This is a list of presidents of Togo since the formation of the post of president in 1960, to the present day.

A total of four people have served as president (not counting one acting president and two interim military officeholders). Additionally, one person, Faure Gnassingbé, has served on two non-consecutive occasions.

Gnassingbé is the incumbent president, since 4 May 2005.

Description of the office

Election
The president of the Republic is elected by universal, direct and secret suffrage for a mandate of five (05) years.

He is re-eligible. As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Togo which was reinstated in 2019. This limit has been lifted for Gnassingbé Eyadéma in 2002 and for Faure Gnassingbé in 2019.

The election of the president of the Republic takes place by uninominal majority ballot in one (01) round.

The president of the Republic is elected with the majority of the suffrage expressed.

The vote is opened on convocation of the electoral body by decree taken in the Council of Ministers sixty (60) days at least and seventy-five (75) days at most before the expiration of the mandate of the president in office.

No one may be a candidate for the office of the president of the Republic if they:

 are not exclusively of Togolese nationality by birth;
 are not thirty-five (35) years of age on the date of the deposit of the candidature;
 do not enjoy all their civil and political rights;
 do not present a general state of physical and mental well-being duly declared by three (03) sworn physicians, designated by the Constitutional Court;
 do not reside in the national territory for at least twelve (12) months.

The president of the Republic enters office within the fifteen days which follow the proclamation of the results of the presidential election.

Oath of office
Before his entry into office, the president of the Republic swears before the Constitutional Court meeting in solemn hearing, in these terms:

Vacancy
In case of a vacancy of the presidency of the Republic by death, resignation or definitive incapacity, the presidential function is exercised provisionally by the president of the National Assembly.

The vacancy is declared by the Constitutional Court referred to [the matter] by the Government.

The Government convokes the electoral body within the sixty (60) days of the opening of the vacancy for the election of a new president of the Republic.

Residences
After independence, the President of Togo used the Palace of the Governors as an office and residence. The Palace was formerly used by both German and French colonial administrators. In 1970, President Gnassingbé Eyadéma moved in a new Presidential Palace built near the Palace of the Governors. Another residence used by the Gnassingbé Eyadéma was the Presidential Residence of Lomé II. In 2006, a new Presidential Palace, financed by China, was inaugurated by President Faure Gnassingbé on the outskirts of Lomé.

List of officeholders
Political parties

Other factions

Status

Timeline

Latest election

Notes

See also
Vice President of Togo
List of prime ministers of Togo
List of colonial governors of Togo
Politics of Togo

References

External links
World Statesmen – Togo
1992 Constitution of Togo (as amended in 2007)

Togo
Presidents

List of presidents of Togo


Sandjord er en jordbundstype. Den indeholder mindst 50 % sand og grus. Man kan finde sandjord mange steder; på stranden, i de nederste lag af jorden. Sandjord har en forholdsvis lys, brunlig farve, og kornene har en diameter på 0,245 mm.

Jordtyper

Sandjord


Fiat justitia, et pereat mundus é uma frase do latim que significa "Que a justiça seja feita, ainda que o mundo pereça".

Esta frase foi utilizada notadamente por Fernando I, Sacro Imperador Romano (1556-1564), que tomou-a como lema, sendo uma de suas diretrizes para governar o império. Provavelmente se originou no livro  de Johannes Jacobus Manlius (1563). É uma máxima que significa que uma decisão justa deve ser tomada a despeito de suas consequências práticas. Uma frase alternativa é Fiat justitia ruat caelum, que significa "Que a justiça seja feita, ainda que os céus caiam".

Um de seus usos famosos é o de Immanuel Kant, em seu 1795 Paz Perpétua: Um Esboço Filosófico (Em alemão: Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf). Na obra, o autor resume a natureza contrautilitária de sua filosofia moral, na forma , que ele parafraseia como "Deixe a justiça reinar mesmo que todos os patifes do mundo pereçam dela."
Ludwig von Mises escreveu em seu "Ação Humana", "O economista utilitarista não diz: Fiat justitia, pereat mundus. Ele diz: Fiat justitia, ne pereat mundus." ("Faça-se a Justiça, para que o mundo não pereça", ou também "Faça-se a justiça, e o mundo não pereça").

Veja também

 , frase de teor similar.

Referências

Expressões latinas usadas no Direito
Frases filosóficas em latim
Latim
Direito

Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus


Dan Smith (Born 12th September 2001) is a footballer who plays for East Thurrock United

Smith Started his Career at Northampton Town but was released without making an appearance for the first team.

On 21st August 2023 , Smith Signed for East Thurrock United until the end of the  Season.

Entertainment
 Dan Smith (artist) (20th–21st century), American illustrator
 Dan Smith (singer) (born 1986), British vocalist for the band Bastille
 Dan Smith (21st century), American vocalist for Listener
 Dan Smith (21st century), British guitarist for Noisettes
 Dan Smith, founder of the rock band The Dear & Departed

Sports
 Dan Smith (rugby union) (1869–1926), South African rugby union player
 Dan Smith (minor league pitcher) (born 1962), College World Series Most Outstanding Player
 Dan Smith (left-handed pitcher) (born 1969), Major League Baseball pitcher
 Dan Smith (right-handed pitcher) (born 1975), Major League Baseball pitcher
 Dan Smith (ice hockey) (born 1976), Canadian ice hockey player
 Dan Smith (footballer, born 1986), English footballer
 Dan Smith (footballer, born 1989), English footballer
 Dan Smith (footballer, born 1999), English footballer
 Dan Smith (poker player) (born 1989), American professional poker player

Other
 T. Dan Smith (1915–1993), English politician from Newcastle upon Tyne
 Dan Smith (British author) (born 1951), British political activist

See also
 Dan Ward-Smith (born 1978), rugby player
 Daniel Smith (disambiguation)
 Danny Smith (disambiguation)

Dan Smith


Blythe is a fashion doll, about 28 cm (11 inch) tall, with an oversized head and large eyes that change color with the pull of a string. It was created in 1972 and was initially only sold for one year in the United States by toy company Kenner (later purchased by Hasbro). In 2001, the Japanese toy company Takara began producing new editions of Blythe dolls. There is a network of hobbyists who customize the doll for resale and create clothing and shoes for Blythe. Enthusiasts share photographs of their work and other types of dolls on the Internet.

History
Blythe was created in the early seventies by designer Allison Katzman at Marvin Glass and Associates and bought and produced in the United States in 1972 by the now-defunct toy company Kenner. Blythe dolls were only sold for one year in the U.S. (produced in Hong Kong) and also in the UK, Australia and Japan, during 1972. Over time the original "Kenner" Blythe dolls acquired a cult following of collectors and eventually, photographers.

In mid-1991, Hasbro purchased Tonka, which acquired Kenner Parker Toys, Inc. in 1987. Since then, all the intellectual properties are owned by Hasbro.

In 1997, New York TV and video producer Gina Garan was given a 1972 Kenner Blythe by a friend and began using it to practice her photographic skills. She began taking her Blythe everywhere with her and took hundreds of photos. In 1999, she was introduced to Junko Wong of Cross World Connections (CWC) by artist and illustrator, Jeffrey Fulvimari.  Junko Wong brought Blythe to the attention of Parco, a client of CWC as a possible virtual model for promotion.  In 2000, Gina published her first book of Blythe photography with Chronicle Books, This is Blythe. In 2001, Hasbro (the current trademark and license owner) gave Takara of Japan and CWC a license to produce the New Edition of Blythe (Neo Blythe). Blythe was used in a television advertising campaign by Parco, the fashion branch of Seibu Department Stores in Japan and was an instant hit.

In 2003 Blythe was the subject in a segment on the VH1 special, I Love the 70s, where she was said to look like either "Barbie with encephalitis" or "Christina Ricci" among other things. The success in Japan led Hasbro to issue a license to Ashton-Drake Galleries in 2004 to sell Blythe replica dolls in the United States, where the doll became a niche product in a marginal market, selling largely to adults. In spring 2009, Alexander McQueen launched a fashion line for Target with an ad campaign featuring Blythe dolls. In 2010, Hasbro began releasing their version of Blythe as a part of the Littlest Pet Shop toyline.

In 2021 the last Takara Neo Blythe was produced.  In 2022 Good Smile Company became the manufacturer of Blythe dolls under the production helm of Cross World Connections.

Doll releases
There are three sizes of Blythe dolls: the original 28 cm (1/6 scale) full-sized dolls, the 11.2 cm "Petite Blythe" from Takara and the "Middie Blythe" of about 20 cm. Only full-sized dolls have color-changing eyes. The first Petite dolls were keychains, and after some time the design was changed so the Petite eyes would close when the doll was laid down. The Middie Blythes eyes can turn to the sides and her head can twist around. Older dolls are sought after in the collectors market, and can sell for as high as several thousand dollars for an original Kenner doll to a thousand dollars or more for the first edition Neo dolls from Takara.

Original Kenner dolls (1972)
In 1972, Kenner released versions of the doll with four hair colors in the U.S., a brunette with chunky bangs, a sidepart brunette, a darker brunette with thinner bangs, a sidepart blonde, a red head with bangs, and a sidepart redhead. Twelve different outfits were released as well, along with four brightly colored wigs. The dolls were also released in Japan in 1972 by Tomy under the brand name Mahou no Hitomi Ai Ai Chan. The outfits and the box design were completely different from the ones released in other countries and are extremely rare. They were also sold in the UK by Palitoy and in Australia by Toltoys, both sister companies to Kenner under General Mills

Cross World Connections

Takara era (2001–2021)

Beginning in 2001, Takara first released new Blythe dolls sporadically, but then began releasing new versions of Blythe each month. Under the creative direction of Junko Wong, CWC has produced 207 Neo Blythes, 211 Petites, and 17 of the newest addition to the Blythe line: the Middie Blythe dolls.  Every one of these Blythes were exhibited at Parco Factory at the 10th Anniversary from June–July 2011. Newer releases of the Petite Blythe dolls have "sleepy eyes" and bendable bodies.  The Middies' heads tilt and their eyes look left and right without changing color.

The bodies of the full-size dolls vary depending on the time of the release. Early releases in 2001-2002 used the body of the Licca doll. In June 2002, in commemoration of 1 year of Blythe releases by Takara/CWC, the doll Miss Anniversary was released featuring the "Excellent Body" that was quite similar to the original Blythe released by Kenner. Early dolls also had a glossy surface texture, but some had matte face too.

The earliest face molds of the reproduction Blythe dolls are referred to as BL. Two more face molds followed the BL mold, the Excellent mold, or EBL, and the Superior mold, or SBL, in 2003. In 2006, a new face mold, the Radiant mold or RBL, was introduced to look more Kenner-like, including slightly wider eyes. In 2009 another new face mold, the Fairest mold or FBL, was released with matte texture and smaller eye holes. The BL and EBL mold are actually the same mold. The difference in the EBL mold were important internal changes to make the eye mechanism more resistant. In 2013, due to wearing in the Radiance mold, or RBL, a new mold called Radiance+, or RBL+, was released and it's supposed to look exactly like the Radiance mold. Some changes were made in the eye mechanism as well, it became a lot lighter and easier to change the eyes compared to older releases.

By 2013, Hasbro left the Petite Blythes behind to new redesigned doll which seemed to be the end of the collaboration between the brands, despite the doll still being called Blythe, the Blythe logo was no longer used. In December 2012, Takara/CWC released the Petite Blythe Suri Tebya Lyublyu after 2 years since the Petite Blythe Birthday Party Surprise.

Good Smile Company era (2021–present)
From July 2021, Good Smile Company began manufacturing and distributing "Blythe" doll products. The copyright and license (intellectual property rights) for Blythe will continue to belong to American toy manufacturer Hasbro and Cross World Connections will continue to handle the creative production of the Blythe series. There is no major changes to the specifications or designs of the dolls, but there will be a few other changes such as Face and body parts will be manufactured using new molds, "Blythe" products will be recommended for ages 15 and up.

