The American Family Association (AFA) is a conservative and Christian fundamentalist 501(c)(3) organization based in the United States. It opposes LGBT rights and expression, pornography, and abortion. It also takes a position on a variety of other public policy goals. It was founded in 1977 by Donald Wildmon as the National Federation for Decency and is headquartered in Tupelo, Mississippi.

Part of the religious right, the AFA defined itself as "a Christian organization promoting the biblical ethic of decency in American society with primary emphasis on television and other media," later switching their stated emphasis to "moral issues that impact the family." It engages in activism efforts, including boycotts, buycotts, action alert emails, publications on the AFA's web sites or in the AFA Journal, broadcasts on American Family Radio, and lobbying. The organization is accredited by the  Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA) and posted a 2011 budget of over $16 million. AFA owns 200 American Family Radio stations in 33 states, seven affiliate stations in seven states, and one affiliate TV station (KAZQ) in New Mexico.

AFA has been listed as an anti-LGBT hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) since November 2010 for the "propagation of known falsehoods" and the use of "demonizing propaganda" against LGBT people.

Operations
Reverend Donald Wildmon served as chairman of AFA until he announced his retirement on March 3, 2010. His son, Tim, is president of AFA. AFA is governed by an independent board of directors.
AFA Journal is a monthly publication with a circulation of 180,000 containing news, features, columns, and interviews. In addition to the publication, AFA Journal articles are made available online. The journal reviews the content of prime-time television shows, categorizing them based on profanity, sex, violence, homosexuality, substance abuse, "anti-Christian" content, or "political correctness". The categorization is accompanied by short descriptions of the content of the episode under review. The review also lists the advertisers of each show and invites readers to contact the advertisers or television networks to express concern over program content.

American Family Radio (AFR) is a network of approximately 200 AFA-owned radio stations broadcasting Christian-oriented programming.

OneNewsNow.com (formerly AgapePress), the AFA news division, provides online audio newscasts and a daily digest of news articles, Associated Press stories, and opinion columns.

Center for Law and Policy, the legal and political arm of the AFA, was shut down in 2007.  It specialized in First Amendment cases. The Center for Law and Policy lobbied legislative bodies, drafted legislation, and filed religious-discrimination lawsuits on behalf of individuals. Chief among its efforts were the recognition of Christmas in seasonal print advertisements; the criminalization of homosexuality; lobbying against same-sex marriage, and in opposition of equal-rights and hate-crime legislation that would include sexual orientation and gender identity under categories already protected and advocating censorship of television programming.

Campaigns and issues
The AFA has a history of activism by organizing its members in boycotts and letter-writing campaigns aimed at promoting socially conservative values in the United States. The AFA has promoted boycotts of television shows, movies, and businesses that the group considers to have promoted indecency, obscenity, or homosexuality. In addition to promoting activism via mail to AFA members, 3.4 million subscribers receive AFA "Action Alerts" via email.

Boycotts
The AFA has boycotted companies for various reasons, most often relating to Christmas controversies, pornography, support of pro-choice activism, support of violent or sexual content in entertainment, and support of LGBT rights, including same-sex partner employee benefits. These organizations include: 7-Eleven, Abercrombie & Fitch, American Airlines, American Girl, Blockbuster Video, Burger King, Calvin Klein, Carl's Jr., Chobani, Clorox, Comcast, Crest, Ford, Hallmark Cards, Hardee's, Kmart, Kraft Foods, S. C. Johnson & Son, Movie Gallery, Microsoft, MTV, Paramount Pictures, Time Warner, Universal Studios, DreamWorks, Mary Kay, NutriSystem, Old Navy, IKEA, Sears, Procter & Gamble, Target, Walt Disney Company, and PepsiCo.

In 1986, 7-Eleven stopped selling Playboy and Penthouse magazines after a two-year boycott by the AFA. In 1989 the AFA boycotted WaldenBooks in an attempt to persuade the company to stop selling those same magazines. WaldenBooks responded with an advertisement campaign against censorship, asserting First Amendment rights. WaldenBooks, American Booksellers Association, the Council for Periodical Distributors Association, the International Periodical Distributors Association, and Duval Bibb Services launched a lawsuit against the AFA in October 1989, under the Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) and the Florida State RICO Acts, which protect an organization's right to conduct business without harassment or threats. The case was settled by the parties without a court ruling.

AFA boycotted PepsiCo in 1989 for supporting Madonna, whose video for "Like a Prayer" Wildmon felt was sacrilegious.

During the summer of 1993 the AFA purchased full-page ads in The New York Times, USA Today, and Los Angeles Times denouncing the sexual and violent content of the upcoming ABC police drama NYPD Blue. It also urged ABC affiliates not to broadcast the program and citizens to boycott sponsors of Blue. About a quarter of the 225 existing ABC stations followed suit, but such affiliates were mostly in rural areas of the US. The AFA campaign increased hype for the show in larger American media markets, and Blue became one of the most popular shows of the 1993–1994 television season.
In 1996, the AFA launched a boycott against Walt Disney Company when the company began giving benefits to same-sex employees in domestic partnerships. The AFA has claimed that Michael Eisner, the CEO of The Disney Company,  "was involved in a media group that actively promoted the homosexual agenda" and was pushing the "gay agenda". The AFA ended the boycott in the spring of 2005 after Eisner left the company. Tim Wildmon stated "We feel after nine years of boycotting Disney we have made our point."

In January 2002, the restaurant chain Taco Bell held a month-long promotion in which four Cardcaptor Sakura toys were available in their kids' meals, expecting to distribute up to 7 million of the toys during the month. The AFA complained about the promotion as the organization felt the Clow Cards in the series were too similar to tarot cards and Eastern mythology. However, the organization's complaints begin on the day before the promotion's scheduled end date.

In 2003, the AFA, with the American Decency Association, Focus on the Family, and Citizens for Community Values, lobbied and boycotted Abercrombie & Fitch, calling on "A&F to stop using blatant pornography in its quarterly catalog." In December 2003, the company "recalled the holiday catalog from all its stores, saying it needed the space on the counter for a new perfume" and stated it would stop printing catalogs and start a new campaign.

In 2005 the AFA boycotted the company American Girl, seller of dolls and accessories, because the company supported the charity Girls, Inc., which the AFA called "a pro-abortion, pro-lesbian advocacy group".

In Spring 2005 the AFA launched a boycott of Ford for advertising in gay magazines, donating to gay rights organizations, and sponsoring gay pride celebrations. After meeting with representatives of the group, Ford announced it was curtailing ads in a number of major gay-themed publications, due not by cultural but by "cost-cutting" factors. That statement was contradicted by the AFA, which claimed it had a "good faith agreement" that Ford would cease such ads. Soon afterwards, as a result of a strong outcry from the gay community, Ford backtracked and announced it would continue ads in gay publications, in response to which the AFA denounced Ford for "violating" the agreement, and renewed threats of a boycott.  The boycott ended in March 2008.

On Independence Day 2008, the AFA announced a boycott of McDonald's, which had a director on the board of the National Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce. In October 2008, AFA announced the end of its boycott following the declaration to be "neutral on same-sex marriage or any 'homosexual agenda' as defined by the American Family Association" by McDonald's in a memo to franchisees.

In December 2008, the AFA issued an "Action Alert" which called for members to protest about the Campbell Soup Company, which had purchased two two-page advertisements in the December 2008 and January 2009 issues of LGBT magazine The Advocate.  The Action Alert said that Campbell's "sent a message that homosexual parents constitute a family and are worthy of support".  The advertisements showed a married lesbian couple with their son. AFA spokesman Randy Sharp said "the Campbell Soup Company is saying 'we approve of homosexual marriage.'"

In November 2009, the AFA called for a boycott against clothing retailer The Gap, Inc., claiming the retailer's holiday television advertising campaign failed to mention Christmas.  "Christmas has historically been very good for commerce. But now Gap wants the commerce but no Christmas" wrote an AFA spokesperson.  The Gap soon released an advertisement in response to the boycott, specifically referring to Christmas, albeit with a number of other holidays that take place at the same time of year and added the word "Christmas" to in-store decor.

In 2012 the AFA led a boycott against Archie Comics when they published a comic book featuring a same-sex marriage.

In July 2012, they considered boycotting Google due to Google's "Legalize Love" campaign which supports LGBT rights.

In April 2016, AFA launched a boycott against Target Corporation due to Target announcing they "welcome transgender team members and guests to use the restroom or fitting room facility that corresponds with their gender identity."

Published media
On April 16, 2007, following the Virginia Tech Massacre, the AFA released a video titled The Day They Kicked God out of the Schools, in which God tells a student that students were killed in schools because God is not allowed in schools anymore.  The video claims that the shootings at Virginia Tech and Columbine, among others, are in part the result of: decreased discipline in schools; no prayer in schools; sex out of wedlock; rampant violence in TV, movies, and music; or abortions.

Speechless: Silencing the Christians is a 2008 documentary series hosted by Janet Parshall. The series explains the AFA's position against the drive towards political correctness, and how various factors, such as hate crime laws and other discriminatory actions, are threatening the Christians' existence. In 2009, a one-hour special version of the program was produced and aired on commercial television stations, where AFA had purchased the air time.

Sexual morality
The AFA has repeatedly lobbied Congress to eliminate funding for the National Endowment for the Arts. For example, in 2000, the AFA issued a press release condemning the NEA's funding of One of the Guys, a book by Robert Clark Young described by a senior AFA official as "scatological". The complaint from the AFA was that the book included sexually explicit material, in particular, a description of a young woman extracting razor blades from her vagina during a performance in a sex club. In a Washington Post editorial in response to the complaint, Young stated, "I find it strange that an organization that claims to uphold family values and to oppose the federal funding of obscenity is not protesting the part of the military budget that goes to support pederasty in the Far East."

Speaking in defense of Mike Huckabee's statements that people with AIDS should be quarantined, the head of the AFA of Pennsylvania said Huckabee's recommendation was appropriate.

View on media
Wildmon has been accused of saying that he believes Hollywood and the theater world are heavily influenced by Jewish people, and that television network executives and advertisers have a genuine hostility towards Christians.

Opposition to other religions
On November 28, 2006, following the election of Keith Ellison, the first Muslim elected to the United States Congress, the AFA released an "Action Alert." The Action Alert, entitled "A first for America...The Koran replaces the Bible at swearing-in oath: What book will America base its values on, the Bible or the Koran?", requested subscribers to write to their Congressional representatives and urge them to create a "law making the Bible the book used in the swearing-in ceremony of representatives and senators."

On July 13, 2007, a Hindu prayer was conducted in the U.S. Senate. Rajan Zed, director of interfaith relations at a Hindu temple, read the prayer at the invitation of Senate majority leader Harry Reid, who defended his invitation based on the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi. AFA sent out an "Action Alert" to its members to email, write letters, or call their senators to oppose the Hindu prayer, stating it is "seeking the invocation of a non-monotheistic god."  The "alert" stated that "since Hindus worship multiple gods, the prayer will be completely outside the American paradigm, flying in the face of the American motto One Nation Under God."  The convocation by Zed was disrupted by three protesters from a different Fundamentalist Christian activist group, Operation Save America, in the gallery; they reportedly shouted "this is an abomination", and called themselves "Christians and patriots".

On August 10, 2010, Bryan Fischer, AFA's director of Issue Analysis for Government and Public Policy, posted on his blog on the AFA website that "Permits should not be granted to build even one more mosque in the United States of America, let alone the monstrosity planned for Ground Zero. This is for one simple reason: each Islamic mosque is dedicated to the overthrow of the American government." Fischer continued: "Because of this subversive ideology, Muslims cannot claim religious freedom protections under the First Amendment."

Homosexuality

The AFA expresses public concern over what it refers to as the "homosexual agenda". They state that the Bible "declares that homosexuality is unnatural and sinful" and that they have "sponsored several events reaching out to homosexuals and letting them know there is love and healing at the Cross of Christ."

The AFA actively lobbies against the social acceptance of homosexual behavior ("We oppose the homosexual movement's efforts to convince our society that their behavior is normal").  The AFA also actively promotes the idea that homosexuality is a choice and that sexual orientation can be changed through ex-gay ministries.

