O Direito Tradicional Chinês refere-se às leis, regulamentos e regras usadas na China até 1911, quando a última dinastia imperial caiu. Ele passou por um desenvolvimento contínuo desde pelo menos o século XI a.C. Essa tradição jurídica é distinta das tradições do direito consuetudinário e do direito civil (direito romano-germânico) do Ocidente – bem como do direito islâmico e do direito hindu clássico – e, em grande medida, é contrária aos conceitos do direito chinês contemporâneo. Ele incorpora elementos das tradições legalista e confucionista de ordem social e governança.

Uma característica do processo penal chinês tradicional é que era um sistema inquisitorial onde o juiz, geralmente o magistrado distrital, conduz a investigação pública de um crime. Isso é comparável ao sistema usado em jurisdições de direito civil, mas contrário ao direito comum, que usa um sistema contraditório em que o juiz decide entre os advogados que representam a acusação e a defesa. "Os chineses tradicionalmente desprezavam o papel de advogado e viam essas pessoas como pessoas que tentavam lucrar com as dificuldades dos outros. O magistrado se via como alguém que buscava a verdade, não um partidário de nenhum dos lados."  Dois termos tradicionais chineses aproximam "lei" no sentido ocidental moderno. O primeiro, fǎ (法), significa principalmente "norma" ou "modelo". O segundo, lǜ (律), geralmente é traduzido como "estatuto".

História

Desenvolvimento inicial
As leis foram desenvolvidas por funcionários do governo para regular a antiga sociedade chinesa. As leis das sociedades aristocráticas do início da China enfatizavam substancialmente a manutenção de fileiras e ordens distintas entre os nobres, além de controlar a população. Como resultado, lǐ (禮), que significa "ritual" ou "etiqueta", governava a conduta dos nobres, enquanto xíng (刑), as regras de punição, governavam os plebeus e escravos. Os primeiros governantes da dinastia Zhou emitiram ou aplicaram leis que já exemplificavam os valores de um regime de primogenitura, sendo a mais notável a piedade filial. O documento mais antigo sobre a lei na China que é geralmente considerado autêntico é o Kang Gao (康誥), um conjunto de instruções emitidas pelo rei Wu de Zhou a um príncipe mais jovem para o governo de um feudo. O Kang Gao é um capítulo do Livro de Documentos.

Durante o século VI a.C, vários dos estados independentes nos quais o reino Zhou se fragmentou codificaram suas leis penais e as inscreveram em caldeirões de bronze. Por exemplo, pelo menos duas codificações do estado de Zheng sobrevivem, de 536 a.C e 504 a.C – a primeira em caldeirões e a segunda em bambu. Além disso, outros códigos notáveis incluem os códigos de Wei, elaborados por Li Kui . Essa codificação fazia parte do processo pelo qual os governantes tentavam tornar mais eficaz a administração central do Estado. No entanto, eles atraíram críticas de estadistas ortodoxos, incluindo Confúcio , com base no fato de que erodiram a distinção entre o "nobre" e a "base". Os Cinco Castigos (China) datam dessa época.

Legalismo e Qin
Em 221 a.C, o estado de Qin finalmente obteve a supremacia sobre seus rivais e, assim, a dinastia Qin foi fundada. Uma das razões de seu sucesso foi a adoção, a conselho do Senhor Shang Yang, de códigos penais e administrativos de longo alcance no século IV a.C. As leis impunham punições severas pelo descumprimento dos deveres impostos pelo Estado e, em geral, puniam a todos da mesma forma. Nessa fase, o direito foi marcado por um espírito puramente legalista, hostil aos valores morais preconizados pela escola de pensamento confucionista.

A escola legalista, representada por pensadores como Han Fei Zi, insistiu que o governante deve sempre confiar no direito penal e na imposição de punições pesadas como o principal instrumento do governo. Ao mesmo tempo, considerações morais e posição social devem ser rigorosamente excluídas. Outra marca registrada do pensamento legalista era que a igualdade deveria ser perante a lei. Sobre a questão da técnica legislativa, os legalistas enfatizavam que as regras decretadas pelo governante para punição de ofensas deveriam ser claras e inteligíveis para o povo comum, e deveriam ser devidamente comunicadas à população. Múltiplos castigos corporais foram implementados pelos Qin, como morte por fervura, carruagens, espancamento e mutilação permanente na forma de tatuagem e castração. As pessoas que cometeram crimes também foram condenadas a trabalhos forçados para o estado.

O legalismo sobreviveu de forma diluída depois que a dinastia Han sucedeu a Qin. Reconheceu-se a necessidade de códigos penais e administrativos complexos que permitissem ao imperador governar o país por meio de uma hierarquia de ministros e funcionários, todos responsáveis perante ele. Todos os sistemas legais imperiais mantiveram a insistência legalista original de que os poderes dos funcionários fossem definidos em detalhes e que punições fossem prescritas para transgressões, inadvertidas ou não. Os legisladores han levaram em conta os valores confucionistas e introduziram regras destinadas a implementá-los. Em 167 a.C, a lei havia mudado para que a castração em si não fosse usada para punir, em vez disso, tornou-se um substituto opcional para a execução.

Código Tang
O código Tang viu a criação do que poderia ser chamado de primeiro judiciário - funcionários mandarins especializados em interpretação da lei. As qualificações para esta posição exigiam a demonstração dos 3 Qis que se acredita produzir um indivíduo perfeitamente equilibrado: conhecimento, demonstrado pelo estudo das escrituras legais, sabedoria e justiça demonstradas por muitos anos de aprendizado, e virilidade, demonstrada pela aptidão física e conquista sexual. Este processo continuou ao longo das dinastias Han e posteriores, culminando na dinastia Tang. Ch'ü T'ung-tsu mostrou que a "Confucianização" da lei chinesa foi um processo lento e que a fusão das visões confucionistas da sociedade com os códigos de lei foi concluída apenas no grande Código Tang de 624 d.C.. O código é considerado um modelo de precisão e clareza em termos de redação e estrutura.

O Código Tang original foi promulgado em 624, pelo imperador fundador (Gaozu) da Dinastia Tang. Ele se tornaria nos tempos modernos o mais antigo código legal totalmente preservado na história do direito chinês. Foi dotado de um comentário, conhecido como Tanglu Shuyi, incorporado em 653, o quarto ano do reinado do Esplendor Perpétuo, como parte do Código Tang do Esplendor Perpétuo. O Código Tang foi baseado no Código de Zhou do Norte (Bei Zhou Lu, 557-581), promulgado 89 anos antes em 564, que por sua vez foi baseado no Código anterior, menos abrangente e menos elaborado de Cao Wei (Cao Wei Lu , 220-265) e o Código de Jin Ocidental (Xi Jin Lu, 265-317) promulgado quase quatro séculos antes em 268.

As atitudes confucionistas colocam pouca confiança na lei e na punição para manter a ordem social. Evidência disso pode ser encontrada na seção Aspiração (Zhi) do Livro Antigo de 200 volumes sobre Tang (Jiu Tang Shu), uma obra-prima da historiografia Tang. O clássico da história foi compilado sob supervisão oficial em 945 durante a Dinastia Jin tardia (Hou Jin, 936-946) da era das Cinco Gerações (Wudai, 907-960), cerca de três séculos após os eventos reais. Um único capítulo sobre Castigo e Lei (Xingfa) é colocado por último após sete capítulos sobre Ritos (Liyi), após os quais vêm quatro capítulos sobre Música (Yinyue), três capítulos sobre o Calendário (Li), dois sobre Astronomia e Astrologia (Tianwen), um em Física (Wuheng), quatro em Geografia (Dili), três em Hierarquia de Ofício (Zhiguan), um em Carruagens e Trajes (Yufu), dois em Sutras e Livros (Jingji),

Espera-se que o Código de Ritos Confucionista (Liji), não a lei, seja o documento de controle sobre o comportamento civilizado. Na visão de mundo confucionista, o estado de direito é aplicado apenas aqueles que caíram além dos limites do comportamento civilizado. Espera-se que as pessoas civilizadas observem os ritos apropriados. Espera-se que apenas os párias sociais tenham suas ações controladas por lei. Assim, o estado de direito é considerado um estado de primitivismo bárbaro, antes de atingir o estado civilizado de observação voluntária de ritos próprios. O que é legal não é necessariamente moral ou justo.

Sob a supervisão do ministro Tang confucionista Fang Xuanling, 500 seções de leis antigas foram compiladas em 12 volumes no Código Tang, intitulados:

Vol 1: Termos e Exemplos (Mingli)

Vol 2: Segurança e Proibição (Weijin)

Vol 3: Escritório e Hierarquia (Zhizhi)

Vol 4: Assuntos Domésticos e Casamento (Huhun)

Vol 5: Estábulos e Armazenamento (Jiuku)

Vol 6: Impeachment e Promoção (Shanxing)

Vol 7: Roubo e Roubo (Zeidao)

Vol 8: Concurso e Litígio (Dousong)

Vol 9: Engano e Falsidade (Zhawei)

Vol 10: Regulamento Diversos (Zalu)

Vol 11: Prisão e Fuga (Buwang)

Vol 12: Julgamento e Prisão (Duanyu)

O Código Tang lista as cinco formas de punição corporal para servos como:

 Flagelação ( chinês :笞; pinyin : chī )
 Perturbação ( chinês :杖; pinyin : zhàng )
 Prisão ( chinês :徒; pinyin : tú )
 Exílio ( chinês :流; pinyin : liú )
 Morte ( chinês :死; pinyin : sĭ )

A leniência é aplicada de acordo com as Oito Deliberações:

 Relação de sangue
 Motivo do crime
 Virtude do culpado
 Capacidade do culpado
 Méritos passados
 Status de nobreza
 Amizade
 Caráter diligente

O confucionismo em sua forma revisada (neoconfucionismo) continuou a ser a ortodoxia estatal sob as dinastias Song,Ming e Qing. Isso garantiu que os fundamentos confucionistas do código Tang fossem mantidos e, em alguns aspectos, até fortalecidos. Na época da dinastia Qing, no entanto, a massa da legislação havia aumentado a tal ponto que era duvidoso que mesmo os funcionários pudessem dominar adequadamente as distinções complexas que ela continha.

Variedades de direito
A lei tradicional chinesa pode ser dividida em lei "oficial" e "lei não oficial". A "lei oficial" emana da autoridade do imperador. A doutrina da separação de poderes era desconhecida na China até o século XX. Em particular, as funções judiciais e administrativas eram desempenhadas por magistrados e não por pessoas separadas. O imperador delegou muitos de seus poderes administrativos e judiciais a seus funcionários, reservando para si a função legislativa. O próprio direito oficial pode ser dividido em dois componentes principais: direito penal e direito administrativo. O primeiro prescrevia punições para certos comportamentos, e o segundo definia os deveres dos funcionários.

Em contraste, a lei "não oficial" era a lei consuetudinária do povo, regras que se desenvolviam nas localidades ou nas guildas de mercadores para lidar com assuntos de interesse comum. Nenhuma das palavras padrão para lei – fa (法) ou lü (律) – foi aplicada a regras desse tipo.

Dessas variedades, apenas o direito penal foi sistematicamente estudado por estudiosos ocidentais. A complexidade do sistema administrativo chinês tornou difícil para os estudantes ocidentais adquirir uma familiaridade geral com os princípios legais que o regem. O estudo da lei não oficial também foi limitado devido em parte ao fato de que os dados estão contidos em uma variedade de materiais de origem, extremamente difíceis de acessar. A falta de acesso ao material original deu a estudiosos anteriores, tanto chineses quanto ocidentais, a impressão equivocada de que a China Imperial não tinha um sistema de direito civil.

Direito Penal
A peça central da lei penal é o "código de punições" emitido por cada dinastia em seu início. Embora fragmentos de leis sobrevivam do Qinq e Han, o primeiro código completo sobrevivente foi o Código Kaihuang desenvolvido durante a dinastia Sui e adotado por dinastias posteriores, incluindo a Tang em 653. Este código forneceu o modelo para todos os códigos penais tradicionais posteriores através de sua definição dos Cinco Castigos e Dez Abominações . Apenas a dinastia mongol Yuan não conseguiu emitir um código penal, mas as coleções de materiais legais dessa dinastia ainda mostram a forte influência do código Tang.

Os códigos penais contêm apenas regras que prescrevem punições para delitos específicos, regras que definem geralmente a distribuição da pena ou aquelas que estabelecem princípios de interpretação. Cada ofensa foi atribuída uma punição específica. A tarefa do magistrado era identificar o nome próprio do delito divulgado pelos fatos. A determinação da punição correta seguiu automaticamente.