Other incarnations

Ashton-Drake Galleries produced nearly exact replicas of the 5 original Kenner dolls in 2005-2006, along with replicas based on the original Kenner outfits. The first release had skin-tones with a slight green tint. A second release in 2007 was less green and more peach-pink. Both releases have a matte surface texture. Ashton Drake in total released 12 different full-sized Blythe dolls, but ceased production in 2008.

In 2010, Hasbro released the Blythe Loves Littlest Pet Shop line as a part of their 2004 incarnation of the Littlest Pet Shop toy line, with Blythe dolls as petsitters for their animal toys in the aforementioned toy line. Blythe stars as a protagonist in the Littlest Pet Shop Presents animated shorts that were produced by Cosmic Toast Studios and released online by Hasbro (voice unknown). Another incarnation of the character, named Blythe Baxter (voiced by Ashleigh Ball), stars in the 2012 Littlest Pet Shop animated television series, as well as its related shorts (not to be confused with the Cosmic Toast shorts), that were produced by Hasbro Studios and DHX Media.

See also
 Asian fashion doll
 Ball-jointed doll

Notes

References

External links

Japanese fashion
Fashion dolls
Hasbro products

Blythe (doll)


An Tillandsia baliophylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hermann August Theodor Harms. An Tillandsia baliophylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia baliophylla


La pas pe litoral este un film românesc din 2016 regizat de Vlad Petri. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Vlad Petri, Vlad Ursulean.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2016 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2016
Filme documentare românești

La pas pe litoral


Anthony Michael Byrne (born 1 December 1962) is a former Australian politician. A member of the Australian Labor Party in the Australian House of Representatives, he was one of federal parliament's longest-serving members, having first entered Parliament in November 1999, representing the Division of Holt in Victoria. He was forced to resign as the deputy chair of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security providing oversight of Australia's security services after he made admissions of corruption and branch-stacking at Victoria's Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission and did not re-contest the subsequent 2022 federal election.

Early life
Byrne was born in Adelaide and spent his early childhood in Kalgoorlie, where he was educated at local schools and through the School of the Air. His high school education was completed at Christian Brothers College, Adelaide. His maternal grandfather was wounded in the Battle of Pozières.

Before entering parliament, he worked as CEO of Anxiety Disorders Foundation of Australia. Byrne joined the Labor Party in 1989, later serving an adviser to Senator Jacinta Collins.

Parliamentary career
Bryne was pre-selected by the ALP as their candidate for the 1999 Holt by-election in a "full-scale factional battle", winning with the backing of the SDA trade union. Byrne won the by-election, becoming "the last person elected to this federal parliament in the last century and the first to give an inaugural speech in the next."

His seat was mostly considered "a relatively safe Labor electorate." Byrne has become an increasingly strident advocate for the need to "safeguard the Australian people against foreign influence threats."

He was Parliamentary Secretary for Trade from February 2009 until 14 September 2010. A strong supporter of the trade union movement, he has a personal allegiance to the Shop Assistants Union. Byrne stood strongly against the WorkChoices legislation of the Howard government in 2005 and the Ensuring Integrity industrial reforms of the Morrison government in 2019 – both of which were defeated.

Following the 2010 election, Byrne was appointed chair of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security, and became deputy chair after the 2013 election.

In 2013, Byrne was considered for a portfolio in the Second Rudd Ministry.

In March 2022, Byrne announced he would not run for re-election that year and would retire from politics after the election.

Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security

Byrne has served on the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security since 2005 and was described by a Sky News anchor as 'one of the best brains on intelligence and national security' in the Australian parliament. As chair of PJCIS in 2013, Byrne along with Deputy Chair Philip Ruddock, warned of the effect of the government's efficiency dividend on the operations of Australia's intelligence and security agencies after tabling a PJCIS report in May 2013 covering the administration and finances of Australia's six intelligence and security agencies in 2010–2011. Byrne likened the cuts to the US austerity measures which prompted warnings from US intelligence agencies, in the wake of the Boston bombings, that their ability to combat terrorism was at risk. Of the government's efficiency dividend, Byrne said "I find it frankly astonishing that these agencies would have been effectively sequestered from funding to perform their tasks" and that cuts to the agencies' funding was "disgraceful and it should be addressed."

Nine months after PJCIS's release of its Report of the Inquiry into Potential Reforms of Australia's National Security Legislation authored under Byrne's term as Chair, the Daily Telegraph reported that the Abbott Cabinet had agreed to adopt almost all of the 41 recommendations included in the report in the face of heightened security fears over Australians engaged in fighting with terrorist groups overseas. Byrne went on the record as criticising the Abbott government's delay in implementing the report's recommendations as "unconscionable", saying that legislation should have been brought before parliament much earlier.

Prior to changes being introduced, Byrne had been consistently critical of PJCIS's lack of a remit over the Australian Federal Police, citing the lack of such a thing as a significant flaw in the oversight powers of the committee. Byrne argued that as the intelligence and law enforcement agencies had been advising the government of the need for them to receive greater powers which may have had the potential to impinge on civil liberties and democratic freedoms, that the PJCIS should be given the appropriate oversight capacity to make inquiries on the behalf of the public for them to have confidence in the use of additional powers for these agencies.

After the PJCIS handed down its 36 recommendations on the government's controversial foreign fighter's legislation, Byrne appeared on Sky News' The Dalley Edition to clarify the committee's position on the intrusiveness of some aspects of the legislation such as provisions for the lowering of the thresholds for agencies to access preventive detention orders, control orders, and questioning and detention powers, arguing that they needed to be counterbalanced by safeguards, most important of which would be sunset clauses.

Byrne also gave an interview to journalist David Speers in the aftermath of the Lindt Cafe Siege where he called for an independent judicial inquiry into the events leading up to and during the crisis which would have coercive and subpoena powers to summons any public official or minister to give evidence on the incident to regain public confidence in authorities.

In the wake of another terror attack on police in 2015, Byrne questioned why national leaders were reaching out to the Islamic community but weren't doing the same with police; arguing for greater attention to be given to police facing the ongoing threat of street-side executions. After Muslim constituents with relatives affected by fighting in the Middle East had asked him why the coalition was taking so long to defeat IS, with an absence of a substantial victory and the appearance that the conflict was being lost despite claims that the coalition were gaining some advantages over IS, Byrne told ABC News that Australia required "a complete, cohesive, clear strategy, a cogent strategy..with some form of timeframe to how to deal with these people."

During the 2016 federal election, Byrne began distributing flyers promoting law-and-order and an anti-terrorism platform; the first politician of the campaign to inject law-and-order into the national debate. Byrne said that he was prompted to distribute the flyers after many people in his electorate were too afraid to open their doors and talk to him while he was door-knocking due to recent gang activity and fear of violent Ice users, something which Byrne call "completely unacceptable" and promised that, if re-elected, one of his first orders of business would be to work with authorities to crush the Apex gang in his region and to ensure ice manufacturers and dealers are put out of business.

After the 2016 election, Crikey reported that Byrne was likely to be departing PJCIS, however later the same publication reported that Byrne would be remaining on the committee after being prevailed on to reverse his decision to leave.

Byrne has continued as the Deputy Chair for the PJCIS in the 46th Parliament of Australia. Along with other ALP colleagues Mike Kelly and Kimberley Kitching, Byrne has been a strong advocate to shift political attention to "focusing on national resilience as much as military threats." During this time, some commentators would describe Byrne as a national security hawk.

Working with the chair of the committee, Andrew Hastie, Byrne is known to have exerted strong pressure on the UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Dominic Raab, persuading him to re-consider the UK's decision to allow Huawei to provide for their 5G network. It's known he had challenged the Foreign Secretary on the matter in February 2020, saying, "How would you feel if the Russians laid down infrastructure in your own networks? That's how we feel about Huawei." By May, Boris Johnson had announced that the UK would reduce the Chinese tech company's involvement "to zero". Stephen Conroy, who had overseen broadband roll out in Australia in 2011, indicated that Bryne and Hastie had played a pivotal role in the UK's decision.

Rudd-Gillard leadership contest

During the Rudd-Gillard years, Byrne was described as "a key Rudd backer" and Rudd's "loyal lieutenant". On the day of Rudd's February 2012 challenge for the leadership of the Labor Party against Julia Gillard, the Herald Sun published an article by Bryne in which he detailed his reasons for supporting Kevin Rudd to be re-installed as Prime Minister. In a show of solidarity within the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party, Byrne appeared alongside fellow Labor MP Richard Marles in an interview on the Australian breakfast television program Sunrise following Rudd's unsuccessful challenge against Gillard to call for an end to divisions within the Labor caucus and a renewed concentration on governing the country.

Taxi and Hire Car Industry

Byrne has been named as 'one of the few MPs at either federal or state level to have voiced support for licence-holders.'
At a taxi rally in Narre Warren on 18 October 2015, attended by more than 300 people, Byrne heavily criticised the then technically illegal and unregulated ride-sharing service for undercutting the taxi industry. Byrne was reported to have said that "behind every taxi is a family", and that "In contrast to taxi and hire car operators, Uber has not been complying with a number of State and Federal government laws, regulations and taxes." Byrne rejected the idea that Uber provided a ride-sharing service and argued the company needed to be governed by the same rules as taxis. Additionally, Byrne said that "If Uber does become properly regulated and the value of taxi licences and plates are reduced then the taxi industry should be appropriately compensated." Concluding, Byrne said that "Our community needs to understand that behind every taxi is a family. We can't just stand by and wait as an industry that employs nearly 200,000 people goes to the wall."

IBAC investigation
Byrne has been a target of investigations by Victoria's Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission known as IBAC. He has been a person of interest into matters around allegations of branch stacking in Victoria.

IBAC is holding public hearings into allegations of serious corrupt conduct involving Victorian public officers, including Members of Parliament. The hearings are part of Operation Watts, a coordinated investigation between IBAC and the Victorian Ombudsman, which is looking into a range of matters including allegations of 'branch stacking' aired in media reports in 2020. Those media reports substantially comprised surreptitious recordings made by Byrne's staffer Alexandra Stalder.

On the first day of hearing on 11 October 2021, Byrne admitted to branch stacking. He said he had been paying for other people's party memberships fees since 1999, forking up to $2,000 of his own money in a single year.

Personal life
Anthony Byrne has been married and divorced twice with two children from his first marriage. He supports the Collingwood Football Club. A long-time resident in Endeavour Hills in the electorate of Holt, Byrne lived outside his electorate in the neighbouring electorate of La Trobe, prior to moving to Southbank, in inner-city Melbourne.

References

External links
Anthony Byrne MP – Federal Member for Holt
Parliament of Australia – House of Representatives – The Hon Anthony Byrne MP
 Anthony Byrne Member for Holt ALP Website
Anthony Byrne MP on Facebook (official)
Anthony Byrne MP on Twitter (official)

Summary of parliamentary voting for Anthony Byrne MP on TheyVoteForYou.org.au

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1962 births
Living people
Australian chief executives
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Holt
Australian republicans
Politicians from Melbourne
Politicians from Adelaide
Australian people of Irish descent
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
Labor Right politicians

Anthony Byrne (politician)


The Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland was established in 1998 as part of the Belfast Agreement, intended as a major step in the Northern Ireland peace process. Chaired by Conservative politician and the last Governor of Hong Kong Chris Patten (later the Lord Patten of Barnes), it was better known as the Patten Commission and it produced a report in 1999 known as the Patten Report.  The other members of the Commission were Maurice Hayes, Peter Smith, Kathleen O'Toole, Gerald W. Lynch, Sir John Smith, Lucy Woods and Professor Clifford Shearing.  The Secretary to the Commission was Bob Peirce, who drafted the report.

Terms of reference
Under the terms of reference defined in the Belfast Agreement, the Commission  was to inquire into policing in Northern Ireland, consult widely, and make proposals for future policing structures and arrangements, including the police force composition, recruitment, training, culture, ethos and symbols.

