The Junkers Ju 290 was a large German, four-engine long-range transport, heavy bomber and maritime patrol aircraft used by the Luftwaffe late in World War II that had been developed from an earlier airliner.

Design and development

The Junkers 290 was developed directly from the Ju 90 airliner, versions of which had been evaluated for military purposes, and was intended to replace the relatively slow Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor which by 1942 was proving increasingly vulnerable when confronted by Royal Air Force aircraft; the Fw 200's airframe lacked sufficient strength for the role in any case. The Ju 290 was also intended to meet the need for large transport aircraft. A bomber version, the A-8, was planned, but never built. Design was headed by Konrad Eicholtz.

The development programme resulted in the Ju 290 V1 prototype BD+TX, which first flew on 16 July 1942. It featured a lengthened fuselage, more powerful engines, and a Trapoklappe hydraulic rear loading ramp. Both the V1 and the first eight A-1 production aircraft were unarmed transports. The need for heavy transports saw the A-1s pressed into service as soon as they were completed. Several were lost in early 1943, including one taking part in the Stalingrad Airlift, and two flying supplies to German forces in Tunisia, and arming them became a priority.

The urgent need for Ju 290s in the long-range maritime reconnaissance role was now also high priority, and resulted in the Ju 290A-2. Three A-1 aircraft were converted to A-2 specification on the assembly line. Production was slow due to the modifications necessary and the installation of strong defensive armament. The A-2 was fitted with FuG 200 Hohentwiel low-UHF band search radar and a dorsal turret fitted with a 20 mm MG 151 cannon. The Hohentwiel radar was successfully used to locate Allied convoys at ranges of up to  from an altitude of  or  from an altitude of . It allowed the Ju 290 to track convoys while remaining out of range of anti-aircraft fire.

The A-3 version followed shortly after with additional navigational equipment and a heavier defensive armament. It was fitted with two hydraulically powered HDL 151 dorsal turrets armed with 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, with a further 20 mm MG 151/20 and a 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine gun fitted in a typically German Bola gondola (a fitment for almost all German WW II bomber aircraft) directly underneath the forward dorsal gun turret, and a 20 mm MG 151/20 fitted in the tail operated by a gunner in a prone position. Two 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131s were also fitted in waist positions (Fensterlafetten). The A-3, along with the A-2, also featured large fuselage auxiliary fuel tanks. Both retained the rear loading ramp so that they could be used as transports if required. The A-5 variant was fitted with increased armour protection, dual 13mm MG 131 in a rear-facing position in the gondola. and had two dorsal turrets, operating either a 20mm MG 151/20 or a MG 151/15. The last A-5, W. Nr. 0180, carried two 20mm MG 151 cannon in lieu of the smaller MG 131. The A-5 had the capability of launching Fritz X and other guided munitions.

The improved A-7 version appeared in spring 1944; 13 were completed, and 10 served with the long-range reconnaissance group, Fernaufklärungsgruppe (FAGr) 5. Some A-7s and some A-4s were fitted with a detachable nose turret armed with a 20 mm MG 151/20 for added defense against frontal attack. No bombs were carried, as it was intended that the A-5 and A-7 would be fitted with the FuG 203 Kehl radio guidance system to launch MCLOS-guided Fritz X and Hs 293 anti-ship missiles.

Production lines were set up at the Letov aircraft factory in Prague for combat versions of the aircraft, commencing with the Ju 290 A-2, which carried the aforementioned Hohentwiel maritime search radar for its patrol role. Minor changes in armament distinguished the A-3 and A-4, leading to the definitive A-5 variant. The A-6 was a 50-passenger transport aircraft.

The B-1 was a high-altitude heavy bomber that was the last variant to be built; a B-2 version was also under development.

Operational history

A special long-range reconnaissance group, FAGr 5 (Fernaufklärungsgruppe 5), had been formed on 1 July 1943 and during the late summer of 1943 three of the new Ju 290 A-2s were delivered to its 1 Staffel, which became operational at Mont-de-Marsan near Bordeaux on 15 October of that year. They flew their first operational missions in November 1943, shadowing Allied convoys in cooperation with U-boats, often remaining airborne for up to 18 hours.

Five Ju 290 A-3 aircraft with more powerful BMW 801D engines in unitized mounts followed, as did five Ju 290 A-4 aircraft with improved dorsal turrets mounting 20 mm MG 151/20s. The Ju 290s were well suited to their patrol role and began replacing the Fw 200 Condors. An A-4, Works no. 0165, was experimentally equipped with attachments for FX 1400 PGM, and either the Henschel Hs 293 or Hs 294 anti-ship missiles, and fitted with the FuG 203e Kehl MCLOS radio control transmitter system for controlling any of them after release; it was surrendered to the US after the war and flown across the Atlantic to the USA.

In November 1943, a second Staffel was activated and, with a range of over 6,100 km (3,790 mi) the Ju 290s ranged far out over the Atlantic, relaying sightings of Allied convoys to U-boats. 11 Ju 290 A-5s with increased armour, heavier armament and self-sealing fuel tanks were delivered to FAGr 5 early in 1944, as were around 12 of the Ju 290 A-7 version; the A-7 could carry three Hs 293 glide bombs or Fritz X armoured, anti-warship precision-guided munitions when fitted with the FuG 203 Kehl radio guidance system for them, and featured a redesigned nose section which combined a 20 mm cannon installation with the FuG 200 radar aerial array.

Towards the end of 1943, Admiral Dönitz demanded that the entire output of Ju 290s be made available for U-boat warfare. However, only 20 were assigned for this purpose. Even though both Hitler and Dönitz demanded an increase, the Luftwaffe General Staff declared it was unable to assign any more for naval reconnaissance purposes. The General Staff argued that there could be no increase in output so long as the Luftwaffe was not conceded "precedence in overall armaments".

In the spring of 1944, after Albert Speer had taken over the direction of air armaments, the Luftwaffe High Command boldly announced that production of the Ju 290 was to be suspended despite it being urgently needed for maritime reconnaissance; suspending production meant that resources could instead be diverted to building fighters. At that point in time, Speer's position was weak and Hermann Göring was trying to find allies to help him strip Speer of his power, and the Luftwaffe was not prepared to offer the Navy more than "goodwill".

On 26 May 1944, shortly after daybreak, a Sea Hurricane piloted by Sub Lieutenant Burgham from the escort carrier HMS Nairana shot down Ju 290 9V+FK of FAGr 5 over the Bay of Biscay. The afternoon of the same day, Sub Lieutenants Mearns and Wallis attacked two more Ju 290s. Mearns shot down 9V+GK piloted by Kurt Nonneberg, which ditched in the sea. The other Ju 290 disappeared on fire into cloud and was assumed to have crashed.

As the Battle of the Atlantic swung irrevocably in favour of the Allies with the loss by the Germans of French bases in August 1944, FAGr 5 withdrew eastwards and the remaining Ju 290s were reassigned to transport duties, including service with KG 200, where they were used to drop agents behind enemy lines and other special missions.

Ju 290 A-5, works number 0178, D-AITR, Bayern of Luft Hansa flew to Barcelona on 5 April 1945, piloted by Captain Sluzalek. The aircraft suffered damage to its landing gear on landing and was repaired with parts brought from Germany by a Lufthansa Fw 200. It remained in Spain because the Spanish Government ordered that regular Luft Hansa flights on route K22 be terminated from 21 April and was turned over to the Spanish authorities.

Flights to Japan

Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, plans were made to connect Germany and Japan by air using Luftwaffe aircraft modified for very long range flights. Commercial flights to the Far East by Lufthansa were no longer possible, and it had become too dangerous for ships or U-boats to make the trip by sea. Field Marshal Erhard Milch authorised a study into the feasibility of such direct flights. Various routes were considered, including departing from German-occupied Russia and Bulgaria. Nautsi, near Lake Inari in the north of Finland, was finally selected as the optimum starting point for a great circle route along the Arctic Ocean then across eastern Siberia, to refuel in Manchuria before completing the flight to Japan.

In 1943, the Ju 290 was selected for the flights and tests began in February 1944 of a Ju 290 A-5 (works number 0170, Stammkennzeichen factory code of KR+LA) loaded with 41 tonnes (45 tons) of fuel and cargo. Three Ju 290 A-9s (works numbers 0182, 0183 and 0185) were modified for long-range work at the Junkers factory in March 1943. The plan was eventually put on indefinite hold after the Japanese failed to agree on a route, as they did not want to provoke the Soviet Union by an overflight of Siberia, and the three aircraft were eventually transferred to KG 200 without any attempt at a long-range flight to Japan.

The idea for a flight to Japan was revived again in December 1944 to transport Luftwaffe General Ulrich Kessler to Japan as a replacement for the German air attaché in Tokyo. Ju 290 A-3, no. 0163, was flown to Travemünde for the necessary modifications, but the work was delayed and it was decided to send Kessler aboard the submarine U-234 instead. The aircraft was destroyed on 3 May 1945 as British troops arrived. Some sources claim that the trip to Japan took place, departing from Odessa and Mielec and landing in Manchuria.

KG 200

The Luftwaffe Special Operations squadron, KG 200 used the Ju 290 amongst its various aircraft types. Their  best-known Ju 290 mission was flown on the night of 27 November 1944. KG 200 pilots Braun and Pohl flew a Ju 290 from Vienna to a position just south of Mosul, Iraq, where they successfully air-dropped five Iraqi parachutists. Staging through the island of Rhodes, which was still under German occupation, they evacuated some thirty casualties from there to Vienna.

Variants

Hitler's personal transport

On 26 November 1943, Ju 290 A-5, no. 0170, along with many other new aircraft and prototypes, was shown to Adolf Hitler at Insterburg, East Prussia. Hitler was impressed by its potential and told Göring that he wanted a Ju 290 for his personal use.  A Ju 290 was not however assigned to the Fliegerstaffel des Fuehrers (FdF) until late 1944, when an A-7 was supplied, works number 0192, which had formerly been assigned to FAGr 5. Modifications were completed by February 1945 at the FdF's base at Pocking, Bavaria, a Stammkennzeichen alphabetic designation code of KR+LW being applied. Hitler's pilot, Hans Baur, tested the aircraft, but Hitler never flew in it.

The aircraft was fitted with a special passenger compartment in the front of the aircraft for Hitler, which was protected by 12 mm (.5 in) armour plate and 50 mm (2 in) bulletproof glass. A special escape hatch was fitted in the floor and a parachute was built into Hitler's seat; in an emergency it was intended that he would put on the parachute, pull a lever to open the hatch, and roll out through the opening. This arrangement was tested using life-size mannequins.

