«In the Air Tonight» es el sencillo debut del álbum debut de estudio como solista del cantautor británico Phil Collins, Face Value (1981), lanzado en 1981. Es una mezcla de pop rock, y fue comercialmente exitoso. La letra del tema (como la de todas las canciones del álbum) hace referencia a la traumática separación entre el músico y su primera esposa en 1979.

El sencillo fue lanzado por primera vez en el Reino Unido en enero de 1981, ocupando el puesto n.º 2 en la lista de sencillos británica y más tarde en los Estados Unidos, donde alcanzó el puesto n.º 19 durante el verano de 1981.

Historia

Grabación y popularidad
La canción fue compuesta y grabada por Collins en 1979, durante un momento muy difícil por el que estaba pasando, el divorcio de su primera esposa.

La popularidad de la canción en la década de los 80 aumentó después de una grabación casi completa que apareció en el episodio piloto del programa de televisión Miami Vice ("Brother's Keeper"), convirtiéndose así en uno de los primeros temas pop / rock que se ofreció como parte de un programa de televisión de esta manera. El resurgimiento en la popularidad de la canción dio lugar a casi alcanzar el Billboard Hot 100 de nuevo, logrando el número 102 en 1984.

Sonido de la batería
"Musicalmente, es una grabación extraordinariamente llamativa, porque casi nada pasa en ella ... Es el sonido de batería, en particular, lo impresionante. No lo oyes en absoluto durante los primeros dos minutos de la canción ... ahí entonces ese gran doo-dom doo-dom doo-dom llega, y los tambores aparecen en mitad de la canción, estableciendo el patrón para todas las canciones con batería de los años ochenta después de esa", según Stuart Maconie".

El medio por el cual Collins alcanzó el sonido de batería en esta grabación fue durante mucho tiempo fuente de misterio. El proceso exacto era, como sucede tan a menudo, resultado de la casualidad: un uso no intencionado de tecnología de estudio que da resultados inesperadamente útiles.

En este caso, el Solid State Logic 4000 tenía una mesa de mezclas "revertir talk-back" del circuito (con la etiqueta de la placa como "Escucha micrófono"). Normal "talk-back" es un botón que el ingeniero de mezcla tiene que presionar con el fin de hablar con los músicos de grabación. Talk-back inverso es un circuito (también el botón activado) para que el ingeniero escuche a los músicos en el estudio. Con el fin de compensar las diferencias de nivel de sonido -la gente puede estar cerca o lejos del micrófono talkback inverso- este circuito tiene un compresor, lo que minimiza las diferencias entre los sonidos fuertes y suaves. Durante la grabación de "intruder" del tercer álbum en solitario (Peter Gabriel III) de su excompañero de banda Peter Gabriel, en algún momento Collins comenzó a tocar los tambores, mientras que se activó el interfono inverso. El ingeniero Hugh Padgham y su amigo Jeffrey se sorprendieron al oír el sonido logrado. Durante la noche, recablearon la junta para que el interfono inverso se pudiera registrar de una manera más formal. Los modelos posteriores de la SSL 4000 permitían escuchar el micrófono que se registró con el toque de un botón.

Letra
La letra de la canción generó un extraño mito del rock. Un verso dice: «Well if you told me you were drowning, I would not lend a hand» (Bueno, si me dijeras que te estás ahogando, no te echaría una mano). El mito dice que esta línea se basa en un hecho real presenciado por Collins, cuando una persona se negó a ayudar a otra que se estaba ahogando. El cantautor declaró a la BBC que en realidad la letra surgió de la situación generada por el divorcio de su esposa Andrea, y que el verso brotó de «su ira, su frustración y su desconcierto».

Créditos
 Phil Collins: voces, sintetizadores, piano eléctrico, Caja de ritmos y batería
 Daryl Stuermer: guitarra eléctrica
 John Giblin: bajo
 L. Shankar: violín
 Chi Lampi: quena

Cartelera

Rankings

Versiones y apariciones
La canción fue interpretada por varios músicos, entre los cuales están:

 El rapero Cuban Link, junto con otros dos exmiembros de Terror Squad, Remy Ma y Triple Seis, reinterpretó el tema en la canción "Moment of Truth" como una pista de diss para Fat Joe.
 El flautista Mr. Methane, grabó su versión pero con más ruidos adicionales y con una letra alternativa (que describe los efectos abdominales de eating hot curry).
 la versión de Gregorian se encuentra en el álbum Master of Chant Chapter II
 La banda de rock Lostprophets hizo una versión del tema.
 La banda austríaca Stahlhammer grabó su versión de esta canción y la incluyó en su álbum de 2006 Opera Noir.
 Una versión de este tema aparece en el álbum de Nonpoint Recoil
 El grupo de R&B Naturally 7, interpretó la canción para su álbum Ready II Fly. Su versión se titula Feel it (in the air tonight), y tiene letras adicionales.
 Axel Rudi Pell, hizo una versión de la canción en su CD como solista Diamonds Unlocked, lanzado el 1 de octubre de 2007.
 La banda finlandesa de metal sinfónico Northen Kings grabó una versión del tema para su primer álbum Reborn en 2007.
 Takka Takka hizo su versión para su álbum recopilatorio con el sello de Engine Room Recordings, Guilt by Association Vol.2, lanzado en noviembre de 2008.
 La banda de noise rock GodheadSilo también grabó su versión para su álbum Share the Fantas.
 En el álbum de Exilia, My Own Army, hay una versión de esta canción
 El cantante austriaco Bertie Blackman interpretó la versión de este tema como parte de Triple J, un segmento de Like a Version.
 La banda de heavy metal Undecided realizó una versión de la canción en 2005 en el FoxFest del sur de Misisipi.
 El cantante Sean Kingston también tiene su propio "sped up" que varia en la canción que lleva el título de "I Can Feel It".
 El cantante canadiense Holly McDonald tiene una versión de la canción en su EP "Life Stuff"
 Majandra Delfino cantó una versión, en su personaje María Deluca en Roswell. Esto ocurrió en la 1 temporada, en el episodio 14 "Blind Date" emitido originalmente el 9 de febrero de 2000.
 Three Days Grace cantaron una versión de la canción en su gira de 2010.
 El artista canadiense de synthpop/New Wave Gary Flanagan grabó una versión del tema que a menudo se presentaba en vivo con una máscara de Phil Collins.
 Will Martin en su álbum Inspirations, de 2010.
 El artista FiL Straugham hizo una versión para el verado de 2011.
 El cantante Lil' Kim, tiene un remix de la canción titulada "In the Air Tonite", incluida en el álbum tributo Urban Renewal.
 El cantante canadiense Lights ha cantado esta canción durante sus conciertos.
 La banda de rock Daughtry también interpretó la canción en sus conciertos.
 Eminem, en su canción "Stan", hace una referencia a la leyenda urbana de la canción, cuando el personaje le dice al cantante que él también podría haberlo salvado. Nombra al tema como "In the air of the night".
 En el videojuego Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories aparece esta canción en vivo con Phil Collins tocando la batería.
 La banda In This Moment hizo una versión del tema para su álbum Ritual.
Larkin Poe grabó en 2020 otra versión de la canción como adelanto de su LP de versiones llamado Kindred Spirits.
Sandtimer hizo una versión del tema en su álbum Vaporwave Is Dead bajo el título Clichéd MIDI Interlude.

En TV
 Aparece en el noveno episodio de Tulsa King, serie de Sylvester Stallone
 El 2021 aparece en la serie Cobra Kai ,Temporada 3 , Episodio 10.
 La versión de Nonpoint fue utilizada en la quinta temporada de la serie Dexter en 2010.
 Aparece en la banda sonora de Risky Business 1983 (Negocios Riesgosos, Tom Cruise y Rebeca de Mornay)
 Aparece en el filme Miami Vice en 2006.
 Aparece en el filme The Hangover en 2009, en la que Mike Tyson la canta.
 Aparece en la segunda temporada de la serie de BBC One Ashes To Ashes, en 2009.
 Aparece en el episodio piloto de la serie The Americans en 2013.
 Aparece en el episodio 10 de la temporada 8 de la serie Suits (serie de televisión)
Aparece en el episodio piloto de la serie Miami Vice (1984).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 The Singer and the Song, a "Learning English" episodio del the BBC World Service, which includes a clip from la canción y la grabación de Collins reading part of the song's lyrics (in RealAudio)
 "Classic track: In the Air Tonight" About the lyrics and the drum sound.
 aglassandahalffullproductions.com, Cadbury advert featuring a Gorilla playing the song.
 , sobre la leyenda urbana del testigo del ahogamiento.

Sencillos debut de 1981
Canciones de 1980
Sencillos de Phil Collins
Canciones de Phil Collins
Sencillos de rock
Baladas de rock
Sencillos número uno en Alemania
Sencillos número uno en Nueva Zelanda
Sencillos número uno en Suiza
Canciones compuestas por Phil Collins
Canciones producidas por Hugh Padgham

In the Air Tonight


Bejcgyertyános é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 438 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Bejcgyertyános


Meteorološke pojave ili meteorološki elementi su veličine kojima se prikazuje fizikalno stanje atmosfere i fizikalne pojave u njoj. Glavne meteorološke pojave dijele se na pojave koji ponajviše ovise o djelovanju Sunca (jakost i trajanje Sunčeva zračenja, temperatura zraka), na one pojave koji određuju stanja i promjene mehaničke naravi uz utjecaj sile teže (tlak zraka i vjetar) i na pojave koje su u vezi s vodenom parom u atmosferi (vlaga zraka, oblaci, oborine). U meteorološke pojave ubrajaju se također toplinsko zračenje atmosfere i Zemlje, vodoravna vidljivost, snježni pokrivač, optičke i električne pojave u atmosferi i drugo. Meteorološke pojave utječu jedne na druge, a njihove se vrijednosti mijenjaju vremenski i od mjesta do mjesta. Skup vrijednosti meteoroloških pojava na određenome mjestu u određenome trenutku naziva se vrijeme. Vrijednosti meteoroloških pojava određuju se redovito mjerenjem i motrenjem na meteorološkim postajama.

Oblaci i oborine

Ako u nekom dijelu Zemljine atmosfere koji je zasićen vlagom pada temperatura, kondenzirat će se vodena para i stvarati vodene kapljice. Stvaraju li se te kapljice blizu tla, nastat će magla, a stvaraju li se u većim visinama, nastat će oblaci. Oblaci nastaju i na taj način da se topli zrak kao specifički lakši diže uvis, gdje je niža temperatura. Sadrži li taj zrak veliku količinu vlage, ona će se zbog ohlađivanja kondenzirati, i time će nastati oblaci. Stvaranju magle pogoduju prašina i dim koji se nalaze u zraku. Čestice prašine i dima čine jezgre kondenzacije vodene pare koja je ohlađena ispod rosišta. Zimi odnosno na visokim planinama, kada je temperatura vrlo niska, smrzavaju se vodene kapljice u sitne kristale, koje stvaraju snijeg.