In 1996, responding to a complaint from an AFA member who was participating in an AFA campaign targeting gay journalists, the Fort Worth Star-Telegram transferred a gay editor out of a job that occasionally required him to work with schoolchildren. The AFA targeted the editor due to cartoon strips he created, which were published in gay magazines. The paper apparently acted on the AFA's unsubstantiated statement that the editor was "preoccupied with the subjects of pedophilia and incest."

In 2000, vice president Tim Wildmon spoke out against gay-straight alliance clubs in schools, stating, "We view these kinds of clubs as an advancement of the homosexual cause."  In 2003, the AFA filed an amicus curiae brief in Lawrence vs Texas, arguing against repeal of Texas sodomy laws. In 2004, the AFA raised concerns about the movie Shark Tale because the group believed the movie was designed to promote the acceptance of gay rights by children. On the October 11, 2005, AFA broadcast, Tim Wildmon agreed with a caller that cable networks like Animal Planet and HGTV featured "evidence of homosexuality and lesbian people" and added that "you have to watch out for children's programs today as well because they'll slip it in there as well."  In 2007, the AFA spoke out against IKEA for featuring gay families in their television ads.  In June 2008, the AFA protested a Heinz television advertisement, shown in the United Kingdom, which showed two men kissing, which Heinz then withdrew.  On January 28, 2015, the AFA wrote to the Southern Poverty Law Center that the AFA now rejected the policy that homosexual conduct should be illegal.

The AFA's founder, Don Wildmon, was "instrumental" in initially setting up the Arlington Group, a networking vehicle for social conservatives focusing on gay marriage.

One Million Moms/One Million Dads project
AFA created One Million Moms and One Million Dads, two websites with the stated goal of mobilizing parents to "stop the exploitation of children" by the media. It uses these websites to organize boycotts and urge activists to send emails to mainstream companies employing advertising, selling products, or advertising on television shows they find offensive. In 2012, the group started and then backed off from a failed campaign against the hiring of talk show host Ellen DeGeneres as a spokesperson for department store chain J. C. Penney. They opposed her employment on the grounds that DeGeneres is "an open homosexual".  At a taping of her show, DeGeneres informed her audience of the fizzled effort: "They wanted to get me fired and I am proud and happy to say J. C. Penney stuck by their decision to make me their spokesperson."

The One Million Moms campaign opposed Marvel and DC Comics issues which featured gay characters, describing the storylines as a "brainwashing and desensitizing experience" for children, written to "influence them in thinking that a gay lifestyle choice is normal and desirable."

The organization criticized a 2013 GEICO for a commercial showing Maxwell the Pig in a car with a human girl, saying it suggests bestiality.

In 2015, the organization criticized a Campbell's ad that depicted two dads taking care of their child by feeding him Campbell's Star Wars soup. The organization claimed the ad "normaliz[ed] sin."

In 2019, the organization complained about ads airing on The Hallmark Channel for wedding planning site Zola, which featured two brides kissing at the altar. In response, Hallmark's parent company Crown Media pulled the ads. After protests from the public, including celebrities Ellen DeGeneres and William Shatner, Crown Media reversed their decision and stated they would reinstate the ads. In 2020, Burger King was their target for using the word "damn" in a television commercial.

The actual number involved in One Million Moms has been questioned. After a complaint about Burger King ads using the word "damn", a CNN article stated that "Despite its name, it is not clear that the group has a million members. According to its website, more than 8,000 people have taken action on the Burger King issue, and its Facebook group has just shy of 100,000 likes."

In God We Trust

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, many public schools across the United States posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "libraries, cafeterias and classrooms". The American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters.

Criticism and controversy
In 2015, the organisation officially repudiated  views of former director of issues analysis Bryan Fischer, including the claim that black people "rut like rabbits"; that the First Amendment applies only to Christians; that Hispanics are "socialists by nature" and come to the U.S. to "plunder" the country; that Hillary Clinton is a lesbian, and that "Homosexuality gave us Adolf Hitler, and homosexuals in the military gave us the Brown Shirts, the Nazi war machine and six million dead Jews."

Religious exercise
Sandy Rios, the Family Association's director of governmental affairs, has criticised "powerful Jewish forces behind the ACLU" and stated that secular Jews often "turn out to be the worst enemies of the country" while the AFA's president Tim Wildmon stated "Most of the Jews in this country, unfortunately, are far-left."

Bryan Fischer, former director of issues analysis, has described Muslims as "Parasites Who Must Convert or Die" and stated that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects only the religious practice of Christianity, writing in a blog post "The real object of the amendment was, not to countenance, much less to advance Mahometanism, or Judaism, or infidelity, by prostrating Christianity; but to exclude all rivalry among Christian sects... So the purpose of the First Amendment was most decidedly NOT to "approve, support, (or) accept" any "religion" other than Christianity." Fischer has suggested Jews and Muslims are not included in religious freedom protections in the US, saying: "I have contended for years that the First Amendment, as given by the Founders, provides religious liberty protections for Christianity only."
He later wrote: "We are a Christian nation and not a Jewish or Muslim one."

In a 2015 press release denouncing Fischer's views, the AFA stated "AFA rejects the idea expressed by Bryan Fischer that 'Free exercise of religion' only applies to Christians. Consequently, AFA rejects Bryan's assertions that Muslims should not be granted permits to build mosques in the United States."

Stance on homosexuality
The AFA has been criticized by a number of organizations for their stance against gay rights.

The Southern Poverty Law Center, through its Teaching Tolerance program, has encouraged schools across the U.S. to hold a "Mix It Up at Lunch" day in order to encourage students to break up cliques and prevent bullying. In late 2012, the AFA called the project – begun 11 years earlier and held in more than 2,500 schools – "a nationwide push to promote the homosexual lifestyle in public schools", urging parents to keep their children home from school on October 30, 2012, and to call the schools to protest the event. "I was surprised that they completely lied about what Mix It Up Day is", Maureen Costello, the director of the center's Teaching Tolerance project, which organizes the program, told The New York Times. "It was a cynical, fear-mongering tactic." In October, Bryan Fischer was taken off air during a CNN interview with Carol Costello for repeating his belief that "Hitler recruited homosexuals around him to make up his Stormtroopers."

In 2012, as jury selection was to begin in a trial on charges of kidnapping of a lesbian couple's daughter, Fischer wrote on Twitter in support of kidnapping of children from same-sex households and smuggling them to what he calls "normal" homes. Fischer also reiterated his views on his radio show, and on video. In January 2013, he compared consensual sex between people of the same gender to pedophilia, incest and bestiality. In January 2013, Fischer compared the Boy Scouts of America's change in views on gay scouts and scoutmasters to Jerry Sandusky, saying allowing gay scoutmasters was inviting pedophiles into the tents of children. In March 2013, Fischer compared homosexuality to bank robbery when Senator Portman announced his views on same-sex marriage had changed due to having a gay son. Fischer also stated that homosexuality should be banned like trans fats for being "a hazard to human health" and likened homosexuals to thieves, murderers and child molesters.

On January 28, 2015, Tim Wildmon, president of the American Family Association, demoted Fischer from being a spokesperson. Fischer went on to state that he will still be hosting the AFA's American Family Talk radio. In order to avoid being categorised as a hate group by Israel, the AFA issued a press release denouncing some of Fischer's views, rejecting his claim that Hillary Clinton is a lesbian, and stating: "AFA rejects the statement by Bryan Fischer that, 'Homosexuality gave us Adolf Hitler, and homosexuals in the military gave us the Brown Shirts, the Nazi war machine and six million dead Jews.' AFA rejects the policy advocated by Bryan Fischer that homosexual conduct should be illegal. AFA rejects the notion advocated by Bryan Fischer that, 'We need an underground railroad to protect innocent children from same-sex households.'"

Homosexuality and Nazism
Former AFA California leader Scott Lively is a co-author of The Pink Swastika (1995), in which he claims that all of the major leaders in the Nazi regime were homosexual, a claim which is widely rejected by most historians. He has since co-founded Watchmen on the Walls. In 2007, Bryan Fischer, former Director of Issues Analysis for the AFA, hosted Scott Lively at an event promoting the message that "homosexuality was at the heart of Nazism".

In May 2010, Fischer wrote a blog post on the AFA website and RenewAmerica detailing purported allegations that Adolf Hitler was a homosexual, that "the Nazi Party began in a gay bar in Munich,"  and concluded by claiming that the Holocaust (which actually included gay victims of Nazi persecution) was caused by homosexuals in the Nazi German military: "Nazi Germany became the horror that it was because it rejected both Christianity and its clear teaching about human sexuality." On American Family Talk radio, Fischer repeated the claim that Hitler was a homosexual, and stated that Hitler recruited homosexuals to be stormtroopers, because "homosexual soldiers basically had no limits and the savagery and brutality they were willing to inflict."

In 2013 Fischer claimed that "Homofascists" will treat Christians like Jews in the Holocaust and later that year he repeated on American Family Talk that Hitler started the Nazi party "in a gay bar in Munich" and that "[Adolf Hitler] couldn't get straights to be vicious enough in being his enforcers."

Criticism of homosexuality
In 1998, the Internet filtering software CyberPatrol blocked the AFA's web site, classifying it under the category "intolerance", defined as "pictures or text advocating prejudice or discrimination against any race, color, national origin, religion, disability or handicap, gender or sexual orientation..." AFA spokesman Steve Ensley told reporters, "Basically we're being blocked for free speech." CyberPatrol cited quotes from the AFA for meeting its intolerance criteria, which included: "Indifference or neutrality toward the homosexual rights movement will result in society's destruction by allowing civil order to be redefined and by plummeting ourselves, our children, and grandchildren into an age of godlessness"; "A national 'Coming Out of Homosexuality' provides us a means whereby to dispel the lies of the homosexual rights crowd who say they are born that way and cannot change"; and "We want to outlaw public homosexuality...We believe homosexuality is immoral and leads ultimately to personal and social decay."

On October 19, 1998, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, led by Leslie Katz, wrote a letter to the AFA in response to an advertisement placed in the San Francisco Chronicle by the AFA regarding homosexuality and Christianity. The letter stated:

Supervisor Leslie Katz denounces your rhetoric against gays, lesbians and transgendered people. What happened to Matthew Shepard is in part due to the message being espoused by your groups that gays and lesbians are not worthy of the most basic equal rights and treatment. It is not an exaggeration to say that there is a direct correlation between these acts of discrimination, such as when gays and lesbians are called sinful and when major religious organizations say they can change if they tried, and the horrible crimes committed against gays and lesbians.

During the same time, the City and County of San Francisco passed two resolutions. Resolution No. 234-99 "calls for the Religious Right to take accountability for the impact of their long-standing rhetoric denouncing gays and lesbians, which leads to a climate of mistrust and discrimination that can open the door to horrible crimes such as those committed against Mr. Gaither" and Resolution No. 873-98 was specifically directed at "anti-gay" television advertisements. AFA unsuccessfully challenged these actions as violating the Free Speech and Free Exercise clauses of the First Amendment in American Family Association v. City and County of San Francisco.

In 1998, multiple organizations voiced criticism of a series of AFA-sponsored full-page newspaper advertisements that promoted religious ministries involved in the ex-gay movement. In response to the advertisements, the Religious Leadership Roundtable said the ads employed "language of violence and hatred to denounce other people". IntegrityUSA criticized the ads, calling them "evil" disregarding Christian teachings about the "dignity of every human being". DignityUSA also criticized the advertisements, which they said were "misleading and destructive".

In July 2000, the AFA sent out emails and letters calling for openly gay Arizona Republican United States House of Representatives member Jim Kolbe to be barred from speaking at the Republican National Convention. The AFA also said that Kolbe should be arrested when he returned to his home state, as because Kolbe is gay, he was violating an Arizona law that banned sodomy. Equality Mississippi, a statewide LGBT civil rights organization which has voiced opposition and criticism towards the AFA's activism regarding homosexuality, felt that AFA's action was constituting and encouraging violence towards the gay community.

