The South Wairarapa District is a district at the south-east tip of the North Island of New Zealand, governed by the South Wairarapa District Council. The district comprises the southernmost part of the Wairarapa, and is part of the Wellington Region.

Features
The district comprises the floodplain of the Ruamahanga River and the associated Lake Wairarapa, as well as the long southern stretch of Palliser Bay. To the west of the plains rise the eastern slopes of the Remutaka Range, the crest of which forms the western boundary of the district, while the Aorangi Range lies to the south-east. The southernmost point of the North Island, Cape Palliser, is in the South Wairarapa.

While it is predominantly rural, the South Wairarapa has three towns. The two largest towns, almost identical in population, are Greytown and Featherston. Greytown is where Arbor Day was first celebrated in New Zealand. The Fell Locomotive Museum in Featherston has a museum displaying the world's only Fell locomotive. The third-largest town and the seat of the district council is Martinborough; it is the centre of a nationally important wine-producing area.

It is expected that the number of people living in the district's urban areas will increase due to rising property prices in Wellington proper, and the proximity to transport links.

Demographics
South Wairarapa District covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

South Wairarapa District had a population of 10,575 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,047 people (11.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,683 people (18.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,335 households, comprising 5,271 males and 5,307 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female. The median age was 47.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 1,917 people (18.1%) aged under 15 years, 1,314 (12.4%) aged 15 to 29, 5,025 (47.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,319 (21.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.5% European/Pākehā, 14.2% Māori, 2.2% Pasifika, 2.5% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 17.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.6% had no religion, 33.4% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,070 (23.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,599 (18.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 1,710 people (19.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,239 (49.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,446 (16.7%) were part-time, and 237 (2.7%) were unemployed.

Transport

Because of South Wairarapa's proximity to the capital city of New Zealand, Wellington, there are close links between the two areas. For example, some people live in South Wairarapa and commute to Wellington each day to work; others live and work in Wellington while spending weekends in South Wairarapa. The Wairarapa Line, part of the Metlink public transport network for the Wellington region, passes through the district (which is served by the two stations of Featherston and Woodside) and provides a faster method of transport into the city than the Remutaka pass road. Metlink buses also provide services to Greytown and Martinborough from the railway stations and Masterton.

Local and regional government
The South Wairarapa District Council is the territorial authority responsible for the area. The council consists of nine councillors; the current mayor is Martin Connelly. The three towns also have their own community boards.

References

External links

 Official website of the South Wairarapa District Council

Wairarapa

South Wairarapa District


UEFA Europska liga 2018./19. je 48. izdanje druge najjače klupske nogometne lige u Europi te deseto izdanje pod nazivom UEFA Europska liga otkad je zamijenila bivši Kup UEFA. Finale će se igrati na Olimpijskom stadionu u Bakuu u Azerbajdžanu, a pobjednik ovogodišnjeg natjecanja UEFA Europska liga igrat će protiv pobjednika UEFA Lige prvaka 2018./19. u UEFA Superkupu te će time automatski ostvariti mjesto dogodine u UEFA Ligi prvaka 2019./20.

Prošlogodišnji prvak je španjolski nogometni klub Atlético Madrid.

Momčadi u natjecanju
U sezoni 2018./19., ukupno sudjeluje 213 momčadi iz svih 55 UEFA-ina saveza. Klubovi su razmješteni prema UEFA koficijentima države iz koje dolaze.

Broj klubova po UEFA-inom rangu:

Države ranga od 1 do 51 imaju 3 kluba
 Države ranga od 52 do 54 imaju 2 kluba

Kosovo i Lihtenšajn imaju po jednog predstavnika u UEFA Europskoj ligi u sezoni 2018./19.

Pobjednici Lige prvaka 2017./18. i Europske lige 2017./18. imaju osigurano mjesto u Ligi prvaka za ovu sezonu u slučaju da se ne kvalificiraju preko njihovog nacionalnog prvenstva. Za UEFA Europsku ligu 2018./19., nogometnim savezima se dodjeljuju mjesta u skladu s njihovim UEFA koeficijentom 2017. godine. Uzima se u obzir njihov učinak u europskim natjecanjima od 2012./13. do 2016./17.

Grupna faza

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Grupa E

Grupa F

Grupa G

Grupa H

Grupa I

Grupa J

Grupa K

Grupa L

Unutarnje poveznice

 UEFA Europska liga
 UEFA Liga prvaka 2018./19.

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene stranice UEFA Europske lige

Izvori

Sezone UEFA Europske lige

UEFA Europska liga 2018./19.


Hrvatska nogometna liga - skupina Sjever je bila jedna od dvije skupine Hrvatske nogometne lige (također i kao Hrvatska republička nogometna liga) u sezoni 1975./76.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak lige je bio Metalac iz Siska.

Ljestvica

 Borovo danas dio Vukovara
 Premium (Bosanski Brod) – klub iz Bosne i Hercegovine
 ispali iz lige:
 Ilovac Karlovac
 novi članovi lige:
 Fruškogorac Ilok
 Trnje Trnovac
 Graničar Županja
 Sloboda (Podsused – Zadreb)

Rezultatska križaljka

Za prvaka Hrvatske
Ujedno i kvalifikacije za Drugu saveznu ligu – Zapad. Igrano između pobjednika skupina Hrvatske nogometne lige.

Poredak:
 Metalac Sisak
 Šibenik

Metalac postao prvak Hrvatske i ostvario plasman u Drugu saveznu ligu – Zapad.

Poveznice
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu
 Hrvatska nogometna liga – Jug 1975./76.
 Slavonska zona – Podravska skupina 1975./76.
 Slavonska zona – Posavska skupina 1975./76.
 Zagrebačka zona – Sjever 1975./76.

Izvori
 Franjo Frntić, Dragutin Hripko i dr: Sto godina nogometa u Hrvatskoj : 1880-1980., Zagreb, 1983., str. 147.
 Miroslav Matovina: 80 godina NK Segesta : [1906-1986], Sisak, 1986., str. 234.
 sportnet.hr, forum Hrvatska republička liga 1945-91 , pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2016.

1975-76 sjever
1975-76 Hrvatska

Hrvatska nogometna liga – Sjever 1975./76.


Republika Hrvatska i Rumunjska održavaju diplomatske odnose od 29. kolovoza 1992. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Bukureštu.

Veleposlanici
Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Rumunjskoj osnovano je odlukom predsjednika Republike od 10. prosinca 1992.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Rumunjska na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Rumunjska

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Rumunjskoj


كشكاوا قرية آشورية تقع ضمن منطقة سهل نهلا في محافظة نينوى. تقع قرية كشكاوا إلى الشمال من مدينة عقرة وعلى ارتفاع 1829 قدم عن مستوى سطح البحر, ويمر نهر الخازر في اراضيها من الجهة الشمالية الشرقية للقرية و يتحدث سكانها اللغة السريانية.
تعاني القرية من قصور في الخدمات و تعرضت للهدم و الإحراق من قبل الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني خلال صراع الأخير مع حزب العمال الكردستاني تعد كنيسة  مارت شموني  القديمة من أبرز معالم القرية

المراجع

سريان
قرى كردستان العراق
قرى محافظة نينوى
قرى مسيحية في العراق

كشكاوا


"72 Seasons" é uma canção da banda americana de heavy metal Metallica, foi lançada como o quarto single do décimo primeiro álbum de estúdio da banda, 72 Seasons, ao lado de um videoclipe. A música foi lançada pela primeira vez alguns dias antes, em 27 de março de 2023, como um trecho de 15 segundos, onde eles continuaram a lançar clipes mais longos todos os dias até seu lançamento. O videoclipe mostra a banda tocando a música enquanto é iluminada por lasers na frente da arte da artista canadense Kelly Richardson.

Plano de fundo
De acordo com James Hetfield, após o anúncio do álbum, a letra e o nome da música significam:"72 Estações saiu de um livro que eu estava lendo sobre a infância, basicamente, e classificando a infância como um adulto. E 72 estações são basicamente os primeiros 18 anos de sua vida. Como você evolui, cresce, amadurece e desenvolve suas próprias ideias e identidade após aquelas primeiras 72 temporadas? Algumas coisas são mais difíceis do que outras - você sabe, algumas coisas você não pode deixar de ver e elas estarão com você pelo resto de sua vida, e outras coisas você pode retroceder a fita e fazer uma nova fita em sua vida. Então essa é a parte realmente interessante para mim, é como você é capaz de lidar com essas situações como um adulto e maduro."

Recepção
Escrevendo para a Audio Ink Radio, Anne Erickson descreveu a faixa como "realmente sentindo como se estivesse passando por uma montanha-russa de temporadas", descrevendo a guitarra de Kirk Hammett como "afiada" e, no geral, chamando a música de "uma jornada musical" alternando de rápida - solos de guitarra thrash e colapsos musicais. Escrevendo para a Rolling Stone, Kory Grow também o descreveu como uma espécie de jornada, com "riffs de malabarismo de pistão pesado" e "um solo de inflexão wah-wah ardente" de Hammett. Jon Hadusek do Consequence Of Sound considerou a música a "mais rápida" e "mais descolada" de todos os singles lançados do álbum. Eles pensaram que a música tinha um instrumental de construção de tensões com um ritmo rápido e um "refrão crescente".

Pessoal

 James Hetfield – vocais, guitarra rítmica
 Lars Ulrich – bateria
 Kirk Hammett – guitarra solo
 Robert Trujillo – baixo, vocais de apoio

Canções gravadas por Metallica
Singles de 2023

72 Seasons (canção)


-ලඝු 10 පාදයට 2

ලඝු ගණක වගු

පරිගණක හා ගණක යන්ත්‍ර පැමිණීමට පෙර, ලඝුගණක භාවිතය යනු ලඝුගණක වගු භාවිතා කිරීමයි. මෙය අතින් සිදු කළ යුතු විය. 10 පාදයේ ලඝුගණක, ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික ක්‍රම නොමැති විට ඉතාමත් ප්‍රයෝජනවත් වේ. විස්තර සඳහා පොදු ලඝුගණක බලන්න. පොදු ලඝු ගණකවල (10 පාදයේ) ගති ලක්ෂණවල භාවිතය හා දශමාංශය ඇතුළත්ව. :-)

1617 දී හෙන්රි බ්‍රිග්ස් ඔහුගේ 1000ට අඩු සියලු නිඛිලවල අට වන දශමස්ථානය දක්වා ලඝු ගණක අඩංගු වන පොදු ලඝු ගණක වගුවේ ප්‍රථම කොටස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. 1624 දී නැවත ඔහු විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කල ඇරිත්මැටිකා ලොගරිත්මිකා හි , 1 සිට 20,000  දක්වා ද, 90,00 සිට 100,000 දක්වා ද සියලු නිඛිලවල දාහතර වන දශමස්ථානය දක්වා ලඝු ගණක අඩංගු වන අතර එහි සිද්ධාන්ත හා ලඝු ගණකවල භාවිතය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම විස්තර කර ඇති ඉගෙනුම් හැඳින්වීමක් ද අන්තර්ගතය. 20,000 සිට 90,000 දක්වා වු හිඩැස ඕලන්ද ජාතික ගණිතඥයෙකු වූ ඇඩ්‍රියන් ව්ලැක් විසින් පුරවන ලද මුත් ඔහුගේ වගුවේ අඩංගු වූයේ ලඝු ගණක දස වන දශමස්ථානය දක්වා පමණි.

