The Bund (, Shanghainese romanization: Nga3thae1, , ) is a waterfront area and a protected historical district in central Shanghai. The area centers on a section of Zhongshan Road (East Zhongshan Road No.1) within the former Shanghai International Settlement, which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River in the eastern part of Huangpu District. The area along the river faces the modern skyscrapers of Lujiazui in the Pudong District. The Bund usually refers to the buildings and wharves on this section of the road, as well as some adjacent areas. This region has a significant European influence, with the style of many structures most comparable to that of European cities, particularly Gothic, Baroque, Neoclassical, Romanesque, Art Deco, and Renaissance architecture. Additionally, some of the city's top eateries are located there. From the 1860s to the 1930s, it was the rich and powerful center of the foreign establishment in Shanghai, operating as a legally protected treaty port.

Name
The term "bund" was borrowed into English from Hindi and originally referred to a dyke or embankment. Within the Chinese treaty ports, it was applied specifically to an embanked quay which ran along the shore. The Chinese name for the Bund is unrelated in origin: it literally means "outer bank", and distinguishes this part of the riverfront from the "inner bank" adjacent to the old city of Shanghai.

History

The Shanghai Bund has dozens of historical buildings, lining the Huangpu River, that once housed numerous banks and trading houses from the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Italy, Russia, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and Belgium, as well as the consulates of Russia and Britain, a newspaper, the Shanghai Club and the Masonic Club. The Bund lies north of the old, walled city of Shanghai. It was initially a British settlement; later the British and American settlements were combined in the International Settlement. Magnificent commercial buildings in the Beaux Arts style sprang up in the years around the turn of the 20th century as the Bund developed into a major financial center of east Asia. Directly to the south, and just northeast of the old walled city, the former French Bund (the quai de France, part of the Shanghai French Concession) was of comparable size to the Bund but functioned more as a working harbourside.

By the 1940s, the Bund housed the headquarters of many, if not most, of the major financial institutions operating in China, including the "big four" national banks in the Republic of China era. However, with the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, many of these financial institutions were gradually moved to Hong Kong in the 1950s. Hotels and clubs were closed or converted to other uses. The statues of colonial figures and foreign worthies which had dotted the riverside were also removed.

Post Cultural Revolution

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the thawing of economic policy in the People's Republic of China, buildings on the Bund were gradually returned to their former uses. Government institutions were moved out in favour of financial institutions, while hotels resumed trading as such. Also during this period, a series of floods caused by typhoons motivated the municipal government to construct a tall levee along the riverfront, with the result that the embankment now stands some 10 metres higher than street level.  In the 1990s, Zhongshan Road (named after Sun Yat-sen), the road on which the Bund is centred, was widened to ten lanes. As a result, most of the parkland which had existed along the road disappeared. Also in this period, the ferry wharves connecting the Bund and Pudong, which had served the area's original purpose, were removed. A number of pleasure cruises still operate from some nearby wharves.

In the 1990s, the Shanghai government attempted to promote an extended concept of the Bund to boost tourism, and land value in nearby areas, as well as to reconcile the promotion of "colonial relics" with the Socialist ideology. In its expanded form, the term "Bund" (as "New Bund" or "Northern Bund") was used to refer to areas south of the Yan'an Road, and a stretch of riverfront north of the Suzhou River (Zhabei). Such use of the term, however, remains rare outside of tourism literature.

On March 28, 2010, the eve of the opening of the World Expo, the Bund fully completed its renovation project.

21st century redevelopment

From 2008, a major reconfiguration of traffic flow along the Bund was carried out. The first stage of the plan involved the southern end of the Bund, and saw the demolition of a section of the Yan'an Road elevated expressway, including removal of the large elevated expressway exit structure that formerly dominated the confluence of Yan'an Road and the Bund. A second phase involved the year-long restoration of the century-old Waibaidu Bridge at the northern end of the Bund. In a third stage, the former 10-lane Bund roadway was reconstructed in two levels, with six lanes carried in a new tunnel. The vacated road space was used to widen the landscaped promenade along the waterfront. The new concrete bridge that was built in 1991 to relieve traffic on Waibaidu Bridge was rendered obsolete by the new double-levelled roadway, and demolished.

The Bund was reopened to the public on Sunday 28 March 2010 after restoration for the 2010 Expo.

A stampede occurred on December 31, 2014, at 11:36 p.m. in the waterfront. At least 36 people were killed and 47 injured in the incident. The primary incident took place near Chen Yi Square, where a large crowd, estimated at around 300,000, had gathered for the new year celebration.

The bund is one of the most prominent features when viewed from the Shanghai World Financial Center in Pudong and its observation deck on the 100th floor.

Layout

The Bund stretches one mile (1.6 km) along the bank of the Huangpu River. Traditionally, the Bund begins at Yan'an Road (formerly Edward VII Avenue) in the south and ends at Waibaidu Bridge (formerly Garden Bridge) in the north, which crosses Suzhou Creek.

The Bund centres on a stretch of the Zhongshan Road, named after Sun Yat-sen. Zhongshan Road is a largely circular road which formed the traditional conceptual boundary of Shanghai city "proper". To the west of this stretch of the road stands some 52 buildings of various Western classical and modern styles which is the main feature of the Bund (see Architecture and buildings below). To the east of the road was formerly a stretch of parkland culminating at Huangpu Park. (This park is the site of the infamous sign reported to have proclaimed "no dogs or Chinese", although this exact wording never existed. Further information, including an image of the sign, can be found at the article on Huangpu Park.) This area is now much reduced due to the expansion of Zhongshan Road. Further east is a tall levee, constructed in the 1990s to ward off flood waters. The construction of this high wall has dramatically changed the appearance of the Bund.

Near the Nanjing Road intersection stands the only bronze statue along the Bund, a statue of military officer Chen Yi, who served as the first Communist mayor of Shanghai. At the northern end of The Bund, along the riverfront, is Huangpu Park, in which is situated the Monument to the People's Heroes - a tall, abstract concrete tower constructed by the Shanghai government in 1993 to serve as a memorial commemorating Chinese revolutionary martyrs, as well as those who have died fighting natural disasters in China.

Architecture and buildings

The Bund houses 52 buildings of various architectural styles, generally Eclecticist, but with some buildings displaying predominantly Romanesque Revival, Gothic Revival, Renaissance Revival, Baroque Revival, Neo-Classical or Beaux-Arts styles, and a number in Art Deco style (Shanghai has one of the richest collections of Art Deco architectures in the world). From the south, the main buildings are:
 American Club 209 Fuzhou Rd - General Claire Chennault, then Executive Director of China Post 1,  used the premises until 1948. Built by László Hudec of Curry & Co. between 1923 and 1925 in the American Georgian Style. Originally built as an all-male club after purchasing the site in 1922, it was a popular club for expatriates. A six-story building plus basement, around 1000m2 per floor, designed in the common steel and concrete construction prevalent along The Bund area of Shanghai. Containing bars, billiard room and 50 bedrooms there was also a rooftop garden.
Asia Building (No. 1, The Bund), originally the McBain Building, housed the Shanghai offices of Royal Dutch Shell and Asiatic Petroleum Company.
 Shanghai Club (No. 2, The Bund), which was the principal social club for British nationals in Shanghai. Since 2010 the Waldorf-Astoria Shanghai Hotel.
 Union Building (No. 3, The Bund), previously housed a number of insurance companies, and is now a shopping centre.
 The Mercantile Bank of India, London and China building (No. 4, The Bund), housed the Mercantile Bank of India, London and China, built between 1916–1918.
 Nissin Building (No. 5, The Bund), housed a Japanese shipping company.
 China Merchants Bank Building (No. 6, The Bund), housed the first Chinese-owned bank in China, and is now Shiatzy Chen's Shanghai flagship store, which opened in October 2005.
 Great Northern Telegraph Building (No. 7, The Bund), housed Great Northern Telegraph Company. Site of the first telephone switch in Shanghai in 1882.
 Russel & Co. Building (No. 9, The Bund), housed the China Shipping Merchant Company, and currently houses the Shanghai flagship store for Dolce & Gabbana.
 The HSBC Building (No. 12, The Bund), now used by the Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, was once the Shanghai headquarters of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, which failed to reach a deal with the Shanghai government to buy the building again in the 1990s, when the Shanghai government moved out of the building that they had used since the 1950s. The present building was completed in 1923. At the time, it was called "the most luxurious building between the Suez Canal and the Bering Strait". Its famous ceiling mosaics have been fully restored, and can be viewed inside the entrance hall.
 The Customs House (No. 13, The Bund), was built in 1927 on the site of an earlier, traditional Chinese-style customs house. The clock and bell was built in England and in imitation of Big Ben.
 China Bank of Communications Building (No. 14, The Bund), was the last building to be built on the Bund before the founding of the People's Republic. It now houses the Shanghai Council of Trade Unions.
 Russo-Chinese Bank Building (No. 15, The Bund) is now the Shanghai Gold Exchange.
 Bank of Taiwan Building (No. 16, The Bund) is now the China Merchants Bank.
 North China Daily News Building (No. 17, The Bund) housed the most influential English-language newspaper in Shanghai at the time. Today it houses AIA Insurance.
 Chartered Bank Building (No. 18, The Bund) housed the Shanghai headquarters of what became Standard Chartered Bank the building now houses designer shops, the restaurant Mr & Mrs Bund, and a creative exhibition space. HQ of Chipolbrok Chinese-Polish shipping company (1962-1998).
 Palace Hotel (No. 19, The Bund), today forms part of the Peace Hotel.
 Sassoon House (No. 20, The Bund), with the attached Cathay Hotel, was built by Sir Victor Sassoon. It was, and still is today, famous for its jazz band in its cafe. The top floor originally housed Sassoon's private apartment. Today, it forms the other part of the Peace Hotel.
 Bank of China Building (No. 23, The Bund) housed the headquarters of the Bank of China. The stunted appearance of the building is attributed to Sassoon's insistence that no other building on the Bund could rise higher than his.
 Yokohama Specie Bank Building (No. 24, The Bund) housed the Japanese Yokohama Specie Bank.
 Yangtze Insurance Building (No. 26, The Bund) today houses a Shanghai branch of the Agricultural Bank of China.
 Jardine Matheson Building (No. 27, The Bund) housed the then-powerful Jardine Matheson company. Today it houses a Rolex store on the ground floor, offices, and the House of Roosevelt, a bar and restaurant.
 Glen Line Building (No. 2 Beijing Road) today houses the Shanghai Broadcasting Board.
 Banque de l'Indochine Building (No. 29, The Bund) housed the French bank, Banque de l'Indochine.
 Consulate-General of the United Kingdom (No. 33, The Bund) housed the Consulate-General of the United Kingdom. The building has been renovated and in 2010 re-opened as No. 1 Waitanyuan, a private dining facility for government. Part of the site has also been used to build the Peninsula Hotel, Shanghai which opened in 2010.
 Gutzlaff Signal Tower also known as the Bund Weather Tower, originally provided weather information to ships on the Huangpu River with the current structure dating from 1907.
West Bund Art & Design (Chinese: 西岸艺术与设计博览会) hosts an annual international contemporary art fair held Shanghai, China during November.