O código penal era visto como parte indispensável das regras do governo, mas as punições ainda deveriam ser humanas. As punições mutilantes que caracterizavam a lei anterior não eram mais usadas no século VIII. As cinco punições regulares estabelecidas pelo código Tang eram, em ordem decrescente de severidade: morte, exílio vitalício, servidão penal (trabalho forçado), espancamento com bastão pesado ou espancamento com bastão leve. Permaneceram as punições regulares até os anos finais do Qing.

Os códigos penais foram divididos em uma seção de "Princípios Gerais" e uma seção de "Infrações Específicas". Cada dinastia manteve o mesmo conteúdo básico, embora os códigos Ming e Qing tenham introduzido alguma variação na classificação das ofensas. Os códigos Tang e Song consistiam em uma série de artigos (律), muitos dos quais foram adotados, às vezes sem alteração, pelos códigos Ming e Qing. Uma vez que os artigos do código foram estabelecidos no início da dinastia, houve uma relutância por parte do imperador fundador ou de seus sucessores em alterá-los.

Conseqüentemente, para lidar com o problema da mudança de circunstâncias, os Ming começaram a prática de adicionar subestatutos (例) ao código. A prática cresceu extensivamente sob os Qing, com o resultado de que, no final do século XIX, o código penal perdeu algo de sua coerência interna e se tornou um instrumento pesado. Os subestatutos tendiam a ser mais específicos e detalhados do que os artigos. Comentários explicativos foram adicionados aos códigos penais. Os mais autorizados foram aqueles aprovados pelo trono para inclusão no código. Estas muitas vezes continham regras não encontradas nos artigos ou substatus. Nos casos em que não se possa invocar nenhum artigo ou subestatuto ambíguo, as decisões anteriores do Conselho de Punições podem funcionar como " sucessos ".

Algumas regras dos códigos penais, especialmente as relativas a questões civis, eram obsoletas ou não eram aplicadas. Jean Escarr, sugeriu que o direito penal como um todo deveria funcionar como um guia de conduta modelo e não como um conjunto de regras executórias. Embora essa visão tenha sido amplamente rejeitada, é claro que muitas das regras impostas sobre as relações familiares foram mantidas por causa de seu valor simbólico. Após o período Han, todas as regras de um código que não eram lü eram chamadas de ling (ordenanças) e ge (decisões), às vezes shi (modelos) e muitas vezes zhi (decretos).

Direito administrativo
O direito administrativo foi bem desenvolvido na China muito cedo; a maior parte de sua estrutura básica foi estabelecida pela Dinastia Zhou. Na estrutura administrativa, o imperador era supremo e, portanto, acima da lei. Ele poderia fazer a lei, anular as leis existentes e perturbar as decisões administrativas tomadas em seu nome. No entanto, embora autocrático, a própria existência da complexa maquinaria burocrática constituía um freio ao seu exercício arbitrário de poder. Ocasionalmente, ele poderia modificar uma sentença capital encaminhada a ele pelos órgãos judiciais centrais para sua aprovação, mas sempre o fazia com referência aos fatos do caso específico e explicava em seu edital as razões da mudança que havia feito. Às vezes, ele até aceitava uma reclamação de seus funcionários de que a mudança não era adequada e aceitava que tinha que agir em conformidade com a lei existente.

Direito Civil
O direito consuetudinário , tratou do que no Ocidente é denominado direito privado ou direito civil . Em particular, inclui regras que regem questões de contrato e propriedade . Em contraste com os sistemas ocidentais em que o direito civil precedeu o direito penal, no direito tradicional chinês, o inverso era verdadeiro. Das disposições do código penal, os magistrados poderiam derivar princípios de direito civil ou diretamente, se um assunto fosse declarado no código penal (como questões relativas a dívida e usura , negócios com terras, empréstimo e garantia de propriedade, e a venda de mercadorias em mercados), ou indiretamente ler em uma lei criminal como base para uma ação civil privada.

Embora a visão estereotipada dos magistrados chineses fosse que eles estavam relutantes em intervir como árbitros em qualquer tipo de disputa civil, estudos mais recentes argumentaram que a maior parte do trabalho de um magistrado envolvia a resolução de disputas civis. Nessa visão, a relutância dos magistrados em assumir o trabalho de casos tinha a ver em grande parte com o fato de que a administração civil chinesa era pequena e que a carga de trabalho dos magistrados era muito grande. Além disso, estudiosos no início do século XXI, como Philip Huang (黃宗智), argumentaram que o sistema tradicional chinês de justiça era justo, eficiente e frequentemente usado na resolução de disputas.

O uso da propriedade foi dividido em solo superficial (tianpi) e subsolo ( tiangu )) direitos. Os proprietários com direitos sobre o subsolo tinham um direito permanente à propriedade se pagassem impostos e recebessem selos oficiais do governo, mas não tivessem direitos de uso ativo da terra. Em vez disso, aqueles com direitos do solo superficial pagavam ao proprietário do subsolo um aluguel fixo (ou parte do produto do que foi produzido na terra) não apenas pelo direito de cultivar e viver na terra, mas também pelo direito de vender ou arrendar o solo superficial de forma independente. direitos a outra parte. Assim, enquanto outra parte detivesse os direitos do solo superficial, a parte detentora do subsolo não tinha o direito de usar ativamente a terra ou despejar o proprietário do solo superficial. A terra, como outras formas de propriedade, era vista como propriedade coletiva da família e não de indivíduos dentro da família. Outro conceito em direitos de propriedade imperial chinês foi dianmai(典賣/典卖), mais comumente conhecido como huomai (活賣/活卖), ou venda condicional de propriedade  que permitia ao vendedor (ou seja, sua família) comprar de volta a terra pelo preço original (sem interesse). A suposição era que a terra, tendo sido detida por uma família por gerações, deveria permanecer com a mesma família. A partir da dinastia Sui, as mulheres não podiam possuir propriedade diretamente e, para que a terra ficasse na mesma família, ela tinha que passar entre herdeiros masculinos seguindo a regra da primogenitura.

Procedimento
Suspeitos e criminosos foram presos pela polícia do condado ou pelos chefes dos correios que estavam subordinados ao chefe de polícia do condado. Um princípio importante da lei tradicional chinesa era que uma pessoa não poderia ser condenada por um crime sem uma confissão. Como era necessária uma confissão para uma condenação e sentença, a tortura era frequentemente usada para obter tal confissão. Uma ferramenta comum era o bastinado (chicoteamento), aplicado nas nádegas e coxas. Durante o Qin e Han, os magistrados locais foram totalmente autorizados a aplicar toda a escala de punições, incluindo a pena de morte.

Em princípio, todos os processos criminais, qualquer que seja a sua gravidade, eram julgados em primeiro lugar no tribunal da comarca em que os factos ocorreram. O magistrado investigou os fatos, apurou a culpa ou inocência, e então propôs a pena para o delito, conforme prescrito pelo código. Sempre que coubesse pena de maior severidade do que espancamento, era necessário encaminhar o processo ao tribunal superior da hierarquia, o do prefeito, para nova audiência. A decisão do prefeito era definitiva apenas em casos de servidão penal. Os casos de exílio ou morte eram automaticamente revistos pelo governador provincial. Todos os casos de homicídio e todos os casos de condenação à morte foram enviados à capital para revisão pelo mais alto tribunal judicial, o Conselho de Punições (China). Nenhuma sentença de morte poderia ser implementada, exceto em circunstâncias extremas.

Valores morais e a lei
Em contraste com os legalistas, a visão confucionista do direito sempre foi centrada na moralidade. Xun Zi, um dos primeiros pensadores confucionistas, viu a necessidade de legislação, mas enfatizou igualmente a importância da virtude por parte do legislador e do judiciário. Havia a convicção de que a manutenção das prescrições morais confucionistas por meio do aparelho do Estado era essencial para a preservação de uma sociedade civilizada. O encorajamento da virtude da piedade filial ajudou a fortalecer o dever relacionado de respeito e submissão à autoridade imperial.

Os códigos sinalizam sua orientação moral, colocando logo no início da seção "Princípios Gerais" uma descrição das ofensas conhecidas como as " Dez Abominações ". Essas ofensas eram consideradas as mais abomináveis. Como o comentário oficial do código Qing afirma: "pessoas culpadas de qualquer uma das Dez Abominações destroem os laços humanos (倫), rebelam-se contra o Céu (天), vão contra a razão (理) e violam a justiça (義)."

Legislação e raciocínio jurídico
Quando uma nova legislação estivesse sendo considerada, haveria o cuidado de avaliar sua relação com a lei existente. As leis foram feitas através dos funcionários do governo e, em seguida, mostradas ao imperador para que as leis fossem alteradas e feitas para as pessoas obedecerem.

Características gerais
A igualdade perante a lei nunca foi oficialmente aceita como princípio jurídico e como prática jurídica. Por exemplo, o sistema de isenção de oito categorias ou pessoas da persecução penal (ba yi) e o sistema de isenção de punição por desistência de cargos oficiais (guandang) são dispositivos legais formalmente reconhecidos.

Ao contrário do Ocidente, onde os poderes seculares e religiosos coexistiram e fomentaram uma tradição de pluralismo, o sistema jurídico tradicional chinês, como ferramenta do soberano, nunca encontrou contrapartes fortes e, portanto, nunca tolerou a existência de quaisquer poderes estrangeiros e outras regras legais que não as do imperador. Do ponto de vista sociocultural, no Ocidente, os indivíduos têm sido tipicamente vistos como intrinsecamente ligados a uma única tradição religiosa (ou seja, uma forte divisão tradicionalmente existia entre denominações rivais, ou entre cristianismo e judaísmo), na cultura chinesa, as pessoas têm foram capazes de ser simultaneamente adeptos do budismo, taoísmo e confucionismo, ou alguma combinação destes.

Ao contrário de muitos outros povos, os chineses nunca atribuíram suas leis a um legislador divino. O mesmo é verdade para a regra que governava toda a vida e que, portanto, poderia ser legitimamente chamada de "leis"; nenhuma origem divina é encontrada para li (regras de comportamento correto).

Ver também

 Direito religioso
 Direito comparado
 Direito Chinês
 Lista de códigos legais antigos
 Grande Código Legal Qing
 Direito da República Popular da China
 Direito de Taiwan
 Cinco Punições (China)
 Dez Abominações (China)

Referências

Direito da China

Direito Tradicional Chinês


Marlene Dumas (Ciudad del Cabo, 3 de agosto 1953) es una artista sudafricana que vive y trabaja en Ámsterdam, Países Bajos.

Enfatizando tanto la realidad física del cuerpo humano como su valor psicológico, Dumas tiende a pintar sus sujetos en sus límites extremos del ciclo de vida, como su nacimiento y cerca de la muerte. Dumas utiliza la figura humana como un medio para criticar las ideas contemporáneas sobre la identidad racial, sexual y social.

Biografía
De 1972 a 1975 asistió a la Universidad de Ciudad del Cabo, donde obtuvo la licenciatura en Artes Visuales. Desde 1978 ha exhibido internacionalmente sus obras, y es una de las artistas más admiradas de Holanda. En 1995 representó a Holanda en la Bienal de Venecia, y en 1996 la Tate Gallery exhibió una selección de sus obras sobre papel.

Trabajando casi exclusivamente a partir de fuentes fotográficas, extrae su material a partir de un archivo en continuo desarrollo de fotografías personales e imágenes arrancadas de revistas y periódicos. Sus pinturas no son una interpretación literal de sus fuentes fotográficas. El tamaño pequeño de las obras y la presentación delicada, las convierte en un retrato de la intimidad. Al despojar el sujeto de su imagen pública y su importancia histórica, Dumas nos deja con una crítica hacia la política y la identidad.

Durante la década del 2000, realizó varias exposiciones personales en instituciones destacadas de todo el mundo, incluyendo el Museo Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf (2008), Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Tokio (2007); Taidehalli, Helsinki (2005), The Art Institute of Chicago (2003), Fondazione Bevilacqua La Masa, Palazzetto Tito, Venecia (2003), el Centro Georges Pompidou, París (2001), New Museum, Nueva York, De Pont Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Tilburg, Países Bajos (ambos de 2002) y el Instituto de Arte Contemporáneo de Boston (2001).

Su trabajo está presente en las colecciones de importantes museos e instituciones públicas como el Centro Georges Pompidou de París, Museo Municipal, La Haya, Los Ángeles County Museum of Art, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Tokio, Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt, el Museo de Arte Moderno de Nueva York; Stedelijk Museum, Ámsterdam, y la Tate Gallery, Londres.