Kiša se sastoji od krupnih kapljica vode. Da bi iz oblaka padala kiša, moraju od sitnih kapljica nastati krupnije, jer sitne kapljice padaju sporo, pa se na putu ispare. Ljeti zbog brzog i velikog zagrijavanja diže se u visinu zrak s velikim sadržajem vlage, gdje se ohladi ispod 0 °C. Kako ljeti sadrži zrak više vlage nego zimi, stvorit će se ohlađivanjem veliki kristali odnosno led, koji pada kao tuča na Zemlju. Zemaljska površina gubi noću ižarivanjem velik dio topline, koju je danju primila putem Sunčeve svjetlosti. Zbog toga nastaje ohlađivanje zraka, a time kondenzacija suvišne vlage u obliku kapljica na površini Zemlje. To je rosa. Zimi zbog istog razloga nastaje ohlađivanje ispod 0 °C, a time smrzavanje rose u obliku iglica, što se zove mraz.

Sve navedene meteorološke pojave, to jest kiša, snijeg, tuča, rosa i mraz, koje nastaju zbog kondenzacije vodene pare u zraku, zovu se oborine. Količina oborina mjeri se visinom sloja vode u milimetrima po četvornom metru (mm/m2) koga bi stvorila voda oborina kad bi ostala na tlu, a da se ne ispari, a niti otiče u zemlju. Na primjer ako se kaže da je u toku 24 sata na nekom mjestu količina oborina 2 mm, to znači da je palo toliko kiše da na svaki m2 dolazi 2 litre vode. Naime sloju vode visine 1 mm na površini od 1 m2 odgovara količina vode od 1 litre, to jest 1 dm3. Suhi krajevi imaju ispod 500 mm oborina godišnje. Za mjerenje količine oborina služi mjerni instrument kišomjer, pluviometar ili ombrometar.

Temperatura zraka

Temperatura zraka, u meteorologiji, je temperatura u prizemnom sloju atmosfere koja nije uvjetovana toplinskim zračenjem tla i okoline ili Sunčevim zračenjem. Mjeri se na visini od 2 metra iznad tla. Temperatura zraka mijenja se tijekom dana i tijekom godine. Dnevni hod ovisi o dobu dana i veličini i vrsti naoblake i može se znatno promijeniti pri naglim prodorima toploga ili hladnoga zraka ili pri termički jako izraženim vjetrovima, na primjer fenu, činuku ili buri. Godišnji hod ovisi o položaju Zemlje prema Suncu, zemljopisnom položaju mjesta, te o klimatskim promjenama. U našim zemljopisnim širinama u prosjeku je najhladniji mjesec siječanj, a najtopliji srpanj. Zbog utjecaja topline tla, uz samo tlo temperatura zraka naglo se mijenja, pa razlika između temperature zraka na 2 metra visine i one pri tlu može iznositi i do 10 stupnjeva. Temperatura zraka pri tlu mjeri se termometrima postavljenima 5 centimetara iznad tla. Najniža je do sada izmjerena temperatura zraka – 89,2 °C na stanici Vostok (Antarktika, 1983.), a najviša 57,3 °C u mjestu Asisija (Libija, 1923.).

Površina Zemlje ugrijava se putem Sunčevih zraka. Zrak se ipak ne zagrijava Sunčevim zrakama, nego od Zemljine površine. Zbog toga temperatura zraka opada s visinom. Iznos za koliko padne temperatura zraka, kad se popnemo 100 metara vertikalno uvis, naziva se vertikalni gradijent temperature. Mjerenja su pokazala da do 4 000 metara nadmorske visine temperatura zraka za svakih 100 metara opada prosječno 0,5 °C ili 5 °C za 1 kilometar. Osim toga temperatura zraka ovisi i o zemljopisnoj širini. Temperatura se također mijenja s godišnjom dobi i tokom dana. Najniža dnevna temperatura u našim krajevima je između 4 i 8 sati, a najviša između 14 i 16 sati. Srednja godišnja temperatura je srednja vrijednost svih temperatura tokom godine. Promjena temperature se ne opažaju duboko u unutrašnjosti Zemlje. Već u dubini od 6 metara vlada gotovo stalno srednja godišnja temperatura u tom mjestu.

Razdioba atmosferskog tlaka

Za proučavanje meteoloških pojava vrlo je važna raspodjela (razdioba) atmosferskog tlaka na površini Zemlje. Atmosferski tlak ovisi ne samo o nadmorskoj visini nekog mjesta nego također o sastavu zraka i o njegovom zagrijavanju. Čim ima više vlage u zraku, bit će atmosferski tlak manji, jer je vlaga lakša od zraka. Da bismo mogli uspoređivati međusobno tlakove koji vladaju na raznim mjestima zemaljske površine, moraju se oni svesti, kažemo, reducirati na morsku razinu. Spojimo li na zemljopisnoj karti sva mjesta koja imaju isti atmosferski tlak, dobit ćemo krivulje izobare. Visina atmosferskog tlaka mjeri se u meteorologiji paskalima (obično hektopaskalima) ili barima (obično milibar): 1 hPa = 100 Pa = 1 mbar.

Ciklona i anticiklona

Izobare su nepravilne i zatvorene krivulje koje pokazuju raspodjelu atmosferskog tlaka na površini Zemlje. Mjesto na kojem vlada najniži atmosferski tlak zove se barometarski minimum, depresija ili ciklona, a mjesto na kojem vlada najveći atmosferski tlak zove se barometarski maksimum ili anticiklona. Zbog razlike tlaka nastat će gibanje zraka od anticiklone prema cikloni. U cikloni diže se zrak uvis, a u anticikloni se spušta prema dolje. Stoga će na površini Zemlje puhati vjetar od anticiklone prema cikloni, a u visini obratno. U ciklonu će se zrak koji se diže uvis ohlađivati, pa ako je zasićen vodenom parom, nastat će kondenzacija, a time i naoblaka. Stoga u krajevima ciklone vladaju vjetrovi, tmurno vrijeme, kiša ljeti, a snijeg zimi. Obratno je stvar u anticikloni, gdje nastaje spuštanje zraka i njegovo zagrijavanje. U anticikloni vlada miran zrak, nebo je vedro, velika žega ljeti, a studen zimi. No često, naročito zimi, u donjim slojevima anticiklone nastaju niski oblaci ili magla.

Temperaturna inverzija

Temperaturna inverzija ili inverzija temperature je porast temperature s nadmorskom visinom. Nastaje na više načina:
 procesima zračenja (takozvana radijacijska inverzija), na primjer za vedrih noći kada tlo zračenjem brže gubi toplinu nego vlaga u višim slojevima atmosfere, pa se sloj zraka pri tlu jače ohladi, ili se pak apsorpcijom ultraljubičastoga dijela Sunčeva zračenja u gornjoj atmosferi jače zagrije (temperatura zraka iznad 100 kilometara može biti znatno viša od 100 °C);
 advekcijskim procesima na toploj fronti, kada topli zrak struji iznad hladnijega zraka ili kada se pri hladnoj fronti hladniji zrak uvlači pod topliji (advekcijska inverzija), te
 procesima supsidencije u anticiklonama, kada se zrak spušta, pri čemu se adijabatski zagrijava i udaljuje od zasićenja vodenom parom pa nastaju vedrine. Inverzije mogu nastati i zbog ohlađivanja tla jakim isparavanjem nakon kiše ili umjetnoga natapanja.

Vjetar

Vjetar je gibanje zraka koji nastaje zbog različitog atmosferskog tlaka. Brzina vjetra određuje se spravom ili koja se zove anemometar. Sila kojom razlika atmosferskih tlakova djeluje na zrak okomita je na izobari. Ta je sila to veća što je veća razlika tlakova. Tamo gdje su dvije izobare bliže sila je veća nego nego ondje gdje su iobare više razmaknute. Na smjer vjetra znatno utiče vrtnja Zemlje. Da se Zemlja ne okreće, vjetar bi puhao okomito na izobaru, to jest od izobare većeg tlaka prema izobari manjeg tlaka. Ali zbog vrtnje Zemlje vjetar uvijek skreće s tog smjera. Za poznavanje jakosti vjetra mora se znati pad tlaka. Pad tlaka izražen u torima na duljini jednog Zemljinog stupnja ili 111 kilometara zove se barometarski gradijent.

Fen

Fen (njem. Föhn, od lat. favonius: topli zapadni vjetar) je topli, suhi i većinom mahovit (naglo mijenja smjer i brzinu) vjetar koji se spušta najčešće niz sjeverne obronke Alpa. U Hrvatskoj je čest u Ogulinu. Nastaje nakon što se na prisojnoj strani planina zrak uzdignuo i izgubio vlažnost oborinama, pa se na suprotnoj strani spušta suh i topliji nego što je bio na početku dizanja. Uzrokuje nagli porast temperature i topljenje snijega. Pojava fena kod mnogih ljudi izaziva nelagodu, razdražljivost, glavobolju i druge zdravstvene probleme.

Zračna masa

Zračna masa, u meteorologiji, je naziv za veliku količinu zraka kojoj se na velikom području ujednači temperatura i vlažnost kada dulje vrijeme miruje ili se sporo giba nad jednoličnom Zemljinom površinom. Prema zemljopisnoj širini dijeli se na: polarnu, arktičku i antarktičku, umjerenih širina, ekvatorsku. Prema tomu je li zračna masa nastala nad kopnom ili morem, može biti kontinentalna (na primjer pustinjska) ili maritimna (na primjer sjevernoatlanska). Ovisno o fizikalnim svojstvima zračna masa može biti topla, hladna, suha, vlažna, stabilna (kada je topli zrak nad hladnom podlogom i nema okomitog strujanja), nestabilna (kada je hladni zrak nad toplom podlogom nastaje okomito strujanje) i drugo. Na granicama zračnih masa pojavljuju se atmosferske fronte popraćene vremenskim stanjima i pojavama (na primjer naoblakom, kišom, grmljavinom).

Atmosferska fronta

Atmosferska fronta je granična ploha koja odvaja dvije zračne mase različitih svojstava. Najlakše se uočava na sinoptičkim kartama, kao područje velikih temperaturnih razlika (kontrasta), vlage i značajnih vremenskih pojava (oborina, grmljavina, vjetra i drugog). Budući da se zračne mase prostiru i u visinu od nekoliko kilometara, granične se plohe opažaju i u najnižim slojevima atmosfere kao blago nagnute frontalne plohe. Širina atmosferske fronte obično je nekoliko stotina metara, a duljina više stotina pa i tisuću kilometara. Na sinoptičkim kartama može ih se razvrstati prema smjeru gibanja fronte u odnosu na zračnu masu, pa se razlikuju hladna fronta, topla fronta, okludirana fronta i stacionarna fronta.

Oluja

Oluja, općenito, je olujno nevrijeme ili nevrijeme s olujnim vjetrom. Prema Beaufortovoj ljestvici, olujni vjetar je jakosti 8 bofora, koji kida manje grane s drveća i priječi hodanje. Na moru je vjetar praćen umjereno visokim valovima, u kojih se rubovi kresta lome i vrtlože, a pjena se otkida u dobro izraženim pramenovima uzduž smjera vjetra. Vjetar doseže brzinu od 17 do 21 m/s. Razlikuju se grmljavinska oluja, u kojoj se pojavljuje grmljavina, često praćena pljuskovima, tučonosna oluja, za koje se uz olujni vjetar pojavljuje i tuča, snježna oluja, za koje uz olujni vjetar pada snijeg, prašinska, odnosno pješčana oluja, za koje vjetar olujne jačine nosi velike količine prašine, odnosno pijeska.

