Leigh Bowery (26 March 1961 – 31 December 1994) was an Australian performance artist, club promoter, and fashion designer. Bowery was known for his flamboyant and outlandish costumes and makeup as well as his (sometimes controversial) performances.

Based in London for much of his adult life, he was a significant model and muse for the English painter Lucian Freud. Bowery's friend and fellow performer Boy George said he saw Bowery's outrageous performances a number of times, and that it "never ceased to impress or revolt".

Early life and early years in London
Bowery was born and raised in Sunshine, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. From an early age, he studied music, played piano, and went on to study fashion and design at RMIT for a year. He moved to London in 1980: 'I was so itchy to see new things and to see the world, that I just left', he said in 1987. There he became part of the New Romantic club scene. He worked in a clothing shop and appeared in commercials for Pepe jeans.

He soon became an influential and lively figure in the underground clubs of London and New York, as well as in art and fashion circles. He attracted attention by wearing wildly outlandish and creative outfits that he made himself. He became friends and roommates with Guy Barnes (known as "Trojan") and David Walls. Bowery created costumes for them to wear, and the trio became known in the clubs as the Three Kings.

In 2005 The National Portrait Gallery of Australia acquired a portrait of Bowery in his infamous fur coat by photographer David Gwinnutt. In 2007 The National Portrait Gallery, London purchased the David Gwinnutt portrait of Leigh Bowery and Trojan (Guy Barnes) which also appears in the Violette Editions book.

Taboo club
He was known as a club promoter, and created the club called Taboo, which began as an underground party, and then opened as a club in 1985. Taboo soon became "the place to be" with long queues for those waiting to get in. Drugs, particularly ecstasy, became a part of the dancing scene for the attendees. The club was known for defying sexual convention, for embracing "polysexualism", for creating a wild atmosphere and for playing unexpected song selections.

Fashion and costume design
As a fashion designer, Bowery had several shows exhibiting his collections in London, New York and Tokyo. He has influenced several designers and artists, and was known for wildly creative costumes, makeup, wigs and headgear, all of which combined to be striking and often kitschy.

He also designed costumes for the Michael Clark Dance Company. When that company performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1987, Bowery won a Bessie Award for his work on No Fire Escape in Hell.

Performance artist
As a performance artist he enjoyed creating the costumes, and often shocking audiences. He first appeared at the Anthony D'Offay Gallery in London in 1988. In a signature performance, he would appear on stage in outlandish drag or other costume, looking huge. He would sing and dance about. Then suddenly, much to the audience's surprise, he would drop onto his back and simulate giving birth to a petite and naked young woman, who was his friend, assistant and later wife Nicola Bateman.

She had been hidden for the first part of the performance by being strapped to Leigh's belly with her face in his crotch. Then she would slip out of her harness and appear to pop out of Bowery's belly along with a lot of stage blood and links of sausages, while Bowery wailed. Bowery would then bite off the umbilical cord and the two would take a bow. Boy George said he saw it a number of times, and that it "never ceased to impress or revolt".

Lucian Freud's model
In London in 1988, Bowery met the noted painter Lucian Freud in his club Taboo. They were introduced by a friend they had in common, the artist Cerith Wyn Evans. Freud had seen Bowery perform at Anthony d'Offay Gallery, in London. In Bowery's first public appearance in the context of fine art, Bowery posed behind a one-way mirror in the gallery dressed in the flamboyant costumes he was known for.

Bowery used his body and manipulation of his flesh to create personas. This involved almost masochistically taping his torso and piercing his cheeks with pins in order to hold masks, as well as wearing outlandish makeup.  Freud said, "the way he edits his body is amazingly aware and amazingly abandoned". In return, Bowery said of Freud: "I love the psychological aspect of his work – in fact, I sometimes felt as if I had been undergoing psychoanalysis with him ... His work is full of tension. Like me, he is interested in the underbelly of things".

Bowery posed for a number of large full-length paintings that are considered among Freud's best work. The paintings tend to exaggerate Bowery's 6-foot 3inch, and 17 stone physique to monumental proportions. The paintings had a strong impact as part of Freud's exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1994. Freud said he found him "perfectly beautiful", and commented, "His wonderfully buoyant bulk was an instrument I felt I could use, especially those extraordinary dancer's legs". Freud noted that Leigh by nature was a shy and gentle man, and his flamboyant persona was in part a form of self-defence.

Jonathan Jones, writing for The Guardian describes Freud's portrait, Leigh Bowery (seated):

Minty

In 1993, Bowery formed the Romo/ art-pop band Minty with friend knitwear designer Richard Torry, Nicola Bateman, and Matthew Glammore.

In November 1994, Minty began a two-week-long show at London's Freedom Cafe, including audience member Alexander McQueen, but it was too much for Westminster City Council, who closed down the show after only one night. This was to be Bowery's last performance. The show was documented by photographer A.M. Hanson with imagery subsequently published in books about Bowery and McQueen.

Minty was a financial loss and represented a low point in Bowery's colourful career. After his death, the band continued under the leadership of Bateman and Glammore up until the release of album Open Wide. This 1997 album was released on Candy Records and featured the singles "Useless Man", "Plastic Bag", "Nothing" and "That's Nice". A spin-off band called The Offset later formed including artist Donald Urquhart.

In 2020, Open Wide was re-issued by Candy Records in association with The state51 Conspiracy, while "Useless Man" received a remix by Boy George and a new promo video directed by Torry and Glammore.

Personal life
Although Bowery was known to be and always described himself as gay, he married his long-time female companion Nicola Bateman on 13 May 1994 in Tower Hamlets, London, in "a personal art performance". Although he had been HIV positive for six years, very few of those who knew him guessed that; he typically explained his public absence by saying he had gone to Papua New Guinea.

His wife did not know that Bowery had the virus until he was admitted to hospital in late November 1994. He died seven months after his marriage, on New Year's Eve 1994 (the date has been disputed by his father, who says he actually died in the early hours of New Year's Day, 1995), from an AIDS-related illness at the Middlesex Hospital, Westminster, London, five weeks after his admission. Lucian Freud paid for Bowery's body to be repatriated to Australia.

Taboo, the musical
Boy George was the creative force, the lyricist and performer in the musical Taboo, which was loosely based on Bowery's club. The musical was produced in 2002 on the West End in London, and then opened on Broadway. As a performer, Boy George played Bowery.

In an interview conducted by Mark Ronson for Interview Magazine Boy George said that Bowery would sometimes speak with a posh English accent, and one didn't always know if he was sincere or mocking: He seemed to be "in character" at all times. Bowery decorated his flat in a style that was similar to the way he dressed, with Star Trek-themed wallpaper, mirrors and a large piano. He was a ringleader of misbehaviour, and with his club, he created a place where there were no rules. In the clubs at the peak of his fame, he would distort his body in various ways so that he would appear deformed, or pregnant or with breasts. Bowery once said, "Flesh is my most favourite fabric".

In popular culture
Bowery influenced other artists and designers including Meadham Kirchhoff, Alexander McQueen, Lucian Freud, Vivienne Westwood, Boy George, Antony and the Johnsons, Lady Gaga, John Galliano, Scissor Sisters, David LaChapelle, Lady Bunny, Acid Betty, Shea Couleé, and Charles Jeffrey plus numerous Nu-Rave bands and nightclubs in London and New York City.

Bowery was the main inspiration for the Tranimal drag movement, which emphasised an animalistic and post-modern take on drag.

Bowery was the subject of a contemporary dance, physical theatre and circus show in August 2018 at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, put on by Australian choreographer Andy Howitt.

Publications
 Leigh Bowery Verwandlungskünstler, editor Angela Stief, published by Piet Meyer Verlag, Vienna, (2015);
 Leigh Bowery Looks, by Leigh Bowery, Fergus Greer, published by Thames & Hudson Ltd; New Ed edition (2005);
 Leigh Bowery Looks by Leigh Bowery, Fergus Greer, published by Violette Editions (2006);
 Leigh Bowery, Violette Editions, London, (1998),

Discography

Minty

Album
 Open Wide (Candy Records, CAN 2LP/CAN 2CD, LP/CD, 1997)

Singles

All singles also included multiple remixes of the lead tracks.

The Offset

Compilation album
The Offset Presents Minty – It's A Game - Part I (Poppy Records, POPPYCD6, 1997)

Partial videography
 Hail the New Puritan (1985–6), Charles Atlas
 Generations of Love (1990), Baillie Walsh for Boy George
 Unfinished Sympathy (1991), Art Director for Massive Attack single
 Teach (1992), Charles Atlas
 A Smashing Night Out (1994), Matthew Glamorre
 Death in Vegas (1994), Mark Hasler
 Performance at Fort Asperen (1994)
 Flour (single screen version) (1995), Angus Cook
 U2: Popmart - Live from Mexico City (1997), Dancer during 'Lemon Mix'
 Read Only Memory (estratto) (1998), John Maybury
 "Wigstock: The documentary" (1995), Lady Bunny

See also
 Club Kids

References

Further reading
 Posthumous New York exhibition prospectus

 (IMDB) The Legend of Leigh Bowery, directed by Charles Atlas. 2002, USA/France, 88 mins duration

 Leigh Bowery by Robert Violette, published by Violette Editions (London, July 1998).

Audio
 An extended extract (72 minutes) of a 1989 audio interview

Video
 BBC Clothes Show excerpt with Leigh Bowery
 Donut Party hosted by Michael Alig at Twin Donuts with many New York Club regulars including Isaac Mizrahi
  Bowery footage by UK fashion photographer Nick Knight on SHOWstudio.com
 "The Legend of Leigh Bowery – Full Movie"

External links

1961 births
1994 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in England
Australian emigrants to England
Australian fashion designers
Australian male models
Australian performance artists
Body art
Gay models
Australian LGBT models
Australian LGBT entertainers
LGBT fashion designers
People educated at Melbourne High School
20th-century Australian male actors
Models from Melbourne
Australian contemporary artists
Australian gay artists
Muses
Romo
20th-century Australian male artists
20th-century Australian LGBT people
People from Sunshine, Victoria

Leigh Bowery


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Vandar Adg of the Blood Tribe, more widely known as Vandal Savage, is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is said to be a Cro-Magnon warrior who gained immortality and advanced healing abilities after encountering a strange meteorite during prehistoric times. For over 50,000 years, he plagues the Earth as a villain and occasional conqueror, sometimes using different names but most often calling himself Vandal Savage. He is a brilliant and sadistic tactician with immense knowledge in various sciences and forms of combat, able to fight effectively despite not having any superhuman powers beyond his ability to survive and heal from lethal wounds. Throughout history, his most frequent enemies are immortal or reincarnating heroes such as Immortal Man, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, and Resurrection Man. He is also a recurring foe of the Justice Society and the Justice League and occasionally works as a member of super-villain organizations such as the Injustice Society and the Legion of Doom.

The character made his live-action debut in the Arrowverse crossover event "Heroes Join Forces" between the television series The Flash and Arrow, played by Casper Crump. Crump later reprised the role in the television series Legends of Tomorrow.

Publication history
Vandal Savage first appeared during the Golden Age of Comic Books in Green Lantern #10 (December 1943), created by writer Alfred Bester and artist Martin Nodell. In the story, he has pointed, demonic ears and reveals he is a million-year-old Cro-Magnon man who was made ageless when he was exposed to gas from an exploding meteor. The story ends when the Green Lantern (Alan Scott) causes Savage to fall into a seemingly bottomless pit. Four years later, he made his second appearance in All Star Comics #37 (1947), wherein he was recruited to join the original Injustice Society, a team of villains that battled the Justice Society of America. The story featured Savage targeting Hawkman, who decades later would be established as one of Savage's most frequent enemies.

During the Silver Age of Comic Books, DC rebooted its universe of superheroes, altering some character histories while also creating new versions of familiar characters. The Silver Age version of the Flash (Barry Allen) and his contemporaries were later said to live in the universe of Earth-One. The Golden Age Flash, Golden Age Green Lantern, and the Justice Society of America were retroactively said to be inhabitants of Earth-Two, where their stories took place. This made Vandal Savage an inhabitant of Earth-Two as well.