පසුව ව්ලැක්ගේ වගුවේ දෝශ 603ක් අඩංගු බව සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. නමුත් මෙය විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලෙස සැලකිය නොහැක. මන්ද යත් වගුව ගණනය කිරීම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වූ නිසා දෝශ විය හැකි මුද්‍රිත අවයව 2,100,000 පමණ ඇති හෙයිනි. බොහෝ සේ නිරවද්‍ය කරන ව්ලැක්ගේ කාර්යයන්හි සංස්කරණ 1794 දී ජූරික් වෙගාගේ තෙෂරස් ලොග්රින්මොරම් කම්ප්ලීටස් ලෙස ලෙයිජසි(z)ග් හිදී නම් කර ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

ෆැන්චොයිස් කෝලේට්ගේ හත් වන ස්ථානයේ වගු (1795 , පැරිස්) 100,000 නවතිනවා වෙනුවට 100,000ත් 108,000 අතර සංඛ්‍යාවල අටවන ස්ථානයට ලඝු ගණක ලබා දුනි. මෙලෙස සිදු කරන ලද්දේ වගුවේ පෙර කොටස්වලදී වැඩිපුර සිදු වූ අන්තර නිවේෂණයේ දෝශ අවම කර ගැනීම උදෙසාය. මෙම නව එකතු කිරිම හත්වන ස්ථානයේ වගුවල අන්තර්ගත විය. ව්ලැක්ගේ වගුවේ ප්‍රකාශිත එකම වැදගත් දිගුව නිර්මාණය කළේ සැන්ග් විසින් 1871 දීය. මෙම වගුවේ 200,000 අඩු සියලු සංඛ්‍යාවල සත්වන ස්ථානයේ ලඝු ගණක අඩංගු වේ.

ව්ලැක් හා බ්‍රිග්ස් ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික ශ්‍රිතවල ලඝු ගණකවල මුල් වගු ද ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළහ.

ඉහත සඳහන් කළ වගුවලට අමතරව, ටේබල්ස් ඩි කැඩස්ට්‍රි ලෙස හඳුන්වන සුවිසල් එකතුවක් 1700 දී ගැස්හර්ඩ් ඩි ප්‍රෝනිගේ මගපෙන්වීම යටතේ, මුල් ගණනය කිරීම් තුළින්, ප්‍රංශ ජන රජයේ අනුග්‍රහය යටතේ නිර්මාණය විය. මෙහි 100,000 දක්වා සංඛ්‍යාවල දහනව වන ස්ථාන‍ය දක්වා ද 100,000ත් 200,000 ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවල විසි හතරවන ස්ථානය දක්වා ද ලඝු ගණක ඇතුළත් වේ. මුල් පිටපත පමණක් ඉතිරි ඇති මෙය "අති විශාල පත් ඉරු දහ හතක" සටහන්ව පැරීසියේ නිරීක්ෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ ඇත. එය 1792 දී ආරම්භ කළ අතර ගණනය කිරීම්වල විශාල නිරවද්‍යතාව තිබිය යුතු නිසා වෙන වෙනම වගු 2ක් නිර්මාණය කර එම මුල් පිටපත් 2 එකිනෙක සසඳා වසර දෙකක පමණ කෙටි කාලයකදී අවසන් කෙරිනි. ඝනජ අන්තර්නිවේෂණය මඟින් ඒ හා සමාන නිරවද්‍යතාවකින්ම ඕනෑම සංඛ්‍යාවක ලඝු ගණකය සෙවිය හැක.

ගණිතය

ගණිත වගු


Campanula andrewsii er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá suður Grikklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula andrewsii


The bluish-grey saltator or Amazonian grey saltator (Saltator coerulescens) is a passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae that is widespread in semi-open habitats in tropical and subtropical South America.

Two of its former subspecies groups, grandis (of Mexico and Central America) and olivascens  (of northern South America and Trinidad), are now recognized as separate species, the cinnamon-bellied saltator and the olive-grey (or Caribbean grey) saltator.

Taxonomy
The bluish-grey saltator was formally described in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Saltator coerulescens. Vieillot based his description on the "Habia de la Ceja Blanca" that Félix de Azara had described in 1802 in his book on birds in Paraguay and the Río de la Plata. The specific epithet coerulescens is derived from Latin and means "bluish".

Saltator coerulescens was formerly known as the greyish saltator and included two subspecies groups: grandis (including brevicaudus, hesperis, plumbiceps, vigorsii and yucatanensis) and olivascens (including brewsteri and plumbeus). In 2021, they were recognized as separate species, the cinnamon-bellied saltator (S. grandis) and olive-grey (or Caribbean grey) saltator (S. olivascens). With these as separate species, S. coerulescens includes the subspecies azarae, mutus and superciliaris.

Description
On average, the bluish-grey saltator is 20 cm long and weighs 52 g. The plumage depends on age and subspecies, but in general this bird has grey or greyish-olive upperparts, a white stripe over the eye, a narrow white throat, a grey breast and a buff or cinnamon belly.

The common call is a long-drawn upward slur, ch'wheeet or ch'kweeee, sometimes with a more elaborate beginning, as hi'whee chu weeeeh. The song is a warble, usually fairly short, varying from nasal to mellow.

Distribution and habitat
This species occurs in a wide range of semi-open habitats, such as woodlands, scrub and edges of forest (it avoids the interior of dense forests) in tropical and subtropical South America, including northern Argentina, western Uruguay, Paraguay, widely in Brazil (being replaced by the olive-grey saltator in the extreme north near the borders with the Guianas and Venezuela), Bolivia, eastern Peru, eastern Ecuador, and southeastern Colombia (being replaced by the olive-grey saltator in central and northern parts of the country).

Behaviour and ecology
The bluish-grey saltator feeds on fruits, buds and slow-moving arthropods. It forages at low and middle levels, sometimes in pairs or small groups and sometimes with mixed-species flocks that may include other saltators.

The two pale blue subelliptic eggs per clutch measure some 23–31.5 mm long by about 17–22 mm wide and weigh about 5 grams each.  They look unusual for this genus as they have a circle of blackish-brown hairstreaks and dots around the blunt end. They are laid in a bulky cup nest 2–4 m high in a tree.

References

Further reading
 Bencke, Glayson Ariel (2007): Avifauna atual do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: aspectos biogeográficos e distribucionais ["The Recent avifauna of Rio Grande do Sul: Biogeographical and distributional aspects"]. Talk held on 2007-JUN-22 at Quaternário do RS: integrando conhecimento, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PDF abstract
 Echeverry-Galvis, María Ángela & Córdoba-Córdoba, Sergio (2006): Descripción del huevo del saltátor collarejo (Saltator cinctus) y comentarios preliminares sobre huevos del género Saltator. ["Description of the egg of the Masked Saltator (S. cinctus) and preliminary comments on the eggs of the genus Saltator"]. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 16(1): 76–84. [Spanish with English abstract] PDF fulltext
 ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y..
 Foster, Mercedes S. (2007): The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. Bird Conservation International 17(1): 45–61.  PDF fulltext
 Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London.
 Howell, Steven N. G. & Webb, Sophie (1995): A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York.
 Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca.

External links

Photograph from the Salvadoran Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources
Bird song display list with .wav file of call
Grayish Saltator videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
"Grayish Saltator" photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res--(Close-up)
"Grayish Saltator" photos from Suriname

Saltator
Birds of South America
Birds of the Amazon rainforest
Birds of Brazil
Birds described in 1817
Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot

Bluish-grey saltator


Villa Park is a football stadium in Aston, Birmingham, with a seating capacity of 42,657. It has been the home of Premier League giants Aston Villa since 1897. The ground is less than a mile from both Witton and Aston railway stations and has hosted sixteen England internationals at senior level, the first in 1899 and the most recent in 2005. Villa Park has hosted 55 FA Cup semi-finals, more than any other stadium, and it is the 10th largest in England.

In 1897, Aston Villa moved into the Aston Lower Grounds, a sports ground in a Victorian amusement park in the former grounds of Aston Hall, a Jacobean stately home. The stadium has gone through various stages of renovation and development, resulting in the current stand configuration of the Holte End, Trinity Road Stand, North Stand and Doug Ellis Stand.

Before 1914, a cycling track ran around the perimeter of the pitch where regular cycling meetings were hosted as well as athletic events. Aside from football-related uses, the stadium has seen various concerts staged along with other sporting events including boxing matches and international rugby league and rugby union matches. In 1999, the last final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup took place at Villa Park. Villa Park also hosted the 2012 FA Community Shield, as Wembley Stadium was in use for the final of the Olympic football tournament.

Aston Villa have plans to redevelop the North Stand: this would increase the capacity of Villa Park from 42,682 to 50,065. Such plans also include the construction of an accompanying commercial and entertainment venue dubbed "Villa Live". In December 2022, the plans were approved by Birmingham City Council. The renovations are planned to be completed by UEFA Euro 2028.

History
Villa Park, formerly part of Aston Lower Grounds, was not the first home of Aston Villa F.C. Their previous venue, Wellington Road, faced increasing problems including an uneven pitch, poor spectator facilities, a lack of access and exorbitant rents. As a result, in 1894 Villa's committee, led by Frederick Rinder began negotiations with the owners of the Aston Lower Grounds, "the finest sports ground in the district." Situated in the former grounds of Aston Hall, a Jacobean stately home, the Lower Grounds had seen varied uses over the years.

Originally the kitchen garden of Aston Hall's owner Sir Thomas Holte, after whom the Holte End stand was named, the Lower Grounds later became a Victorian amusement park with an aquarium and a great hall. The current pitch stands on the site of the Dovehouse Pool, an ornamental pond that was drained in 1889. In place of the pool, the owners of the Lower Grounds built a cycle track and sports ground that opened on 10 June 1889 for a combined cycling and athletics event before a crowd of 15,000. Negotiations continued for two years before the Villa committee reached agreement with the site's owner, Edgar Flower, to rent the site for £300 per annum on a 21-year lease with an option to buy it at any point during the term.

Much of the credit for the design of Villa Park must to go to Villa Chairman Frederick Rinder, who as a trained Surveyor, is said to have laid down every 'level and line' of the ground himself before construction began. The committee immediately engaged an architect who began preparing plans for the site, which included construction of a new  cement cycle track to replace the existing cinder one. The main stand was to be built to the east on the Witton Lane side, with the track and pitch fully enclosed by banking. Construction of the final phase of the stadium began in late 1896 after negotiations with contractors over the price. Several months behind schedule, the almost-complete stadium opened with a friendly against Blackburn Rovers on 17 April 1897, which ended as a 3–0 win, one week after Aston Villa had completed the League and FA Cup 'Double'. The process of fixing issues with the building work continued for several months. As built, the stadium could house 40,000 spectators, most of whom stood in the open on the banking.

