersen called II similarly "rebellious, ambitious and powerful". In NME, Mary Anne Hobbs panned both albums for their "dreadfully laboured feel" and "asinine" lyrics; as examples of the latter, she cited the "gratuitous sexism" of "Pretty Tied Up" and "slack political rhetoric" of "Civil War". Robert Christgau was unimpressed by II apart from "Civil War", which he designated as a "choice cut" in The Village Voice.

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Use Your Illusion II as "more serious and ambitious than I, but... also considerably more pretentious", finding it a tedious listen due to its "pompous production and poor pacing" despite commending the "nervy energy" of certain songs. Ann Powers was more complimentary in the 2004 Rolling Stone Album Guide, calling it "spacier" than I while noting that "Yesterdays" and "You Could Be Mine" show that Guns N' Roses "can still focus to great effect". Both Use Your Illusion records were jointly ranked 41st on Rolling Stone''s 2010 list of the best albums of the 1990s.

Track listing

Personnel
 W. Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano, whistling, backing vocals, rhythm guitar on "Shotgun Blues", synthesizer, drum machine
 Slash – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, banjo, backing vocals
 Izzy Stradlin – rhythm guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "14 Years", acoustic guitar, coral sitar, lead guitar
 Duff McKagan – bass, backing vocals, lead vocals on "So Fine", percussion
 Matt Sorum – drums, backing vocals
 Dizzy Reed – keyboard, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 Steven Adler – drums on "Civil War"
 Johann Langlie – drums, keyboards and sound effects on "My World"
 The Waters – backing vocals on "Knockin' On Heaven's Door"
 Howard Teman – piano on "So Fine"
 Shannon Hoon – co-lead vocals on "Don't Cry"

Production personnel

 Mike Clink – production, engineering
 Jim Mitchell – additional engineering
 Bill Price – mixing
 George Marino – mastering
 Kevin Reagan – art direction, graphic design
 Mark Kostabi – artwork
 Robert John – photography
 Allen Abrahamson – assistant engineer
 Buzz Burrowes – assistant engineer
 Chris Puram – assistant engineer
 Craig Portelis – assistant engineer
 Ed Goodreau – assistant engineer
 Jason Roberts – assistant engineer
 John Aguto – assistant engineer
 L. Stu Young – assistant engineer
 Leon Granados – assistant engineer
 Mike Douglass – assistant engineer
 Talley Sherwood – assistant engineer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

See also
 List of best-selling albums in Argentina
 List of best-selling albums in Germany
 List of glam metal albums and songs

References

1991 albums
Guns N' Roses albums
Geffen Records albums
Albums produced by Mike Clink
Albums recorded at Metalworks Studios
Albums recorded at Record Plant (Los Angeles)

Use Your Illusion II


Obsenica je rijeka ponornica u Hrvatskoj u Lici. Duga je 7,1 km. Izvire u blizini autoceste A1 i zaselka Jurjevići. Prolazi kroz istoimeno jezero i naselje Sveti Rok. Kod Grudana i Serdara (dijelovi Svetog Roka) ulijeva se u ponor.

Rijeke u Hrvatskoj
Ponornice

Obsenica


Doom metal, genellikle karamsar ve hüzünlü duygu uyandırmayı amaçlayan, yavaş tempolu heavy metal türü. 1980'lerde ortaya çıkan türün en belirgin özelliği, diğer metal türlerine kıyasla daha yavaş tempoya sahip olmasıdır. Türdeki genel tempo 60-90 bpm'dir. Karanlık, hüzünlü bir hava yaratmayı amaçlar ve karamsar temalıdır.

Tarihsel gelişimi

Temelleri – 1970'lerin başı
Pentagram ve Candlemass süregelen heavy metali yavaşlatarak ve şarkı sözlerinde, o zamanlar heavy metale yabancı bir kavram olan karamsarlığı kullanarak türe öncülük eden gruplardır. İlk zamanlar adı konmayan bu tarz 1980'lerin başında doom metal olarak adlandırılmaya başlayacaktır.

Gelişimi – 1980'ler

1970'lerin sonundan 1980'lerin ortalarına kadar geçen sürede Trouble, Saint Vitus, Candlemass, Pentagram ve Witchfinder General gibi gruplar doom metalin ayrı bir tür olarak ortaya çıkmasını sağladılar. Doom metalin göze batan bu ilk gelişimi sırasında metal müzik, daha çok thrash metal ve speed metal gibi akımların etkisindeydi. Doom metal gibi yavaş ve  karamsar müzik 1980'lerdeki heavy metale yabancı kavramlardı, dolayısıyla doom metal, her ne kadar kendine ait önemli bir yeraltı popülaritesi yarattıysa da,  metal müzik dinleyicileri arasında pek dikkat çekmedi.

Çeşitlenmesi – 1990'lar
Diğer heavy metal türleri kadar popüler olmasa da, doom metal, dinleyici ve icracı kitlesini giderek geliştirdi. Cathedral'in Forest of Equilibrium adlı albümünün öncülüğünde Solitude Aeturnus, Count Raven, The Obsessed, Penance, Sleep, Revelation, Confessor, The 3rd and the Mortal gibi gruplar doom metale bugünkü genel şeklini verdiler.

1980'lerin sonuna doğru doom metal farklı türlerden etkilenmeye, farklı türleri etkilemeye ve bunlarla birleşmeye başladı. Bunlardan ilki, bazı death metal gruplarının müziklerini yavaşlatması, bazılarının ise süregelen doom metale death metal öğeleri eklemesiyle ortaya çıkan death/doom metaldir. 1990'larla birlikte, aşırı yavaşlatılmış minimalist türler funeral doom ve drone doom ortaya çıktı. Aynı yıllarda ortaya çıkan sludge doom, içerdiği hardcore ve punk özellikleriyle dikkat çeker. Stoner metalin (aslında temeli stoner rocktır ve ortaya çıkışı çok daha gerilere gider) konumuysa doom metal içinde tartışmalıdır; doom metalin amacı hüzünlü bir hava inşa etmekken, stoner metal aksine insanı iyi hissettirmeyi amaçlar.

Doom metal etkili en farklılaşmış tür olan gothic metal, gotik müzikte kullanılan gamlara sadıktır, klasik doom öğelerine bolca kadın vokal, klavye ve keman katılmıştır. Şarkı sözleri ise insan ilişkilerini ve insan aşkını işler. Oysa doom metal insan ilişkileriyle ve romantizmle ilgilenmez; yalnızlık ve insanın iç dünyası üzerine kuruludur. Bu yönünün yanı sıra doom metalden görece hızlı bir temposu olduğundan, gothic metal bir doom metal  türü değil, çıkış noktası doom metal olan ayrı bir tür olarak kabul edilir.

Müzikal özellikleri
Türün temel öğeleri, diğer metal türlerinde olduğu gibi  erkek vokal, elektro gitar, bas gitar ve bateridir. Keman, klavye, kadın vokal kullanan gruplar da vardır. Gitarlar, standart mi akordundan daha aşağı çekilerek akort edilir. Gitar sesleri çok öndedir. Türün en belirgin özelliği yavaş temposudur. Gitar ve davullar oldukça yavaş bir tempoda çalınsa da bazı gruplar, şarkılarında hızlı bölümler de bulundurur. Genellikle growling vokallerin kullanıldığı death/doom ve funeral doom dışında temiz vokaller kullanılır.
Tür hüzünlü ve karamsar bir müzik üzerine yoğunlaşır. Şarkı sözlerinde yalnızlık, ölüm, hoşnutsuzluk, umutsuzluk, ızdırap, yaşamın anlamsızlığı gibi konular işlenir.

Alt ve melez türleri

Black doom
Blackened doom metal, suicidal black metal veya depressive black metal olarak da bilinir. Doom metalin black metal ile sentez türüdür. Black metal özelliği olan tremolo yavaşlatılır ve doom metalin karakteristiği yavaş tempo ile birleştirilir. Gitarlar aşırı distorsiyonlanmıştır. Vokal olarak genellikle tiz çığlıklar kullanılır. Black metaldekinin aksine şarkı sözlerinde  sık kullanılan konular depresyon ve hiççiliktir. Türün öncüsü Bethlehem'dır. Önemli blackened doom grupları; Forgotten Tomb, Xasthur ve Nortt.

Drone doom

Drone metal olarak da bilinen bu tür, metal türleri arasında en minimalist harekettir. Genel şekliyle bir nota(müzik)nın veya gamın sürekli tekrarlarından oluşur. Noise ve ambient müzik öğeleri taşır. En öne çıkan enstrümanlar elektro gitar ve bas gitardır. Vokaller türün vazgeçilmez öğesi değildir, kullanıldığında ise ıztırap veya korku içinde bir insanın feryadını andırır. Karanlık ve ürkütücü bir hava yaratmayı amaçlar. Parçaların süresi oldukça uzundur. 10 ila 30 dakikalık bu parçalarda aynı rifler ve vokaller sürekli olarak tekrarlanır. Parça boyunca temel alınmış öğeler değişmez. Davul genellikle kullanılmaz zira tür bir ritm duygusu vermekten uzaktır. Drone doom, oldukça az dinleyeni olan bir türdür. Türün önemli temsilcileri Sunn O))), Earth ve Boris'tir.

Death/doom
Klasik doom metalin death metal öğeleriyle birleşmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan bir türdür. Brutal/growling vokaller ve death metal rifleme sistemleri kullanılan hızlı parça bölümleri death/doom'un en genel özellikleridir. Disembowelment ve Winter tür için örneklerdir.

Funeral doom
Funeral doom, doom metali heavy metalden ayıran özelliklerin aşırılaşmış şeklini taşır. Müziğin temposu daha da yavaşlar; funeral doomun genel temposu 30 ila 60 bmp'dir. Gitarlar, standart gitar akordundan çok aşağılara çekilerek akort edilir. Growling vokal temel insan sesi olsa da temiz vokallere de rastlanır. Genel doom metal enstrümanları dışında klavye de sıklıkla ve yoğun şekilde kullanılır. Davullar minimalizmi amaçlasa da Mournful Congregation ve Evoken gibi progresif gruplarda davul görece teknik bir hal alır. Parça süreleri çok uzundur. Genel olarak 10–20 dakika süren bu parçalarda aynı gitar ve bateri riflerinin sürekli tekrarları kullanılır. Bazı gruplarda şarkılara ambient müzik öğeleri eşlik eder. Parçalarda iç karartıcı, hüzünlü, rahatsız edici bir atmosfer oluşturmak amaçlanır. Şarkı sözleri yaşamın anlamsızlığı, yaşamdan umudu kesmek, boşluğa düşmek gibi karamsar konular işler.
Türün öncüleri Thergothon,  Skepticism ve Funeral'dır. Şu anki önemli temsilcileri ise Esoteric, Mournful Congregation, Evoken, Ahab (grup), Shape of Despair ve Anlipnes'dir.

