EastLink is a tolled section of the M3 freeway linking a large area through the eastern and south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.

EastLink is electronically tolled with no cash booths, using a system developed by SICE. The SICE Tolling System is similar to (and interoperable with) the e-TAG system used on the CityLink tollway. EastLink was opened to traffic on Sunday 29 June 2008 and in conjunction with the opening, a month-long toll-free period occurred before regular tolling commenced on 27 July 2008.

The project was constructed by a joint venture of Australian construction companies Thiess Contractors and John Holland, with tolling system contracted to SICE, and mechanical and electrical work contracted to United Group Infrastructure. The final project cost was A$2.5 billion.

Signs are at the entrances and on the tollway direct to Ringwood, Dandenong, Frankston and Doncaster.

History

The road was originally shown in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as the F35 Freeway.

The freeway has been a contentious issue, amid concerns over environmental damage and the possibility it would lead to a 'complete' metropolitan ring road. In October 1999, the incoming Bracks Government announced that the freeway (which Labor had not promised at the election) had been scrapped. Instead the government promised to investigate a preferred route for the Rowville railway line and extend tram route 75 to Knox, neither of which have eventuated. However, in a "major policy about-face", the Bracks Government announced in August 2000 that it would seek federal funding for the freeway. To obtain funding, the freeway would need to be classified as a road of "national importance", despite the fact that it did not form part of the national highway system. The "U-turn"' on the freeway was strongly criticised by opponents such as the Public Transport Users Association, because it would result in proposed public transport alternatives, such as the Rowville railway line, being scrapped.

In 2001, University of Melbourne academic Paul Mees launched legal action in the Federal Court seeking an injunction, under section 475 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, to prevent Transport Minister Peter Batchelor and the Roads Corporation (VicRoads) from "taking any further action relating to the construction of the Scoresby freeway or the Eastern Ring Road". He alleged that the freeway would threaten migratory birds, plant species and wetlands and that the freeway was part of a larger plan to build a metropolitan ring road to Greensborough. In light of the court case, state government bureaucrats removed references to the metropolitan ring road from a draft Metropolitan Strategy.

In 2003, the Southern and Eastern Integrated Transport Authority (SEITA) was established by the Victorian Government, to manage and oversee the project on behalf of the government. SEITA was responsible for managing the process of selecting a private sector bidder.

In October 2004, SEITA awarded the contract for the design, construction, and operation of EastLink to ConnectEast, a company that was publicly listed on the ASX in November 2004. ConnectEast subsequently contracted Thiess John Holland, a group formed by the partnership of two major construction companies, to carry out the detailed design and construction of EastLink.

ConnectEast, as owner of the road, is responsible for its day-to-day management until the concession deed expires in 2043. EastLink's construction began in March 2005, and the road opened on 29 June 2008.

The opening of the road on 29 June 2008 saw traffic on nearby Stud, Springvale and Blackburn Roads drop by 30% to 40%, but traffic on the Eastern Freeway rose by 5 per cent at the Burke Road intersection, and by about 1–2 per cent at Hoddle Street in the city. On average 270,868 cars, trucks and motorbikes travelled on the road every day until the tolling was introduced on 23 July. In the first week after the introduction of tolls, the average number of daily trips fell to 133,722. This was in line with estimates of a 40 to 50 per cent decline, but is a third below prospectus forecasts. The average toll per trip was $3.10 – above the estimate of $2.91.

In its first six months of operation, Eastlink made a loss of almost $93 million. In 2010, the road had to be refinanced, with its traffic forecasts rewritten due to lower than expected traffic volumes.

Naming history
Over the years the project was variously referred to as the Eastern Ring Road, Scoresby Freeway, Scoresby Bypass, and Mitcham-Frankston Freeway.

On 23 March 2005, with the beginning of construction on the project, then Premier Steve Bracks announced that the road would be called EastLink, at a ceremony in Rowville. The new name was reportedly chosen because it was easier to say, apparently easier to remember, and would fit on street directories.

On 27 February 2008, it was announced that the EastLink / Monash Freeway interchange would be named the "Tom Wills Interchange", after the founder of Australian rules football Tom Wills. On 24 March 2008, Roads Minister Tim Pallas announced that the twin tunnels would be named "Melba" and "Mullum Mullum", in the inbound and outbound direction respectively.

Route
EastLink begins at the eastern end of the Eastern Freeway at Springvale Road in Nunawading, before tunnelling eastward towards Ringwood under the Mullum Mullum Creek area. It then travels 40 km south towards Frankston, passing through the suburbs of Wantirna, Wantirna South, Scoresby, Rowville, Mulgrave, Dandenong North, Noble Park, Keysborough, Dandenong South, Bangholme, and Carrum Downs, before ending at the northern end of the Frankston Freeway. The majority of the freeway has three lanes running in each direction, while between Thompson Rd and Frankston Freeway, there are 2 lanes running in each direction.

The standard travel time on EastLink in both directions, is 26 minutes, (12 minutes between Frankston Freeway / Peninsula Link and the Monash Freeway, 7 minutes between the Monash Freeway and the Burwood Highway and 7 minutes between the Burwood Highway and Springvale Road). Typical travel time is between 30 and 40 minutes.

EastLink does not regularly have peak period congestion like other urban metropolitan freeways in Melbourne. However, delays can be experienced following roadworks or they might be residual, following an incident. Occasionally, traffic congestion occurs between Thompsons Road and the junction with the other three freeways in Carrum Downs, where the freeway changes from three to two lanes. If the congestion builds, the travel time can reach 40 minutes or beyond.

Exits and interchanges

Dandenong Bypass

A 4.8 km section of the Dingley Freeway called the Dandenong Bypass (also referred to as the Dandenong Southern Bypass during its construction) was built by ConnectEast and Thiess John Holland as part of the EastLink project. The bypass opened on 9 December 2007.

Tolling

EastLink is electronically tolled via a system commercially called Breeze, entirely provided by SICE, Spanish system integrator company with broad experience in the tolling market. This system is fully interoperable with all other tollways in Australia, including the Transurban e-TAG system used on CityLink.

The system features a uniquely designed electronic vehicle tag, the "Breeze Tag", which is about half the size of the standard design of e-TAG. The Breeze system is provided by Spanish company SICE, with the Road Side Equipment, including the Breeze Tags, provided by Swedish firm Kapsch TrafficCom AB, under the PREMID brand of DSRC products.

Tolls on EastLink can be charged in three different ways:
 By having any Australian electronic tolling "tag" (such as a Breeze Tag, or Transurban's e-TAG) in the vehicle. Tolls are charged to the corresponding tag account.
 By registering a Breeze non-tag account with ConnectEast. A photograph of the number plate(s) of each vehicle is taken and matched to an account, charging the account holder the toll plus a small processing fee (30c, waived for motorcycles). Alternatively, "Access" accounts registered with CityLink may also be used in this manner. Vehicles with metalised windscreens which cannot be electronically scanned will avoid the extra fee if the owner registers it with Eastlink as such. The toll is then charged to the account by number plate recognition.
 By purchasing a "trip pass" valid for a single one-way trip on EastLink from ConnectEast either over the telephone, via the EastLink website, or from a retail outlet. Vehicle recognition for trip passes is done the same way as for non-tag accounts. Drivers can purchase multiple trip passes at once, as passes are stored until used. However, trip passes expire six months from the date of purchase.

If a driver travels on EastLink without taking any of the three actions above to pay for the toll(s) either prior to, or within three days after travel, an invoice for cost of the toll(s) plus an account processing fee will be sent to the registered vehicle's owner. If the toll invoice is not paid, an overdue notice (with an additional processing fee) is issued. If the invoice is still not paid, a fine is issued by Victoria Police.

The concession period held by ConnectEast is due to end on 30 November 2043, after which the ownership of the road will be transferred to the state.

Prices and discounts

Multiple toll points are located along the EastLink, with each toll point charging a fixed fee. The total toll incurred per trip is the smaller of the trip cap or the total price of toll points passed through. The exception is taxis which pay a fixed price for travel on any section south of Maroondah Highway, regardless of the distance travelled or number of toll points passed through.

The cheapest toll points are located between Maroondah Highway and High Street Road, with slightly more expensive toll points located in the longer sections near the south of the tollway, and the most expensive one within the tunnel section between Maroondah Highway / Ringwood Bypass and Springvale Road. Motorcycle prices are half of cars, while higher rates apply for larger vehicles.

Discounts are also offered to car drivers. A 20 per cent discount applies to the cost of any car trip(s) taken on a Saturday or Sunday and also to one way trips between two consecutive interchanges (excluding the tunnels) on weekdays.

Traffic impact on surrounding roads

Whilst the construction of Eastlink alleviated congestion on Springvale Road, it has had the effect of funnelling the traffic onto other roads, particularly increasing traffic on the Eastern Freeway. Many local councils, organisation, community groups and individuals expressed concerns throughout the proposal and construction phases, over the alterations to traffic patterns and flows and how Eastlink would impact upon local roads in their respective areas. In 2009, the City of Manningham was able to conduct a traffic report which found that:
 Traffic on the Eastern Freeway increased "significantly"
 Travel times in peak and off-peak periods at the Eastern Freeway/Hoddle Street interchange had increased "significantly"
 Peak hour congestion at the Eastern Freeway/Bulleen Road interchange had increased.
 20% decrease in traffic at the Springvale Road outbound offramp.
 13% increase in traffic on Bulleen Road north of the Eastern Freeway.
 13% decrease in traffic on Park Road, between Heads & Mitcham Roads.
 11% decrease in traffic on Doncaster Road, west of Middleborough Road.
 8% increase in traffic on Fitzsimmons Lane, north of Porter Street.
 2% increase in traffic on Manningham Road.
 2% decrease in traffic on Reynolds Road, between Blackburn Road and Springvale Road.

Another study conducted by Banyule Council showed that, since EastLink opened in June 2008, 800 more trucks a day use main roads in Heidelberg and Rosanna.

In general, it appears as though Eastlink has funnelled large amounts of traffic onto the Eastern Freeway and has attracted an increase in commuters using arterial roads in local areas. Decreases appear to be on small stretches of local roads where Eastlink provides a quicker alternative.

Shared path
The EastLink Trail is a shared walking and cycle path that follows a similar north–south route to the EastLink project. Using it, cyclists and pedestrians are able to cycle or walk most of the distance of the road, along a 3-metre wide dedicated concrete path. Many major roads are crossed via under or over passes. Some roads, such as High Street Road (and until November 2009, Burwood Highway), require crossing the road at grade.

In wet weather, two underpasses are not trafficable as they have been built on floodways. These are the Ferntree Gully Road underpass and the Wellington Road underpass. After a medium amount of rain the underpasses flood and trail users must cross over the major roads to continue along the path. This can prove dangerous and during peak traffic times, trail users are known to have waited up to 20 minutes to safely cross the roads when the underpasses have flooded.

The Eastlink trail stops in Dandenong and does not continue. Users may take the Dandenong Creek Trail from this point which will take them to Carrum, where they will be able to join the  Peninsula Link trail to Frankston and Mornington.

For those using the trail, substantial deviations from EastLink must be taken into account in travel times as the shared path does not follow the freeway in many cases as existing trails were joined up to the trails specifically built during the construction of the road. This has led to some very twisty sections of trail and in some cases, detours of over 3 km from the EastLink.

Accidents
On 18 February 2010, at 3.15 pm, a semi-trailer lost control on the north-bound side of the tollway, 300m from the Wellington Rd exit. The truck crossed the road and crashed through the median safety barrier, before crashing into a large pylon holding up a road sign gantry. The truck exploded into flames and the driver was killed. The tollway was closed in both directions, the first time since the road opened, between the Monash Freeway and Ferntree Gully Road. It remained closed until the early hours of the following morning so police could conduct an investigation and ConnectEast could carry out repairs to make the road safe to reopen. The police report is yet to be finalised.