Sixteen years after his second comic book story, Vandal Savage returned in The Flash #137 (June 1963). This comic established he was closer to 50 thousand years old than 1 million years old, and also revealed that his original name had been Vandar Adg. After this, he became a recurring enemy to the heroes of Earth-Two and Earth-One, sometimes crossing the dimensional barrier between the two realities. Frequently, he battled the Flashes and Superman. In Action Comics #515-516 (1981), the story indicated Vandal Savage was no longer just ageless but could also heal from any physical injury, even near disintegration. The story shows Savage seemingly reduced to ash by a meteorite, but Superman concludes the villain will still return. In Action Comics #542 (1983), this is proven correct, and Savage reveals his body was able to heal and reform even from near total destruction.

Two years after Vandal Savage's return to comics in the Silver Age, Strange Adventures #177 (1965) introduced a hero called the Immortal Man. Whenever the Immortal Man died or was killed, his powerful amulet allowed him to quickly materialize in a new body elsewhere on Earth, without having to literally be born again and with his memories intact. The Immortal Man initially appeared in four stories, then disappeared from comics for seventeen years. He returned in a two-part story in Action Comics #552–553 (1984), written by Marv Wolfman with art by Gil Kane. In this story, it was said the Immortal Man and Vandal Savage were archenemies across history and had been since before they had gained their powers. The Immortal Man's amulet was also revealed to be a piece of the same meteorite that made Savage immortal. The same story featured the Immortal Man forming a team of Forgotten Heroes to fight Savage.

During the crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Immortal Man seemingly died, giving up his reincarnation energy to help save reality. As a result of this crossover, the histories of Earth-One and Earth-Two were merged and revised into a new, unified DC Universe, altering some character histories in the process. The crossover was followed by History of the DC Universe, a two-part mini-series intended to establish the basic history of the new timeline (although within a few years, several parts of it were already dismissed and contradicted by new stories). History of the DC Universe #1 established for the first time that Vandar Adg's people were known as the Blood Tribe (while the Immortal Man came from the Bear Tribe). The same issue showed that the meteor which made Vandal Savage immortal also enhanced his intelligence and altered his body, explaining why he resembled a modern Homo sapiens when other stories claimed he was originally Cro-Magnon.

Over time, new revelations were made about Vandal Savage, such as the fact that he kept track of his children and descendants in case he needed to harvest them for organs and replacement parts, since his ability to heal has weakened over time. The comic book series Resurrection Man said Savage and the Immortal Man were not made immortal by radiation or gases from the meteorite they encountered but by sub-atomic robots it carried called "tektites" that entered their bloodstreams. The same comic book series revealed that along with the Immortal Man, Savage has also regularly fought Mitchell Shelley, the Resurrection Man, across history. Likewise, it was revealed that Vandal Savage had regularly fought the reincarnating heroes Hawkman and Hawkgirl across many of their lives, sometimes being responsible for their deaths. The crossover Final Crisis depicts characters believing Vandal Savage is the inspiration for the story of Cain from the Bible.

In 2011, DC rebooted its history again with the New 52 timeline. In the New 52 series Demon Knights, it was said that Vandal Savage worked alongside several heroes and warriors during the Dark Ages, fighting evil rather than causing it. During these days, Savage is a mirthful, often drunk warrior who enjoys a fight as a break from boredom. In 2016, DC Rebirth restored much of the Pre-New 52 history while making some new changes. The 2017 comic book Dark Days: The Forge and the 2018 series The Immortal Men established that Vandal Savage and the Immortal Man were part of a larger group of primitive humans who all became immortal as a result of encountering the meteor, the Council of Immortals.

Fictional character biography

Pre-Crisis
In his debut story, Vandal Savage has pointed ears, possibly demonic ears, but this is not seen again in subsequent stories. Vandal Savage manipulates the Green Lantern and his secret identity Alan Scott into helping his schemes, later revealing he knows they are the same person. Vandal Savage explains that he is "one million years old" and was once a Cro-Magnon man who was the chief of his tribe. When a meteor exploded above him, strange gases affected him. He was left in a comatose state for months, then woke up as an immortal "barring accidents", no longer aging but still vulnerable to injury. Savage does not reveal his original name to the Green Lantern, but claims that over the years he has lived under many identities, including an ancient king of Sumer, the Egyptian architect Cheops, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Khan. When he realized he could still die from injury, he decided to no longer act as a public man of power and instead would serve as an advisor to powerful leaders such as Napoleon, gaining resources and political influence while others could be the target for assassination. Now in the modern-day, he wishes to become a powerful figure in the government and war industry. In the end, he is defeated when Green Lantern opens a seemingly bottomless pit beneath him, causing him to fall out of sight.

Years later, he is revealed to be alive and recruited to the original incarnation of the Injustice Society, a group dedicated to defeating the heroic Justice Society of America. During this adventure, he targets and captures JSA member Hawkman. The Justice Society proves victorious, however, and Vandal Savage is imprisoned.

By the early 1950s, the Justice Society members largely retire. Years later, Jay Garrick, the Flash (a founding member of the Justice Society), is visited by Barry Allen, the Flash of a parallel universe and a founding member of the Justice League. Barry designates his own home as Earth-One and the world of the Justice Society and Injustice Society as Earth-Two.

After 16 years of prison, Vandal Savage has his freedom again and lures the Justice Society members out of retirement, capturing them. He accidentally attracts the attention of Barry Allen, who aids the older heroes against the villain. As a result of the adventure, the Justice Society decides to return to semi-active duty. Starting in this same story, Vandal Savage is now said to be 50,000 years old rather than one million, and his original name is revealed to be Vandar Adg. The stories now say the meteor that mutated him did so through radiation rather than exotic gases, and that it did not actually explode but warped through space and time. A later story reveals that a fragment of the same radioactive meteor is recovered by a caveman named Klarn of the Bear Tribe, an enemy of Vandar Adg, who then makes it into an amulet. With this amulet, Klarn gains a unique reincarnation ability; every time he is killed or died, he quickly reappears elsewhere on Earth in a new body, fully clothed, and with his memories of all past lives intact. Becoming one of Savage's most frequent enemies over the millennia, he is known to many as the Immortal Man.

Following his failure to hold the Justice Society prisoner, Vandal Savage realizes he is not only aging but completely losing his immortality. He learns that the meteor that made him immortal in the first place did not explode into ash as he thought but actually warped through space and time, crossing through dimensions and into Limbo. Savage manipulates Jay Garrick and Barry Allen into helping him free the meteor back into Earth's atmosphere, hoping another exposure will recharge his immortality. Instead, it seemingly destroys him. Since Savage was shifting between the dimensions of Earth-One and Earth-Two just before the meteor impacted with him, he is now stuck in a partial existence between both worlds, only able to achieve tangibility in one while only being a shadow form in the other. He also temporarily gains the ability to project messages and images into the minds of others. Though he regains his full state of physical being later and returns to Earth-Two, he still fails to regain his immortality. Later on, he uses the Superman of Earth-Two as a power source to recharge his immortality. Savage hopes to also take all of Superman's power, but Earth-Two's heroes arrive and foil the scheme.

Later on, Savage, once again immortal, alters the history of Earth-One so that he has been its ruler for centuries, with Superman serving as his trusted enforcer. Realizing Savage is actually a cruel leader who censors news media so only good things are said about his rule, Superman joins the rebellion against the villain and then restores the original history. Traveling back in time to when he first gained his power, Savage is seemingly destroyed by the radiation of the meteor that made him immortal. Later, his body rebuilds itself from the ash, either due to his healing always being this powerful or because the meteor's radiation temporarily enhanced his immortal abilities. Deciding to conquer the world through technology, Savage remains on modern-day Earth-One and creates the technological research corporation Abraxas in Metropolis, pretending to be an altruistic scientist and businessman while secretly continuing his plans for conquest and battling Superman. Later on, the Immortal Man (having apparently relocated to Earth-One) recruits a team of Forgotten Heroes to combat Savage's schemes.

During the Crisis on Infinite Earths, when the Multiverse is in danger of being destroyed, Vandal Savage tries to take advantage of the chaos alongside many other villains. Several villains and heroes die during the Crisis, and the Immortal Man sacrifices himself to protect Earth, seemingly exhausting his reincarnation energy.

Post-Crisis
As a result of the "Crisis", several universes merged into one single timeline, creating a new version of history where the Justice Society and Justice League had always lived on the same Earth, with one team forming decades after the other. In this new history, Savage is still originally a Cro-Magnon warrior called Vandar Adg, now said to have been leader of the Blood Tribe. The Post-Crisis version of Savage is more bloodthirsty, and it is suggested by some that he is the first cannibal on record in human history. As with the Silver Age stories, the meteor that made him immortal is one that travels by warping through space and time, now specifically said to have originated from the future. Savage eventually learns the meteor didn't empower him through radiation but by infecting him with sub-atomic robots it carried called "tektites". These tektites make him ageless and able to heal from great damage and lethal wounds, while also increasing his intelligence, making him more human in form, and increasing his strength, reflexes, resiliency to injury, and tolerance to pain. The Immortal Man is still present at Savage's origin, and still fashions an amulet from a piece of the meteor. It is now said the presence of tektites in both their bodies allows the two enemies to sense each other and sometimes be drawn to each other.

Though he is unaware of it at the time, Vandar Adg had intestinal cancer when he was made immortal. This affects the cancer cells as well, preserving them and making them unable to be removed. Throughout the centuries, the cancer causes Savage great bouts of pain and discomfort.

Along with the Immortal Man, Savage makes enemies of many across history, including the early human Anthro and the immortal mystic known as the Phantom Stranger. At different points in history, Savage faces Batman due to the hero becoming temporarily lost wandering through time as a result of the Final Crisis. Similarly, Savage often fights the time traveler Rip Hunter and his allies across the millennia. As he grows older, Savage realizes he has three human enemies who constantly reincarnate, though unlike the Immortal Man they do so in the traditional sense, needing to literally be reborn as children again following each death. Two of these enemies are known as Prince Khufu and his wife Chay-Ara in their original lives, fated to meet each other and fall in love in all subsequent lives. In the early 20th century, they are reborn as Carter Hall and Shiera Saunders, Hawkman and Hawkgirl. Vandal Savage compares the two reincarnating Hawk heroes to cockroaches. Savage's other reincarnating enemy is a man named Mitchell Shelley, who is reborn time and time again and usually recalls the events of his past lives, leading him to essentially becoming the same person time and time again. In many lives, Shelley fights Vandal Savage, becoming his most frequent enemy next to the Immortal Man.

Vandal Savage claims to have been several noteworthy figures of history, but it has been shown that at least some of these boasts are false, a means of taking credit and seeming more important. At times he enjoys being a soldier for glory or a minor conqueror. More often, unwilling to test how much damage his immortality can repair, he is content to be an advisor behind the scenes. While temporarily living in ancient Atlantis, the center of magic on Earth, Savage founds a secret society known as the Children of the Light. This organization helps topple the power of Atlantis. Before the continent sinks, Savage's followers leave and spread across Earth, becoming known as the Illuminati. Savage serves as its secret leader for many years. In Ancient Egypt, Savage is known as Khafre and makes an enemy of Nabu, who will one day merge with a human host to become the superhero Doctor Fate.

As superheroes rise in the modern-day, Savage believes he has found enemies worthy of fighting directly. This leads him to confront Green Lantern (Alan Scott) in the 1940s, and then join the Injustice Society to fight the hero's comrades. When he later decides the Justice Society of America have become too formidable, Vandal Savage uses his influence on several senators to shut the heroes down. In 1951, the House Un-American Activities Committee openly questions if the JSA members are secret spies and Communists, pressuring them to reveal their identities and serve the U.S. government. The JSA choose to retire instead, which Savage considers a victory as it means an end to widespread superhero activity for decades.

At some point after the retirement of the JSA, Vandal Savage fathers a daughter whom he names Scandal. As with many children he has had over the centuries, Vandal dismisses any notions of love or affection towards Scandal. However, he comes to admire her warrior spirit and talent for violence, leading him to protect her at times in the hopes that she will one day provide an even more formidable heir whom he can use.

Many years later, the debut of Superman leads to the Modern Age of Superheroes. The Justice League forms and Vandal Savage winds up opposing them. By this time, Savage has begun funding clandestine terrorist organizations and advanced scientific research, both to increase his resources and due to his realizing his immortality is weaker than it used to be. Savage starts tracking down his descendants to rely on them for organ transplants if he needs them, as his body now has a harder time regenerating full organs if they are too greatly damaged. Related to this, he funds research into cloning.