Premios
2011, Premio Schock

Referencias

 (en inglés)
 (en inglés)[http://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/152/
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Marlene Dumas


Harlequin Art Collective je hrvatski sastav komorne glazbe. Čine ga ugledni, nagrađivani i afirmirani glazbenici flautist Dani Bošnjak, trombonist Alan Bošnjak, vibrafonist Šimun Matišić, harmonikaš Stjepan Vuger i sopranistica Marta Schwaiger.  Osnovan je 2018. godine u Zagrebu radi stvaranja novog i neobičnog zvuka. Tome pridonosi neobična i naizgled nespojiva kombinacija glazbala i glasa, koja rezultira cjelovitim i stabilnom totalom zvuka s dovoljno mase i mogućnosti za delikatno nijansiranje glazbenih boja.

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USS Buchanan (DDG-14) was a  guided missile destroyer in service with the United States Navy from 1962 to 1991. She was sunk as a target in 2000.

History
Buchanan was named for Admiral Franklin Buchanan and was laid down by Todd-Pacific Shipbuilding at Seattle, Washington on 23 April 1959, launched on 11 May 1960, and commissioned on 7 February 1962. She was commissioned by the Commandant, Thirteenth Naval District, Rear Admiral George C. Towner.

1962–1965
After completing her final outfitting at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, Buchanan got underway for Long Beach Naval Shipyard, California, on 25 March 1962. She moored at her new homeport of San Diego, on 5 April. The destroyer reported for duty and was assigned to serve as the flagship of Destroyer Squadron 15, Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 7, United States First Fleet. On 25 May 1962 the destroyer put to sea for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for her shakedown cruise. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 30 May and participated in the dedication of the USS Arizona Memorial. She returned to San Diego on 6 June to continue her shakedown before proceeding to Puget Sound on 17 September 1962. Buchanan returned to San Diego on 5 November 1962, where she was placed on unrestricted availability with the fleet.

Buchanan began operating in 1963 in the area off Southern California before departing for her first deployment to the western Pacific. She put out for Pearl Harbor with the destroyer  on 4 April. Once at Pearl Harbor, she was placed in drydock for a few days (9–14 April). The ship returned to sea in company with Somers on 18 April and operated with Task Force 77.3.1, consisting of attack aircraft carrier , radar picket destroyers  and , for the 21st commemoration of the Battle of the Coral Sea at Sydney, Australia. As the task force neared Sydney, Buchanan detached on 27 April and steamed independently for Melbourne, Australia. After the festivities in Sydney concluded, she rendezvoused with Coral Sea and the newly formed Task Group 77.6 en route to Guam on 13 May. Over the next two months, Buchanan accompanied TF 77.6 to Guam (22–26 May), Naval Station Subic Bay (27 May–1 June) and Manila, Philippines (25–29 June), Hong Kong (13–20 June), and Yokosuka (9–15 July) and Sasebo, Japan (22–29 July 1963). On 5 August, she tested her Tartar missiles in the Okinawa Missile Range before putting into Okinawa (9–12 August), Beppu (22–26), and Iwakuni, Japan (26–26 August). Afterward she returned to Yokosuka (7–21 September) for upkeep, giving her crew well deserved time for rest and recreation. Buchanan returned to Sasebo (2–3 October) and Yokosuka (9–16 October) before putting into Subic Bay in the Philippines on 21 October. She departed Subic Bay to make a port call at Hong Kong on 29 October.

While at Hong Kong, the weary destroyer's rest was abruptly cut short. On 1 November 1963, members of the Republic of Vietnam military staged a coup against the regime of President Ngo Dinh Diem. In response, the U.S. Navy deployed a flotilla off the mouth of the Mekong River for the potential evacuation of American citizens and service members. As part of this operation, Buchanan departed Hong Kong escorting the aircraft carrier  with Southerland and  on 2 November. The coup had ended with assassination of Diệm, his brother Ngȏ Ðình Nhu, and Col. Hồ Tần Quyền, the commander of the Vietnamese navy. With reassurance from the new leadership under General Dương Văn Minh that order had been restored and alliances unchanged, the Navy reduced its presence off of South Vietnam. Buchanan departed the area on 5 November for Subic Bay. On 15 November 1963 she left Subic Bay for San Diego arriving on 27 November. After the holidays, Buchanan operated out of San Diego before moving to the San Francisco Naval Shipyard at Hunters Point, California (USA), for overhaul (7 May–22 September). Several days after emerging from overhaul, she rejoined Destroyer Squadron 15 to participate in fleet exercise "Union Square" (28 September – 1 October 1964).

Vietnam War
On 5 January 1965 Buchanan departed with destroyers ,  and  for Pearl Harbor. She left for Subic Bay on 13 January with , , , , and Chevalier, putting into their destination on 26 January. On 1 February Buchanan began her tour of duty patrolling, providing escort and plane guard services in the South China Sea. As the situation worsened in Southeast Asia, President Lyndon B. Johnson began increasing the number of American troops in South Vietnam. On 8 March 1965 the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade landed at Da Nang.

In between operations Buchanan visited Yokosuka (28 April–7 May, 18–26 June, and 23–26 July), Hong Kong (9–13 June and 16–19 July), Subic Bay (14 June), and Okinawa (28 June). On 27 July 1965 Buchanan set course for home. She stopped at Pearl Harbor for a few days (2–3 August) before mooring at San Diego on 9 August. In mid-September, the destroyer entered Long Beach for overhaul (16 September–11 November) then spent the rest of the year conducting local operations. For her time in the South China Sea, Buchanan was awarded Armed Services Expeditionary Forces Medal for supporting air strike operations over Vietnam.

During the early months of 1966 Buchanan operated out of her homeport conducting routine operations in the eastern Pacific. During April the destroyer participated in the fleet exercise "Gray Ghost" (12–22 April 1966). In June she was steaming for the western Pacific with Black and Southerland for another six-month deployment (11 June–21 December). On 1 July, Buchanan operated as a plane guard in Dixie Station, off the Mekong delta, for the aircraft carrier  as her aircraft executed air strikes in South Vietnam. Buchanan then moved north for operations in Yankee Station off Da Nang and the coast of North Vietnam (7–21 July). She broke from her combat operations to serve as the flagship of the United States Seventh Fleet during a port visit to Bangkok, Thailand, on 25–29 July 1966. Over the next several months, Buchanan alternated her operations between Yankee and Dixie stations. Wrapping up combat duty, she put into Hong Kong for a few days' rest (21–26 November) before working her way home via Okinawa (28–29 November), Yokosuka (1–4 December), and Pearl Harbor (15 December). She put into San Diego on 21 December 1966 where she remained until shifting to Long Beach Naval Shipyard for overhaul (15 March–5 August 1967), returning to San Diego for sea trials, refresher training for her crew, and local operations.

1967 collision
While underway in a column formation with Southerland on the night of 14 September 1967 Buchanan collided with fishing vessel Holiday. The civilian craft claimed that the destroyer was at fault for the collision and that the Navy was culpable for the resulting damages. An ensuing investigation determined that Buchanan was the vessel with the right of way and that Holiday bore the burden to avoid the collision. Lookouts on the destroyer also indicated in subsequent interviews that there was no one in the fishing boat's wheel house at the time of the collision. The sailors' accounts also reported bright lights on the stern of Holiday and seeing crew members working on deck, perhaps preparing bait. Although all indications exonerated Buchanan, the ship's crew clearly made errors that contributed to the accident. It was revealed that the officer of the deck lacked the experience and training to properly handle the situation. Lt. Victor J. Monteleon was qualified to command the ship while she operated independently but not certified to operate in formation with other ships. At the time of the accident, the sea was calm with visibility estimated to have been better than 12 km. The destroyer was steaming in a darkened condition with her navigation lights burning. As the vessels converged, Buchanans Combat Information Center properly and continually reported Holiday's position, speed and bearing. Monteleon served as the junior officer of the deck, and Lt. Thomas S. Ballard, USNR, were also tracking Holiday visually from the port wing. The two officers discussed changing course but took no action. Once Monteleon realized that a collision was imminent, he ordered the conn to right full rudder with all engines ahead at full speed. The Navy investigation determined that, although the destroyer had the right of way, Monteleon had committed several grievous errors. The most serious was the failure to notify his commanding officer, Capt. William A. Spencer, of the situation. According to Spencer's night orders, he was to be notified of any visual or radar contacts within  of the ship. Additionally, Monteleon failed to take action to avoid the collision. He also did not sound a danger signal, an option provided to him in accordance to the rules of the road. As the legalities were being sorted out, Buchanan went about her schedule. On 3 November she entered Hunters Point for alterations until 20 December 1967. Buchanan spent the rest of the year in San Diego on holiday leave and preparing for another deployment.

Buchanan departed San Diego for Southeast Asia on 27 January 1968. During her deployment, she participated in Operation Sea Dragon (25 October 1966 – 31 October 1968) to disrupt the flow of supplies going from North Vietnam to support communist operations in South Vietnam. She also provided naval gunfire support (NGFS) to ground troops fighting in South Vietnam, most notably during the first phase of the Tet Offensive and the Battle of Huế (30 January – 3 March 1968). During one tour providing NGFS, Buchanan came under fire from an enemy shore battery on 29 May. The ship sustained shrapnel damage to the heating and cooling system of the No. 1 cell of her ASROC launcher. Several of her antennae and electrical cables were damaged but no crewmembers were harmed. In response, Buchanan silenced the enemy position with 20 rounds from her 5-inch guns. In addition to her gunnery operations, Buchanan also served as plane guard in Gulf of Tonkin for  (5–11 and 14–18 March), , and  (15–17 May), in addition to  and  (20 June–1 July 1968). Buchanan retired to Subic Bay (9–17 June) for battle damage repairs after another tour providing NGFS to the I Corps Tactical Zone (30 May–7 June). During her time in the western Pacific, Buchanan was afforded a little rest and recreation at Hong Kong (7–11 May, 16–21 July) and Yokosuka, Japan (26–28 July) before setting a course home, stopping at Midway Atoll on 2 August and Pearl Harbor on 5 August along the way. Once back in San Diego on 11 August 1968, her sailors were granted post-deployment leave for four weeks.

On 18 March 1969 Buchanan was once again underway for the western Pacific with Bon Homme Richard, , Chevalier, and Southerland. During this deployment, the destroyer once again served as a plane guard for Ticonderoga in the Gulf of Tonkin (8–24 May) and provided NGFS for troops in the I and II Corps Tactical Zones. Her guns supported the men of the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment and the 173rd Airborne Brigade in the area of Da Nang (16 June–16 July 1969). During these operations Buchanan sent more than five thousand 127 mm shells downrange toward the enemy. Buchanan made several port calls for upkeep and rest for her weary crewmen at Subic Bay (30 April–8 May, 2–4 September), Sasebo (28 May–8 June, 5–16 August, 25–30 August) and Hong Kong (18–24 July) before steaming for San Diego on 4 September 1969. Once back at her home port on 18 September, Buchanan underwent a survey and inspection (24–26 November), ending the year working with destroyer tender .

Buchanan spent the first half of 1970 operating in the relative calm of the eastern Pacific. She continued tender duty with Samuel Gompers (1–3 January) and  (3–6 April). Installation of her new  system began on 4 January and was completed by 1 February after which she put to sea to provide plane guard services for Bon Homme Richard (6–9 February). It was not until 13 July 1970 that Buchanan was once again deployed to the western Pacific and Southeast Asia. Once at Yankee Station, she returned to providing plane guard for Bon Homme Richard. During 9–19 August, the team joined anti-submarine warfare support aircraft carrier . Several months later (21 October–5 November), Buchanan again steamed with Shangri-La. Between plane guard and escort duties, Buchanan provided NGFS for the US Army's Americal Division, 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized), and 1st Marine Division in the I Corps Tactical Zone (15 September–6 October). She shifted south to the IV Corps region, off the Mekong River delta, to provide gunnery support to the South Vietnamese 9th and 21st Divisions (19 November–1 December 1970). Buchanans sailors didn't spend their entire deployment in the combat zone. They were given slight respites with several visits to Subic Bay, the longest being for upkeep (21 August–1 September, 1–10 October) before returning to combat duty. The crew also had the opportunity for rest and recreation at Hong Kong (13–18 October) and Singapore (9–19 November). On 4 December 1970, Buchanan set a course for her homeport from Subic Bay, making stops at Guam on 7 December, Midway on 12 December, and Pearl Harbor (14–15 December). She arrived at San Diego on 20 December 1970, giving her crew holiday leave and undergoing upkeep until 25 January 1971.