Tornado

Tornado (engl., metatezom od španj. tronada: oluja) je vrlo intenzivan zračni vrtlog u obliku lijevka ili cijevi ispod oblaka vertikalnoga razvoja (kumulusa ili, češće, kumulonimbusa), koji se pruža sve do površine tla. Katkada se pojavljuje i više cijevi istodobno; cijev ne mora uvijek biti vidljiva. Promjer cijevi, nastale kondenzacijom vodene pare, iznosi od nekoliko desetaka do stotinjak metara, a visina cijevi može biti i do 1000 metara. Uzduž osi tornada nastaje nagli i jaki pad tlaka zraka, katkada i do 200 hPa. Brzina razornoga vjetra u vrtlogu najveća je brzina vjetra u prirodi, pa može premašiti i 500 km/h, dovodeći do velikih razaranja i pustošenja, te ljudskih žrtava na putanji dugoj katkada i više od stotinu kilometara. Tornado traje od nekoliko sekunda do jednoga sata, rijetko više, a brzina pomicanja vrtloga ovisi o kretanju matičnoga oblaka i u prosjeku je oko 50 km/h. Tornado nastaje u uvjetima prodora svježega zraka iz sjevernih predjela na područje vrlo zagrijanoga zraka, na crti njihova dodira, uz jaku grmljavinu, ponajprije u toplije doba godine.

Dva su tipa tornada: prvi se tip rjeđe pojavljuje, i to uz jako razvijene grmljavinske ćelije i takozvanu mezociklonu (područje rotirajuće, jake uzlazne struje unutar grmljavinske ćelije); drugi, češći tip nastaje na granici izraženo različitih i vrlo labilnih zračnih masa. Tornado se najčešće pojavljuje u središnjim dijelovima Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (takozvana aleja tornada u Teksasu, Oklahomi i Kansasu), no sve češće i u drugim dijelovima svijeta, pa i u Europi i u Hrvatskoj. Tornado je kraj Novske 1892. podignuo željeznički vagon težak više od 13 tona i odbacio ga na udaljenost od 30 metara, ranio putnike i izazvao veliku štetu. Jačina tornada procjenjuje se s pomoću takozvane Fujitine ljestvice na temelju njegova djelovanja na objekte na tlu (6 stupnjeva), ili s pomoću takozvane TORRO-ljestvice, koja se temelji na izmjerenim brzinama vjetra (12 stupnjeva). Osim izravnim opažanjem očevidaca, otkrivanje područja zahvaćenih tornadom moguće je i radarom, no za sada nema mogućnosti za ciljano djelovanje čovjeka na smanjenje ili otklanjanje nastanka tornada.

Pijavica

Pijavica ili tromba je atmosferski vrtlog manjega razmjera (od 20 do 100 metara) i kratka trajanja (od nekoliko minuta do najviše jednoga sata) koji se pri izrazito nestabilnoj atmosferi (razlika u tlaku zraka od 1 do 6 Pa) na razmjerno malom prostoru (u promjeru od 10 do 100 metara) pojavljuje ispod olujnoga kišnog oblaka (kumulonimbusa) i kreće se zmijoliko i hirovito. Najčešće nastaje u jugozapadnom dijelu ciklone, gdje su temperatura i vlaga zraka visoke, ili ispred hladne atmosferske fronte. Čine ju jaki vrtložni vjetar i gibljivi oblačni stup. Proteže se od oblaka do (najčešće) morske površine. Donji dio pijavice (visok nekoliko metara) sastoji se od usisane morske vode, a gornji dio od kapljica nastalih kondenzacijom vlažnoga zraka. Prijeđe li pijavica na kopno, duž putanje kojom prolazi može nanijeti goleme štete. Pijavice su znatno slabije jakosti (intenziteta) i kraćega trajanja od tornada.

Pješčana oluja

Pješčana oluja je oluja za koje vjetar olujne jačine nosi velike količine prašine, odnosno pijeska.

Munja

Munja je naglo pražnjenje atmosferskog električnoga naboja koncentriranog u olujnim, grmljavinskim oblacima (kumulonimbusima), povezano s pojavom snažnog bljeska i snažnoga zvučnog udara (grom). Unutar grmljavinskih oblaka električni potencijal naraste i do 3 milijuna volti, pa zrak više nije dostatan izolator i nastaje izbijanje električnoga naboja unutar oblaka, prema drugom oblaku, prema okolnomu zraku ili prema tlu (jedno takvo izbijanje na svakih deset). Munja se može vidjeti i na udaljenostima do 150 kilometara.

Grmljavina

Grmljavina ili grom je atmosferska zvučna pojava, oštar tresak koji prati bljesak munje (električnoga luka koji se oblikuje pri naglom električnom pražnjenju između oblaka i tla ili između pojedinih oblaka). Nastaje zbog eksplozivnoga širenja zraka zagrijanoga munjom na visoku temperaturu (do 30 000 K). Grmljavina je mukla tutnjava nastala učestalim električnim pražnjenjima pri nevremenu. Gromom se katkad, u svakodnevnom govoru, naziva i sam udar munje, a mogu se naći i tumačenja da je grom električno pražnjenje između oblaka i tla, a munja između dvaju oblaka ili dijelova istog oblaka. Širi se brzinom zvuka, to jest oko 343 metara u sekundi (na 20°C). S dovoljno velike udaljenosti, bljesak munje vidi se prije nego što se čuju grom ili grmljavina, jer je brzina svjetlosti puno veća od brzine zvuka. Jakost zvuka groma mjeren u okolini jake munje je oko 120 decibela.

Kuglasta munja

Kuglasta munja vrlo je rijetka i do danas još nerazjašnjena pojava električnoga izbijanja. Pojavljuje se u obliku žute do crvene svjetleće kugle promjera 10 do 20 centimetara, rijetko i do 1 metara, u kojoj je temperatura 4 000 do 5 000 °C. Kratko se vrijeme lagano kreće i nestaje tiho ili uz prasak, ostavljajući za sobom jak miris po sumporu i nitritu.

Vatra svetog Ilije

Vatra svetog Ilije, vatra svetog Nikole ili vatra svetog Elma je gotovo neprekidno slabo do umjereno električno izbijanje u atmosferi praćeno svjetlošću, koje se zapaža na povišenim objektima (gromobranima, vjetruljama, jarbolima, općenito šiljcima i izloženim dijelovima, pa i na krilima i elisama zrakoplova). Pojavljuje se za izraženih grmljavinskih oluja kada je vrlo pojačano električno polje u donjem sloju atmosfere. U hrvatskoj se tradiciji ta pojava vezuje uz svetog Nikolu, zaštitnika pomoraca i putnika, pa se koristi i naziv vatra svetog Nikole (prvi zapis kod Benedikta Kotruljevića u djelu O plovidbi, 1464.). U meteorologiji je u uporabi i naziv vatra svetog Ilije.

Kisela kiša

Kisela kiša je svaka oborina koja ima višu kiselost (nižu vrijednost pH) od one očekivane iz prirodnih izvora (pH oko 5). Kao suvremeni, kritični problem, prepoznat je u 1970-ima prvo u skandinavskim zemljama, a zatim i u srednjoj Europi. Uzroci nastanka kisele kiše nisu sasvim jasni. U nekim područjima uzrokom su dušikovi oksidi, u drugima sumporovi oksidi, koji nastaju izgaranjem ugljena ili naftnih derivata, primjerice u termoelektranama, automobilskim motorima te u postrojenjima za dobivanje i pročišćavanje kovina, a s vodenom parom iz zraka stvaraju dušičnu, odnosno sumpornu kiselinu. Zakiseljavanjem tla i vode kisela kiša šteti šumama (umiranje šuma), poljodjelskim kulturama, životu u tlu i vodi (ugibanje riba) te ljudskomu zdravlju (preko pitke vode i prehrambenog lanca).

Suša

Suša je izuzetno suho razdoblje kada su zalihe vode u tlu i vodotocima smanjene zbog pomanjkanja oborina. Zbog suše mogu nastati ozbiljni poremećaji u poljoprivredi, vodoprivredi i drugim granama gospodarstva, a može doći i do masovnoga pomora ljudi, kao na primjer 1900. u Indiji, kada je od suše, gladi i bolesti umrlo oko 3 milijuna ljudi, te 1936. u Kini, u provinciji Sečuan, kada je bilo iseljeno 34 milijuna seljaka i od gladi umrlo 5 milijuna ljudi.

El Niño

El Niño (španj.: dječak, mali Isus) je prirodna pojava povezana s promjenama klime u tropima. Prvotno je nazvan po toploj oceanskoj struji koja oplakuje obale Perua u božićno doba. Donosi vlažno i kišovito vrijeme te poplave u inače suhim područjima Južne Amerike, te sušno razdoblje u području Indonezije. Novija su istraživanja pokazala da se ta pojava očituje u nepravilnim razmacima od 3 do 5 godina kao anomalije u temperaturi oceanske vode (za 2 do 8 °C toplije) i u strujanjima vjetrova na dijelu Tihog oceana zapadno od obala Čilea i Perua. Tijekom razdoblja el niña mijenja se režim strujanja i vjetrovi tada pušu od zapada prema istoku, toplije se vode gomilaju prema istočnim dijelovima Tihog oceana, podiže se razina oceana i smanjuje debljina sloja hranjivih tvari u njemu. Pokazalo se da el niño ima dalekosežan globalan utjecaj na vremenske okolnosti ne samo na Tihom oceanu već i u drugim dijelovima svijeta.

Optika atmosfere

Optika atmosfere jest grana meteorologije koja proučava pojave nastale lomom svjetlosti, odbijanjem (refleksijom), raspršivanjem i ogibom (difrakcija) svjetlosti u Zemljinoj atmosferi (boja neba, duga, vijenac ili korona oko Sunca i Mjeseca, halo, pasunce ili lažno Sunce, Sunčev stup, irizacija oblaka, glorija, zračno zrcaljenje, fatamorgana, miraž, pojava sumraka, alpskog žara, treperenja zvijezda, zelenog bljeska, astronomska i terestrička refrakcija, depresija obzora i drugo). Optika atmosfere proučava i pojave koje su posljedica perspektive: prividni oblik nebeskog svoda, površine diska Sunca i Mjeseca pri njihovu izlaženju i zalaženju i drugo.

Izvori

Meteorologija
Fizikalne pojave

Meteorološke pojave


قرية التوت هو مسلسل كرتوني للأطفال يتحدث عن شخصيات خيالية تشبه في مظهرها الخارجي أنواعاً مختلفة من الخضار والفواكه، يعيشون في قرية تدعى قرية التوت.

قصة المسلسل

تجري أحداث المسلسل حول المغامرات المختلفة التي يمر بها سكان القرية يومياً.

مراجع

مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة

قرية التوت


100596 Perrett este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
100596 Perrett este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Dominion Astrophysical Observatory de David D. Balam. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,03 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 10,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 100001-101000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

100596 Perrett


Michael Neary (Castlebar, County Mayo, 15 de abril de 1946) é um ministro irlandês e arcebispo católico romano emérito de Tuam.