In 2005, Equality Mississippi publicly spoke out against the AFA for the use of copyrighted images on the AFA web site in its boycott against Kraft Foods for being a sponsor of the 2006 Gay Games in Chicago. The photographs, which were used without permission, were owned by and retrieved from ChrisGeary.com. Equality Mississippi encouraged ChrisGeary.com to file suit against the AFA and offered to support the suit. , the images were still on AFA's web site.

In June 2008, AFA's news website, OneNewsNow – which had begun replacing all instances of "gay" with "homosexual" in re-posted Associated Press articles – changed an AP profile of Olympic sprinter Tyson Gay, rendering his name as "Tyson Homosexual". OneNewsNow similarly altered the name of basketball player Rudy Gay, naming him "Rudy Homosexual". The gay rights website GoodAsYou.org, which "has long chronicled the AFA's practice of changing AP copy to suit its conservative agenda", spotted the errors. Tyson Gay was upset with the mistake.

In 2019, Fischer wrote on AFA's website that homosexuality is inescapably linked to pedophilia.

Intellectual freedom

Individuals in the media industry have criticized Donald Wildmon, the founder of AFA. Gene Mater, senior vice president of CBS Television, has stated, "We look upon Wildmon's efforts as the greatest frontal assault on intellectual freedom this country has ever faced" and Brandon Tartikoff, then NBC Entertainment President, stated that Wildmon's boycott campaign was "the first step toward a police state."

Marilyn Manson

Paul Cambria, lawyer for rock band Marilyn Manson, sent a cease and desist letter to AFA on April 25, 1997, in response to allegations published in the AFA Journal that Manson encouraged audience members to engage in sexual and violent acts in its concerts. AFA Journal relied on testimony by two anonymous claimed teenage concertgoers. The allegations were independently proven to be false. Wildmon responded that his organization as a whole was not responsible, but rather the AFA's Gulf Coast chapter in Biloxi, Mississippi.

Hate group listing
The Southern Poverty Law Center, in a 2005 report, stated that the AFA, along with other groups, engaged in hate speech to "help drive the religious right's anti-gay crusade." Mark Potok of the SPLC determined that the turning point was 2003's Lawrence v. Texas, in which the Supreme Court struck down Texas's anti-sodomy laws. After that, the Christian right spent millions on advertisements, and on pastor briefings organized by activists such as "born-again" Christian David Lane. Lane helped AFA put constitutional opposite-sex marriage amendments on the ballots of 13 states.

In November 2010, the SPLC changed their listing of AFA from a group that used hate speech to the more serious one of being designated a hate group. Potok said that the AFA's "propagation of known falsehoods and demonizing propaganda" was the basis for the change.

The AFA was greatly displeased with the designation as a hate group, calling the list "slanderous". In response to the SPLC's announcement, some members of the Christian right "called on Congress to cut off their funding." J. Matt Barber of The Washington Times said that the SPLC was "marginalizing" themselves by giving the AFA the same hate group designation shared by the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazis. Tony Perkins, the president of Family Research Council (FRC) – an organization also named a hate group – asked the SPLC to strike the new designation, but they held their position. Ken Williams commented that in reaction, the FRC and the AFA joined with other "pro-family" organizations targeted by the SPLC to establish a new website, an online petition called "Start Debating/Stop Hating" to counter the SPLC, and they took out full page ads in two Washington D.C. newspapers, defending their work "to protect and promote natural marriage and the family." The advertisement stated the "undersigned stand in solidarity" with the organizations designated as hate groups, and that they "support the vigorous but responsible exercise of the First Amendment rights of free speech and religious liberty that are the birthright of all Americans." House Speaker–Designate John Boehner and the governors of Louisiana, Minnesota and Virginia were among those signing the statement. The SPLC addressed the new website statement; Potok was quoted by David Weigel of Slate magazine as saying, "the SPLC's listings of these groups is based on their propagation of known falsehoods – claims about LGBT people that have been thoroughly discredited by scientific authorities – and repeated, groundless name-calling." The American Independent News Network (AINN) noted that the AFA had recently denounced Supreme Court justice Elena Kagan as a lesbian unfit for office – AINN stated that "she's not" a lesbian – and that Fischer said Hitler's savage and brutal methods were only possible because he and most of his stormtroopers were gay. Jillian Rayfield of Talking Points Memo noted the irony in the website calling the SPLC a "radical Left" group "spreading hateful rhetoric" yet elsewhere declaring that the debates of the Christian right "can and must remain civil – but they must never be suppressed through personal assaults that aim only to malign an opponent's character."

See also

 Abiding Truth Ministries
 National Center on Sexual Exploitation
 Christian fundamentalism
 Christian nationalism
 Christian right
 Culture War
 LGBT rights opposition
 List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-gay hate groups
 New Right
 Radical right (United States)
 Religion and homosexuality

References

Further reading

External links
 American Family Association official site
 American Family Association Collection (MUM00008) owned by the University of Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections.

1977 establishments in the United States
501(c)(3) organizations
American Christian political organizations
Boycott organizers
Censorship in the United States
Christian organizations established in the 20th century
Christianity in Mississippi
Conservative organizations in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Mississippi
Obscenity controversies
Organizations established in 1977
Organizations that oppose LGBT rights in the United States
Anti-abortion organizations in the United States
Tupelo, Mississippi

American Family Association


An Enteropogon acicularis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Michael Lazarides. An Enteropogon acicularis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Enteropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Enteropogon

Enteropogon acicularis


Lily Branning, (previamente: Slater), es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica EastEnders, interpretada por varios infantes en del 23 de junio de 2010, hasta el 25 de diciembre del mismo año.

Notas
 Entre sus historias más importantes se encuentran: haber sido secuestrada por Janine Butcher.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 EastEnders Stacey to struggle with pressure
 EastEnders Lily Branning Biography

Malloy, Lily

Lily Malloy


Raoul, mort en 1158, est évêque de Cornouaille (ou de Quimper) de 1130 à 1158. Comme son prédécesseur Robert, il se montre fidèle aux ducs de Bretagne de la maison de Cornouaille. Il introduit en Cornouaille l'ordre cistercien en favorisant la fondation des abbayes de Notre-Dame de Langonnet et de Notre-Dame de Coëtmalouen. Attaché à l'idéal cistercien, il est enterré en 1158 dans l'abbaye Notre-Dame de Langonnet.

Biographie

Évêque de Cornouaille
Raoul devient évêque de Cornouaille en 1130, à la mort de son prédecesseur l'évêque Robert. Peut-être est-il auparavant chanoine de Quimper. Raoul utilise la même titulature que ses prédécesseurs, Robert et Benoît, episcopus Corisopitensis, dont l'acception a donné lieu à débat et qui ne signifie ni évêque de Cornouaille ni évêque de Quimper. Cette titulature provient vraisemblablement d'une reprise volontaire d'une mauvaise graphie de civitas Coriosolitum, cité des Coriosolites, qui permet de conférer à Quimper, faussement, une origine antique. On peut retenir que l'évêque de Quimper utilise alors une dénomination ethnique, comme à Nantes ou à Vannes.

Fidèle de la maison de Cornouaille
Comme Robert, Raoul se montre fidèle aux ducs de Bretagne de la maison de Cornouaille. En 1135, il participe à une assemblée réunie dans l'abbaye de Redon à l'instigation du duc Conan III. En 1145, il est présent lors d'un acte de donation dressé en présence du duc Conan III et d'Alain Le Noir, époux de la fille de Conan III, Berthe. Il confirme en 1152, après la mort de Conan III, la donation du monastère de  Locmaria, à Quimper, à l'abbaye de Saint-Sulpice-la-Forêt. Cet acte mentionne le duc de Bretagne Hoël, ce qui montre qu'il compte au nombre de ses partisans, contre sa sœur Berthe. On le retrouve témoin d'une donation de Conan IV à l'abbaye Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé. Nécessité ecclésiastique ou indice d'un ralliement de Raoul au nouveau duc ?

Soutien des Cisterciens

Durant son épiscopat, Raoul favorise la fondation de deux abbayes cisterciennes en Cornouaille, Notre-Dame de Langonnet et Notre-Dame de Coëtmalouen. Elles sont créées aux limites du diocèse et contribuent à sa cohérence territoriale.

La date habituellement donnée pour la fondation de Notre-Dame de Langonnet est le 20 juin 1136. Selon Joëlle Quaghebeur, elle n'est prouvée par aucun acte disponible, mais il est certain que cette abbaye naît pendant l'épiscopat de Raoul. L'abbaye Notre-Dame de Coëtmalouen est fondée en 1142 ou avant 1146. Langonnet est la fille de l'abbaye de l'Aumône, dans le diocèse de Chartres, tandis que Coëtmalouen est la fille de l'abbaye de Bégard, elle-même fille de l'abbaye de l'Aumône.

Preuve de son adhésion à l'idéal cistercien, Raoul demande à être inhumé à l'abbaye de Langonnet. Il meurt en 1158. Bernard de Moëlan lui succède l'année suivante.

Références
.

Autres références

Bibliographie
   .

Articles connexes
Diocèse de Cornouaille
Liste des évêques de Cornouaille
Abbaye Notre-Dame de Langonnet
Abbaye Notre-Dame de Coëtmalouen

Décès en 1158
Évêque de Cornouaille
Évêque catholique du XIIe siècle
Personnalité bretonne du XIIe siècle

Raoul (évêque de Cornouaille)


Can You Feel Anything When I Do This? este o colecție de povestiri științifico-fantastice de Robert Sheckley din decembrie 1971. A fost publicată de editura  Doubleday. A fost republicată de Pan Books sub denumirea The Same To You Doubled.

Conține povestirile:
 "The Same to You Doubled" (Playboy 1970/3)
 "Cordle to Onion to Carrot" (Playboy 1969/12)
 "The Petrified World" (If 1968/2)
 "Game: First Schematic"
 "Doctor Zombie and His Little Furry Friends"
 "The Cruel Equations"
 "Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?" (Playboy 1969/8)
 "Starting from Scratch" (The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction 1970/11)
 "The Mnemone"
 "Tripout"
 "Notes on the Perception of Imaginary Differences"
 "Down the Digestive Tract and into the Cosmos with Mantra, Tantra and Specklebang" (Galaxy 1971/2)
 "Pas de Trois of the Chef and the Waiter and the Customer" (Playboy 1971/8)
 "Aspects of Langranak"
 "Plague Circuit"

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Cărți din 1971
Colecții de povestiri științifico-fantastice
Povestiri americane
Colecții de povestiri de Robert Sheckley
Cărți Doubleday
1971 în științifico-fantastic

Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?


Béguelin (c. 1675 – c. 1755) est le nom d'un espion cité par Casanova dans son Histoire de ma fuite des prisons de la République de Venise qu'on appelle les Plombs, paru en 1787.

Biographie
Né Français, il s'était mis au service de la République de Venise et avait participé, dans les années 1710, à la guerre vénéto-austro-ottomane sous les ordres du comte de Schulembourg à qui il servait comme espion. Il se déguisait en Turc et se rendait ainsi au camp des Ottomans mais, en même temps qu'il servait le comte de Schulembourg, il servait aussi le grand vizir ; ayant été démasqué, il échappa à la peine de mort mais fut condamné à la détention à vie et envoyé dans une cellule des prisons souterraines du palais des Doges, à Venise.
Casanova écrit à propos de ces prisons : « ces prisons souterraines ressemblent parfaitement à des tombeaux ; mais on les appelle les Puits, parce qu'il y a toujours deux pieds d'eau qui y pénètre de la mer par la même grille au travers de laquelle ils reçoivent un peu de lumière : cette grille n'a qu'un pied carré. À moins que le malheureux condamné à vivre dans ces cloaques impurs ne veuille prendre un bain d'eau salée, il est obligé de se tenir toute la journée assis sur un tréteau où se trouve une paillasse et qui lui sert de garde-manger. Le matin on lui donne une cruche d'eau, une pauvre soupe et une ration de pain de munition qu'il est obligé de manger de suite, s'il ne veut qu'il devienne la proie des gros rats de mer qui abondent dans ces horribles demeures ».