Controversies

 A notable controversy surrounding this project has been the issue of tolls. The Victorian Government, led by Steve Bracks, initially planned not to build the road, instead promising to invest in public transport. Though the government reversed their policy position and decided to go ahead with the road instead. They gave an undertaking that the road would be toll free, a promise on which they later reneged. This led to a total withdrawal of what had been partial federal funding of the project. This policy change has caused much debate, discussion and resentment in some quarters. The Victorian Government's position is that project was not viable without tolls.
 The Federal government withdrawal of funding was based on the premise that funding was only available for the road if the road was toll free. However, at the same time, they were also funding a tolled freeway in Sydney, the Westlink freeway. This led to the controversial belief in some quarters that the funding withdrawal was solely designed to discredit the Victorian Government, rather than being driven by a reluctance to fund toll roads.
 The then Victorian State opposition, led by Robert Doyle, initially opposed any form of tolling on the road. Subsequently, this policy was changed to support tolls. After the 2010 state election, the state leadership led by Liberal leader Ted Baillieu continues to support tolls.
 A court case was heard, where the plaintiffs argued that constructing EastLink would result in pressure to build the "missing link" (North East Link) between EastLink and the Metropolitan Ring Road. They claimed that such a freeway would damage the environmentally sensitive green wedges through either Eltham and Warrandyte or Heidelberg and the Yarra Flats. In October 2018 the Andrews government committed to build North East Link if it is victorious in the 2018 State Election.
 During the planning stages of the project, businesses in the Rutherford Road industrial area (located at the southern terminus of the freeway) wanted access via on/off ramps to the Mornington Peninsula Freeway and Frankston Freeway, in addition to EastLink. Prior to this project they had an off ramp only from the Mornington Peninsula Freeway into the industrial area. Under Eastlink, this was retained, but no on ramps were designed or constructed to link to the existing roads. The Mornington Peninsula Freeway, and the Frankston Freeway, despite being on their doorstep are only accessible via residential roads. The only on ramp from Rutherford Road takes traffic onto EastLink, Northbound.
 Although there is speculation that existing public roads will be restricted to increase traffic on Eastlink , there is legislation in place prohibiting the restriction of traffic , and SEITA has stated that "Importantly, the State Government has passed legislation to maintain the existing capacity on arterial roads. The EastLink Act and the contract between the State of Victoria and ConnectEast prohibits closing or narrowing any existing roads in an attempt to force people onto EastLink."
 On 28 August 2006, due to the late completion of bridge preparation works on the Belgrave and Lilydale railway line, the line was closed for the morning with inadequate warning to commuters of the closure of the line between Blackburn and Ringwood stations causing chaos at Ringwood where lengthy queues formed for the replacement buses. Passengers at Heatherdale, Mitcham and Nunawading stations were stranded because of the mess where the delay was caused by the portable crane "Snow White" being unable to operate near the rail line where bridge supports are being constructed. The ground was too soft for the crane and gravel had to be ordered in causing the delay. Theiss John Holland were required to pay penalties to Connex Melbourne while commuters were not reimbursed. Some of the more willing commuters set about the one-hour walk to Blackburn. Those individuals managed to arrive well before other commuters that had been caught in the confusion at Ringwood, by an hour or more.

Environmental issues

Many environmental groups in Melbourne's east and south-east objected to the project, due to a number of factors, including vehicle emissions and disruption of habitat (in places such as the Mullum Mullum Valley and Dandenong Valley Wetlands). However, the road was the subject of an extensive Environmental Effects Statement (June 1998), which was followed by an extensive public hearing process in April 1999 before the final Government decision to proceed. The statement predicted an 18.5per cent increase in carbon dioxide, impacts on groundwater and wetlands, high impacts on areas of conservation value and the potential to affect 38 species of rare or threatened fauna and flora if the freeway was built.

According to EastLink's builders, the road will relieve traffic congestion throughout Melbourne's eastern and south-eastern suburbs, resulting in more efficient traffic flow, therefore reducing fuel consumption and exhaust output. However, like all such road projects, the phenomenon of induced demand will work against the realisation of those benefits.

During the planning phase (then a VicRoads project), a large debate surrounding damage to the Mullum Mullum Valley occurred. A number of options for the path of the road through the valley were considered. The option chosen – for two 1.6 km tunnels – was the second-to-most expensive, and the second-to-most environmentally friendly. Other options considered in planning included a surface road for the entire length, much shorter tunnels, and slightly longer tunnels.

However, despite the attention on tunnelling beneath the Mullum Mullum Gorge, the Ringwood Interchange is entirely above-ground and has resulted in relocation of the creek through this area.

See also

 Eastlink hotel
 Freeways in Australia
 Freeways in Melbourne

References

External links

 EastLink official website (run by ConnectEast)
 ConnectEast (the developer of EastLink)
 The Southern and Eastern Integrated Transport Authority (EastLink information)
 SICE (the main contractor for the free-flow tolling system project)

Other links
 EastLink Flyover – a video clip from heraldsun.com.au showing aerial footage of the EastLink route
 ABC Online Report on project groundbreaking
 Justice Gray's ruling on the likelihood of the Scoresby Freeway being a catalyst for further freeway building in environmentally sensitive areas

Highways and freeways in Melbourne
Toll roads in Australia
Transport in the City of Frankston
Transport in the City of Greater Dandenong
Transport in the City of Monash
Transport in the City of Knox
Transport in the City of Manningham
Transport in the City of Maroondah

EastLink (Melbourne)


Power Rangers serisinin 13. sezonudur. Power Ranger S.P.D. (Çoğunlukla öyle "PRSPD" kısalttı, ve çoğunlukla basitçe "S.P.D." çağırdı.) Güç korucu televizyon dizisinin 2005 vücut bulması mıydı, süper Sentai dizisinde Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger'i temel aldı mı. S.P.D., durdu, boşluk devriye deltası olduğu için (Dekaranger'de, o, özel polis Dekaranger için durdu).SPD: Space Patrol Delta (Special.Police.Dekaranger)

Özet
Hikâye, yıl 2025'te yer alır, dünya, insan ırkıyla barışla yaşaması için yabancı yaşamları karşıladıktan sonra. Ama barış, kısa yaşanandır, gezegen-fetheden Troobian imparatorluğunun, dünyaya onun yok edici dikkatini döndüğü gibi. Savunmanın dünyanın ilk çizgisinin olduğu zaman, bir ekibin olduğu S.P.D., iz olmadan kaybolur, gezegenin koruması, onların değiştirmelerine düşer: B-ekip korucuları, ve onların köpek gibi yabancı kumandanı, Doggie Cruger'dir.

Ne zaman iki düzeltilen hırsız, kırmızı ve sarı S.P.D. korucuları olarak takıma katılır, gerilimler, onları ayrı yırtmayı tehdit eder. Daha kuvvetli büyürken her an yabancı tehditle, korucular, onların farklarını kenara koymalıdır, ve biri olarak harekette gitmelidir!

Kötülükle mücadele etmek için ekip çalışması, intergalactic silahları ve hafif-vitesli Zord vasıtalarını kullanmak, onlar, iyi için son kuvvetlerin biri olmayı birleştirir: Güç korucu boşluk devriye deltası! artık onlar S.P.D. Rangerlardır.

Rangerlar
Nova Ranger:gerçek adı NOWA GELECEKTEN GELİR

Gölge Ranger: Gerçek adı "Anubis Doggie Cruger"'dır. SPD'yi yönetir. Aslında köpek-insan karışımı bir uzaylıdır ve gerçek gezegeni "Sirius"'tur. Yıllar önce Grumm ile olan savaşı kaybetmiş ve büyük bir üzüntüye boğulmuştur. Ancak şimdi de rangerlar yardımıyla Grumm'ı yenmişlerdir. Gölge kılıcı vardır.

Kırmızı Ranger:Gerçek adı "Jack Landors"'tır.Rangerların 2. komutanıdır. Birinci komutan ise Kruger'dir.Ranger numarası 1'dir.Bu komutanlığı gösteri yani gücü. Ranger'ların robot köpeği Rick'le birleşebilir ve Lazer tabancası vardır. Şeffaflaşarak katı cisimlerden geçebilme gücü vardır. SPD'ye en son katılan üyedir. Rangerlardan son bölümde ayrılır. Çok inatçıdır. Ve çok gururludur. 2. sezon yine Ranger'lara katılır.

Sarı Ranger:Gerçek adı "Elizabeth Delgado"'dur. Arkadaşları ona "Z" der.SPD'ye katılan 4. üyedir. Kendini kopyalama gücü vardır, numarası 4'tür.Zekidir ve iyi dövüşür SPD'den hiç ayrılmamıştır.

Mavi Ranger:Gerçek adı Schuyler "Sky Tate"'tir. Erkeklerin en akıllısıdır. İyi bir silahı vardır. spd ye katılan 1.üyedir .büyük bir daire yaparak kendisini koruyabilir. İlk bölümlerde Jack'ten nefret etmiştir. Bazen çok itici davranır. Jack'le çok tartışır. Ancak Jack için ağlamıştır. Numarası 2 dir. Son bölümde Jack'in ayrılmasından dolayı Kırmızı Ranger olmuştur. Ve de çok iyi dövüşür. Jack gelince yine mavi olur.

Pembe Ranger:Gerçek adı "Sydney Drew"'dur. Buna rağmen herkes ona Syd der. Numarası 5dir.Güzelliğine çok önem verir. Bazen akılsız gibi davranabilir. Çok iyi dövüşür. Eli dokunduğu her elemente dönüşebilir. spd ye katılan 3. üyedir SPD'den hiç ayrılmamıştır.

Yeşil Ranger:Gerçek adı "Bridge Carson"'dur.Takımın en komedyenidir ama çok zekidir. Numarası 3dür. Bazen çok saf olabilir hatta ilginç fikirleri olabilir. Fikirleri sayesinde birçok düşman yakalanmıştır. Ranger'lerin en iyi kalplisi en zekisi ve en safıdır. spdye katılan ikinci üyedir . istediği kişilerin aurasını okuyabilir, kötülüğün izlerini bu sayede bulabilir ve çok iyi dövüşür..SPD'den hiç ayrılmamıştır. Bilgisayar ve makine dehasıdır. Bridge'yi S.P.D. de anlamayanlar olabilir.

Omega Ranger Asıl adı Sam dır. Daha küçük bir çocukken sarı rangerle tanışmış ve arkadaş olmuştur. Ondan beri hep S.P.D dedir. Gelecekten gelip rangerlara yardım etmiş Grumm'ın karta tıkıldığı bölümde geleceğe geri gitmiştir.

Müttefikler

Kat Manx: S.P.D.'nin mühendisidir.

Boom: Kat'in asistanıdır.

Piggy: Bir uzaylıdır ve S.P.D.'ye yardım eder.

Düşmanlar

Omni: Troobianlar'ın lideridir. Aslında Grumm'ın gemisinin ta kendisidir. Aslında biz onun sadece beynini görebiliyoruz. Rangerlar tarafından yok edildi.

Grumm: Çok kötü bir uzaylıdır. Amacı bütün galaksiyi yok etmektir. Her defasında yeni planlarla Dünya'ya saldırmaya çalışır. Ancak başaramaz. Ancak siz onu imparator zannedersiniz, ama yanılırsınız. Aslında Grumm, Omni'ye hizmet eder. Aslında Dünya'nın kaynaklarını kullanarak Omni'yi yeniden uyandırmaya çalışır. Doggie Cruger tarafından yakalandı.

Mora/Morgana: Kötü bir kızdır ve 10 yaşındaki bir çocuğun hayal gücüne sahiptir. Hayal gücünü kullanarak Grumm'a yeni canavarlar çizer. Bir bölümde Grumm çok kızar ve Mora'yı Morgana'ya çevirir. Ancak bir bölümde başarılı olunca yeniden Mora'ya dönüşür. Ama bir bölümde Omni'nin huzuruna çıkınca aklı Omni'nin kontrolü altına girer. Doggie Cruger tarafından yakalandı.

Broodwing: Sadece parası olanlara robot, silah ve asker veren çok kötü bir yaratıktır. Önceleri Grumm'a çalışırdı ama Grumm zorla Broodwing'e zorla bedava robot verdirmeye zorlayınca düşman olurlar. Broodwing'in şimdiki amacı Rangerları ve Grumm'ı yok etmektir.

Seslendirme
Brandon Jay McLaren … Kırmızı Ranger Jack (Ufuk Bigay)
Chris Violette … Mavi Ranger Sky (Gökhan Akçakara)
Matt Sadowski … Yeşil Ranger Bridge (Fatih Özkul)
Monica May … Sarı Ranger Z (Didem Atlıhan)
Alycia Purrott … Pembe Ranger Syd (Fulya Ergüneş)
John Tui … Kumandan Doggie (Erol Eren)
Michelle Langstone … Doktor Cat (Nurhan Yılma)
Barnie Duncan … Piggy (Tarkan Koç)
Kelson Henderson … Boom (Ahmet Tekeş)
Jim McLarty … Broodwing (Ahmet Tekeş)
Olivia James-Baird … Morgana (Milay Ezengin)
Brett Stewart … Omega Ranger Sam (Tugay Erverdi)
Stüdyo: Saran Digital Stüdyoları
Yayın: Jetix

Dış bağlantılar
 Power Rangers Blog Web Sitesi
 Power Rangers Turk Web Sitesi
 Power Rangers Wiki
 Power Rangers & Sentai Resmi Türk Sitesi

American Broadcasting Company
Show TV
SPD
Family Channel dizileri

Power Rangers S.P.D.


Meluncan, ABD'nin güneydoğu eyaletlerinde, daha ziyade orta Apalaşya'nın Cumberland Gap yöresinde yaşayan bir takım toplulukları tanımlamak için kullanılan bir ifadedir. Popüler anlamda Meluncan halkının yerli, Afrikalı Amerikalılar ve diğer etnik gruplarla karışmış, "tam beyaz" olmayan gruplardan oluştuğu inanışı bulunmaktadır. 7. Başkan Andrew Jackson'ın koyduğu yasalar nedeniyle sadece beyazlar, zenciler, melezler ve kızılderililer rahat yaşayabiliyordu. Bu yüzden Meluncanların tüm yasal hakları elinden alınmış, evleri okulları yakılıp yıkılmıştır. Toplum içinde dışlanmışlardır.

