The DISCiPLE is a floppy disk interface for the ZX Spectrum home computer. Designed by Miles Gordon Technology, it was marketed by Rockfort Products and launched in 1986.

Like Sinclair's own ZX Interface 1, the DISCiPLE was a wedge-shaped unit fitting underneath the Spectrum. It was designed as a super-interface, providing all the facilities a Spectrum owner could need. In addition to floppy-disk, parallel port printer interface and a "magic button" (see Non-maskable interrupt), it also offered twin joystick ports, Sinclair ZX Net-compatible network ports and an inhibit button for disabling the device.

At the rear of the unit was a pass-through port for connecting further devices, although the complexity of the DISCiPLE meant that many would not work, or only if the DISCiPLE was "turned off" using the inhibit button.

The DISCiPLE was a considerable success but its sophistication (the device included 8kB of ROM) meant that it was expensive and the plastic casing, located beneath the computer itself, was sometimes prone to overheating. These factors led to the development of MGT's later +D interface.

The DISCiPLE's DOS was named GDOS. MGT's later DOSs (G+DOS for the +D, and SAM DOS for the SAM Coupé) were backwards-compatible with GDOS. In later years a complete new system called UNI-DOS was developed by SD Software for the DISCiPLE and +D interfaces. In October 1993 "The Complete DISCiPLE Disassembly" was published in book form, documenting the "GDOS system 3d" version.

The popularity of the DISCiPLE led to the formation of a user group and magazine, INDUG, which later became Format Publications. Usergroups like INDUG/Format in the UK or DISCiPLE-Nieuwsbrief in the Netherlands produced enhancements such as extended printer support.

See also
 Beta Disk Interface

References

Microcomputers
Home computers
ZX Spectrum
Computer storage devices

DISCiPLE


Tekâlif-i Milliye (Millî Yükümlülükler ya da Ulusal Vergiler), Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın dönüm noktalarından olan Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi öncesi ordunun ihtiyacını karşılamak ve Sakarya Savaşı'na hazırlanmak için Başkomutan Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın kanunla kendisine verilen yasama yetkisini kullanarak yayınladığı "Ulusal Yükümlülük" emirleridir. 7 Ağustos 1921'de yayınlanmış olup toplamı on maddedir.

 Her ilçede bir tane Tekâlif-i Milliye Komisyonu kurulacak.
 Halk, elindeki silah ve cephaneyi 3 gün içinde orduya teslim edecek.
 Her aile bir askeri giydirecek.
 Yiyecek ve giyecek maddelerinin %40'ına el konacak ve bunların karşılığı daha sonra geri ödenecek.
 Ticaret adamlarının elindeki her türlü giyim eşyasının %40'ına el konacak ve bunların karşılığı daha sonra geri ödenecek.
 Her türlü makineli aracın %40'ına el konacak.
 Halkın elindeki binek hayvanlarının ve taşıt araçlarının %20'sine el konacak.
 Sahipsiz bütün mallara el konacak.
 Tüm demirci, dökümcü, nalbant, terzi ve marangoz gibi iş sahipleri ordunun emrinde çalışacak.
 Halkın elindeki araçlar bir defa olmak üzere 100 km'lik mesafeye ücretsiz askeri ulaşım sağlayacak.

Tekâlif-i Milliye Emirleri, 7 ve 8 Ağustos 1921 günleri yayımlanmıştır ve on emirden oluşmaktadır. "Tekâlif-i Milliye Emirleri" çok kapsamlı olup bir taraftan aynı vergi mahiyetindeki uygulamayı içermekte, diğer taraftan da hizmet vergisi mahiyetindeki uygulamayı öngörmektedir.
 Her ilçede kaymakamın başkanlığında malmüdürü ve ilçenin en büyük askeri amiri ile idare meclisi, belediye ve ticaret odalarının seçtikleri üyelerden oluşan Tekâlif-i Milliye Komisyonları (Milli Yükümlülükler Komisyonları) Kurulacaktır. Bu komisyonlara o yörenin Müdafaa-i Hukuk Dernekleri merkez kurulundan iki üye ile köylerde imamlar ve muhtarlar tabii üye olarak katılacaklardır.

Tekâlif-i Milliye Komisyonları derhal toplantılara başlayacak ve hiçbir komisyon üyesine hizmetleri karşılığı ücret ödenmeyecektir. Ayrıca her komisyon iki ay süre ile askeri hizmetleri ertelenmek üzere altı memur çalıştıracaktır.

Tekâlif-i Milliye Komisyonları, savaş ekonomisine giren ve Tekâlif-i Milliye Emirlerinde belirtilen malları toplayarak kendisine bildirilen cepheye gönderecek, ayrıca bu emirlerin hizmet yükümlülüğüne ilişkin hükümlerini uygulayacaktır. Komisyon üyelerinden görevinde ihmal gösterenler, vatana ihanet suçu işlemiş sayılacak ve ona göre cezalandırılacaktır.

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı iç politikası
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti yasaları
1921'de Türkiye

Tekâlif-i Milliye


Perimirim é uma vila de pescadores localizada no município de Augusto Corrêa, Pará, há 9 km da sede do município. Famosa por sua praia de estuário, onde o rio Urumajó deságua no oceano.

História''

A vila formou-se após a evasão dos moradores da ilha de Croa-Comprida, próxima a localidade, que encontra-se em processo de subsidência com o avanço do mar. As famílias reunidas na comunidade formaram a vila que logo recebeu o nome de Perimirim, por conta da presença massiva de mirinzais.

Religião e Cultura Popular

Os moradores da comunidade são adeptos do catolicismo e do protestantismo pentecostal. E tem como grande centro de devoção, entre os católicos, o culto a São Pedro, padroeiro dos pescadores, sob cuja honra celebram uma festividade afamada na região. Além da Festa de São Pedro, o outro entretenimento da comunidade é a Regata dos Pescadores. "um evento de caráter esportivo e cultural, que acontece na vila dos pescadores a mais de uma década (...) A regata é realizada com canoas a velas e contam com os bons ventos que sopram em direção aos velejadores artesanais.

Pará

Perimirim


El Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo es un club de fútbol de la ciudad brasileña de Novo Hamburgo, en el estado de Río Grande do Sul. Fue fundado en 1911 y juega la Copa de Brasil de 2014.

Historia

El Novo Hamburgo fue fundado el 1º de mayo del 1911, en una fiesta que el empresario Pedro Adams Filho ofreció a sus funcionarios, en conmemoración por el día del trabajo. La fecha fue celebrada con un asado y una partida de fútbol, que animó a los funcionarios de la empresa (Manoel Lopes Mattos, João Scherer, Aloys Hauschild, Manoel Outeiro, João Tamujo e Adão Steigleder) a crearen el club, llamado en el comienzo de su historia de Adams Futebol Clube.

El primer partido de la historia del Novo Hamburgo fue contra el Nacional, de São Leopoldo. Donde el club de Novo Hamburgo acabó derrotado por 3-0.

En 1944, en el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en función de la persecución del gobierno de Getúlio Vargas con la Campaña de la Nacionalización (Los clubs no podrían tener nombres alucivos a los países del eje), el club cambió su nombre para Esporte Clube Floriano y la ciudad de Novo Hamburgo cambió su nombre para Marechal Floriano Peixoto. El club volvió a su nombre original solamente en el año de 1968.

En 2 de julio de 1969, Garrincha hizo un partido-demonstrácion con la camiseta del E.C. Novo Hamburgo contra el Internacional, saliendo del partido en la mitad del segundo tiempo.

Actualmente, el Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo vive un momento de reestructuración y fortalecimiento. Después de vender su estadio, el Santa Rosa, el club se cambió a su nueva casa, el Estadio do Vale.

En 2017 lograron por primera vez en su historia el Campeonato Estatal Gaúcho tras vencer la final contra el Internacional en penaltis 3-1, luego de un empate a 1-1 en tiempo regular y 3-3 en el marcador global

Palmarés

Torneos Estatales oficiales
 Campeonato Gaúcho (1): 2017

 Copa FGF (2): 2005, 2013

 Campeonato de la Ciudad de Porto Alegre (1): 1937.

Referencias

N
N
Equipos de fútbol del estado de Río Grande del Sur
Brasil en 1911

Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo


Xia-dynastiet (kinesisk: 夏朝; pinyin: Xià Cháo) er et legendarisk dynasti, der skulle have regeret før bronzealderens første historisk beskrevne Shang-dynasti i Kina. Xia er ifølge kinesisk tradition det første kinesiske dynasti, men der findes ikke umiddelbare arkæologiske beviser for dynastiets eksistens. Der er derfor tvivl om, hvorvidt Xia-dynastiet overhovedet har eksisteret eller kun er en legende, der skulle fremme Zhou-dynastiets egne politisk-mytologiske sagn. Zhou-traditionen beskriver nemlig, at ligesom Xia blev erobret af Shang-dynastiet, så har Zhou-dynastiet erobret Shang. Traditionelt beskrives Xia som starten på arveligt monarki i Kina i stedet for udpegning af den bedst egnede kandidat.

Ifølge den traditionelle udlægning, skulle Xia-folket (Huaxia) regeret af Xia-dynastiet være forfædre til Han-folket i Kina.
Xia-dynastiets legender omhandler mest grundlæggeren og sagnhelten, Yu den Store, der med et dæmningssystem fik stoppet og kontrolleret Den Gule Flods katastrofale oversvømmelser, hvilket fik landbruget til at blomstre og velstanden til at vokse. Dette sagn kaldes i kinesisk historieskrivning for "Den Store Yu Kontrollerer Vandene".
Yu den Store fik derfor foræret tronen af den sidste sagnkejser Shun, og han udpegede sin søn Qie til at arve tronen, hvilket grundlagde Xia-dynastiet. Xia-dynastiet skulle have haft 17 herskere over de 500 år, som de traditionelt beskrives. Den sidste Xia hersker, Jie, skulle være en ondskabsfuld tyran, der blev omstyrtet af Shang-dynastiets første historiske hersker, Tang.