During 1971 Buchanan remained in the eastern Pacific. She operated with , fleet ballistic missile submarine , and submarine  (25 January–9 February), making a brief visit to Naval Station Treasure Island, California (26–28 January). She put in for an overhaul at San Francisco Naval Shipyard (22 April–3 September 1971). Buchanan returned to her homeport for sea trials (18–17 September), Refresher Training (18 October–9 December) and local operations for the rest of 1971.

1972 combat
Buchanan departed for the western Pacific on 17 February 1972 with Kitty Hawk and . She returned to combat duty off Vietnam on 17 March 1972. On 30 March, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) launched the Easter Offensive, sending invading forces to attack multiple locations in South Vietnam. In response, the U.S. initiated Operation Freedom Train, to strike targets in southern North Vietnam and the invading forces. On 1 April, Buchanan, in concert with guided missile destroyer  provided gunnery support to cover the withdrawal of the South Vietnamese 57th Regiment from Firebase Gio Linh, near Ðông Hà. The position fell into the enemy hands where it remained for the duration of the war. As the PAVN advanced, attention shifted to the defense of Ðông Hà on 2 April. On the ground, Captain John W. Ripley, USMC, an advisor with the 3rd Vietnam Marine Corps Battalion, coordinated NGFS along with 1st Lt. Joel Eisentein, USMC, commander of Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company 1–2. The offshore task force provided one hour of sustained fire on two bridges being used by enemy troops to push back allied forces. In the heat of battle, Capt. Ripley sighted four enemy amphibious light tanks, Soviet-made PT-76, moving along the Cam Lo riverbank east of Ðông Hà. Ripley called in the coordinates to the task force. Buchanan and her compatriots quickly shifted their fire on to the new targets with great results. According to Ripley, "we could see them burning clearly. My counterparts, the marine battalion commander and the tank battalion commander, were both observing this superb display of naval gunfire. When the tanks were hit and burning, both were surprised and elated in seeing the potential of naval gunfire. I was to receive many requests for naval gunfire by the Vietnamese after this attack." Ripley sent a letter to the skipper of the Buchanan, CDR William James Thearle, on 8 September 1972 describing the NGF support received during the operation.

On 17 April 1972 Buchanan moved north to shell the vital bridges around the city of Vinh in North Vietnam, in company with  and Hamner. Around midday, George K. Mackenzie shifted her fire toward an observation tower she had spotted on the island Hon Mat. Shortly afterward, two enemy patrol boats, presumed to be Shanghai-class motorboats, appeared in the vicinity around Dao Bien Island. George K. Mackenzie fired on the approaching boats causing them to reverse course and retreat. Just over ten minutes later, Buchanan began taking fire from a shore battery. A shell airburst put a two and half foot hole in the destroyer. SN Leonard R. Davis was killed. Lt. Robert S Nemmers, Supply Corps, SA Vincent G. Guerrero, SD3 Primicitis V. Beltran, EM Frederick J. Shortreed Jr., GM3 Danny K. Hammond, and CS3 Frank S. Musiol were wounded. Shropshire's wound to one of his feet was severe enough for him to be transferred to guided missile cruiser  for further treatment. The body of Seaman Davis was also transferred to Chicago. For her remaining time in Southeast Asia, Buchanan served as a picket ship and plane guard supporting the air strikes associated with Operation Linebacker (2 May–23 October 1972). On 29 August the destroyer put into Hong Kong (28 August–4 September) for some rest before beginning her long voyage home.

The battle worn destroyer returned to her home port on 25 September 1972, where she conducted local operations until redeploying to Vietnam on 25 July 1973. In the Gulf of Tonkin, Buchanan provided escort services for  and served as an antiaircraft picket ship (13 September – 26 October 1973). She also made port calls to Kaohsiung, Taiwan (24 September – 1 October) and Mombasa, Kenya (22–26 December). Continuing her deployment in into 1974, Buchanan visited Singapore (7–11 January), Hong Kong (2–7 February), Kaohsiung (9–10 February), and Yokosuka (15–19 February). Bringing the deployment to a close, Buchanan got underway for San Diego on 22 February 1974. With heavy weather slowing her trip home, she did not arrive until 8 March. The ship remained in the eastern Pacific for the rest of the year making only two port calls to Santa Barbara, California (28 June – 1 July), for the Santa Barbara Sports Festival, and San Francisco (26–29 September), ending the year with holiday leave (14–31 December 1974).

1975–1991
The first six months of 1975, Buchanan moved to Long Beach Naval Shipyard for an overhaul. During this period, her 127 mm guns and ASROC launchers were removed along with her aging Mark X Identification Friend or Foe, SAMID, and other communications equipment. The latter were replaced with a new Mark III Advanced Information Management System and up-to-date communications gear. On 28 June 1975, Buchanan underwent sea trials, tests and training to ensure she was quickly back up to fighting condition. The destroyer and her crew went on holiday leave to close out the year (19–31 December 1975). On the first day of 1976, Buchanan moved back to Long Beach for some final touches to her overhaul then remained close to home conducting routine operations for the entirety of 1976.

On 11 April 1977 Buchanan once again set a course for the western Pacific with , and , along with frigates , , and . After a brief stop at Pearl Harbor (19–20 April), she steamed with her companions for Subic Bay. While en route, Buchanan came alongside ammunition ship  for replenishment. After the resupply began, Buchanan lost power in her aft engineering plant causing the ship to execute an emergency breakaway. A span wire between the vessels did not release so Shastas deck crew cut it away. The trailing cable wound around the destroyer's port shaft damaging the rope guard. The shaft was locked and divers were deployed to remove the cable. Unable to free the shaft, she was rerouted to Naval Base Guam for repairs (3–15 May 1977). Buchanan departed Guam on 16 May and was able to rejoin her task force in the South China Sea for "MAULEX 3–77", a joint American-Philippine amphibious exercise. Buchanan supplied simulated gunfire support for the insertion of reconnaissance teams. A few days later, she joined in a joint anti-submarine warfare exercise with the Republic of China Navy (30 May–3 June) and then posed as a Soviet missile cruiser during "MULTIPLEX 5–77" (18–25 June). That same month, the destroyer got to show off her Tartar missiles system by shooting down two drones, one of which she recorded as a direct hit (26–28 June). Buchanan took part in one last multinational exercise, "SEA SIAM VI" (19–21 July) before tying up at Subic Bay for maintenance and repairs (29 July–21 August 1977). After the long break, she threw lines and headed back to sea to make a port call to Hong Kong (24–28 August 1977). Returning to duty, Buchanan participated in exercises "MULTIPLEX 7–77" (26–29 September) and "ASWEX J1-78" (28 October–1 November). She also served as a screen ship for Constellation (6–26 September) and provided escort service in the East China Sea (30 September–2 October) and in the northern Sea of Japan (25–27 October). Despite her busy schedule, Buchanan was afforded some breaks to visit Kaohsiung (27–28 May), Pattaya Beach, Thailand (14–18 July), Fukuoka, Japan (3–6 October 1977). While in Fukuoka, the ship opened her decks to the public and members of the crew paid a goodwill visit to a local orphanage. After one last port call at Yokosuka (2–5 November), Buchanan steamed for home, arriving on 21 November and staying in port for the rest of 1977.

The following year was comparatively quiet for Buchanan as she spent nearly the entirety of 1978 operating along the California coast when not in port at San Diego. On 20 May her crew's dependents observed the destroyer in action while underway for a Family Cruise day. Venturing north, she made a brief port call to Seattle (27–29 May). In early November, Buchanan steamed out of American waters to visit Mazatlán, Mexico (3–5 November 1978). On her final day at the Mexican port town (5 November), an estimated 500 bales of cotton caught fire on the waterfront. Buchanans sailors leapt into action and helped extinguish the blaze. The local U.S. Consul and Defense Attaché Office in Mexico City commended the crew for their service to the local community. Buchanan returned to the U.S. to end the year with holiday leave (16–31 December 1978).

On 20 February 1979 Buchanan was underway once again for the western Pacific. While en route to Pearl Harbor (2–4 March), a companion guided missile frigate Brooke, suffered a failure to her main steam condenser. Buchanan came to the aid of the disabled frigate by towing her for two-and-a-half days while she was repaired. After a stop at Pearl Harbor, Buchanan and her companions moved to Guam (19–28 March). On 29 March, she was underway to serve as an observer for the test launch of three UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Over the next several months, Buchanan participated in multiple exercises off the Korean Peninsula (7–10 May), Okinawa (16–23 July) and in the Tasman Sea (18–23 August 1979). She also made several port visits putting into Hong Kong (19–24 May), Chinae (5–6 June) and Busan, Korea (10–15 June), before mooring at Yokosuka for upkeep and maintenance ( 18 June–5 July 1979). In early August, Buchanan opened her decks to the public while at Port Ville, New Hebrides, Vanuatu (6–9 August). In three days the destroyer received of over 500 visitors. Afterward she stopped at Auckland, New Zealand (13–17 August) before tying up at Pago Pago, American Samoa, on 28 August. The following day, Buchanan was underway for Pearl Harbor (28 August–3 September) where she embarked family members for a Tiger Cruise back to San Diego (3–9 September 1979). On 8 November, she began the first phase of an overhaul at San Diego.

To continue her overhaul, Buchanan moved to Long Beach on 1 January 1980. During this period (1 January–26 November), the destroyers guns and missile launchers were reworked. Harpoon anti-ship missile and Super Rapid Offboard Countermeasures (SRBOC) systems were installed. The addition of SRBOC to Buchanan provided her with state-of-the-art chaff and infrared countermeasures for defense against missile attacks. Following her overhaul, she remained in local waters conducting routine operations, training, and sea trials. On 19 September 1981, the destroyer set a course for the western Pacific with supply ship , ammunition ship , frigate  and destroyer . The formation arrived at Subic Bay on 17 October 1981. Buchanan took part in training operations in the Sea of Siam (3–6 November), Sea of Japan (9–22 December) and gunnery exercises at Tabones Island, Philippines (16–19 November). In between duty, she visited Sattahip (2 November) and Pattaya, Thailand (7–10 November). When she was in port at Pusan (5–8 December), sailors from Buchanan and Holt delivered food and clothing to a local orphanage as part of Operation Handclasp. Buchanan also visited Sasebo (15–19 and 22–26 December) before mooring at Hong Kong to celebrate the New Year on 31 December 1981.

Buchanan began 1982 with gunnery training at Tabones Island on 11 January. She put into Singapore for a brief rest (20–24 January) before returning to sea for more exercises until 11 March when she steamed toward home. Buchanan arrived at San Diego on 23 March 1982. She returned to Asia again on 2 April 1983 where she operated in the China and Philippine seas (2 April–31 July). On 1 August she was underway with battleship  for Pearl Harbor. From Hawaii, the destroyer and her mighty companion steamed to Rodman Naval Station, Panama (17 August–1 September 1983). Buchanan provided escort services to U.S. Army landing craft underway to Honduras (2–8 September). Wrapping up her deployment, she made her way home to San Diego (9–17 September) where she immediately entered a period of upkeep and giving her crew leave to be with their families. After only a few periods at sea, Buchanan was placed on restricted availability for the rest of the year on 23 November 1983.

After spending the first five months of 1984 operating out of San Diego, Buchanan moved to Hawaiian waters to take part in Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) '84, anti-submarine warfare exercises and missile tests. (30 May–15 August). She returned to San Diego and began preparing for deployment on 18 October. In December, Buchanan was steaming in the Sea of Japan. She put into Hong Kong (5–7 December) and spent the holidays at Subic Bay (18 December 1984 – 12 January 1985). In February Buchanan found herself in the middle of a diplomatic confrontation between New Zealand and the United States.

1985 Dispute with New Zealand

In February, 1985 a port visit request by the United States for Buchanan was refused by New Zealand, as Buchanan was capable of launching nuclear depth bomb-equipped ASROCs. Following the victory of the New Zealand Labour Party led by David Lange at elections in 1984, the Parliament of New Zealand enacted a law which barred nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships from using New Zealand ports, citing the dangers of nuclear weapons and continued nuclear testing in the South Pacific. Given that the United States Navy refused to confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weapons aboard ships, these laws in effect refused access to New Zealand ports for all ships of the United States Navy.

After consultations with Australia and after negotiations with New Zealand broke down, the United States announced that it was suspending its ANZUS treaty obligations to New Zealand until United States Navy ships were readmitted to New Zealand ports, citing that New Zealand was "a friend, but not an ally".