Depois de frequentar a St Patrick's National School, Castlebar e St Jarlath's College, Tuam, Neary estudou teologia no St Patrick's College, em Maynooth. Neary foi ordenado sacerdote da Arquidiocese de Tuam em 15 de junho de 1971. Em 1975 tornou-se doutor em teologia. De 1978 a 1981 Neary estudou em Roma. Em 20 de maio de 1992, Neary foi nomeado Bispo Titular de Quaestoriana e Bispo Auxiliar da Arquidiocese de Tuam. A consagração episcopal doou a ele em 13 de setembro do mesmo ano, o Arcebispo de Tuam Joseph Cassidy; Co-consagradores foram o Núncio Apostólico na Irlanda, Arcebispo Emanuele Gerada, e Joseph Cunnane, ex-Arcebispo de Tuam.

Em 17 de janeiro de 1995, Michael Neary tornou-se arcebispo de Tuam. Em 10 de novembro de 2021, o Papa Francisco aceitou a renúncia de Michael Neary por motivos de idade.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos da Irlanda

Michael Neary


Xenophyophorea  is a clade of foraminiferans. Members of this class are multinucleate unicellular organisms found on the ocean floor throughout the world's oceans, at depths of . They are a kind of foraminiferan that extract minerals from their surroundings and use them to form an exoskeleton known as a test.

They were first described by Henry Bowman Brady in 1883. They are abundant on abyssal plains, and in some regions are the dominant species. Fifteen genera and 75 species have been described, varying widely in size. The largest, Syringammina fragilissima, is among the largest known coenocytes, reaching up to  in diameter.

Naming and classification
The name Xenophyophora means "bearer of foreign bodies", from the Greek. This refers to the sediments, called xenophyae, which are cemented together to construct their tests. In 1883, Henry Bowman Brady classified them as primitive Foraminifera. Later they were placed within the sponges. In the beginning of the 20th century they were considered an independent class of Rhizopoda, and later as a new eukaryotic phylum of Protista. Phylogenetic studies suggest that xenophyophores are a specialized group of monothalamous (single-chambered) Foraminifera.

A 2013 molecular study using small subunit rDNA found Syringammina and Shinkaiya to form a monophyletic clade closely related to Rhizammina algaeformis. Further molecular evidence has confirmed the monophyly of xenophyophores. This study also suggested that many individual genera are polyphyletic, with similar body shapes convergently evolving multiple times.

Historically xenophyophores have been divided into the agglutinated Psamminida and the flexible, proteinaceous Stannomida. However, cladistic analyses based on molecular data have suggested a high amount of homoplasy, and that the division between psamminids and stannomids is not well supported.

Anatomy

Xenophyophores are unicellular, but have many nuclei.
Many form delicate and elaborate agglutinated tests—shells often made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and other foreign mineral particles glued together with organic cements—that range from a few millimetres to 20 centimetres across.  The softness and structure of tests varies from soft and lumpy shapes to fans and complex structures.

Some xenophyophores—notably Psammina—have compartmentalized tests consisting of multiple chambers.

Species of this group are morphologically variable, but the general structural pattern includes a test enclosing a branching system of organic tubules together with masses of waste material.

A number of unique terms are used to refer to anatomical aspects of the group:

 Individual waste pellets are referred to as stercomes or stercomata; pellets that are bundled together in long strings are referred to as stercomares.  Stercomares also include small, yellow-red spherical bodies known as xanthosomes.
 Xenophyophores also commonly have abundant crystals of barite called granellae within their cytoplasm. This is not to be confused with the granellare, which refers to the plasma body and its tube.
 Linellae are long (several mm in length), threadlike structures found outside of the granellare in some xenophyophores (genera traditionally grouped together as "stannomida"); they are flexible and form part of the test.
 Xenophyae, for which the group is named, are the agglutinated particles from which the test is constructed. They vary by species; they can contain sediment particles, sponge spicules, radiolarian tests, and even the tests of smaller foraminifera.

The protoplasm of xenophyophores contributes less than 1% of the total mass of the organism.

They select certain minerals and elements from their environment that are included in its tests and cytoplasm, or concentrated in excretions. The selected minerals vary with species, but often include barite, lead and uranium. The granellare of Shinkaiya have been found to contain high concentrations of mercury.

Studies have found unusually high concentrations of radioactive nuclides in xenophyophores; this was first reported in Occultammina but has since been found to be true of many other xenophyophore species from different parts of the ocean.

Growth and reproduction
Very little is known about xenophyophore reproduction. It is assumed that an alternation of generations takes place, as in other foraminifera; however, this has not been confirmed.

Gametes form in a specialised part of the granellare that may look like swollen side-branch (in Psammetta) or a stalked bulb (in Cerelasma). Gametes are reportedly about 20 µm in diameter, with two flagella; after this, an amoeba-like stage seems to be present. It is also possible that the amoeboid stage represents amoeboid gametes, found in other foraminifera. These amoeboid structures are also sometimes found inside the granellare. Juveniles have occasionally been found in association with adults; in Psametta they are horseshoe-shaped and already covered in xenophyae.

The location of the initial plasma can sometimes be pointed out in adult xenophyophores. In some species this is denoted by a sharp change in the type of xenophyae; in others, the juvenile is regular and the adult is irregular; still others flip this pattern, so that the juvenile is irregular and the adult is regular.

Growth is episodic; one observational study taking place over a period of eight months saw a three-to-tenfold growth in specimens of Reticulammina labyrinthica. This growth occurred in phases lasting 2–3 days each; each phase was separated by a resting period of approximately two months. These growth phases were approximately synchronous between specimens, but it is unclear if this is biologically or developmentally controlled; some evidence suggests the synchrony may have been due to chance.

Each episode of growth occurred in three phases: first, the base becomes wider and flatter, causing the surface texture to become smoother; then, the original shape of the organism is regained (albeit larger); and finally, the surface texture is rebuilt. The rapid rate of growth observed suggests that xenophyophores may not be as long-lived as previously hypothesised.

Habitat and range
Xenophyophores are an important part of the deep sea-floor, as they have been found in all four major ocean basins. They are often found in areas of enhanced organic carbon flux, such as beneath productive surface waters, in sub-marine canyons, in settings with sloped topography (e.g. seamounts, abyssal hills) and on continental slopes. They are not found in areas of hypoxic waters.

Xenophyophores have been found between depths of 500 and 10,600 metres. Most are epifaunal (living atop the seabed), but one species (Occultammina profunda), is known to be infaunal; it buries itself up to  deep into the sediment.

Xenophyophore densities are highest on soft sediments; however, they may still be found on rocky substrates including basalts, canyon walls, and manganese crusts.

Feeding
The diet and feeding ecology of xenophyophores was long the subject of speculation; the fragile tests and deepwater habitat of the group makes in vivo observation difficult. Early propositions included suspension feeding, bacterial farming, deposit feeding, and trapping particulate matter inside the test. Studies have since confirmed active uptake of food from surrounding sediments using the pseudopodia and using the test to trap particles. Analysis of lipid concentrations within xenophyophores revealed especially high concentrations of bacteria in the stercomata, suggesting that xenophyophores utilise bacteria growing on their waste products in order to supplement their feeding.

A 2021 study that utilised isotopic labeling to examine the question of xenophyophore feeding confirmed rapid uptake of both diatoms and dissolved organic matter in the form of glucose. This study found no evidence to support a bacterial farming function for the test, and instead proposed that it aided to function in the collection of phytodetritus by increasing surface area. These authors argued that xenophyophores fill a major role in ocean-floor biogeochemical cycling.

Fossil record
As of 2017, no positively-identified xenophyophore fossils had been discovered.

It has been suggested that the mysterious vendozoans of the Ediacaran period represent fossil xenophyophores. However, the discovery of C27 sterols associated with the fossils of Dickinsonia cast doubt on this identification, as these sterols are today associated only with animals. These researchers suggest that Dickinsonia and relatives are instead stem-bilaterians. Other ediacaran fossils, such as Palaeopascichnus Intrites, Yelovichnus, and Neonereites have been posited as fossil xenophyophores and linked to the Eocene fossil Benkovacina. However, analysis of the latter found neither barite crystals nor evidence of agglutinated foraminifera in the wall.  A 2011 study that examined growth and development of Palaeopascichnus concluded it was likely not a xenophyophore. A 2014 study of Pteridinum reached similar conclusions.

Some researchers have suggested that the enigmatic graphoglyptids, known from the early Cambrian through recent times, could represent the remains of xenophyophores, and noted the similarity of the extant xenophyophore Occultammina to the fossil. Supporting this notion is the similar abyssal habitat of living xenophyophores to the inferred habitat of fossil graphoglyptids; however, the large size (up to 0.5m) and regularity of many graphoglyptids as well as the apparent absence of xenophyae in their fossils casts doubt on the possibility. Modern examples of Paleodictyon have been discovered; however, no evidence of tests, stercomares, grannelares, or xenophyophore DNA was found, and the trace may alternately represent a burrow or a glass sponge.

Certain Carboniferous fossils have been suggested to represent the remains of xenophyophores due to the concentration of barium within the fossils as well as supposed morphological similarity; however, the barium content was later determined to be due to diagenetic alteration of the material and the morphology of the specimen instead supported an algal affinity.

Ecology

Local population densities may be as high as 2,000 individuals per , making them dominant organisms in some areas. Xenophyophores have been found to be "ecosystem engineers", providing habitat and serving as traps for organic particles, increasing diversity in the surrounding area. Research has shown that areas dominated by xenophyophores have 3–4 times the number of benthic crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs than equivalent areas that lack xenophyophores. The xenophyophores themselves also play commensal host to a number of organisms—such as isopods (e.g., genus Hebefustis), sipunculan and polychaete worms, nematodes, and harpacticoid copepods—some of which may take up semi-permanent residence within a xenophyophore's test. Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) also appear to have a relationship with xenophyophores, as they are consistently found directly underneath or on top of the protozoans. They can also function as nurseries for fish; snailfish have been found to lay eggs in the shelter of the xenophyophore test.

Starfish, monoplacophorans, and molpadiid sea cucumbers have all been observed feeding on xenophyophores; specifically, the monoplacophoran Neopilina galatheae has been proposed as a specialised predator of the group.

Despite this abundance, the relatively low amount of protoplasm per unit of test means that xenophyophores often contribute little to total biomass.

Xenophyophores are difficult to study due to their extreme fragility. Specimens are invariably damaged during sampling, rendering them useless for captive study or cell culture. For this reason, very little is known of their life history. As they occur in all the world's oceans and in great numbers, xenophyophores could be indispensable agents in the process of sediment deposition and in maintaining biological diversity in benthic ecosystems.

Scientists in the submersible DSV Alvin at a depth of 3,088 metres at the Alaskan continental margin in the Gulf of Alaska collected a spatangoid urchin, Cystochinus loveni, about 5 cm diameter, which was wearing a cloak consisting of over 1,000 protists and other creatures, including 245 living xenophyophores, mainly Psammina species, each 3–6 mm. The fragility of the xenophyophores suggests that the urchin either very carefully collected them, or that they settled and grew there. Among several possible explanations for the urchin's behaviour, perhaps the most likely are chemical camouflage and weighing itself down to avoid being moved in currents.

Different xenophyophore ecomorphs are found in different settings; reticulated or heavily folded genera such as Reticulammina and Syringammina are more common in areas where the substrate is sloped or near canyon walls, while more fan-shaped forms like Stannophyllum are more common in areas with quieter water and/or lower primary productivity.

