Charles Borromeo (; ; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was the Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584 and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was a leading figure of the Counter-Reformation combat against the Protestant Reformation together with Ignatius of Loyola and Philip Neri. In that role he was responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church, including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests. He is honoured as a saint by the Catholic Church, with a feast day on 4 November.

Early life
Borromeo was a descendant of nobility; the Borromeo family was one of the most ancient and wealthy in Lombardy, made famous by several notable men, both in the church and state. The family coat of arms included the Borromean rings, which are sometimes taken to symbolize the Holy Trinity. Borromeo's father Gilbert was Count of Arona. His mother Margaret was a member of the Milan branch of the House of Medici. The second son in a family of six children, he was born in the castle of Arona on Lake Maggiore 36 miles from Milan on 2 October 1538.

Borromeo received the tonsure when he was about twelve years old. At this time his paternal uncle Giulio Cesare Borromeo turned over to him the income from the rich Benedictine abbey of Sts. Gratinian and Felin, one of the ancient perquisites of the family. Borromeo made plain to his father that all revenues from the abbey beyond what was required to prepare him for a career in the church belonged to the poor and could not be applied to secular use. The young man attended the University of Pavia, where he applied himself to the study of civil and canon law. Due to a slight speech impediment, he was regarded as slow but his thoroughness and industry meant that he made rapid progress. In 1554 his father died, and although he had an elder brother, Count Federico, he was requested by the family to take the management of their domestic affairs. After a time, he resumed his studies, and on 6 December 1559, he earned a doctorate in canon and civil law.

Rome period
On 25 December 1559 Borromeo's uncle Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici was elected as Pope Pius IV. The newly elected pope required his nephew to come to Rome, and on 13 January 1560 appointed him protonotary apostolic. Shortly thereafter, on 31 January 1560, the pope created him cardinal, and thus Borromeo as cardinal-nephew was entrusted with both the public and the privy seal of the ecclesiastical state. He was also brought into the government of the Papal States and appointed a supervisor of the Franciscans, Carmelites and Knights of Malta.

During his four years in Rome, Borromeo lived in austerity, obliged the Roman Curia to wear black, and established an academy of learned persons, the Academy of the Vatican Knights, publishing their memoirs as the Noctes Vaticanae.

Borromeo organized the third and last session of the Council of Trent, in 1562–63. He had a large share in the making of the Tridentine Catechism (Catechismus Romanus). In 1561, Borromeo founded and endowed a college at Pavia, today known as Almo Collegio Borromeo, which he dedicated to Justina of Padua.

On 19 November 1562, his older brother, Federico, suddenly died. His family urged Borromeo to seek permission to return to the lay state (laicization), to marry and have children so that the family name would not become extinct, but he decided not to leave the ecclesiastic state. His brother's death, along with his contacts with the Jesuits and the Theatines and the example of bishops such as Bartholomew of Braga, were the causes of the conversion of Borromeo towards a more strict and operative Christian life, and his aim became to put into practice the dignity and duties of the bishop as drafted by the recent Council of Trent.

Archbishop of Milan
Borromeo was appointed an administrator of the Archdiocese of Milan on 7 February 1560. After his decision to put into practice the role of bishop, he decided to be ordained priest (4 September 1563) and on 7 December 1563 he was consecrated bishop in the Sistine Chapel by Cardinal Giovanni Serbelloni. Borromeo was formally appointed archbishop of Milan on 12 May 1564 after the former archbishop Ippolito II d'Este waived his claims on that archbishopric, but he was only allowed by the pope to leave Rome one year later. Borromeo made his formal entry into Milan as archbishop on 23 September 1565.

Reform in Milan

After the death of his uncle, Pius IV (1566), Borromeo sent a galley to fetch Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni, the Nuncio in Spain, but he did not arrive in time to be considered at the conclave. Borromeo then reached an agreement with Alessandro Farnese, who held a significant number of votes, to support Antonio Ghislieri, who was rumored to have the support of Philip II of Spain. Ghislieri was elected and took the name Pius V.

Before Borromeo went to Milan, while he was overseeing reform in Rome, a nobleman remarked that the latter city was no longer a place to enjoy oneself or to make a fortune. "Carlo Borromeo has undertaken to remake the city from top to bottom," he said, predicting that the reformer's enthusiasm "would lead him to correct the rest of the world once he has finished with Rome."

Subsequently, he devoted himself to the reformation of his diocese which had deteriorated in practice owing to the 80-year absence of previous archbishops. Milan was the largest archdiocese in Italy at the time, with more than 3,000 clergy and 800,000 people. Both its clergy and laity had drifted from church teaching. The selling of indulgences and ecclesiastical positions was prevalent; monasteries were "full of disorder"; many religious were "lazy, ignorant, and debauched".

Borromeo made numerous pastoral visits and restored dignity to divine service. He urged churches to be designed in conformity with the decrees of the Council of Trent, which stated that sacred art and architecture lacking adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art. He divided the nave of the church into two compartments to separate the sexes at worship. He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches, monasteries and even to the Confraternities of Penitents, particularly that of St. John the Baptist. This group was to attend to prisoners and those condemned to death, to give them help and support.

Borromeo believed that abuses in the church arose from ignorant clergy. Among his most important actions, he established seminaries, colleges, and communities for the education of candidates for holy orders. His emphasis on Catholic learning greatly increased the preparation of men for the priesthood and benefited their congregations. In addition, he founded the fraternity of Oblates of St. Ambrose, a society of secular men who did not take orders, but devoted themselves to the church and followed a discipline of monastic prayers and study. They provided assistance to parishes when so directed. The new archbishop's efforts for catechesis and the instruction of youth included the initiation of the first "Sunday School" classes and the work of the Confraternity for Christian Doctrine.

Borromeo's diocesan reforms faced opposition from several religious orders, particularly that of the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility), a penitential order which, although reduced to about 170 members, owned some ninety monasteries. Some members of that society formed a conspiracy against his life, and a shot was fired at him with an arquebus in the archepiscopal chapel. His survival was considered miraculous.

In 1576 there was famine at Milan due to crop failures, and later an outbreak of the plague. The city's trade fell off, and along with it the people's source of income. The Governor and many members of the nobility fled the city, but the bishop remained, to organize the care of those affected and to minister to the dying. He called together the superiors of all the religious communities in the diocese and won their cooperation. Borromeo tried to feed 60,000 to 70,000 people daily. He used up his own funds and went into debt to provide food for the hungry. Finally, he wrote to the Governor and successfully persuaded him to return.

Influence on English affairs

Borromeo had also been involved in English affairs when he assisted Pius IV. Many English Catholics had fled to Italy at this time because of the persecutions under Queen Elizabeth I. He gave pastoral attention to English Catholics who fled to Italy to escape the new laws against the Catholic faith. Edmund Campion, a Jesuit, and Ralph Sherwin visited him at Milan in 1580 on their way to England. They stayed with him for eight days, talking with him every night after dinner. A Welshman, Grudfydd Robert, served as his canon theologian and an Englishman, Thomas Goldwell, as vicar-general. The archbishop carried on his person a small picture of John Fisher, who with Thomas More had been executed during the reign of Henry VIII and for whom he held a great veneration. During the 19th century Catholic restoration in England, Nicholas Wiseman was to institute an order of Oblates of St Charles, led by Henry Edward Manning, as a congregation of secular priests directly supporting the Archbishop of Westminster.

Persecution of religious dissidents

Though the Diet of Ilanz of 1524 and 1526 had proclaimed freedom of worship in the Three Leagues, Borromeo repressed Protestantism in the Swiss valleys. The Catholic Encyclopedia relates: "In November [1583] he began a visitation as Apostolic visitor of all the cantons of Switzerland and the Grisons, leaving the affairs of his diocese in the hands of Monsignor Owen Lewis, his vicar-general. He began in the Valle Mesolcina; here not only was their heresy to be fought, but also witchcraft and sorcery, and at Roveredo it was discovered that 'the provost or rector, was the foremost in sorceries'". During his pastoral visit to the region, 150 people were arrested for practicing witchcraft. Eleven women and the provost were condemned by the civil authorities to be burned alive.

Reacting to the pressure of the Protestant Reformation, Borromeo encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his development of the "Golden League" but did not live to see its formation in 1586. Based in Lucerne, the organization (also called the Borromean League) linked activities of several Swiss Catholic cantons of Switzerland, which became the centre of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts and was determined to expel heretics. It created severe strains in the Swiss civil administration and caused the break-up of Appenzell canton along religious lines.

Controversy and last days

Charged with implementing the reforms dictated by the Council of Trent, Borromeo's uncompromising stance brought him into conflict with secular leaders, priests, and even the Pope. He met with much opposition to his reforms. The governor of the province and many of the senators addressed complaints to the courts of Rome and Madrid.

In 1584, during his annual retreat at Monte Varallo, he fell ill with "intermittent fever and ague", and on returning to Milan grew rapidly worse. After receiving the Last Rites, he quietly died on 3 November at the age of 46.

Veneration
Following his death, popular devotion to Borromeo arose quickly and continued to grow. The Milanese celebrated his anniversary as though he were already a saint, and supporters in a number of cities collected documentation to support his canonization.  In 1602 Clement VIII beatified Borromeo. In 1604 his case was sent to the Congregation of Rites. On 1 November 1610, Pope Paul V canonized Borromeo. Three years later, the church added his feast to the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 4 November. Along with Guarinus of Palestrina and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, he is one of only two or three cardinal-nephews to have been canonized.

Charles Borromeo is the patron saint of bishops, catechists and seminarians.

Iconography
Borromeo's emblem is the Latin word humilitas (humility), which is a portion of the Borromeo shield. He is usually represented in art in his robes, barefoot, carrying the cross as archbishop, a rope around his neck, one hand raised in blessing, thus recalling his work during the plague.