Gotik doom
Gothic doom, doom metale çok yabancı bir kavram olan romantizm üzerine kuruludur. Kullanılan gamlar ve şarkı sözleri romantiktir. Tipik doom metal enstrümanlarının yanı sıra yoğun şekilde klavye, keman ve kadın vokal kullanılır. Bu alttür gothic metal ile karıştırılmamalıdır. Gothic metal, ortaya çıkışında doom metalin etkileri olsa da, çoğu doom metal karakteristiğini taşımaz. Gothic doom metal ise doom metalin "romantik" ve daha melodik türevidir. Türün en önemli temsilcisi, My Dying Bride'dır. Funeral'ın son albümü From These Wounds, gothic doom için tipik bir örnektir.

Traditional doom metal
Trad doom, doom metalin ilk örneklerini tanımlayan bir kavramdır. Pentagram, Saint Vitus, Candlemass, Cathedral türün ilk ve ilham kaynağı gruplarıdır. Trad doom şu anda Reverend Bizarre gibi gruplar tarafından devam ettiriliyor.

Sludge metal

Sludge doom, genel şekliyle hardcore'un yavaşlatılmış ve karamsarlık taşıyan şekli olarak tanımlanır. Şarkı sözleri klasik doomunkinden biraz daha farklıdır. Şarkıların işlediği temel konular acı, nefret ve hiççiliktir. Cult of Luna, Eyehategod, Corrupted ve Crowbar önemli sludge doom gruplarıdır.

Stoner metal

Diğer doom metal alttürlerinin aksine stoner metal hüzünlü müzikten çok uzaktır. Aşırı düşürülmüş(downtuned) gitarlar ve bas tını üzerine kurulmuştur. Diğer doom metal türlerinde sıklıkla kullanılan minör skalalara yer verilmez. Doom metal ile tek ortak yanı yavaş temposudur. İcracı ve dinleyicileri arasında esrar kullanımının yaygın olup olmadığı tartışma konusu olsa da, tür esrar ile özdeşleşmiş bir türdür. Türün genel özellikleri (düşürülmüş gitarlar, yavaş rifler) esrarın verdiği etkilere benzetilir. Stoner metalin önemli temsilcileri; Electric Wizard, Sleep, Acid King, Acrimony, Sons of Otis'dir

Folk doom
Diğer doom metal alttürlerinin aksine müzik daha yumuşak ve gotik doom gibi senfonik öğeler içerebilir. Klasik olarak gitar rifleri çok yavaştır ve bateri (genelde kullanılmaz) genelde düz bir ritimi takip eder. Folk öğelerini doom metal ile harmanlayarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Melodiler çok fazla hüzünlüdür. Elektro gitarın yanında klasik gitar da çok fazla kullanılır. Türde klavye kullanımı da görülür. Vokaller vazgeçilmez olmaksızın brutal vokalin yanında scream ve clean vokalde kullanılır. Vokallerde yer yer ağlamalar ve çığlıklar da görülür. Sözler ise klasik doom metal temalarını (özellikle acı temasını) işler. Önemli temsilcileri ; Uaral, Empyrium, Kauan'dir. The Fall of Every Season'da bu türden sayılabilir.

Yanlış bilinenler
 Doom metal, yanlış bir şekilde, popüler bir tür olarak bilinir ve birçok popüler müzik grubunun müziği doom metal olarak tanımlanır. Doom metal, en eski heavy metal türü olmasına rağmen hiçbir zaman diğer heavy metal türleri kadar popüler olamamıştır. Hüzünlü müzik yapan her metal/rock grubunun türü yaygın olarak doom metal olarak adlandırılır ki bu yanlıştır. Doom metal olarak adlandırılabilmesi için müziğin, doom metalin üstte belirtilen diğer müzik karakteristiklerini de taşıması gerekir. Geniş dinleyici kitlelerine sahip Anathema, Katatonia ve Paradise Lost bu yanlış kanıya en tipik üç örnektir. Üç grup da kariyerlerine doom metal yaparak başlamasına rağmen, geniş kitleler tarafından dinlenen yeni dönemlerindeki müziklerinin doom metal ile "hüzünlü olmaları" dışında herhangi bir ortak yanı yoktur.
 Gothic metal grupları bazen doom metal dahilinde değerlendirilir ki "gothic doom" başlığında açıklandığı gibi bunlar ayrı türlerdir.
 Gothic doom dışındaki doom metal gruplarının hemen hemen hiçbiri müziklerinde flüt veya keman kullanmaz.

Dış bağlantılar
 Doom-metal.com
 Doom metal gruplarının listesi

Heavy metal alttarzları

Doom metal


Zebrasta afelandra (šafranski klas, lat. Aphelandra squarrosa) zimzelena zeljasta trajnica iz porodice primogovki. Domovina joj je istočni Brazil, ali je uvezena i po drugim državama, pa i u Hrvatsku.

U prirodi naraste do 2 metra visine, ima naszuprotne listove i jarkožute cvjetove skupljene u stožaste cvatove duge 7 do 10 cm.

U domaćinstvima se uzgaja kao sobna biljka koja može narasti do 60 cm visine, a postoji nekolimko njezinih kultivara od kojih su značajniji: 'Louisae', 'Brockfeld', 'Dania', 'Leopoldii'

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Acantheae

Zebrasta afelandra


عمر القزابري (4 أغسطس 1974) إمام مسجد الحسن الثاني،تلقى القرآن في صغره على يد والده الشيخ أحمد القزابري وهو من علماء مراكش، حيث ختم القرآن في سن 11 سنة، حصل على شهادة الثانوية العامة في التعليم الأصيل من مدرسة ابن يوسف بمراكش، توفي والده وترك فيه ألم عميق، جعله يسافر بعدها إلى السعودية حيث حضر دروسا بالمعهد الإسلامي بمكة المكرمة سنة 1997م ، وتولى إمامة مسجد الجامعة بجدة، تلقى خلال تلك الفترة القرآن على يد عدد من كبار المشايخ، منهم الشيخ محمود إسماعيل، من علماء الأزهر، والشيخ الفاه الموريتاني، قبل أن يعود إلى المغرب ويتولى الخطابة في مسجد باب الريان بحي الألفة بمدينة الدار البيضاء حيث كانت خطبه تستقطب آلاف المصلين، بعد ذلك قرر الشيخ عمر العودة إلى تعميق دراساته القرآنية، حيث أقام في القاهرة دورة دراسية لختم القراءات العشر على يد الشيخ أحمد عيسى المعصراوي، شيخ عموم القراء بمصر. والشيخ حاليا يشغل منصب إمام مسجد الحسن الثاني بالدارالبيضاء ويتولى أيضا الخطابة في مسجد النسيم بمدينة الدار البيضاء.

مسيرته
يقول الشيخ عمر القزابري في مقابلة له مع قناة اقرأ عن مسيرته انه حفظ القرآن دون الحادية عشر من عمره على يد السيد الوالد و الذي ترك الأثر الأعظم في حياته، الذي كان قمة في التواضع مع علمه وفهمه.

رحلته إلى السعودية

كان له صديق يعرف شيخا سعوديا لديه منزل بالدار البيضاء واسمه عبد الرحمن نصيف، معروف عنه ولعه بالقرآن والعلم ولديه شغف كبير بالكتب لدرجة أن لديه واحدة من أضخم المكتبات في السعودية، تقع في جدة، تضم نفائس المؤلفات والمخطوطات النادرة (والتي انحرقت بداية 2009). التقى به ذات مرة على طعام الغذاء فطلب إليه أن يتلوا عليه شيئا من القرآن، وأعجب بقراءته كثيرا لدرجة أنه اقترح عليه السفر معه إلى السعودية.

استضافه في السعودية عبد الرحمن نصيف، في بيته مدة خمس سنوات، كان برنامجه اليومي يبدأ مع صلاة الفجر حيث يأم الناس في مسجد المعمار بمدينة جدة تتبع ذلك جلسة قرآنية، ثم يقوم بعدها إعطاء دروس في المنزل نفسه، في علوم التجويد والقراءات والتفسير لمدة ثلاث ساعات كاملة. وبعد يلتحق بمسجد الجامعة في المدينة نفسها ليصلي بالناس صلاتي المغرب والعشاء والتراويح في رمضان، تتلوها دروس مماثلة في أحكام التجويد والقراءات. كذلك كان يأم الناس في مكة المكرمة في ثاني أكبر مسجد بها بعد بيت الله الحرام.

العودة إلى المغرب
بعد قضاء 5 سنوات كاملة بالسعودية عاد إلى الوطن. بعد التفجيرات التي ضربت الدار البيضاء يوم 16 ماي 2003 طلب منه التوقف عن إمامة المصلين بمسجد الألفة، حيت كان المسجد يمتلئ عن آخره وكان المصلون يقدمون إليه من كل حدب وصوب فتقطع الشوارع وتمتلئ جنبات المسجد والأماكن القريبة منه بالمصلين. وفي السنة الموالية جاءته دعوة من المملكة العربية السعودية لإمامة الناس في مسجد ابن باز في مكة المكرمة، سافر وفي تلك الفترة تزوج، وبعد زواجه بثلاثة أشهر تقريبا اتصل به مندوب من وزارة الأوقاف المغربية يعلن له اختياره لممارسة الإمامة في مسجد الحسن الثاني. وبدأ الإمامة في رمضان سنة 2005.

سافر إلى ألمانيا برعاية مؤسسة الحسن الثاني للمغاربة المقيمين بالخارج لافتتاح مسجد بمدينة أوفنباخ قرب فرانكفورت. سافر بعدها إلى فرنسا حيث قضى حوالي 20 يوما، افتتح خلالها مؤتمرا حول النبي تحت شعار «إنما بعثت لأتمم مكارم الأخلاق». ألقى خلال هذا اللقاء محاضرة بعنوان «كان خلقه القرآن» لقيت تجاوبا ملفتا من طرف الحضور.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للشيخ عمر القزابري
 المصحف المرتل للقارئ :عمر القزابري مكتبة طريق الإسلام.

مراجع

 جريدة المساء المغربية، أعداد شهر رمضان 2009.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
قراء مغاربة
مواليد 1974

عمر القزابري


George Kobayashi (født 29. november 1947) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

George Kobayashi


La microrregión del Litoral Occidental Maranhense es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño del Maranhão perteneciente a la mesorregión Norte Maranhense. Su población según el censo de 2010 es de  183.749 habitantes y está dividida en trece municipios. Su población está formada por una mayoría de negros y mulatos 74.7 con minorías de blancos 16.3, caboclos (mestizos de indios y blancos) 8.8, asiáticos 0.1 e indígenas 0.1, según el censo IBGE 2010 habitaban la región 138 indígenas. Posee un área total de 9.557,592 km².

Municipios
 Alcântara
 Apicum-Açu
 Bacuri
 Bacurituba
 Bequimão
 Cajapió
 Cedral
 Central do Maranhão
 Cururupu
 Guimarães
 Mirinzal
 Porto Rico do Maranhão
 Serrano do Maranhão

Litoral Occidental Maranhense

Microrregión del Litoral Occidental Maranhense


Bitkisel psişizm, bitkilerin hisleri ve algıları olduğuna dair paranormal iddialar bütünü. Bitkilerin herhangi bir sinir sistemi bulunmadığından, bu yöndeki iddialar bilim dünyası tarafından sözdebilim olarak değerlendirilir.

