The City Beautiful movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the progressive social reform movement in North America under the leadership of the upper-middle class concerned with poor living conditions in all major cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Kansas City and Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.

Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult."

History

Origins and effect
The movement began in the United States in response to crowding in tenement districts, a consequence of high birth rates, increased immigration and internal migration of rural populations into cities. The movement flourished for several decades, and in addition to the construction of monuments, it also achieved great influence in urban planning that endured throughout the 20th century, particularly in regard to United States public housing projects. The "Garden City" movement in Britain influenced the contemporary planning of some newer suburbs of London, and there was cross-influence between the two aesthetics, one based in formal garden plans and urbanization schemes and the other, with its "semi-detached villas" evoking a more rural atmosphere.

Architectural idioms

The particular architectural style of the movement borrowed mainly from the contemporary Beaux-Arts and neoclassical architectures, which emphasized the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony.

World's Columbian Exposition
The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. The planning of the exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham, who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginia's Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition

The popularization begun by the World Columbian Exposition was increased by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, held in St. Louis. Its commissioner of architects selected Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be Chief of Design. Within three years he designed the following fair buildings in the prevailing Beaux Arts: the Palace of Agriculture; the cascades and colonnades; the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game; the Palace of Horticulture; and the Palace of Transportation. All these were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States. Shortly after the fair opened in 1904, Masqueray resigned, having accepted an invitation from Archbishop John Ireland in St. Paul, Minnesota to design a cathedral there in the Beaux-Arts style. Other celebrated architects of the fair's buildings—notably Cass Gilbert who designed the Palace of the Fine Arts, now the Saint Louis Art Museum, applied City Beautiful ideas from the exposition throughout their careers.

McMillan Plan

An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social order through beautification was the McMillan Plan (1902), named for Michigan Senator James McMillan. The plan emerged from the U.S. Senate Park Commission's redesigning of the monumental core of Washington, D.C., to commemorate the city's centennial and to fulfill unrealized aspects of the city plan of Pierre Charles L'Enfant a century earlier.

The Washington, D.C., planners, which included Burnham, Saint-Gaudens, Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White, and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., visited many of the great cities of Europe. They hoped to make Washington, D.C., monumental and green like the European capitals of the era; they believed that state-organized beautification could lend legitimacy to government during a time of social disturbance in the United States. The essence of the plan surrounded the United States Capitol with monumental government buildings to replace "notorious slum communities". At the heart of the design was the creation of the National Mall and eventually included Burnham's Union Station. The implementation of the plan was interrupted by World War I but resumed after the war, culminating in the construction of the Lincoln Memorial in 1922.

Influence in other cities

The success of the City Beautiful philosophy in Washington, D.C., is credited with influencing subsequent plans for beautification of many other cities, including Chicago, Baltimore, Cleveland (The Mall), Columbus (with the axis along State Street from the Ohio State Capitol building east to the Metropolitan Library and west to the Scioto River), Des Moines, Denver, Detroit (the Cultural Center, Belle Isle and Outer Drive), Madison (with the axis from the capitol building through State Street and to the University of Wisconsin campus), Montreal, New York City (notably the Manhattan Municipal Building), Philadelphia (the Benjamin Franklin Parkway museum district between Philadelphia City Hall and the Philadelphia Museum of Art), Pittsburgh (the Schenley Farms district in the Oakland neighborhood of parks, museums, and universities), San Antonio (San Antonio River development), San Francisco (manifested by its Civic Center), and the Washington State Capitol Campus in Olympia, and the University of Washington's Rainier Vista in Seattle. In Wilmington, Delaware, it inspired the creation of Rodney Square and the surrounding civic buildings. In New Haven, Connecticut, John Russell Pope developed a plan for Yale University that eliminated substandard housing and relocated the urban poor to the peripheries. Kansas City, Missouri, and Dallas undertook the installation of parkways and parks under the influence of the movement, and Coral Gables would be an example of a city consistent with the City Beautiful philosophy.

Chicago
Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago is considered one of principal documents of the City Beautiful movement. The plan featured a dynamic new civic center, axial streets, and a lush strip of parkland for recreation alongside the city's lakefront. Of these, only the lakefront park was implemented to any significant degree.

In 1913, the City of Chicago appointed a commission with a mandate to "make Chicago Beautiful." As part of the plan, the Pennsylvania Union Railroad Depot was to be moved to the west side of the city and replaced with a new modern depot. The West Side Property Owner's Association was among those that objected. As reported by the Chicago Tribune, the association's attorney Sidney Adler of Loeb & Adler said, "As I saw the beautiful picture of the city beautiful we will have fountains in West Madison Street, with poets and poetesses walking along Clinton, and the simple minded residents of the west side, after work is done, will take their gondolas and row on the limpid bosom of the Chicago River idlely strumming guitars."

Coral Gables

Planned out as a suburb of Miami in the early 1920s by George Edgar Merrick during the Florida land boom of the 1920s, Coral Gables was developed entirely upon the City Beautiful movement, with obelisks, fountains, and monuments seen in street roundabouts, parks, city buildings and around the city. Today, Coral Gables is one of Miami's most expensive suburban communities, long known for its strict zoning regulations which preserve the City Beautiful elements along with its Mediterranean Revival architecture style, which is prevalent throughout the city. Coral Gables has many parks and a heavy tree canopy with an urban forest planted largely in the 1920s.

Denver

In Denver, Colorado, Mayor Robert W. Speer endorsed City Beautiful planning, with a plan for a Civic Center, disposed along a grand esplanade that led to the Colorado State Capitol. The plan was partly realized, on a reduced scale, with the Greek amphitheater, Voorhies Memorial and the Colonnade of Civic Benefactors, completed in 1919. The Andrew Carnegie Foundation funded the Denver Public Library (1910), which was designed as a three-story Greek Revival temple with a colossal Ionic colonnade across its front; inside it featured open shelves, an art gallery and a children's room. Monuments and vistas were an essential feature of City Beautiful urban planning: in Denver, Paris-trained American sculptor Frederick MacMonnies was commissioned to design a monument marking the end of the Smoky Hill Trail. The bronze Indian guide he envisaged was vetoed by the committee and replaced with an equestrian Kit Carson.

Louisville

After the Southern Exposition of 1883–1887, Louisville grew rapidly with the advent of the Industrial Revolution. Specifically, the Old Louisville neighborhood, that was planned and designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the image of the City Beautiful movement, became the largest Victorian neighborhood in the United States. Central Park sits in the middle of Old Louisville and is home to an annual free public Shakespeare festival. Adjacent to the park is the St. James–Belgravia Historic District which hosts the annual St. James Court Art Show every October. South of St. James Court is the University of Louisville's Belknap Campus which is home to Grawemeyer Hall and the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law. Each of these areas of Louisville display the features of beautification and monumental grandeur that typified the City Beautiful movement of the 1890s.

Harrisburg
Harrisburg's movement of beautification and improvement was one of the early and more successful urban reform movements in the U.S. It began when local minded residents became convinced that their city was unattractive, unhealthy, and filthy, and lacked the appearance and facilities appropriate to its status as Pennsylvania's state capital. The causes of the city's defects were well known: industrialization in the previous half century had left the city poorly planned with unpaved streets and undeveloped water management systems. Residents of Harrisburg suffered disease and illnesses caused by the lack of good filtration systems that could filter the sewage dumped by populations further up the Susquehanna River. A disastrous fire that consumed the state capitol in 1897 had spawned new conversation about the suitability of Harrisburg as a state capital.

The improvement campaign was sparked by a riveting speech of conservationist Mira Lloyd Dock to the Harrisburg Board of Trade on December 20, 1900. Dock wanted to publicly challenge the horrific conditions in Harrisburg, and she set out to gain public sentiment in support of changing them.
Dock's speech was titled "The City Beautiful" or "Improvement Work at Home and Abroad", and this was the starting point for Harrisburg's city improvements. Dock's contemporary and closest ally in her drive for urban beautification was J. Horace McFarland, who was the president of the American Civic Association. With McFarland and Dock working together, they were able to push the process of municipal improvement in Harrisburg by convincing prominent community leaders to donate money, and by gathering the support of the majority of citizens. In April 1901, the Harrisburg Telegraph, a city newspaper, published a front-page article on the city's problems, which stressed Dock's message of beautification and recreation, paved streets, clean water, a city hall, land for parks, and a covered sewer interceptor along the river. The following February 1901, the population voted in favor of a bond issue that funded $1.1 million in new constructions and city planning. These improvements, combined with a new state capitol building in 1906, quickly transformed Harrisburg into a proud modern city by 1915.

Memphis
In Memphis, Tennessee, the City Beautiful Commission was officially established by a city ordinance on July 1, 1930, making it the first and oldest beautification commission in the nation. It was the brainchild of the mayor, E. H. Crump. The first Commission was appointed and had operating expenses of $1,500. A small office was set up in The Nineteenth Century Club. Mrs. E. G. Willingham was chosen as chairman and Mrs. William B. Fowler served as vice chairman. In 1935, the Riverside Drive project was dedicated. Costing nearly $1,000,000 (largely WPA funds) the City Beautiful Commission landscaped the bluffs with crape myrtle, redbuds, magnolias, dogwoods and Paul Scarlet roses. White roses were planted at each guardrail post. In 1936, Mrs. William B. Fowler became chairman of the City Beautiful Commission and served for many years. City Beautiful grew under her leadership and soon had to relocate to larger headquarters. Through the efforts of City Beautiful, Memphis gained the title of cleanest city in Tennessee in 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 and 1946. Memphis also received the Ernest T. Trigg "Nation's Cleanest City" award in 1948, 1949, 1950 and 1951. During this time, volunteers were organized into Wards and Block Clubs with Ward Chairmen and Block Captains. The City Beautiful staff grew to include 30 inspectors by 1954 who worked through these organizations to identify and improve eyesores. Memphis participated with the American Coatings Association headquartered in Washington, D.C. In 1978, the Commission was reorganized, eliminating the field inspectors. In February 1989, the Commission moved to its present location at The Massey House in Victorian Village, Memphis.

Palos Verdes Estates
In the 1920s, Palos Verdes Estates, California, was established as a master planned community by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. The community was designed as a "City Beautiful." Among its early structures were the buildings comprising Malaga Cove Plaza, designed in a Mediterranean Revival style popular with the City Beautiful movement.

In Australia
Both European and North American cities provided models for the Australian City Beautiful movement. A combination of elements about 1900 also influenced the movement:
 It was thought that Australia, being a country that was relatively newly settled by Europeans, had wasted an opportunity to design cities comprehensively and aesthetically.
 Australian cities were seen as lacking beauty and civic pride.
 The lack of architectural features, and extensive street advertising, were also concerns. This was attributed to "materialism, apathy, short-sightedness, political interference and indifference".
 Utopian city plans were another influence on the Australian City Beautiful movement. A better Brisbane, for example, was described by Louis Esson and illustrated by Lloyd Rees with a Parisian influence.

However, City Beautiful was not solely concerned with aesthetics. The term 'beautility' derived from the American city beautiful philosophy, which meant that the beautification of a city must also be functional. Beautility, including the proven economic value of improvements, influenced Australian town planning.

There were no formal city beautiful organisations that led this movement in Australia; rather it was influenced by communications among professionals and bureaucrats, in particular architect-planners and local government reformers. In the early Federation era some influential Australians were determined that their cities be progressive and competitive. Adelaide was used as an Australian example of the "benefits of comprehensive civic design" with its ring of parklands. Beautification of the city of Hobart, for example, was considered a way to increase the city's popularity as a tourist destination.