Hans Baur flew the aircraft to Munich-Riem airport on 24 March 1945, landing just as an air-raid alert was sounded. He went home after parking it in a hangar but on returning to the airport, he discovered that both hangar and aircraft had been destroyed by American bombers.

Ju 290Z Zwilling

Junkers project documents from 1942 to 1944 indicate that a Zwilling (English: twin) variant was proposed.  It was to be composed of two Ju 290 fuselages and powered by eight BMW 9-801 engines; two mounted on each outboard wing and four on the inboard wing.  It was to carry a single Messerschmitt Me 328 parasite fighter on top of the right fuselage.  The Ju 290Z was canceled in favor of the Ju 390.

Amerika Bomber precursor

The long range of the Ju 290 made it a good candidate for further development concerning the Amerika Bomber project, competing with the airworthy prototype of the Messerschmitt Me 264, the never-built Heinkel He 277 and Focke-Wulf Ta 400 designs, and as a result, the six-engined Ju 390, based directly on the Ju 290 airframe with even longer range was built in prototype form, two airframes being completed and test-flown. The Ju 290 itself was under consideration to serve as a tanker to refuel the Messerschmitt entry in the Amerika Bomber design competition. In late 1942 Field Marshal Milch ordered that the possibility of increasing the fuel capacity of the Ju 290 to enable it to perform the Amerika Bomber mission itself.

The draw backs were twofold, first the initial rate of climb would be very poor, and the fully loaded airplane could only operate out of two fields in France. A lightened Ju 290E subtype was proposed in March 1943, but remained on paper. The Ju 390 at its gross weight required a tow to take off. At first a He 111Z was tried but the Ju 390 was predicted might be unstable in such an instance so plans were changed to use two Ju 290s instead. During May 1942 engineers at Junkers had done calculations to investigate the possibility of refueling the Ju 390 in flight from a Ju 290, something that had been proposed earlier for the same sort of duty to support the initial high-altitude version of the rival Heinkel He 177A, the proposed A-2 subtype – with such capability, the range of the He 177A-2 would have been extendable to some 9,500 km (5,900 mi) of total flight distance.

By March 1943 consideration of using a Ju 290 to refuel another was made and the result was to see up to four Ju 290s converted to be tankers or long range bombers. Tanker/receiver experiments continued in early 1944 when two Ju 290 A-2s were tested under operational conditions from Mont de Marsan in France. As Germany lost access to the ocean — and the cancellation of both the He 277 on Hitler's 55th birthday, followed by the Me 264's cancellation on September 23, 1944; the America Bomber role soon evaporated, and by October 1944, all production was stopped. Both the Ju 290A-8 and Ju 390A-1 were each intended to use two of the under-development, Borsig-designed Hecklafette HL 131V quadmount tail turrets (each armed with four Rheinmetall-Borsig MG 131 machine guns apiece), with one turret in its originally intended role for rearwards defence and, one in the nose, adapted for forward defence.

Germany's Last Ju 290s

Despite the end of reconnaissance operations from France and the Amerika bomber program, starting in September 1944 three more Ju 290s were constructed for "special purposes" by Junkers. Their works numbers are unknown. What those "special purposes" were, or if they ever came to be, is unknown.

Post-war use

A number of Ju 290s survived the war, the Allies evaluating at least three examples, none of which was known to have survived intact into the 21st century.
 Ju 290 A-4 no. 0165, which had been equipped with attachments for Fritz X, Hs 293, and Hs 294 PGM ordnance, and fitted with FuG 203e Kehl radio guidance gear for controlling such PGM ordnance, was surrendered to the U.S. Renamed Alles Kaputt, and numbered FE 3400, it was flown to the US by Colonel Harold E. Watson from Orly, Paris to Wright Field on 28 July 1945, via the Azores. The captured aircraft, with its Nazi insignia repainted, was a frequent performer at air shows at Freeman Field and Wright Field. When the aircraft was scrapped at Wright Field in 1946, a plastic explosive device of German manufacture was discovered in the wing near to a fuel tank.
 An A-5 (Wk. no. 0178), Bayern of Luft Hansa, which had been interned at Barcelona, was acquired by the Spanish and was eventually used by the Spanish Air Force from 29 April 1950 to 27 July 1956 as a government transport of personnel for the Superior School of Flight in Salamanca. Following an accident, it was scrapped due to a lack of spare parts in May 1957.
 A final Ju 290 was built by the Letov Kbely aircraft company in Czechoslovakia in 1946, using parts intended for the Ju 290 B-1 high-altitude prototype. It was completed as a transport with capacity for either 40 or 48 passengers (sources vary), and designated Letov L-290 "Orel" (Eagle). It was offered as an airliner but was not adopted because it lacked the appropriate internal equipment, and the BMW engines were not available in sufficient numbers.

Operators

 Ceské aerolinie operated one aircraft postwar as Letov L.290 Orel.

 Luftwaffe
 Deutsche Luft Hansa

 Spanish Air Force operated 1 ex-Luftwaffe aircraft postwar.

Specifications (Ju 290 A-5)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Azaola, Luis Ignacio de. "The Last of the Grossen Dessauer". Air Enthusiast. No. 9, February–May 1979. pp. 76–77.

 Deist, Wilhelm, Maier Schreiber, et al. Germany and the Second World War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1990. .
 Kössler, Karl and Günther Ott. Die großen Dessauer: Junkers Ju 89, Ju 90, Ju 290, Ju 390 – Die Geschichte einer Flugzeugfamilie. Berlin: Aviatic-Verlag, 1993. .
 Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1970. .
 Griehj, Manfred Luftwaffe Over Amerika. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2006. .
 Hitchcock, Thomas H. Junkers 290 (Monogram Close-Up 3). Boylston, Massachusetts: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975. .
  Kay, Antony L. and Paul Couper. Junkers Aircraft and Engines, 1913–1945. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 2004. .
 Nowarra, Heinz J. Junkers Ju 290, Ju 390 etc.. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1997. .
 Polmar, Norman and Thomas B. Allen. World War II: America at War, 1941–1945. New York: Random House, 1991. .
 Samuel, Wolfgang W. E. American Raiders: The Race to Capture the Luftwaffe's Secrets. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2004. .
 Smith, J. Richard and Anthony Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam and Company, 1972. .
 Stahl, P. KG 200: The True Story. London: Janes's, Book Club edition, 1981. .
 Sweeting, C. G. Hitler's Personal Pilot: The Life and Times of Hans Baur. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2001. .
 Sweeting, C. G. and Walter J. Boyne. Hitler's Squadron: The Fuehrer's Personal Aircraft and Transport Unit, 1933–45. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2001. .
 Thomas, Andrew and John Weal. Hurricane Aces 1941–45. Oxford, Uk:  Osprey Publishing, 2003. .
 Turner, P. St. John and Heinz J. Nowarra. Junkers, an Aircraft Album. New York: ARCO Publishing Company, Inc., 1971. .

Ju 290
World War II heavy bombers of Germany
World War II patrol aircraft of Germany
World War II transport aircraft of Germany
1940s German bomber aircraft
1940s German patrol aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Twin-tail aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft

Junkers Ju 290


Pica mourerae ist eine ausgestorbene Art der Rabenvögel (Corvidae). Der Vogel war ein Vertreter der Echten Elstern (Pica) und lebte vor rund 2,6 Millionen Jahren auf der Mittelmeerinsel Mallorca. In der Größe entsprach die Art der Elster (Pica pica), wies jedoch längere Beine und kürzere Flügel auf. Sie lebte wohl stärker terrestrisch als die heute verbliebenen Arten ihrer Gattung. Erste Fossilien der Art wurden in den 1970er Jahren gefunden. 2001 beschrieb Bartomeu Seguí sie als eigene Art und stellte sie in die Gattung Pica.

Merkmale
Pica mourerae war ein mittelgroßer Rabenvogel. Ihr Tarsometatarsus maß 48–52 mm, ihr Humerus 40–41 mm. Das Verhältnis von Flügel- und Beinknochen zueinander war deutlich kleiner als bei heutigen europäischen Rabenvögeln; sie hatte also längere Beine und kürzere Flügel als etwa die Elster (Pica pica). Ansonsten glichen sich beide Vögel aber etwa in der Größe.

Fundorte und zeitlicher Horizont
Fossilien von Pica mourerae wurden bislang nur in der Höhle Pedrera de s'Ònix im Osten Mallorcas gefunden. Die entsprechende Schicht wird auf den Wechsel vom Plio- zum Pleistozän oder auf das frühe Pleistozän datiert, ist also in etwa 2,6 Millionen Jahre alt. Ein Fragment eines Rabenvogel-Humerus stammt aus der Cova de Son Bauçà und wird auf das mittlere Pleistozän datiert. Es würde den zeitlichen Horizont von Pica mourerae erweitern, sein Zustand erlaubt allerdings keine sichere Zuordnung zu einer bestimmten Art. Pica mourerae ist die bislang einzige Art der Echten Elstern, die auf Mallorca gefunden wurde.

Lebensweise
Die Verkürzung von Flügelknochen und die Verlängerung des Laufapparats ist bei vielen Inselendemiten zu beobachten. Sie stellt in der Regel eine Anpassung an einen räumlich stark begrenzten Lebensraum oder eine von Raubtieren weitgehend freie Umgebung dar. Sie führte bei Pica mourerae aber wohl nicht zum Verlust der Flugfähigkeit.

Systematik
Die bekannten Fossilien von Pica mourerae wurden bei verschiedenen Ausgrabungen in den 1970er Jahren gefunden. Sie wurden zunächst der Elster zugeschrieben, bevor Bartomeu Seguí sie 2001 in eine eigene Art stellte. Er führte als Begründung die abweichenden Proportionen und mehrere Feinmerkmale der Knochen an, die deutlich von denen der Elster abwichen. Als Artepitheton wählte er "mourerae" um die Leistungen der Paläontologin Cécile Mourer-Chauvirés zu würdigen. Mourer-Chauviré hatte die Fossilien von Pica mourerae ursprünglich entdeckt und entscheidend zur Erforschung der plio-pleistozänen Vogelwelt der Balearen beigetragen.

Quellen

Literatur
  Bartomeu Seguí: . In: Geobios 34 (3), 2001. S. 339–347.