Transport

While Shanghai Metro Line 2 crosses the Bund, there are no plans to build a station on the Bund. The closest station is East Nanjing Road, about a five-minute walk up Nanjing Road. East-1 Zhongshan Road is a major bus route.

There were previously frequent ferry services operating by Shanghai Ferry from wharves on and near the Bund. The most popular remaining ferry service runs from Jinling Road wharf, near the southern end of the Bund, to Dongchang Road wharf, at the southern end of Lujiazui across the river. A full fare ride on the ferry costs 2 RMB.

A number of companies offer Huangpu River cruises (boat tours) departing from the wharf; all of the major buildings in the Bund, and in Pudong, are illuminated each evening.

Bund Sightseeing Tunnel (外滩观光隧道), a pedestrian transit tunnel under the riverbed crosses the Huangpu River from the Bund. Passengers board slow-moving SK people movers which travel along the tunnel, with light effects projected onto the walls of the tunnel. These effects are marketed as a tourist attraction; the charge for the tunnel is ten times the fee for crossing the river on Line 2 and 20 times the 2 RMB fee for crossing by ferry.

In popular culture
There are numerous studies in Chinese and English, and many popular representations.

The Bund was featured in the 1984 novel Empire of the Sun by British author J. G. Ballard, based on his experiences as a boy during the Japanese invasion and occupation. The book was made into a film by Steven Spielberg.

The opening pages of the 1999 novel Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson are set on the Bund in November 1941, as civil order collapses under the threat of Japanese invasion.

The Bund is a setting (and namesake) of the Hong Kong television series The Bund (1980) and film Shanghai Grand (1996). The story of both involve pre-World War II era gangsters competing for control of the Bund.

"The Bund" is a song composed by electronic music group The Shanghai Restoration Project released on the group's first eponymous release, inspired by the Shanghai jazz bands of the 1930s. An instrumental version of the song titled "The Bund (Instrumental)" was released in 2008 on the group's Day - Night (Instrumentals) album.

The Bund was featured in the premiere of The Amazing Race 21, the finale of The Amazing Race: China Rush 1, and the premiere of The Amazing Race: China Rush 3.

The Bund is one of the playable stages in The King of Fighters XIV.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Bickers, Robert, and Isabella Jackson, eds. Treaty Ports in Modern China: Law, Land and Power (Routledge, 2016).
 Hibbard, Peter The Bund Shanghai: China Faces West (Odyssey Illustrated Guides, 2007)
 Johnstone, William C. "The status of foreign concessions and settlements in the Treaty Ports of China." American Political Science Review 31.5 (1937): 942-948. Online
 Nield, Robert.  China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Ports (2015) Online
 Tai, En-Sai. Treaty ports in China:(a study in diplomacy) (Columbia University, 1918)  Online.
 Taylor, Jeremy E.  "The bund: littoral space of empire in the treaty ports of East Asia." Social History 27.2 (2002): 125-142.
 Wright, Arnold. Twentieth century impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other treaty ports of China: their history, people, commerce, industries, and resources (1908) online
 Zinda, Yvonne Schulz  "Representation and Nostalgic Re-invention of Shanghai in Chinese film." in Port Cities in Asia and Europe (2008): 159+.
 High resolution architectural photographs of historical buildings in Shanghai

Primary sources
 Dennys, Nicholas Belfield. The Treaty Ports of China and Japan. A Complete Guide to the Open Ports of Those Countries, Together with Peking, Yedo, Hongkong and Macao. Forming a Guide Book & Vade Mecum... With 29 Maps and Plans (1867).

External links

 Detailed list of buildings along the Bund
 Key to Buildings with history
 What year the buildings were built on the Bund
 Historic film footage of buildings along The Bund in year 1928 (begins at 0:40 in linked video clip).
 Video of a walk along the Bund Promenade
 A gallery of images featuring kite enthusiasts flying kites in the early morning along the Bund in Shanghai

Art Deco
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanghai
Landmarks in Shanghai
Streets in Shanghai
Waterfronts
Shanghai International Settlement

The Bund


الإيمين في الكيمياء العضوية عبارة عن مجموعة وظيفية تتألف من رابطة مضاعفة بين الكربون والنيتروجين. يمكن اعتبار أن الإيمينات هي مركبات كيميائية تحل فيها ذرة النيتروجين مكان ذرة الأكسجين في الألدهيدات والكيتونات. يمكن لذرة النيتروجين أن ترتبط بذرة هيدروجين، أو أن ترتبط بباقي عضوي R. وفي الحالة الأخيرة تسمى الإيمينات باسم قاعدة شيف التي لها الصيغة العامة (''RR'C=NR). يمكن للباقي العضوي R و R' و ''R أن يكونوا متماثلين أو مختلفين.

معرض صور

طالع أيضاً
 حمض إيميني

المراجع

مجموعات وظيفية

إيمين


Fran Barbalić (1878.), hrv. pedagog i povjesničar
Radojica Fran Barbalić, hrv. pisac i pom. povjesničar, r. 1914.

Fran Barbalić


Savoyard Arpitanca'nın bir lehçesidir. Savoie, Haute-Savoie, İsviçre'de Valais kantonunda ve Aosta'da konuşulur.

Franko-Provensal
Fransa'daki diller
İtalya'daki diller
Aosta Vadisi'ndeki diller
İtalyanca lehçeleri

Savoyard


Die Open de Nice Côte d'Azur 2012 waren ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 20. bis zum 26. Mai 2012 in Nizza stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2012 und zählte zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250. In der gleichen Woche wurde in Düsseldorf der World Team Cup gespielt.

Der Vorjahressieger im Einzel, Nicolás Almagro, erreichte erneut das Finale und siegte dort in zwei Sätzen gegen den Qualifikanten Brian Baker. Er gewann das Turnier ohne Satzverlust und blieb damit nach seinem Vorjahresdebüt weiterhin ungeschlagen in Nizza. In der Saison 2012 war dies sein zweiter ATP-Titel, insgesamt der zwölfte Titelgewinn seiner Karriere (allesamt auf Sandplatz). Für Baker war es nach langer Verletzungspause das erste ATP-Turnier seit 2005 und zugleich auch sein erstes Finale in dieser Kategorie.

Im Doppel traten Eric Butorac und Jean-Julien Rojer nicht mehr gemeinsam zur Titelverteidigung an, sondern spielten mit jeweils neuen Partnern und schieden im Halbfinale bzw. in der ersten Runde aus. Im diesjährigen Finale gewannen die Bryan-Brüder in zwei Sätzen gegen Oliver Marach und Filip Polášek. Dies war ihr erster Sieg in Nizza, ihr dritter Titel im Jahr 2012 und der insgesamt 78. gemeinsame ATP-Titel der Zwillinge.

Das Teilnehmerfeld der Einzelkonkurrenz bestand aus 28 Spielern, jenes der Doppelkonkurrenz aus 16 Paaren. Die vier topgesetzten Spieler im Einzel bekamen jeweils ein Freilos in die zweite Runde.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 18. bis 20. Mai 2012 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Turnier der ATP World Tour 2012
Tennisturnier in Nizza

Open de Nice Côte d’Azur 2012


Bucklandiella ist eine Gattung von Laubmoosen aus der Unterfamilie Racomitrioideae innerhalb der Familie Grimmiaceae.

Gattungsname
Die Gattung ist benannt nach dem Monte Buckland, einem Berg der Großen Feuerland-Insel. Und dieser hat seinen Namen von dem englischen Geologen und Paläontologen William Buckland (1784–1856).

Merkmale
Die kleinen bis großen Pflanzen bilden lockere bis dichte Rasen oder Polster, diese sind grün, braun, gelblich, olivgrün, seltener schwarz-braun oder gelegentlich tiefschwarz. Die aufrechten, niederliegenden oder kriechenden Stämmchen sind meist verzweigt. Die Blätter sind schmal lanzettlich bis eiförmig-dreieckig, spitz oder gelegentlich stumpf, unten konkav, oben rinnig bis gekielt und haben ganzrandige, ein- bis mehrzellschichtige, auf einer oder beiden Seiten zurückgebogene oder eingerollte Blattränder. Meist ist eine kurze bis lange hyaline bis gelblich-hyaline, glatte bis gezähnte, nicht papillöse Glasspitze vorhanden. Die einfache, nicht gegabelte Rippe reicht bis zur Blattspitze. Blattflügelzellen sind nicht differenziert, die Laminazellen sind glatt oder pseudopapillös. Peristom-Zähne sind relativ kurz, maximal bis 0,5 Millimeter lang, lanzettlich oder dreieckig und bis zur Mitte herab, selten tiefer, unregelmäßig zwei- bis dreifach geteilt, gelegentlich auch nur perforiert oder ungeteilt, die Seta ist glatt.

Systematik
Die Gattung Bucklandiella wurde (ebenso wie zwei weitere Gattungen, Codriophorus und Niphotrichum) durch Ochyra et al. 2003 von der Gattung Racomitrium (im ehemaligen weiteren Sinn) abgespalten. Diese Aufteilung wird gegenwärtig in verschiedenen Floren allerdings nur teilweise mitvollzogen; in der untenstehenden Artenliste sind deshalb in Klammern auch die ehemaligen, derzeit noch oft verwendeten Artnamen mitangeführt.

Artenliste
Die kosmopolitisch verbreitete Gattung Bucklandiella zählt weltweit 58 Arten. In Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vorkommende Arten sind:

 Bucklandiella affinis (Racomitrium affine)
 Bucklandiella heterosticha (Racomitrium heterostichum)
 Bucklandiella macounii (Racomitrium macounii)
 Bucklandiella microcarpa (Racomitrium microcarpon)
 Bucklandiella nivalis (Racomitrium nivale)
 Bucklandiella obtusa (Racomitrium obtusum)
 Bucklandiella sudetica (Racomitrium sudeticum)

Quellen
 Wolfgang Frey, Michael Stech, Eberhard Fischer: Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants (= Syllabus of Plant Families. 3). 13th edition. Borntraeger, Berlin u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-443-01063-8.
 Bucklandiella in www.efloras.org.

Einzelnachweise

Grimmiaceae (Familie)
Grimmiaceae

Bucklandiella


Oliver Christensen (født d. 22. marts 1999) er en dansk professionel fodboldspiller, som spiller som målmand hos Serie A-klubben ACF Fiorentina og Danmarks landshold

Klubkarriere
Oliver Christensen spillede i Kerteminde Boldklub som helt ung, inden han som  U/12-spiller skiftede til Odense Boldklub.

Odense Boldklub
Han var i oktober 2016 til prøvetræning i Manchester United F.C..