Despite these troubles, Buchanan continued her busy schedule unabated. She participated in multiple regional exercises in the South China Sea and the Sea of Siam (21 January–26 April 1985). While departing Sydney, she was once again involved in an anti-nuclear controversy. As Buchanan was steaming out of the port in a column formation with 13 other vessels, an ultralight aircraft dove on her to drop a "paint bomb." The assailant missed the target and was later taken into custody by Australian authorities. Buchanan rounded out her deployment with port calls to Brisbane, Australia (14–17 March), Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, on 22 March, Subic Bay (2–21 April), and Manila, Philippines (27–28). She returned to Subic Bay on 30 April for upkeep before departing for Pearl Harbor on 12 May. Buchanan arrived at San Diego on 25 May and conducted local operations until shifting to Long Beach to begin another overhaul on 5 August 1985.

With her overhaul completed on 17 June, Buchanan was put through her paces in the eastern Pacific for all of 1986. During 18 June–31 July, she underwent several inspections and took part in training exercises. On 26 July, the destroyer tested her weapons at the Nanoose Range, British Columbia. Buchanan was allowed a few breaks while away from her homeport during visits at the Canadian cities Vancouver (16–20 July) and Esquimalt on 30 July. In between these visits, she stopped at Bangor, Washington (26–28 July) for upkeep before steaming back to San Diego on 31 July 1986, where she remained for the rest of the year.

While Buchanan lay at San Diego (1 January–13 July 1987) she celebrated her 25th birthday on 6 February. During this time she also prepared to be deployed the western Pacific once again but this time with a different destination. Instead of her usual stomping grounds, the destroyer was headed to the Arabian Sea. As the Iran–Iraq War raged on, Iran had become a threat to Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. In response to threat, the U.S. executed Operation Earnest Will to provide protection to the tankers and ensure that commercial shipping lanes remained open. Buchanan departed San Diego on 14 July 1987 as a member of Battle Force Echo with . The battle force put into Subic Bay (10–12 August) and Singapore (16–19 August) before arriving on station in the North Arabian Sea on 25 August. During her time in the region, Buchanan visited Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory (8–16 September), Mogadishu, Somalia (20–21 October) and Victoria, Seychelles (25–29 October 1987). On 14 November, the destroyer began work her way back to the eastern Pacific stopping at Phuket, Thailand (18–23 November), Penang, Malaysia (24–26 November), Hong Kong (2–6 December), and Subic Bay (9–11 December). She arrived in San Diego just in time to celebrate the New Year on 30 December 1987.

After spending the next 13 months in the eastern Pacific and the Southern California Operations area (1 January 1988 – 24 February 1989), Buchanan departed for what would be her last deployment to the western Pacific. She returned to the North Arabian Sea to rejoin Earnest Will on 3 June 1989. Buchanan spent only few days in the area, departing on 14 June to return home. By 24 August 1989, she was back at San Diego. Buchanan spent the rest of the year operating off the Californian coast and took part in Fleet Week at San Francisco on 7–11 October. With her career winding down, the venerable destroyer remained in the eastern Pacific. On 26 February, she was at the Nanoose Range for Project 371 torpedo test (26 February–1 and 7–8 March). During the spring and summer of 1990, Buchanan took part in drug interdiction patrols along the U.S. western seaboard. She put into Tacoma, Washington, for the 75th Annual Daffodil Festival (6–10 April) and represented the national "Just Say No To Drugs" campaign at Portland, Oregon (11–13 May 1990).

While back in her homeport, Buchanan hosted HMS Ariadne (F72), when the British frigate visited San Diego (29 May–4 June). On 4 August, she got underway for a dependents cruise with Ranger to exhibit operations after which she remained in port for the rest of 1990. Buchanan never returned to sea under her own power. From 1 January until 1 October 1991, she served as a training ship for SEAL Team One and SEAL Team Five to practice boarding operations while she underwent preparations to be decommissioned. On 1 October, Buchanan was decommissioned alongside  and . She was towed to Hawaii on 15 October and was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 November 1992.

Decommissioning and fate

Buchanan was decommissioned on 1 October 1991 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 November 1992. On 13 June 2000 she was allocated to be sunk as a target during RIMPAC 2000 as part of Operation SINKEX. She remained afloat after being hit by three AGM-114 Hellfire air-to-surface missiles, three Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and a  laser-guided bomb in the Pacific Ocean off Hawaii. She finally was scuttled on 14 June 2000 by the detonation of  of explosives that had been placed aboard her. She lay 64 miles off Hawaii in a depth of 2540 fathoms.

See also
 New Zealand-United States relations

References

External links

 MaritimeQuest USS Buchanan DDG-14 pages

Cold War destroyers of the United States
1960 ships
Charles F. Adams-class destroyers
Ships sunk as targets
Scuttled vessels
Maritime incidents in 2000

USS Buchanan (DDG-14)


Grane (u botanici: ramus) je strukturni članovi drveta povezani sa središnjim deblom, ali nisu dio debla stabla(ili grma). Velike grane, one koji izlaze direktno iz debla se nazivajuglavne grane, a male grane se nazivaju grančice.

Zbog širokog spektra vrsta drveća, grane i grančice se mogu naći u raznim oblicima i veličinama. Iako grane mogu biti gotovo vodoravne, okomite ili dijagonalne, većina stabala ima dijagonalne grane prema gore. S granama stabala povezana su brojna matematička svojstva: oni su prirodni primjeri fraktalnih obrazaca u prirodi, a, kao što primjećuje Leonardo da Vinci, njihova područja presjeka pomno slijede pravilo da Vincijeva grananja.

Botanika

Grana


Henri Lazarof (født 12. april 1932 i Sofia, Bulgarien - død 29. december 2013 i Los Angeles, USA) var en jødisk bulgarsk emigreret amerikansk komponist, lærer og professor.

Lazarof studerede privat i sine unge år i Sofia, men tog så til Jerusalem for at studerer komposition hos Paul Ben-Haim, og senere til Rom for at studerer på Accademia di Sanata Cecilia hos Goffredo Petrassi. Emigrerede så til USA hvor han studerede på Brandeis University hos Harold Shapero og Arthur Berger. Han har skrevet 8 symfonier, orkesterværker, kammermusik, 9 strygerkvartetter, balletmusik etc. Lazarof komponerede moderne tonekunst. Han underviste på forskellige musikkonservatorier gennem tiden i USA, hvor han var bosat til sin død.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni nr. 1 (1978) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 2 (1992) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 3 "Koral" (1994) - for alt, basbaryton, blandet kor og orkester
 Symfoni nr. 4 "I fejring" (1996) - for blandet kor og orkester
 Symfoni nr. 5 (1998) - for baryton, blandet kor og orkester
 Symfoni nr. 6 "Sorgens vinde" (2000) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 7 (2000) - for orkester
 Kammersymfoni (1977) - for kammerorkester
 Sinfonietta (1982) - for orkester

 "Malerier" (?) - for klaver og orkester

Kilde
 Om Henri Lazarof på www.musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra USA
Komponister fra Bulgarien
Lærere
Professorer
Personer fra Sofia

Henri Lazarof


Veľké Kozmálovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levice din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 709 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Veľké Kozmálovce este atestată documentar din 1256.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Veľké Kozmálovce


Estadio Municipal de Ipurua İspanya'nın Eibar şehrinde 1947 yılında çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum

Stadyumda çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. İspanya'nın SD Eibar takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 5.250 seyirci kapasitelidir.

İspanya'daki stadyumlar

Ipurúa Belediye Stadyumu


Cette liste contient tous les joueurs de hockey sur glace ayant été repêchés par les North Stars du Minnesota, ancienne franchise de la Ligue nationale de hockey. Les joueurs listés ci-dessus n'ont pas obligatoirement joué un match sous le maillot de l'équipe.

Elle regroupe les joueurs depuis le Repêchage de 1967 organisé par la LNH en 1966-1967, jusqu'au Repêchage de 1992 organisé par la LNH en 1991-1992. La saison suivante, l'équipe déménage et prend le nom des Stars de Dallas. Les joueurs sont classés par année de repêchage. Les deux premières colonnes donnent le rang et le tour duquel le joueur a été repêché suivis de son nom, de sa nationalité et de sa position de jeu.

Les repêchages amateurs

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

Les repêchages d'entrée

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

Notes et références

North Stars du Minnesota

Minnesota

Liste des choix de repêchages des North Stars du Minnesota


Oleúde José Ribeiro (født 19. september 1966) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Verdy Kawasaki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Oleúde José Ribeiro


المعصم هو المفصل بين اليد والساعد.

في علم تشريح الإنسان، يعرف المعصم بـ:
 الرسغ أو عظام الرسغ، وهي العظام الثمانية المكونة للجزء الهيكلي القريب من اليد.
 مفصل المعصم أو ما يسمى بمفصل الرسغ الكعبري، وهو المفصل ما بين الكعبرة والرسغ.

معرض صور

مراجع

تشريح الطرف العلوي
مفاصل
طرف علوي

معصم


A self-adhesive stamp is a postage stamp with a pressure-sensitive adhesive that does not require moistening in order to adhere to paper.  They are usually issued on a removable backing paper.

Stamp collectors criticized the format, because the rubber based adhesive used tended to progressively yellow the stamps. They also found them difficult to remove from covers, and to save in mint condition, though self-adhesives of recent years have improved in these respects.

Artistamps have also been issued in a self-adhesive format.

First adhesive stamps
They were first issued by governments in tropical climates such as Sierra Leone in February 1964 and Tonga in April 1969 in an attempt to avoid the tendency of traditional water-activated stamps to stick together in humid conditions. They also made die cutting into fanciful and unique shapes easier.

In the UK
The Royal Mail first issued self-adhesive stamps on 19 October 1993, with the introduction of booklets of 20 first class Machin stamps printed by Walsall Security Printers by offset lithography; later a second class stamp was introduced. In the years following, other issues were produced in the self-adhesive format.

Die-cutting tools for the UK self-adhesive stamps were manufactured by Arden Dies of Stockport, Cheshire, using tools designed by Robert Clapham.

In the US

The United States Postal Service's first foray into self-adhesive stamps was in 1974 with the 10-cent dove weathervane, produced by Avery Dennison, that soon became discolored due to the instability of the adhesive. However, Avery Dennison continued adhesive technology research with pioneering work by M. Shams Tabrez, a chemist. It was in 1989 that another such self adhesive stamp was issued by the USPS. Outside of the philatelic community, the stamps have been welcomed as more convenient; by 2002, virtually all new USPS stamps were issued as self-adhesives.

More recent USPS self-adhesive stamps are not readily removable from the envelope or cover backing by traditional water soaking.  Some collectors of used stamps have discovered that although not readily removable by water, the self-adhesives can be removed with Bestine (a heptane solvent), benzine (petroleum ether), or a natural based citrus solvent containing d-limonene (e.g., Pure Citrus Orange is an air freshener product that works for this purpose).

See also
 Pressure-sensitive adhesive

References

Philatelic terminology
Adhesives
Natural gums

Self-adhesive stamp


29991 Dazimmerman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
29991 Dazimmerman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,97 ua, o excentricitate de 0,03 și o înclinație de 2,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 29001-30000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

29991 Dazimmerman


O insuliță este o insulă cu o suprafață foarte mică.

Tipuri
 Cay
 Motu
 Insulă de râu
 Rocă
 Bancă de nisip
 Morman

Exemple
 Insula din Lacul Auster, România
 Filfla, Malta
 Piramida lui Ball, Australia

Insule

Insuliță


Die Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom 11. Mai 2023 wieder und umfasst 20 Baudenkmäler.

Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Hergatz

|}

Edelitz

|}

Itzlings

|}

Lengatz

|}

Maria-Thann

|}

Möllen

|}

Muthen

|}

Reutenmühle

|}

Schwarzenberg

|}

Wohmbrechts

|}

Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Hergatz

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Hergatz
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Hergatz


Lennox (otok), otok u Kanadi
 Lennox Island Indijanci, kanadski Indijanci

Lennox


Adrien Borne, né le  à Rueil-Malmaison, en région parisienne, est un romancier et journaliste français.

Biographie

Carrière littéraire
Son premier roman, Mémoire de soie, publié en , est récompensé par plusieurs prix : prix de la Ville d'Angoulême, prix Alain Fournier, prix des Lecteurs de Levallois et  lauréat du Festival du Premier roman de Chambéry.

Adrien Borne révèle en 2016 avoir été victime d'un pédophile lors d'une colonie de vacances.

Carrière de journaliste

Il se tourne vers la télévision à compter de 2016, présentant le Duo de l'info puis la matinale week-end de I-tele avec Sonia Chironi. Il rejoindra ensuite la chaîne LCI.

