Riverdale je američka tinejdžerska televizijska serija temeljena na likovima Archie stripa. Seriju je za The CW adaptirao glavni kreativac Archieja Comicsa, Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, a produciraju ju Warner Bros. Television i CBS Studios, u suradnji s Berlanti Productions i Archie Comics. Izvorno je serija prvo zamišljena kao filmska adaptacija za Warner Bros. Pictures, ideja je ponovno zamišljena kao televizijska serija za Fox. U 2015. godini razvoj projekta preselio se u CW, gdje je serija naručena za pilot epizodu. Snimanje se odvija u Vancouveru u Britanskoj Kolumbiji.

Serija je započela emitiranje 26. siječnja 2017., s vrlo pozitivnim kritikama, brzo postajući kultna serija. Do sad je serija emitirala ukupno 6 sezona sa 102 epizode. Serija je obnovljena za sedmu ujedno i zadnju sezonu 22. ožujka 2022. U svibnju iste godine CW otkazuje seriju.

Dana 26. listopada 2018. na Netflixu je objavljena prva sezona Sabrina: Jezive pustolovine, serije smještene u isti fiktivni svemir kao i Riverdale, ali s različitim likovima.

Radnja
Serija prati živote četiri najbolja prijatelja: Archieja, Betty, Jugheada i Veronice u gradiću zvanom Riverdale i istražuje tamu skrivenu iza njezine naizgled savršene slike. Serija je izgrađena kroz zborsku strukturu koja dijeli radnju na različite događaje u koje je uključen jedan ili više likova, pokazujući relativne interakcije između njih. Događaji se odvijaju uglavnom u izmišljenom gradu Riverdale, idealno smještenom na istočnoj obali Sjedinjenih Država i koji daje naslov seriji, međutim ponekad se spominju i prikazuju druga izmišljena mjesta (kao u slučaju Greendalea, grada koji pripada svemiru Archie stripa u kojem se odvija spin-off serija Sabrina: Jezive pustolovine) ili stvarni (poput New Yorka ili Toleda). Na vremenskoj razini, serija je postavljena u sadašnjost koja nikada nije u potpunosti specificirana. Zajednička nit svake sezone je misterija koju treba riješiti (ubojstvo Jasona u prvoj sezoni, napadi i identitet serijskog ubojice Black Hooda u drugoj, Gryphons & Gargoyles u trećoj, misterij Stonewalla i videokazete u četvrtoj), s kojima je povezan niz drugih sekundarnih događaja ili izravno povezanih s njim i stoga usmjerenih na njegovo rješavanje. Cijeli tijek događaja govori sveznajući pripovjedač, koji se podudara s likom Jugheada Jonesa.

Glumačka postava
 KJ Apa kao Archie Andrews
 Lili Reinhart kao Betty Cooper
 Camila Mendes kao Veronica Lodge
 Cole Sprouse kao Jughead Jones
 Madelaine Petsch kao Cheryl Blossom
 Mädchen Amick kao Alice Cooper
 Ashleigh Murray kao Josie McCoy
 Luke Perry kao Fred Andrews
 Marisol Nichols kao Hermione Lodge
 Skeet Ulrich kao F.P. Jones
 Casey Cott kao Kevin Keller
 Charles Melton kao Reggie Mantle
 Mark Consuelos kao Hiram Lodge
 Vanessa Morgan kao Toni Topaz
 Drew Ray Tanner kao Fangs Fogarty
 Erinn Westbrook kao Tabitha Tate

Pregled serije

Serije smještene u isti svemir

Sabrina: Jezive pustolovine
U rujnu 2017. objavljeno je da će se realizirati serija smještena u isti svemir kao i Riverdale, Sabrina: Jezive pustolovine, adaptacija istoimenog stripa Archie Comicsa, s polu-vješticom Sabrinom Spellman u glavnoj ulozi. Projekt, koji su u početku razvili Warner Bros. Television i Berlanti Productions za televizijsku sezonu CW 2018./19. Netflix je 1. prosinca 2017. preuzeo seriju koji je već distribuirao Riverdale na međunarodnoj razini, službeno je naručio produkciju dvije sezone od po 9 epizoda. Pilot epizodu napisao je i režirao Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, izvršni producent zajedno s Gregom Berlantijem, Sarah Schechter, Jonom Goldwaterom i Leejem Tolandom Kriegerom. Dana 5. siječnja 2018. objavljeno je da će Kiernan Shipka igrati ulogu Sabrine. Serija je kasnije obnovljena za treći i četvrti dio, obje od 8 epizoda.

Serija je 10. srpnja 2020. otkazana.

Katy Keene
U kolovozu 2018. najavljen je spin-off smješten u isti svemir kao i Riverdale, točnije Katy Keene, adaptacija istoimenog stripa Archie Comicsa. Glavnu junakinju, Katy Keene, glumi Lucy Hale. Glumačkoj postavi pridružuju se i Jonny Beauchamp kao Jorge (Ginger) Lopez i Julia Chan kao Pepper Smith. Camille Hyde glumi Alexandru Cabot, dok Lucien Laviscount glumi njezina brata Alexandera Cabota. Lik Josie, koju glumi Ashleigh Murray i koja je glumila u Riverdaleu, pojavlja se u seriji. Zane Holtz glumi Ko Kelly, a Katherine LaNasa Gloriju Grandbilt.

Serija je  2. srpnja 2020. serija je otkazana nakon jedne sezone.

Jake Chang
Do rujna 2020. godine Aguirre-Sacasa pripremao je još jednu spin-off seriju temeljenu na stripu  Archie Comicsa. U kolovozu 2021., The CW najavio je Jakea Changa, spinoff noir tinejdžerske dramske serije Riverdalea s naglaskom na lik Jakea Changa, tinejdžerskog detektivskog rješitelja misterija. Televizijska kuća u svibnju 2022 naručila je pilot epizodu. Aguirre-Sacasa, kao i razni drugi članovi iz produkcijskog tima emisije pisat će i izvršnu produkciju za seriju. Međutim, CW je u svibnju 2023. objavio da je otkazao razboj serije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  cwtv.com

Američke serije
Televizijske serije koje su završile 2023.

Riverdale (televizijska serija)


The London, Midland and Scottish Railway had the largest stock of steam locomotives of any of the 'Big Four' Grouping, i.e. pre-Nationalisation railway companies in the UK. Despite early troubles arising from factions within the new company, the LMS went on to build some very successful designs; many lasted until the end of steam traction on British Railways in 1968. For an explanation of numbering and classification, see British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification.

Various locomotives were inherited from pre-grouping companies. Those from the smaller railways, and hence non-standard, were withdrawn quite early, while ex-Midland, LNWR and L&YR types persisted.

The Midland had long had a 'small engine policy', i.e. it preferred small engines hauling frequent, fairly short trains, and employing a second locomotive (double-heading) where necessary. Unfortunately this practice, while emininently suitable for the route from Sheffield, Derby and Nottingham to London was not at all suited to the route from Euston to Glasgow via Crewe, Preston and Carlisle (the 'West Coast Main Line') and it took several years to convince the senior staff responsible for such matters that this was the case.

The first sign of the change was the Royal Scot 4-6-0 class of 1927, officially designed by Fowler, but actually designed by the North British Locomotive Company with approval from Henry Fowler. Nevertheless, the majority of designs continued to be very much Midland in character.

This changed when William Stanier arrived. His large, streamlined 'Princess Coronation' class engines were iconic and flew the flag for the LMS against the competing Class A4 of the London and North Eastern Railway.

Locomotives acquired from constituent companies
See LMS locomotive numbering and classification for an explanation of the numbers allocated to inherited locomotives and the power classification system used below.

Ex-Midland Railway

The Midland shaped the subsequent LMS locomotive policy until 1933.  Its locomotives (which it always referred to as engines) followed a corporate small engine policy, with numerous class 2F, 3F and 4F 0-6-0s for goods work, 2P and 4P 4-4-0s for passenger work, and 0-4-4T and 0-6-0T tank engines.  The only exceptions to this were its 0-10-0 banking engine for Lickey Incline on its Bristol-Birmingham line, and the 7F 2-8-0 goods engines built by the Midland at their Derby locomotive works for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway.

Ex-London and North Western Railway

The LNWR did not have a significant impact on LMS policy as the Midland, although it did inspire the Fowler-built 7F.

Ex-Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway

Ex-North Staffordshire Railway

The North Staffordshire Railway handed over 192 standard gauge engines into the LMS capital stock.

In addition to the above, also added to the capital stock were the three NSR 0-2-2 railmotors numbered 1–3.  These were not renumbered by the LMS before scrapping in 1927.

There were two other additions to the capital stock, the two locomotives of the  narrow gauge Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway.  These two engines, number 1 E.R. Calthrop and number 2 J.B. Earle kept both their names and numbers under the LMS.

Four locomotives were added to the LMS service stock.  Standard gauge 0-4-0 battery electric locomotive, built in 1917, and three,  gauge, 0-4-0ST locomotives called Frog, Toad and Bob that worked the Caldon Low tramway, owned by the NSR.  None of these locomotives were numbered by the LMS.

Ex-Caledonian Railway

The class number used for Caledonian Railway engines was the stock number of the first member of the class to reach traffic. Hence earlier numbered classes could well have appeared later in time.

Ex-Furness Railway

The Furness Railway was a small company with a correspondingly small locomotive stock. It is known best for the Baltic tanks (which seemed to be a little more successful than the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway examples of the same arrangement). The Baltics did not survive for long. The only class that survived as far as nationalisation were some moderate sized 0-6-0 tender engines classified '3F' by the LMS and as D5 by Bob Rush. Six were still in traffic as of 31 August 1948.

Ex-Glasgow and South Western Railway

Ex-Highland Railway

Hughes (1923–1925)

George Hughes, formerly of the L&YR, became the first Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the LMS.  However, he retired just two years later in 1925.  His one new design was a class of mixed traffic moguls known as "crabs".

 Class 5MT "Crab" 2-6-0
 Class 5P Dreadnought tank 4-6-4T, Designed for L&YR, built by the LMS.

He also built small numbers of slightly modified versions of pre-grouping designs including:

 Caledonian Railway 60 Class
 Caledonian Railway 439 Class
 LT&SR 79 Class

Fowler (1925–1931)
Sir Henry Fowler, deputy CME under Hughes, was formerly CME of the Midland Railway.  He was largely responsible for the adoption of the Midland's small engines as LMS standards.  This led to a crisis as these were underpowered.  However, some moves towards larger engines were made, particularly through the Royal Scots and Garratts.  At the end of Fowler's reign, Ernest Lemon briefly took over as CME, but was quickly promoted to make room for William Stanier.

 LMS Class 2P 4-4-0
 LMS Class 2F "Dock Tank" 0-6-0T
 LMS Class 3MT 2-6-2T
 LMS Class 3F "Jinty" 0-6-0T
 LMS Class 4P "Compound" 4-4-0
 LMS Class 4MT 2-6-4T
 LMS Class 4F "Derby Four" 0-6-0
 LMS Class 7F 0-8-0
 LMS Class 6P "Patriot" 4-6-0
 LMS Class 7P "Royal Scot" 4-6-0
 LMS Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2
 LMS 6399 Fury

Stock taken in from the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway

The Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was jointly owned by the LMS and the Southern with the LMS responsible for locomotive affairs.  However, its locomotives were kept separate until 1928 when they were taken into LMS stock.  These mostly consisted of standard Midland types constructed by the Midland and the LMS.  The S&DJR 7F 2-8-0, however, was specific to the line.

 S&DJR 7F 2-8-0
 S&DJR Sentinels
 and other Midland types.

Stanier (1932–1944)

William Stanier arrived in 1932 from the Great Western Railway and, with the backing of Josiah Stamp, reversed the small engine policy.