Einzelnachweise

Rabenvögel
Corvidae
Fossiler Vogel

Pica mourerae


Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a medical condition in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth: this allows a portion of oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs through the aorta, which has a higher blood pressure, to the pulmonary artery, which has a lower blood pressure. Symptoms are uncommon at birth and shortly thereafter, but later in the first year of life there is often the onset of an increased work of breathing and failure to gain weight at a normal rate. With time, an uncorrected PDA usually leads to pulmonary hypertension followed by right-sided heart failure.

The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that normally closes soon after birth. In a PDA, the vessel does not close, but remains patent (open), resulting in an abnormal transmission of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. PDA is common in newborns with persistent respiratory problems such as hypoxia, and has a high occurrence in premature newborns. Premature newborns are more likely to be hypoxic and have PDA due to underdevelopment of the heart and lungs.

If transposition of the great vessels is present in addition to a PDA, the PDA is not surgically closed since it is the only way that oxygenated blood can mix with deoxygenated blood. In these cases, prostaglandins are used to keep the PDA open, and NSAIDs are not administered until surgical correction of the two defects is completed.

In full-term newborns, PDA occurs in 1 in 2,000 births, and accounts for 5–10% of congenital heart disease cases. PDA occurs in 20–60% of all premature newborns, where its incidence inversely linked with gestational age and weight.

Signs and symptoms
Common symptoms include:
 dyspnea (shortness of breath)

Signs include:
 tachycardia (a heart rate exceeding the normal resting rate)
 continuous "machine-like" (also described as "rolling-thunder" and "to-and-fro") heart murmur (usually from aorta to pulmonary artery, with higher flow during systole and lower flow during diastole)
 cardiomegaly (enlarged heart, reflecting ventricular dilation and volume overload)
 left subclavicular thrill
 bounding pulse
 widened pulse pressure
 increased cardiac output
 increased systolic pressure
 poor growth
 differential cyanosis, i.e. cyanosis of the lower extremities but not of the upper body.

People with patent ductus arteriosus typically present in good health, with normal respirations and heart rate. If the PDA is moderate or large, widened pulse pressure and bounding peripheral pulses are frequently present, reflecting increased left ventricular stroke volume and diastolic run-off of blood into the (initially lower-resistance) pulmonary vascular bed. Eisenmenger physiology is pulmonary hypertension due to a left-to-right shunt. Prominent suprasternal and carotid pulsations may be noted secondary to increased left ventricular stroke volume.

Risk factors
Known risk factors include:
 Preterm birth
 Congenital rubella syndrome
 Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome)
 Genetic conditions such as Loeys–Dietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome.
 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Diagnosis

PDA is usually diagnosed using noninvasive techniques. Echocardiography (in which sound waves are used to capture the motion of the heart) and associated Doppler studies are the primary methods of detecting PDA. Electrocardiography (ECG), in which electrodes are used to record the electrical activity of the heart, is not particularly helpful as no specific rhythms or ECG patterns can be used to detect PDA.

A chest X-ray may be taken, which reveals overall heart size (as a reflection of the combined mass of the cardiac chambers) and the appearance of blood flow to the lungs. A small PDA most often accompanies a normal-sized heart and normal blood flow to the lungs. A large PDA generally accompanies an enlarged cardiac silhouette and increased blood flow to the lungs.

Prevention
Some evidence suggests that intravenous NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, administration on the first day of life to all preterm infants reduces the risk of developing a PDA and the complications associated with PDA. Intravenous Indomethacin treatment in premature infants also may reduce the need for surgical intervention. Administering ibuprofen probably helps to prevent PDA and reduce the need for surgery but it also likely increases the risk of kidney complications.

Treatment
Symptomatic PDA can be treated with both surgical and non-surgical methods.

Conservative
Neonates without adverse symptoms may simply be monitored as outpatients.

Surgery
Surgically, the DA may be closed by ligation (though support in premature infants is mixed). This can either be performed manually and be tied shut, or with intravascular coils or plugs that leads to formation of a thrombus in the DA.

Devices developed by Franz Freudenthal block the blood vessel with woven structures of nitinol wire. Newer procedures performed effectively in older, bigger children include catheter PDA occlusion and video-assisted thoracoscopic PDA clipping.

Prostaglandin inhibitors
Because prostaglandin E2 is responsible for keeping the DA open, NSAIDs (which can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis) such as indomethacin or a special form of ibuprofen have been used to initiate PDA closure. Findings from a 2015 systematic review concluded that, for closure of a PDA in preterm and/or low birth weight infants, ibuprofen is as effective as indomethacin. It also causes fewer side effects (such as transient acute kidney injury) and reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis. A review and meta-analysis showed that paracetamol may be effective for closure of a PDA in preterm infants. A 2018 network meta-analysis that compared indomethacin, paracetamol and ibuprofen at different doses and administration schemes among them found that a high dose of oral ibuprofen may offer the highest likelihood of closure in preterm infants. However, a 2020 systematic review found that early (≤7 days of life) or very early (≤72 hours of life) pharmacological treatment of symptomatic PDA does not reduce death or other poor clinical outcomes in preterm infants but instead increases their exposure to NSAIDS. Vasodilator therapy is suitable for people with Eisenmenger physiology. To assess improvement in people with Eisenmenger physiology, close monitory of toe oxygen saturation is required, for there exists a chance of reversal after a successful right-to-left shunt

While indometacin can be used to close a PDA, some neonates require their PDA be kept open. Keeping a ductus arteriosus patent is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels. Drugs such as alprostadil, a PGE-1 analog, can be used to keep a PDA open until the primary defect is corrected surgically.

Prognosis
If left untreated, the disease may progress from left-to-right shunt (acyanotic heart) to right-to-left shunt (cyanotic heart), called Eisenmenger's syndrome. Pulmonary hypertension is a potential long-term outcome, which may require a heart and/or lung transplant. Another complication of PDA is intraventricular hemorrhage.

History
Robert Edward Gross, MD performed the first successful ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus on a seven-year-old girl at Children's Hospital Boston in 1938.

Adult
Since PDA is usually identified in infants, it is less common in adults, but it can have serious consequences, and is usually corrected surgically upon diagnosis.

See also
 George Alexander Gibson

References

External links
 Patent Ductus Arteriosus Causes from US Department of Health and Human Services
 Patent Ductus Arteriosus from Merck
 Patent ductus arteriosus information for parents.

Congenital heart defects
Neonatology

Patent ductus arteriosus


Gjertrud (Giertrud) Rasch (født 1673 på Kveøya i Kvæfjord, død 21. december 1735 i Grønland) var en norsk præstekone som rejste sammen med ægtemanden Hans Egede som de første missionærer til Grønland.

Familie og opvækst
Gjertrud Rasch var datter af Kvæfjords bondelensmand Niels Nielsen Rasch, som drev gården og jektefarten derfra. I opvæksten må hun derfor have været vidne til både hekseridommen over Johanne Nilsdatter, som var Johanne Nilsdatter fra Kvæfjord, som var er den sidste der dokumenteret blev dømt og henrettet for hekseri i Norge og til konflikten mellem faderen og den selvudnævnte bondelensmand Anders Jensen Fjeresløv, en konflikt som førte til både håndgemæng og store bøder til Niels Rasch.

Familien havde tilknytning til foged Poul Hansen Egede i Harstad, og fogedens søn Hans Egede gik i præstelære hos sognepræsten Peder Hind, som var hans onkel, i Kvæfjord. Efter at Poul Egede døde med gæld i 1706 blev alliancen mellem familierne endnu vigtigere, og Gjertrud og Hans Egede giftede sig da hun var 34 år gammel og han 21.

Præstekone i Vågan
Hans Egede fik et præstekald i Vågan (1708-1718), hvor ægteskabet med Gjertrud brød traditionen om at den nye præst skulle gifte sig med præsteenken. Tiden i Vågan gik blandt andet med forberedelser til ægtemandens missionskald om at rejse til Grønland. Rejsen blev muliggjort blandt andet med hjælp fra Gjertruds bror Niels Rasch, som drev handelsfart og fangst. Selv om Gjertrud i den første tid ikke ønskede at familien med fire små børn (Poul Egede (1709–1789), Niels Rasch Egede (1710–1782), Kirstine Matthea (1715–1786) og Petronelle (1716–1805)), skulle ud på den lange farefulde rejse, var hun den som senere støttede ægtemanden når han havde modgang.

Grønland
1718 rejste Hans og Gjertrud Egede til Bergen, og i 1721 videre til Grønland, hvor de ikke mødte nogen efterkommere efter de norrøne bosættere, som de forventede, men begyndte i stedet for at missionære blandt Inuitterne. Forholdene var vanskelige, i den danske koloni som de grundlagde. Til at begynde med boede familien Egede i en jordhytte. Kontakten med Europa og Danmark førte til en stor kopperepidemi. Gjertrud viste en stor godhed og omsorg for inuitterne. Hendes omsorg var en af grundene til at hun og ægtemanden var en vigtig del af Grønlands historie selvom koloniseringen også havde mange negative sider – deriblandt kopperepidemien.

I 1733 kom der børne-koppervirus til Grønland med et dansk skib, hvilket gik hårdt ud over lokalbefolkningen. Flere familier uddøde helt og deriblandt mange af dem, Egede havde omvendt. Skibet medbragte også de første tre Herrnhut-missionærer. Egedes tanker om sin nytten af sin egen indsats blev nu mere pessimistiske, idet han følte, at han havde givet grønlænderne flere dårligdomme end goder. Gertrud Rasch gjorde et stort arbejde for de syge ved at lave et slags sygehus, hvor hun selv arbejdede. Men hun døde af sine anstrengelser den 21. december 1735, og en svækket Hans Egede bestemte sig for at rejse til Danmark. Hun blev bisat fra Sankt Nikolaj Kirke i København den 5. oktober 1736.

Efter Gertrud Rask har gader i Grønland og Danmark og en dampskonnert (1923-1942) fået hendes navn. 1947 blev der rejst en mindesten ved fødegården Vebostad på på Kveøya i Kvæfjord. Den nye kirke i Qaqortoq blev indviet i 1973 som Gertrud Rasks Kirke. På det nordligste Grønland nordvest for Pearyland ligger Gertrud-Rask-Land.

Litteratur og kilder
 Gjertrud Rask, 1673–1735. Årbok for Kvæfjord, nummer 8, side 4, udgivet 1994
 Furset, Ole J.: «Hans Egede og Gjertrud Rasch» – Sør-Troms Museum,s skriftserie nr. 4.