I maj 2017 skrev han en treårig kontrakt med Odense Boldklub. Dermed havde parterne papir på hinanden frem til sommeren 2020. Han med samtidig en del af førsteholdstruppen fra den næstkommende sæsons start. Det første år af sin kontrakt skulle han sideløbende færdiggøre sin skolegang, hvorefter han fra sommeren 2018 ville være fuldtidsprofessionel.

Oliver Christensen fik debut på Odense Boldklubs førstehold i en superligakamp mod Brøndby IF den 22. oktober 2018.

Hertha BSC
I august 2021, kort før transfervinduet lukkede, skiftede Oliver Christensen til den tyske bundesligaklub Hertha Berlin, hvor han fik en femårig kontrakt.

Fiorentina
Christensen skiftede i august 2023 til italienske Fiorentina.

Landsholdskarriere
Oliver Christensen fik debut på et coronaramt dansk landshold i kampen mod  11. november 2020. Herudover har Christensen spillet fire kampe på henholdsvis U/18- og U/19-landsholdene.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Kerteminde
Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Odense Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra Hertha BSC Berlin
Fodboldspillere fra ACF Fiorentina
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2022

Oliver Christensen


Balmain is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Balmain is located  west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Inner West Council.

It is located on the Balmain peninsula surrounded by Port Jackson, adjacent to the suburbs of Rozelle to the south-west, Birchgrove to the north-west, and Balmain East to the east. Iron Cove sits on the western side of the peninsula, with White Bay on the south-east side and Mort Bay on the north-east side.

Traditionally blue collar, Balmain was where the industrial roots of the trade unionist movement began. It has become established in Australian working-class culture and history, due to being the place where the Australian Labor Party formed in 1891 and its social history and status is of high cultural significance to both Sydney and New South Wales. Today, the ALP contends with the Australian Greens for political prominence in Balmain, and Kobi Shetty of the Greens holds the State seat of Balmain.

History

Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by indigenous Aboriginal Australian, Gadigal and Wangal people. Stories from early settlers in the area tell of how the local indigenous people used to hunt kangaroo by driving them through the bushy peninsula, down the hill to Peacock Point at the east end, where they were killed.

The area now known as Balmain was part of a  grant to colonial surgeon William Balmain (1762–1803) made in 1800 by Governor John Hunter. A year later, Balmain transferred his entire holding to settle a debt to John Borthwick Gilchrist before returning to Scotland. The legality of the land transfer from Balmain to Gilchrist for only 5 shillings was challenged by Balmain's descendants and further development of the area was blocked. The area subsequently became known as Gilchrist's place, though court documents refer to the area as the Balmain Estate.

During the many years of legal challenges, the land was leased for farming and cattle purposes. In 1814 the adjacent homestead of Birchgrove was sold to Roland Warpole Loane, a merchant and settler descended from a family of English landlords. One hundred acres on the adjoining Balmain estate were leased to Loane.

In 1833, Gilchrist transferred power of attorney to Frederick Parbury. When Loane's lease finally expired in 1836 and the land retrieved from his possession, Parbury commissioned surveyor John Armstrong to sub-divide the land into six parcels. Three parcels were sold to Thomas Hyndes in 1837. The area was rapidly sub-divided and developed during the 1840s and by 1861 had been divided into the well populated eastern suburb of Balmain and the sparsely populated western area, extending to the gates of Callan Park, known as Balmain West.

Industry
The peninsula changed rapidly during the 1800s and became one of the premier industrial centres of Sydney. Industries clustered around Mort Bay included shipbuilding, a metal foundry, engineering, boilermaking and the Mort's Dock & Engineering Company works which opened in 1855—in 1958 Mort's Dock closed and is the site of Mort Bay Park. Increasing industrialisation at Balmain created a demand for cheap housing. This was satisfied by the dock owners selling small blocks of land to entrepreneurs who then built tiny cottages and rented them to the workers. The Balmain Reservoir was built in 1915.

Lever Brothers Factory, owned by the British parent company, opened in 1895.

Colliery
A coal mine was opened in 1897 beside what is now Birchgrove Public School by an English company. The winding engine was said to be the largest in the southern hemisphere. However, with the endless labour disputes, Sydney Collieries Limited took over ownership. A further new shaft was sunk in 1904. From the bottom of the shafts a decline led down to a seam of coal situated under the harbour between Ballast Point and Goat Island. Because of the availability of the coal, Balmain Power Station was erected in stages from 1909. However, there were major industrial disputes in the 1920s and calls were made by some shareholders in 1928 to close the mine. The following year the colliery still employed 299 miners. By 1930 the colliery owners had given up and it had been taken over by the Balmain Coal Contracting Company, established by the Miner's Federation to keep the pit operational, to no avail as disputes continued. On 13 October 1930 the Miners' Lodge declared the mine "blacked" as well as the manager, whose dismissal they demanded. The colliery closed in 1931. In 1933 it was proposed to extract natural gas for commercial use from the now disused mine. In 1936 calls were made for the Sydney City Council to take over the mine to no avail.

One local waterman who benefited from the Balmain coalmine was Bob Miller, who resided at 102 Glassop Street. He purchased a small tug and barge and secured a contract to remove the mine tailings, which he on sold to local councils as fill for a handsome profit. This was the beginning of the RW Miller industrial conglomerate. By 1924 his family had moved to Louisa Road.

Tramway
The opening of the tramway in the 1920s further established Balmain and it gained a reputation as a rough working-class area of Sydney. A large influx of immigrants boosted Balmain's population in the 1950s.

Gentrification
Gentrification of Balmain began in the 1960s as industry waned. Balmain's desirability to the middle class was due in part to its waterfront location and proximity to Sydney's CBD. The Balmain Association was formed in 1965.

Increasing property values and waterfront development continued to push the suburb's remaining industry out. In 1996, the Lever Brothers site became a series of apartment complexes with a handful of original buildings preserved. The power station was demolished in 1998 to make way for apartments. However, many aspects of Balmain's industrial past have been retained as heritage.

Heritage listings

Balmain has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 1 Blake Street: Ewenton
 Booth Street: Balmain Hospital Main Building
 Glassop Street: Dawn Fraser Swimming Pool
 12b Grafton Street: Hampton Villa
 37 Nicholson Street: Waterview Wharf Workshops
 Thames, Mort, College, McKell, Cameron, Yeend Streets: Mort's Dock
 2 Wells Street: Louisaville

Demographics
According to the 2016 census of population, there were 10,453 residents in Balmain. 61.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 9.1%, New Zealand 3.3%, Ireland 1.5% and United States of America 1.5%. 79.6% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Italian at 1.3%. The most common responses for religion in Balmain (State Suburbs) were No Religion 41.2%, Catholic 22.3%, Not stated 12.5%, Anglican 11.4% and Presbyterian and Reformed 2.1%.

Commercial area

Darling Street, Balmain's main thoroughfare, features boutique shops, quality restaurants and cafes alongside old drinking establishments. Landmarks on this street include the Post Office and Court House, alongside Balmain Town Hall, the historic Westpac Bank, Balmain Fire Station and Balmain Working Men's Institute. Other commercial developments are scattered throughout the suburb. The headquarters of the NSW Water Police moved to Cameron Cove in Balmain in late 2007.

Transport

Balmain has several ferry wharves including Thames Street Balmain serviced by the Cockatoo Island ferry services, Elliot Street, Balmain West and Darling Street, Balmain East serviced by the Cross Harbour ferry services. Services run to Circular Quay. Transdev Sydney Ferries' maintenance and repair base is at Balmain Shipyard.

Balmain's road network feeds into three main roads—Darling Street, Beattie Street and Montague/Mullen Street. These streets have limited speeds, typically 40 km/h and are all single carriageway with parallel parking. Due to the geography of the peninsula, all of these roads feed into Victoria Road and the Western Distributor.  Sections of Balmain were to be demolished to make for the North-West Expressway but this was prevented after green bans were placed by the NSW Builders Labourers Federation.

Trams once ran all the way down Darling Street to the wharf at Balmain East. Due to the very steep incline at the bottom of the street, the trams used a complex 'dummy' counterweight system constructed under the road surface. The trams were pushed up the steep hill by the dummy, and rode the dummy on the way down to safely descend the hill. Transit Systems bus services that service Balmain are:
433 Balmain to Railway Square.
441 Birchgrove to Art Gallery of New South Wales,
442 Balmain to the Queen Victoria Building
445 Balmain to Campsie

Culture

Drinking establishments
Balmain is home to many historic hotels, including the Cat and Fiddle Hotel, Cricketer's Arms Hotel, Dick's Hotel, Dry Dock Hotel, Exchange Hotel, Forth & Clyde Hotel, Kent Hotel, Unity Hall Hotel, London Hotel, Mort Bay Hotel, Norfolk Pines Hotel, Pacific Hotel, Royal Oak Hotel, Shipwright's Arms Hotel, Star Hotel, Town Hall Hotel, Volunteer Hotel and the West End Hotel.

The Riverview Hotel is a heritage-listed corner building built in 1880 in the Arts and Crafts style. Between 1888 and 1913 the pub was named Bergin's Hotel after the publican Joseph Bergin. Australian swimming champion Dawn Fraser was publican of the Riverview from 1978 to 1983.

Pop culture

Numerous phrases have been used to describe the suburb and its inhabitants, including "Balmain boys don't cry" (former NSW Premier Neville Wran at the Street Royal Commission); "You can take the boy out of Balmain, but you can't take Balmain out of the boy" (Unknown); "There are only two types of men in this world: those who were born in Balmain and those who wish they were" (a Police Commissioner of New South Wales). Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating commented on the suburb's gentrification by using the term "Basket weavers of Balmain".
Until the 1970s, older Balmain people would refer to "going to Sydney". The Post Office/ Court/ Police building and vicinity was generally referred to as the "Town Hall", with the Post Office clock often called the Town Hall clock. This was probably due to the Post Office & Court Building being built in between the earlier Town Hall & Town Hall Hotel.

In the mid-1960s Balmain was the setting for the popular Seven Network situation comedy series My Name's McGooley, What's Yours?, starring Gordon Chater, John Meillon and Judi Farr.

Balmain was the setting for the 1994 Australian film The Sum of Us, which starred Jack Thompson, John Polson and Russell Crowe.

The former Pacific Hotel (from 2019, now converted into a residential property) - as well as several other locations in Balmain - were used extensively as the set of the Australian television soap opera, E Street.

Parks and reserves

Balmain has a number of parks including Gladstone Park, Birrung Park and White Bay Park. The wider peninsula has many more parks in close proximity, particularly along the foreshores.
In earlier times Punch Park was the goto place for park footy (rugby league), though it was always referred to by the boys then as Punch's Park

Sport and recreation
Balmain is home to the Balmain Tigers district rugby league football club that is now represented in the NRL by Wests Tigers rugby league club. The club was formed in mid-1999 by a joint venture between the Balmain Tigers and the Western Suburbs Magpies in preparation for the 2000 season. In 2005 the Tigers defeated the North Queensland Cowboys in the Grand Final to win the premiership.