The aim of the proposals was to create a police service that would be effective, operate in partnership with the community, cooperate with the Garda Síochána and other police forces, and be accountable both to the law and the community which it was to serve.

Report
On 9 September 1999 the Commission produced its report, entitled A New Beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland popularly known as the Patten Report, which contained 175 symbolic and practical recommendations. Key recommendations included:
 renaming the Royal Ulster Constabulary the Police Service of Northern Ireland;
 a new Policing Board and District Policing Partnership Boards to ensure accountability;
 creation of a Police Ombudsman and a Complaints Tribunal;
 removal of most visible symbols of Britishness from the police service;
 a 50-50 recruitment policy for Catholics and Protestants;
 a new code of ethics and oath of office, including a strong emphasis on human rights;
 an emphasis on community policing and normalisation;
 proposals for training, community liaison, cooperation with other police services, and recruitment from outside Northern Ireland; and
 repeal by the Gaelic Athletic Association of its Rule 21, which prohibited members of the police or Army in Northern Ireland from being members of the Association.

Effect
The recommendations contained in the report have been partly implemented by the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 and the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2003. Sinn Féin, which represents a quarter of Northern Ireland's voters, refused to endorse the new force until the Patten recommendations had been implemented in full, however voted to support the force in 2007 and now take their seats on the Northern Ireland Policing Board. The recommendation to change the RUC name to Northern Ireland Police Service was changed to Police Service of Northern Ireland instead. A Gaelic Athletic Association convention repealed Rule 21 (a ban on members of the British army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary from playing Gaelic games), although almost all of the votes to do so came from the Republic (there were exceptions Kerry, Cavan and Monaghan voted against repealing the rule) . Of the six associations in Northern Ireland, only County Down voted to repeal it.

Affirmative action measures

Affirmative action in Northern Ireland denotes proactive measures seeking to redress inequalities experienced by a particular group. The Equalities Review defines the goal of equality in a democratic society as: 'An equal society [which] protects and promotes equal, real freedom and … removes the barriers that limit what people can do and can be.' The backdrop to affirmative action in Northern Ireland (NI) was, "[t]hirty years of internal war [which] intensified already deeply etched fissures and suspicions" between the Roman Catholic and Protestant communities. The recognition of the dominance of the two populace lead to proactive measures in anti-discrimination legislation.

Context

Policing in Northern Ireland
Traces of proactive equality measures can be traced back to the Fair Employment Act (NI) 1976. This legislation recognised the importance of equality in the workplace between Protestant and Roman Catholic communities. With the 1989 Amendment imposing positive duties on employers to prevent discrimination. Such actions have led to the NI approach of addressing inequality of opportunity to be considered as "radically different" to the rest of the United Kingdom (UK).

The Good Friday Agreement 1998 provided the agenda of creating a "new beginning to policing [in] Northern Ireland, with a police service capable of attracting and sustaining support from the community as a whole." The Cameron Report identified that incidents of misconduct in the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), such as the widely televised unrest erupting from the Civil Rights March on 5 October 1968, added weight its public perception as a Protestant organisation.  The NI Affairs Committee noted that 'whether criticism of the force has been justified or not, it is the case that any settlement in Northern Ireland involves policing issues'.

Whilst the RUC had an affirmative action programme in place, this was largely ineffective. A reflection of the data demonstrates the Roman Catholic representation of the police force to increase from 7.4% in 1991 to a mere 8.2% seven years later.

Patten Report

A post conflict solution arising from the Independent Commission on Policing, led by Chris Patten, included proposals for more inclusive policing arrangements. The aim was to create a police force more representative of the society it serves. The immediate rebranding of policing to the "PSNI" (Police Service of Northern Ireland) sought to overcome the backdrop of discrimination that had become synonymous with the former institution. The report was a comprehensive plan including proactive measures regarding gender equality, community awareness training and changing the culture and ethos of the police.

A key focus was placed on the 50:50 recruitment measure, which proposed that 'an equal number of Protestant and Catholics would be drawn from the pool of qualified candidates.'

The pursuit of a more proportional representation was critical in adopting this temporary measure (See table, fig 12) in addition to the certainty of results it was likely to produce within a reasonable timeframe. A broader reading of the contemporary political context in NI implicates the measure with the long term goal of achieving peace within NI. The Patten Report noted the findings from the, "Community Attitudes Survey which found that over three quarters of all Catholics thought there were too few Catholics represented and over 60% of all Protestants agreed."  The Report also recognised that for effective policing in a democracy, it must be based on consent across the community. It was particularly important to restore the police's legitimacy and public confidence.

Whilst the Patten proposals were largely accepted by the Secretary of State, the temporary 50:50 recruitment measure was not universally welcomed. In particular, the measure was not welcomed by Unionist political parties. The temporary 50:50 recruitment measure came into effect by the enactment of the Police (NI) Act 2000.

Evaluation

Academic commentary
Advocates of such measures, such as Sandra Fredman point to a number of advantages and justifications for supporting affirmative action. Fredman argues that affirmative action programmes can lead to greater integration of minorities within the community which can, in turn, help to reduce inequalities. These improvements help to reverse the negative effects of past discrimination. However, Fredman also recognises the ability of affirmative action to change inequality in the future. One benefit she notes is the creation of role models for other individuals within the traditionally disadvantaged community. This can pave the way for a change in attitude and thus predicate institutional change.

The "merit principle" has long been an important term in determining the appropriate scope of affirmative action. As Son Hing, Bobocel and Zanna note, typically people who strongly endorse the merit principle and believe that outcomes should be given to those most deserving, oppose affirmative action programmes that violate this principle. Sally Wokes highlights that affirmative action violates the essential principle of equality, suggesting that it is likely to increase tensions between communities and lead to the stigmatisation of those groups which benefit. She also questions the validity of the 'role model' argument on the basis that the perceived lack of merit undermines the legitimacy of their position, thus negating their positive influence as a role model. Furthermore, Wokes suggests that affirmative action will only benefit the least deprived members of a minority, therefore doing little to tackle the underlying disadvantage.

Impact on Northern Ireland policing
In December 1998, the Catholic proportion of the police service represented 8.3%   this had significantly increased by March 2011 to 29.7%. Owen Paterson viewed this result as a 'tremendous change'  which was at the top end of the Patten Report's critical mass. In August 2014, the Catholic proportion had increased to 30.75%.

Catholic confidence in the PSNI has continued to increase. In December 2006, 79% had some level of confidence in the PSNI, as compared to 75% in September 2005. This is broadly similar to Protestant confidence levels which have remained static at 80%. However, critics point to questions around falling levels of public confidence in some loyalist and republican communities.

Nevertheless, the discriminatory impact on other communities, specifically Protestant, has been acknowledged against this context of increasing Catholic representation and support for the police. The Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for NI, Ian Pearson, stated that "our figures on discrimination against the Protestant community by the policy show that, to date 440 people have been discriminated against".

Furthermore, Patrick Yu (Executive Director of the Northern Ireland Council for Ethnic Minorities) criticises the 50:50 measure, for categorising Catholics and 'non-Catholics,' highlighting that the legislation addresses only two communities, with all other minorities, 'fall(ing) through the gap.' It is however noted that by August 2014, ethnic minorities employed as police officers stood at 0.51% of the population, which is broadly in line with census data.

Policing in NI continues to evolve and its effectiveness will be subject to ongoing review and evaluation by the Policing Board. A Public Accounts Committee report stated almost 40% of all temporary workers were former police officers and nearly 20% of Patten retirees were reemployed by the PSNI as temporary staff. This has provoked criticism that the results produced by the Patten recommendations are somewhat superficial.

Given the close alignment between the political context and policing, the affirmative action measures and their effectiveness will constantly be subject to review and evaluation. It is possible to even say that the compositional improvements of the PSNI may have influenced the Metropolitan Police in London to call for positive action measures to increase the representation of ethnic minorities.

See also

References

External links
 The full report (PDF)
 The Summary of Recommendations
 Police (Northern Ireland) Bill

History of Northern Ireland
Law enforcement in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland peace process
1998 establishments in Northern Ireland
Affirmative action in Europe
United Kingdom commissions and inquiries


An Alopecurus glacialis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karl Heinrich Koch. An Alopecurus glacialis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alopecurus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Alopecurus

Alopecurus glacialis


Fampou David Dagobert est un homme politique et ancien maire d'arrondissement à Douala 2ᵉ de 1987 à 1996 au Cameroun.

Biographie

Enfance, éducation et débuts
Dagobert David Fampou est né le 24 février 1924 et est originaire de l'ouest Cameroun en pays Bamiléké.

Carrière
Dagobert Fampou est un caporal d'armée pendant la guerre de 1939 à 1945. Il exerce comme contrôleur de gestion et du personnel de la communauté urbaine de la ville de Douala. Une "commission Fampou" portera son nom ; commission remarquée pour sa rigueur et son objectivité. Il fait partie, à l'invitation du président Paul Biya, d'un voyage de commémoration en France en tant qu'ancien combattant de la 2e guerre mondiale.

Il est membre du comité des sages du club de football union sportive de Douala et il dirige l'un des congrès ordinaire de cette équipe.

Il est maire de Douala II de 1987 à 1996.

Hommages et distinctions
Un stade de football et un carrefour Kassalafam portent son nom à New-Bell.

Vie privée
Depuis l'incendie de sa maison en 1991, à New-Bell, il habite la maison du combattant. Il fréquente le culte tous les dimanches à 10h à l'église évangélique de Kassalafam. Sa fille, Denise Fampou, est maire de la même commune pour l'exercice 2020 - 2025.

Il décède au centre hospitalier universitaire de Yaoundé le 21 avril 2002. Il émet le souhait d'être enterré au cimetière du bois des singes près de l'aéroport international de Douala en compagnie d'une de ses épouses et de certains de ses enfants.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Douala II

Liens externes

 https://mairiedouala2.cm/

Personnalité Bamiléké

Dagobert Fampou


අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය යනු ඉතා දිළිදු , සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රට වලට සහනදායි ණය සහ දීමනා ලබා දෙන අන්තර්ජාතික මුල්‍යමය ආයතනයකි.මෙය ලෝක බැංකු සමුහයහි සාමාජිකයකු වන අතර මෙහි මුලස්ථානය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ අගනුවර වන වොෂින්ටන් වල පිහිට ඇත.1960 වර්ෂයේදී පිහිටවනු ලැබූ මෙහි මුලික අරමුණ වුයේ අවම ඒක පුද්ගල අදායමක් සහ අවම දල ජාතික අදායමක් සහිත සංවර්දනය වෙමින් පවතින දිළිදු රටවල් සදහා ණය ආධාර ලබා දිමයි. අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය හා සංවර්ධනය සදහා වූ අන්තර්ජාතික බැංකුවහි එකතුවෙන් ලෝක බැංකුව නිර්මාණය වී ඇත.

මෙම සංවිධානය ලෝක බැංකුවහි පරමාර්ථය වන දරිද්‍රතාව අවම කිරීම සදහා මුලිකත්වය ගනිමින් ක්‍රියා කරනු ලබයි. අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමයේ මුලික අරමුණ වනුයේ දුප්පත් බවින් පෙලෙන ජාතීන්ට තම දරිද්‍රතාව අවම කිරීමටත්,ඒවාට ඉක්මන් සංවර්ධනයක් ලබාදීමත්,සාධාරණත්වයෙන් නොනැසී පැවතීමටත් ආධාර කිරීමයි.ලෝකයේ දිළිදුම ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික සහ මානුෂිය සංවර්ධන ව්‍යපෘති වලට විශාල මුදල් ආධාර ලබා දෙන එකම ආයතනයයි.