After winning the league championship in 1899, Villa's record-breaking average crowd of 21,000 allowed the club to invest in a two-stage ground improvement programme. The first stage extended the terrace covering on the Trinity Road side at the cost of £887; the second cost £1,300 and involved re-laying all terracing around the track to remedy a design flaw that caused poor sightlines for the majority of the crowd. In 1911, Villa bought the freehold of the ground for £8,250, the office buildings in the old aquarium and car park area for £1,500 and the carriage drive and bowling green for £2,000. This was the first stage in plans drawn up by Villa director Frederick Rinder that saw the capacity of Villa Park increased to 104,000.

In June 1914, another phase of enhancements began at Villa Park to compete with improvements at other grounds around the country, including Everton's Goodison Park, where a new two-tiered stand had just been completed. The first stage of improvements saw the cycling track removed, new banking at the Holte Hotel End (Holte End), and a re-profiling of all the terracing to bring it closer to the newly squared-off pitch. Rinder turned to the renowned architect Archibald Leitch to design a new Villa Park. Their joint plans included large banked end stands at the Holte and Witton ends and the incorporation of the original Victorian Lower Grounds buildings, including the aquarium and the newly acquired bowling greens. The outbreak of the First World War severely hampered design and construction efforts.

As a result of inflation, 1919 quotes for the implementation of the pre-war construction plans came to £66,000, compared to the 1914 quote of £27,000. By March 1922 this price had reduced to £41,775, and the directors pushed ahead with the plans for the new Trinity Road Stand. Construction began in April 1922 with the stand partially opened in August. Construction continued throughout the 1922–1923 season, with the stand officially opened on 26 January 1924 by the then Duke of York, later King George VI. He commented to Rinder that he had "no idea that a ground so finely equipped in every way—and devoted to football—existed."

On completion the Trinity Road Stand was considered one of the grandest in Britain, complete with stained glass windows, Italian mosaics, Dutch gables in the style of Aston Hall and a sweeping staircase. The Oak Room in the Trinity Road stand was the first restaurant at a British football ground. Several commentators including Simon Inglis consider it to be Leitch's masterpiece; a Sunday Times reporter described it in 1960 as the "St Pancras of football." The final cost of the stand and associated 1922–1924 ground developments was calculated at £89,000, a sum that enraged the club's directors who ordered an investigation into cost and in 1925 forced Rinder's resignation.

Villa Park remained in much the same state for another 30 years, with no major developments until the late 1950s. During the 1930s the earth and timber terraces with wooden crash barriers were completely replaced by concrete terracing and metal barriers, a process first begun by Rinder. In 1936 he was voted back onto the board at the age of 78 after the club were relegated to the Second Division. Nearly 25 years after he had created his 1914 masterplan, Rinder resurrected it and looked to carry out the third phase of his developments. He died in December 1938 (Leitch had died in April), leaving his construction business to his son, Archibald Junior.

The complete redevelopment and extension of the Holte End began in early 1939, supervised by Archibald Junior. When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, all construction across the country stopped. Unusually, given the austerity measures in place at the time, Villa acquired a special permit to continue construction of the Holte End; Simon Inglis notes "How they achieved this is not recorded". Work on the ground was completed by April 1940, and the stand was immediately mothballed as Villa Park switched to its wartime role. The Trinity Road Stand became an air-raid shelter and ammunition store while the home dressing room became the temporary home of a rifle company from the 9th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment. German bombs caused £20,000 worth of damage to the Witton Lane Stand, which was remedied by 1954.

In the late 1950s, four projects were announced. The old Bowling Green pavilion on the Trinity Road became a medical centre, the basement of the aquarium building was converted into a gym, four large floodlight pylons were installed, and a training ground was purchased  from Villa Park. The floodlights were first used in November 1958 for a friendly match against the Scottish side Heart of Midlothian.

In mid-1962, £40,000 was spent on a roof for the Holte End, the first to provide cover for the ordinary terrace fans at Villa Park since 1922. The old barrel-shaped roof on the Witton Lane Stand, the only remaining feature of the 1897 Villa Park, was removed in the summer of 1963 and replaced with a plain sloping roof in the same style as the Holte End. Villa Park was chosen by FIFA to host three matches for the 1966 World Cup on the condition that the Witton Lane Stand became all-seater. The players' tunnel had to be covered with a cage while the pitch was widened by .

Regular ground developments and innovations began from 1969 under the direction of the new chairman, Doug Ellis, who set about redeveloping Villa Park for the modern era. Much of the stadium had fallen into disrepair and was in need of modernisation; Villa's attendances and financial situation had also declined as a result of losing their First Division status in 1967 and going down to the Third Division for the first time in 1970. Ellis updated the infrastructure, installed a new public address system, carried out plumbing work which included installing new toilets, resurfaced the terraces, and built a new ticket office. His tenure saw executive lounges replace the old offices in the Trinity Road Stand.

Redevelopment of the Witton End stand began in the summer of 1976, a year after Villa returned to the First Division after eight years away. The stand had not seen any major work since 1924, and its rear remained a mound of earth. Initial renovations saw the levelling of the earth and new concrete terraces constructed on the lower tier in preparation for the construction of an upper tier. Stage two began in February 1977 and was officially opened in late October. The stand's design and fittings were impressive for the time, including novelties such as an 'AV' logo spelled out in coloured seats and a double row of executive boxes.

As well as the new Witton End stand, renamed the North Stand, Villa Park went through further renovations throughout the ground. The cost of the work was £1.3 million. As a result, and as with the construction of the Trinity Road Stand fifty years earlier, Villa were again burdened with debt. An internal investigation found that £700,000 of the £1.3 million worth of bills were unaccounted for. A later report by accountants Deloitte Haskins & Sells found that the bills were inflated by only 10% but that there were "serious breaches of recommended codes of practice and poor site supervision".

In response to the Hillsborough disaster which resulted in 96 fatalities, the Taylor Report of January 1990 recommended that all major grounds be converted to become all-seater as a safety measure by August 1994. Within a few months of the Taylor Report being published, the first changes were made in line with the report. The North Stand saw the addition of 2,900 seats to the lower tier of the stand in place of terracing, the Holte End's roof was extended in preparation for more seats, the Trinity Road Stand had its roof replaced, and the Witton Lane Stand had more corporate boxes added. By that time, all four floodlight pylons had been removed to make way for boxes or in preparation for seating, and new floodlights were installed on new gantries on the Trinity and Witton stands.

In February 1992, the club's application to the council for permission to demolish the Holte Hotel was rejected. After several months of negotiations, Villa gained permission for a new stand to replace the Witton Lane Stand. The new design meant that the club had to realign Witton Lane and, as a condition of the planning permission, pay £600,000 to compulsory purchase the houses along Witton Lane and upgrade the road from a B to an A road, as well as moving its utilities. The stand was fully operational by January 1994 at the cost of £5 million with 4,686 seats, which brought Villa Park up to a capacity of 46,005. It was announced at the 70th birthday gala of chairman Doug Ellis that the stand was to be renamed the "Doug Ellis Stand", a move that caused some controversy among Villa fans with some still referring to it as the Witton Lane Stand. Nevertheless, during the 1993–94 season, the newly rebuilt Witton Lane Stand became the Doug Ellis Stand.

The Holte End was the only remaining stand that did not meet the Taylor Report requirements, and a structural survey revealed that putting seats onto the existing terracing would be uneconomical. Instead, the decision was taken to build a new stand consisting of two tiers, just four years after construction of the new roof. The demolition of the stand began on the last day of the 1993–94 season. Its replacement began to open in August 1994 with 3,000 seats in the lower tier occupied for the first seating-only game at Villa Park. By December it was fully operational and had a capacity of 13,501 seats, bringing the Villa Park capacity to 40,310. Upon completion, the Holte was the largest single end stand in Britain.

The next development at Villa Park was the Trinity Road Stand in 2000. It had stood since 1922 and seen several renovations and additions. The demolition of the old stand began after the last game of the 1999–2000 season, an event met with an element of sadness from observers such as Simon Inglis who stated that "the landscape of English football will never be the same." The new stand was larger than the old one, taking Villa's capacity from 39,399 to its present 42,682. It was officially opened in November 2001 by Prince Charles; his grandfather George VI had opened the old stand, 77 years earlier, when he was still the Duke of York.

Structure and facilities

Villa Park has 42,682 seats, split between four stands. These four stands are the Holte End to the south, the Trinity Road Stand to the west, the Doug Ellis Stand opposite the Trinity Road Stand, and the North Stand behind the northern goal. All of the stands have two tiers except the Trinity Road Stand, which has three.

The Holte End is a large two-tiered stand at the south end of the stadium. Originally a large terraced banking with accommodation for more than 20,000 spectators, the current stand was constructed in 1994–1995 and consists of two tiers with no executive boxes. The two tiers are slightly curved in a parabola to provide good sightlines from all seats. Inside there are three levels of concourse and the Holte Suite, a large hospitality room for supporters. The roof is a variant of the "King Truss" system and the front third slopes slightly forward. Two large staircases, pediments, Dutch gables and a mosaic introduced in the 2007 season in the style of the old Trinity Road Stand make up the facade, itself inspired by Aston Hall. The Holte End is the most renowned stand at Villa Park amongst home and away team supporters. Traditionally Villa's most vocal and passionate supporters gather here, including members of Aston Villa hooligan firms.

Built in 2000, the main Trinity Road Stand is the most recently completed at Villa Park and houses the dressing rooms, club offices and director's boxes. The stand is composed of three tiers with a row of executive boxes between the second and third tiers. Although much larger than the other stands, the stand has roughly the same roof level as the other three sides. The players' tunnel and the technical area where the managers and substitutes sit during the match are in the middle of the stand at pitch level. The press and the directors' VIP area are situated in the centre of the middle tier. The upper tiers of the stand extend over Trinity Road, the street that cuts behind the ground. Trinity Road passes through a tunnel formed by the Trinity Road Stand.

The oldest stand at Villa Park is the North Stand, formerly known as the Witton End, completed in 1977. It is a two-tiered stand, with a double row of 39 executive boxes running between the two tiers. Upper-tier seats are claret with "AV" written in blue; the lower tier consists of sky blue seats. The North Stand was "the first major stand in Britain to use what is now broadly termed the 'goalpost' structure." The facade of the stand is a "textured concrete render" typical of the time.

Since the segregation of supporters in the 1970s, away fans had been situated in the lower tier of the North Stand. Former manager Martin O'Neill expressed his desire to have Villa fans seated in the North Stand to improve the atmosphere at Villa Park. For the start of the 2007–2008 season the club released cut-price season tickets for the lower tier of the stand. This meant moving the away fans to the northern end of the Doug Ellis Stand across both tiers and since then the North Stand has been fully occupied by Villa supporters with the most vocal and fervent being housed in the lower tier.

The Doug Ellis Stand, formerly known as the Witton Lane Stand, is a two-tiered stand with a row of executive boxes between the tiers. The roof was originally planned to be a goalpost structure, the same as the Holte End and North Stand, but the plans were changed to a simpler cantilever design. It saw slight refurbishment before the 1996 European Championships to join the corners with the lower tier of the North Stand, improve legroom and increase the curve of the terracing to improve sightlines. The main television camera viewpoint is on the half-way line in the Doug Ellis Stand.