The Balmain Rugby Football Club, founded in 1873, took part in the very first competition structure and in fact winning their first premiership in 1875. Players lost fighting in World War I forced the club to merge with the Glebe "Dirty Reds" RUFC in 1919, to form the Glebe-Balmain RFC. As a merged club they had enormous success during the Twenties, winning four premierships. In 1931, as a depression project, Drummoyne Oval, as it is now known, was constructed on the site of a small oval which Glebe and Balmain had used for junior matches since 1892. To ensure longevity of tenure, and because there were just not enough sporting grounds in Sydney—with some reluctance—the Glebe-Balmain Club decided to change its name to the Drummoyne District Rugby Football Club. It did so without giving up its long-held traditions, the scarlet jumpers of Glebe and its world-famous tag, "The Dirty Reds" and the black and gold of Balmain, colours still worn proudly by today's players in their socks. Drummoyne Rugby Club is still in existence and still upholds it proud history and traditions.

The suburb is also home to the Balmain Australian Football Club, a founding member in 1903 of the Sydney Football League.

Balmain is also home to Balmain FC, who are a semi-professional football club, playing in the National Premier Leagues NSW 3. In 2015 they qualified for the Australia-wide FFA Cup Round of 32 and were drawn against A-League club Melbourne Victory FC in which they were defeated 6–0 in front of 5,000 fans at Leichhardt Oval.

Balmain Sailing Club is located in nearby Birchgrove and is home to the annual Balmain Regatta.

Balmain Rowing Club was formed in July 1882, and still occupies its original White Street location. The club adopted black and yellow colours from its formation, which soon became the district colours. The great Illawarra sculling champion Bill Beach had a close association with the club and wore their black and gold colours in competition.

Housing
The post-industrial gentrification of Balmain has resulted in a suburb of considerable charm and interest where the modest, pretty houses command high prices. However, Balmain still retains a diverse mix of residents due to the Housing Commission unit blocks in the suburb. Much of the suburb is a heritage conservation area and creative design is required to modernise the Victorian and Edwardian housing stock. In 2013 a contemporary Balmain house designed by architect Harry Seidler sold for $6m. The Tom Uren House in Gilchrist Place was designed by Richard Leplastrier.

Notable residents

Notable past and present residents include:
 Sir Harold Alderson, sports administrator
 Peter Bonsall-Boone, LGBT rights activist
 Edgar Britt, jockey
 Geraldine Brooks, author and journalist
 Rose Byrne, actress
 Clive Caldwell, RAAF's highest scoring fighter ace of WWII
 Thomas Coutts, whaler, pastoralist and mass murderer
 H. V. Evatt, jurist, judge, lawyer, politician, parliamentarian and writer
 Carlotta, entertainer
 Dawn Fraser, former champion swimmer and politician
 Caroline Grills, serial killer
 Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia
Archie Jackson, Australian cricketer
 Sir John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia
 Alex Lloyd, singer/songwriter
 Lottie Lyell, actress
 Padraic McGuinness, journalist
 Lenny McPherson, colourful Sydney identity
 Dally Messenger, rugby union & rugby league
 Robert W. Miller (businessman), Industrialist, shipping, mining & brewing
 Matthew Mitcham, diver
 Frank Moorhouse, author and screenwriter
 George Negus, journalist and author
 Nick Origlass, former Trotskyite mayor of Leichhardt Municipal Council
 Henry Parkes, 7th Premier of New South Wales
 Wayne Pearce, former professional rugby league footballer
 Josh Pyke, musician
 Norman Selfe, engineer
 Fred Spofforth, Australian cricketer
 Frank Sponberg, Australian rugby league player
 Rick Springfield, singer-songwriter and actor
 John Storey, 20th Premier of New South Wales
 Tom Uren, former Whitlam Government Minister
 Neville Wran, 35th Premier of New South Wales
 Malcolm Young, musician
 Sir Thomas Henley, KBE, Member of NSW Legislative Assembly and Mayor of Drummoyne

Notes
  Postcode 2041 covers the suburbs of Balmain, Balmain East and Birchgrove.
  Combined population for all residents of postcode 2041.
  Median house price for all properties of postcode 2041.

References

External links

 Local History Collection, Leichhardt Council
 Balmain Association.
  [CC-By-SA]

Suburbs of Sydney
Inner West Council

Balmain, New South Wales


Skittles este o marcă de bomboane cu aromă de fructe, în prezent produse și comercializate de Compania Wrigley, o divizie a Mars, Inc. Vine în diverse arome naturale și artificiale de fructe.

Bomboanele Skittles au fost vândute pentru prima dată în 1974 de către o companie britanică. Au fost introduse pentru prima dată în America de Nord în 1979 prin import. Producția internă de Skittles a început în Statele Unite în 1982.

Sloganul și tema celor de la Skittles, "taste the rainbow" (), a fost creată de către agenția de publicitate D ' Arcy Masius Benton & Bowles din New York în 1994.

Skittles are una dintre cele mai apreciate pagini ale unui brand pe Facebook, cu peste 25 de milioane de followeri. Pagina succesul poate fi din cauza mesajelor sale excentrice, cum ar fi: "cei mai mulți cactuși sunt doar în căutarea unor îmbrățișări.~

Note

Legături externe
 Skittles România
 Site oficial

Dulciuri

Skittles


Brahma (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मा), Hindu dininde yaratılışın tanrısıdır. Vişnu ve Şiva ile birlikte Trimurti denilen tanrı üçlemesini teşkil eder. Brahma Purana'ya göre Manu'nun babasıdır. Manu, kendisinden bütün insanların türediği kişidir. Ramayana'da ve Mahabharata'da Brahma bütün insanların ilk ceddi olarak geçer. Brahma, Hindu Vedanta felsefesinde bütün varlıkları kapsayıcı üstün ruh olarak kabul edilen ve cinsiyetten münezzeh Brahman ile karıştırılmamalıdır. Brahma'nın eşi Saraswati'dir, ayrıca Sávitri veya Gáyatri adıyla da anılır. Saraswati, Vedaların Annesi anlamında Vedamáta denilen vedik tanrıçadır. Brahma ise vedik tanrı Pracápati ile özdeşleştirilir. Vák Devi (Hitabet Tanrıçası) olarak bilinen Saraswati'nin eşi olmakla Brahma, Vágiş (Hitabet ve Ses Tanrısı) olarak da anılır.

Sıfatları ve sembolleri

Görünümü

Kırmızı elbiselerle sarılıdır. Brahma geleneksel olarak dört başlı, dört elli, dört yüzü olan ve dört tane kolu olan şekilde tasvir edilir. Her başı, dört vedadan birini ezberden okumaya devam eder. Özellikle Kuzey Hindistan'da çoğunlukla ak sakallı olarak tasvir edilir, bu sembol onun neredeyse sonsuz olan varlığını anlatır. Diğer Hindu tanrılarından farklı olarak Brahma silah taşımaz. Dört elinden birisinde asa, birisinde kitap, bir diğerinde "aksamálá" (gözlerden yapılmış çelenk) denilen bir tespih vardır, bu tespihle evrenin zamanını takip eder. Brahma, elinde vedaları tutuyor olarak da tasvir edilir.

Puranalarda Brahma'nın zamanla öneminin azalmasından bahseden birçok hikâye geçer. Hindu dininin bağlıları, Brahma'nın ve Sarasvati'nin nimetlerini kaybetmeye insanların dayanamayacağına inanırlar. Bu yoksunluğun halkın yaratıcılığını kısıtlayacağına insanların üzüntülerini gidermeyi sağlayacak bilgiden mahrum bırakacağına inanırlar.

Sembolleri
Dört yüz – Dört vedayı simgeler.

Dört el – Dört kolu, dört yönü simgeler: doğu, batı, güney, kuzey.

Tespih – Yaratılış sürecinde kullanılan maddeleri simgeler.

Kitap – Bilgidir.

Altın – Bir iş üzere olmasıdır. Brahma'nın altın yüzü onun kainatı yaratmada aktif olarak var olduğu inancını sembolize eder.

Kuğu – Merhameti ve anlayışı.

Taç – Üstün yetkisi.

Lotus (Nilüfer) – Tabiat ve kainattaki bütün canlıların ve diğer varlıkların hayattar özü.

Sakal – Siyah ya da beyaz sakalı, Brahma'nın bilgeliğini ve yaratılışın sonsuz döngüsünü simgeler.

Vedalar – Onun dört çehresini, kafalarını ve kollarını simgeler.

Bineği
Brahma'nın bineği váhana denilen hamsadır (Bir tür kaz olduğu düşünülen bir su kuşu).

Ayrıca bakınız

İbrahim

Kaynakça

Hint tanrıları
Yaratıcı tanrılar
Hikmet tanrıları

Brahma


Zvi Mazel (; born 4 March 1939) is an Israeli diplomat. He has served as the Israeli ambassador to Egypt, Romania, and Sweden.

Education and work experience
Mazel was born in Bnei Brak, and served in the IDF from 1956 to 1958. After initial studies in Israel, Mazel studied political science in France, at the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (The Parisian Institute for Political Studies). There he met his wife, Michelle, a political scientist and writer. He graduated in 1963, and joined the diplomatic corps of the Israeli Foreign Ministry in 1966, where he served as a researcher at the Foreign Ministry's Institute of Political Research.

From 1969 to 1973, he served as First Secretary of the Israeli Embassy in Antananarivo, Madagascar, and then served as an attache at the Israeli Embassy in Paris until 1977, when he returned to Israel to again serve as a researcher in the Institute of Political Research.

From 1980 to 1982, he served at the Israeli Embassy in Cairo, during the thaw period between Israel and Egypt that ended with the 1982 Lebanon War. During this period, he also held the post as director of Eastern European division and head of the Egyptian and North African department at the Foreign Ministry.

In 1989 he was posted as ambassador to Romania, where he witnessed the Romanian Revolution.

In 1992 he was appointed Deputy Director of the Foreign Ministry in charge of African affairs and was instrumental in reestablishing diplomatic relations between Israel and 19 African countries. In 1996 he returned to Egypt as an ambassador, and remained five years in that country.

In 2002, he was appointed ambassador to Sweden, and served in this position until 2004. He retired from the foreign service in April 2004 at age 65.

Mazel has written extensively on Israeli-Turkish and Israeli-Egyptian relations, commenting that Erdogan's attempts to reverse Atatürk's secular policies have put him and Turkey at odds with Israel and the Western world. He sees pragmatic elements in the leaders of post-revolution Egypt, but dismisses the Muslim Brotherhood's potential for moderation. He is a fellow of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.

Ambassadorship to Sweden
While serving as ambassador to Sweden, Mazel became a controversial figure in the country. Once, in reaction to a call to highlight that products from Israeli settlements sometimes had been labeled to fit into the EU-Israel tax-free trade agreement, Mazel stated that the Swedish Archbishop K. G. Hammar "probably is an anti-semite." He has also been quoted as saying that Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh's criticism of Israel's alleged human rights violations could not be tolerated. Mazel also called former foreign minister Sten Andersson and Sweden's UN ambassador Pierre Schori "professional anti-Israelis."