Son senelerde, Meluncan halkının kökenine ilişkin, N. Brent Kennedy'nin yaptığı araştırmalar neticesindeki iddiaya göre, bu insanların ortak kökeni 16. yüzyılda İnebahtı Deniz Savaşı'nda Portekiz veya İspanyollara esir düşen ve sonrasında Amerika'ya getirilen 400 kadar Osmanlı leventine dayanmaktadır.

Meluncan sözcüğünün kökeni bilinmemesine karşın yaygın kanı, bunun Fransızca karışık anlamina gelen mélange sözcüğünün bir bozumu olabileceğidir. "Türk" tezine göre ise bu kelimenin aslı, Osmanlıca'da melun can, yani 'lanetlenmiş can'dır.

Türkiye'de "Meluncan" şeklindeki yazım yaygındır. Abraham Lincoln ve Elvis Presley'in meluncan olabileceği bilinmektedir.

ABD'nin 1996 - 2005 yılları arasında görev yapan İstanbul Başkonsolosu David Arnett, baba tarafından %25 Türk olduğunu ve atalarının Meluncan olabileceğini söylemiştir.

Kökenleri
Meluncan halkının aşağıdaki etnik kökenlerden oldukları iddia edilmiştir:

 Amerikan yerlisi (çoğunlukla Cherokee)
 Siyah/Afrikalı Amerikalı
 Portekiz
 Türk
 Arap
 Yahudi
 İskoç

Kaynakça
 Dr. Brent Kennedy, Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People ( Meluncanlar: Gururlu bir Halkın Yeniden Doğuşu)
 Garrett Ward Sheldon; Atatürk ve Jefferson Siyasi Felsefeleri

Afrikalı Amerikanlar tarihi
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki etnik gruplar
Appalachia'da toplum
Appalachia'daki etnik gruplar
Kuzey Karolina tarihi
Tennessee tarihi
Virginia tarihi

Meluncan


Le Tribunal de la Couronne de Lublin est une cour suprême d'appel de la Couronne du royaume de Pologne, de la République de Deux Nations, pour les affaires du droit foncier de la Petite-Pologne.

Fonction du Tribunal
En 1578, la diète générale de Varsovie a créé la nouvelle instance judiciaire – le Tribunal de la Couronne (Iudicium Ordinarium Generale Tribunalis Regni). Le roi Étienne Báthory, en tant que iudex supremus, a transféré sa fonction de juge suprême à la cour de noblesse. À partir de ce moment-là, le Tribunal de la Couronne était la Cour suprême (la cour d'appel) pour la noblesse.

Selon la Constitution de 1578, seulement la Couronne a été soumise au Tribunal. Les réunions des tribunaux de Grande-Pologne et de Mazovie se sont passées à Piotrków Trybunalski. Quant aux réunions dans la région de Petite-Pologne, elles ont eu lieu à Lublin. Le tribunal commençait les réunions à Piotrków, où il jugeait de lundi après le jour de saint Martin (le 11 novembre) jusqu'à dimanche des Rameaux (Dominica Palmarum). À Lublin, les réunions du tribunal étaient commencées le lundi qui suivait le premier dimanche après Pâques (Dominica Conductus Paschae). Elles finissaient quand toutes les affaires portées devant la cour ont été examinées, ce qui durait d'habitude jusqu'au jour de St. Barthélémy (le 24 août). Cependant en 1611, lors de la réunion de la diète ordinaire à Varsovie, on a  décidé de « donner plus de temps aux tribunaux ». La constitution de la diète de convocation de 1764 a instauré la division du Tribunal de la Couronne en deux tribunaux séparés : le Tribunal de la Couronne de Grande-Pologne et le Tribunal de la Couronne de Petite-Pologne. Ces modifications n'ont pas existé longtemps. La diète extraordinaire de fin 1767/début 1768 a promulgué la constitution sous le nom de « l'Union du Tribunal de la Couronne », conformément à laquelle on a créé de nouveau un seul Tribunal pour les deux provinces. Le Tribunal a été composé des juges dits députés, choisis chaque année parmi la noblesse (les députés laïcs) et parmi le clergé (les députés ecclésiastiques). À sa tête, il y avait le maréchal choisi d'entre les députés laïcs et le président – le député du chapitre de Gniezno.

Grâce au Tribunal, Lublin est devenue centre juridique de la République de Deux Nations. Avec la chute des centres universitaires pour les juristes, c'était la salle de tribunal qui remplissait la fonction de l'université pour de nombreux avocats, en leur permettant de faire leurs premiers pas et de mettre leur connaissance en pratique. La proximité de l'Académie de Zamoyski où on pouvait étudier le droit, en avait aussi bénéfique. Lublin attirait les candidats aux études de droit, non seulement de la Pologne, mais aussi de l'étranger. De plus, il faut souligner le rôle du Tribunal dans la vie urbaine. Il a contribué à la transformation de Lublin en capitale juridique et au développement rapide de la ville. Immédiatement après la création du Tribunal, les palais des magnats et les manoirs de la noblesse ont commencé à jaillir à Lublin. Les réunions du Tribunal ont apporté la vivacité à la ville. Après la perte de l'indépendance, le Tribunal de la Couronne et d'autres cours de noblesse ont été fermés.

Les dossiers du Tribunal de la Couronne qui ont été détenus dans  l'archive judiciaire situé dans le réfectoire du monastère dominicain, ont été transférés au monastère des Bernardins en 1811. En 1827, on les a transportés au nouvel « Archive de vieux dossiers » (en polonais : Archiwum Akt Dawnych) à Lublin.  Entre 1836 et 1840, tous les dossiers ont été transportés à l'Archive de vieux dossiers à Varsovie, où ils ont été complètement détruits en 1944 pendant l'Insurrection de Varsovie.

Histoire de l'édifice

Le bâtiment actuel du Tribunal de la Couronne a été érigé sur la place de la vieille ville à Lublin en vue de remplacer l'ancien hôtel de ville fait de bois qui a été brûlé en 1389. Au début, le nouveau bâtiment a été utilisé comme l'hôtel de ville. Depuis 1578, il fonctionnait en tant que Tribunal de la Couronne pour la noblesse de Petite-Pologne.

Le bâtiment gothique du vieil hôtel de ville a été érigé au XIVe siècle. C'était un immeuble fait en bois, avec les deux tours et l'escalier extérieur. Il a été brûlé dans l'incendie de Lublin en 1389. Le bâtiment suivant, plus grand et fait de brique a été construit dans le même endroit, aussi dans le style gothique. Il a été reconstruit dans de style renaissance dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle. Entre autres, on lui a donné un étage attique et on a construit l'escalier extérieur au premier étage.

Après l'incendie suivant de Lublin de 1575, le bâtiment a été reconstruit dans le style renaissance pour faire référence à des hôtels de ville de Sandomierz et de Tarnów. On a reconstruit le bâtiment encore une fois dans le style gothique au cours des années 1680. On a construit le deuxième étage et on a rebâti la tour. La peinture « L'incendie de Lublin » de 1719 qui se trouve aujourd'hui à l'église des Dominicains, témoigne du style baroque du bâtiment.

Le bâtiment a gagné l'apparence d'aujourd'hui entre 1781 et 1787, quand il a été reconstruit selon le projet de Domenico Merlini, architecte de la cour de Stanislas II Auguste. L'immeuble a été construit dans le style classique, il a été agrandi et sa superficie a été presque doublée. On a fini le deuxième étage, destiné pour les tribunaux fonciers, et on a maintenu d'autres pièces inchangées. Les façades du Tribunal sont décorées avec les pilastres classiques, et dans le tympan, il y a un relief présentant le symbole de la justice.

Tout en haut de la façade, il y a un bas-relief caractéristique. Au milieu du relief il y a un bouclier avec deux blasons dedans. L'un des blasons présente un aigle, symbole de la Pologne, le second blason c'est le Pahonie – symbole de la Lituanie. Au-dessus, il se trouve la couronne des rois de la Pologne et une croix. Les deux personnages féminins sont assis de deux côtés des blasons. Une personne tient une épée dans ses mains et une autre tient une balance, symbole de la justice. Un lion est allongé aux pieds de l'une des femmes. En 1977, on a reconstruit le bas-relief.

À l'époque de Stanislas II Auguste, l'atelier de Marcello Bacciarelli, peintre du roi, se trouvait dans le bâtiment du Tribunal. Il y avait même des plans d'y organiser la première académie de beaux-arts en Pologne.

Parmi de nombreux tableaux recueillis dans le bâtiment du Tribunal, on peut trouver entre autres le portrait du roi Étienne Báthory et le portrait de Stanisław Małachowski, maréchal de la Grande Diète.

Aujourd'hui, le Palais de Mariage se trouve dans le bâtiment de l'ancien Tribunal de la Couronne. Au sous-sol, où il y avait la vinerie et la prison, aujourd'hui il y a la voie touristique souterraine de Lublin. De plus, les événements culturels, tels que les concerts ont lieu là-bas, et dans plusieurs salles il y a le Musée de l'histoire de l'Hôtel de ville et du Tribunal de la Couronne.

La patte du diable
La patte du diable est présente dans l'une des légendes de Lublin qui a sa confirmation dans les sources historiques. L'histoire se passe au Tribunal de la Couronne. Une version de la légende présente l'histoire du procès d'une veuve, qui a eu lieu au Tribunal de Lublin en 1637 ou en 1638. L'une des parties au différend, c'était un magnat qui a corrompu les juges. La veuve, désespérée, a levé les mains vers le crucifix accroché au mur de la salle et elle a crié : Si les diables étaient les juges, ils prononceraient le jugement plus juste ! La même nuit, les personnages mystérieux ont apparu dans la salle de tribunal. Ils portaient les robes, les manteaux de la noblesse (appelées en polonais żupan et kontusz), et les perruques noires. L'écrivain qui prenait les notes pendant le procès a aperçu les cornes de diable cachés dans les cheveux des personnages et il a senti l'odeur de soufre. Les diables ont prononcé le jugement en faveur de la femme, et afin de le confirmer, le juge diabolique a posé la main sur la table en gravant la marque dans le bois. En ce moment, le Christ sur le crucifix a tourné sa tête pour ne pas voir que le tribunal du diable est plus juste que l'un de l'homme. Jusqu'aujourd'hui, le crucifix se trouve dans une chapelle de la cathédrale à Lublin. La table avec une gravure de la patte du diable, qui date d'avant 1578, se trouve dans le Musée National de Lublin.

Références

Bibliographie

 Gawarecki H., Gawdzik Cz., Lublin, Warszawa 1959

Ancien organe législatif polonais
Voïvodie de Lublin

Tribunal de la Couronne de Lublin


An Trichophorum pumilum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Vahl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schinz och Albert Thellung. An Trichophorum pumilum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichophorum, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 T. p. pumilum
 T. p. rollandii

Mga kasarigan

Trichophorum

Trichophorum pumilum


Jinyu Nasu (født 20. juli 1999) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Gainare Tottori.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Jinyu Nasu


Ettore Gotti Tedeschi (Pontenure, 3 de março de 1945) é um banqueiro italiano. De 2009 a 2012 ocupou o cargo de presidente do Instituto para Obras de Religião.

Nos primeiros 12 anos de sua vida profissional, ocupou-se com estratégia industrial e financeira (na Metra-Sema em Paris de 1973 a 1980 e, de 1980 a 1984, na McKinsey em Milão e Londres); a partir de 1985 começou a lidar com finanças: tornou-se banqueiro de investimentos da empresa financeira Procomin de Imi-Bnl e depois passou para o banco comercial Sige (grupo Imi), onde conheceu o banqueiro Gianmario Roveraro.

Com Roveraro, em 1987 fundou o banco de investimentos Akros, levantando 275 bilhões de 210 acionistas (incluindo Fiat, IRI, Cir, Ferrero, Parmalat, Commercial Union, Banca Popolare di Milano e Cassa di Risparmio di Torino).
Em 1990, através da Akros, trabalhou na colocação da Calisto Tanzi na bolsa Parmalat  e entre Abril e Maio de 1991 liderou as negociações para a aquisição da Fedital à Federconsorzi, encontrando, novamente através da Akros, os recursos para a operação (posteriormente interrompida, devido à liquidação do Federconsorzi). Entretanto, ingressou no conselho de administração do grupo Parmalat, onde permaneceu cerca de um ano, até 1991.

Em 1992 deixou a Akros para fundar, a pedido de Emilio Botín, a sucursal italiana do grupo espanhol Banco Santander, sendo nomeado em 1993 presidente para a Itália do Finconsumo Banca SpA (depois Santander Consumer Bank SpA), colocando-se em o chefe das atividades italianas do grupo espanhol Banco Santander. Após o rompimento com o Banca Intesa, ele comprou o Banca Antonveneta em nome do grupo espanhol e o revendeu para o Montepaschi di Siena de Giuseppe Mussari.