In the south-west corner, between the Holte End and the Trinity Road Stand, there is a three-storey pavilion-like structure, which is used for corporate hospitality. There is a large television screen. On 28 November 2009, a bronze statue of former Villa chairman and Football League founder William McGregor was unveiled outside the stadium. Behind the North Stand is the "Villa Village" made up of club and ticket offices as well as a club shop. The club bought the buildings from British Telecom in the 1990s. Under current redevelopment plans, the "Villa Village" is set to be demolished, in favour of a significantly larger retail venue called "Villa Live".

Future

Future redevelopment of Villa Park has been an ever-present topic, with previous owners of Aston Villa: notably Randy Lerner and Tony Xia, expressing support to increase capacity. However, no definitive redevelopment occurred in either case.

Under the current ownership of Nassef Sawiris and Wes Edens, there has been concrete support for a long-term redevelopment of Villa Park. In December 2021, CEO Christian Purslow announced that redevelopment plans were forecasted to take "two to ten years".

Preliminary plans to construct a new North Stand were announced in March 2022. Following a consultation process between June and September 2022, Aston Villa formally submitted plans to fully demolish and rebuild the North Stand, alongside developments to the Trinity Road Stand. The plans would see the construction of a new 13,074 capacity stand. Alongside minor seating adjustments to the Trinity Road Stand and Doug Ellis Stand, this would increase Villa Park's capacity to approximately 50,065. Alongside these featured plans to develop a large indoor entertainment and retail venue called "Villa Live", replacing the car park, academy building, and the current on-site retail store. This followed initial planning permission granted in 2019 to demolish the car park and academy building behind the North Stand. In December 2022, planning permission was granted by Birmingham City Council

Within the aforementioned planning documents, Aston Villa alluded to potential further redevelopment via 'configuration of the stands', including the Doug Ellis Stand and the Holte End, to increase Villa Park's capacity to between 52,000 and 53,000. This was referred to as 'Phase 2': with the North Stand redevelopment considered 'Phase 1'.

Other sporting uses
Villa Park was the first English ground to stage international football in three centuries and has hosted matches in several international tournaments. Three 1966 World Cup matches were played at the ground and four matches during Euro '96. The ground has hosted England internationals, the first in 1899 and the most recent in 2005. Sixteen international matches have been hosted at the stadium in total.

Villa Park has been the venue for several Cup competitions. It has hosted 55 FA Cup semi-finals, more than any other stadium. The club hosted the League Cup Final in 1980–1981 when Liverpool beat West Ham 2–1 in a replay. In 1999, the stadium hosted the last final of the European Cup Winners' Cup in which Lazio beat Real Mallorca 2–1. During the construction of the new Wembley Stadium between 2001 and 2005, the FA Trophy Final was held at Villa Park. The 2012 Community Shield was held at Villa Park instead of Wembley due to Olympic Games at the stadium.

The venue has also hosted two first-class cricket matches. The first was the United North of England Eleven's final first-class match against a London United Eleven in June 1879. The second was tour match played between Australia and an England XI side in May 1884. The ground also hosted a 1897 Minor Counties Championship match between Staffordshire and Northamptonshire and was the home ground for Aston Unity in the Birmingham and District Premier League from 1889 to 1954.

Many athletics and cycle events took place at the ground before the First World War, and boxing has been hosted on several occasions. On 28 June 1948, Dick Turpin, brother of Randolph Turpin, became the first non-white boxer to win a British title in a fight against Vince Hawkins in front of 40,000 spectators after the British Boxing Board of Control lifted their ban on non-whites challenging for titles. On 21 June 1972 Danny McAlinden defeated Jack Bodell in a British and Empire Heavyweight title fight.

Great Britain secured the first ever rugby league test series at the ground when they defeated the touring Australian Kangaroos side 6–5 on 14 February 1909 in front of a crowd of 9,000. A second rugby league game followed three years later on New Year's Day 1912 when 4,000 people turned up to see Australia beat Great Britain 33–8. The stadium has seen several international rugby union tour matches. On 8 October 1924, a North Midlands XV lost 40–3 to the New Zealand side touring Europe and Canada at the time. The second game took place on 30 December 1953 when Midlands Counties played another New Zealand side on their 1953–1954 tour of United Kingdom, Ireland, France and North America. The Midlands side lost 18–3. On 26 August 1985, it played host to the first ever American football "Summerbowl," intended to be the English equivalent to the Super Bowl. The game was played between the London Ravens and the Streatham Olympians, and the low attendance of 8,000 meant that the Summerbowl was not repeated in subsequent years.

Villa Park was originally listed as one of the six stadiums that would hold Olympic football matches in the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2009 it was announced that the organising committee for the games and the football club had decided that uncertainty around expansion plans meant that the club were "unable to commit fully to hosting matches".

Villa Park was chosen as the venue for two pool matches in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The first was a Pool B match between South Africa and Samoa on 26 September 2015 with South Africa winning 46–6 with 39,526 in attendance. The second was a Pool A match between Australia and Uruguay the next day with Australia winning 65–3 in front of 39,605 spectators.

Birmingham is the host city of the 2022 Commonwealth Games. Though Villa Park was originally chosen to host the Rugby Sevens competition, the event will now be held at the Ricoh Arena. This is due to the Premier League season starting in July in order to accommodate the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar taking place in November and December, rather than June and July.

Non-sporting uses
Villa Park has been a venue for musicians from multiple genres as well as preachers. The stadium has hosted several rock concerts, including Bruce Springsteen who played two concerts in June 1988 as part of his Tunnel of Love Tour, and again in June 2023 as part of his 2023 Tour, Bon Jovi in 2013 as part of the Because We Can: The Tour, and Pink in June 2023 during her Summer Carnival Tour. Duran Duran held a charity concert in 1983 to raise money for MENCAP. Other singers who have played at the ground include Belinda Carlisle, Rod Stewart and Robert Palmer. The American evangelist Billy Graham attracted 257,181 people to a series of prayer meetings held at the stadium in mid-1984. Archbishop Desmond Tutu held a religious gathering at the stadium in 1989.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced that midwives from Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust would host maternity clinics at the ground, for expectant parents anxious about going into hospitals.

On 2 February 2021, it was announced that Villa Park will be used as a regional COVID-19 vaccination centre by the NHS.
The first patients were vaccinated at Villa Park on 4 February 2021. The vaccination centre has been set up in the Holte End stand and it is hoped to play a pivotal role in vaccinating people in the Birmingham area.

Average league attendances

Records

The highest attendance recorded at Villa Park was 76,588, on 2 March 1946 in an FA Cup 6th round tie against Derby County. The highest attendance in the all-seater era was 42,788 on 29 December 2009 in a Premier League game against Liverpool, but the overall record league attendance was 69,492 in a First Division match against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 27 December 1949. The highest average post-Second World War attendance at Villa Park was 47,168 in the 1948–1949 season; the lowest average post-war attendance was 15,237 in the 1985–1986 season.

Transport
Villa Park is within a short distance of two mainline railway stations. Witton railway station is approximately  from Villa Park, and Aston railway station is approximately . Under former owner Randy Lerner, there have been discussions on changing the name of Witton Station to Villa Park as is the case with West Bromwich Albion's local railway station, The Hawthorns. Aston Villa's former CEO, Bruce Langham, has said that the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive (Centro) are amenable to the idea as long as it is done at the expense of the club. No action has yet been taken.

See also
 Development of stadiums in English football

Footnotes

References

External links

 Images tagged Villa Park at Flickr
 Stadium Guide Article
 Villa Park Virtual Tour at FootballStadiums360

Football venues in Birmingham, West Midlands
Aston Villa F.C.
Premier League venues
English Football League venues
1966 FIFA World Cup stadiums
UEFA Euro 1996 stadiums
Defunct cricket grounds in England
Defunct velodromes in the United Kingdom
Rugby union stadiums in England
Darts venues
Sports venues completed in 1897
1897 establishments in England

Villa Park


كثافة الطاقة هي كمية الطاقة المخزونة في منظومة ما أو منطقة من الفراغ لكل وحدة حجم (أو لكل وحد كتلة).
عند استخدام وحدة الحجوم تكون وحدات كثافة الطاقة هي نفسها وحدات الضغط

أمثلة
هنا بعض الامثلة على كثافة الطاقة:

مقالات ذات صلة

 مرونة الطاقة
 سياسة الطاقة

مراجع

طاقة
كثافة

كثافة الطاقة


An Apochiton burttii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Apochiton burttii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Apochiton, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Apochiton

Apochiton burttii


El parque nacional de Diawling se encuentra en el suroeste de Mauritania, en torno al delta del río Senegal. Durante la temporada de lluvias, gran parte del parque se compone de grandes lagos. Es conocido por tener más de 220 especies de aves identificadas, incluyendo pelícanos, cigüeñas negras, y flamencos, y también por sus peces.

Diawling es parte de una Reserva de la Biosfera Transfronteriza, que es un sitio de anidación de aves muy importante debido a la combinación de agua dulce y salada en el delta del río Senegal. El parque también tiene una importante población de primates, jabalíes y burros salvajes.

Algunos de los peores tipos de malaria de la región se encuentran en esta área, debido a la construcción hace unos años de una represa en la zona. Algunas especies de plantas invasoras también han echado raíces aquí.

Véase también
Geografía de Mauritania
Geografía de África

Referencias

Diawling
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1990
Mauritania en 1990

Parque nacional de Diawling


هو النهاردة ايه فيلم روائى قصير تم إنتاجه عام 2007 وهو من الإنتاج المتميز للقنوات المتخصصة بالتليفزيون المصري. الفيلم من سيناريو وحوار ماهر زهدي، وإخراج سامح الشوادي، وبطولة كمال أبو رية، وجيهان راتب وحسن عبد الحميد ووفاء سالم.

اشترك الفيلم في عدة مهرجانات وحاز بالفوز بعدة جوائز وشهادات تقدير لجميع العاملين بالفيلم من أهمها مسابقة مهرجان المجلس القومي لحقوق الإنسان 2008 وفاز به بالجائزة الأولى لأحسن فيلم والجائزة الأولى لأحسن سيناريو والجائزة الأولى لأحسن إخراج والجائزة الأولى لأحسن ممثل مناصفة بين كمال أبو رية وحسن عبد الحميد والجائزة الأولى لأحسن ممثلة فازت بها جيهان راتب.

وتعبر أحداث الفيلم عن تقسيم شرائح المجتمع المصري إلى مسلمين ومسيحيين وطبيعة العلاقة بينهم من تعاون وإخاء واحترام بالرغم من اختلاف العقائد الدينية.

أفلام إنتاج 2007
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام قصيرة

هو النهاردة ايه (فيلم)


In general mechanical terms, the word desmodromic is used to refer to mechanisms that have different controls for their actuation in different directions.

A desmodromic valve is a reciprocating engine poppet valve that is positively closed by a cam and leverage system, rather than by a more conventional spring.