Bitkiler üzerinde parapsikolojik araştırmalar 1960'lı yıllarda başlamıştır. Bitkiler üzerinde psişik deneyler yapmış ve bu alanda en fazla katkı sağlamış isimler arasında, Backster etkisini keşfeden ve yalan makinesinin mucidi olan Cleve Backster (ABD), Uluslararası İş Makineleri Kurumu'nun araştırma kimyageri Marcel Vogel, Ambrose ve Olga Worrel sayılabilir. Rus bilim adamlarının da bitkisel psişizm alanında önemli katkıları olmuştur.

Bitkiler üzerinde çalışan Parapsikologlar bitkisel psişizmle ilgili şu sonuçlara varmışlardır:

 Bitkilerde kendilerine özgü bir algılama mevcuttur.İnsanların heyecan ve düşüncelerine duyarlıdırlar. Aralarında yüzlerce kilometre uzaklık da olsa sahipleriyle psişik irtibatta olabilirler.
 İnsanlarla iletişim kurabilir, onlara yanıt verebilirler.
 Çeşitli enerji yayınlarında bulunurlar. Bitkilerin çevrelerinde de Kirlian fotoğrafçılığı yöntemiyle saptanabilen, bazı vibrasyonlardan etkilenen bir enerji alanı vardır.
 Klasik müziğin yanı sıra dua, şefkat, ilgi, sevgi ve şifacı medyumların tesirleri bitkilerin gelişiminin hızlı ve verimli olmasını sağlar. Buna karşılık, kin, nefret, düşmanlık duygularına da duyarsız değildirler, bunları da algılarlar. Çağımızın modern müzik türleri içinde ahenksiz gürültü içerenlerinden ıstırap duyarlar.
 Bir tür bellekleri vardır. Elektrotlar bağlanarak yapılan deneyler göstermiştir ki, bir ev bitkisi daha önce bir yaprağını kesmiş bir kişi bulunduğu odaya girdiğinde grafiklerde korktuğunu gösteren çizgiler belirmekte, kişi odadan çıktığında, grafik çizgileri normale dönmektedir. Yani bitki kendisine önceden zarar vermiş kimseyi unutmamıştır.
 Bitkilerin de heyecansal bir yaşamları vardır. Çevrelerinde bulunanlardan hoşlanabilir, felaket anında "kendini kaybetme" denilebilecek hale girdiklerini gösteren grafik çizgileri çizerler.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Backster etkisi
 Kirlian fotoğrafçılığı

Kaynakça

Parapsikoloji

Bitkisel psişizm


Hans-Felix Piper (* 23. Februar 1916 in Kiel; † 9. Mai 2007 in Lübeck) war ein deutscher Augenarzt.

Leben

Pipers Eltern waren der Physiologe Hans Piper und seine Frau Margarete, eine Tochter von Johann von Mikulicz. Der Vater fiel 1915 als Soldat im Ersten Weltkrieg, bevor sein Sohn auf die Welt kam. Nach dem Abitur an der Kieler Gelehrtenschule diente Piper beim Reichsarbeitsdienst und in der Wehrmacht. Danach studierte er Humanmedizin an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, der Universität Hamburg und der Universität Wien. Dort promovierte er 1942 zum Dr. med. Als Truppenarzt wieder bei der Wehrmacht, wurde er 1945 im Deutsch-Sowjetischen Krieg schwer verwundet. Mit einem der letzten Züge vor der Kapitulation der Wehrmacht kam er ins Lazarett Elmshorn. In Kiel geriet er in britische Kriegsgefangenschaft.

Wilhelm Anschütz empfahl seinem Neffen die Augenheilkunde und vermittelte ihn an die Kieler Klinik unter Alois Meesmann (1888–1969). Wie sein gefallener Vater wandte sich Piper der Sinnesphysiologie zu, die in Kiel mit Manfred Monjé stark vertreten war. 1952 habilitierte er sich. Als Oberarzt und Professor blieb er nach dem Tod seines Chefs noch ein Jahr an der Klinik.

Am 1. Mai 1960 trat er seine Chefarztstelle an der neuen Augenklinik der Städtischen Krankenanstalten Wuppertal an. Die Medizinische Akademie zu Lübeck betraute ihn 1966 mit einem Lehrauftrag und berief ihn zum 17. April 1968 als ersten Lehrstuhlinhaber. Von 1979 bis 1981 war er Dekan der Medizinischen Fakultät. Am 1. April 1984 wurde er emeritiert, sein Nachfolger wurde Horst Laqua. Piper überlebte seine Frau um ein Jahr und hinterließ zwei Töchter und zwei Söhne.

Ehrenämter
 Vorsitzender der Medizinischen Gesellschaft Lübeck (1968–1972)
 Mitglied der Verkehrskommission der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft
 Mitglied der medizinhistorischen Julius Hirschberg-Gesellschaft

Ehrungen
 Ernst-von-Bergmann-Plakette (1975)
 Ehrennadel der Universität zu Lübeck (1996)
 Ehrenmitglied der Bielschowsky-Gesellschaft für Schielforschung

Weblinks

 G. Holland, H. Laqua: Nachruf auf Hans-Felix Piper (SpringerLink)
 Geschichte der Lübecker Augenklinik (UKSH)
 Publikationen (Worldcat Identities)

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Person (Wuppertal)
Hochschullehrer (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel)
Deutscher
Hochschullehrer (Universität zu Lübeck)
Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Sanitätsoffizier (Deutsches Reich)
Augenarzt
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 2007
Mann

Hans-Felix Piper


«Trip -Innocent of D-» es el tercer sencillo de la banda japonesa perteneciente a I've Sound, "Larval Stage Planning", formada por Airi Kirishima, Nami Maisaki y Rin Asami y es el segundo sencillo que la banda publica con su discográfica, Lantis. La publicación de este nuevo material tuvo lugar el día 25 de enero del año 2012.

La canción titular de este sencillo fue utlilizada como canción de apertura de la serie de anime, High School DxD, que se estrenó a principios del año 2012.

En este sencillo, el grupo cuenta con la producción y los arreglos de CG Mix y Takeshi Ozaki, para la primera canción, mientras que para la segunda canción, participan Kazuya Takase y Takeshi Arai como compositor y arreglista respectivamente. Airi Kirishima, integrante de la banda, es la encargada de las letras de las dos canciones.

Al igual que el sencillo anterior, este nuevo sencillo sería publicado en una edición limitada de CD y DVD, y posteriormente en una edición regular solo de CD. El DVD de la edición limitada contendría por lo tanto el videoclip promocional del sencillo y el resumen de su rodaje.

Este sencillo, alcanzó el puesto nº 26 en el Oricon.

Canciones
Trip -Innocent of D-
Letra: Airi Kirishima
Composición: CG Mix
Arreglos: CG Mix y Takeshi Ozaki
Chapter.5
Letra: Airi Kirishima
Composición: Kazuya Takase
Arreglos: Kazuya Takase y Takeshi Arai
Trip -Innocent of D- (Instrumental)
Composición: CG Mix
Arreglos: CG Mix y Takeshi Ozaki
Chapter.5
Composición: Kazuya Takase
Arreglos: Kazuya Takase y Takeshi Arai

Referencias

Canciones de anime
Canciones en japonés
Sencillos de 2012

Trip -Innocent of D-


İstanbul Altın Borsası 2499 sayılı Sermaye Piyasası Kanununun 40/A maddesi hükmüne dayanarak SPK tarafından hazırlanan "Kıymetli Madenler Borsalarının Kuruluş ve Çalışma Esasları Hakkında Genel Yönetmelik", 3 Nisan 1993 tarih ve 21541 sayılı Resmi Gazete'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe girmiştir.

Genel Yönetmeliğe dayanarak Hazine Müsteşarlığı tarafından "Kıymetli Maden Borsaları Üyelik Yetkisi ve Kıymetli Maden Borsası Aracı Kurumlarının Kuruluş ve Faaliyet Şartlarına İlişkin Yönetmelik" 16.10.1993 tarih ve 21730 sayılı Resmi Gazete'de yayımlanmıştır.

Kıymetli Madenler Borsalarının Kuruluş ve Çalışma Esasları Hakkındaki Yönetmelik hükümlerine dayanılarak 13 Şubat 1994 tarih ve 21848 sayılı Resmi Gazete'de yayımlanan İstanbul Altın Borsası Yönetmeliği ile de emlağın'nın çalışma kural ve esasları belirlenmiştir.

İstanbul Altın Borsası, 26 Temmuz 1995 tarihinde resmi olarak faaliyetlerine başlamıştır. Borsada sadece külçe altın alım satımı değil, vadeli işlemler de yapılır. 1999'dan itibaren gümüş ve platin işlemleri de yapılmaya başladı. Altın borsasında uluslararası rafine çıkışlı 995/1000 ile 999.9/1000 saflıktaki altınlar işleme girebiliyor. İşlemde altınlarda standart külçeler 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 gramlık ve 12.5 kilogramlık, 350-450 ons arası külçe standardındadır. Kıymetli Madenler Piyasası'nda işlemler, sabah ve öğle olmak üzere Borsa'nın açık olduğu her işgününde iki seansta gerçekleşir. Sabah seansı 09:30 - 09:40 arası seans öncesi ve 09:45 - 13:00 arası ilk seans olarak yapılır. Öğleden sonra seansı 15:00-17:15 saatleri arasında gerçekleştirilir. TL/gr işlemleri aynı gün valörlü, ötekiler ertesi gün veya iki işgünü valörlüdür. En küçük işlem birimi 5 kgdır. En küçük fiyat hareketi TL'de 100 lira, ötekilerde 5 cent'tir. Üyelerin alıp satabilecekleri altın miktarı Borsa Takas Merkezi'ne teslim ettikleri altınların 20 katı ile sınırlıdır. Alım satım emirleri Reuters ve Telerate ile duyurulur.

Vadeli işlemlerde her bir sözleşme 995/1000 ayar ve 3 kg'lıktır. Sözleşmeler TL/gr ve $/ons cinsinden düzenlenir. Altın, teslim tarihinde fiziki veya nakdi uzlaşma ile gerçekleştirilir. İşlemler kesintisiz 11-16 saatlerinde yapılır.

Türkiye, uluslararası ham elmas ticaretinin kontrol altında tutulabilmesi amacıyla Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'nin öncülüğünde başlatılan 46 ülkenin üye olduğu Kimberley Süreci Sertifika Sistemi üyeliğine 14/08/2007 tarihi itibarıyla kabul edilmiştir.

İstanbul Altın Borsası, ham elmasın ithal ve ihracı işlemlerinde yetkili otorite olarak tayin edilmiştir. Buna göre, ham elmasın ithal ve ihraç işlemlerini Kimberley Süreci Sertifika Sistemi çerçevesinde yürütmeye ve ibraz edilen sertifikaların Kimberley Sürecine ilişkin belgelerde belirtilen asgari standartları taşıyıp taşımadığını incelemeye, katılımcı ülke ihracat otoritesi nezdinde sertifikaların teyidini almaya ve sertifika düzenlemeye İstanbul Altın Borsası yetkilidir.