Hvis dynastiet virkelig har eksisteret før Shang-dynastiets opståen, så kunne det være i tidsrummet mellem cirka 2070 til cirka 1600 fvt, som det kinesiske statsprojekt Xia-Shang-Zhou-kronologiprojekt fra 1996 har foreslået.

Krøniker og tradition
Xia-dynastiet beskrives i gamle kinesiske krøniker såsom "Dokumenternes bog Shujing", "Bambusannalerne" fra år 296 fvt, samt "Optegnelser af en Storslået Historiker" af historikeren Sima Qian (145 f.kr. til 90 f.Kr), hvor grundlæggelsen af Xia-dynastiet af Yu den Store skulle være foregået omkring år 2200 fvt. Disse krøniker er dog skrevet meget senere, flere hundrede år efter det påståede dynasti skulle have eksisteret.

Der er ikke fundet nogle levn, der klart beviser Xia-dynastiets eksistens, og krønikernes påstande er derfor ikke underbygget. For eksempel har den antikke historiker Sima Qian beskrevet kongerækken af Xia-dynastiet og Shang-dynastiet.
Orakelknogler fra Shang-dynastiets tid bekræfter kun kongenavne for de historiske Shang-herskere på Simas liste, og ingen af hans navne for Xia-herskere findes på disse orakelknogler.

Det er først i Zhou-dynastiets tid, at man fandt arkæologiske inskriptioner såsom Zhous bronzeinskriptioner, der begynder at nævne Yu den Store, første sagnhersker af Xia. Disse inskriptioner kan næppe bruges som bevis, idet Yu skulle have levet et tusind år før disse blev skabt.

Erlitou-kulturen
Kinesiske arkæologer forsøger i dag at koble legenden om Xia med bronzealderens Erlitoukulturen i Erlitou, den centrale del af Henan Provinsen,
hvor der for eksempel blev afdækket et bronzesmelteværk fra omkring 2000 fvt. Tidlige markeringer fra denne periode findes på keramik og skaller, men indeholder heller ikke noget direkte information om Xia.. Der blev også fundet paladser fra bronzealderen i Erlitou, hvilket viser en veludviklet stat har eksisteret der. Alligevel er der ingen direkte forbindelse til Xia-sagn. Der er stadig stor diskussion om hvorvidt Erlitoukulturens stat overhovedet havde noget med Xia-dynastiet at gøre.

Kildehenvisninger

Kinas historie
Bronzealder i Kina

Xia-dynastiet


Keçiören Belediyesi Bağlumspor, Ankara'da 1963 yılında kurulan Keçiören Belediyesi destekli spor kulübüdür. Kulüp özellikle hokey ve futbol branşlarıyla tanınır.

Futbol
Kulübün eski adı Bağlum Belediyespordur. 2007-2008 sezonunda 3. Lig 2. Grup'ta mücadele eden ve sezonu averajla 13. sırada tamamlayan ekip Bölgesel Amatör Lig'e düşmüştür. 2014-2015 sezonunda ise Bölgesel Amatör Lig'den Ankara Süper Amatör Lig'e düşmüştür.

Dış bağlantılar

Türkiye'deki futbol kulüpleri
1967'de kurulan spor kulüpleri
Ankara'daki spor kulüpleri

Keçiören Belediyesi Bağlumspor


Dur-Sharrukin ("Fortress of Sargon"; , Syriac: ܕܘܪ ܫܪܘ ܘܟܢ), present day Khorsabad, was the Assyrian capital in the time of Sargon II of Assyria. Khorsabad is a village in northern Iraq, 15 km northeast of Mosul. The great city was entirely built in the decade preceding 706 BC. After the unexpected death of Sargon in battle, the capital was shifted 20 km south to Nineveh.

History

Sargon II ruled from 722 to 705 BC. The demands for timber and other materials and craftsmen, who came from as far as coastal Phoenicia, are documented in contemporary Assyrian letters. The debts of construction workers were nullified in order to attract a sufficient labour force. The land in the environs of the town was taken under cultivation, and olive groves were planted to increase Assyria's deficient oil-production. The great city was entirely built in the decade preceding 706 BC, when the court moved to Dur-Sharrukin, although it was not completely finished yet. Sargon was killed during a battle in 705. After his unexpected death his son and successor Sennacherib abandoned the project, and relocated the capital with its administration to the city of Nineveh, 20 km south. The city was never completed and it was finally abandoned a century later when the Assyrian empire fell.

Destruction by ISIL
On 8 March 2015 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant reportedly started the plunder and demolition of Dur-Sharrukin, according to the Kurdish official from Mosul Saeed Mamuzini. The Iraqi Tourism and Antiquities Ministry launched the related investigation on the same day. Only one looting tunnel has been found.

Description

The town was of rectangular layout and measured 1758.6 by 1635 metres. The enclosed area comprised 3 square kilometres, or 288 hectares. The length of the walls was 16280 Assyrian units, which according to Sargon himself corresponded to the numerical value of his name. The city walls were massive and 157 towers protected its sides. Seven gates entered the city from all directions. A walled terrace contained temples and the royal palace. The main temples were dedicated to the gods Nabu, Shamash and Sin, while Adad, Ningal and Ninurta had smaller shrines. A temple tower, ziggurat, was also constructed. The palace complex was situated on the northern wall of the city. At the entrance of the palace were a ramp and a large doorway with the god-protector of the city Lamassu on one side. The palace was adorned with sculptures and wall reliefs, and the gates were flanked with winged-bull shedu statues weighing up to 40 tons. Sargon supposedly lost at least one of these winged bulls in the river.

In the south-west corner of the city was located a secondary citadel, used as a control point against internal riots and foreign invasions. In addition to the great city, there was a royal hunting park and a garden that included "all the aromatic plants of Hatti and the fruit-trees of every mountain", a "record of power and conquest", as Robin Lane Fox has observed. Surviving correspondence mentions the moving of thousands of young fruit trees, quinces, almonds, apples and medlars.

On the central canal of Sargon's garden stood a pillared pleasure-pavilion which looked up to a great topographic creation: a man-made Garden Mound. This Mound was planted with cedars and cypresses and was modelled after a foreign landscape, the Amanus mountains in north Syria, which had so amazed the Assyrian kings. In their flat palace-gardens they built a replica of what they had encountered.

Archaeology
Dur-Sharrukin is roughly a square with a border marked by a city wall 24 meters thick with a stone foundation pierced
by seven massive gates. A mound in the north-east section marks the location of the palace of Sargon II. At the time of its construction, the village on the site was named Maganuba.

Early Excavations
While Dur-Sharrukin was abandoned in antiquity and thus did not attract the same level of attention as other ancient Assyrian sites, there was some awareness of the origins of the mound well before European excavation. For instance, the medieval Arab geographer Yaqut Al-Hamawi recorded that the site was called Saraoun or Saraghoun, which demonstrates the original Assyrian name was not completely forgotten before the city's rediscovery. He also reported that shortly after the early Muslim conquests, "considerable treasures were found amongst the ruins," though the extent of these early excavations are unknown.  It was during the medieval period as well when the village of Khorsabad was founded on the top of the mound. Once the European presence in northern Iraq became more substantial in the mid-nineteenth century, archaeological exploration of the site of Dur-Sharrukin was neglected in favor of seemingly more promising sites such as Nineveh or Nimrud. This situation changed in April 1843, when the French Consul General at Mosul, Paul-Émile Botta, who had been excavating at Kuyunjik (the contemporary village atop the mound of Nineveh) without success, was approached by a resident of the village of Khorsabad. The English archaeologist Austen Henry Layard recorded the event as follows:

"The small party employed by M. Botta were at work on Kouyunjik, when a peasant from a distant village chanced to visit the spot. Seeing that every fragment of brick and alabaster uncovered by the workmen was carefully preserved, he asked the reason of this, to him, strange proceeding. On being informed that they were in search of sculptured stones, he advised them to try the mound on which his village was built, and in which, he declared, many such things as they wanted had been exposed on digging for the foundations of new houses. M. Botta, having been frequently deceived by similar stories, was not at first inclined to follow the peasant's advice, but subsequently sent an agent and one or two workmen to the place. After a little opposition from the inhabitants, they were permitted to sink a well in the mound; and at a small distance from the surface they came to the top of a wall which, on digging deeper, they found to be built of sculptured slabs of gypsum. M. Botta, on receiving information of this discovery, went at once to the village, which was called Khorsabad. He directed a wider trench to be formed, and to be carried in the direction of the wall. He soon found that he had entered a chamber, connected with others, and surrounded by slabs of gypsum covered with sculptured representations of battles, sieges, and similar events. His wonder may easily be imagined. A new history had been suddenly opened to him-the records of an unknown people were before him."

The interplay between local mediators and European archaeologists in Layard's account effectively captures the necessary cooperation which enabled these early discoveries. With this initial excavation, the archaeological investigation of ancient Mesopotamia began in earnest. Unlike Kuyunjik, the Assyrian ruins at Khorsabad were much closer to the surface of the mound, and therefore it was not long before Botta and his team reached the ancient palace, leading to the discovery of numerous reliefs and sculptures. Unfortunately, this excitement was somewhat dulled by the destruction of many of these early discoveries due to sudden exposure to the outside environment. Botta's consular duties also took up a majority of his time, preventing him from organizing systematic excavations of the site, and local Ottoman authorities grew suspicious of the true intentions behind the excavations, which at this time were technically illegal, as Botta had yet to receive official permission from Constantinople for his work, a common situation with early European excavations. These difficulties caused formal excavations to cease by October 1843. Still, Botta's initial reports back to France sparked considerable scholarly interest in the project, and eventually he received more funding and an artist, Eugène Flandin, from France. By spring of 1844 then, Botta resumed further excavations of the site, which required him to purchase the village of Khorsabad itself and resettle it at the foot of the mound. However, this new site was in swampy terrain, and malaria and other diseases were a constant threat to the residents and workers. The extensive finds convinced Botta that he had uncovered the true site of Nineveh, though this would be subsequently refuted by excavations at Kuyunjik by Layard and others. By October of that year, Botta had uncovered enough of the palace to cease further excavations and attempt to deliver some of the findings to France, which required an extensive operation of carts to transport the reliefs and sculptures to Mosul, which were then transported by raft and ship to Basra on the Persian Gulf and then to Paris, where they arrived in 1847. These were the first major Assyrian finds to arrive in Europe, and they fuelled a growing fascination with the ancient civilization which would lead to further excavations.