Wally West, the latest hero to be called the Flash, realizes Vandal Savage is hiding under the alias of Burt Villers, an art dealer. The two have a brief battle. Soon afterward, one of Savage's scientific projects leads to the creation of Velocity 9, a highly-addictive drug that imbues a person with superhuman speed. Savage releases this drug to criminals who then perform high-speed crimes, but the Velocity 9 causes accelerated aging and severe strokes. The Velocity 9 scheme is thwarted by Wally West. Later on, Wally's friend and fellow Teen Titans founder Roy Harper (known as Arsenal) is revealed to be one of Savage's descendants.

Soon after the Crisis on Infinite Earths, Savage captures the Immortal Man. He then funds the Lab, a group attempting to recreate the tektites that make the villain immortal. The Lab experiments on blood samples taken from both Savage and the Immortal Man, hoping to understand the sub-atomic technology. By this time, Mitchell "Mitch" Shelley has reincarnated, now living as a lawyer in Viceroy, South Carolina. Though suffering from visions and dreams of his past lives, Shelley is unable to learn the full truth of his past before he is targeted for death by enemies. Though he survives, he wanders the streets, brain-damaged and amnesiac. Later, he is coincidentally kidnapped by the Lab, as Savage's organization is now testing its tektite technology by injecting it into homeless people and seeing if they survive lethal injuries. Shelley's ability to reincarnate and remember his past lives seems to interact with the tektites, turning him into a Resurrection Man. Now whenever he is killed, he always returns, and each time he does so he possesses a different additional super-power. After escaping the Lab, Shelley's memories return in part, and he recalls his long-time rivalry with Vandal Savage. With the Forgotten Heroes, Shelley confronts Savage and learns the Immortal Man has been his prisoner for years. When a tektite-empowered creature emerges from a time-warp, apparently from the same source that produced the meteor that gave Vandal Savage and Immortal Man their power years ago, it causes chaos and starts to disrupt reality. Shelley, Immortal Man, and Savage join forces against the creature. In the end, the Immortal Man uses his own tektite field to overload the creature's own technology, killing them both in the process.

When the now-adult founding members of the Teen Titans decide to reform the group under the name the Titans, they soon interfere with one of Vandal Savage's schemes. To counter them, Savage creates his own team of villains known as Tartarus (the mythological prison of the ancient Titans). The members include the Red Panzer, Gorilla Grodd, Lady Vic, Siren, and Cheshire (both an enemy of the Titans and the mother of Roy Harper's child Lian). Tartarus targets Adeline Wilson, a leader of the terrorist group the H.I.V.E., to use her blood for a new immortality serum. Before the Titans can stop him, Savage slits Wilson's throat. The Red Panzer dies in the subsequent battle. Savage then shoots Cheshire, distracting the Titans as he and his other recruits escape. The Titans then rescue their old teammate Omen from Tartarus and the tide is turned after the Siren changes sides. The villain group disbands.

Soon before the events of Infinite Crisis, Vandal Savage joins the newly reorganized Secret Society of Super Villains (now simply calling itself "the Society"). Meanwhile, his now-adult daughter Scandal Savage joins the newest group to call itself the Secret Six, a team that opposes the Society's agenda. Savage later reveals that he believes Scandal and her Secret Six teammate the Catman would produce a suitable and formidable heir. Scandal, however, is romantically involved with the woman Knockout. Seeing this as defiance, Savage threatens Knockout and the team.

Vandal Savage becomes leader of a doomsday cult and endows his followers with a variety of superhuman abilities thanks to a serum based on his own blood (though they lose these abilities without regular injections). His recruit Fantasia then casts illusions to trick the Flash into bringing Savage an alien "Summoner" device. Deciding that the planet is overpopulated and no longer an enjoyable place for him to live, Savage intends to use the Summoner to force the Thanatos asteroid to crash to Earth, causing an apocalypse event and "thinning out the herd" of the human race. The Flash reverses the effect of the device, pushing the asteroid away, but then Savage leaps into the path of the beam, believing he will gain greater power from the asteroid just as a meteor once gave him power before. As he is sent to the asteroid, he declares that he will protect the Flash and his family and heirs as thanks for Wally West's help in his achievement of new power. As Savage vanishes, his followers are rounded up and their abilities fade. Savage's immortality allows him to survive on the meteor and he later returns to Earth by "hitching a ride" on a comet that is headed in that direction.

A story in JSA: Classified #10-13 depicts Savage with his immortality and regenerative abilities now drained and suffering from a brain tumor. Believing he will die soon, Savage decides to try one last act of revenge against Alan Scott, the first superhero he ever fought and his first true enemy of the modern era. When this fails, Savage consumes a clone of himself to restore his power, at least temporarily. This story claims Savage no longer has descendants to harvest for survival and says he is only 37,000 years old, both of which contradict comics published before and afterward, leaving the story's place in canon questionable.

Savage later returns as the mastermind behind a group of superhuman Neo-Nazis called the Fourth Reich, targeting the heirs of several Golden Age superheroes. They kill the heroes Minute-Man, General Glory, and Mister America, along with their families. The Fourth Reich kills nearly all of Commander Steel's family. The battle ends when the Fourth Reich is defeated and Savage is struck down by a fire truck.

Final Crisis
In Final Crisis: Revelations, the Order of the Stone (who worship Cain from the Bible) comes in possession of the Spear of Destiny, a magical item which Hitler once used to keep superheroes from entering Nazi-occupied territories. They plunge the Spear of Destiny into Savage's body, causing the spirit of Cain to be reborn in him. Using the Spear, Savage/Cain separates the Spectre, the Spirit of Vengeance, from his human host, then enslaves him. Savage/Cain's plans are undone by Renee Montoya, the vigilante known as the Question, who manages to steal the Spear and reunite the Spectre with his host. The Spectre sentences Savage to walk the Earth, unable to disguise the Mark of Cain on his face, to be reviled and denied rest until God says otherwise.

The superhero team known as the Outsiders meet a group calling themselves the Insiders, members of Savage's tribe who were also exposed to the power of the meteor he encountered, all gaining immortality as a result. The Insiders seek out meteorite fragments of the original meteor, while Savage forms a temporary alliance with the near-immortal terrorist cult leader Ra's al Ghul to thwart the group. By this time, Savage begins to believe he is in fact the Biblical figure Cain. He succeeds in ridding himself of the Mark of Cain by passing it on to the Question. Montoya then removes the Mark of Cain from herself simply by acknowledging her flaws and shortcomings, a feat Vandal Savage could never consider.

The New 52
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Vandal Savage gained immortality and superhuman strength by encountering a small meteorite that broke off from a radioactive comet that passed by Earth. Savage later learns that this meteor nearly struck Krypton before, but was deflected by an ancestor of Superman's. During the Dark Ages and the time of King Arthur, Savage joins with Etrigan the Demon, Madame Xanadu, and the Shining Knight to form the Demon Knights, fighting powerful forces that threaten humanity. Savage himself does this not out of altruism but to avoid boredom and test his might.

In the modern day, the series DC Universe Presents presents Savage as an imprisoned serial killer who claims he is ancient and that his murders were sacrifices to forgotten gods. His daughter Kassandra "Kass" Sage is an FBI agent who consults him on a case. In this timeline, Savage is also the father of Angelo Bend, whom he later kills (although Angelo appears again without explanation as the Angle Man).

Savage is later depicted as a villain free of imprisonment. After Superman's identity is exposed and he finds himself losing his powers, Superman eventually learns that Savage is responsible for his power drain after somehow infecting Superman with a form of radiation that hinders his body's ability to absorb sunlight. After capturing most of the Justice League and stealing Superman's Fortress of Solitude, Savage reveals that the comet which empowered him before will be passing by Earth again, and he intends to collect it with the aid of some of his mortal descendants, all of whom gain power as the comet approaches. Reaching the comet, he gains greater power and attempts to recruit Superman to his side after Superman is able to cure himself of the radiation inhibiting his powers through a risky form of kryptonite "chemotherapy". Rejecting Savage's offer, Superman sends the comet away, causing Savage to revert to his default form and power level.

DC Rebirth
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called DC Rebirth, which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". In the new history, Vandal Savage is one of a group of five people who are made immortal by a radioactive meteorite that fell to Earth many thousands of years before recorded history. This group becomes the Council of Immortals, hoping to shape the human race from the shadows. Each of these immortals, including Savage, can share their ability to stop aging with others, creating many followers down through the centuries.

In the modern day, Vandal Savage attempts to create a new Injustice Gang, but his plans are thwarted by Lex Luthor, who decides to form his own Legion of Doom. Luthor then seemingly beats Savage to death with a doorknob made from a piece of the Totality, the oldest energy source in existence, and one of the few things that could successfully kill the immortal cave man.

When Hawkman and Hawkgirl recount their time with the Justice Society and the day that they fought the Injustice Society, Vandal Savage was seen as a member of the Injustice Society. Hawkgirl faced off against Vandal Savage. After Brain Wave unleashes a powerful psychic attack that knocks everyone down, Per Degaton and Vandal Savage prepare to finish off Hawkman and Hawkgirl. Hawkman and Hawkgirl throw their maces enough for them to collide. This enables the Justice Society to turn the tables against the Injustice Society.

Thanks to the conclusion of Dark Nights: Death Metal, Vandal Savage has been restored to the present day, becoming a member of the joint hero/villain collaboration on the space station "The Totality".

Powers and abilities
Vandal Savage's long life has allowed him to become a master of hand-to-hand combat, an expert in military tactics and a variety of weapons, and familiar with many cultures, languages, and fields of science. His choice of weaponry changes depending on the battle. Sometimes he employs swords, knives, and maces, while other times he wields advanced technology, such as energy-based weapons, a suit that allows him limited flight, or a pen-sized sonic device that can immobilize people with super-speed.

In the original Golden Age and Silver Age stories, Vandal Savage was ageless but could still die by injury, which is the traditional definition of immortality. Over time, he began gradually aging and then lost his immortality completely in the twentieth century before finding a way to regain it. For a brief time when he existed out of phase with his home dimension of Earth-Two, Savage was able to mentally project messages and images.

Starting in the 1980s, Savage was depicted not only as ageless but also having superhuman healing abilities, meaning his body could repair itself from lethal damage and destruction. He also exhibited greater strength, speed, reflexes, resiliency to injury, and tolerance to pain than the average human being. In the 1990s, it was revealed that the source of his power was not radiation-induced mutation but a colony of sub-atomic robots called "tektites" inhabiting his bloodstream and cells. These tektites work to preserve and rebuild his body by any means necessary. Over time, this immortality has weakened, and Savage has had to rely on his children, descendants, or clones for organ replacement and blood transfusions. He has also funded research into tektite replication.

Later stories revealed Savage had intestinal cancer when he acquired his immortality. The regenerative power that keeps him alive also keeps the cancerous cells from being removed. Throughout his life, this causes Savage intermittent bouts of pain.

Savage's blood can be used to create a serum that can imbue another person with superhuman powers. The nature of these superhuman abilities is unpredictable. The powers cannot be maintained without regular injections of the serum. Following DC Rebirth, it is indicated that Savage's blood can also be used to make another person ageless.

During the Final Crisis crossover event, Savage bore the metaphysical "Mark of Cain" on his face. Though the mark could vanish if the bearer recognized their own shortcomings and flaws, Savage did not realize this and passed it on to another person.

In the New 52 timeline, Savage was mutated by radiation from a passing comet, one which had almost destroyed the planet Krypton years before. This gave him not only immortality and advanced healing, but also superhuman strength. When Savage later encountered the comet again, his proximity to it increased his power, giving him flight, organic armor, and an energy field of an unknown nature. When the comet was destroyed, Savage apparently lost these extra abilities.

Children
Over the millennia, Savage has occasionally fathered children and has many descendants alive on earth. One such descendant is Roy Harper. Savage's more recent children who still live include: his daughter Scandal Savage (the only one of his children he considers his true heir) and Cliff DeWitt, who helps run the clandestine organization known as the Lab (which gave the Resurrection Man his powers). The demon Grendel, famously known for his role in the story of Beowulf, is also apparently a child of Vandal Savage. Grendel refers to Savage as "Cain", a reference to the first murderer in the Bible.

The New 52 version of Vandal Savage also fathered Kassidy Sage, an FBI agent, and Angelo Bend, the villain known as the Angle Man.

Other versions

DC One Million
In the crossover storyline DC One Million, a version of Vandal Savage was alive in a possible version of the 853rd century. This Savage was noticeably older than his 20th-century counterpart, his body no longer truly ageless. He also now had a much harder time healing his body, being unable to regrow or replace a lost eye. This version of Savage was later permanently killed by a nuclear explosion.

