Mikkel Mena Qvist (født 22. april 1993) er en dansk-colombiansk professionel fodboldspiller, der spiller for HB Køge, hvortil han er udlejet fra AC Horsens.

Klubkarriere
Qvist startede sin karriere i Lyseng IF, inden han skiftede til ASA Fodbold. Han skiftede til AGF i en alder af 10 år, hvor han spillede frem til, at han var U/19-spiller.

Lyseng IF
Qvist skiftede til Lyseng IF efter at have spillet U/19-fodbold i AGF. Han spillede fodbold på Danmarksserieniveau i Lyseng IF.

AC Horsens
Den 6. december 2016 blev det offentliggjort, at AC Horsens havde hentet Qvist i Lyseng efter en succes prøvetræningsperiode i klubben. AC Horsens opdagede Qvist i en DBU Pokalkamp mellem hans tidligere klub, Lyseng IF, og AC Horsens.

Han fik sin uofficielle debut for AC Horsens den 15. marts 2017, da han startede på bænken, men erstattede Mikkel Jespersen i det 74. minut i et 3-1-nederlag til AGF i DBU Pokalen. Den officielle debut for AC Horsens kom den 7. april 2017, da han blev skiftet ind i det 81. minut i stedet for André Bjerregaard i et 0-2-nederlag hjemme til Randers FC.

I maj 2017 skrev han under på en forlængelse af kontrakten, således parterne har papir på hinanden frem til sommeren 2019.

Den 4. februar 2020 blev Qvist udlejet til den islandske klub Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar frem til udgangen af august 2020. Han blev udlejet til den islandske klub, da cheftræner, Bo Henriksen, ikke mente, at han havde udsigt til spilletid. Debuten i den bedste islandske række kom i 2. spillerunde den 20. juni 2020, da han startede inde og spillede alle 90 minutter i en 0-0-kamp mod Víkingur. I september 2020 blev lejeaftalen forlænget året ud, og han nåede i alt at spille 15 kampe i den bedste islandske fodboldrække.

Han blev den 25. januar 2021 atter udlejet; denne gang til 1. divisionsklubben på en lejeaftale gældende for forårssæsonen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Mikkel Qvist på danskfodbold.com

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Colombia
Midtbanespillere (fodbold)
Fodboldspillere fra IF Lyseng
Fodboldspillere fra ASA Fodbold
Fodboldspillere fra AGF
Fodboldspillere fra AC Horsens
Fodboldspillere fra Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar
Fodboldspillere fra HB Køge

Mikkel Mena Qvist


Crkva sv. Jure u selu Kokorićima, područje Grada Vrgorca, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Jure u Kokorićima jednobrodna je građevina, pravokutnog tlocrta s pravokutnom apsidom, orijentirana istok-zapad. U crkvi se nalaze tri oltara te slika Filippa Naldia koja prikazuje svetog Juru i dva svetačka lika. Oko crkve je groblje koje je vjerojatno nastalo tijekom 17. i 18. stoljeća s tim da su neki ukopi možda i raniji. Sagrađena je krajem 17. stoljeća ili početkom 18. stoljeća.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4006 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Vrgorcu

Crkva sv. Jure u Kokorićima


المِحْلاَقُ (جمعها مَحَالِقُ ومَحَالِيقُ) أو الحالق أو العَنَم أو العَطْفَة أو المِعلاق عضو نباتي ذو شكل لولبي تستعمله بعض أنواع النباتات المتسلقة للتعلق على دعامة (حائط أو صخرة أو حتى نبتة أخرى أو شجرة). علميًا المحلاق عبارة عن ساق أو ورقة متحورة. من أمثلة النباتات التي تستعمل هذا العضو الخيار والكرمة والبازلاء. تسمى مثل هذه الأوراق والنبات أرْشيَّة.

معرض صور

المصادر

أجزاء النبات
علم تشكل النبات

محلاق


Campionatul Internațional de Scrimă din 1929 s-a desfășurat la Napoli, Italia.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

Note

Referințe

1929
1929 în sport
Competiții de scrimă în Italia
scrima


فهد الصالح لاعب كرة قدم سوري من مواليد حمص، يلعب مع الكرامة الحمصي.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الأردن
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من حمص
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في الأردن
رياضيون من حمص
لاعبو الدوري السوري
لاعبو كرة قدم سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الأردن
لاعبو كرة قدم من حمص
لاعبو نادي الكرامة
مواليد 1405 هـ
مواليد 1985

فهد الصالح


Nordøst-Passagen - en skildring af Vitus Bering liv og rejser er en ekspeditionsfilm instrueret af Tørk Haxthausen efter manuskript af Tørk Haxthausen.

Handling
Vitus Bering (1681-1741) var dansk søfarer i russisk tjeneste. Af Peter den Store blev han sendt af sted, angiveligt for at finde ud af, om Asien var landfast med Amerika. Han sejlede igennem strædet, der senere blev opkaldt efter ham, men så ikke land på sin første ekspedition. Hans rapportering tilbage blev heller ikke taget synderligt alvorligt. Ved den anden ekspedition nåede han Alaska, men vendte om på grund af sygdom og omkom på en ukendt ø. Filmen fortæller denne eventyrlige ekspeditionshistorie ved at tage samme tur til vands, til lands og i luften.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1971

Ekspeditionsfilm fra Danmark


El término Bernal puede referirse a:

Lugares
 Bernal, ciudad y estación de ferrocarril en el partido de Quilmes en la Argentina.
 Bernal, pueblo del estado mexicano de Querétaro, localizado en el municipio de Ezequiel Montes.
 Peña de Bernal, el tercer monolito más grande del mundo, situado en el estado mexicano de Querétaro.
 Cerro del Bernal, cerro aislado que se encuentra en el municipio de González, en el estado de Tamaulipas, México.
 Cerro de Bernal o Cerro Bernal, montaña ubicada al sur del municipio de Tonalá, Chiapas, México.

Personajes

Nombre
 Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1496-1584), conquistador español y cronista de Indias.

Apellido
 Gael García Bernal, actor, productor y director mexicano.
 Rodrigo Bernal, botánico colombiano.
 Jorge Bernal
 Lorena Bernal, modelo, actriz y presentadora española.

Bernal (desambiguación)


NGC 2040 (auch N59B) ist ein Nebel-Komplex, der mit einer OB-Assoziation (LH 88) in Verbindung steht, und liegt am Rande der Superblase LMC4 in der etwa 160 kLj entfernten Großen Magellanschen Wolke im Sternbild Dorado. Der Komplex besteht aus einem H-II-Gebiet im nördlichen Teil und dem Supernovaüberrest SNR 0536−676 im südlichen Teil, der eine fast sphärisch blasenförmige und von Filamenten geprägte Struktur bildet. Die Sternassoziation enthält mehrere massereiche junge Sterne. Das Objekt erscheint am Himmel als streifenförmig ungefähr in Nord-Süd-Richtung verlaufendes Gebilde und liegt unmittelbar östlich von N59A.

Weblinks
 astronews.com: Bild des Tages vom 16. April 2012
 Hubble peeks inside a stellar cloud (engl.)

Quellen

Individueller astronomischer Nebel
H-II-Gebiet in der Großen Magellanschen Wolke

NGC 2040


Fadıl Öztürk (d. 1955, Tunceli), Kürt şair ve yazardır.

12 Eylül'de Dev-Yol Davasından yargılanıp müebbet hapis cezası aldı ve on yıl içeride kaldı. Edebi ve siyasi içerikli çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir. 8 Aralık 2004'te "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin talepleri" başlığı altında Herald Turbine gazetesine ilan veren 198 kişi arasında yer aldı. 15 Eylül 2005'te bir sivil irade girişimi şeklinde kurulan Munzur Aydınlar Platformu'nun koordinasyon kurulu üyesidir. Aralık 2005'te 135 sanatçı ve kurum tarafından başlatılan Roj TV'ye destek kampanyası katılımcısıdır. 05 Ocak 2018 tarihinde Artı Gerçek Gazetesindeki yazılarından dolayı İzmir'deki evinde sabah saat 06da gözaltına alınmış, 5 gün gözaltında kalmış, yargılanma sonucunda 1 yıl 10 ay ceza almış, cezası 5 yıl süre ile ertelenmiştir. Halen Artı Gerçek Gazetesinde haftalık yazılar yazmaktadır.

Eserleri
 Suyu Uyandırın Sesim Olsun (şiir)
 Esmer Bir Acı (şiir)
 Hep Kuzeydi Gözlerin (şiir)
 Ateşe Konuş Küle Ağla (deneme)
 Benden Adam Olmaz (şiir)
 Saatli Muhalif Takvimi (deneme/makale)
 Ağacını Yakan Kibrit Çöpüdür İnsan (şiir)

Bestelenmiş şiirleri
 "Susarak Özlüyorum Seni"
 "Dağlı Bir Kabiledir Aşk"
 "Gömülürsün Gözlerime"
 "Gördüğümde Seni"

Dış bağlantılar

 https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yumruk-havada-yuruyen-yazilar-haber-1510080

Kaynakça
 Odabaşı, Yılmaz, 1975-2000 Son Çeyrek Yüzyıl Şiir Antolojisi (2. bas. 2001)
 TBE Ansiklopedisi (2. bas. c. 2, 2003)
 Işık, İhsan, Resimli ve Metin Örnekli Türkiye Edebiyatçılar ve Kültür Adamları Ansiklopedisi (2. bas., 2009)

1955 doğumlular
Türkçe eser veren şairler
Türkçe eser veren yazarlar
Tunceli doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Devrimci Yol

Fadıl Öztürk


Apra Harbor, also called Port Apra, is a deep-water port on the western side of the United States territory of Guam. It is considered one of the best natural ports in the Pacific Ocean. The harbor is bounded by Cabras Island and the Glass Breakwater to the north and the Orote Peninsula in the south. Naval Base Guam and the Port of Guam are the two major users of the harbor. It is also a popular recreation area for boaters, surfers, scuba divers, and other recreationalists.

Geography

The geography of Apra Harbor has been extensively modified from its pre-historical state by humans. The entrance to the harbor is flanked by Point Udall, formerly Orote Point, to the south and Spanish Rocks at the tip of the Glass Breakwater. The Glass Breakwater, built on top of Calalan Bank and the fringing Luminao Reef, connects to Cabras Island, the location of the Port of Guam, which handles more than 90% of civilian cargo imported to Guam. Inland areas in the villages of Piti and Santa Rita form the eastern boundary of the harbor. There are two small artificial peninsulas jutting into the eastern end of the harbor. The northernmost is named Drydock Island, the tip of which is a military reservation with wharves for fueling ships. South of Drydock Island is Sasa Bay, one of five marine preserves created by the Government of Guam. The southern boundary of Sasa Bay is formed by Polaris Point, a geographically separate part of Naval Base Guam that is the homeport of Submarine Squadron 15. Polaris Point and the Orote Peninsula form the entrance to Inner Apra Harbor, a military restricted area. The Orote Peninsula holds the main part of Naval Base Guam and is approximately four miles to its tip at Point Udall. There are two named large coral formations roughly west of Sasa Bay in Outer Apra Harbor: Western Shoals and Jade Shoals.

Ten rivers flow into Apra Harbor: Atantano River, Sasa River, Aguada River, Big Guatali River, Aplacho River, Maggo River, Guatali River, Laghas River, Tenjo River and Paulana River.

Census designated place
"Apra Harbor" is also a census-designated place (CDP) in Guam that comprises Naval Base Guam and housing extending into the hills of Santa Rita village. In 2010, the population of the Apra Harbor CDP was 2,471.

History

Apra comes from the Chamorro word "apapa", meaning "low." Apapa is the original name of Cabras Island. The harbor offered rich fishing grounds and was home to many Chamorro villages.

During Spanish rule, the name of Saint Louis IX was added and the harbor was referred to as the port of San Luis de Apra. However, it was not a favored anchorage during the Spanish–Chamorro Wars of the late seventeenth century and resulting the early Spanish period, mainly because of the many reefs and coral heads. The Spanish preferred ports were Umatac and Hagåtña, resulting in Apra Harbor being used by foreigners seeking to avoid Spanish authority. The English pirate John Eaton is reported to have anchored at Apra Harbor in 1685 to trade provisions with Chamorros.

In the early 18th century, Spain's Council of the Indies grew increasingly concerned about competing navies threatening the Manila galleon trade and Spain's possessions in the Pacific. This was aggravated by an attack in 1721 by the English privateer John Clipperton upon a supply ship from Cavite anchored at Merizo. In 1734, Governor Francisco de Cárdenas Pacheco opened up new anchorages in Apra Harbor, and built three cannon batteries or forts to protect them. Fort San Luis was built in 1737 near Gab Gab and Fort Santiago was built at Orote Point to guard the entrance to the harbor. The third fort, Fort Santa Cruz, was built around 1800 atop a reef near the entrance to the harbor.