The Qurnah Disaster

By 1852, excavations of the site had been resumed by the new French consul, Victor Place, and in 1855 another shipment of antiquities was ready to be sent back to Paris.  A cargo ship and four rafts were prepared to carry the artifacts, but even this substantial effort was over-whelmed by the sheer number of items to be transported.  Additionally, shortly after the convoy reached Baghdad, Place was summoned to his new consular post in Moldavia due to the ongoing Crimean War, and had to leave the shipment in the hands of a French schoolteacher, M. Clement to finalise its return to Paris.

More antiquities from Rawlinson's expedition to Kuyunjik and Fresnel's to Babylon were also added to the shipment. The troubles began once the convoy left Baghdad in May 1855, as the banks of the river Tigris were controlled by local sheikhs who were hostile to the Ottoman authorities and frequently raided shipping sailing by.  During the journey, the convoy was boarded several times, forcing the crew to relinquish most of their money and supplies in order to be allowed further passage on the river.

Once the convoy reached Al-Qurnah (Kurnah) it was assaulted by local pirates led by Sheikh Abu Saad, whose actions sank the main cargo ship and forced the four rafts aground shortly afterwards.  The entire shipment was almost completely lost with only 28 of over 200 crates eventually making it to the Louvre in Paris.  Subsequent efforts to recover the lost antiquities, including a Japanese expedition in 1971-2, have largely been unsuccessful.

20th Century Excavations
The site of Khorsabad was excavated between 1928–1935 by American archaeologists from the Oriental Institute in Chicago. Work in the first season was led by Edward Chiera and concentrated on the palace area. A colossal bull estimated to weigh 40 tons was uncovered outside the throne room. It was found split into three large fragments. The torso alone weighed about 20 tons. This was shipped to Chicago. The preparation and shipment of the bull back to the Oriental Institute was incredibly arduous. The remaining seasons were led by Gordon Loud and Hamilton Darby. Their work examined one of the city gates, continued work at the palace, and excavated extensively at the palace's temple complex. Since Dur-Sharrukin was a single-period site that was evacuated in an orderly manner after the death of Sargon II, few individual objects were found. The primary discoveries from Khorsabad shed light on Assyrian art and architecture.

In 1957, archaeologists from the Iraqi Department Antiquities, led by Fuad Safar excavated at the site, uncovering the temple of Sibitti.

Gallery

See also
 Cities of the ancient Near East
 Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL
 Short chronology timeline
 List of megalithic sites

Notes

References
 Bahrani, Zainab, Zeynep Çelik, and Edhem Eldem. Scramble for the Past: A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753-1914. Istanbul: SALT, 2011.
   Buckingham, James Silk, The buried city of the East, Nineveh: a narrative of the discoveries of Mr. Layard and M. Botta at Nimroud and Khorsabad, National Illustrated Library, 1851
 A. Fuchs, Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad, Cuvillier, 1994,
 A. Caubet, Khorsabad: le palais de Sargon II, roi d'Assyrie: Actes du colloque organisé au musée du Louvre par le Services culturel les 21 et 22 janvier 1994, La Documentation française, 1996,
 Guralnick, Eleanor, "The Palace at Khorsabad: A Storeroom Excavation Project." In D. Kertai and P. A. Miglus (eds.) New Research on Late Assyrian Palaces. Conference at Heidelberg January 22, 2011, 5–10. Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 15. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, 2013
 Harmand, Carine, "Sparking the Imagination: The Rediscovery of Assyria's Great Lost City." British Museum Blog. (February 1, 2019). https://blog.britishmuseum.org/sparking-the-imagination-the-rediscovery-of-assyrias-great-lost-city/.
 Larsen, Mogens Trolle. The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, 1840-1860. New York: Routledge, 1996.
 Layard, Austen Henry. Nineveh and Its Remains. Vol. I. 2nd ed. London: John Murray, 1849.
 Pfister, Samuel D. "The Qurnah Disaster: Archaeology & Piracy in Mesopotamia." Bible History Daily. (January 20, 2021). https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/the-qurnah-disaster/.
 Arno Poebel, The Assyrian King-List from Khorsabad, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 247–306, 1942
 Arno Poebel, The Assyrian King List from Khorsabad (Continued), Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 460–492, 1942
 Pauline Albenda, The palace of Sargon, King of Assyria: Monumental wall reliefs at Dur-Sharrukin, from original drawings made at the time of their discovery in 1843–1844 by Botta and Flandin, Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, 1986,

External links

 Khorsabad Relief Project - Oriental Institute
 New York Public Library

Populated places established in the 8th century BC
Populated places disestablished in the 7th century BC
Ancient Assyrian cities
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Former populated places in Iraq
Sargon II

Dur-Sharrukin


Pjesnička večer u Ujevićima je književna manifestacija koja se održava u Gornjim Ujevićima u Krivodolu. Održava se u sklopu Kulturnog ljeta, u organizaciji Kulturno-umjetničke udruge Ujević, na ljetnoj kamenoj pozornici ispod kapele sv. Mihovila (iz 1779.). Ova večer imotskih pjesnika i njihovih gostiju održava se jednom godišnje, počevši od 2011. godine. U noćima uoči sv. Lovre, pjesnici se okupljaju iznad kamenog spomenika Tina Ujevića, što ga je isklesao Ljubomir Žužul.

2016. je sudjelovalo 14 pjesnika. Drago Čondrić, Branka Buljan Petričević, Frane Livajić, Ivan Ujević, Petar (Sučević) Ujević, Vesna Ujević, Augustin Ago Kujundžić, Julija Stapić Katić, Ivan Bitanga Šujan, Ivica Šušić, Mate Buljubašić i Zvonimir Penović. Ana Ujević Begova i Mara Ožić Bebek Imotica predstavili su se aforizmima i vinskim anegdotama. U glazbenom dijelu programa pjevao je Marko Dodig Paško, koji je uglazbio slavni Tinov sonet "Hrvatskim mučenicima".

Izvori

Hrvatske književne manifestacije
Podbablje

Pjesnička večer u Ujevićima


Le Royal Naval Air Station Culdrose ou RNAS Culdrose, également connu sous le nom de HMS Seahawk  ICAO : EGDR) est une base aérienne de la Royal Navy près de Helston sur la péninsule de Lizard en Cornouailles au Royaume-Uni, et est l'une des plus grandes bases d'hélicoptères en Europe.

Son rôle principal est de servir les escadrons d'hélicoptères EH101 Merlin de première ligne de la Fleet Air Arm. La base possède aussi une installation de secours proche, le Royal Naval Air Station Predannack datant de 1941.

Historique

Unités
Unités volantes et non volantes basées au RNAS Culdrose du Fleet Air Arm

700 Naval Air Squadron - ScanEagle RM1 et RQ-20 Puma
750 Naval Air Squadron - Avenger T1
814 Naval Air Squadron - Merlin HM2
820 Naval Air Squadron - Merlin HM2
824 Naval Air Squadron - Merlin HM2
Merlin Training Facility (Centre de formation sur Merlin)
1700 Naval Air Squadron
Engineering Training Section
Merlin Depth Maintenance Facility
Naval Flying Standards Flight (Rotary Wing)
School of Flight Deck Operations
HMS Seahawk Volunteer Band

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
  RNAS Culdrose - Site aviationsmilitaires.net

Liens internes
 United Kingdom Carrier Strike Group 21
 HMS Gannet

Base aéronavale de la Royal Navy
Aéroport en Angleterre
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1947
Histoire des Cornouailles
Fleet Air Arm

Royal Naval Air Station Culdrose


Community service is unpaid work performed by a person or group of people for the benefit and betterment of their community without any form of compensation. Community service can be distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis and may be compulsory. While individual benefits may be realized, they may be performed for a variety of reasons, including citizenship requirements, alternatives to criminal justice sanctions, school or class requirements, and requisites to obtain certain benefits.

Background
Community service is a non-paying job performed by one person or a group of people for the benefit of their community or its institutions. Community service is distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis. It may be performed for a variety of reasons.
 It may be required by a government as a part of citizenship requirements, like the mandatory "Hand and hitch-up services" for some municipalities in Germany, or generally in lieu of military service or for civil conscription services.
 It may be required as a substitution of, or in addition to, other criminal justice sanctions – when performed for this reason it may also be referred to as community payback or compensatory service.
 It may be mandated by schools to meet the requirements of a class, such as in the case of service-learning or to meet the requirements of graduating as class valedictorian.
 In the UK, it has been made a condition of the receipt of certain benefits.  (see Workfare in the United Kingdom)
 In Sweden it is a suspended sentence called "samhällstjänst" ("society service").

Reasons

Some educational jurisdictions in the United States require students to perform community service hours to graduate from high school. In some high schools in Washington, for example, students must finish 200 hours of community service to get a diploma. Some school districts in Washington, including Seattle Public Schools, differentiate between community service and "service learning", requiring students to demonstrate that their work has contributed to their education. If a student in high school is taking an Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) course, community service is often needed. Whether American public schools could require volunteer hours for high school graduation was challenged in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District, but the court found no violation.

Many other high schools do not require community service hours for graduation, but still see an impressive number of students get involved in their communities. For example, in Palo Alto, California, students at Palo Alto High School log about 45,000 hours of community service every year. As a result, the school's College and Career Center awards 250–300 students the President's Volunteer Service Award every year for their hard work.

Colleges in the United States

Though not technically considered a requirement, many colleges include community service as an unofficial requirement for acceptance. However, some colleges prefer work experience over community service, and some require that their students also continue community service for some specific number of hours to graduate. Some schools also offer unique "community service" courses, awarding credit to students who complete a certain number of community service hours. Some academic honor societies, along with some fraternities and sororities in North America, require community service to join and others require each member to continue doing community service.

Many students organizations exist for the purpose of community service, the largest of which is Alpha Phi Omega. Community service projects are also done by sororities and fraternities.