ඉතිහාසය
1940,1950 කාල වකවානුව තුල අඩු අදායම්ලාභී රටවල් තවදුරටත් තම මුල්‍ය ප්‍රතිපාදන, ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය හා සංවර්ධනය සදහා වූ අන්තර්ජාතික බැංකුව මගින් ණයට ලබාගත නොහැකි බවත්, ඊට වඩා වාසිදායක කොන්දේසි වල අවශ්‍යතාවයන් තිදින් දැනෙන්නටත් විය.1949 ඇමරිකානු ජනාධිපති වූ හැරී එස් ට්රුමන් මහතා විසින් පත්කරන ලද උපදේශක කමිටුවේ යෝජනා මත දියුණුවෙමින් පවතින රටවල් ශක්තිමත් කිරීමටත්(විශේෂයෙන්ම නැගෙනහිර කොටසට අයත් රටවල්)අනෙකුත් කොමියුනිස්ට් වාදී රාජ්‍යන් සමග එකතුව ක්‍රමවත් වැඩපිළිවෙලක් ඉදිරිපත් කරනා ලදී.නමුත් ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය මේ පිලිබදව ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීම දිනෙන් දිනම කල් ගිය අතර ,කොරියානු යුද්ධය ආරම්භවීමත් සමග නොසලකා හරිනු ලැබිණි.
සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතිනා රටවල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය හා සංවර්ධනය සදහා වූ අන්තර්ජාතික බැංකුව වෙතින් ණය ආධාර ලබාගැනීමේ අසීරුතා  හේතුවෙන් තවදුරටත් අපහසුතාවට පත් විය.1940-1950 කාල සිමාව තුල එම රටවල් එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයෙන් ඔවුනට තාෂණික සහාය සහ සහන මුදල් ලබාගැනීම සදහා නියෝජිත ආයතනයක් පත්කරන ලෙස  දිගින් දිගටම ඉල්ලීම් ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නට විය.1954 වන විට මේ සදහා අන්තර්ජාතික මුල්‍ය සමායතනය නමින් වැඩපිළිවෙලක් පිහිටුවා එයට පිටුබල සැපයීම සිදු විය.1956 වන විට මෙය වෙනුවට නැවතත් වඩා වාසිදායක අන්දමින් මුල්‍ය ආධාර ලබාගැනීමේ යාන්ත්‍රණයක් ඉදිරිපත් කරමින්  ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය හා සංවර්ධනය සදහා වූ අන්තර්ජාතික බැංකුව සමග  සම්බන්ධව අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය නමින් ආයතනයක් පිහිටුවීමට යෝජනා කරනු ලබනා  ලදී. 1958 වසරෙදී සෙනට් මණ්ඩලයේ අනුමැතියද මිට ලැබුණු අතර අනෙකුත් රටවල්ද මේ පිලිබදව අවදානය  යොමු කර 1959 වන විට ගිවිසුම් අත්සන් තැබිණි.
1960 ජනවාරි අග වන විට රටවල් 15 ක් මෙම ගිවිසුමට අත්සන් තබා අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය පිහිටුවන ලදී.මෙම අවුරුද්දෙම සැත්තැම්බර් මස වන විට අරම්භක අරමුදල ඩොලර් මිලියන 913 ක් වෙමින් ආයතනය ක්‍රියාත්මක  විය.මීලග මාස 8 ඇතුලත අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමයේ සාමාජික රටවල් ගණන 51 දක්වා වැඩිවූ අතර මිලියන 101 (2012 දී වටිනාකමින් ඩොලර් මිලියන 784.2 ක් ) සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටවල් 4 කට ලබාදෙන ලදී.).
අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය අගයනු ලබන්නේ නිදහස් ඇගයුම් සංගමය මගිනි.2009 වර්ෂයේදී මෙමගින් වංචනික ආකාරයට අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය මගින් ණය ආධාර ආදිය ලබනා ව්‍යපෘති කිහිපයක් හදුනාගත් අතර එමගින් මෙම ආයතනයේ පාලන ක්‍රමවේද වල පවතිනා දුර්වලතා හදුනා ගන්න ලදී.

පාලනය
අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය ලෝක බැංකුවහි පාලක මණ්ඩලය මගින් පාලනය වනු ලබන අතර එක් රටකින් එක් පාලක නිලදාරියෙක්(බොහෝ විට අදාල රටහි මුදල් අමාත්‍ය වරයා) බැගින් අඩංගු වන පරිදි මෙම පාලකයින් පිරිස වාර්ෂිකව රැස්වේ.මෙහි අධ්‍යක්ෂක මණ්ඩලය විධායක අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරුන් 25 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර එහි සභාපතිත්වය ලෝක බැංකුවහි සභාපති මගින් උසුලයි.මෙම විධායක අධ්‍යක්ෂක අධ්‍යක්ෂක වරුන් මගින් සමුහිකව ලෝක බැංකුවහි සාමාජිකත්වය දරනා 187 වන තම මුළු සාමාජිකයින් ගණන සහ අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමයේ සාමාජිකත්වය දරනා 172 වන තම සාමාජිකයින් ගණන නිරුපනය කරයි.මෙම අධ්‍යක්ෂක මණ්ඩලයේ සභාපති මගින් අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමයේ දෛනික ක්‍රියාවලිය මෙන්ම එහි සමස්ත ක්‍රියාවලියම පාලනය වේ.2012 වර්ෂයේ සිට ලෝක බැංකුවහි සභාපතිත්වය ජිම් යොන්ග් කිම් මහතා විසින් උසුලනු ලබයි.

සාමාජිකත්වය

අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමයේ සාමාජිකත්වය දරනා රටවල් සංඛ්‍යාව 172 වන අතර මෙම සංගමය මගින් රටවල් 81 සදහා දැනටමත් ණය ආධාර ලබාදී ඇති අතර ඉන් හරි අඩකට වඩා අප්‍රිකානු රටවල් වීම විශේෂ සිදුවීමකි.අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමයේ සාමාජිකත්වය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ලෝක බැංකුවහි සාමාජිකත්වය හිමි රට වලට පමණි. මෙම සංවිධානය මගින් ණය ආධාර ලබා දීම සදහා එම රටහි ඒක පුද්ගල අදායම ඩොලර් 1.175 නොඉක්මවිය යුතුය.

අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය මගින් ණය ආධාර ලබාගත් රටවල්
පහත දැක්වෙනුයේ අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය මගින් ණය ආධාර ලබා ගැනීම සදහා සුදුසුකම් සපුරා ඇති රටවල් වේ.

ඇල්බේනියාව  (2008)
ඇස්ර්බෛජං (2011)
බොට්ස්වනා (1974)
චිලි  (1961)
චීනය (1999)
කොලොම්බියාව (1962)
චොස්ට රිචා (1962)
ඩොමිනිකන් රිපබ්ලික් (1973)
එකුඅදෝර්  (1974)
ඊජිප්තුව (1999)
එල් සැල්වදෝරය (1977)
එකුඇටොරිඅල් ගුඉනි(අ)ව (1999)
ඉන්දුනීසියාව (2008)
ජෝර්දානය (1978)
මකෙදෝනියාව (2002)
මෞරිටි(අ)ස් (1975)
මොන්ටෙනිග්රෝව  (2008)
මොරොක්කෝව (1975)
පැරගුවේ  (1977)
පිලිපීනය  (1993)
සෙන්ට් කිට්ස් සහ නෙවිස් (1994)
සර්බිරියව (2007)
දකුණු කොරියාව (1973)
ස්විස්ටර්ලන්තය  (1975)
සිරියාව (1974)
තායිලන්තය  (1979)
ටුනිසියාව  (1977)
තුර්කිය (1973)

අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය මගින් ණය ආධාර ලබා ගැනීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප වූ රටවල්
පහත දැක්වෙනුයේ අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය මගින් ණය ආධාර ලබා ගැනීම සදහා සුදුසුකම් සපුරා නොමැති හෝ අර්ධ වශයෙන් සුදුසුකම් සපුරා ඇති රටවල් වේ.
කමෙරූන්  (1994)
කොන්ගෝව  (1994)
කොටේ ද'ඉවොඉරේ  (1992)
හොන්ඩුරාස්  (1991)
නිකරගු(ආ)  (1991)
නයිජීරියාව  (1989)
පපුවා නිව් ගිනීයාව  (2003, සාමාන්‍ය සුදුසුකම් ඇති )
සිම්බාබ්වේ  (1992)

මේ ලිපිත් බලන්න
Bretton Woods system

මුලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳුම්
IDA's official website
List of IDA borrowing countries
List of IDA graduate countries

අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන සංගමය


Glenea rubripennis é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Stephan von Breuning em 1961.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

rubripennis
Coleópteros descritos em 1961

Glenea rubripennis


Preben Isaksson (født 22. januar 1943 i København, død 27. september 2008 i Greve) var en dansk cykelrytter. Han vandt bronzemedalje i Sommer-OL 1964 og var med til at vinde en femteplads i holdforfølgelsesløb ved samme lege.

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1964

Preben Isaksson


Mirzana Pašić Kodrić, (Sarajevo,  27. rujna 1979.), bosanskohercegovačka je književnica, povjesničarka književnosti i književna kritičarka.

Životopis
Nakon završene Treće gimnazije u Sarajevu, studirala je književnost naroda Bosne i Hercegovine, bošnjački, hrvatski, srpski jezik i komparativnu književnost na Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu, gdje je i magistrirala iz književnopovjesnih znanosti. Završila je i rad na izradi doktorske disertacije o književno-putopisnom djelu Zuke Džumhura.

Trenutno predaje književnost na Pedagoškom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu, a kao vanjska suradnica angažirana je i na Internacionalnom univerzitetu u Sarajevu, te Američkom univerzitetu u BiH, gdje predaje bošnjački, hrvatski i srpski kao strane jezike.
Bosnjački, hrvatski i srpski jezik i kulturu više je godina (od 2006. do 2011. godine) predavala na Institutu za kritične jezike Državnog sveučilišta u Arizoni (Arizona State University, Melikian Center, Russian, Eurasian and East European Studies, Critical Languages Institute), pri čemu je istovremeno bila i direktorica Sarajevskog ljetnog praktikuma. Predavala je i na Odsjeku za bošnjački, hrvatski, srpski jezik i književnost Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zenici od 2008. do 2015. godine.

Posebno se bavi bosanskohercegovačkim putopisom, pitanjima interkulturalnosti u književnosti, te dječjom književnošću, bošnjačkim, hrvatskim i srpskim, ali i stranim jezicima.

Dramska trilogija Smijeh koji boli prograšena je najboljom knjigom u izdanju Kulture snova iz Zagreba za 2015. godinu.

Objavljivala je u više bosanskohercegovačkih i stranih časopisa, a neke od pjesama su joj prevedene na engleski, turski i arapski jezik.

Članica je Društva pisaca BiH, Kulture snova Zagreb, te Kreativne radionice Balkan iz Beograda.

Bibliografija
Književnoumjetničke knjige i književni izbori:

 Poezija Oblici, Sarajevo, 1999.
 Poezija Republika poezije, br. 4, Sarajevo, 2013.
 Dotaknuti stihom 5 – Zajednička zbirka poezije, Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2013.
 Dani prijatelja knjige, Hrvatsko književno društvo, Rijeka, 2013.
 Moja pjesma tebi za Valentinovo, Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2014.
 Zagrli život, Sven i Udruženje balkanskih umetnika, Niš i Subotica, 2014.
 More na dlanu  – Zajednička zbirka poezije, Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2014
 Stihom ispisujem dušu 2 – Zajednička zbirka poezije, Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2014.
 Lirska subjekta: O flertu i odanosti, Behar, br. 117-118, Zagreb, 2014.
 Antologija FB pjesnika, Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2014.
 Leksikon savremenih pesnika bivše Jugoslavije, Kulturni centar Mesopotamija,  Beograd, 2014.
 Lirska subjekta (O flertu i odanosti), Dobra knjiga, Sarajevo, 2014.
 Nađenim, Bošnjačko nacionalno vijeće dijaspore povodom genocida u Srebrenici, 2015.
 Alma jeste rekla, Književni kutak Jasmine Hanjalić, 2015.
 Poezija, Balkan Edebiyati - Književnost - Literature, br. 2, Internacionalni univerzitet,  Sarajevo, 2015.
 Smijeh koji boli (O razlikama i ratovima), Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2015.
 Prijateljima (Međunarodna knjiga poezije), Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2016.
 More na dlanu u pjeni stihova – Zajednička zbirka poezije, Kultura snova, Zagreb, 2016.
 Zbornik poezije za decu, Kreativna radionica Balkan, Beograd, 2016.
 7 bajki za Male i Velike, Bosanska riječ Tuzla, Kultura snova Zagreb, 2016.