Canberra

Walter Burley Griffin incorporated City Beautiful principles for his design for Canberra. Griffin was influenced by Washington, D.C., "with grand axes and vistas and a strong central focal point: with specialised centres and, being a landscape architect, used the landscape to complement this layout. John Sulman, however, was Australia's "leading proponent" of the City Beautiful movement and, in 1921, wrote the book An Introduction to Australian City Planning. Both the City Beautiful and the Garden City philosophies were represented by Sulman's "geometric or contour controlled" designs of the circulatory road systems in Canberra. The widths of pavements were also reduced and vegetated areas were increased, such as planted road verges.

Melbourne

Melbourne's grid plan was considered dull and monotonous by some people, and so the architect William Campbell designed a blueprint for the city. The main principle behind this were diagonal streets, providing sites for new and comprehensive architecture and for special buildings. The designs of Paris and Washington were major inspirations for this plan.

City Beautiful in Australia today
World War I prolonged the City Beautiful movement in Australia, where more memorials were erected than in any other country. Although City Beautiful, or artistic planning, became a part of comprehensive town planning, the Great Depression of the 1930s largely ended this fashion.

See also
 Defensible space
 Garden city movement
 Mira Lloyd Dock and the Progressive Era Conservation Movement

References

Further reading

External links
University of Virginia: The City Beautiful movement
Monument Avenue
Denver Public Library: Denver, The City Beautiful
Thomas Mawson's plan for the City of Calgary, Canada
Fulton Heights Neighborhood
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - City Beautiful Movement
University of Illinois at Chicago, City Beautiful Movement Chicago

Defunct American political movements
Urban planning

City Beautiful movement


Natalia Sumska (în ) este o actriță ucraineană de teatru și film, gazdă a unor emisiuni de televiziune. A primit Premiul Național Șevcenko în 2008 și titlul de Artist al Poporului din Ucraina (2000).

Biografie
Sumska s-a născut pe 22 aprilie 1956 în satul Katiujanka din regiunea Kiev într-o familie de actori. Tatăl ei a fost Viaceslav Hnatovîci Sumski, Artist al Poporului din RSS Ucraineană (1981),  și mama ei - Hanna Opanasenko-Sumska, Artistă Emerită a Ucrainei. Natalia a locuit împreună cu părinții ei în regiunea Liov până la vârsta de 10 ani. În 1977 Sumska a absolvit Institutul de Stat de Artă Teatrală Karpenko-Karyi din Kiev. În același an, ea a devenit actriță la Teatrul Dramatic Național Ivan Franko.

În anul 2000 a devenit laureată a Premiului național de teatru "Kyiv pektoral" (pentru rolul Mașa din piesa Trei surori a lui Cehov).

Începând din anul 2003 lucrează simultan pentru Inter TV Networks. Acolo ea a prezentat talk-show-ul Momentul cheie care a fost întrerupt de Inter în 2010.

În 2008 Sumska a primit Premiul Național Șevcenko și a fost numit Kieveanul anului.

Viața personală
Natalia Sumska are o soră mai mică, Olha, care este, de asemenea, actriță.

Este căsătorită cu un coleg actor, cu care are o fiică și un fiu.

Spectacole teatrale
 Eneida (Kotlearevski) - Didona
 Vassa Jelieznova (Gorki) - Liudmila
 Cioara albă (Rîbcinski) - Ioana D'Arc
 Blez (Manie) - Mari
 Senior from higher world - Fiorella și Matilda
 Kin IV - Anna
 Pigmalion - Eliza Doolittle

Filmografie
 Karmeliuk - Maria
 Natalka Poltavka - Natalka
 Mountains smoke - Maria
 For home fire - Iulia Șablînska
 Dudaryks - Hrîstîna
 Frontiera de stat - Maria

Note

Legături externe
 Profile on Inter
 Interview to ladyjob.com.ua
 Sumska as a guest at the National Radio Company in Ukraine
 Sumska gives a press-conference in Kremenchuk (April 2010).
 Review of a play Senior from a higher world in Vinnytsia February 2004  uc
Uk iconUk icon
 Interview to newspaper Simya

Nașteri în 1956
Actrițe ucrainene
Prezentatori de televiziune din Ucraina

Natalia Sumska


Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Toronto (Toronto International Film Festival, TIFF, de multe ori stilizate ca tiff.) este unul dintre cele mai mari festivaluri de film din lume deschis publicului larg, care atrage peste 480.000 de oameni anual. De la înființarea sa în 1976, TIFF a devenit o destinație permanentă pentru iubitorii filmului; festivalul operează în centrul cultural TIFF Bell Lightbox, aflat în centrul orașului Toronto.

În fiecare an, TIFF Bell Lightbox oferă proiecții, prelegeri, discuții, festivaluri, ateliere de lucru, sprijin din partea industriei și șansa de a întâlni cineaști din Canada și din întreaga lume. TIFF Bell Lightbox este situat în colțul de nord-vest al străzilor King Street și John Street în centrul orașului Toronto.

În 2016, 397 de filme din 83 de țări au fost difuzate pe 28 de ecrane în centrul orașului Toronto, fiind urmărite de aproximativ 480.000 de participanți, din care 5.000 fiind profesioniști ai industriei cinematografice. TIFF începe joi noaptea după Ziua Muncii (prima zi de luni din septembrie în Canada) și durează unsprezece zile.

Fondat în 1976, TIFF este acum unul dintre cele mai mari și mai prestigioase evenimente de acest gen din lume. În 1998, revista Variety a recunoscut că TIFF "este al doilea după Cannes". În 2007, Time a remarcat că TIFF "a crescut de la a fi cel mai influent festival de film de toamnă la cel mai influent festival de film".

Note

Legături externe
 http://tiff.net/ Site-ul oficial

Festivaluri de film
Fondări în 1976


Agave ×pumila ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave). Ein englischer Trivialname ist "Dwarf Century Plant".

Beschreibung
Agave ×pumila wächst zweigestaltig und verbleibt 8 bis 10 Jahre im Jugendstadium. Im adulten Stadium sind die offenen Rosetten dickstämmig mit Wuchshöhen von 40 bis 60 cm und 60 bis 70 cm Breite. Die variabel angeordneten, deltoid bis lanzettförmigen, an der Basis verdickten, steifen, graugrünen Blätter sind 30 bis 38 cm lang und 4 bis 4,5 cm breit. Die weißen, schmalen, hornigen Blattränder sind flexibel gezahnt. Der kräftige braune Enddorn ist bis 1,5 cm lang.

Der Blütenstand ist nicht bekannt.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave ×pumila ist nur aus der Kultur bekannt.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch John Gilbert Baker ist 1888 veröffentlicht worden. Ein Synonym ist Agave simonis Hort. ex A.Berger.

Agave ×pumila ist ein Vertreter der Gruppe Marginatae. Die Art könnte ein Naturhybride zwischen Agave victoriae-reginae und Agave lechuguilla sein. Sie wird im Botanischen Garten Huntington in San Marino in Kalifornien und in Europa kultiviert.

Literatur
 August J. Breitung: Agave pumila. In: The Agaves. The Cactus & Succulent Journal Yearbook, 1968, S. 1, 6–7.
 Bernd Ullrich: Agave pumila De Smet ex Baker. In: Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten. Band 41, Nr. 4, 1991, Karteikarte Nr. 14.
 Howard Scott Gentry: Agave pumila. In: Agaves of Continental North America. University of Arizona Press, 1982, S. 129, 174–176.
 J. Thiede: Agave pumila. In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon. Einkeimblättrige Pflanzen (Monocotyledonen). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7, S. 58.
 T. Heller: Agave pumila. In: Agaven. Münster 2006, S. 124.

Einzelnachweise

Agaven
Pumila

Agave ×pumila


(, "the Islamic Group"; also transliterated as al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya or Gamaat Islamiya, al Jamaat al Islamiya; also called Islamic Groups), is an Egyptian Sunni Islamist movement, and is considered a terrorist organization by the United Kingdom and the European Union. El Gama'a El Islamiyya was removed from the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations by the United States in May 2022. The group was dedicated to the overthrow of the Egyptian government and replacing it with an Islamic state; the group has committed to peaceful means following the coup that toppled Mohamed Morsi.

From 1992 to 1998, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya fought an insurgency against the Egyptian government during which at least 796 Egyptian policemen and soldiers, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya fighters, and civilians including dozens of tourists were killed. During the fighting al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya was given support by the governments of Iran and Sudan, as well as from al-Qaeda. The Egyptian government received support during that time from the United States.

The group(s) is said to have constituted "the Islamist movement's only genuine mass organizations" in Egypt. While the assassination of the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981 is generally thought to have been carried out by another Islamist group, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, some have suggested al-Gamaa was responsible for or at least related to the assassination. In 2003, the imprisoned leadership of the group renounced bloodshed, and a series of high-ranking members were released, and the group was allowed to resume semi-legal peaceful activities. Then again some of its members were released in 2011. The imprisoned cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was a spiritual leader of the movement, and the group actively campaigned for his release until his death in 2017.

Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the movement formed a political party, the Building and Development Party, which gained 13 seats in the 2011–2012 elections to the lower house of the Egyptian Parliament.

History

Origins in universities
Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya began as an umbrella organization for Egyptian militant student groups, formed, like the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, after the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood renounced violence in the 1970s.

In its early days, the group was primarily active on university campuses, and was mainly composed of university students. Originally they were a minority in the Egyptian student movement which was dominated by leftist Nasserists and Marxists. The leftists were strongly critical of the new Sadat government, and urged Egypt to fight a war of revenge against Israel, while President Sadat wanted to wait and rebuild the military. However, with some "discrete, tactical collaboration" with the government, who sought a "useful counterweight" to its leftist opponents, the group(s) began to grow in influence in 1973.

The Gama'at spread quite rapidly on campuses and won up to one-third of all student union elections. These victories provided a platform from which the associations campaigned for Islamic dress, the veiling of women, and the segregation of classes by gender. Secular university administrators opposed these goals.
By March 1976, they were "dominant force" in the student movement and by 1977 "they were in complete control of the universities and had driven the left organizations underground."

Expansion
Having once been favored by the Egyptian government of Anwar Sadat they now threatened it, passionately opposing what they believed was a "shameful peace with the Jews," aka the Camp David Accords with Israel. By 1979, they began to be harassed by the government but their numbers grew steadily. In 1979, Sadat sought to diminish the influence of the associations through a law that transferred most of the authority of the student unions to professors and administrators. During the 1980s, however, Islamists gradually penetrated college faculties. At Assiut University, which was the scene of some of the most intense clashes between Islamists and their opponents (including security forces, secularists, and Copts), the president and other top administrators – who were Islamists – supported Gama'at demands to end mixed-sex classes and to reduce total female enrollment. In other universities Gama'at also forbade the mixing of genders, films, concerts, and dances, and enforced their bans with clubs and iron bars. From the universities the groups reached out to make new recruits, preaching in poor neighbourhoods of cities, and to rural areas. and after a crackdown against them, inmates of Egyptian jails.

In April 1981, the group became involved in what was probably started as a clan feud/vendetta about livestock or property lines between Coptic and Muslim Egyptians in the vicinity of Minya, Egypt. The group believed in the position of tributary or dhimmi for Christians in Egypt and opposed any signs of Coptic "arrogance" (istikbar), such as Christian cultural identity and opposition to an Islamic state. The group distributed a leaflet accusing Egypt's one Christian provincial governor (appointed by the government) of providing automatic weapons to Christians to attack Muslims, and the Sadat administration of following orders given by the United States.