Œuvres
 2020 : Mémoire de soie, éditions Lattès.
 2022 : La Vie qui commence, éditions Lattès.

Prix et récompenses
 Prix de la Ville d'Angoulême 2020 pour Mémoire de soie
 Prix Alain Fournier 2021 pour Mémoire de soie
 Prix des Lecteurs de Levallois 2021 pour Mémoire de soie
 Lauréat du Festival du Premier roman de Chambéry 2021 pour Mémoire de soie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Romancier français du XXIe siècle
Journaliste français du XXIe siècle
Naissance en juin 1981
Naissance à Rueil-Malmaison

Adrien Borne


Yüzüklerin Efendisi
 Yüzük Kardeşliği
 İki Kule
 Kralın Dönüşü
 Yüzüklerin Efendisi (film)
 Yüzüklerin Efendisi: Yüzük Kardeşliği
 Yüzüklerin Efendisi: İki Kule
 Yüzüklerin Efendisi: Kralın Dönüşü
 Yüzüklerin Efendisi (dizi)

Yüzüklerin Efendisi (anlam ayrımı)


An Eminium albertii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard August von Regel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adolf Engler. An Eminium albertii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eminium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eminium

Eminium albertii


Fuck Me I'm Famous —llamado F*** Me I'm Famous —es una serie de álbumes recopilatorios del disc jockey y productor francés David Guetta. Distribuido por Universal Music Group bajo licencia exclusiva del sello discográfico Ministry of Sound de Australia, el primer álbum de la serie fue lanzado en 2003.

Fuck Me I'm Famous (2003)

Es el primer volumen de la serie se lanzó el 1 de julio de 2003, a través de Virgin Music. Más tarde Ultra Records lanzó un doble disco, incluyendo una compilación en DVD. «Just for One Day (Heroes)» es el primer sencillo del álbum.

 "Just for One Day (Heroes)" – David Guetta vs. Bowie
 "Shout" – E-Funk featuring Donica Thornton
 "Shake It" : Lee-Cabrera
 "Fuckin' Track" : Da Fresh
 "Satisfaction" : Benny Benassi
 "Distortion" : David Guetta featuring Chris Willis
 "Dancing in the Dark" : 4 Tune 500
 "Heart Beat" : Africanism by Martin Solveig
 "Sunshine" : Tomaz vs. Filterheadz
 "Sometimes : Deux
 "If You Give Me Love" : Crydajam
 "Ghetto Blaster" : Twin Pitch
 "Stock Exchange" : Miss Kittin & The Hacker
 "Who Needs Sleep Tonight" : Bob Sinclar
 "Bye Bye Superman" (Dancefloor Killa Remix) : Geyster
 "Bucci Bag" : Andrea Doria

Deluxe Edition Bonus DVD
 "F.M.I.F Compilation 2003" (Compilation Video)

Fuck Me I'm Famous Vol. 2 (2005)

El segundo volumen de la serie fue lanzado por primera vez el 18 de julio de 2005. Luego se lanzó una versión ampliada, fue publicada el 29 de agosto de 2005, que contiene dos discos, y algunas modificaciones de la lista de canciones.

 "Zookey - Lift Your Leg Up" (Bob Sinclar Remix) – Yves Larock Feat. Roland Richards
 "Freek U" (Full Intention Club Mix) – Bon Garçon
 "Most Precious Love" (Dennis Ferrer Remix) – Blaze featuring Barbara Tucker
 "Everybody" – Martin Solveig
 "Pump Up the Jam" (Kurd Maverick Remix) – D.O.N.S. featuring Technotronic
 "Geht's Noch" – Roman Flugel
 "Not So Dirty" – Who's Who
 "The World Is Mine" (FMIF Remix)– David Guetta featuring JD Davis
 "Shot You Down" – Audio Bullys featuring Nancy Sinatra
 "I Like the Way (You Move)" – BodyRockers
 "Say Hello" (Angello & Ingrosso Remix) – Deep Dish
 "In Love With Myself" (Robbie Rivera Edit Remix) – David Guetta featuring JD Davis
 "Miss Me Blind" (David Guetta & Joachim Garraud Remix) – Culture Club
 "Rock the Choice" (Sebastian Ingrosso Remix) – Joachim Garraud
 "Manga" – H-Man aka Oliver Huntemann & Stephan Bodzin
 "Louder Than the Bomb" – Tiga
 "The Drill" – The Drill
 "Infatuation" – Jan Francisco and Joseph Armani

 Versión Internacional
 Disco Uno
 "Most Precious Love" – Blaze & UDA, Barbara Tucker (Dennis Ferrer Remix)
 "Gabryelle" – DJ Spen present DJ Technic
 "Yeah" – Steve Angello & Sebastian Ingrosso
 "Pump Up The Jam" – D.O.N.S & Technotronic (Kurd Maverick Remix)
 "Geht's Noch" – Roman Flügel
 "Not So Dirty" – Who's Who
 "The World Is Mine" – David Guetta & JD Davis (FMIF Remix)
 "Miss Me Blind" – Culture Club (David Guetta & Joachim Garraud FMIF Mix)
 "Rock The Choice" – Joachim Garraud (Sebastian Ingrosso Remix)
 "Manga" – H-Man
 "Avalon" – Juliet (FMIF Remix)
 "The Drill" – The Drill
 "In Love With Myself" – David Guetta (Robbie Rivera Remix)
 "Waiting In The Darkness" – Erick Morillo & Leslie Carter (Harry Romero Remix)

 Disco Dos
 "Louder Than A Bomb" – Tiga
 "We Interrupt This Program" – Coburn
 "First Day" – Timo Maas (Buick Project Dub)
 "Wait And See" – Tiefschwarz & Chikinki (Alter Ego Remix)
 "Sword Fight" – Lower East Side
 "It's Magic" – Fat Phaze (Lottie & Serge Santiago's Mix)
 "Bright Lights Fading" – Slam & Billie Ray Martin
 "Sweat On The Walls" – John Tejada
 "Safari" – André Kraml & Schad Privat
 "Du What U Du" (Trentemøller Remix) – Yoshimoto
 "You Made A Promise" (FMIF Mix) – Shiny Grey
 "Believe" – The Chemical Brothers
 "Infatuation" – Jan Francisco & Joseph Armani
 "Fast Track" – Julien Delfaud, Alex Gopher & Étienne de Crécy present Super Discount 2
 "Closer to Me" – Chab & JD Davis

Fuck Me I'm Famous - Ibiza Mix 2006 (2006)

El tercer volumen de la serie se publicó el 26 de junio de 2006 a través de Virgin Records. La versión internacional, contiene una versión extendida del álbum, se lanzó el 10 de julio de 2006 a través de Ministry of Sound. Un extra en DVD fue lanzado junto al álbum. «Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)» fue lanzado como sencillo del álbum el 14 de agosto de 2006 después de su aparición en los anuncios de Renault en el Reino Unido.

 "Walking Away" (Tocadisco Radio Edit) – The Egg
 "Love Don't Let Me Go" – David Guetta
 "No More Conversation" (Mylo Remix) – Freeform Five
 "Same Man" (Extended Vocal Mix) – Till West & DJ Delicious
 "Something Better" – Martin Solveig
 "Love Sensation" – Eddie Thoneick and Kurd Maverick
 "World, Hold On - Children of the Sky" (FMIF Remix) – Bob Sinclar
 "In My Arms" (Tocadisco Remix) – Mylo
 "Get It On (Summer Love) (Joe T Vanelli Dubby Mix)" – Joe T Vannelli featuring Rochelle Flemming
 "5 in the Morning" – Richard F.
 "The Rub (Never Rock)" – Kurd Maverick
 "Dance I Said" (Touché Remix) – Erick Morillo and Diddy
 "Toop Toop" – Cassius
 "Fuck Swedish" – Logic
 "Teasing Mr. Charlie" – Steve Angello
 "Time" – David Guetta featuring Chris Willis

 Versión Internacional
 Disco Uno
 "Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)" – David Guetta
 "Same Man" – Till West & DJ Delicious
 "Ascension" – Denis Naidanow
 "Tell Me Why" – Supermode
 "It's Too Late" – Evermore vs Dirty South
 "World, Hold On - Children of the Sky (F*** Me I'm Famous Remix)" – Bob Sinclar
 "You're No Good for Me" – Tocadisco
 "Love Sensation '06" (Hi Tack Burnin' Up Club Mix) – Loleatta Holloway
 "Banquet" (Phones Disco Edit) – Bloc Party
 "5 in the Morning" – Richard F. Feat. T. Wheeler
 "Otherwize Then" – Steve Angello & Laidback Luke
 "Teasing Mr. Charlie" – Steve Angello
 "World Cup 2006" – Kiko

 Disco Dos
 "Get It On (Summer Love) (Joe T. Vannelli Dubby Mix)" – Joe T. Vannelli featuring Rochelle Flemming
 "Save My Soul" – Logic
 "He Is" (Ferrer & Syndenham Mix) – Copyright featuring Song Williamson
 "Always and Forever" (Bob Sinclar Remix) – Chocolate Puma
 "La Luna" – Andy Cato
 "Transatlantic Flight" (Axwell Remix) – Lorraine
 "Last Dub on Earth" (Arnaud Rebotini Remix) – Black Strobe
 "Dance I Said" (Touché Remix) – Erick Morillo and Diddy
 "Click" – Steve Angello & Sebastian Ingrosso
 "Meet Her At The Love Parade" (Joachim Garraud Remix) – Da Hool
 "Bleeep!" – Martijn Ten Velden & Lucien Foort
 "Fucking Swedish" – Logic

 Deluxe Edition Bonus DVD
 "Fuck Me I'm Famous" (Documentary)
 "Just A Little More Love" (Music Video)
 "Love Don't Let Me Go" (Music Video)
 "Just For One Day (Heroes)" (Music Video)
 "Money" (Music Video)
 "The World Is Mine" (Music Video)
 "Time" (Music Video)

Fuck Me I'm Famous - Ibiza Mix 2008 (2008)

El cuarto volumen de la serie fue lanzado por primera vez el 16 de junio de 2008 por Virgin Records. Luego se publicó una versión ampliada internacional, el 28 de julio de 2008, por Ministry of Sound.

 "Keep On Rising" – The Ian Carey Project featuring Michelle Shellers
 "No Stress" – Laurent Wolf featuring Eric Carter
 "Tomorrow Can Wait" (Tocadisco Remix) – David Guetta & Chris Willis vs. El Tocadisco
 "Sucker" – Dim Chris
 "Toys Are Nuts" – Gregor Salto and Chuckie
 "Move Move" – Robbie Rivera
 "Outro Lugar" (Tocadisco Remix) – Prok & Fitch Present Salomé de Bahia
 "Delirious" – David Guetta featuring Tara McDonald
 "Apocalypse" – Arno Cost & Norman Doray
 "Toca's Miracle" (Inpetto Edit) – Fragma
 "So Strong" – Meck featuring Dino
 "Pjanoo" – Eric Prydz
 "Runaway" (Albin Myers Remix) – Tom Novy featuring Abigail Bailey
 "Man with the Red Face" – Mark Knight and Funkagenda
 "Pears" – Federico Franchi
 "The Rock" – Joachim Garraud
 "Jack Is Back" – David Guetta

 Versión Internacional
 Disco Uno
 "Tomorrow Can Wait" – David Guetta & Chris Willis vs. El Tocadisco
 "Sucker" (Fred Pellichero Remix) – Dim Chris
 "Toys Are Nuts" – Gregor Salto and Chuckie
 "Move Move" – Robbie Rivera
 "Outro Lugar" (Tocadisco Remix) – Prok & Fitch Present Salomé de Bahia
 "Delirious" (Laidback Luke Remix) – David Guetta featuring Tara McDonald
 "The One" (Joachim Garraud & David Guetta Remix) – Sharam featuring Daniel Bedingfield
 "3 Minutes To Explain" – Fedde Le Grand and Funkerman
 "Klack" – Who's Who
 "What The F***" – Funkagenda
 "Bleep" – Sandy Vee
 "Radio" (Shinichi Osawa Remix) – Felix da Housecat
 "Jack Is Back" – David Guetta
 "Pears" – Federico Franchi
 "The Rock" – Joachim Garraud
 "Rock 'N' Rave" – Benny Benassi

 Disco Dos
 "Pjanoo" – Eric Prydz
 "Runaway" (Albin Myers Remix) – Tom Novy featuring Abigail Bailey
 "Toca's Miracle" (Inpetto 2008 Mix) – Fragma
 "Miracle" (Mischa Daniels Remix) – The Frenchmakers featuring Andrea Britton
 "Golden Walls" – Dahlbäck and Cost
 "TQ" – Arias
 "So Strong" (Inpetto Remix) – Meck featuring Dino
 "Caribe" – Tristan Garner Presents Caribe
 "You" – Steve Mac and Paul Harris
 "Humanoidz" (Arno Cost & Norman Doray Remix) – Tom De Neef and Laidback Luke
 "Ring Road" (Laidback Luke Remix) – Underworld
 "Beautiful Lie" (Joachim Garraud Remix) – Keemo and Tim Royko featuring Cosmo Klein
 "Man with the Red Face" – Mark Knight and Funkagenda

Fuck Me I'm Famous - Ibiza Mix 2009 (2009)

The Ibiza Mix 2009 fue lanzado el 21 de agosto de 2009 por Positiva Records. «GRRRR» fue lanzado como sencillo del álbum el 19 de octubre de 2009. En Francia el álbum fue lanzado el 12 de junio de 2009, que contiene un bonus track y un DVD.