 LMS Class 2P 0-4-4T
 LMS Class 3MT 2-6-2T
 LMS Class 4MT 2-6-4T (two- and three-cylindered)
 LMS Class 5MT 2-6-0
 LMS Class 5MT "Black Five" 4-6-0
 LMS Class 6P "Jubilee" 4-6-0
 LMS Class 8P "Princess Coronation" 4-6-2
 LMS Class 8P "Princess Royal" 4-6-2
 LMS Class 8F 2-8-0
 LMS Turbomotive
 LMS Class 6P Rebuilt Jubilee
 LMS Class 7P Rebuilt Royal Scot

Fairburn (1944–1945)
Charles Fairburn was somewhat restricted by the rules applied to the railway companies by the war situation (not to mention the fact that Stanier had left things in a state that required little or no new design). He was responsible for the construction of a number of locomotives to Stanier designs (mainly the 8F 2-8-0 and 5MT 4-6-0) and some detailed design variations on the latter. He died of a heart attack in October 1945.
 LMS Class 4MT 2-6-4T

Ivatt (1946–1947)
George Ivatt, son of the former GNR CME Henry Ivatt, became CME in 1946.  He continued building some Stanier types, but introduced some low-powered class 2 engines and a medium-powered class 4 mixed traffic design.  A pair of main line diesels were also produced.

 LMS Class 2MT 2-6-0
 LMS Class 2MT 2-6-2T
 LMS Class 4MT 2-6-0
 NCC Class WT 2-6-4T, based on the Fowler 2-6-4T design of 1927.

 LMS Class 5MT "Black Five" 4-6-0 (modified version)
 LMS Class 6P "Rebuilt Patriot" 4-6-0
 LMS Class 8P "Princess Coronation" 4-6-2 (modified version)

Modern Traction
The LMS experimented with various forms of non-steam locomotives, and pioneered the use of diesel locomotives in Great Britain.
 LMS diesel locomotives
 LMS diesel shunters
 LMS diesel shunter 1831
 LMS petrol shunters
 LMS railcars

Post-Nationalisation
LMS locomotive design should have ended in 1948 at Nationalisation, but had enormous influence over the design of British Railways' 'Standard' steam locomotives by former LMS man R.A. Riddles. Some of the designs were little changed from the comparable designs by Ivatt.

Riddles built quite a few examples of designs from the 'Big Four', including most of the Fairburn/Ivatt tank engines. These were distributed around the system, with quite a few of the 2-6-2 designs going to the Southern Region.

Withdrawal
Pre-grouping types were withdrawn early for being non-standard, and locomotives were routinely withdrawn after their lives expired.

Withdrawal of locomotives generally did not take place until the great locomotive cull of British Railways in the period 1962–1966.  A pair of "Black Fives" were the last steam locomotives to be run on British Railways in 1968, although since then there have been almost weekly charter runs for the enthusiast and tourist markets and the occasional timetabled service (for instance at Dawlish and Stratford-upon-Avon).

Preservation

A significant number of LMS locomotives have been preserved:

Three LMS Hughes Crabs
Nine LMS Class 3F "Jinty" 0-6-0Ts
Three LMS Class 4F 0-6-0s
Two LMS Royal Scot Class
One LMS 3-Cylindered Stanier 2-6-4T
One LMS Stanier Mogul
Eighteen Black Fives
Four LMS Jubilee Class
Two LMS Princess Royal Class
Three LMS Princess Coronation Class pacifics
Twelve LMS Stanier Class 8Fs
Two LMS Fairburn 2-6-4Ts
Seven LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0s
Four LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2Ts
One LMS Ivatt Class 4

A smaller number of pre-grouping locomotives inherited by the LMS have also been preserved.

See also

 List of LMS locomotives as of 31 December 1947

References

Notes

Bibliography

British railway-related lists

Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway


Das Straßensystem in China unterscheidet folgende Straßengattungen:
Mit G, für Guódào (), werden die Fernverkehrsstraßen auf nationaler Ebene gekennzeichnet. Dem G folgt eine Ziffer – "GX" – bei in Peking beginnenden Autobahnen (G1 bis G7), zwei Ziffern – "GXX" – bei überregionalen Autobahnen (z. B. G30), drei Ziffern – "GXXX" – bei Nationalstraßen (z. B. G318) und vier Ziffern – "GXXxx" – bei regionalen und lokalen Autobahnen (z. B. G9411). Zum Guodao zählen sowohl die mautpflichtigen Autobahnen in China () als auch die kostenlosen Autobahnen, in China "Nationalstraßen" () genannt.
Mit S, für Shengdào (), werden die Fernverkehrsstraßen auf der Provinzebene gekennzeichnet. Dem S folgen ein bis vier Ziffern – "SX" bis "SXXXX". In jeder Provinz wird neu bei S1 begonnen, d. h. es existieren Fernverkehrsstraßen auf der Provinzebene mit gleicher Standard-Kennung aber in verschiedenen Provinzen, z. B. die Shandong-Autobahn G61 (), auch  Qingdao–Liuting–Flughafen–Autobahn () genannt und die Guangdong-Autobahn G61 (), auch  Maominghafen–Autobahn () genannt. Dazu gehören sowohl Autobahnen als auch provinziale Schnell- oder Landstraßen (), die sich nach dem Standard der National Expressway () in China richtet aber von der Provinzregierung geplant, gebaut und unterhalten werden. Neben den Verkehrsstraßen auf der Provinzebene gehören auch Straßen auf der Ebene der autonome Regionen, der regierungsunmittelbare Städte und der Sonderverwaltungszonen dazu.
Mit X, für Xiàndào (), werden die Verkehrsstraßen auf der Kreisebene gekennzeichnet. Dem X folgen meist drei Ziffern – "XXXX" – für die Kreisstraßen () aber es existiert auch Abweichungen mit mehr Ziffern bzw. Buchstaben (z. B. XF935, Kreisstraße bei Yuxi). Dazu zählen Straßen auf der Ebene der Städte, der autonome Kreise, der Sondergebiete, der Banner o. Ä. Danach folgen nur noch die Straßennetze der beiden untersten Kommunalebenen Xiāngdào – Straßen der Gemeindeebene und Cūndào – Straßen der Dorfebene, deren Standard-Kennung auf Straßenkarten nur selten dargestellt werden.
Mit Y für Xiāngdào (), werden die Verkehrsstraßen auf der Gemeindenebene der Kommunen gekennzeichnet. Dem Y folgen meist drei Ziffern – "YXXX" – für die "Gemeindestraßen" (). Auf Karten ist diese Darstellung der "Gemeindestraßen" selten zu sehen, stattdessen werden nur chinesische Bezeichnungen ohne Standard-Kennung dargestellt. Die Standard-Kennung der "Gemeindestraßen" existiert nur auf den tatsächlichen Kilometersteinen. Dazu zählen gewöhnliche Kommunalstraßen und -wege  der Großgemeinden, Gemeinden, Straßenviertel, Sums o. Ä.
Mit C für Cūndào (), werden die Verkehrsstraßen auf der Dorfebene gekennzeichnet. Dem C folgen meist drei Ziffern – "CXXX" – für die Dorfstraßen (). Auf Karten ist diese Darstellung der "Dorfstraßen" selten zu sehen, stattdessen werden nur chinesische Bezeichnung ohne Standard-Kennung dargestellt. Die Standard-Kennung der "Dorfstraßen" existiert nur auf den tatsächlichen Kilometersteinen. Dazu zählen einfachste Kommunalstraßen bzw. -wege.

Die administrative Zuständigkeit der Straßennetze der G-, S- und X-Reihe endet an den Grenzlinien der Städte und Kommunen. Sie wechselt von der allgemeinen Verwaltung für öffentliche Straßen zur lokalen städtischen Verwaltung der öffentlichen Straßen.

!

Straßensystem in China


بطرماز هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء الضنية في محافظة الشمال.
ترتفع عن سطح البحر 620 متر وتمتاز بطبيعه خلابة ونهر عذب (عيون السمك)كما تمتاز بالفواكه المتنوعه أشهرها المشمش والخوخ والتفاح وتكثر فيها الأحراج البرية وهي غنية بالطيور على انواعها والسناجب وفيها الضباع وأنواع من حيوانات برية أخرى.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء الضنية
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قرى لبنان

بطرماز


Godoy Moreira es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Su población estimada en 2007 era de 3499 habitantes.

Geografía

Demografía

Datos del Censo - IBGE/2000

Población Total: 3832
 Urbana: 1469 (38,34 %)
 Rural: 2363 (61,66 %)
 Hombres: 2000 (52,19 %)
 Mujeres: 1832 - (47,81 %)

Tasa de Crecimiento Anual: (-1,57 %)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Godoy Moreira


Den Nordiske Modstandsbevægelse (; fork.: NMR) er en nynazistisk og pan-nordisk bevægelse med afdelinger i Sverige, Norge, Danmark og Finland. Bevægelsens erklærede mål er at skabe en nationalsocialistisk republik bestående af de nordiske lande og eventuelt også de baltiske lande.

Bevægelsens svenske afdeling, Den Svenske Modstandsbevægelse, blev stiftet af Klas Lund i 1997 og regnes som højreekstremistisk, selv om bevægelsen ikke selv anerkender den politiske højre-venstre-akse. NMRs politiske ideologi er nationalistisk, antisemitisk og antikommunistisk.

Historie
I december 1997 dannede et antal tidligere medlemmer af det svenske nynazistiske netværk Vitt Ariskt Motstånd (Hvid Arisk Modstand) organisationen Svenska Motståndsrörelsen (Den Svenske Modstandsbevægelse) sammen med ansatte på den nazistiske avis Folktribunen. Svenska Motståndsrörelsen voksede de følgende år og fusionerede i 2003 med den i Norge opståede Norske Motstandsbevegelsen. Omkring 2007 blev der også grundlagt en tilsvarende bevægelse i Finland, og i 2013 opstod der en dansk afdeling.

Disse fire organisationer blev i 2016 lagt sammen til Den Nordiske Modstandsbevægelse, der består af særskilte afdelinger i Sverige, Finland, Norge og Danmark; den danske afdeling blev kort efter opløst, men genopstod i 2017.
Bevægelsen blev ved dom forbudt i Finland i november 2017, men afgørelsen blev anket og forbuddet trådte derfor først i kraft 27 november 2018.

Politik
Den Nordiske Modstandsbevægelse går ind for et øjeblikkeligt stop for den såkaldte masseindvandring til de skandinaviske lande og hjemsendelse af statsborgere af ikke-nordeuropæisk afstamning. Bevægelsen går også ind for, at Norden bliver selvforsynende og udtræder af Den Europæiske Union.

Afdelinger
Bevægelsen har afdelinger i Sverige, Norge, Danmark, Finland og Norræna mótstöðuhreyfingin i Island.

Danmark
I 2013 fortalte repræsentant og medstifter af den danske afdeling Henrik Jarsbo, at han tidligere havde været medlem af Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Bevægelse (DNSB), som han havde forladt, fordi han savnede fornyelse og en reformering af bevægelsen.

Sverige
Den Svenske Modstandsbevægelse (; fork.: SMR) blev grundlagt i 1997 af Klas Lund og et par andre forhenværende medlemmer af Vitt Ariskt Motstånd, et svensk militant og nynazistisk netværk aktivt mellem 1991 og 1993, i samarbejde med ansatte fra det nynazistiske magasin Folktribunen og medlemmer af Nationell Ungdom, en nyfascistisk og racistisk organisation.

Sveriges Säkerhetspolisen har udtalt, at SMR er en central aktør i det svenske 'hvid magt'-miljø og udgør den største trussel mod landets indre sikkerhed.

Kriminelle medlemmer
Flere af medlemmene har været dømt for alvorlig voldskriminalitet.
Lund har modtaget en fængselsdom for et politisk motiveret drab begået i 1986 samt domme for røverisk overfald og groft brud på våbenloven.

I september 2007 blev to unge medlemmer af SMR dømt for en række strafbare forhold, herunder vold og brud på våbenloven.

I februar 2015 blev tre SMR-medlemmer anholdt for trusler mod det svenske dagblad Expressen, der i flere dage havde undersøgt Den Nordiske Modstandsbevægelse og Svenskernes Parti. Undersøgelserne viste, at en række ledende personer fra SMR havde været mistænkt for trusler og vold, og at tre ledende personer fra det nazistiske Svenskarnas Parti var tiltalt for at have planlagt at angribe indvandrere med sten uden for en moské.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Redox.dk (13. marts 2014): Danske nazister hylder drabsforsøg på forfatterinde . Hentet 14. februar 2015.
 Information.dk: Nynazister anholdt for trusler mod svenske aviser. Hentet 14. februar 2015.

Etableret i 1997
Nynazistiske organisationer
Politiske partier i Sverige

Den Nordiske Modstandsbevægelse


Ivan Fiorović SJ (Vodovađa, 30. prosinca 1819. ‒ Bikfaiya, Libanon, 4. rujna 1898.), hrvatski i libanonski katolički svećenik, isusovac, misionar.