Ele ocupou vários cargos em fundações bancárias, capital de risco e fundos de private equity.

Em 2005, como parte do julgamento da Parmalat, ele foi inscrito, junto com outros 71 banqueiros, no registro de suspeitos, apenas para ser absolvido em 2007.

É membro do conselho de administração do Sanpaolo IMI e foi nomeado pelo ministro Giulio Tremonti como assessor para "problemas econômico-financeiros e éticos em sistemas internacionais" e diretor da Cassa Depositi e Prestiti desde 2004 a 2007 e 2009 até o presente.

De 1996 a 2006 foi professor de estratégia financeira na Universidade Católica do Sagrado Coração de Milão, depois de ética econômica na Universidade de Turim. Hoje ele ensina Ética Financeira na Universidade Católica de Milão e é colunista do L'Osservatore Romano e Il Sole 24 Ore.

Em 2008 foi chamado pelo Cardeal Secretário de Estado Tarcisio Bertone para tratar da gestão financeira do Governatorado da Cidade do Vaticano, cujos orçamentos estavam no vermelho por mais de 15 milhões de euros. Ele também contribuiu para a redação da encíclica Caritas in Veritate do Papa Bento XVI.

De 2009 a 2013 foi presidente do fundo F2i, fundo que investe em infraestrutura (distribuição de gás, aeroportos, rede de banda larga, energia alternativa, água).

Em 23 de setembro de 2009 foi nomeado presidente do Instituto para Obras de Religião, iniciando importantes reformas para a transparência. No entanto, em setembro de 2010, ele esteve envolvido - junto com a outra alta administração do IOR - em uma investigação do Ministério Público de Roma por uma suposta violação dos regulamentos de combate à lavagem de dinheiro: a investigação estava ligada a apreensão preventiva de 23 milhões de euros, após denúncia de uma operação suspeita por parte da Unidade de Inteligência Financeira do Banco da Itália. A Superintendência do IOR reagiu em 24 de maio de 2012, desconfiando por unanimidade de Gotti Tedeschi e destituindo-o do cargo de presidente com a seguinte motivação: "por não ter desempenhado diversas funções de primordial importância para seu cargo". Em 19 de fevereiro de 2014, o GIP do Tribunal de Roma, aceitando o pedido do Ministério Público de Roma, encerrou a investigação. O decreto de arquivamento exclui qualquer responsabilidade de Gotti Tedeschi. Em 8 de janeiro de 2015, ele deu a conhecer pela primeira vez no The Catholic Herald que havia sido afastado do IOR por sua decisão de apresentar ao Conselho uma proposta que mudaria completamente a governança do Instituto, ditada por sua preocupação com o "passo atrás" dado pelo IOR em termos de transparência com uma mudança repentina na legislação anti-lavagem de dinheiro em dezembro de 2011.

Ver também

Economistas da Itália

Ettore Gotti Tedeschi


Gherghina și soarele este un film românesc din 2004 regizat de Adrian Poncea. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Coca Bloos, Cătălin Paraschiv, Teodor Corban.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2004 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2004
Filme românești de scurt metraj

Gherghina și soarele


Un extraterestru în pijama este un roman  umoristic de Alina Nour. A apărut la editura Junimea în 1991.

Cuprins

Vezi și
1991 în literatură
Lista cărților științifico-fantastice publicate în România după 1989

Romane din 1991
Romane de Alina Nour
Romane umoristice
Romane științifico-fantastice

Un extraterestru în pijama


Wiktor Wladimirowitsch Wassin (; ; * 6. Oktober 1988 in Leningrad, Russische SFSR, Sowjetunion) ist ein russischer Fußballspieler, der seit 2022 beim kasachischen Erstligisten FK Qairat Almaty unter Vertrag steht. Seine Position ist die des Innenverteidigers.

Karriere

Verein
Ähnlich wie viele andere russische Fußballspieler, wie zum Beispiel Andrei Arschawin und Wjatscheslaw Malafejew, absolvierte Wassin in seiner Heimatstadt Sankt Petersburg die berühmte russische Fußballschule "Smena", die eng mit dem russischen Verein Zenit Sankt Petersburg zusammenarbeitete. Nachdem er von Zenit keine Einladung in die Profimannschaft erhielt, wechselte er 2006 zu Spartak Naltschik, wo er ein Jahr später erstmals bei den Profis zum Einsatz kam. Dort spielte Wassin von 2006 bis 2010, wobei er für die Saison 2009 an FK Nischni Nowgorod ausgeliehen war.

Im Januar 2011 wechselte Wassin zu ZSKA Moskau, jedoch erlitt er gleich am Anfang eine schwere Verletzung des vorderen Kreuzbandes und konnte erst Ende Mai 2011 zum ersten Mal mit seinem neuen Team trainieren. Nach den ersten Partien folgten viele Leihen innerhalb Russlands. Aber bei ZSKA folgte 2018/19 der nächste Kreuzbandriss und Wassin verpasste 41 Spiele für die Russen. Auch in den folgenden Spielzeiten war er des Öfteren verletzt und kam nur unregelmäßig zum Zug. So kam er in elf Jahren bei ZSKA nur auf 98 Pflichtspiele mit zwei Treffern, konnte aber dort jeweils einmal die Meisterschaft sowie den Pokalsieg feiern.

Am 22. Februar 2022 nahm ihn dann der kasachische Erstligist FK Qairat Almaty unter Vertrag.

Nationalmannschaft
Wassin feierte sein Debüt für die russische A-Nationalmannschaft im November 2010 gegen Belgien, als er in der 46. Spielminute eingewechselt wurde. Bei der 0:2-Niederlage hatte Wassin durch einen Fehler maßgeblich zum Gegentor durch Romelu Lukaku beigetragen. Sein erstes Tor schoss er am 28. März 2017 im Freundschaftsspiel gegen Belgien (3:3). Bis Ende 2017 absolvierte er insgesamt 13 Partien und erzielte dabei zwei Treffer.

Erfolge
 Russischer Pokalsieger: 2013
 Russischer Meister: 2016

Weblinks

Fußballnationalspieler (Russland)
Teilnehmer am FIFA-Konföderationen-Pokal (Russland)
Russischer Meister (Fußball)
Fußballspieler (Spartak Naltschik)
Fußballspieler (FK Nischni Nowgorod, 2007)
Fußballspieler (ZSKA Moskau)
Fußballspieler (Mordowija Saransk)
Fußballspieler (FK Ufa)
Fußballspieler (FK Qairat Almaty)
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1988
Mann

Wiktor Wladimirowitsch Wassin


5744 (hebraico: ה'תשמ"ד) foi um ano hebraico correspondente ao período após o pôr do sol de 7 de setembro de 1983 até ao pôr do sol de 26 de setembro de 1984 do calendário gregoriano.

Dados sobre 5744

 Ano embolístico completo: 385 dias (Shelemah)
 Cheshvan e Kislev com 30 dias
 Ciclo solar: 4º ano do 206º ciclo
 Ciclo lunar: 6º ano do 303º ciclo
 Ciclo Shmita: 4º ano
 Ma'aser Sheni (dízimo para Jerusalém)

Fatos históricos

 1914º ano da destruição do Segundo Templo
 36º ano do estabelecimento do Estado de Israel
 17º ano da libertação de Jerusalém

Calendário judaico

5744 (ano hebraico)


Esta é uma lista das regiões administrativas do Burkina Faso pelo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano de 2019.

Listas por Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano
Regiões de Burquina Fasso

Lista das regiões do Burkina Faso por IDH


Cédric Patrice Thierry Villani (født 5. oktober 1973) er en fransk matematiker, der hovedsageligt arbejder med partielle differentialligninger, riemannsk geometri og matematisk fysik. Han modtog fieldsmedaljen i 2010, og han er institutleder på Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curies Institut Henri Poincaré.

Villani er også politiker. Han sidder i den franske nationalforsamling i underhuset i det franske parlament, hvor han repræsenterer Essonne 5. valgkreds for En Marche!, et politisk centrumparti, hvorfra den franske præsident efter Frankrigs parlamentsvalg 2017, Emmanuel Macron, også kommer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Matematikere fra Frankrig
Modtagere af Fieldsmedaljen

Cédric Villani


O Toyota Corolla Cross () é um SUV crossover de porte médio (Segmento C) produzido pela montadora japonesa Toyota desde 2020. Adotando o nome do Corolla, ele se posiciona como uma alternativa mais prática e maior ao C-HR e construído na mesma plataforma TNGA-C (GA-C) do Corolla da série E210. Por tamanho, o Corolla Cross está posicionado entre o menor C-HR – com o qual o Corolla Cross compartilha a plataforma – e o maior RAV4 na linha global de SUVs crossover da Toyota.

Foi apresentado pela primeira vez na Tailândia em julho de 2020, juntamente com outros mercados do Sudeste Asiático e Taiwan no mesmo ano, enquanto sua introdução em outros mercados começou em 2021.

O modelo gêmeo do Corolla Cross, chamado Toyota Frontlander (), está disponível exclusivamente na China. Foi introduzido no final de 2021.

No Brasil
O Corolla Cross foi revelado no Brasil em 12 de março de 2021. Fabricado localmente na fábrica de Sorocaba, ele é alimentado por um motor flex M20A-FKB 2.0 com injeção direta para as versões XR e XRE, ou um motor híbrido flex 2ZR-FXE 1.8 para as versões XRV e XRX. A Toyota pretendia que a versão híbrida contribuísse com 30% das vendas totais do Corolla Cross no país. Também é exportado para 22 países da América Latina e para o Caribe.

Veículos da Toyota
Automóveis de 2020
Veículos com tração dianteira
Veículos com tração 4×4
Veículos que utilizam transmissão continuamente variável
Automóveis do segmento C

Toyota Corolla Cross


Olaylar
 1578 - Vadiü'l-Mehazin Muharebesi, Portekizlilere karşı Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve müttefiki olan Fas birliklerinin kesin zaferiyle sona erdi.
 1683 - Dom Perignon ilk şampanyayı üretti.
 1791 - Osmanlı ile Avusturya Devletleri arasında Ziştovi Antlaşması imzalandı.
 1870 - Kızılhaç Derneği, Birleşik Krallık'ta kuruldu.
 1923 - Rauf Bey (Orbay) Başbakanlıktan ayrıldı.
 1940 - Taksim Gazinosu açıldı. İstanbul Belediyesi'nin açtığı gazinonun amacı halka ucuz eğlence sağlamaktı.
 1944 - Anne Frank, Naziler tarafından yakalandı. 1945'te toplama kampında öldü. Saklanırken tuttuğu notlar sonradan klasik haline geldi.
 1950 - TSKB - Türkiye Sınai Kalkınma Bankası kuruldu.
 1958 - Uluslararası Para Fonu'nun baskısıyla yüksek devalüasyona gidildi. Dolar 2 lira 80 kuruştan, 9 liraya çıktı.
 1959 - İstanbul'da yumurta büyüklüğünde dolu yağdı. Yaralanmalar ve maddi hasar meydana geldi.
 1976 - İspanya Kralı Juan Carlos, siyasi tutukluların %90'ını affetti.
 1983 - İtalya'da ilk kez bir sosyalist, Sosyalist Parti Genel Sekreteri Bettino Craxi, Başbakanlık görevine getirildi.
 1986 - Yargıtay, ameliyatla cinsiyet değiştiren Bülent Ersoy'un erkek olduğuna karar verdi.
 1987 - Uluslararası Barış Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, Türkiye'nin İran'a silah satan ülkeler arasında olduğunu ileri sürdü.
 1988 - Samsun ve Sinop sahillerine, zehirli oldukları bildirilen çok sayıda varil vurdu.
 1995 - Hırvatistan'nın Krayina Sırp Cumhuriyeti'ya karşı saldırılarına başlamasıyla, Fırtına Harekâtı başladı.
 2005 - Senarist Safa Önal, filme çekilmiş 395 senaryosuyla Guinness Rekorlar Kitabı'na girdi.
 2019 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Ohio eyaletine bağlı Dayton kentinde gerçekleşen silahlı saldırıda 10 kişi hayatını kaybetti, 27 kişi yaralandı.
 2020 - 2020 Beyrut patlamaları: Lübnan'ın başkenti Beyrut'ta, Beyrut Limanı'nda bir depoda bulunan 2 bin 750 ton amonyum nitrat infilak etti; 154 kişi öldü, 6 bin kişi yaralandı. Kentte büyük hasar meydan geldi.