William Haswell, an officer on the first documented American visit to Guam in January 1802, wrote a description of Apra Harbor:

Apra Harbor was thus used more frequently in the nineteenth century. Piti became the primary port, used to connect to the capital in Hagåtña. Meanwhile, Sumay became a popular port of whalers, in particular during the height of Pacific whaling in the early 1800s. In the 1840s, up to 60 whaling ships stopped in Apra Harbor every year, turning Sumay into the commercial and financial center of the island. The decline of whaling by the end of the nineteenth century also resulted in the economic decline of the port, and lack of maintenance to the harbor defenses. Even in 1817, Otto von Kotzebue reported that Fort San Luis was no longer in use. The three cannon at Fort Santiago were reported unusable in 1853 and, in 1884, Governor Francisco Olive y Garcia declared that Fort Santiago was useful only as an observation post. By the time of the 1898 Spanish–American War none of the three fortifications was in operation.

American capture

American captain Henry Glass had received intelligence that Spanish men-of-war were anchored at Guam and that the harbor itself had formidable defenses. However, when Glass arrived in Apra Harbor on June 20, 1898 to claim the island on behalf of the United States, he encountered no resistance. A Marine Barracks Guam was established on Sumay in 1901, and a small navy yard at Piti. Apra Harbor was used as a coaling station, refueling ships transiting across the Pacific. The new American Naval government also began to develop the harbor, though launch boats were still required to navigate the coral reefs to land at Piti and Sumay. In 1903, the Commercial Pacific Cable Company laid submarine communications cable for telegraph through a station at Sumay, linking the United States to Asia, and each to Guam, for the first time.

On April 7, 1917, the scuttling by her crew of SMS Cormoran, a German merchant raider that had been held in Apra Harbor for two years, was the first violent action of the United States in World War I, first shots fired by the U.S. against Germany in WWI, the first German prisoners of war captured by the U.S., and the first Germans killed in action by the U.S. in WWI

In 1922, dredged materials from the harbor were used to fill the coastline at Sumay and a seawall was constructed, among the first large scale man-made changes to the shoreline. On March 17, 1921, U.S. suspicions of Japanese intentions for its South Seas Mandate led it to create a U.S. Marine Squadron floatplane base at Sumay. Guam's first golf course, Sumay Golf Links, was established in the village in 1923. The U.S. eventually decided to close the seaplane base at Sumay on February 23, 1931. In 1935, Pan American Airways established rights to use the former Marine Aviation facility and made Sumay a base for its China Clipper. the first trans-Pacific air cargo service, flying from San Francisco to Manila, arrived at Sumay on November 27, 1935 and the first passenger service flight on October 21, 1936.

In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan traded with Guam specifically with the view to increasing its knowledge of the island. With tensions rising after the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria starting the Second Sino-Japanese War, Rear Admiral Arthur Japy Hepburn was appointed on June 7, 1938 to chair a board to provide recommendations on the American response. The resulting Hepburn Board Report recommended a massive buildup of U.S. Navy facilities. The Report recommended fortifying Guam as an air and submarine base, with many improvements to Apra Harbor, but the Navy balked at the estimated cost, eventually designated $5 million for Apra Harbor improvements. A strong typhoon struck Guam on November 3, 1940, causing widespread damage. In Apra Harbor, the storm damaged the Navy Yard at Piti and the Marine barracks and Pan American Airways facilities at Sumay. The U.S. Navy's YM-13, which had been dredging a channel near Sumay, was blown ashore and a yard patrol boat sunk.

Among the Hepburn Board Report improvements that was funded was the construction of a breakwater upon Luminao Reef, which began  in August 1941. Limestone blocks quarried at Cabras Island were skidded along the reef to an improvised derrick. By the time of the Japanese invasion, one mile of breakwater, 36 feet wide five-feet above sea level had been constructed. A 1946 Navy report notes, "practically all the [Hepburn] board's recommendations, except those relating to Guam, were carried out and contributed materially to our position when war actually developed." During the 1941 Japanese invasion, Guam was practically defenseless.

World War II

During the Japanese occupation of Guam, the residents of Sumay were evicted and the town converted into a Japanese garrison. The harbor itself was extensively used by Japanese vessels, including for repair and refueling of their submarines and warships. Orote Peninsula was the center of Japanese resistance during the U.S. liberation of Guam in 1944 and the area around the harbor saw intense fighting. Both Piti and Sumay were leveled by the pre-invasion bombardment and very few harbor improvements survived.

Clearance, salvage and harbor construction began before the island was fully secure by advance elements of the 301st Naval Construction Battalion ("Seabees") (NCB 301), tasked with salvage, clearing and developing ports even as fighting continued ashore, arriving in  in the first days of August. Full scale development began with arrival of the NCB 301 headquarters and barracks ship  on 11 August 1944.

Constructing harbor facilities was the highest priority and the Seabees began installing pontoon piers. Construction at the first pier, at an old Navy fueling site on Cabras Island, required blasting to get to a  depth. This first pier was constructed between August 5 and 22, 1944. By October 1, six piers were operational and a seventh was being built, when a typhoon destroyed or severely damaged all the pontoon piers. At the same time as piers were being constructed, two other massive projects were occurring. The Glass Breakwater, named after the captain who captured Guam in 1898, was extended on Calalan Bank  to a width of . The northern arm of Apra Harbor, from the main island through Cabras to the tip of the breakwater at Spanish Rocks measured .

Construction of Inner Apra Harbor required  of dredging and  of quay wall. A small boat pool and a submarine base with a finger pier was established in the Inner harbor. Small boat repair facilities at Piti were repaired and improved. Navy News noted that over 7,000 tons of explosives had been used in 1944 to clear ship passages in Guam.  of these explosives is enough to destroy a volume of coral  deep. By July 1945, two months before the end of the Pacific War, there were 14 quay-wall berths, nine pontoon piers, two wooden fueling piers, ten Landing Ship, Tank (LST) berths, and one submarine pier.

The residents of Sumay were not allowed to return and rebuild their homes, and the U.S. military relocated them to a refugee camp in the nearby inland hills in 1946. Unbeknownst to them, Admiral Chester Nimitz had requested 55% of Guam be set aside for military use, including all of Sumay. In 1946, the U.S. Congress passed Public Law 594, The Guam Acquisition of Lands Act, allowing the U.S. Navy to acquire any and all lands it deemed necessary on the island. In 1948, the military filed Civil Case No. 5-49 in the Superior Court of Guam, declaring a taking of Sumay, as well as parts of Piti and Agat, totaling 2,471 acres, with little or no compensation. The refugees from Sumay created the village of Santa Rita, the municipality in which the Orote Peninsula is now located. The population center of Piti was relocated away from its old shoreline along Apra Harbor.

The territorial Naval Administration ran the commercial port until 1951, when the 24 acres of commercial port in Piti was transferred to the United States Department of Commerce. In 1962, the Interior Department transferred the commercial port to the Government of Guam. Over 1,000 acres was eventually transferred from the federal government to the Government of Guam for port use. The port built the ability to handle containerized cargo in 1969. In 1969, a yacht club was founded and began using the harbor for recreational small boating. During the 1960s and 1970s, the port's strategic importance was highlighted by its utility during the Vietnam War.

On August 12, 1974, the tug towing RMS Caribia, a decommissioned passenger ship, to Taiwan sailed into the tropical storm that later became Typhoon Mary and attempted to reach safety at Apra Harbor. In danger of being pulled onto the reef, the tug captain cut the tow line just  from Spanish Rocks. Adrift, Caribia crashed against the tip of Glass Breakwater with her stern blocking a third of the harbor entrance. She broke into three pieces and rough weather prevented the Navy and Coast Guard from determining if her stern section piece still blocked the entrance, closing the port. Side-scan sonar was eventually used to determine that the harbor entrance could be used. The Army Corps of Engineers conducted its largest ever ship salvage, which was complicated by the discovery of a Korean War-era LCU wreck next to Caribia with 50 tons of unexploded ordnance, prompting the biggest project ever conducted by the Explosive Ordnance Division on Guam.

In 1997, Guam designated Sasa Bay, which is located in the east of the Harbor as a marine preserve in order to protect declining fish populations.

Military realignment
In 2006 the U.S. Japan "Roadmap for Realignment Implementation Agreement" agreed that over 8,600 U.S. Marines currently based in Okinawa, Japan would relocate to the U.S. territory of Guam and the Marianas Islands. This reorientation could be one of the largest peacetime military relocations in U.S. history. The details of the military move are evolving, and much is on hold due to budget sequestration. The U.S. Navy has suggested the need for expansion of Apra Harbor, which is the largest deep water port in the Western Pacific and the busiest in Micronesia to allow the basing of additional ships in Guam as part of the Navy's shift to the Pacific.

Activities

Apra Harbor currently has many users, the two major ones being Naval Base Guam and the Port of Guam. Since 2009, facilities on Naval Base Guam are supported by Joint Region Marianas. The largest tenant unit at Naval Base Guam is Submarine Squadron 15, which is supported by ship tender . Coast Guard Station Apra Harbor is also located on Naval Base Guam property and has an area of responsibility including the Mariana Islands, Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia; it has three Sentinel-class cutters: , , and ; and the Seagoing Buoy Tender USCGC Sequoia. Kilo Wharf, located on the Orote Peninsula near the mouth of the harbor, is the only U.S. deep water ammunition port in the Western Pacific and also allows emergency berthing by visiting aircraft carriers, such as during the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak aboard .

The Port of Guam handles over ninety percent of total imports to Guam. In FY2008, more than 2 million cargo revenue tons in 99,908 containers were handled, including for transshipment to nearby Western Pacific islands. Five cruise ships visit Guam annually, requiring a reconfiguring of port operations.

Marinas are located in the area known as Inner Cabras in Piti between Cabras and Drydock Island, just south of the Guam Power Authority plants. Aquaworld Marina and Harbor of Refuge are owned and operated by the Port, with slips leased to tenants. The area, collectively known as Cabras Marina, berths personal small watercraft, diving boats, tourist sightseeing boats, and an Atlantis Submarine, which visits a coral reef off Gab Gab on the Orote Peninsula. The Marianas Yacht Club, located on the south shore of Drydock Island on Sasa Bay, provides mooring buoys for transPacific cruising yachts

In addition to shore berths, a total of 21 mooring buoys are located in the harbor. However, none is suitable for large vessel mooring during a typhoon, requiring craft to put out to sea for safety in extreme weather. One buoy is reserved for a Military Sealift Command strategic sealift ship.

Recreation

Harbor beaches on Naval property include Gab Gab Beach and San Luis Beach on the Orote Peninsula, and Fantasy Island on Polaris Point. Beaches on Cabras include Family Beach and Outhouse Beach. Port Authority Beach is located on the north shore of Drydock Island.

Apra Harbor hosts a robust coral reef community and many shipwrecks. There are many named scuba diving sites either within or immediately outside the harbor, including: Harley Reef;  and Tokai Maru, allowing divers to touch wrecks from the two World Wars at the same time; Jade Shoals; Big Blue Reef; Middle Shoals; Western Shoals; Gab Gab; Finger Reef; American Tanker; Blue and White; Luminau; Blue Hole; Kizugawa Maru; and many others.

The outer shore of the Glass Breakwater is one of the most popular surfing spots on Guam, along with Talofofo Bay and Inarajan Bay.

Sasa Bay Marine Preserve

The Sasa Bay Marine Preserve, comprising waters and lands between Drydock Island and Polaris Point, is a recreational and ecological protected area with regulated fishing. Measuring , it is one of five Marine Preserves created by the Government of Guam in 1997. The Preserve contains a mangrove swamp, is a foraging area for Hawksbill sea turtle and is habitat for several oyster and clam species. It also includes four or five patch reefs in its deeper waters.

Management and ownership
Operations in Outer Apra Harbor are under the jurisdiction of The Port Authority of Guam and the United States Coast Guard. Vessels entering, leaving, or shifting berth in Apra Harbor are required to give 24 hours notice to the Port Authority of Guam Port Control Harbor Master and the U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port. Inner Apra Harbor is a restricted area that is marked by two uncharted buoys. Operations in Inner Apra Harbor are under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Navy Port Control Harbormaster.

References

External links

Port Authority of Guam
U.S. Naval Base Guam
Photos of harbor clearance and construction, pages 53—69

Apra Harbor


කලා කීර්ති () යනු පුද්ගලයෙකු විසින් "කලාව, සංස්කෘතිය සහ නාට්‍ය කලාව වෙනුවෙන් සිදුකරන ලද දායකත්වය සහ විශිෂ්ඨ ජයග්‍රහණ හිමිකර ගැනීම" උදෙසා එම පුද්ගලයා වෙත පිරිනමනු ලබන ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ජාතික ගෞරව අභිධානයකි. මෙය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කලාව, සංස්කෘතිය සහ නාට්‍ය කලාව වෙනුවෙන් පිරිනමනු ලබන ඉහළම ගෞරව අභිධානයයි. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව අභිධානලාභියාගේ නාමය ඉදිරියෙන් කලා කීර්ති යන්න, පදවි නාමයක් හෝ උපසර්ග නාමයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. කලා කීර්ති අභිධානය, විද්‍යා ජෝති අභිධානයට පහළින් පිහිටි ඊළග ප්‍රමුඛ ගෞරව නාමයයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

කලා කීර්ති


Recep Adanır (3 Mayıs 1929, Ankara - 20 Mayıs 2017, Antalya), Beşiktaş ve Galatasaray'da futbol oynamış Baba Recep lakaplı Türk millî futbolcudur. Türk futbolunda Baba lakaplı beş futbolcudan biridir. (Diğerleri Hakkı Yeten, Hüsnü Savman, Raşit Çetiner ve Gündüz Kılıç)

Kulüp kariyeri

Ankaragücü
Futbol hayatına 1947'de MKE Ankaragücü'nde başladı. Kısa sürede A takıma yükseldi. 1948-49 sezonunda Ankara birincisi oldular. Bu sayede 1949'da Türkiye Futbol Birinciliği turnuvasına katıldılar. 4 takım arasında yapılan şampiyonada Ankaragücü'nün ilk rakibi Galatasaray oldu. Recep Adanır da maçta forma giydi. 2-0 geriye düşen Ankaragücü, maçı 4-3 kazandı. Recep Adanır, önce maçı 2-2 yapan golü, sonra da son dakikalarda ise 3-3 giden maçta galibiyet golünü kaydetti. Ankaragücü daha sonra diğer takımları da yenerek tarihindeki ilk Türkiye birinciliğini kazandı.