The valves in a typical four-stroke engine allow the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder at the beginning of the cycle and exhaust spent gases at the end of the cycle. In a conventional four-stroke engine, valves are opened by a cam and closed by return spring. A desmodromic valve has two cams and two actuators, for positive opening and closing without a return spring.

Etymology
The word comes from the Greek words desmos (, translated as "bond" or "knot") and dromos (, "track" or "way"). This denotes the major characteristic of the valves being continuously "bound" to the camshaft.

Idea
The common valve spring system is satisfactory for traditional mass-produced engines that do not rev highly and are of a design that requires low maintenance. At the period of initial desmodromic development, valve springs were a major limitation on engine performance because they would break from metal fatigue. In the 1950s new vacuum melt processes helped to remove impurities from the metal in valve springs, increasing their life and efficiency greatly. However, many springs would still fail at sustained operation above 8000 RPM. The desmodromic system was devised to remedy this problem by completely removing the need for a spring. Furthermore, as maximum RPM increases, higher spring force is required to prevent valve float, leading to larger springs (with increased spring mass, and thus greater inertia), cam drag (as the valve springs require energy to compress, robbing the engine of power), and higher wear on the parts at all speeds, problems addressed by the desmodromic mechanism.

Design and history

Fully controlled valve movement was conceived during the earliest days of engine development, but devising a system that worked reliably and was not overly complex took a long time. Desmodromic valve systems are first mentioned in patents in 1896 by Gustav Mees. Austin's marine engine of 1910 produced 300 bhp and was installed in a speedboat called "Irene I"; its all-aluminium, twin-overhead-valve engine had twin magnetos, twin carburettors and desmodromic valves. The 1914 Grand Prix Delage and Nagant (see Pomeroy "Grand Prix Car") used a desmodromic valve system (quite unlike the present day Ducati system).

Azzariti, a short-lived Italian manufacturer from 1933 to 1934, produced 173 cc and 348 cc twin-cylinder engines, some of which had desmodromic valve gear, with the valve being closed by a separate camshaft.

The Mercedes-Benz W196 Formula One racing car of 1954–1955, and the Mercedes-Benz 300SLR sports racing car of 1955 both had desmodromic valve actuation.

In 1956, Fabio Taglioni, a Ducati engineer, developed a desmodromic valve system for the Ducati 125 Grand Prix, creating the Ducati 125 Desmo.

He was quoted:

The specific purpose of the desmodromic system is to force the valves to comply with the timing diagram as consistently as possible. In this way, any lost energy is negligible, the performance curves are more uniform and dependability is better.

The engineers that came after him continued that development, and Ducati held a number of patents relating to desmodromics. Desmodromic valve actuation has been applied to top-of-the-range production Ducati motorcycles since 1968, with the introduction of the "widecase" Mark 3 single cylinders.

In 1959 the Maserati brothers introduced one of their final designs: a desmodromic four-cylinder, 2000cc engine for their last O.S.C.A. Barchetta.

Comparison with conventional valvetrains
In modern engines, valve spring failure at high RPM has been mostly remedied. The main benefit of the desmodromic system is the prevention of valve float at high rpm.

In traditional spring-valve actuation, as engine speed increases, the inertia of the valve will eventually overcome the spring's ability to close it completely before the piston reaches top dead centre (TDC). This can lead to several problems. First,the valve does not completely return to its seat before combustion begins. This allows combustion gases to escape prematurely, leading to a reduction in cylinder pressure which causes a major decrease in engine performance. This can also overheat the valve, possibly warping it and leading to catastrophic failure. Second, and most damaging, the piston collides with the valve and both are destroyed.  In spring-valve engines the traditional remedy for valve float is to stiffen the springs. This increases the seat pressure of the valve (the static pressure that holds the valve closed). This is beneficial at higher engine speeds because of a reduction in the aforementioned valve float. The drawback is that the engine has to work harder to open the valve at all engine speeds. The higher spring pressure causes greater friction (hence temperature and wear) in the valvetrain.

The desmodromic system avoids this problem, because it does not have to overcome the force of the spring. It must still overcome the inertia of the valve opening and closing, and that depends on the mass distribution of the moving parts.  The effective mass of a traditional valve with spring includes one-half of the valve spring mass for symmetric springs and all of the valve spring retainer mass. However, a desmodromic system must deal with the inertia of the two rocker arms per valve, so this advantage depends greatly on the skill of the designer. Another disadvantage is the contact point between the cams and rocker arms. It is relatively easy to use roller tappets in conventional valvetrains, although it does add considerable moving mass. In a desmodromic system the roller would be needed at one end of the rocker arm, which would greatly increase its moment-of-inertia and negate its "effective mass" advantage.  Thus, desmo systems have generally needed to deal with sliding friction between the cam and rocker arm and therefore may have greater wear. The contact points on most Ducati rocker arms are hard-chromed to reduce this wear. Another possible disadvantage is that it would be very difficult to incorporate hydraulic valve lash adjusters in a desmodromic system, so the valves must be periodically adjusted, but this is true of typical performance oriented motorcycles as valve lash is typically set using a shim under a cam follower.

Disadvantages

Before the days when valve drive dynamics could be analyzed by computer, desmodromic drive seemed to offer solutions for problems that were worsening with increasing engine speed. Since those days, lift, velocity, acceleration, and jerk curves for cams have been modelled by computer to reveal that cam dynamics are not what they seemed. With proper analysis, problems relating to valve adjustment, hydraulic tappets, push rods, rocker arms, and above all, valve float, became things of the past without desmodromic drive.

Today most automotive engines use overhead cams, driving a flat tappet to achieve the shortest, lightest weight, and most inelastic path from cam to valve, thereby avoiding elastic elements such as pushrod and rocker arm. Computers have allowed for fairly accurate acceleration modelling of valve-train systems.

Before numerical computing methods were readily available, acceleration was only attainable by differentiating cam lift profiles twice, once for velocity and again for acceleration. This generates so much hash (noise) that the second derivative (acceleration) was uselessly inaccurate. Computers permitted integration from the jerk curve, the third derivative of lift, that is conveniently a series of contiguous straight lines whose vertices can be adjusted to give any desired lift profile.

Integration of the jerk curve produces a smooth acceleration curve while the third integral gives an essentially ideal lift curve (cam profile).
With such cams, which mostly do not look like the ones "artists" formerly designed, valve noise (lift-off) went away and valve train elasticity came under scrutiny.

Today, most cams have mirror image (symmetric) profiles with identical positive and negative acceleration while opening and closing valves. However, some high speed (in terms of engine RPM) motors now employ asymmetrical cam profiles in order to quickly open valves and set them back in their seats more gently to reduce wear. As well, production vehicles have employed asymmetrical cam lobe profiles since the late 1940s, as seen in the 1948 Ford V8. In this motor both the intake and exhaust profiles had an asymmetric design. More modern applications of asymmetrical camshafts include Cosworth's 2.3 liter crate motors, which use aggressive profiles to reach upwards of 280 brake horsepower. An asymmetric cam either opens or closes the valves more slowly than it could, with the speed being limited by Hertzian contact stress between curved cam and flat tappet, thereby ensuring a more controlled acceleration of the combined mass of the reciprocating componentry (specifically the valve, tappet and spring).

In contrast, desmodromic drive uses two cams per valve, each with separate rocker arm (lever tappets). Maximum valve acceleration is limited by the cam-to-tappet galling stress, and therefore is governed by both the moving mass and the cam contact area.  Maximum rigidity and minimum contact stress are best achieved with conventional flat tappets and springs whose lift and closure stress is unaffected by spring force; both occur at the base circle, where spring load is minimum and contact radius is largest. Curved (lever) tappets of desmodromic cams cause higher contact stress than flat tappets for the same lift profile, thereby limiting rate of lift and closure.

With conventional cams, stress is highest at full lift, when turning at zero speed (initiation of engine cranking), and diminishes with increasing speed as inertial force of the valve counters spring pressure, while a desmodromic cam has essentially no load at zero speed (in the absence of springs), its load being entirely inertial, and therefore increasing with speed. Its greatest inertial stress bears on its smallest radius.  Acceleration forces for either method increase with the square of velocity resulting from kinetic energy.

Valve float was analyzed and found to be caused largely by resonance in valve springs that generated oscillating compression waves among coils, much like a Slinky. High speed photography showed that at specific resonant speeds, valve springs were no longer making contact at one or both ends, leaving the valve floating before crashing into the cam on closure.

For this reason, today as many as three concentric valve springs are sometimes nested inside one other; not for more force (the inner ones having no significant spring constant), but to act as snubbers to reduce oscillations in the outer spring.

An early solution to oscillating spring mass was the mousetrap or hairpin spring used on Norton Manx engines. These avoided resonance but were ungainly to locate inside cylinder heads.

Valve springs that do not resonate are progressive, wound with varying pitch or varying diameter called beehive springs from their shape.  The number of active coils in these springs varies during the stroke, the more closely wound coils being on the static end, becoming inactive as the spring compresses or as in the beehive spring, where the small diameter coils at the top are stiffer. Both mechanisms reduce resonance because spring force and its moving mass vary with stroke. This advance in spring design removed valve float, the initial impetus for desmodromic valve drive.

Examples

Famous examples include the successful Mercedes-Benz W196 and Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR race cars and, most commonly, modern Ducati motorcycles.

Ducati motorcycles with desmodromic valves have won numerous races and championships, including Superbike World Championships from 1990 to 1992, 1994–96, 1998–99, 2001, 2003–04, 2006, 2008 and 2011. Ducati's return to Grand Prix motorcycle racing was powered by a desmodromic V4 990 cc engine in the GP3 (Desmosedici) bike, which went on to claim several victories, including a one-two finish at the final 990 cc MotoGP race at Valencia, Spain in 2006. With the onset of the 800 cc era in 2007, they are generally still considered to be the most powerful engines in the sport, and have powered Casey Stoner to the 2007 MotoGP Championship and Ducati to the constructors championship with the GP7 (Desmosedici) bike.

See also
Sleeve valve
Engine tuning

Sources

External links
 Desmo Information and Wallpapers
 "Desmodromology": for further investigation and visualisation.
 The newest Desmodromic:"Desmotronic" detailed information and visualisation.
 Mercedes Benz's patent, showing the exact construction of the system used in the W196 and 300SLR. (requires Tiff reader)
 DVVA: Desmodromic fully Variable Valve Actuation

Engine valves
Engine valvetrain configurations
Motorcycle engines
Formula One

Desmodromic valve


الكواكب الأرضية، الكواكب الصخرية هي الكواكب المتكونة أساسًا من الصخور (صلبة التكوين). وداخل النظام الشمسي تعتبر الكواكب الأرضية هي الكواكب الأقرب إلى الشمس وهي حسب ترتيب البعد عن الشمس: عطارد، الزهرة، الأرض والمريخ.

سبب التسمية
سميت كواكب أرضية لشبهها بكوكب الأرض من النظرة العامة. وسميت «كواكب صخرية» لأن قشرتها صخرية عكس باقي كواكب المجموعة الشمسية غازية التكوين والتي سميت الكواكب الغازية لذلك. وسميت «كواكب داخلية» لكونها تتواجد داخل حزام الكويكبات والأقرب من الشمس.