Postoji više inačica zapisa njegova imena: Jean, Johann, Joannes, Fiorovich, Fierovich, Fiorowich i slično.

Životopis
Rođen je u mjestu Vodovađa, župa Pločice u Konavlima, 38 km jugoistočno od Dubrovnika. Od sedme godine služio je kod dubrovačkoga uglednoga patricija, gdje je naučio čitati i pisati. Od četrnaeste godine plovio je na moru godinu dana. U Aleksandriji je dobio službu kod francuskoga konzula, ali je nakon tri godine otpušten zbog objede zavidnih slugu. Neko vrijeme bavio se je trgovinom i pustolovnim poslovima na Mediteranu. Kad se je skrasio, posvetio se je čitanju vjerske literature, što mu je otkrilo da ima svećenički poziv. Pridružio se je Družbi Isusovoj 1856. godine. Novicijat je pohađao u Avignonu u Francuskoj, čija je isusovačka pokrajina imala misije na Bliskom istoku, pa je u rujnu 1858. otplovio za Siriju (danas Libanon) a da još nije bio zaređen za svećenika. Teologiju je završio u isusovačkom sjemeništu u Ghaziru te je 1860. bio zaređen za svećenika. Odmah je poslan u Bejrut, gdje je ostao do kraja života vršeći svećeničku službu i brinući se za ljude kao misionar. Nakon strašnih pokolja koje su kršćani doživjeli 1860. najprije od radikalnih muslimana Druza, a nekoliko mjeseci kasnije i od turskih postrojbi, isusovci su otvorili u Bejrutu izbjeglički centar i sirotište, kojih je vodstvo povjereno Fioroviću. Iz toga je centra 1870. izrastao veliki isusovački kolegij i Sveučilište sv. Josipa, koje djeluje do danas. Ostatak života posvetio je radnicima i najsiromašnijima. Skrbio je o prosjacima, zatvorenicima i bolesnima, osobito u vrijeme kolere. Za pomoć siromašnima i bolesnicima trebalo je sredstava, što je tražio i dobivao iz raznih europskih zemalja, osobito Francuske, Njemačke i Belgije. Godine 1863. osnovao je Marijinu kongregaciju u Bejrutu, koja je 15. srpnja 1865. kanonski utemeljena pod imenom Kongregacija Blažene Djevice Marije od Sedam Žalosti.

Djelo
 Girgis Sufair i Ivan Fiorović (1888). Sveopća Crkva. Jeruzalem: s. l.

Izvori

Hrvatski isusovci
Hrvatski katolički misionari
Hrvati u Turskoj
Životopisi, Egipat
Hrvati u Siriji
Životopisi, Libanon
Kršćanstvo u Libanonu
Konavle

Ivan Fiorović


Îndulcitorii sunt aditivi alimentari care dau gust dulce alimentelor în care sunt adăugați. Aceștia stimulează receptorii pentru gustul dulce, la fel ca zahărul, însă unii conțin mult mai puține calorii decât acesta.

Îndulcitorii alimentari pot fi:
 naturali: extrași din plante;
 chimici: obținuți în laborator.

Din punct de vedere energetic, îndulcitorii pot fi:
 calorigeni: cei care furnizează mai multe calorii (comparabili cu zahărul);
 ne-calorigeni: cu o cantitate redusă de calorii.

Tipuri de îndulcitori

O clasă importantă de înlocuitori pentru zahăr sunt așa-numiții îndulcitori cu putere de îndulcire foarte mare. Acești compuși au o putere de îndulcire mult mai mare decât sucroza sau zahărul obișnuit. Prin urmare, este suficientă utilizarea unei cantități mult mai mici, iar aportul caloric scade considerabil. Adesea, senzația de dulce pe care o dau acești îndulcitori este ușor diferă față de cea a zahărului obișnuit. De aceea se folosesc diferite combinații pentru a imita cât mai bine gustul natural de dulce.

Dacă sucroza, care înlocuiește zaharul, contribuie și la textura produsului alimentar, este necesar un aditiv care să înlocuiască și această funcție. Acest lucru se întâmplă în cazul băuturilor nealcoolice, dietetice sau "light", care conțin îndulcitori artificiali și adesea au un gust diferit față de varianta originală. Se mai poate întâmpla și în cazul în care zahărul este înlocuit cu maltodextrina, un îndulcitor cu putere de îndulcire foarte mare, pentru a rezulta o senzație plăcută de dulce, aproape de cea naturală.

În Statele Unite ale Americii, au fost aprobați șapte îndulcitori cu putere foarte mare de îndulcire. Aceștia sunt: ștevia, aspartamul, sucraloza, neotamul, acesulfamul de potasiu, zaharina și advantamul. Ciclamații au fost interziși în SUA încă din 1969, însă în alte țări încă se folosesc. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) a clasificat îndulcitorii artificiali ca și aditivi alimentari. Aditivii alimentari trebuie să fie aprobați de către FDA, care asigură o listă cu aditivii alimentari recunoscuți ca fiind siguri pentru consumul uman. Stevia este scutită de aceste politici și aprobată de către FDA, datorită faptului că provine dintr-o sursă naturală și a fost folosită de către oameni cu mult înainte de 1958. Aprobarea unui îndulcitor alimentar și clasificarea ca fiind sigur pentru consumul uman se face pe baza unei analize științifice detaliate, care include sute de studii clinice și toxicologice.

Majoritatea îndulcitorilor aprobați sunt compuși sintetizați artificial. Cu toate acestea, sunt cunoscute și alternative naturale, inclusiv sorbitolul și xilitolul, care se găsesc în mod natural în fructe de pădure, fructe, legume și ciuperci. Nu este viabilă extragerea acestor produse din fructe și legume, prin urmare se produc prin hidrogenarea catalitică a zaharului reducător cel mai apropiat. De exemplu, xiloza este transformată în xilitol, lactoza în lactitol și glucoza în sorbitol. Se cunosc și alți substituenți naturali, însă aceștia nu au fost aprobați oficial.

Sorbitolul și xilitolul fac parte din grupa de alcooli ai zahărului, fiind numiți și polioli. Aceștia sunt mai puțin dulci decât zahărul, dar au proprietăți similare și pot fi folosiți la o gamă largă de alimente.  Uneori, acestora li se adaugă și îndulcitori cu putere mare de îndulcire, pentru a completa gustul dulce. Formula ideală poate fi foarte complexă și depinde de profilul alimentului în care este adăugat.

Utilizare

Înlocuitorii pentru zahăr sunt folosiți pentru mai multe motive, inclusiv:

·        Scăderea în greutate – Unele persoane aleg să limiteze numărul de calorii consumate prin înlocuirea zahărului sau a siropului de porumb, bogate în calorii, cu alți îndulcitori care nu conțin calorii sau conțin foarte puține. În felul acesta, pot să mănânce exact aceleași alimente ca și înainte și cu toate acestea să scadă în greutate și să evite problemele asociate cu un aport caloric excesiv.

·        Prevenirea cariilor – Glucidele rafinate și zahărul aderă la smalțul dinților, iar bacteriile răspunzătoare de apariția cariilor se hrănesc cu ele și se multiplică într-un ritm foarte rapid. Bacteriile transformă zahărul în acid, care deteriorează dinții în timp. Înlocuitorii pentru zahăr, spre deosebire de zahăr, nu predispun la apariția cariilor, deoarece bacteriile din cavitatea bucală nu se pot hrăni cu aceștia. Un îndulcitor care are beneficii în acest sens, prevenind apariția cariilor este xilitolul. Acesta previne formarea plăcii bacteriene și erodarea smalțului dinților. Acest efect se datorează faptului că xilitolul nu poate fi fermentat de către bacteriile din cavitatea bucală care se hrănesc cu zahăr.

·        Diabetul zaharat – Pentru persoanele care au diabet zaharat este dificil să își mențină nivelul de zahăr din sânge în limite normale și este necesar să limiteze aportul de zahăr. Cea mai mare parte a îndulcitorilor artificiali oferă senzația de dulce, fără să crească glicemia. Unii aduc și un aport de calorii, însă sunt metabolizați încet, prevenind de asemenea creșterea glicemiei.

·        Hipoglicemie reactivă – Indivizii cu hipoglicemie reactivă produc un exces de insulină după ce glucoza a ajuns în fluxul sangvin. Acest lucru duce la scăderea bruscă a nivelului de zahăr din sânge, sub limitele de care corpul are nevoie pentru a funcționa corect. Prin urmare, aceste persoane, exact ca și diabeticii, trebuie să limiteze aportul de alimente cu indice glicemic mare, cum este pâinea și să folosească îndulcitori artificiali.

·        Costuri și mentenanță – Mulți înlocuitori pentru zahăr costă de fapt mai puțin decât zahărul. Acest lucru se datorează faptului că au un cost scăzut de producție și se pot depozita pentru o lungă perioadă de timp, fără să se altereze. Acest lucru le permite și să fie utilizați în produse cu termen mai lung de păstrare.

Aspartamul
Aspartamul a fost descoperit în 1965 de către James M. Schlatter la compania G. D. Searle. Acesta lucra la un medicament împotriva ulcerului în timp ce și-a vărsat accidental puțin aspartam pe mână. Când și-a lins degetul, a observat că are un gust dulce. Producerea asparatamului ca și îndulcitor natural s-a realizat apoi sub supravegherea lui Torunn Atteraas Garin. Aspartamul este o pudră albă cristalină, fără miros, derivată din doi aminoacizi: acidul aspartic și fenilalanina. Este de aproximativ 200 de ori mai dulce decât zahărul obișnuit și poate fi folosit ca și îndulcitor de masă, în deserturi, înghețate, gelatină, băuturi sau gumă de mestecat. Atunci când este folosit la temperaturi înalte, se descompune în aminoacizii constituenți, de aceea se recomandă mai puțin la copt. În condiții de mediu acide, precum băuturile carbogazoase, este mult mai stabil. Spre deosebire de zaharina, aspartamul nu lasă un gust amar, însă tot nu este identic cu zahărul. După ce este consumat, aspartamul este metabolizat la aminoacizii din care este alcătuit. Deoarece gustul său dulce este atât de intens, este nevoie de o cantitate foarte mică pentru a îndulci alimentele, acest lucru ajutând la reducerea aportului caloric.

Siguranța aspartamului a fost intens studiată încă de la descoperirea acestuia în cadrul unor studii pe animale, clinice și epidemiologice, precum și prin monitorizare după ce a fost lansat pe piață. Toate acestea fac din aspartam unul dintre cei mai studiat aditiv alimentar. Aspartamul a constituit în mai multe rânduri subiectul unor plângeri referitoare la siguranța acestuia, inclusiv în legătură cu cancerul, efecte adverse neurologice sau psihiatrice. În urma numeroaselor evaluări, în prezent este considerat sigur pentru consumul uman. Printre organizațiile de sănătate care l-au aprobat ca fiind sigur se numără UK Food Standards Agency, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) și  Health Canada.

Referințe

Îndulcitor


بنات وسط البلد فيلم مصري إنتاج عام 2005.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول عالم وسط البلد الملئ بالحكايات والعلاقات الاجتماعية الكثيرة، وذلك من خلال فتاتين، إحداهما تعمل كوافيرة والأخرى بائعة في محل ملابس وتتعرضان لعدد من المواقف والمفارقات في حياتهما حتى تلتقيا بالحب الحقيقي

بطولة
 هند صبري
 منة شلبي
 خالد أبو النجا
 محمد نجاتي
 أحمد بدير
 ماجدة الخطيب
 عزت أبو عوف
 أحمد راتب
 منال عفيفي
 ريكو
 خيري بشارة

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام أحمد راتب
أفلام عزت أبو عوف
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2005
أفلام منة شلبي
أفلام هند صبري

بنات وسط البلد (فيلم)


La villa Tammekann est un bâtiment construit à Tartu en Estonie.

Présentation
Le bâtiment a été construit pour August Tammekann, professeur de géographie, comme maison familiale.
Les travaux de construction ont commencé en 1932 et la familke Tammekann a emménagé dans une maison inachevée en 1933.
Le bâtiment n'a pas été réalisé comme prévu par Alvar Aalto.