Beşiktaş JK
1950-1951 sezonunda MKE Ankaragücü'nden Beşiktaş'a transfer oldu. İlk maçını Türkiye Ordu millî takımına karşı oynanan bir hazırlık maçında oynadı ve Beşiktaş'ın 3-2 kazandığı maçta 3 golü de kaydetti. Recep Adanır, geldiği sezon önce İstanbul Ligi şampiyonluğu, sonra da kendisinin ikinci Türkiye Şampiyonluğu'na sahip oldu. İlk sezonunda gol krallığında Lefter Küçükandonyadis'in bir gol ardından gelen Adanır son maç olan Fenerbahçe maçında 2 gol atarak gol krallığını yakalasa da federasyon Fenerbahçe'nin lisansız oyuncu oynatması nedeniyle maçı Beşiktaş'ın hükmen kazandığını belirtti ve Adanır da gol atmasına rağmen krallığı kaçırmış oldu. 1951'de başlayan ve 8 kez düzenlenen İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi'nin ilk şampiyonluğunda da kadrodaydı. 1952-53 sezonunda Fenerbahçeli Melih ile yaşadığı bir kavga sonucu uzun süre ceza aldı ve sezonda forma giyemedi. 1953-54'te ise bir kez daha İstanbul şampiyonu olan kadrodaydı.

1956-57 sezonunda Federasyon Kupası kazanan Beşiktaş'ın kadrosunda yer aldı. Sadece 3 maçta oynayan Adanır, 2 gol kaydetti. Bu başarı ile sonraki sezon Beşiktaş tarihinde ilk kez Avrupa'ya katılma hakkını kazandı ancak federasyonun bir hatası yüzünden adı gönderilemedi. 1957-58 sezonunun Federasyon Kupası'da yine Beşiktaş'ın oldu. Recep Adanır, bu turnuvada çok başarılı bir performans gösterdi. Eleme turlarında 3, grup maçlarında ise 5 gol kaydetti. Galatasaray'la oynanan iki final maçında da forma giydi. İlk maçta penaltıdan attığı golle maçı 1-0 kazandırdı. Kupa bittiğinde 9 golle Beşiktaş'ın en golcü ismiydi.

Federasyon Kupası galibi Beşiktaş, 1958-59 sezonunda Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'na katılmaya hak kazandı ve ilk kez Avrupa arenasına çıktı. Real Madrid karşısında alınan 2-0'lık mağlubiyetin rövanşında Recep Adanır, Dolmabahçe Stadı'nda Beşiktaş forması giydi. Maç Beşiktaş ve Real Madrid'in 1-1'lik beraberliği ile bitti. 1959'da hem Türkiye'nin hem de Beşiktaş'ın ilk profesyonel lig sezonunda da kadroda yer aldı. 6 golle takımın en golcü ikinci ismi oldu.

Beşiktaş kariyerinde toplamda 1 Türkiye şampiyonluğu, 2 Federasyon Kupası ve 3 İstanbul Ligi Şampiyonluğu yaşadı. Sağiç, santrafor ve solaçık oynayan Adanır, derbilerde Beşiktaş formasıyla Galatasaray'a 10, Fenerbahçe'ye 4 gol kaydetti. Beşiktaş'ın 1950'de yaptığı Amerika turunda yer alan futbolculardan oldu.

Son yılları
1959-60 sezonunda ise Kasımpaşa'ne transfer oldu. Ancak başarılı bir lig performansı gösteremediler ve ligin ortalarında yer aldılar. Sözleşmenin şartı olarak Beşiktaş ile oynanan lig maçlarında forma giymedi.

1960-61 sezonunda ezeli rakip Galatasaray'a transfer oldu. İlk sezonunda 20 maçta 4 gol kaydetti. Metin Oktay'ın forvetliğini yaptığı takımda fazla forma şansı bulamamıştı. Galatasaray forması ile ilk kez Beşiktaş maçına çıktığında Galatasaray tribünü Recep'i sevgi gösterileriyle karşılamıştı. Recep Adanır ise önce Beşiktaş taraftarının olduğu tribüne gidip yüreğini gösterirken, sonrasında Galatasaray tribüne gidip onları da selamlayıp ayaklarını göstermiş ve profesyonelliğini belli etmişti. İkinci sezonunda ise daha çok orta saha oynayan Adanır, 24 maçta 5 gol kaydetti ve sezon sonunda Türkiye Profesyonel 1. Ligi'nde ilk kez şampiyonluk gördü. Sezon sonunda ise takımdan ayrılarak Karagümrük'a transfer oldu. Burada menajer-futbolcu olarak görev yaptı. Ligde başarı gelmedi ve sezon sonunda Adanır hem takım menajerliğini hem de futbolculuğu bıraktı.

Futbolu bıraktıktan yaklaşık 3 sene sonra Beşiktaş kendisi için jübile düzenledi. Jübile için ünlü İngiliz ekiplerinden Arsenal Türkiye'ye geldi. 21 Mayıs 1966'da oynanan maçı Beşiktaş, 2-0 kazandı. 5. dakikada oyundan çıkan Recep Adanır, formasını Yusuf Tunaoğlu'na verdi.

Millî takım kariyeri

Haziran 1951'de İsveç ve Almanya maçları için ilk kez millî takıma çağrıldı. İsveç maçında forma giymedi. 17 Haziran 1951'de Berlin Olimpiyat Stadyumu'nda Federal Almanya ile oynanan özel maç ile ilk kez Türkiye millî futbol takımı forması giydi. 5. dakikada Türkiye'yi 1-0 öne geçiren golü, kariyerinin ilk millî takım golü oldu. Türkiye maçı 2-1 kazanırken, Recep Adanır da Alman medyasında kendine yer buldu. 1951-1954 arasında millî formayı giymeyen Adanır, 1954 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemesi ilk maçında İspanya karşısında forma giydi. Türkiye'nin 4-1 yenildiği maçta tek golü kaydetti. Adanır'ın forma giymediği diğer maçlardan birini Türkiye kazanıp, play-off'ta da rakipleriyle berabere kaldılar ve kura ile Dünya Kupası'na gitmeye hak kazandılar. Adanır, kupaya giden kadroda yer almadı. 16 Kasım 1956'da Polonya ile oynanan hazırlık maçı son millî maçı oldu.

Bunun dışında bir kez B Milli, 4 kez de Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı forması giydi. Bu maçlardan biri 16 Mayıs 1952'de oynanan ve Türkiye'yi Beşiktaş takımının temsil etme hakkı kazandığı Yunanistan maçıydı.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri

1962-63 sezonunda Karagümrük'ü menajer futbolcu olarak çalıştırarak teknik direktörlüğe başlayan Adanır, 1963'te Kıbrıs ekiplerinden Larnaka Gençler Birliği Spor Kulübü'nün başına geçti. 1964'ten itibaren Beşiktaş'ta çeşitli görevler aldı. Teknik direktör Ljubisa Spajic'in yardımcılığını yaptı. Jane Janevski döneminde de görevine devam etti. Janevski'nin görevinden istifası sonrası takımın başına geçen Adanır, son 3 maçta takımın başında yer aldı. Eylül 1966'da, Türkiye 2. Futbol Ligi (günümüzdeki adı 1. Lig)'de mücadele eden Adanaspor'un teknik direktörlüğüne getirildi.

1968-69 sezonunda Beşiktaş'tan ayrı kalan Adanır, sezonun sonlarına doğru 3. lig takımlarından Nazillispor'un başına geçti. Sezon sonunda grubunda takımı şampiyon yapan Adanır, takımın 2. lige çıkmasını sağladı. 1969'da Beşiktaş'a Krum Milev'in yardımcısı olarak döndü. Milev'in istifası ile bu sefer son 8 maça takımı Adanır hazırladı.

1970'te Balıkesirspor'u yönetse de bu birliktelik sadece yarım sezon sürdü. Sezonun ikinci yarısı tekrar Nazillispor'un başına geçti. Ancak kötü giden takımda kısa süre kalan Adanır takımın küme düşmesine engel olamadı. 1971-72 sezonuna da bu takımda başlasa da devre arasında takımdan istifa etti.

1972'den sonra yine menajer olarak Beşiktaş'ta görev aldı. Uzun süre takımda kalan Adanır, 1977-78 sezonunun başında teknik direktör bulana kadar geçen sürede takımı yönetti ve 3 maça hazırladı. 1979-80 sezonunun ortasında yeni durağı Lüleburgazspor oldu. Bu deneyimden sonra ise teknik direktörlük kariyerine son verdi.

Başarıları

Futbolcu olarak
Ankaragücü
 Türkiye Futbol Şampiyonası: 1949

Beşiktaş
 Federasyon Kupası: 1956-57, 1957-58
 Türkiye Futbol Şampiyonası: 1951
 İstanbul Futbol Ligi: 1950-51
 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi: 1952, 1953-54

Galatasaray
 Millî Lig: 1961-62

Teknik direktör olarak
Nazillispor
 3. Lig: 1968-69

Kaynakça

1929 doğumlular
2017 yılında ölenler
Ankara doğumlu futbolcular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Türk teknik direktörler
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
MKE Ankaragücü GSK futbolcuları
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
Kasımpaşa SK futbolcuları
Galatasaray SK futbolcuları
Fatih Karagümrük SK futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Beşiktaş teknik direktörleri
Adanaspor teknik direktörleri
Nazillispor teknik direktörleri
Balıkesirspor teknik direktörleri
Lüleburgazspor teknik direktörleri
Kasımpaşa SK teknik direktörleri
Fatih Karagümrük SK teknik direktörleri
Süper Lig teknik direktörleri
1. Lig teknik direktörleri
Forvet futbolcular
Beşiktaş JK kaptanları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları

Recep Adanır


لُواتخ هو نسخة مزيدة من محرك الصف الطباعي تخ ذو لغة برمجة مدمجة. بدأ لُواتخ (LuaTeX) كنسخة من بي‌دي‌إف‌تخ مع محرك برمجة لُوا مدمج. بعد التجارب تقرر أن يخلف بي‌دي‌إف‌تخ -الذي نتج عن دمج تخ مع إ-تخ مع خلفية إنتاج بي‌دي‌إف-. لا حقا تم إضافة بعض الوظائف من ألف (خاصة الصف متعدد الاتجاهات). المشروع تحت رعاية مشروع تخ الشرقي.

أطلقت أول بيتا في مؤتمر مجموعة مستخدمي تخ 2007 في سان ديغو. ستصدر الإصدارة النهائية الأولى في نهاية 2009، وستتوفر أول نسخة مستقرة في 2010. الهدف الأساسي للمشروع توفير نسخة من تخ يتاح فيها الوصول لكل داخله عبر لُوا. أثناء عملية فتح تخ، يتم إعادة كتابة الكثير من الكود الداخلي. بدلا من إضافة الخصائص الجديدة لتخ نفسه سيتاح للمستخدمين (وكتاب حزم الماكرو) كتابة امتداداتهم الخاصة. مشروع MPLib (وحدة MetaPost مكتبية مزيدة) يهدف أيضا لجلب محرك رسوميات إلى تخ.

يتكون فريق لواتخ من تاكو هُكووتر وهارمُت هِنكل وهانز هاجان.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

برمجيات بي دي إف حرة
برمجيات حرة
تخ

لواتخ


Cins, birbirine benzeyen ve ortak birçok karakterleri olan türler topluluğu. Taksonomideki en önemli sınıflandırma basamaklarından biridir. Cins isimleri unominal (tek kelime) olmak zorundadır. Her zaman büyük hafle başlar ve italik yazılır. Bazen türler arasındaki farkları kategorize edebilmek için alt cinsler kullanılır.

Cinsin alt grupları
Bir cinsin değişik kriterlere göre düzenlenebilecek birçok türü varsa şu hiyerarşik sıralama kullanılmaktadır:
 Alt cins
 Seksiyon
 Alt seksiyon
 Seri
 Alt seri

Örnek
 Pinus

Resim haritası kullanılan maddeler

Cins


Armata industriala de rezervă este un concept dezvoltat de Karl Marx în lucrarea sa Capitalul, care se referă la existența structurală (în societățile al căror mod/tip de producție este capitalist), a unei părți a populației care formează un surplus ca forță de muncă, în raport cu necesitățile acumulărilor de capital. O armată industrială de rezervă — o permanentă armată de șomeri — este necesară atât pentru buna funcționare a sistemului de producție capitalist cât și pentru necesara acumulare de capital. Este sinonim cu sintagma "populație activă în surplus", deși acest termen este mai amplu, pentru că include în el și persoanele cu incapabilitate de muncă.