Galleri

Missionærer fra Norge

Gjertrud Rasch


Le Bremen est un sous-marin cargo allemand. Initialement développé avec des fonds privé pour la Norddeutscher Lloyd, c'est le premier des sept sous-marins de  construits et l'un des deux seuls utilisés comme sous-marins cargo non armés et « briseur de blocus ».

Après avoir effectué deux voyages en tant que marchand désarmé, il est repris en février 1917 par la marine impériale et armé pour prendre une part plus active dans la Première Guerre mondiale. Converti en U-155, il est armé de six tubes lance-torpilles et de deux canons de pont. Il se lance dans des raids à partir de juin 1917 jusqu'en octobre 1918. Son équipage se rend en novembre 1918 et le navire est détruit en 1922.

Notes et références

Sous-marin allemand de la Première Guerre mondiale
Navire de la Kaiserliche Marine
Bateau de guerre de la Première Guerre mondiale
Nom de bateau
Bateau lancé en 1916
Navire démoli en 1922

Bremen (sous-marin)


In mathematics, a constructible polygon is a regular polygon that can be constructed with compass and straightedge. For example, a regular pentagon is constructible with compass and straightedge while a regular heptagon is not. There are infinitely many constructible polygons, but only 31 with an odd number of sides are known.

Conditions for constructibility

Some regular polygons are easy to construct with compass and straightedge; others are not. The ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to construct a regular polygon with 3, 4, or 5 sides, and they knew how to construct a regular polygon with double the number of sides of a given regular polygon. This led to the question being posed: is it possible to construct all regular polygons with compass and straightedge? If not, which n-gons (that is, polygons with n edges) are constructible and which are not?

Carl Friedrich Gauss proved the constructibility of the regular 17-gon in 1796. Five years later, he developed the theory of Gaussian periods in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. This theory allowed him to formulate a sufficient condition for the constructibility of regular polygons. Gauss stated without proof that this condition was also necessary, but never published his proof.  A full proof of necessity was given by Pierre Wantzel in 1837. The result is known as the Gauss–Wantzel theorem:

A regular n-gon can be constructed with compass and straightedge if and only if n is a power of 2 or the product of a power of 2 and any number of distinct Fermat primes.

A Fermat prime is a prime number of the form

In order to reduce a geometric problem to a problem of pure number theory, the proof uses the fact that a regular n-gon is constructible if and only if the cosine  is a constructible number—that is, can be written in terms of the four basic arithmetic operations and the extraction of square roots. Equivalently, a regular n-gon is constructible if any root of the nth  cyclotomic polynomial is constructible.

Detailed results by Gauss's theory

Restating the Gauss–Wantzel theorem:
A regular n-gon is constructible with straightedge and compass if and only if n = 2kp1p2...pt where k and t are non-negative integers, and the pi's (when t > 0) are distinct Fermat primes.

The five known Fermat primes are:
F0 = 3, F1 = 5, F2 = 17, F3 = 257, and F4 = 65537 .

Since there are 31 combinations of anywhere from one to five Fermat primes, there are 31 known constructible polygons with an odd number of sides.

The next twenty-eight Fermat numbers, F5 through F32, are known to be composite.

Thus a regular n-gon is constructible if
n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 30, 32, 34, 40, 48, 51, 60, 64, 68, 80, 85, 96, 102, 120, 128, 136, 160, 170, 192, 204, 240, 255, 256, 257, 272, 320, 340, 384, 408, 480, 510, 512, 514, 544, 640, 680, 768, 771, 816, 960, 1020, 1024, 1028, 1088, 1280, 1285, 1360, 1536, 1542, 1632, 1920, 2040, 2048, ... ,

while a regular n-gon is not constructible with compass and straightedge if
n = 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, ... .

Connection to Pascal's triangle

Since there are 5 known Fermat primes, we know of 31 numbers that are products of distinct Fermat primes, and hence 31 constructible odd-sided regular polygons. These are 3, 5, 15, 17, 51, 85, 255, 257, 771, 1285, 3855, 4369, 13107, 21845, 65535, 65537, 196611, 327685, 983055, 1114129, 3342387, 5570645, 16711935, 16843009, 50529027, 84215045, 252645135, 286331153, 858993459, 1431655765, 4294967295 . As John Conway commented in The Book of Numbers, these numbers, when written in binary, are equal to the first 32 rows of the modulo-2 Pascal's triangle, minus the top row, which corresponds to a monogon. (Because of this, the 1s in such a list form an approximation to the Sierpiński triangle.) This pattern breaks down after this, as the next Fermat number is composite (4294967297 = 641 × 6700417), so the following rows do not correspond to constructible polygons. It is unknown whether any more Fermat primes exist, and it is therefore unknown how many odd-sided constructible regular polygons exist. In general, if there are q Fermat primes, then there are 2q−1  regular constructible polygons.

General theory

In the light of later work on Galois theory, the principles of these proofs have been clarified. It is straightforward to show from analytic geometry that constructible lengths must come from base lengths by the solution of some sequence of quadratic equations. In terms of field theory, such lengths must be contained in a field extension generated by a tower of quadratic extensions. It follows that a field generated by constructions will always have degree over the base field that is a power of two.

In the specific case of a regular n-gon, the question reduces to the question of constructing a length

cos  ,

which is a trigonometric number and hence an algebraic number. This number lies in the n-th cyclotomic field — and in fact in its real subfield, which is a totally real field and a rational vector space of dimension

½ φ(n),

where φ(n) is Euler's totient function. Wantzel's result comes down to a calculation showing that φ(n) is a power of 2 precisely in the cases specified.

As for the construction of Gauss, when the Galois group is a 2-group it follows that it has a sequence of subgroups of orders

1, 2, 4, 8, ...

that are nested, each in the next (a composition series, in group theory terminology), something simple to prove by induction in this case of an abelian group. Therefore, there are subfields nested inside the cyclotomic field, each of degree 2 over the one before. Generators for each such field can be written down by Gaussian period theory. For example, for n = 17 there is a period that is a sum of eight roots of unity, one that is a sum of four roots of unity, and one that is the sum of two, which is

cos  .

Each of those is a root of a quadratic equation in terms of the one before. Moreover, these equations have real rather than complex roots, so in principle can be solved by geometric construction: this is because the work all goes on inside a totally real field.

In this way the result of Gauss can be understood in current terms; for actual calculation of the equations to be solved, the periods can be squared and compared with the 'lower' periods, in a quite feasible algorithm.

Compass and straightedge constructions

Compass and straightedge constructions are known for all known constructible polygons. If n = pq with p = 2 or p and q coprime, an n-gon can be constructed from a p-gon and a q-gon.
If p = 2, draw a q-gon and bisect one of its central angles. From this, a 2q-gon can be constructed.
If p > 2, inscribe a p-gon and a q-gon in the same circle in such a way that they share a vertex. Because p and q are coprime, there exists integers a and b such that ap + bq = 1. Then 2aπ/q + 2bπ/p = 2π/pq. From this, a pq-gon can be constructed.
Thus one only has to find a compass and straightedge construction for n-gons where n is a Fermat prime.
The construction for an equilateral triangle is simple and has been known since antiquity; see Equilateral triangle.
Constructions for the regular pentagon were described both by Euclid (Elements, ca. 300 BC), and by Ptolemy (Almagest, ca. 150 AD).
Although Gauss proved that the regular 17-gon is constructible, he did not actually show how to do it. The first construction is due to Erchinger, a few years after Gauss' work.
The first explicit constructions of a regular 257-gon were given by Magnus Georg Paucker (1822) and Friedrich Julius Richelot (1832).
A construction for a regular 65537-gon was first given by Johann Gustav Hermes (1894). The construction is very complex; Hermes spent 10 years completing the 200-page manuscript.

Gallery

From left to right, constructions of a 15-gon, 17-gon, 257-gon and 65537-gon. Only the first stage of the 65537-gon construction is shown; the constructions of the 15-gon, 17-gon, and 257-gon are given completely.

Other constructions

The concept of constructibility as discussed in this article applies specifically to compass and straightedge constructions. More constructions become possible if other tools are allowed. The so-called neusis constructions, for example, make use of a marked ruler. The constructions are a mathematical idealization and are assumed to be done exactly.

A regular polygon with n sides can be constructed with ruler, compass, and angle trisector if and only if  where r, s, k ≥ 0 and where the pi are distinct Pierpont primes greater than 3 (primes of the form  These polygons are exactly the regular polygons that can be constructed with Conic section, and the regular polygons that can be constructed with paper folding. The first numbers of sides of these polygons are:
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 117, 119, 120, 126, 128, 130, 133, 135, 136, 140, 144, 146, 148, 152, 153, 156, 160, 162, 163, 168, 170, 171, 180, 182, 185, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 204, 208, 210, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 228, 234, 238, 240, 243, 247, 252, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 266, 270, 272, 273, 280, 285, 288, 291, 292, 296, ...

See also
Polygon
Carlyle circle

References

External links

 Regular Polygon Formulas, Ask Dr. Math FAQ.
 Carl Schick: Weiche Primzahlen und das 257-Eck : eine analytische Lösung des 257-Ecks. Zürich : C. Schick, 2008. .
65537-gon, exact construction for the 1st side, using the Quadratrix of Hippias and GeoGebra as additional aids, with brief description (German)

Euclidean plane geometry
Carl Friedrich Gauss

Constructible polygon


El Centro M. T. Abraham de Artes Visuales es una institución sin ánimo de lucro. Su oficina central está ubicada en París, Francia, y sus colecciones están guardadas en Ginebra, Suiza. Fue fundado por los descendientes de Mansur Tamir Abraham después de su muerte en 1999. Su intención declarada es promover la apreciación pública del Modernismo, Impresionismo y Arte moderno ruso y europeo, reuniendo piezas que pueden ser prestadas «únicamente para propósitos de exhibición y estudio por parte de instituciones públicas».

Historia

La organización fue fundada en 2004 por la familia de Mansur Tamir Abraham. M. T. Abraham (nacido el 27 de abril de 1912) nació en Aden, Yemen cuando esta estaba ocupada por los británicos. Abraham fue una autoridad legal en derecho africano y asiático y Gran Bretaña le confirió la George Medal (Medalla de Jorge) por su labor. Asimismo, Abraham fue un meticuloso y ávido coleccionista de arte, centrado mayormente en obras de arte de origen ruso y de Europa Occidental. Muchas de las obras que recopiló se consideraban en su momento sin importancia. Abraham falleció el 9 de enero de 1999 a los 86 años de edad.