Kaynakça
 mkk com tr

Altın Borsası
Kamu İktisadi Teşebbüsü
Borsalar
1995'te kurulan kuruluşlar

İstanbul Altın Borsası


Konjički savez Herceg-Bosne je udruženje hrvatskih konjičkih društava u BiH. Jedan je od tri konjička saveza u BiH. Sjedište mu je u Mostaru. Predsjednik je Ile Krezo. Sjedište je u Mostaru, Bleiburških žrtava bb. Registrirano je 2012. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Dnevnik.ba A.K. Konjički savez Herceg Bosne izbrao novi Upravni odbor, 2. ožujka 2017.

Športski savez Herceg-Bosne

Konjički savez Herceg-Bosne


Pierre Jouve, né le  à Brazzaville, est un peintre, écrivain, photographe, réalisateur de télévision et journaliste français.

Biographie

Pierre Jouve est né le 25 septembre 1943 à Brazzaville, au Congo, où son père, Géraud Jouve (1901-1990) dirige Radio-Brazzaville (France libre), après avoir été délégué de l'Agence Havas à Berlin (1931), Budapest (1933) et Bucarest (1940). Après ces années de résistance, ce dernier devient député du Cantal puis ambassadeur. Sa mère, Élisabeth Jouve, née Krausz (1909-1981), était une pianiste hongroise.

Il débute par le journalisme écrit national et international, puis commence la réalisation de documentaires. Il opte ensuite pour le littéraire et la photographie. Son histoire personnelle inspire son travail.

Journalisme, télévision et écriture
Entré à l'Agence France-Presse (AFP) à l'âge de 22 ans, Pierre Jouve vit des moments clefs de l'actualité : la chute du Shah d'Iran, la fin de Bokassa, en Centrafrique, l'Algérie, notamment, ou auparavant et plus simplement les faits-divers parisiens qui, à l'époque étaient narrés d'une manière littéraire. Pierre Jouve quitte l'AFP en 1984, puis entreprend, avec le psychanalyste Ali Magoudi, la réalisation des autoportraits télévisés des présidents François Mitterrand, puis Jacques Chirac, diffusés par TF1 et de Jean-Marie Le Pen, qui donnèrent lieu à trois livres (Mitterrand et Chirac aux Éditions Carrère, Le Pen à La Découverte). Il réalise dans les années qui suivent deux documentaires, l'un sur la mort du pilote brésilien Ayrton Senna, l'autre sur le cabaret Le Lido (tous deux diffusés par Canal +). Il publie un essai sur François Mitterrand (revue Esprit), puis Brigade Criminelle, un ouvrage sur la psychologie des policiers de ce service (Denoël) et enfin un roman : Paris sans suite (Denoël), ainsi que des entretiens avec le cardinal-archevêque de Paris André Vingt-Trois (Une mission de liberté chez Denoël en 2010). Puis un essai sur les survivants de la Shoah (Esprit, mars 2020).

Photographie
À vingt-ans Pierre Jouve est initié à la caméra sur les plateaux de tournage de cinéma et publicité. Après trente années de journalisme écrit ou de réalisation télévisuelle, d'écriture d'essais politiques, il retrouve l'image photographique, en particulier autour des ports (Venise, Naples, le Havre notamment). Il explore la face cachée de Paris, avec les services de police de la Préfecture de Police de Paris (de 2007 à 2009, Pierre Mutz étant alors préfet). Il effectue une immersion dans les drames sociaux ou crapuleux

Pierre Jouve poursuit dans cette veine avec la création photographique des « Berliners », une série de photographies plasticiennes mettant en scène des fragments de poupées.

Peinture
Élève de Pierre Baqué et de James Blœdé, Pierre Jouve s'inspire de son passé, des aventures de ses parents, de ses origines, pour aboutir à une première œuvre globale, exposée en 2019, au Musée d'Aurillac, puis programmée au Musée Juif de Berlin.

Un ensemble d'œuvres peintes nouvelles est exposé en février 2022 à la galerie Pierre-Alain Challier, Paris.

Expositions
 2019: Berlin Trizac -  musée d'art et d'archéologie d'Aurillac.
 2017: Violences - Fez
 2012: Berliners  - Galerie Alain Le Gaillard, Paris.
Marianne brisée - Linnammuseum, Talline, Estonie.
 2011: Eyes on Paris, Paris im Fotobuch, 1890 bis Heute.
 2010: Marianne brisée - Werkstatt Galerie, Berlin.
Marianne brisée - Musée Carnavalet, Paris.
 2009: Marianne brisée, ou la face cachée de Paris - Musée d'Art Moderne, Saint Etienne.
 2002: Venise portuaires - Musée du Port Venise, Italie.

Livres photographiques
 Marianne brisée (Liénart) 2009.
 Le Havre, ville port (Isthme Editions) 2005.
 Naples portuaire  (Mazzotta Ed.) 2004.
 Venise portuaire  (Marsilio), prix Orvieto du meilleur livre de photographie publié en Italie en 2002.

Écrits
 «Survivant ou mort-vivant?», dans la revue Esprit, mars 2020.
 Paris sans suite, roman (Denoël 2010).
 La Brigade criminelle, enquête inédite (Denoël 2004).
 Les dits et les non dits de Jean-Marie Le Pen (La Découverte 1988), avec le psychanalyste Ali Magoudi.
 Jacques Chirac, portrait total (Carrere 1987) avec le psychanalyste Ali Magoudi.
 François Mitterrand, portrait total  (Carrere 1986). avec le psychanalyste Ali Magoudi.

Télévision
 François Mitterrand, autoportrait  (TF1).
 Jacques Chirac, autoportrait  (TF1).
 Jean-Marie Le Pen, avec le psychanalyste Ali Magoudi (Public Senat).
 La Mort d'Ayrton Senna (Canal +).
 Le Lido (Canal +).

Collections
Œuvres acquises par la Fondation Antoine de Galbert, le Musée juif de Berlin et divers collectionneurs privés.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Plasticien français contemporain
Réalisateur français
Écrivain français du XXe siècle
Écrivain français du XXIe siècle
Photographe français
Journaliste français du XXe siècle
Journaliste français du XXIe siècle
Naissance en septembre 1943
Naissance à Brazzaville

Pierre Jouve


කාලී (; ) හෙවත් කාලිකා () යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මහාදේවියගේ උග්‍ර ස්වරූපයකි.එතුමියගේ ආදිතම නිරූපණය දුෂ්ට බලවේග විනාශ කරන්නිය ලෙස සැලකිණි. තන්ත්‍රික ශෛව ආගමේ ප්‍රවර්ගයක් වන කුලමාර්ගය තුළ උපප්‍රවර්ගයන් සතරින් එකක දෙවඟන ද ඇයයි. කාලයත් සමග විවිධ ආගමික ව්‍යාපාර සහ තන්ත්‍රික නිකායයන් විසින් ඇයව විවිධ ලෙස වන්දනා කොට ඇත. මෙයට නිදසුන් ලෙස දිව්‍යමය මාතාව, විශ්වයේ මාතාව, ආදි ශක්ති, හෝ ආදි පරාශක්ති ලෙස ඇයව සැලකීම දැක්විය හැක. ඇතැම් ශක්ති හින්දු සහ තන්ත්‍රික නිකායයන්, විශේෂයෙන්ම කාලිකුල ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන නිකායයන් විසින් ඇයව පරම යතාර්ථ‍ය හෙවත් බ්‍රහ්මන් ලෙස ද සලකනු ලබයි. එසේම ඇය ආරක්ෂිකාවක ලෙස ද, මෝක්ෂය හෙවත් විමුක්තිය/නිර්වාණය ප්‍රදානය කරන්නිය ලෙසත් සැලකේ. බොහෝ අවස්ථාවල කාලි මාතාව නිරූපණය  කෙරෙන්නේ, දුර්වලව වැතිරගත් සිය සැමියා වන ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ සිරුර මත සිටගෙන හෝ නර්තනයේ යෙදෙමින් සිටින තැනැත්තියක ලෙසයි.

ශිව යන්නෙහි "ඉ" කාරය ශක්තියයි. ශක්තිය රහිත ශිව ශව බවට පත් වේ. කාලි දෙවඟන පාමුල සිටින්නෙ එම ශව්‍ය වූ ශිව දෙවිඳුන්ය. සමස්ථ භාරතයේම,විශේෂයෙන් නැගෙනහිර භාරතයේ කොල්කටාව, ඇසෑමය වැනි ප්‍රදේශ වල හින්දූන් විසින් කාලි දෙවඟන වන්දනා කරනු ලබයි. ශක්ත සහ බෞද්ධ දේවතාවියන් සංයුක්ත කොට ඇති ලැයිස්තුවක් වන මහාවිද්‍යාවරියන් දස දෙනා අතරෙහි ප්‍රමුඛත්වය කාලි දේවියට හිමි වේ.

නිරුක්තිය
කාලී යනු කාලම් ("කළු, අඳුරු පැහැති") යන්නෙහි ස්ත්‍රී ලිංග ස්වරූපයයි. කාලී යන්නෙහි පුරුෂ ස්වරූපය වන "කාල" යන්නෙන් "කාලය" හෝ "කාලයේ සම්පූර්ණත්වය" යන්න ද හැඟවේ. එමගින් "ජීවීන්ට ප්‍රාණය හෝ මරණය ලබාදෙන ස්වභාව ධර්මයේ වෙනස්වන ස්වභාවය" සංකේතවත් කෙරේ. ඇගේ අනෙක් නම් යටතට කාලරාත්‍රී ("කළු රාත්‍රිය"), සහ කාලිකා ("කළු තැනැත්තිය") යන්න ද අයත් වේ.

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 කාලි සඳහා බ්‍රිටනිකා විශ්වකෝෂයේ ඇති තොරතුරු

මරණ දේවතාවියෝ
විනාශකාරී දේවතාවියෝ
පාර්වතීගේ ස්වරූප
හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
මහාවිද්‍යාවෝ
මාතෘ දේවතාවියෝ
කාල සහ ඉරණම් දේවතාවියෝ

කාලී දෙවඟන


Sophie Diana Schmidt (født 28. juni 1988) er en canadisk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Houston Dash i NWSL. Hun er også en del af Canadas landshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Canada
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2012
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2016
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2020
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2012
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske mestre fra Canada
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Canada

Sophie Schmidt


James Brown Ray (February 19, 1794 – August 4, 1848) was an Indiana politician and the only Indiana Senate president pro tempore to be elevated to governor of the state of Indiana. Ray served during a time when the state transitioned from personal politics to political parties, but never joined a party himself. Taking office one week before his 31st birthday, he became the state's youngest governor and served from 1825 to 1831, the longest period for an Indiana governor under the state constitution of 1816. During Ray's term as governor the state experienced a period of economic prosperity and a 45 percent population increase. He supported projects that encouraged the continued growth and development of the young state, most notably internal improvements, Native American removal, codification of Indiana's laws, improved county and local government, and expanded educational opportunities. Ray was known for his eccentricity and early promotion of a large-scale railroad system in the state. His support for new railroad construction and alleged involvement in several scandals caused him to lose popularity among voters. Ray's opponents who favored the creation of canals considered railroads to be an impractical, utopian idea. Following Ray's departure from political office, he continued to advocate for a statewide railroad system until his death in 1848.