Conform lui Marx, în epocile anterioare punerii în aplicare a sistemului capitalist, șomajul structural la scară masivă rareori a existat, exceptând situațiile cauzate de dezastre naturale și/sau de războaie. De fapt, termenul "ocuparea forței de muncă" ar fi un produs lingvistic al acestei ere.

Un nivel permanent de șomaj presupune o populație lucrătoare dependentă în mare măsură de o soldă sau de un salariu, pentru a supraviețui, fără a avea ca posibilitate alte moduri de viață. La fel cum presupune și dreptul capitaliștilor (sau antreprenorilor) de a angaja și/sau de a concedia angajații, în conformitate cu condițiile economice sau comerciale (precaritatea muncii).

Marx a afirmat că nu există legi destinate populației care sa fie eficiente în orice moment, dar că fiecare mod (tip) de producție are propriile sale legi demografice. În acest sens, dacă există suprapopulare într-o societate capitalistă este vorba de o suprapopulare în raport cerințele de acumulare capitalistă. Acesta este motivul pentru care demografia nu se poate limita doar la număra oameni într-o varietate de moduri, ci, de asemenea, să ia în considerare relațiile sociale dintre ei.

Construcția marxistă a termenului
Karl Marx introduce conceptul de "armata industrială de rezervă", în secțiunea a 3-a (Producerea progresiva a unei suprapopulări sau, al unei armate industriale de rezervă) al capitolului 23 din cartea I din Capitalul:Raționamentul său este că, odată cu dezvoltarea capitalismului, compoziția organică a capitalului crește, ceea ce se traduce în faptul că masa de capital constant crește mai rapid decât masa de capital variabil. În plus, capitalul se va vedea concentrat și centralizat în puține mâini.

Fiind aceasta tendința istorică "absolută", o parte din populația aptă de muncă va deveni "surplus" în comparație cu necesarul de acumulare capitalistă de-a lungul timpului. În mod paradoxal, cu cât mai bogată este o societate, cu atât mai mare (mai amplă) va fi a sa armată industrială de rezervă.

Fără îndoială că, pe măsură ce își dezvolta conceptul, Marx clarifica faptul că, funcție de starea economiei, armata industrială de rezervă (care este, de asemenea, numită șomaj structural) se va expanda sau se va contracta după cum va fi absorbită sau expulzată forța de muncă a acelor mase valorizate de capital. Deci:

Contribuții ale altor filosofi
În opera lor comună Dialectica Iluminismului germanii Theodor Adorno și Max Horkheimer comentau următoarele:

Referințe

Legături externe

 ILO data on global unemployment
 ILO global unemployment report
 CPGB Draft Programme entry on the unemployed

Șomaj
Materialism
Probleme economice

Armata industrială de rezervă


Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz (bielorrusso Тадэвуш Кандрусевіч Tadewusch Kandrusewitsch) (Adelsk perto de Hrodna, bielorrusso SSR, 3 de janeiro de 1946) é um clérigo bielorrusso e arcebispo católico romano emérito de Minsk-Mahiljou.

Kondrusiewicz frequentou a Faculdade de Física e Matemática do Instituto Pedagógico de Hrodna. Em 1970 graduou-se (com louvor) em engenharia mecânica no Instituto Politécnico de Leningrado. De 1970 a 1976, Kondrusiewicz trabalhou como engenheiro em uma fábrica de retificadoras em Vilnius. Junto com colegas, ele inventou uma retificadora especial de alta velocidade para a fábrica de automóveis do Volga.

Depois de estudar teologia e filosofia católica em Kaunas, Kondrusiewicz foi ordenado sacerdote lá em 31 de maio de 1981. De 1981 a 1986 foi vigário na Igreja de Santa Teresa e na Capela de Nossa Senhora da Misericórdia de Vilnius. Em 1985 obteve a licenciatura em teologia. De 1986 a 1987 foi vigário da Congregação Nossa Senhora em Druskininkai. Em 1987 voltou a Vilnius e foi Vigário da Congregação do Espírito Santo até fevereiro de 1988. Em 13 de fevereiro de 1988 tornou-se pároco nas paróquias de Nossa Senhora dos Anjos e São Francisco Xavier em Hrodna. No mesmo ano, ele recebeu o doutorado em teologia.

Em 10 de maio de 1989, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo Titular de Hippo Diarrhytus e Administrador Apostólico da Arquidiocese de Minsk. Foi ordenado bispo pelo Papa João Paulo II em 20 de outubro do mesmo ano na Basílica de São Pedro; Os co-consagradores foram o Arcebispo Edward Idris Cassidy e o Núncio Apostólico na Polônia, Francesco Colasuonno. Com o estabelecimento da Administração Apostólica para a Rússia Européia em 13 de abril de 1991, Kondrusiewicz foi nomeado seu Administrador Apostólico baseado em Moscou. Naquela época, ele estava em um hospital em Moscou para tratamento, de modo que a posse oficial na Igreja de St. Louis não ocorreu até 28 de maio de 1991.

Em 11 de fevereiro de 2002, a Administração Apostólica foi elevada à Arquidiocese da Mãe de Deus em Moscou e Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz foi nomeado seu primeiro Arcebispo e Metropolita. Em 21 de setembro de 2007, o Papa Bento XVI o nomeou Arcebispo de Minsk-Mahiljou. A inauguração cerimonial (entronização) ocorreu em 21 de novembro do mesmo ano em Minsk.

De 2015 até sua renúncia no início de 2021, ele foi presidente da Conferência dos Bispos da Bielorrússia, anteriormente de 2006 a 2015 seu vice-presidente.

Quando Kondrusiewicz quis retornar à Bielo-Rússia de uma peregrinação à Madona Negra de Czestochowa no final de agosto de 2020, ele foi impedido de entrar na fronteira, o que levou a protestos internacionais. As autoridades do presidente Aljaksandr Lukashenka acusam-no de apoiar os protestos na Bielorrússia a partir de 2020. O Papa Francisco então enviou o Arcebispo Paul Gallagher, o Secretário do Vaticano para as Relações com os Estados, a Minsk para mostrar seu apoio. Após quatro meses, Kondrusiewicz foi capaz de retornar a Minsk para o Natal de 2020.

Imediatamente depois, em 3 de janeiro de 2021, seu 75º aniversário, o Papa Francisco aceitou sua renúncia por motivo de idade. Ao mesmo tempo, Kazimierz Wielikosielec OP foi nomeado Administrador Apostólico.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Bielorrússia

Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz


بغض البشرية أو المسنثروبيا  هي توجه فكري أو حالة نفسية تتمثل في كراهية ومعاداة، وانعدام الثقة في، الكائن البشري (أو البشرية) إما بسبب قناعة فلسفية أو اختلال نفسي.
والشخص الذي يتصف بهذه الصفة يسمى«باغض الإنسان».
المعنى الاصطلاحي:

حالة «بغض الإنسان» تصف حالة نفسية وليست موقف من الإنسان. «باغض البشر» لا يتسم لا بالغرور ولا بالعدوانية تجاه البشر. ولا يستبعد أن يكون له تعامل مع البشر. وبرغم التعريف الحرفي ل«باغض البشر» إلا أنه ليس مضاداً للعمل الخيري. والذي يحكم به على موقف الإنسان من أخيه الإنسان.
في بعض الحالات ينعزل«باغض البشر» وفي هذه العزلة الاختيارية والتي تختلف عن مفهوم الخجل المرضي من البشر لا يمكن أن يحدث تقارب ما بين «باغض البشر» والمجتمع المحيط به.

الفلسفة

وفي فلسفة كانط التي عبر فيها بوصف «باغض البشر» بأنه: «باغض البشر يهرب من مواجهة الناس إما لأنه يحتقرهم أو أنه يشعر بأنهم أعدائه.» أما شوبنهاور فقد وصف «باغض البشر»:«الحاجة الناتجة عن الفراغ والرتابة تدفع المجتمع ليتفاعلوا مع بعضهم البعض إلا أن كثير من الصفات البغيضة للبشر تدفعهم بعيداً عن بعضهم البعض.»

الفن

تناول الفن فكرة «بغض البشر» في كثير من الأعمال الفنية مثل: ميناندر وشكسبير وموليير.

مراجع

اتجاه نفسي
سلوك الإنسان
سلوك معاد للمجتمع
فلسفة الحياة
كراهية
مفاهيم فلسفية

بغض البشرية


Die Ringer-Weltmeisterschaften 2015 fanden in der Zeit vom 7. bis zum 13. September 2015 in Paradise statt.

Am 20. Februar 2013 gab der US-Verband USA Wrestling Las Vegas als Ausrichter der Weltmeisterschaften bekannt. Las Vegas setzte sich gegen die Mitbewerber Teheran, Neu-Delhi, Panama-Stadt und Sotschi durch. Die WM war das erste Qualifikationsturnier für die Olympischen Spiele 2016 in Rio de Janeiro.

Deutsche Mannschaft

Männer

Griechisch-römischer Stil
 Deniz Menekse (SV Germania Weingarten) (59 kg)
 Frank Stäbler  (ASV Nendingen) (66 kg)
 Matthias Maasch (SV Wacker Burghausen) (71 kg)
 Pascal Eisele (SV 1952 Fahrenbach) (75 kg)
 Florian Neumaier (ASV Nendingen) (80 kg)
 Ramsin Azizsir (SV Germania Weingarten) (85 kg)
 Peter Öhler (ASV Nendingen) (98 kg)
 Eduard Popp (VfL Neckargartach) (130 kg)

Freistil
 Marcel Ewald (KSV Ispringen 1906) (57 kg)
 Samet Dülger (ASV Nendingen) (65 kg)
 Martin Obst (SV Luftfahrt Ringen) (74 kg)
 William Harth (SV Germania Weingarten) (86 kg)
 Stefan Kehrer (KSV Aalen) (97 kg)
 Nick Matuhin (1. Luckenwalder SC) (120 kg)

Frauen

Freistil
 Jaqueline Schellin (TV Mühlacker) (48 kg)
 Nina Hemmer (AC Ückerath) (53 kg)
 Luisa Niemesch (SV Germania Weingarten) (58 kg)
 Nadine Weinauge  (KSK Furtwangen) (63 kg)
 Aline Focken  (KSV Germania Krefeld) (69 kg)
 Francy Rädelt (75 kg)

Medaillenspiegel

Männer

Griechisch-römischer Stil

Freistil

Frauen

Freistil

Teilnehmende Nationen

898 Teilnehmer aus 97 Nationen teilgenommen.:

Weblinks
 Veranstaltungsinformationen auf der Website des Ringer-Weltverbandes FILA
 www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/service/datenbanken/wettkampfresultate/ergebnisse

Einzelnachweise

2015
Sportveranstaltung 2015
Sportveranstaltung in Paradise (Nevada)
Ringer-Wettbewerb in den Vereinigten Staaten

Ringer-Weltmeisterschaften 2015


රාත්‍රි අහසේ තරු දෙස බලා සිටි පැරැන්නෝ එම තරු සිතින් යා කර විවිධ රූප මවා ගත්හ.අතීතයේ සිට මෙලෙස නම් කළ රූප ද තරු රටා හෙවත් තාරකා මණ්ඩල (constellation) නම් වේ.රාත්‍රි අහසේ තාරකා නිරීක්ෂණය කිරීමේදී දිශා හදුනා ගැනීම ඉතා වැදගත් වේ.දවල් කාලයේදී නම් සූර්යයා උදාවන දිශාව ඇසුරෙන් දිශා හදුනා ගත හැකිය.රාත්‍රි අහසේ එක් තරුවක් හැර අන් හැම තරුවක් ම නැගෙනහිර දිශාවේ සිට බටහිර දිශාවට චලනය වන බවක්  අපට පෙනේ.ඇත්තෙන්ම සිදුවන්නේ පෘථිවිය,බටහිර දිශාවේ සිට නැගෙනහිර දිශාවට භ්‍රමණය වීමයි.පිහිටීම වෙනස් නොවන තරුව ධ්‍රැව තාරකාව යි. ධ්‍රැව තාරකාවේ පිහිටීම වෙනස් නොවන්නේ එය පෘථිවියේ අක්ෂය එල්ලේ පිහිටා තිබෙන නිසා ය.

තාරකා මණ්ඩල


Die Route nationale 676, kurz N 676 oder RN 676, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Beaumont-du-Périgord und Villeneuve-sur-Lot verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 47 Kilometer.

Weblinks

 Route nationale française 676 auf WikiSara ()

676

Route nationale 676


Amarildo de Jesus Santos (født 6. juli 1986) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Shonan Bellmare.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Amarildo de Jesus Santos


Technische Schulden oder Technische Schuld () ist eine in der Informatik gebräuchliche Metapher für die möglichen Konsequenzen schlechter technischer Umsetzung von Software. Der Begriff wird von Informatikern verwendet, um Managern und anderen Stakeholdern von Softwareprojekten klarzumachen, dass das Aufschieben von Maßnahmen zur Sicherung und Erhöhung technischer Qualität die Softwareentwicklung nicht beschleunigt, sondern verlangsamt – je länger desto mehr.