En 2004, sus hijos y nietos hicieron de su colección el Centro M. T. Abraham de Artes Visuales, organización sin ánimo de lucro. Su actual presidente es Amir Gross Kabiri, su sede se encuentra en Ginebra, Suiza, y su oficina central en París, Francia.

Misión
La misión declarada del centro es promover la apreciación pública del Modernismo, Impresionismo y Arte moderno ruso y europeo reuniendo piezas que pueden ser prestadas «únicamente para propósitos de exhibición y estudio por parte de instituciones públicas». El centro tiene un programa de préstamo, mediante el cual pone a disposición obras para su exhibición pública en instituciones acreditadas, incluyendo museos que generalmente no tendrían los medios para organizar esta clase de exposiciones.

Su misión educacional es promover «exhibiciones que estimulen una apreciación y comprensión del arte, su historia, contexto y significado». Las exposiciones patrocinadas por el centro son acompañadas por programas educacionales para niños y jóvenes, llevados a cabo por artistas, educadores y otros profesionales del arte. El centro también proporciona apoyo a jóvenes artistas y estudiantes de Estudios Judaicos.

Colecciones
Hasta 2011, el centro cuenta con una colección de más de trescientas obras de arte de más de cincuenta artistas, centrada en el Modernismo europeo y ruso de fines del siglo XIX y del siglo XX. Los géneros cubiertos por este período incluyen el Impresionismo, Postimpresionismo, Constructivismo, Cubismo, Cubo-Futurismo, Neo-Primitivismo, Rayonismo, Suprematismo, y Futurismo. El centro cuenta con una colección completa de esculturas de Edgar Degas, que ha sido prestada a instituciones tales como la Galería Nacional de Arte en Sofía, Bulgaria el Museo de Arte de Tel Aviv en Israel, y el Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno. La siguiente es una lista parcial de los artistas incluidos en la colección:

Avigdor Arikha
Alexei Chostenko
Salvador Dali
Edgar Degas
Natalia Goncharova
Boris Grigoriev
Menashe Kadishman
Raffi Kaiser
Boris Kleint
Moshe Kupperman
Mikhail Larionov
Uri Lifshitz
Nadav Lifshitz
Lazar Lissitzky
Kazimir Malevich
Zwi Milshtein
Joan Miró
Roberto Matta
Vera Pestel
Nikolai Pirosmani-Shvili
Vladimir B. Rosine
Henri Rousseau
David Shterenberg
Sergei Senkin
Vladimir Tatlin
Vladimir Titov

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 (Inglés)
 M.T. Abraham Center en Facebook (Oficial)

Fundaciones de Francia

Centro M. T. Abraham de Artes Visuales


Le château de Grand-Champ est un ancien château fort du  situé sur la commune de Soussey-sur-Brionne en Côte-d'Or, en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Localisation
Le château actuel occupe une plate-forme rectangulaire légèrement surélevée, contournée par le chemin commun, au pied du talus nord de la vallée et à l'extrémité ouest du hameau de Grand-Champ, qui se trouve à  à l'ouest de Soussey.

Historique
La première trace écrite du fief de Grand-Champ date de 1323. En janvier 1364, le château est assiégé. En 1451-1454, Grand Champ relève d'Othenin de Cléron, seigneur de Saffres et d'Is-sur-Tille.

En 1787, il reste encore les vestiges d'une tour carrée dite tour du Pont, sous laquelle on passait pour arriver au donjon et un grand corps de logis à deux étages, le tout clos de murailles avec parapet et fossés. A l'entrée un pont-levis avec pont-dormant et devant le château une basse-cour close de murailles avec parapet et fossés.

Architecture

Un "château" moderne composé de plusieurs bâtiments dont une tour néo-gothique du  a remplacé depuis ces vestiges. L'ensemble comporte une demeure "Belle Epoque" aux toits d'ardoise dite "Villa des Vallées" et un beau pigeonnier carré. Le tout est limité au nord par une modeste levée qui évoque le vestige d'une basse-cour et à l'ouest par un fossé sec utilisé en jardin. Les murs de contre-escarpe, à l'ouest et au nord, ont conservés quelques traces de la maison forte du . L'angle sud-est de la plate-forme est occupée par la tour néo-gothique qui abrite un escalier.

Valorisation du patrimoine
Le site rénové est propriété privée.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or
 Château de Soussey-sur-Brionne

Liens externes

Grand-Champ
Auxois

Château de Grand-Champ (Côte d'Or)


Foramen magnum () er en stor oval åbning (foramen) i nakkebenet (Os occipitale) i kraniet hos mennesker og flere andre dyr. Det er en af flere ovale eller cirkulære åbninger (foramina) i bunden af kraniet. Som forlængelse af medulla oblongata, går medulla spinalis gennem foramen magnum, mens den forlader kraniehulen.

Udover transmissionen fra medulla oblongata og dens membraner, transmitterer foramen magnum også vertebrale arterier, den anteriore og posteriore spinalarterie, de tektorialmembraner og alar ledbåndene. Den transmitterer også spinalkomponenterne af Nervus accessorius ind i kraniet.

Referencer

Skelet

Foramen magnum


Le bataillon Somalie (en ) est une unité militaire de la république populaire de Donetsk. Il participe à la guerre dans le Donbass entre 2014 et 2022 et soutient les forces russes combattant contre les forces armées ukrainiennes dans le cadre de l'invasion russe de 2022-2023.

Historique
Le nom complet du bataillon est «  bataillon de chars séparé en Somalie » (anciennement  groupe de bataillon tactique séparé en Somalie). Le bataillon a pris le nom de « Somalie » car, selon son ancien commandant Mikhail Tolstykh alias Guivi, ses membres sont aussi intrépides que les Somalis. Selon ce dernier, 70 % du personnel des bataillons combattaient auparavant dans la  brigade de Sloviansk.

L'unité est stationnée en permanence à Donetsk et à Makiïvka.

Elle fait partie des organisations ciblées par des sanctions de l'Union européenne.

En 2015, les républiques séparatistes du Donbass et toutes leurs « unités militaires » sont désignées comme « organisations terroristes » par la Cour suprême d'Ukraine. Pendant cette période, le bataillon participe à la seconde bataille de l'aéroport de Donetsk.

Depuis lors, le Service de sécurité ukrainien poursuit les membres de l'unité en vue de les interpeller et de les juger.

Le , son chef, Mikhaïl Tolstykh, est tué par une explosion dans son bureau à Donetsk.

Lors de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022, le bataillon prend part au siège de Marioupol, à la bataille d'Avdiïvka ainsi qu'à la bataille de Pisky.

Équipement
Le bataillon dispose de chars T-64 et T-72, de véhicules de combat blindés BMP-1, BTR-70, MT-LB et BRDM-2 ainsi que d'artillerie, de mortiers et de véhicules de transport de soutien.

Articles connexes
 Brigade Prizrak
 Bataillon Sparta
 Brigade Kalmious
 Régiment Vostok
 Forces séparatistes de la guerre du Donbass

Références

Donbass
Corps des volontaires ukrainiens
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 2015
Unité militaire de la guerre russo-ukrainienne

Bataillon Somalie


Glory TV est une chaîne de télévision chrétienne internationale œcuménique qui s'adresse aux communautés chrétiennes indiennes et pakistanaises au Royaume-Uni, offrant une programmation religieuse principalement en pendjabi et en ourdou. C'est la première chaîne chrétienne diffusant des programmes en direct et enregistrés en pendjabi et en ourdou en Europe. La programmation à l'occasion est également diffusée en gujarati et en népalais aux côtés de l'anglais.

Glory TV est basée à Londres, avec l'enregistrement de programmes se déroulant dans des communautés chrétiennes importantes au Royaume-Uni telles que Slough, Hounslow, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Southall, Glasgow et d'autres régions avec d'importantes églises asiatiques britanniques. Des programmes sont également enregistrés et diffusés depuis l'Italie, la France et les Pays-Bas, où se trouvent des chrétiens de langue pendjabi et ourdou. Des programmes religieux et des séquences de tournées en Israël sont également diffusés quotidiennement.

En tant que première chaîne du genre à proposer une télévision chrétienne en pendjabi et en ourdou au Royaume-Uni, Glory TV mobilise l'Église sud-asiatique en Grande-Bretagne et crée des terrains d'expansion et de communication pour la communauté minoritaire. La chaîne est une source de nombreuses conversions en particulier du sikhisme et de l'islam avec ses efforts pour évangéliser dans chaque foyer asiatique britannique à travers le Royaume-Uni et à l'échelle internationale à l'ensemble de la communauté chrétienne indienne et pakistanaise.

Histoire
Pam Munir est une ressortissante britannique sikh d'origine indienne qui crée la chaîne aux côtés de son mari Sarfraz Munir, un chrétien et chanteur non pratiquant d'origine pakistanaise, après s'être tous deux convertis au christianisme à la suite d'une rencontre religieuse qui conduisit Pam à quitter le sikhisme et Sarfraz à devenir un chrétien pratiquant. Le couple travaille d'abord dans un studio loué à Londres aux côtés d'une petite équipe dédiée pour produire du contenu chrétien sur l'évangélisation et l'enseignement biblique tout en étant entièrement financé volontairement et en créant une programmation en direct tout en éditant des séquences préenregistrées. Ils sont actuellement principalement basés à Slough. Les Munir ont quatre enfants ensemble.

En 2014, Glory TV interrompt pendant une courte période, car elle n'est pas en mesure de fournir ses frais de diffusion en raison d'un manque de financement, car la chaîne dépend entièrement des dons des téléspectateurs.

Traduction

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des chaînes de télévision au Royaume-Uni

Chaîne ou station de télévision fondée en 2008
Chaîne de télévision au Royaume-Uni
Chaîne de télévision religieuse

Glory TV


Das ATP Challenger Marburg (offizieller Name: "Marburg Open") ist ein seit 1999 jährlich stattfindendes Tennisturnier in Marburg, das seit 2010 Teil der ATP Challenger Tour ist. Es wird im Freien auf Sand ausgetragen.

Liste der Sieger

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Ergebnisarchiv der ATP

Marburg

ATP Challenger Marburg


Pungent Effulgent is the debut studio album by British psychedelic rock band Ozric Tentacles. Released in 1989 to wide acclaim, it followed the many cassette-only albums they released in the 1980s.

Track listing

Credits
Ed Wynne – guitar, synthesizer, production
Mervin Pepler – drums
Roly Wynne – bass
Joie Hinton – synthesizer, sampling
John Egan – flute, voice
Paul Hankin – percussion
Nick Van Gelder – drums on "The Domes of G'Bal"
Generator John – drums on "Wreltch"
Marcus C. Diess – percussion on "Agog in the Ether"

Notes
The album's first track, "Dissolution", is one of very few songs by Ozric Tentacles to make use of noticeable vocals.