Crackdown
In June 1981, a brutal sectarian Muslim-Copt fight broke out in the poor al-Zawaiyya Al Hamra district of Cairo. Over three days of fighting, 17 people were killed, 112 injured, and 171 public and private buildings were damaged. "Men and women were slaughtered; babies thrown from windows, their bodies crushed on the pavement below; there was looting, killing and arson." Islamic Group(s) were accused of participating in the incident and in September 1981, one month before the assassination of Sadat, the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya were dissolved by the state (although they had never been legally registered in the first place), their infrastructure was destroyed and their leaders arrested.

Assassination of president Anwar Sadat

In 1980, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad under the leadership of Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj, formed a coalition with the Gama'a under the leadership of Karam Zuhdi, with both agreeing to follow the guidance of Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman.  One of Faraj's groups was responsible for the assassination of President Anwar Sadat in 1981. Following the assassination, Karam Zuhdi expressed regret for conspiring with Egyptian Islamic Jihad in the assassination, according to the Council on Foreign Relations. Zuhdi was among the 900 militants who were set free in April 2006 by the Egyptian government.

Omar Abdel-Rahman
The cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was the spiritual leader of the movement. He was accused of participating in the World Trade Center 1993 bombings conspiracy, and was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for his espousal of a subsequent conspiracy to bomb New York City landmarks, including the United Nations and FBI offices. The Islamic Group had publicly threatened to retaliate against the United States if Rahman was not released from prison. However, the group later renounced violence and their leaders and members were released from prison in Egypt. Abdel-Rahman died on 18 February 2017.

1990s terrorism campaign
While the Islamic group had originally been an amorphous movement of local groups centered in mosques without offices or membership roll, by the late 1980s it became more organized and "even adopted an official logo: an upright sword standing on an open Qur'an with an orange sun rising in the background," encircled by the Qur'anic verse that Abdel Rahman had quoted at his trials while trying to explain his interpretation of jihad to the judges:
وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لاَ تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ لِلّهِ فَإِنِ انتَهَواْ فَلاَ عُدْوَانَ إِلاَّ عَلَى الظَّالِمِينَ

Fight them on until there is no more Tumult, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah; but if they cease, Let there be no hostility except to those who practise oppression.

This became the official motto of the group.

The 1990s saw Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya engage in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy – tourism – and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depends for support.

Victims of campaign against the Egyptian state from 1992 to 1997 totaled more than 1200 and included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a speaker of parliament (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police.

The 1991 killing of the group's leader, Ala Mohieddin, presumably by security forces, led Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya to murder Egypt's speaker of parliament in retaliation. In June 1995, working together with Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the group staged a carefully planned attempt on the life of President Mubarak, led by Mustafa Hamza, a senior Egyptian member of the Al-Qaeda and commander of the military branch of the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. Mubarak escaped unharmed and retaliated with a massive and ruthless crackdown on GI members and their families in Egypt.

Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim was arrested in Croatia in 1995.

Failed nonviolence initiative
By 1997, the movement had become paralyzed. 20,000 Islamists were in custody in Egypt and thousands more had been killed by the security forces. In July of that year, Islamist lawyer Montassir al-Zayyat brokered a deal between the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and the Egyptian government, called the Nonviolence Initiative, whereby the movement formally renounced violence. The next year the government released 2,000 members of the Islamic Group. After the initiative was declared Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman also gave his approval from his prison cell in the United States, though he later withdrew it.

The initiative divided the Islamic Group between members in Egypt who supported it and those in exile who wanted the attacks to continue. Leading the opposition was EIJ leader Ayman Zawahiri who termed it "surrender" in angry letters to the London newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat.

Temple of Hatshepsut attack

Zawahiri enlisted Ahmed Refai Taha, both exiles in Afghanistan with him, to sabotage the initiative with a massive terrorism attack that would provoke the government into repression. So on 17 November 1997 Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya killing campaign climaxed with the attack at the Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahri) in Luxor, in which a band of six men dressed in police uniforms machine-gunned and hacked to death with knives 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians. "The killing went on for 45 minutes, until the floors streamed with blood. The dead included a five-year-old British child and four Japanese couples on their honeymoons." Altogether 71 people were killed. The attack stunned Egyptian society, devastated the tourist industry for a number of years, and consequently sapped a large segment of popular support for violent Islamism in Egypt.

The revulsion of Egyptians and rejection of jihadi terrorism was so complete, the attack's supporters backpedaled. The day after the attack, Refai Taha claimed the attackers intended only to take the tourists hostage, despite the evidence of the systematic nature of the slaughter. Others denied Islamist involvement completely. Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman blamed Israelis for the killings, and Zawahiri maintaining the Egyptian police had done it.

When Refai Taha signed the al-Qaeda fatwa "International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders" to kill Crusaders and Jews on behalf of the Islamic Group, he was "forced to withdraw his name" from the fatwa, explaining to fellow members ... than he had "only been asked over the telephone to join in a statement of support for the Iraqi people."

Attacks
Major attacks by Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya:
8 June 1992 – assassination of Farag Foda.
26 June 1995 – attempt to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
20 October 1995 – Car bomb attack on police station in Rijeka, Croatia.
28 April 1996 – a mass shooting outside the Europa Hotel, Cairo, killing 17 Greek tourists mistaken for Israelis.
17 November 1997 – Luxor massacre at Deir el-Bahri, Luxor, Egypt. 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians killed.

It was also responsible for a spate of tourist shootings (trains and cruise ships sprayed with bullets) in middle and upper Egypt during the early 1990s. As a result of those attacks, cruise ships ceased sailing between Cairo and Luxor.

Renouncing terrorism

After spending more than two decades in prison and after intense debates and discussions with Al-Azhar scholars, most of the leaders of Al-Gama'a Al-Islamiyya have written several books renouncing their ideology of violence and some of them went as far as calling ex-Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, whom they assassinated, a martyr.

Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya renounced bloodshed in 2003, and in September 2003 Egypt freed more than 1,000 members, citing what Interior Minister Habib el-Adli called the group's stated "commitment to rejecting violence."

Harsh repressive measures by the Egyptian government and the unpopularity of the killing of foreign tourists have reduced the group's profile in recent years but the movement retains popular support among Egyptian Islamists who disapprove of the secular nature of Egypt's society and peace treaty with Israel.

In April 2006, the Egyptian government released approximately 1,200 members from prison, including a founder, Nageh Ibrahim.

Reportedly, there have been "only two instances where members showed signs of returning to their former violent ways, and in both cases they were betrayed by informants within their own group."

2011 revolution
Following the 2011 Revolution, Al-Gamaa al-Islamiya established a political party, the Building and Development Party. In August 2011, it presented 6,700 proxies (signatures) to the Egyptian political parties' committee on behalf of its party. In a statement the Gamaa said that any legislation drafted in Egypt after the revolution must refer to the sharia of God, "who blessed us with this revolution. We believe that the suffering we endured during the past years was due to neglecting religion and putting those who don't fear [God] in power." It also stated that "Islam can contain everyone and respects the freedom of followers of other religions to refer to their own sharia in private affairs."

The Building and Development Party contested the 2011–2012 elections to the People's Council, the lower house of the Egyptian parliament, as part of the Islamic Alliance which was led by the salafi Al-Nour Party. It gained 13 seats: 12 in Upper Egypt and one in Suez.

In June 2013, Egypt's president Mohammed Morsi appointed Adel el-Khayat, a member of the group, as governor of Luxor. el-Khayat resigned within a week of his appointment due to public unrest related to the group's commission of the 1997 massacre in Luxor.

Beliefs
One scholar studying the group, Gilles Kepel, found that the group repeatedly used the name of radical Islamist theorist Sayyid Qutb, and often quoted from his manifesto, Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones), in their leaflets and newsletters. They emphasized the right to legislate belongs to God alone; and that divine unity (tawhid) in Islam signifies liberation (tahrir) from all that is corrupt in thought  –including the liberation of all that is inherited or conventional, like customs and traditions.

There was a scant supply of any writing by the group's members, but some issues leading writer(s) of the gama'at thought worth mentioning included:
 Youth must be taught that Islam was nizam kamil wa shamil (a complete and perfect system) and must regulate government and war, the judicial system and the economy.
 Egypt's disastrous 1967 War was the result of following Arab nationalism rather than Islam.
 Signs of the growth of an Islamic movement were the wearing of the veil by women and the white gallabieh and untrimmed beard by men, early marriage, and attendance at public prayers on the major Muslim festivals, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-adha.

While secularist social analyses of Egypt's socioeconomic problems maintained that poverty was caused by overpopulation or high defense expenditures, Al-Gama'at saw the cause in the populace's spiritual failures – laxness, secularism, and corruption. The solution was a return to the simplicity, hard work, and self-reliance of earlier Muslim life.

Members allegedly allying with al-Qaeda
Deputy leader of al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri announced a new alliance with a faction of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. In a video released on the internet on 5 August 2006. Zawahiri said "We bring good tidings to the Muslim nation about a big faction of the knights of Al-Gama'a Islamiyya uniting with Al-Qaeda," and the move aimed to help "rally the Muslim nation's capabilities in a unified rank in the face of the most severe crusader campaign against Islam in its history." An Al-Gama'a leader, Muhammad al-Hukaymah, appeared in the video and confirmed the unity move. However, Hukaymah acknowledged that other Al-Gama'a members had "backslid" from the militant course he was keeping to, and some Al-Gama'a representatives also denied that they were joining forces with the international Al-Qaeda network. Sheikh Abdel Akhar Hammad, a former Al-Gama'a leader, told Al-Jazeera: "If [some] brothers have joined, then this is their own personal view and I don't think that most Al-Gama'a members share that same opinion."

Foreign relations
Designation as a terrorist organization
Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Jamaa Islamia as a terrorist organization.

See also

 Terrorism in Egypt
 List of designated terrorist organizations

References

External links
Al-Ghuroba (Followers of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah)
 (Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies)
Article about Islamist resistance in Egypt
Article in the Economist about more recent developments
al-Gama'a al Islam home page
Egypt's Jihad Group leader wants end to violence
Violence won't work: how author of 'jihadists' bible' stirred up a storm
The Rebellion Within a New Yorker article about terrorists renouncing violence, with significant attention paid to the Islamic Group

Jihadist groups in Egypt
Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada
Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union
Organizations designated as terrorist by Israel
Organizations designated as terrorist by Russia
Qutbist organisations
Salafi Jihadist groups
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United Arab Emirates
Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
Organizations based in Africa designated as terrorist
Organisations of the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)

Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya


Seo Whi-min (서휘민 en coréen), née le , est une patineuse coréenne, spécialiste de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte. Elle remporte une médaille d'argent aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022, en relais 3 000 mètres. En avril 2022 à Montréal, elle est championne du monde au relais .

Biographie

Seo Whi-min naît à Séoul en Corée du Sud le .

Sportive, Seo Whi-min commence par faire du roller, puis découvre le patinage de vitesse en 2010. Elle se spécialise ensuite en patinage de vitesse sur piste courte. Elle participe à quinze ans aux championnats du monde junior, y remporte le  femmes et termine deuxième du  et du classement individuel femmes. Deux ans plus tard, en 2019, lors des mêmes championnats du monde junior, elle remporte le  femmes et le relais  femmes.

En patinage de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse d'hiver de 2020, elle remporte les deux médailles d'or en individuel, au 500 mètres et au 1000 mètres, et la médaille de bronze en relais.

Qualifiée pour les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022, Seo Whi-min termine seconde au  relais et gagne la médaille d'argent avec ses coéquipières.