Technische Schulden unterscheiden sich von Anti-Pattern insofern, als die Entscheidung, technische Schulden zu machen, auch bewusst und nach Abwägung der Vor- und Nachteile getroffen werden kann, während Anti-Pattern immer eine Folge von Faulheit und Unprofessionalität sind.

Beispiele

Martin Fowler unterscheidet folgende Arten von technischen Schulden: Diejenigen, die man bewusst aufgenommen hat, um beispielsweise einen Meilenstein zu erreichen, und diejenigen, die man unwissentlich eingegangen ist, beispielsweise weil das Team gängigen Designprinzipien nicht folgte. Darüber hinaus unterscheidet er zwischen umsichtigem und rücksichtslosem Eingehen technischer Schulden. Kombiniert ergibt das vier Quadranten zur Einteilung Technischer Schulden:

Üblicherweise werden in Softwareentwicklungsprojekten folgende Technische Schulden (umsichtig oder rücksichtslos, überlegt oder versehentlich) aufgenommen:
 Aufschieben oder Nicht-Aktualisierung technischer und fachlicher Softwaredokumentation
 Fehlende technische Infrastruktur wie Versionsverwaltung, Datensicherung, Build-Tools, Kontinuierliche Integration
 Aufschieben, Verzicht oder ungenügende Umsetzung automatisierter Modultests und Regressionstests
 Fehlende Coding Standards und Code Ownership
 Missachtung von TODO- oder FIXME- oder XXX-Hinweisen im Code
 Missachtung von Codewiederholungen und anderen Code-Smells
 Verwendung von Programmierungs-Anti-Pattern
 Missachtung von Compiler-Warnungen und Ergebnissen statischer Code-Analyse
 Versäumen der Korrektur von zu großem oder zu komplexen Code und Design
 Fehlerhafte Definition oder Umsetzung der Architektur durch enge Kopplung, Zirkelbezug der Komponenten oder das Fehlen geeigneter Schnittstellen und Fassaden

Ursachen
Üblicherweise verursacht eine Kombination der folgenden Faktoren Technische Schulden:
 Fachlicher Druck, wenn der Auftraggeber auf die Projektbeteiligten Druck ausübt, neue Funktionalitäten schnell und bevor technische Aufräumarbeiten abgeschlossen sind, geliefert zu bekommen. Dieser Druck könnte beispielsweise durch ein zeitnahes Produkt-Release erfolgen.
 Ungenügende qualitätssichernde Prozesse, wenn es in einem Projekt keine qualitätssichernden Prozesse gibt (oder diese nicht gelebt werden), welche die Technischen Schulden laufend messen und Verbesserungsmaßnahmen einleiten.
 Ungenügendes technisches Wissen, um technische Entscheidungen treffen zu können, welche die Technischen Schulden nicht erhöhen und im Optimalfall reduzieren.
 Ungenügende Kommunikation der gewählten technischen Lösungen und ihrer Hintergründe. Die Kommunikation kann auf vielerlei Arten erfolgen, beispielsweise durch selbsterklärenden Code, Dokumentation, Diagramme, Videos etc.
 Parallele Entwicklung in eigenen Branches (beispielsweise Featurebranches) führt zu erhöhten Zusammenführungsaufwänden und somit Technischen Schulden.
 Hintenangestelltes Refactoring, wenn in Codeteilen, welche verbesserungswürdig sind, weiter Funktionalitäten umgesetzt werden, ohne davor die Verbesserungen umzusetzen. Je mehr diese notwendigen Refactorings verzögert werden, desto aufwändiger werden sie bzw. die Umsetzung von Funktionalitäten.

Technische Schulden bauen sich aber auch auf – wenn auch in geringerem Maße – wenn keiner der oben genannten Faktoren zutrifft. Technische Fehler entstehen bei der Softwareentwicklung ebenso wie fachliche Fehler. Wenn ihnen nicht durch qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen entgegengewirkt wird, erhöhen sich die technischen Schulden unwillkürlich mit jeder Änderung und Erweiterung der Software.

Alistair Cockburn zeigt auf, dass das Aufnehmen von technischen Schulden einem der Grundwerte der agilen Softwareentwicklung, dem der aufrechterhaltbaren Geschwindigkeit, widerspricht.

Geschichte
Meir Manny Lehmans Gesetz zeigte als erstes 1980 auf, dass die Komplexität mit der Zeit wächst, es sei denn, es werden Anstrengungen dagegen unternommen. Ward Cunningham zog jedoch als erster Parallelen zwischen Komplexität einer Software und Schulden im Sinne von finanziellen Schulden:

In seinem Buch Refactoring to Patterns nannte Joshua Kerievsky 2004 die Kosten vernachlässigter Architektur Design debt.

Auswirkungen
Im Schnitt wird in der Softwareentwicklung 23–42 % der Entwicklungszeit durch technische Schulden verschwendet. Code mit schlechter Qualität enthält 15 Mal mehr Fehler, diese zu beheben benötigt 124 % länger als bei Code mit guter Qualität.

Technische Schulden haben eine direkte Auswirkung auf die Wartbarkeit einer Software und somit auf den Aufwand für Wartung und Weiterentwicklung der Software. Üblicherweise rechnet man in der Softwareentwicklung damit, dass im Laufe eines Projektes der Aufwand für neue oder zu ändernde Funktionalitäten auf das 60- bis 100-fache  ansteigt.

Technische Schulden sind einer der wichtigsten Faktoren, warum in Softwareentwicklungsprojekten Meilensteine nicht oder nicht rechtzeitig erreicht werden. Man geht daher davon aus, dass es sinnvoll ist, die technischen Schulden laufend gering zu halten, um vorhersagbare Meilensteine und Releasezyklen zu erreichen.

Technische Schulden können wie andere Qualitätsmängel auch zu Gewährleistungsklagen führen. Stellt das Gericht beispielsweise mittels eines Gerichtsgutachters fest, dass die vorhandenen technischen Schulden nicht dem Stand der Technik entsprechen, also die Software mangelhaft ist, können diese Klagen zu Preisminderung führen.

Messung
Es ist schwierig, exakt zu berechnen, wie viel Aufwand betrieben werden muss, um die technischen Schulden einer Software abzuarbeiten.

Es gibt Software, um basierend auf Qualitätsmetriken eine ungefähre Abschätzung für die technischen Schulden zu errechnen. Beispielsweise kann SonarQube den Aufwand für den Abbau der technischen Schulden errechnen.

Weblinks
 Ward explains debt metaphor – YouTube (video) von Ward Cunningham zur Entstehung des Begriffes
 Managing Technical Debt Webinar – Webinar von Steve McConnel über Technische Schulden und wie man damit umgehen kann

Einzelnachweise

Softwaretechnik
Programmierung
Vorgehensmodell (Software)

Technische Schulden


Johann Georg Spohn (* 24. April 1870 in Ravensburg; † 11. März 1948 in Blaubeuren) war ein deutscher Zementunternehmer. Er war langjähriger Seniorchef und Miteigentümer der "Portland-Zement Blaubeuren Gebrüder Spohn AG" in Blaubeuren. Zudem war er Mitglied des Aufsichtsrats der "Portland-Zementwerke Heidelberg AG", der späteren "HeidelbergCement AG".

Werdegang
Georg Spohn war der älteste Sohn des Ravensburger Industriellen Julius Spohn (1841–1919) und seiner Frau Luise, geb. Heiß (1845–1900). Er belegte chemische und technische Fächer an der TH Stuttgart und der Universität Erlangen und war Mitglied in der Studentenverbindung Akademische Gesellschaft Sonderbund in Stuttgart. Spohn schloss sein Studium mit dem akademischen Grad Dr.-Ing. ab.

Im Oktober 1900 übertrug Julius Spohn seinem Sohn Georg die technische Leitung der "Cementfabrik Blaubeuren Gebrüder Spohn". Dieses Unternehmen hatte der Vater 1871 zusammen mit seinem Bruder Georg (1843–1886) und einem weiteren Geschäftspartnern in Blaubeuren gegründet.

Angesichts des durch verschärfter Konkurrenz andauernden Preisverfalls und zugleich anstehenden Neuinvestitionen in Mahlwerke und Öfen, gründete der Blaubeurer Betrieb 1903 mit weiteren 25 süddeutschen Zementwerken ein Kartell, die "Süddeutsche Cement-Verkaufstelle GmbH" mit Sitz in Heidelberg. Diese Gesellschaft übernahm im eigenen Namen den gemeinsamen Verkauf der Teilhaberfirmen und setzte für diese entsprechend der Marktlage jährlich Produktionskontingente fest.

Im folgenden Jahr wandelten Georg Spohn und sein Vater Julius ihr Zementwerk in eine Aktiengesellschaft um, die "Portland-Zement Blaubeuren Gebrüder Spohn AG". Während Georg Spohn den Vorstandsvorsitz übernahm, wurde Julius Spohn Mitglied des Aufsichtsrats. Die neue Rechtsform vereinfachte die Finanzierung des Unternehmens durch die Möglichkeit bei Geldbedarf ohne große Umstände neue Aktien an neue Teilhaber ausgeben zu können.

Lagen Anfangs von dem 2500 Aktien umfassenden Grundkapital noch 2496 Stück in den Händen der Familie Spohn und nur eine Aktie bei der "Portland-Zementwerke Heidelberg AG", der späteren "HeidelbergCement AG", so übernahmen letztere bereits 1938 die Aktienmehrheit. Zudem schlossen Georg Spohn und dessen Familie einen Interessengemeinschaftsvertrag ("Organvertrag") mit den Heidelberger Portland-Zementwerken ab, welcher letzteren die volle Weisungsbefugnis über die geschäftliche Tätigkeit des Blaubeurer Zementunternehmens gewährte. Im Gegenzug erhielt Georg Spohn und sein Bruder Richard zwei Sitze in dem vierköpfigen Direktorium, welches die Interessengemeinschaft leitete. Zudem bekamen Georg und Richard Spohn Sitze in dem Aufsichtsrat der "Portland-Zementwerke Heidelberg AG" und im Austausch für die Aktienmehrheit an ihrem Zementunternehmen ein Aktienpaket der Heidelberger Portland-Zementwerke.

1939 übergab Georg Spohn zwar die technische Leitung des Blaubeurer Zementunternehmens an seinen Sohn Eberhard Spohn (1906–1981), blieb aber bis zu seinem Tod 1948 Mitglied der Geschäftsleitung. Erst 1966 erfolgte die gänzliche Integration des Zementwerks Blaubeuren in den Heidelberger Zementkonzern.

Engagement
Georg Spohn war aktives Mitglied in kommunalen und bezirklichen Selbstverwaltungsorganen und in verschiedenen Wirtschaftsunternehmen und -verbänden. Aus seinem Privatvermögen stiftete er den Städten Ravensburg und Blaubeuren größere Summen für den Bau öffentlicher Einrichtungen.

Als Georg Spohns Schwiegersohn, der Pharmaunternehmer Ludwig Merckle und dessen Familie 1945 als Sudetendeutsche enteignet und aus der Tschechoslowakei vertrieben wurden, nahm Georg Spohn diese bei sich in Blaubeuren auf. Zudem half er Ludwig Merckle dessen pharmazeutisches Unternehmen in Blaubeuren wiederaufzubauen.

Nachwirkungen
Die Blaubeurer Zementfabrik der Familie Spohn bildete den Grundstein des Baustoffzweigs der "Merckle-Gruppe". Wie weiter oben bereits erwähnt, tauschte die Unternehmerfamilie Spohn schrittweise die Aktien an ihrem Zementwerk in eine Minderheitsbeteiligung an der "Portland-Zementwerke Heidelberg AG" (heute "HeidelbergCement AG") um. Nachdem eine Tochter von Georg Spohn, Luise Spohn (1900–1984), Ludwig Merckle (Senior) 1931 geheiratet hatte, gelangte dieses Aktienpaket in den Besitz der aus Aussig (heute Ústí nad Labem in Böhmen, Tschechien) stammenden Unternehmerfamilie Merckle. Der Sohn von Ludwig Merckle und Luise Spohn, Adolf Merckle, baute diese Beteiligung 2005 zu einer Aktienmehrheit bei der "HeidelbergCement AG" aus.

Ehrungen
 1935: Ehrenbürgerschaft der Stadt Ravensburg;
 Nach Georg Spohns Tod 1948, wurde nach ihm in Blaubeuren die "Dr.-Georg-Spohn-Straße" benannt.