List of genera

 Syringammina
 Occultammina
 Aschemonella
 Psammina
 Galatheammina
 Semipsammina
 Stannophyllum
 Semipsammina
 Homogammina
 Rhizammina
 Shinkaiya
 Cerelasma
 Spiculammina
 Bizarria
 Tendalia
 Nazareammina
 Cerelpemma
 Maudammina
 Psametta
 Stannoma
 Maudammina
 Cerelpemma?
 Holopsamma
 Abyssalia
 Moanammina

See also
 Coenocyte
 Extremophile
 Piezophile

References

Further reading
Gubbay, S., Baker, M., Bettn, B., Konnecker, G. (2002). "The offshore directory: Review of a selection of habitats, communities and species of the north-east Atlantic", pp. 74–77.
NOAA Ocean Explorer. "Windows to the deep exploration: Giants of the protozoa", p. 2.

External links
Microscopy-UK: Note on Xenophyophores
More xenophyophore photos, with a map of their habitat

Foraminifera classes

Extremophiles

Xenophyophorea


أكرم حسني إعلامي وشاعر غنائي وممثل مصري، مواليد 10 سبتمبر 1974، ، حصل على بكالوريوس الإعلام من جامعة القاهرة، كما حصل على دبلومتين في العلاقات العامة، وهو متزوج ولديه أبناء. بدأ أكرم حسني حياته العملية في إحدى الوظائف التي ظل بها لمدة 8 أعوام، حتى عمل في إذاعة «نجوم إف إم»، حقق نجاحاً ملحوظاً من خلال برنامج «نشرة أخبار الخامسة والعشرون» على قناة «موجه كوميدي». وعمل ضابطًا في الشرطة المصرية سابقاً في الأمن المركزي ثم قدم استقالته وعمل كمذيع.

عمله الإعلامي
بدأ أكرم حسني عمله الإعلامي في عام 2004، حيث عمل مذيعًا في إذاعة نجوم إف إم، حيث قدم برنامج أسبوعي تحت اسم "100.6"، وفي عام 2006 كانت أول تغطية إعلامية لأكرم حسني في حفل افتتاح فيلم "عمارة يعقوبيان" للفنان عادل إمام، حيث قدم تغطية إعلامية متميزة للحفل.

وكانت بداية نجاح أكرم حسني في عام 2008، من خلال شخصية "أبو حفيظة" التي ابتكرها في برنامجه الكوميدي "نشرة أخبار الخامسة والعشرون" عبر قناة "موجة كوميدي"، وقد نجح في تقديم هذه الشخصية بشكل كبير، وفي عام 2009 قدم أكرم حسني برنامج "الكابوس" بشخصية أبو حفيظة، وقدم في 2011 برنامج "حدوتة بعد النوم" بشخصية أبو حفيظة، وشارك في العام نفسه في ورشة لتعليم التمثيل مع مروة جبريل، ليقدم بعدها أول أدواره التمثيلية في المسلسل الكوميدي "نونة المأذونة" الذي عرض في رمضان 2011، والذي ظهر فيه أيضًا بشخصية أبو حفيظة.

وقدم أكرم حسني في عام 2013 برنامج "وسيم هدهد" وهو برنامج نقدي بقالب كوميدي، وفي عام 2014 اقتبس من شخصية أبو حفيظة جملة "أسعد الله مساءكم" لتكون عنونًا لبرنامجه الكوميدي، وقدم منه ثلاثة مواسم وحقق نجاحاً كبيرًا، وفي عام 2015 قدم برنامج "ما وراء التردد"

حياته الفنية
شارك أكرم حسني في عام 2015 في مسلسل "لهفة" وكذلك في فيلم "كابتن مصر" بشخصية أبو حفيظة. ثم ابتعد عن شخصية أبو حفيظة حيث قد قدم دور البطولة بجانب أحمد فهمي في فيلم كلب بلدي في عام 2016، وشارك معه في مسلسل ريح المدام في عام 2017، وشارك في بطولة بنك الحظ في العام ذاته، وقدم مسلسل الوصية في عام 2018، كما شارك أيضًا في فيلم البدلة، ومسلسل الواد سيد الشحات.

أعماله

الأفلام

المسلسلات

البرامج

المسرحيات

انظر أيضًا
 نشرة أخبار الخامسة والعشرون
 سيد أبو حفيظة
 وسيم هدهد
 أسعد الله مساءكم

مصادر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ضباط شرطة مصريون
مواليد في دبي
مذيعون مصريون
مواليد 1394 هـ
مواليد 1974

أكرم حسني


Sürügüden, Göle - Ardahan ili Göle ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sürügüden, Muş - Muş ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Sürügüden


Mechowo ist der Name mehrerer Orte in Polen:
Mechowo (Swarzędz), Dorf in der Woiwodschaft Großpolen
Mechowo (Lipusz), Dorf im Powiat Kościerski in der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Mechowo (Puck) (deutsch Mechau), Dorf im Powiat Pucki in der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Mechowo (Płoty) (deutsch Zimmerhausen), Dorf im Powiat Gryficki in der Woiwodschaft Westpommern
Mechowo (Golczewo) (deutsch Dorphagen), Dorf im Powiat Kamieński in der Woiwodschaft Westpommern
Mechowo (Rymań) (deutsch Mönchgrund), Wohnplatz im Powiat Kołobrzeski in der Woiwodschaft Westpommern
Mechowo (Pyrzyce) (deutsch Megow), Dorf im Powiat Pyrzycki in der Woiwodschaft Westpommern

Mechowo


سلوى الجراش (19 يناير 1986 -)، ممثلة ومغنية بحرينية. شاركت في الموسم الثاني من برنامج (نجوم الخليج) .شاركت في بطولة عدة مسلسلات منها (شوية أمل، الخادمة، عندما يزهر الخريف).

أعمالها

في التلفزيون
 طماشة.
 جمرة غضى.
 عمشة في جزيرة النسوان.
 ابله نورة.
 عمشة في ديرة النسوان.
 جاري يا حموده.
 بيني و بينك 4.
 الشعور القاتل.
 الخادمة.
 شوية أمل.
 سواق وشغالة.
 عندما يزهر الخريف
 عندما يزهر الخريف 2
 سوالف طفاش - الجزء الثالث
 باب الريح
 إقبال يوم أقبلت
 عطر الروح
 جديمك نديمك
 شغف
 دفعة بيروت
 الناجية الوحيدة
 اسمع واشوف
 بلاغ نهائي

في المسرح

 يا أني يا بطة
 خال الكلفس
 هذا الميدان ياحميدان

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مواليد 1406 هـ
مواليد 1986
ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات

سلوى الجراش


Teoria alegerii sociale sau alegerea socială reprezintă un cadru teoretic pentru analiza combinării opiniilor, preferințelor, intereselor sau a înțelegerilor individuale pentru a ajunge la o decizie colectivă sau bunăstare socială într-un anumit sens. Un exemplu non-teoretic al unei decizii colective este adoptarea unei legi sau a unui set de legi în cadrul unei constituții. Teoria alegerii sociale datează de la formularea lui Condorcet a paradoxului de la vot. Alegerea socială și valorile individuale ale lui Kenneth Arrow (1951) și teorema imposibilității lui Arrow în el sunt în general recunoscute ca bază a teoriei alegerii sociale moderne.  Pe lângă teorema lui Arrow și paradoxul de la vot, teorema lui Gibbard-Satterthwaite, teorema juriului Condorcet, teorema alegătorului median și teorema lui May se numără printre cele mai cunoscute rezultate din teoria alegerii sociale.

Alegerea socială combină elementele economiei bunăstării și ale teoriei votării. Este individualist din punct de vedere metodologic, prin faptul că agregează preferințele și comportamentele membrilor individuali ai societății. Folosind elementele de logică formală pentru generalitate, analiza provine dintr-un set de axiome aparent rezonabile ale alegerii sociale pentru a forma o funcție de bunăstare socială (sau constituție). Rezultatele au descoperit incompatibilitatea logică a diferitelor axiome, ca în teorema lui Arrow, dezvăluind o problemă de agregare și sugerând reformularea sau triajul teoretic în scăderea unor axiom (axiome).

Lucrările ulterioare, de asemenea, iau în considerare abordările privind compensațiile și corectitudinea, libertatea și drepturile, restricțiile domeniului axiomatic asupra preferințelor agenților, populațiile variabile, strategia de protecție a mecanismelor de alegere socială, resursele naturale, capacitățile și funcțiile bunăstării și bunăstare,, justiția și sărăcia.

Note

Legături externe

Social Choice Bibliography by J. S. Kelly

Etică
Știință politică
Economie publică
Matematică aplicată
Inteligență colectivă
Epistemologia socială

Teoria alegerii sociale


35346 Ivanoferri este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
35346 Ivanoferri este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul San Vittore din Bologna. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,18 ua, o excentricitate de 0,04 și o înclinație de 10,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 35001-36000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

35346 Ivanoferri


Sir Geoffrey Johnson-Smith,  (16 April 1924 – 11 August 2010) was a British Conservative politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1959 to 2001, with only a brief interruption in the 1960s. He was also a television presenter.

Early life and career

The son of an electrical engineer, he joined the Royal Artillery straight from Charterhouse School in 1942 and after the war was demobilised as a captain.

At Lincoln College, Oxford, he read PPE. Contemporaries remembered him as Oxford's best-dressed socialist, though he always insisted he never joined the Labour Party. In his final year he and Robin Day took part in a debating tour of United States run by the English-Speaking Union. From Oxford he joined the British Information Services, serving in San Francisco, where he met his wife, Jeanne, an American doctor whom he married in 1951.

He won a seat on London County Council in 1955, representing Putney, but lost it at the 1958 election.

He was later a presenter of the BBC magazine programme Tonight in the late 1950s.

Political career

Shortly before the 1959 general election, Cliff Michelmore, Tonight's presenter, had a hernia operation and Johnson-Smith was promoted to co-host the show for six weeks. His profile was thus at its highest when the election was called, and on 8 October 1959 he ousted the Labour member for Holborn and St Pancras South, Lena Jeger, by 656 votes.

He successfully promoted a bill authorising councils to operate a meals-on-wheels service for the elderly and was soon on the fast track, within six months becoming PPS to ministers at the Board of Trade; in 1962 he moved to the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance.

His parliamentary career was interrupted in October 1964 when Lena Jeger had her revenge by 2,756 votes as Labour came to power. He briefly returned to television, freelancing for the BBC and Rediffusion's religious programmes.

However, he returned to the House of Commons the following year at a by-election in the safe Conservative seat of East Grinstead. When that constituency was abolished for the 1983 election, he was returned for the new Wealden constituency, and held that seat until he retired at the 2001 general election, having served 41 years in Parliament.

Sir Alec Douglas-Home quickly appointed him an Opposition whip, and when Edward Heath became leader that summer he made Johnson-Smith a party vice-chairman.

When Heath came to power in 1970 he kept Johnson-Smith at Central Office. Soon afterwards Iain Macleod died suddenly, the party Chairman Anthony Barber taking his place and Johnson-Smith becoming acting chairman. He was never in the running for the top job, despite his popularity among Conservative ladies, and in April 1971 he instead became Under-Secretary for Defense for the Army with special responsibility for the Ulster Defense Regiment.