La Villa Tammekann à une surface d'environ 300 mètres carrés sur trois étages.
La maison est située dans le quartier des jardins de Tähtvere, qui a été transformé en réserve architecturale urbaine en 1996.

Pendant l'ère soviétique, la villa a été transformée en un petit immeuble pouvant accueillir jusqu'à 6 à 8 ménages.

Aujourd'hui, la Villa Tammekann appartient à la Fondation de l'Université de Turku qui l'a achetée aux enfants du professeur Tammekann, Paavo et Eeva-Maija Tammekann en 1998.

À cette époque, le bâtiment a été réparé aussi près que possible des plans originaux d'Aalto, c'est-à-dire que la Villa Tammekann a finalement été achevée comme Alvar Aalto avait prévu.
Les travaux de restauration et de réparation ont été achevés en 2000.

Le bâtiment abrite le , un centre de coopération entre les universités de Turku et de Tartu, qui a ouvert ses portes en avril 2000.
Le centre porte le nom du professeur finlandais Johannes Gabriel Granö, qui était le recteur de l'Université de Turku et professeur de géographie à l'Université de Tartu, et a fondé l'école finno-estonienne de géographie.

Bibliographie

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Articles connexes

Bâtiment à Tartu
Tähtvere
Bâtiment d'Alvar Aalto
Architecture civile du XXe siècle
Université de Turku

Villa Tammekann


Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract. The electrophoresis may be performed with a small volume of sample in a number of alternative ways with or without a supporting medium, namely agarose or polyacrylamide. Variants of gel electrophoresis include SDS-PAGE, free-flow electrophoresis, electrofocusing, isotachophoresis, affinity electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, counterelectrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis. Each variant has many subtypes with individual advantages and limitations. Gel electrophoresis is often performed in combination with electroblotting or immunoblotting to give additional information about a specific protein.

Denaturing gel methods

SDS-PAGE

SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, describes a collection of related techniques to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility (a function of the molecular weight of a polypeptide chain) while in the denatured (unfolded) state. In most proteins, the binding of SDS to the polypeptide chain imparts an even distribution of charge per unit mass, thereby resulting in a fractionation by approximate size during electrophoresis.

SDS is a strong detergent agent used to denature native proteins to unfolded, individual polypeptides. When a protein mixture is heated to 100 °C in presence of SDS, the detergent wraps around the polypeptide backbone. In this process, the intrinsic charges of polypeptides becomes negligible when compared to the negative charges contributed by SDS. Thus polypeptides after treatment become rod-like structures possessing a uniform charge density, that is same net negative charge per unit length. The electrophoretic mobilities of these proteins will be a linear function of the logarithms of their molecular weights.

Native gel methods

Native gels, also known as non-denaturing gels, analyze proteins that are still in their folded state.  Thus, the electrophoretic mobility depends not only on the charge-to-mass ratio, but also on the physical shape and size of the protein.

Blue native PAGE

BN-PAGE is a native PAGE technique, where the Coomassie brilliant blue dye provides the necessary charges to the protein complexes for the electrophoretic separation. The disadvantage of Coomassie is that in binding to proteins it can act like a detergent causing complexes to dissociate. Another drawback is the potential quenching of chemoluminescence (e.g. in subsequent western blot detection or activity assays) or fluorescence of proteins with prosthetic groups (e.g. heme or chlorophyll) or labelled with fluorescent dyes.

Clear native PAGE

CN-PAGE (commonly referred to as Native PAGE) separates acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins in a polyacrylamide gradient gel. It uses no charged dye so the electrophoretic mobility of proteins in CN-PAGE (in contrast to the charge shift technique BN-PAGE) is related to the intrinsic charge of the proteins. The migration distance depends on the protein charge, its size and the pore size of the gel. In many cases this method has lower resolution than BN-PAGE, but CN-PAGE offers advantages whenever Coomassie dye would interfere with further analytical techniques, for example it has been described as a very efficient microscale separation technique for FRET analyses. Also CN-PAGE is milder than BN-PAGE so it can retain labile supramolecular assemblies of membrane protein complexes that are dissociated under the conditions of BN-PAGE.

Preparative native PAGE

The folded protein complexes of interest separate cleanly and predictably without the risk of denaturation due to the specific properties of the polyacrylamide gel, electrophoresis buffer solution, electrophoretic equipment and parameters used. The separated proteins are continuously eluted into a physiological eluent and transported to a fraction collector. In four to five PAGE fractions each the metal cofactors can be identified and absolutely quantified by high-resolution ICP-MS. The associated structures of the isolated metalloproteins in these fractions can be determined by solution NMR spectroscopy.

Buffer systems

Most protein separations are performed using a "discontinuous" (or DISC) buffer system that significantly enhances the sharpness of the bands within the gel. During electrophoresis in a discontinuous gel system, an ion gradient is formed in the early stage of electrophoresis that causes all of the proteins to focus into a single sharp band. The formation of the ion gradient is achieved by choosing a pH value at which the ions of the buffer are only moderately charged compared to the SDS-coated proteins. These conditions provide an environment in which Kohlrausch's reactions determine the molar conductivity. As a result, SDS-coated proteins are concentrated to several fold in a thin zone of the order of 19 μm within a few minutes. At this stage all proteins migrate at the same migration speed by isotachophoresis. This occurs in a region of the gel that has larger pores so that the gel matrix does not retard the migration during the focusing or "stacking" event. Separation of the proteins by size is achieved in the lower, "resolving" region of the gel. The resolving gel typically has a much smaller pore size, which leads to a sieving effect that now determines the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins. At the same time, the separating part of the gel also has a pH value in which the buffer ions on average carry a greater charge, causing them to "outrun" the SDS-covered proteins and eliminate the ion gradient and thereby the stacking effect.

A very widespread discontinuous buffer system is the tris-glycine or "Laemmli" system that stacks at a pH of 6.8 and resolves at a pH of ~8.3-9.0. A drawback of this system is that these pH values may promote disulfide bond formation between cysteine residues in the proteins because the pKa of cysteine ranges from 8-9 and because reducing agent present in the loading buffer doesn't co-migrate with the proteins. Recent advances in buffering technology alleviate this problem by resolving the proteins at a pH well below the pKa of cysteine (e.g., bis-tris, pH 6.5) and include reducing agents (e.g. sodium bisulfite) that move into the gel ahead of the proteins to maintain a reducing environment. An additional benefit of using buffers with lower pH values is that the acrylamide gel is more stable at lower pH values, so the gels can be stored for long periods of time before use.

SDS gradient gel electrophoresis of proteins
As voltage is applied, the anions (and negatively charged sample molecules) migrate toward the positive electrode (anode) in the lower chamber, the leading ion is Cl− ( high mobility and high concentration); glycinate is the trailing ion (low mobility and low concentration).  SDS-protein particles do not migrate freely at the border between the Cl− of the gel buffer and the Gly− of the cathode buffer. Friedrich Kohlrausch found that Ohm's law also applies to dissolved electrolytes. Because of the voltage drop between the Cl− and Glycine-buffers,  proteins are compressed (stacked) into micrometer thin layers.  The boundary  moves through a pore gradient and the protein stack gradually disperses due to a frictional resistance increase of the gel matrix. Stacking and unstacking occurs continuously in the gradient gel, for every protein at a different position. For a complete protein unstacking the polyacrylamide-gel concentration must exceed 16% T. The two-gel system of "Laemmli" is a simple gradient gel. The pH discontinuity of the buffers is of no significance for the separation quality, and a "stacking-gel" with a different pH is not needed.

Visualization

The most popular protein stain is Coomassie brilliant blue. It is an anionic dye, which non-specifically binds to proteins. Proteins in the gel are fixed by acetic acid and simultaneously stained. The excess dye incorporated into the gel can be removed by destaining with the same solution without the dye. The proteins are detected as blue bands on a clear background.

When more sensitive method than staining by Coomassie is needed silver staining is usually used. Silver staining is a sensitive procedure to detect trace amounts of proteins in gels, but can also visualize nucleic acid or polysaccharides.

Visualization methods without using a dye such as Coomassie and silver are available on the market. For example Bio-Rad Laboratories markets "stain-free" gels for SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Alternatively, reversible fluorescent dyes from Azure Biosystems such as AzureRed or Azure TotalStain Q can be used.

Similarly as in nucleic acid gel electrophoresis, tracking dye is often used. Anionic dyes of a known electrophoretic mobility are usually included in the sample buffer. A very common tracking dye is Bromophenol blue. This dye is coloured at alkali and neutral pH and is a small negatively charged molecule that moves towards the anode. Being a highly mobile molecule it moves ahead of most proteins.

Medical applications

In medicine, protein electrophoresis is a method of analysing the proteins mainly in blood serum.  Before the widespread use of gel electrophoresis, protein electrophoresis was performed as free-flow electrophoresis (on paper) or as immunoelectrophoresis.

Traditionally, two classes of blood proteins are considered: serum albumin and globulin. They are generally equal in proportion, but albumin as a molecule is much smaller and lightly, negatively-charged, leading to an accumulation of albumin on the electrophoretic gel. A small band before albumin represents transthyretin (also named prealbumin). Some forms of medication or body chemicals can cause their own band, but it usually is small. Abnormal bands (spikes) are seen in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma, and are useful in the diagnosis of these conditions.

The globulins are classified by their banding pattern (with their main representatives):
 The alpha (α) band consists of two parts, 1 and 2:
 α1 - α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein.
 α2 - haptoglobin, α2-macroglobulin, α2-antiplasmin, ceruloplasmin.
 The beta (β) band - transferrin, LDL, complement
 The gamma (γ) band - immunoglobulin (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM). Paraproteins (in multiple myeloma) usually appear in this band.

Normal present medical procedure involves determination of numerous proteins in plasma including hormones and enzymes, some of them also determined by electrophoresis. However, gel electrophoresis is mainly a research tool, also when the subject is blood proteins.

See also
 Affinity electrophoresis
 Electroblotting
 Electrofocusing
 Gel electrophoresis
 Immunoelectrophoresis
 Immunofixation
 SDD-AGE
 Native gel electrophoresis
 QPNC-PAGE
 Paraprotein
 Fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp)

References

External links
 Educational resource for protein electrophoresis
 Gel electrophoresis of proteins

Electrophoresis
Molecular biology
Protein methods
Laboratory techniques
Blood tests

Gel electrophoresis of proteins


Ouranopithecus turkae je prapovijesna vrsta Ouranopithecusa iz kasnog miocena, pronađena u Turskoj.

Vrsta je poznata iz lokaliteta Corakyerler, u središnjoj Anadoliji. Sve što o ovoj vrsti znamo proizlazi iz samo tri kranijalna fosila. Datirani faunalni ostaci povezani s fosilima O. turkae pripisani su kasnom miocenu, prije 8,7 - 7,4 milijuna godina, što čini O. turkae jednim od najmlađih euroazijskih velikih majmuna.

Etimologija
Vrsta je svrstana u rod Ouranopithecus zbog sličnosti s vjerojatnom sestrinskom svojtom O. macedoniensis, a specifični naziv Turkae dolazi od otkrića holotipa vrste u Republici Turskoj.

Stanište
Pridruženi faunalni ostaci sugeriraju da je O. turkae živio u otvorenom šumskom području ili u otvorenom okruženju tipa savane.

Morfologija
Morfologiju O. turkae teško je odrediti zbog potpunog nedostatka postkranijalnih ostataka. Post-očnjački zubi po veličini su na drugom mjestu nakon gigantopiteka, što možda sugerira veliku veličinu tijela. Nije poznato je li vrsta bila spolno dimorfna jer nema poznatih ženskih fosila. Majmun je vjerojatno bio četveronožac, ali nema dokaza koji to potvrđuju.

Prehrana
Morfologija zuba i njihovo trošenje sugeriraju prehranu tvrdom, abrazivnom hranom, kakvu se obično nalazi u okruženju u kojem su vjerojatno živjeli O. turkae.

Ponašanje
Nedostatak postkranijalnih ostataka otežava utvrđivanje ponašanja O. turkae. Nema fosila ženki, pa bi se moglo barem pretpostaviti da su muškarci bili sami. Također se može pretpostaviti da se O. turkae penjao po drveću, moguće kako bi se prehranio ili kako bi izbjegao grabežljivce, premda im je velika tjelesna veličina možda otežavala penjanje. Neki znanstvenici vjeruju da se O. turkae vjerojatno hranio na zemlji, a ne na drveću.