Beginning in the 1980s, colleges began using service-learning as a pedagogy. A partnership of college presidents began in 1985 with the initiative of boosting community service in their colleges. This alliance called Campus Compact, led the way for many other schools to adopt service-learning courses and activities.

Service-learning courses vary widely in time span, quality, and in the balance of "service" and "learning" stressed in the course. A typical service-learning course, however, has these factors in common:
 A service component where the student spends time serving in the community meeting actual needs
 A learning component where students seek out or are taught information—often both interpersonal and academic—that they integrate into their service
 A reflection component that ties service and learning together
Reflection is sometimes symbolized by the hyphen in the term "service-learning" to indicate that it has a central role in learning by serving. Reflection is simply a scheduled consideration of one's own experiences and thoughts. This can take many forms, including journals, blogs, and discussions.

Service-learning courses present learning the material in context, meaning that students often learn effectively and tend to apply what was learned. As the book Where's the Learning in Service-Learning? notes, "Students engaged in service-learning are engaged in authentic situations; they get to know real people whose lives are affected by these issues… As a result, they have lots of questions—real questions that they want to have answered." Thus, students become interested and motivated to learn the materials to resolve their questions.

Community service learning strives to connect or re-connect students with serving their community after they finish their course. It creates a bridge for the lack of community service found among college-age people in the United States.

Community service-learning
The one serving may be able to take something away from the experience and be able to use any newfound knowledge or interpersonal discoveries to improve their future servitude and the people around them. To gain the most from community service requires balancing learning with serving. Learning and serving at the same time improves a student's community while teaching life lessons and building character.

Community service-learning is "about leadership development as well as traditional information and skill acquisition". Therefore, the combination of people doing service and learning at the same time teaches them how to be effective and how to be effective regarding what is important to them. It can improve their overall experience and application opportunities they gain from it. By adding service to learning, and balancing the two, community service can become more than just the act of serving. The goal of service-learning is to achieve large change through small actions. By being a classroom, a hands-on learning experience, and an opportunity to change the community, people are able to not only serve, but impact themselves as well.

Definition
According to Fayetteville State University, "service learning is a process of involving students in community service activities combined with facilitated means for applying the experience to their academic and personal development. It is a form of experiential education aimed at enhancing and enriching student learning in course material. When compared to other forms of experiential learning like internships and cooperative education, it is similar in that it is student-centered, hands-on and directly applicable to the curriculum."

Professor Freddy Cardoza defines community service-learning as "a pedogogy (or a specific teaching-learning approach) that has few lectures, and is a more interactive hands on educational strategy which provides students with instruction while leading them through meaningful community service experiences and engaging them in personal reflection on those experiences in order to build character and to teach problem-solving skills and civic responsibility." Cardoza stressed that it was important for a student take some time and reflect on what they are experiencing, seeing, doing, and what problems they are encountering and how they are going to apply what they have been learning to solve these problems. In other words, service-learning aims to link the personal and interpersonal development with cognitive development, as well as equipping the student with critical knowledge to help them understand the world.

Character.org defines service-learning as "different than community service in several key ways. Service learning includes student leadership, reflective and academic components, and chances for celebration once the service activity has been successfully completed. Students reflect on community needs, ways to help, and once their service has been completed, they can internalise how their efforts have helped, while learning more about academics such as geography, math, or science."

Critical service learning
For community service to be effective, a different sector of community service learning; critical service, emerged in colleges throughout nations. The emergence of critical service learning in colleges had to do with solving the question of how students can create longstanding, effective change in the services they do for their communities.Critical service learning is centered around teaching and learning methods that focus on the transformation of power and deconstructions of systemic inequalities through community engagement by students. According to Mitchell, there are three different approaches required to achieve a critical learning service status. These are: redistributing power to marginalized groups of people; developing meaningful partnerships with community members/partners and those in the classroom; and, approaching service learning through the lens of making impactful social change. The ultimate goal of this sector is to connect students' services to their learning discourses. Students then ask themselves how their services create political and social change in these communities. Meeting individual needs in relation to poverty is not the main focus for critical service learning. Instead it is to address how students can become agents of social change and dismantle the institutions that allow for inequalities to exist in the communities they serve in the first place.

Background of Critical Service Learning
Critical service learning emerged though the ideologies of Dewey in 1902. His main goal was reconnecting education and communities. He argued that it was essential that students took their learning discourses and used it to connect to their personal experiences. Doing this would allow for social development and the well-being of communities. Between World War 1 and World War 2 Kilpatrick, a  progressive leader, introduced "the project method" to educational practices. He stressed the importance of introducing social reforms that focused on the livelihood of persons outside of the classrooms. Some attempts to create policy for critical service learning started in the 50s and continued through the 60s. In the 50s, The Citizenship Education Project set precedents to understanding the frameworks between learning in the classrooms and action in the communities. This precedent led to many more political reform efforts to incorporate critical service learning into education in the 70s. Many educational institutions introduced political proposals that focused on the integration of learning and civic engagement with communities. Reform documents were not made until the 80s but Reagan and his era had already moved past progressivism and towards neoliberalism. Since reforms in the past 100 years  haven't seemed to work, educational leaders and schools have made critical service learning into more grassroots type movements. By not focusing on state reforms, critical service learning has now become a methodology in University programs and other local organizations. Community and Critical service brings an opportunity of change for students and for the communities they serve.

Court ordered service

People convicted of a crime may be required to perform community service or to work for agencies in the sentencing jurisdiction either entirely or partially as a substitution of other judicial remedies and sanctions, such as incarceration or fines. For instance, a fine may be reduced in exchange for a prescribed number of hours of community service. The court may allow the defendant to choose their community service, which must then be documented by "credible agencies", such as non-profit organizations, or may mandate a specific service.

Sometimes the sentencing is specifically targeted to the defendant's crime, for example, a litterer may have to clean a park or roadside, or a drunk driver might appear before school groups to explain why drunk driving is a crime. Also, a sentence allowing for a broader choice may prohibit certain services that the offender would reasonably be expected to perform anyway.

Corporate social responsibility
Some employers involve their staff in some kind of community service programming, such as with the United Way of America. This may be completely voluntary or a condition of employment, or anything in between.

In addition, approximately 40% of Fortune 500 companies offer volunteer grant programs where companies provide monetary donations to nonprofit organizations in recognition of their employee's volunteerism (e.g. $500 volunteer grant after 25 hours of community service).

Worldwide examples
Community service in the United States is often similar to that in Canada. In Europe and Australia, community service is an option for many criminal sentences as an alternative to incarceration. In the United Kingdom, community service is now officially referred to by the Home Office as more straightforward compulsory unpaid work. Compulsory unpaid work includes up to 300 hours of activities, such as conservation work, cleaning up graffiti, or working with a charity. The Howard League for Penal Reform (the world's oldest prison reform organization) is a prominent advocate for increased community sentencing to reduce prison population and improve rehabilitation.

Starting in 2010, Danish high school students receive a special diploma if they complete at least 20 hours of voluntary work.

The International Baccalaureate program formerly required 50 hours of community service, together with a written reflection on the service performed, to fulfill the requirement of 150 hours of CAS (creativity, action, and service) and receive an IB Diploma.

Florence Nightingale organized fundraisers to raise money for the hospital and arrange more stable living conditions to improve the health of the soldiers in the hospital. Florence Nightingale served a specific group of people and benefited the public—which is an example of community service.

Community service for institutions
Many institutions require and/or give incentive to students or employees alike to volunteer their time to community service programs. From volunteering to participating in such charity events like walks or runs, institutes continue the practice or requiring their employees or students to grow in camaraderie while giving back to various communities. Many institutions also provide opportunities for employees and students to work together, and most student groups participate in their own form of community service. Each is unique in its own right; all are incredibly popular with employees; and in all of these programs, human resources plays an integral role.

One such program, Johns Hopkins University, under the leadership of Johns Hopkins University president Ronald J. Daniels and the chief executive officer of Baltimore City Schools, the university's human resources and community affairs departments worked with the school system to develop the Johns Hopkins Takes Time for Schools program in 2009, launching it on March 3, 2010. The program is a service partnership aimed at providing support and assistance to Baltimore City Schools (BCS) while providing faculty and staff an avenue for community service, offering their talents to the city's youth and improving the administrative and educational capacities of the area's school system.

Some institutes even give their students or employees a guaranteed number of days or weeks of leave for certain acceptable community service programs. One example is East Carolina University, which gives 24 hours of community service leave for full-time employees per year as an incentive and compensation for community service.

Religious reasons for serving
Religion is one of the greatest motivating forces behind community service. "Although beneficence and good works are also important secular goals, religion remains one of the major motivating forces behind community service." All the major religious groups emphasize values of charity, compassion, and community.

Beyond required community service, some religious groups emphasize serving one's community. These groups and churches reach out by holding Vacation Bible Schools for children, hosting Red Cross blood drives, having fall carnivals, or offering free meals. Through these services, churches are able to benefit neighborhoods and families. Some churches create non-profit organizations that can help the public. Crisis pregnancy centers are often run by religious groups to promote pro-life values in local families. To meet impoverished people's needs, some churches provide a food pantry or start a homeless shelter. Also, certain churches provide day care so that busy parents can work.

Christian service
Christianity promotes community service, in fact, volunteer work is popular amongst churches. According to Diana R. Garland, a professor of social work at Baylor University in Texas, "In the United States, congregations serve as a major source of volunteers, with church attendance known to be the best general predictor of involvement in volunteering." Some non-governmental (NGO) community service organizations were founded by Christians seeking to put their beliefs into practice. Three prominent examples are Samaritan's Purse, Salvation Army, and Habitat for Humanity.

Samaritan's Purse was inspired by a prayer of evangelist Robert Pierce, "Let my heart be broken for the things which break the heart of God." After traveling through Asia and seeing first-hand the suffering of impoverished children, lepers, and orphans—in 1970, Pierce founded Samaritan's Purse. Today, Samaritan's Purse reaches millions of people across the globe by providing aid such as disaster relief, medical assistance, and child care. A notable Samaritan's Purse project is Operation Christmas Child headed by Franklin Graham.