Star Trek/Legion of Super-Heroes
Savage appears in the Star Trek/Legion of Super-Heroes crossover, co-published by DC Comics and IDW Publishing in 2011. In the six-issue miniseries, the crew of the USS Enterprise join forces with the Legion of Super-Heroes after they are both accidentally thrown into an alternate timeline. The miniseries reveals that Vandal Savage and Flint, a mysterious immortal encountered by James T. Kirk and his crew, are actually parallel universe versions of the same person. While one version adopted the name Vandal Savage and dedicated himself to conquest, the other version adopted the name Flint and turned his life towards art and science. In this timeline, Savage/Flint has adopted the name "Emperor Vandar the First", having somehow captured Q in the distant past and harnessed the entity's power for Vandar's own ends. When Kirk's senior staff and some of the Legion find themselves in Vandar's version of the 23rd century, they split into teams to confront Vandar in the present and find the source of his power in the past. Learning of Vandar's history, Kirk dismisses him as a stupid caveman who spent millennia with god-like power but lacks the imagination to do anything more with it than kill, torture and conquer anything he doesn't understand, affirming that he doesn't truly understand the hope that drives the worlds of Starfleet and the Legion. Back in the past, Brainiac and Spock are able to release Q from imprisonment and thus undo the timeline where Vandar became emperor of humanity.

The Multiversity
In Grant Morrison's 2014 miniseries The Multiversity, a version of Vandal Savage appeared who was not only immortal, but also an inter-dimensional pirate. This Savage operated on Earth-40, a world that resembled the 1930s but with greater technology, where the population was ruled over by pulp fiction-style villains. Along with his allies, Savage invades Earth-20, a counterpart to Earth-40 where pulp fiction-style heroes led by Doc Fate protect the population. Doc Fate's allies included a version of the Immortal Man, who in this reality was Anthro (an early Homo sapiens in the mainstream DC Universe).

In other media

Television

 Writers Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo expressed interest in featuring Vandal Savage in The Flash had the series been picked up for a second season.
 Vandal Savage appears in Justice League, voiced by Phil Morris. This version is approximately twenty-five thousand years old. In the three-part episode "The Savage Time", he attempts to use future technology to help Nazi Germany win World War II so he can eventually conquer the world, only to be thwarted by the time-traveling Justice League and WWII heroes Steve Trevor, the Blackhawks, and the Easy Company. In the two-part episode "Maid of Honor", he resurfaces in the present, passing himself off as his own grandson while attempting to marry Kasnia's princess and take over her country, but is thwarted by the Justice League once more. In the two-part episode "Hereafter", Savage successfully destroyed Earth, but came to regret his actions 30,000 years later. After Superman arrives in his time, Savage helps him return to the present to stop his younger self despite knowing he will be erased from existence.
 A character inspired by Vandal Savage named Curtis Knox appears in the Smallville episode "Cure", portrayed by Dean Cain. Similar to Savage, Knox is a centuries-old immortal who is implied to have lived as Napoleon and Jack the Ripper and been a member of the Nazi Party. Additionally, he was originally referred to as Vandal Savage in the script, but the producers were told by the studio that they could not use that name.
 Vandal Savage appears in Young Justice, voiced by Miguel Ferrer in the first two seasons and subsequently by David Kaye following Ferrer's death. This version is the leader of the Light, Project Cadmus' board of directors, and a Mongolian Cro-Magnon from the Pleistocene who became immortal following an encounter with a cave bear that left him with three claw marks on his face. In the 10th and 13th centuries, Savage encountered and formed alliances with Klarion the Witch Boy and Darkseid respectively and went on to become the ancestor of Nabu and the Homo magi and Atlantean races through his grandson Arion. As of the present, he and Klarion, among others, founded the Light based on a survival of the fittest mentality, with Savage believing that the Justice League is stopping humanity from evolving further.
 Vandal Savage appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Casper Crump. This version originated as Hath-Set, an Egyptian priest who became immortal after being exposed to dark matter ore from Thanagarian meteorites and spent the succeeding millennia reinventing himself as Vandal Savage, hunting Prince Khufu and Priestess Chay-Ara's reincarnations to strengthen himself, and mentoring some of history's greatest conquerors, such as Per Degaton.
 First appearing in the crossover event "Heroes Join Forces", Savage obtains the Staff of Horus and attempts to kill Khufu and Chay-Ara's current reincarnations, Carter Hall and Kendra Saunders, only to be temporarily killed by them, the Flash, the Green Arrow, and the latter pair's allies before Malcolm Merlyn collects Savage's ashes.
 A future incarnation of Savage appears in Legends of Tomorrow. In the first season, he forms an alliance with the Time Masters, who believe he is the only one who can thwart a Thanagarian invasion in 2166. However, rogue Time Master Rip Hunter forms the Legends to kill Savage with a dagger that Chay-Ara was holding before her first reincarnation in retaliation for Savage killing his family. After the Legends kill the Time Masters, Savage attempts to create a temporal paradox by detonating three Thanagarian meteorites in three different time periods, but the radiation renders him and his past selves mortal again. The Legends eventually destroy the meteorites while Saunders permanently kills Savage with the dagger. As of the fourth season, Savage has grown fond of the Legends following his death, respecting their prowess, despite having been sent to Hell.

Film
 Vandal Savage appears in Justice League: Doom, voiced by Phil Morris. This version is Sumatran and formed the Legion of Doom in a failed attempt to kill the Justice League.
 Vandal Savage appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash, voiced again by Phil Morris.
 Vandal Savage appears in Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay, voiced by Jim Pirri. This version previously lived as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Khan. He retrieves a "Get Out Of Hell Free" card under the belief that a metahuman will find a way to kill him despite his immortality, which will lead to him suffering for thousands of years of sin and murder, and tasks Professor Pyg with surgically implanting it in his chest in such a way that any attempt to remove it will kill him instantly and expend its magic. However after a battle with the Suicide Squad, Professor Zoom phases the card out of Savage, killing him in the process.

Video games
 Vandal Savage appears as a vendor and boss in DC Universe Online, voiced by Brian Talbot.
 Vandal Savage, based on the Arrowverse incarnation, appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains via the "DC TV Super-Villains" DLC pack.

Reception
In 2009, Vandal Savage was ranked as IGN's 36th-greatest comic book villain of all time.

References

Time travelers
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics male supervillains
Earth-Two
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with immortality
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
Fictional cannibals
Fictional dictators
Fictional kings
Fictional physicians
Fictional cult leaders
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional prehistoric characters
Golden Age supervillains
Comics characters introduced in 1943
DC Comics Nazis
Fictional characters with cancer
Cultural depictions of Khufu
Depictions of Julius Caesar in comics
Cultural depictions of Genghis Khan
Cave bear
Early European modern humans

Vandal Savage


දැන් භාවිතා කෙරෙන Wi-Fi 6 තාක්ෂණ ප්‍රමිති යෙලැබෙනවාට වඩා වේගවත් සම්බන්ධතාවක් ලබාදිය හැකි Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණ ප්‍රමිතිය දැන් එළි දක්වා තිබේ. එය Wi-Fi 6E වශයෙන් නම් කර තිබේ. මෙහි නවීකරර්ණය, සංඛ්‍යාත ප රාසය ඉහළ නැංවීමයි. Wi-Fi 6 හිදී යොදාගත් ගිගාහ 5ක සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසය මෙමගින් ගිගාහ 6ක් දක්වා වැඩි කර තිබේ.

Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණය
Wi-Fi යනු Wireless Fidelity යන ඉංග්‍රීසි වචන ඇසු රන් ත්සකසා ගත් කෙටි යෙදුමකි. එනම් Wi-Fi යනු රැහැන් රහි ත ජාලයක් හෙවත්ත්වයල නෙට් වරක් එකක් (wireless network) හරහා තොරතුරු පතුරුවා හැරී මේ (විකාශය කිරීමේ) ජාත්‍යන්තර සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණ ප්‍රමිති යකි. මෙහිදී තොරතුරු හුවමාරු වෙනේ සෙලියුලර් දුරකතන, රූපවාහිනි, රේඩියෝ යන්ත්‍ර වැනි උපකරණවල යොදා ගන්නාක් වැනි රේඩියෝ තරංගවලිනි.

මෙසේ Wi-Fi ක්‍රමයට වෙඩි යෝ තරංග සම්ප්‍රේෂණය සඳහා තිබිය යුතු මූලික උපාංගය රවුටරයකි. මෙම රවුටරය, රැහැන් මගින් හෝ රැහැන් රහිතව හෙවත් දුරකතන සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණ ඔස්සේ හෝ අන්තර්ජාලය හා සම්බන්ධ වෙයි. ඉලබා ගන්නා තොරතුරු හෙවත් තිබෙන පරිගණක දත්ත, ඇටෙනා මඟින් රේඩියෝ තරංග බවට හරවනු ලබයි. මේවා ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීම සඳහා පරිගණකයේ හෝ මොබ යිල් උපාංගයේ තිබිය යුතු දෘඩා ගය Wi-Fi ඇඩැප්ටරයකි. මෙය එකෝ යූඑස්බී ඇඩැප්ටරයකි. නැත්නම් පීසී කාඩ් එකකි. එසේ ත් නැත්නම් ෆෝන් වැනි මොබයිල් උපාංගයේ ඇති සන් නිවේදන චිපයකි.

Wi-Fi 6E
මුල් කාලයේ ගිගා හර 2.4ක්ව පැවැති මෙම සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසය, වසර 1999දී ගිගා හර්ස් 5ක් දක් වා වැඩි කළාට පසුව එය පසු ගිය වසර විස්ස පුරාම එසේම පැවතුණා මිස තවදුරටත් වැඩි කළේ නොවේ. එබැවින් Wi-Fi සංඛ්‍යාත පරාස ඉහළ නැංවීම අ තින් ගත් විටද, එය Wi-Fi වේ ගයට බලපාන නිසා Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණයේ දියුණු කිරීම අතින් ගත් විටද, මෙය වසර විස්සකට පසුව Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණය අලළා කළ දැවැන්තම දියුණු කිරීමයි. මෙසේ සංඛ්‍යාත පරාස ඉහළ නැවීම නිසා Wi-Fi සම්බන්ධ තාවේ වේගය ඉහළ යන තරම කෙතරම් දැයි යන්න සාමාන්‍ය නිදසුනක් ඇසුරෙන් පැහැදිලි කළ හැක. මංතීරු දෙකක් ඇති මාර්ගයක ගමන් කරන වාහන සියල්ල මං තීරු අටත මාර්ගය කට පිවිසියා යැයි සිතන්න. එවිට මාර්ග තදබදය බොහෝ සෙයින් අඩුවෙන නිසා වාහනවලට නි යමිත වේගයෙන්ම බාධාවකින් තොරව ගමන් කළ හැක. එනම් මෙය Wi-Fi දත්ත සම්ප්‍රේෂණ යේ වේගය හා ගැළපූ විට කලින් ට වඩා වැඩි උපාංග ගණනකට වේවත් සම්බන්ධතාවක් ලබා දීමට අලුත් ප්‍රමිතිය ඉවහල් වෙයි.

මේ වසර මුල පටන් ඉදිරියට ලොව පුරා භාවිතා වෙනු ඇත්තේ මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය නිසා, ඉදිරි කාල යේදී නිෂ්පාදනය කරන Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණය භාවිතා කළ හැකි උප පාංග සියල්ල මෙම ප්‍රමිතියට අනුව නිපදවෙනු ඇති.

Wi-Fi හොට්ස්පොට්
මෙසේ අන්තර්ජාල සමග රැහැන් වලින් සම්බන්ධ වූ රවුටරයක ති බෙන ඇටෙනාවක් එකේ කාමරයක් තුළ පිහිටුවන්නට පු එවන. නැතහොත් එළිමහනක පිහිටුවන්නත් පුළුවන. ඒ කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙම රවුටරයෙන් තරංග සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කරන හා ලබා ගන් නා බල ප්‍රදේශයක් තිබේ. මේ බල ප්‍රදේශයේ ඇති Wi-Fi සම්බන් ධය ලබා ගත හැකි තැන් hotspots නම් වේ. එනම් Wi-Fi ඇඩැප්ටරයක් සහිත ලැප්ටොප් පරිගණකයක් හෝ වෙනත් මොබයිල් උපාංග යක් හෝ රැගෙන යනෙක්ට වයර්ලස් අන්තර්ජාල සම්බන්ධය ලබා ගන්නට අවශ්‍ය නම් මෙ වැනි Wi-Fi හොට්ස්පොට් එ කකට ඇතුළු විය යුතුය.