Sources
Borromeo' biography was originally written by three of his contemporaries: Agostino Valerio (afterwards cardinal and Bishop of Verona) and Carlo Bascape (General of the Barnabites, afterwards Bishop of Novara), who wrote their contributions in Latin, and Pietro Giussanno (a priest), who wrote his in Italian. Giussanno's account was the most detailed of the three.

Legacy

Borromeo's correspondence shows his influential position in Europe during his lifetime. The popes under whom he served sought his advice. The Catholic sovereigns of Europe – Henry III of France, Philip II of Spain, Mary, Queen of Scots – and others showed how they valued his influence. Cardinal Valerio of Verona said of him that Borromeo was "to the well-born a pattern of virtue, to his brother cardinals an example of true nobility." Cardinal Baronius styled him "a second Ambrose, whose early death, lamented by all good men, inflicted great loss on the Church."

Late in the sixteenth or at the beginning of the seventeenth century, Catholics in England  circulated among themselves a "Life of St. Charles".

Monuments
 Contrary to Borromeo's last wishes, the Duomo di Milano created a memorial crypt to honour him at the church.
 His relative Federico Borromeo and admirers commissioned a statue 20 m high that was erected on the hill above Arona, as they regarded him an important leader of the Counter-Reformation.

Writings
 Besides the Noctes Vaticanae, to which he appeared to have contributed, Borromeo's written legacy consisted only of some homilies, discourses and sermons, with a collection of letters.  Borromeo's sermons have been translated into many languages.

Churches
A large number of churches dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo exist, including:

Europe
 Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria
 St Charles Borromeo Church, Sheffield
 St Charles Borromeo Church, Kingston upon Hull, England
 St. Charles Borromeo RC Church, Hampton Magna, England
 St. Charles Borromeo RC Church, Aigburth, Liverpool, England
 Our Lady and St Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, Wisbech, England
 St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Oratory, North Kelvinside, Glasgow, Scotland
 St. Charles Borromeo Church, Antwerp, Belgium
 San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy
 St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church, Pancevo, Vojvodina, Serbia
 Church of St. Charles Borromeo (Warsaw, Poland)
 Chiesa San Carlo Borromeo, Biasca, Ticino, Switzerland
 St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church, Vienna

North America
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, Peru, Indiana
 Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, Grand Coteau, Louisiana
 Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, North Hollywood, California
 St Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, Visalia, California
 Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, California
 Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, California
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church and Academy (Pt. Loma, California)
 St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church, Port Charlotte, Florida
 St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church in Hampshire, Illinois
 St. Charles Borromeo Church (Destrehan, Louisiana)
 St. Charles Borromeo Church, Brooklyn New York
 St. Charles Borromeo Church (New York City), New York
 St. Charles's Church (Staten Island, New York)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Nederland, Texas)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church in St. Charles, Missouri
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Oakes, North Dakota)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Kettering, Ohio)
 St. Charles Borromeo (Lima, Ohio)
 St. Charles Borromeo Church (Parma, Ohio)
 St. Charles Borromeo (South Charleston, Ohio)
 St. Charles Borromeo  in Pikesville, Maryland
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Woburn, Massachusetts)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Picayune, Mississippi)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Gretna, Nebraska)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Skillman, New Jersey)
 St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church in Greece, New York
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Syracuse, New York)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Ahoskie, North Carolina)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania)
 St Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church (Fermeuse, Newfoundland and Labrador)
 St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church, est. 1846, Woonsocket, Rhode Island
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Milan, Indiana), in Ripley County
 St. Charles Church (Arlington, Virginia)
 St. Charles Parish, Spokane, Washington
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Oklahoma City, OK)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Du Bois, Illinois)

 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Meredith, NH)
 St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church (Kingsland, TX)

South America
 Cathedral of San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
 St. Charles Borromeo Cathedral, São Carlos, Brazil
 Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo (Chillán), Chile
 Cathedral Basilica of San Carlos Borromeo (Puno), Peru
 San Carlos Borromeo, San Carlos, Uruguay
 Cathedral of San Carlos (Cojedes), Venezuela

Seminaries
 St Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Archdiocese of Košice, in Košice, Slovakia
 St. Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
 San Carlos Seminary of the Archdiocese of Manila in Makati, Philippines
 Colegio San Carlos, a recognized primary and secondary school in Bogotá, Colombia, and home for a Benedictine community of priests
 Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary of Nyakibanda in Rwanda
 St Charles' Seminary in Perth, Australia
 Borromeo Seminary in Wickliffe, Ohio
 St. Charles Seminary in Carthagena, Ohio, now a retirement home
 St. Charles Seminary (Staten Island, New York), closed and slated for private homes
St. Charles Seminary (SVD), Goden Rock, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
St Charles Borromeo Minor Seminary Senior High School, Tamale, Ghana

Other
 His nephew, Federico Borromeo (1564–1631), was archbishop of Milan from 1595 and founded the Ambrosian Library in that city.  He donated his collection of art and literature to the library. He appeared as a character in Alessandro Manzoni's novel The Betrothed (I promessi sposi).
 Sint. Carolus hospital, first Catholic hospital in Indonesia founded by Perkumpulan Perhimpunan St. Carolus Vereeniging (PPSC). It is managed by Kongregasi Suster-Suster Cinta Kasih St. Carolus Borromeus (Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo ) since its foundation in 1913.
 Borromeo was crucial in furthering the career of composer Orfeo Vecchi.
 Borromeo is one of four people mentioned at the beginning of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, as responsible for the Council of Trent, which gave way to the modern-day catechism. The others are Peter Canisius, Turibius of Mongrovejo and Robert Bellarmine.
 Saint Charles Preparatory School, a former college seminary now a four-year Catholic college preparatory school in Columbus, Ohio
 Lewis University, a Catholic and Lasallian University, St. Charles Borromeo North Campus
 St. Charles, Missouri
 St. Charles, Illinois
 St. Charles, Minnesota
 São Carlos, Brazil
 Saint-Charles-Borromée, Quebec, Canada
 San Carlos City, Pangasinan, Philippines
 The San Carlos de Borromeo Fortress on Margarita Island, state of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela, completed in 1684, intended to help protect settlements in the Bay of Pampatar area against the constant threat of piracy
 University of San Carlos in Cebu City, Philippines
 Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala in Guatemala, originally named "Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo"

Music

 Marc-Antoine Charpentier has composed a dramatic motet, Pestis Mediolanensis H.398 & H.398 a, for soloists, double chorus, two flutes, double string orchestra, and continuo (1670?)

See also
 Guastallines
 Saint Charles Borromeo, patron saint archive

 Silent preaching
 Sancarlone
 Oblates of Saints Ambrose and Charles

References

Sources

 A Sala, Documenti circa la vita e la gesta di Borromeo (4 vols., Milan: 1857–1859)
 Chanoine Silvain, Histoire de St Charles Borromeo (Milan: 1884)
 A Cantono, "Un grande riformatore del secolo XVI" (Florence: 1904); "Borromus" in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (Leipzig: 1897).

External links
 Pietro Canetta, "Biography of Carlo Borromeo" (in Italian), Magazzeno Storico Verbanese
 Fabiola Giancotti, Per ragioni di salute. San Carlo Borromeo nel quarto centenario della canonizzazione 1610-2010,  (Il Club di Milano, Spirali 2010)
Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square
 Saint Charles Borromeo, Aphorisms 1561-1584, , (Il Club di Milano, 2012)

 Epistolario di San Carlo: Digital edition of the manuscript and letters of Carlo Borromeo
 Website of St Charles Church,Volders in Tirol

 Birgit Heß-Kickert: Architekturtheorie der italienischen Renaissance. Die Instructiones fabricae et supellectilis ecclesiasticae des Carlo Borromeo. Saarbrücken, 1999

1538 births
1584 deaths
People from Arona, Piedmont
Carlo
16th-century Italian cardinals
Archbishops of Milan
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Participants in the Council of Trent
São Carlos
Cardinal-nephews
Burials at Milan Cathedral
Cardinal Secretaries of State
Members of the Sacred Congregation of the Council
Major Penitentiaries of the Apostolic Penitentiary
Incorrupt saints
University of Pavia alumni

Witch hunters
Witch trials in Italy

Charles Borromeo


Dos autopistas en el estado estadounidense de California han sido señalizadas como Ruta 95:
U.S. Route 95 (California)
Ruta Estatal de California 95, ahora parte de la Ruta US 395

Ruta Estatal de California 95


Indenfor kemi er en alkali (fra Hausa:"Alkali eller Alkalee", "dommer", arabisk: al-qaly القلي, القالي , "salturtens aske") en basisk, ionisk salt fra et alkalimetal eller jordalkalimetal. En alkali kan også defineres som en base der opløses i vand. En opløsning af en opløselig base har pH større end 7,0. Adjektivet alkalint benyttes ofte som synonym for basisk, særligt for baser der er opløselige i vand. Denne brede brug af begrebet skyldes sandsynligvis at alkalierne var de første observerede baser der overhorldt Arrhenius' definition på en base, og de er stadig blandt de oftest sete baser.