Johnson-Smith, who was later to launch a successful campaign on behalf of haemophiliacs who had been given infected blood, fought a long battle to curb the Church of Scientology. The Church had its headquarters near East Grinstead and in 1970 he endured a six-week libel case before a jury vindicated his stance.

After the Bloody Sunday killings of January 1972, he mounted an uncompromising defence of the Parachute Regiment: "It is bad enough for our troops to have to run all the perils and be shot at by gunmen without having their pain increased by smears in this House."

In November 1972, Heath moved him sideways to the Civil Service Department, with the remit of sharpening presentation of government policy. His time there was dominated by the Kenneth Littlejohn affair, which was still rumbling on when Heath called a snap election in February 1974. Johnson-Smith fought a skilful media campaign, but could not prevent Heath losing.

When Margaret Thatcher took the leadership, she asked him to oversee media activities at Central Office alongside a fellow television professional, Gordon Reece. After her 1979 election victory he joined the 1922 Committee executive and chaired the party's backbench media committee.

From 1980 to 1996 he chaired the select committee on Member's Interests, having to field embarrassing questions about the business activities of Thatcher's son, Mark.

Johnson-Smith specialised increasingly in defence. From 1985 he chaired the military committee of the North Atlantic Assembly, and from 1987 to 1997 he led the British delegation. For six years he chaired the Conservative backbench defence committee.

Later life and death
He was knighted in 1982 and sworn of the Privy Council in 1996. Johnson-Smith died in Sussex on 11 August 2010, aged 86.

References

External links

1924 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
BBC television presenters
British Army personnel of World War II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Deputy Lieutenants of East Sussex
Knights Bachelor
Members of London County Council
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Charterhouse School
Royal Artillery officers
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001

Geoffrey Johnson-Smith


ماري إيفانكا ترامب  (ولدت 30 أكتوبر 1981 م)، سيدة أعمال أمريكية، وعارضة أزياء سابقة، وهي ابنة الرئيس الخامس والأربعين للولايات المتحدة دونالد ترامب من زوجته عارضة الأزياء السابقة ايفانا، وهي نائبة الرئيس التنفيذي في منظمة ترامب، حيث يتركّز عملها في إدارة العقارات والفنادق التابعة للشركة.

التعليم

إيفانكا ترامب من مواليد 30 أكتوبر 1981 في مدينة نيويورك. دخلت مدرسة شوت روزماري هول في ينغفورد - كونيتيكت، وكذلك مدرسة شابين في مدينة نيويورك. درست مدة عامين في جامعة جورجتاون، ثم انتقلت  لكلية وارتون في جامعة بنسلفانيا -مدرسة والدها- بعد حصولها على بكالوريوس علوم الاقتصاد في عام 2004.

عرض الأزياء

ظهرت في أول عرض أزياء وهي تبلغ من العمر 17 سنة وذلك في عام 1997، ومنذ ذلك الحين شقت طريقها نحو أزياء فيرساتشي، مارك بور وتييري موغلر. ظهرت في عدة حملات إعلانية لتومي هيلفيغر وساسون جينز، وأيضا على غلاف مجلة ستاف في أغسطس 2006، لتعاود الظهور مجددا في سبتمبر 2007، وقد ظهرت بعدها على غلاف مجلة فوربس، مجلة الغولف، مجلة السبيل، مجلة إيل. وفي أكتوبر 2007 إحتلت المرتبة 83 على مجلة هاربر بازار في عام 2007 «مكسيم» الساخن 100، والمرتبة 99 الأعلى للمرأة لعام 2007، ومن ثم المركز 84 في طبعة عام 2008 لـ AskMen.com.

حياتها العملية

عملت لمؤسسة فورست سيتي وذلك قبل العمل مع والدها، انضمت إيفانكا إلى الشركة الماسيّة الدينامية، وكانت تعمل لشركة ألماس تجارية لتصميم وإدخال خط للمجوهرات بالعلامة التجارية الرائدة الأولى لمتجر يحمل اسمها في شارع ماديسون.

الظهور التلفزيوني

 في عام 1997 حازت على لقب ملكة جمال مراهقات أمريكا المملوكة جزئيا لوالدها.
 في عام 2003 ظهرت في بورن ريتش، وهو وثائقي تروي فيه تجربتها كطفلة ضمن واحدة من الأسر الأكثر ثراءً في العالم.
 في أبريل 2006 خلال ظهورها في برنامج عرض الليلة مع جاي لينو، ترامب قالت إنها وصديقها السابق بنغو جوبلمن قد انفصلوا، ومع ذلك فإنهما يظلان صديقين حميمين. لينو علق أنه يمكن سماع نفوذ والدها هنا. ديفيد ليترمان قام أيضا بتعليق مماثل، عندما ظهرت على العرض المتأخر مع ديفيد ليترمان في 24 أبريل، 2007.
 ترامب كانت ضيفا مميزا على البروجيكت رن واي في الموسم 3.
 كما أنها كانت في ميلوكي ويسكونسن، في نيسان 2007 ودعت إلى خلق الثروات في القمة التي تحدثت نحو 30 دقيقة عن كيفية صنع المال وعن أحدث مشاريع لها.
 عرض عليها لتظهر في ذا باشيرولت ولكنها رفضت.

تلفزيون الواقع

 في 2006 حلّت ترامب مؤقتا مكان لجنة من لجان التحكيم كارولين كيبتشر على مدار خمس حلقات في برنامج أبيها تلفزيون الواقع، ظهرت أولا مع لجنة التحكيم وأبدت رأيها في أداء المتسابقين، ومن ثم وعلى غرار كارولين قامت ترامب بتفقد أماكن اختبارات المتسابقين والتحدث معهم.
 تتعاون ترامب مع فائز الموسم الخامس شون يزبك على اختيار الفائز في برنامج تلفزيون الواقع.
 حلت ترامب محل كارولين كابشر في الموسم الخامس من البرنامج.

حياتها الشخصية

تزوجت السيدة ترامب بجاريد كوشنر في 15 يوليو 2009 مالك صحيفة نيويورك واتش. أعلنت ترمب في نفس الشهر اعتناقها اليهودية. تربت إيفانكا على مسيحية مشيخية، وتحولت إلى اليهودية الأرثوذكسية في يوليو 2009،  بعد دراستها مع «إيلي وينستوك» من مدرسة Ramaz الأرثوذكسية الحديثة. واتخذت الاسم العبري «يائيل». وصفت اعتناقها بأنها «رحلة مذهلة وجميلة» أيدها والدها «منذ اليوم الأول»، مضيفة أنه «لديه احترام كبير» للدين اليهودي. وتقول أنها تحافظ على النظام الغذائي المتناسب مع الشريعة اليهودية وتهتم بالشبات اليهودي، وقالت في عام 2015: «نحن ملتزمون جدا. لقد كان قرار رائع بالنسبة لي أجد أنه مع اليهودية، يتم خلق مخطط رائع للتواصل العائلي. من الجمعة إلى السبت، لا نفعل شيئًا سوى التسكع مع بعضنا البعض. ولا نجري مكالمات هاتفية». عندما كانت ترامب تعيش في مدينة نيويورك، كانت ترسل ابنتها إلى الحضانة في مدرسة يهودية.
في 22 مايو 2017 سافرت ترامب وكوشنر أيضًا مع والدها في أول زيارة رسمية لإسرائيل من قبل إدارة ترامب، وقام والدها بأول زيارة يقوم بها رئيس أمريكي إلى الحائط الغربي (أثناء كونه في منصبه). وزارت إيفانكا أيضًا نصب ياد فاشيم التذكاري للهولوكوست في القدس الغربية وكنيسة القيامة في حارة النصارى المسيحي بالبلدة القديمة في القدس خلال الرحلة. تم الحديث عن علاقتها باعتراف الولايات المتحدة بالقدس عاصمة لإسرائيل.

انظر أيضًا

 هيلينا روبنشتاين
 ليونا هلمسلي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

اجتماعيون أمريكيون
أبناء رؤساء الولايات المتحدة
أشخاص اعتنقوا اليهودية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في الأزياء
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في القرن 21
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في مجال مستحضرات التجميل
أصحاب أعمال من مدينة نيويورك
أطفال دونالد ترامب
أطفال رؤساء
أمريكيات في القرن 20
أمريكيون صهاينة
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي
أمريكيون من أصل تشيكي
أمريكيون من أصل مورافي
أمريكيون من أصل نمساوي
بنات رؤساء
بنات قادة وطنيون
جمهوريون من ولاية نيويورك
خريجو جامعة جورجتاون
خريجو قاعة تشوات روزماري
خريجو كلية وارتون لإدارة الأعمال
ديمقراطيون من ولاية نيويورك
سيدات أعمال أمريكيات في القرن 21
عارضات أزياء أمريكيات
عارضات أزياء من ولاية نيويورك
عارضات أزياء يهوديات
عارضو أزياء من مدينة نيويورك
عارضو وعارضات أزياء من واشنطن العاصمة
عائلة ترامب
كاتبات أعمال تجارية
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كاتبات غير روائيات أمريكيات
كاتبات محفزات
كاتبات يهوديات
كتاب أعمال تجارية أمريكيون
كتاب أمريكيون متخصصون في مساعدة الذات
كتاب أمريكيون يهود
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب محفزون أمريكيون
كتاب من مدينة نيويورك
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 21
مستقلون من واشنطن العاصمة
مستقلون من ولاية نيويورك
مسيرات أعمال أمريكيات
مسيرو أعمال أمريكيون
مسؤولون حكوميون أمريكيون يهود
مشاركون أمريكيون في برامج تلفزيون الواقع
مصممات أزياء أمريكيات
مصممو أزياء أمريكيون
مصممو أزياء يهود
مصممو مجوهرات أمريكيون
مواليد 1981
مواليد في نيويورك
موظفو إدارة ترامب
موظفو منظمة ترامب
يهود أمريكيون أرثوذكس
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 20
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21

إيفانكا ترامب


Christopher Cross "Chris" Griffin is a fictional character from the animated television series, Family Guy. He is the second of three children of Peter and Lois Griffin and is also the older brother of Stewie Griffin and the younger brother of Meg Griffin. He is voiced by the American actor, producer and writer, Seth Green, and first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" on January 31, 1999.

Chris Griffin was created and designed by the series' creator, Seth MacFarlane, who was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series' pilot episode was based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane which featured a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve. Chris was based on Milt, the teenage son character in The Life of Larry.

Originally designed as a somewhat gregarious, yet unintelligent teenager, Chris has become more awkward and idiotic over the course of the show. Running gags in the series involving Chris include the existence of an 'Evil Monkey' in his closet (though it is later revealed that the monkey is not evil), his frequent masturbation, and his perverted admirer, the elderly Herbert who lusts after and repeatedly tries to prey on him throughout the show's run.

Character origins
The character of Chris Griffin resembles that of Milt's, the son of the main character Larry Cummings in The Life of Larry. The animated short film was created by Seth MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design in 1995 which later led to the development of Family Guy, which aired three years later.

Seth Green has stated that his main inspiration for Chris's voice came from envisioning how the Buffalo Bill character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs would sound if he were speaking through a PA system at a McDonald's.