La même année, en avril 2022, elle remporte trois médailles aux championnats du monde à Montréal au Canada : deux médailles de bronze en individuel sur  et sur , et la médaille d'or par équipe en .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte
 Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 - Relais 3 000 mètres

Liens externes

Patineuse de vitesse sur piste courte sud-coréenne
Patineuse de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillée d'argent olympique sud-coréenne
Championne du monde de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte
Médaillée aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en mars 2002
Naissance à Séoul

Seo Whi-min


Adrian Dragoș Iordache (n. 13 noiembrie 1981, Pitești) este un fost fotbalist român, care a evoluat pe postul de atacant. De-a lungul carierei a jucat în România, la FC Argeș, Pandurii și CS Otopeni, în Germania, la Energie Cottbus, în Grecia, la Levadiakos și în Rusia, la FC Șinnik Iaroslavl.

Legături externe
 Profil pe RomanianSoccer

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai FC Argeș Pitești
Fotbaliști ai FC Pandurii Târgu Jiu

Adrian Dragoș Iordache


Rhys Carpenter (5 de agosto de 1889 - 2 de janeiro de 1980) foi um historiador de arte clássica norte-americano e professor do Bryn Mawr College.

Carpenter não era um estudioso convencional. Ele analisou a arte grega do ponto de vista da produção e comportamento artístico. Ele defendeu a datação do alfabeto grego no século VIII a.C.

Início da vida e carreira
Carpenter nasceu em Cotuit, Massachusetts , em 1889. Ele recebeu seu B.A. em Clássicos da Universidade de Columbia em 1909. Carpenter ganhou uma bolsa Rhodes na Universidade de Oxford, estudando no Balliol College. Lá ele publicou sua própria poesia e ganhou um segundo BA (1911), atualizado para um Master of Arts em 1914.

Ele passou o ano de 1912–13 na Escola Americana de Estudos Clássicos em Atenas. A presidente do Bryn Mawr College, Martha Carey Thomas (1857–1935) convidou Carpenter para estabelecer um departamento de arqueologia clássica no colégio, o que ele fez enquanto concluía seu próprio trabalho de pós-graduação na Universidade de Columbia; ele completou seu Ph.D. em 1916 com uma dissertação sobre A Ética de Eurípides.

Em 1918 ele já era professor titular em Bryn Mawr. Em 1918, Carpenter casou-se com Eleanor Houston Hill. Em 1926, Carpenter tornou-se professor da Escola Americana de Estudos Clássicos em Atenas e estabeleceu o jornal da escola, Hesperia, em 1932. Ele também foi fundamental no planejamento das escavações americanas da ágora em Atenas. Ele voltou a lecionar no Bryn Mawr College e também proferiu as Martin Classical Lectures no Oberlin College , publicadas como The Humanistic Value of Archaeology (1933). Ele proferiu as palestras Sather em 1946 sobre "conto popular, ficção e saga nos épicos homéricos".

Morte
Ele morreu em Devon, Pensilvânia, em 1980.

Legado
O Bryn Mawr College dedicou sua biblioteca de arqueologia recém-construída em nome e memória de Carpenter em 1997.

Publicações

 [bibliografia até  1969]:  Hesperia 38 no. 2 (1969) : 123–132.
 Greek Sculpture: a Critical Review. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
 and Ackerman, James. Art and Archaeology. Nova York: Prentice Hall, 1963.
 Humanistic Value of Archaeology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.
 The Esthetic Basis of the Greek Art of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.. New York:  Longmans, Green and Co., 1921, 2a. ed.: Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1959.
 Ancient Corinth: a guide to the excavations. Atenas: Héstia, 1936.
 Art; a Bryn Mawr Symposium. Bryn Mawr, PA: Bryn Mawr College, 1940.
 Discontinuity in Greek Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.
 Folk Tale: Fiction and Saga in the Homeric Epics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1946.
 The Greeks in Spain. Nova York:  Longmans, Green and Co., 1925.
 Historical Aspects of the Fine Arts: Addresses by Rhys Carpenter [e outros]. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College, 1938.
 The Sun-Thief, and Other Poems. Londres:  H. Milford, 1914.

Referências

Fontes

 For Carpenter's full bibliography, see Hesperia 38 (1969) 123–32.
 For his obituary, see Machteld Mellink in American Journal of Archaeology 84, No. 2 (Abr., 1980), pp. 260–1.
 Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Research Guide to the History of Western Art. Sources of Information in the Humanities, no. 2. Chicago:  American Library Association, 1982, p. 43.
 Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Modern Perspectives in Western Art History:  An Anthology of 20th-Century Writings on the Visual Arts. Nova York:  Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971, p. 40.
 Medwid, Linda M. The Makers of Classical Archaeology:  A Reference Work. Nova York:  Humanity Books, 2000 pp. 48–51.
 Mabel Lang  "Rhys Carpenter."  American National Biography 4: 433–34.
 Mortimer Chambers "Rhys Carpenter." Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, ed. Westport, CT:  Greenwood Press, 1996, pp. 245–46.
 [Obituário:] New York Times, Jan. 4, 1980: 15.

Links externos

 Breaking Ground, Breaking Tradition: Bryn Mawr and the First Generation of Women Archaeologists (em inglês)

Historiadores dos Estados Unidos

Rhys Carpenter


An Paramapania flaccida in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hendrik Uittien. An Paramapania flaccida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paramapania, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paramapania

Paramapania flaccida


المسح الاجتماعي شكل خاص من أشكال دراسة البيئة الاجتماعية. وبالمقارنة مع طريقة الاستفتاء الاجتماعي (Social investigation) نلاحظ بأن طريقة المسح الاجتماعي تكون أعم وأوسع، فهي تشتمل دراسة جميع ظروف الحياة لبعض الطبقات الاجتماعية.

مراحل المسح الاجتماعي
و قام بتحديدها كارادوج جونس (Caradog Jones):
 مرحلة تعريف البيئة وبيان حدودها
 مرحلة الوصف الدقيق
 تحليل وإيجاد العلاقات السببية بين العوامل المختلفة

مراجع

بيانات الإحصاءات الاجتماعية
مجموعات بيانات إحصائية

مسح اجتماعي


Die Sri-lankische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1961 war die neunte Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Sri Lanka. Sie fand in Colombo statt.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
 http://www.srilankabadminton.lk/pdf/past_winners.pdf

1961
Badminton 1961
Badmintonwettbewerb in Colombo


41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresák, komet Jupiterove obitelji, objekt blizu Zemlji. Uz ime otkrivatelja Tuttlea, komet nosi ime astronoma koji su ga opet otkrili, neovisno jedan o drugome: Michel Giacobini 1907. i Ľubor Kresák 1951. godine.

Izvori

Kometi

41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresák


ريفولفير أوسلوت  ويعرف أيضاً باسم شالاشاسكا وأوسلوت فقط هو إحدى الشخصيات خيالية من لعبة ميتال غير على أجهزة البلاي ستيشن والاكس بوكس الأول والثاني والثالث ظهر في اجزاء اللعبة الأربعة التي صدرت على البلاي ستيشن ويعتبر أحد أهم الشخصيات في اللعبة.

قصته
تعتبر الشخصية من الشخصيات المهمة في اللعبة وذات دور مهم في اللعبة هو ابن لشخصية ذا بوس التي ظهرت بالجزء الثالث من اللعبة ووالده هو ذا سورو وكلاهما متوفي حالياً.

التقى بشخصية بيج بوس في الجزء الثالث وقد ساهمت الشخصية في تكوين شخصية اوسيلوت على المدى الطويل فبعد العداوة في البداية أصبح الاثنان صديقان. وكما انه كان هو أحد مؤسسي منظمة الباتريوتس (الوطنيون) وقاتل لصالح البيج بوس إلى النهاية حتى انه ظهر بالجزء الرابع من لعبة ميتل غير سوليد بشخصية ليكويد (أخو سوليد سنيك التوأم) وقد تبين بأنه اقتبس دور الشخصية متعمداً وذلك عن طريق النانو مشينز والجلسات النفسية.

مراجع

أصحاب أعمال خياليون
أصحاب أعمال خياليون في ألعاب فيديو
أمريكيون خياليون من أصل أوروبي ألعاب فيديو
أمريكيون خياليون من أصل روسي
أيتام في ألعاب الفيديو
إرهابيون خياليون
جنود في ألعاب الفيديو
رجال مثليون خياليون
رعاة بقر خياليون
رواد (رتبة عسكرية) خياليون
روس خياليون في ألعاب فيديو
زعماء (شخصيات ألعاب فيديو)
سايبورغ في ألعاب الفيديو
سوفيت خياليون
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو ذكور
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو ظهرت في سنة 1998
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو في القصص المصورة
شخصيات أمريكية في ألعاب الفيديو
شخصيات الغرب الأمريكي
شخصيات خيالية متعددة الهوية
شخصيات ضباط شرطة في ألعاب الفيديو
شخصيات عسكرية في ألعاب الفيديو
شخصيات من تصميم يوجي شينكاوا
شخصيات ميتال غير
ضباط شرطة خياليون
عملاء خياليون لوكالة المخابرات المركزية
عملاء سريون وجواسيس خياليون في ألعاب فيديو
عملاء مزدوجون خياليون
قادة عسكريون خياليون
قتلة جماعيون خياليون
قناصون خياليون
مبتورو أطراف خياليون
مجرمون خياليون ألعاب فيديو
مرتزقة خياليون ألعاب فيديو
مهاجرون خياليون إلى الولايات المتحدة
جواسيس عسكريون خياليون

ريفولفر أوسلات


Amphicarpum, maleni rod trava smješten u podtribus Boivinellinae, dio tribusa Paniceae i potporodice Panicoideae. Dvije su priznate vrste, obje endemi s istoka Sjedinjenih Država

Vrste
 Amphicarpum amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash
 Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum (Schult.) Hitchc.

Izvori

Boivinellinae

Amphicarpum


La prostitution à Macao est légale, contrairement à la Chine continentale, car la ville est une région administrative spéciale du pays. Cependant, l'exploitation d'un bordel et le proxénétisme sont tous deux illégaux à Macao, ce dernier étant passible d'une peine de prison maximale de 8 ans. La prostitution de rue est illégale mais le travail du sexe dans un salon de massage est considéré comme légal de facto. La ville a un grand commerce du sexe bien qu'il n'y ait pas de quartier chaud officiel. En plus de la prostitution de rue, les prostituées travaillent dans des immeubles à loyer modéré, des salons de massage et des maisons closes illégales, ainsi que dans des casinos, des discothèques, des saunas et dans certains des plus grands hôtels. La plupart des hôtels, cependant, ont des prostituées présumées hébergées discrètement. De nombreux trottoirs et passages souterrains de la ville sont jonchés de cartes de visite de prostituées.

L'économie de Macao repose en grande partie sur le tourisme avec une contribution importante des casinos, de la drogue et de la prostitution, ce qui conduit la ville à être appelée Sin City. Comme l'administration de Macao dépend fortement des taxes sur la prostitution et le jeu, les autorités sont traditionnellement réticentes à réduire la taille de l'industrie du sexe. Le commerce serait contrôlé par des groupes chinois du crime organisé, avec différents gangs composés de personnes de différentes provinces de Chine, un système qui conduit à de violents affrontements.

Historique
La prostitution apparaît à Macao au cours du  et  siècles. Au  siècle, en plus des maisons closes conventionnelles, Macao possède des maisons closes flottantes connues sous le nom de "bateaux à fleurs" qui desservent les navires étrangers. Après 1851, la prostitution est réglementée et, dans les années 1930, le gouvernement tente de mettre fin à l'exploitation et à l'abus des prostituées. À la fin des années 1930, il y a 120 maisons closes dans la ville avec 1500 prostituées.