Béguelin mourut après trente-sept ans de détention en 1755 ou 1756, lorsque Casanova était emprisonné dans la célèbre prison vénitienne des Plombs.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Sous les plombs, par Jacques Casanova. Préface d'Hector Malot. Flammarion, Paris, 1894, pp. 102-104 (lire en ligne).

Liens externes

Espion français
Espion du XVIIIe siècle
Personnalité de la république de Venise
Date de naissance incertaine (XVIIe siècle)
Date de décès incertaine (XVIIIe siècle)
Décès à Venise
Personnalité morte en prison en Italie
Personnalité française morte en prison

Béguelin (espion)


In theatrical magic, misdirection is a form of deception in which the performer draws audience attention to one thing to distract it from another. Managing audience attention is the aim of all theater, and the foremost requirement of all magic acts. Whether the magic is of a "pocket trick" variety or a large stage production, misdirection is the central secret. The term describes either the effect (the observer's focus on an unimportant object) or the sleight of hand or patter (the magician's speech) that creates it.

It is difficult to say who first coined the term, but an early reference to misdirection appears in the writing of an influential performer and writer, Nevil Maskelyne: "It consists admittedly in misleading the spectator's senses, in order to screen from detection certain details for which secrecy is required." Around the same time, magician, artist and author Harlan Tarbell noted, "Nearly the whole art of sleight of hand depends on this art of misdirection."

Henry Hay describes the central act of conjuring as "a manipulation of interest."

Magicians misdirect audience attention in two basic ways. One leads the audience to look away for a fleeting moment, so that they don't detect some sleight or move. The other approach re-frames the audience's perception, distracting them into thinking that an extraneous factor has much to do with the accomplishment of the feat when it really has no bearing on the effect at all. Dariel Fitzkee notes that "The true skill of the magician is in the skill he exhibits in influencing the spectators mind."  Additionally, sometimes a prop such as a "magic wand" aids in misdirection.

Use

In The Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians, author T.A. Waters writes that "Misdirection is the cornerstone of nearly all successful magic; without it, even the most skilled Sleight of Hand or mechanical device is unlikely to create an illusion of real magic." Misdirection uses the limits of the human mind to give the wrong picture and memory. The mind of a typical audience member can only concentrate on one thing at a time. The magician uses this to manipulate the audience's ideas or perceptions of sensory input, leading them to false conclusions.

The performer can direct the audience's attention in various ways. In the book, The Secret Art of Magic, authors Eric Evans and Nowlin Craver posit that magic is directly related to warfare, and relies on the same principles for success. They reference Sun Tzu's Art of War to show how deception is essential to any successful campaign. Craver goes on to illustrate, through the 36 strategies, how they form a blueprint for every known method of misdirection.  In World War II, British military intelligence employed stage magician Jasper Maskelyne to help devise various forms of misdirection such as ruses, deception, and camouflage.

Magicians who have researched and evolved misdirection techniques include Max Malini, John Ramsay, Tommy Wonder, Derren Brown, Juan Tamariz, Tony Slydini, and Dai Vernon.

Definitions

In his 1948 book, Principles and Deceptions, Arthur Buckley questions the accuracy of the term. Since that time, magicians have debated use of the term misdirection, creating a great deal of discussion about what it is and how it works. Buckley drew a distinction between misdirection and direction. One being a negative term, and the other positive. Ultimately, he equates the two as the same thing: "If a performer by some means has directed the thoughts of his audience to the conclusion that he has done something which he has not done, he has wrongly directed them into this belief, hence, misdirection."

Jacobus Maria Bemelman, under the stage name Tommy Wonder, has pointed out that it is much more effective, from the magician's point of view, to concentrate on the positive aim of directing the audience's attention. He writes that "Misdirection implies 'wrong' direction. It suggests that attention is directed away from something. By constantly using this term, it eventually becomes so ingrained in our minds that we might start to perceive misdirection as directing attention away from rather than toward something."

In his October-November 2019 United States "Slydini Inspiration" lecture tour, Tony Slydini protege' Bill Wisch combined two definitions of Tony Slydini's into one coherent one. Bill explained that when he asked Slydini "What is misdirection?", Slydini would repeat "if you believe it, they'll believe it" and "magic is something they don't see." Bill's combined definition: "Misdirection is true when they believe what you do and then follow you."

See also

The Conjurer (painting) by Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1502)
Magic (illusion)
Optical illusion
Secrecy

References

External links
Misdirection Resource Center
Misdirection methods
A psychologically-based taxonomy of misdirection

Deception

Misdirection (magic)


මෙය වනාහී, තහවුරු කෙරුණු  බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහ ලෝකයන්ගේ සමස්තය මෙන්ම ඒවායේ සත්කාරක තාරකාවන්හී ගුණාංග කිහිපයක්ද  අඩංගු ලැයිස්තුවක් වෙයි.

ලැයිස්තුව

සංඛ්‍යාන

බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහ ලෝක ලැයිස්තුව
bf යන්නෙන් ද්වීමය ධජය නිරූපණය වන බව සටහන් කරගන්න: 0 = තාරකාමය ද්වීමය අනුචරයෙක් පිළිබඳ නොදනී; 1 = P-වර්ගයේ ද්වීමය (ද්වීමයපරිභ්‍රමණ); 2 = S-වර්ගයේ ද්වීමය; 3 = අනාථ ග්‍රහ ලෝකය (තාරකාවක් නැත).

බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහ ලෝක ලැයිස්තුව


Svijet

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 1. ožujka – Stjepan Perić,  hrvatski kazališni, televizijski i filmski glumac

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kazalište u 1983.


فيرناندو فاريلا راموس  (مواليد 1 سبتمبر 1979 في دوس هيرماناس - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ريال مايوركا الإسباني منذ 2006 في مركز الوسط الأيمن كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الظهير الأيمن .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من دوس إيرماناس
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو ريال بلد الوليد
لاعبو ريال بيتيس
لاعبو ريال مايوركا
لاعبو قاسم باشا
لاعبو كرة قدم أندلسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي إكستريمادورا
مواليد 1979
مواليد في دوس إيرماناس

فيرناندو فاريلا راموس


Joseph Graham "Joe" Sugg (født september 1991) er en britisk youtuber der er kendt for sine tre Youtubekanaler ThatcherJoe, ThatcherJoeVlogs og ThatcherJoeGames. Han er lillebror til youtuberen Zoella.

Eksterne henvisninger

YouTubere fra Storbritannien

Joe Sugg


නිව්ස් වන් යනු පාකිස්තානු, උර්දු ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකාවකි. නාලිකාවේ හිමිකාරීත්වය Air Waves Media (Pvt) Ltd සමාගම සතුවේ.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකා

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැදි

නිව්ස් වන්


La mandibule chez les différents espèces animales ;
 La mandibule chez l'être humain est l'os qui forme la mâchoire inférieure ;
 Mandibules, film français sorti en 2020.

Mandibule (homonymie)


Igre gladi: Šojka rugalica – 2. dio (eng. The Hunger Games- Mockingjay- Part 2) je američki distopijski znanstveno-fantastični avanturistički film iz 2015. redatelja Francisa Lawrencea, sa scenarijem Petera Craiga i Dannyja Stronga. To je četvrti i posljednji dio filmske serije Igre gladi, i drugi od dva filma temeljena na romanu Šojka rugalica iz 2010. posljednjoj knjizu u trilogiji Igre gladi Suzanne Collins. Film su producirali Nina Jacobson i Jon Kilik, a distribuirao ga je Lionsgate. U njemu se nalazi ansambl koji uključuje Jennifer Lawrence, Josha Hutchersona, Liama Hemswortha, Woodyja Harrelsona, Elizabeth Banks, Julianne Moore, Philipa Seymoura Hoffmana i Donalda Sutherlanda. Bila je to posljednja Hoffmanova filmska uloga.

Priča se nastavlja iz Igre gladi: Šojka rugalica – 1. dio s Katniss Everdeen (Lawrence) koja se priprema za pobjedu u ratu protiv predsjednika Snowa (Sutherland) i tiranskog Kapitola. Zajedno s Peetom, Galeom, Finnickom i ostalima, ona putuje u Kapitol kako bi ubila Snowa. Glavno snimanje na oba dijela započelo je 23. rujna 2013. u Atlanti, prije nego što se preselilo u Pariz na dva tjedna uzastopnog snimanja i službeno završilo 20. lipnja 2014. u Berlinu i u studiju Babelsberg, koji je služio kao koproducent.

Film je premijerno prikazan u Berlinu 4. studenoga 2015., a u Sjedinjenim Državama 20. studenog 2015. u 2D i IMAX-u, te međunarodno u 2D, 3D, RealD Cinema i IMAX 3D u odaberite teritorije; to je jedini film u nizu koji je naširoko objavljen u 3D. Film je zaradio 102 milijuna dolara bruto tijekom prvog vikenda u Sjevernoj Americi, što je šesto najveće otvaranje u 2015., te je četiri uzastopna vikenda držao prvo mjesto na međunarodnoj kino blagajnama. Film je zaradio preko 658 milijuna dolara u cijelom svijetu, što ga čini devetim filmom s najvećom zaradom u 2015. godini, ali najnižom zaradom u serijalu, pao je ispod očekivanja kako na međunarodnom tako i na domaćem planu.

Šojka rugalica – 2. dio dobio je općenito pozitivne kritike od kritičara, za svoje izvedbe (osobito Lawrence, Hutcherson i Sutherland), scenarij, glazbenu partituru i akcijske sekvence, iako je bio kritiziran zbog cijepanja finalne adaptacije na dva odvojena dijela. Film je nominiran za najbolji fantastični film na 42. dodjeli nagrada Saturn. Dobio je tri nominacije na 21. dodjeli nagrada Empire za najbolju znanstvenofantastičnu/fantastiku, najbolju glumicu (Lawrence) i najbolji produkcijski dizajn. Sa svoje strane, Jennifer Lawrence nominirana je za najbolju glumicu u akcijskom filmu na 21. dodjeli nagrada Critics' Choice Awards.

Radnja
Nakon što ju je napao (ispranog mozga) Peeta Mellark, Katniss Everdeen se oporavlja od ozljeda u okrugu 13. Predsjednica Coin odbija pustiti Katniss da ode u Kapitol dok ne zauzmu okrug 2, pa je umjesto toga šalje da se pridruži napadu na oružarnicu Kapitola u okrugu 2, posljednjem okrugu pod kontrolom Kapitola. Iako je u stanju okupiti pobunjenike i uvjeriti okrug 2 da se pridruži pobuni, u nju puca civil, ali je samo blago ozlijeđena zbog njezina neprobojnog odjela.

Johanna pokriva Katniss dok se ona šulja u helikopter na putu prema Kapitolu. Coin postaje svjesna Katnissina prkosa, ali pristaje. Katniss je regrutirana u Zvjezdani odred, koji uključuje Gale i nedavno oženjenog Finnicka. Peeta, koji se još uvijek nije potpuno oporavio, pridružuje im se kako bi se pojavio u propagandnim videima. Predvođen Boggsom, tim se probija do Kapitola, izbjegavajući "čaure" zarobljene u minama postavljene uz Boggsovu holografsku kartu zvanu Holo. Boggs je smrtno ranjen od strane mahuna i daruje Holo Katniss prije nego što umre. Odred slučajno aktivira još jednu mahunu, ispuštajući poplavu smrtonosnog crnog katrana, te Peeta na trenutak podlegne svom uvjetovanju i napadne Katniss, ubivši pritom Mitchella.

Katniss odbija ubiti Peetu, ali Gale kaže da bi ga ubio ako zatreba. Grupa je tada zarobljena u zgradi od strane Mirotvoraca. Sestre Leeg ostaju kao ometanje kako bi grupa mogla pobjeći iz zgrade. Mirotvorci uništavaju zgradu, a Kapitol emitira poruku u kojoj se najavljuje Katnissina prividna smrt, koju zatim prekida Coin i daje strastvenu hvalospjevu okupljanju pobunjenika. Tim tada putuje u kanalizaciju, ali ih potom u zasjedi upadaju genetski modificirani "mutanti", koji ubijaju nekoliko članova skupine, uključujući Finnicka. Katniss koristi Holo da se samouništi i izazove eksploziju da ubije stvorenja. Tim tada pobjegne iz kanalizacije i skloni se u kuću u vlasništvu bivše stilistice Igara gladi, Tigris.