Wi-Fi හොට්ස්පොට් එකක් සිසාරා විසිරී පැතිරී තිබෙන රේ ඩියෝ තරංග ජංගම දුරකතන, වෝකි ටෝකි, රූපවාහිනි යන්ත්‍ර යනාදිය හුවමාරු කරන රේඩියෝ තරංග වුවත්, මේවායේ සංඛ්‍යා තය ඒ හැමටම වඩා ඉහළය. එ නිසා ඒවාට වැඩි තොරතුරු ප්‍ර මාණයක් හුවමාරු කරන්නට පුළුවන. ගෘහස්ථ Wi-Fi රවුටරයක් නි සා උපදින හොට්ස්පොට් එකක් මීටර් 46ක හෙවත් අඩි 150ක පමණ ප්‍රදේශයක් පුරා බල පවත් වයි. කුළුණු ආශ්‍රයෙන් පිහිටුවන හොල්පොට් එකක් වුවත් බල පවත්වන්නේ මීටර් 92ක හෙවත් අඩි 300ක පමණ දුරකටය.

Wi-Fi සංස්කරණ
Wi-Fi ජාලයකදී දත්ත හුවමාරු කරනේ ලෝක මට්ටමෙන් තා ක්ෂණික ප්‍රමිති සාදන ඇමෙරිකාවේ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රිකල් සහ ඉලෙක් ආයතනයේ (IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) ප්‍රමිතීන්ට අනුවය. ඔවුන් සැකසූ 802.11 යන ජාල ප්‍රමිතිය (802.11 networking sta ndard) මෙහිදී යොදා ගැනේ. එය මූලික Wi-Fi ප්‍රමිතිය සේ සැප ලකෙයි. මෙය 1997 දී සකසා අවසන් කරන ලද්දකි.

• එදිනෙදා කටයුතු වෙනුවෙන් Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගැ නීම ඇරඹියේ 1999දී 802.11b නම් ප්‍රමිතිය ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමත් සමගය. ගිගා හර්ට්ස් 2.4 (2.4GHZ) සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසයෙන් දත්ත හුව මාරු කළ හැකි සේ ඉදිරිපත් කළ මෙම ප්‍රමිතියට අනුව තත්පරයක මෙගාබිට් 11 m (11 Mbps) වේගයෙන් අඩි 150ක වටපිටාව – ක් පුරා තොරතුරු හුවමාරු කළ හැකි වුණි.

• දෙවැනි ප්‍රමිතිය හෙවත් සංස් කරණය, 2000 දී 802.1la නමින් ඉදිරිපත් කළේය. එහි සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසය ගිගාහර්ට්ස් 5ක් දක්වා වැඩි කෙරිණ. එහි දත්ත සම්ප්‍රේ ෂණය වේගය තත්පරයකට මෙගා 30 545.

• වසර 2003දී එළි දැක්වුණු තුන් වැනි සංස්කරණය හෙවත් 802. 1lg හිදීද තත්පරයට මෙගාබිට් 108ක වේගයෙන් දත්ත හුවමාරු කළ හැකි විණ.

• ඉන්පසුව Wi-Fiප්‍රමිති සියල්ල එහි සංස්කරණ අංකයෙන් නම් කෙරිණ. ඒ අනුව 2009දී ආ 802. SIn නම් ප්‍රමිතිය Wi-Fi 4 ලෙස නම් කළේය. එහි දත්ත හුවමාරු වේගය තත්පරයකට මෙගාබිට් 300 කි. සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසය ගිගා හර්ට්ස් 2.4 සිට 5 දක්වා පැතිරිණ. මෙහිදී මුලින්ම මිමෝ (MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output) නම් තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගත් නි සා වඩා කාර්යක්ෂමව දත්ත හුව මාරු කළ හැකි වුණි.

• වසර 2014දී හඳුන්වා දුන් 802. 1lac 50 ya5w D3-m3 5 ©cm නම් කළේය. එහි දත්ත හුවමාරු වේගය තත්පරයකට මෙගාබිට් 433 කි. සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසය ගිගා හර්ට්ස් 5 කි. මෙහිදී බීෆෝමිං (beamforming) නම් තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගත් නිසා නිශ්චිතව හඳු නාගත් උපාංග සමඟ කෙළින්ම දත්ත හුවමාරු කළ හැකි වුණි. එසේම ග්‍රාහකයින් කීප දෙනෙක් සමග එකවර දත්ත හුවමාරුවේ යෙදිය හැකි මුමිමෝ (MUMIMO multi user MIMO) නම් තාක්ෂණ ය යොදා ගැනිණ.

• වසර 2014දී හඳුන්වා දුන් 802. 1lax නම් ප්‍රමිතිය Wi-Fi 6 ය. කලින්ට වඩා තොරතුරු හුවමාරු වේගය වැඩිවීම, කලින්ට වඩා සං" රතුරු හුවමාරු කළ හැකිවීම, උපාංගවල කාර්යක්ෂමතාව වැඩි වීම මෙන්ම භාවිතා කරන උපාං ගවල බැටරි බලය ඉතිරිවීම යනාදිය Wi-Fi 6හි විශේශ්ත්වයන්ය

ලෝක භාවිතය
රැහැන් රහිත හෙවත් වයර්ලස් ක්‍රමයට, පරිගණක ජාල සමග හෝ අන්තර්ජාලය සමග හෝ සම්බන්ධ වෙන්නට අද තිබෙන ප්‍රකටම තාක්ෂණය Wi-Fiතාක් ෂෂ්ණයයි. ස්මාට්ෆෝන්, ටැබ්ලට් සහ ලැප්ටොප් පරිගණක, ස්මාට් රූපවාහිනි යන්ත්‍ර, සීඩී/ඩීවීඩී ප් ලේයර්, ස්මාට් ස්පීකර්, පරිගණක ක්‍රීඩා උපාංග, ආරක්ෂක කැමරා මෙන්ම වෙනත් ස්මාට් උපාංග යටතට ගැනෙන දේ කෙළින්ම අන්තර්ජාලයට සම්බන්ධ කරන් නට Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගැනේ. එවිට ගෙදොර කාර්යාල තුළදී පමණක් නොව මහ මඟ දීත් අන්තර්ජාල සහ වෙනත් ජාල සම්බන්ධතා ලබා ගන්නට පුළුවන

මෙවැනි උපාංග බිලියන 700ක් හෙවත් කෝටි 7000ක් පමණ අද ලොව පුරා ක්‍රියාත්මකව තිබෙන් නේ Wi-Fi තාක්ෂණයේ පිහි ටෙනි. වසර 2019දී ලොව පුරා අලෙවිය පිණිස යැවූ Wi-Fi උ පාංග ගණන බිලියන 3.05ක් හෙ වත් කෝටි 305කි. මෙසේ ලොව පුරා භාවිතා කෙරෙන Wi-Fi. උපාංග ගණන වසරක් පාසා 2.6% කින් වැඩි වෙයි. එනිසාය, එය මීට දශක දෙකකට කලින් තිබු ණාට වඩා අතිවිශාල වැඩිවීමකි. Wi-Fi සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසය ඉහළ නංවා තිබෙන්නේ එබැවිනි.

වයි ෆයි 6


السبيطي أو المزيزي (الاسم العلمي: Sparidentex hasta) هو أحد أنواع جنس الصبيطي من فصيلة الأسبور (Sparidae) والتي يكثر تواجدها في مياه الخليج العربي.

المراجع

أسبوريات
أسماك
أسماك وصفت في 1830

سبيطي


බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 2001 නොවැම්බර් 13 සිට දෙසැම්බර් 3 දක්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංචාරයක නිරත විය. මෙම සංචාරය ටෙස්ට් තරඟ තුනකින් සහ 2001 LG අබාන්ස් තුන්කොන් තරඟාවලියකින් සමන්විත වූ අතර එයට සිම්බාබ්වේ ද ඇතුලත් විය.

සංචිත

පුහුණු තරග

බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් එ ශ්‍රී ලංකා 'ඒ' තුන්දින තරගය

බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් එ ශ්‍රී ලංකා 'ඒ' තුන්දින තරගය

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වැනි ටෙස්ට් තරගය

3 වැනි ටෙස්ට් තරගය

එදිජා තරඟාවලිය
එදිජා තරඟාවලිය 2001 LG අබාන්ස් තුන්කොන් තරඟාවලිය වූ අතර එයට සිම්බාබ්වේ ද ඇතුලත් විය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා තරග සංචාරය 2001


වසන්තයේ මල් සිංහල ගීතයකි.

භාහිර සබැඳි
 වසන්තයේ මල්

සිංහල ගීත

වසන්තයේ මල්


Kleingeschwenda ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Saalfeld/Saale im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen. Der Ort Kleingeschwenda hatte 2015 (ohne den Ortsteil Hoheneiche) 254 Einwohner.

Geografie
Bei Arnsgereuth ist der von Saalfeld nach oben führende ständige und auch kurvenreiche Anstieg aus dem Saaletal beendet. Die Bundesstraße 281 verläuft auf der nach Osten geneigten Hochebene des Thüringer Schiefergebirges Richtung Kleingeschwenda und Hoheneiche. Ab hier geht es bald wieder bei Piesau bergab. Um das Dorf Kleingeschwenda sind auf dem Plateau die Flächen landwirtschaftlich genutzt, die dann von Wald umgeben sind.

Geschichte
Am 29. Juni 1414 wurde erstmals der Ort urkundlich erwähnt. Die Anordnung der Häuser um den Dorfteich in der Ortsmitte zeigen noch die ursprüngliche Anlage als Rundling. 1629 wurde bereits die Kirche erbaut.
1753 wurde an der alten Fernverkehrsstraße die im Umland frühste bekannte Holländerwindmühle errichtet. 1807 hat sie wieder ein Sturm umgerissen. Danach wurde sie nicht wieder aufgebaut. Bis 1826 gehörte der Ort zum Amt Gräfenthal des Herzogtums Sachsen-Saalfeld bzw. Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld. Zwischen 1826 und 1918 gehörte der Ort zum Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen, welches den Ort im Jahr 1868 dem Landkreis Saalfeld zuordnete.

Die Landwirtschaft des Dorfes wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zwangskollektiviert und fand nach der Wende mit Beulwitz neue Formen der Landarbeit.

Von 1994 bis 1996 gehörte die einst selbständige Gemeinde der Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Saalfelder Höhe an. Zum 1. Januar 1997 erfolgte die Umwandlung dieser in die Einheitsgemeinde Saalfelder Höhe. Diese wurde am 6. Juli 2018 nach Saalfeld eingemeindet.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Saalfeld/Saale)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Rundling
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Ersterwähnung 1414
Gemeindeauflösung 1997

Kleingeschwenda (Saalfeld)


10593 Susannesandra este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10593 Susannesandra este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la King City de Robert G. Sandness. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,13 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 2,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

10593 Susannesandra


Erenler, Kırklareli ilinin Pınarhisar ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı 1909 yılı kayıtlarında Teke Çiftliği, 1946 kayıtlarında ise Tekkeköy ya da Tekye Çiftiği olarak geçmektedir. Köy 23 Aralık 1952'de bugünkü adını almıştır. Daha önceleri Pınarhisar'a bağlı Tekke mahallesi iken, 23 Aralık 1952'de Erenler adıyla köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 34 km, Pınarhisar ilçe merkezine 3 km uzaklıktadır. Köy Pınarhisar'ın doğusunda ve  numaralı Pınarhisar-Vize devlet yolu üzerindedir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Pınarhisar belde ve köyleri

Erenler, Pınarhisar


El préstamo solidario es una práctica de préstamo donde pequeños grupos toman prestado colectivamente y los miembros del grupo se alientan mutuamente a devolverlo. Los préstamos solidarios se realizan a través de "grupos solidarios". Dichos grupos son un canal de distribución financiera diferente que es utilizado principalmente para llevar el microcrédito a las personas con menos recursos.

Dónde se han aplicado
En muchos países en desarrollo el sistema jurídico ofrece poco o nada de apoyo a los derechos a la propiedad de los pobres. Las leyes relacionadas con las operaciones con garantía – piedra angular de la banca occidental – también pueden  estar ausentes o bien no se cumplen.