Early life

Family and background

James Brown Ray was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, on February 19, 1794, the son of Rev. William Ray, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, and Phebe Ann Brown Ray. He was one of twelve children. Ray attended local common schools and received a basic education. Ray moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when he was still a boy, where he studied law in the office of General Gano, and was admitted to the bar in 1816. Ray briefly served as deputy clerk of Hamilton County, Ohio.

Ray married Mary Riddle of Hamilton County, Ohio, on December 10, 1818. That same year the couple moved to Brookville, Indiana, where they had two children prior to Mary's death on July 4, 1823. Ray established a law office in Brookville and quickly rose to prominence in the community. Ray was known to be rash and sometimes belligerent. In one incident Ray insulted a Brookville farmer who severely beat him for the insult. In another incident Ray threatened another lawyer with a "thrashing" before a court session, to which the lawyer replied with a fist in Ray's face. The courtroom went wild. Both men had to be restrained before further blows could be thrown.

Ray married Esther Booker (née Gay), widow of Samuel P. Booker, of Centerville, Indiana, in September 1825. The couple had five children.

Legislator
Ray's outspoken manner helped him gain popularity in his community. In 1821 he served a one-year term in the Indiana House of Representatives. The next year he was elected to the Indiana State Senate and began his term on December 2, 1822. On January 30, 1824, the same day Lieutenant Governor Ratliff Boon resigned to take a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, Ray was elected the Indiana Senate's president pro tempore.

Governor
Ray became the state's fourth governor on February 12, 1825, when Indiana governor William Hendricks resigned from his office to become a U.S. senator. The lieutenant governor's office had remained vacant after Boon's departure for the U.S. House of Representatives the previous year. This is the only time this occurred in Indiana history. After a brief debate about his eligibility to become governor because of his young age, Ray was able to provide proof that he met the minimum age of thirty as required under the state constitution.

Indiana was still a young state during Ray's tenure as governor, but it was growing rapidly. The state's population increased 45 percent and its finances were strengthened during a period of relative prosperity. To encourage further settlement and economic development, Ray supported internal improvements, Native American removal, codification of Indiana's laws, improved county and local government, and expanded educational opportunities.  Party politics also entered the state during Ray's term as governor. Previously, politicians in the state were loosely affiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party or none at all. During the 1820s national parties were generally divided among Jeffersonian Republicans, who followed Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams, and Jacksonian Democrats, who supported Andrew Jackson. Ray resisted the rise of the parties and tried to remain neutral.

In the summer of 1825, Ray announced that he would seek election for a full three-year term as governor. Ray's campaign against Isaac Blackford, Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court. Blackford, a graduate of Princeton University, charged that Ray was "pompous, poorly educated, and ill-equipped for the job." Ray countered with arguments against party politics and made a strong case for internal improvements. Ray won the election with 13,040 votes to 10,418, a margin of 2,622 votes.

Ray became the first governor to serve in the new capitol of Indianapolis. His wife found the Governor's Mansion in Monument Circle to lack privacy, and the couple refused to live there.

Internal improvements
On December 8, 1825, Ray delivered his first address to the Indiana General Assembly and called for internal improvements in the state's transportation system. Ray cited Ohio's recent success with its canal projects as evidence of their economic value. However, Ray changed his position in 1827 and decided that the state would receive greater benefit from railroad construction projects. At that time railroads were still relatively new and their value was not yet evident. Ray became an opponent of canal projects and advocated for railroads throughout the remainder of his life. As governor, Ray requested state legislature to create a committee to explore the possibilities of building new railroads. The committed supported the construction of canals. Their report called Ray's plans to make Indianapolis a railroad hub "utopian" and "mad and impractical". A compromise was ultimately reached to fund both projects. After the previous administration's efforts under William Hendricks restored the state's credit and stabilize its income, Ray's administration was able to move ahead with plans to build canals, railroads, and more roads in the state. Design plans for the Wabash and Erie Canal began during Ray's administration, but his opponents accused him of purposely delaying progress on the project by delaying reports, slowing progress in surveying, and in other areas, which further kindled distrust from the legislature. The state's first railroad was also constructed, a short line connecting Shelbyville, Indiana to Indianapolis as a compromise with the governor to approve funds for the canal. Industry in the state expanded exponentially during those years with several large factories opening up in the different locations around the state.

Michigan Road

Another of Ray's key transportation projects was the construction of the Michigan Road across Indiana. The plans for the road would extend from the Ohio River in the south to Lake Michigan in the north, and pass through Indianapolis in the central part of the state. The new road would require the Potawatomi and the Miami people to cede their lands in northern and central Indiana to the federal government to make way for its construction. Ray wrote President John Quincy Adams requesting a treaty to acquire land for the project. Adams responded by appointing Ray, Michigan governor Lewis Cass, and John Tipton as commissioners to negotiate a treaty, which was concluded in the fall of 1826. More than  of land was transferred to the United States government.

Ray's opponents in the state legislature seized the opportunity to attack him for taking a commission from the federal government as a treaty negotiator, claiming that it violated Indiana's constitution. His critics argued that in taking the position, Ray forfeited his position as governor. A motion to bring impeachment proceedings against Ray was narrowly defeated in the Indiana General Assembly by a vote of 31 to 27. Ray's situation was similar to the attempted impeachment of Indiana governor Jonathan Jennings in 1818.

Codification of state laws
Other events began to transpire, which caused Ray's popularity to wane considerably.
Ray initiated efforts to simplify Indiana's civil and criminal laws. He suggested that the state's legal code should be modeled on Louisiana laws, which used the Napoleonic Code as a template. Ray initially assumed responsibility for the project at his own expense, but two years after the Indiana General Assembly passed a bill to expand and improve the Indiana Code, the work was still not completed. Ray asked the legislature to grant additional funds and provide an assistant to complete the project. The assembly granted his request and appointed a committee to create the Revised Code of 1831.

Fall Creek Massacre

Another notable event during Ray's first term in office took place when three white men were scheduled to be hanged for the murder of nine Native American men, women, and children. It marked the first documented trial, sentencing, and execution of whites for the murder of Native Americans under United States law. The Fall Creek Massacre and the executions of the convicted murderers took place on Fall Creek, near Pendleton in Madison County, Indiana, ten miles northeast of Indianapolis. On June 3, 1825, a large crowd, including members of the Seneca Nation, gathered to witness the executions. Two of the convicted men were hanged; however, Ray arrived to issue a dramatic, last-minute pardon to seventeen-year-old John Bridge Jr. after local residents petitioned the governor to intervene. Bridge was immediately taken down from the gallows, untied, and set free.

Education
Ray supported free public education in Indiana and as governor proposed the sale of public lands to establish schools and hire qualified educators. He recommended that the Indiana State Seminary, which opened in 1825 at Bloomington, Indiana, be elevated to a college. In January 1828 the state legislature approved an act to rename it Indiana College, which later became Indiana University.

Controversy and political disputes
In 1827 Ray became involved in a bitter dispute with Samuel Merrill, the Indiana State Treasurer. Merrill, an ally of Blackford, made personal attacks on Ray, claiming he was committing fraud and using his public office for personal gain. Merrill specifically tried to incriminate him for making a secret deal with the Indians when negotiating the treaty in 1826, claiming that he had accepted a bribe from them. Merrill's charges were ambiguous, lacking considerable detail, but was enough to stir a controversy and give an excuse to Ray's opponents to further again attack. Ray's supporters included Lewis Cass, governor of the Michigan Territory, who wrote a letter to the Indiana General Assembly on his behalf. The dispute ended, but Ray's image was tarnished.

Second term
Political conflicts and controversies continued during Ray's second term. When Ray ran for reelection in 1828, he was approached by pro-Jackson men to join the Jacksonian party, which was just beginning to form in the state. Ray agreed to the proposal as long as his acceptance remained a secret. A short time later Ray was interviewed by a pro-Clay newspaper and he called the Jacksonian-Democrats an "outrageous, violent faction." The Jackson men responded by fielding their own candidate and publishing Ray's secret agreement. Despite the controversy over his attempt to gain the favor of both parties, Ray won reelection on August 4, 1828. He received 15,131 votes; Whig candidate Israel T. Branby received 12,251; and Democratic candidate Harbin H. Moore received 10,898.

Another conflict arose in 1830 when the Indiana Supreme Court was up for reappointment. Ray reappointed Justice Issac Blackford, but delayed the reappointment of  Jesse Lynch Holman and James Scott. Ray bargained behind the scenes with leaders in the state legislature for a deal: Ray would reappoint Holman and Scott to the courts and in exchange for Ray's election to the U. S. Senate. Ray eventually appointed the two men, but lost his bid for the Senate seat. The secret deal, combined with what was considered his "insane" idea of making Indianapolis a hub for a great railroad system and without a party to support him, he lost most of his public support.

Nearing the end of his term in office, Ray became defensive, accused his critics with conspiring against him, and claimed he was the "victim of misrepresentation and malicious envy." His detractors described him as hot-tempered and unable to handle criticism. Having accomplished little in his second term, Ray left office on December 7, 1831.

Return to private life
Ray resumed a law practice in Indianapolis after his term as governor ended, but found the business did not meet his expectations. Ray ran for political office on several occasions but was unsuccessful. In 1831 he ran for Congress, but lost to John Carr. He attempted to run again in 1833, but dropped out after his inability to win became apparent. He tried once again in 1837, but was soundly defeated by William Herod, 5,888 votes to 9,635. Ray also lost bids to become Clerk of Marion County and a commissioner of the Wabash and Erie Canal in 1835. After business ventures in Greencastle failed, Ray moved to Centerville, Indiana, where he established a law firm with a brother and a dry goods business with a nephew. Ray returned to Indianapolis in 1846 to establish a law and advisory business, what he called at "Law, conveyancing, writing, abstract-making, land-agency, general and emigrants' intelligence and counsel office." The business soon folded for lack of customers.

Ray purchased a home in Indianapolis that was built in 1835 and originally stood on the site where the Marion County Jail now stands. The home was moved in 1977 and is located within the Lockerbie Square Historic District.Ray's home is believed to be one of the oldest remaining in the city.

His treatment led him to become even more firm in his views, which further hurt his standing. His behavior only worsened the situation; he was known to walk with a cane, for appearance only, and stop in the street and write in the air with it for no apparent reason. He ran advertisements in the newspaper offering to sell a "tavern-stand", a farm he did not own, and offering to construct a railroad from Charleston, South Carolina to Indianapolis. He had few friends and most people believed he had become mentally deranged.

Ray fell ill during a trip to Wisconsin in the summer of 1848 and returned to a relative's home in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he died of cholera on August 4, 1848, aged 54. He was buried in Cincinnati's Spring Grove Cemetery.

Legacy
Governor Ray is the namesake of Ray Township, Franklin County, Indiana.

See also

List of governors of Indiana

References

Bibliography

1794 births
1848 deaths
Methodists from Indiana
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Governors of Indiana
Indiana Independents
Indiana state senators
People from Brookville, Indiana
Independent state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Cincinnati
Indiana lawyers
Politicians from Indianapolis
Politicians from Cincinnati
Deaths from cholera

James B. Ray


Stará Halič este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Lučenec din regiunea Banská Bystrica, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 673 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Stará Halič este atestată documentar din 1350.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Stará Halič


Mangapapa est une banlieue de la cité de Gisborne dans l'est de l'Île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
Elle est localisée dans le nord de la cité et la localité de Whataupoko siège au sud-est et  Te Hapara vers le sud, séparées de Mangapapa par la rivière Taruheru.