Snow poziva građane Kapitola da se sklone u njegovu vili, čineći živi štit oko vile. Katniss i Gale pridružuju se skupini građana kako bi se infiltrirali u ljetnikovac, ali tijekom ovog pokušaja pobunjenici konačno stignu u Kapitol i upuštaju se u pucnjavu s Mirotvorcima, pri čemu je nekoliko građana Kapitola uhvaćeno u unakrsnoj vatri. U zbrci, lebdjelica označena obilježjima Kapitola baca bombe u gomilu. Kada grupa medicinara, uključujući Katnissinu sestru, Prim, stigne liječiti ranjene, dogodi se drugi val bombaških napada, ubivši Prim i onesvijestivši Katniss.

Katniss se budi, te je Haymitch obavještava da su pobunjenici konačno pobijedili u pobuni. Katniss se suočava sa Snowom, koji je zatočen i čeka smaknuće. Objašnjava Katniss da je Coin inscenirala bombaški napad kako bi okrenula njegove zadnje sljedbenike protiv njega i podsjeća Katniss na njegovo obećanje da joj nikada neće lagati. Katniss shvaća da je Gale predložio sličnu strategiju i zapanjena je kada Gale ne može poreći svoju ulogu u Primovoj smrti.

Coin saziva sastanak preživjelih pobjednika Igara gladi, gdje se proglašava privremenom predsjednicom Panema. Ona poziva na glasovanje za završne, simbolične Igre gladi, u kojima bi se koristila djeca Kapitola kao osvetu. Katniss glasa za, pod uvjetom da može pogubiti Snowa. Prilikom Snowovog pogubljenja, Katniss umjesto toga ubija Coin, što uzrokuje pobunu građana da linčuju i ubiju Snowa. Peeta spriječi Katniss da počini samoubojstvo i ona je uhićena. U zatočeništvu, Haymitch donosi Katniss pismo od Plutarha u kojem ju uvjerava da će biti pomilovana, da neće biti "posljednjih Igara gladi" i da će se moći vratiti u okrug 12.

Vraćajući se kući u okrug 12, Katniss pronalazi Peetu, koji se gotovo potpuno oporavio od kondicije. Primaju pismo od Annie, Finnickove supruge, u kojem im govori da se rodio Finnickov sin, da Katnissina majka još uvijek liječi preživjele, a Gale je unaprijeđen u kapetana. Zapovjednica Paylor službeno je izabrana za novu predsjednicu Panema.

Godinama kasnije, Katniss i Peeta igraju se sa svoje dvoje djece na livadi. Njihovo dojenče plače, a Katniss razmišlja o tome da će na kraju ispričati svoju priču i o vrijemenu koje je provela na Igrama; tješi svoju plačuću bebu da ponekad kad je sama žalosna igra igru u kojoj zamišlja o svakoj dobroj stvari koju je ikada vidjela da su drugi učinili. Ona kaže da igra ponekad postaje malo zamorna, ali navodi da "ima puno lošijih igara".

Glumci

 Jennifer Lawrence kao Katniss Everdeen
 Josh Hutcherson kao Peeta Mellark
 Liam Hemsworth kao Gale Hawthorne
 Woody Harrelson kao Haymitch Abernathy
 Elizabeth Banks kao Effie Trinket
 Julianne Moore kao President Alma Coin
 Philip Seymour Hoffman kao Plutarch Heavensbee
 Jeffrey Wright kao Beetee
 Stanley Tucci kao Caesar Flickerman
 Donald Sutherland kao President Snow
 Willow Shields kao Primrose Everdeen
 Sam Claflin kao Finnick Odair
 Jena Malone kao Johanna Mason
 Mahershala Ali kao Boggs
 Natalie Dormer kao Cressida
 Wes Chatham kao Castor
 Michelle Forbes kao Lieutenant Jackson
 Elden Henson kao Pollux
 Patina Miller kao Commander Paylor
 Evan Ross kao Messalla
 Omid Abtahi kao Homes

Uz ovih dvadeset glavnih glumaca, Stef Dawson vratila se za svoj treći nastup kao Annie Cresta, Robert Knepper kao Antonius, Paula Malcomson za svoje četvrto pojavljivanje kao Katnissina majka, Eugenie Bondurant kao Tigris, Gwendoline Christie kao zapovjednik Lyme, prethodni pobjednik iz okruga 2. Blizanke Misty i Kim Ormiston kao Leeg 1 i Leeg 2, te Joe Chrest kao Mitchell, dok se nećaci Jennifer Lawrence, Theodore i Bear Lawrence, nakratko pojavljuju kao Katniss i Peetina djeca.

Produkcija
Dana 10. srpnja 2012. Lionsgate je najavio da će filmska adaptacija Šojka rugalica biti podijeljena na dva dijela; The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, objavljeno 21. studenog 2014., i The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, objavljeno 20. studenog 2015.. 1. studenog 2012. Francis Lawrence, redatelj Igre gladi: Plamen, najavio je da će se vratiti režirati oba posljednja filma u serijalu. Govoreći o smjeru za posljednja dva dijela, objašnjava: "Osjećao sam drugačiju vrstu pritiska", objašnjava. "[Na 'The Hunger Games: Catching Fire'], morao sam se malo dokazati kao novi dečko u igri. Bilo je olakšanje što su ga navijači dobro primili. Iako sam osjetio olakšanje, bilo je samo trenutno; to je nekako postavilo ljestvicu više za sljedeći!"

Dana 6. prosinca 2012. Danny Strong je najavio da će napisati treći i četvrti film. Dana 15. veljače 2013. Lionsgate je odobrio scenarij za 1. dio i dao Strongu dopuštenje da napiše scenarij za drugi dio. U kolovozu je Hemsworth potvrdio da će snimanje filma početi sljedeći mjesec.

Produkcija filma započela je 16. rujna 2013. u Bostonu, Atlanti i Los Angelesu. Studio Babelsberg koproducirao je i nadgledao produkcijske usluge za film. 13. studenog 2013. producentica Nina Jacobson otkrila je da je Peter Craig također angažiran za pisanje adaptacija. Film je imao produkcijski proračun od 160 milijuna dolara s daljnjih 55 milijuna dolara utrošenih na promociju i reklame, te 13,9 milijuna dolara na televizijske reklame.

Sva glavna glumačka postava kao što su Jennifer Lawrence kao Katniss, Josh Hutcherson kao Peeta, Liam Hemsworth kao Gale, Woody Harrelson kao Haymitch, Donald Sutherland kao predsjednik Snow, Elizabeth Banks kao Effie, Willow Shields kao Prim, Paula Malcomson kao Katnissina majka i Stanley Tucci kao Cezar, se vraćaju kako bi ponovili svoje uloge. Julianne Moore također se vratila kako bi ponovila svoju ulogu predsjednice Alme Coin, zajedno s Philipom Seymourom Hoffmanom, koji je preminuo tijekom snimanja u veljači 2014., kao Plutarh. Gotovo je završio svoje scene, a njegove dvije preostale scene su prepisane kako bi nadoknadile njegovu odsutnost. Što se tiče Hoffmanovih scena, Francis Lawrence je komentirao da su mu preostale dvije značajne scene, a ostalo su bila pojavljivanja u drugim scenama. "Nismo imali namjeru pokušavati lažirati izvedbu, pa smo te scene prepisali kako bismo ih dali drugim glumcima... Ostalo, jednostavno ga nismo doveli da se pojavi u tim scenama. Nema digitalne manipulacije ili bilo kakve CG izmišljotine." Jedna od izmijenjenih scena vidjela je lik Plutarha koji šalje Katniss pismo u zatvor, koje je pročitao Haymitch, a ne koji je sam došao razgovarati s njom nakon njezina uhićenja zbog atentata na predsjednicu Coin, objasnio je kako je ne može vidjeti iz političkih razloga nakon njezinih postupaka, koje on ipak podržava.

Snimanje
Glavno snimanje započelo je 23. rujna 2013. u Atlanti, a završilo 20. lipnja 2014. u Berlinu, Njemačka; dva dijela su snimljena jedan uz drugi. U listopadu 2013. godine snimanje je održano u Rockmartu, Georgia. Nakon što su glumci i ekipa uzeli pauzu kako bi promovirali Igre gladi: Plamen, snimanje je nastavljeno 2. prosinca 2013. 14. prosinca 2013. snimanje je održano u Marriott Marquisu u Atlanti. 18. prosinca počela je pucnjava na Caldwell Tanks u Newnanu, Georgia.

Philip Seymour Hoffman umro je 2. veljače 2014. Završio je snimanje svojih scena za 1. dio i ostao mu je tjedan dana snimanja za drugi dio; Lionsgate je nakon toga objavio izjavu u kojoj je potvrdio da, budući da je većina Hoffmanovih scena dovršena, to neće utjecati na datum izlaska 2. dijela. Prvobitno je najavljeno da će Hoffman biti digitalno rekreiran za glavnu scenu koja uključuje njegov lik koji nije snimljen, ali Francis Lawrence je kasnije izjavio da je prepisao dvije preostale Hoffmanove scene kako bi nadoknadio glumčevu odsutnost, i ne bi bilo "nikakve digitalne manipulacije ili CG izmišljotine bilo koje vrste". U sceni pred kraj filma koja je trebala prikazati Plutarha kako razgovara s Katniss u pritvoru, lik Woodyja Harrelsona umjesto toga čita joj pismo od njega.

Snimanje u Atlanti završeno je sredinom travnja 2014. i produkcija se preselila u Europu. 9. svibnja snimanje je održano u kompleksu Les Espaces d'Abraxas u Noisy le Grand u Parizu. To je isto mjesto gdje je Brazil (1985.) snimljen 30 godina ranije. Krajem svibnja, glumci i ekipa snimali su scene na nekoliko lokacija u Berlinu i Brandenburgu u Njemačkoj. U Rüdersdorfu u Brandenburgu, ekipa je snimala scene za prikaz okruga 8 u staroj tvornici cementa. Hemsworth je ozlijeđen na snimanju i doveden je liječniku u berlinsku četvrt Mitte. Scene za okrugo 2 snimljene su u berlinskoj zračnoj luci Tempelhof. Scene za podzemni prilaz Kapitolu snimljene su u Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel u Japanu. Njemačka kasting agencija tražila je 1000 etnički raznolikih statista (afričkih, azijskih, južnoeuropskih i turskih) i "živih lica" za snimanje scena u filmskom studiju Babelsberg.

Glazba
Filmska glazba objavljena je 4. prosinca 2015. James Newton Howard vratio se kako bi skladao filmsku glazbu; za razliku od prethodnih filmova u seriji, nema dodatnog pop popratnog albuma s pjesmama inspiriranim filmom. Jennifer Lawrence izvela je "Deep in the Meadow", uspavanku koju je pjevala u prvom filmu.

Kritike
Igre gladi: Šojka rugalica – 2. dio dobio je općenito pozitivne kritike kritičara, uz pohvale za akcijske sekvence i izvedbe, ali kritike zbog dijeljenja knjige u dvije odvojene adaptacije. Na stranici za prikupljanje recenzija Rotten Tomatoes, film ima ocjenu odobravanja od 70%, na temelju 293 recenzije, s prosječnom ocjenom 6,5/10. Kritički konsenzus glasi: "Uz nepokolebljivo mračnu Šojku rugalicu 2. dio, Igre gladi dolaze do uzbudljivog, potresnog i općenito zadovoljavajućeg zaključka." Na Metacritic film ima prosječnu ocjenu 65 od 100, na temelju 45 kritičara, što ukazuje na "općenito povoljne kritike". Publika koju je anketirao CinemaScore dala je filmu prosječnu ocjenu "A–" na ljestvici od A+ do F.