Salte

Alkali


ජෝර්ජියා යනු   යුරේසියාවේ  කෝකසස් ප්‍රදේශයෙහි පිහිටි ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයකි. බටහිර ආසියාව සහ නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපය අතර සන්ධියක පිහිටි මෙය, බටහිරින් කළු මුහුදෙන්ද, උතුරින් රුසියාවෙන්ද, දකුණෙන් තුර්කියෙන් හා ආර්මේනියාවෙන්ද සහ, ගිණිකොණ දෙසින් අසර්බයිජානයෙන්ද මායිම් වී ඇත. ජෝර්ජියාවෙහි අගනගරය ටිබිලිසි වෙයි. ජෝර්ජියාවට අයත් භූමි ප්‍රමාණය 69,700 කිමී² වන අතර එහි ජනගහණය 4.7 මිලියන පමණ වෙයි. ජෝර්ජියාව ඒකීය, අර්ධ-ජනාධිපතිමය ජනරජයක් වන අතර, රජය තෝරාපත් කර ගනු ලබන්නේ නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදයක්  ඔස්සේය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

යුරෝපා රටවල්

ජෝර්ජියාව


Ifigenia  / Iphigenia  poate desemna:
 În mitologia greacă, Ifigenia / Iphigenia este fiica lui Agamemnon și a Clitemnestrei, sacrificată zeiței Artemis

 Mai multe opere artistice, între care:

 Ifigenia în Aulis și Ifigenia în Taurida (Euripide), tragedii de Euripide;

 Iphigénie (Rotrou), tragedie de Jean de Rotrou (1640)

 Iphigénie (Racine) / Ifigenia (Racine), tragedie de Jean Racine (1674)

 Ifigenia în Taurida (Goethe), tragedie de Goethe (1779)

 Ifigenia (film din 1977), film grec de Michael Cacoyannis (1977)

 112 Iphigenia, un asteroid din Centura principală;

 Ifigenia (sfântă), sfântă din secolul I, fiică a regelui Etiopiei

 Mai multe nave (listă neexhaustivă) :

 Iphigénie (1777), fregată franceză capturată de Spania în 1795 și redenumită  Ifigenia

 HMS Iphigenia (1805), fregată engleză capturată în august 1810 de francezi și redenumită Iphigénie, apoi reluată de Royal Navy în decembrie 1810

 Iphigénie (1810), fregată franceză de clasă Pallas, capturată de Royal Navy în 1814 și redenumită HMS Gloire

 Iphigénie (1827), fregată franceză

 Iphigénie (1881), crucișător francez

 Iphigénie (1935), torpilor francez de clasa La Melpomène, luat de italieni în 1942 (pentru a deveni FR43), transferat germanilor în 1943 (TA11), apoi scufundat la Piombino în septembrie 1943

 Iphigenia (crustaceu), gen din familia Donacidae

Note

Ifigenia (dezambiguizare)


Jan Tinbergen (d. 12 Nisan 1903, Lahey – ö. 9 Haziran 1994, Lahey), Hollandalı iktisatçı.

Ragnar Frisch ile birlikte ekonometrinin kurucularından olan ve az gelişmiş ülkelerde ekonomik planlama konusunda yaptığı çalışmalarla tanınmış bir iktisatçıdır.

İktisat teorisini matematik ve istatistik ile ilk buluşturan iktisatçıdır.

Yaşamı
Beş çocuklu bir ailenin ilk çocuğuydu. Hemen tüm aile üyeleri, bilim alanında yetkin kişilerdi. Babası bir ortaokulda dilbilim hocasıydı. Tinbergen'in bilimsel eserlerinde basit bir dil kullanmasında babasının önemli bir etkisi vardır. Ailede politik ilgi de oldukça gelişmişti. Jan Tinbergen bu ilgiden etkilenerek önce Sosyalist Gençlik Örgütü'ne, sonra da Sosyal Demokrat Parti'ye girdi. Siyasi fikirleri dolayısıyla askerlik yapmayı reddetti ve bunun yerine hükûmet emrinde mecburi hizmete girdi. Mecburi hizmetinin bir bölümünü Merkezi İstatistik Bürosu'nda yaptı.

Bir dönem üniversitede asistanlık yaptıktan sonra, bu büroya yeniden döndü. Üniversitede fizik okumuştu. Ancak doktora tezi, "Fizik ve Ekonomide Minimum Problemler" adını taşıyordu. Bu tezden sonra ilgisi giderek ekonomi alanına kaydı. Ancak gerek üniversite eğitiminin getirdiği matematik bilgisi, gerek istatistik bürosundaki çalışmalarıyla edindiği istatistik tecrübesi ekonomi alanında bu iki bilim dalını uygulamayı denemesine neden oldu. Tinbergen bu çalışma tarzını konjonktür dalgalanmaları konusuna uygulamayı denedi. Gerek bu dalgalanmaları açıklayan, gerekse konjonktür teorilerini amprik olarak test etmeyi amaçlayan ekonometrik modeller kurdu. Bu çalışmalarda Keynes düşüncesinin öğeleri bulunmasına karşın, Keynes'ten hayli eleştiri aldı. 1960'lara kadar da gereken ilgiyi görmedi.

Tinbergen daha sonraları refah ekonomisi ve kalkınma planlaması alanında çalıştı. Özellikle bu dalda birçok uluslararası kuruluş adına görev yaptı. Çeşitli planlama teknikleri geliştirdi. Gelir dağılımı konusunda çalıştı.

Türkiye'de Devlet Planlama Teşkilatının kuruluşunda aktif görev aldı. İlk planların input-output analizlerine dayalı olarak yapılmasında öncü rol oynadı.

Gelir dağılımının adilleştirilmesi yönünde tavır aldı. Ancak analizlerinde gelirin adilleştirilmesinden ziyade refahın adilleştirilmesini işliyordu. 1969 yılında Ragner Frisch'le birlikte "dinamik modelleri geliştirerek ekonomik analizlere uygulayan" çalışmalarıyla Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü'nü aldı.

Önemli eserleri

 Business Cycles in the United States, 1919–1932 (1939)
 Statistical Testing of Business-Cycle Theories (1939)
 International Economic Cooperation (1946)
 On the Theory of Economic Policy (1952)
 Economic Policy: Principles and Design (1956)
 Mathematical Models of Economic Growth (1962)
 The dynamics of business cycles: a study in economic fluctuations (1974) ISBN 0-226-80418-6
 Income Distribution. Analysis and Policies (1975)
 Der Dialog Nord-Süd: Informationen zur Entwicklungspolitik (1977)
 Economic policy : principles and design (1978)
 Centralization and decentralization in economic policy (1981) ISBN 0-313-23077-3

Ayrıca bakınız
 Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahipleri listesi

Dış bağlantılar

Nobel e-müzesinde otobiyografisi
 Nobel Ödülü töreninde Jan Tinbergen takdimi - Nobel-winners.com websitesinde

1903 doğumlular
1994 yılında ölenler
Hollandalı ekonomistler
Hollandalı Nobel Ödülü sahipleri
Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahipleri
Erasmus Ödülü sahipleri

Jan Tinbergen


CTV 2 Atlantic is a Canadian cable television channel serving Atlantic Canada owned by Bell Media, with its studios located in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Owned by the Bell Media subsidiary of BCE Inc., it operates as a de facto owned-and-operated station of its secondary CTV 2 television system.

The channel launched as the Atlantic Satellite Network (or ASN) in 1983. It is designated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) as a "satellite-to-cable television programming undertaking," defined as a local television channel available in the region on basic cable television, and now throughout Canada on many digital cable systems and satellite television, but without any terrestrial transmitters (a small number of other channels, mainly educational broadcasters, are similarly designated). The channel does not appear to have mandatory cable carriage rights, although nearly all cable systems in the region offer it. Nonetheless, it has full simultaneous substitution rights in the Atlantic provinces, whereas most non-broadcast channels do not.

Prior to fall 2008, the channel had received much of its programming from CHUM Limited's Citytv (now owned by Rogers Media) and A-Channel (now CTV 2) systems, which did not operate in the region; beginning in the early 2000s, timeshifted CTV programs often aired on the channel as well. CTV acquired CHUM (excluding Citytv) in 2007, and ASN merged with the relaunched A system on August 11, 2008.

On cable in the Halifax area, CTV Two Atlantic can be found on EastLink TV channel 7, and Bell Aliant Fibe TV channel 5. There is also an HD feed on EastLink TV channel 606 and on Bell Aliant Fibe channel 406. Outside Halifax, the station can usually be found on either channel 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 13.

History

The channel launched as the Atlantic Satellite Network on May 29, 1983, under the ownership of CHUM Limited, as a supplementary service to its ATV system of CTV affiliates (now known as CTV Atlantic). ASN initially aired Atlantic Pulse newscasts at alternate times to ATV's newscasts. Atlantic Pulse used ATV reporters, but different anchors and graphics, with a comparatively spartan set located across the newsroom from ATV's. ASN also carried alternative entertainment programming, much of it produced by or otherwise sourced from CHUM's Toronto station CITY-TV (including a nightly feature film, branded under the title Great Movies, as CITY-TV did).

In 1997, as part of a multi-station trade between CHUM and Baton Broadcasting, ATV and ASN became Baton properties; ATV was integrated into the expanded CTV network, while ASN took over the few remaining CHUM programs from ATV. ASN remained, for all intents and purposes, the Citytv affiliate in Atlantic Canada, and for about another decade carried a similar mix of movies and series in primetime. However, by the mid-2000s, the amount of CHUM programming on the ASN schedule had in fact decreased, and CHUM-supplied soap operas and movies (aside from a handful of weekend timeslots) were no longer present.

Following the merger between CHUM and CTVglobemedia, it appeared likely that ASN would become the Citytv owned-and-operated station for Atlantic Canada. However, the merger was made conditional on the sale of Citytv to a third party, with Rogers Communications being the buyer of the television system; as such, ASN was relaunched as part of the CTV's also recently acquired A system on August 11, 2008, and became known as A Atlantic. On May 30, 2011, Bell Media announced that A Atlantic, along with the rest of the A system would be rebranded as CTV Two, thus becoming known as CTV Two Atlantic. The official relaunch to CTV Two took place on August 29, 2011. CTV Two Atlantic launched a high definition feed called CTV Two Atlantic HD on September 12, 2011 (June 4, 2019 to replace the SD feed on Shaw Direct).