En ese contexto, los préstamos solidarios propician varios tipos de capital social como: la presión entre pares, el apoyo mutuo y una sana cultura del reembolso. Estas características hacen que los préstamos solidarios sean más útiles en pueblos rurales que en centros urbanos, donde la movilidad es mayor y el capital social es más débil.

Los préstamos solidarios están hoy muy extendidos en las microfinanzas, especialmente en Asia. Además del Banco Grameen, algunos de los principales practicantes de esta metodología son: Banco Rakyat Indonesia, BRAC en India y FINCA International.

Además existe un sistema de monitoreo de los préstamos solidarios a nivel global denominado Boletín Microbancario. De las 446 instituciones de microfinanzas que monitoreaba en 2005 sólo 39 estaban prestando por este método. Mientras que, otras 205 usaban una mezcla de préstamo solidario y préstamo individual. En ese entonces, el saldo promedio pendiente a prestadores solidarios era 109 dólares, comparado con los 1.024 dólares pendientes a prestamistas individuales. Eso implicaría que los prestadores solidarios están cubriendo las necesidades de un segmento de mercado más pobre y que lo hacen en países considerablemente más pobres.

Mientras tanto, en otros países, como Costa Rica, se están probando modelos complementarios a los préstamos solidarios. En ese país, hay empresas que permiten a sus empleados organizar asociaciones solidarias para crear fondos de ahorro y préstamos con el apoyo financiero de la empresa. Por ejemplo, para gestionar la cafetería de la empresa.

Dónde han tenido dificultades de aplicación
Los esfuerzos para replicar los préstamos solidaridarios en los países desarrollados en general no han tenido éxito. Por ejemplo, la Fundación Calmeadow ha probado un modelo de préstamos entre pares en tres lugares de Canadá: la zona rural de Nueva Escocia, y las ciudades de Toronto y Vancouver.

La conclusión fue que: "Existe una variedad de factores que hacen inviables los préstamos solidarios en países desarrollados, entre ellos: el alto perfil de riesgo de los clientes, el desagrado general para el requisito de responsabilidad conjunta, y elevados costos implicados."

Sin embargo, aún continúa el debate sobre la justificación (o no) de subsidios o subvenciones dirigidas a empresarios de bajos recursos. MIentras tanto, la Unión de Crédito VanCity, que se hizo cargo de las operaciones de Calmeadow Vancouver, sigue utilizando los préstamos entre pares.

Qué distintingue a los préstamos solidarios
Los préstamos solidarios reducen los costos de una institución financiera relacionados con: la evaluación, la gestión y la recuperación de los préstamos. Y en muchos casos pueden llegar eliminar la necesidad de una garantía. Dado que existe un costo fijo asociado a cada préstamo entregado, un banco que presta paquetes individuales en forma conjunta y que permite a un grupo manejar relaciones individuales puede realizar ahorros sustanciales en costos administrativos y de gestión.

Aprovechar el capital social para prestar dinero no es algo nuevo para las microfinanzas. Entre los precedentes están las prácticas informales de las asociaciones de ahorro y crédito rotativo y los vínculos cooperativos utilizados por las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito. En la India la práctica de la banca de ayuda mutua está inspirada en principios similares.

Los grupos de préstamos solidarios tienen un enfoque diferente a los tres casos anteriores en varios aspectos. En primer lugar, son grupos pequeños, por lo general implican cinco personas que se eligen mutuamente y no pueden estar relacionados con anterioridad. Cinco se cita a menudo como un tamaño ideal porque es:

 Es suficientemente pequeño como para desalentar a los prestamistas y garantizar un nivel máximo de responsabilidad conjunta.
 Es suficientemente grande como para evitar que la desgracia o la incompetencia de uno de los miembros provoque el colapso del grupo.

Por otra parte, existe mucha evidencia que demuestra que la presión social es más efectiva entre las mujeres que entre los hombres. La mayoría de los préstamos utilizando esta metodología se entrega a grupos de mujeres. Se ha aprendido mucho desde lo ocurrido con el modelo de crédito cooperativo conocido como Modelo Comilla que estuvo dirigido por Akhtar Hameed Khan entre 1950 y 1960. El Banco Grameen y otras instituciones de microcrédito han adoptado un enfoque que está dirigido a las mujeres pobres y que excluye a quienes no sean pobres.

Una de las razones identificadas como causantes del fracaso del mencionado Modelo Comilla fue que los grupos eran demasiado grandes y estaban compuestos por personas con antecedentes económicos muy variados. Se ha observado que los grupos grandes no suelen funcionar porque los miembros más influyentes terminan dominándolos.

Banco Grameen
Uno de los pioneros de los préstamos solidarios, Muhammad Yunus, fundador del Banco Grameen en Bangladés, India, describe la dinámica de los préstamos solidarios de esta manera:

"... La pertenencia al grupo no sólo crea apoyo y protección, sino que también suaviza los patrones de comportamiento errático de los miembros individuales, haciendo a cada prestatario más confiable en el proceso. Sutilmente, y a veces no tan sutilmente, la presión del grupo mantiene a los miembros del mismo en línea con los objetivos más amplios del programa de crédito. ... Debido a que el grupo aprueba la solicitud de préstamo de cada miembro, el grupo asume la responsabilidad moral del préstamo. Si cualquier miembro del grupo se mete en problemas, el grupo suele acudir en su ayuda.

El enfoque del Banco Grameen utiliza los grupos solidarios como su principal componente. Sin embargo, la responsabilidad de los préstamos morosos es manejada por  líderes elegidos en un grupo mayor, a nivel del pueblo. Ese grupo mayor es denominado 'Centro', y está compuesto por ocho grupos solidarios. Como todos los miembros son del mismo pueblo y los pagos del préstamo ocurren durante la reunión del Centro, el principio de usar capital social para la acción de apalancamiento no está comprometido; la única diferencia es que todos los miembros del centro son colectivamente responsables de préstamos impagados."

Muchas instituciones de microcrédito utilizan grupos solidarios esencialmente como una forma de responsabilidad conjunta. Es decir que, estas instituciones no entregan préstamos a miembros potencialmente morosos. Sin embargo, Yunus ha rechazado este concepto, argumentando que: "Si la responsabilidad moral pertenece a los miembros del grupo, no existe modo formal o legal ... que no sea la forma de la responsabilidad solidaria, es decir, los miembros del grupo no son responsables individualmente de pagar en nombre de un miembro moroso".

Críticas
Los préstamos solidarios han tenido un impacto positivo en muchos prestatarios. Sin ellos, muchos no habrían tomado prestados en absoluto, o se hubieran visto obligados a recurrir a los usureros. Sin embargo, han sido objeto de numerosas críticas.

Entre las críticas están las siguientes:

 Los esfuerzos para garantizar que todos los miembros de los grupos solidarios sean igualmente pobres no siempre mejoran el rendimiento del grupo. Si en los grupos solidarios existiera una mayor diversidad socioeconómica significaría que los ingresos de los miembros del grupo son menos propensos a variar en conjunto, y se incrementaría la capacidad de los miembros del grupo para asegurar a otros.

 El hecho de excluir a los deudores menos pobres, fue adoptado en gran parte debido a la idea de que la cooperativa más inclusiva había fracasado (véase el Modelo  Comilla). Pero el fundador de estas cooperativas de Bangladés, Akhter Hameed Khan, ha documentado que el fracaso no fue por es motivo sino porque "... ese modelo eludía dos principios fundamentales de la operativa del ahorro y crédito: la independencia de la intervención del Gobierno y la autosuficiencia financiera local."

 Un préstamo que gana la simpatía de un gran número de prestatarios, puede llevar a un incremento de la morosidad. De hecho, parece que fue eso lo que ocurrió en 1998, con la escalada de la morosidad en el Banco Grameen. El resultado llevó al rediseño del Banco Grameen denominado Grameen II.

 Si bien los grupos de préstamos solidarios suelen estar compuestos enteramente por mujeres, el personal que decide si reciben los servicios financieros y cuando los reciben, a menudo está integrado por los hombres.

 En algunos grupos solidarios se han identificado prestatarios que manifiestan estar "frustrados con la asistencia a reuniones regulares".

 Se ha documentado que algunos supervisores de préstamos se niegan a sancionar a buenos prestatarios que se encuentran en "malos grupos".

Véase también
 Asociaciones de ahorro y crédito rotativo
 Cooperativas de ahorro y crédito
 Grupos de ahorro
 Microcrédito
 Banco Grameen
 Modelo Comilla
 Capital social
 Finanzas colaborativas

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Temple, D. (2003). Las estructuras elementales de la reciprocidad, Plural Editores, Ecuador.
 Yunus M. (1997). Hacia un mundo sin pobreza. Ed. Andrés Bello. España.

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web del Movimiento Solidarista Costarricense
 Economía solidaria y finanzas éticas

Microeconomía
Finanzas

Préstamo solidario


La Delage Type CO est une voiture du constructeur automobile français Delage, construite à 1390 exemplaires entre 1916 et 1924.

Histoire
Ce modèle haut de gamme est décliné en trois types COE, CO et CO.2, carrossé par de multiples carrosseries Delage ou par des carrossiers indépendants (berline, roadster coupé, limousine) et motorisé par un moteur 6 cylindres en ligne Delage de 4 ou 4,5 L.

Delage fabrique ce modèle pour l'armée française pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Son succès commercial d'après guerre marque le début de « l'Âge d'Or d'entre-deux-guerres » de Delage, avec ses Delage DI, suivit des Delage D6, et Delage D8...

Elle concurrence entre autres les Renault 18CV, Renault 40CV, Peugeot Type 153, ou Packard Six de l'époque.

Bibliographie
 2005 : Delage. La belle voiture française, par Daniel Cabart et Claude Rouxel, éditions E.T.A.I.

Notes et références

voir aussi

 Louis Delâge
 Delage (entreprise)
 Histoire de l'automobile
 Chronologie de l'automobile

Liens externes

CO
Automobile des années 1910
Automobile des années 1920

Delage Type CO


Republika Hrvatska i Višenacionalna Država Bolivija održavaju diplomatske odnose od 26. studenoga 1992. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Santiagu.

Veleposlanici
Hrvatska nema rezidentno veleposlanstvo u Boliviji. Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Republici Čile pokriva Višenacionalnu Državu Boliviju, Ekvador i Republiku Peru.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Bolivija na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Bolivija

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Boliviji


An Vulpia litardiereana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni René Charles Maire, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Vulpia litardiereana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vulpia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vulpia

Vulpia litardiereana


Dexter: Nova krv (engleski: Dexter: New Blood) američka je miniserija iz 2021. godine, koju je napisao Clyde Phillips, ujedno je i nastavak televizijske serije Dexter (2006.-2013.), prema romanima Jeffa Lindsayja.

Izvorno smatrana miniserijom, sve je slutilo prema drugoj sezoni dok u siječnju 2023., kada je objavljeno da se umjesto toga okreću Dexterovoj prequel seriji, završavajući Novu krv nakon jedne sezone.

Radnja
Desetak godina nakon finala originalne serije, Dexter Morgan preselio se u gradić Iron Lake u New Yorku, skrivajući svoj identitet pod imenom Jim Lindsay, kao trgovac. Ima aferu s Angelom Bishop, šeficom gradske policije, i potisnuo je svoje impulse kao serijski ubojica, ali niz događaja uzrokovat će da se "mračni putnik" ponovno pojavi u njemu.