Lawrence, Hutcherson i Sutherland dobili su pohvale za svoje nastupe. Izvedbe sporedne glumačke ekipe, posebice Harrelsona, Claflina i Malonea, također su bile vrlo hvaljene, no kritičari su smatrali da su njihovi nastupi prekratki. Nekoliko kritičara također je komentiralo mračni ton filma, čak iu usporedbi s njegovim prethodnicima. Manohla Dargis iz New York Timesa pohvalila je Lawrenceov lik rekavši: "Katniss je prava heroina za ova neofeministička vremena." Stephen Whitty iz New York Daily Newsa rekao je: "'Zapamtite tu rečenicu iz prvih 'Igara gladi' film: "Neka izgledi uvijek budu u tvoju korist"? Da, dobro, ta sreća je ponestala'."

Leah Greenblatt iz Entertainment Weekly je primijetila: "Sa svojom političkom borbom za moć i nevjerojatnim brojem tijela, a sve prikazano u tisuću nijansi zimske sivo-sive boje, film se manje doima kao zabava za tinejdžere nego neka vrsta Igre prijestolja gladi." Robbie Collin. dodijelio je filmu četiri od pet zvjezdica i nazvao film "užasno napetim". U svojoj recenziji za The Telegraph, pohvalio je film jer je "intenzivan" i pohvalio izvedbe Lawrencea i Hoffmana.

Benjamin Lee, koji je pisao za The Guardian, smatra da je "odluka da se posljednje poglavlje distopijske sage podijeli na dva poglavlja velika nad frustrirajućom mješavinom uzbudljive akcije i iznenađujuće mračne drame." Pohvalio je glumu Jennifer Lawrence i režiju Francisa Lawrencea i komentirao: "Odluka da se knjiga od 390 stranica pretvori u ekran od preko četiri sata (i bonus isplate) rezultirala je neujednačenim krajem franšize koja je počela tako obećavajuće ." Tom Huddleston iz Time Outa dao je filmu četiri od pet zvjezdica. Pohvalio je završetak filma kao "stvarno moćan" i komentirao da bi "ovo mogao biti najneugodniji blockbuster u sjećanju, film koji počinje nemilosrdno i odatle ide nizbrdo, osim prolaznog tračka nade u posljednjim trenucima "To je hrabra izjava o neoprostivoj prirodi rata, nesramno politički u svojim motivima i tiho razornom u svom emocionalnom učinku."

Izvori

Igre gladi
Američki filmovi 2010-ih
Znanstvena fantastika

Igre gladi: Šojka rugalica – 2. dio (2015.)


Seven ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Medea, or HMS Medee, after the Medea of Greek mythology, whilst another was planned:

  was a 26-gun sixth rate, originally the French . She was captured by  in 1744 and was sold in 1745. She subsequently operated as the privateer .
  was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1778 and sold in 1795.
 HMS Medee was the 36-gun fifth rate Médée captured from the French in 1800.  She was used as a prison ship from 1802 and was sold in 1805.
 HMS Medea was to have been a 32-gun fifth rate of 658 tons. She was ordered from Woolwich Dockyard in 1800 but was later cancelled.
  was a paddle sloop launched in 1833 and sold in 1867.
  was a  second class cruiser launched in 1888 and sold in 1914.
  was a , originally to be the Greek Kriti.  She was purchased on the ways in 1914, launched in 1915, and sold for breaking up in 1921.
 HMS Medea was an  monitor, launched in 1915 as .  She was renamed HMS Medea in 1925 and was sold in 1938, wrecked after parting tow to the breaker's yard 23 or 28, January 1939.

See also

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Medea


Jorge Dueñas de Galarza er spansk håndboldtræner, som har trænet det spanske kvindehåndboldlandshold siden 2007.

Han trænede kvindeholdet under VM i håndbold 2011 i Brasilien, hvor Spanien placerede som nummer 3.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldtrænere fra Spanien

Jorge Dueñas


දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැවය යන්නෙන් අදහස් වනු ඇත්තේ:

භෞමික, බගෝලමය සහ ග්‍රහලෝකමය දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැව
දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැවය – පෘථිවියෙහි දකුණටම වන්නට ඇති ලක්ෂ්‍යය
දක්ෂිණ චුම්බක ධ්‍රැවය – පෘථිවියෙහි චුම්බක ක්ෂේත්‍රය කෙලින්ම ඉහළට දිශානත වන පෘථිවිය මත ඇති සීරුමාරු වන ලක්ෂ්‍යය
දක්ෂිණ භූචුම්බක ධ්‍රැවය  – වඩාත් සංකීර්ණ පෘථිවි චුම්බක ක්ෂේත්‍රය හොඳින් සන්නිකර්ෂණය කරන සරල  චුම්බක ද්විධ්‍රැවයක(දඬු චුම්බකයක් වැනි) අක්ෂය පෘථිවි පෘෂ්ඨය හා ඡේදනය වන ලක්ෂ්‍යය
දක්ෂිණ අනාගම්‍ය ධ්‍රැවය – මුහුදට දුරින්ම ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව මත පිහිටි ලක්ෂ්‍යය
දක්ෂිණ බගෝල ධ්‍රැවය – පෘථිවියෙහි භ්‍රමණ අක්ෂය එල්ල වන දක්ෂිණ අහසේ පිහිටි අතාත්වික ලක්ෂ්‍යයක්
අනෙකුත් ග්‍රහ ලෝකයන්හී හා සෞර ග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයෙහි අනෙකුත් වස්තූන්ගේ දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රවයන් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු සඳහා බලන්න තාරකාවිද්‍යාත්මක වස්තූන්ගේ ධ්‍රැවයන්

භෞතික විද්‍යාව
 ආරම්භයේදී පෘථිවියේ චුම්බක ක්ෂේත්‍ර‍යට ප්‍රතිසම ලෙසින් යෙදුනු,  "උත්තර ධ්‍රැවය" සහ "දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැවය" යන පදයන් පොදු වශයෙන් චුම්බකයක් සඳහාද යෙදෙයි

වෙනත්
 සවුත්පෝල්(ඇඳුම්), ඇඳුම් සමාගමක්.
ද සවුත් පෝල්: ඇන් අකවුන්ට් ඔෆ් ද නෝවේජියන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් එක්ස්පෙඩිෂන් ඉන් ද ෆ්‍රැම්, 1910 - 1912, රොආල්ඩ් ඇමුන්ඩ්සන් වෙතින්, දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැවය වෙත ලඟාවූ ප්‍රථම ගවේෂකයා විසින් කල විස්තරයක්

දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැවය (වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණය)


S-tog vort tog er en dokumentarfilm fra 1968 instrueret af Ernst Møholt.

Handling
Efter et historisk tilbageblik over udviklingen af trafikken i København fortælles om bygningen af de røde andengenerations S-tog.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1968
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet

S-tog vort tog


سندي لوبر  هي مغنية أمريكية ولدت في 22 يونيو عام 1953 في حي بروكلين ب نيويورك .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مغنون وكتاب أغاني أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون وكتاب أغاني أمريكيون في القرن 21
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كوينز
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
أمريكيون من أصل سويسري
إنسانيون أمريكيون
حائزون على جائزة إيمي برايم تايم
حائزون على جائزة توني
حائزون على جائزة غرامي
ديمقراطيون من ولاية نيويورك
سوبرانو أمريكيون
كتاب أغان من ولاية نيويورك
كتاب أغاني روك أمريكيون
مشاركون أمريكيون في برامج تلفزيون الواقع
مغنو سول أمريكيون
مغنو ومغنيات بوب أمريكيون
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مغنون من مدينة نيويورك
مغنون وكتاب أغان من ولاية نيويورك
مغنون ومغنيات وكتاب أغان أمريكيون
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 21
مغنيات بوب أمريكيات
مغنيات روك أمريكيات
مغنيات موجة جديدة
مغنيات وكاتبات أغان أمريكيات
ممثلات أداء صوتي أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من مدينة نيويورك
مواليد 1953
مواليد في نيويورك
موسيقيات في القرن 20
موسيقيات في القرن 21
موسيقيو رقص أمريكيون
موسيقيو رقص البوب
موسيقيون نسويون
ناشطات أمريكيات
ناشطو حقوق إل جي بي تي أمريكيون
ناشطون من مدينة نيويورك

سيندي لوبر


An Dilomilis oligophylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Dilomilis oligophylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dilomilis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dilomilis

Dilomilis oligophylla


David Scott Lascher (Scarsdale, ) é um ator, roteirista, produtor cinematográfico  e diretor de cinema . É conhecido principalmente por sua atuação em telesséries juvenis na década de 1990 e início dos anos 2000, incluindo Blossom e Sabrina The Teenage Witch.

Primeiros anos e educação
Lascher nasceu em Scarsdale, Nova Iorque, em 1972. É filho de Amy, uma psicoterapeuta, e Alan Lascher, um advogado. Ainda jovem, começou a atuar no teatro comunitário local. Aos 13 anos, enquanto encenava num musical de revista, foi "descoberto" por um agente de talentos que estava na plateia e desde então passou a receber propostas para produções off-Broadway, comerciais e programas de televisão. Aos 16 anos, mudou-se para Los Angeles, Califórnia, para tentar seguir carreira como ator.

Estreou na televisão em 1988 no piloto Down Delaware Road (NBC), porém, o programa foi malsucedido. No ano seguinte, ele conseguiu seu primeiro papel televisivo importante, o encrenqueiro Ted McGriff, personagem recorrente na sitcom Hey Dude, da Nickelodeon. Durante o hiato da série, Lascher retornou à Nova Iorque, onde concluiu o ensino médio na Scarsdale High School. Simultaneamente à escola secundária, ele fez cursos por correspondência na Universidade Brigham Young em Utah.

Carreira posterior

1990-2002: Destaques na televisão
De volta a Los Angeles, Lascher entrou em 1990 para o elenco regular de A Family for Joe (NBC), contracenando com Juliette Lewis e Robert Mitchum; a atração ficou pouco tempo no ar. Em 1991, atuou em episódios de produções como Full House e Roseanne, além de aparecer, entre 1991 e 1992, no papel recorrente de um estudante gay em Beverly Hills, 90210 (Fox). Ainda em 1992, começou a interpretar Vinnie Bonitardi, o namorado da protagonista Blossom Russo (Mayim Bialik), na comédia Blossom (NBC), um papel que ele desempenhou até 1995. Durante as pausas das gravações dessa série, participou de The Flood: Who Will Save Our Children? (NBC, 1993) e Cries Unheard: The Donna Yaklich Story (CBS, 1994), dois telefilmes baseados em eventos reais e nos quais foi escalado para papéis de destaque.

Após o término de Blossom, ele continuou trabalhando em telefilmes e, em 1996, estreou no cinema em White Squall, um filme de aventura marítima dirigida por Ridley Scott. No ano seguinte, interpretou um filho de imigrantes sobreviventes do Holocausto em A Call to Remember, produção exibida no Starz Encore. Entre 1996 e 1997, participou de Clueless (ABC), adaptação televisiva da bem-sucedida comédia adolescente homônima de 1995. Interpretou o tio irresponsável da personagem vivida pelas gêmeas Olsen na sitcom Two of a Kind (ABC, 1998-1999) e o interesse romântico de Olive (Kathy Najimy) em dois episódios de Veronica's Closet (NBC). De 1999 a 2002, apareceu em Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (The WB), no papel de Josh, aspirante a fotógrafo e colega de Sabrina (Melissa Joan Hart), por quem o personagem é apaixonado.

2003-presente: Cinema e outros trabalhos
Com o fim da exibição de Sabrina em 2002, o ator permaneceu relativamente afastado da mídia, com esporádicas participações na televisão. Por volta de 2008, apareceu em alguns episódios da websérie Starlet e passou à dedicar-se à produção e escrita, firmando parceria com o produtor e roteirista Todd Camhe. Nessa época, Lascher coescreveu o roteiro de seu primeiro filme, Sister, que ele também produziu e dirigiu. O longa-metragem, estrelado por Barbara Hershey, estreou no Festival de Cinema de Tribeca em 2014. Nesse mesmo ano, ele apareceu como um personagem recorrente na série Melissa and Joey (ABC Family). Em 2015, estrelou o filme de drama independente The Boat Builder, com Christopher Lloyd. Também escreveu e dirigiu uma websérie intitulada Cruisers & Shakers, lançada no Facebook Watch em 2019.