Personality

Similar to his older sister Meg, Chris is portrayed as a typical adolescent, albeit one who comes off as being good-natured and easy-going. As such, the character tends to take things in stride, not worrying about much, seemingly enjoying his position in life. On the Volume 1 DVD Boxset TV guides special Family Guy edition, it is stated that Chris "wouldn't hurt a fly, unless it landed on his hot dog".

Chris is seemingly repeatedly willing to take drastic measures to get what he wants or needs, particularly when it comes to keeping up with his below-average grades in school. In one episode, he believes that he received a bad grade on his geometry test when he tickled his brain by sticking a plastic army man's rifle into his nose and accidentally puncturing a lobe.

Despite frequently displaying Peter's characteristic stupidity, Chris is portrayed as usually a faster learner than Peter, and has a variety of talents, such as filmmaking, video editing, etc. In "Patriot Games", when the family moves to London, Chris is the only member of the family who learns how to speak cockney English in a matter of seconds. Conversely, however, when his brother Stewie tries to help him prepare for a history exam in "Stewie, Chris, & Brian's Excellent Adventure", he seems to show great difficulty in grasping new ideas.

He also shares his father's cartoonistic lack of common sense, tends to be absent-minded, gets confused easily, and appears to be extremely naïve; in "Lethal Weapons", when Peter and Lois are having a fist fight, Chris cheers for the former, telling him to "kick her ass!". Earlier in the episode, after Chris breaks a vase with his basketball and Lois tells Peter to punish him with a spanking, Peter tells him to "punish [himself]" and subsequently spanks himself. In Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, when the children watch Lois and Peter trying to make love, Chris mistakes it for a fight and says, "Meg, why do you think they're fighting?", but Meg angrily whispers to him "They're not." In the episode "Trading Places", after Chris accidentally damages Peter's dirt bike, Peter "punishes" him by making him start smoking.

Although Meg is often humiliated or embarrassed by his actions like she is with Peter's actions, Chris usually loves and cares for her deeply, and the two are frequently shown to get along very well. Up until sometime during the sixth season, Chris is more socially active at school than Meg, having various friends, including several girls, while attending Buddy Cianci Junior High School, and later at James Woods Regional High School (now called Adam West High School).

As the series progresses and Meg is seen more often with her group of friends, Chris's social status is greatly reduced to the point of being unpopular and virtually friendless at James Woods Regional High School. While just as socially looked down upon as Meg (though to a lesser extent of being bullied), he is outwardly confident and spirited, mostly when dealing with the ups and downs of being a teenager, such as running for Homecoming King, standing up to bullies, lashing out against his date, and frequently acting out against Peter's hurtful ways.

In "Stew-Roids", Chris's popularity increases drastically when the school's queen bee, Connie D'Amico, dates him. At first, she does this to be more popular because since  "dating a loser", it gives her more self confidence but she begins to see Chris as he really is after he says he likes her. Later in the episode, however, Chris's popularity turns him mean and shallow, and he dumps Connie after making out with two other girls at a house party. Connie and Meg then briefly team up to humiliate Chris by having Neil Goldman show the school a video of him re-enacting a scene from The Silence of the Lambs in which Buffalo Bill dances nude in front of a mirror, which results in Connie regaining her popularity, while Chris is socially demoted back to being an outcast.

In "Once Bitten", Chris befriends Neil Goldman, the Jewish resident "nerd/geek" and Meg's self-proclaimed love interest. Although their friendship was initially a ploy for Neil to get closer to Meg, Neil feels bad for using Chris and returns to him to resume their friendship.

Evil Monkey
As a running gag, starting in the episode "Dammit Janet!", Chris is regularly tormented by the Evil Monkey, who lives in his closet, though whenever he complains about it to anyone, they often laugh along with him instead thinking it is a joke, after which the monkey appears with a malevolent grimace and points at Chris in a threatening and intimidating manner. In "Hannah Banana", Chris proves the monkey's existence to the family, though ends up becoming friends with him after the monkey (who appears not to be evil at all, but just a poor creature who was depressed after his ex-wife cheated on him with another monkey) helps him write out a book report and subsequently pass.

The simian explains his frightening mannerisms as a result of various conditions and unintended actions. Chris introduces him to his friends, they hang out with each other in "fun" places, and the monkey helps Chris in his studies in school, which Peter does not do. This, however, causes a rift between Chris and Peter when the former realizes that the monkey cares more for him than his father. Eventually, the Evil Monkey helps the two characters to patch things up, especially after Peter saves the monkey from Miley Cyrus (who is depicted as an android) who had kidnapped him à la King Kong. After that, the monkey happily moves out of Chris' closet to live in the closet of Tom Tucker's son, Jake, where the cycle will start in anew, as Jake himself experiences difficulty with his father.

In a 2003 interview, Seth MacFarlane stated that the writers thought it would be funny to give Chris a childhood fear that is actually real, since he has "a childlike mind". The monkey's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker.

Identification with Seth Green
Another running gag, starting in the Star Wars remake episode "Blue Harvest", has Chris defending the overall career of voice actor Seth Green, along with Robot Chicken, an Adult Swim show he co-created as an in-joke where Green and Seth MacFarlane are jokingly 'bitter competitors' in the field of adult animation.

When Peter (MacFarlane) methodically denigrates Robot Chicken in "Blue Harvest", Chris loses his temper and storms off. Carried on in "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", though Chris attempts to maintain a cool head, he storms off again when Peter offers to tell the story of Without a Paddle, a critically panned film that featured Green. Both these scenes happen in the framing device of the episode and not in the interior Star Wars narrative, in which Green portrays Chris as Star Wars hero Luke Skywalker.

In the final Star Wars parody, "It's a Trap!", mocking Green's career provokes further dismay in Chris, who tries to defend Green by citing Buffy the Vampire Slayer as an example of a success in Green's career, but Carter Pewterschmidt argues that the popularity of Buffy was largely over-stated by coverage of the show by Entertainment Weekly. These taunts give Chris—in character as Skywalker—the conviction to fight back against Stewie/Darth Vader and Carter/Darth Sidious (both played by MacFarlane). In the closing scenes of the episode's framing device, Chris gets to reverse the joke by poking fun at MacFarlane's career, going so far as to suggest that Family Guy is a rip-off of The Simpsons; MacFarlane is then defended by the characters whom he voices (Peter, Brian and Stewie).

Outside of the Star Wars-themed episodes, "Road to the Multiverse" plays on the running gag, but with Stewie provoking the Robot Chicken universe counterpart of Chris by asking "How does it feel to be on a major network for thirty seconds?", which prompts Chris to scream "Fuck you!"

Chris' birthday is February 8, which also happens to be the same day as Seth Green.

References

External links
 Chris Griffin at Fox.com

Family Guy characters
Animated human characters
Television characters introduced in 1999
Animated characters introduced in 1999
Fictional characters from Rhode Island
Child characters in animated television series
Teenage characters in television
Male characters in animated series
Characters created by Seth MacFarlane
Fictional Irish American people

sv:Family Guy#Chris Griffin

Chris Griffin


Cezar Mititelu (n. 24 martie 1945, Drăgușeni – d. 9 iulie 1999, București) a fost un absolvent al Facultății de filosofie din Universității din București (1966-1973).

Viața și activitatea

Cezar Mititelu s-a născut la Drăgușeni, Galați și a copilărit la Bârlad, unde și-a făcut studiile medii. A fost student al Facultății de Istorie-Geografie a Universității din Iași între anii 1963-1966, după care a studiat la Facultatea de filosofie a Universității din București (1966-1973).

După absolvirea facultății, Mititelu a refuzat să intre în câmpul muncii, în semn de protest față de realitatea economico-socială din Republica Socialistă România. A dus o viață de semi-vagabondaj, fără domiciliu fix, dormind pe la cunoscuți și întreținându-se din sumele de bani pe care i le dădeau aceștia. A început să aibă influență în rândul unor studenți ai Facultății de filosofie, care îl găzduiau în camerele lor din căminele studențești.

În urma unor "abateri" ale unor studenți ai facultății de filosofie aflați sub influența lui, Mititelu a intrat, în aprilie 1976, în atenția Securității, ca propagator al unor concepții ostile politicii statului și Partidului Comunist Român. În urma demisiei din U.T.C. a unor studenți ai aceleiași facultăți, în 1978, Mititelu a fost arestat și internat la secția psihiatrică a spitalului penitenciarului Jilava, oficial pentru a-i fi testată capacitatea de muncă. Scriitorul Alexandru Monciu-Sudinski, prieten al lui Mititelu, a declarat greva foamei în semn de protest și a alertat postul de radio Europa Liberă și organizația Amnesty International. Mititelu a fost eliberat, pe 18 mai 1978, după 32 de zile de reținere, fără a se lua alte măsuri împotriva lui, cu diagnosticul "apt de muncă". În februarie 1980 Mititelu a fost arestat din nou și condamnat la șase luni de închisoare contravențională pentru "parazitism social", în baza Decretului 153/1970.

După ieșirea din închisoare a continuat să ducă același mod de viață, inclusiv după căderea regimului lui Ceaușescu. S-a sinucis în 1999.

Bibliografie

 Virgil Ierunca, Semnul mirării, București, editura Humanitas, 1995
 Nicolae Iuga, Securitatea, Cezarul și sfoara de câlți a lui Elie Wiesel, Cluj, editura Limes, 2012

Legături externe

 Peter Rațiu, "Omul care a trăit în socialism", Dilema Veche, nr.666, 24-30 moiembrie, 2016
 Bogdan Rusu, "Un filosof cinic în "epoca de aur": Cezar Mititelu", Vatra, nr.11-12/2016

Nașteri în 1945
Decese în 1999
Victime ale regimului comunist din România
Sinucideri în România
Condamnați

Cezar Mititelu


El Operativo Conjunto Laguna Segura, inició actividades el 20 de octubre de 2011, con el envió de efectivos militares y federales para desarticular a los cárteles del Pacífico, del Golfo y Los Zetas.

Despliegue Táctico
 1,000 elementos de la SEDENA, SEMAR y PGR

Referencias

Historia del estado de Durango
Historia del estado de Coahuila
México en 2011
Acciones policiales contra el narcotráfico en México

Operativo Conjunto Laguna Segura


The Komi ( also ), also called Komi-Zyryans or Zyryans, are an Indigenous Permian ethnic group whose homeland is in the northeast of European Russia around the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora and Kama rivers. They mostly reside in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Federation.

Name
There have been at least three names for the Komis: Permyaks, Zyrians () and Komi, the last being the self-designation of the people.

The name Permyaks firstly appeared in the 10th century in Russian sources and came from the ancient name of the land between the Mezen River and Pechora River – Perm or "Great Perm" (). Several origins of the name have been proposed but the most accepted is from Veps Peräma "back, outer or far-away land" from Veps perä "back, extreme" and ma "land". In Old Norse and Old English, it was known as Bjarmaland and Beormas respectively but those Germanic names might designate some other place than the Russian Perm.

Since the 20th century, the name has been applied only to the southern Komi (Komi-Permyaks) in Perm Krai. In Russia, permyak also means "an inhabitant of Perm or Perm Krai" independently from ethnicity.