Dans les années 1990, des rapports alléguent que des membres de la triade chinoise organisent des mariages de complaisance avec des prostituées portugaises afin d'obtenir la nationalité portugaise. Au début de 2015, des articles de tabloïd font état d'actrices japonaises populaires de films pornographiques venant à Macao pour travailler comme prostituées, il est dit que leurs clients sont de riches Chinois. Une campagne nationale chinoise de lutte contre la corruption réduit ensuite la publicité liée à la prostitution et augmente le nombre d'inspections des bordels illégaux. Certains bordels souterrains sont fermés et plus de 100 personnes sont arrêtées pour implication criminelle dans la prostitution dans un hôtel de Macao.

Trafic sexuel
Il existe des allégations selon lesquelles des syndicats chinois attirent des femmes de Chine continentale pour qu'elles travaillent comme prostituées à Macao avec de fausses annonces pour des emplois dans les casinos, de danseuse ou d'autres types d'emplois légitimes. Il existe également des allégations selon lesquelles des femmes sont victimes de la traite à Macao pour la prostitution en provenance de Mongolie, de Russie, des Philippines, de Thaïlande, du Viêt Nam, de Birmanie, d'Asie centrale et d'Afrique du Sud. Un gang amenant des prostituées sud-coréennes à Macao pour servir des hommes chinois est arrêté en 2015. Selon l'ambassade des États-Unis à Oulan-Bator, les estimations du nombre de travailleuses du sexe mongoles à Macao varient de 200 à 300 femmes. Macao est inscrite sur une liste de surveillance du Bureau de surveillance et de lutte contre la traite des personnes du département d'État américain, classée au niveau 2 (territoires qui ne se conforment pas pleinement aux normes minimales de la loi de 2000 sur la protection des victimes de la traite et de la violence, "mais font des efforts importants pour se mettre en conformité"). La traite des êtres humains est illégale à Macao, avec une peine de prison maximale de 12 ans (15 ans si des mineurs sont impliqués).

Voir aussi

 Prostitution en république populaire de Chine
 Prostitution à Hong Kong
 Prostitution au Tibet

Notes et références

Prostitution en Chine

Prostitution à Macao


نيورد Njord أو نيورذر Njörðr في الأساطير الإسكندنافية، هو إله بين عرق الفانير. نيورد هو والد الإلهين فري وفريا من أخته وزوجته التي لم يذكر اسمها، وتزوج من الإلهة سكادي وكان زواجهما فاشلا، ويعيش في نواتون ويرتبط بالبحر والملاحة والرياح وصيد الأسماك والثروة وخصوبة المحاصيل.

يظهر نيورد في قصائد شعر إيدا الشعرية التي تم جمعها في القرن الثالث عشر من مصادر تقليدية سابقة، وقصائد نثر إيدا التي كتبها سنوري سترلسون في القرن الثالث عشر، كما يظهر بدور ملك السويد الأسطوري الأول في هيمسكرينغلا، والتي كتبها ستورلسون أيضا، وكذلك أحد الآلهة الثلاثة في كتاب هاوكسبوك من القرن الرابع عشر، وفي العديد من أسماء الأماكن الاسكندنافية. بقيت طقوس تكريم نيورد في العادات الشعبية النرويجية حتى القرن الثامن عشر أو التاسع عشر، حيث تم تسجيل الإله باسم نيور وشكره الصيادون على السمك الوفير.

كان نيورد موضوعًا للنقاشات والنظريات، وغالبًا ما يتم ربطه بشخصية الإلهة الجرمانية نيرثوس، والبطل هادينغوس، أن مكانته كانت أهم في السابق بين الأوثان النوردية نظرًا لظهور اسمه في العديد من أسماء الأماكن.

الاسم

يتوافق اسم نيورد مع اسم الإلهة الجرمانية الأقدم نيرثوس Nerthus، وكلاهما مستمد من الكلمة الجرمانية القديمة «نيرثوز» Nerþuz. المعنى الأصلي للاسم متنازع عليه، لكنه قد يكون مرتبطًا بالكلمة الأيرلندية nert التي تعني «القوة». وقد اقترح الباحثون أن تغيّر الجنس من نيرثوس الأنثى إلى نيورد الذكر يرجع إلى حقيقة أن الأسماء المؤنثة التي تنتهي بـus اختفت من اللغة الجرمانية وسادت بدلها الأسماء المذكرة. ومع ذلك، فإن علماء آخرين يرون أن التغيير لا يعتمد على الجنس النحوي بل على تطور المعتقدات الدينية، حيث أن اختلاف الجنس مردّه أنهما إلهان منفصلان. قد يكون اسم نيورد مرتبطًا باسم الإلهة الإسكندنافية.

يظهر اسم نيورد في أسماء أماكن مختلفة في الدول الاسكندنافية، مثل ناردهاوي (وهي الآن نالافي في ناركه)، ناردهافي (وهي الآن ميارديفي في لينشوبيغ) كلاهما يضيف المصطلح الديني «في» أو المزار، نياردالوندا (وهي الآن نارلوندا في هلسينغبورغ)، نيردهاتونوم (وهي الآن نارتونا في أوبلاند) في السويد،  نيارذفيك في جنوب غرب آيسلندا، ونايارذالوغ ونيارذي (وهي الآن Nærøy) في النرويج. كذلك يظهر اسم نيورد في كلمة للإسفنج: Njarðarvöttr أو قفاز نيورد في النوردية القديمة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فقد تم تحويل اسم الإله الروماني ساتورن باسم نيورد في الترجمات الأيسلندية القديمة عن الأساطير الكلاسيكية

المراجع

المصادر

Hellquist, E. (1922): Svensk etymologisk ordbok. C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, Lund.
Jónsson, Finnur (1913). Goðafræði Norðmanna og Íslendinga eftir heimildum. Hið íslenska bókmentafjelag.
Magnússon, Ásgeir Blöndal (1989). Íslensk orðsifjabók. Orðabók Háskólans.
Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary: Based on the Ms. Collections of the Late Richard Cleasby. Clarendon Press.

آلهة البحر والنهر
آلهة الريح
آلهة السماء والجو
فانير
ملوك أسطوريون السويد
أساطير نوردية

نيورد


Karina Lorentzen Dehnhardt (nascida a 26 de outubro de 1973, em Kolding) é uma política dinamarquesa, membro do Folketing pelo Partido Popular Socialista. Ela foi eleita para o parlamento nas eleições legislativas dinamarquesas de 2019, e já havia sido anteriormente membro do parlamento entre 2007 e 2015.

Carreira política
Lorentzen concorreu pela primeira vez ao parlamento nas eleições legislativas dinamarquesas de 2007, nas quais foi eleita para o parlamento com 1251 votos. Ela foi reeleita em 2011 com 4877 votos. Depois, não conseguiu eleger-se em 2015, mas elegeu-se novamente nas eleições de 2019, recebendo 4698 votos.

Nascidos em 1973
Pessoas vivas
Mulheres da Dinamarca na política
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Karina Lorentzen


Phœbé, op. 30, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1909.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose Phœbé pour piano. L'œuvre, dédiée à Paul Locard, est publiée aux éditions Leduc en 1909. Elle est rééditée en 2004 par les éditions Furore.

Analyse
Phœbé fait partie d'un corpus d'œuvres que la compositrice a composé en se basant sur de grandes héroïne mythologiques. Ces pièces offrent des figures archétypales pour penser la place des femmes et le sort que les hommes leur réservent. Ce sont des  et des œuvres à clefs. Cette pièce fait partie d'un cycle posthume : , qui comprend aussi Mélisande, Ophélie, Viviane, Desdemona, Salomé et Omphale.

Cette pièce fait aussi partie de ces œuvres demandant une certaine exigence technique. L'œuvre illustre la maturité du style de la compositrice, par la suspension du sentiment tonal ou modal et la maîtrise de la conception formelle. On pourrait croire que l'œuvre est en ré bémol majeur, en se fiant à l'armure, mais l'harmonie entraîne une ambiguïté tonale. En considérant l'accompagnement des premières mesures, on pourrait interpréter le début comme étant en la bémol mixolydien. Le la bémol peut aussi être une note polaire du début de l'œuvre. Les dernières mesures de la pièce continuent à entretenir cette ambiguïté tonale. La fin, plutôt que de résoudre les tensions, s'évanouit dans une douce instabilité, selon François de Médicis. La pièce utilise deux autres modes : la gamme par tons et la gamme octatonique, qui persistent à cette impression d'indétermination polaire. La symétrie de la distribution intervallique de ces échelles tend à neutraliser le pouvoir d'une note polaire. Elles sont également connues comme étant les premiers et deuxièmes modes à transpositions limitées d'Olivier Messiaen. La gamme octatonique participe à l'indétermination modale, mais la gamme par tons est utilisée au seul moment cadentiel vraiment affirmé de l'œuvre : elle sert à enjoliver un accord de dominante sur mi bémol majeur qui se résout sur la tonique de la bémol. Le rôle de la gamme octatonique est plus complexe que celui de la gamme par tons, tant sur le plan harmonique que sur le plan formel. L'œuvre est de forme tripartite ABA'.

Dans cette pièce, le brouillage de l'articulation formelle est exacerbée par l'ambiguïté polaire, mais d'autres compositeurs exploitent le même effet de décalage des marqueurs formel et harmonique dans des contextes clairement tonals comme dans l'Impromptu no 3 de Gabriel Fauré. On retrouve d'autres points commun entre cet impromptu et Phœbé comme le rythme d'une voix implicite dans l'accompagnement de la main gauche module de manière a rétablir la pulsation initiale.

La carrure de groupement, la projection du mètre et la fluidité des articulations ne sont pas aussi subtiles et ambiguës dans l'ensemble des œuvres inspirées par des figures féminines. Certaines œuvres comme Viviane ou Desdemona présentent des coupes plus conventionnelles.

La grande fluidité de la pièce s'explique par le symbolisme de l'œuvre. Le titre de l'œuvre peut renvoyer à deux personnages mythologiques : soit une Titanide, fille d'Ouranos et Gaïa, soit plus vraisemblablement, la fille de Zeus et Leto, Phœbé-Artémis, divinité de la lune et sœur jumelle de Phoebus-Apollon.

Réception
L'œuvre a été jouée lors d'un concert en 1909 par Mel Bonis elle même.

Discographie
 Femmes de légende, par Maria Stembolskaya (piano), Ligia Digital LIDI 0103214-10, 2010,
 En dehors, Kyra Steckeweh (piano), 2015

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Œuvre pour piano
Œuvre réalisée en 1909
Œuvre en si bémol mineur

Phœbé de Bonis


Invitation to a Murder,  é um filme americano de 2023, dos gêneros mistério e suspense, dirigido por Stephen Shimek, com roteiros de Gérard Miller, Brian O'Donnell e Jerome Reygner-Kalfon baseado no livro Invitation to a Murder escrito por Gail Abbott Zimmerman.

Enredo
1934. Sul da Inglaterra. Quando um bilionário recluso Lewis Findley convida seis estranhos aparentemente aleatórios para sua propriedade na remota mansão em uma ilha, a intrépida aspirante a detetive Miranda Green acha o convite misterioso muito atraente para deixar passar. Quando outro convidado aparece morto, Miranda deve chegar ao fundo da trama maliciosa por trás da reunião para provar a si mesma e talvez salvar sua vida. À medida que o fim de semana avança, as pistas sobre por que eles foram convidados começam a se desenrolar junto com um mistério sinistro.