الكواكب الصلبة والكواكب الغازية
تختلف الكواكب الأرضية كثيرا جدا عن الكواكب الغازية العملاقة والتي ليس لها في الغالب سطح صلب وتتكون في مجمل تركيبها من الهيدروجين والهيليوم والماء في حالات فيزيائية متعددة.

بنية الكواكب الأرضية
الكواكب الأرضية تمتلك تقريبا نفس البنية: نواة كوكب معدنية غالبا تتكون من الحديد محاط بغلاف من السيليكا. كما تتشابه في كونها تضم بقع اصطدامات النيازك بها، الجبال والبراكين، بالإضافة لكونها محاطة بغلاف جوي ثانوي - أي أنه متكون بسبب تفجر البراكين أو اصطدام المذنبات بالكواكب - على عكس الكواكب الغازية المحاطة بأغلفة جوية متكونة من السديم الأولي المكون للنظام الشمسي.

أقسامها

ونظريا تنقسم الكواكب الأرضية أو الصخرية لنوعين أساسيين حسب مركباتها الأساسية:
 فأما النوع الأول فتكثر فيه مركبات السيلكون،
 بينما النوع الثاني تهيمن عليه مركبات الكربون.

مراجع

أنواع الكواكب
النظام الشمسي
كواكب أرضية

كوكب أرضي


Makoto Sugiyama (født 17. maj 1960) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Nissan Motors, Kashima Antlers og Kyoto Purple Sanga.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Makoto Sugiyama


Tai Le may refer to:

 Tai Le script
 Tai Nüa language / Tai Le language
 Tai Le (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters for the Tai Le script.

See also
Tai Lü (disambiguation)

Tai Le


لومينا هي سيارة تصنعها شركة شيفروليه الأمريكية التابعة لشركة جنرال موتورز وقد أنتجت لأول مرة في العام 1990م لغاية العام 1998م إلى أن تم نقل اسمها لشركة هولدن الأسترالية إحدى شركات جنرال موتورز تحت مسميات مختلفة حسب السوق الموجهة إليه.

الفئات

 LS (وهي تعبر عن المواصفات الاقتصادية) طراز عادي بمواصفات قياسية بمحرك V6 (كومودور اوميغا)
 LTZ (وهي تعبر عن المواصفات الإضافية) طراز عادي بمواصفات اضافية بمحرك V6 (كومودور بيرلينا)
 S (وهي تعبر عن الموصفات القياسية) طراز عادي بزوائد رياضية بمحرك V6 (كومودور SV6)
 ROYALE (وهي تعبر عن المواصفات الفاخرة والرياضية ) طراز فاخر بزوائد رياضية بمحرك V8 محرك ss (كومودور Calais) إصدار محدود سنه 2006
 SS (وهي تعبر عن المواصفات الرياضية) طراز رياضي بزوائد رياضية بمحرك V8 من الجيل الرابع 6000cc 362 hp ومواصفات رياضية كاملة (كومودور SSV)
 HSV CR8 طراز محدود جدا سنه 2008 و2009 (اقوئ الأنواع) طراز رياضي كامل بزوائد رياضيه تفوق الss مع محرك 6200cc LS3 V8 قوي جدا بقدرة حصانية 430 hp صافي (HSV Clubsport R8)

المحركات

تأتي شيفروليه لومينا بأكثر من محرك أحدهما قياسي والآخر اختياري.
 المحرك القياسي : محرك Alloytec V6 سعة 3.6 ليتر بقوة 240 حصاناً.
 المحرك الاختياري: محرك Generation III V8 سعة 5.7 LS1 ليتر من الجيل الثالث بقوة 335 حصاناً صافي. إصدار سنه(99-2006)
 المحرك الاختياري: محرك Generation IV V8 سعة 6.0 L98 ,L77 ,L76 ليتر من الجيل الرابع بقوة 362 حصاناً صافي. إصدار سنه(2007-2013)
 المحرك الاختياري محدود: محرك LS3 V8 سعة 6.2 ليتر محرك المستخدم بسيارة كورفت بقوة 430 حصاناً صافي. إصدار محدود(CR8)سنه(2008-2009)

أنظمة الأمان
 أربع وسائد هوائية للسائق والراكب الأمامي، أماميتان وجانبيتان.
 نظام الفرامل المانع للانزلاق (ABS).
 نظام التوزيع الإلكتروني لقوة الفرامل (EBD).
 نظام دعم الفرملة (BA).
 نظام التحكم بالاستقرار (TC).
 نظام التحكم في دوران الاطارات TCS وهذا النظام متوفر في طراز S من 2005 إلى 2009.
 نظام التحكم في ثبات السيارة في الانحرافات ED وهو متوفر في طراز 2009 طراز SS.

لومينا على الطريق
1. عانت السيارة الكثير من المشاكل التقنية بالأخص فئة Ls مقارنة بفئة SS.

2. تستهلك وقود بشكل ملحوظ وخصوصاً الـ SS بسبب السعة 3.8 & 5.7 لتر وهذا معروف في السيارات الأمريكية.

3. LS تعطي 215 حصان بسعة 3.8 لتر تعتبر قليلة مقارنة بباقي السيارات الأمريكية.

4. واسعة ومريحة وشكلها جذاب ولها العديد من الاكسسوارات.

5. سعرها جيد نسبياً خصوصاً انها صنفت من فئة السيارة العائلية الكبيرة والرياضية .

مراجع

جنرال موتورز
سيارات اخترعت في 1989
سيارات خلفية الدفع
سيارات دفع أمامي
سيارات شرطة
سيارات شيفروليه
سيارات صالون
سيارات عائلية متوسطة
سيارات عقد 1980
سيارات عقد 1990
سيارات عقد 2000
كوبيه
نقل بري

شيفروليه لومينا


Albert Batyrgaziev (; Babayurt, 23 de junho de 1998) é um boxeador russo, campeão olímpico.

Carreira

Batyrgaziev foi campeão de kickboxer quando adolescente antes de se dedicar ao boxe em 2016. Como amador, representou a Rússia no Campeonato Mundial de 2019. Ele conquistou a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após derrotar o estadunidense Duke Ragan na categoria peso pena e consagrar-se campeão como representante do Comitê Olímpico Russo.

Pugilistas olímpicos da Rússia
Pugilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Campeões olímpicos da Rússia
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Albert Batyrgaziev


Baloghiella caledonica es una especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae. Es el único miembro del género monotípico Darlingtonica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Prothymina
Insectos descritos en 1947

Darlingtonica


En Mason jar er en støbt glaskrukke, som benyttes ved hjemmesyltning til konservering af madvarer. Krukkens munding har gevind, så et låg kan skrues på. En udbredt lågtype er todelt, bestående af selve låget og en separat skruering. Dette låg har en gummiring, som kan lukke krukken hermetisk, når ringen skrues stramt fast.

Tinsmeden John Landis Mason (1832–1902) fra Philadelphia opfandt og patenterede krukken, der fik hans navn, i 1858 Glassene kendes under flere andre navne.

Mason jars fremstilles af sodaglas og findes med standardiserede mundingsdiametre.

Kilder

Glas
Konservering af madvarer
Beholdere

Mason jar


The Women's College World Series (WCWS) is the final portion of the NCAA Division I softball tournament for college softball in the United States. Eight teams participate in the WCWS, which begins with a double-elimination tournament. In other words, a team is eliminated when it has lost two games. After six teams have been eliminated, the remaining two teams compete in a best-of-three series to determine the Division I WCWS National Champion.

Opponents are chosen in such a way that it is possible for any two of the eight teams to meet in the championship series. In this respect the WCWS differs from the Men's College World Series in baseball, in which the eight teams are divided into two brackets of four teams each, and the winner of one bracket meets the winner of the other bracket in the best-of-three championship series.

The WCWS takes place at USA Softball Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City.  From 1969 to 1981, the women's collegiate softball championship was also known as the Women's College World Series and was promoted as such. During 1969–1979, the series was played in Omaha, after which the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) held the series in 1980–1982 in Norman, Oklahoma. There were two competing World Series tournaments in 1982. The NCAA held its first six Division I tournaments in Omaha in 1982–1987, followed by Sunnyvale, California in 1988–1989. The event has been held in Oklahoma City every year since then, except for 1996, when it was held at the softball venue for the upcoming Olympic Games in Columbus, Georgia.

Softball was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the AIAW for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve (and other) sports. The 1982 softball championship tournaments of both the AIAW and the NCAA were called "Women's College World Series". However, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA won out over the AIAW. Pac-12 schools have won 65% of the Championships since 1982, followed by the Big 12 with 10%, and the SEC, with 7.8% (Texas A&M played in the Southwest when it won its 2 championships).

Division I

NCAA

* Nebraska's runner-up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA.

** The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations.  Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland, Australia midway through the 1995 season. After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship, Harding, the MVP of the tournament, returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit. Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding, the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns.

*** Beginning in 2005, a best-of-three series determines the national championship.

AIAW
From 1969 to 1972, the DGWS (forerunner organization of the AIAW) recognized the WCWS, organized by the Amateur Softball Association, as the collegiate championship tournament. The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973.

NCAA team titles by school

*UCLA also won the 1995 title, but it has since been vacated by the NCAA; see above.

AIAW team titles by school
From 1969 to 1972, the DGWS (forerunner organization of the AIAW) recognized the WCWS, organized by the Amateur Softball Association, as the collegiate championship tournament. The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973.

Championships & appearances by school
 Color coded by current conference.
 Bold indicates team championship.
 Teams are listed under their current athletic brand names.

‡ UCLA's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska's 1985 runner-up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted

Championships & appearances by conference
This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 (both Division I tournaments in 1982—AIAW and NCAA—were called "Women's College World Series").

Notes

See also
 List of NCAA Division I softball programs
 Women's College World Series Most Outstanding Player
 College softball
 NCAA Division I softball tournament
 NCAA Division II Softball Championship
 NCAA Division III Softball Championship
 AIAW Intercollegiate Women's Softball Champions

References

Recurring sporting events established in 1982

Women's College World Series


ذراع بن خدة هي مدينة جزائرية تقع في ولاية تيزي وزو،تأسست إبان الاحتلال الفرنسي يوم 24 فبراير 1888 وأطلق عليها اسم ميرابو وهو مارشال فرنسي حكم المنطقة العسكرية التي تضم المدينة،  وتبعد عن عاصمة الولاية بحوالي 10 كليومتر.  ذراع بن خدة  إحدى بلديات دائرة ذراع بن خدة التابعة لولاية تيزي وزو.