At the same time Mazel embraced personalities seen as controversial in Sweden as "Israel-friendly". Most noted was in 2003, when Mazel appeared in a well known picture with Mr. Helge Fossmo, at that time only known as leader of an ultra-conservative religious group, later imprisoned as the person behind one of the most highly publicized murder cases in Sweden's modern history, the Knutby murder.

In January 2004, he vandalized the art installation Snow White and The Madness of Truth by Israeli-born Swedish artist Dror Feiler and his wife Gunilla Sköld Feiler. The installation took advantage of the reflecting pool at the courtyard of Historiska Museet, that was highlighted and filled with red liquid signifying blood. The work further consisted of plaques with poetry on the surrounding walls and music by J.S. Bach. Well-lit on the surface of a basin: a styrofoam boat, displaying a portrait of the Palestinian suicide bomber Hanadi Jaradat, who had perpetrated the Maxim restaurant suicide bombing a few months earlier, on one side and the word "Snövit" ("Snow White" in Swedish) written on the backside. Mazel pushed some lightstands into the pool, causing a short-circuit and disabling the light, and then told Feiler that: "This is not a work of art. This is an expression of hatred for the Israeli people. This has glorified suicide bombers". Further he said to the press that the piece constituted a "complete legitimization of genocide, the murder of innocent people, innocent civilians, under the guise of culture". Feiler rejected charges that their intention was to glorify suicide bombers and accused Mazel of "practicing censorship". Feiler, who would play at the opening ceremony, refused to begin until Mazel left. Despite trying to explain himself, Mazel was asked to leave and escorted off the premises by museum security. The Swedish Foreign Ministry summoned him to ask for clarifications over the incident.

Mazel stated that "Sweden is among the most severely anti-Semitic places" with "daily agitations in the media to kill Jews." Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon later thanked Mazel "for his stand against the growing wave of anti-Semitism" in Sweden.

In August 2009, the now-retired Mazel responded to the Swedish government's refusal to reprimand the tabloid Aftonbladet for publishing allegations that Israel harvested organs from dead Palestinians. He said that there is no freedom of press in Sweden (Reporters Without Borders, in its 2009 press freedom index rankings showed that Sweden shared the top position with four other countries.) Mazel also said that the Social Democrats control the news with about 80% of Swedish newspapers connected to the Social Democrat movement, including the "four national papers". The newspaper Sydsvenska Dagbladet commented that Mazel perhaps was alluding to the national papers Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet and Expressen, and noted that of these four, Aftonbladet was the only one with a possible Social Democrat connection, as the trade unions have a 9% share in the newspaper. According to Helle Klein, Mazel's ideas about Sweden may be from people like Helge Fossmo and other Christian extremists.

References

External links
How Egypt Molded Modern Radical Islam, Zvi Mazel

1939 births
Living people
Ambassadors of Israel to Egypt
Ambassadors of Israel to Romania
Ambassadors of Israel to Sweden
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Bnei Brak
Sciences Po alumni

Zvi Mazel


ليث الدين  (Laith Al-Deen) مُغن ألماني وِلدَ لأب عراقي و أم ألمانية في 20.02.1972 في مدينة كارلسروه. عاش بين ألمانيا و الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية قبل أن يستقر في مدينة مانهايم الألمانية. أصدر خمسة ألبومات منذ العام 2000 والعديد من الأغاني المنفردة. يعتبر أحد المغنيين الألمان المعروفين على ساحة الغناء باللغة الألمانية. متزوج وليس لديه أطفال.
من أشهر أغانيه
 عيون Augen
 كل ما أريد هو أن أعرف Ich will nur wissen
 كل شيء فيك Alles an dir

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كارلسروه
أشخاص من مانهايم
ألمان من أصل عراقي
مغنون ومغنيات ألمان
مواليد 1392 هـ
مواليد 1972
مواليد في كارلسروه
موسيقيون ألمان
موسيقيون من كارلسروه
موسيقيون من مانهايم

ليث الدين


Roberto Díaz Herrera (nascido em 27 de junho de 1937) foi um coronel panamenho  que tornou-se célebre por sua denúncia pública da ditadura militar panamenha sob o comando do general Manuel Noriega em 1987. Díaz Herrera teria agido sob a influência de Sathya Sai Baba, um guru indiano de quem era um devoto fiel que nunca pisou no continente americano. Depois que Noriega o colocou em prisão domiciliar, o Coronel Díaz recebeu apoio significativo do povo panamenho, com muitos passando por sua casa para cumprimentá-lo. Ele foi preso logo depois e acabou recebendo asilo político na Venezuela. Depois de onze anos de exílio em vários países da América Latina, Díaz retornou ao Panamá. Posteriormente, tornou-se o embaixador do país no Peru.

Carreira militar
Díaz tornou-se Chefe do Estado-Maior Geral das forças armadas, que foram renomeadas Forças de Defesa do Panamá. Naquela época, era o segundo no comando das forças armadas panamenhas comandadas por Manuel Noriega.

Conflito com Noriega e prisão
Em junho de 1987, Diaz Herrera foi aposentado à força por Noriega. Logo após, em entrevista ao principal jornal da oposição do Panamá, La Prensa, o Coronel Díaz fez uma forte declaração contra Noriega, acusando-o de tráfico de drogas; de planejar o assassinato de seu antecessor Omar Torrijos Herrera (Torrijos era primo do próprio Diaz Herrera e alegou que Noriega havia plantado um explosivo no seu avião particular com a ajuda da CIA); de ordenar o assassinato de Hugo Spadafora; e de orquestrar fraudes na eleição presidencial de 1984. Essas alegações levaram muitas pessoas no Panamá a protestar, resultando na suspensão das proteções constitucionais e adoção de medidas severas do regime de Noriega, incluindo prisão e detenção de manifestantes e líderes de partidos da oposição, apreensão pelo governo de estações de televisão locais e brutalidade a estudantes e cidadãos locais.

Apenas 50 dias após a entrevista televisionada, Noriega colocou Díaz em prisão domiciliar. Durante esse tempo, muitas pessoas foram à casa do coronel para cumprimentá-lo e demonstrar apoio. A rua de sua casa estava frequentemente repleta de carros de seus apoiadores. Mais tarde, a residência de Díaz Herrera serviria de refúgio aos principais oponentes de Noriega. Finalmente, os soldados leais ao regime militar invadiriam a residência em 27 de julho de 1987 para colocá-lo na prisão. A incursão foi realizada com helicópteros militares e homens fortemente armados de uma unidade militar organizada por Mike Harari, amigo pessoal de Noriega e ex-oficial de inteligência israelense. A ação terminou quando Díaz Herrera, que mantinha 45 de seus oficiais leais na residência, se rendeu e foi preso. Durante a operação, sua esposa e seus filhos pequenos estavam na residência.

Após passar seis meses na prisão, Díaz foi exilado em 24 de dezembro, depois que vários países negociaram sua libertação da prisão. Ele foi enviado para a Venezuela, onde a esposa e seus três filhos o aguardavam.

Militares do Panamá
Diplomatas do Panamá

Roberto Díaz Herrera


is a district located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

, the district has an estimated population of 27,829 and a population density of 165 persons per square kilometer. The total area is 169.02 km2.

Towns and villages
Ine
Yosano

Mergers
On March 1, 2006, the towns of Kaya, Iwataki and Nodagawa merged to form the new town of Yosano.

References

Districts in Kyoto Prefecture

Yosa District, Kyoto


The  is a Japanese daily "broadsheet" newspaper published in mostly Aichi Prefecture and neighboring regions by  Based in Nagoya, one of Japanese three major metropolitan areas, it boasts the third circulation after the group newspaper Total Yomiuri Shimbun and The Asahi Shimbun. Even the Chunichi Shimbun alone exceeds the number of copies of the Sankei Shimbun. The newspaper is dominant in its region, with a market penetration approaching 60 percent of the population of Aichi Prefecture. The Chunichi Shimbun group also publishes the Tokyo Shimbun, the Chunichi Sports, and the Tokyo Chunichi Sports newspapers. While each newspaper maintains independent leadership and is considered a "separate" paper, the group's combined circulation in 2022 was 2,321,414, ranking third in Japan behind the Yomiuri Shimbun and the Asahi Shimbun.

This is Japan's second largest leftist newspaper. It is positioned as a representative newspaper of Nagoya.

It is also the owner of the Chunichi Dragons baseball team.

History
The newspaper was formerly known as Nagoya Shimbun. From 1936–1940 it owned the Japanese Baseball League team Nagoya Kinko. The paper acquired the Chubu Nihon (now Chunichi Dragons) in 1946.

Foreign correspondence network
The group has thirteen foreign bureaus.  They are in New York City, Washington, D.C., London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Cairo, Beijing, Shanghai, Taipei, Seoul, Manila, and Bangkok.

Political position
The Chunichi Shimbun holds progressive views, and has political tendencies towards liberalism, social democracy and socialism.

It supported the Japan Socialist Party in the Showa period, the Democratic Party of Japan and Social Democratic Party (Japan) in the Heisei period, and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan in the Reiwa period. Nagoya, where the headquarters is located, is called the Democratic Kingdom (Minshu-Ōkoku, 民主王国).

The two prewar newspapers (Shin-Aichi and Nagoya Shimbun) were conservative in the Chunichi Shimbun, but the founder, Kissen Kobayashi, ran for the mayor of Nagoya in 1951 at the recommendation of the Japan Socialist Party (first rejected, 1952). It was elected in the year) and changed to a left-leaning newspaper supported by the Japan Socialist Party. The Tokyo Shimbun was once a right wing, but when it was acquired by the Chunichi Shimbun in 1964, it changed to a left-leaning newspaper.

Probably because of this, the mass media reforms led by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications under the LDP administration in the Showa era (1955 system) were treated coldly, and it was not possible to become a national newspaper and to have its own TV station in Kanto. No (Tokyo 12 channel (currently TV Tokyo) was acquired by the Nikkei, and currently independent stations in the Kanto region such as Tokyo Metropolitan Television and TV Kanagawa are affiliated with the Chunichi Shimbun).

It was the only major newspaper against the Koizumi reforms, and the Asahi Shimbun and others agreed. Chunichi was the only one who opposed the TPP in a major newspaper. It is in a position to defend the labor unions.

Since the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, it has taken an extremely strong anti-nuclear policy and publishes articles related to nuclear power every day. It also has a branch office in Fukushima Prefecture (not officially issued).

As a media company, the Yomiuri Shimbun Group and the Fujisankei Communications Group have a deep relationship with the conservative Liberal Democratic Party, while the Chunichi Group is a liberal newspaper and has a deep relationship with the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan.

The Asahi Shimbun has a close relationship with the Kōchikai, a moderate faction of the Liberal Democratic Party.

It opposes the revision of the constitution and the prime minister's visit to Yasukuni Shrine.