Izvori

Hominini

Ouranopithecus turkae


(Damad-ı Şehriyârî) Mehmed Şerif (Paşa) Çavdaroğlu, (11 Aralık 1873, İstanbul - 3 Eylül 1958, Kızıltoprak),Osmanlı devlet adamı, dahiliye nazırı ve Sultan Abdülaziz'in damadı. Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'na karşı takındığı olumsuz tavır ile bilinir.

Mekteb-i Mülkiye'yi bitirdi ve çeşitli devlet hizmetlerinde çalıştı. 1901'de Sultan Abdülaziz'in kızı Emine Sultan ile evlenerek saraya damat oldu. Evliliklerinde kızı Hamide Hanımsultan dünyaya geldi. Emine Sultan 1920'de öldü.

Ekim 1919'da kurulan Ali Rıza Paşa Hükümeti'nde dahiliye nazırı olarak görev yaptı. Kurtuluş Savaşı'na karşı olumsuz bir tavır takındı. Bundan dolayı Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tarafından adı Nutuk'ta millî birliği bozan kişiler arasında gösterildi. Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın başarıya ulaşıp cumhuriyetin kurulmasından sonra yurt dışına çıkartıldı. 1946'da Türkiye'ye döndü ve 1958'de İstanbul'da öldü.

Kaynakça

Adliye nâzırları
Osmanlı padişah damatları
1873 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu devlet görevlileri
Şûrâ-yı Devlet üyeleri
1958 yılında ölenler

Mehmet Şerif Çavdaroğlu


Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes  (26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010) was an English computer scientist who designed and helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), one of the earliest stored program computers, and who invented microprogramming, a method for using stored-program logic to operate the control unit of a central processing unit's circuits. At the time of his death, Wilkes was an Emeritus Professor at the University of Cambridge.

Early life, education, and military service
Wilkes was born in Dudley, Worcestershire, England the only child of Ellen (Helen), née Malone (1885–1968) and Vincent Joseph Wilkes (1887–1971), an accounts clerk at the estate of the Earl of Dudley. He grew up in Stourbridge, West Midlands, and was educated at King Edward VI College, Stourbridge. During his school years he was introduced to amateur radio by his chemistry teacher.

He studied the Mathematical Tripos at St John's College, Cambridge from 1931 to 1934, and in 1936 completed his PhD in physics on the subject of radio propagation of very long radio waves in the ionosphere. He was appointed to a junior faculty position of the University of Cambridge, through which he was involved in the establishment of a computing laboratory. He was called up for military service during World War II and worked on radar at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) and in operational research.

Research and career
In 1945, Wilkes was appointed as the second director of the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory (later known as the Computer Laboratory).

The Cambridge laboratory initially had many different computing devices, including a differential analyser. One day Leslie Comrie visited Wilkes and lent him a copy of John von Neumann's prepress description of the EDVAC, a successor to the ENIAC under construction by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. He had to read it overnight because he had to return it and no photocopying facilities existed. He decided immediately that the document described the logical design of future computing machines, and that he wanted to be involved in the design and construction of such machines. In August 1946 Wilkes travelled by ship to the United States to enroll in the Moore School Lectures, of which he was only able to attend the final two weeks because of various travel delays. During the five-day return voyage to England, Wilkes sketched out in some detail the logical structure of the machine which would become EDSAC.

EDSAC

Since his laboratory had its own funding, he was immediately able to start work on a small practical machine, EDSAC (for "Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator"), once back at Cambridge. He decided that his mandate was not to invent a better computer, but simply to make one available to the university. Therefore, his approach was relentlessly practical. He used only proven methods for constructing each part of the computer. The resulting computer was slower and smaller than other planned contemporary computers. However, his laboratory's computer was the second practical stored-program computer to be completed and operated successfully from May 1949, well over a year before the much larger and more complex EDVAC. In 1950, along with David Wheeler, Wilkes used EDSAC to solve a differential equation relating to gene frequencies in a paper by Ronald Fisher. This represents the first use of a computer for a problem in the field of biology.

Other computing developments
In 1951, he developed the concept of microprogramming from the realisation that the central processing unit of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM. This concept greatly simplified CPU development. Microprogramming was first described at the University of Manchester Computer Inaugural Conference in 1951, then expanded and published in IEEE Spectrum in 1955. This concept was implemented for the first time in EDSAC 2, which also used multiple identical "bit slices" to simplify design. Interchangeable, replaceable tube assemblies were used for each bit of the processor. The next computer for his laboratory was the Titan, a joint venture with Ferranti Ltd begun in 1963. It eventually supported the UK's first time-sharing system which was inspired by CTSS and provided wider access to computing resources in the university, including time-shared graphics systems for mechanical CAD.

A notable design feature of the Titan's operating system was that it provided controlled access based on the identity of the program, as well as or instead of, the identity of the user. It introduced the password encryption system used later by Unix. Its programming system also had an early version control system.

Wilkes is also credited with the idea of symbolic labels, macros and subroutine libraries. These are fundamental developments that made programming much easier and paved the way for high-level programming languages. Later, Wilkes worked on an early timesharing system (now termed a multi-user operating system) and distributed computing. Toward the end of the 1960s, Wilkes also became interested in capability-based computing, and the laboratory assembled a unique computer, the Cambridge CAP.

In 1974, Wilkes encountered a Swiss data network (at Hasler AG) that used a ring topology to allocate time on the network. The laboratory initially used a prototype to share peripherals. Eventually, commercial partnerships were formed, and similar technology became widely available in the UK.

Awards, honours and leadership
Wilkes received a number of distinctions: he was a Knight Bachelor, Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Wilkes was a founder member of the British Computer Society (BCS) and its first president (1957–1960). He received the Turing Award in 1967, with the following citation: "Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the first computer with an internally stored program. Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a mercury delay-line memory. He is also known as the author, with David Wheeler and Stanley Gill, of a volume on Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers in 1951, in which program libraries were effectively introduced." In 1968 he received the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award, with the following citation: "For his many original achievements in the computer field, both in engineering and software, and for his contributions to the growth of professional society activities and to international cooperation among computer professionals."

In 1972, Wilkes was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University.

In 1980, he retired from his professorships and post as the head of the Computer Laboratory and joined the central engineering staff of Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard, Massachusetts, US.

Wilkes was awarded the Faraday Medal by the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1981. The Maurice Wilkes Award, awarded annually for an outstanding contribution to computer architecture made by a young computer scientist or engineer, is named after him.
In 1986, he returned to England and became a member of Olivetti's Research Strategy Board. In 1987, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath. In 1993 Wilkes was presented, by Cambridge University, with an honorary Doctor of Science degree. In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He was awarded the Mountbatten Medal in 1997 and in 2000 presented the inaugural Pinkerton Lecture. He was knighted in the 2000 New Years Honours List. In 2001, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his contributions to computer technology, including early machine design, microprogramming, and the Cambridge Ring network." In 2002, Wilkes moved back to the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, as an emeritus professor.

In his memoirs Wilkes wrote:

Publications

Oscillations of the Earth's Atmosphere (1949), Cambridge University Press
Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer (1951), with D. J. Wheeler and S. Gill, Addison Wesley Press
Automatic Digital Computers (1956), Methuen Publishing
A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis (1966), Cambridge University Press
Time-sharing Computer Systems (1968),  Macdonald
The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System (1979), with R. M. Needham, Elsevier

Personal life
Wilkes married classicist Nina Twyman in 1947. She died in 2008; he in 2010. Wilkes was survived by one son and two daughters.

References

External links

 Oral history interview with David J. Wheeler, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Wheeler was a research student under Wilkes at the University Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge from 1948 to 1951. Wheeler discusses the EDSAC project, the influence of EDSAC on the ILLIAC, the ORDVAC, and the IBM 701 computers, as well as visits to Cambridge by Douglas Hartree, Nelson Blackman (of ONR), Peter Naur, Aad van Wijngarden, Arthur van der Poel, Friedrich Bauer, and Louis Couffignal.
 Listen to an oral history interview with Maurice Wilkes – recorded in June 2010 for An Oral History of British Science at the British Library
 An after-dinner talk by Maurice Wilkes at King's College, Cambridge, about Alan Turing. Filmed on 1 October 1997 by Ian Pratt (video)

1913 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
British computer scientists
Computer designers
Digital Equipment Corporation people
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Members of the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
People educated at King Edward VI College, Stourbridge
People from Dudley
Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
Presidents of the British Computer Society
Turing Award laureates

Maurice Wilkes


Dead Winter Dead is the ninth studio album by the American heavy metal band Savatage, released in 1995. It is a concept album, that tells a story from the perspectives of a Serb boy, a Bosniak girl and an old man. The story of the album is set during the Bosnian War, which was ongoing at the time.

Dead Winter Dead marked the first Savatage album to feature guitarist Chris Caffery, who had been an occasional and touring member of the band since 1987, but had become an official permanent member by the time the album was recorded. Alex Skolnick, who had played guitars on Savatage's previous album Handful of Rain, opted not to stay around for the next album in order to concentrate on his solo band. Singer Jon Oliva  took drummer Jeff Plate from the Handful of Rain tour, and brought in his old friend Caffery, former member and Doctor Butcher member to join the band. Atlantic Records also felt that the band needed a second, more well-known guitarist to complete the line-up. Al Pitrelli, formerly a member of Alice Cooper's touring band, became the lead guitarist for the band.

This record gave the band an unexpected radio hit in "Christmas Eve (Sarajevo 12/24)", and the band decided they wanted to explore this kind of music in a different way. Around this time, Paul O'Neill, along with Robert Kinkel, was interested in starting up what became the Trans-Siberian Orchestra. It was later re-released by TSO as "Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 1994" on their first release, Christmas Eve and Other Stories.

The track "Mozart and Madness" quotes directly from the opening theme of Mozart's Symphony No. 25, whilst "Memory" quotes directly from the fourth movement of Beethoven's 9th symphony ("Ode to Joy").

Story
In the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, there is a town square surrounded by buildings that were constructed during the Middle Ages. The square has a beautiful stone fountain at its center and at one corner there is a thousand year old church with a gargoyle carved into its belfry. This gargoyle, for the last thousand years, has spent all his time trying to comprehend the human emotions of laughter and sorrow, but even after a millennium of contemplation, these most curious of human attributes remain a total mystery to him. Our story begins in the year of 1990; the Berlin Wall has just fallen, communism has collapsed and for the first time since the Roman Empire, Yugoslavia finds itself a free nation. Serdjan Aleskovic cannot believe his good fortune to be alive and young at such a moment. The future and the happiness of all seem assured in what must surely be "the best of times" ("Sarajevo", "This Is the Time").

However, even as Serdjan celebrates with his fellow countrymen, there are little men with little minds who are already busy sowing the seeds of hate between neighbors. Young and impressionable Serdjan joins some of his friends in a Serbian Militia Unit and eventually finds himself in the hills outside of Sarajevo firing mortar shells nightly in the city ("I Am"). Meanwhile, in Sarajevo itself, Katrina Brasic, a young Muslim girl, finds herself buying weapons from a group of arms merchants and then joining her comrades firing in the hills around the city ("Starlight", "Doesn't Matter Anyway").

The years pass by and it is now late November 1994. An old man who had left Yugoslavia many decades before, has now returned to the city of his birth, only to find it in ruins. As the season's first snowfall begins, he stands in the town square, looks toward the heavens and explains that when the Yugoslavians prayed for change, this is not what they intended ("This Isn't What We Meant").

As the old man finishes his prayer, the sun begins to set and the first shells of the evening's artillery barrage are starting to arc overhead. But instead of heading for the shelters with the rest of the civilians, he climbs atop the rubble that used to be the fountain and taking out his cello, starts to play Mozart as the shells explode around him. From this night forward he would repeat this ritual every evening. And every evening Serdjan and Katrina each find themselves listening to the thoughts of Mozart and Beethoven as they drift between the explosions across no man's land ("Mozart and Madness", "Memory").

Though the winter does its best to cover the landscape with a blanket of temporary innocence, the war only escalates in violence and brutality ("Dead Winter Dead"). One day in late December, Serdjan on a patrol in Sarajevo, comes across a schoolyard where a recent exploding shell has left the ground littered with the bodies of young children. It is one thing to drop shells into a mortar and quite another to see where they land. Long after Serdjan returns to his own lines, he cannot get the faces of the children out of his mind. Realizing that what he has been participating in is not the glorious nation building that their leaders had described, but rather a path to mutual oblivion, he decides right then and there that he can no longer be a part of this, that you cannot build a future on the bodies of others. At the first opportunity, he resolves that he will desert ("One Child").