Programming

ASN also devoted a significant amount of its daytime schedule to educational programming provided by provincial education departments and by local universities. This university-supplied programming came from the Distance University Education via Television (DUET) service offered by ASN, in partnership with participating universities in Atlantic Canada to university students. Some of the university programs offered through DUET included business administration and gerontology. ASN provided 16 hours of educational programming each weekend from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. and ten hours every Monday to Friday morning from 4:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. (in the early years, some TVOntario programs were carried on ASN, such as Polka Dot Door, Today's Special and Fast Forward). In September 1992, ASN launched a local version of Citytv's Breakfast Television, moving educational programs to the weekend and to overnight hours. By 1996, as specialty television began to grow in popularity, Atlantic Pulse gave way to a short-lived scaled-back version called ATV Headline News. ATV Headline News only lasted until early 1998, when ASN's news programming was fully integrated into the ATV (now CTV Atlantic) news operation.

While ATV aired some syndicated programming from the United States that was shown on Citytv in Toronto (such as Friends and Seinfeld repeats), ASN aired programs associated with CTV in the rest of the country, such as Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy! and Camilla Scott. ASN was also the original home of The Oprah Winfrey Show until it moved to ATV in 1991 (and in Newfoundland and Labrador, to CJON-TV, commonly known as "NTV"). Both Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! are currently broadcast by Hamilton, Ontario-based CHCH as of September 2012.

Over the years, ASN/A Atlantic has occasionally aired selected CTV network programming. In some cases, this would be live programming that had been scheduled for times that were inconvenient for either or both of ATV and NTV, such as weekend afternoon sports programming that might interfere with local news. From fall 2005 to fall 2008, ASN had also carried same-night rebroadcasts of CTV programs on most nights at 11:00 p.m. AT (10:00 p.m. ET). This appeared to be to maximize the network's simultaneous substitution coverage; since 1997, CTV Atlantic had aired series from the final hour of U.S. primetime earlier in the evening in order to accommodate newscasts at 11:00 AT.

Since NTV's 2002 disaffiliation from CTV, ASN/A Atlantic has also shown selected high-profile CTV network programs that are likely to be of interest to viewers in Newfoundland and Labrador, but would not otherwise be widely available in that province due to the lack of an alternate CTV affiliate on basic cable. This has included the first three seasons of Canadian Idol, which NTV began to carry in 2006, as well as sports programming such as CTV's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics. In these cases, the programs would continue to air on CTV Atlantic as well. Such occurrences are currently rare since most CTV programs are available on analog cable in Newfoundland on other channels, either through simulcasts on U.S. network affiliates, or through repeats on CTV's analog specialty channels like The Comedy Network.

Despite the then-pending CTVglobemedia/CHUM merger, CHUM content was actually lowered during the 2006–07 season compared to previous years, with other series from the CTV library – including repeats, "shelf" series like What About Brian, programming from MTV Canada, and timeshifted CTV programming for simsub purposes – making up the balance.

News operation
CTV 2 Atlantic presently broadcasts 15 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with three hours each weekday). The joint ownership of ATV and ASN was approved in 1983 without any restrictions on duplicated programming or news coverage between the two channels. This has been grandfathered into the CRTC's current policy, which has required most newer large-market "twinsticks" to maintain separate programming and news content on both component stations.

Since 1997, ASN's local programming has been cut back significantly. At its peak, Breakfast Television aired for two and a half hours daily; it now airs for two hours, broadcasting from 7 to 9 a.m. The format of the channel's signature morning show Breakfast Television and its logo somewhat resembled the format and branding used by the Citytv stations. Also, while ASN still carried a noon newscast and an early-morning rebroadcast of CTV's Live at 5, both are branded as CTV News programs. In mid-October 2005, ASN stopped carrying a late newscast, due to the additional CTV programming noted below.

Currently, CTV 2 Atlantic carries a late local newscast (a rebroadcast of CTV Atlantic's late news at midnight), previously the rebroadcast was taken off the schedule in 2005 but has been brought back; as well as the aforementioned CTV News at Noon. CTV Two Atlantic's morning program also retained the name Breakfast Television instead of A Morning during the A era. The show subsequently dropped the name, when the station was rebranded as CTV Two and the morning show became known as CTV Morning Live.

Notable current on-air staff
 Steve Murphy - news anchor, weekday evenings CTV News at Six

Notable former on-air staff
 Jill Krop - reporter for Atlantic Pulse/co-host of Breakfast Television (now at CHAN-TV in Vancouver)
 Allan Rowe - Weekend Anchor/reporter for Atlantic Pulse (later at CIHF-TV, now MLA for Dartmouth South); now deceased.
 Jay Michaels (MacNeil) - co-host of Breakfast Television (now at CKFM-FM in Toronto)
 Heather Hiscox - co-host of Lunch Television 1992-1997 (now at CBC News Network)

Advertising
Until fall 2006, the CRTC required that "commercial messages that are likely to have a negative impact on (NTV) be deleted from the ASN service distributed in St. John's and Mount Pearl (and area)" by Rogers Cable and its pre-2000 predecessor, Cable Atlantic. For several years, Rogers or Cable Atlantic aired scrolling text from Broadcast News in its place, and was faulted on several occasions for untimely malfunctions of the automated equipment that performed the deletion (i.e., entire segments of Canadian Idol being blocked). In spring 2006, Rogers applied to have this condition removed, citing these complaints among other reasons. This was approved in fall 2006.

Since the channel's inception, ASN/CTV Two Atlantic has not been permitted to solicit local advertising in the Halifax area, due to (in the CRTC's opinion) insufficient support for local advertising. As part of the approval for Rogers's request to remove the commercial blackouts in St. John's, the channel also agreed not to solicit local advertising in that area either. CTV Two Atlantic is permitted to solicit local advertising in the rest of Atlantic Canada, as well as regional and national advertising; moreover the ban on solicitation does not necessarily prevent the channel from accepting local ad sales from the aforementioned areas.

See also
CTV 2 Alberta - a similar cable-only affiliate of CTV 2 in the Canadian province of Alberta; formerly Access
Citytv Saskatchewan - a similar cable-only affiliate of Citytv in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan; formerly Saskatchewan Communications Network
The CW Plus - an alternate feed of The CW Television Network for small- and mid-size television markets in the United States, made up of privately owned digital multicast channels and cable-only affiliates, with syndicated programs supplied by the network in addition to CW network programming

References

External links
CTV Morning Live Atlantic
CTV Atlantic

Analog cable television networks in Canada
CTV 2 stations
Television channels and stations established in 1983
Television stations in New Brunswick
Television stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Television stations in Nova Scotia
Television stations in Prince Edward Island
1983 establishments in Nova Scotia

CTV 2 Atlantic


Timothy James "Tim" Farron (født 27. maj 1970 i Preston, Lancashire, England) er en britisk politiker, der var leder af de liberale demokrater fra 2015 til 2017.

Ledende poster hos de liberale demokrater
Tim Farron var organisatorisk formand (President) for de liberale demokrater fra 1. januar 2011 til 31.december 2014.

Ved valget til Underhuset den 7. maj 2015 gik de liberale demokrater kraftigt tilbage, og partiets leder Nick Clegg meddelte, at han ville træde tilbage. Den 16. juli 2015 blev Tim Farron valgt til leder.

Afgang som partileder i juli 2017
Den 8. juni 2017 var der valg til Underhuset. Her gik de liberale demokrater frem fra otte til 14 mandater. Alligevel meddelte Tim Farron den 14. juni, at han ønskede at træde tilbage som partileder. Fristen for at foreslå en ny leder af partiet blev fastsat til kl. 16 den 20. juli 2017. Ved fristens udløb var sir Vincent Cable den eneste kandidat, og Cable kunne dermed overtage posten som partileder.

Medlem af Underhuset
Tim Farron har repræsenteret  Westmorland og Lonsdale (i Cumbria) i Underhuset siden 2005.

Fra 2007 til 2010 var Tim Farron miljøordfører for partiet.

Eksterne henvisninger

Partiledere for Liberal Democrats (UK)
Medlemmer af Underhuset

Tim Farron


Le tartrate dipotassique ou tartrate de potassium est le sel de potassium de l'acide tartrique, de formule chimique K2C4H4O6. Il est souvent confondu avec le bitartrate de potassium, aussi appelé « crème de tartre ».

Il est utilisé en tant que régulateur de l'acidité sous le numéro E336(ii) .

Préparation
Le tartrate de potassium est produit par la réaction de l'acide tartrique avec du tartrate double de potassium et de sodium, communément appelé sel de Seignette, et du sulfate de potassium, suivie d'une filtration, d'une purification, d'une précipitation et d'un séchage.

Divers
Le tartre émétique est produit lorsque le tartrate de potassium est chauffé en présence de trioxyde d'antimoine.

Références

Tartrate
Composé du potassium
Additif alimentaire
Antioxydant alimentaire
Régulateur alimentaire de pH

Tartrate dipotassique


Frank Shepard Fairey (born February 15, 1970) is an American contemporary artist, activist and founder of OBEY Clothing who emerged from the skateboarding scene. In 1989 he designed the "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" (...OBEY...) sticker campaign while attending the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD).

Fairey designed the Barack Obama "Hope" poster for the 2008 U.S. presidential election. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, has described him as one of the best known and most influential street artists. His work is included in the collections at The Smithsonian; the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the Museum of Modern Art in New York City; the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego; the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.; the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond; and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

His style has been described as a "bold iconic style that is based on styling and idealizing images."