The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth and his wife Catherine Booth in 1865. Booth was a Methodist minister and preacher on the streets of London. His tent meetings gathered crowds of drunkards, prostitutes and thieves who eventually became the first "soldiers" in the army, which has grown to 1,442,388 members in 126 countries. The Salvation Army's motto is "Doing the Most Good" and does so by providing aid such as shelter, food, clothing, spiritual training and disaster relief.

Habitat for Humanity provides housing for people in need. Founded by Millard Fuller, its vision is to "...put God's love into action by bringing people together to build homes, communities and hope". Habitat for Humanity has built or repaired over 800,000 homes and served more than 4 million people worldwide since its creation in 1976. They describe their vision as "...a world where everyone has a decent place to live".

Muslim Service

Islam promotes volunteerism by calling on its followers to provide their time, knowledge, and wealth of their own free will. In Islam one of the pillars of the religion is Zakat which is the obligatory form of charity especially to the needy. There are two different forms of volunteerism in Islam.

The first form of Volunteering involves spending money or providing physical support in order to help others. This can be a form of Zakat or Sadaqah. These two acts of volunteering also counts as forms of worship for the sake of spiritual purification. This form is called Al-Mujahadah fi sabil Allah bi al-Amwal, which means, striving in the cause of Allah with one's goods (Sulaiman).

The second form of volunteering involves providing goods and services without spending money. An example providing a service without spending money would be, "visiting the sick, being an attendant to the blind, collection and distribution of donations, constructing houses (for the homeless), schools (for the poor children), orphanages, retirement centers, nursing homes, hospitals and working in the Nongovernment Islamic Organizations that need volunteers due to limited resources"(Sulaiman). The second example would be," providing intellectual support, for example, being a teacher or tutor for the poor" (Sulaiman).

Personal benefits of serving
Community service also allows those participating to reflect on the difference they are making in society. Some participants of a community service project may find themselves gaining a greater understanding of their roles in the community, as well as the impact of their contributions towards those in need of service. Because community service outlets vary, those who serve are exposed to many different kinds of people, environments, and situations.

A benefit of participating in community service is to gain greater experience and benefits to help individuals to gain advantages for their careers. According to "The Give and Take of Volunteering: Motives, Benefits, and Personal Connections among Irish Volunteers", " Career benefits took different forms depending on the person's career stage and on the type of work involved"(McKeena). At the beginning of a profession, volunteering could be beneficial, giving people at a more practical level of hands-on experience in health and social care, while persons at a more advanced level of their careers achieved career-related benefits from high-level relationships for job-related reasons (Mckenna).

With each new community service project, some participants may gain insightful experience in a variety of areas. Participants may also internalize the information that they found personally insightful for future use. While simply performing community service is valuable to the recipients, those serving often find it beneficial to pause and reflect on how they are changing society for the better. Schools often take students on community service projects so they can learn how their individual actions affect the well-being of the public. Participants may find that serving the public fosters a more solidified view of self and purpose.

Those involved in community service learning may also find that after serving the community for an extended period of time, they have an advantage in real-world experience. Eventually, the skills and knowledge obtained while working with the community may be applied in future areas of work. Community service may also increase a participant's social connectivity. Because most community service opportunities allow others to interact and work with other individuals, this service may help volunteers network and connect with others towards a common goal.

People gain the most from their community service projects when they volunteer their time to help people that they have never interacted with before. This direct contact allows people to see life from a different perspective and reevaluate their opinions of others. Many young people who get involved in community service come out with a more well-rounded worldview.

Another benefit in participating in community service is a greater understanding and appreciation for diversity. Appreciating other cultures and breaking down stereotypes is important to becoming a responsible citizen and better person. By participating in a community service project where interaction is required, personal relationships can begin to grow. These personal relationships help people have informal and consistent interactions that through time, often breakdown negative stereotypes.

These relationships can also facilitate more opinions and viewpoints surrounding various topics that help participants to grow in diversity. Stereotypes can be defined as, "believing unfairly that all people or things with a specific characteristic are the same." Stereotypes often reveal themselves in quick judgments based solely off of visible characteristics. These judgments move into a biased opinion when you believe that these judgments are always true. These stereotypes can be harmful to both personal relationships and relationships within the work place. Community service helps people to realize that everyone does not fall into these preconceived ideas.

Along with breaking down stereotypes, community service work can assist people in realizing that those they are helping and working with are no different from themselves. This realization can lead to empathizing with others. Learning to understand the needs and motivations of others, especially those who live different lives from our own, is an important part of living a productive life. This leads to a view of humanity that can help a person stay free of biased opinions of others and can lead to a more diverse and ultimately more productive and thought provoking life.

Also, volunteer work that's relevant to your job position can be added as work experience in your resume. According to U.S. News & World Report, "If your volunteer work is relevant to the job position, you may want to include it under the professional or work experience sections on your resume." This depends on how long you've worked as a volunteer. If you don't have more than 2 years of experience, it's not worthwhile to list your community service as work experience.

Choosing the right strategy
Civilians have a desire and aptitude to organize themselves apart from government to address the needs in their communities. However, making sure an effort has a positive effect on society requires clear analysis and a strategy. Analysis identifies root causes of problems that project implementation must address. Individuals, like neighborhoods, enjoy permanent change only if it is an inner one—and the greatest form of community service is encouraging that inner change.

Abraham Kuyper advocates sphere sovereignty, which honors the independence and autonomy of the "intermediate bodies" in society, such as schools, press, business, and the arts. He champions the right of every community to operate its own organizations and manage its own groups, with the foundational belief that parents know what their child really needs, and that local people are more capable of helping fellow locals. Those who agree with his views perceive community service as a tool of empowerment that can help people achieve better employment and lifestyle, avoiding what they see as destructive decision making for mal-established goals by poorly developed community service efforts.

Amy L. Sherman, in her book Restorers of Hope, suggests that community service planning should be made with the valuable opinion of the local residents, since they have firsthand knowledge of the inside realities of their community's current state. Making them a part of the movement, change or project creates in the members of the community a sense of belonging and hope.

A joint study by Duraiappah et al suggests that a more effective approach to community service focuses on increased participation of local people in decision making and collaborative partnerships. For Duraiappah et al, the goal is "a bottom up approach in which participants become agents of change and decision making." This is accomplished through several principles: inclusion, equal partnership, transparency, sharing power, sharing responsibility, empowerment, and cooperation. Being cognizant of who is given a voice in defining the need for community service, and the ways in which these issues are approached, is one of the first steps in recognizing spaces in which participation can be increased.

References

External links

 Perez, Shivaun, "Assessing Service Learning Using Pragmatic Principles of Education: A Texas Charter School Case Study" (2000). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 76.

Civil society
Volunteering

sv:Samhällstjänst

Community service


Swanley es una parroquia civil y una villa del distrito de Sevenoaks, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Swanley tiene una superficie de 9,13 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Swanley tenía 20 986 habitantes (48,19% varones, 51,81% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 2298,58 hab/km². El 21,4% eran menores de 16 años, el 72,19% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 6,41% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 38,56 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 25,95% estaban solteros, el 58,27% casados y el 15,78% divorciados o viudos.

El 96,18% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,37% de la población, mientras que el 2,44% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 97,5% eran blancos, el 0,86% mestizos, el 0,71% asiáticos, el 0,35% negros, el 0,41% chinos y el 0,14% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 76,52%, el budismo por el 0,18%, el hinduismo por el 0,26%, el judaísmo por el 0,07%, el islam por el 0,64%, el sijismo por el 0,04% y cualquier otra religión por el 0,22%. El 14,56% no eran religiosos y el 7,51% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

10 034 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 9639 de ellos (96,06%) empleados y 395 (3,94%) desempleados. Había 8342 hogares con residentes, 125 vacíos y 8 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Hermanamientos
  Verrières-le-Buisson (Francia).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Swanley


كريستوفر آشتون كوتشر  ممثل وعارض أزياء ولد في 7 فبراير 1978 في آيوا بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

بداياته
ولد كوتشر في سيدار رابيدس بولاية ايوا لوالده لاري كوتشر، الذي كان يعمل في مصنع جنرال ميلز ووالدته ديان كوتشر (ني
فينيغان)، وهي عاملة في شركة بروكتر آند جامبل. كما أنه له أصول أيرلندية من جانب والدته. ولدى كوتشر شقيقة أكبر سنا، وهي توشا، وتوأم له، وهو مايكل، والذي أجرى عملية زرع قلب عندما كان هو وكوتشر صغار.كانت طفولة كوتشر من النوع الصعب، فهو شخص مغامر، كما قام بالعديد من الوظائف غير الدائمة، مثل النجارة، ووظائف أخرى متعلقة بحياة المزرعة.

التحق كوتشر بمدرسة واشنطن الثانوية في سيدر رابيدس، ولاية ايوا لمدة عام تقريبا عندما انتقلت أسرته إلى تيفن، ولاية آيوا، حيث التحق فيها بمدرسة كلير- كريك امانا الثانوية. وفي هذه الأثناء، كانت حياته الأسرية مضغوطة.وقال كوتشر «لم أكن أرغب في العودة إلى المنزل لأجد المزيد من الانباء السيئة عن أخي» و«احتفظت بنفسي مشغولا حتى لم أسمح لنفسي بالإحساس.»  واعترف كوتشر بأنه كان يفكر بالانتحار في سن المراهقة.وفي الثالثة عشرة، حاول أن يقفز من شرفة المستشفى، ولكن والده تدخل في اللحظة الأخيرة. وبحلول ذلك الوقت، تطلق والديه. وخلال سنة تخرجه من المدرسة الثانوية، اقتحم كوتشر وابن عمه المدرسة الثانوية أثناء الليل في محاولة لسرقة الأموال؛ وتم القبض عليه وهو يغادر المكان.واتهم بتمهمة السطو من الدرجة الثالثة وحكم عليه بالسجن لمدة ثلاث سنوات تحت المراقبة و180 ساعة في خدمة المجتمع. وقال كوتشر عن هذه التجربة «التي قومته»، أنه فقد صديقته والمنح الدراسية الجامعية المنتظرة، كما جعلته منبوذ في مدرسنه ومجتمعه.