Doğumlar
 1521 - VII. Urbanus, Katolik Kilisesi'nin 228. Papası (ö. 1590)
 1792 - Percy Bysshe Shelley, İngiliz şair (ö. 1822)
 1801 - Augustin-Alexandre Dumont, Fransız heykeltıraş (ö. 1884)
 1805 - William Rowan Hamilton, İrlandalı matematikçi (ö. 1865)
 1834 - John Venn, İngiliz matematikçi (ö. 1923)
 1859 - Knut Hamsun, Norveçli romancı, oyun yazarı, şair ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1952)
 1901 - Louis Daniel Armstrong, Amerikalı caz trompetçisi (ö. 1971)
 1912 - Daniel Aaron, Amerikalı yazar ve akademisyen (ö. 2016)
 1912 - Raoul Wallenberg, İsveçli mimar, iş insanı, diplomat ve yardımsever (ö. 1947)
 1920 - Helen Thomas, Amerikalı gazeteci ve muhabir (ö. 2013)
 1921 - Maurice Richard, Kanadalı buz hokeyi oyuncusu ve koç (ö. 2000)
 1927 - Turgut Uyar, Türk şair (ö. 1985)
 1928 - Gerard Damiano, Amerikalı porno film yönetmeni (ö. 2008)
 1930 - Ali Sistani, Irak'taki en önemli Şiî dini lider
 1932 - Frances E. Allen, Amerikalı bilgisayar bilimcisi (ö. 2020)
 1934 - Dallas Green, Amerikalı eski beyzbol oyuncusu, yönetici ve menajer (ö. 2017)
 1935 - Carol Arthur, Amerikalı aktris (ö. 2020)
 1940 - Hilmi Özkök, Türk asker ve Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin 24. Genelkurmay Başkanı
 1941 - Zeki Ökten, Türk yönetmen (ö. 2009)
 1942 - Don S. Davis, Amerikalı aktör ve ressam (ö. 2008)
 1943 - Vicente Alberto Álvarez Areces, İspanyol politikacı (ö. 2019)
 1944 - Orhan Gencebay, Türk müzisyen
 1952 - Moya Brennan, Grammy Ödülü adayı Kelt folk şarkıcısı
 1953 - Hiroyuki Usui, Japon eski millî futbolcu
 1954 - Anatoliy Kinah, Ukraynalı siyasetçi
 1955 - Billy Bob Thornton, Amerikalı oyuncu, film yazarı ve müzisyen
 1957 - John Wark, İskoç millî futbolcu
 1958 - Mary Decker, Amerikalı bayan eski orta mesafe koşucusu
 1958 - Silvan Şalom, İsrailli sağ siyasetçi ve bakan
 1959 - John Gormley, İrlandalı politikacı
 1960 - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, İspanyol siyasetçi ve Başbakan
 1961 - Barack Obama, ABD'nin 44. Başkanı
 1965 - Dennis Lehane, Amerikalı yazar ve senarist
 1965 - Fredrik Reinfeldt, İsveçli siyasetçi ve Başbakan
 1965 - Michael Skibbe, Alman futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1968 - Daniel Dae Kim, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1969 - Max Cavalera, Brezilyalı şarkıcı, gitarist ve söz yazarı
 1970 - John August, Amerikalı senarist, yönetmen ve oyuncu
 1970 - Ron Lester, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 1971 - Jeff Gordon, Amerikalı yarış arabası sürücüsü
 1973 - Marcos, Brezilyalı millî futbolcu
 1974 - Kily González, Arjantinli millî futbolcu
 1975 - Andy Hallett, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (ö. 2009)
 1975 - Nikos Liberopulos, Yunan forvet oyuncusu
 1977 - Luís Boa Morte, Portekizli millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1981 - Marques Houston, Amerikalı R&B şarkıcısı ve oyuncu
 1981 - Meghan, Amerikalı oyuncu ve manken, Britanya Kraliyet Ailesi üyesi
 1982 - Öykü Gürman, Türk şarkıcı
 1983 - David Cerrajería, İspanyol futbolcu
 1983 - Greta Gerwig, Amerikalı oyuncu, yönetmen, senarist ve oyun yazarı
 1984 - Alexis Ruano Delgado, İspanyol futbolcu
 1985 - Robbie Findley, Amerikalı futbolcu
 1985 - Mark Milligan, Avustralyalı millî futbolcu
 1987 - Marreese Speights, Amerikalı profesyonel eski basketbolcu
 1987 - Jang Keun-suk, Güney Koreli oyuncu, şarkıcı ve model
 1987 - Antonio Valencia, Ekvadorlu millî futbolcu
 1988 - Tom Parker, İngiliz müzisyen
 1989 - Jessica Mauboy, Avustralyalı şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı ve oyuncu
 1990 - Hikmet Balioğlu, Türk futbolcu
 1991 - Izet Hajrović, Boşnak millî futbolcu
 1992 - Cole Sprouse, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1992 - Dylan Sprouse, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1994 - Almila Ada, Türk oyuncu
 1995 - Andreas Vindheim, Norveçli milli futbolcu
 1996 - Muhammed Enes Yılmaz, Türk futbolcu
 1998 - Aytaç Şaşmaz, Türk oyuncu

Ölümler
 1060 - I. Henri, 20 Temmuz 1031'den 4 Ağustos 1060'ta ölümüne kadar Fransa kralı (d. 1008)
 1072 - Romen Diyojen, Bizans imparatoru (d. y. 1030)
 1306 - III. Wenceslaus, 1301 ile 1305 arasında Macaristan ve 1305 yılında Bohemya ve Polonya kralı (d. 1289)
 1345 - İsmail, 1342-1345 doneminde saltanat süren Türk kökenli Bahri Hanedanı'ndan onaltıncı Memluk Devleti hükümdarı (d. 1325)
 1526 - Juan Sebastián Elcano, İspanyol kaşif ve denizci (d. 1486)
 1578 - I. Sebastião, Portekiz Kralı (d. 1554)
 1639 - Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Meksikalı yazar, oyuncu ve hukukçu (d. 1581)
 1683 - Turhan Hatice Sultan, Osmanlı'nın 2. Valide Sultanı (IV. Mehmet'in annesi) (d. 1627)
 1875 - Hans Christian Andersen, Danimarkalı masal yazarı (d. 1805)
 1892 - Ernestine Rose, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1810)
 1900 - Étienne Lenoir, Belçikalı mühendis (d. 1822)
 1922 - Enver Paşa, Osmanlı asker ve siyaset adamı (d. 1881)
 1948 - Mileva Marić, Sırp fizikçi (d. 1875)
 1957 - Talat Artemel, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (d. 1901)
 1962 - Marilyn Monroe, Amerikalı oyuncu ve model (d. 1926)
 1977 - Edgar Douglas Adrian, Britanyalı elektrofizyolog (d. 1889)
 1977 - Ernst Bloch, Alman filozof (d. 1885)
 1981 - Fazıla Şevket Giz, Türk zoolog (Türkiye'nin ilk kadın profesörlerinden) (d. 1903)
 1981 - Melvyn Douglas, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1901)
 1984 - Badra İrgit, İlk Tıva çocuk yazarı (d. 1910)
 1991 - Nikiforos Vrettakos, Yunan şair ve yazar (d. 1912)
 1993 - Sabri Berkel, Türk ressam (d. 1907)
 1997 - Jeanne Calment, dünyanın en uzun ömürlü insanı (122 yıl 164 gün) (d. 1875)
 1998 - Yuri Artyuhin, Sovyet kozmonot (d. 1930)
 1999 - Victor Mature, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1915)
 2003 - Frederick Chapman Robbins, Amerikalı mikrobiyolog ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (d. 1916)
 2004 - Baki Tamer, Türk karakter, tiyatro, dizi ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1924)
 2005 - Osman Numan Baranus, Türk şair ve yazar (d. 1930)
 2007 - Lee Hazlewood, Amerikalı country şarkıcısı, besteci ve yapımcı (d. 1929)
 2007 - Samih Rifat, Türk mimar, fotoğrafçı, çevirmen ve yazar (d. 1945)
 2008 - Craig Jones, İngiliz motosiklet yarışçısı (d. 1985)
 2009 - Blake Snyder, Amerikalı yazar, senarist, danışman ve eğitimci (d. 1957)
 2011 - Naoki Matsuda, Japon eski millî futbolcu (d. 1977)
 2012 - Metin Erksan, Türk film yönetmeni (d. 1929)
 2013 - Şêrko Bêkes, çağdaş Kürt şairi (d. 1940)
 2013 - Ahmet Erhan, Türk şair ve yazarı (d. 1958)
 2013 - Renato Ruggiero, İtalyan diplomat ve eski bakan (d. 1930)
 2014 - Walter Massey, Kanadalı aktör (d. 1928)
 2015 - Takashi Amano, Japon fotoğraf sanatçısı, akvarist ve yazar (d. 1954)
 2016 - Zinaida Şarko, Rus tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1929)
 2017 - Raffaele Calabro, İtalyan Roma Katolik piskopos (d. 1940)
 2017 - Luiz Melodia, Brezilyalı oyuncu, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (d. 1951)
 2017 - Yavuz Özışık, Türk piyanist ve müzisyen (d. 1942)
 2018 - Lorrie Collins, Amerikalı rock and roll, country ve rockabilly şarkıcısı gitaristidir (d. 1942)
 2018 - Donald Hunt, İngiliz orkestra şefi ve müzisyendir (d. 1930)
 2018 - Josy Moinet, Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1929)
 2019 - Ernie Bowman, Eski Amerikalı profesyonel beyzbol oyuncusu (d. 1935)
 2019 - Ivo Lill, Estonyalı cam sanatçısı (d. 1953)
 2019 - Harald Nickel, Alman eski futbolcuydu (d. 1953)
 2020 - Ebrahim Alkazi, Hint tiyatro yönetmeni ve eğitimci (d. 1925)
 2020 - Frances E. Allen, Amerikalı bilgisayar bilimcisi (d. 1932)
 2020 - Üstün Asutay, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1938)
 2020 - Sunnam Rajaiah, Hint politikacı (d. 1960)
 2021 - Bobby Eaton, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1958)
 2021 - Dick Farrel, Amerikalı radyocu ve aşı karşıtı aktivist (d. 1956)
 2021 - Paul Johnson, Amerikalı müzisyen, DJ ve yapımcı (d. 1971)
 2021 - Åke Lundqvist, İsveçli aktör (d. 1936)
 2021 - Padma Sachdev, Hint şair ve romancı (d. 1940)
 2021 - Moisés Torres, Bolivyalı siyasetçi, gazeteci ve akademisyen (d. 1949)
 2022 - Agustín Drake Aldama, Kübalı heykeltıraş, ressam ve grafik sanatçısı (d. 1934)
 2022 - Adriana Roel, Meksikalı aktris (d. 1934)
 2023 - Walter Charles, Amerikalı aktör ve şarkıcı (d. 1945)

Tatiller ve özel günler

0804
04

4 Ağustos


ජාමිතියේ සහ කෝණමිතියේ කෝණයක් (සම්පූර්ණ ලෙස තල කෝණයක්) යනු කෝණයේ ශීර්ෂය යැයි හඳුන්වන පොදු අන්ත ලක්ෂයකින් බෙදී යන රේඛා දෙක වෙන්කරන මුළු භ්‍රමණ ප්‍රමාණයයි. එය එක් රේඛාවක් ශිර්ෂය වටා භ්‍රමණය වී අනෙක් රේඛාව සමග සමපාත වීමෙන් හටගන්නා වෘත්ත චාපයේ දිග සැලකීමෙන් මැනිය හැක. ("කෝණ මැනීම" බලන්න) 'කෝණය' යන පදය එහි ජ්‍යාමිතික වින්‍යාසය හා එහි කෝණික විශාලත්වය යන දෙක සඳහාම අන්තර් හුවමාරු කරමින් භාවිතා කිරීම ව්‍යාකූලතාවක් ඇති නොකරයි.(මෙය සරල සංඛ්‍යාත්මක අගයක් පමණි).

මුල්ලක් යන අර්ථය ඇති ලතින් භාෂාවේ angulus යන වචන‍ෙයන් කෝණය සඳහා angle යන වචනය යෙදී ඇත. Angulus යනු විකාශනය වූ වචනයකි. මෙය ලතින් භාෂාවේ දක්නට නොලැබෙන අති පුරාණ angus යන වචනයෙන් පැමිණ ඇත. මෙයට සමජාතිය වචන නම් ලතින්වලින් 'angere' යන'නැම්මකට සම්පීඩ්‍ය කරන්න' හෝ 'අවහිර කරන්න' යන අර්ථය ඇති වදන හා ග්‍රීක් වලින් ἀγκύλος (ankylos) යන වදනය "නැම්ම වක්‍රය" යන අර්ථය ලබාදෙන වදනය. මේ දෙකම PIE මූලය *ank සමග සම්බන්ධ කළ වී "නැම්ම" හෝ "චාපය" යන අර්ථය ලැබේ.

භාහිර සබැඳි

කෝණය


La réserve du Blankaart est une réserve naturelle située dans la vallée de l'Yser, sur la commune de Woumen entre OostVleteren et Dixmude, dans la province de Flandre occidentale. Connu pour la richesse de son avifaune, le site fait partie du réseau Natura 2000 (directive oiseaux et habitat) de la vallée de l'Yser (d'une superficie d'environ ). Depuis 1992, la réserve est aussi labellisée Ramsar (label attribué pour les zones humides d'importances internationales d'après la Convention Ramsar). La réserve du Blankaart fait partie des plus anciennes réserves naturelles de Belgique. Elle s'étend sur  et est composée d'un complexe d'étangs, de prairies et de roselières. Ce biotope exceptionnel est propice à l'observation de nombreuses espèces.