Familie

Georg Spohn war verheiratet und hatte zwei Kinder:

 Luise Spohn (* 1900 in Ravensburg - † 1984 in Blaubeuren): Heiratete am 24. April 1931 in Blaubeuren	Ludwig Merckle. Aus dieser Ehe ging am 18. März 1934 Adolf Georg Merckle hervor;
 Eberhard Spohn (* 1906 in Blaubeuren - † 1981 in Dornach (Kanton Solothurn)): Trat 1934 in die "Portland-Zement Blaubeuren Gebrüder Spohn AG" ein und war seit 1939 deren Technischer Direktor. Heiratete im selben Jahr in Stuttgart Gretel Lührsen (1904–1978), die ihn von der Anthroposophie überzeugte. Hatten keine Kinder. Ab Mitte 1940 Wissenschaftler bei der Luftwaffe in Karlshagen im Sperrgebiet der Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde. Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs für einige Jahre in White Sands Missile Range in den USA dienstverpflichtet. Zudem vermittelte er seinem Schwager Ludwig Merckle eine Segelfliegerhalle als erste Fabrik. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Deutschland beschäftigte er sich in Zusammenarbeit mit Fritz Caspari intensiv mit der Entwicklung von Anlagen zur Kompostierung von Siedlungsabfällen zur Förderung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Auf Basis seiner Forschung ging 1953 in dem Steinbruch Gerhausen das Kompostwerk der "Portland-Zement Blaubeuren Gebrüder Spohn AG" in Betrieb. Zudem ließ er eine 200.000 Quadratmeter große Fläche im Steinbruch Gerhausen renaturieren.

Literatur
 Dieter Kühn: 160 Jahre Zementindustrie Blaubeuren, Denkhaus, Blaubeuren 1999 (Blaubeurer Geographische Hefte; 16), ISBN 3-930998-16-5.
 Dietmar Cramer u. a.: "... eine Fabrik verschwindet", die Geschichte und das Ende der Portland-Cementfabrik Blaubeuren. Süddeutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, Heidelberg 2001, ISBN 3-88294-313-0.
 Ursula Erdt: Spohn, Georg. In: Maria Magdalena Rückert (Hrsg.): Württembergische Biographien unter Einbeziehung hohenzollerischer Persönlichkeiten. Band II. Im Auftrag der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-17-021530-6, S. 278f.
 Ulrich Viehöver: Die Einflussreichen. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 2006, ISBN 3-593-37667-9.
 Carolin Erdle: Georg Spohn – Wie Zement Blaubeuren beeinflusst hat. In: Johannes F. Menge (Hrsg.): Blaubeurer Köpfe. Sechs herausragende Persönlichkeiten aus dem 20. Jahrhundert. denkhaus Verlag, Nürtingen 2020, ISBN 978-3-930998-65-4, S. 7–23.

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmer (Baden-Württemberg)
Ehrenbürger von Ravensburg
Person (Blaubeuren)
Korporierter (Studentenverbindung)
Deutscher
Geboren 1870
Gestorben 1948
Mann

Georg Spohn


Blutige Ernte steht für:

 Bloody Harvest, siehe Kilgour-Matas-Untersuchungsbericht
 Blutige Ernte (1990), australischer Dokumentarfilm
 Blutige Ernte (1992), US-amerikanischer Thriller von David Marconi (The Harvest)
 Blutige Ernte (1993), US-amerikanischer Kriminalfilm von Duane Clark (Bitter Harvest)
 Ein starkes Team: Blutige Ernte, deutscher Fernsehfilm (2007)

Blutige Ernte


راؤول بوفا (بالإيطالية: Raoul Bova) ممثل إيطالي من مواليد 14 أغسطس 1971.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون
عارضو أزياء إيطاليون
ممثلو أفلام إيطاليون
ممثلو تلفزيون إيطاليون
ممثلون إيطاليون في القرن 20
ممثلون إيطاليون في القرن 21
ممثلون من روما
مواليد 1971
مواليد في روما

راؤول بوفا


Die Pranke der Natur (und wir Menschen) – Das Erdbeben von Japan, das die Welt bewegte, und das Zeichen von Tschernobyl ist ein Hörspiel nach einem Text von Alexander Kluge. Die Bearbeitung und Regie erfolgte durch Karl Bruckmaier; die Musik stammt von Gustav, Ikue Mori und "alva noto" (Carsten Nicolai). Das Stück wurde vom Bayerischen Rundfunk produziert und am 26. November 2011 im Hörfunkprogramm Bayern 2 urgesendet.

Im November 2011 wurde es von der Deutschen Akademie der Darstellenden Künste als Hörspiel des Monats ausgezeichnet und erschien im Februar 2012 auf CD.

Inhalt
Zitate und Berichte aus Geschichte, Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften, Katastrophenrezeption, -forschung und -vorhersagen und dem menschlichen Umgang damit mischen sich im Hinblick auf die Nuklearkatastrophe von Fukushima und die Nuklearkatastrophe von Tschernobyl mit Auszügen aus Das fünfte Buch: Neue Lebensläufe collagenhaft mit (der Beschreibung von) "Abbildungen" und Musikstücken sowie kurzen Interviews mit dem Autor.

Aus dem Booklet der CD:

Mitwirkende
 Katja Bürkle
 Hannelore Hoger
 Nico Holonics
 Alexandra Kluge
 Gabriel Raab
 Edgar Reitz
 Helge Schneider
 Helmut Stange
 Kathrin von Steinburg
 Jochen Striebeck

Einzelnachweise

Hörspiel (Titel)

Die Pranke der Natur (und wir Menschen)


Kılçak, Zonguldak ilinin Alaplı ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 61 km, Alaplı ilçe merkezine 1 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaplı belde ve köyleri

Kılçak, Alaplı


Bit otu (Delphinium staphisagria), düğün çiçeğigiller (Ranunculaceae) familyasından çoğunlukla Türkiye'de İzmir ve Manisa çevrelerinde yetişen bir bitki türü.

Mayıs-Haziran ayları arasında mavi renkli çiçekler açan, 70–150 cm boyunda, 1-2 senelik otsu bir bitki. Hezaren olarak da anılmaktadır. Bilhassa ekilmemiş tarlalarda bulunur. Gövdeleri dik, silindirik, dallı ve tüylüdür. Çiçekler gövdenin ucunda, gevşek salkım biçimindedirler. Meyveleri tüylü ve az tohumludur. Çiçekleri genellikle pembe veya sarı renklidir.

Dış bağlantılar

staphisagria
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Delphinium staphisagria


A surrogate key (or synthetic key, pseudokey, entity identifier, factless key, or technical key) in a database is a unique identifier for either an entity in the modeled world or an object in the database. The surrogate key is not derived from application data, unlike a natural (or business) key.

Definition

There are at least two definitions of a surrogate:

 Surrogate (1) – Hall, Owlett and Todd (1976) A surrogate represents an entity in the outside world. The surrogate is internally generated by the system but is nevertheless visible to the user or application.
 Surrogate (2) – Wieringa and De Jonge (1991) A surrogate represents an object in the database itself. The surrogate is internally generated by the system and is invisible to the user or application.

The Surrogate (1) definition relates to a data model rather than a storage model and is used throughout this article. See Date (1998).

An important distinction between a surrogate and a primary key depends on whether the database is a current database or a temporal database. Since a current database stores only currently valid data, there is a one-to-one correspondence between a surrogate in the modeled world and the primary key of the database. In this case the surrogate may be used as a primary key, resulting in the term surrogate key. In a temporal database, however, there is a many-to-one relationship between primary keys and the surrogate. Since there may be several objects in the database corresponding to a single surrogate, we cannot use the surrogate as a primary key; another attribute is required, in addition to the surrogate, to uniquely identify each object.

Although Hall et al. (1976) say nothing about this, others have argued that a surrogate should have the following characteristics:

 the value is never reused
 the value is system generated
 the value is not manipulable by the user or application
 the value contains no semantic meaning
 the value is not visible to the user or application
 the value is not composed of several values from different domains.

Surrogates in practice

In a current database, the surrogate key can be the primary key, generated by the database management system and not derived from any application data in the database. The only significance of the surrogate key is to act as the primary key. It is also possible that the surrogate key exists in addition to the database-generated UUID (for example, an HR number for each employee other than the UUID of each employee).

A surrogate key is frequently a sequential number (e.g. a Sybase or SQL Server "identity column", a PostgreSQL or Informix serial, an Oracle or SQL Server SEQUENCE or a column defined with AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL). Some databases provide UUID/GUID as a possible data type for surrogate keys (e.g. PostgreSQL UUID or SQL Server UNIQUEIDENTIFIER).

Having the key independent of all other columns insulates the database relationships from changes in data values or database design (making the database more agile) and guarantees uniqueness.

In a temporal database, it is necessary to distinguish between the surrogate key and the business key. Every row would have both a business key and a surrogate key. The surrogate key identifies one unique row in the database, the business key identifies one unique entity of the modeled world. One table row represents a slice of time holding all the entity's attributes for a defined timespan. Those slices depict the whole lifespan of one business entity. For example, a table EmployeeContracts may hold temporal information to keep track of contracted working hours. The business key for one contract will be identical (non-unique) in both rows however the surrogate key for each row is unique.

Some database designers use surrogate keys systematically regardless of the suitability of other candidate keys, while others will use a key already present in the data, if there is one.

Some of the alternate names ("system-generated key") describe the way of generating new surrogate values rather than the nature of the surrogate concept.

Approaches to generating surrogates include:

 Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs)
 Globally Unique Identifiers (GUIDs)
 Object Identifiers (OIDs)
 Sybase or SQL Server identity column IDENTITY OR IDENTITY(n,n)
 Oracle SEQUENCE, or GENERATED AS IDENTITY (starting from version 12.1)
 SQL Server SEQUENCE (starting from SQL Server 2012)
 PostgreSQL or IBM Informix serial
 MySQL AUTO_INCREMENT
 SQLite INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (if AUTOINCREMENT is used it will prevent the reuse of numbers that have already been used but are available)
 AutoNumber data type in Microsoft Access
 AS IDENTITY GENERATED BY DEFAULT in IBM Db2 & PostgreSQL.
 Identity column (implemented in DDL) in Teradata
 Table Sequence when the sequence is calculated by a procedure and a sequence table with fields: id, sequenceName, sequenceValue and incrementValue

Advantages

Stability

Surrogate keys typically do not change while the row exists. This has the following advantages:

 Applications cannot lose their reference to a row in the database (since the identifier does not change).
 The primary or natural key data can always be modified, even with databases that do not support cascading updates across related foreign keys.

Requirement changes
Attributes that uniquely identify an entity might change, which might invalidate the suitability of natural keys. Consider the following example:

An employee's network user name is chosen as a natural key. Upon merging with another company, new employees must be inserted. Some of the new network user names create conflicts because their user names were generated independently (when the companies were separate).

In these cases, generally a new attribute must be added to the natural key (for example, an original_company column).
With a surrogate key, only the table that defines the surrogate key must be changed. With natural keys, all tables (and possibly other, related software) that use the natural key will have to change.

Some problem domains do not clearly identify a suitable natural key. Surrogate keys avoid choosing a natural key that might be incorrect.

Performance

Surrogate keys tend to be a compact data type, such as a four-byte integer. This allows the database to query the single key column faster than it could multiple columns. Furthermore, a non-redundant distribution of keys causes the resulting b-tree index to be completely balanced. Surrogate keys are also less expensive to join (fewer columns to compare) than compound key.

Compatibility

While using several database application development systems, drivers, and object–relational mapping systems, such as Ruby on Rails or Hibernate, it is much easier to use an integer or GUID surrogate keys for every table instead of natural keys in order to support database-system-agnostic operations and object-to-row mapping.

Uniformity

When every table has a uniform surrogate key, some tasks can be easily automated by writing the code in a table-independent way.

Validation

It is possible to design key-values that follow a well-known pattern or structure which can be automatically verified. For instance, the keys that are intended to be used in some column of some table might be designed to "look differently from" those that are intended to be used in another column or table, thereby simplifying the detection of application errors in which the keys have been misplaced. However, this characteristic of the surrogate keys should never be used to drive any of the logic of the applications themselves, as this would violate the principles of Database normalization.

Disadvantages

Disassociation
The values of generated surrogate keys have no relationship to the real-world meaning of the data held in a row. When inspecting a row holding a foreign key reference to another table using a surrogate key, the meaning of the surrogate key's row cannot be discerned from the key itself. Every foreign key must be joined to see the related data item. If appropriate database constraints have not been set, or data imported from a legacy system where referential integrity was not employed, it is possible to have a foreign-key value that does not correspond to a primary-key value and is therefore invalid. (In this regard, C.J. Date regards the meaninglessness of surrogate keys as an advantage.)

To discover such errors, one must perform a query that uses a left outer join between the table with the foreign key and the table with the primary key, showing both key fields in addition to any fields required to distinguish the record; all invalid foreign-key values will have the primary-key column as NULL. The need to perform such a check is so common that Microsoft Access actually provides a "Find Unmatched Query" wizard that generates the appropriate SQL after walking the user through a dialog. (It is, however, not too difficult to compose such queries manually.) "Find Unmatched" queries are typically employed as part of a data cleansing process when inheriting legacy data.

Surrogate keys are unnatural for data that is exported and shared. A particular difficulty is that tables from two otherwise identical schemas (for example, a test schema and a development schema) can hold records that are equivalent in a business sense, but have different keys. This can be mitigated by NOT exporting surrogate keys, except as transient data (most obviously, in executing applications that have a "live" connection to the database).