This newspaper is skeptical of the death penalty.

Group companies

Mass media

 Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting
 Tokai Radio Broadcasting
 Tokai Television Broadcasting
 Ishikawa TV
 Toyama Television Broadcasting
 Fukui Television Broadcasting
 Mie Television
 Biwako Broadcasting

The following broadcasting stations are jointly funded by other major newspapers.
 Television Aichi - The Nikkei invested
 Hokuriku Asahi Broadcasting - Asahi Shimbun Company invested
 TV Shizuoka - Fujisankei Communications Group invested
 Shizuoka Asahi Television - Asahi Shimbun Company invested
 Nagano Broadcasting Systems - Fujisankei Communications Group invested
 Asahi Broadcasting Nagano - Asahi Shimbun Company invested
 TV Hokkaido - The Nikkei and Hokkaido Shimbun invested

Sports
 Chunichi Dragons

Others
 Chunichi Eiga-sha

See also

List of newspapers in Japan
Tokyo Shimbun - Chunichi Shimbun's Title in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
Japanese Communist Party
Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan
Katsuya Okada - his little brother is an employee.
Aeon (company)
Hirotaka Akamatsu
Shoichi Kondo - Former employees
Yuko Mori
Japan Socialist Party
Social Democratic Party of Japan
Democratic Party of Japan
Fusae Ichikawa - Former employees
Seoul Shinmun - Affiliated newspaper in South Korea
Libération - Affiliated newspaper in France

References

Further reading

External links

1942 establishments in Japan
Daily newspapers published in Japan
Japanese-language newspapers
Capital punishment in Japan
Centre-left newspapers
Left-wing newspapers
Liberal media in Japan
Social democratic media
Social democracy in Asia
Mass media in Nagoya
Newspapers established in 1942
Progressivism in Japan
Newspapers established in 1886

Chunichi Shimbun


Der Eisenbahnunfall im Clayton-Tunnel war der Zusammenstoß zweier Reisezüge in dem Eisenbahntunnel am 25. August 1861. 23 Menschen starben, circa 176 wurden meist schwer verletzt. Dies war der schwerste Eisenbahnunfall in der britischen Geschichte zu diesem Zeitpunkt.

Technische Gegebenheiten
Der etwa 2 km lange Clayton-Tunnel liegt auf der Brighton Main Line, etwa 7 km von Brighton entfernt. Auf der Strecke wurde – abgesehen vom Clayton-Tunnel – im Zeitabstand gefahren. Vorgeschrieben war ein Mindestabstand von 5 Minuten. Die Durchfahrt durch den Tunnel dagegen war besonders gesichert: Hier wurde die Strecke mit je einem Blocksignal vor jedem Portal gesichert, das sowohl von einem Streckenwärter bedient werden konnte, als auch von einem einfahrenden Zug für einen nachfolgenden auf "Halt" gestellt wurde. Sollte dieser Mechanismus versagen, wurde eine Alarmglocke ausgelöst und der Streckenwärter musste einem eventuell folgenden Zug per Flagge "Halt" signalisieren. Damit wurde sichergestellt, dass sich immer nur ein Zug auf dem Gleis befand. Die Streckenwärter verständigten sich mit einem einfachen Telegrafen untereinander. Der Wärter an der südlichen Tunneleinfahrt hatte eine 24-Stunden-Schicht und befand sich, als sich der Unfall ereignete, bereits seit mehr als 18 Stunden im Dienst.

Ablauf

Der erste Sonderzug
Am Unglückstag verkehrten vor einem planmäßigen Reisezug noch zwei Sonderzüge von Brighton aus. Die Züge verließen den dortigen Bahnhof im Abstand von wenigen Minuten nordwärts. Der Wärter am südlichen Tunnelmund wurde auf eine Störung aufmerksam, als der erste Sonderzug passierte, sich das Signal hinter dem Zug aber nicht automatisch auf "Halt" stellte und deswegen der Alarm ausgelöst wurde. Er verständigte sofort per Telegraf seinen Kollegen am Nordportal, dass sich ein Zug im Tunnel befand.

Der zweite Sonderzug
Der zweite Zug folgte dem ersten am Südportal in einem Abstand von nur drei Minuten. Die Zeit hatte für den Wärter am Südportal nicht ausgereicht, neben der telegrafischen Benachrichtigung seines Kollegen am Nordportal auch das Signal von Hand noch auf "Halt" zu stellen, bevor der zweite Zug es passierte. Dass dieser in so kurzem Abstand folgte, war für ihn überraschend. Er rannte mit der Signalflagge aus dem Streckenwärterhaus und gebot mit einer Flagge "Halt". Da sich der Zug schon in der Vorbeifahrt befand, nahm er an, dass die Flagge vom Zugpersonal nicht mehr gesehen worden war. Daraufhin erkundigte er sich beim Posten am nördlichen Tunnelausgang, ob der Zug den Tunnel verlassen hätte. Da dieser nichts von der Einfahrt des zweiten Zuges wusste, bezog er die Anfrage auf den ersten Zug und bestätigte, dass "der Zug" den Tunnel verlassen habe.

Der Planzug
Daraufhin gab der Wärter an der südlichen Tunneleinfahrt die Fahrt für den folgenden fahrplanmäßigen Zug in den Tunnel frei. Das Personal des zweiten Zuges hatte das Flaggensignal jedoch noch gesehen, hielt seinen Zug an und drückte ihn zurück, um sich beim Streckenwärter am Südportal nach dem Grund für das Haltesignal zu erkundigen. Die beiden Züge kollidierten etwa 200 m vor der südlichen Tunneleinfahrt innerhalb des Tunnels. Dabei wurden die zwei letzten Wagen des Sonderzuges – ein Begleitwagen und ein Reisezugwagen – von der Lokomotive des Planzuges zertrümmert. Diese entgleiste und verkeilte sich zwischen den Tunnelwänden. Die meisten der 23 Toten befanden sich in diesem letzten der Reisezugwagen des zweiten Sonderzuges.

Untersuchung
Die offizielle Untersuchung führte H.W. Tyler, Hauptmann der Pioniere, durch. Das gerichtliche Strafverfahren endete in einem Schuldspruch wegen Totschlags gegen den zweiten Bahnhofsvorsteher von Brighton, weil er die Züge in einem zu kurzen zeitlichen Abstand auf die Strecke gelassen habe. Die beiden Streckenwärter am Tunnel dagegen wurden freigesprochen.

Konsequenzen
Die katastrophalen Konsequenzen eines minimalen Kommunikationsfehlers bei hohem Zeitdruck eng aufeinander folgender Züge bei anfänglichem technischem Versagen des Signals lösten heftige Kritik an einem Sicherungssystem aus, das im Wesentlichen auf dem zeitlichen Abstand in der Zugfolge basierte. Dies alles wäre mit einem – allerdings technisch und finanziell viel aufwändigeren – Streckenblock zu vermeiden gewesen. Gleichwohl wurden Konsequenzen aus dem Unfall nicht stringent gezogen: Erst der Eisenbahnunfall von Armagh – auch hier stießen "rückwärts" rollende Wagen in einen nachfolgenden Zug – veranlasste 1889 das Parlament des Vereinigten Königreichs im Regulation of Railways Act 1889 ein Gesetz zu verabschieden, welches das Fahren im Zeitabstand verbot und Fahren im Raumabstand, ein Zugmeldeverfahren und die Signalabhängigkeit der Weichen verbindlich vorschrieb.

Weiter zeigte die Untersuchung auf, dass die normale Schichtlänge für Streckenwärter 18 Stunden betrug. Wollten sie allerdings einen Tag in der Woche frei haben, mussten sie 24-Stunden-Schichten leisten. Diese Überlastung des Personals in für die Sicherheit hoch verantwortlichen Positionen wurde durch den Untersuchungsführer ebenfalls kritisiert.

Literarische Nachwirkung
Die Kurzgeschichte The Signal-Man von Charles Dickens vom Dezember 1866 schöpft aus den Ereignissen dieses Unfalls.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Eisenbahnunfällen im Vereinigten Königreich

Literatur
 NN: Death In The Tunnel. The Times, 25. August 1861, S. 10.
 Peter R Lewis: Disaster on the Dee. Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847. Tempus 2007.
 L. T. C. Rolt: Red for Danger. The classic history of British railway disasters. Sutton Publishing 1998, ISBN 0-7509-2047-5.

Weblinks
 Untersuchungsbericht der Eisenbahnaufsicht

Einzelnachweise

Clayton-Tunnel
Clayton-Tunnel
Clayton-Tunnel
Englische Geschichte (19. Jahrhundert)
Mid Sussex
Verkehr (West Sussex)
Brighton Main Line

Eisenbahnunfall im Clayton-Tunnel


An Calamagrostis pittieri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Calamagrostis pittieri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis pittieri


I matematik er en elliptisk kurve en plan algebraisk kurve defineret ved ligningen:

En elliptisk kurve er en glat, projektiv, algebraisk kurve af genus 1, hvor der er et defineret punkt O. En elliptisk kurve er i virkeligheden en abeliansk sort - det vil sige, at den har en multiplikation defineret algebraisk. Punktet O fungerer som identitetselementet for kurven.
Hvis vi har en funktion y^2= P(x), hvor P er et hvilken som helst tredje grads polynomium i x uden gentagne rødder, har vi en plan kurve af genus 1, som således er en elliptisk kurve. Hvis P er i fjerde grad og er kvadratisk-fri beskriver denne ligning igen en plan kurve af genus 1; i midlertidigt, har den ingen naturlige valg af dens identitets element.
Mere generelt sagt, enhver algebraisk kurve af genus 1, kaldes en elliptisk kurve, forudsat at det har mindst et rationelt punkt, som fungerer som identiteten.
Elliptiske kurver er især vigtige i talteori, og udgør et vigtigt område af den aktuelle forskning; det blev fx brugt i Andrew Wiles' bevis af Fermats sidste sætning. De finder også anvendelser i elliptisk kurve kryptografi (ECC) og primtalsopløsning.

Elliptiske kurver baseret på reelle tal

På trods af den formelle definition på en elliptisk kurve kræver ret teknisk matematik og en del algebraisk geometri, er det muligt at beskrive nogle elliptiske kurvers funktioner med reelle tal.

I denne forbindelse er en elliptisk plan kurve defineret ved ligningen:

hvor a og b er reelle tal. Denne type ligning kaldes en Weierstrass ligning.
Ved Weierstrass' normalform beskrives en elliptisk kurve ved en ligning, der har formen:

Definitionen af en elliptisk kurve kræver også, at kurven ikke må være non-singulær. Geometrisk betyder dette, at grafen ikke har spidser, selv-kryds, eller isolerede punkter. Algebraisk indebærer dette en beregning af en diskriminant.

Kurven er kun non-singulær, hvis diskriminanten ikke er lig med nul.