Aménagements

Le site permet l'observation d'une faune aviaire très diversifiée. Limicoles et autres oiseaux d'eau s'y retrouvent en nombre tant en termes d'espèces que d'individus. Pour valoriser cette richesse, 3 observatoires (accessibles aux personnes à mobilité réduite) ont été aménagés sur les bords de l'étang principal "Blankaartvijver" et un sur le bord d'un étang connexe, le "Visvijver". Trois autres observatoires ont récemment été érigés au Nord de la réserve dans les zones de prairies inondables, ces derniers sont signalés sur le plan du site. Ces prairies, drainées par un réseau de fossés, permettent l'expansion du roseau commun, auquel de nombreux oiseaux sont inféodés (Butor étoilé, Bruant des roseaux, etc.). Le site est aménagé avec la présence de toilettes publiques aux abords du château et de tables de pique-nique disséminées le long des chemins de la réserve. Plusieurs itinéraires pédestres et cyclables, au départ du château de Blankaart, ont été créés afin de visiter la réserve en autonomie ou lors des animations organisées par la province de Flandre occidentale.

À  du lac de "Blankaartvijver", un autre grand lac, le "Blankaart waterproductie centrum" offre une zone de repos privilégiée pour les espèces d'anatidés. Cependant, ce lac de  est totalement artificiel. Il s'agit d'un réservoir d'eau construit avec de grandes plaques de béton. Même si la vocation première de ce plan d'eau n'est pas l'accueil du public, ce point d'eau adjacent à la réserve est une halte appréciée par de nombreuses espèces au plaisir du public ornithologiste.

Écologie du site
Le site du Blankaart est connu pour ses arrivages massifs (plusieurs milliers) d'oies de différentes espèces venant passer sur le site une partie de l'hiver. La journée, les oies et canards passent la majorité du temps dans les pâtures semi-inondées à proximité en quête de nourriture. À la tombée du jour, il est possible d'observer des nuées d'oies quittant les pâtures pour regagner les étangs et y passer la nuit à l'abri des prédateurs.

Les deux espèces les plus présentes sur la réserve sont incontestablement le canard siffleur et l'oie rieuse en période hivernale. Les sarcelles d'hiver, canards colvert, canards chipeau, canards souchet et différentes espèces de fuligules sont également très fréquentes.

Les  de réserve du Blankaart reconstituent des milieux humides ou amphibies essentiels au cycle de vie de nombreux limicoles, anatidés, ardéidés et autres oiseaux d'eau. En effet, le site est composé d'une mosaïque d'étangs (), de nombreuses prairies inondables () et de roselière (). Ces milieux de plus en plus menacés en Europe permettent aussi bien la reproduction que l'hivernage de nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux.

Espèces aviaires observées sur le site en 2021
(liste non exhaustive)

Espèces nicheuses remarquables
Oiseaux des prairies : Râle des genêts, Gorgebleue à miroir, Barge à queue noire, Sarcelle d'été

Oiseaux des marais : Balbuzard pêcheur, Butor étoilé, Blongios nain, Marouette ponctuée, Avocette élégante, Héron pourpré, Échasse blanche, Locustelle luscinioïde

Espèces hivernantes ou migratrices rares
Rapaces : Busard Saint Martin, Faucon pèlerin, Hibou des marais, Pygargue à queue blanche, Élanion blanc

Passereaux : Pipit rousseline, Pipit à gorge rousse

Oiseaux de milieux humides : Grèbe jougris, Oie naine, Bernache de Hutchins, Sterne caspienne

Film documentaire
Des étourneaux ont été filmés dans la réserve pour le film documentaire Notre nature (), sorti en 2022.

Notes et références

Natura 2000
Réserve naturelle en Belgique
Ornithologie

Réserve de Blankaart


Biserica evanghelică-luterană maghiară din Săcădate, județul Sibiu, a fost construită pe la mijlocul secolului al XIII-lea în stil romanic și a fost transformată în secolul al XVI-lea cu unele elemente gotice, apoi, prin veacul al XVIII-lea, cu unele elemente baroce. Inițial a fost o bazilică romanică, dar, prin înlăturarea navelor laterale, ale căror urme ale zidurilor încă se mai văd la nivelul solului și în urmele arcadelor de pe zidul navei, a devenit o biserică-sală. Intrarea se face pe la baza turnului, care are un portal bine păstrat, fiind vizibile ornamentele capitelurilor cu motive vegetale și antropomorfe. Aspectul actual al bisericii datează din anul 1790.

Un obelisc din marmură neagră ridicat în curtea bisericii amintește de o jertfă din anii 1916–1917, când 11 locuitori maghiari împreună cu pastorul Adrianyi Adolf și cu asistentul său, Máthé Lajos, "și-au sacrificat viața pentru patrie." La fel, monumentul mai amintește și de patru militari maghiari căzuți pe fronturile Primului Război Mondial.

Singura biserică evanghelică luterană de limbă maghiară care mai există în județul Sibiu este Biserica din Copșa Mică, monument istoric tot din secolul al XIII-lea.

Istoric
Până la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea maghiarii și românii din Săcădate au conviețuit relativ pașnic. În contextul revoluției de la 1848 s-a ajuns însă la ciocniri violente între cele două comunități. Tineri maghiari, simpatizanți ai revoluției antihabsburgice, au organizat o petrecere în turnul acestei biserici. Asupra participanților a fost deschis focul dinspre partea românească a satului. Locuitorii mai vârstnici ai localității, deopotrivă români și maghiari, au aplanat conflictul, ceea ce a prevenit escaladarea violențelor.

Note

Vezi și
 Săcădate, Sibiu

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Sibiu
Biserici evanghelico-luterane din România
Biserici din județul Sibiu
Arhitectură romanică din România
Biserici din secolul al XIII-lea din România

Biserica evanghelică din Săcădate


Audrie J. Neenan (født 28. oktober 1950) er en amerikansk skuespiller. Hun er bedst kendt for sin rolle som den storskrydende madam Ray Parkins i actionfilmen Dirty Harry vender tilbage fra 1983, der den fjerde film i rækken i Dirty Harry-serien, samt for rollen som dommeren Lois Preson i tv-serierne Law & Order og Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Mange af hendes roller har været portrætteringer af stærke og intimiderende kvindelige figurer som dommere, politikvinder og rapkæftede tjenere.

Neenan spillede en tjener i Funny Farm fra 1988 sammen med Chevy Chase og hun var politikvinde i See No Evil, Hear No Evil i 1989 sammen med Gene Wilder. I 2006 havde Neenan en mindre rolle som bartender i Martin Scorseses oscarvindende film The Departed. På fjernsyn har hun medvirket i tv-serier som Ally McBeal og Law & Order (i en række gæsteoptrædender som forskellige dommere). I 2008 medvirkede i filmen Doubt instrueret af John Patrick Shanley, hvor hun spillede sammen med Meryl Streep og Philip Seymour Hoffman.

Den rødhårede Neenan har også medvirket i Friends, Lois & Clark, Cosby Show og The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. På teatret havde hun sin debut i William Alfreds stykke Curse of an Aching Heart sammen med Faye Dunaway som blev instrueret af Gerald Guitterez. Hun har også spillet på The Apollo og Chicago Shakespeare Festival.

Filmografi

Film
 1983 Dirty Harry vender tilbage
 1989 See No Evil, Hear No Evil
 2006 The Departed

Tv
 2006 Brotherhood
 Ally McBeal
 Law & Order
 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 Friends
 Lois & Clark
 Cosby Show
 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson

Eksterne henvisninger

 Biography

Skuespillere fra USA

Audrie J. Neenan


استقلال لبنان هو اليوم الذي أُعلن فيه الاستقلال، ويحتفل به في 22 نوفمبر، رغم أن الاستقلال لم يكتمل إلا بانسحاب القوات الفرنسية من لبنان في 31 ديسمبر 1946. يوم 22 تشرين الثاني هو تخليد لذكرى حكومة الاستقلال الوطنية التي ناضلت عشية إطلاق سراح رئيس الجمهورية بشارة الخوري ورئيس الحكومة اللبنانية رياض الصلح من الاعتقال صباح 22 تشرين الثاني 1943 وتسليم فرنسا بمنح لبنان الاستقلال التام.

فترة ما قبل الاستقلال

فيما كان اللبنانيون في كفاح دائم لنيل الاستقلال عن القوى الأجنبية منذ العهد القديم، يمكن تتبع كفاحهم الحديث من أجل استقلال لبنان إلى بزوغ فخر الدين الثاني في أواخر القرن السادس عشر وهو زعيم درزي، أصبح أول حاكم محلي منذ ألف عام يدفع الطوائف الرئيسية في جبل لبنان إلى تفاعل متبادل مطرد. كما أعاد فخر الدين وجود أوروبا الغربية إلى جبل لبنان. فقد لاحظ الرحالة الفرنسي لوران دي أرفيو وجود مبانٍ تجارية فرنسية ضخمة في صيدا، المركز السياسي لفخر الدين، حيث اختلطت حشود من المسلمين والموارنة والمسيحيين الأرثوذكس واليهود. وفي ظل حكمه، جلب المطابع وشجع الكهنة اليسوعيون والراهبات الكاثوليك على فتح المدارس في كافة أنحاء البلاد. هدد نفوذ فخر الدين المتزايد بجانب عصيانه وطموحاته المصالح العثمانية. لذلك أسرت القوات التركية العثمانية فخر الدين وأعدمته في اسطنبول عام 1635.

رداً على المذبحة التي ارتكبها الدروز ضد الموارنة خلال الحرب الأهلية عام 1860، نزل 6.000 جندي فرنسي بالقرب من بيروت لحماية المجتمعات المارونية ظاهرياً. لم يكن أمام السلطان العثماني خيار سوى الموافقة على الإنزال الفرنسي في بيروت ومراجعة الوضع في جبل لبنان. وفي 1861، تفاوض العثمانيون وخمس قوى أوروبية (بريطانيا وفرنسا وروسيا والنمسا وبروسيا) على نظام سياسي جديد لجبل لبنان في لجنة برئاسة وزير الخارجية العثماني محمد فؤاد باشا. أنشأت اللجنة الدولية محكمة لمعاقبة الزعماء الدروز على جرائم الحرب ووافقت اللجنة كذلك على قيام إقليم يتمتع بالحكم الذاتي في جبل لبنان. في سبتمبر 1864، وقع العثمانيون والأوروبيون على اللائحة الدستورية التي تحدد الكيان الجديد، بما في ذلك التوصية الفرنسية لمجلس منتخب متعدد الطوائف لتقديم الاستشارة للحاكم.

تأسس التمثيل الانتخابي والوزن الديموغرافي التقريبي للعضوية الطائفية بعد تأسيس محافظة جبل لبنان المتمتعة بالحكم الذاتي. تحسنت العملية الانتخابية المكونة من مرحلتين على مدى عدة عقود، مع إجراء الاقتراع السري في 1907. أصبح جبل لبنان هو المجلس المحلي العثماني الوحيد المنتخب ديمقراطياً والممثل لأعضاء الطوائف الرئيسية. جرت الانتخابات لثلث مقاعد المجلس كل سنتين. كان محافظ جبل لبنان وهو كاثوليكي غير ماروني من الخارج، برتبة وزارية عثمانية بلقب باشا، رغم أنه كان أقل درجة من حاكم إقليمي بالكامل. وينتمي رؤساء محاكم المقاطعات إلى أكبر طائفة مجموعة دينية في المنطقة ذاتها ويمثل نواب القضاة المجموعتين التاليتين. وتشمل قرارات المحكمة رئيس المحكمة وقاض آخر على الأقل. هذا النظام سهّل الإذعان الماروني وإعادة دمج الدروز والمصالحة الطائفية في جبل لبنان.

مع بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى، بدأت السلطنة العثمانية في التفكك. خشي العثمانيون من الاستقلال العربي. رداً على ذلك، لغى العثمانيون محافظة جبل لبنان المتمتعة بالحكم الذاتي عام 1915 ووضعوا المجتمعات الجبلية تحت الحكم العسكري الطارئ. بلغ القمع ذروته في 6 مايو 1916، حينما أُعدم 14 ناشطاً وصحفياً، بمن فيهم مؤيدو الاستقلال العربي واللبناني ومسيحيون ومسلمون ورجال دين وعلمانيون. أصبح موقع الشنق في وسط بيروت معروفاً بساحة الشهداء وهي اليوم النقطة المحورية للتعبير السياسي اللبناني العام. بعد هذا الحدث، انهار احترام السلطة العثمانية في المجتمع المحلي. صادر العثمانيون الحبوب من بلاد الشام خلال الحرب، مما أدى إلى مجاعة هائلة. قضت على نصف سكان جبل لبنان. قدر كلا من ليندا شيلشر وعصام خليفة وقوع حوالي 200.000 حالة وفاة في الجبل.