Radiodramske i teatarske izvedbe:
 Plave, žute i crvene misli, Radio 202, Sarajevo, 20. 4. 2005. radiodramska izvedba
Smijeh koji boli (O razlikama i ratovima), Theatar & TD u suradnji s teatrom "Erato", Zagreb, 4. 12. 2015. (Kazališna izvedba – koncertno izvođenje drame u režiji Marka Jurage)
 Smijeh koji boli (O razlikama i ratovima), Teatar "KIC" u suradnji s kazalištem "Erato", Zagreb, 10. 12. 2015. (Kazališna izvedba – koncertno izvođenje drame u režiji Marka Jurage)
 XV. festival bh. drame, BNP Zenica – Festivalska promocija, predstavljanje dramske triologije Smijeh koji boli, 2016.

Vanjske poveznice
 Mirzana Pašić Kodrić: Smijeh koji boli (Marko Juraga, reditelj)
 Smijeh koji boli
 O prvoj samostalnoj zbirci poezije Mirzane Pašić Kodrić (Osvrt dr. Adijata Ibrišimović-Šabić)
 Alma jeste rekla
 Lirska subjekta: O flertu i odanosti

Izvori

Bošnjački književnici
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Mirzana Pašić Kodrić


Paul Hoppe ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Paul Hoppe (Komponist) (1845–1933), deutscher Gesangslehrer und Komponist
 Paul Hoppe (Architekt) (1869–1933), österreichischer Architekt
 Paul Hoppe (Geistlicher) (1900–1988), deutscher Geistlicher
 Paul Hoppe (Maler) (1925–2006), Schweizer Maler und Schriftsteller
 Paul Werner Hoppe (1910–1974), deutscher SS-Führer

Paul Hoppe


Tokia Saïfi (* 11. Juli 1959 in Hautmont, Département Nord) ist eine französische Politikerin (DL, UMP, Agir). Sie war von 1999 bis 2002 und erneut von 2004 bis 2019 Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments.

Leben
Saïfi ist das vierte von zehn Kindern eines Stahlarbeiters, der 1948 von Algerien nach Frankreich eingewandert war. Sie schloss 1984 ihr Jurastudium an der Universität Lille II ab. Drei Jahre später gründete sie die Bürgerrechtsvereinigung Espace intégration.

Bei der Kommunalwahl in Lille 1995 zog sie über die RPR-Liste in den Stadtrat von Lille ein. Bei der Europawahl 1999 wurde sie als Kandidatin der Partei Démocratie Libérale in das Europäische Parlament gewählt. Dort saß sie in der EVP-ED-Fraktion und war stellvertretende Vorsitzende der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu den Maschrik-Ländern und den Golfstaaten. Die DL fusionierte 2002 mit der RPR zur Union pour un mouvement populaire (UMP), der Saïfi anschließend angehörte. Von Mai 2002 bis Juni 2004 war sie Staatssekretärin für nachhaltige Entwicklung in der Regierung von Jean-Pierre Raffarin.

Bei der Europawahl 2004 wurde sie erneut in das Europäische Parlament gewählt. Sie gehörte 2004–2011 dem Ausschuss für internationalen Handel an, war 2004–09 Delegierte für die Beziehungen zu den Golfstaaten, einschließlich Jemen, 2004–2014 in der Parlamentarischen Versammlung Europa-Mittelmeer sowie 2009–14 erneut für die Beziehungen zu den Maschrik-Ländern. Ab 2008 war Saïfi stellvertretende Vorsitzende der Parti radical valoisien, einer mit der UMP assoziierten Kleinpartei. Als sich jedoch die Parti radical 2011 von der UMP trennte, verblieb Saïfi in letzterer. Von 2011 bis 2012 war sie stellvertretende Vorsitzende des Ausschusses für auswärtige Angelegenheiten im Europaparlament, anschließend bis 2014 einfaches Ausschussmitglied.

Nach ihrer Wiederwahl als Europaparlamentarierin war sie 2014 bis 2019 stellvertretende Vorsitzende des Ausschusses für internationalen Handel sowie der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu den Maghreb-Ländern und der Union des Arabischen Maghreb. Ende 2017 beteiligte sie sich an der Gründung der Partei Agir, die ehemalige Mitglieder von Les Républicains (Nachfolgepartei der UMP) versammelt, die entgegen der Parteilinie die Präsidentschaft Emmanuel Macrons unterstützen.

Quellen

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite von Tokia Saïfi

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Frankreich
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
UMP-Mitglied
Mitglied des Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste
Franzose
Geboren 1959
Frau
Mitglied der Démocratie Libérale

Tokia Saïfi


Star Valley Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Star Valley Township (Gregory County, South Dakota)
 Star Valley Township (Tripp County, South Dakota)

Star Valley Township


Ljubomir Fejsa (în , Rusină: Любомир Фейса; ) este un fotbalist sârb care joacă pe postul de mijlocaș defensiv pentru clubul portughez Benfica și echipa națională a Serbiei.

La nivel de club, el a câștigat zece titluri în trei țări (Serbia, Grecia și Portugalia) din 2008 până în 2017.

Clubul de carieră

Partizan
La 1 iulie 2008, s-a anunțat că Fejsa a semnat în sfârșit pentru FK Partizan după ce clubul a încercat să îl aducă de mai bine de un an. El a semnat un contract pe cinci ani și i sa oferit numărul 5 la Partizan.

Olympiacos
La data de 21 iunie 2011, Fejsa a semnat cu Olympiacos FC, care a plătit în schimbul său 3 milioane de euro și a semnat un contract cu trei ani cu opțiune de prelungire pe încă unul. Primul său meci jucat pentru Olympiacos fost în amicalul câștigat cu 1-0 împotriva lui Galatasaray. El a marcat primul gol împotriva lui Inter Milano în timpul unui alt meci amical. El a arătat o formă bună la începutul sezonului 2011-2012 și a avut performanțe impresionante în primele etape ale Ligii Campionilor. Cu toate acestea,s-a accidentat la antrenamente și a ratat restul sezonului.

În timpul sezonului 2012-2013, când Leonardo Jardim a fost numit antrenor principal al lui FC Olympiacos, Fejsa a fost rezervă, jucând foarte puțin în perioada în care portughezul era antrenorul clubui. În februarie 2013, când Leonardo Jardim a fost demis de Olympiacos din cauză că fanii nu agreau stilului de joc al echipei, a fost adus antrenorul spaniol Míchel care l-a titularizat imediat pe Fejsa. El a jucat mai multe meciuri, chiar dacă a fost rezervă și în această perioadă, și a fost chemat din nou la echipa națională de fotbal a Serbiei pentru calificările la Campionatul Mondial din 2014.

Benfica
La 23 august 2013, Fejsa a semnat un contract pe cinci ani cu Benfica pentru 4,5 milioane de euro.

Fejsa a debutat pentru Benfica la 19 septembrie 2013 într-un meci din Liga Campionilor împotriva lui Anderlecht. A jucat puțin în prima jumătate a sezonului, dar cu transferul lui Nemanja Matić la Chelsea, el a devenit singura opțiune viabilă pentru această poziție, jucând mai des, până când o accidentare suferită la începutul lui aprilie 2014 l-a făcut indisponibil pentru tot restul campionatului.

La 2 februarie 2015, Benfica l-a înregistrat pe Fejsa la LPFP, permițându-i să joace în restul sezonului. La 11 martie 2015 a debutat pentru echipa a doua din Segunda Liga.

La 11 aprilie 2015, s-a întors în prima echipă a Benfica, intrând ca rezervă, și a marcat al 5-lea gol al meciului cu Académica (5-1) din Primera Liga.

Cariera la națională
El și-a făcut debutul la naționala Serbiei sub conducerea Javier Clemente, intrând într-un meci amânat din preliminariile UEFA Euro 2008 de acasă împotriva Kazahstanului la 24 noiembrie 2007. De asemenea, a intrat din postura de rezervă pe final de meci în timpul Euro 2012, inclusiv în meciul împotriva Italiei.

Statistici privind cariera

Club

 Până pe 14 martie 2019

 Note

Meciuri la națională

 Până pe 20 noiembrie 2018

Titluri
Partizan

 SuperLiga Serbiei : 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011
 Cupa Serbiei: 2008-2009, 2010-2011
 Superliga Greciei: 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014
 Cupa Greciei: 2011-2012, 2012-2013
 Primeira Liga : 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2018-19
 Taça de Portugal : 2013-14, 2016-17
 Taça da Liga : 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16
 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2016, 2017
 UEFA Europa League : finalist 2013-14

Referințe

Legături externe

 Profil oficial Benfica
 Ljubomir Fejsa Statistici la Utakmica.rs

Fotbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008
Fotbaliști internaționali sârbi
Mijlocași
Fundași
Fotbaliști sârbi
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1988
Fotbaliști ai SL Benfica

Ljubomir Fejsa


Der findes flere borgelige slægter Rostrup. Den største slægt, som tæller flest berømte medlemmer, kan føres tilbage til købmand i Nakskov, Jesper Hansen (død 1738), hvis søn af andet ægteskab, Hans Rostrup (1727–1811), kordegn i Sakskøbing, blev opkaldt efter en afdød halvbror af faderens første ægteskab med Anna Rostrup, datter af sognepræst i Aggersborg, Hans Rostorp (1667-1719).

Hans Rostrup var blandt andre godsforvalter, kammerråd Georg Jesper Rostrup (1773-1865). Denne søn var fader til læge Frederik Rostrup (1818-1906) og botaniker Emil Rostrup (1831-1907), hvis søn Ove Rostrup (1864-1933), som ligeledes var botaniker, giftede sig med entomolog Sofie Rostrup (født Jensen). En tredje af Hans Rostrups sønner, Søren Caspar Rostrup (1777-1821), fuldmægtig og kommisær i Vordingborg, var fader til snedekermester i København, Nicolai Peter Rostrup (1806-1886). Denne søn var fader til snedekermester og overretssagfører Kaspar Rostrup (1845-1911).

En anden slægt nedstammer fra sognepræst i Ulsted, Niels Rostrup Lund (1725-1801), søn af kromand i Ørslevkloster Thyge Lund (død 1756). Dennes søn, Dines Hjersing Rostrup (1773-1834), som ligeledes var sogneprsæst i Ulsted, var fader til apoteker i New Orleans og Panama, Ulrich Rostrup (1810-1883). Denne søn var fader til to døtre uden for ægteskabet, den norske skuespillerinde Fredrikke Nielsen (1837-1912) samt Armantine Rostrup (1847-1917), som giftede sig med professor Erik Becker.

En datter af Dines Hjersing Rostrup, Magdalene Rostrup (1804-1880), giftede sig med bogholder i livsforsikringsanstalten i København, kammerråd Niels Willemoes, og var moder til Christiane de Roepstorff (født Willemoes) (1843-1893), som sammen med sin mand, filolog Frederik Adolph de Roepstorff, var missionær på Nikobarerne.  En anden datter, Birgitte Rostrup (1815-1873), giftede sig med købmand i Hobro, Jens Kragh, og var moder til politiassistent i Karlslunde, Jens Kragh (1851-1924).