Elliptiske kurver
Analytisk talteori
Gruppeteori

Elliptisk kurve


Circus Mircus (en ) est un groupe de rock progressif géorgien fondé en 2020.
Avec leur chanson Lock me In, ils représentent la Géorgie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, à Turin en Italie.

Histoire
Le groupe est formé fin 2020 à Tbilisi, lorsque trois étudiants d'une académie de cirque locale décident d'abandonner leur formation pour former un groupe.
La Radio télévision publique géorgienne annonce le  avoir sélectionné le groupe en interne afin de représenter le pays au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022. Leur chanson, intitulée Lock me In, sort le .

À l'Eurovision
Le groupe participera à la seconde demi-finale et passera sur scène en cinquième position (parmi les dix-huit participants). En cas de qualification, il participera également à la finale du samedi 14 mai.

Membres
Tous les membres sont anonymes et portent des pseudonymes. Malgré cela, plusieurs rumeurs courent à propos de leurs identités réelles. Ainsi, le nom des Young Georgian Lolitaz, représentants géorgiens lors de l'édition 2016, est souvent évoqué.
 Damocles Stavriadis
 Igor Von Lichtenstein
 Bavonc Gevorkyan
 Iago Waitman

Discographie
 2020 − The Ode to the Bishkek Stone
 2021 − Semi-Pro
 2021 − Better Late
 2021 − Weather Support
 2021 − Rocha
 2021 − 23:34
 2021 − Musicien
 2022 − Lock me In

Notes et références

Groupe musical géorgien
Groupe musical formé en 2020
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson pour la Géorgie

Circus Mircus


Ballerup Belediyesi, Danimarka'da, başkent Kopenhag yakınlarında bir yerleşim birimidir. Ayrı bir belediyesi olmasına karşın, ekonomisi ile toplumsal yapısının Kopenhag'a çok dayalı olmasından ötürü, Kopenhag'ın bir yörekenti olarak da sayılabilir.

34 kilometrekarelik alana yayılı Ballerup'da 2005 sayımına göre 46.759 kişi yaşar. Doğusunda Herlev, kuzeyinde Værløse, batısında Stenløse ile Ledøje-Smørum ve güneyinde de Albertslund ile Glostrup yerleşim birimleri bulunur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Ballerup Belediyesinin sitesi

Danimarka'daki şehirler
Kopenhag coğrafyası

Ballerup Belediyesi


المستطيل الذهبي هو مستطيل تحقق نسبة أطوال أضلاعه النسبة الذهبية 1: والتي تساوي تقريباً 1:1.618.

من أهم خصائص هذا الشكل أنه إذا تم إزالة جزء ذو شكل مربع، فإن الشكل الباقي أيضاً يكون مستطيل ذهبي. ومن الممكن تكرار هذه العملية بشكل لانهائي والحصول على الحلزون الذهبي.

إنشاء المستطيل الذهبي المحيط للمربع
من الممكن إنشاء المستطيل الذهبي باستخدام إنشاءات الفرجار والمسطرة باتباع الخطوات التالية والموضحة في الشكل المجاور:
 أنشأ مربع
 ارسم مستقيماً من منتصف أحد الأضلاع إلى رأس في الضلع المقابل
 استخدم هذا المستقيم كنصف قطر دائرة وارسم قوساً يحدد طول المستطيل
 إكمال أضلاع المستطيل.

إنشاء المستطيل الذهبي المحاط من المربع

يمكن إنشاء المستطيل الذهبي داخل محيط المربع، باستخدام نفس طريقة تقسيم المستقيم وفقا للنسبة الذهبية:
 نرسم خط a من رأس من رؤوس المربع، مثلا A إلى منتصف الضلع المقابل مثلا B.
 نرسم دائرة الفا نصف قطرها BC ومركزها B
 نحدد النقطة D كتقاطع بين الدائرة الفا والخط AB
 نرسم دائرة بيتا نصف قطرها AD ومركزها A.
 نحدد النقطة E كتقاطع بين الدائرة بيتا والخط AC
 واخيرا نرسم الخط الافقي المار بالنقطة E, وهكذا حددنا المستطيل الذهبي المحاط من المربع

انظر أيضًا

 ليوناردو فيبوناتشي
 متتالية فيبوناتشي
 مثلث كيبلر

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشكال ثنائية الأبعاد
أنواع رباعيات الأضلاع
رباعيات أضلاع
نسبة ذهبية
هندسة ابتدائية

مستطيل ذهبي


Más de cien mentiras es un musical basado en las canciones del cantautor español Joaquín Sabina. La obra, que toma su nombre de la canción homónima del cantautor del álbum Esta boca es mía, narra la historia de 'el Tuli', un delincuente que, tras tres años en prisión, sale con la intención de vengarse de Fernando Villegas, quien provocó su encarcelamiento y acabó con la vida de su amigo Samuel. Se estrenó el 6 de octubre de 2011 en el Teatro Rialto de Madrid (España). Está protagonizado por Juan Pablo Di Pace, Álex Barahona y Guadalupe Lancho y dirigido por David Serrano, que además es el guionista principal y forma parte de la dirección musical de la obra, junto a Pancho Varona, José María Cámara, Daniel García y el propio Joaquín Sabina.

Argumento
Más de cien mentiras es una historia de venganza que gira alrededor de cuatro personajes: Juan (Juan Pablo Di Pace), Tuli (Álex Barahona), Samuel (Víctor Massán) y Magdalena (Guadalupe Lancho). En el pasado, los tres primeros estuvieron involucrados en un atraco que salió mal y que tuvo consecuencias distintas para cada uno de ellos: Juan consiguió huir de la policía, mientras que Tuli acabó en la cárcel (en parte por culpa de Juan) y Samuel muerto tras comenzar a disparar a la policía y ser abatido por los disparos de respuesta de estos.

Tres años después, 'El Tuli' sale de la cárcel con la obsesión de vengarse de Fernando Villegas (Felipe García Vélez), un mafioso tío de Juan y cerebro del atraco. Para ello, busca a Juan, Magdalena y 'Manitas' (Diego París), un antiguo boxeador y amigo común de los tres, en el Darling's, el bar de Juan donde se reúnen las prostitutas del barrio y que Villegas utiliza para blanquear dinero. La idea de 'el Tuli' es vengar la muerte de Samuel y que los tres se hagan millonarios.

Magdalena, hermana de Samuel, novia de Juan y exprostituta, tiene un plan para estafar a Villegas, al que 'el Tuli' accede de buen grado, mientras que Juan es reticente. El plan consiste en fingir que un cliente habitual del local ha conseguido una importante suma de dinero jugando a la lotería. Dado que una de las actividades de la organización de Villegas es el blanqueo de dinero, esperan que estos les ofrezcan dinero a cambio del billete premiado, que ellos falsifican. Para lograr su objetivo, Magdalena se acuesta con Ocaña (Juan Carlos Martín), lugarteniente del mafioso y que está locamente enamorado de ella.

Producción
En 2006, el productor José María Cámara le presentó a Joaquín Sabina una propuesta para realizar un musical basado en su obra, idea que fue rechazada por el cantautor. Tres años más tarde, el propio Sabina llamó a Cámara para decirle «José, vamos a hacerlo», según afirma el productor. Más de cien mentiras toma su nombre de la canción homónima del álbum Esta boca es mía del cantautor.

Reparto
El elenco del musical lo forman:

 Juan Pablo Di Pace: Juan.
 Javier Godino: Juan.
 Álex Barahona: Tuli.
 Adrian Lastra: Tuli.
 Guadalupe Lancho: Magdalena.
 Víctor Massán: Samuel.
 Diego París: Manitas.
 David Carrillo: Manitas.
 Juan Carlos Martín: Ocaña.
 Felipe García Vélez: Villegas.
 Marta Capel: Rossana.
 Toni Viñals: Cover Ocaña, Manitas y Samuel.
 Jaime Zataraín: Cover Juan y Tuli.
 Silvia Álvarez: Cover Magdalena y Rossana.

Canciones
Las canciones que se interpretan en el musical son:
 «Pastillas para no soñar»
 «Aves de paso»
 «La del pirata cojo»
 «Que se llama Soledad»
 «Conductores suicidas»
 «La canción de las noches perdidas»
 «Y sin embargo»
 «Yo quiero ser una chica Almodóvar»
 «Contigo»
 «Esta noche contigo»
 «Calle Melancolía»
 «Más de cien mentiras»
 «19 días y 500 noches»
 «Embustera»
 «Tiramisú de limón»
 «Princesa»
 «Llueve sobre mojado»
 «Ganas de»
 «A la orilla de la chimenea»
 «¿Quién me ha robado el mes de abril?»
 «Pacto entre caballeros»
 «Una canción para la Magdalena»
 «Tan joven y tan viejo»
 «Noche de bodas»
 «Y nos dieron las diez»

Equipo técnico
El equipo técnico de la obra está formado por:
 Producción: Drive Entertainment
 Productores: Ángel Suárez y José María Cámara
 Dirección: David Serrano
 Director musical: Daniel García
 Guion: David Serrano, Fernando Castets y Diego San José
 Selección y dirección musical: Joaquín Sabina, Pancho Varona, Jacobo Calderón, David Serrano, José María Cámara y Daniel García
 Dirección de coreografías: Federico Barrios
 Diseño de escenografía: Ricardo Sánchez Cuerda
 Diseño de iluminación: Carlos Torrijos
 Directora de casting: Rosa Estévez
 Diseño de peluquería: Fermín Galán
 Diseño de sonido: Javier Isequilla
 Diseño de vestuario: Ana Llena
 Ayudante de dirección: Sergio Francisco
 Diseño de ambientes y efectos de sonido: Pelayo Gutiérrez

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial

Musicales
Joaquín Sabina
Musicales de España
Musicales de 2011

Más de cien mentiras


بادية الحماد هي منطقة تتميز بانبساط أراضيها، تمتد من شمال المملكة العربية السعودية مروراً بغرب الأردن إلى الجنوب الشرقي من سوريا حتى شرقي العراق.

تعتبر البادية أو الحماد منطقة تصحر، يسكنها ما عرف بأهل البادية أو البدو، ومنهم من ترك البادية وتحضَّر وعاش في المدن، ولكنهم لا يزالون متمسّكين بعادات وتقاليد تراثهم البدوي العريق، إذ كثيرا ما يقضون عطلهم وإجازاتهم في البادية

جغرافيا بلاد الشام
مناطق بيئية أرضية

بادية الحماد


Gérard P. Cornuéjols (* 1950) ist ein französischer Mathematiker, der sich insbesondere mit Operations Research und Kombinatorik (Graphentheorie) beschäftigt.

Leben

Cornuéjols machte 1974 seinen Abschluss an der Ecole nationale de ponts et chaussées (ENPC) in Paris und wurde 1978 an der Cornell University promoviert. Er ist Direktor der Fakultät für Operations Research an der Tepper School of Business der  Carnegie Mellon University (IBM University Professor of Operations Research).