Early life
Shepard Fairey was born and raised in Charleston, South Carolina. His father, Strait Fairey, is a doctor, and his mother, Charlotte, a realtor. He attended Porter-Gaud School in Charleston, South Carolina, and transferred to high school at Idyllwild Arts Academy in Idyllwild, California, from which he graduated in 1988.

Fairey became involved with art in 1984, when he started to place his drawings on skateboards and T-shirts. He moved to Rhode Island in 1988 to attend the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). In 1992, he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Illustration from RISD.

Career

Obey Giant sticker
Fairey created the "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" sticker campaign in 1989, while attending the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). This later evolved into the "Obey Giant" campaign, which has grown via an international network of collaborators replicating Fairey's original designs. Fairey intended the Obey Giant to inspire curiosity and cause people to question their relationship with their surroundings. According to the Obey Giant website, "The sticker has no meaning but exists only to cause people to react, to contemplate and search for meaning in the sticker". The website also says, by contrast, that those who are familiar with the sticker find humor and enjoyment from it and that those who try to analyze its meaning only burden themselves and may condemn the art as an act of vandalism from an evil, underground cult.

Originally intending the sticker campaign to gain fame among his classmates and college peers, Fairey says:
At first I was only thinking about the response from my clique of art school and skateboard friends. The fact that a larger segment of the public would not only notice, but investigate, the unexplained appearance of the stickers was something I had not contemplated. When I started to see reactions and consider the sociological forces at work surrounding the use of public space and the insertion of a very eye-catching but ambiguous image, I began to think there was the potential to create a phenomenon.

In a manifesto he wrote in 1990–1991, and since posted on his website, he links his work with Heidegger's concept of phenomenology.  His "Obey" Campaign is from the John Carpenter movie They Live which starred pro wrestler Roddy Piper, taking a number of its slogans, including the "Obey" slogan, as well as the "This is Your God" slogan. Fairey has spun off the OBEY clothing line from the original sticker campaign.  He also uses the slogan "The Medium is the Message" borrowed from Marshall McLuhan. Shepard Fairey has stated in an interview that part of his work is inspired by other street artists.

Post-graduation
After graduation, he founded a small printing business in Providence, Rhode Island, called Alternate Graphics, specializing in T-shirt and sticker silkscreens, which afforded Fairey the ability to continue pursuing his own artwork.  While residing in Providence in 1994, Fairey met American filmmaker Helen Stickler, who had also attended RISD and graduated with a film degree. The following spring, Stickler completed a short documentary film about Shepard and his work, titled "Andre the Giant Has a Posse". The film premiered in the 1995 New York Underground Film Festival, and went on to play at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival. It has been seen in more than 70 festivals and museums internationally.

"From the late '90s until about 2001," writes Ken Leighton in The San Diego Reader, Fairey lived in East Village, San Diego, where, according to a friend quoted in the article, he co-founded a "guerrilla marketing company called Black Market Design." According to John Goff, a former member of the San Diego-based "tribal post-punk" industrial-noise performance art band Crash Worship, Fairey began appropriating the Russian Constructivist style utilized in Soviet-era propaganda during his time in San Diego. "'I think he became an art icon when he started focusing on Communist imagery,' Goff says. 'He was still in San Diego then. I first met him when he was working above Hooter's in the Gaslamp.'"

Fairey was a founding partner, along with Dave Kinsey and Phillip DeWolff, of the design studio BLK/MRKT Inc. from 1997 to 2003, which specialised in guerrilla marketing, and "the development of high-impact marketing campaigns".  Clients included Pepsi, Hasbro and Netscape (for whom Fairey designed the red dinosaur version of mozilla.org's logo and mascot).

In 2003, he founded the Studio Number One design agency with his wife, Amanda Fairey.  The agency produced the cover work for The Black Eyed Peas' album Monkey Business and the poster for the film Walk the Line.  Fairey has also designed the covers for The Smashing Pumpkins' album Zeitgeist, Flogging Molly's CD/DVD Whiskey on a Sunday, Led Zeppelin's compilation Mothership and movie Celebration Day, and Anthrax's The Greater Of Two Evils. Along with Banksy, Dmote, and others, Fairey created work at a warehouse exhibition in Alexandria, Sydney, for Semi-Permanent in 2003. Approximately 1,500 people attended.

In 2004, Fairey joined artists Robbie Conal and Mear One to create a series of "anti-war, anti-Bush" posters for a street art campaign called "Be the Revolution" for the art collective "Post Gen". "Be the Revolution" kicked off with a night of performances featuring Z-Trip, Ozomatli and David J at the Avalon in Hollywood. Fairey also co-founded Swindle Magazine along with Roger Gastman.

In 2005, he collaborated for a second time with Z-Trip on a limited edition 12-inch featuring Chuck D entitled "Shock and Awe". In 2005 Fairey also collaborated with DJ Shadow on a box set, with T-shirts, stickers, prints, and a mix CD by Shadow. In 2005 he showed abroad, for instance in Paris at the Magda Danysz Gallery, and was a resident artist at the Honolulu Museum of Art Spalding House (formerly known as The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu). Also in 2005, Fairey contributed the artwork for the posters, cover art, and graphics for Walk The Line the Johnny Cash biopic. In 2006, Fairey contributed eight vinyl etchings to a limited-edition series of 12" singles by post-punk band Mission of Burma, and has also done work for the musical group Interpol.

In 2006, Fairey joined NYC based Ad agency Project 2050  as founding Creative Director and was featured on the cover of Advertising Age magazine.  While at Project 2050 Shepard developed creative work for Virgin Mega Store and Boost Mobile. The book Supply and Demand: The Art of Shepard Fairey was released in 2006. In 2008, Philosophy of Obey (Obey Giant): The Formative Years (1989–2008), edited by Sarah Jaye Williams, was published by Nerve Books UK, and praised by Fairey.

In June 2007, Fairey opened his one-man show entitled "E Pluribus Venom", at the Jonathan LeVine Gallery. The show made the arts section front page in the New York Times.

Fairey donated original cover art to the 2008 album Body of War: Songs That Inspired an Iraq War Veteran, produced for Iraq War documentary Body of War. Proceeds from the album benefit non-profit organization Iraq Veterans Against the War.

In 2008, Fairey teamed up again with Z-Trip to do a series of shows in support of then-presidential candidate Barack Obama entitled Party For Change. Fairey also designed posters for the British goth band Bauhaus.

In September 2008, Shepard opened his solo show titled "Duality of Humanity" at White Walls & Shooting Gallery in San Francisco. His third solo show with the gallery featured one hundred and fifty works, including the largest collection of canvases pieces in one show that he's done.

Fairey was arrested on February 7, 2009, on his way to the premiere of his show at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, Massachusetts, on two outstanding warrants related to graffiti. He was charged with damage to property for having postered two Boston area locations with graffiti, a Boston Police Department spokesman said. His arrest was announced to party goers by longtime friend Z-Trip who had been performing at the ICA premiere at Shepard Fairey's request.

On April 27, 2009, Fairey put three signed copies of his Obama inauguration posters up on eBay, with the proceeds of the auction going to the One Love For Chi foundation, founded by the family of Deftones bassist Chi Cheng following a car accident in November 2008 that nearly claimed Cheng's life.

Fairey's first art museum exhibition, titled Supply & Demand (as was his earlier book), was held in Boston at the Institute of Contemporary Art during the summer of 2009. The exhibition featured more than 250 works in a wide variety of media: screen prints, stencils, stickers, rubylith illustrations, collages, and works on wood, metal and canvas. As a complement to the ICA exhibition, Fairey created public art works around Boston. The artist explains his driving motivation: "The real message behind most of my work is 'question everything'."

In 2011, Time Magazine commissioned Fairey to design its cover to honor "The Protester" as Person of the Year in the wake of the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street and other social movements around the world. This was Fairey's second Person of the Year cover for Time, his first being of Barack Obama in 2008.

In January 2015, Shepard Fairey made a cameo appearance on Portlandia. In July 2015, Fairey was arrested and detained at Los Angeles International Airport, after passing through customs, on a warrant for allegedly vandalizing 14 buildings in Detroit. He subsequently turned himself in to Detroit Police.

On September 17, 2015, the Jacob Lewis Gallery presented Shepard Fairey's exhibition "On Our Hands", his first solo opening in New York City in five years. The paintings reflect on contemporary issues facing our global community: political corruption, environmental apathy and abuse of power. The exhibition coincides with Fairey's new monograph Covert to Overt, published by Rizzoli.

Life Is Beautiful Fremont East District, Las Vegas Mural Project 2016.

Barack Obama "Hope" poster

Fairey created a series of posters supporting Barack Obama's 2008 candidacy for President of the United States, including the iconic "HOPE" portrait. The New Yorker art critic Peter Schjeldahl called the poster "the most efficacious American political illustration since 'Uncle Sam Wants You'". Fairey also created an exclusive design for Rock the Vote. Because the Hope poster had been "perpetuated illegally" and independently by the street artist, the Obama campaign declined to have any direct affiliation with it. Although the campaign officially disavowed any involvement in the creation or popularization of the poster, Fairey has commented in interviews that he was in communication with campaign officials during the period immediately following the poster's release. Fairey has stated that the original version featured the word "PROGRESS" instead of the word "HOPE", and that within weeks of its release, the campaign requested that he issue (and legally disseminate) a new version, keeping the powerful image of Obama's face but captioning it with the word "HOPE". The campaign openly embraced the revised poster along with two additional Fairey posters that featured the words "CHANGE" and "VOTE".

Fairey distributed 300,000 stickers and 500,000 posters during the campaign, funding his grassroots electioneering through poster and fine art sales. "I just put all that money back into making more stuff, so I didn't keep any of the Obama money", explained Fairey in December 2009.