والتحق كوتشر بجامعة أيوا،حيث تخصص في هندسة الكيمياء الحيوية (ولكنه لم يحصل على الدرجة)، بدافع من الرغبة في إيجاد علاج لأخيه بمرضه في القلب. وطرد من شقته، وهو في جامعة ولاية ايوا، لأنه كان مزعج جداً ومشاغب. وقال كوتشر "كنت أعتقد أنني أعرف كل شيء ولكن لم يكن لدي أدنى فكرة. فكنت احتفل، وفي العديد من الأيام كنت استيقظ في الصباح لأعرف ماذا فعلت في الليلة السابقة. لقد سلكت طريقاً صعب جدا. فأنا مندهش أنني لست ميت. وكان كوتشر عضوا في أخوية دلتا تشي. ولتغطية نفقاتهم، كان يعمل كوتشر في الصيف في قسم الحبوب في مصنع جنرال ميلز للنبات في سيدار رابيدس، وأحياناً كان يتبرع بالدم من أجل المال. وخلال الفترة التي قضاها في الجامعة، تم اكتشافه من قبل كشاف للنجوم في حانة تسمى "ايرلينر في ايوا سيتي"، ولاية أيوا، وتم تجنيده للدخول في مسابقة العارضين "الوجوه الجديدة في ولاية أيوا".وبعد حصوله على المركز الأول، فاز برحلة إلى مدينة نيويورك من أجل اتفاقية مؤسسة العارضين والموهوبين العالمية (IMTA).وبعد إقامته في مدينة نيويورك عاد أشتون إلى دياره في سيدار رابيدس، أيوا قبل إعادة انتقاله إلى لوس انجلوس لمتابعة عمله.

مشواره الفني
تابع عمله كعارض أزياء حتى انتقل كوتشر إلى لوس انجلوس بعد العديد من النجاحات في مجال عرض الأزياء، بعد أول تجربة أداء له، حيث قام بأداء دور مايكل كيلسو في المسلسل التلفزيوني That '70s Show، والذي بدأ عرضه عام 1998 وانتهى في 2006.وقام كوتشر بالتمثيل في سلسلة من الأفلام، على الرغم من أنه أجرى تجربة أداء ولكنه لم يرشح لدور داني ووكر في بيرل هاربر (2001)،  ومثل في العديد من الأفلام الكوميدية التي لاقت استحساناً في شباك التذاكر. مثل فيلم Dude، وفيلم أين سيارتي؟ (2000)، و فقط متزوج (فيلم) (2003)، واحزر من (2005). وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، ظهر كوتشر في الفيلم العائلي «أرخص بالدزينة» Cheaper By The Dozen، حيث قام بدور ممثل مهووس بنفسه. وكان دوره في فيلم تأثير الفراشة في 2004 دور درامي غير معتاد، حيث لعب دور شاب تتعارض ظروفه ويقع في الحب مع فتاة اسمها كايلي؛ وحصل الفيلم على ردود فعل سلبية ومختلطة، ولكنه لاقى نجاحاً في شباك التذاكر. رشح لدور البطولة في فيلم (بيرل هاربر) لكنه فشل في الاختبار فاسند الدور إلى الممثل جوش هارتنيت.

في عام 2003، قام كوتشر بإنتاج وتمثيل مسلسه الخاص على قناة MTV's Punk'd حيث قام بدور المضيف. حيث تضمن البرنامج العديد من خدع الكاميرات الخفية على المشاهير.كما يعتبر كوتشر منتج تنفيذي لبرامج تلفزيون الواقع "الجمال والهوس"، و"مغامرة في هوليوود (يدور حول مجموعة السطو ثلاثة 6 مافيا)، وبرنامج "محطمون العرس الحقيقي"، وبرنامج الألعاب "دقات الفرص". وجاءت العديد من قروض الإنتاج له، مثل Punk'd من أفلام كاتاليست، وهي شركة إنتاج يقوم بإدارتها مع شريكه جايسون جولدبيرج.

بسبب تضارب المواعيد المقررة مع تصوير فيلم الجارديان، اضطر أشتون على عدم تجديد عقده للموسم الثامن والأخير من مسلسل That That 70s Show، على الرغم من أنه قد ظهر في أول أربعة حلقات من المسلسل (على أنه نجم ضيف خاص) وعاد في الحلقات النهائية من المسلسل.

كوتشر هو جزء من فريق إدارة Ooma، وهو موقع تكنولجي أطلق في سبتمبر 2007. عبر بروتوكولات الأعمال عبر الصوت للإنترنت ودور أشتون هو بمثابة المخرج الإبداعي. فهو يقود حملة تسويق وإنتاج أشرطة الفيديو من أجل الترويج لهذه الخدمة. كما أبدع كوتشر أيضاً في الذراع التفاعلية لـ كتاليست اسمه وسائل إعلام كتاليست مع شريكه من أفلام كتاليست، جايسون جولدبيرج.وموقعهم للرسوم المتحركة الأول هو، بلاه جيرلز Blah Girls.

حياته الشخصية
كان متزوجا من الممثلة الأمريكية ديمي مور التي تكبره في السن بستة عشر عاما. بعد ذلك انفصلا وتزوج بالممثلة ميلا كونيس التي مثلت معه في مسلسل عرض السبعينات ذاك.

أعماله

كممثل

(2013)
(Jobs)
(Steven Jobs)

كمنتج

ألعاب الفيديو
 فتح لعبة الموسم  ب (صوت) إليوت

الجوائز التي حصل عليها
 جوائز كيدز تشويس
 2004—أفضل ممثل سينمائي عن دوره في فيلم Just Married، وابنة رئيسي وأرخص بالدستة- مرشح
 2005—الممثل التلفزيون المفضل '' لـ That '70s Show وPunk'd - مرشح
 2007—الصوت المفضل في الكارتون - رشح
 2004—ممثل التلفزيون المفضل لـ That '70s Show وPunk'd
 جائزة مجتمع نقاد الفيلم في لاس فيجاس
 2000—جائزة سييرا لأفضل ذكر وافد جديد دود، أين سيارتي؟''—مرشح
 جوائز توزيع ام. تي. في
 2001—أفضل أداء لممثل صاعد عن دوره Dude, Where's My Car? - مرشح

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 صور وأخبار أشتون كوتشر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سيدار رابيدز
أصحاب أعمال من آيوا
أصحاب رؤوس أموال أمريكيون
أمريكيون ممارسون للجيوجيتسو البرازيلية
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل تشيكي
توائم أمريكيون
خبراء ماليون أمريكيون
خريجو جامعة أيوا
رؤساء تنفيذيون أمريكيون من شركات خدمات مالية
صانعو مقالب
عارضو أزياء أمريكيون
عارضو أزياء من آيوا
قباليون
كاثوليك سابقون
كتاب مذكرات أمريكيون
مستثمرون أمريكيون
مشاركون أمريكيون في برامج تلفزيون الواقع
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون من سيدار رابيدز
ممثلون من ولاية آيوا
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1978
مواليد في سيدار رابيدز
يهود أمريكيون

أشتون كوتشر


An Hypolaena viridis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Barbara Gillian Briggs ngan Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson. An Hypolaena viridis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypolaena, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hypolaena

Hypolaena viridis


Silikon veya polisiloksan, siloksan'dan (−R2Si−O−SiR2−, burada R = organik grup) oluşan bir polimer'dir. Bunlar genellikle renksiz yağlar veya kauçuk benzeri maddelerdir. Silikonlar, dolgu macunlarında, yapıştırıcılarda, yağlayıcılarda, tıpta, pişirme kaplarında, ısı ve elektrik yalıtımında kullanılır. Bazı yaygın biçimler arasında silikon yağı, silikon gresi, silikon kauçuk, silikon reçine ve silikon kalafat bulunur.

Kimya

Daha kesin olarak polimerize edilmiş siloksan'lar veya polisiloksanlar olarak adlandırılan silikonlar, her silikon merkezine bağlı iki organik gruplu inorganik silikon-oksijen omurga zinciri'nden (⋯−Si−O−Si−O−Si−O−⋯)  oluşur. Genellikle organik gruplar metildir. Malzemeler döngüsel veya polimerik olabilir. −Si−O− zincir uzunluklarını, yan grupları ve çapraz bağlama değiştirilerek, silikonlar çok çeşitli özellikler ve bileşimlerle sentezlenebilir. Sıvıdan jele, kauçuğa ve sert plastiğe kadar kıvamda değişebilirler. En yaygın siloksan lineer polidimetilsiloksan (PDMS), bir silikon yağı'dır.
İkinci en büyük silikon malzeme grubu,  dallı ve kafes benzeri oligosiloksanlardan oluşan silikon reçine'ye dayanır..

Terminoloji ve tarih
F. S. Kipping, 1901'de polidifenilsiloksan, Ph2SiO (Ph, fenil anlamına gelir, C6H5) formülünü anlatmak için, keton benzofenon, Ph2CO formülüne benzer şekilde (terimi orijinal olarak "silikoketon" idi) "silikon" kelimesini türetti.
Kipping, polidifenilsiloksanın polimerik olduğunu, benzofenonun ise monomerik olduğunu çok iyi biliyordu ve Ph2SiO ve Ph2CO'nun zıt özelliklerine dikkat çekti.
Kipping'in molekülleri ile ketonlar arasındaki yapısal farklılıkların keşfedilmesi, "silikon"un artık doğru terim olmadığı (genel kullanımda kalsa da) ve modern kimya terminolojinin terminolojisine göre "siloksan" teriminin tercih edildiği anlamına gelir.

İngilizce'de "silicon" olarak tabir edilen ve dilimizde "silisyum" olarak kullanılan element ise silikon polimerinden farklıdır. Silisyum bir kimyasal element, sert koyu gri bir yarı iletken metaloid'dir ve kristalçizgi (ingilizce: crystalline) biçiminde entegre devre'ler  (elektronik çipler") ve güneş pil'leri yapmak için kullanılır. Siloksan olarak tabir edilen ve dilimizde kullanılan silikon, karbon, hidrojen, oksijen ve belki başka tür atomları da içeren ve çok farklı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahip bileşiklerdir.