Forschung
Mit Maria Chudnovsky, Paul Seymour und anderen zeigte er 2005 durch Angabe eines Algorithmus, dass in polynomialer Zeit bestimmt werden kann, ob ein Graph perfekt ist. Er lieferte wichtige Beiträge zur 2002 durch Seymour, Chudnovsky, Robertson und Thomas bewiesenen Starken Vermutung über Perfekte Graphen.

Neben Operations Research (zum Beispiel Facility Location) und Graphentheorie beschäftigte er sich mit Ganzzahliger Programmierung, Optimierungsmethoden in der Finanzmathematik und kombinatorischer Optimierung.

Er ist Herausgeber von Mathematics of Operations Research.

Zu seinen Doktoranden gehört Michele Conforti.

Preise und Ehrungen
 1977: Frederick-W.-Lanchester-Preis
 2000: Fulkerson-Preis für Decomposition of balanced matrices, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, Bd. 77, 1999, S. 292–406 (mit Michele Conforti und M. R. Rao)
 2004: Outstanding Paper Prize, SIAM
 2009: Dantzig-Preis
 2011: John-von-Neumann-Theorie-Preis
 2015: Frederick-W.-Lanchester-Preis
 2016: Aufnahme in die National Academy of Engineering

Cornuéjols war außerdem 1982 Humboldt Fellow. 2002 war er Invited Speaker auf dem Internationalen Mathematikerkongress in Peking (The strong perfect graph conjecture).

Schriften
 mit Michele Conforti, Giacomo Zambelli Polyhedral Approaches to Mixed Integer Linear Programming, in Michael Juenger (Herausgeber) 50 Years of Integer Programming, Springer Verlag 2009, S. 343–386
 mit Reha Tutuncu Optimization Methods in Finance, Cambridge University Press 2007
 Combinatorial Optimization: Packing and Covering, SIAM, 2001

Einzelnachweise

Finanzmathematiker
Mathematiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Franzose
Geboren 1950
Mann
Mitglied der National Academy of Engineering

Gérard Cornuéjols


Cornopteris es un género de helechos de la familia  Athyriaceae.<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Cornopteris Cornopteris en PlantList]</ref> Tiene una distribución cosmopolita.

EspeciesCornopteris approximata W.M. Chu	Cornopteris banahaoensis (C. Chr.) K. Iwats. & M.G. Price	Cornopteris christenseniana (Koidz.) Tagawa	Cornopteris crenulatoserrulata (Makino) Nakai	Cornopteris decurrenti-alata (Hook.) Nakai	Cornopteris forsythii-majoris (C. Chr.) Tardieu	Cornopteris hakonensis (Makino) Nakai	Cornopteris latibasis W.M. Chu	Cornopteris latiloba Ching	Cornopteris major W.M. Chu	Cornopteris opaca (D. Don) Tagawa	Cornopteris parvisora (C. Chr.) Tardieu	Cornopteris pseudofluvialis Ching & W.M. Chu	Cornopteris sulcinerva'' (Hieron.) Tardieu

Referencias

Athyriaceae

Cornopteris


7499 L'Aquila este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7499 L'Aquila este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Campo Imperatore de Andrea Boattini și Andrea Di Paola. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 10,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

7499 L'Aquila


Viljaščaj (azerski: Viləşçay, ruski: Виляшчай) je rijeka u Azerbajdžanu. Duga je 111 km. Površina porječja iznosi 935 km2. Izvire na Tališinskom visočju na visini od 2203 metara. Ulijeva se u Kaspijsko jezero na visini od -28 metara.

Riječni režim mješovitog je pluvijalno-nivalnog tipa. Na rijeci je sagrađeno nekoliko umjetnih jezera. Rijeka je bogata ribama te je zbog toga razvijen ribolov.

Rijeke u azijskom dijelu Azerbajdžana
Kaspijski slijev (Azija)

Viljaščaj


Clupeomorfele (Clupeomorpha) este un supraordin de pești teleosteeni primitivi, răspândiți atât în ape dulci cât și în ape marine, iar unii (clupeidele) trăiesc în ambele medii. Acest  supraordin conține un singur ordin actual, Clupeiformes, și un ordin dispărut, Ellimmichthyiformes din cretacic și eocen. Clupeomorfele se caracterizează prin unele particularități anatomice și morfologice: vezica înotătoare legată de urechea internă printr-o pereche de diverticule anterioare ale vezicii înotătoare, ea comunică cu intestinul printr-un duct pneumatic (pești fizostomi); corpul alungit, adesea comprimat lateral; fălcile neprotractile; de obicei există două supramaxilare; al doilea hipural fuzionat la bază cu corpul primei vertebre urale, primul hipural nelegat  de corpul primei vertebre urale; numărul razelor branhiostegale de obicei, mai mic de 7, rareori până la 20; un singur solz carinat ventral la locul inserții înotătoarei ventrale, majoritatea speciilor au rând de solzi carinați pe linia mediană a abdomenului înaintea și în urma înotătoarei ventrale care formează o carenă ventrală evidentă, unele specii au 1-2 solzi carinați predorsali  înaintea înotătoarei dorsale, iar la alte specii există un rând lung predorsal de solzi carinați.

Clasificare
Clupeomorfele includ 2 ordine și circa 360-380 specii actuale și câteva fosile
 Supraordinul Clupeomorpha
 Ordinul  † Ellimmichthyiforme
 †Familia Paraclupeide (= Ellimmichthyide).
 Ordinul  Clupeiforme
 Subordinul Denticipitoide
 Familia  Denticipitide
 Subordinul Clupeoide
 Familia Pristigasteride
 Familia  Engraulide
 Familia  Chirocentride
 Familia  Clupeide
 Familia Sundasalangide (după Nelson este o subfamilie din familia Clupeide)
 Familia Dussumieriide (după Nelson este o subfamilie din familia Clupeide)

Note

Teleostei

Clupeomorfe


Die Königliche Villa Strehlen war ein im Besitz der sächsischen Königsfamilie befindliches Gebäude im Dresdner Stadtteil Strehlen.

Geschichte

Die Villa entstand im 19. Jahrhundert auf dem Gelände eines früheren Forsthauses, welches "Rotes Haus" genannt wurde und bis zur Neuordnung der königlichen Jagdbezirke 1850 Sitz des Hegereiters war. Während der Schlacht um Dresden im August 1813 hatte das Anwesen wegen seiner Lage strategische Bedeutung und wurde bei Kampfhandlungen schwer beschädigt.

1860 übernahm Kronprinz Albert das Areal und ließ das Hegereiterhaus zu einem Gartenschlösschen umbauen, welches 1883 erstmals als "Königliche Villa" bezeichnet ist. Die zugehörigen Gartenanlagen wurden vom Hofgärtner Poscharsky parkähnlich gestaltet. Vor allem in den Frühjahrs- und Herbstmonaten hielt sich die königliche Familie gern in Strehlen auf.

Nach dem Tod König Alberts 1902 übernahm seine Witwe Carola von Sachsen die Strehlener Villa und bewohnte das Haus bis zu ihrem Tod 1907. Auch nach der Abdankung der Wettiner 1918 blieb die Königliche Villa in deren Besitz, wurde jedoch zum Wohnhaus umgebaut und vermietet.

Nach der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten übernahm der Staat das Gelände für die Neubebauung mit militärischen Einrichtungen. 1939/40 entstand im Park der Gebäudekomplex des Luftgaukommandos. Architekt des Neubaus war Wilhelm Kreis. Den Bauarbeiten fielen große Teile der früheren Parkanlage zum Opfer. 1945 wurde die frühere Königliche Villa durch Sprengbomben getroffen und dabei völlig zerstört. Die beim Luftangriff weitgehend unbeschädigten übrigen Gebäude nutzte zwischen 1945 und 1952 die Sächsische Landesregierung, danach bis 1989 die Militärakademie "Friedrich Engels" der Nationalen Volksarmee. Heute werden sie durch die Technische Universität und zum Teil durch die Bundeswehr genutzt.

Ehemaliger Haltepunkt

Um die Strehlener Besitzungen schnell erreichen zu können, ließ König Albert 1897 einen privaten Eisenbahnhaltepunkt an der Bahnlinie Bodenbach–Dresden (heute Bahnstrecke Děčín–Dresden-Neustadt) einrichten. Der von Baurat Gustav Frölich im Neobarockstil entworfene Pavillon diente auch als Empfangsgebäude für prominente Gäste der Villa, zu denen unter anderem Kaiser Wilhelm II. gehörte.

Literatur
 Michael Feller: Die Königliche Villa in Strehlen und Ihr Haltepunkt. In: "Südhang", Ausgabe IV/2001
 Annette Dubbers: Strehlen – aus der Geschichte eines Dresdner Stadtteils. Verlag Dubbers in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Umweltzentrum Dresden e. V. und dem Michel Sandstein Verlag, Dresden, 2009, ISBN 978-3-937199-38-2

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Villa in Dresden
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Dresden
Militärakademie "Friedrich Engels"
Erbaut in den 1860er Jahren
Strehlen (Dresden)

Königliche Villa (Strehlen)


Parçacık fiziğinde baryonlar üç kuarktan ya da üç antikuarktan oluşan atomaltı parçacıkların oluşturduğu ailedir. Atom çekirdeğini oluşturan proton ve nötronları da içerirler ama bunların dışında birçok kararsız baryon da bulunur. "Baryon" kelimesi Yunanca "ağır" anlamındaki βαρύς'den (varys) gelir. Bunun sebebi sınıflandırıldıkları sırada baryonların diğer atomaltı parçacıklardan farkının daha büyük olan kütleleri olduğunun sanılmasıdır.

Baryon asimetrisi
Baryon asimetrisi problemiyle fizikte gözlemlenebilir evrende baryonik madde ile antibaryonik madde arasındaki dengesizlik kastedilir. Ne parçacık fiziğinin standart modeli, ne de genel görelilik teorisi sarih bir açıklama getirmektedir. Evrenin bütün korunmuş elektriksel yükleriyle nötr olduğu varsayımı olağandır. Büyük Patlama, eşit miktarda madde ve antimadde oluşturmalı ve böylece bu farklı türler tamamen birbirlerini yok etmeliydi. Başka bir ifadeyle protonlar antiprotonlar, elektronlar antielektronlar (pozitronlar), nötronlar antinötronlar vs. ile bütün temel parçacıklar birbirini yok etmeliydi. Bu etkileşmenin sonucu maddeden mahrum bir fotonlar denizinden oluşan bir kâinat olurdu. Bu durumun böyle olmadığı açıkça ortada olunca Büyük Patlama'dan sonra bazı fizik kanunlarının madde ve antimadde üzerinde farklı etki etmiş olduğu düşünülmektedir. Madde-antimadde dengesizliğini açıklamaya çalışan ve birbiriyle yarışan hipotezler, baryon yaratılışı görüşünü doğurmuştur. Buna rağmen bu fenomeni açıklayan bir ortak görüş, bugüne kadar ortaya çıkmamıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Baryon sayısı
 Baryonlar listesi

Kaynakça

Baryon