Vida pessoal
O artista é o filho mais velho da família e tem três irmãs, chamadas Alexandra, Carly e Lauren. Entre o final dos anos 1980 e o início da década seguinte, ele namorou brevemente a atriz Christine Taylor, enquanto ambos atuavam na série Hey Dude. Casou-se em 1999 com a atriz Jill London, com quem reside em Los Angeles tem três filhas: Hannah, Casey e Chelsea. Em entrevista, Lascher comentou que o primeiro filme dirigido por ele, Sister, é uma "história muito pessoal" baseada em personagens e circunstâncias de sua própria vida; a produção aborda o tema do diagnóstico e tratamentos de TDAH na infância.

Filmografia

Cinema

Televisão

Webséries

Prêmios e indicações

Atores de cinema dos Estados Unidos
Atores de televisão dos Estados Unidos
Cineastas dos Estados Unidos
Produtores de cinema dos Estados Unidos
Roteiristas dos Estados Unidos
Naturais de Nova Iorque (estado)
Alunos da Universidade Brigham Young

David Lascher


L'offensive du Nord de l'Ukraine est un théâtre militaire en cours dans l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie de 2022 pour le contrôle de la partie nord-est du territoire ukrainien, frontalière avec la Russie.

Les forces armées russes pénètrent dans l'oblast de Soumy dès le premier jour de l'invasion, le . Des combats ont lieu notamment pour le contrôle des deux principales villes de l'oblast lors de la bataille de Konotop et la bataille de Soumy, défendues par les forces armées ukrainiennes. Début , une partie des forces russes poursuit l'offensive vers l'ouest, dans le but apparent de rejoindre l'offensive de Kiev, qui a été fortement ralentie par la résistance ukrainienne et n'est pas encore parvenue à prendre le contrôle de la capitale.

Le 4 avril 2022, les autorités ukrainiennes affirment que les troupes russes se sont pour la plupart retirées de l'oblast de Soumy et n'occupent plus de villes ou de villages dans cette région. Plus tard dans la soirée, les autorités ukrainiennes ajoutent que les forces russes ont également quitté de l'oblast de Tchernihiv, information qui sera confirmée par le Pentagone le 6 avril. Comme pour l'offensive de Kiev, l'objectif de ce « retrait rapide » des troupes russes de ces régions du Nord-Est de l'Ukraine, est un redéploiement de ces soldats vers l'est et le sud, estime le gouvernement ukrainien.

Déroulement

Février
Le , les forces armées russes franchissent la frontière entre la Russie et l'Ukraine et pénètrent dans l'oblast de Soumy. De premiers combats contre l'armée ukrainienne ont lieu dans la région. L'offensive du Nord-Est de l'Ukraine décrit une poussée majeure des forces armées russes sur le territoire des oblasts et de leurs capitales administratives — Tchernihiv et Soumy. Ils rencontrent une féroce résistance ukrainienne, débutant ainsi la bataille de Kharkiv. Un missile russe frappe la base aérienne de Tchouhouïv, qui abrite des drones Bayraktar TB2. Selon les informations de l'OSINT, l'attaque endommage les zones de stockage de carburant et les infrastructures.

Le 25 février à 01 h 39, les forces russes se retirent de la ville de Soumy (située à 35 kilomètres de la frontière russe) après une intense guerre urbaine entre les défenseurs ukrainiens et les forces russes. Selon des sources ukrainiennes, plus de 100 chars russes ont été détruits et des dizaines de soldats capturés. Au même moment, l'Ukraine perd le contrôle de la deuxième ville de l'oblast, Konotop (située à 90 kilomètres de la frontière russe). Des missiles BM-27 Uragan frappent une école à Okhtyrka, tuant un garde et blessant un nombre indéterminé d'enfants et un enseignant. Cependant, les forces ukrainiennes opposent une forte résistance, forçant les Russes à battre en retraite. De violents combats se poursuivent dans la périphérie nord de Kharkiv, en particulier dans le village de Tsyrkuny.

Des affrontements ont lieu à Soumy pendant la journée du 26 février entre les forces russes et les Forces de défense territoriales. Les forces russes réussissent à capturer la moitié de la ville pendant la journée, avant que les forces ukrainiennes ne repoussent les assaillants. Dmytro Jyvytsky, le gouverneur de l'oblast de Soumy, déclare que six civils ont été tués et 55 blessés dans les bombardements russes sur Okhtyrka. Les forces russes à l'ouest de Soumy avancent vers l'ouest dans la nuit et annoncent se trouver à 150 kilomètres de Kiev. Le gouverneur de l'oblast de Kharkiv, , annonce un couvre-feu à Kharkiv alors que la ville se trouve toujours sous contrôle ukrainien.

Un certain nombre de véhicules russes avancent vers Soumy depuis l'est le 27 février, tandis que deux femmes ont été tuées autour de l'aéroport de Soumy. Au petit matin à Kharkiv, un gazoduc est détruit par les forces russes. Des véhicules légers russes font irruption dans la ville, la moitié d'entre eux seront détruits par les forces ukrainiennes lors des combats qui suivront. Dans l'après-midi, des responsables ukrainiens annonce que Kharkiv est toujours sous contrôle ukrainien malgré l'attaque nocturne des forces russes. Hennadiy Matsegora, le maire de Koupiansk, accepte de céder le contrôle de la ville aux forces russes, accusant les forces ukrainiennes de l'avoir abandonné lors du début de l'invasion. Il sera accusé de trahison par le procureur général ukrainien Iryna Venediktova.

Le 28 février, les forces russes bombardent et détruisent un dépôt pétrolier à Okhtyrka. Plus de 70 soldats ukrainiens ont été tués par une bombe thermobarique ayant visée la Base aérienne de Okhtyrka. Kharkiv est bombardé par des armes à sous-munitions, tuant 9 civils et en blessant 37 autres. En raison de la nature aveugle de ces armes utilisées dans des zones densément peuplées, Human Rights Watch a décrit ces frappes comme un possible crime de guerre russe.

Mars
Les parachutistes russes atterrissent à Kharkiv tôt le matin et sont confrontés aux forces ukrainiennes. Des affrontements ont également lieu près d'un hôpital militaire de la ville. Le chef de la police de la région de Kharkiv, Volodymyr Timochko, déclare plus tard la situation sous contrôle. Selon le Conseil territorial de Krouty, près de 200 soldats russes ont été tués lors d'affrontements avec les forces armées ukrainiennes et les forces de défense territoriales lors d'escarmouches à Krouty, dans l'oblast de Tchernihiv. Ce jour-là, les forces russes capturent Trostianets à 01 h 03 du matin, détruisant apparemment la porte de la cour ronde et une galerie d'art.

Le 3 mars, une frappe aérienne russe sur la centrale électrique locale le 3 mars coupe l'approvisionnement en électricité et en chauffage dans la ville d'Okhtyrka. Cinq personnes ont été blessées lors de bombardements sur les bâtiments de la 27 brigade d'artillerie et du département militaire de l'université d'État de Soumy. Ce jour-là, la Russie affirme avoir capturé Balakliia.

Dans une évaluation de la campagne du , Frederick Kagan a écrit que « l'axe de Sumy est actuellement la voie d'avance russe la plus réussie et la plus dangereuse sur Kiev ». Il a noté que la géographie favorisait les avancées mécanisées car le terrain « est plat et peu peuplé, offrant peu de bonnes positions défensives ».Les forces ukrainiennes lancent une contre-attaque dans l'oblast de Kharkiv, repoussant les forces russes avançant de l'oblast de Soumy au-delà de la frontière de l'État.

Le 7 mars, l'Ukraine affirme avoir repris Tchouhouïv près de Kharkiv lors d'une contre-attaque dans la nuit et aurait tué deux commandants russes : Dmitry Safronov, commandant de la 61 brigade d'infanterie navale, et le lieutenant-colonel Denis Glebov, commandant adjoint de la 11 brigade d'assaut aérien de la Garde. Au cours de la journée, l'Ukraine affirme également avoir tué le major-général russe Vitali Guerassimov, et plusieurs autres officiers supérieurs de l'armée russe lors d'une bataille près de Kharkiv.

Le lendemain, l'Ukraine déclare avoir repoussé une attaque des forces russes contre Izioum. La première évacuation de civils dans le cadre d'un accord entre l'Ukraine et la Russie a lieu dans la journée, les habitants étant évacués de Soumy.

Selon Lyudmyla Denisova, commissaire aux droits de l'homme en Ukraine, quatre civils ont été tués lorsqu'un obus a touché leur maison pendant la nuit du 9 mars dans le village de Slobozhanske, situé dans le raïon d'Izioum. À Velyka Pyssarivka, trois civils ont été tués à la suite de bombardements russes selon Dmytro Jyvytsky.

Un haut responsable du département américain de la Défense affirme le 10 mars que Tchernihiv est désormais . Vers 01 h 30 du matin, des frappes aériennes russes ont détruit un gazoduc à Okhtyrka. Selon le gouverneur Jyvytsky, les bombardements russes sur le territoire de l'ancienne usine d'Elektrobutprilad à Trostianets ont tué trois civils. À 14 h 20, les forces russes bombardent la ville de Nijyn à l'aide de BM-27 Uragan, tuant deux civils.

Le 11 mars, deux civils ont été tués dans la nuit lors de bombardements russes dans le village de Kerdylivshchyna dans l'oblast de Soumy. Les forces ukrainiennes affirment plus tard avoir repris deux véhicules blindés de transport de troupes et cinq colonies dans l'oblast de Tchernihiv au cours de la journée, dont Baklanova Muravika. Les bombardements russes sur Derhatchi pendant la journée ont tué trois civils.

L'Institut pour l'étude de la guerre déclare le 12 mars qu'il est probable que les contre-attaques des forces de défense territoriales menacent la longue ligne de communication de la Russie de ce théâtre. Ce jour-là, les forces ukrainiennes reprennent deux autres localités dans l'oblast de Tchernihiv, stoppant ainsi l'avance russe vers Kiev.

Le 14 mars, deux civils ont été tués dans des bombardements russes ayant visé des maisons à Kharkiv. Un enfant est tué par des bombes tombées sur un jardin d'enfants à Tchouhouïv.

Le 20 mars, il a été signalé que des soldats russes avaient pris la ville de Chostka après 3 semaines et demi de bataille.

Le 31 mars, après plusieurs semaines d'attaques et un mois de siège, les forces ukrainiennes réussissent à briser l'encerclement de Tchernihiv en reprenant une route principale reliant Kiev à la capitale régionale.

Le 17 mars, au moins 21 personnes ont été tuées à la suite de bombardements russes à Merefa. Pendant la journée, Izioum est prise en grande partie par les forces russes, tandis que les combats se poursuivent.

La Russie déclare qu'au matin du 24 mars, la ville d'Izioum est complètement sous le contrôle de ses unités. Cette affirmation est démentie par l'Ukraine, déclarant la poursuite des combats. Le même jour, un député du conseil municipal déclare à CNN que les Russes contrôlent le secteur nord de la ville tandis que la partie sud est toujours contrôlée par les Ukrainiens, les forces russes tentant de les encercler.

Le 31 mars, après plusieurs semaines d'attaques et un mois de siège, les forces ukrainiennes réussissent à briser l'encerclement de Tchernihiv en reprenant une route principale reliant Kiev à la capitale régionale.

Avril
Le  avril, les forces russes capturent totalement Izioum après une longue période de combats. Selon les autorités locales, 80% des bâtiments résidentiels de la ville ont été détruits lors de la bataille.

Le 4 avril, le gouverneur Jyvytsky déclare que les troupes russes n'occupent plus de villes ou de villages dans l'oblast de Soumy et se sont pour la plupart repliées, tandis que les troupes ukrainiennes s'efforcent de repousser les unités restantes. Selon le gouverneur Vyacheslav Chaus, l'armée russe s'est retirée de la capitale régionale de Tchernihiv, tandis que  demeurent dans la province. Les forces russes auraient posé des mines dans de nombreuses zones avant leur retrait.