تاريخ الصراع من أجل الاستقلال

بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى، أعلن الشريف حسين بن علي قيام الدولة العربية التي تضم كل البلاد العربية المحررة من العثمانيين. وبحسب اتفاقيات حسين مكماهون، كان على المنطقة التي تضم لبنان الحالي أن تتبع المملكة العربية الجديدة. وبنفس الوقت، انتدبت فرنسا لحكم لبنان بحسب اتفاقية سايكس-بيكو. وطلب من شعوب المنطقة تحديد مصيرهم فيما بينهم. في هذه الحالة، طلب مسيحيو لبنان تأسيس دولة مستقلة بحماية فرنسية.

معارضة المسلمين
وكان مسلمو «دولة لبنان الكبير» قد رفضوا، في أكثريتهم، الدولة والكيان الوطني اللبناني، عند نشوئه لسببين هما:
 أن أمنيتهم، بعد الانسلاخ عن السلطنة العثمانية، كانت الانضمام إلى «دولة عربية»، برئاسة الأمير فيصل، تضم «سوريا الكبرى» أي سوريا الحالية ولبنان وفلسطين والأردن والعراق.
 لأنهم كانوا رافضين لانتداب حكم دولة أوروبية أجنبية.

المفاوضات
لم تعترف الحركة الوطنية السورية وممثلوها في لبنان من الزعماء السياسيين المسلمين، بالكيان اللبناني. وفي المفاوضات بين الحكومة الفرنسية والحركة الوطنية السورية في مطلع الثلاثينات، اشترطت فرنسا ان تسلم الحركة الوطنية السورية بالكيان اللبناني لقاء توقيع معاهدة تعترف فيها فرنسا باستقلال سوريا ولبنان. ولقد قبل ممثلو الحركة الوطنية هذا الشرط الأمر الذي أحدث تصدعا في صفوف السياسيين المسلمين «الوحدويين» في لبنان، وراح بعضهم «يتلبنن» مثل خير الدين الأحدب والبعض الآخر يبحث عن صيغة للتوفيق بين ولائه «القومي العربي»، وبين اعترافه بالكيان اللبناني مثل رياض الصلح وبشارة الخوري.

ومن عام 1930 إلى عام 1943، راحت «صيغة» رياض الصلح/بشارة الخوري وغيرهم من طلاب الاستقلال ـ تتبلور، إلى أن تحولت إلى ما سمي بالميثاق الوطني اللبناني، وهو يقوم على المعادلة التالية: من أجل بلوغ الاستقلال، على المسيحيين أن يتنازلوا عن مطلب حماية فرنسا لهم، وأن يتنازل المسلمون عن طلب الانضمام إلى الداخل السوري ـ العربي.

ثورة بشامون
في بداية الحرب العالمية الثانية وبعد أن سيطرت فرنسا على المراكز الحساسة مما جعل الحكومة اللبنانية سنة 1943 تتقدم إلى المفوضية الفرنسية مطالبة بتعديل الدستور بما ينسجم مع الأوضاع. وكان هذا الطلب بدعم من البريطانيين الذين حكموا فلسطين والأردن والعراق. وفي 21 سبتمبر من السنة نفسها فاز بشارة الخوري بالانتخابات وأصبح رئيساً للجمهورية وألف حكومته مع رياض الصلح وأعلنوا الاستقلال التام وحُوِّل مشروع تعديل الدستور إلى المجلس النيابي، وأعتبر هذا القرار تحديا ساخراً للمفوض السامي مما جعله يأمر بتعليق الدستور وأرسل ضباطاً إلى رئيس الجمهورية فاعتقلوه مع رئيس وزرائه وبعض الوزراء والزعماء الوطنيين مثل عادل عسيران، كميل شمعون، عبد الحميد كرامي وسليم تقلا وحجزوهم في قلعة راشيا. عندها قام وزير الدفاع الوطني آنذاك الأمير مجيد أرسلان ورئيس مجلس النواب صبري حمادة والوزير حبيب أبو شهلا باجتماع مصغر في قرية في جبل لبنان هي بشامون، وألفوا حكومة مؤقتة عرفت بحكومة بشامون ورفع العلم اللبناني الذي تكون من ثلاث أقسام الأحمر، الأبيض وفي الوسط ضمن اللون الأبيض شجرة أرز خضراء. وقد أدى هذا النضال إلى استقلال لبنان بتاريخ 22 نوفمبر 1943. وبعد ذلك دعم لبنان نفسه بمشاركته بتاسيس هيئة الأمم المتحدة سنة 1945 وجامعة الدول العربية سنة 1947.

المراجع

تاريخ لبنان
سياسة لبنان
عطلات رسمية في لبنان
مناسبات نوفمبر

استقلال لبنان


Videogram, bir görsel-işitsel programın kaydedilmesine, okunmasına veya çoğaltılmasına olanak taşıyıcıların tümü. Programın kendisi.

Film ve video teknolojileri

Videogram


Blade is a 1998 American superhero film directed by Stephen Norrington and written by David S. Goyer. Based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name, it is the first installment of the Blade franchise. The film stars Wesley Snipes as the titular character with Stephen Dorff, Kris Kristofferson and N'Bushe Wright in supporting roles. Blade is a Dhampir, a human with vampire strengths but not their weaknesses, who fights against vampires.

Blade was released in the United States on August 21, 1998, and was a commercial success, grossing $70 million at the U.S. box office, and $60.2 million worldwide. Despite mixed reviews from film critics, the film received a positive reception from audiences and has since garnered a cult following. It is also hailed as one of Snipes's signature roles.

Blade was noted as a dark superhero film for its time, as well as being Marvel's first successful film and setting the stage for further comic book film adaptations. It was followed by two sequels, Blade II (2002) and Blade: Trinity (2004), both written by Goyer, who also directed the latter.

Plot

In 1967, a pregnant woman is attacked by a vampire, causing her to go into premature labor. Doctors are able to save her baby, but the woman dies.

Thirty years later, the child has become the vampire hunter, Blade, who is a human-vampire hybrid that possesses the supernatural abilities of the vampires without any of their weaknesses, except for the requirement to consume human blood. Blade raids a rave club in Los Angeles owned by the vampire Deacon Frost. Police take one of the vampires to the hospital, where he kills Dr. Curtis Webb and feeds on hematologist Karen Jenson, and escapes. Blade takes Karen to a safe house where she is treated by his old friend Abraham Whistler. Whistler explains that he and Blade have been waging a secret war against vampires using weapons based on their elemental weaknesses, such as sunlight, silver, and garlic. As Karen is now "marked" by the bite of a vampire, both he and Blade tell her to leave the city.

At a meeting of the council of pure-blood vampire elders, Frost, the leader of a faction of younger vampires, is rebuked for trying to incite war between vampires and humans. As Frost and his kind are not natural-born vampires, they are considered socially inferior. Meanwhile, returning to her apartment, Karen is attacked by police officer Krieger, who is a familiar, a human loyal to vampires. Blade subdues Krieger and uses information from him to locate an archive that contains pages from the "vampire bible".

Krieger informs Frost of what happened, and Frost kills Krieger. Frost also has one of the elders executed and strips the others of their authority, in response to the earlier disrespect shown him at the council of vampires. Meanwhile Blade comes upon Pearl, a morbidly obese vampire, and tortures him with a UV light into revealing that Deacon wants to command a ritual where he would use 12 pure-blood vampires to awaken the "blood god" La Magra; and Blade's blood is the key.

Later, at the hideout, Blade injects himself with a special serum that suppresses his urge to drink blood. However, the serum is beginning to lose its effectiveness due to overuse. While experimenting with the anticoagulant EDTA as a possible replacement, Karen discovers that it explodes when combined with vampire blood. She manages to synthesize a vaccine that can cure the infected but learns that it will not work on Blade. Karen is confident that she can cure Blade's bloodthirst but it would take her years of treating it.

Frost and his men attack the hideout, infect Whistler, and abduct Karen. When Blade returns, he helps Whistler commit suicide. When Blade attempts to rescue Karen from Frost's penthouse, he is shocked to find his still-alive mother, who reveals that she came back the night she was attacked and was brought in by Frost, who appears and reveals himself as the vampire who bit her. Blade is then subdued and taken to the Temple of Eternal Night, where Frost plans to perform the summoning ritual for La Magra. Karen is thrown into a pit to be devoured by Webb, who has transformed into a decomposing zombie-like creature. Karen injures Webb and escapes. Blade is drained of his blood, but Karen allows him to drink from her, enabling him to recover. Frost completes the ritual and obtains the powers of La Magra. Blade confronts Frost after killing all of his minions, including his mother. During their fight, Blade injects Frost with all of the syringes; the overdose of EDTA causes his body to inflate and explode, killing him.

Karen offers to help Blade cure himself; instead, he asks her to create an improved version of the serum, so he can continue his crusade against vampires. In a brief epilogue, Blade confronts a vampire in Moscow.

Cast

 Wesley Snipes as Eric Brooks / Blade: A half-vampire "daywalker" (a Dhampir) who hunts vampires. Blade is highly skilled in martial arts and always equips himself with vampire-killing weapons.
 Stephen Dorff as Deacon Frost: An upstart vampire with great ambitions and influence. He emerges as Blade's primary enemy and also wants to conquer the human race.
 Kris Kristofferson as Abraham Whistler: Blade's mentor, father figure and weaponsmith
 N'Bushe Wright as Dr. Karen Jenson: A hematologist who is bitten by a vampire. She stays with Blade to remain safe while she finds a cure for herself and eventually becomes his partner in fighting Deacon Frost's party.
 Donal Logue as Quinn: A cocky minion of Frost's, capable of surviving wounds that kill lesser vampires.
 Udo Kier as Gitano Dragonetti: A vampire elder.
 Traci Lords as Racquel: A seductive vampire who leads a man to the blood rave.
 Arly Jover as "Mercury": A fleet-footed vampire and one of Frost's multiple lovers.
 Kevin Patrick Walls as Officer Krieger: A "familiar", or human servant, of Frost's.
 Tim Guinee as Dr. Curtis Webb: Karen's ex-boyfriend, who is killed by Quinn and later becomes a zombie-like creature, instead of a vampire (like most people bitten by a vampire would).
 Sanaa Lathan as Vanessa Brooks: Blade's mother, who has become a vampire.
 Eric Edwards as Pearl: a morbidly obese vampire.

Additionally, Stephen Norrington portrayed Michael Morbius in a deleted scene. Brenda Song (Uncredited) also appears to play a child held hostage by Deacon Frost before being thrown into the street.

Production

Background
The character Blade was created in 1973 for Marvel Comics by the writer Marv Wolfman and artist Gene Colan as a supporting character in the 1970s comic The Tomb of Dracula. The comic Blade used teakwood knives and was much more the everyman in his behavior and attitude. Though courageous and brave, he displayed flaws as well, such as an inability to get along with certain other supporting cast members and a hatred of vampires that bordered on fanaticism.

The character was not originally a "daywalker" but a human being immune to being turned into a vampire. Lacking the superhuman speed and strength of his undead quarry, he relied solely on his wits and skill until he was bitten by the character Morbius as seen in Peter Parker: Spider-Man #8, first published in August 1999. The film portrayal of Blade was updated for a 1990s audience and the comics character was subsequently modified to match. Goyer replaced the daggers Blade used in the comics with a sword and gave him a more samurai-like aesthetic. The film's version of Deacon Frost also differs greatly from his comic counterpart. He was older with white hair and literally a church deacon, but the film retains Frost's upstart ambitions.

Development
When New World Pictures bought the rights to Marvel Comics, they were set to make a Mexico-set western starring Richard Roundtree as the vampire hunter. Marvel Studios then started to develop the film in early 1992, when rapper/actor LL Cool J was interested in playing the lead role. Blade was eventually set up at New Line Cinema, with David S. Goyer writing the script. When Goyer heard a film was in development he went in to pitch with director Ernest Dickerson. New Line originally wanted to do Blade as "something that was almost a spoof" before the writer convinced them otherwise. At one point, the studio even asked if Blade could be white. Goyer wanted to take the character seriously, and ground them in a sense of reality with vampirism as a biological disease. He even pitched a trilogy of movies "almost Wagnerian in scope". He also wanted to demystify the vampires and treat them as serious villains with a greater sense of realism instead of the doomed romantic characters shown in Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire. Goyer's drafts early drafts predated but took a similar post-modern approach as the films From Dusk till Dawn and Vampire in Brooklyn.
After failing to get a Black Panther film into production, in 1996 Wesley Snipes signed on to star as Blade. Snipes also produced through his company Amen Ra Films, and worked with the writers to invest the story with elements of classic tragedy - "like Lear, like Hamlet"- to heighten the characters' emotional drama.