أعلام
 قاسي صدقاوي

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية تيزي وزو
 دوائر ولاية تيزي وزو

مصادر

 التقسيم الإداري لولاية  ولاية تيزي وزو

ذراع بن خدة

ذراع بن خدة


Peter Kimeli ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Peter Kimeli Kemei (* 1972), kenianischer Marathonläufer
 Peter Kimeli Some (* 1990), kenianischer Marathonläufer

Peter Kimeli


ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) යනු ප්‍රතිදේහයක් (antibody) සහ එන්සයිමයක් (enzyme) භාවිතා කරමින් ප්‍රතිදේහජනක (antigen) හඳුනා ගැනීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 Agglutination-PCR
 Immunoscreening
 Lateral flow test
 Magnetic immunoassay
 microtitre plate
 Plaque reduction neutralization test
 Plate reader
 Secretion assay

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 "Introduction to ELISA Activity"—beginner walk-through of ELISA used for detecting HIV, including animations at the University of Arizona

Immunologic tests

ELISA


Caroline Cruice Goodall (født 13. november 1959) er en britisk film- og teaterskuespiller.

Udvalgt filmografi

Film
 Hook (1991) – Moira Banning
 Cliffhanger (1993) – Kristel
 Sølvhingsten (1993) – Elyne Mitchell
 Schindlers liste (1993) – Emilie Schindler
 Afsløring (1994) – Susan Hendler
 Hotel Sorrento (1995) – Meg Moynihan
 Skibbrud (1996) – Alice Sheldon
 Prinsesse eller ej (2001) – Helen Thermopolis
 Chasing Liberty (2004) – Førstedame Michelle Foster
 Dorian Gray (2009) – Lady Radley
 Min store græske tur (2009) – Dr. Elizabeth Tullen
 Nymphomaniac (2013) – Psykolog
 The Dressmaker (2015) – Elsbeth Beaumont

Tv-serier
 Cassidy (1989) – Charlie Cassidy
 The White Queen (2013) – Cecily Neville, hertuginde af York

Eksterne henvisninger

Filmskuespillere fra England
Teaterskuespillere fra England
Personer fra London

Caroline Goodall


Martin Axelrad, dit Jean-Pierre, ou Nicolas, ou Mackie (né le , Autriche, (Autriche) et  mort en août 2010 à, Rome (Italie) est un militant communiste.

Biographie

Jeunesse et Famille
D'origine juive autrichienne, sauvé par l'Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE), présidée un temps par le physicien Albert Einstein, il devient professeur de physique à Orsay (Paris XI). Lecteur, en 1949, de L'Être et le Néant, de Jean-Paul Sartre, de Paul Nizan, en 1979, du livre Le Hasard et la Nécessité de Jacques Monod, du philosophe J. L. Mackie (dont il reprend le nom, après 1982), sa fille, Catherine Axelrad, est professeur d'anglais et romancière (La Varsovienne (1990)). Son dernier combat est le droit à l'euthanasie.

Carrière
Auteur anonyme, en 1960, d' Auschwitz ou le grand alibi, faussement attribuée à Amadeo Bordiga, il publie sous le pseudonyme de Max Aplboïm, le roman policier, Un jambon beurre pour le rabbin et le livre anti-créationniste, Dieu n'existe pas, opposé aux dérives du communisme algérien El-Oumami (L'Internationaliste), vers le nationalisme arabe et palestinien, et débordé par les confusionnistes Pierre Guillaume, défenseur du négationniste Robert Faurisson et du pornographe pédophile néonazi Michel Caignet se réclamant de lui.

Critiques
Valérie Igounet, Christophe Bourseiller et Ras l'Front démontrent qu' Auschwitz ou le grand alibi est le texte fondateur du négationnisme de gauche, idée contestée par Gilles Dauvé, Serge Quadruppani, Louis Janover et Axelrad pour qui le « bordiguisme » n'est ni un mouvement « rouge-brun », ni une incarnation de la « perversion négationniste » niant la réalité du génocide juif. Enzo Traverso, lui conteste la nature antiéconomique, irrationnelle d'un point de vue capitaliste, unique et raciste en vue d'éliminer un groupe humain, du génocide juif. Auschwitz et le « progrès économique et industriel » du capitalisme « n'étant pas incompatibles avec une rétrogression humaine et sociale ».

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Sénateur membre du Parti communiste français
Shoah en France
Survivant de la Shoah
Naissance en mai 1926
Naissance à Vienne (Autriche)
Décès en août 2010
Décès à Rome
Décès à 84 ans

Martin Axelrad


"Punguța cu doi bani" este o poveste scrisă de Ion Creangă, a cărei ediție originală a fost publicată pentru prima oară în "Convorbiri literare" nr. 10 din 1 ianuarie 1876. Povestea arată în mod simbolic cum se ajunge de la o casă săracă la o casă îmbelșugată.

Punguța cu doi bani este o variantă a mitologiei populare, deja atestată în antichitate, legată de galiformele domestice - găina și cocoșul - ca simboluri, dacă sunt bine îngrijite, ale "bunei gospodăriri dătătoare de avuție".

Poveste

Era odată o babă și un moșneag. Baba avea o găină ce se oua de două ori pe zi, iar moșneagul, un cocoș. Într-o zi, moșneagul îi cere babei, de poftă, niște ouă. Baba îi spune să-și pună pofta în cui, iar dacă vrea ouă, să-și bată cocoșul, precum a făcut ea cu găina.
Moșneagul face întocmai, fără rezultat însă. Cocoșul urmează să fugă de acasă.

Pe drum găsește o punguță cu doi bani, dar când se îndrepta bucuros spre casa moșneagului se întâlnește cu un boier care îi ia punguța. Cocoșul pornește pe urma lui și strigă: "Cucurigu! boieri mari, Dați punguța cu doi bani!". Supărat, boierul îl aruncă într-o fântână, dar cocoșul scapă înghițind toată apa și începe din nou a strigă după boier.

Nervos, acesta îl închide într-un cuptor încins, dar cocoșul se salvează din nou, revărsând toată apa pe care o înghițise. Apoi, îl aruncă în cireadă, dar cocoșul o înghite pe toată. În cele din urmă este aruncat în cămara cu bani, iar cocoșul golește toate lăzile. Văzând că nu mai scapă de el, boierul îi dă înapoi punguța cu doi bani. Dar la plecare, toate păsările din curte îl urmează pe cocoș.

Așa cocoșul ajunge înapoi acasă la moșneag. Acesta îl surprinde pe stăpân cu mărimea sa, și începe să umple curtea de părăsi, de boi și vaci și de galbenii din burta sa.
Văzând asta, de ciudă, baba își bate și ea găina, dar aceasta îi aduce doar o mărgea. Supărată, baba o omoară în bătaie și rămâne săracă lipită pământului.

Moșneagul milos, devenit bogat, o face găinăreasă.

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de basme românești
 Ion Creangă

Legături externe

Povești de Ion Creangă
Basme românești
Povești din 1876
1876 în literatura română

Punguța cu doi bani


Ağır metal, metalik özellikler gösteren elementlerden oluşan, açık ve tam bir tanımlaması yapılmamış olan grupta bulunan elementlere verilen addır. Bu grubun içinde geçiş metalleri, bazı yarı metaller, lantanitler ve aktinitler bulunur. Bazıları yoğunluk, bazıları atomik sayı ya da atomik ağırlık, bazıları da kimyasal özellikler ya da toksisite üzerine dayanan birçok tanımlama önerilmiştir. Tutarsız tanımlamalar ve tutarlı bir bilimsel temeli olmaması nedeniyle IUPAC'ın bir teknik raporunda ağır metal teriminin "anlamsız ve yanlış yönlendirici" olduğu belirtilmiştir. Duruma göre ağır metaller karbondan hafif elementleri içerdiği gibi en ağır metallerin bazılarını dışarıda tutabilir.

Canlı organizmalarla ilişkileri
Canlı organizmaların değişen miktarlarda "ağır metallere" gereksinimleri vardır. İnsanlar demir, kobalt, bakır, mangan, molibden, ve çinkoya  gerek duyar. Aşırı düzeyleri organizmaya zarar verebilir. Diğer ağır metaller cıva, plütonyum, ve kurşun gibi toksik metallerin organizmalar üzerinde bilinen yaşamsal ve yararlı etkileri yoktur ve zaman içinde vücutta birikmeleri çok ciddi hastalıklara yol açar. Normalde toksik olan bazı elementler ise, bazı organizmalar için bazı durumlarda yararlıdır. Bunların arasında vanadyum, tungsten, ve hatta kadmiyum da bulunur.

Ağır metal zehirlenmesi
Ağır metal zehirlenmesi çeşitli kaynaklardan oluşabilir ama en çok saf metal elde edilmesinden, örneğin cevherlerin eritilmesinden ve nükleer yakıtların hazırlanmasından oluşur. Elektrokaplama krom ve kadmiyum zehirlenmesinin ana kaynağıdır.  Bileşiklerinin yağmur yoluyla ya da iyon değişimi ile toprağa ve körfez çamurlarına karışmasıyla ağır metaller doğada birikebilir. Organik atıkların aksine ağır metaller bozunmadıkları için tehlikelidir.

Çok iyi belgelenmiş olan ve ağır metallerle ilgili bir çevre felaketi, cıva zehirlenmesi ile oluşan Minamata hastalığıdır.

Tıpta kullanımı
Tıpta ağır metal tanımı biraz geniştir  ve atomik ağırlıklarına bakmaksızın tüm toksik metalleri içerir: "Ağır metal zehirlenmesi" aşırı miktarda demir, mangan, aluminyum,  berilyum (dördüncü en hafif element) ya da arsenik gibi yarımetellarin alınmasıyla oluşur. Bu tanımlamada kararlı elementlerin en ağırı olan bizmut dışarıda tutulmaktadır çünkü toksisitesi düşüktür.

Kaynakça

Metalik elementler
Ağır metal
Kimyasal element kümeleri

Ağır metal


Die Regions Morgan Keegan Championships 2009 waren ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 15. bis 21. Februar 2009 in Memphis stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2009 und wurde in der Halle auf Hartplatz ausgetragen. In derselben Woche wurden in Marseille die Open 13 sowie in Buenos Aires der Copa Telmex gespielt. Diese zählten jedoch im Gegensatz zu den Regions Morgan Keegan Championships, welche zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 500 gehörten, nur zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250.

Steve Darcis war der Titelverteidiger im Einzel, er schied jedoch in diesem Jahr bereits in der ersten Runde gegen den Sieger der diesjährigen Austragung aus. Im Finale setzte sich Andy Roddick gegen Radek Štěpánek in zwei Sätzen mit 7:5 und 7:5 durch. Es war nach 2002 bereits sein zweiter Triumph in Memphis und sein 27. ATP-Titel insgesamt. Im Doppel traten Mahesh Bhupathi und Mark Knowles nicht mehr gemeinsam zur Titelverteidigung an. Während Bhupathi in diesem Jahr gar nicht am Turnier teilnahm, konnte Knowles seinen Titel verteidigen. Er gewann mit seinem Partner Mardy Fish das Finale gegen Travis Parrott und Filip Polášek in zwei Sätzen mit 7:67 und 6:1.