When surrogate keys supplant natural keys, then domain specific referential integrity will be compromised. For example, in a customer master table, the same customer may have multiple records under separate customer IDs, even though the natural key (a combination of customer name, date of birth, and e-mail address) would be unique. To prevent compromise, the natural key of the table must NOT be supplanted: it must be preserved as a unique constraint, which is implemented as a unique index on the combination of natural-key fields.

Query optimization
Relational databases assume a unique index is applied to a table's primary key. The unique index serves two purposes: (i) to enforce entity integrity, since primary key data must be unique across rows and (ii) to quickly search for rows when queried. Since surrogate keys replace a table's identifying attributes—the natural key—and since the identifying attributes are likely to be those queried, then the query optimizer is forced to perform a full table scan when fulfilling likely queries. The remedy to the full table scan is to apply indexes on the identifying attributes, or sets of them. Where such sets are themselves a candidate key, the index can be a unique index.

These additional indexes, however, will take up disk space and slow down inserts and deletes.

Normalization
Surrogate keys can result in duplicate values in any natural keys. To prevent duplication, one must preserve the role of the natural keys as unique constraints when defining the table using either SQL's CREATE TABLE statement or ALTER TABLE ... ADD CONSTRAINT statement, if the constraints are added as an afterthought.

Business process modeling
Because surrogate keys are unnatural, flaws can appear when modeling the business requirements. Business requirements, relying on the natural key, then need to be translated to the surrogate key. A strategy is to draw a clear distinction between the logical model (in which surrogate keys do not appear) and the physical implementation of that model, to ensure that the logical model is correct and reasonably well normalised, and to ensure that the physical model is a correct implementation of the logical model.

Inadvertent disclosure
Proprietary information can be leaked if surrogate keys are generated sequentially. By subtracting a previously generated sequential key from a recently generated sequential key, one could learn the number of rows inserted during that time period. This could expose, for example, the number of transactions or new accounts per period. For example see German tank problem.

There are a few ways to overcome this problem:

 increase the sequential number by a random amount;
 generate a random key such as a UUID.

Inadvertent assumptions
Sequentially generated surrogate keys can imply that events with a higher key value occurred after events with a lower value. This is not necessarily true, because such values do not guarantee time sequence as it is possible for inserts to fail and leave gaps which may be filled at a later time. If chronology is important then date and time must be separately recorded.

See also
 Natural key
 Object identifier
 Persistent object identifier

References

Citations

Sources

 Engles, R.W.: (1972), A Tutorial on Data-Base Organization, Annual Review in Automatic Programming, Vol.7, Part 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 1–64.
 Langefors, B (1968). Elementary Files and Elementary File Records, Proceedings of File 68, an IFIP/IAG International Seminar on File Organisation, Amsterdam, November, pp. 89–96.

Data modeling

zh:关系键#.E4.BB.A3.E7.90.86.E9.8D.B5

Surrogate key


Ákos Hoboth (* 11. November 1987 in Budapest, Ungarn) ist ein ungarischer Volleyballspieler.

Karriere
Hoboth begann seine Karriere 2005 in seiner Heimatstadt bei MAFC Mapei Budapest. 2008 wechselte er zu Fino Kaposvár. Mit dem neuen Verein gewann der Außenangreifer dreimal in Folge das Double aus Meisterschaft und nationalem Pokal. Außerdem nahm der Junioren-Nationalspieler mit Kaposvár am Europapokal teil. 2011 wurde er vom deutschen Bundesligisten VC Gotha verpflichtet.

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballspieler (Ungarn)
Volleyballspieler (VC Gotha)
Ungarischer Meister (Volleyball)
Ungarischer Pokalsieger (Volleyball)
Ungar
Geboren 1987
Mann

Ákos Hoboth


Als Gewinnfunktion (auch Profitfunktion) bezeichnet man in der Mikroökonomik und dort speziell in der Theorie des Unternehmens eine mathematische Funktion, die für einen gegebenen Faktorpreis der Produktionsfaktoren sowie für einen gegebenen Absatzpreis des produzierten Gutes angibt, wie hoch der damit maximal erreichbare Gewinn eines Unternehmens ist.

Darstellung bei vollständigem Wettbewerb
Man bezeichne mit  die von einem Unternehmen produzierte Menge eines Gutes und mit  den Verkaufspreis des Gutes, wobei das Gut aus verschiedenen Produktionsfaktoren entsteht. Es sei nun  die zugehörige Produktionsfunktion; dabei handelt es sich um eine reellwertige Funktion, die für einen gegebenen Faktoreinsatz die damit maximal erzielbare Outputmenge ausgibt.  ist dabei der Vektor der Faktoreinsätze ( bezeichnet entsprechend die eingesetzte Menge von Produktionsfaktor ). Sei weiter  der Vektor der zugehörigen Faktorpreise ( ist entsprechend der Preis einer Einheit von Produktionsfaktor ). Dann ist der damit maximal erreichbare Gewinn der Unternehmung gegeben durch die Gewinnfunktion
   unter der Nebenbedingung
Es handelt sich bei der Gewinnfunktionen einer Unternehmung folglich um eine Maximalwertfunktion, angewandt auf die Differenz zwischen Erlös und der für deren Produktion anfallenden Faktorkosten unter der Nebenbedingung, dass die Produktivitätsgrenze der Unternehmung eingehalten wird.

Eigenschaften
Es lässt sich zeigen, dass  unter der Voraussetzung, dass die zugrunde liegende Produktionsfunktion  stetig, streng monoton steigend und strikt quasikonkav auf dem  ist, und dass , unter anderem folgende Eigenschaften erfüllt:
 Monoton steigend in .
 Monoton fallend in .
 Homogenität vom Grade eins in .  und .
 Konvex in .
 Differenzierbar in  (, "").

Betriebswirtschaftliches Konzept

Unter der Annahme der Gewinnmaximierung ergibt sich die Gewinnfunktion des Unternehmens in Abhängigkeit zum Absatzvolumen.

Siehe auch
 Hotellings Lemma

Literatur
 Geoffrey A. Jehle und Philip J. Reny: Advanced Microeconomic Theory. 3. Aufl. Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow 2011, ISBN 978-0-273-73191-7.

Einzelnachweise

Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Produktionstheorie
Mikroökonomie

Gewinnfunktion


Sketches of Spain (Bocetos de España o Esbozos de España en español) es un álbum de estudio del trompetista y compositor estadounidense de jazz, Miles Davis. Fue grabado entre 1959 y 1960, en los estudios CBS de Nueva York, y lanzado en julio de 1960. Se considera un álbum insigne de la fusión third stream.

El álbum incluye una versión del segundo movimiento del Concierto de Aranjuez de Joaquín Rodrigo y la «Canción del fuego fatuo» («Will o' the Wisp») del ballet El amor brujo de Manuel de Falla.

En 2003, la revista Rolling Stone lo incluye en el puesto 356 de su lista de los 500 mejores álbumes de todos los tiempos.

Contexto
Miles firmó un contrato con Columbia Records en 1957, el cual le permitió tener libertad creativa total sobre su trabajo. De ese acuerdo surgieron los álbumes Miles Ahead (1957) y Porgy and Bess (1958).

Fue gracias a un álbum antológico que su amiga, la actriz Beverly Bentley, trajo de España, y a un concierto al que Davis asistió junto a su esposa, Frances Taylor, que el trompetista conoció el tema Concierto de Aranjuez, el cual lo llevó a decidirse por hacer un álbum de jazz fusión, con sonidos ibéricos.

Para éste proyecto, Davis contó con la participación activa del pianista y arreglista canadiense Gil Evans. Evans fue apoyado por el productor George Avakian (quien estaba a cargo de la división étnica del sello) y su jefe y director de esa división, Alan Lomax, quienes estaban convencidos de la necesidad de su contribución para el disco.

Grabación
El álbum se grabó en dos sesionesː el 20 de noviembre de 1959 y el 10 de marzo de 1960, en Columbia 30th Street Studio, en Nueva York. Contó con el ingeniero Fred Plaut, los arreglos de Gil Evans, y la producción de Davis, Evans, Teo Macero e Irving Townsend.

Concierto de Aranjuez (Adagio) fue grabado el 20 de noviembre de 1959.

Lanzamiento y recepción
El álbum fue lanzado el 18 de julio de 1960, bajo el sello Columbia.

Al parecer a Rodrigo le molestó la versión que de su composición hizo Miles y a los críticos de jazz de la época tampoco les gustó el tema de Aranjuez.

Contenido

Canciones
El álbum está compuesto en su mayoría de versiones de temas españoles, salvo las dos composiciones originales de Gil Evans.

Concierto de Aranjuez (Adagio) es una versión del tema homónimo del compositor español Joaquín Rodrigo. La versión del álbum tomó el segundo movimiento de la composición original, de 1939.

Will o' the Wisp es una reintrepretación de El amor brujo, ballet del compositor español Manuel de Falla y The Pan Piper, originalmente llamada Alborada de Vigo es un tema tradicional de Galicia, región autónoma en España. El tema ya había sido grabado antes por Lomax.

Por su parte los temas Saeta y Solea, son temas originales de Evans. La saeta designa un tipo de música tradicional española de corte católico, que se canta a las imágenes religiosas de la Semana Santa andaluza, y soleá es un palo flamenco.

Portada
El arte de cubierta del álbum está inspirado en la temática del álbum (al estilo español) y muestra una figura masculina tocando la trompeta en el extremo izquierdo, que correspondería a Davis, un toro corriendo en dirección al trompetista, en el extremo derecho, y la palabra MILES en medio.

Las figuras diminutas están en negro sobre un fondo amarillo ocre y rojo, simbolizando los colores de la bandera de España.

Legado
Con el paso de los años, el álbum pasó de críticas negativas a positivas, tanto así que se considera un clásico de Davis y del jazz.

El álbum fue incluido en el listado de los RS500 en 2003, por la revista Rolling Stone, ocupando el puesto 356 originalmente. En la reedición del 2012, el álbum descendió al puesto 358.

Lista de canciones
Cara A
 «Concierto de Aranjuez» (Adagio) (Joaquín Rodrigo): 16:19
 «Will o' the Wisp» (Manuel de Falla): 3:47
Cara B
 "The Pan Piper (Alborada de Vigo)" (canción tradicional de Galicia): 3:52
 "Saeta" (Gil Evans): 5:06
 "Solea" (Evans): 12:15
1997 reissue bonus tracks
 "Song of Our Country" (Evans): 3:23
 "Concierto de Aranjuez" (toma alternativa; 1.ª parte) (Rodrigo): 12:04
 "Concierto de Aranjuez" (toma alternativa; final 2.ª parte) (Rodrigo): 3:33

Personal
 Miles Davis: trompeta, fliscorno
 Gil Evans: piano, arreglos, director
 Johnny Coles: trompeta
 Bernie Glow: trompeta
 Taft Jordan: trompeta
 Louis Mucci: trompeta
 Ernie Royal: trompeta
 Dick Hixon: trombón
 Frank Rehak: trombón
 John Barrows: trompa
 Jimmy Buffington: trompa
 Earl Chapin: trompa
 Tony Miranda: trompa
 Joe Singer: trompa
 Bill Barber: tuba
 Jimmy McAllister: tuba
 Danny Bank: clarinete bajo
 Harold Feldman: clarinete, flauta travesera, oboe
 Romeo Penque: flauta, oboe
 Albert Block: flauta travesera
 Eddie Caine: flauta travesera, fliscorno
 Jack Knitzer: fagot
 Janet Putnam: arpa
 Paul Chambers: contrabajo
 Jimmy Cobb: batería
 Elvin Jones: percusión
 José Mangual: percusión

Referencias

Álbumes de Estados Unidos de 1960
Álbumes de Miles Davis
Álbumes de Columbia Records
Álbumes instrumentales
Álbumes en inglés

Sketches of Spain


Hrebinky (en , ) est une commune urbaine située dans l'oblast de Kiev, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

Histoire
Hrebinky a été fondée en 1612 en tant que village. Elle a obtenu le statut de commune urbaine en 1958.

L'autoroute M05, reliant la capitale nationale Kiev et la ville méridionale d'Odessa, traverse la ville.

Démographie
Sa population était de 6993 habitants lors du recensement ukrainien de 2001.

Références

Liens externes

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Kiev

Hrebinky


Ernest Andrew Royal (2 de junio de 1921 – 16 de marzo de 1983) fue un trompetista de jazz estadounidense.

Fue el hermano menor del clarinetista y saxo alto Marshall Royal, con quien formó parte del big band de Lionel Hampton (1940-1942) y el de Ray Charles para la grabación del clásico The Genius of Ray Charles (1959).

Asimismo, trabajó con Woody Herman, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Wardell Gray, Stan Kenton y con el octeto de Charles Mingus, Teo Macero, John Lewis y Kenny Clarke.

Entre las grabaciones a las que contribuyó, se encuentran las de Miles Davis Miles Ahead (1957), Porgy and Bess (1958), y Sketches of Spain (1960).