Elenco

Produção
A produção começou no final de 2021.

Lançamento
O filme foi lançado digitalmente (streaming) em 25 de abril de 2023 através da Lionsgate.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2023

Invitation to a Murder


Le nyangbo ou tutrugbu est une langue kwa parlée au Ghana. Elle est très proche du tafi.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Langue au Ghana
Langue kwa

Nyangbo


Yenidoğan, Eskişehir ilinin Çifteler ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Çifteler'in mahalleleri

Yenidoğan, Çifteler


Caatinganthus rubropappus, južnoamerička vrsta dvosupnice iz porodice glavočika. Brazilski endem. Raspreostranjena je po državama Rio Grande do Norte i Pernambuco. Nekada je uključivana u rod Stilpnopappus

Siononimi
 Stilpnopappus rubropappus J.M. Soares Nunes

Izvori

Caatinganthus

Caatinganthus rubropappus


Saint-Georges () is a station on Line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 9th arrondissement.

The station opened on 8 April 1911 as part of the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Notre-Dame-de-Lorette to Pigalle. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the Métro. The station is named after the Rue Saint-Georges, which became a street in 1734 and leads to the Place Saint-Georges, created in 1824.  It was the centre of an estate created by the speculator Dosne, father-in-law of the politician Adolphe Thiers.

It was renovated during the early 2000s in imitation of the style adopted by the Nord-Sud Company, the original architects of the station. In fact, the current decorative style only vaguely resembles the original: the station name is no longer shown on large ceramic tablets (as at Solférino and Abbesses) and does not follow the original colour-coding: the edge of the ceramic name tablets should be brown to designate a non-interchange station, rather than green.

Station layout

References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 9th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1911

Saint-Georges station


Papiamento (ya da Papiamentu) Hollanda'ya bağlı Aruba, Kurasao, Bonaire adalarındaki en yaygın dildir. Ana olarak Portekizce'den ve yerli dillerden etkilenmiş olmasına karşın son yıllarda İspanyolca, Hollanda, Afrika ile İngilizce'nin etkileri de artmıştır. Portekizce ve İspanyolca arasındaki sözcük benzerliklerinden dolayı, her kelimenin tam olarak kökenini ayırt etmek zordur. Kökeni hakkında farklı teoriler olmasına rağmen, çoğu dil bilimci Papiamento'nun Batı Afrika kıyılarındaki Portekiz kreol dilleri kökenli olduğunu düşünüyor.

Kaynakça

Doğal diller
İspanyol temelli kreol dilleri
Curaçao'da kültür
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Papiamento


Trondenes Kirke er en norsk kirke beliggende på Trondenes-halvøens østlige havside, tre kilometer nord for byen Harstad. Kirken er et historisk sted med spor tilbage til vikingtiden. Årstallet for byggeriet har indtil nylig været sat til omkring 1250, men nyere forskning tyder på at kirken er af nyere dato. Den blev sandsynligvis indviet omkring 1440. Kirken er bygget på et område hvor der tidligere har været trækirker fra 1100-tallet. Rundt omkring kirken findes der rester af befæstninger fra 1100-tallet, som sandsynligvis skulle beskytte en tidligere trækirke mod angreb. Kirken er fortsat i brug som sognekirke. På indersiden af norddøren hænger der en alenstok, i tilfælde af at kirkegængerne havde behov for at vide hvor lang en alen virkelig er.

Kirken ligger i Trondenes sokn som er en del af Trondenes prosti og Nord-Hålogaland bispedømme.

Den hvide kirke er en typisk middelalder-kirke med et stejlt rødt tegltag. Kirken har et højt rektangulært kirkeskib med et smalt kor. Portalerne er spidsbuede med dekorationer af klæbersten. Der er ikke sket de store ændringer af murværk, portaler eller vinduer.

Interiøret har gennemgået flere ændringer. 1792 blev korbuen fjernet og erstattet med en korskærm med en integreret prædikestol i rokoko fra 1792. Stolen er udstyret med et timeglas. Når sandet var løbet ud, måtte præsten stoppe prædiken.

Orgelet er fra 1790, og er et af de ældste i Nord-Norge.

I koret findes rester efter kalkmalerier som sandsynligvis har prydet hele kirken, men som efter reformationen blev overdækket. I forbindelse med restaureringen i 1950erne blev tolv indvielseskors i kor og skib afdækket. Der er også bevaret et smedejernsbeslag med et symmetrisk rankebånd på døren i nordportalen.

Det mest specielle ved Trondenes Kirke er de tre senmiddelalderlige alterskabe i koret. Skabene er sandsynligvis skåret af Bernt Notke, Lübeck i den sidste halvdel af 1400-tallet og i begyndelsen af 1500-tallet, med Maria og Jesubarnet som hovedmotiv. Kirkens rige interiør skyldes sandsynligvis handelen med tørfisk og den rigdom dette skabte langs den nordnorske kyst.

Den romanske døbefont i kirken kommer antagelig fra en ældre kirke på stedet. Lige indenfor nordportalen står et af de få bevarede vievandskar i Norge.

Fra 1939 til 1945 blev Trondenes Kirke restaureret og tilbageført til som det så ud i middelalderen. Det er muligt at kombinere besigtigelsen af kirken med et besøg på Trondenes Historiske Center, syd for kirken, som har en udstilling om kirken.

Galleri

Litteratur
 Ekroll, Øystein, Stige, Morten, Havran, Jiri, Middelalder i Stein bind 1 i serien Kirker i Norge, Oslo 2000,

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder
 www.kunsthistorie.com
 www.lokalhistoriewiki.no

Harstad
Tusenårssteder
Seværdigheder i Norge

Trondenes Kirke


An Fargesia pleniculmis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Hand.-mazz., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Tong Pei Yi. An Fargesia pleniculmis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fargesia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fargesia

Fargesia pleniculmis


Biyoritim, insan hayatındaki çeşitli süreçlerin basit matematiksel hesaplarla tahmin edilebileceğini öne süren bir teoridir. Teori, 19'uncu yüzyılın sonlarında Wilhelm Fliess tarafından geliştirildi ve 1970'lerin sonunda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde popüler oldu. Çoğu bilim insanı bu fikrin tesadüften daha fazla tahmin edici gücü olmadığını düşünüyor. Biyoritim teorisi, günlük hayatımızın ritmik döngülerden önemli ölçüde etkilendiğini iddia eder.

Sistemin esası, doğum anımızdan itibaren üç farklı döngüye bağlı olarak dünyaya geldiğimizi savunur. Bunlar fiziksel, duygusal ve zihinsel ahenk döngüleridir. Bu döngüler, doğum anımızla birlikte başlar ve her döngünün uzunluğu birbirinden farklı olduğu için bunlar genellikle farklı ahenklerde devam ederler.

Fiziksel döngü 23 gün, duygusal döngü 28 gün ve zihinsel döngü ise 33 gün uzunluğundadır. Bu üç döngü 0'dan başlar, olumlu ve olumsuz süreçler hâlinde bir dalga şeklinde devam eder. Döngüler olumlu süreçteyse insanın kendisini daha iyi hissettiği söylenebilir.

Hesaplanışı:
Eğrilerin fonksiyonları şu şekilde hesaplanır

Fiziksel: sin(2πt / 23),
Duygusal: sin(2πt / 28),
Zihinsel: sin(2πt / 33),
Sezgisel: sin(2πt / 38),
t, insanın doğum ânından itibaren dünyada geçirdiği gün sayısıdır.

Tarih

Biyoritmistler tarafından kullanılan 23 ve 28 günlük ritimler ilk olarak 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Berlinli bir doktor ve Sigmund Freud'un arkadaşı Wilhelm Fliess tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Fliess, doğumlar ve ölümler de dahil olmak üzere bir dizi fenomende 23 ve 28 günlük aralıklarla düzenlilikler gözlemlediğine inanıyordu. Adet döngüsüne uyan 23 günlük ritmi "erkek" ve 28 günlük ritmi "dişi" olarak etiketledi.

1904'te Viyanalı psikoloji profesörü Hermann Swoboda da benzer sonuçlara vardı. Innsbruck Üniversitesi'nde mühendislik profesörü olan Alfred Teltscher, Swoboda'nın çalışmasını geliştirdi ve öğrencilerinin iyi ve kötü günlerinin ritmik bir kalıp izlediğini öne sürdü; beynin özümseme yeteneğinin, zihinsel yeteneğinin ve uyanıklığın 33 günlük döngülerde çalıştığına inanıyordu. Biyoritmlerin ilk akademik araştırmacılarından biri Estonyadoğumlu Nikolai Pärna, 1923'te "Ritim, Yaşam ve Yaratılış" adlı Almanca bir kitap yayınladı.

Biyoritmlere danışma pratiği 1970'lerde Bernard Gittelson tarafından yazılan ve Biorhythm — A Personal Science, Biorhythm Charts of the Famous and Infamous ve Biorhythm Sports Forecasting gibi bir dizi kitapla popüler hale getirildi. Gittelson'ın şirketi Biorhythm Computers, Inc., kişisel biyoritm çizelgeleri ve hesap makineleri satan bir iş kurdu ancak spor etkinliklerini tahmin etme yeteneği kanıtlanmadı.

1970'lerde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kişisel kullanım için biyoritimler oluşturmak popülerdi; birçok yerde (özellikle vieo oyun makineleri ve eğlence alanları) doğum tarihi girildiğinde çizelgeler sağlayan bir biyoritm makinesi vardı. Biorhythm programları kişisel bilgisayar'larda yaygın uygulamaydı; ve 1970'lerin sonlarında, piyasada "Kosmos 1" ve Casio "Biolator" adlı el tipi biyoritm hesaplayıcıları da vardı.

Kaynakça

Teoriler

Biyoritim


Arif Memduh Ün (14 Mart 1920, İstanbul - 16 Ekim 2015, Muğla), Türk futbolcu, sinema yönetmeni, oyuncu, kurgucu, senarist, yapımcı, öğretim görevlisi ve Onursal Profesör.

1947-2005 yılları arasında yapımcı olarak 124, yönetmen olarak 72, oyuncu olarak ise 48 filme imza atmıştır.

İlk yılları ve eğitimi
1920'de İstanbul Kasımpaşa'da dünyaya geldi. Babası polis Mustafa Ün, annesi bir deniz yüzbaşısının kızı olan Makbule Ün'dür.

1937'de Vefa Lisesinden mezun oldu. 1938 yılında girdiği İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi'ndeki eğitimini üçüncü sınıfta bıraktı.

Ortaokulda futbolla tanışan ve Langa Genç Takımı'nda futbol oynayan Ün, 1940-1942'de BJK Beşiktaş'ta yer aldı. 1941 yazında Ankara Demirspor'da oynadı. Takımı 1942-43 sezonunda Ankara ligi şampiyonu oldu. Askerliğini 1946'da Ankara'da tamamladıktan sonra İstanbulspor takımının antrenmanlarına katıldı, ardından İETT Futbol Takımı'na geçti. Futbol hayatı devam ederken bir yandan da Eskişehir Şeker Fabrikası'nda, TCDD'de ve Elektrik İdaresinde memurluk yaptı.