The seventh track, "Kick Muck" is a reference to the dust in the fields at free festivals typical in the '80's. Popular with fans at such open air venues, its name refers to the dance style at front of stage. The song oscillates between periods of intense, high tempo guitar and slower electronic psychedelia, enabling the crowd to recover before the next bout of "kicking muck".

References

1989 albums
Ozric Tentacles albums

Pungent Effulgent


Dyggvi o Dyggve (nórdico antiguo: Útil o Efectivo) fue un rey legendario de Suecia de la Casa de Yngling. En el contexto mitológico de su figura legendaria, a su muerte se convirtió en marido de Hela, hija de Loki, reina de Niflheim (inframundo). Le sucedió su hijo Dag el Sabio. Su figura protohistórica aparece en la saga Ynglinga, Ynglingatal e Historia Norwegiæ.

La saga Ynglinga de Snorri Sturluson habla sobre el rey Dyggvi de Suecia:
La madre de Dyggvi era Drótt, hija del rey Danp, hijo de Ríg, el primero a quien llamaron konungr ['rey'] el la lengua de los daneses [nórdico antiguo]. Sus descendientes siempre conservaron el título konungr como la más alta dignidad. Dyggvi fue el primero en su familia que se hizo llamar konungr, sus predecesores se hacían llamar dróttinn ['caudillo'], y sus esposas dróttning, y su corte drótt ['banda de guerra']. Todos los de su estirpe se llamaron Yngvi, or Ynguni, y todos los de su dinastía Ynglingar. La reina Drótt era hermana del rey Dan Mikilláti, de quien Dinamarca tomó su nombre.

Íslendingabók cita una línea de descendencia en Ynglingatal y menciona a Dyggvi como sucesor de Dómarr y predecesor de Dag el Sabio: ix Dómarr. x Dyggvi. xi Dagr.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.

Enlaces externos
 La Saga de los Ynglings y la Heimskringla en «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad». (en inglés y noruego)

Reyes vikingos legendarios de Suecia

Dyggvi


Robert Adams se poate referi la:
 Robert Adams - un sculptor britanic (1917-1984)
 Robert Adams - un armurier britanic (1809–1880), inventatorul revolverului cu dublă acțiune

Robert Adams


Diese Liste gibt eine Übersicht über die Highways im kanadischen Territorium Yukon. Die Highways 1 bis 15 stehen unter Verwaltung vom Yukon's Department of Highways and Public Works, lediglich Highway 37 wird vom British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure unterhalten.

Siehe auch
 Nebenstraßen in Yukon

Einzelnachweise

Yukon

Liste der Highways in Yukon


Olaylar
 Thannuris Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 Bulguksa tapınağı (Güney Kore'nin Kore Budizmi'nin Jogye tarikatının bir baş tapınağı) kuruldu.
 Galata kulesi, Bizans İmparatoru Anastasius tarafından Fener Kulesi olarak inşa ettirildi.

Ölümler
 Gazzeli Procopius, Hristiyan bir sofist ve retorikçi (d. 465)

528


අවම වශයෙන් පොයු 12වන සියවස වන තෙක් හෝ,  මාල දිවයිනෙහි බුද්ධාගම, එහි අතිප්‍රමුඛ ආගම විය. තරඟකාරී සිද්ධාන්තයන් කිහිපයක් පැවතුනද දිවයින් වලට බුද්ධාගම පැමුණුනේ කෙසේදැයි පැහැදිලි නැත. මෙයින් අතිප්‍රමුඛ  මතය වන්නේ, අතිප්‍රමුඛ ලෙසින් බෞද්ධ රටක් වූ   අසල්වැසි ශ්‍රී ලංකාව  වෙතින් පැතිරුණු  සිංහල ජනයා හා සමග මෙය සිදුවූ  බවයි.

මාල දිවයිනෙහි බුද්ධාගම


الجمهورية العربية الليبية هي الجمهورية التي أعلنها معمر القذافي عندما أسقط الحكم الملكي فيما يعرف بانقلاب 1969 في ليبيا. كانت الجمهورية نظاما ديكتاتوريا اندمج لاحقًا باتحاد الجمهوريات العربية.

التاريخ

محاولات الانقلاب
بعد إعلان الجمهورية العربية الليبية، اتفق القذافي وزملائه على ألا يتخذوا قرارات فردية وأن يجتمعوا في قراراتهم. على الرغم من هذا الاتفاق، أصبح يتصرف كديكتاتور بصفته رئيس مجلس قيادة الثورة.

أول تغيير وزاري حدث كان في ديسمبر 1969 عندما تم اعتقال أحمد سعيد حواز وزير الدفاع، وموسى أحمد وزير الداخلية بتهمة التخطيط لانقلاب. في التشكيل الوزاري الجديد، احتفظ القذافي بمنصبه كرئيس مجلس قيادة الثورة وأصبح رئيسًا للوزراء والقائد الأعلى للقوات المسلحة. فيما أصبح الرائد عبد السلام جلود الرجل الثاني في الجمهورية بعد القذافي وأصبح نائب رئيس الوزراء ووزير الداخلية وأصبح النقيب أبو بكر يونس وزيرا للدفاع ضمت التشكيلة الوزارية الجديدة ثلاثة عشر عضوًا خمسة منهم كانوا من أعضاء مجلس الثورة. حدثت ثاني محاولة انقلابية في يوليو 1970 عندما اتهم كلا من عبد الله عبيد السنوسي وأحمد السنوسي وهم أبناء عم الملك إدريس بتدبير محاولة انقلابية. بعد إحباط مؤامرة الانقلاب، شكل الضباط الأحرار للمرة الأولى منذ إعلان الجمهورية، شكلوا أغلبية بين الوزراء الجدد.

انتشار سيطرة القذافي
منذ البداية، قال أعضاء مجلس الثورة أنهم سيقدمون «النظام المُباد» للمحاكمة. وفي الفترة من 1971 و1972، حوكم أكثر من 200 مسؤول حكومي سابق بضمن ذلك سبعة رؤساء وزراء وعدة وزراء آخرون والملك إدريس وأعضاء الأسرة المالكة، حوكموا في المحكمة الشعبية الليبية على تهم تتعلق بالفساد. الكثير ممن يحبون الملك إدريس واتباعه، كان في الخارج، وجرت محاكمتهم غيابيًا. وعلى الرغم من كثرة المسئولين المحاكمين، إلا أنهم قد حصلوا على أحكام بالبراءة وتم الحكم على آخرين بالسجن لمدة 15 سنة وغرامات مالية ضخمة. وتم الحكم بالإعدام شنقًا على خمسة أشخاص حوكموا غيابًا بضمنهم الملك إدريس. فيما تم الحكم غيابًا على الملكة فاطمة ووولي العهد الحسن الرضا بالسجن لمدة ثلاث سنوات على التوالي.

في تلك الفترة، قلل مجلس قيادة الثورة والقذافي من شأن آل السنوسي وقللوا من دورهم في استقلال ليبيا. كما هاجم المجلس والقذافي الاختلافات القبائلية والإقليمية ووصفوها بأنها عائق أمام تقدم المجتمع والوحدة العربية.

في عام 1971، غيرت حركة الضباط الأحرار اسمها إلى «الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي» وأصبح الحزب القانوني الوحيد في البلاد. كان الحزب يهدف إلى رفع «درجة الوعي السياسي». اندمجت اتحادات العمال في الحزب وتم منع الإضرابات. راقبت الصحافة رسميًا منذ 1972 وأصبحت وكيل الثورة. فيما تم طرد الإيطاليين ومن بقي من الجالية اليهودية الليبية وصودرت ملكياتهم في أكتوبر 1970.

في عام 1972، انضمت ليبيا إلى اتحاد الجمهوريات العربية مع مصر وسوريا ولكن الاتحاد المقصود لم ينجح يكن النجاح المنشود، وكانت نائمة على نحو فعال بعد عام 1973.

واصل القذافي انغماسه في مكافحة القوى الشيطانية، والصهيونية، والإمبريالية وتوجه في سياسته نحو الخارج. ونتيجة لذلك، أعطيت المهام الإدارية الروتينية إلى عبد السلام جلود الذي أصبح عام 1972 رئيسًا للوزراء وأصبح بعدها يمتلك كافة مهام القذافي الداخلية. على الرغم من ذلك، ظل القذافي القائد العام للقوات الليبية المسلحة.

التحالف مع الاتحاد السوفييتي
بعد انقلاب سبتمبر، بدأت القوات الأمريكية بالانسحاب من المقرر لها من قاعدة ويلوس الجوية بناء على اتفاقية مع النظام السابق. خرجت آخر قوة أمريكية في 11 يونيو، 1970 واعتبر ذلك اليوم يوم عطلة وطنية لليبيين. بانهيار علاقات القذافي بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، بدأت علاقاته الوثيقة تتزايد مع الإتحاد السوفييتي وعدة بلدان شرقية أخرى. حيث كان يبقي الدولة محايدة في العالم العربي ومعارضة ل الشيوعية في العالم. وكان تسليح الجيش الليبي من الاتحاد السوفييتي.

السياسة البترولية
تعتمد القاعدة الاقتصادية في ليبيا على النفط. إلا أن ناتج ليبيا من النفط كان قليلاً مقارنة بالدول العربية. غير أنها استخدمته كوسيلة للتنمية الاجتماعية وكسلاح ضد إسرائيل. إلا أنه وبعد زيادة الإنتاج النفطي بعد انقلاب 1969، سيطرت الدولة على الصناعة النفطية واستفادت من عائداته الضخمة. في ديسمبر، أممت الحكومة الليبية صناعة النفط وأعلن التأميم الكامل في عام 1973.

التحول إلى جماهيرية (1983-1977)

بدأ عام 1973، تطبيق دعوة القذافي الأيدلوجية بالقيام بثورة ثقافية وشعبية «من أجل إعادة صنع المجتمع الليبي».

هذه الثورة التي دعا لها القذافي، صممت للتخلص من عدم الكفاءة البيروقراطية وقلة المصلحة العامة ومشاكل التنسيق السياسي الوطني. وفي محاولة لغرس الثورة في نفوس المواطنين، دعا القذافي إلى الدخول في السياسة وتحدي السلطة التقليدية وأنشأ «لجنة شعبية». هذه اللجان انتشرت في كل ليبيا وأصبحت تدير المناطق في البلاد.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 معمر القذافي.
 الكتاب الأخضر.
 الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى.