 "When Love Takes Over" (Electro Extended Mix) – David Guetta featuring Kelly Rowland
 "Believe" (2009 Remix) – Ministers de la Funk vs. Antoine Clamaran & Sandy Vee feat. Jocelyn Brown
 "Boom Boom Pow" (Electro-Hop Remix) – The Black Eyed Peas
 "Leave the World Behind" – Axwell, Sebastian Ingrosso, Steve Angello, Laidback Luke feat. Deborah Cox
 "Riverside" – Sidney Samson
 "Day 'n' Nite" (Bingo Players Remix) – Kid Cudi vs. Crookers
 "Thief" – Afrojack
 "Let The Bass Kick" – Chuckie
 "My G*O*D - Guns On Demo" – Laidback Luke
 "Rockerfeller Skank" – Fatboy Slim vs. Koen Groeneveld
 "Amplifier" (Club Mix) – F.L.G
 "GRRRR" – David Guetta
 "Cyan" – Arno Cost
 "The Answer" (Dabruck & Klein Extended Remix) – Joachim Garraud
 "Times Like These" (Club Mix) – Albin Myers

 Deluxe Edition Bonus Track
 12. "Where Is Love" - F.L.G.

 Deluxe Edition Bonus DVD
 "F.M.I.F Summer of Love" (Compilation Video)

Fuck Me I'm Famous - Ibiza Mix 2010 (2010)

The Ibiza Mix 2010 fue lanzado el 26 de julio de 2010 por Positiva Records.

 "Gettin' Over You" (Extended Mix) – David Guetta & Chris Willis featuring Fergie & LMFAO
 "On The Dancefloor" (Extended Mix) – David Guetta featuring apl.de.ap & will.i.am
 "Rock That Body" – Black Eyed Peas
 "Flashback" (David Guetta Remix) – Calvin Harris
 "Louder than Words" (Extended Short) – David Guetta & Afrojack featuring Nile Mason
 "I'm In a House" (Sharam Lovefest Remix) – Steve Aoki featuring Zuper Blahq
 "Rave'n'Roll" – Steve Angello
 "I'll Be There" – Afrojack & Gregor Salto
 "Walk With Me" (Axwell vs. Daddy's Groove Remix) – Prok & Fitch
 "50 Degrees" – David Guetta
 "The World Is Yours" – Sidney Samson
 "Who's In The House" (Chuckie Remix) – Chris Kaeser
 "Put Your Hands Up" – Koen Groeneveld & Mark Knight
 "Hey Hey" (Riva Starr Paradise Garage Remix) – Dennis Ferrer
 "Glow" – Cirez D
 "Strobe" – Deadmau5

Fuck Me I'm Famous - Ibiza Mix 2011 (2011)

The Ibiza Mix 2011 fue lanzado el 18 de julio de 2011 por Positiva Records.

 "Where Them Girls At" (Nicky Romero Remix) – David Guetta featuring Flo Rida & Nicki Minaj
 "Sweat" (David Guetta & Afrojack Dub Mix) – Snoop Dogg
 "Rapture" (Avicii New Generation Extended FMIF Remix) – Nadia Ali
 "Beautiful People" (Felix Cartal Club Mix) – Chris Brown featuring Benny Benassi
 "Turn Up The Volume" – AutoErotique
 "Pandemonium" – David Guetta & Afrojack featuring Tara McDonald
 "Replica" – Afrojack
 "Little Bad Girl" (Instrumental Club Mix) – David Guetta
 "Detroit Bounce" – Chuckie
 "Duel" – Third Party
 "The Moment" (Steve Angello Edit) – Tim Mason
 "Bass Line" – David Guetta
 "Lise" – Arno Cost
 "Sinnerman" – Sean Miller & Daniel Dubb
 "Doin' Ya Thang" – Oliver $

Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2012 (2012)

The Ibiza Mix 2012 fue lanzado el 29 de junio de 2012 mediante el sello EMI Records.

 "Turn Me On" (Michael Calfan Remix) – David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj
 "You Can't Stop Me" – Afrojack & Shermanology
 "Wild One Two" – Jack Back featuring David Guetta, Nicky Romero & Sia
 "Million Voices" – Otto Knows
 "Silhouettes" – Avicii
 "The Veldt" – Deadmau5
 "Feel So Close" – Calvin Harris
 "Metropolis" – David Guetta & Nicky Romero
 "Get Low" – Sidney Samson
 "Cascade" – Tommy Trash
 "Greyhound" – Swedish House Mafia
 "Quasar" – Hard Rock Sofa
 "Bong" – Deniz Koyu
 "WTF!?" – Nicky Romero & ZROQ
 "I Can Only Imagine" (David Guetta & Daddy's Groove Remix) – David Guetta featuring Chris Brown & Lil Wayne

Fuck Me I'm Famous – Ibiza Mix 2013 (2013)

El recopilatorio The Ibiza Mix 2013 fue lanzado el 24 de junio de 2013 a través del sello discográfico EMI Records.

 "Play Hard" (Albert Neve Remix) – David Guetta featuring Ne-Yo & Akon
 "Sweet Nothing" – Calvin Harris featuring Florence Welch
 "I Could Be the One" – Avicii vs. Nicky Romero
 "Easy" – Mat Zo & Porter Robinson
 "If I Lose Myself" – OneRepublic vs. Alesso
 "Symphonica" – Nicky Romero
 "Head Up" – Arno Cost
 "Boom!" – Stevie Mink, Ivan Gough & Steve Bleas
 "Cannonball" – Showtek & Justin Prime
 "Ain't a Party" – David Guetta & Glowinthedark featuring Harrison
 "Rasputin" – Hard Rock Sofa
 "Wakanda" – Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike
 "Who" – Tujamo & Plastik Funk
 "This Is What It Feels Like" (David Guetta Remix) – Armin van Buuren featuring Trevor Guthrie
 "Alive" (David Guetta Remix) – Empire of the Sun
 "Dynamo" – Laidback Luke & Hardwell

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Official website, by David Guetta
 Unofficial UK website, with news and information
 (en francés) Ibiza Frenchy People : le site des francophones à Ibiza

Álbumes de David Guetta
Álbumes de música electrónica

Fuck Me I'm Famous


الدَّسَّاس  جنس ثعابين غير سامة، تندس تحت التراب. تندرج تحت فصيلة البوائيات  التي تلد ولا تبيض، وهي ليلية المعيشة تعيش بشكل دائم تحت التراب وكذلك تحت الصخور في المناطق الرملية. ويغطي جسمها قشور صغيرة ناعمة جداً مما يجعل منظرها لامعاً ويساعدها على الاندساس تحت التراب بشكل انسيابي. تتميز عيونها بأنها في أعلى الرأس وفتحات أنفها كذلك، لتستطيع إخراج فقط العيون والأنف لتترقب فرائسها، ومتى ما رأت أياً من فرائسها انقضت عليه وعصرته، وهي بطبيعتها تعصر فرائسها حتى الموت ثم تبتلعها بادئةً من الرأس.

تعتبر الدساسة حية ليلية المعيشة تعيش في البيئة الصحراوية الرملية وتتغذى على العظايا.

يوجد عند الدساس زائدتان حول فتحة المجمع على شكل شوكتين صغيرتين جلديتان بطول 6مم، وهذه الزوائد توجد فقط عند الحيات من فصيلة الأصلة التي ينتمي إليها الدساس.

قال الجاحظ في كتابه الحيوان:

ولو كانت الدساس من أصناف الحيات لم نخصها بالذكر، ولكنها وإن كانت على قالب الحيات وخرطها، وأفرغت كإفراغها وعلى عمود صورها، فخصائصها دون خصائصها، كما يناسبها في ذلك الحفاث والعربد، وليسا من الحيات، كما أن هذا ليس من الحيات، لأن الدساس ممسوحة الأذن، وهي مع ذلك مما يلد ولا يبيض، والمعروف في ذلك أن الولادة في الأشرف (الظاهر الأذنين) والبيض في الممسوح (ليس بظاهر الأذنين) وقد زعم أناس أن الولادة لا تخرج الدساس من اسم الحية كما أن الولادة لا تخرج الخفاش من اسم الطير.

وفي موضع آخر قال الجاحظ: وأما الدساس منها فإنها تلد ولا تبيض، وهي لا ترضع ولا تلقم، والخفاش تلد ولا تبيض، وهذا مختلف.

يقول الجاحظ عند الكلام عن الحيات:

ومن أعاجيبها أنها وإن كانت موصوفة بالشره والنهم، وسرعة الابتلاع، فلها في الصبر في أيام الشتاء ما لا ليس للزهيد.

ويقول الجاحظ كذلك:

والثعابين إحدى القواتل. ويزعمون أنها ثلاثة أجناس لا ينجع فيها رقية و لا حيلة، كالثعبان، والأفعى، والهندية. ويقال أن ما سواها فإنما يقتل مع ما يمدها من الفزع، فقد يفعل الفزع وحده، فكيف إذا قارن سمها؟ وسمها إن لم يقتل أَمرَض.

ويقول الجاحظ في موضع آخر:

ومن عجيب ما فيها من هذا الباب، أن نابها يقطع بالكاز (المِقْطَع) فينبت حتى يتم نباته في أقل من ثلاث ليال.

ويذكر الجاحظ فيما يورده عن صاحب المنطق (وهو أرسطو):

وزعم أن الحيات تسلخ جلودها في أول الربيع عند خروجها من أعشتها وفي أول الخريف. وزعم أن السلخ يبتدئ من ناحية عيونها أولاً. قال: ولذلك يظن بعض من يعانيها أنها عمياء. وهي تسلخ من جلودها في يوم وليلة من الرأس إلى الذنب، ويصير داخل الجلد هو الخارج.

من أنواعه
يبلغ طولها عادة أقل من متر.
يوجد نوعان من الساس في مصر:
 الدساس الصومالي طوله حوالي 64 سم في شرق أفريقيا وصولاً إلى صعيد مصر. أصفر الظهر عليه لطع كبيرة غير منتظمة تضرب الي السواد والبطن أبيض
 الدساس المتوسطي طوله حوالي 96 سم ينتشر في أوروبا وآسيا وإفريقيا ويعرف بالوجه البحري والقاهرة. أحمر الظهر أو أغبره والبطن أبيض أصيفر يأكل السحالي والفئران ويعصرها بعضلاته كما يفعل الحفاث.
 الدساس العربي.

هوامش

  المرادفات: الإعيرج أو الدفانة أو النكاز.

مصادر

أجناس الثعابين
دساس (جنس)
دساساوات

دساس


Jon Inge Høiland (Fåberg, Noruega, 20 de septiembre de 1977), es un futbolista noruego, se desempeña como defensa o lateral derecho y actualmente juega en el Rosenborg BK.

Clubes

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Noruega en los años 2000
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Noruega en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Rosenborg Ballklub
Futbolistas del IFK Göteborg
Futbolistas del Malmö FF
Futbolistas del 1. FC Kaiserslautern en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Stabæk IF

Jon Inge Høiland


Hortensia Fussy (* 25. März 1954 in Graz; Künstlername: Hortensia) ist eine österreichische Bildhauerin.

Leben
Hortensia studiert von 1970 bis 1972 Bildhauerei an der Kunstgewerbeschule Graz bei Josef Pillhofer und von 1972 bis 1975 an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien bei Fritz Wotruba. Sie war seine letzte Schülerin. Seit 1975 ist sie freischaffende Künstlerin. Erstausstellung 1984 in der legendären Galerie Würthle, seither zahlreiche Einzelausstellungen in Europa, USA, Afrika. Von 2003 bis 2012 führt sie die Zeichenschule Hortensia für Figur und Landschaft, Bad Gams, Weststeiermark.