1947'de amatör oyuncularla çalışmak isteyen yapımcı Hürrem Erman'ın "Damga" filminde oynaması teklifi üzerine Turhan Ün takma adıyla bu filmde oyuncu olarak yer aldı. 1949'da Cahide Şen ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten bir oğlu, bir kızı dünyaya geldi

Sahne hayatı
İETT'de memurluk yapmayı sürdüren Ün, 1949'da Karadeniz Postası filmi ile ikinci kez oyunculuk yapma fırsatı yakaladı. Ardından arkadaşı Arşavir Alyanak ile birlikte senaryosunu yazdıkları Hayat Acıları (1951) adlı filmi çekerek ilk yapımcılık deneyimini gerçekleştirdi. Arşavir ve Ün, ticari başarı sağlayan bu filmin bütün haklarını Ceylan Film'e satarak kendi yapım şirketleri olan Yakut Film'i (1951) kurdular. 1954'e kadar Yakut Film'in ve başka şirketlerin filmlerinde oyunculuk yapmaya devam eden Ün, 1954'te yönetmenliğe geçti. İlk filmi Düşman Aşıklar'ın uğradığı ticari başarısızlık ile hayal kırıklığı yaşadı. Ertesi yıl melodram kalıbına uygun temalar kullanarak yaptığı Yetim Yavrular ile başarıyı yakaladı ve 1959'a kadar koyu melodram filmleri yapmayı sürdürdü. Bu dönemdeki filmlerinin çoğunda Muhterem Nur başrol oyuncusu olarak rol aldı.

Ün, 1958'de Üç Arkadaş filmiyle melodram kalıbının dışına çıkarak sinema dilini değiştirdi. Film, Türkiye sinemasının en iyi filmlerinden biri olarak kabul edildi. Bu filmdeki başarısı sayesinde Film Dostları Derneği'ne davet edilen sanatçı, Türk sinemasının önemli yönetmenleri arasına katıldı. Bu dönemde Fatma Girik'le yaşamaya başladı ve çiftin birlikteliği hayat-boyu devam etti.

1960 yılında çektiği Ayşecik filmi ile Türkiye sinema tarihinin çocuk yıldızlar dönemini başlattı. Ayşecik'le kazandığı başarının ardından Arşavir Alyanak ile Yakut Film'de ortaklığı sona erdi ve Uğur Film'i kurdu. Gişe garantisi olan filmler üretmeye yönelen Memduh Ün, yıldız oyunculara uygun filmler üretti. Ayhan Işık ile polisiye ve komedi filmleri, Fatma Girik ile güçlü erkeksi kadın tipleri üzerinden filmlere çevirdi.

1960'ta Be-ya Film adına çektiği ve Edmond Morris'in Tahta Çanaklar adlı oyunundan uyarladığı Kırık Çanaklar, 2. Türk Film Festivali'nde "En İyi Yönetmen" ve "En İyi Film" ödüllerini aldı. Daha sonra yerli ve yabancı uyarlamalara yönelerek Orhan Kemal, Kerime Nadir, Graham Green, William Irish, Peride Celal gibi edebiyatçıların eserlerini sinemaya uyarladı. Kemal Tahir'in senaryosunu yazdığı Namusum İçin'i yönetti. Film, 3. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali'nde En İyi Yönetmen ödülünü aldı.

1970'li yıllarda yönetmenlikten çok yapımcı kimliği ile filmler üretti. Ağrı Dağı Efsanesi (1975) filmi ile 13. Altın Portakal Film Festivali'nde En İyi Yapımcı ödülü aldı. 1980'li yıllarda Kemal Sunal filmlerinin yapımcılığını üstlendi.

1990 yılında kendisi finanse ederek çektiği ilk film olan Bütün Kapılar Kapalıydı filmini çekerek daha önceki filmlerinde görülmeyen bir konu ve sinematografiye yöneldi. Bunu Gün Ortasında Karanlık ve pek çok ödül alan Zıkkımın Kökü filmleri izledi. Yönetmenliğini üstlendiği son film Sinema Bir Mucizedir (2005) oldu ancak rahatsızlığı nedeniyle filmi tamamlayamayıp Tunç Başaran'a devretti.

Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi Sinema-TV Bölümünde öğretim görevlisi olarak çalıştı.

Sinema sanatçısı Memduh Ün 16 Ekim 2015 tarihinde tedavi gördüğü Bodrum'da 95 yaşında öldü.

Filmografisi

Ödülleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk oyuncu film listeleri
 Türkiye'deki film festivalleri
 Yeşilçam oyuncuları
 Yeşilçam Türk Sineması

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 TSA´de Memduh Ün

Bodrum'da defnedilenler
1920 doğumlular
2015 yılında ölenler
Muğla'da ölenler
Türk film yönetmenleri
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
Türk film yapımcıları
Türk senaristler
Vefa Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
Altın Portakal En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Bodrum'da ölenler
Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali Ödülü sahibi kurgucular
Türk kurgucular
20. yüzyıl Türk senaristleri
Torba Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Memduh Ün


Al-Haq () est une organisation palestinienne indépendante de défense des droits de l'homme basée dans la ville de Ramallah en Cisjordanie. Fondée en 1979, Al-Haq surveille et documente les violations des droits humains commises dans le cadre du conflit israélo-palestinien. Elle publie des rapports sur ses conclusions et produit des études juridiques détaillées. Elle est dotée du statut consultatif spécial auprès du Conseil économique et social des Nations unies (ECOSOC) depuis 2000.

Al-Haq est affiliée à la Commission internationale des juristes basée à Genève. Elle est également membre de la Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme, de la Coalition internationale Habitat et de l'Organisation mondiale contre la torture. Elle fait également partie du Comité exécutif d'EuroMed Droits et du Comité directeur du Réseau des ONG palestiniennes.

Israël l'a qualifiée d'organisation terroriste en octobre 2021 avec cinq autres organisations palestiniennes humanitaires. Cette qualification a été rejetée par les grandes associations humanitaires et la communauté internationale.

Premières années
Al-Haq a été créée en 1979 par un groupe d'avocats palestiniens. Selon Al-Haq, elle fût l'une des premières organisations de défense des droits de l'homme créées dans le monde arabe.

Au cours de ses premières années, Al-Haq s'est largement limitée à analyser le statut juridique d'Israël en tant que puissance occupante en Cisjordanie Jérusalem-Est comprise, et la bande de Gaza ainsi que les structures de gouvernance mises en place. Elle produira certaines parmi les premières études essayant d'analyser l'occupation israélienne sous l'angle du droit humanitaire. Al-Haq a rapporté que ces études « étaient essentielles pour façonner le débat sur les lois et réglementations applicables dans les TPO». C'est durant cette période qu'Al-Haq a créé son unité juridique.

En 1986, elle avait commencé à entreprendre des projets impliquant des questions de droits de l'homme d'intérêts spécifiques, comme les droits des femmes et le droit du travail. C'est ce travail qui a aidé Al-Haq à gagner une reconnaissance internationale.

L'analyste du Moyen-Orient Mouin Rabbani a noté que, depuis ses débuts, Al-Haq s'est autant impliquée dans la compréhension de son environnement que dans la poursuite des changements. La nécessité d'une telle organisation découlait à la fois du système judiciaire « incompréhensible » dans les Territoires Occupés et de sa « mise en œuvre arbitraire». Rabbani a également déclaré que dans « un reflet fidèle de ces préoccupations, la recherche juridique, par opposition à la surveillance et à l'intervention en matière de droits de l'homme au sens étroit, a occupé une place de choix pendant la période de formation d'al-Haq », et Al-Haq se définit toujours comme une organisation à la fois des droits de l'homme et de recherche en droit.

Problèmes et campagnes

Chronologie des prises de position
La position d'Al-Haq sur les assassinats de collaborateurs de l'OLP a fait l'objet de discussions. Al-Haq a affirmé que, parce que les autorités étaient responsables du maintien de l'ordre, les meurtres n'étaient pas des violations des droits humains et étaient au pire des crimes de droit commun. Al-Haq a déclaré que le "réseau d'informateurs" et les "agents de l'État" étaient exécutés par des citoyens excités, agissant spontanément. Le Jerusalem Post, commentant la position d'Al-Haq sur les meurtres de l'Organisation de libération de la Palestine (OLP), a noté que "les meurtres par mutilation de jeunes garçons et filles, de femmes au foyer, de femmes enceintes et de vieillards ... ne correspondaient pas à l'image pacifique que l'OLP essayait de projeter ". Le Jerusalem Post a également noté que bien qu'Al-Haq n'ait pas toléré les meurtres dans son rapport sur les droits de l'homme, il ne les a pas non plus condamnés.

Yasser Arafat clarifiera plus tard l'implication de l'OLP, déclarant à un journal égyptien qu'il s'occupait de chaque dossier d'exécution, sinon avant le meurtre, définitivement après. Le porte-parole de l'OLP, Bassam Abu Sharif, a déclaré que la procédure est que le suspect est averti trois fois de changer ses habitudes avant d'être traduit en justice et d'avoir une chance de se repentir. Shariff a rapporté que ce n'est qu'après cela que l'accusé serait exécuté.

En 1996, Al-Haq a accusé la police palestinienne d'avoir torturé à mort Mahmoud al-Jamil, un membre de l'organisation Fatah Hawks qui a été emprisonné à la prison de Naplouse en Cisjordanie.

En juin 2005, Al-Haq a condamné l'exécution de quatre condamnés à Gaza par l'AP. Al-Haq a déclaré que quatre ont été tués sans préavis. Il mentionne que des dizaines de Palestiniens attendent d'être exécutés, en particulier ceux qui ont été condamnés par la Cour de sûreté de l'État et « n'ont peut-être pas bénéficié d'un procès équitable ».

En juillet 2008, Al-Haq a déclaré que plus de 1 000 personnes avaient été détenues par le Fatah et plus de 1 000 par le Hamas au cours de l'année précédente et que 20 à 30 % avaient été torturées.

En 2009, le rapport d'Al-Haq sur ses conclusions concernant la guerre de Gaza de 2008/09 a déclaré que l'offensive israélienne avait fait 1 409 morts palestiniens, dont 1 172 civils, dont 342 enfants ; et plus de 5 000 blessés. Selon le rapport, "les pertes civiles excessives ont été aggravées par la destruction sans précédent des infrastructures civiles dans toute la bande de Gaza, y compris les hôpitaux, les écoles, les mosquées, les maisons civiles, les postes de police et les enceintes des Nations Unies .

En 2012, le rapport d'Al-Haq sur l'opération Pilier de défense a déclaré que la bande de Gaza était soumise à "des attaques israéliennes aveugles et disproportionnées". Le rapport a révélé que 173 Palestiniens ont été tués, dont 113 civils incluant 38 enfants et au moins 1 221 blessés, dont 445 enfants.

Relations avec Israël
Al-Haq et son homologue, l'organisation israélienne des droits de l'homme B'Tselem, ont été co-récipiendaires du prix Carter-Menil des droits de l'homme en 1989, et du Geuzenpenning, un prix néerlandais des droits de l'homme, en 2009. Dans les années 1990, l'ambassadeur d'Israël aux États-Unis, Moshe Arad, a accusé Al-Haq d'être une façade pour l'OLP d'Arafat et a déclaré que "la plupart de ses membres sont des partisans du Fatah et d'autres membres de l'organisation terroriste de l'OLP".

Tout en étant conscient des violations internes des droits humains au sein de la communauté palestinienne, Al-Haq considère la présence israélienne en Cisjordanie et dans la bande de Gaza comme « la racine du conflit dans notre région ».

Lorsqu'Al-Haq a accepté la médaille Geuzen 2009, son représentant a déclaré que la communauté internationale devait redoubler d'efforts, citant le dossier d'Al-Haq contre le gouvernement britannique pour "manquement à ses obligations en vertu du droit international et national du Royaume-Uni". Le représentant a également exprimé son souhait que les Pays-Bas "deviennent le site de la responsabilité des crimes internationaux israéliens" et a déclaré qu'Al-Haq, conformément à sa conviction de protéger les droits de l'homme, n'hésiterait jamais à relever des défis internes en Cisjordanie et à Gaza.