Sitting in his bunker on December 24, he listens to the sounds of Christmas carols from the old cello player mingling with the sounds of war. Katrina, on the other side of the battlefield, is also listening. It had just stopped snowing and the clouds had given way to reveal a beautiful star-filled sky when suddenly the cellos player's music abruptly ceases. Fearing the worst, Serdjan and Katrina both do something quite foolish and from their respectives sides, start to make their ways across no man's land toward the town square. Arriving at exactly the same moment, they see one another. Instinctively realizing that they are both there for the same reason, they do not start to fight, but instead, together walk slowly to the fountain. There they find the old man lying dead in the snow, his face covered with blood, his cello lying smashed and broken at his side ("Christmas Eve (Sarajevo 12/24)").

Then without warning, a single drop of liquid falls from the cloudless sky, wiping some of the blood off the old man's cheek. Serdjan looks up, but he can see nothing except the stone gargoyle high up on the church belfry. Overcome by what he has seen this night, he decides that he must leave this war immediately. Turning to the Muslim girl he asks her to come with him, but now all she sees is his Serbian uniform. Pouring out his feelings, he explains that he is not what she thinks that he is. Eventually winning her to his side, they leave the night together ("Not What You See").

Reception

In a contemporary review, Matthias Breusch of Rock Hard magazine remarked how the album is the band's "most significant move so far in the direction of classical-symphonic bombast compositions" with "piano and string arrangements (...) omnipresent", even if "dedicated fans" would miss the "fine line between genius and madness, on which the interaction of the two Oliva brothers up to and including Edge of Thorns has driven every Savatage album." He judged "the instrumentals 'Overture: Sarajevo', 'Mozart and Madness' and 'Christmas Eve'" and the quieter numbers, "like the exquisite 'This Is Not What We Meant', 'Now What You See', 'This Is the Time' or 'One Child'", the true highlights of the album, while he considered the title track "somewhat lethargic" and the uptempo songs "mediocre".

Modern reviews are positive. AllMusic reviewer wrote that "Savatage have built upon the musical ground of Handful of Rain with grand but heavy arrangements of theatrical and complex pieces", resulting in "something that could appear in many a Broadway show" and with the music nicely capturing "the wide range of emotion that the narrative calls for." In fact, Sputnikmusic reviewer declared that "Dead Winter Dead really feels like a sort of heavier, more vocally-driven first Trans-Siberian Orchestra album", but also "true to metal form with plenty of aggressive vocals and fast, heavy riffs" establishing "war as the predominant atmosphere." Martin Popoff in his review for The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal wrote that Dead Winter Dead  is simply "a great piece of theatre, elegant, expressive, guitar-driven storytelling of the highest order", making "one of the most forceful concept records going, not so much sad as it might have been, but imposing."

Track listing

Personnel
Savatage
Zachary Stevens – lead vocals
Jon Oliva – keyboards, lead vocals on "I Am" and "Doesn't Matter Anyway", backing vocals on "Starlight", co–producer
Al Pitrelli – guitar, backing vocals
Chris Caffery – guitar, backing vocals
Johnny Lee Middleton – bass guitar, backing vocals
Jeff Plate – drums

Additional musicians
Bob Kinkel – additional keyboards, engineer
Mary Wooten – solo cello

Production
Paul O'Neill – producer
Ken Lewis, Julio Pena, Tim Hatfield, Joe Johnson, Mike Scielzi, Joe Daily, Chris Curran, Will Schillger, Brian Kinkead – additional engineering
Steve Corson – assistant engineer
Dave Whittman – mixing
Ben Arrindell – mixing assistant
Leon Zervos – mastering

Charts

References

1995 albums
Savatage albums
Atlantic Records albums
Bosnian War
Rock operas
Albums produced by Paul O'Neill (rock producer)

Dead Winter Dead


La bataille de Silves est menée en juin 1182, et oppose les flottes almohades de Ceuta et Séville, à une flotte portugaise au large de Silves. La flotte almohade inflige une sévère défaite aux Portugais.

Contexte
Devant les attaques incessantes de la flotte almohade de Gamin ben Mardanis contre le Portugal, les habitants de Lisbonne décide d'armer une puissante flotte avec à leur tête l'amiral Fuas Roupinho. Les navires portugais ne tardent pas à ravager les côtes de l'Algarve, alors sous domination almohade.

En effet, en 1180, la flotte almohade de Séville comptant plus de , sous le commandement de Gamin ben Mardanis, s'attaque à Lisbonne. Les Portugais arment en toute hâte tous les bâtiments disponibles dans le port, et attaquent l'escadre almohade, livrant ainsi leur première bataille navale de l'histoire. La Bataille du cap Espichel tourne à l'avantage des Portugais, qui s'empare de plusieurs vaisseaux et font prisonnier le commandant Gamin ben Mardanis.

Fort de ce succès, l'amiral portugais Fuas Roupinho pousse son audace et ose même mener un raid victorieux sur Ceuta, où il s'empare de nombreux vaisseaux musulmans dans le port, qu'il emmène avec lui jusqu'à Lisbonne.

Déroulement
En juin 1182, la flotte portugaise forte de ses précédents succès, navigue dans l'océan au large des possessions almohades. Les flottes almohades de Ceuta et Séville comptant un total de , commandées respectivement par Abd Allâh ben Ishâq ben Jâmi et Ahmâd as-Siqîllî, se regroupent à Cadix puis font route en direction de Silves, où se trouve l'escadre portugaise de Lisbonne qu'elles interceptent.

La bataille navale tourne à l'avantage des Almohades qui infligent une sévère défaite aux Portugais, qui perdent plus de  avec .

Sources

Notes

Sources bibliographiques

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Francophone

Silves (1182)
Silves (1182)
Silves (1182)

Bataille de Silves (1182)


Philonotion,  rod kozlačevki smješten u vlastiti tribus Philonotieae, dio je potporodice Aroideae. Sastoji se od tri vrste zimzelenih mezofita (ili para-reofiti) u tropskoj Južnoj Americi.</small> .

Vrste
 Philonotion americanum (A.M.E.Jonker & Jonker) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce
 Philonotion bolivaranum (G.S.Bunting & Steyerm.) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce
 Philonotion spruceanum Schott

Izvori

Aroideae

Philonotion


An Carex depauperata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Curtis ngan Jonathan S. Stokes. An Carex depauperata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex depauperata


Tav (ת) er det toogtyvende og sidste bogstav i det hebraiske alfabet.

ת har talværdien 400.

Hebraisk sprog

Tav (bogstav)


Comorofca este un cartier al municipiului Brăila, cunoscut pentru mizeria și proasta sa reputație.

Istoric
Comorofca era în secolul al XIX-lea un cătun sărăcăcios de la marginea Brăilei. În 1890 cătunele Comorofca și Piscu au fost înglobate comunei suburbane Islaz, care a devenit la 1 aprilie 1923 comună rurală de sine stătătoare cu numele de Nedelcu Chercea, în cinstea proprietarului și filantropului omonim. Localitatea Nedelcu Chercea a fost inclusă din nou în municipiul Brăila prin decretul nr. 323/1939, fiind mai întâi comună suburbană (1939-1953), iar apoi, din 1953, cartierul 1 Mai, redenumit Chercea după Revoluția din decembrie 1989.

În perioada interbelică Comorofca era considerat cel mai sărac și mai murdar cartier al orașului Brăila, aici aflându-se groapa de gunoi a orașului. Casele construite aici erau joase, cu pereți din lut și cu geamuri din beșici de porc. Locuitorii au lucrat în perioada regimului comunist la diferite fabrici, depozite și ateliere, dar acestea s-au desființat odată cu trecerea la economia de piață și oamenii au devenit șomeri.

Situația mahalalei nu s-a schimbat la începutul secolului al XXI-lea, după cum evidențiază un reportaj publicat într-un cotidian național: casele erau înghesuite una lângă alta, munții de gunoaie sufocau zona, pâraie de apă murdară curgea pe ulițele cartierului. Nu exista conexiune la rețeaua publică de apă curentă și canalizare, astfel că rufele se spălau în public la cișmele aflate în stradă și apoi erau întinse la uscat pe garduri, iar un miros puternic umplea străzile. O mică parte a populației muncea, în special femei, pentru un salariu minim pe economie, în timp ce bărbații își pierdeau timpul în cârciumi și în sălile de jocuri mecanice, lăudându-se cu numărul mare de tatuaje.

În cultura populară
Comorofca a fost eternizată în romanul Codin al lui Panait Istrati. Un alt scriitor brăilean, Fănuș Neagu, îl considera "cel mai descumpănit cartier al lumii" și-l asemăna din punct de vedere al civilizației urbane cu localitățile europene de la începuturile Evului Mediu:

Note

Legături externe
 Ioan Munteanu, La început a fost Islazul... Istoria cartierelor Brăilei: Comorofca, Băligoși, Brăilița, Pisc, Nedelcu Chercea, Radu Negru, Editura Ex Libris, 2011,

Cartiere din Brăila

Comorofca


Bjelave je naselje u Sarajevu.

U srednjem vijeku, prije dolaska Osmanlija, ovdje je bilo selo Hrvata Bilave. Ime je ikavskog odraza jata, koji je starinski govor ovog kraja. Doseljavanjem Vlaha, pravoslavnih i muslimanskih Srba s istoka i istiskivanjem starosjedilačkih Hrvata dobilo je današnji naziv Bjelave. Smatra se da je obližnji Mejtaš tad bio nenaseljena uska zaravan i da je pripadalo stanovnicima Bilava. U osmanskim vremenima predio se postupno naseljava. Od mjesta gdje izvire Buka potok, a to je podno Bilava, obitelj bogatih obrtnika i esnaflija Kevro imala je svoje kuće i bašče sve do zaravni Mejtaša. Gornji dio Buka potoka tekao je kroz njihove bašče pa je zato nosio ime Kevrin. Donji dio potoka zvao se Buka potok, jer se u kaskadama strmoglavljivao prema Miljacki i proizvodio buku. Potok je kanaliziran 1931., a ulica nad njime, asfaltirana je. Dobila je ime Dalmatinska, a dotad je tek bila malom stazom uz potok. Gornji dio potoka kanaliziran je 1935. i iznad njega je izrađena ulica Kevrin potok.

Oko Bjelava su naselja Mejtaš, Crni vrh, Ciglane, Breka, Podhrastovi, Medrese, Sumbuluša, Kovači i Baščaršija.

Izvori

Sarajevo

Bjelave


( en italien) est un mouvement politique né en  au Tessin, à l'occasion du  anniversaire de l'introduction du droit de vote cantonal pour les femmes.

Historique

En 2018, la politicienne tessinoise Tamara Merlo, ancienne membre des Verts et membre du Grand Conseil du canton du Tessin, a l'idée de créer une liste politique entièrement féminine.

Le projet se concrétise en 2019, à l'occasion du  anniversaire de l'introduction du droit de vote cantonal pour les femmes : une liste est constituée, réunissant , dont 47 se présentent à l'élection du Parlement tessinois et quatre, à celle au  Conseil d'État tessinois, la plupart de ces candidates se présentant pour la première fois. Selon le politologue Nenad Stojanovic cette liste  a peu de chances de succès mais son existence met . La liste crée la surprise en obtenant près de  des voix et deux sièges (Tamara Merlo et Maristella Patuzzi, également ancienne Verte). Lors de ces élections, le nombre de sièges occupés par des femmes au parlement cantonal passe de 23 à 31. En 2019, Più Donne se joint à d'autres partis indépendants qui n'ont pas suffisamment de sièges pour former un groupe parlementaire et demande à pouvoir participer aux commissions thématiques du parlement. Leur demande est rejetée.

Più Donne s'est également présenté à des élections communales tessinoises en 2021. Elle parvient à faire élire deux candidates au Conseil communal (législatif) de la ville de Lugano : Tamara Merlo et Isabelle Ruf.