Kilder
 Immanuel Barfod: Stamtavle over den lollandske familie Rostrup, 1883

Rostrup (slægt)


Constance Helen Frost ( - ) est une médecin, bactériologiste et pathologiste néo-zélandaise.

Enfance et formation
Frost est née en 1862, probablement à Liverpool, en Angleterre, la deuxième des huit enfants du riche armateur et marchand Thomas Frost et de sa femme Mary Ann, née Antwis. Elle a fait ses études dans un pensionnat à Sutton Coldfield. Sa famille a déménagé en Nouvelle-Zélande quand elle avait environ 17 ans, s'installant à Onehunga.

Carrière
En 1889, Frost s'inscrit au Auckland University College et obtient son Bachelor of Arts en 1892. Elle s'est ensuite inscrite à la  et a obtenu son diplôme de Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery en 1900, aux côtés d'Alice Woodward, Daisy Platts et Jane Kinder. Les femmes médecins n'ont pas trouvé facile d'obtenir des postes, mais l'hôpital d'Adélaïde avait de graves pénuries de personnel, donc Frost a pu déménager en Australie-Méridionale et obtenir un poste de résidence temporaire. En 1902, Frost est nommée assistante bactériologiste, responsable du laboratoire pendant 18 mois.

En 1903, Frost est retournée en Nouvelle-Zélande et a créé son propre cabinet de médecin et elle est devenue bactériologiste et pathologiste honoraire à l'. Prenant la succession d'Alice Woodward, Frost était la deuxième femme à occuper ce poste. Pendant les dix premières années de son emploi à l'hôpital, Frost était la seule femme médecin. Malgré la reconnaissance des compétences de Frost en tant que bactériologiste, l'hôpital d'Auckland a continué à faire de la publicité pour un remplaçant masculin et a renouvelé son poste honorifique temporaire chaque année pendant quinze ans avant de finalement le mettre à niveau. En 1911, un résident senior fut nommé, Charles Maquire, qui n'acceptait pas de femmes médecins. Malgré cela, le soutien du  , qui était la seule femme membre de l'Auckland Hospital and Charitable Aid Board, a résulté en de petits honoraires pour Frost à partir de 1913, en reconnaissance de sa charge de travail accrue, qui aurait eu un impact sur ses revenus grâce à des activités privées. Finalement, en 1918, le poste de Frost est devenu à temps plein et elle a été payée  par an. À la mort de Frost en 1920, l'homme qui la remplaçait a été payé le double.

Décès
Frost est restée célibataire. Elle est décédée chez elle à Auckland le  après avoir contracté la grippe à cause de son travail. Elle est enterrée au cimetière de Purewa à Auckland avec d'autres membres de sa famille.

En 2017, Frost figurait parmi les «  » de la Société royale de Nouvelle-Zélande, célébrant les contributions des femmes au savoir en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Références

Liens externes

Mort de la grippe espagnole
Étudiant de l'université d'Otago
Femme microbiologiste
Décès en janvier 1920
Naissance en juin 1862
Femme médecin du XXe siècle
Médecin néo-zélandais du XIXe siècle
Médecin néo-zélandais du XXe siècle
Bactériologiste
Pathologiste
Décès à 57 ans

Constance Frost


Amintiri bucureștene este un film românesc din 1970 regizat de Radu Gabrea.

Prezentare

Distribuție

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 847.495 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1970 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1970
Filme regizate de Radu Gabrea

Amintiri bucureștene


{{Infookvir nogometni klub
| ime kluba          = Mladost Bački Jarak
| slika              =
| puno ime           = Fudbalski klub Mladost Bački Jarak
| nadimak            = plavo-beli
| godina osnivanja   = 1947.
| igralište          = Stadion Livadica, Bački Jarak
| kapacitet stadiona =
| trener             =
| liga               = Srpska liga Vojvodina (III.)
| sezona             =
| plasman            =
| trenutačna sezona  =
| igrači             =
| pattern_la1= |pattern_b1= |pattern_ra1= |pattern_sh1= |pattern_so1=
| leftarm1= |body1= |rightarm1= |shorts1= |socks1=
| pattern_la2= |pattern_b2= |pattern_ra2= |pattern_sh2= |pattern_so2=
| leftarm2= |body2= |rightarm2= |shorts2= |socks2=
| pattern_la3= |pattern_b3= |pattern_ra3= |pattern_sh3= |pattern_so3=
| leftarm3= |body3= |rightarm3= |shorts3= |socks3=
}}

Fudbalski klub Mladost Bački Jarak (Mladost, FK Mladost; srpski ФK Mлaдocт Бaчки Japaк) je nogometni klub iz Bačkog Jarka, općina Temerin, Južnobački okrug, Vojvodina, Republika Srbija.
U sezoni 2017./18. klub se natječe u Srpskoj ligi "Vojvodina", ligi trećeg ranga nogometnog prvenstva Srbije.

 O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1947. godine. Najveći uspjeh kluba je igranje u Prvoj B ligi SR Jugoslavije u sezonama 1995./96. i 1996./97., te osvajanje Kupa Vojvodine'' 2016. godine.

Uspjei

 Vojvođanska liga - Jug
 prvak: 2016./17.

 Kup Vojvodine
 pobjednik: 2016.

Poveznice
 srbijasport.net, FK Mladost Bački Jarak, profil kluba
 srbijasport.net, FK Mladost Bački Jarak, rezultati po sezonama
 soccerway.com, FK Mladost Bački Jarak, profil kluba

Izvori

Mladost

FK Mladost Bački Jarak


الحمى الباباتسية أو الحمى الباباتاسية أو حُمّى الفَواصِد، أو حمى الأيام الثلاثة، أو حمى پاپاتاتشي (من الاسم الإيطالي للفاصدة) مرض حموي فيروسي تسببه ثلاثة أنماط مصلية لفيروس الفواصد ينتقل بواسطة لدغات حشرات من جنس الفاصدة. تنتشر حمى الفواصد في المناطق شبه المدارية من نصف الكرة الشرقي.

السببيات
يتسبب المرض بثلاثة أنماط مصلية من فيروس الفواصد، هي فيروس نابولي وفيروس صقليا وفيروس توسكانا.

الوبائيات

ينتشر المرض في المناطق شبه المدارية من نصف الكرة الشرقي بين خطي العرض 20° و45° شمال خط الاستواء، وخاصة في أوروبا الجنوبية وشمال أفريقيا والبلقان وشرق المتوسط والعراق وإيران وأفغانستان والباكستان والهند. تتميز حمى الفواصد بالموسمية، حيث تتبع حالاتها فترات طيران الفواصد، لذلك تحدث في الصيف.

تنتقل حمى الفواصد عن طريق لدغات حشرات من جنس الفاصدة، ومن الأنواع الناقلة المعروفة الفاصدة الباباتاسية والفاصدة الوبيلة والفاصدة البيرفيليوية. تصاب الفاصدة بالعدوى من الإنسان المصاب خلال الفترة بين 24 ساعة قبل ظهور الحمى وحتى 48 ساعة بعد انتهائها، وتبقى مصابة بالفيروس مدى حياتها. وما عدا هذا الانتقال الأفقي للفيروس يمكن أن ينتقل شاقولياً، من الفاصدة المصابة إلى ذريتها (الانتقال عبر المبيض).

نادراً ما يتم تشخيص المرض في مناطق توطّنه بسبب اختلاطه مع الحميات الأخرى، لكنه يشخص أكثر بين الوافدين إلى المناطق الموطونة من مناطق خالية من المرض، مثل مهاجرين أو سياح أو القطعات العسكرية الأجنبية.

السير السريري

بعد بضعة أيام من اكتساب العدوى (عادة بين يومين ونصف وخمسة أيام) يظهر الإنهاك واضطراب الأمعاء ثم عرواءات وترتفع الحرارة إلى 39°—40°م مع صداع جبهي شديد وآلام عضلية ومفصلية وبَيغ (احمرار الوجه) وتسرع القلب. تبدأ الحمى بالانحسار بعد يومين وتعود درجة الحرارة إلى السواء تدريجياً. تتصف فترة النقاهة بالتعب وبطء القلب وانخفاض ضغط الدم، وتدوم هذه الأعراض من بضعة أيام إلى بضعة أسابيع. ينتهي المرض عادة بالشفاء التام.

التشخيص
يتم تاكيد تشخيص المرض عن طريق فحص مصل الدم وعن طريق سلسلة البوليمريز التفاعلية الكمية (quantitative PCR)

العلاج

يتم إعطاء العلاج العرضي حيث لا يوجد علاج نوعي للمرض.

المراجع

أمراض منقولة بناقل
حمى فيروسية نزفية وحمى فيروسية منقولة بواسطة مفصليات الأرجل

حمى باباتاسية


39 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 659 و660.

أحداث
 وقوع معركة صفين، التي وقعت بين جيش الإمام علي بن أبي طالب وجيش معاوية بن أبي سفيان، وقيل وقعت عام 37 هـ.

وفيات
وحشي بن حرب

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 39 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 39 هـ

مراجع

تقويم هجري

39 هـ


An Eleocharis mitracarpa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Eleocharis mitracarpa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis mitracarpa


Lazca (Lazca: Lazuri nena), Türkiye'nin Doğu Karadeniz kıyı şeridinde Rize ilinin Pazar ilçesinde bulunan Melyat Deresi'nden itibaren ve Gürcistan'ın Türkiye ile paylaştığı Sarp köyüne kadar yaşayan Laz halkı tarafından konuşulan ve eski Kolhis dilinin devamı olduğu sanılan, Zanik bir Güney Kafkas dilidir.

Lazca yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadır. Lazca, Türkiye'deki ve Gürcistan'daki Lazların sadece küçük bir bölümü tarafından konuşulmaktadır. Ana dili olarak Türkiye'de Türkçenin ve Gürcistan'da Gürcüce'nin Lazca'nın yerini almasından dolayı Türkiye'de ve Gürcistan'da yok olma sürecine girmiştir ve UNESCO, Türkiye'de ve Gürcistan'da Laz dilini Dünya yıllık "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (Tehlikede olan Dünya Dilleri Atlası)na eklemiştir ve burada Türkiye'de ve Gürcistan'da Laz dilini "definitely endangered language" (kesinlikle tehlikede bir dil) olarak tanımlamıştır. Aynı durum başka ülkelerde yaşayan Lazlar için de söz konusudur.

Coğrafi dağılım
Laz halkının yerli olarak yaşadığı Ardeşen, Pazar, Fındıklı, Arhavi, Hopa, Kemalpaşa, Borçka ve İkizdere (birkaç köy) ilçelerinin yanı sıra 93 Harbi ertesinde göç edilen Marmara ve Batı Karadeniz bölgesinde Akçakoca, Bursa, Düzce, Gemlik, Gölcük, Hendek, İzmit, Karamürsel, Maşukiye, Samsun, Sapanca, Yalova, Akyazı kentlerine bağlı bazı köylerde de konuşulmaktadır.

Bunun yanı sıra Gürcistan'ın Batum kentinin beş köyünde ve şehir merkezinde, Osmanlı ve Sovyetler Birliği'nin sürgün politikaları neticesinde Lazların sürgüne gittiği; Kazakistan ve Kırgızistan gibi ülkelerde kalan ve aslını korumayı başarabilen Lazlar tarafından konuşulduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Maddi sebepler sonucu göç edilen Almanya, Hollanda, Fransa, Avusturya, İsviçre, İsveç gibi Avrupa ülkelerinde yaşayan Lazlarca da konuşulmaktadır.

Sınıflandırma
Lazca; Güney Kafkas dilleri ailesinden olup Gürcüce, Megrelce ve Svanca ile birlikte gruplanır. Bazı dilbilimciler, birbirine çok yakın olan Megrelce ve Lazcayı, Zan dili ya da Kolhis ya da Zan dili olarak tanımlamaktadırlar. Bu iki dili konuşan insanlar arasında bazı temel konularda karşılıklı anlaşma mümkün olabilmektedir.