In February 2008, Fairey received a letter of thanks from Obama for his contribution to the campaign. The letter stated:

On November 5, 2008, Chicago posted banners throughout the downtown business district featuring Fairey's Obama "HOPE" portrait.

Fairey created a similar but new image of Barack Obama for Time magazine, which was used as the cover art for the 2008 Person of the Year issue. The original iconic "HOPE" portrait was featured on the cover of Esquire Magazine's February 2009 issue, this time with a caption reading, "WHAT NOW?" Shepard Fairey's influence throughout the presidential election was a factor in the artist himself having been named a Person of the Year for 2008 by GQ.

In January 2009, the "HOPE" portrait was acquired by the U.S. National Portrait Gallery and made part of its permanent collection. It was unveiled and put on display on January 17, 2009.

Later that month, photographer and blogger Tom Gralish discovered that the poster was based on an Associated Press photograph by freelance photographer Mannie Garcia. Fairey subsequently filed a federal lawsuit against the Associated Press, seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine. Fairey subsequently admitted that he had based the poster on the AP photograph and had fabricated and destroyed evidence to hide the fact. A judge urged a settlement, stating that AP would win the case. The AP and Shepard Fairey settled out of court in January 2011.

In 2009, Fairey's Obama portrait was featured in the book Art For Obama: Designing Manifest Hope and the Campaign for Change, which Fairey also edited.

In his December 8, 2010, appearance on The Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert asked Fairey how he felt about having done the "HOPE" portrait of Obama and how "that hope was working out for him now?" to which Fairey replied: "You know, I'm proud of it as a piece of grassroots activism, but I'll just leave it at that".

In an interview with Esquire in 2015, Fairey said that Obama had not lived up to his expectations, "not even close". He continued, "Obama has had a really tough time, but there have been a lot of things that he's compromised on that I never would have expected. I mean, drones and domestic spying are the last things I would have thought [he'd support]."

Fairey created a mutt version of the red, white, and blue poster, donating it to help support pet adoptions, from an image of a rescued shaggy dog taken by photographer Clay Myers. Four hundred limited edition prints were offered by Adopt-A-Pet.com, a nonprofit organization that helps shelters, humane societies and rescue groups advertise their homeless pets to potential adopters. The poster, which was also offered as a free download, was featured on the cover of the spring 2009 edition of Dog's Life magazine.

The Mandela mural

In 2014, Fairey painted a towering mural, 9 stories high, paying tribute to Nelson Mandela and the 25th anniversary of the Purple Rain Protest. It is a public artwork on Juta Street in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, overlooking the Nelson Mandela Bridge. The mural is Fairey's first work in Africa and is seen by many as a sequel to the iconic Barack Obama HOPE poster.

"It is a huge exclamation point downtown..." said Patrick Gaspard, American Ambassador to South Africa, which makes us remember the entire liberation struggle and the remarkably peaceful transition to freedom Nelson Mandela achieved.

Honest Gil Fulbright
Fairey created an adaptation of the Obama HOPE poster for satirical Kentucky politician Honest Gil Fulbright. Frank L. Ridley, the actor who portrays Fulbright, is featured on the poster, along with the word "SOLD", which refers to Fulbright's "honest" political message: "I'm only in this thing for the money, but at least I'm honest about it."

Marianne
As a tribute to the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks, Fairey created a poster representing Marianne, the French national icon, surrounded by the national motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité. In June 2016, this design was painted as a mural on 186 rue Nationale, Paris. Fairey made a gift of the poster to Emmanuel Macron, who hung it in his office upon assuming the presidency of France.
In the night of the 13th December 2020, an anonymous group tagged over the mural in an act of protest against the state. The motto was crossed out with white paint and replaced by the tag Marianne pleure (Marianne cries), and red tears were added to the face of Marianne. Fairey reacted to the act by declaring his support for all who protest against injustice and that he understood the goals of the action.

We the People series
This series was made during the 2016 presidential campaign as a protest on Donald Trump's declarations and policies. This work aims to promote gender equality and fights discrimination against minorities. This work stands out to many as it provokes people to respect their common humanity. The title of the work comes from a line in the Constitution and features portraits of Native Americans, African Americans, Muslims, and Latinas, aiming to defend their dignity.

Make Art Not War
This work is a mural for Urban Nation in Berlin, Germany. The street art was created in 2014 by Fairey. The work became a motto for street artists and demonstrated Fairey's political support for anti-war movements and peace. The work was made like traditional street art with spray paint and features many of Fairey's motifs and symbols from other works. This repetition includes the black and red cartoon-like style with repetition of symbols such as roses.

Major public murals, commissions
 Peace Elephant (2011), West Hollywood Library, Los Angeles, California
 Purple Project (2014), Johannesburg, South Africa
 Welcome Home (2017), Costa Mesa, California
 Defend Dignity (2019), Los Angeles, California

Activism and humanitarianism

Shepard Fairey has always been open about social and political topics and often donates and creates artwork in order to promote awareness of these social issues and contributes directly to these causes.

In the early 2000s, Fairey began donating to organizations such as Chiapas Relief Fund, the ACLU, Feeding America, and the Art of Elysium. Following the Obama campaign, Fairey donated proceeds from these poster sales to the ACLU and Feeding America. In September 2010, Fairey created a poster for the ACLU with actress Olivia Wilde as the Statue of Liberty holding a megaphone and a clipboard, the ACLU's weapons of choice.

The Obey Awareness Program, operated by Obey Clothing, was founded in 2007 as an extension of Fairey's humanitarian efforts. This program allows Fairey to support causes he believes in by selling specially designed merchandise and donating 100% of the profits raised to handpicked organizations and their causes. Past non-profit organizations benefiting from this program include Hope for Darfur, 11th Hour Action, Feed America, earthquake relief in Haiti, Dark Wave / Rising Sun for Japan relief, and Adopt-a-Pet.com. Environmentally related non-profit organizations such as the Surfrider Foundation, Urban Roots, the Alaskan Wildlife Refuge and more also received donations. The latest Obey Awareness T-shirts benefitted the Go Campaign, an organization that improves the lives of orphans and vulnerable children around the world by partnering with local heroes to deliver local solutions.

Fairey sits on the advisory board of Reaching to Embrace the Arts, a nonprofit organization that provides art supplies to disadvantaged schools and students. In 2007, Fairey was commissioned to create a logo for "Music Is Revolution Foundation" and became a board member of the Music Is Revolution Foundation, a nonprofit organization that supports music education for students in public schools.

As a type 1 diabetic, Fairey often contributes to non-profit organizations assisting in medical research. He is one of the earliest supporters of Give to Cure, a non-profit organization devoted to accelerating the process of finding cures for human diseases. Fairey created the first Give To Cure sticker series with 20 distinct designs. In addition, he created three special edition prints to commemorate the inaugural Give To Cure campaign. In January 2012, Fairey created an exclusive print called "The Cure" for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), the leading global organization funding type 1 diabetes research. All proceeds from the sale went toward the JDRF. In June 2013, a feature documentary called The Human Trial about the quest to cure type 1 diabetes caught the attention of Fairey who then created the movie poster in order to raise funds for the film.

Every year since 2009, Fairey has contributed his art to raise funds for the RUSH Philanthropic Arts Foundation. In August 2011, Fairey donated the Buddhist inspired piece Mandala Ornament (valued at $12,000) to help raise funds for the Foundation through the ART FOR LIFE online auction, the primary annual fundraising effort that helps support thousands of underserved New York children. Proceeds from the annual gala and auction benefitted the Foundation's signature arts education and gallery programs, which directly serve 2,300 students each year.

In June 2009, Fairey created a poster in support of the plight of Aung San Suu Kyi to bring awareness to the human rights cause in Burma. The proceeds from this print benefitted the Human Rights Action Center and the U.S. Campaign for Burma.

In 2009, Fairey teamed up with artist and activist Ernesto Yerena, activist Marco Amador and musician Zack de la Rocha of Rage Against the Machine, to create, distribute, and sell posters countering dehumanizing and anti-immigrant rhetoric for the We Are Human Campaign. A majority of the proceeds went to the National Day Labor Organizing Network (NDLON) and Puente, a grassroots community group that fights for human dignity.

Fairey has also created artwork to benefit the David Lynch Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education and World Peace (DLF). In April 2009, Fairey created a poster for the David Lynch Foundation's "Change Begins Within" benefit concert. In April 2011, Fairey donated unique collector's items to the foundation's "Download for Good" campaign. In April 2015, Fairey created a commemorative poster for the 10-year anniversary of the music of David Lynch, with all proceeds from poster sales going to the foundation.

In November 2009, Fairey partnered with LGBT grassroots organization FAIR to auction "Defend Equality Love Unites" posters to raise awareness and funds for the fight for gay and lesbian marriage equality.

Fairey is a supporter of artist movements such as The Art of Elysium, an organization aiming to affect social change by making art available to striving artists and young people battling serious illnesses. In August 2010, Fairey donated one original Burmese Monk fine art piece as well as an opportunity for a live portrait sitting for Art of Elysium. In September 2014, Fairey curated The Art of Elysium's GENESIS showcase of emerging L.A. artists, creatives, tastemakers, and social leaders.

In May 2010, Fairey partnered with Feeding America and The Advertising Council to create an outdoor public service advertisement to raise awareness about domestic hunger.

In 2011, Fairey was named honorary chair of the Young Literati, a philanthropic group of the Library Foundation of Los Angeles. Fairey has created artwork and curated several Young Literati Annual Toast events benefitting the Library Foundation. Fairey's wife Amanda has held the position of chair of the Library Foundation since 2013.