Municipalités limitrophes

Démographie

En 2006, le recensement de 2006 en Nouvelle-Zélande estima la population totale des banlieues de Mangapapa à

Mangapapa, comprenant les zones statistiques de Mangapapa North, Mangapapa East et  Mangapapa South, avait une population de  selon le recensement de 208, une augmentation de  (soit 8,0 %) depuis le recensement de 2013 et une augmentation de  (soit 6,3 %) depuis celui de recensement de 2006 en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Il y avait .

On notait  pour , donnant un sexe-ratio de 0,94 homme  pour une femme avec  (soit 25,0 %) âgées de moins de 15 ans,  (soit 20,9 %) âgées de ,  (soit 41,7 %) âgées de 30 à 64 ans et   (soit 12,3 %) âgées de 65 ans ou plus.

Pour l'ethnicité: 63,2 %  étaient européens/Pākehā, 50,7 % Māoris, 4,6 % originaires des peuples du Pacifique, 3,6 % Asiatiques et 1,5 % d'autres ethnicités (le total fait plus de 100 % dans la mesure où une personne peut s'identifier de multiples ethnies).

La proportion des personnes nées outre-mer était de 9,2 %, comparée avec les 27,1 % au niveau national

Bien que certaines personnes objectent à donner leur religion, 53,1 % disent n'avoir aucune religion , 33,6 % étaient chrétiens, 0,3 % étaient Hindouistes, 0,2 % étaient musulmans, 0,4 % étaient bouddhistes et 4,8 % avaient une autre religion.

Parmi ceux de plus de ,  (soit 13,5 %) étaient bacheliers ou avaient  un niveau supérieur et  (22,4 %) n'avaient aucune qualification formelle.

Le statut d'emploi de ceux d'au moins  était pour  (soit 50,5 %)  un emploi à temps plein, pour  (soit 15,0 %) était un emploi à temps partiel et  (4,9 %) étaient sans emploi

Installations
Le  est localisé dans la banlieue de Mangapapa, comme l'était l'ancien « hôpital Cook».

Parcs

«Atkinson Street Park» est un parc local et une zone de promenade des chiens, localisé dans la banlieue de Mangapapa.

Éducation
L'école de «Mangapapa School» est une école contribuant au primaire, publique, mixte avec un effectif de  en .
L'école fut ouverte en 1903

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Mangapapa school website
  QuickStats About Mangapapa, Statistics New Zealand

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Banlieue
Région de Gisborne
Hawke's Bay

Mangapapa


Psilocybe ( ) is a genus of gilled mushrooms, growing worldwide, in the family Hymenogastraceae. Most or nearly all species contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin.

Taxonomy

Taxonomic history

A 2002 study of the molecular phylogeny of the agarics indicated that the genus Psilocybe as then defined was polyphyletic, falling into two distinct clades that are not directly related to each other. The blue-staining hallucinogenic species constituted one clade and the non-bluing species the other. The previous type species of the genus, Psilocybe  (now Deconica montana), was in the non-bluing clade, but in 2010 the type species was changed to P. semilanceata, a member of the bluing clade. A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of the Agaricales by Matheny and colleagues, further demonstrated the separation of the bluing and non-bluing clades of Psilocybe in a larger, strongly supported phylogenetic tree of the Agaricales.

Psilocybe had been placed taxonomically in the agaric family Strophariaceae based upon its spore and pileipellis morphology. The phylogenetic study by Matheny et al., placed the non-bluing Psilocybe and its close relatives in a basal position within the Strophariaceae, a sister taxon to a clade containing the other genera within that family. The bluing Psilocybe, however, form a clade that is sister to Galerina in the newly revised family, Hymenogastraceae that used to be restricted to secotioid, false-truffles.  The phylogenetic study by Moncalvo, et al. confirmed that the agaric genus Melanotus is simply a subgroup of the non-bluing Psilocybe, all of which are placed in Deconica, and also pointed to a close relationship between the latter genus and the genera Kuehneromyces and Phaeogalera.

Modern classification
In 2007, a paper by Redhead et al. proposed conserving the genus Psilocybe with Psilocybe semilanceata as its type species. The suggestion was accepted by unanimous vote of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi of the International Botanical Congress in 2010, meaning that P. semilanceata (a member of the bluing clade) now serves as the type species of the genus. Since P. semilanceata is now the type species of the genus, the bluing hallucinogenic clade remained in the genus Psilocybe (Hymenogastraceae) while the non-bluing clade were transferred to the genus Deconica (Strophariaceae). However, it has been demonstrated that P. fuscofulva, a species that used to be known as P. atrobrunnea, belongs to the genus Psilocybe s.s. but does not contain psychotropic compounds. Negative results have also been published for P. fimetaria.

Etymology
The genus name Psilocybe is a compound of the Greek elements ψιλός (psilós) "bare" / "naked" and κύβη (kúbe) "head" / "swelling", giving the meaning "bare-headed" (i.e. bald) referring to the mushroom's detachable pellicle (loose skin over the cap), which can resemble a bald pate.

Description

Psilocybe fruit bodies are typically small, nondescript mushrooms with a typical "little brown mushroom" morphology. Macroscopically, they are characterized by their small to occasionally medium size, brown to yellow-brown coloration, with a typically hygrophanous cap, and a spore print-color that ranges from lilac-brown to dark purple-brown (though rusty-brown colored varieties are known in at least one species). Hallucinogenic species typically have a blue-staining reaction when the fruit body is bruised. Microscopically, they are characterized by pileipellis with hyphae that run parallel to the pileus surface, forming a cutis, by their lack of chrysocystidia, and by spores that are smooth, ellipsoid to rhomboid to subhexagonal in shape, with a distinct apical germ pore. Ecologically, all species of Psilocybe are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter.

Distribution and habitat

Geographically, species in this genus are found throughout the world in most biomes.  The greatest species diversity seems to be in the neotropics, from Mesoamerica through Brazil and Chile. Psilocybe are found in a variety of habitats and substrates. Many of the species found in temperate regions, such as Psilocybe cyanescens, seem to have an affinity for landscaped areas mulched with woodchips and are actually rather rare in natural settings removed from human habitation. Contrary to popular belief, only a minority of Psilocybe species, such as P. cubensis and P. subcubensis, grow directly on feces. Many other species are found in habitats such as mossy, grassy, or forest humus soils.

Psychoactivity

Biochemistry and pharmacology

The psilocybin molecule is indirectly responsible for the hallucinogenic properties of the Psilocybe. This compound, as well as all other indole alkaloids, are derived from the amino acid tryptophan, being the only amino acid with the indole-amine ring. Tryptophan is converted to tryptamine by decarboxylation. Two methylation steps occur producing DMT, another psychedelic compound. Hydroxylation of this compound produces the more potent hallucinogen psilocin, followed by phosphorylation yielding psilocybin. After ingestion of the psilocybin compound alkaline phosphatases present in the body's digestive system, kidneys, and possibly in the blood readily cleave the phosphoryl ester bond from psilocybin, yielding the hydroxyl compound, psilocin. Psilocin is the chemical primarily responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of the Psilocybe. The blue-staining species of Psilocybe are characterized by the presence of psilocin and psilocybin. This blue-staining reaction occurs after the fruit body has been injured, particularly near the base of the stalk. This reaction is thought to be due to the oxidation of psilocybin after the outer surface of the fruit body has been breached. The degree of bluing in a Psilocybe fruit body roughly correlates with the concentration of psilocin in the mushroom. Psilocybin is chemically far more stable than psilocin, the latter compound being largely lost when the mushroom is heated or dried.

The chemical structure of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, is similar to that of psilocin.  The latter differs mainly by the location of one of the hydroxyls, and the addition of two methyl groups that make the molecule lipophilic (fat soluble), ergo capable of crossing the lipid membrane sheaths of the central nervous system.  After psilocybin has been ingested and dephosphorylated, to psilocin, the mechanism it uses in the brain has a direct agonist effect on the 5-HT serotonin receptors.  To explain this effect, the psilocin molecule essentially mimics the serotonin molecule, binding to the 5-HT receptors and initiating the same response as the serotonin. This effect explains the euphoria experienced by ingestion of this "agonist." Initially, hallucinogens were thought to blockade these serotonin neurotransmitters, but persistent research led to this agonist effect conclusion.

Woolley and Campbell conducted research to determine whether the depletion of the hormone serotonin had a direct effect on mental disorders and that hallucinations might be due to an excess of serotonin. Their results led them to study chemicals analogous to serotonin.  They found that the psychoactive chemicals psilocybin and psilocin exhibited serotonin-like effects, however as dosage increased, these compounds acted as serotonin antagonists, psilocybin being comparable to the most potent antagonist yet discovered.  This is a plausible basis for the psychological effects of these hallucinogenic compounds.

Even though these chemicals are psychoactive and therefore the basidiomycete deemed toxic, there have been no reports of fatalities or induced internal organ damage directly associated with ingestion of these chemicals. Misidentification of the fruit body could lead to ingestion of a lethal fungus.

Some psychoactive species contain baeocystin, norbaeocystin and β‐carboline monoamine oxidase inhibitors in addition to psilocin and psilocybin.

Medical and psychiatric aspects
The medicinal uses of the Psilocybe was recorded by Native Americans of Central America. Shamans, or curanderas would avidly ingest the "sacred mushrooms" for the extrasensory perceptual effects it gave them in order to better assess problems faced in their society. The observed effects of the alkaloids found in these mushrooms has given rise to research into their possible uses for psychiatric medicine.
For details on contemporary research, see: Psilocybin: Medical research.

History and ethnography

Hallucinogenic species of Psilocybe have a long history of use among the native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion, divination, and healing, from pre-Columbian times up to the present day. Hallucinogenic Psilocybe were known to the aboriginal Mexicans as teonanácatl (literally "divine mushroom") and were reportedly served at the coronation of Moctezuma II in 1502. After the Spanish conquest of the Americas, the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, like other pre-Christian traditions, was forcibly suppressed and driven underground.

By the 20th century, hallucinogenic mushroom use was thought by non-Native Americans to have disappeared entirely. However, in 1955, Valentina Wasson and R. Gordon Wasson became the first Westerners to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their discovery, even publishing an article on their experiences in Life in 1957. In 1956, Roger Heim identified the hallucinogenic mushroom that the Wassons had brought back from Mexico as Psilocybe and in 1958, Albert Hofmann first reported psilocin and psilocybin as the active compound in these mushrooms. There is some skepticism as to  whether or not these "sacred mushrooms" were actually in the genus Psilocybe. However, according to Heim's research in Mexico, he identified three species of Psilocybe that he believed were used in these native ceremonies. The species identified by Heim were; P. mexicana, P. caerulescens, and P. zapotecorum.  are a variety of Psilocybe mushrooms that make up the teonanácatl group of hallucinogenic mushrooms, including P. cubensis. Isauro Nava Garcia, a Mazotec man, provided guidance to Heim while Heim conducted his field and culture work. Garcia was an avid observer of the fungi in his environment while identifying specific characteristics about the fruit body of the Psilocybe his ancestors utilized, as well as knowing where they could be found.