انحلالات سنة 1977 في ليبيا
بلدان سابقة في الحرب الباردة
تاريخ ليبيا
تاريخ ليبيا إبان حكم معمر القذافي
تأسيسات سنة 1969 في ليبيا
جمهوريات سابقة
دول سابقة في إفريقيا
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1977
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1977
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1969
ليبيا في 1969
ليبيا في 1970
ليبيا في 1971
ليبيا في 1972
ليبيا في 1973
ليبيا في 1974
ليبيا في 1975
ليبيا في 1976
ليبيا في 1977
ليبيا في القرن 20
ليبيا في القرن 21

الجمهورية العربية الليبية


Clementina Maria Black ( - ) est une écrivaine britannique, féministe et syndicaliste pionnière, étroitement liée aux socialistes marxistes et fabiens. Elle a œuvré pour les droits des femmes au travail et pour le droit de vote des femmes.

Jeunesse
Clementina Black est née à Brighton, l'une des huit enfants de l'avocat, greffier et coroner de Brighton, David Black (1817–1892), fils d'un architecte naval du tsar Nicolas  de Russie, et de sa femme, Clara Maria Patten (1825–1875), fille d'un portraitiste de la cour . Elle fait ses études à la maison, au 58 Ship Street, Brighton  principalement avec sa mère, et parle couramment le français et l'allemand .

En 1875, la mère de Clementina meurt d'une rupture causée par les efforts pour soulever son mari invalide, qui a perdu l'usage de ses deux jambes. Clementina, en tant que fille aînée, est laissée avec la charge d'un père invalide et de sept frères et sœurs, ainsi que d'un travail d'enseignante. Ses frères et sœurs sont le mathématicien Arthur Black et la traductrice Constance Garnett . Elle et ses sœurs déménagent dans les années 1880 à Fitzroy Square à Londres, où elle passe son temps à étudier les problèmes sociaux, à faire des travaux littéraires et à donner des conférences sur la littérature du .

Militantisme
Black fait la connaissance de socialistes marxistes et fabiens, comme Olive Schreiner, Dolly Maitland Ratford et Richard Garnett du British Museum . Elle est également une amie de la famille Marx, notamment Eleanor Marx . Elle est impliquée pendant une longue période dans les problèmes des femmes de la classe ouvrière et du mouvement syndical naissant. En 1886, elle devient secrétaire honoraire de la Women's Trade Union League et propose une motion sur l'égalité de rémunération au Trades Union Congress de 1888. En 1889, elle participe à la création de la Women's Trade Union Association, qui devient plus tard le Women's Industrial Council.

Elle est parmi les organisateurs de la grève de Bryant et May en 1888. Elle est également active au sein de la Fabian Society. En 1895, elle devient rédactrice en chef de Women's Industrial News, le journal du Women's Industrial Council, qui encourage les femmes de la classe moyenne à faire des recherches et à rendre compte des conditions de travail des femmes les plus pauvres et, en 1914, enquête sur près de 120 métiers . En 1896, elle commence à faire campagne pour un salaire minimum légal dans le cadre de la Ligue des consommateurs et reconnue comme étant impliquée dans le conflit industriel de Bryant & May Match Company  où les travailleuses exploitées ont finalement pris des mesures .

Au début des années 1900, Black est également active dans la campagne naissante pour le suffrage des femmes, devenant la secrétaire honoraire du Women's Franchise Declaration Committee, qui recueille une pétition de 257 000 signatures . Black rejoint la National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) et la London Society of Women's Suffrage. En 1912-1913, Black est rédactrice en chef par intérim de The Common Cause , «l'organe du mouvement des femmes pour la réforme», utilisant sa plume plutôt que l'action directe (contrairement aux suffragettes militantes) pour influencer le changement .

Écrits
Le premier roman de Black sur sept, A Sussex Idyl [sic], est publié en 1877. An Agitator (1894) concerne un meneur de grève socialiste. Il est décrit par Eleanor Marx comme "un récit réaliste du mouvement ouvrier britannique". Ses autres sont apolitiques, le dernier, The Linleys of Bath (1911), étant parmi les plus réussis .

Les deux ouvrages politiques de Black, Sweated Industry and the Minimum Wage (1907) et Makers of our Clothes: a Case for Trade Boards (conjointement avec C. Meyer, 1909) sont qualifiés de "puissants ouvrages de propagande" .

Bibliographie

 A Sussex Idyl (roman, Londres : Samuel Tinsley, 1877)
 Orlando (roman, Londres: Smith, Elder & Co., 1879)
 Mericas et autres histoires (Londres: W. Satchell & Co., 1880)
 Miss Falkland et autres histoires (Londres: Lawrence & Bullen, 1892)
 Un agitateur (Londres: Bliss, Sands & Co., 1894)
 Avec Stephen N. Fox. The Truck Acts: what they do, and what they should do (Londres: Women's Trade Union Association, 1894)
 La princesse Désirée (Londres: Longmans, 1896)
 La poursuite de Camilla (Londres: Pearson, 1899)
 Frederick Walker (Londres : Duckworth & Co. ; New York : EP Dutton & Co., 1902)
 Kindergarten Plays (verset, Londres: RB Johnson, 1903)
 Sweated Industry and the Minimum Wage (Londres: Duckworth, 1907)
 Caroline (Londres, John Murray, 1908)
 Un cas pour les conseils de commerce (1909)
 Avec Adèle Meier. Les fabricants de nos vêtements : un cas pour les conseils de commerce. Être les résultats d'une enquête d'un an sur le travail des femmes à Londres dans les métiers de la couture, de la couture et des sous-vêtements (Londres : Duckworth, 1909)
 Les Lindley de Bath (Londres: Secker, 1911)
 Married Women's Work, avec d'autres membres du Women's Industrial Council (Londres: G. Bell & Sons, 1915)
 A New Way of Housekeeping (Londres: Collins, 1918)

Vie privée
Clementina Black est restée célibataire. Elle accueille chez elle sa nièce Gertrude Speedwell, après que le père de la fille, le frère de Clementina, Arthur, ait assassiné sa femme et son fils, puis se soit suicidé . Elle est décédée chez elle à Barnes, Surrey, le 19 décembre 1922 et est enterrée au cimetière East Sheen, à Londres.

Références

Liens externes

Femme syndicaliste
Romancière anglaise
Suffragette britannique
Décès en décembre 1922
Naissance en juillet 1854
Naissance à Brighton
Décès à Brighton
Décès à 69 ans

Clementina Black


فاديم جيراسيموف   هو مهندس يعمل في شركة جوجل.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صفحة فاديم جيراسيموف الخاصة في الشبكة

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة موسكو الحكومية
مبرمجون روس
مخترعون روس
مصممو ألعاب فيديو روس
مصممو ألعاب فيديو
مهندسون سوفيت
مواليد 1969
مواليد في نوفوفورونيج
موظفو جوجل

فاديم جيراسيموف


Absolution je debitantski studijski album američkog doom metal sastava Khemmis. Album je 7. srpnja 2015. godine objavila diskografska kuća 20 Buck Spin.

Popis pjesama

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Američki glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2015.

Absolution


Villaquirán es una estación de ferrocarril situada en el municipio español de Villaquirán de los Infantes, en la provincia de Burgos, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Cuenta con servicios de Media Distancia ofrecidos por Renfe.

Situación ferroviaria
Las instalaciones se encuentran situadas en el punto kilométrico 339,482 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Madrid con Hendaya, a 783 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Burgos y Quintana del Puente. El tramo es de vía doble y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 25 de noviembre de 1860 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Burgos – Ventas de Baño de la línea radial Madrid-Hendaya. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de la Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España quien mantuvo su titularidad hasta que en 1941 fue nacionalizada e integrada en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
El edificio de viajeros de la estación de Villaquirán es un clásico edificio de dos pisos que posee un anexo que se usaba como muelle de mercancías. Tiene dos andenes, uno lateral y otro central y cuatro vías. Los cambios de andén se realizan a nivel. En el andén opuesto al edificio de viajeros se encuentra un refugio de grandes dimensiones para los viajeros que esperen los trenes que acceden por la vía 2.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
En Villaquirán Renfe presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias sus trenes MD en los trayectos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.

Villaquirán
Villaquirán
Villaquirán
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1860
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla y León inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Villaquirán


Miranda Otto (born 16 December 1967) is an Australian actress. She is the daughter of actors Barry and Lindsay Otto and the paternal half-sister of actress Gracie Otto. Otto began her acting career in 1986 at age 18 and appeared in a variety of independent and major studio films in Australia. She made her major film debut in Emma's War in 1987 in which she played a teenager who moves to Australia's bush country during World War II.

After a decade of critically acclaimed roles in Australian films, Otto gained Hollywood's attention during the 1990s after appearing in supporting roles in the films The Thin Red Line and What Lies Beneath. She rose to fame in the early 2000s for playing Éowyn in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film series, based on the classic fantasy novel of the same name by English author J. R. R. Tolkien.

Early life
Otto was born on 16 December 1967 in Brisbane and was raised there and in Newcastle. She briefly lived in Hong Kong following her parents' divorce at age six. She spent weekends and holidays with her father in Sydney and developed an interest in acting through him.

During her childhood, Otto and her friends wrote scripts and designed costumes and flyers in their spare time. She appeared in several plays at the Nimrod Theatre, which attracted the attention of casting director Faith Martin. Subsequently, Otto received a role in the 1986 World War II drama Emma's War.

She had wanted to be a ballerina but was forced to abandon this goal due to moderate scoliosis. Otto graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney in 1990. Prior to graduation, she appeared in minor film roles including Initiation (1987) and The 13th Floor (1988).

Career

Early career
Otto's first post-graduation film role in 1991, as Nell Tiscowitz in The Girl Who Came Late, was her breakthrough role which brought her to the attention of the Australian film industry and the general public. In the film, directed by Kathy Mueller, she starred as a young woman who could communicate with horses. Her appearance garnered Otto her first Australian Film Institute nomination for the best actress award the following year.

Otto's next role was in The Last Days of Chez Nous (1991), which portrayed the complex relationships between the members of an Australian family. The film earned Otto her second Australian Film Institute nomination, this time for the best supporting actress award.