Tüm Kafkas dilleri gibi Lazca bol miktarda ünsüz sese () sahip olup diğer Güney Kafkas dillerinde bulunmayan /f/, /y/ ve /h/ gibi ünsüzleri ve Hopa ve Borçka (Çxala) lehçesinde kullanılan küçükdilsil ünsüz /q/ sesini de barındırdığından ait olduğu dil ailesinin ünsüz sayısı bakımından en zengin dilidir. Lazca, özellikle büyük kentlere göçen genç nüfusun hızlı asimilasyonu sonucu yok olmak üzeredir.

Tarihçe
 20. yüzyıla kadar Lazlar ve Megreller bağlı bulundukları ülkeler doğrultusunda Arap, Gürcü ve Kiril alfabelerini kullanılmışlardır. Lazların MÖ 6.-7. yüzyıllar ve sonrasında Helen kolonizasyonu ile başlayan Laz-Yunan ticari ve kültürel ilişki döneminde tapınaklarına Yunan harfleriyle yazılar yazdıklarını biliyoruz. Hatta Lazların Kudüs'te kendilerine ait bir kiliselerinin olduğunu, Lazca yazılmış İncillerinin bulunduğunu da biliyoruz. Yunan kaynaklarına göre Kolhis'de, bugünkü Poti çevresinde Kolhis Akademisi bulunmakta idi. Kolhis Akademisi'nde felsefe ile retorik dersleri veriliyordu ve kolonicilerin çocukları olan Yunan öğrenciler de burada eğitim görüyordu. Akademide muhtemelen Antik Kolh dili ve Grekçe eğitim verilmekte idi.

17. yüzyıl Türk gezgini Evliya Çelebi'nin yazdığı "Seyahat Defteri"nde geçen Lazca metinler, Lazcaya ilişkin bilinen en eski yazılı kayıtlardır. Latin harfleriyle yazılmış bilinen en eski Lazca kayıt, İspanyol filolog Lorenzo Hervás'ın 1787'de yazdığı Kelime Bilgisi, Çok Dillilik ve 150'den fazla dile giriş (1787) kitabında geçmektedir. Kitapta Lazca sözlük listesi ve dilbilgisi notları yer almaktadır. Hervás, Lazca ile ilgili bilgileri Polonyalı bir Prens vasıtasıyla İstanbul'da yaşayan İtalyan şarkiyatçı E. Toderini'den toplamıştır. Hervás, Lazcanın Ardeşen-Pazar diyalekti ve Arhavi-Fındıklı diyalekti olmak üzere iki diyalektini tespit etmiştir. Hervás, Lazca üzerine yazdığı bölümü "Lezgi Dili" olarak adlandırdığı için bu çalışmanın varlığı 2011 yılına kadar Lazca üzerine çalışan akademisyenlerce bilinmiyordu. 19 ve 20. yüzyılda Rosen, Klaproth, Bopp, Erckert ve Sauer gibi dilbilimciler de Lazca üzerine çalışmalar yapmıştır. Alman etnolog Adolf Dirr'in Kafkas halk şarkılarını kaydettiği ses kayıtlarında en eski Lazca ses kaydı yer almaktadır. 38 halk şarkısından oluşan kayıtlar 1909-1913 yılları arasına tarihlenmektedir. İoseb Kipşidze, Sergi Jgenti, Guram Kartozia, İoseb Megrelidze, Yuri Siharulidze ve İrine Asatiani Lazca üzerine çalışmalarda bulunmuş Gürcü akademisyenlerdir.

Yakın tarihte ilk Lazca çalışmalarını, ilk Lazca grameri yazan Rus filolog Niko Marr'a göre Hopalı Faik Efendi başlatmıştır. 1920'lerde İskender Chitaşi, Sohum'da direktörlüğünü yaptığı Laz okullarında kendi geliştirdiği Laz alfabesini kullanıp yazdığı Oxesapuşi Supara adlı ders kitabıyla Lazca eğitim verdi. Sonra yine Abhazya'da Mçita Muruʒxi gazetesi yayımlanıp Lazca tiyatro eserleri sergilendi, Lazca broşürler basıldı. 1930'larda Atatürk'ün aracılığı ile Türkiye'ye getirilen Fransız dil bilimci Georges Dumézil de Arhavili Lazlar arasından derlediği masalları "Contes Lazes" ismini verdiği kitapta Paris'te yayımladı.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk yıllarında Lazcanın unutturulması için çaba sarf edildi. Lazcanın konuşulduğu bölgedeki okullarda "Lazca Konuşanlarla Mücadele Kolları" adında öğrenci kulüpleri oluşturuldu. Lazca konuştuğu tespit edilen öğrenciler fiziksel şiddet ve baskılarla karşı karşıya geldi. Aynı dönemde belediyelerin Lazca konuşanlara ceza kesme yetkisi bulunmaktaydı.

Laz alfabesi Latin kökenliydi. Mevcut Türk alfabesine Lazca sesler eklenerek yeni alfabe oluşturuldu. 1991'te Osman Tamtruli'ye ait Nana Nena isimli Lazca ders kitabı Almanya'da yayımlandı. 1992'te Lazuri Ambarepe (Lazca Haberler) isimli bir dergi yine Almanya'da yayına başladı. Ardından Parpali dergisi geldi. Ardından alfabe Türkiye Lazlarının çıkardığı Lazca dergi Ogni ile Türkiye'de ilk kez kullanıldı. Ayrıca, Mjora ve Sima gibi Lazca dergiler bu alfabe ile birkaç sayı çıkardılar. 2004'te Tine Amse-de Jong'un yazdığı 400 sayfalık Lazca-İngilizce sözlük, 2011'de ilk Lazca roman olan Daçxuri yayımlandı. İlk Lazca edebiyat dergisi Uncire 2020'de yayın hayatına başladı. Laz Enstitüsü, 2021 yılında 7 Kasım'ı "Lazca günü" ilan etti. Günün seçilme sebebi ilk Lazca gazete Mçhita Murutsxi'nin yayınlandığı gün ve Kâzım Koyuncu'nun doğum gününün 7 Kasım olmasıydı.

Alfabe

Günümüzde kullanılan Laz alfabesi, 1920-30'lu yıllarda Abhazya SSC'de kullanılan Laz alfabesinin 1984'te Fahri Kahraman ve Wolfgang Feurstein tarafından geliştirilmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. 35 harften oluşan alfabe, günümüzde Laz dilinin yazımı için kullanılmaktadır.

ž=ḑ, ʒ=ţ ve ǯ=ţ̌

Lazcada "Q" ünsüzü sadece Hopa, Batum ve Borçka'da kullanılır.

Okunuş Kuralları
Laz alfabesinde yer alan bazı harfler (a, b, d, e, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v) telâffuz edilirken Türkçe karşılıklar bulunabilir. Yalnız diğer seslerin Türk alfabesinde karşılıkları yoktur. Harflerin telâffuzları şu şekildedir:

 İstisnalar:
 Lazcada -â, -ö ve -ü sesleri aslında vardır. Ancak bunlar Türkçedeki gibi belirgin değildir. Bu yüzden bunların Laz alfabesine alınmasına gereksinim duyulmamıştır. Bu seslilerin olduğu kelimeleri yazmak için başlarına -y sessizi koyulup yazılır. Örneğin: gölapi (batır) kelimesi gyolapi şeklinde; gâri (ekmek) kelimesi de gyari biçiminde yazılır.

 R r sessizi Hopa ve Arhavi lehçelerinde kaybolmuşçasına okunur. Bazen y sesine dönüşür, bazen de tamamen kaybolur. Bu yönüyle de Çekçe'deki Ř - ř sessizlerine benzer.

 Laz alfabesinde ikişer harf ile yazılan /ky/, /üy/ ve /gy/ sesbirimlerinin boğumlanma bölgeleri, ortadamak artdamak sınırı ile dil sırtının orta kısmı arasıdır.

 ç̌ sesi Türkçede yoktur. Artdişyuvasıl dışgırtlaksıl patlamalı sürtünmeli ünsüz fonemini gösterir. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  şeklinde yazılır.
 ğ sesi Türkçeden farklıdır. Lazcada daha sert olup gırtlağın art damağa yakın bir yerde oluşur, hırıltısızdır. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  olarak ifade edilir.
 x sesi Zazaca, Azerice ve Kürtçe'deki gibi boğazdan çıkan bir h sesini verir. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  olarak ifade edilir.
  Fırlatmalı kalın bir k sesidir. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  olarak ifade edilir.
 q fırlatmalı bir sestir, Gürcüce'deki ყ sesiyle benzerdir. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  olarak ifade edilir.
 p̌ dudaksıl kapantılı fırlatmalı bir konson fonemidir. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  olarak ifade edilir.
 Ť Fırlatmalı ünsüzlerden biridir. Türkçedeki t sesinden daha sert söylenir. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  olarak ifade edilir.
 ž, dz seslerinin birleşiminden oluşur.Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde de  olarak ifade edilir.
 , ts seslerinin birleşiminden oluşur. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde de  olarak ifade edilir.
 , ts sesinin fırlatmalı harfidir. Daha sert okunur. Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi'nde  olarak ifade edilir.

Lehçeler
Niko Marr (1910) ve Çikobava (1936), Bucaklişi (2000, Mjora I 48), Lazcanın, Hopa, Arhavi-Fındıklı ve Ardeşen-Pazar'da konuşulan üç lehçeden oluştuğunu ileri sürmüşlerse de Goichi Kojima ile Bucaklişi'nin Lazca Gramer adlı çalışmasında lehçe sayısı beşe çıkarılmıştır. Bununla beraber Lazca Doğu (Hopa, Arhavi) ve Batı (Pazar, Ardeşen) şeklinde iki ana grupta da incelenmektedir. Lazcanın lehçeleri şunlardır:

Arkabuli, (Arkabi-არქაბი ; Vie-ვიწე) Arhavi ve Fındıklı'da konuşulur.
 Atinuri, (Atina-ათინა) Pazar'da konuşulur.
 Artaşenuri, (Art̆aşeni-არტაშენი) Ardeşen ve Çamlıhemşin'de konuşulur.
 Çxaluri, Borçka ilçesi Çxala-ჩხალა (Düzköy) köyünde konuşulur.
 Xopuri, (Xopa-ხოფა); Hopa ve Batum'da konuşulur.

Lazcanın Pazar lehçesi, bölgede yapılan ticaretin etkisiyle Türkçe ve Pontus Rumcası'ndan fazlaca etkilenmiştir. Ardeşen ve Çamlıhemşin lehçesi; Pazar lehçesine paralellik gösterir. Fındıklı ve Arhavi lehçesi ise Pazar'a nazaran Türkçeden daha az etkilenmiştir. Hopa lehçesi ise gerek diğer kardeş dil Gürcüce, gerekse Megrelceye en fazla benzeyen lehçedir. Borçka'nın Düzköy köyünde konuşulan Lazca ise hiçbir lehçeye benzemeyecek kadar farklıdır.

Örneklerle Lazcayı lehçeleriyle karşılaştırmak gerekirse:

Dil bilgisi

Lazca fiillerin ağırlıkta olduğu dilidir. Fiillerin başına konan 50'ye yakın fiil önek/öntakısı vardır. Bazı fiil örnekleri çok işlevli olmakla beraber bazılarının kullanım alanları oldukça azdır. Lazcada; eylemin kendisi, eylemi yapan kişi eylemin kim ya da kimler için yapıldığı, eylemin zamanı, başladığı yer (sağ, sol, üst, alt vs.) ve eylemin yönü tek bir fiil yapısı içinde ifade edilir. Fiil kökü hiçbir şekilde değişmez. Eylem, üstünde cereyan ettiği yerin şekline göre biçim almakta ve buna göre şekillenmektedir.