Glumačka postava

Glavni likovi
 Michael C. Hall kao Dexter Morgan / Jim Lindsay
 Jack Alcott kao Harrison Morgan
 Julia Jones kao Police Chief Angela Bishop
 Johnny Sequoyah kao Audrey Bishop
 Alano Miller kao Sergeant Logan
 Jennifer Carpenter kao Debra Morgan
 Clancy Brown kao Kurt Caldwell

Sporedni likovi
 David Magidoff kao Teddy Reed
 Katy Sullivan kao Esther
 Michael Cyril Creighton kao Fred Jr.
 Gizel Jiménez kao Tess
 Gregory Cruz kao Abraham Brown
 Jamie Chung kao Molly Park
 Shuler Hensley kao Elric

Specijalni gosti
 David Zayas kao Angel Batista
 John Lithgow kao Arthur Mitchell / Trinity Killer

Produkcija

Razvoj
Scenarist Clyde Phillips, koji je napustio seriju nakon četvrte sezone, zbog kontinuiranog zahtjeva obožavatelja, razgovarao je o mogućim načinima nastavka kao svojevrsnom iskupljenju, ali nije mogao pronaći odgovarajući put. Phillipsa je 1. srpnja 2019. kontaktirao Gary Levine, predsjednik Showtimea, koji je piscu rekao da smatra da je pravo vrijeme da vrati Dextera u eter i ima li kakvih ideja. Phillips je napisao preliminarni scenarij, koji je Hall jako cijenio. Phillips je priznao da je izvorni kraj bio prikladan za vrijeme emitiranja, jer je oko 2013. godine bilo niz serijskih ubojica iz stvarnog života za koje se znalo da žive u Oregonu i susjednim državama. Također je vjerovao da okružujući se motornim pilama, Dexter ima stalno sjećanje na majčinu smrt. Budući da Phillips nije znao kako se vezati za kraj, odlučio je napraviti vremenski skok, od gotovo deset godina i iz Oregona se preselio u izmišljeni grad Iron Lake, u državi New York. Zbog toga miniseriju ne smatra devetom sezonom, budući da je došlo do velikog diskontinuiteta s matičnom serijom. Dok je spisateljsko osoblje pisalo miniseriju od deset epizoda, odredili su kako će serija završiti i pisali unatrag od toga. Phillips je izjavio da će "kraj ovoga biti iznenađujući, šokantan i neočekivan i da će raznijeti internet."

Oživljavanje Dextera 14. listopada 2020. postalo je službeno kao miniserija od 10 epizoda. Dana 17. studenog 2020. objavljeno je da će Marcos Siega režirati prvih šest epizoda, kao i da će biti izvršni producent zajedno s Michaelom C. Hallom, Johnom Goldwynom, Sarom Colleton, Billom Carrarom i Scottom Reynoldsom.

Snimanje
Produkcija je započela u veljači 2021., a većina snimanja održana su u Shelburne Fallsu u Massachusettsu kao zamjena za Iron Lake. Vanjski kadrovi morali su biti koordinirani prema vremenu, jer su kreatori željeli imati značajnu količinu snijega, uključujući smrznuto jezero. radovi su započeli u srpnju i trajali su pedesetak dana.

Distribucija
U SAD-u miniserija se emitirala na Showtimeu od 7. studenog 2021. do 9. siječnja 2022. A u Hrvatskoj se prikazuje na Fox-u od 6. veljače 2023.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 na showtime.com

Američke serije
Dramske serije
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2021.
Televizijske serije koje su završile 2022.

Dexter: Nova krv


Dimnjača (dimarka; lat. Fumaria), biljni rod iz porodice makovki. Uglavnom jednogodišnje vrste kojih je pedesetak na popisu, od čega blizu 20 vrsta u Hrvatskoj),. Raširene su po Europi, zapadnim dijelovima Azije i dijelovima Afrike

Vrste

 Fumaria abyssinica Hammar
 Fumaria agraria Lag., poljska dimnjača
 Fumaria ajmasiana Pau & Font Quer
 Fumaria × albertii Foucaud & Rouy
 Fumaria asepala Boiss.
 Fumaria atlantica Coss. & Durieu ex Hausskn.
 Fumaria ballii Pugsley
 Fumaria barnolae Sennen & Pau
 Fumaria bastardii Boreau, Bastardijeva dimnjača
 Fumaria berberica Pugsley
 Fumaria bicolor Sommier ex Nicotra, dvobojna dimnjača
 Fumaria bracteosa Pomel
 Fumaria × burnatii Verg.
 Fumaria capitata Lidén
 Fumaria capreolata L., vitičava dimnjača
 Fumaria coccinea Lowe ex Pugsley
 Fumaria × condensata Pau
 Fumaria daghestanica Michajlova
 Fumaria densiflora DC., gustocvjetna dimnjača
 Fumaria dubia Pugsley
 Fumaria erostrata (Pugsley) Lidén
 Fumaria faurei (Pugsley) M.Linden
 Fumaria flabellata Gasp., lepezasta dimnjača
 Fumaria × gagrica Michajlova
 Fumaria gaillardotii Boiss., velika dimnjača
 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley
 Fumaria judaica Boiss., malena dimnjača
 Fumaria kralikii Jord., anatolska dimnjača
 Fumaria macrocarpa Parl.
 Fumaria macrosepala Boiss.
 Fumaria mairei Pugsley ex Maire
 Fumaria maurorum Maire
 Fumaria melillaica Pugsley
 Fumaria microstachys Kralik ex Hausskn.
 Fumaria mirabilis Pugsley
 Fumaria montana J.A.Schmidt
 Fumaria munbyi Boiss. & Reut.
 Fumaria muralis Sond. ex W.D.J.Koch
 Fumaria normanii Pugsley
 Fumaria occidentalis Pugsley
 Fumaria officinalis L., ljekovita dimnjača
 Fumaria ouezzanensis Pugsley
 Fumaria × painteri Pugsley
 Fumaria parviflora Lam., sitnocvjetna dimnjača, ognjičar
 Fumaria petteri Rchb., Peterova dimnjača
 Fumaria platycarpa Lidén
 Fumaria pugsleyana (Pugsley) Lidén
 Fumaria purpurea Pugsley
 Fumaria ragusina (Pugsley) Pugsley, dubrovačka dimnjača
 Fumaria reuteri Boiss.
 Fumaria rifana Lidén
 Fumaria rostellata Knaf,  kljunasta dimnjača
 Fumaria rupestris Boiss. & Reut.
 Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will.
 Fumaria segetalis (Hammar) Cout.
 Fumaria sepium Boiss. & Reut.
 Fumaria skottsbergii Lidén
 Fumaria vaillantii Loisel., Vajlantova dimnjača, dimarka tupkasta

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Makovke

Dimnjača


فيسيوليي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة روستوف أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 8543 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة روستوف
مواقع ريفية في مقاطعة روستوف

فيسيوليي (روستوف)


Stefan Molyneux ()  un blogger și vlogger canadian, născut irlandez. Activând ca orator, Molyneux discută variate subiecte, inclusiv anarho-capitalism, ateism, politică, etică seculară, libertarianism de dreapta, precum și subiecte ce țin de relațiile familiale. Totodată Molyneux este un autor și podcaster, care a participat la variate conferințe libertariene.

Subiecte mai recent discutate de Molyneux includ: impactul multiculturalismului în Europa/Statele Unite; Islamul privit mai mult ca o ideologie, decât o religie în sensul direct, cât și ne-asimilarea musulmanilor în statele non-musulmane; stânga politică extremă (Școala de la Frankfurt); generația ultra-progresivă a așa-zișilor "" în Vest; efectul feminismului asupra relațiilor familiale; cenzurarea opiniilor conservatoare în Occident, genetică și rasă; capitalism; corectitudinea politică  etc.

Molyneux este de asemenea un YouTuber popular, canalul său cu un conținut preponderent de dreapta și conservator-libertarian, având peste 900 de mii de abonați (în decembrie 2019).

Vezi și
Paul Joseph Watson
Steven Crowder
Carl Benjamin
Alex Jones
Milo Yiannopoulos
Gavin McInnes
Mark Dice

Referințe

Legături externe
Canal YouTube
Cont pe Twitter
Freedomain Radio – website filozofic deținut de Molyneux

Nașteri în 1966
Romancieri canadieni
Anarho-capitaliști
Atei canadieni
Bloggeri
Libertarieni
Critici ai religiei
Critici ai multiculturalismului
Eseiști
Critici ai feminismului
Canadieni în viață
Filozofi canadieni
Nașteri pe 24 septembrie

Stefan Molyneux


Courtonne-la-Meurdrac is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises
Communes of the Calvados department

References

Communes of Calvados (department)
Calvados communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Courtonne-la-Meurdrac


Muhammed, Arapça kökenli bir erkek ismidir (محمّد - Muḥammad). İslam peygamberi Muhammed bin Abdullah'tan dolayı Müslümanlar arasında yaygın bir kullanımı vardır.

Muhammed ismi ile şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

İslam
 Muhammed bin Abdullah - İslam peygamberi
 Muhammed Suresi - Kur'an'da bir sûre
 Muhammedî
 Muhammedîlik (tasavvuf)

Kişiler
 Muhammed bin Abdullah - anlam ayrımı sayfası
 Muhammed Ali - anlam ayrımı sayfası
 Muhammed El Baradey - Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı (UAEA) Başkanı
 Muhammed Ahmed - Mehdilik hareketinin kurucusu
 Muhammed Altıntaş - Galatasaray'ın efsane futbolcularından
 Muhammed Atta - 11 Eylül Saldırıları'nda Manhattan'daki İkiz Kulelere uçakla intihar saldırısından sorumlu El-Kaide örgütü üyesi
 Muhammed Baba Semmâsî - Türk kökenli mutasavvıf
 Muhammed Bahauddin - Nakşibendi tarikatının isim babasıdır
 Muhammed Bin Abdullah El-Mürşidî - evliya, fıkıh ve kırâat âlimi
 Muhammed Can Gören - Afganistan doğumlu oyuncu
 Muhammed Celaleddin-i Rumi
 Muhammed Davud Han
 Muhammed Demirci
 Muhammed Ebu Zehra
 Muhammed El Gazali
 Muhammed Emin
 Muhammed Eyüb Han
 Muhammed Hatemi
 Muhammed Musaddık
 Muhammed Necib
 Muhammed Necibullah
 Muhammed Nur'ül Arabi
 Muhammed Rıza Pehlevi
 Muhammed Rıza Yalçınkaya
 Muhammed Salih
 Muhammed Tapar
 Muhammed Yunus
 Muhammed Zafirullah Han
 Muhammed Zahir Şah
 Muhammed Suiçmez
 Muhammed el-Bakır
 Muhammed el-Buhari
 Muhammed Ömer
 Muhammed İkbal
 Muhammed Şahin

Film
 Muhammed: Allah'ın Elçisi

Diğer

 Muhammediye - Fas'ın kuzeybatı kesiminde liman kenti.

Muhammed (anlam ayrımı)


El vuelo 742 de Viasa fue un vuelo regular entre Maiquetía (Venezuela), Maracaibo (Venezuela) y Miami (Estados Unidos) que se estrelló a los pocos minutos de despegar del Aeropuerto Grano de Oro de Maracaibo el 16 de marzo de 1969. Como consecuencia de este accidente, fallecieron las 84 personas a bordo del DC-9 que realizaba este vuelo y 71 personas en tierra, totalizando 155 muertos y 100 personas en tierra que resultaron heridas.

Este accidente en su momento fue considerado el desastre aéreo más mortífero de Venezuela hasta el Vuelo 708 de West Caribbean, y también de la historia de la humanidad hasta 1971, cuando un jet de combate japonés chocó en el aire con el vuelo 58 de All Nippon Airways matando a sus 162 pasajeros.

Antecedentes
En Maracaibo, ya desde 1964 estaba en construcción el Aeropuerto del Caujarito que pretendía sustituir al célebre Aeropuerto Grano de Oro, el cual ya estaba rodeado de viviendas en sus cuatro lados, lo que impidió ampliar las pistas, su única pista en servicio de las 4 existentes, la 04R/22L tenía 2 km de largo, suficiente para aeronaves de hélice de pistón y turbohélices, sin embargo, diariamente de ahí despegaban aviones a reacción como el DC-9-14 y el Boeing 727-100, podían despegar de pistas cortas, pero Grano de Oro era un aeropuerto cálido, eso disminuía la densidad del aire haciendo ajustados los despegues. Los marabinos ya eran conscientes de que su terminal aéreo debía salir de la ciudad.

Aeronave y tripulación
La aeronave empleada era un DC-9-32, comprado 15 días atrás a McDonnell Douglas por Avensa quien le alquiló el avión y su tripulación a Viasa para un vuelo a Miami con escala en Maracaibo.

La aeronave fue comandada por el capitán Emiliano Savelli Maldonado y José Gregorio Rodríguez Silva como primer oficial. Savelli Maldonado era Jefe de Operaciones de Avensa, llevaba 28.000 horas de vuelo con 25 años de experiencia. En Maracaibo, el vuelo despegó con retraso casi al mediodía, las altas temperaturas y presión contribuyeron al accidente.

Pasajeros notables
 Antonio Herrera Gutiérrez, propietario del equipo Cardenales de Lara.
 Carlos Santeliz, pelotero del equipo Cardenales de Lara y prospecto del equipo Bravos de Atlanta.
 Néstor Chávez, lanzador del equipo Navegantes del Magallanes y prospecto del equipo Gigantes de San Francisco.