Le 6 avril, le Pentagone confirme que l'armée russe a quitté l'oblast de Tchernihiv, tandis que l'oblast de Soumy demeure toujours contesté.

Finalement, le 8 avril, le gouverneur Zhyvytsky annonce que toutes les troupes russes ont quitté l'oblast de Soumy, ajoutant que le territoire de la région demeure toujours dangereux en raison de munitions non explosés et d'autres explosifs laissés par les troupes russes.

Le 10 avril, des images satellites montrent un convoi militaire russe de 13 km de long se déplaçant vers le sud à travers la ville de Velykyï Bourlouk, dans l'Est de l'Ukraine, vers Kharkiv.

À partir du 18 avril les Russes réduisent progressivement leurs forces dans l'agglomération de Kharkov pour allouer plus de troupes à l'assaut d'Izioum et du Donbass, les Ukrainiens recapturent 3 villages à l'est de la ville. Entre le 19 avril et fin avril les Russes tentent de percer les défenses Ukrainiennes dans la ville de Barvinkove. Avec le retrait de certaines troupes Russes les forces Ukrainiennes entreprennent une contre offensive au nord de la ville de Kharkov. À partir du  Ils réussissent à avancer chaque jour en capturant quelques village au nord de la ville, moyennant des pertes assez importantes dans certaines unités, notamment lors de la reprise de Rouska Lozova.

Mai
Le , la ville de Staryï Saltiv est recapturée ; entre le  et le , les Ukrainiens recapturent une dizaine de villages et les Russes sont presque hors de portée d'artillerie de la ville de Kharkov. Le , les Russes détruisent un certain nombre de ponts dans la région de Kharkov pour ralentir l'avancée des Ukrainiens.

À partir du , les Russes rassemblent des troupes à Belgorod pour aller renforcer le front de Kharkiv. Les Ukrainiens continuent de pousser leur contre-attaque, leur objectif étant d'atteindre la frontière d'avant-guerre. Cette contre-attaque atteint son apogée le  avec les troupes ukrainiennes qui sont à une dizaine de km de la frontière. Le 15 mai des soldats ukrainiens postent une vidéo sur internet qui prouverait que leur unité a atteint la frontière mais cette vidéo sera par la suite débunkée. Selon un général ukrainien l'armée ukrainiennes aurait libéré 23 municipalités entre le 5 et le 18 mai.

Notes et références

Bataille en cours
+
2022 en Ukraine
Février 2022

Offensive du Nord de l'Ukraine


Gioura ( es una isla griega y un asentamiento abandonado en la parte oriental de las islas Espóradas. Administrativamente, la isla pertenece al municipio de Alonnisos.

El censo de 1991 registraba un único habitante en la isla por lo que era entonces el municipio menos poblado de Grecia. Sin embargo, el pequeño asentamiento quedó abandonado, a mediados y finales de la década de 1990, y el municipio desapareció y fue fusionado con Alonnisos.

El nombre de la isla se remonta a los tiempos antiguos cuando era conocida como Gerontia. El nombre fue alterado después a Gioura. La isla también cuenta con un asentamiento neolítico.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Grecia
 Geografía de Europa

Islas deshabitadas de Grecia
Islas del archipiélago de las islas Espóradas
Islas de la periferia de Tesalia
Antiguos asentamientos en Grecia

Gioura


Lygromma gasnieri est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique d'Amazonas au Brésil. Elle se rencontre vers Manaus .

Description
Les mâles mesurent de  à .

La femelle décrite par Brescovit et Bonaldo en 1998 mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Brescovit et Höfer en 1993.

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Thierry R. Gasnier.

Publication originale
 Brescovit & Höfer, 1993 : « Aranhas dos gêneros Lygromma e Eilica, da Amazônia central, Brasil (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). » Iheringia, Série Zoologia, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de l'Amazonas (Brésil)

Lygromma gasnieri


(7771) Tvären, denumire internațională (7771) Tvaren, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7771 Tvären este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla în cadrul programului UESAC. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,66 ua, o excentricitate de 0,02 și o înclinație de 4,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

7771 Tvären


ආචාර්ය සෙනේෂ් දිසානායක බණ්ඩාර (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Dr. Senesh Dissanaike Bandara) යනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික චිත්‍රපට සහ ටෙලිවිෂන් වැඩසටහන් අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙකි. තිරරචකයෙකි. මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු මෙන්ම කතුවරයෙකි.

සෙනේෂ් දිසානායක බණ්ඩාර  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකු වන අතර කැලණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය සහ ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය සහ නිව්යෝර්ක් ෆිල්ම් ඇකඩමිහී විද්‍යාර්ථියෙකි.

ජනසන්නිවේදනය විෂයය වෙනුවෙන් ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී උපාධිය, ශාස්ත්‍රපති උපාධිය සහ දර්ශනසූරී උපාධිය ලබා ඇති අතර ලේඛකත්ව සහ සන්නිවේදනය ඩිප්ලෝමාධාරියෙකි.

ජාතික රූපවාහිනි සංස්ථාවේ, කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ ප්‍රසංග කලා අධ්‍යයනාංශයේ සහ වෘත්තීය තාක්ෂණ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ සේවය කොට ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ සන්නිවේදනය සහ මාධ්‍ය අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ ජ්‍යේෂ්ඨ කථිකාචාර්ය ධුරයේ සේවය කරයි.

ආචාර්ය සෙනේෂ් දිසානායක බණ්ඩාර ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමා අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන්ගේ සංසදයේ ගරු ලේකම් ධුරය (2022-2024) සහ ටෙලි නිර්මාණවේදීන්ගේ සංසදයේ ගරු ලේකම් ධුරය (2022-2023) උසුලයි.

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
සිංහලයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ

සෙනේෂ් දිසානායක බංඩාර


Embers of a Dying World šesti je studijski album finskog melodičnog death metal sastava Mors Principium Est. Album je 10. veljače 2017. godine objavila diskografska kuća AFM Records.

O albumu
Sastav je za pjesmu "Reclaim the Sun" snimio glazbeni spot.

Popis pjesama

Zasluge

Mors Principium Est
 Mikko Sipola – bubnjevi
 Ville Viljanen – vokali
 Teemu Heinola – bas-gitara
 Andy Gillion – gitara, programiranje

Dodatni glazbenici
 Paul Wardingham – solo gitara (na pjesmi 4)
 Christina Marie – dodatni vokali (na pjesmi 5)
Ostalo osoblje
 Eliran Kantor – naslovnica
 Thomas "PLEC" Johansson – miksanje, mastering

Izvori

Finski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2017.

Embers of a Dying World


Pola Illéry (n. 18 decembrie 1909 – d. 19 octombrie 1993) a fost o actriță și cântăreață de origine română ce a apărut în filme mute și în primele filme cu sunet, fiind cunoscută în special pentru rolurile de vampă.

S-a născut ca Paula Iliescu în Corabia, România și a fost, de asemenea, cunoscută sub numele de Paula I Gibson. Illéry a apărut în câteva filme franceze realizate în anii 1920 și 1930, mai ales în filmul lui René Clair Sub Acoperisurile din Paris (1930) și în Parada Paramount, versiunea în limba română a Paramount on Parade (1930) realizat în Paris de către Paramount Pictures. Se crede că a apărut pentru ultima dată în filme în 1938.

Illéry s-a căsătorit maiorul american Charles Grenier în timpul celui de-al doilea Război Mondial și s-a mutat în Statele Unite cu el, luându-și cetățenia americană în 1946. Căsătoria a durat doar câteva luni înainte ca el să fie ucis într-un accident. Ea s-a recăsătorit mai târziu cu Jim Gibson și cuplul s-a mutat în Palos Verdes, unde Illéry a trăit pentru tot restul vieții ei.

Moartea și necrologuri false
Illéry a murit la 19 octombrie 1993, în Los Angeles, California, în vârstă de 83 de ani, și a fost una dintre ultimele supraviețuitoare dintre actrițele care au apărut în filme mute ca adult

Filmografie
 Căpitanul Fracasse (1929)
 Iluzii (1930)
 Sub acoperișurile din Paris (1930)
 Omul în haine de seară (1931)
 Strada fără nume (1934)

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1909
Decese în 1993
Decese pe 19 octombrie
Nașteri pe 18 decembrie
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe americane din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe de film americane
Actori de filme mute
Oameni din județul Olt

Pola Illéry


Pletenice uz glavu ili na engleskom jeziku cornrows ili braids (na Karibima se zovu canerows), drevna je i tradicionalna afrička vrsta frizure. Kosa se neprekidnim radom ruku plete blizu tjemena, te stvara kontinuirani i uzdignuti red. Često se formiraju u jednostavnim, ravnim linijama, ali se također mogu formirati u obliku raznih krivulja i kompliciranijih geometrijskih dizajnova. Nose ih muškarci i žene, a ponekad se ukrašavaju perlama ili čak kauri školjkama. Poznato je da se pletenice jednostavno održavaju, a s pažljivom brigom mogu se nositi i tjednima. Predugo nošene ili previše zategnute pletenice mogu uzrokovati tip gubitka kose poznat kao trakcijska alopecija.

Povijest

Pletenice uz glavu su tradicionalan način oblikovanja kose u mnogim svjetskim regijama. Prikazi žena s pletenicama uz glavu pronađeni su na crtežima iz kamenog doba u Tasili n'Adžeru, u Sahari, a datiraju iz 3000. godine prije Krista. Tradicija žena da vezuju kosu u pletenice ostala je popularna diljem Afrike, osobito na Afričkom rogu i Zapadnoj Africi. Povijesno gledano, muške frizure s pletenicama uz glavu pojavile su se u ranom 19. stoljeću u Etiopiji, gdje su ih nosili ratnici i kraljevi kao što su Tevodros II. i Ivan IV. Etiopski.

Pletenice u Africi pokrivaju široko društveno područje kao religiju, srodstvo, status, dob, etničku pripadnost i ostale karakteristike identiteta koje je moguće izraziti kroz frizuru. Jednako je važan i sam čin pletenja pletenica, koji prenosi kulturne vrijednosti među generacijama, učvršćuje prijateljstva te potvrđuje ulogu stručnjaka.

Pletenice uz kosu su postale popularne 1960-ih i 1970-ih godina, te ponovno 1990-ih kada ih je proslavio NBA košarkaš Allen Iverson.

Kontroverze

Tijekom godina, pletenice uz glavu, zajedno s dreadlocksima, proizveli su mnoge kontroverze na američkim sveučilištima i radnim mjestima. Neki poslodavci i obrazovne institucije smatraju ih neprikladnima te su ih zabranili. Pojedini poslodavci su davali otkaze onim zaposlenicima koji su ih nosili. Zaposlenici i skupine koje se bore za građanska prava suprotstavili su se takvim stavovima, a neki su slučajevi doveli i do sudskih parnica.

Godine 2011., Visoki sud u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, u odluci prijavljenoj kao testni slučaj, usprotivio se odlukama škola o odbijanju upisa učenika s pletenicama uz glavu. Škola je tvrdila da je to bio dio njihove politike koja je odbacivala učenike s frizurama koje su upućivale na povezanost s uličnim bandama. Međutim, sud je zaključio da učenici imaju pravo izraziti svoju kulturu te da politike škola moraju biti u stanju prihvatiti etničke i kulturne različitosti.

Galerija fotografija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Friziranje

Pletenice uz glavu


En tromle bremse er en bremse der bruger friktion som bliver dannet ved at to bremsebakker bliver trykket ud mod en roterende cylinder formet jern del, som bliver kaldt tromlen.

Man finder hjulcylinderen monteret i en tromlebremse. Selve cylindren er fastgjort til ankerpladen og kan indeholde et eller to stempler, der aktiveres af det hydrauliske bremsesystem. Når bremsepedalen aktiveres, trykker bremsevæsken hjulcylinderens stempel (eller stempler) ud mod bremsebakkerne, som dermed presses mod bremsetromlen.

Bildele
Bremser
Køretøjsteknologi

Tromlebremse