Artık silanonlar olarak adlandırılan ancak "silikon" adını hak edebilecek olan silikon-oksijen çift bağları içeren bileşikler, mikroelektronik üretiminde kimyasal buhar biriktirme ve yanma yoluyla seramik oluşumu gibi gaz fazlı işlemlerde uzun süredir ara ürünleri olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Bununla birlikte, siloksanlara polimerleşmek için güçlü bir eğilime sahiptirler. İlk kararlı silanon 2014 yılında A. Filippou ve diğerleri tarafından elde edildi.

Özellikleri
Düşük ısı iletkenliği
Düşük kimyasal duyarlılığı
Elektriksel yalıtkanlılığı

Kullanımı
Otomotiv
Hava sahası

Dış bağlantılar
 Silikon Polimer  Bilimi (Çevrimiçi Silikon Bilimi, Merkezi Européen des Silicones: CES)

Kaynakça

Tutkal
Termosetler
Kozmetik kimyasalları

Silikon


Sicim teorisi, parçacık fiziğinde, kuantum mekaniği ile Einstein'in genel görelilik kuramını birleştiren bir teori. "Sicim" adı, klasik yaklaşımda "sıfır boyutlu noktalar" şeklinde tarif edilen atomaltı parçacıkların, aslında "bir boyutlu ve ipliksi varlıklar" olabileceği varsayımına dayanır.

Sicim kuramı, belirli bir biçimde titreşen ipliksilerin, kütle ve yük gibi özelliklere sahip parçacıklar gibi davranabileceğini söyler. 1980'lerde fizikçiler, sicim kuramının doğadaki başlıca dört güç (kütleçekimi, elektromanyetizma, güçlü etkileşim [kuvvetli nükleer güç] ve zayıf etkileşim [zayıf nükleer güç]) ile maddenin tüm türlerini bir kuantum mekanik modelinde (uzun süredir beklenen "birleşik alan teorisi") birleştirme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu fark ettiler.

Sicim kuramı hızla gelişen ve üzerinde çok çalışılan bir alan olmakla birlikte, henüz deneysel gözlemi mümkün olmamış, matematiksel bir modeldir.

Detaylar
Kuramdaki temel fikir, gerçekliğin esas bileşenlerinin rezonans frekanslarında titreşen ve Planck uzunluğunda olan (10−35 mm civarı) sicimler olduğudur.

Sicim teoremi 6 yeni boyut daha önerir, fakat bu boyutları standart anlamdaki mekân ve zaman boyutları değil, bunlara bağlı alt boyutlar gibi tanımlar (bildiğimiz 3 uzay ve 1 zaman boyutu üzerinde dairesel olarak katlanmış ekstra boyutlar).Örnek olarak bu boyutlardan biri 5. boyut olan paralel evren veya zamanda kırılma yaşanılan boyuttur. Bilindiği gibi herhangi bir atomdaki herhangi bir elektron bile katman değiştirse yeni bir paralel evren oluşabilir. Yine örnek olarak çok ince bir tel düşünelim 2 mm kalınlığında, bu tel uzaktan bakılınca bizim için tek boyutlu bir doğrudur, diğer boyutları bizim için yok gibidir. Fakat bu telin üzerinde hareket eden bir karınca için telin üzerinde sağa ve sola gidip tur atılabilir ve o yönlerde de boyut vardır. İşte o boyutlar ancak o seviyeye inince anlam kazanır ve her zaman gözükmezler. Membranların oluşturduğu parçacıkların da çok küçük yüzeyler olduğu ve onların seviyesine inince anlaşılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu yüzeyler farklı titreşimlerle farklı atom altı parçacıkları, bu atomaltı parçacıklar da birleşerek atomları oluşturmaktadırlar.

Atomun temel yapıtaşlarından biri olan proton aslında kendisini oluşturan alt parçacıklardan oluşmaktadır. Bu parçacıklar, hızlandırıcı ve çarpıştırıcı laboratuvarlarda yapılan deneylerle bulunmuşlardır; fakat, "bu parçacıkların altında hangi parçacıklar bulunmaktadır" ve "bunların yapı taşı nedir" sorularına cevap verilememektedir. İşte bu parçacıkları birbirinden farklı kılan sicim teorisine göre, 6 farklı boyut içeren ve değişik titreşimleriyle sicimsi parçacıklardır. Bu sicimler bir frekansta titreşip protonu, başka bir frekansta titreşip elektronu oluştururlar. Sicimler farklı titreşimlerde bulunarak farklı temel parçacıkları oluşturur. bu nedenle bildiğimizden fazla boyut kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır.

Şu anda evreni açıklayan iki fizik teorisi vardır: Birincisi, yıldızlar, galaksiler gibi çok büyük boyutlu maddeleri açıklayabilen, Einstein'ın görelilik teorisi, ikincisi ise atomlar gibi çok küçük boyuttaki maddeleri açıklayabilen kuantum mekaniği. Bu iki teori de aynı evreni açıkladığına göre, ikisini bir teoride birleştirildiğinde evreni bütünüyle anlamak mümkün olmalıdır. Ancak bu bugüne kadar başarılabilmiş değildir. Yapılan birkaç denemede bazı olasılıklar bulunmuş ancak bu olasılıklar sonsuz değer vermekte olduğu görülmüştür. Oysa olasılık 0 dan küçük 1 den büyük olmamalıdır. Sicim kuramından yararlanılarak yapılan çözümlerde bu sonsuzluklardan kurtulunup, makul sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu birleşim, şimdiden bilim tarihinin en büyük adımı olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Sicim teoremi son gelişmeler ışığında membran (ince zar) teoremi (M-Kuramı) olarak anılmaktadır. Parçacıkların sicim değil, bir membran gibi olduğu ve farklı boyutlarda büzüştüğü düşünülmektedir. Membran-M olarak da adlandırılmaktadır.

Birçok fizikçi ispatlanabilir bir teori olmadığı için bu teoriyi benimsememektedir. Çünkü bahsedilen sicim membran parçacıkları ışığın en küçük dalga boyundan bile küçük olduğundan görüntülenmesi şimdilik olanaksızdır. Başka bir kanıt yolu da henüz bulunamamıştır.

Membran teoremi (M-Kuramı)'ne göre membran parçacıkları farklı boyutlarda büzüşerek onuncu boyutu oluşturmaktadır (tenthdimension ). Membran parçacıklarının farklı boyutlardaki her bir büzüşmesinden farklı evrenler oluşmaktadır ve onuncu boyut bu muhtemel evrenler ve bu evrenler arasındaki geçişleri de içermektedir. On birinci boyutu ise daha farklı membran parçacıklarının titreşimleriyle oluşan ve adına evren diyemeyeceğimiz "slackenuc"lar oluşturmaktadır. Slackenuc, bilmediğimiz muhtemel diğer evrenlere verilen bir isim değil, tamamen farklı membran parçacıklarının titreşimiyle oluşan, evren eşdeğerinde ve bazı öncü fizikçiler tarafından kabul edilen bir olgudur. Farklı membran parçacıklarının oluşturduğu "slackenuc"lar arasındaki geçişler de "anerk" adı verilen onikinci boyutu oluşturmaktadır ve anerkin muhtemel bütün olasılıkları barındırdığı düşünülmektedir. Anerk, bir anlamda, fizikçilerin tanrı kavramı için geliştirdikleri bir kuramdır.

M-kuramı 5 adet sicim kuramını (tip I, tip IIa, tip IIb, HO, HE) ve süperkütleçekimi kuramını birleştiren birleşik bir kuramdır.
Birçok teorik fizikçi Doğa'nın doğru temel açıklaması yönünde bir adım olduğuna inananlar (bunların arasında Stephen Hawking, Edward Witten ve Juan Maldacena) vardır. Çünkü sicim teorisi kuantum alan teorisi ve genel görelilik için kombine bir açıklama sağlar, kuantum çekimin içinde aralarında genel bakış açısı ile aynı fikirde holografik prensip ve karadelik termodinamiği gibi kavramları kabul eder ve çünkü iç tutarlılığı önemsiz olmayan birçok kontrolden geçti Hawking'e göre özel olarak, "M-teorisi  tek başına evrenin tam bir teorisi için adaydır.
" Diğer fizikçiler aralarında Richard Feynman, Roger Penrose, ve Sheldon Lee Glashow, erişilebilir enerji ölçekleri'nde yeni deneysel tahminler sağlayan olmadığı için sicim teorisini eleştirdi ve her şeyin bir teori olarak bir başarısızlık olduğunu söyleyenler var.

Genel bakış

Sicim teorisi için başlangıç noktası temel Parçacık fiziği'nin nokta gibi parçacıklar da sicimleri denilen tek boyutlu nesneler olarak modellenebilir fikridir . Sicim teorisine göre, sicimlerin birçok yönden salınımı olabilir. Sicim, yarıçapı daha büyük mesafeli ölçeklerde, her salınım modu, kütle, yük ve sicim dinamiklerini tarafından belirlenen diğer özellikleri ile, parçacığın farklı bir türüne yol açmaktadır. Partikül emisyon ve soğurmaya karşılık ise sicimlerin bölme ve rekombinasyon parçacıklar arasındaki etkileşimleri neden olur veren, partikül emisyon ve soğurma karşılık gelmektedir. Sicimlerin titreşim  modları için bir benzetme birden çok farklı müzik notaları olan bir gitar teli eseridir. Bu benzetmede, farklı notalar farklı parçacıkların karşılık gelmektedir.

Sicim teorisi olarak, sicim salınım modları biri kütlesiz, spin- 2 parçacık karşılık gelir. Yerçekiminin özelliklere sahip olan bir kuvvet aracılığı ile böyle bir parçacık çekimsel olarak adlandırılır. Sicim teorisi bir matematiksel tutarlı bir kuantum mekanik teori olduğuna inanılıyor olduğundan, bu graviton durumları varlığı, Sicim teorisi bir kuantum yerçekimi teorisidir anlamına gelir.