Objectifs
Le premier objectif de la liste politique est de faire en sorte qu'il y ait « davantage de femmes dans les institutions, là où les décisions sont prises ». Le but de Più Donne est aussi « de faire avancer la question de l'égalité », en en faisant une priorité pour les femmes et l'ensemble du pays, et « d'améliorer toutes les conditions qui empêchent les femmes de parvenir à une véritable égalité ».

Analyse
Selon Andrea Pilotti et Oscar Mazzoleni, politologues de l'Université de Lausanne, lors des élections de 2019,  ; par sa présence, elle .

Références

Parti politique en Suisse
Féminisme en Suisse
Lugano
Place des femmes en politique

Più Donne


التدفئة المركزية تشمل مسكن أو عمارة أو مبنى، وتستعمل وقود (الحطب أو الفحم أو الغاز أو النفط) أو كهرباء لتوليد البخار أو الهواء الساخن ومن ثم نقل الحرارة. وهو نظام تدفئة للبيوت والمكاتب بوسائل آمنة وسهلة. تعتبر التدفئة المركزية من أأمن الطرق لتدفئة الأماكن نظرا لقلة خطورتها على الممتلكات وعلى الأشخاص.[بحاجة لمصدر]
وهي عبارة عن دورة مياه تبدأ من نقطة على جسم الغلاية وتنتهي بنقطة على جسم الغلاية تسمى وهي دوره تشبه نسبيا الدورة الدموية عند الإنسان. والعجيب في الأمر أن طبيب فرنسي هو من قام باكتشاف التدفئة المركزية.
تتكون التدفئة المركزية من عدة أقسام أولها:
 الغلاية: ويتكون من الحارقة والمضخات والمدخنة.
 المشعاع: عبارة عن ألواح من الألمنيوم الخفيف وأنواع من السكب.
 الخزان: وهو خزان ماء صغير يوضع على سطح البيت ليؤمن الماء للغلاية.
 الأنابيب: حيث تقوم بتوصيل الماء الساخن من الغلاية إلى المشعاع
 خزان الوقود: يزود حارقة الغلاية بالوقود، أو يوصل الوقود من خلال أنابيب
يوجد في التدفئة المركزية نظامان:
 النظام المفتوح: وهو يعتمد على خزان في التزويد المائي بحيث يكون هنالك نظام تهوية للأنابيب عن طريق (هواي) على رأس المنور.
 النظام المغلق : وهو يعتمد على مضخة تزود الغلاية بالماء عن طريق صمام يسمح بدخول الماء باتجاه الغلاية ويمنع رجوعه.
ويعتبر النظام المفتوح أكثر أمان من النظام المغلق. في نظام التدفئة بالماء الساخن يتم تسخين الماء في المرجل الحراري الموجود في مكان منخفض من العمارة بوساطة أحد أنواع الوقود فيتمدد وتقل كثافته فيرتفع لأعلى عبر أنابيب معزولة وتتفرع إلى الغرف المختلفة حيث توجد المشعات الحرارية التي تسخن عند مرور الماء الساخن وترتفع درجة حرارتها فتنقل لها الحرارة من الماء بالتوصيل ثم تعطيه للهواء فتنشا تيارات الحمل كما تشعها في جميع الاتجاهات في الوسط المحيط بها مما يدفئ الغرفة بهذا تفقد المشعات الحرارية فيبرد الماء بداخلها فتزداد كثافته ويهبط عبر أنابيب أخرى إلى المرجل ليسخن من جديد.

تاريخها

كوريا القديمة
وجد استخدام أوندول في مواقع أثرية على أراضي ما يعرف اليوم باسم كوريا الشمالية. يُظهر موقع أثري يعود للعصر الحجري الحديث (نحو 5000 ق. م.) اكتُشف في أونغي الواقعة في هامغيونغبوكدو في كوريا الشمالية، أثرًا واضحًا للغوديول في المساكن المكتشفة.

العناصر الرئيسية للأوندول التقليدي هي الأغونغي (صندوق النار أو الفرن) الذي يمكن الوصول إليه من غرفة مجاورة (تكون عادةً المطبخ أو غرفة النوم الرئيسية)، وأرضية حجرية مرتفعة مبطنة بممرات دخان أفقية، ومدخنة شاقولية حرة على الجدار الخارجي المقابل توفر سحب الهواء. الأرضية المسخنة، الواقفة على دعامات أو عوارض لتوزيع الدخان، مغطاة بألواح صخرية وطين وطبقة كتيمة كالورق المشبع بالزيت.

بدأت الأوندولات الأولى على شكل غوديولات كانت توفر الحرارة للبيت وللطبخ. عند إشعال النار في الفرن لطبخ الرز لأجل العشاء، كان اللهب يتمدد أفقيًّا لأن مدخل الهواء كان إلى جانب الفرن. كانت طريقة التركيب هذه ضرورية؛ لأنها لم تكن تسمح للدخان أن يصعد إلى الأعلى، ما كان ليسبب انطفاء الشعلة بسرعة. مع مرور الشعلة عبر مدخل الهواء، كانت توجه عبر شبكة ممرات مع الدخان. كانت غرف بأكملها تبنى على مصرف هواء الفرن لتكون أرضيات الغرف من الأوندول.

كان الأوندول تقليديًّا يستخدم كغرفة معيشة للجلوس والأكل والنوم وأوقات التسلية الأخرى في معظم المنازل الكورية قبل ستينيات القرن العشرين. الكوريون معتادون على الجلوس والنوم على الأرض، والعمل والأكل على طاولات قصيرة بدل الطاولات المرتفعة مع الكراسي. كان الفرن يشعل باستخدام قش سنابل الرز بشكل رئيس، والنفايات الزراعية من المحاصيل، والكتلة الحيوية أو أي نوع آخر من حطب الإشعال المجفف. للطبخ على المدى القصير، كان يفضل استخدام قش سنابل الرز أو نفايات المحاصيل، في حين كانت الساعات الطويلة من الطبخ والتدفئة تحتاج حطب إشعال أطول احتراقًا. خلافًا لسخانات الماء المعاصرة، كان الوقود يحرق إما بصورة متقطعة أو بانتظام (مرتين إلى خمس مرات في اليوم)، حسب عدد مرات الطبخ أو حسب الظروف الجوية الموسمية.

روما القديمة واليونان
طور اليونانيون القدماء في الأصل التدفئة المركزية. كان معبد إفسوس يسخن بممرات دخان مزروعة في الأرض تدير الحرارة التي كانت تولد بالنار. استخدمت بعض المباني في الإمبراطورية الرومانية أنظمة التدفئة المركزية بحِمل الهواء المسخن في أفران عبر مساحات فارغة تحت الأرضيات ومن الأنابيب (تدعى ممرات هواء ساخن) في الجدران –نظام يعرف باسم هيبوكاوستوم.

استمر استخدام الهيبوكاوستوم الروماني على نطاق أضيق أثناء العصور القديمة المتأخرة ومن قبل دولة الخلافة الأموية، في حين استخدم بناؤو المسلمين اللحاقين نظامًا أبسط من الأنابيب تحت الأرضية.

بعد انهيار الإمبراطورية الرومانية، عادت التدفئة عبر روما بشكل كبير إلى استخدام المواقد البدائية لمدة نحو ألف عام.

في مرتفعات الألب في أوائل القرون الوسطى، استُخدم نظام تدفئة مركزية أبسط تنتقل فيه الحرارة عبر قنوات تحت أرضية من غرفة الفرن بدل الهيبوكاوستوم الروماني في بعض الأماكن. في كنيسة دير رايشناو كانت شبكة من القنوات المتصلة تحت الأرضية تسخن غرفة كبيرة بمساحة 300 متر مربع يجتمع فيها الرهبان في شهور الشتاء. حُسب أن درجة فعالية هذا النظام 90%.

في القرن الثالث عشر، أعاد رهبان السيسترسية إحياء التدفئة المركزية في أوروبا المسيحية باستخدام فروع الأنهار مع أفران تشعل من داخل المباني. توفر كنيسة دير رويدا (شيدت عام 1202) جيدة الحفظ في منطقة أراغون من إسبانيا مثالًا ممتازًا عن هذا النظام.

أنظمة التدفئة المركزية المعاصرة
طورت الطرق الثلاث الرئيسية للتدفئة المركزية في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر إلى منتصف القرن التاسع عشر.

الهواء الساخن
صمم ويليام ستروت بناء طاحونة جديد في ديربي مع فرن هواء ساخن مركزي في عام 1793، مع أن الفكرة كانت قد اقتُرحت سابقًا من قبل جون إيفلين قبل نحو مئة عام. تكون تصميم ستروت من فرن كبير يسخن الهواء المجلوب من الخارج عبر ممر كبير تحت أرضي. كانت تجري التهوية عبر المبنى عن طريق ممرات (دكتات) كبيرة مركزية.

في عام 1807، تعاون مع مهندس بارز آخر يدعى تشارلز سيلفستر على بناء مبنى جديد لمشفى ديربي الملكية. كان سيلفستر أساسيًّا في تطبيق نظام ستروت المبتكر في تدفئة المشفى الجديد. نشر أفكاره الجديدة في فلسفة الاقتصاد المنزلي؛ كما تتمثل في وضع التدفئة والتهوية والغسيل والتنشيف والطبخ،... في مستشفى ديربيشاير العامة في عام 1819. وثق سيلفستر الطرق الجديدة في تدفئة المشافي التي كانت متضمنة في التصميم، والمزايا الأكثر صحية كالمراحيض ذاتية التنظيف أو المراحيض ذات الهواء المتجدد. سمح نظام التدفئة الجديد في المشفى للمرضى باستنشاق الهواء المنعش المدفأ في حين كان يمرر الهواء القديم عبر قنوات إلى قبة من الزجاج والحديد في المركز.

تركت تصميماتهما أثرًا كبيرًا. نسخت على نطاق واسع في طواحين إنجلترا الوسطى واستمر تطويرها، حتى وصولها إلى حالة النضج مع عمل دي شابانس على تهوية مجلس العموم في العقد الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر. بقي هذا النظام معيار تدفئة المباني الصغيرة لبقية القرن.

البخار
اقترح الكاتب الإنجليزي هيو بلات نظام تدفئة مركزية يعمل على البخار لبيت دفيئة في عام 1594، لكن هذه كانت حادثةً وحيدة لم يتبعها أي تطوير حتى القرن الثامن عشر. اقترح الكولونيل كوك نظام أنابيب يحمل البخار حول المنزل من مرجل مركزي، ولكن جيمس واط المخترع الإسكتلندي أول من بنى نظامًا عاملًا في منزله.

وفر مرجل مركزي بخارًا مرتفع الضغط كان يوزع بعدها الحرارة ضمن المبنى عبر نظام أنابيب مدمج في الأعمدة. طبق جيمس واط النظام على نطاق أوسع بكثير في مصنع نسيج في مانشستر. كتب روبرتسون بوشانان الوصف المفصل لهذه الأنظمة المركبة في أطروحاته المنشورة في عام 1807 وعام 1815. حدد توماس تريدغولد في كتابه مبادئ تدفئة وتهوية المباني العامة طريقة تطبيق التدفئة بالبخار الساخن على أبنية غير صناعية أصغر. تفوقت هذه الطريقة على أنظمة الهواء الساخن بحلول أواخر القرن التاسع عشر.

الماء الساخن
كانت أنظمة الماء الساخن الأولى تستخدم في روسيا للتدفئة المركزية في قصر الصيف (1710–1714) لبطرس الأكبر في سان بطرسبرغ. بعد ذلك بقليل، في عام 1716، ظهر أول استخدام للماء في السويد لتوزيع التدفئة في الأبنية. استخدم مارتن تريوالد، وهو مهندس سويدي، هذه الطريقة لدفيئة في نيوكاسل. قدم المعماري الفرنسي جان سيمون بونمين (1743-1830) التقنية للصناعة في جمعية تعاونية في قلعة بيك قرب باريس.

هذه المحاولات المبعثرة كانت معزولة وانحصرت بمعظمها في تطبيقها على بيوت الدفيئة. صرف تريدغولد في البداية النظر عن استخدامها بوصفها غير عملية، لكنه غير رأيه في عام 1836، حين دخلت التكنولوجيا إلى مرحلة تطور سريع.