Secuencia de eventos
A las 10:30 a.m. del domingo 16 de marzo de 1969, con 46 pasajeros a bordo, 10 tripulantes y 17.000 libras de combustible, el vuelo 742 de Viasa despega rumbo a Maracaibo, el cual llega a las 11:30 a.m. Algunos testigos aseguran que el avión tropezó o succionó ramas de unos árboles cercanos a la pista. Luego de estacionarse en la zona de vuelos internacionales del Aeropuerto de Grano de Oro, se realiza una parada de 30 minutos.

A las 11:45 a.m. se escucha el último llamado para abordar el vuelo 742, se han registrado 27 pasajeros para la escala en Maracaibo. El avión es recargado hasta las 28.000 libras de combustible y se le dan los últimos toques técnicos. Durante el rodaje, el avión entró a la pista por una calle de rodaje y no llegó a la cabecera, restándole 400 metros de recorrido a la carrera de despegue, finalmente los pilotos inician el despegue a las 12:00 p.m.

El avión carretea por la pista pero le cuesta elevarse. Finalmente logra elevarse a escasos 10 metros de altura al final de la pista, parece que va elevarse con normalidad, pero, en medio de la lucha por alcanzar altura, el motor izquierdo choca con un poste cercano al antiguo Cine Capitolio, más adelante, cuando el aparato ingresa a la Urbanización La Trinidad, un reflector de una pequeña cancha de baloncesto rasga los depósitos de combustible, derramándolo sobre los presentes que observan sorprendidos lo que sucede. El avión de Viasa, ya no enfilaba su proa hacia el cielo, en su camino aparece un poste con 2 transformadores, el que recibe el impacto de la aeronave, causando la explosión de los tanques de combustible y el motor izquierdo se incendia, el ala izquierda se desprende y cae sobre una de las casas afectadas. Finalmente, el avión fuera de control se estrella de forma invertida en una vereda de la Urbanización La Trinidad, seguido de una gran explosión que fue vista en toda la ciudad, el fuerte impacto hizo que el motor izquierdo se desprendiera y cayese sobre la casa del reconocido jugador de voleibol Lino Connell (padre del beisbolista Lino Connell) matando a casi todos sus ocupantes. Fallecieron los 74 pasajeros y 10 tripulantes más 71 personas en tierra, totalizando 155 víctimas fatales haciendo de este el peor accidente aéreo de su época. En menos de 24 horas, había corresponsales de todo el mundo en La Trinidad.

Consecuencias del accidente
Esta tragedia afectó de tal manera que hizo que se acelerara la construcción del Aeropuerto del Caujarito, inaugurado 8 meses después de la tragedia. El Aeropuerto de Grano de Oro fue clausurado para siempre y en su lugar actualmente en el antiguo edificio del terminal funciona la Facultad Experimental de Ciencias de la Universidad del Zulia.

Similitud con otros accidentes
 El 25 de septiembre de 1978, el vuelo 182 de Pacific Southwest Airlines, un Boeing 727, colisionó con un avión ligero Cessna 172 durante su descenso al Aeropuerto Internacional de San Diego, en San Diego, California. Todos sus 135 pasajeros y 7 personas en tierra murieron junto con los dos ocupantes de la avioneta.

 El 12 de diciembre de 1985, el vuelo 1285 de Arrow Air, un Douglas DC-8-63, se estrelló a los pocos minutos de despegar del Aeropuerto Internacional de Gander, 256 personas a bordo fallecieron en este accidente.

 El 31 de agosto de 1986, el vuelo 498 de Aeroméxico, un DC-9, colisionó con una avioneta en su aproximación final al Aeropuerto Internacional de Los Ángeles. Todos sus ocupantes fallecieron junto con los ocupantes de la avioneta y residentes del barrio Cerritos.

 El vuelo 1141 de Delta Airlines era un vuelo entre Dallas-Fort Worth y Salt Lake City que se estrelló al despegar el 31 de agosto de 1988, matando a 14 personas a bordo y dejando heridas a 76, debido a que el avión que realizaba este vuelo no tenía los flaps desplegados para esta maniobra. al momento del despegue el avión hizo un giro hacia la derecha, curiosamente el vuelo 742 de Viasa lo hizo pero en sentido contrario, y el avión nunca ganó altura. Nunca se estableció esta causa porque las cajas quedaron muy deterioradas.

 El 4 de febrero de 1996, un Douglas DC-8 carguero de la empresa Colombiana Líneas Aéreas del Caribe, se desploma en un sector poblado de la ciudad de Mariano Roque Alonso en Paraguay, minutos después de despegar del Aeropuerto Silvio Pettirossi a solo 1.500 metros de la cabecera de la pista. El aparato hizo un giro ascendente y brusco hacia la izquierda, lo que le hizo perder sustentación y se precipitó a tierra, arrasando con al menos cinco casas y un campo de deportes. Murieron un total de 21 personas, 3 tripulantes 1 acompañante y 17 personas en tierra, 8 de ellos miembros de una misma familia.

 El 8 de enero de 2003, el vuelo 5481 de Air Midwest, un Beechcraft 1900D, se estrelló al despegar del Aeropuerto de Charlotte. 19 pasajeros y los dos pilotos murieron en este accidente, causado por una reparación mal realizada al timón de cola de la aeronave.

Reseñas periodísticas
 El 23 de febrero de 2008, con motivo del accidente del vuelo 518 de Santa Bárbara Airlines, fue reseñado en el micro Historia de accidentes aéreos de Venezuela, de Globovisión.

Véase también
 Accidente de aviación
 Anexo:Accidentes más graves de aviación (1953-presente)
 Anexo:Accidentes e incidentes notables en la aviación civil
 Anexo:Accidentes por fabricante de la aeronave
Otros accidentes aéreos con muchos muertos en tierra
 Vuelo 1862 de El Al
 Accidente de avión de Air Africa 1996
 Desastre de Leópolis
 Vuelo 4226 de EAS Airlines

Enlaces externos
 Descripción del accidente en Aviation Safety
 "Historia: Vuelo 742 de Viasa, la tragedia del avión caído en Maracaibo", reseña del accidente escrita por Jaime Villareal, consultada el 9 de abril de 2014.
 "39 años de la tragedia de La Trinidad", artículo escrito por Luis Párraga y publicado en el diario venezolano Versión final, el 13 de marzo de 2008, consultada el 9 de abril de 2014.
 Reseña del accidente publicada en la revista Portada digital.net, consultada el 9 de abril de 2014.
 Reseña de este accidente aéreo narrada en el programa radial venezolano Nuestro insólito universo y transmitida por la estación Éxitos 99.9 FM de Caracas el 9 de abril de 2014, consultada el 9 de abril de 2014.

Viasa
Venezuela en 1969
Estados Unidos en 1969
Viasa
Viasa
Viasa

Vuelo 742 de Viasa


Litáíska karlalandsliðið í körfuknattleik er eitt af sigursælustu landsliðum í Evrópskum körfuknattleik. Hann er einnig vinsælasta íþrótt landsins.

Titlar
HM
Brons: 2010
EM
EM-gull: 1937, 1939, 2003
EM-silfur: 1995, 2013, 2015
EM-brons: 2007
Ólympíuleikarnir
ÓL-brons 1992, 1996, 2000

Heimildir
 https://ltu.basketball/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_basketball_team

Karlalandslið í Körfuknattleik


La statue-menhir de Rouyregros est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Nages, dans le département du Tarn en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 2005 par Daniel Escande et Henri Théron près de la ferme de Rouyregros dans un champ sur un replat. Elle a été gravée sur une dalle de granite local mesurant  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur.

La statue est complète mais les gravures sont usées (face), visibles en lumière rasante, voire complètement effacées (au dos). C'est une statue masculine. Le visage est composé d'un « T » facial (arcades sourcilières, nez) et de tatouages. Les membres supérieurs et inférieurs sont complets. Les jambes sont disjointes et assez courtes mais au regard du poids de la statue celle-ci devait être enfoncée sur près de  de profondeur. Le personnage porte un baudrier et « l'objet » dont l'anneau est de grande dimension et une ceinture double avec une grosse boucle rectangulaire.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Tarn
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir de Rouyregros (construit par photogrammétrie)

Rouyregros
Site mégalithique dans le Tarn

Statue-menhir de Rouyregros


Ravendusk in My Heart debitantski je studijski album švedskog black metal-sastava Diabolical Masquerade. Album je u prosincu 1996. godine objavila diskografska kuća Adipocere Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Diabolical Masquerade
Blackheim – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, klavijature, programiranje, zvučni efekti, produkcija, logotip
Dodatni glazbenici
Dan Swanö – dodatni vokali (na pjesmi 5), programiranje bubnjeva, produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miksanje
Ostalo osoblje
Tati S. – fotografija
reesycle.com – dizajn
Mala – naslovnica, fotografija
Peter In de Betou – mastering

Izvori

Švedski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 1996.

Ravendusk in My Heart


Lassan er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Am Peenestrom under Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Lassan er beliggende på vestbredden af Peenestrom over for øen Usedom og ligger godt 40 km øst for Greifswald, 15 km syd for Wolgast og 15 km nordøst for Anklam. Byen har en seværdig og velbevaret gammel bydel og landlige omgivelser med landsbyer, skove og marker, udgør landskabet Lassaner Winkel. Lassan udgør østenden af turistvejen Vorpommersche Dorfstraße og ligger ved Jakobsweg Via Baltica, der fører fra Usedom over Greifswald til Osnabrück.

Kystegnene er en del af Naturparkerne Insel Usedom og Flusslandschaft Peenetal.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Byens websted
 Byens side  på amtets websted
 Statistik
 Naturpark Insel Usedom
 Lassaner-Winkel

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Am Peenestrom
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Lassan


Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann (Hamburgo,  - ) fue un astrónomo alemán descubridor de varios cometas y asteroides.

Tras estudiar en Leipzig y Berlín, Schwassmann obtuvo su doctorado en 1891 en la Universidad de Gotinga. En 1897 se incorpora a su plaza en el recientemente construido Observatorio de Heidelberg, la cual no abandonaría hasta su jubilación en 1934.

Colaboró con Max Wolf en el descubrimiento de 13 asteroides, y con Arno Arthur Wachmann y Leslie Peltier en el descubrimiento de varios cometas.

Asteroides descubiertos
Descubrió 22 asteroides entre 1898 y 1932, de los cuales 13 fueron descubiertos en colaboración con Max Wolf. El Minor Planet Center acredita sus descubrimiento como A. Schwassmann.

Cometas descubiertos
Schwassmann, junto con su colega Arno Arthur Wachmann, descubrió los cometas periódicos 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann, 31P/Schwassmann-Wachmann y 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann.

También descubrieron, junto a Leslie Peltier, el cometa no periódico C/1930 D1 (Peltier-Schwassmann-Wachmann).

Véase también
 Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Arnold Schwassmann

Referencias

Astrónomos de Alemania
Descubridores de asteroides
Descubridores de cometas
Nacidos en Hamburgo
Fallecidos en Hamburgo

Arnold Schwassmann


Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum fóru fram þann 6. nóvember árið 2018.
 Öldungadeildarkosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2018
 Fulltrúadeildarkosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2018
 Fylkisstjórakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2018

2018
2018

Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2018


Gustave Olivier Lannes, baron de Montebello (kaldte sig selv greve af Montebello) (født 4. december 1804 i Paris, død 29. august 1875 på Château de Blosseville, Pennedepie) var en fransk officer og politiker. Han var broder til Louis Napoléon Lannes.

Han var søn af Jean Lannes, indtrådte 1830 som frivillig i et rytterregiment for at deltage i toget mod Algier. Han tjente her i ti år og blev eskadronschef, 1847 oberst og 1851 adjudant hos prinspræsidenten Louis Napoleon. Han medvirkede ved statskuppet og blev til løn brigade- og 1855 divisionsgeneral. Han førte 1862-65 kommandoen over de franske tropper i Rom og blev 1867 senator.

Han fik den 9. marts 1810 patent som Baron de Montebello et de l'Empire. Siden anvendte han grevetitlen.

Kilder

Baroner fra Frankrig
Franskmænd i 1800-tallet
Politikere fra Frankrig
Storkors af Æreslegionen
Generaler fra Frankrig
Personer fra Paris

Gustave Olivier Lannes de Montebello