In December 2011, Fairey contributed to the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation's inaugural "Artist as Activist" print project to benefit the Coalition for the Homeless. Fairey created an original print called "The Future is Unwritten" to commemorate Rauschenburg's dedication to important social issues and the mission of the Coalition for the Homeless. The print was sold on Artnet to raise over $150,000 to support the Coalition's life-saving programs.

In July 2013, Fairey did a public arts project for the nonprofit L.A. Fund for Education. Fairey's design titled "Create Your Future" was one of three installments in the #ArtsMatter campaign, which was a collaborative effort with P.S. ARTS and featured the art displayed on billboards and buses across the city of Los Angeles to send the message that arts matter in schools. Again in 2015, Fairey contributed to P.S. Arts, and collaborated with Marc Phillips Decorative Rugs to create a one-of-kind rug for a benefit auction for P.S. Arts.

In March 2014, Fairey created a portrait of Ai Weiwei with "Friends of Ai Weiwei", a group of Ai supporters who were trying to promote awareness of the artists' legal status in China where authorities had confiscated his passport. Proceeds from the posters went toward Friends of Ai Weiwei's efforts to help the artist and to promote free speech. The following year Ai Weiwei was granted a visa, reversing a decision not to grant him the travel document.

Shepard Fairey has also created works to support school safety, and posters with his art were seen at the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C., on March 24, 2018.

Street art is characterized by a nonpermissive art method of production, which reveals the rebellious nature and activism that challenges the viewer's perspective regarding the surrounding environment. Street art has features that distinguish it from other art forms such as graffiti and public art. The defiant nature of the art form itself reveals the defiant structure of Fairey's art and the political challenge it has on others.

Legal issues with appropriation and fair use

Fairey has been criticized for failing to obtain permission and to provide attribution for works he used. Fairey has threatened to sue artists for the same technique. Austin, Texas-based graphic designer Baxter Orr did his own take on Fairey's work in a piece called Protect, with the iconic Obey Giant face covered by a SARS respiratory mask. Orr marketed the prints as his own work. On April 23, 2008, Orr received a cease-and-desist order from Fairey's attorneys, telling him to stop selling Protect because it violated Fairey's trademark. Fairey threatened to sue, calling the designer a "parasite".

Originally, Fairey had claimed his HOPE poster was based on a 2006 copyrighted photo of then-Senator Barack Obama seated next to actor George Clooney, taken in April 2006 by Mannie Garcia on assignment for the Associated Press, which wanted credit and compensation for the work. Garcia believes that he personally owns the copyright for the photo, and has said, "If you put all the legal stuff away, I'm so proud of the photograph and that Fairey did what he did artistically with it, and the effect it's had". Fairey said his use of the photograph fell within the legal definition of fair use. Fairey claims he used pieces of the photo as raw material to create a heroic and inspirational political portrait, the aesthetic of which was fundamentally different from the original photo. Lawyers for both sides tried to reach an amicable agreement.

In February 2009, Fairey filed a federal lawsuit against the Associated Press, seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine and so did not infringe their copyright. At first, Fairey claimed that he used the photo of Clooney and Obama, cropped the actor out of the shot, and made other changes. In October 2009, Shepard Fairey admitted he had tried to deceive the Court by destroying evidence that he had instead used the photograph alleged by the AP. Fairey admitted he had used a close-up shot of Obama, also taken by Mannie Garcia, as the AP had long alleged. The solo photo appears much more similar to the final HOPE poster than the photo of Clooney and Obama. Fairey's lawyers announced they were no longer representing him, and Laurence Pulgram, an intellectual property lawyer, stated that the revelation definitely put Mr. Fairey's case "in trouble".

In May 2010, a judge urged Fairey to settle. The parties settled in January 2011. On February 24, 2012, Fairey pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of court for "destroying documents and manufacturing evidence." On September 7, 2012, Fairey was sentenced to 300 hours of community service, ordered to pay a $25,000 federal fine, and placed on probation for two years by U.S. Magistrate Judge Frank Maas.

Shepard Fairey was also charged with destruction of property in 2015 for tagging 18 posters at unsanctioned sites. The case was later dismissed.

Critical response

Liam O'Donoghue interviewed Fairey for Mother Jones and questioned the artist about criticism related to his use of images from social movements, specifically images created by black artists. O'Donoghue later posted an article, titled "Shepard Fairey's Image Problem", on several independent media sites. O' Donoghue explored Fairey's use of copyright-protected images while defending his own copyright-protected works from being used by other artists and corporations. Fairey cited his collaboration with Public Enemy, his funding of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and his six-figure charitable contributions for Darfur assistance as responses to charges of exploitation.
"I challenge anybody to fuck with that, know what I mean", Fairey stated. "It's not like I'm just jumping on some cool rebel cause for the sake of exploiting it for profit. People like to talk shit, but it's usually to justify their own apathy. I don't want to demean anyone's struggles through casual appropriation of something powerful; that's not my intention."

Erick Lyle has accused Fairey of cynically turning graffiti culture into a self-promoting advertising campaign. On the other hand, San Diego Union-Tribune art critic Robert L. Pincus says Fairey's work "is political art with a strong sense of visual style and emotional authenticity. Even in times when political art has ebbed, Fairey's has just the right balance of seriousness, irony and wit to fit the mood of the moment". The Walrus contributor Nick Mount wrote "Following the example set by gallery art, some street art is more about the concept than the art. 'Fuck Bush' isn't an aesthetic; it's an ethic. Shepard Fairey's Obey Giant stickers and Akay's Akayism posters are clever children of Duchamp, ironic conceptual art." But Stephen Heller of The New York Times suggested that Fairey's political art has similarities to political art from the past, for instance to political art created by Andy Warhol.

In a New York Times review of "E Pluribus Venom" at Jonathan LeVine Gallery, art critic Benjamin Genocchio described Fairey's art as "generic" despite the range of mediums and styles used by the artist. Genocchio went on to say that it was tempting to see Fairey's art as just another luxury commodity.

Andrew Michael Ford, the director of Ad Hoc Art, said that Fairey's practice does not "match up" in the minds of people who view his work. Ford suggests that some people will view Fairey's work as "very commercial". In his comments, he suggested that Fairey is "ripe" for criticism because he profits from politically and socially charged works. Ford stated that, despite his criticism, he is a fan of Fairey work.

Artists Mark Vallen, Lincoln Cushing, Josh MacPhee, and Favianna Rodriguez have documented that Fairey has appropriated work by Koloman Moser, Ralph Chaplin, Pirkle Jones, Rupert Garcia, Rene Mederos, Félix Beltrán, and Gary Grimshaw, among others. In his critique, "Obey Plagiarist Shepard Fairey", Vallen dissects various works by Fairey, demonstrating them to be plagiarized from the work of other artists. Jamie O'Shea criticizes Vallen's approach for a "nearly ubiquitous lack of understanding of the artist's use of appropriated imagery in his work and the longstanding historical precedent for this mode of creative expression," in addition to being masked in a thin "veneer of obvious envy in most cases".

Art critic Brian Sherwin lashed out at O'Shea's criticism of Mark Vallen by saying that O'Shea's SUPERTOUCH article was nothing more than "damage control". Sherwin questioned O'Shea's defense of Fairey, noting that Fairey is a SUPERTOUCH author and business associate of O'Shea. Sherwin suggests that O'Shea has a "vested" interest in making sure that Fairey is viewed positively by the public since he has curated art exhibits involving Fairey and has written extensively about the artist. Sherwin wrote that O'Shea once served as editor in chief for Juxtapoz and has worked as a creative director hired by corporate art collections as a corporate liaison for acquisitions. Sherwin concluded that the public will "question the artist who says to question everything," regardless of O'Shea's Mark Vallen "damage control" on SUPERTOUCH. Sherwin implied that O'Shea's critique of Vallen was selective because key negative facts about Fairey's history were left out in the article. The dispute between Sherwin and O'Shea was cited by Dan Wasserman on The Boston Globe's "Out of Line".

Bloggers have criticized Fairey for accepting commissions from corporations such as Saks Fifth Avenue, for which his design agency produced illustrations inspired by Constructivism and Alexander Rodchenko. Fairey defends his corporate commissions by saying that clients such as Saks Fifth Avenue help him to keep his studio operational and his assistants employed. Fairey has acknowledged the irony of being a street artist exploring themes of free speech while at the same time being an artist hired by corporations for consumer campaigns. He says simply that designers and artists have to make money to survive.
"I consider myself a populist artist," Fairey says. "I want to reach people through as many different platforms as possible. Street art is a bureaucracy-free way of reaching people, but T-shirts, stickers, commercial jobs, the Internet – there are so many different ways that I use to put my work in front of people."

In August 2011, Fairey received a black eye and a bruised rib after being attacked outside of the Kodboderne 18 nightclub in Copenhagen, Denmark. Fairey claims the two assailants called him "Obama illuminati" and ordered him to "go back to America". He believes the attack was the result of a misunderstanding over his artwork, which commemorated the demolition of the legendary Ungdomshuset (youth house) at Jagtvej 69. His mural showed a peace dove in flight surrounded by a circle of Tønder lace above the word "Peace"; it was vandalized within 24 hours of its unveiling with graffiti slogans "no peace" and "go home, Yankee hipster".

The media reported that the artwork was commissioned by the Copenhagen Municipality, but the original mural was organized by Fairey's Copenhagen gallery, V1. It was not a government-sponsored work.