كانت الأنظمة الأولى تستخدم أنظمة ماء منخفض الضغط، وكانت تتطلب أنابيب كبيرة جدًّا. ركب أنغير مارتش بيركنز واحدًا من أول الأنظمة العصرية للتدفئة المركزية باستخدام الماء الساخن في لندن في ثلاثينيات القرن التاسع عشر لمعالجة هذا العيب. في ذلك الوقت كانت التدفئة المركزية تبدأ بالانتشار في برلين، حيث كانت تستخدم غالبًا أنظمة البخار أو الهواء الساخن.

مراجع

تكنولوجيا رومانية قديمة
أنظمة التدفئة السكنية
اختراعات يونانية
تدفئة وتكييف
تكنولوجيا اليونان القديمة
سباكة

تدفئة مركزية


Pitch Black (titled The Chronicles of Riddick: Pitch Black on later re-releases) is a 2000 American science fiction horror film directed by David Twohy and co-written by Twohy and brothers Ken and Jim Wheat from a story conceived by the latter. The film stars Vin Diesel, Radha Mitchell, Cole Hauser, and Keith David. Dangerous criminal Riddick (Diesel) is being transported to prison in a spacecraft, and escapes when the spaceship is damaged by comet debris and crash lands on an empty desert planet. When predatory creatures begin attacking the survivors, Riddick joins forces with them to escape the planet.

Pitch Black was the final film credit of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment, which merged with Universal Pictures during production. It was shot on a modest budget of US$23 million. Pitch Black was released on February 18, 2000 by USA Films and received mixed reviews from critics, who praised some inventive elements, the film's visual style, and Diesel's performance, but criticized a failure to fully expand on the core premise and some cliched characterizations. It was a sleeper hit, grossing over $53 million worldwide, and started a franchise centered on the antihero Riddick. A sequel, The Chronicles of Riddick, was released in 2004 by Universal, with Diesel back as the title character and Twohy returning as writer and director. A third film, titled Riddick, was released in 2013, with Diesel and Twohy reuniting again.

Plot
In the distant future, the spaceship Hunter-Gratzner is transporting passengers in cryostasis. Among them is Abu "Imam" al-Walid, a Muslim preacher guiding three young pilgrims to New Mecca; a teenager named Jack; a pair of prospectors named Shazza and Zeke; a rich merchant named Paris; and a bounty hunter posing as a law enforcement officer, William J. Johns, who is escorting notorious criminal Richard B. Riddick. Riddick has surgically modified eyes that are highly sensitive to light. Micrometeoroids rupture the ship's hull, killing the captain and sending the ship off course. The ship's first officer, Owens, and the docking pilot, Carolyn Fry, attempt to land the ship on a nearby planet. As the ship falls apart, Fry decides to dump the passenger section to reduce weight, but Owens stops her. The vessel crashes into the planet's surface, most of the passengers are killed, and Owens is fatally wounded. Riddick escapes into the desert despite Johns' attempts to keep him restrained.

The survivors explore their surroundings, noticing that the planet's three suns keep it in perpetual daylight. They find an abandoned geological research settlement, with a water well and a dropship that lacks power to fly. Zeke goes missing, and Riddick is suspected; while searching for Zeke, Fry escapes from aggressive photosensitive creatures after finding his remains in their cave. Johns recaptures Riddick and offers him a deal: if he helps the survivors escape the planet, Johns will allow him to go free. The group takes a power cell to the dropship. One of the young pilgrims is ambushed and eaten while exploring the settlement. An orrery shows that an eclipse is imminent and the creatures will be free to hunt above ground.  They realize the geologists must have been all killed by the creatures during the last eclipse. Johns informs Fry that Riddick is a capable pilot and could abandon them, and Riddick reveals that Johns is actually a bounty hunter and morphine addict who denied Owens the drug in his final moments.

The group returns to the crash site on a solar-powered sand truck to salvage more power cells for the dropship before the eclipse, but it begins as they get there. Creatures pour out of the ground and devour Shazza and another pilgrim. With his enhanced sight, Riddick agrees to lead the group to the dropship on foot through the darkness. They build a rig from the ship's lighting rods as protection; Paris accidentally destroys the rig and is devoured. Riddick reveals to the group that Jack is female and the scent of her menstrual blood is drawing the attention of the creatures; Johns suggests to Riddick that they use her as bait. Instead, Riddick fights and wounds Johns and leaves him to die as a distraction. The rest of the group pushes on as Riddick drags the power cells behind him.

After Imam's last acolyte is killed and rainfall starts putting out their improvised torches, Riddick hides the others in a cave and goes to start the dropship himself. Inside the cave, the group discovers bioluminescent worms, which they stuff in bottles to use as light. Fry leaves the cave and finds Riddick powering the ship, ready to leave. She pleads with him to help her rescue the others, but instead he offers to take her with him. Riddick is soon persuaded to return after Fry answers his question that she would die for them, and they retrieve Imam and Jack, but Riddick is separated and wounded by the predators; Fry goes back for him but a creature stabs and carries her off. Riddick makes it to the ship and delays engaging the engines to incinerate as many creatures as possible. In space, Jack asks Riddick what they should tell the authorities about him; he tells her to say that Riddick died on the planet.

Cast
 Vin Diesel as Richard B. Riddick. A former mercenary, soldier and pilot, turned infamous criminal and murderer.  Riddick has surgically altered eyes that allow him to see in the dark but cause him immense pain in light; he wears goggles at all times to protect them.
 Radha Mitchell as Carolyn Fry, a docking pilot for the transport ship Hunter-Gratzner. She has a moment of weakness during the emergency landing and tries to sacrifice the ship's passenger section to save herself. Her regret over this decision causes her to become obsessed with getting the survivors off the planet.
 Cole Hauser as William J. Johns, a bounty hunter and morphine addict posing as a lawman.  He is exceptionally selfish and willing to do whatever he can to save his own hide.
 Rhiana Griffith as Jack, a young girl who disguises herself as a boy to fit in.  She idolizes Riddick, and shaves her head and wears goggles to copy his look.
 Keith David as Abu "Imam" al-Walid, a devout Muslim who is travelling to New Mecca.  He is accompanied by three boys named Ali, Hassan, and Suleiman.
 Lewis Fitz-Gerald as Paris P. Ogilvie, an antiques dealer who sells weaponry and art.
 Claudia Black as Sharon "Shazza" Montgomery, a free settler who is travelling across the universe looking for a new home.
 John Moore as John "Zeke" Ezekiel, Shazza's companion.
 Simon Burke as Greg Owens, First Officer of the Hunter-Gratzner. During the ship's emergency landing, he stops Fry from dumping the passengers.
 Les Chantery as Suleiman
 Sam Sari as Hassan
 Firass Dirani as Ali
 Ric Anderson as Total Stranger, a surviving passenger shot dead by Zeke, who mistakes him for Riddick.
 Vic Wilson as Captain Tom Mitchell, who dies in the crash of the Hunter-Gratzner

Production
According to Ken and Jim Wheat, the original concept of Pitch Black was suggested by David Madden during his tenure in Interscope Communications. His initial premise was: "[t]ravelers visit a planet where multiple suns mean perpetual daylight, but when an eclipse brings darkness, ghosts emerge." These "ghost" antagonists survived the first draft, but were later replaced by physical predators. Interscope approached David Twohy with the concept, letting him direct if he could refine the screenplay. Twohy had worked on an early version of Alien 3, and was aware that Pitch Black concept had similarities to that franchise. He proposed changes to character arcs in the script. Said Twohy:

Most of the filming, including all of the external locations, took place in and around Coober Pedy, South Australia. It was winter in the region, and rain before the shoot caused filming delays. Most interior sequences were shot at the Village Roadshow Studios, in Oxenford, Queensland. In Los Angeles, New Deal Studios were used for miniature photography and the interior sequence of the spaceship crash. To highlight the different suns for some of the daytime sequences, the filmmakers used a bleach bypass process during post-production.

Reception

Pitch Black opened in 1,832 theaters on 18 February 2000, grossing $11,577,688 over its opening weekend and ranking 4th at the box office. The film has a domestic gross of $39,240,659 and an international gross of $13,947,000, giving it a worldwide total of $53,187,659.

Critical response
At review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 59% approval rating based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 5.70/10. The site's consensus reads: "Despite an interesting premise (and a starmaking turn from Vin Diesel), Pitch Black is too derivative and formulaic to fully recommend to sci-fi or action fans". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and stated, "It's not an especially challenging part, but Diesel handles it with aplomb." BBC.com gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated it as "an entertainment and quite a good one too." Peter Bradshaw of Guardian gave the film a positive review and stated that the film "undoubtedly has something interesting about it, and that something can be summarized in two words: Vin Diesel." Nathan Rabin of A.V. Club gave the film a positive review and stated that the film "falters a bit in its last half-hour" and "reduces Diesel to delivering a pithy one-liner-but for the most part, it's terrific."

San Francisco Chronicle gave the film 0 out of 4 stars and called the film "a tiresome experience." Austin Chronicle gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and called the film "a very streamlined exercise in interplanetary mayhem and the logistics of the body count." Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, stating Pitch Black was inferior to Twohy's The Arrival (1996) and adding: "how sad it is that humans travel countless light years away from Earth, only to find themselves inhabiting the same tired generic conventions."

Accolades

Home media
Pitch Black was released on VHS and DVD on October 10, 2000 by Universal Studios Home Video. It was re-released on DVD in 2004 as The Chronicles of Riddick: Pitch Black. It was released on HD DVD on July 11, 2006, and on Blu-ray on March 31, 2009. The disc contains the theatrical edition and an unrated director's cut edition, containing 3 more minutes of extra material. A LaserDisc release was also planned, but cancelled by mid-2001 due to waning support for that format.

Expanded franchise

Sequels
The movie's sequel, The Chronicles of Riddick (2004), was also directed by David Twohy. To tie in with the sequel, the film was novelized under the name The Chronicles of Riddick: Pitch Black, which was written by Frank Lauria.

A short animated movie released the same year, The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury (2004), was directed by Peter Chung. Dark Fury bridges the gap between Pitch Black and Chronicles of Riddick.

Riddick, a live-action sequel to The Chronicles of Riddick, opened on September 6, 2013, with both David Twohy and Vin Diesel attached. The sequel ties in more closely to the original Pitch Black.

Riddick: Furya, the fourth installment was announced in February 2023. Vin Diesel will again appear in the film and David Twohy has written the script and will direct the film.

Prequel
Into Pitch Black (2000) is a Sci-Fi Channel special that includes clips from Pitch Black and takes place before and after the events of the film. Inconsistencies with the storyline of later sequels have made it non-canonical.

Video games
The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay, a game for the Xbox and the PC, was released in 2004 to critical acclaim. A remake of Butcher Bay, including a new campaign, was released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC on 7 April 2009, under the title The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena.

See also
 List of films featuring eclipses

References

External links

 . (Online chat transcript) SciFi.com, February 16, 2000. Archived from the original on June 16, 2004; and , February 24, 2000. Archived from the original on June 14, 2004.

The Chronicles of Riddick (franchise)
2000 films
2000s science fiction horror films
2000 independent films
2000s monster movies
2000 science fiction action films
American science fiction action films
American science fiction horror films
American space adventure films
American monster movies
Films directed by David Twohy
Films shot in South Australia
Films set in deserts
Films set in the 27th century
Films set on fictional planets
Interscope Communications films
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
American science fiction thriller films
Films scored by Graeme Revell
Gramercy Pictures films
Fiction set on desert planets
Films with screenplays by David Twohy
USA Films films
Universal Pictures films
Films shot at Village Roadshow Studios
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Pitch Black (film)


Eva-Maria Brem () este o schioare austriacă ce participă la Cupa Mondială de Schi Alpin. Este specializată în proba de slalom uriaș.

A debutat în Cupa Mondială debut la 17 ani, în decembrie 2005 la proba de slalom de la Lienz, Austria. A reprezentat Austria la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2010 terminând pe locul al șaptelea la slalom uriaș. Brem a obținut primele două podiumuri  la Cupa Mondială în march 2014 iar prima victorie a venit în noiembrie 2014 toate la slalom uriaș.

Rezultate Cupa Mondială

Clasări pe sezoane

Clasări pe podium
 1 victorie – (1 Slalom Uriaș)
 8 podiumuri – (8 Slalom Uriaș)

Rezultate Campionate Mondiale

Rezultate Jocuri Olimpice

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial

Schiori austrieci
Schi alpin
Austrieci în viață
Competitori la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2010

Eva-Maria Brem