Am 2. Mai 2015 eröffnet sie in Bad Gams, Weststeiermark, das Skulpturenhaus Hortensia. Als permanente Ausstellungsstätte beherbergt es Skulpturen aus allen Schaffensperioden. Der Werkraum für Skulptur und der Zeichenraum befinden sich gegenüber.

Für ihr "umfangreiches künstlerisches Schaffen" wurde ihr im Jahr 2019 von Bundespräsident Alexander Van der Bellen das Goldene Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich verliehen und dieses am 26. November 2019 von Landeshauptmann Hermann Schützenhöfer überreicht.

Künstlerische Tätigkeit
Im Mittelpunkt des Werks der österreichischen Bildhauerin, Zeichnerin und Malerin Hortensia steht die menschliche Figur. "Ihre bildhauerische Arbeit steht in der Tradition der klassischen Moderne. Sie schafft moderne klassisch-figurative Arbeiten, die sich durch Formreduktion und Strenge, fallweise Archaik, absolute technische Sicherheit und volle Beherrschung der künstlerischen Mittel auszeichnen. Ihr Oeuvre ist eine wichtige Position österreichischer figürlicher Bildhauerei."

"Hortensia Fussy setzt eine Entwicklungslinie der Bildenden Kunst in Österreich fort, an deren Anfang man Gustav Klimt und Egon Schiele setzen kann und die von Künstlern wie dem Maler Herbert Boeckl und dem Bildhauer Josef Pillhofer weitergeführt wurde. Der größte Einfluss auf Hortensia Fussys künstlerischen Werdegang dürfte aber von ihrem Lehrer, dem bedeutenden österreichischen Bildhauer Fritz Wotruba, ausgegangen sein."

Skulpturen gegen den Trend

Durch ihr konsequentes Bemühen, der Qualität der Form den höchsten Stellenwert innerhalb ihrer künstlerischen Arbeit zuzuordnen, stellt sich Hortensia bewusst gegen den vorherrschenden Kunsttrend: "Wie ihre beiden großen Lehrer geht sie wieder einen Schritt weiter, denn ihre Skulpturen zeigen nicht mehr eine Bruchlinie zwischen reiner Form und Naturstudium auf. Konsequent eigenwillig und frei von kurzlebigen Trends ist ihre Herangehensweise. Hortensia schafft klassisch-figurative Arbeiten, die streng komponiert und klar wirken und deren Zauber und Sinnlichkeit vorrangig durch einen Aspekt bestritten wird: der Harmonie von Form und Natur. Gegenstand der Darstellung ist vorwiegend die menschliche Figur, das Königsmotiv unter allen bildnerischen Darstellungen. Auseinandersetzen mit den menschlichen Daseinsformen: Gehen Stehen, Sitzen, Liegen, der Dynamik und Ruhe. In einem durchaus sehr langen Schaffungs- und Entwicklungsprozess formt sie ihre Skulpturen von ansprechender Einheit, ihre Arbeiten sind frei von Verfremdung, Irritation oder anderen Störfaktoren. Sie berühren durch ihre Kraft und die Art und Weise, wie sie den Raum sitzend, stehend oder liegend für sich einnehmen"

In einer frühen Arbeitsphase "räumt Hortensia in ihrem Werk dem Aufbruch in die dritte Dimension einen besonderen Platz ein, der den gewohnten Konnex von gezeichneter Vorstudie und ausgeführter Skulptur übersteigt. Mit Skulpturen nach Bildern von Piero della Francesca, Francisco de Goya, Albrecht Dürer, Jan Vermeer oder Gustave Courbet hat sie diesen Weg der 'Verräumlichung' Anfang der 1980er Jahre beschritten", u. a. mit der Figur nach Goya, 1980; Figur nach Dürer, 1981; Hommage a Courbet, 1988–95.

Immer ist die Form das zentrale Thema von Hortensia und Ausgangspunkt ihrer künstlerischen Arbeit. "Unter der Überschrift Form und Figur befasst sich Hortensia mit einigen Grundsätzen, nach denen sich das von den Augen aufgenommene Wahrnehmungsmaterial ordnet, um vom menschlichen Geist erfasst werden zu können" Im Zusammenspiel beider Begriffe erschließt sich ein Zugang zu Hortensias ästhetischem Imperativ: "Erdig, zentriert, sinnlich und maßvoll sollen meine Figuren sein!" "Hier geht es darum, dass das Negative, das Positive, dass die Rundung, die Waagrechte, die Horizontale, die Diagonale, also wesentliche Raumdimensionen, die ja letztlich auch unser Sehen bestimmen, beim Betrachter die Sicht auf die Dinge verändern können.""Für diesen Prozess steht etwa die Skulptur Große Form Daria. Die weibliche Figur lebt von den reduzierten, kristallinen Formen. Dominant in Bronze im Freiraum aufgestellt, genügt sie sich selbst. Sie ist frei von allen gedanklichen und inhaltlichen Resten, von Raum und Zeit, aller Verpflichtungen entledigt, mit Ausnahme der Gesetzlichkeit der Form: eine Weltsprache der Kunst!"

Von 2002 bis 2010 führt die Künstlerin eine Ausstellungsserie unter dem Titel "Form und Figur" durch, unter anderem im Steirischen Feuerwehrmuseum, 2002; Bratislava, 2003; Washington, 2004; Moskau, 2008; Burg Deutschlandsberg, 2009–2010.

Permanent ausgestellte Werke (Auswahl)
 Denkmal Präsident Rudolf Sallinger, Rudolf Sallinger Platz, Wien
 Karyatide, Burg Deutschlandsberg
 Figur nach Goya, Sammlung Vienna Insurance Group, Ringturm Wien
 Hommage a Courbet – Palais Harrach, Wien (bis 2014), seither Rathausplatz Deutschlandsberg
 Muse3 (nach Correggio) – Langenzersdorf Museum (vormals Hanak-Museum)
 Denkmal Commendatore Reinhold Purr – Steirisches Feuerwehrmuseum
 Kopf-Raum-Gruppe – Stadtgemeinde Deutschlandsberg

Das grafische Werk

Seit 1969 entstehen Zeichnungen. Ihr graphisches Werk ist umfangreich und qualitativ hochwertig: "Vor allem aber ist ihre Art zu zeichnen, Grafismen stehen zu lassen, Striche zu sinngebenden Linien auszuführen, ohne ihnen Bedeutung anzulasten, mit Schraffuren Helligkeit zu betonen und Dunkelheiten zu entwickeln, konkurrenzlos." "Die Linie, die Hortensia zeichnet, tastet sich den Grenzen des Motivs entlang, und ihre Abstraktionskraft klärt die Formationen. "Natur" und menschliches Werk greifen ineinander und heben sich gegenseitig hervor. Das Licht wird Farbe: Abstrahiert die Linie Gestalten, so haucht die Farbe der Abstraktion sinnliches Leben ein."

Parallel zum plastischen Werk (Skulpturen, Aktzeichnungen) entstehen während zahlreicher Reisen in Europa und Afrika Zyklen von Zeichnungen und Aquarellen als Raumbilder von Landschaften, Gebirgsstöcken und Architekturen (u. a. Landschaftszyklus Spanien (1983–1985), Toskana und Umbrien (1987–1990), Portugal (1997), Dalmatien (1999–2002), Ägypten (2000), Sizilien (2002), Italienische Dolomiten (2003–2018)).

Aktzeichnungen, Architekturzeichnungen und Aquarelle werden in ihren Ausstellungen unter dem Titel "Form und Raum" gezeigt, zuletzt 2018 im Steinernen Saal des Grazer Landhauses.

"Hortensias Figuren schaffen der Schönheit eine Oase, nicht als Fluchtpunkt, sondern als Ausdruck von Klarheit und Erkenntnis. Hortensia ist als Zeichnerin und Bildhauerin diesen Werten verpflichtet. Es geht ihr um die sinnliche Erfahrung von Wirklichkeit, unter der Einschränkung, dass nur der Einsatz eindeutiger bildnerischer Mittel die Voraussetzung schaffe, das sinnliche Erlebnis künstlerisch umzusetzen. Die Künstlerin versucht, das ihr wesentlich Erscheinende aus der Fülle der Eindrücke herauszulösen. Es ist ein Prozess des Weglassens, der Reduzierung, eine Auswahl, die ausscheidet, was die unsichtbare Ordnung schwächen würde, und aufgreift, was geordnet werden kann - denn nur dieser schmale Grat ist ihr wesentlich, wo bildhafte Ordnung und bildnerischer Geist zusammentreffen."

Hortensias Arbeiten zugrunde liegt die konsequente Anwendung des von ihr selbst in dieser Klarheit entwickelten Bildnerischen Alphabets. "Die bewusste Verwendung des bildnerischen Alphabets, als Zusammenfassung von 24 Winkelverbindungen aus Kombination einer senkrechten, waagrechten oder schrägen Linie, wird bei ihr zu einem Zeichenverfahren für das Erfassen gegebenen Raumes." Somit sind diese Bildzeichen eine Art Schrift zur Umsetzung von anschaulicher Realität in das Bildwerk. Das bildnerische Alphabet wurde in dem Buch Hortensia – Form und Raum (2014) dokumentiert.

"Hortensia hat ihre eigene Vorstellung der menschlichen Figur als Neuorientierung entwickelt: Das macht ihr Œuvre modern und zeitlos zugleich."

Auszeichnungen
 1987: Theodor-Körner-Preis
 1999: Liesl Bareuther Award, Künstlerhaus Wien
 2014: Großes Ehrenzeichen des Landes Steiermark
 2019: Goldenes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich

Einzelausstellungen (Auswahl)
 1984: Galerie Würthle, Wien, Österreich
 1990: Galerie Norbert Blaeser, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
 1996: Neustädter Rathaus, Prag, Tschechische Republik
 1997: Internationales Festival Sarajevo Winter, Bosnien & Hercegovina
 1998: Forum Lagos 1998, Portugal
 1998: Kulturhaus, Graz, Österreich
 1999: UKV Saarbrücken, Deutschland
 2001: Cairo Opera Art Gallery, Ägypten.
 2002: Form und Figur, Steirisches Feuerwehrmuseum Groß St. Florian, Österreich
 2004: Österreichische Botschaft, Washington, USA
 2008: Central House of Artists, Moskau, Russland
 2009–2010: Museum Archeo Norico, Burg Deutschlandsberg, Österreich
 2011: Skulpturen und ihre Blickwinkel, Universität Graz, UZT, Österreich
 2014: Form und Raum, Museum Archeo Norico, Burg Deutschlandsberg, Österreich
 2016: Form und Raum, Langenzersdorf Museum (vormals Hanak-Museum), Österreich
 2018: Grazer Landhaus, Steinerner Saal
 2023: Der Atem der Bronze, Werner Berg Museum, Skulpturengarten

Literatur
 Form und Figur, 2002.
 Form und Figur (Skulpturen), 2008, ISBN 978-80-969998-0-4.
 Doppel-Spiele, 2009, ISBN 978-3-9502799-0-0.
 Form und Raum, 2014, ISBN 978-3-9502799-1-7.
 Skulpturenhaus Hortensia, 2020, ISBN 978-3-9502799-2-4.

Weblinks

 Homepage vom Skulpturenhaus Hortensia

Einzelnachweise

Bildhauer (Österreich)
Theodor-Körner-Preisträger
Träger des Goldenen Ehrenzeichens für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
Träger des Großen Ehrenzeichens des Landes Steiermark
Person (Graz)
Österreicher
Geboren 1954
Frau

Hortensia Fussy


Starokršćanska bazilika u mjestu Grohotama, predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Datira iz razdoblja od 1. do 6. stoljeća. Starokršćanska bazilika u Grohotama nalazi se neposredno uz sjeverni zid današnje župne crkve. Jednobrodna je građevina s polukružnom apsidom, sačuvana samo u temeljima. Popločana je mozaikom, koji je nakon iskopavanja ponovno pokriven. Arhitektonski ukrasni dijelovi smješteni su uz temelje crkve na zapadnom dijelu. Neposredno uz baziliku se seosko groblje na kojem se nalaze dva starokršćanska sarkofaga ukrašena križevima komponiranim u kružnicu.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4635 zavedena je pod vrstom "arheologija", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "kopnena arheološka zona/nalazište".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Crkve u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Grohotama

Bazilika u Grohotama