Das Teilnehmerfeld der Einzelkonkurrenz bestand aus 32 Spielern, jenes der Doppelkonkurrenz aus 16 Paaren. Das Gesamtpreisgeld betrug 1.100.000 US-Dollar; die gesamten finanziellen Verbindlichkeiten lagen bei 1.226.500 US-Dollar.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 13. bis 14. Februar 2009 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte
Es wurden die folgenden Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde ausgezahlt bzw. gutgeschrieben. Spieler, die über die Qualifikation ins Hauptfeld einzogen, erhielten die angegebenen Qualifikationspunkte zusätzlich zu denen für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde. Ansonsten sind die Beträge nicht kumulativ zu verstehen. Preisgelder für den Doppelwettbewerb gelten pro Team.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Turnier der ATP World Tour 2009
Tennisturnier in Memphis (Tennessee)


Eser Gürson (1941, Kastamonu - 20 Temmuz 2002, Burhaniye) Türkiye'de bilimsel ve nesnel eleştiri anlayışının gelişmesine önemli katkılarda bulunan 1960 kuşağı eleştirmenlerindendir.

1941 yılında Kastamonu'da doğan Eser Gürson, 1964'te Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü'nü bitirdi. 1964-1978 yılları arasında "askerî öğretmen" unvanıyla Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı'na bağlı olarak çeşitli görevlerde çalıştı. Emekli olduktan sonra 1982 yılında Ankara'da bir antikacı dükkânı işletti.

Eser Gürson, 1992 yılında öğretmenlik yaşamına geri döndü. TED Ankara Koleji ve ODTÜ Koleji'nde öğretmenlik yapan Gürson, 1996 yılından ölümüne kadar Bilkent Üniversitesi'nde Türkçe okutmanı olarak görev yaptı.

Öğrencilik yıllarında eleştiri yazıları yazmaya başlayan Eser Gürson'un, ilk yazısı 1963'te Dönem dergisinde yayımlandı. Devinim 60, Alan 67, Evrim, Oluşum, Somut, Yeditepe gibi edebiyat dergilerinde çeşitli yazıları yer aldı. 1964'te, İzmir'de yayınlanan Evrim Dergisi'nde Halûk Aker, Rahmi Akseki, Ataol Behramoğlu, Erhan Etiker, Abdullah Nefes, İsmet Özel ve Semih Tezcan'la birlikte "Doğuş Bildirisi" başlığı altında, dönemin edebiyat ortamını eleştiren, Ankaralı genç kuşak sanatçıları olarak daha üretken ve bilinçli bir edebiyat ortamı yaratacaklarını duyuran bir bildiriye imza attı.

Gürson, Türkiye'de eleştirinin gelişmesini, tohumları Hüseyin Cöntürk tarafından atılan bilimsel ve nesnel eleştiri geleneğinin yerleşmesini istiyordu.

Eser Gürson'un yazıları Edebiyattan Yana adıyla Şubat 2001'de Yapı Kredi Yayınları tarafından kitaplaştırıldı.

20 Temmuz 2002'de Ankara'dan Altınova, Ayvalık'a giderken Burhaniye köprüsünün ardından geçirdiği trafik kazası nedeniyle yaşamını yitirdi.

Kaynakça

1941 doğumlular
Kastamonu doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Trafik kazasında ölen yazarlar
2002 yılında ölenler
Balıkesir'de ölenler

Eser Gürson


Gintaras Januševičius (* 16. Januar 1985 in Moskau) ist ein litauischer Pianist. Zu seinem Repertoire gehören Interpretationen von Werken Rachmaninows, Chopins, Liszts und Mussorgskis sowie viele Werke litauischer Komponisten.

Biografie

Ausbildung
Gintaras Januševičius wurde in Moskau in einer Musikerfamilie geboren. Sein Vater ist der litauische Trompeter Algirdas Januševičius und seine Mutter die tatarisch-jüdische Komponistin Nailia Galiamova. 1987 verließ die Familie Moskau und zog nach Klaipėda in Litauen. Januševičius begann seine musikalische Ausbildung im Alter von vier Jahren an dem Eduardas-Balsys-Kunstgymnasium. 1993 entschloss sich die Familie, in die Hauptstadt Vilnius umzuziehen, wo sein Vater zum Solotrompeter des Litauischen Staatsorchesters berufen wurde, das von Gintaras Rinkevičius geleitet wurde. Januševičius begann seine musikalische Ausbildung dann an der Nationalen Mikalojus-Konstantinas-Čiurlionis-Schule der Künste.

Seine ersten Klavierstunden erhielt Gintaras Januševičius bei Valentina Potejenko in Klaipėda. Später wurde er von Valė Kulikauskienė (1993–1998) und Jurgis Bialobžeskis (1998–2003) unterrichtet. Nach dem Schulabschluss im Jahr 2003 begann Gintaras sein Studium an der Musik- und Theaterakademie Litauens bei Jurgis Bialobžeskis. Dieser blieb sein Lehrer und wichtigster Berater bis zu dessen Tod im Mai 2008. Im Jahre 2004 wechselte Januševičius nach Hannover, Deutschland, an die Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien, wo er von Wladimir Krainew bis zu dessen Tod im April 2011 unterrichtet wurde. Im Oktober 2011 trat er in die Klavierklasse des deutschen Pianisten Bernd Goetzke ein.

Seit 2001 erhielt er auch Unterricht bei zahlreichen bekannten Pianisten, im Besonderen bei Lazar Berman und seiner Ehefrau Valentina, Naum Starkman, Malcolm Bilson, Zvi Meniker, Jan Philip Schulze, Ewa Kupiec und anderen.

Künstlerische Tätigkeit
Gintaras Januševičius lebt seit dem Jahr 2004 in Hannover. Von 2008 bis 2015 war er der künstlerische Leiter der Kammermusikreihe "Plathner's Eleven" in Hannover. 2013 rief er den Musikwettbewerb "Die Hannoversche Börse der Musiktalente" ins Leben. Seit Januar 2014 ist Gintaras Januševičius als Intendant des Konzert- und Kulturhauses TangoBrücke in Einbeck tätig.

Seit 2009 gab er offene Meisterkurse in mehreren europäischen Ländern, in Brasilien, Japan, China und in den USA. Seit 2012 leitet er in Hannover ein privates Klavierstudio für musikbegabte Kinder. Seit 2017 ist er als künstlerischer Leiter und Klavierprofessor an der Klavierakademie "Feuerwerk" in Einbeck und der Sommerakademie "Klaipėda Piano Masters" in Klaipėda tätig. Seit 2020 unterrichtet er an der Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover.

Erfolge
Gintaras Januševičius gewann im Alter von 16 Jahren seine ersten beiden nationalen Wettbewerbe Balys Dvarionas und Johann Sebastian Bach. Im Jahr 2002 gewann er den Grand Prix bei dem Internationalen Frédéric-Chopin-Klavierwettbewerb in Narva, Estland. Im Jahre 2003 erreichte er das Finale des Internationalen M. K. Čiurlionis Klavier- und Orgelwettbewerbs in Vilnius und im Jahre 2004 das Finale des Internationalen Concours Musical International de Montréal. Im Jahre 2005 gewann er den Yamaha-Preis in Litauen. Im Jahr 2006 erreichte er das Finale beim 1. Internationalen Tallinn Klavierwettbewerb. Im Jahr 2007 gewann er die 3. Preise beim Internationalen Klavierwettbewerb "Piano Campus" in Frankreich und beim Internationalen M. K. Čiurlionis Klavier- und Orgelwettbewerb. Im März 2010 erreichte er den 2. Preis und den "Patrizia-Cerutti-Preis" für die beste Darbietung einer Beethoven-Sonate beim Internationalen Pinerolo-Klavierwettbewerb in Italien. Zwei Monate später gewann er den 2. Preis beim Internationalen Klavierwettbewerb "Neue Sterne" in Wernigerode und erreichte den 1. Preis bei dem Internationalen Klavierwettbewerb "Palma" – der Rotary Club von Palma belohnte Gintaras 2010 und 2011 mit Konzerten in Spanien, sowohl als Solist als auch mit Orchester. Im selben Jahr gewann er den 2. Preis beim XIX Internationalen Ibiza-Klavierwettbewerb. Seine letzten Erfolge, beide im Jahr 2011: der 1. Preis beim 13. Internationalen Wettbewerb der Chopin-Gesellschaft Hannover, Deutschland, sowie ein Sonderpreis des Shenzhen Klavierwettbewerbs in China.

Bedeutende Konzerte
Sein Orchester-Debüt gab Gintaras Januševičius im Alter von 15 Jahren. Er spielte das Capriccio Brillante, Op. 25 von Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy mit dem Litauischen Staatsorchester unter der Leitung von Vytautas Lukočius. Im selben Monat spielte er in dem großen Saal des Moskauer Konservatoriums das Klavierkonzert A-Dur, K. 488 von Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Bis heute hat Januševičius mit über 30 Orchestern konzertiert, einschließlich des Montreal Sinfonieorchester, dem Shenzhen Sinfonieorchester, Sinfonieorchester der Balearischen Inseln, Jekaterinburg Sinfonieorchester, dem Litauischen Kammerorchester, dem Litauischen Nationalsinfonieorchester, Chișinău Sinfonieorchester usw. Er hat in berühmten Konzerthallen gespielt, wie dem Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, Sala Mozart in Saragossa, Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier in Montreal, Estonia Hall in Tallinn, Shenzhen Concert Hall usw. Seine Solokonzerte fanden in den meisten Städten Litauens statt, ebenso in New York, Rom, Rio de Janeiro, London, Paris, Berlin, Tallinn, Moskau, Warschau, Chișinău, Hamamatsu und anderen Städten. Er nahm an berühmten Musikfestivals teil, einschließlich des Internationalen Chopin-Klavierfestivals in Duszniki-Zdrój, des Besançon-Musikfestivals, des Würzburger Mozartfestes, der Braunschweig Classix, der Dresdner Musikfestspiele usw.

Repertoire
Januševičius bevorzugt Klavierkompositionen von Rachmaninow. Er spielt alle seine Études-Tableaux, Morceaux de Fantaisie und Preludien, seine Romanzen, Suiten für 2 Klaviere Op. 5 und Op. 17, Trio élégiaque No. 1, Rhapsodie über ein Thema von Paganini, die Klavierkonzerte No. 1, No. 2, Cellosonate Op. 19 und andere Kompositionen. Das Repertoire der von Gintaras am häufigsten gespielten Solowerke beinhaltet Bilder einer Ausstellung von Mussorgski, Sechs Klavierstücke Op. 118 von Brahms, Dante-Sonate von Liszt, Waldstein-Sonate von Beethoven, Walzer, Scherzi und Barcarolle von Chopin usw. Januševičius spielte Klavierkonzerte von Mozart, Beethoven, Liszt, Tschaikowski, Schostakowitsch, Ravel, Martinů usw. Sein Repertoire umfasst auch eine große Anzahl von Sonaten für Violine oder Klarinette und Klavier, Klaviertrios und Quintette von Strawinski, Schumann und Reinecke, Lieder von Mozart, Schumann, Mahler, Poulenc, Mussorgski, Debussy und anderen.

Weblinks

 Januševičius' Website
 Klaipėda Piano Masters

Einzelnachweise

Klassischer Pianist
Musiker (Hannover)
Musiker (Litauen)
Litauer
Geboren 1985
Mann

Gintaras Januševičius