In 1993, Otto co-starred with Noah Taylor in the sexually provocative comedy film The Nostradamus Kid, which was based on the memories of author Bob Ellis during the 1960s. Otto was drawn to the film because she was "fascinated by the period and the people who came out of it". A small role in the independent film Sex Is a Four Letter Word followed in 1995.

In 1995, she began to doubt her career choice as she failed to get the parts for which she auditioned. She retreated to her home in Newcastle for almost a year, during which she painted her mother's house. In 1996, director Shirley Barrett cast Otto as a shy waitress in the film Love Serenade. She played Dimity Hurley, a lonely young woman who competes with her older sister Vicki-Ann for the attention of a famous DJ from Brisbane. She starred in the 1997 films The Well and Doing Time for Patsy Cline. When Otto received the film script for The Well, she refused to read it, fearing that she would not get the part. Otto believed that she could not convincingly play the role of Katherine, who is supposed to be 18, as she was 30 at the time. The film, directed by Samantha Lang, starred Otto as a teenager involved in a claustrophobic relationship with a lonely older woman. The Well received mixed reviews; critic Paul Fisher wrote that Otto's performance was not "convincing" as she was "playing another repetitious character about whom little is revealed", while Louise Keller stated that Otto had delivered "her best screen performance yet." Otto earned her third Australian Film Institute nomination for the film. Later that year, she co-starred with Richard Roxburgh in the drama Doing Time for Patsy Cline. The low-budget Australian film required Otto to perform country music standards and also received mixed reviews from film critics.

Soon after the release of The Well and Doing Time for Patsy Cline, magazines and other media outlets were eager to profile the actress. In 1997, Otto began dating her Doing Time for Patsy Cline co-star Richard Roxburgh. Her involvement with Roxburgh made her a regular subject of Australian tabloid magazines and media at the time, a role to which she was unaccustomed.

Otto's next project was the romantic comedy Dead Letter Office (1998). The film was Otto's first with her father, Barry, who makes a brief appearance. In the Winter Dark, directed by James Bogle, followed later that year. Otto played Ronnie, a pregnant woman recently abandoned by her boyfriend. The film was a critical success in Australia, and Otto was nominated for her fourth Australian Film Institute Award. A small role in The Thin Red Line (1998) led to further film roles outside of Australia, such as in Italy, where she co-starred as Ruth in the low-budget Italian film La volpe a tre zampe ("The Three-legged Fox"), produced in 2001 and broadcast for the first time on Italian television in March 2009.

Hollywood

Otto's first Hollywood role was the suspense thriller What Lies Beneath in 2000. She played Mary Feur, a mysterious next-door neighbor.

In 2001, she was cast as a naturalist in the comedy Human Nature. Writer Charlie Kaufman, impressed by her audition two years earlier for his film Being John Malkovich, arranged for Otto to audition and meet with the film's director Michel Gondry. Critic Jeffrey M. Anderson criticized Otto's French accent and wrote that she "doesn't seem to mesh with what's going on around her".

Also in 2001, Otto appeared in the BBC adaptation of Anthony Trollope's The Way We Live Now, as a strong-willed American Southerner.

In 1999, Otto was cast as Éowyn in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, after Uma Thurman turned down the role. Director Peter Jackson cast her immediately after viewing the audition video she had filmed in Australia. For the role, Otto spent six weeks learning stunt choreography and horse riding. Otto's character was introduced in the trilogy's second film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers in 2002 and appeared in the third film, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, the following year. The Lord of the Rings trilogy was a critical and financial success, and the third film won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2004. Otto's performance earned her an Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Otto's next project was playing the lead in the Australian film Danny Deckchair (2003). She then took on the Australian television miniseries Through My Eyes: The Lindy Chamberlain Story (2004). The film is a drama that portrays the story of Lindy Chamberlain, who was wrongfully convicted in 1982 of killing her baby daughter, Azaria, in one of the country's most publicized murder trials. Otto was cast as Chamberlain, and her husband, Peter O'Brien, was cast as prosecutor Ian Barker. She was drawn to the role because it provided her with the "prospect of exploring an unconventional character." At the 2005 Logie Awards, Otto won Most Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series for her role.

Director Steven Spielberg, impressed by Otto's performance in The Lord of the Rings, called her to ask if she would play opposite Tom Cruise in the big-budget science fiction film War of the Worlds (2005). Otto, pregnant at the time, believed she would have to turn down the role, but the script was reworked to accommodate her. After giving birth to her daughter, she took a rest from films to concentrate on motherhood and theatre roles in Australia.

In 2007, Otto starred as Cricket Stewart, the wife of a successful director, in the television miniseries The Starter Wife. That same year, she was cast in the American television series Cashmere Mafia. In the series she plays Juliet Draper, a successful female executive who must rely on her friends to juggle the demands of a career and family in New York City. Otto chose to star in the series because "American television at the moment is so interesting and, particularly, the characters for women are so fantastic" and she "liked the idea of having a character over a long period of time and developing it." The series was cancelled in May 2008.

In 2013 Otto played the role of American poet Elizabeth Bishop in Brazilian director Bruno Barreto's Reaching for the Moon.

Otto starred opposite Stephanie Sigman and Anthony LaPaglia in the horror prequel Annabelle: Creation, directed by David F. Sandberg. The film was released on 12 August 2017. She portrayed Zelda Spellman in Netflix's Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018–2020).

On 31 May 2020, Otto joined Josh Gad's YouTube series Reunited Apart, which reunites the cast of popular films through video-conferencing and promotes donations to non-profit charities, with her fellow Lord of the Rings cast and crew members.

On 15 June 2022, Otto was announced to be reprising her role as Éowyn from Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film series in the anime fantasy film The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024), a prequel directed by Kenji Kamiyama, to which she would serve as the narrator.

Theatre
Otto made her theatrical debut in the 1986 production of The Bitter Tears of Petra Von Kant for the Sydney Theatre Company. Three more theatrical productions for the Sydney Theatre Company followed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 2002, she returned to the stage playing Nora Helmer in A Doll's House opposite her future husband Peter O'Brien. Otto's performance earned her a 2003 Helpmann Award nomination and the MO Award for "Best Female Actor in a Play".

Her next stage role was in the psychological thriller Boy Gets Girl (2005), in which she played Theresa, a journalist for a New York magazine. Otto committed to the project days before she found out she was pregnant. Robyn Nevin, the director, rescheduled the production from December 2004 to September 2005 so Otto could appear in it.

Personal life
On 1 January 2003, she married actor Peter O'Brien, after the two met while performing in A Doll's House. Otto and O'Brien have one child, a daughter. After the birth of her daughter, Otto limited her work to spend more time with her family at their home in Australia.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1967 births
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Brisbane
Actresses from New South Wales
Australian film actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian television actresses
Living people
Logie Award winners
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from Newcastle, New South Wales
Best Supporting Actress AACTA Award winners

Miranda Otto


O Instituto Mandaver é uma Organização da Sociedade Civil (OSC) sediada na cidade de Maceió, capital do estado brasileiro de Alagoas, cujo propósito é tornar o bairro do Vergel do Lago um lugar inovador e empreendedor.

Atuação
O foco do Instituto Mandaver é o bairro do Vergel do Lago, localizado na capital alagoana, principalmente a comunidade pobre que sobrevive da pesca do sururu na lagoa Mundaú. Oferece acompanhamento psicológico e pedagógico para crianças, qualificação profissional para jovens e adultos e ambiciona, através da transformação social, tornar a região, entre outras coisas, um polo tecnológico.

Trajetória
O Instituto Mandaver foi fundado em 2015 por Carlos Jorge da Silva Santos. Nascido e criado no bairro do Vergel do Lago, após uma infância difícil foi resgatado e orientado por uma vizinha, inclusive para o engajamento em trabalhos voluntários. Com a morte de sua mentora, aos 17 anos Carlos Jorge começou a se envolver com projetos sociais. Já casado, deixou o emprego de motoboy, alugou um pequeno espaço, instalou uma barra de ferro usada e começou a oferecer aulas gratuitas de balé, iniciando na prática o Mandaver.

A iniciativa começou a ganhar notoriedade após atuar no combate a um surto de bicho-de-pé ocorrido em 2017 nas favelas próximas. Nesses primeiros anos chegou a atender 60 crianças, mas perdeu o espaço alugado por falta de pagamento. Após "mais de dois anos em espaços emprestados", em 2018 conseguiu estabelecer parceria com a Rede Gerando Falcões e a Fundação Lemann, saltando para um total de 320 crianças assistidas.

O instituto continuou seu trabalho durante a pandemia de covid-19. Divulgou o projeto em cadeia nacional de TV  e participou do combate às consequências locais da pandemia, sendo por isso uma das organizações mais lembradas em pesquisa realizada pela Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL) em parceria com o Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento e Sustentabilidade (IABS).

Ainda durante a pandemia o Mandaver buscou apoio do SEBRAE-AL para avaliar o potencial socioeconômico do bairro e estudar a criação de um banco social que apoiasse as micro e pequenas empresas locais. O resultado foi a criação do Banco Laguna com o lançamento de moeda própria, o sururote. Tal desempenho fez a organização ser reconhecida em premiação nacional como "Melhor ONG de Alagoas em 2021".

Leitura complementar
Bezerra, E. G. & Silva Neto, E. V. (2014). Imaginário Sururu: Um patrimônio a contrapelo. Revista Rosa dos Ventos, v.6, n.1, jan.-mar. 2014, pp. 96-116. ISSN 2178-9061. Consultado em 06 de agosto de 2022.

Messias, M. I. C. S.; Azevedo, R. K.; Calazans, D. R. & Almeida, J. P. (2021). Aglomerado Subnormal Sururu de Capote: um retrato da exclusão socioespacial em Maceió. In Alagoas por Diferentes Olhares. Ed. CRV, 20 mai. 2021, 200 pp. ISBN 978-65-251-0592-5. Consultado em 06 de agosto de 2022.

Ver também

 Empreendedorismo social
 Ecoempreendedorismo

Referências

Ligações externas

 Instituto Mandaver (página oficial)

Organizações não governamentais do Brasil
Organizações fundadas em 2015
Empreendedorismo social

Instituto Mandaver


كاسيكاسيما  من بين أعلى القمم الجبلية في سورينام على 718 مترا (2،360 قدم).

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وصلات خارجية
 صورة لقمة الجبل
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جغرافيا سورينام
ضاحية سيباليويني

كاسيكاسيما


Jefferson Vieira da Cruz (født 3. juli 1981) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Jefferson Vieira da Cruz


Jairo Rodrigues (født 31. december 1992) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Jairo Rodrigues