Exhibitions

Selected solo exhibitions

 2000: Obey Giant, Anno Domini Gallery, San Jose, CA
 2002: Overnight Delivery, BLK/MRKT Gallery, Culver City, CA
 2002: Shepard Fairey, Kinsey/DesForges Gallery, Culver City, CA
 2003: This is Your God, sixspace Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 2004: Obey, V1 Gallery, Copenhagen
 2004: Supply and Demand, Merry Karnowsky Gallery – LA, Los Angeles, CA
 2005: Manufacturing Dissent, Merry Karnowsky Gallery – LA, Los Angeles, CA
 2005: Shepard Fairey, Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, HI
 2006: Obey, Magda Danysz Gallery, Paris, France
 2006: Rise Above, Merry Karnowsky Gallery - LA, Los Angeles, CA
 2007: E Pluribus Venom, Jonathan LeVine Gallery, New York, NY
 2007: Ninteeneightyfouria, Stolenspace Gallery, London
 2007: Imperfect Union, Merry Karnowsky Gallery – LA, Los Angeles, CA
 2009: Supply & Demand, ICA – Institute of Contemporary Art Boston, Boston, MA
 2009: Shepard Fairey, National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, ACT
 2009: Supply & Demand, The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, PA
 2010: Supply and Demand, CAC – Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, OH
 2010: May Day, Deitch Projects – 76 Grand Street, New York, NY
 2011: Revolutions – The Album Cover Art Of Shepard Fairey, Robert Berman Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
 2012: Sound & Vision, Stolenspace Gallery, London
 2015: On Our Hands, Jacob Lewis Gallery, New York, NY
 2015: Sid Superman is Dead : Shepard Fairey et Denis Morris, Magda Danysz Gallery, Paris, France
 2015: Your Eyes Here, CAC Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga, Málaga
 2016: Victory is Peace – Shepard Fairey x NoNÅME, Positive-Propaganda Artspace, Munich, Germany
 2017: Shepard Fairey: Work Against The Clampdown, Art Museum of West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
2018: Shepard Fairey: Salad Days, 1989–1999, Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield, Hills, MI
 2019: Retrospective Shepard Fairey, (600 works for Grenoble Street Art Fest), Grenoble, France
 2021: Future Mosaic, Opera Gallery, Dubai
 2022: New Clear Power, Amuseum of Contemporary Art, Munich
 2023: Backward Forward , Dallas Contemporary, Texas

Selected group exhibitions
 1999: Sticker Shock: Artists, ICA – Institute of Contemporary Art – University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
 2003: Beautiful Losers, CAC – Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, OH
 2004: Backjumps – The Live Issue #1, Kunstraum Kreuzberg / Bethanien, Berlin
 2008: Under a Red Sky, Stolenspace Gallery, London
 2009: The Art of Rebellion, Robert Berman Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
 2009: Urban Art – Werke aus der Sammlung Reinking, Weserburg | Museum für moderne Kunst, Bremen
 2009: Viva la Revolucion: A Dialogue with the Urban Landscape, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego – MCASD Downtown, San Diego, CA
 2013: At home I'm a tourist' Colección de Selim Varol, CAC Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga, Málaga
 2014: The Insistent Image: Recurrent Motifs in the Art of Shepard Fairey and Jasper John, Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art, Charleston, SC
 2014: Art Alliance: The Provocateurs, Block 37, Chicago, IL
 2015: Sleeping Beauty, Magda Danysz Gallery, Paris, France
 2019: POW! WOW!, Honolulu, Hawaii

Commercial artwork

Fairey designed the album artwork for Flogging Molly's Whiskey on a Sunday.
Appears in the 2006 videogame, Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure, as himself.
Fairey provided the design for the Obey Giant room at The Creek South Beach.
Fairey designed the cover for the books Woodstock Experience by Michael Lang, Dan Garson, Henry Diltz (Genesis Publications, 2009)), A Heartbeat and A Guitar: Johnny Cash and the Making of Bitter Tears. (Basic Books/Nation Books, 2009) by Antonino D'Ambrosio and the cover of the Smashing Pumpkins album Zeitgeist, Led Zeppelin's Mothership & Celebration Day, Sage Francis's Li(f)e, Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers' The Live Anthology and, in 2010, Stone Temple Pilots's eponymous album.
He designed the album cover for will.i.am's second solo album Must B 21 (Soundtrack to Get Things Started).
 On January 19, 2009, Fairey created a Google Doodle for Martin Luther King Jr. Day.
Fairey's iconic Obey logo appears in several levels of the video game Tony Hawk's Underground 2. It also appears briefly in part two of the anime Afro Samurai.
The "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" is also a stock spray image in the video game Counter-Strike.
Fairey designed the cover for Russell Brand's second autobiography Booky Wook 2.
Fairey contributed a drawing to the Police Brutality Coloring Book in 2011.
Fairey designed the album artwork for Stone Temple Pilots' 2010 self-titled album.
Fairey has released several watches with Swiss watchmaking company Hublot

TV, radio and movies
Rash, Video Documentary 2005. 17-minute interview conducted in April 2003 with Shepard Fairey in Sydney, Australia. Includes footage of Shepard and partner Barbara installing a paste-up wall in a gallery side event at Semi Permanent conference in Sydney.
On January 20, 2009, Fairey made a radio appearance on the Fresh Air program from WHYY, an NPR affiliate, discussing his "Hope" poster, the official Obama inauguration poster and his many arrests (14 times) in connection with the installation of his "street" works. On February 26, 2009, he was again a guest on Fresh Air discussing the Associated Press lawsuit over the Obama Hope poster.
On February 11, 2010, Stephen Colbert debuted a poster on The Colbert Report that was designed in collaboration with Fairey. The poster, created for Colbert's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics, depicts Colbert wearing a laurel wreath crown, carrying an Olympic Flame and riding an eagle, with the catchphrase, "Vancouver 2010: Defeat the World".
Along with artists Frank Stella and Andres Serrano, Fairey appeared on The Colbert Report on December 8, 2010. As part of a segment with comedian Steve Martin, Fairey sprayed his Obey logo on a portrait of Colbert.
 Fairey features heavily in the Banksy movie Exit Through the Gift Shop, which documents the birth of Mr. Brainwash.
On the September 13, 2011 episode of The Young and the Restless, an American television soap opera, character Devon Hamilton purchased a Shepard Fairey original, Commanda, as the first piece of art for his new office.
On the March 4, 2012 episode of The Simpsons, Exit Through the Kwik-E-Mart, Fairey appeared as himself.
Fairey appeared in the 2012 film Bones Brigade: An Autobiography as himself.
In 2013, a short narrative film based on the story of Shepard Fairey was released called Obey the Giant.
 In the 2013 comedy film This Is the End, actor James Franco is depicted as having an "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" in his home and claiming it to be his favorite painting.
In 2017, Obey Giant, a documentary based on Shepard Fairey and distributed by Hulu, was released.
In 2018, he appeared in Bad Reputation a documentary about Joan Jett's career.

Personal life

Fairey now lives in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles with his wife Amanda and daughters Vivienne and Madeline. In addition to his successful graphic design career, Fairey also DJs at many clubs under the names DJ Diabetic and Emcee Insulin, as he has Type 1 diabetes.

See also
 Banksy (Bristol) – graffiti, stencil graffiti
 Tavar Zawacki a.k.a. ABOVE – American artist that addresses social and political issues in his street works.
 Invader – mosaic
 List of street artists
 King Robbo – graffiti, stencil graffiti

Notes

References

Further reading

 #Obey Sherpard Fairey (2014) Drago Publishing.
 Shepard Fairey Inc. Artist/Professional/Vandal by James Daichendt, Cameron + Company;(December, 2013)
 Mayday: The Art of Shepard Fairey, Gingko Press; First edition (December 10, 2010)
 E Pluribus Venom by Shepard Fairey (2008) Gingko Press.
 Philosophy of Obey (Obey Giant): The Formative Years (1989–2008), edited by Sarah Jaye Williams (2008), Nerve Books UK.
 Obey: Supply & Demand, The Art of Shepard Fairey by Shepard Fairey (2006), Gingko Press.
 Beautiful Losers (film)
 "Shepard Fairey in arte Obey. La vita e le opere del re della poster art" di Sabina de Gregori, Castelvecchi editore, 2011

External links
Obey Giant Website
 in 2009
 in 2008

Interview on Huffington Post
Interview with Manuel Bello
Interview

1970 births
Living people
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
American graffiti artists
American graphic designers
American contemporary artists
People with type 1 diabetes
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
Artists from Charleston, South Carolina
Art in Greater Los Angeles
People from Los Feliz, Los Angeles

Shepard Fairey


An Urochloa brachyura in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Urochloa brachyura in nahilalakip ha genus nga Urochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Urochloa

Urochloa brachyura


شاكر محمود هو لاعب عراقي سابق بكرة القدم، لعب لمنتخب العراق في ثمانينات القرن الماضي، لديه أهداف عديدة للمنتخب العراقي أبرزها هدفه في مرمى المنتخب السوري والذي كان كفيلا بتأهل المنتخب العراقي إلى نهائيات كأس العالم 1986.لعب لناديي الجيش والرشيد العراقي .من مواليد عام 1960...
أتجه إلى سلك التدريب بعد اعتزاله الكرة ودرب عدد من الأندية العراقية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية عراقيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو كأس العالم 1986
لاعبو كرة قدم عراقيون
لاعبو كرة قدم عرب شاركوا في كأس العالم
لاعبو منتخب العراق لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الجيش (العراق)
لاعبو نادي الشرطة (العراق)
لاعبو نادي الكرخ
مدربو كرة قدم عراقيون
مدربو نادي الشرطة
مواليد 1379 هـ
مواليد 1960
مواليد 1963
مواليد في العراق

شاكر محمود


Dakota City may refer to several places:

Places
 Dakota City, Iowa
 Dakota City, Nebraska

Fiction
 Dakota City (comics), the main fictional setting of Milestone Media's comics universe

Dakota City