At present, hallucinogenic mushroom use has been reported among a number of groups spanning from central Mexico to Oaxaca, including groups of Nahua, Mixtecs, Mixe, Mazatecs, Zapotecs, and others.

The popularization of entheogens by Wasson, Timothy Leary, and others has led to an explosion in the use of hallucinogenic Psilocybe throughout the world. By the early 1970s, a number of psychoactive Psilocybe species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating P. cubensis in large quantities were also published. The relatively easy availability of hallucinogenic Psilocybe from wild and cultivated sources has made it among the most widely used of the hallucinogenic drugs.

Legal status

The purified chemicals psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Schedule II drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. However, the UN drug treaties do not apply to cultivation, preparation, or international transport of psilocybin mushrooms.

Internationally, the two chemicals are generally considered controlled substances. However, there is much ambiguity about what is considered a "container" of these compounds in several countries (e.g. Brazil), the chemicals themselves are listed as controlled substances, but the mushrooms that contain the chemicals are not, therefore deemed legal.
In the United States, possession of Psilocybe mushroom fruiting bodies is illegal in every state except for Florida.  This is because the Supreme Court of Florida does not believe that these mushrooms could "reasonably be found to be containers of the schedule I substance, psilocybin".

In the United States there is no federal law mentioning the possession of Psilocybe spores, this is because only the psilocybin and psilocin compounds are considered Schedule I drugs and there is no presence of these compounds in the spores themselves, only in the fruiting body of the cultivated spores. However, there are several US states that have actually prohibited possession of these spores because they can be cultivated to produce these hallucinogenic, Schedule I drugs. These states includes California, Georgia, and Idaho.

However, possession of the spores by a qualified mycologist in California is legal if being put to use for research purposes, which must be approved by Research Advisory Panel.  If not authorized by law, possession of spores or cultivation of fruiting bodies of the Psilocybe is punishable to not more than one year in county jail or state prison.

Psilocybin mushrooms as well as other "soft drugs" which are stronger than cannabis but not synthetic, are legally available through smart shops in the Netherlands. Only the truffle form of magic mushrooms (such as P. tampanensis) are currently legal, but these still contain the active ingredients and produce similar effect as the caps and stalks.

Notable species

 Psilocybe cubensis (Stropharia cubensis); the most commonly cultivated and consumed Psilocybe, due to ease of cultivation and large size of fruit bodies; also commonly collected throughout the tropics and subtropics, nicknamed the commercial psilocybe.
 Psilocybe cyanescens; Native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, but also found in western Europe; nicknamed the wavy-cap or wavies.
 Psilocybe semilanceata; The most common psilocybin-containing mushroom. Found in northern temperate climates; nicknamed the liberty cap.
 Psilocybe azurescens, a highly potent species native to the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon, but popular in outdoor cultivation, and expanding its range as a result; nicknamed .

See also

María Sabina

References

Cited books

Further reading

External links

Taxonomy
 MushroomExpert.com Taxonomy in Transition: The Strophariaceae - Taxonomic issues of Psilocybe and other stropharioid fungi.
 Machiel E. Noordeloos: Psilocybe - taxonomy and characteristics of non-bluing Psilocybe.

History and ethnography
 Timeline of mushroom use at Erowid.org

Legal aspects
 Psilocybin Mushrooms: Legal Status – Erowid
 EMCDDA Thematic Paper: Hallucinogenic mushrooms - an emerging trend case study, June 26, 2006

Other
 The Shroomery Detailed information about psilocybe mushrooms including identification, cultivation and spores, psychedelic images, trip reports, a dosage calculator and an active community.
 Psilocybe mushrooms from The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances
 INCHEM - Psilocybe and others – Toxicology of psilocybin mushrooms.
 A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi
 Psilocybe Mushrooms – Studies in Ethnomycology

Entheogens
Agaricales genera
Psychoactive fungi
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries

Psilocybe


D. Sancho de Noronha (c.1515 - c. 1576), foi 4º conde de Odemira, senhor desta vila, e de Mortágua, Penacova, das terras de Riba de Vouga, e dos julgados de Eixos, Oies, Paus, e Vilarinho, alcaide-mor de Estremoz e de Alvor.

Era filho de D. Afonso de Noronha (c.1491-1516), herdeiro do 3º conde de Odemira, e de D. Maria de Ataíde.

Seu tio-avô D. Fernando de Faro e seu tio D. João de Faro disputaram-lhe o senhorio de Vimieiro, tendo sido proferida sentença a favor do primeiro (1532).

Teve o senhorio da vila de Penacova, e a alcaidaria-mor da de Alvor, que herdou de sua mãe, filha de Nuno Fernandes de Ataíde, o famoso governador e capitão de Safim.

Foi mordomo-mor da rainha Catarina de Áustria, por quem foi nomeado seu testamenteiro, o que ele não chegou a ser por ter morrido antes dela.

Em 1560 venceu uma demanda contra D. Álvaro de Sousa, Diogo Lopes de Sousa e o procurador da Coroa, obtendo a posse efectiva e plena do almoxarifado de Eixos.

Em 20.07.1576, foram-lhe confirmados vários direitos reais da vila de Alvor, que haviam sido do Infante D. Henrique. Esses direitos haviam sido doados, por carta de D. Manuel I, de 12 de fevereiro de 1517, a D. Maria de Ataíde. "mulher que fôra de D. Afonso, filho maior do 3º Conde de Odemira, e filha de Nuno Fernandes de Ataíde, capitão e governador de Safim, que morrera em combate em África". A D. Maria de Ataíde foi confirmada a carta de D. Manuel I em 27 de julho de 1528.

Casou (c.1540) com D. Margarida de Vilhena, 4ª senhora de Mortágua, filha de D. João da Silva, 2º conde de Portalegre, e de D. Maria de Meneses (filha de D. Álvaro de Bragança), de quem teve oito filhos:

 Maria de Vilhena (c.1541-?), casada com Luís de Ataíde, 3º conde de Atouguia, marquês de Santarém e 10º Vice-Rei da Índia, sem geração.
 Afonso de Noronha (c.1542 - 1578), 5º conde de Odemira.
 António de Noronha (c.1543 - Alcácer Quibir, 1578)
 Joana de Vilhena (c.1545-?), freira.
 Nuno de Noronha (c.1546-1608), bispo de Viseu e da Guarda.
 Antónia de Vilhena (c. 1547-?), freira.
 Diogo de Noronha (c.1549-1582), frade da Ordem de S. Domingos
 Manuel de Noronha (c.1550 - Alcácer Quibir, 1578)
 Luís de Noronha (c.1552-?), morreu jovem. Comendador de Sines.
 Ana de Vilhena (c.1554-?), freira.

Senhores do Reino de Portugal
Fidalgos de Portugal
Nobres de Portugal do século XVI

Sancho de Noronha (c.1515-1573)


Schmalenbuche ist eine Gemarkung von Neuhaus am Rennweg im Landkreis Sonneberg in Thüringen.

Lage
Schmalenbuche liegt nordöstlich am Rande der Stadt Neuhaus am Rennweg an der Bundesstraße 281, die von Lichte ständig ansteigend hinauf auf die Kammlage des Thüringer Schiefergebirges führt. Seitlich befinden sich Bergwiesen, Bäche oder an den Hängen Wald. Der Stadtteil ist mit der Kernstadt eine Einheit geworden.

Geschichte
Schmalenbuche, auch Grenzbaum genannt, wurde erstmals 1366 urkundlich erwähnt. 1607 erhielt der Glasmacher Christoph Müller, der zuvor schon 1597 in Lauscha eine Dorfglashütte gegründet hatte, zusammen mit seinen Söhnen Stephan und Hans die Konzession für eine weitere Glashütte, aus der sich ab 1618 eine Siedlung entwickelte. Bis 1918 gehörte der Ort zur Oberherrschaft des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Am 1. April 1923 wurde der Ort nach Neuhaus eingemeindet.

Persönlichkeiten
 Johann Stephan Müller (1730–1768), lutherischer Theologe, Geistlicher und Hochschullehrer
 Louis Müller-Unkel (1853–1938), Glastechniker

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Sonneberg
Geographie (Neuhaus am Rennweg)
Ersterwähnung 1366
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sonneberg)

Schmalenbuche


Anayasa Dostları Derneği () veya sonraki adıyla Jakobenler Derneği, Özgürlük ve Eşitliğin Dostları () veya 1792'den sonra yaygın olarak bilinen adıyla Jakoben Kulübü () veya kısaca Jakobenler, Fransız Devrimi sırasındaki en etkili siyasi dernektir. Fransız Devrimi ertesinde Fransa'ya yaklaşık bir yıl süreyle egemen olan ve devrimden çok daha fazla kanın, çoğu politik sebeplerden olmak üzere, döküldüğü Terör Dönemi'ne neden olmuş Fransız politik oluşumudur.

Gücünün zirvesinde iken 420.000 civarında üyesi olan kulübün siyasî yöntemi Jakobenizm olarak anılır.

İlk olarak 1789'da Bretonya'da kraliyet karşıtı milletvekilleri tarafından kurulan kulüp sonraları ülke çapında cumhuriyetçi bir harekete dönüştü ve üye sayısı yıllar içinde tahminî yarım milyona erişti. Jakoben Kulübü heterojendi ve 1790'ların başındaki önde gelen parlamenter gruplar olan mecliste yüksekte oturan Tepedekiler ve Girondin gruplarını da içinde barındırıyordu. 1792-1793'te yönetimde baskın olan grup Girondinlerdi -Avusturya'ya ve Prusya'ya savaş ilan ettikleri ve Kral XVI Louis'in tahttan indiği dönem-. Mayıs 1793'te Maximilien Robespierre liderliğindeki Tepedekiler fraksiyonunun öncüleri, Girondin cenahını saf dışı bırakmayı başardılar ve hükûmeti Temmuz 1794'e kadar kontrol ettiler. Hükûmette geçirdikleri süre yüksek düzeyde siyasî şiddet içerdiğinden dolayı Jakoben/Tepedekiler hükûmeti dönemi Terör Dönemi olarak tanımlandı.

Ekim 1793'te, önde gelen 21 Girondin üst düzey yöneticisi giyotinle idam edildi. Jakoben/Tepedekiler hâkimiyetindeki hükûmet, Vendée İsyanı'nı ve Federalist isyanları bastırmanın ve tekrarlarını caydırmanın bir yolu olarak ülke çapında 17.000 muhalifi idam etti.

Temmuz 1794'te Ulusal Konvansiyon, Robespierre ve müttefiklerinin yönetimini iktidardan uzaklaştırdı, Robespierre ve 21 arkadaşı idam edildi. Önderleri Maximillien Robespierre'in düşüşü ve idamıyla birlikte kulüp de etkisini ve gücünü yitirmiş ve sonunda Kasım 1794'te kapatılmıştır.

Grup dünyada Fransız Devrimi'ndeki Terör Dönemi'nin uygulayıcısı ve öncüsü olarak tanınmıştır. Ayrıca günümüzde "jakoben" dayatmacı siyasî görüşler ve kişiler için de kullanılmaktadır.

En tanınan üyeleri Maximilien Robespierre, Marat ve Mirabeau'dur.