The name for the northern Komis – Zyrians – has a more contradictory origin. It exists since the 14th century and it had many different forms in various Russian sources such as Seryan, Siryan, Syryan, Suryan and Ziryan, Ziranian, Zyryan (), but the latter finally became predominant. Turkin believed that it may come from a small local tribe of the Komis (probably named saran) which first met the Russians, hence the name became default for all the northern Komis. The neighbouring Uralic-speaking peoples call the Komis with similar names: Khanty sərän, sərån, săran, sārån, Mansi sarän, Nenets sānnğr, saran, Udmurt sara-kum.

The name Komi is the endonym for all groups of the people. It was first recorded by ethnographers in the 18th century. It originates from a Finno-Ugric word meaning "man, human": Komi kom, Udmurt kum, Mansi kom, kum, Khanty xum, Selkup qum, Hungarian hím "male". The origin from the name of the Kama River is disproved though some scholars (like Paula Kokkonen) favour this version.

Subgroups and geographic distribution

Komi people are divided into two main groups, which are the Zyryans (northern Komi) & the Permyaks (southern Komi). They are divided into 8 major subgroupings (9 if counting the nearly-assimilated Komi of the Upper Kama), of which they are divided into several even smaller subgroups. The Komi have been traditionally named after the rivers where they live:
Komi-Zyryans
Komi-Izhma of the Izhma River (Komi: Изьватас, Iźvatas; Nenets: нысма, nysma)
Komi of the Kola Peninsula
Komi of Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Komi of the Lower Ob and Lyapin Rivers
Komi of the Vashka and Mezen Rivers (Komi: Удораса, Udorasa)
Komi of the Vym River (Komi: Емватас, Emvatas)
Komi of the Lower Ob River
Komi of the Pechora River (Komi: Печораса, Pećorasa)
Komi of the Vychegda River (Komi: Эжватас, Ežvatas)
Komi of the Sysola River (Komi: Сыктывсаяс, Syktyvsayas)
Komi of the Letka and Luza Rivers (Komi: Лузса, Lusza)
Komi-Permyaks
Komi of the Yazva River
Komi of the Upper Kama River (nearly fully assimilated into Russians)
The majority of Komi live in the Komi Republic as a separate national-administrative entity of the Russian Federation. They numbered 256,000 as of the beginning of the 2000s. Although the majority of the Komi population live in the Komi Republic, they make up only 30% (256,000) of the total population there as a noticeable minority population. About 60% (607 thousand) are Russians, about 6% (62 thousand) are Ukrainians, 1.5% (15.5 thousand) are Tatars, and 1.4% (15 thousand) are Belarusians.

Most of the population of the Republic of Komi resides in urban centres. A notable minority continues to live in villages. The Komi population in the countryside tends to be higher than that of Komi in urban areas, where ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population. Like the rest of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, the population continues to steadily decrease - the 2010 census recorded only 228,235 people who indicated their nationality as "Komi", as compared to the 336,309 recorded as Komi in the 1989 census.

Language

The Komi language belongs to the Permian branch of the Uralic family. There is limited mutual intelligibility with Udmurt. There are two main dialects: Zyrian and Permyak, though Permyak is sometimes considered to be a separate language. Until the 18th century, Komi was written in the Old Permic alphabet (Komi: Важ Перым гижӧм, 𐍮𐍐𐍕 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒𐍣𐍕𐍩𐍜, Važ Perym gižöm), also known as Anbur in reference in reference to its first 2 letters, which was invented by Saint Stephen of Perm in the 14th century, seeing use up to the 16th century after which it saw use as a cryptographic writing system for Russian speakers.

Cyrillic was used from the 19th century and briefly replaced by the Latin alphabet between 1929 and 1933. The Komi language is currently written in Cyrillic, adding two extra letters - Іі and Ӧӧ - to represent vowel sounds which do not exist in Russian. The first book to be printed in Komi (a vaccination manual) appeared in 1815.

History
Based on linguistic reconstruction, the prehistoric Permians are assumed to have split into two peoples during the first millennium BC: the Komis and the Udmurts. By the 16th-17th centuries, the Komis further divided into the Komi-Permyaks (who remained in the Kama River basin) and the Komi-Zyryans (who migrated north).

From the 12th century the Russians began to expand into the Perm region and the Komis came into contact with Novgorod. Novgorodian traders travelled to the region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians referred to the southern Komi region as "the Great Perm". Komi dukes unified the Great Perm with its centre at the stronghold of Cherdyn. As the Middle Ages progressed, Novgorod gave way to Moscow as the leading Russian power in the region.

In 1365, Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow, gave Stephen of Perm the task of converting the region to Christianity. Stephen's mission led to the creation of the eparchy of Perm in 1383. After his death, Stephen became the patron saint of the Komis. He also devised an alphabet for the Komi language.

Some Komis resisted Christianisation, notably the shaman Pama. The Duke of Perm accepted baptism only in 1470 (he was given the Christian name Mikhail), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in the region. Mikhail's conversion failed to stop an attack by Moscow which seized Cherdyn in 1472. Mikhail was allowed to keep his title of duke but was now a vassal of Moscow. The duchy survived only until 1505 when Mikhail's son Matvei was replaced by a Russian governor and Komi independence came to an end.

In the 1500s, many Russian migrants began to move into the region, beginning a long process of colonisation and attempts at assimilating the Komis. Syktyvkar (Ust-Sysolsk before 1930) was founded as the chief Russian city in the region in the 18th century. The Russian government established penal settlements in the north for criminals and political prisoners. There were several Komi rebellions in protest against Russian rule and the influx of Slav settlers, especially after large numbers of freed serfs arrived in the region from the 1860s. A national movement to revive Komi culture also emerged.

Russian rule in the area collapsed after World War I and the revolutions of 1917. In the subsequent Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks fought the Allies for control of the region. The Allied interventionist forces encouraged the Komi to set up their own independent state with the help of political prisoners freed from the local penal colonies. After the Allies withdrew in 1919, the Bolsheviks took over. They promoted Komi culture with the policy of korenizatsiya, but increased industrialisation damaged the Komis' traditional way of life & the landscape of the republic. Stalin's purges of the 1930s devastated the Komi intelligentsia, who were accused of "bourgeois nationalism".

The remote and inhospitable region was also regarded as an ideal location for gulags. The influx of political prisoners and the rapid industrialisation of the region as a result of World War II left the Komi a minority in their own lands. Stalin carried out further purges of the Komi intellectual class in the 1940s and 1950s, and Komi language and culture were suppressed. Since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Komi have reasserted their claims to a separate identity.

Culture

Architecture

The Komi settlements were set-up with large, multi-courtyard churchyards & villages, which were typically constructed along or close to a river. Since the Komi people inhabit territories densely covered with forests, the main material for the construction of houses and farm buildings has traditionally been wood. Komi dwellings in many respects resemble North Russian houses in their internal structure.

2 major types of house types exist among the Komi, the Sysol house type (Сысольский тип) & the Vym house type (Bымский тип). The Sysol home is in a square-shaped, divided internally between a commercial section & the private section for its residents. The Vym house type is not very easy to distinguish from the Sysol home, its major differences lying in the windows & internal arrangement. The Izhma Komi, living in sparsely-wooded areas live in chum tents.
The efforts of Stephen of Perm to convert the Komi people to Orthodoxy had allowed the Komi to begin constructing & experimenting with church architecture, creating many churches with the tented-roof style similarly to the constructions happening in Northern Russia & Pomerania. While most churches in the territory of the republic were constructed with wood, select churches & monasteries featured stone construction. The republic had over 430 churches in 1917, but this number has fallen down to just 130, 31 of which are registered under heritage programs.

Clothing

The national dress of the Komi people is quite diverse and has numerous local variants. While men's clothing had remained mostly similar throughout the territories inhabited by the Komi people (excluding the winter costumes of Komi males), women's clothing has more variety, each region having its own distinct clothing type. These differences lie in the embroidery technique, type of fabrics and ornamentation. In general, the traditional clothing of the southern and central Komi closely resembles that of the Northern Russians & other Finno-Ugric groups, while the costume of the Izhma Komi has many common features with the Nenets.

Cuisine

Hunting, gathering and fishing have long been the main source of food for the Komi people, displayed through the dominance of meat, fish, berries & mushrooms in most Komi diets. Meat dishes were more common in the diet of the northern Komi, while dishes utilizing berries were more common in the south. Popular dishes of Komi cuisine are grain pies with fish, various porridges, Serbanka, other sour soups, cold soups based on bread, kvass, etc. The popular Russian dumpling dish pelmeni likely has its origins in the cuisine of the Komi & Udmurt (Permian) peoples, its name ( пельнянь, pel'n'an''') meaning "ear bread" in both languages.

 Folklore and religion
Most Komi myths are related to shamanism and paganism. The most widespread myths are about the creation of the world as a result of the struggle of two gods, Jen (Komi: Ен) and Omöl' (Komi: Омöль). These 2 deities are regarded as creator-gods in the Komi mythos, who created all life in the world (though it was En who would vivify them). As the Komi were gradually Christianized, the depictions of En & Omyol began to mirror those of God & Satan, in which Omyol would be depicted as the latter due to his efforts to hamper En's creation process.

Even with the Christianization of the Komi, there are relatively few Christian legends and tales in the folklore of the Komi, but tales of chudins, who are pagans and flee away from the new order to the forests, have become widespread. Some notable characters from Komi mythology include Jirkap (Йиркап) from Sindor, who is thought by the Komi to have invented skis, Joma (Ёма) who is regarded to be a Komi equivalent to the Baba Yaga & Pera (Пера) who is a character from the tales of the Komi-Permyaks known for his courage.

Information regarding the pre-Christian Komi religion is not well researched, with formal research by Russian ethnologists only beginning during the later half of the 19th century. Klavdij Alekseevich Popov (1874), Alexandr Vasilevich Krasov (1896), and  (1901) all made attempts to reconstruct the ancient religion of the Komi-Zyryans. Nikolai Abramovich Rogov (1858, 1860), Nikolai Dobrotvorsky (1883), Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov (1891), and Vladimir Mikhailovich Yanovich (1903) made reconstructions of the aspects of the Komi religion focusing on the natural world. According to The Life of Saint Stefan, the Bishop of Perm (1897) by Epiphany the Wise, the Komi ancestors had many deities, whose wooden images stood in dedicated cult sanctuaries for higher-ranking deities, while those of domestic deities were kept in Komi dwellings.

 Genetics
The most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Komi is N1c.

A study on north-eastern-European populations, published in March 2013, found that Komi-Zyryans form a distinct pole of genetic diversity.

 See also
Sami people
Nenets people
Indigenous peoples

References

Sources

Further reading

Folktale compilations
 . "Зыряношя Сказки". In: "". Vol. 17, 1908, Tome 2. pp. 232-242.
 Wichmann, Yrjö. Syrjänische Volksdichtung''. Helsinki: Société finno-ougrienne, 1916.

 "Коми народные сказки" [Komi Folk Tales]. Составитель [Compiler]:  [Fëdor Plesovsky]. Сыктывкар: Коми книжное издательство, 1975.

External links

English
 Komi-Izhemtsy against World Bank
 Komi
 Komi Permyak
Finno-Ugric media centre

Russian
 http://uralistica.com/group/komipermians
 Komi Permyak (in language Komi-Permyak)
 Komi Permyak

Permians
Nomadic groups in Eurasia
Indigenous peoples of Europe
Ethnic groups in Russia
Modern nomads
History of Ural

Komi peoples