Al-Haq a manifesté son soutien à une vague de grèves de la faim palestiniennes en 2012 pour protester contre la détention administrative israélienne d'un membre du Jihad islamique de 33 ans.

Les membres du conseil d'administration d'Al-Haq ont exprimé leurs doutes quant à une solution à deux États. L'un d'eux a écrit que « s'il ne peut y avoir deux États, il y en aura un, et il aura une majorité palestinienne ». Un autre a déclaré qu'une solution à deux États semble de plus en plus improbable. Il a poursuivi en disant que les taux de natalité suggèrent que les Juifs finiront par être à nouveau une minorité, et « à moins que la poursuite de l'occupation militaire et de l'apartheid total ne soit la voie souhaitée, le moment est peut-être venu pour les Israéliens de commencer à mettre en place les types de mesures légales et des garanties constitutionnelles qui protégeront toutes les minorités, aujourd'hui et à l'avenir, dans un seul État démocratique d'Israël-Palestine. C'est à la fois la bonne chose et la chose intelligente à faire.

Conférence mondiale contre le racisme
Al-Haq a participé activement à la Conférence mondiale contre le racisme qui s'est tenue à Durban en 2001.

Al-Haq et autorité palestinienne
Al-Haq dénonce régulière aussi les abus commis par l'autorité palestinienne dans les zones sous son contrôle.

Le Centre palestinien pour les droits de l'homme (PCHR) a condamné une attaque lancée par des membres du Service général de renseignement (GIS) contre des membres du personnel d'al-Haq à Ramallah. Les membres du personnel documentaient les tentatives du GIS d'arrêter un rassemblement organisé pour protester contre la décision de l'Autorité nationale palestinienne de participer à des négociations directes avec Israël. Le PCHR a appelé le gouvernement à respecter les libertés et à encourager le respect fait par les organisations de défense des droits de l'homme.

Plus récemment, Al-Haq a dénoncé l'assassinat de Nizar Banat en juin 2021, et a mis en garde contre les répercussions potentielles.

Affaires juridiques d'Al-Haq
En novembre 2006, Al-Haq a intenté une action devant la Cour d'appel du Royaume -Uni contre le gouvernement britannique pour mettre fin aux licences d'exportation vers Israël afin de "garantir la mise en œuvre de l'avis consultatif de juillet 2004 [CIJ] sur le mur d'Israël ". L'affaire a été classée en novembre 2008.

En février 2009, Al-Haq, avec l'avocat Phil Shiner de Public Interest Lawyers (PIL), a déposé une demande de contrôle judiciaire devant la Haute Cour d'Angleterre et du Pays de Galles  contestant le gouvernement britannique pour son manquement à ses prétendues "obligations". en vertu du droit international en ce qui concerne les activités d'Israël dans le territoire palestinien occupé ». L'affaire a été rejetée en juillet 2009 et le rejet a été confirmé par une cour d'appel en février 2010.

En mars 2010, Al-Haq a déposé une plainte pénale alléguant qu'une société néerlandaise, Riwal, « était complice de la commission de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l'humanité par la construction du mur d'annexion, le mur  et les colonies illégales dans le Cisjordanie occupée ». La plainte a été rejetée en mai 2013.

Opération Plomb Durci
En avril 2009, Al-Haq a publié une prise de position intitulée « L'opération Plomb durci et la distorsion du droit international ». Le document est une analyse juridique de la revendication d'Israël de légitime défense en vertu de l'article 51 de la Charte des Nations Unies comme justification de son opération militaire dans la bande de Gaza.

Shawan Jabarin

Jabarin a eu depuis 2011 plusieurs postes de responsabilités dans les grandes organisations humanitaires internationales comme Human Rights Watch, la Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme (FIDH) et la Commission internationale des juristes.Ces nominations sont critiquées de manière récurrente par Israel qui accuse Jabarin d'être membre du Front populaire de libération de la Palestine, raison pour laquelle il fait souvent l'objet d'interdictions de voyager par Israël.

Récompenses

 1989 - Prix Carter-Menil des droits de l'homme (co-récipiendaire avec B'Tselem)
 1990 - Reebok Human Rights Award (décerné à Shabwan Jabarin)
 2009 - Médaille Geuzen (co-récipiendaire avec B'Tselem)
 2018 - Prix des Droits de l'homme de la République française (co-récipiendaire avec B'Tselem)

Accusation de terrorisme
En 2021, le gouvernement israélien a désigné al-Haq comme une organisation « terroriste », une décision condamnée par Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch et B'Tselem. Une déclaration conjointe d'Amnesty International et de Human Rights Watch a qualifié la nouvelle désignation d'« épouvantable et injuste » et d'« attaque du gouvernement israélien contre le mouvement international des droits de l'homme. »

Références

Annexes

Pages connexes
 Centre palestinien pour les droits de l'homme
 PNGO
 Addameer

Liens externes

Organisme fondé en 1979
Association ou organisme ayant son siège en Palestine
Organisation non gouvernementale impliquée dans le conflit israélo-palestinien
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Al-Haq


Ojo con la CIA / Todos los caminos es un EP de la banda del músico cubano Carlos Puebla, llamada Carlos Puebla y Sus Tradicionales, lanzado en 1971 por el sello discográfico chileno DICAP.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

EP de 1971
Álbumes de Discoteca del Cantar Popular
Álbumes en español

Ojo con la CIA / Todos los caminos


Umaria (en hindi; उमरिया जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Madhya Pradesh. Código ISO: IN.MP.UM.

Comprende una superficie de 4 062 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Umaria.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 643 579 habitantes, de los cuales 314 052 eran mujeres y 329 527 varones.

Localidades
 Chandia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Umaria

Distrito de Umaria


The Grammy Award for Best Music Video is an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to performers, directors, and producers of quality short form music videos. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

Originally called the Grammy Award for Best Video, Short Form, the award was first presented in 1984, as was a similar award for Best Long Form Music Video. From 1986 to 1997, the category name was changed to Best Music Video, Short Form. However, in 1988 and 1989, the award criteria were changed and the video awards were presented under the categories Best Concept Music Video and Best Performance Music Video. The awards were returned to the original format in 1990. The category was called Best Short Form Music Video until 2012, from 2013 it was shortened to Best Music Video. Award recipients include the performers, directors, and producers associated with the winning videos, except for its first two years when the Grammy went to the performing artist only. For unknown reasons, the award for the Best Music Video in 1987 - Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits - went to the band only, not to the director(s) and/or producer(s).

Peter Gabriel, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Johnny Cash, Kendrick Lamar, Beyoncé, and Taylor Swift hold the record for the most wins as a performer in this category, with two each. Mark Romanek holds the record for the most wins as a director, with a total of three. Icelandic singer Björk holds the record for the most nominations as a performer without a win, with four. Taylor Swift became the first artist to win the category with a sole directing credit for their own music video when she won in 2023 for All Too Well: The Short Film.

Recipients

 Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.
 Director(s) are only indicated if they were presented with a Grammy Award.
 Award was not presented. Music video categories presented this year included Best Concept Music Video and Best Performance Music Video.

See also
 Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video
 List of Grammy Award categories
 List of most expensive music videos
 One shot (music video)

References

General

Specific

External links
Official website of the Grammy Awards

1984 establishments in the United States
Awards established in 1984
Music Video

Grammy Award for Best Music Video


Baidoo ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Joe Baidoo-Ansah, ghanaischer Politiker
 Samson Baidoo (* 2004), österreichischer Fußballspieler
 Stephen Baidoo (* 1976), ghanaischer Fußballspieler

Siehe auch:
 Baidu (Begriffsklärung)

Baidoo


Baby er en dansk kortfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Camilla Ramonn.

Handling
6-årige Nadjaline vil gøre alt for at hjælpe sin mor, der er ramt af sorg efter at have mistet et barn i slutningen af sin graviditet. Så da Nadjaline ser en baby ligge alene i sin barnevogn ude foran en kiosk, tager hun det lille barn med hjem til sin mor.

Medvirkende
 Nynne Filipsen, Nadjaline
 Ulla Vejby Kristensen, Mor
 Johan Brogaard Dyg, Baby
 Viktor Brogaard Dyg, Baby
 Amanda Laustsen, Legekammerat
 Andrea Liv Kristensen, Legekammerat
 Dagmar Vejby Assmann, Ekstra baby
 Malene Vejby Kristensen, Stand-in for mor
 Lise Brogaard, Stand-in for mor
 Ibrahim Abou-Ardi, Dreng på knallert
 Mohammed El-Hossein, Dreng på knallert
 Samir Yammin, Dreng på knallert
 Adnan El-Soussi, Dreng på knallert

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Baby (film fra 2014)


Dame juniorernes enkeltstart ved VM i landevejscykling 2018 blev afholdt mandag den 24. september 2018. Enkeltstarten var 19,8 km lang.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Mie Saabye
Mette Egtoft Jensen

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

Enkeltstart (junior damer)

VM i landevejscykling 2018 – Enkeltstart (junior damer)


Androloji (Yunanca: Andros (erkek) ve Logos (bilim)), erkek ve kadının cinsel sağlığı, erkek kısırlığı, mikropenis ve bununla ilgili tüm anatomi, fizyoloji, biyokimya gibi temel araştırmaları inceleyen tıp dalı.

Erkekbilim olarak çevrilse de, erkek ve kadın cinsel fonksiyonlarının benzerlikleri ve birbirlerini tamamlayan özellikler taşımaları nedeniyle kadın cinsel fonksiyonlarını da inceler. "Kadın olmadan erkek, erkek olmadan kadın cinselliği olmaz" prensibini kullanır.

Androloji, üroloji biliminin bir alt dalı konumundadır. Gerçekte de üroloji ve androloji aynı anatomofizyolojik alanda işlev görmektedirler.

Anadolu, Antik Yunan ve Roma medeniyetlerinde cinsellikle ilgili birçok eser bulunmaktadır. Bu dönemlerde cinsellik tanrısal bir güç olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 andrology.org
 androloji.org.tr

Tıp terimleri

Androloji


Wattenbek Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 6,05 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 2864 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Uwe Bräse tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.bordesholm.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Wattenbek


Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Sjever – skupina Virovitica, također i kao Međuopćinska nogometna liga – skupina Virovitica; Međuopćinska nogometna liga Virovitica je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1983./84.
Sudjelovalo je 10 klubova, a prvak je bio "Partizan" iz Suhopolja.

Ljestvica

 Obilićevo, skraćeno za Novo Obilićevo – tadašnji naziv za Zvonimirovo

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 1. općinska liga Virovitica 1983./84.
 2. općinska liga Virovitica 1983./84.
 II. regionalna liga Bjelovar 1983./84.
 Međuopćinska liga ZO Bjelovar – Jug 1983./84.
 Međuopćinska liga Koprivnica 1983./84.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list
 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list - glasilo Socijalističkog saveza, br. 1362 (22/1984), god. XXXII, izdano 8. lipnja 1984., str. 10 (Sport; završna ljestvica), preuzeto 1. kolovoza 2021.

1983-84 0 MOL
MOL Virovitica
1983-84 MOL Virovitica

Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Sjever – skupina Virovitica 1983./84.


Wittmackia froesii é uma espécie de planta da família Bromeliaceae. Esta espécie é endêmica do Estado da Bahia, no leste do Brasil.

Referências

froesii

Plantas descritas em 1955

Flora do Brasil

Wittmackia froesii