Lazca isimler, durum ve sayıya göre ayrı biçim almaktadır. Lazca fiiller, kip, aspekt, zaman, şahıs ve sayıya göre ayrı biçimler göstermektedir. Bunlar fiilin çeşidine (Hareket fiili, Hal değişme fiili, Hal fiili, Başkalaşma fiili vs.) göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Ayrıca, çok sayıda dilde bulunan Bildirme kipi, emir kipi ve istek kipi gibi kipler dışında Lazcada tecrübe kipi, yeterlik kipi vs. bulunmaktadır.

Lazca, tüm diğer Kafkas dilleri ve İrani Dillerde görüldüğü gibi özegeçişlilik durum dizgesine sahiptir. Anlam olarak; "kimin tarafından = mik" ve "neyin tarafından = muk" şeklinde algılandığı gibi, bu sorulara cevap teşkil ederler. İsmin bu hâli lehçesel farklılıklar dolayı Ardeşen, Pazar ve Çamlıhemşin yörelerinde kullanılmamaktadır. Lazcada ergatifliği -ǩ sesi yapar. Örneklersek

Selma'''ǩ bere dobaxu (Selma çocuğu dövdü.)

Bu cümledeki "bere" yani çocuk kelimesi yalın hâldeymiş gibi görünmesine rağmen, aslında ismin "İ" hâlindedir yani yükleme eki görevindedir ve cümlede tümleç görevi görmektedir. "Kim " sorusunun cevabı ise, "ismin "K" hâlindeki "Selmaǩ" kelimesidir. Bu cümlenin diğer bir karşılığı ise; "Çocuk, Selma tarafından dövüldü" şeklindedir.

 Kelime hazinesi
Lazcanın Antik Kolhis dilinden türediği sanılmaktadır. Sovyet dilbilimciler başta olmak üzere Lazca ve Megrelcenin bu dilin günümüzdeki iki lehçesi olduğunu iddia eden görüşler de vardır. 6. yüzyıldan itibaren Lazların Ortodoks Hristiyanlaşmalarıyla birlikte dile ilk defa yabancı kelimelerin girdiği düşünülmektedir. Bu kelimelerden biri de Yunancada "kilise" anlamına gelen ve Lazcaya elesia olarak geçen Εκκλησία kelimesidir. Yunancada tarla anlamına gelen λιβάδι kelimesi ise Lazcaya livadi olarak geçmiştir.

Daha sonraki yıllarda Osmanlı Devleti'nin hakimiyetine giren Lazların İslamiyet'i kabul etmeleriyle beraber Osmanlı Türkçesinde (Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça) kullanılan birçok kelime Lazcada kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Boy anlamına gelen boyi, kalem anlamına gelen alemi ve çuval anlamına gelen ç̌uvali bu kelimelere örnektir.

 Lazca bir metin örneği
Artvin'in Hopa, Borçka ve Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti'nin başkenti Batum'da konuşulan lehçesi ile örnek bir Lazca metin:Dünya'nın büyük denizlerle bağlantısı bulunan en büyük iç denizi Karadeniz'in doğu kıyılarında yer alan Lazistan, tarih boyunca yoğun deniz ticaretinin yaşandığı limanları ile anılmıştır. Karadeniz halkları arasında kurulan dostluk, kültür ve ticaret köprüsünün bir ayağını oluşturan Lazistan limanları, tarihi İpek Yolunun Avrupa'ya açılan kapısı olmuşlardır. Birçok iskeleye sahip Lazistan'nın başlıca limanları Trabzon, Rize ve Hopa limanlarıdır.''

Kaynakça

İlgili yayınlar
 Tandilava, Ali (2013), Merab Čuxua, Natela Kutelia, Lile Tandilava, Lali Ezugbaia, Lazuri leksiḳoni [Lazca Sözlük], online versiyonu Levan Vašaḳiʒe tarafından hazırlandı, Tiflis
 Bucaklişi, İsmail Avcı; Uzunhasanoğlu, Hasan; Aleksiva, İrfan (2007), Büyük Lazca Sözlük / Didi Lazuri Nenapuna [Büyük Lazca Sözlük] (Türkçe), İstanbul: Chiviyazıları,
 Uzunhasanoğlu, Hasan (2012), in Şirimi : Türkçe-Lazca / Lazca-Türkçe cep sözlüğü, 2. baskı, İstanbul: Lazika
 Ramazan Kosanoğlu (Ǩlemurişi). Lazca Deyimler ve Atasözleri Sözlüğü  2020 ISBN 978-605-184-288-2
 İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi/ Hasan Uzunhasanoğlu. Lazuri Nenapuna/ Lazca Sözlük. Akyüz Yayıncılık. İstanbul. 1999.
 Metin Erten. Lazca-Türkçe Türkçe Lazca sözlük. Anahtar Kitaplar Yayınları. İstanbul. 2000 ISBN 975-7787-89-2
 İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi/ Hasan Uzunhasanoğlu/ İrfan Aleksiva. Büyük Lazca Sözlük/ Didi Lazuri Nenapuna. Chiviyazıları Yayınları. İstanbul. 2007.
 M. Recai Özgün. Lazlar. Çiviyazıları Yayınları. İstanbul. 1996. ISBN 975-8086-06-5.
 Goichi Kojima/İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi. Lazuri Grameri. Chiviyazıları Yayınları. İstanbul. 2003. ISBN 975-8663-55-0
 Lazuri Nena - The Language of the Laz Silvia Kutscher'in İngilizce makalesi
 Nurdoğan Abaşişi. Lazuri Paramitepe/ Laz Halk Masalları. Akyüz Yayınları. İstanbul. 2005.
 Kâmil Aksoylu. Laz Kültürü / Tarih, Dil, Gelenek ve Toplumsal Yapı. ISBN 978-605-5738-16-7. Phoenix Yayınevi. Ankara. 2. baskı 2010. 486 sayfa
 (Münir) Yılmaz Avcı. Lazca dilbilgisi / Lazuri nenaçkina. ISBN 975-8730-01-0. Etno - Kültür Kitapları. İstanbul. 181 sayfa
 İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi/ İrfan Aleksiva. Svacoxo - Laz Yer Adları Sözlüğü. Kolkhis Yayınları. İstanbul. 2009.
 İsmail Avcı (Bucaklişi), "Lazca Dil Kartları", Delta Kitap, Ankara 2010

Dış bağlantılar

 Lazca.org Laz Dili ve Kültürü Sitesi (Lazca-Türkçe)
 İnternet'ten Online Lazca Öğrenin
 Laz Kültür Derneği
 Laz Kültürü, Dili ve Geleneği
 Lazca - Türkçe full sözlük word doc.
 Lazca haber ve makaleler
 Laz Cultur - Laz dili, tarihi, kültürü ve diasporasının sitesi-ayrıca ayda bir yayımlanan Lazca gazete

Eklemeli diller
Güney Kafkas dilleri
Gürcistan'daki diller
Laz kültürü
Ölmek üzere olan diller
Türkiye'deki diller
Laz edebiyatı

Lazca


Classic de l'Ardèche 2019 var den 19. udgave af cykelløbet Classic de l'Ardèche. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 2. marts 2019. Løbet blev vundet af franske Lilian Calmejane fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Alexander Kamp kørte for
Rasmus Quaade kørte for
Troels Vinther kørte for
Emil Vinjebo kørte for
Andreas Kron kørte for

Resultater

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
UCI Europe Tour 2019

Classic de l'Ardèche 2019


Hans-Hugo Kremer (* 1965) ist ein deutscher Wirtschaftspädagoge und Inhaber der Professur für Wirtschaftspädagogik, insbesondere Mediendidaktik und Weiterbildung an der Universität Paderborn.

Leben
H.-Hugo Kremer absolvierte von 1984 bis 1987 eine Ausbildung zum Industriekaufmann. Von 1986 bis 1989 studierte er parallel zu einer Berufstätigkeit im Finanz- und Rechnungswesen Wirtschaftswissenschaft an der Fernuniversität in Hagen. Von dort wechselte er zur Universität zu Köln, an der er von 1989 bis 1992 Wirtschaftspädagogik studierte und das Studium als Diplom-Handelslehrer abschloss. Von 1992 bis 1996 war er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am dortigen Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Sozialpädagogik von Martin Twardy. Von Köln wechselte Kremer als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an den Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Sozialpädagogik von Peter F. E. Sloane an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. 1997 promovierte er dort zum Thema Medienentwicklung - Theoretische Modellierung und fachdidaktisch ausgerichtete Anwendung. Von 2001 bis 2002 war er bei Peter F. E. Sloane wissenschaftlicher Assistent an der Forschungs- und Lehreinheit Wirtschaftspädagogik der Universität Paderborn. 2002 habilitierte er sich dort zum Thema Implementation didaktischer Theorie - Innovationen gestalten.
Ebenfalls 2002 nahm er einen Ruf an die Universität Konstanz zur Professur für Wirtschaftspädagogik an. Seit 2004 hat er die Professur für Wirtschaftspädagogik, insbesondere Mediendidaktik und Weiterbildung, an der Universität Paderborn inne. Seit 2011 ist er Studiendekan der dortigen Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften.

Forschungsschwerpunkte
H.-Hugo Kremers Forschungsschwerpunkte bestehen in den Bereichen Mediendidaktik: Medienrezeption und -entwicklung in und für Blended Learning und der Implementation komplexer Lernumgebungen, insbesondere der Implementation des Lernfeldkonzepts sowie in den letzten Jahren verstärkt einer individuellen Förderung in der beruflichen Bildung auf mikro-, meso- und makrodidaktischer Ebene. Kremer folgt dabei einem Forschungsansatz in praktischen Anwendungskontexten. Demgemäß hat er zahlreiche schulische und betriebliche Modellversuche wissenschaftlich begleitet. Er ist Mitbegründer und aktueller Sprecher des cevet - centre for vocational education and training, einem interdisziplinären Zusammenschluss von Forschern aus den Bereichen der Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik, Volkswirtschaftslehre, Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Psychologie.

Modellversuche (Wissenschaftliche Begleitung, Auswahl)
 BMAS/ESF Projekt InBig - Individuelle Kompetenzentwicklungswege: Bildungsgangarbeit in einer dualisierten Ausbildungsvorbereitung.
 BMBF Projekt Professionalisierung der Studieneingangsphase.
 BMAS/ESF Projekt InLab - Individuelle Förderung und selbstgesteuerte Kompetenzentwicklung für multikulturelle Lebens- und Arbeitswelten in der berufsschulischen Grundbildung.
 BLK Modellversuch KooL - Gestaltung medienbasierter kooperativer Lernumgebungen.

Schriften (Auswahl)
Medienentwicklung. Theoretische Modellierung und fachdidaktisch ausgerichtete Anwendung. Köln: Botermann & Botermann 1997.
Lernfelder implementieren. Zur Entwicklung und Gestaltung fächer- und lernortübergreifender Lehr-/Lernarrangements im Lernfeldkonzept. Paderborn: Eusl 2001 (zusammen mit Peter F. E. Sloane).
Implementation didaktischer Theorie. Innovationen gestalten. Paderborn: Eusl 2003.
Lernen in medienbasierten kooperativen Lernumgebungen - Modellversuch KooL. Paderborn: Eusl 2007.
Individuelle Förderung in der beruflichen Bildung. Grundlegung und Annäherung im Kontext von Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten. Paderborn: Eusl 2010 (zusammen mit Andrea Zoyke).
Lernfeldansatz - 15 Jahre danach. bwp@, Ausgabe 20 (2011) (zusammen mit Tade Tramm und Ralf Tenberg).

Weblinks
 Homepage an der Universität Paderborn
 Homepage des cevet - centre for vocational education and training - Internationales Kompetenzzentrum für Berufsbildungsforschung der Universität Paderborn

Wirtschaftspädagoge
Didaktiker
Pädagoge (20. Jahrhundert)
Pädagoge (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Paderborn)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Konstanz)
Deutscher
Geboren 1965
Mann

H.-Hugo Kremer