Discografía
 1956: In the Land of Hi-Fi with Julian Cannonball Adderley - Cannonball Adderley
 1957: Miles Ahead - Miles Davis
 1957: Phineas Newborn Plays Jamaica - Phineas Newborn, Jr.
 1957: My Fair Lady Loves Jazz - Billy Taylor
 1958: New Bottle Old Wine - Gil Evans
 1958: Porgy and Bess - Miles Davis
 1958: Brass & Trio - Sonny Rollins
 1959: The Genius of Ray Charles - Ray Charles
 1962: Cabin in the Sky - Curtis Fuller
 1963: For Members Only - Shirley Scott
 1960: Sketches of Spain - Miles Davis
 1964: Rough House Blues - Lou Donaldson
 1964: The Cat - Jimmy Smith
 1965: With Respect to Nat - Oscar Peterson
 1966: Happenings - Hank Jones y Oliver Nelson
 1966: Spanish Rice - Clark Terry y Chico O'Farrill
 1969: Soul '69 - Aretha Franklin
 1972: Guess Who - B. B. King
 1977: Color as a Way of Life - Lou Donaldson

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 1978 Entrevista en jazzprofessional.com

Trompetistas de jazz de Estados Unidos

Ernie Royal


Olaylar
 Romalılara destek veren Vizigotlara Akitanya'da geniş araziler tahsis edildi.

Doğumlar
 İmparator Yūryaku, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 21. imparatoru (ö. 479)

Ölümler

418


Evolution (進化論), is the eighth album of Twins and was released September 2003. The disc contains 10 songs.

CD content
"Luan Shi Jia Ren" (亂世佳人)
"Ni Jiang Ni Ai Wo" (你講你愛我)
"Huang Xin Jia Qi" (慌心假期)
"You Know What I Mean"
"Peng YOu De Ai" (朋友的愛)
"Xia Ru Kuang Hua" (夏日狂嘩)
"Gao Wen Yu Jia" (高溫瑜伽)
"Xiang Gang Niu Yue" (香港紐約)
"Beautiful Day"
"San Jiao Yuan Wu" (三角圓舞)

2003 albums
Twins (group) albums

Evolution (Twins album)


Fuad Muzurović (født 3. november 1945) er en tidligere bosnisk fodboldspiller og træner.

Han har tidligere trænet Bosnien-Hercegovinas fodboldlandshold.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Bosnien-Hercegovina

Fuad Muzurović


Christian Gottlob Hammer, né en 1779 à Dresde et mort le  dans la même ville, est un peintre, aquarelliste, dessinateur et graveur allemand.

Biographie
Christian Gottlob Hammer naît en 1779 à Dresde.

Il est l'élève de Veith à l'académie des beaux-arts de Dresde entre 1840 et 1860. Ses vues de Dresde, Saint-Pétersbourg, Londres et d'autres villes, peintes à l'aquarelle et à l'huile, ont une qualité spirituelle et une authenticité qui les rendent fascinantes. En tant que graveur, il exécute surtout des paysages urbains.

Christian Gottlob Hammer meurt le  dans sa ville natale.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1779
Naissance à Dresde
Décès en février 1864
Peintre allemand du XIXe siècle
Aquarelliste allemand
Dessinateur allemand
Graveur allemand du XIXe siècle
Aquafortiste allemand
Décès à 84 ans

Christian Gottlob Hammer


Richard-Ginori, rebaptisée Ginori 1735 à partir de 2020, est une entreprise créée par le  de la fusion de l'Entreprise Richard Céramique, d'origine lombarde, avec la  du marquis Carlo Ginori fondée en 1737 dans la commune de Doccia (Florence). Elle est célèbre dans le monde entier pour sa porcelaine, dont la production est toujours située à Sesto Fiorentino.

Richard-Ginori, officiellement mise en faillite en janvier 2013, est racheté en mai 2013 par le groupe Gucci, lui-même contrôlé par la société française Kering.

Histoire
L'histoire de Richard-Ginori a des origines anciennes et implique diverses manufactures et fabrications italiennes, y compris celles d'origine du , qui ont ensuite incorporées, en particulier la Société Richard Céramique susmentionnée, l'usine de Doccia du marquis Ginori et la manufacture Palme.

Histoire de la société céramique Richard
Précurseur de l'Entreprise Céramique Richard est la Société de fabrication de porcelaine lombarde fondée en 1830 par l'entreprise Gindrand, puis vendue en 1833 au Noble Luigi Tinelli qui construit l'usine de San Cristoforo sur le Naviglio Grande, importante voie commerciale pour la production industrielle.

Giulio Richard, un Piémontais d'origine suisse (de Nyon) reprend l'usine de Tinelli le , a de grandes idées pour la petite production, et ainsi des fours de l'usine commencent à sortir non seulement des artefacts précieux, destinés aux plus riches, mais aussi de la vaisselle et de la faïence pour le quotidien.

Obtenant d'excellents retours et ventes, Richard fonde la Société Céramique Richard le  avec son siège à Milan et des usines à San Cristoforo, Palosco et Sovere (ces deux dernières sont abandonnées par la suite).

La société est cotée à la Bourse de Milan en 1877 .

Acquisition de Manifattura Palme (1887)
Les Pallme (le patronyme d'origine s'écrivait avec deux L jusqu'au ) sont des marchands de Parchen, un village de République tchèque situé dans le district du cristal de Bohême (Steinschoenau, Parchen, Haida), installés en Toscane après le congrès de Vienne (1815), d'abord à Livourne (vers 1820) puis à Pise, pour se consacrer à l'industrie.

Les documents rappellent les premiers achats de propriétés à Pise dans la Via S. Marta, effectués en 1837, et en 1841 à S. Michele hors des murs, le long de l'Arno, au bout de la promenade Piagge. Il semble qu'ils s'occupaient à la fois de la fabrication de poterie et de verrerie, mais cette dernière fut bientôt abandonnée.

Le , la Sociéte Richard Céramique rachète l'Usine Palme avec Rogito Fontani pour étendre sa production; le choix est dicté par la ferme intention de s'agrandir grâce à la proximité de la mer pour faciliter les transferts. La situation de l'Usine Palme au cœur de l'Italie lui a permis d'élargir le commerce national et l'achèvement de la gamme de production; de plus, il faut rappeler l'existence locale de combustible végétal et le moindre coût du minéral, les quotas d'exportation consolidés de la Palme Manufacture, etc.

Naissance de Richard-Ginori (1896)
Le 11 octobre 1896, la société Céramique Richard fusionne avec Ginori Porcelaine à Doccia, née en 1735: elle regroupe ses activités avec la manufacture Doccia et les six magasins de Florence, Bologne, Turin, Rome et Naples. La célèbre entreprise de céramique Richard-Ginori est née. Précisément la même année de la fusion, il rendit un service commémoratif au nom de la Maison Ricordi, immédiatement après la création de La Bohème de Puccini, qui eut lieu en .

L'entrée de Richard dans Doccia introduit de nombreuses innovations mécaniques dans les ateliers et valorise la décalcomanie lithographique, pour réduire les coûts de décoration à la main. De nouveaux fours, de nouveaux bâtiments sont construits et la production d'isolateurs électriques est développée pour répondre à la demande croissante du marché italien. La société est cotée à la Bourse de Milan où elle est restée sur la liste pendant près d'un siècle .

En 1897, Ginori rachète la fabrique de céramique pour faïence de Chevalier Felice Musso de Mondovì et en 1900 celle de Vado Ligure où est produit le grès.

Dans la période 1923-1930, Gio Ponti  travaille comme directeur artistique de la Manufacture de Céramiques Richard-Ginori, renouvelant sa gamme de produits. En 1965, il y a fusion avec la Société Italienne de Céramique de Laveno (SCI).

et années 2000

En 1970, la Société est devenue une filiale de la Finanziaria Sviluppo de Michele Sindona. En 1973, Sindona cède Richard Ginori aux Liquigas de Raffaele Ursini.

En 1975, Pozzi et la Société italienne de céramique Richard-Ginori fusionnent pour créer une seule grande structure: la Pozzi-Ginori.

En 1977, Ursini la cède au groupe d'assurances SAI (Società Assicuratrice Industriale), dont il est propriétaire, et est remplacé peu après par Salvatore Ligresti.

En 1993, les destins de Pozzi-Ginori séparent à nouveau les deux groupes, la partie mobilier de salle de bain est rachetée par Sanitec Corporation, groupe multimarque leader du secteur, tandis que la Manufacture Richard Ginori est reprise en 1998 par Pagnossin, le premier groupe italien en importance dans le secteur des services de table, dirigé par le président Carlo Rinaldini et l'ingénieur Domenico Dal Bo'.

En 2006, le groupe émilien de Bormioli Rocco & Figli entre dans la propriété de Richard Ginori et, parallèlement à la construction hypothétique d'une nouvelle usine de production, une transformation du produit est proposée afin de porter la marque Ginori, l'une des plus anciennes que la marque italienne. brevet, dans les chaînes de grande distribution. Une grande partie du matériel commercialisé depuis l'entrée de Pagnossin n'est plus produit dans l'usine de Sesto mais provient d'industries non italiennes: un choix justifié par la nécessité de réduire les coûts de production.

La présence du groupe Bormioli cesse en décembre de la même année tandis que Richard Ginori fait face à une situation d'endettement inquiétante et que le promoteur immobilier Luca Sarreri, également président de la maison mère Pagnossin, atteint son sommet. Au cours de cette période, il était supposé que l'usine historique de Sesto serait éliminée face à certaines perspectives immobilières dans la région.

En , Richard Ginori a de nouveau été vendu et repris par Starfin de Roberto Villa.

En , après trois ans, les actions de la société reviennent à la bourse, motivées par la possibilité de construire, pour une valeur d'au moins 30 millions d'euros, des immeubles résidentiels dans la zone occupée par l'usine de fabrication de Sesto Fiorentino, mais en , compte tenu de la lourde situation financière avec des dettes supérieures à quarante millions d'euros, l'usine de Sesto Fiorentino est placée en liquidation et un collège de liquidateurs est nommé avec la tâche, par la vente de l'entreprise et la demande pour un concordat avec les créanciers, pour éviter la faillite, y compris la demande conformément à la loi et présentée au tribunal de Florence, pour l'autorisation de procéder à l'accomplissement d'actes urgents d'administration extraordinaire, en particulier la vente de l'entreprise, et un règlement a été produit, permettant aux parties intéressées de soumettre leurs offres contraignantes.

À partir du , l'activité est suspendue et les 330 salariés sont mis au chômage technique. Le , la Richard-Ginori dépose son bilan auprès du tribunal de Florence.

Le , le Collège des liquidateurs, après ouverture des plis contenant les offres de deux intéressés : Arcturus S.p. A. (Sambonet) et l'offre intégrée de la Societée Lenox Corporation et Apulum S.A. ont résolu d'identifier dans cette dernière proposition la plus commode, la considérant comme la plus avantageuse tant d'un point de vue économique que social .

Malgré cela, le , les juges du tribunal de Florence appelés à se prononcer sur la recevabilité de la société au concordat préventif, déclarent la faillite de Richard Ginori et nomment Andrea Spignoli curateur.

Acquisition par Gucci

La seule proposition d'achat vient de la société de produits de luxe Gucci (groupe Kering) avec une offre de 13 millions d'euros au tribunal de Florence. L'investissement Gucci comprend la marque Richard Ginori et l'usine Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), mais pas la propriété immobilière du terrain de la maxi zone industrielle de 130 000 000 mètres carrés, dont l'acquisition n'aura lieu après de longues négociations qu'en .

Gucci rouvre l'usine le 5 juin 2013 avec le retour des salariés. En 2016, l'entreprise a convenu avec le syndicat de réduire ses effectifs de 200 personnes en 2019.

En septembre 2020 l'entreprise change de nom et de logo : elle reste « Ginori », telle qu'elle était au début de son histoire, et le nom « Richard » est abandonné.

Musée Richard-Ginori
D'importance historique et artistique est le musée Richard-Ginori de la Manufacture Doccia, adjacent à l'usine, qui rassemble la production de la manufacture depuis sa fondation. En 2017, le musée est  acheté par l'État, le centre régional de la Toscane.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Entreprise fondée au XVIIIe siècle

Entreprise ayant son siège en Toscane

Richard-Ginori


Arthur C. Clarke a formulat trei maxime care sunt cunoscute sub numele de Cele trei legi ale lui Clarke:

 Când un cunoscut bătrân om de știință afirmă că ceva e posibil, aproape că are dreptate. Când afirmă că ceva e imposibil, foarte probabil că se înșeală.

 Singura cale de a descoperi limitele posibilului este de a te aventura dincolo de ele, în imposibil.

 Orice tehnologie suficient de avansată nu poate fi deosebită de magie.

Primele două apar în eseul "Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination", în Profiles of the Future (1962).. Cea de-a treia lege apare într-o ediție revizuită a Profiles of the Future din 1973. Aceasta se bazează pe o afirmație dintr-o povestire din 1942 a lui Leigh Brackett: "Vrăjitoria pentru cei ignoranți, ...știința pentru cei învățați".

Referințe și note

Cele trei legi ale lui Arthur C. Clarke, scientia.ro
Cele trei legi ale lui Arthur C. Clarke, blog.nemira.ro

Legături externe
 The origins of the Three Laws
 "What's Your Law?" (lists some of the corollaries)
 "A Gadget Too Far" at Infinity Plus

Vezi și
Cele trei legi ale roboticii

Arthur C. Clarke
Maxime

Cele trei legi ale lui Clarke