Kaynakça

Jakobenler


Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy are an American R&B record production and songwriting duo, releasing recordings under the names Foster & McElroy and Fmob. They have written and produced songs for musicians such as Club Nouveau, Tony! Toni! Toné!, Alexander O'Neal, Regina Belle, and Swing Out Sister. Their music has been sampled in hit songs by the Luniz, Puff Daddy, Ashanti, Jay-Z, Jennifer Lopez, LL Cool J, Jessica Simpson, and others. Foster & McElroy are best known as the founders of the group En Vogue, listed by  Billboard as one of the Top 10 Girl Groups of All Time. In addition to producing music for various television shows, they are also credited for songs in numerous movie soundtracks including The Great White Hype, Lean on Me, and Who's That Girl.

Biography
Denzil Foster was born in Oakland, CA and was greatly influenced by different styles of music, from The Beatles to Parliament/Funkadelic.  Thomas McElroy, also born in Oakland, was influenced by his father's love for jazz music. The two musicians first met in California while attending college and decided to work together as colleagues.

Career

Signing to the independent Triangle label, they released one 12" single. Soon after, Foster & McElroy joined forces with Jay King producing Timex Social Club's hit single "Rumors" in 1986. When that group disbanded, they regrouped with King to form Club Nouveau. Eventually, the duo left Club Nouveau after their first album Life, Love & Pain to focus on production and songwriting. In 1988, they landed a production deal with Wing Records, eventually signing the band Tony! Toni! Toné!, as well as brother and sister act Channel 2.

Foster & McElroy are considered pioneers of new jack swing, a genre they helped define with the group Tony! Toni! Tone!. The duo produced the group's first album and had success with the first single release, "Little Walter," which peaked at #47 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 1990, the group released The Revival, its second album which went 2x's Platinum and had numerous #1 singles. Following the success of Tony! Toni! Toné!, Foster & McElroy released their first album as a group, FM2, one of which included songs such as "Around the World in 80 Beats", "Gotta Be a Better Way", and "Dr. Soul", the latter of which was a top ten R&B hit featuring rapper MC Lyte.  It earned moderate success.  While working on the album, Foster & McElroy made plans to put together a girl group that would be a modern-day version of The Supremes, with what eventually became the group En Vogue.

After several audition calls, Foster & McElroy eventually selected Cindy Herron, Maxine Jones, and Dawn Robinson to become the members of the newly titled "For You." The group became a quartet after the addition of Terry Ellis and the name was changed to "Vogue." After learning that another group already had that moniker, Foster & McElroy changed the name to "En Vogue." The group's first album, Born to Sing, was released in 1990 and sold over one million copies with numerous singles reaching #1 on Billboard charts. En Vogue's second album, Funky Divas, was released in 1992 and became the highest selling album to date and one of the top selling albums of that year with over five million copies sold worldwide. With hits such as "Hold On", "Lies", "Free Your Mind", "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)", and "Don't Let Go (Love)", En Vogue has become one of the most successful girl groups in music history. It was also listed as one of the Top 10 Girl Groups of All Time by Billboard.

They recorded a second album in 1994, a hip-hop jazz album Once in a Blue Moon, under their new name FMob. The duo has also written theme songs for television programs, including Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Roc (both themes, used during the former's first season and the latter's final two seasons, were performed by En Vogue), and BET's Video Soul. They have also been credited with numerous movie soundtracks.

Discography

Singles

Albums

Movie soundtracks

References

Songwriters from California
Record producers from California
American contemporary R&B musical groups
Record production duos
American songwriting teams

Foster & McElroy


Dordogne er en flod i det sydvestlige og centrale Frankrig. Dordogne er 490 km lang. Den har et afvandingsområde på 23.870 km² og en middelvandføring på 450 m³/s.

Geografi
Floden har sit udspring på bjerget Puy de Sancy i Centralmassivet i regionen Auvergne i 720 meters højde hvor to mindre bjergfloder, Dore og Dogne, samles. Dordogne løber hovedsageligt mod vest knap  500 km gennem regionerne Limousin og Périgord før den munder ud i æstuariet Gironde som den deler med floden Garonne, nord for byen Bordeaux.

Dordogne løber gennem følgende Departementer og byer:
 Puy-de-Dôme: Mont-Dore (nær udspringet), La Bourboule
 Corrèze: Argentat, Bort-les-Orgues
 Lot: Souillac
 Dordogne: Beynac-et-Cazenac, Sarlat, Saint-Cyprien og Bergerac
 Gironde: Sainte-Foy-la-Grande og Libourne

Natur og turisme
Dordogne har store tidevandsbølger som breder sig langt op i floden. Dordognedalen regnes som et smukt område, og er et turistmål i regionen. Turistsæsonen varer fra juni til september med højsæson i juli og august. Dordognes afvandingsområde, et areal på  23.971,9 km², blev i 2012 udpeget til biosfærereservat under UNESCOs Menneske og biosfære-programmet.

Bifloder
De største bifloder til Dordogne fra udspring til mundingen er:

 Rhue (fra højre)
 Diège (fra højre)
 Luzège (fra højre)
 Sumène (fra venstre)
 Auze (fra venstre)
 Doustre (fra højre)
 Maronne (fra venstre)
 Cère (fra venstre)
 Sourdoire (fra højre)
 Ouysse (fra venstre)
 Vézère (fra højre)
 Isle (fra højre)
 Laurence (fra venstre)

Kilder og henvisninger

Biosfærereservater under UNESCO
Floder i Frankrig

Dordogne (flod)


Ganj Nehri (गंगा Hindu dilinde Ganga), Hindistan'ın kuzey topraklarından ve Bangladeş'ten geçen 2.704 km uzunluğundaki akarsu. Doğu yönünde, Bengal Körfezi'ne doğru akar ve Brahmaputra Nehri ile birlikte 4/5'i Bangladeş'e ait olan, 45.000 km²'lik bir delta yaparak körfeze dökülür.

Coğrafya
Ganj, yüksek Himalaya yaylâlarındaki Bhagirathi ve Alakmanda akarsularının birleşmesinden doğar. Dar ve sarp boğazlarla Siwalik tepeleri ve küçük bir ticaret şehrinin bulunduğu Hardvar Ovası boyunca akar. Geniş bir kavis çizerek Kuzey Hindistan'ın büyük alüvyal ovasında, Kanpur'dan Allahabad'a doğru iner; burada Jumna Irmağı ile birleşir. Doğuya doğru ilerler ve Varansi'dem 200 mil kadar sonra sol tarafından Gogra ve Gandak adlı iki akarsuyu, sağ tarafında da Patna'yı geçtikten hemen sonra, Deccan yaylâlarında birleştiği tek akarsuyu, Son'u alır.

Ganj Vadisi'nin en önemli endüstri bölgesi, delta üzerinde kurulu olan, bankaların ve endüstriyel yatırımların bulunduğu, Kalküta ve Howrah'dır. Bu bölgede en büyük jüt endüstrisi kuruludur. Ayrıca makine, kimya, kâğıt ve tüketim maddeleri endüstrisi de önemli yer tutar. Himalaya Dağları ile Deccan yaylâları arasında bulunan Ganj Vadisi, kesif tarımı, çeşitli endüstrisi, kalabalık şehirleri ve sıkışık trafiği ile Hindistan'ın kalbidir. Ayrıca Hindular, ölüleri yakarak küllerini Ganj Nehri'ne dökerler.

Kirlilik

Hinduizm inancında ne olursa olsun Ganj Nehri'nin kirlenemeyeceği inancı vardır. Bu nedenle yıllarca kirlilik için önlem alınmamış, birçok kanalizasyon hattı ve fabrika atıkları nehre boşaltılmıştır. Aşırı kirlilik yaratan deri sanayii ile birlikte nehre her gün tahminen 1 milyar litre lâğım akmaktadır. Ayrıca hindular hamile iken ölen kadınları ve çocukların cesetlerini ganj nehrine atarlar, Ganj nehrinde çok sayıda cesedin kıyıya vurup kuşlar tarafından parçalanarak yendiğini görebilirsiniz. Hindular bunun kutsal olduğunu düşünürler. Devlet şimdiden arıtma ve engelleme çalışmaları için $33 Milyon dolar harcamışsa da bugün Ganj, dünyanın en kirli su kütlelerinden biridir. Fakat Hindular bunu kabul etmemekte ve her kutsal âyinde nehre girmeyi sürdürmektedir. Üstelik bu suda yıkanmanın yanı sıra içenler de olduğundan sarılık, tifo gibi pek çok hastalık kapılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bu kirlilik uzun yıllardır nehir çevresinde yaşayan halk üzerinde alışa gelmedik bir etki yaratmıştır. Halk kutsal olduğuna inandığı nehir suyunu günlük işlerinde kullanmaktadır ve bu da nehrin barındırdığı hastalıklara karşı zamanla bağışıklık kazanmalarını sağlamıştır.Yerel halk bu yüzden nehrin suyunu şifalı kabul etmektedir.

Dinî önem

Ganj Nehri, Hinduizm inancına göre kutsaldır. Hindular nehri Tanrıça Ganga'nın kişileştirilmiş formu olarak kabul ederler ve bu nedenle insanlar nehre taparlar. İnançlara göre belirli günlerde nehirde yıkanmak günahların affedilmesi ve tövbelerin kabul görmesini sağlar. Hinduzimdeki ölü yakma geleneği nedeni ile birçok insan Hindistan gibi büyük bir ülkede binlerce kilometre yol katederek yakınlarının küllerini bu nehre serperler.

Hindu inançlarına göre nehrin suyu da kutsaldır ve insanlar için kurtuluş yoludur. İnanışa göre bu sudan bir yudum bile içmeden ölmek tamamlanmamış bir hayattır. Bunun ile birlikte ölüm döşeğinde bir hastaya son nefesinde nehrin suyundan içirmek cennete gitmesinin garantisidir. Bu nedenle birçok Hindu evinde ağzı kapalı kaplarda, gerekli zamanlarda kullanmak için sular bulundurur. Nehrin çevresinde Ganj Suyu satan birçok satıcı vardır.

Hinduizm'deki birçok dinî gün ve festival Ganj'ın kıyılarında kutlanır, dünyanın en kalabalık ikinci ülkesi olan Hindistan'da yapılan bu tür kutlamalara milyonlarca insan katılır. Bugüne dek dünya üzerinde toplanmış bir gün için en büyük kalabalık, 2010'lu yıllara kadar, 20 milyon kişi ile Ganj Nehri kıyısında, Kumb Mela festivalinde toplanmıştır. 2013 yılında iki aylık bir süreçte 120 milyon kişi toplanmıştır. 2013 yılı Kumb Mela festivali kapsamında 10 Şubat günü 30 milyon insan toplanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
Dünyanın en uzun nehirleri

Dış bağlantılar

 Gomukh to Ganga Sagar, Virtual Tour
 Sacred Ganga
 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law
 Ganga Arati Video Quicktime streaming video of worship of the Ganges in Hardwar (15 minutes)
 Various Aspects Of Ganges
 Friends of Ganges
 Toxin-Phage Bacteriocide as an Antibiotic Therapy
 Gomukh to Ganga Sagar, Virtual Tour with all Details

Ganj Nehri