Sicim teorisi tam bir döngü oluşturmak için iki ayrı uca sahip hem açık sicimleri hem de kapalı sicimleri içerir. Sicim iki tür farklı parçacık türleri veren, biraz farklı şekillerde davranırlar. Örneğin, tüm sicim teorilerinde graviton sicim  modları kapalı, ancak  açık sicimlere sadece foton olarak bilinen parçacıklar karşılık gelebilir. Açık bir sicimin iki ucu her zaman karşı karşıya gelebilir ve kapalı bir sicim oluşturup bağlanabilir bu nedenle her sicim teorisi kapalı sicimler içerir.

İlk sicim modeli, bozonik sicim bozonları olarak bilinen parçacıkların sadece bu sınıfa dahil. Bu model, yeterince düşük enerjilerde de içeren bir kuantum kütleçekimi teorisi, (eğer açık sicimler de dahilse) bu foton gibi ölçek bozonları açıklar. Ancak bu modelin sorunları vardır. Ne en önemli olan teori temel bir istikrarsızlık olmasıdır, kendisinin uzay-zamanın (en azından kısmen) çürümesine neden olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Adından da anlaşılacağı gibi ek olarak, parçacıkların spektrumu sadece bozonları, foton gibi, özel davranış kurallarına uyan parçacıkları içerir. Kabaca söylersek, bozonlarda radyasyon bileşenleri bulunur, ancak bu fermiyonlardan yapılmış bir madde, süpersimetri icadır. Bir sicim teorisi nasıl inceleneceği bozonları ve fermiyonlar arasında matematiksel bir ilişki nedeniyle fermiyonlar içerebilir. Fermiyonik titreşimler içeren Sicim teorileri şimdi Süper sicim teorileri olarak bilinir, birkaç çeşit tarif edilmiştir, ama şimdi M-teorisi adı verilen  sınırları farklı bir teori olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Sicim teorisi yerçekimi dahil olmak üzere temel etkileşimlerden bu yana hepsini içerir, birçok fizikçi tamamen bizim evreni açıklayan  bu her şeyin bir teorisini yapacağını umuyoruz. Sicim teorisi güncel araştırma hedeflerinden biri, karanlık madde ve kozmik enflasyon makul bir mekanizma içeren, küçük bir kozmolojik sabit ile, standart model ile kantitatif aynıdır teorisinin bir çözüm bulmaktır. Henüz ne böyle bir sicim teorisi vardır, ne de teori ayrıntıları ne kadar özgür seçim yapmanızı sağlar bilinir olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir.

Sicim teorisinin zorluklardan biri henüz her koşulda tatmin edici bir tam teori tanımının var olmamasıdır. Sicimlerin saçılması en ileri düzey pertürbasyon teorisinin teknikleri kullanılarak tanımlanır, ancak nonperturbativ sicim teorisini tanımlamak için nasıl genellik olacağı bilinmemektedir. Ayrıca sicim teorisi (Sicim teorisi şekline bakın), bizim evrenin özelliklerini belirleyen uzay-zaman  yapılandırma vakum durumu seçer herhangi bir ilkenin var olup olmadığı konusunda açık değildir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Süpersimetri
Sicim kuramının tarihi
Genel görelilik
Kuantum mekaniği

Kaynakça

Daha fazla bilgi

Popüler kitaplar

Genel

İnceleme

Ders kitapları

Fizikçiler için
 Becker, Katrin, Becker, Melanie, and Schwarz, John (2007) String Theory and M-Theory: A Modern Introduction . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86069-5
 Dine, Michael (2007) Supersymmetry and String Theory: Beyond the Standard Model. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85841-0.
 Kiritsis, Elias (2007) String Theory in a Nutshell. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12230-4.
 Michael Green, John H. Schwarz and Edward Witten (1987) Superstring theory. Cambridge University Press.
 Vol. 1: Introduction. ISBN 0-521-35752-7.
 Vol. 2: Loop amplitudes, anomalies and phenomenology. ISBN 0-521-35753-5.

 Polchinski, Joseph (1998) String theory. Cambridge University Press.
 Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String. ISBN 0-521-63303-6.
 Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4.
 Szabo, Richard J. (2007) An Introduction to String Theory and D-brane Dynamics. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-427-7.
 Zwiebach, Barton (2004) A First Course in String Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83143-1.

Matematikçiler için

Çevrimiçi malzeme
 Klebanov, Igor and Maldacena, Juan (January 2009). "Solving Quantum Field Theories via Curved Spacetimes". Physics Today.

Dış bağlantılar

 Why String Theory—An introduction to string theory.
 Dialogue on the Foundations of String Theory at MathPages
 Superstrings! String Theory Home Page—Online tutorial
 A Layman's Guide to String Theory—An explanation for the layperson
 Not Even Wrong—A blog critical of string theory
 The Official String Theory Web Site
 The Elegant Universe—A three-hour miniseries with Brian Greene by NOVA (original PBS Broadcast Dates: October 28, 8–10 p.m. and November 4, 8–9 p.m., 2003). Various images, texts, videos and animations explaining string theory.
 Beyond String Theory—A project by a string physicist explaining aspects of string theory to a broad audience
 The Elegant Universe: Series  (Sicim teorisi ile ilgili çok güzel filmler. Bu linkteki 3 adet 8 bölümden oluşan birer saatlik filmden, sicim kuramı ile ilgili önbilgiyi, fizik bilgisi olan olmayan herkes edinebilir.)
 Beyond String Theory (Sicim teorisini fizikçi olmayanlar için de anlaşılabilir kılmayı hedeflemiş bir site. Newton ve Einstein'ın modellerinden başlayarak sicim teorisinin temellerini oluşturuyor ve sicim teorisinin kendisini de olabilecek en basit şekilde anlatıyor.)

Çok boyutlu geometri
Fiziksel nicelikler
Fiziksel kozmoloji
Standart Model
Teorik fizik

Sicim teorisi


237276 Nakama este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
237276 Nakama este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Geisei de Tsutomu Seki. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,55 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 14,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 237001-238000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

237276 Nakama


St. Godeberti (auch: St. Godoberti oder Wissmannkirche) ist eine barocke Dorfkirche in Bebertal I (früher Alvensleben), einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Hohe Börde im Landkreis Börde in Sachsen-Anhalt. Die Kirche liegt an der Ringstraße innerhalb des Ortes direkt an der B 245. Der Name ist eine Sonderschreibweise des heiligen Godehard.

Architektur
Der 1697 als Gutskirche über einem Rechteck errichtete Bau mit Dachreiter wurde Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts restauriert. Die zur Straße zeigende Nordseite ist als Schauseite mit zwei symmetrisch angeordneten rechteckigen Portalen (mit dazwischen befindlicher Stifterinschrift) und zwei Reihen Fenstern (über quer-ovalen Öffnungen große Rundbogenfenster) gestaltet.

Im Inneren befindet sich eine doppelgeschossige Empore aus Holz auf rechteckigen Pfosten, östlich ein zwischen monumentalen korinthischen Säulen eingefügte Altar-Kanzel. Diese ist von einem hochoval gerahmten Ecce-Homo-Gemälde bekrönt und von Engeln flankiert. Der Kanzelkorb ist reich mit vegetabilischer Schnitzerei verziert (Datierung: 1698). Das Gestühl ist achteckig zentriert. Ein überregional beachteter Taufengel, der im Kirchenraum frei zu schweben scheint, verweist mittels Inschrift auf das Jahr 1700. In das Epitaph des Stifters der Kirche Herrmann Wissmann († 1717) ist in architektonischer Rahmung die weiße Marmorbüste des Verstorbenen integriert.

Etwa 200 Meter nördlich der Dorfkirche befindet sich auf einer Anhöhe der Glockenturm, der ehemals angeblich zur Kirche einer Kalandsbruderschaft gehörte.

Aktuelle Nutzung
Der Förderverein Dorfkirche Bebertal e.V. etablierte die Kirche als Radfahrerkirche am 2008 eröffneten Elbe-Aller-Radweg, der die Radwanderwege Elberadweg und Allerradweg verbindet.

Literatur

 Paul Necesanek: Die Wißmannkirche in Dorf Alvensleben. In: Heimatblatt für das Land um obere Aller und Ohre, Neuhaldensleben, 20. August 1932

Einzelnachweise

Godehardkirche
Bebertal I
Bebertal
Bebertal
Bebertal
Bebertal
Kulturdenkmal in Hohe Börde
Bebertal

St. Godeberti


De la Cerda ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Ana de Mendoza y de la Cerda (1540–1592), spanisch-portugiesische Hofdame und Politikerin
 Charles de la Cerda (1326–1354), Connétable von Frankreich und Graf von Angoulême
 Cristóbal de la Cerda y Sotomayor (* um 1585; † nach 1638), spanischer Jurist; 1620/1621 Gouverneur von Chile
 Ferdinand de la Cerda (1255–1275), Kronprinz von Kastilien
 Ferdinand II. de la Cerda (* 1275; † kurz nach 1. Juni 1322), Infant von Kastilien und Herr von Lara
 Juan de la Cerda (1327–1357), Herr von El Puerto de Santa María und Gibraleón sowie Vogt von Sevilla
 Juan Luis de la Cerda († 1643), spanischer katholischer Ordenspriester (Jesuit), klassischer Philologe und Vergil-Interpret
 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda (1780–1828), von 1825 bis 1826 Supremo Director der Provinz Nicaragua innerhalb der Zentralamerikanischen Konföderation
 María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda (1767–1803), erste Frau in Spanien, die den akademischen Grad eines Doktors erhielt
 Tomás Antonio de la Cerda y Aragón (1638–1692), Vizekönig von Neuspanien

De la Cerda


Doumè est l'un des quatorze arrondissements de la commune de Savalou dans le département des Collines au centre du Bénin.

Géographie
L'arrondissement de Doumè est situé au centre du Bénin et compte 9 villages. Il s'agit de :
 Abala
 Amou
 Afe-zoungo
 Doume-lakoun
 Felma
 Iroukou
 Kanaoun
 Koffe Agbala
 Lekpa.

Histoire

Démographie
Selon le recensement de la population de  conduit par l'Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique (INSAE), Doumè compte 24561 habitants.

Références

Arrondissement au Bénin
Collines

Doumè