Casting
When Goyer first pitched the idea of doing a Blade film, Mike DeLuca, head of New Line, suggested Denzel Washington, Wesley Snipes, and Laurence Fishburne, but to Goyer, Snipes was always the perfect choice for Blade. The finalized script was sent to Snipes and no other actor was seriously considered.

Patrick McGoohan was the first choice to play Whistler, as Stephen Norrington was a fan of The Prisoner (1967). Jon Voight was also considered for the role.

FilmingBlade was produced on a budget of $45 million and principal photography commenced on February 5, 1997, in large part done in Los Angeles, with some scenes being shot in Death Valley. All sets were constructed, and all on-set filming occurred, in what was formerly the Redken Shampoo factory in Canoga Park. The effects for the film were done by Flat Earth Productions.

Post-production
The first cut of the film was 140 minutes long. It had a disastrous test screening with audiences. Heavy edits and re-shoots were implemented which delayed the release date for more than half a year. The most significant change was the addition of the final sword fight between Blade and Deacon Frost, which did not exist in the original cut. In the original ending, Frost turned into La Magra and became a large swirling mass of blood instead of keeping his form. This was scrapped because the filmmakers could not get the special effects to look right. It can be seen as a special feature on the DVD. Stan Lee originally had a cameo that was ultimately cut from the film. He played one of the cops that came into the blood club during the aftermath and discover Quinn's body on fire. The scene where Karen and Deacon are talking about the cure for vampirism initially ran slightly longer and answered the question of how the vampires would feed if everybody was turned into a vampire. They would keep some humans alive in giant blood bags to harvest them. The bags can still be seen in a doorway during the scene, and later played an integral part of the plot in Blade: Trinity.

Marvel was not going to give Marv Wolfman and Gene Colan credit for the characters they had created, but Goyer insisted. He asked New Line and they accepted, but representatives of Marv Wolfman said only he should get credit, and not Gene Colan. Goyer insisted that both be credited.

Music

A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on August 25, 1998, by TVT Records and Epic Records. It peaked at #36 on the Billboard 200 and #28 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The British techno band The Prodigy was approached to do the soundtrack and score to the film but had to turn down the offer due to other commitments.

Release
TheatricalBlade premiered on August 19, 1998 at New York's Sony Theaters Lincoln Square, with another screening at Los Angeles' Grauman's Chinese Theatre the following day before opening wide on August 21. The film was banned from showing in Malaysia, widely considered to have the most controlling censors in Southeast Asia.

Home mediaBlade was first released on DVD and VHS on December 1, 1998. The DVD is part of New Line Cinema's Platinum Series DVD brand.

It was released in 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on December 1, 2020. The remastered 4K release differs from earlier versions by using a widescreen 2.39:1 format.

Lawsuit
Marv Wolfman unsuccessfully sued Marvel, New Line, and Time Warner for $35 million after the release of the film, claiming he was not bound by a work for hire contract when he created the character in 1972. He, along with artist Gene Colan, received a "based on characters created by" credit in this film. Three extras in the blood rave scene sued the studios and effects company Reel Creations Inc. claiming the stage blood caused blemishes to their skin.

Reception
Box office
In North America, Blade dislodged Saving Private Ryan, which led the previous four weeks in the box office, to finish at number one with $17.1 million across 2,322 screens. The film also opened in number one in both Spain, with  $1.5 million (US) in 200 theaters,  and Australia, with $1 million from 132 cinemas. In the Flemish Region of Belgium, the film earned $323,000 from 20 cinemas, and the Netherlands earned the film $246,000 from 44 cinemas. France made $1.9 million in five days from 241 cinemas, but the film was less successful in Hong Kong (with $182,000 from 22 cinemas) and South Africa ($159,000 from 64 cinemas). The United Kingdom was more successful, taking in $5.7 million over 10 days, as was Brazil, making $855,000 in four days from 133 cinemas. Blade remained atop the North American box office in its second weekend, earning $11.1 million. Blade finished its box office run with $70 million domestically and $61 million worldwide for a total of $131.2 million.

Despite the success of the film Marvel shared only a flat fee of $25,000.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 57% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 5.90/10. The site's critics consensus states: "Though some may find the plot a bit lacking, Blades action is fierce, plentiful, and appropriately stylish for a comic book adaptation." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, writing: "Blade ... is a movie that relishes high visual style. It uses the extreme camera angles, the bizarre costumes and sets, the exaggerated shadows, the confident cutting between long shots and extreme closeups. It slams ahead in pure visceral imagery". James Berardinelli gave the film 2½ stars out of 4, writing: "Blade has the capacity to dazzle, but it also will leave many viewers dissatisfied". Berardinelli also wrote: "Blade opens brilliantly, with a series of fast-paced, visually-engaging scenes that display the seedy underbelly of vampire society and introduce the implacable title character in true superhero fashion. For about its first hour, the movie offers violent, visceral, rapid fire entertainment that concentrates as much on developing a distinctive atmosphere as on advancing a minimalist storyline. Unfortunately [...] it keeps going and going, eventually wearing out its welcome". Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote: "Though slick and diverting in some aspects, increasingly silly pic has trouble meshing disparate elements -- horror, superhero fantasy, straight-up action -- into a workable whole". John Krewson of The A.V. Club was critical of the story and the dialogue, but praised the "creative cinematography and non-stop, decently choreographed gratuitous violence".

Critics such as A. Asbjørn Jøn have noted not only the important place of Blade in the wider vampire genre but also possible intertextual links between the Whistler character and a character named Whistler in A Dozen Black Roses (1996) by Nancy A. Collins, as they possess "striking similarities in role, dramatic focus, visual appearance, and sharing the name".

Video game

A video game prequel was published and released by Activision in 2000. The game received mixed reviews. On Metacritic it received a weighted average score 51% based on reviews from 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". A separate game for the Game Boy Color was also released.

Sequels

The success of the film led to two sequels, Blade II in 2002, Blade Trinity in 2004, and a television series.

Legacy

In August 2014, Snipes spoke about his desire to return to the franchise: "I'd be open to it. I think we've got some stones left unturned and there's some latitude left for us to build on and I'd love to get back in the suit again and do some things I've learned how to do now that I didn't know how to do then".

During their 2019 San Diego Comic-Con presentation, Marvel Studios announced a Blade reboot set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with Mahershala Ali starring as Blade. Some fans of Snipes were disappointed but Snipes expressed his support for Ali saying he would "do great".

In 2021, Marvel published The Darkhold: Blade one-shot written by Daniel Kibblesmith, presenting an alternate ending to the film, where Deacon Frost succeeded in his plans at using his power attained as avatar of La Magra to turn billions of humans around the world into vampires.

See also

 Afrofuturism in film
 Rise: Blood Hunter Vampire Assassin''
 Vampire films

References

External links

 Official website

 Blade at Marvel.com
 Blade turns Ten. Interviews with the cast members from the movie

Blade (comics) films
Blade (franchise)
1998 films
1998 horror films
1990s science fiction action films
1998 fantasy films
1998 action thriller films
1990s superhero films
1990s monster movies
American superhero films
Afrofuturist films
American action thriller films
American science fiction action films
American fantasy films
African-American films
1990s English-language films
1990s chase films
Fictional-language films
Films scored by Mark Isham
American films about revenge
Films directed by Stephen Norrington
Films produced by Peter Frankfurt
Films produced by Wesley Snipes
Films set in 1967
Films set in 1997
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Moscow
Films shot in Moscow
Films shot in Vancouver
Kung fu films
Martial arts horror films
Superhero horror films
American neo-noir films
New Line Cinema films
Films with screenplays by David S. Goyer
American vampire films
American action horror films
American vigilante films
American chase films
Matricide in fiction
African-American horror films
African-American superhero films
American splatter films
1990s American films
Live-action films based on Marvel Comics

Blade (1998 film)


An Mezobromelia hospitalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jason Randall Grant. An Mezobromelia hospitalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mezobromelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mezobromelia

Mezobromelia hospitalis


Cinclidotus, rod pravih mahovina iz podrazreda Bryidae, danas uklopljena u porodicu Pottiaceae; ili ponekad u vlastitu porodicu Cinclidotaceae. Postoji najmanje 11 priznatih vrsta

Vrste
 Cinclidotus acutifolius Broth.
 Cinclidotus aquaticus (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp.
 Cinclidotus bistratosus Kürschner & Lübenau-Nestle
 Cinclidotus confertus  Lüth
 Cinclidotus danubicus  Schiffn. & Baumgartner
 Cinclidotus fontinaloides  (Hedw.) P. Beauv.
 Cinclidotus herzogii  Pavletić
 Cinclidotus nyholmiae Çetin
 Cinclidotus pachyloma  E.S. Salmon
 Cinclidotus pachylomoides Bizot
 Cinclidotus riparius (Host ex Brid.) Arn.

Izvori

Pottiaceae

Cinclidotus


A Scaptotrigona depilis, também chamada de canudo, é uma abelha social da subfamília dos meliponíneos, presente em vários estados do Brasil. Em alguns lugares é chamada de tubuna e é muito confundida com a tubuna propriamente dita (Scaptotrigona bipunctata), porém são espécies diferentes. Por conta de muitas vezes o mesmo nome popular ser usado para espécies diferentes, pode gerar confusão por serem abelhas bastante parecidas no geral, na grande maioria das vezes sendo escuras, só sendo possível diferenciá-las por detalhes no seu fenótipo e tipos de ninhos e pitos de entrada que costumam fazer.

Apresenta cabeça e tórax e abdômen pretos, possuindo ainda uma marcação clara na face (geralmente amarelada) bem perceptível. É uma abelha totalmente lisa (por isto o nome científico depilis - sem pêlos) e não possui qualquer marcação no abdômen. Mede 7 milímetros de comprimento. Constrói ninhos em ocos em árvores de maior porte na natureza.

Taxonomia e filogenia
A Scaptotrigona depilis é um membro da ordem Hymenoptera, que é uma das quatro maiores ordens de insetos. É da família Apidae, que é composta de abelhas, e a subfamília é o Apinae, que são abelhas com cesta de pólen. Junto com outras espécies na tribo Meliponini, a canudo é uma abelha eussocial sem ferrão da família das scaptotrigonas. Existem cerca de 500 espécies conhecidas nesta tribo, a maioria dos quais estão localizados nos neotrópicos.

Características
A canudo é uma abelha defensiva, assim como outros membros do mesmo gênero. Não são difíceis de capturar nas iscas em regiões em que ocorre. Em áreas urbanas, a canudo tem tido certo sucesso ao se adaptar as cidades, porém por ser defensiva pode incomodar as pessoas, diminuindo suas chances de sobrevivência, com pessoas incomodadas matando suas colônias.

Está distribuída no Brasil nos estados do MS, MG, SP, RS, GO, DF, SC e PR.

Uma pesquisa publicada em 2019 mostra que a larva de abelha canudo necessita consumir dentro da própria célula de cria um tipo de colônia de fungos para se desenvolver. Apesar do estudo ter se restringindo a abelha canudo, muito provavelmente todas as abelhas do gênero Scaptotrigona necessitam deste fungo para sobreviver.

Scaptotrigonas conseguem gerar híbridos e com esta espécie não é diferente, podendo gerar descendentes híbridos como com mandaguari preta, canudo, dentre outras scaptotrigonas. Algumas vezes as abelhas híbridas possuem características físicas das duas espécies, mas outras vezes parecem ter características apenas de uma delas.

Em caixas do tipo racional modelo INPA, seus ninhos necessitam de tamanho interno de 20x20x7 centímetros para ninho e sobreninho e 20x20x5 centímetros para melgueira, necessitando 1 ninho e 2 sobreninhos. Caixas de canudo podem ser mantidas a uma distância de 20 centímetros uma da outra. Seu pito de entrada é construído com uma abertura na ponta bem ampla parecendo uma corneta, sendo que em colônias novas o pito normalmente é curto, em colônias mais velhas/maduras o pito costuma ser grande, mas com a mesma característica de abertura ampla na ponta que lembra uma corneta.
Abelhas do Brasil
polysticta
Meliponicultura

Scaptotrigona depilis


Mario Ignacio Regueiro Pintos (født 14. september 1978 i Montevideo, Uruguay) er en uruguayansk tidligere fodboldspiller (kantspiller).

Regueiro spillede gennem sin karriere 29 kampe og scorede ét mål for Uruguays landshold. Han debuterede for holdet 8. oktober 2000 i en VM-kvalifikationskamp på udebane mod Argentina. Han var en del af den uruguayanske trup til VM 2002 i Sydkorea/Japan, og spillede to af holdets tre kampe i turneringen, der endte med exit efter det indledende gruppespil.

På klubplan spillede Regueiro blandt andet for Nacional i hjemlandet, for Valencia og Racing Santander i Spanien, samt for Lanús og Racing Club i Argentina.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2002
Fodboldspillere fra Valencia CF
Fodboldspillere fra Racing Santander
Fodboldspillere fra Racing Club de Avellaneda
Fodboldspillere fra Club Atlético Lanús
Fodboldspillere fra Aris Thessaloniki F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Real Murcia
Personer fra Montevideo

Mario Regueiro