Goodbye Kitty (Adiós Gatito en Español) es una serie de televisión de humor negro creado por Todd Goldman.

Sinopsis
La historia trata sobre un gato blanco que es el consentido de una
niña de 5 años, lo cual le causa una gran envidia a un gato negro
que es la otra mascota la niña, por lo que en cada capítulo el gato negro trata de matar al gato blanco, con la frase "Goodbye Kitty", pero fracasa, ocasionándole su propia muerte.

Personajes
 Gatito Blanco
 Gato Negro
 Niña
 Perro

Episodios
Goodbye Kitty tiene 10 episodios y la duración son 2 minutos

Referencias

Véase también
 Happy Tree Friends
 Dick Figures
 Mondo Mini Shows

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de Goodbye Kitty

Series de televisión de Estados Unidos
Series de televisión en inglés
Series de televisión de humor negro

Goodbye Kitty


Rhuacophila, monotipski rod jednosupnica iz porodice čepljezovki. Jedina vrsta je R. javanica, nanofanerofit iz zapadnog Pacifika, Sumatre, Jave, Nove Gvineje, Bornea, Filipina

Rod je opisan 1827.

Sinonimi
 Eustrephus celebicus (Blume) D.Dietr.
 Dianella austrocaledonica Seem.
 Dianella celebica (Blume) Kunth
 Dianella javanica (Blume) Kunth
 Rhuacophila celebica Blume

Izvori

Hemerocallidoideae
Flora Bornea
Flora Bismarckovih otoka
Flora Fidžija
Flora Jave
Flora Malih sundskih otoka
Flora Molučkih otoka
Flora Nove Kaledonije
Flora Sulawesa
Flora Sumatre
Flora Filipina
Flora Nove Gvineje
Flora Solomonskih otoka

Rhuacophila


Finski nogometni savez (fin.:  Suomen Palloliitto (SPL)) je glavno nogometno tijelo Finske.
Osnovan je 1907. i pridružuje se FIFA-i godinu dana nakon toga. Finski nogometni savez je jedan od osnivača UEFA-e.

Adresa saveza:Urheilukatu 5 P.O. Box 191 Helsinki

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Nogomet u Finskoj
Nacionalni nogometni savezi

Finski nogometni savez


هانغتشو وتلفظ بلهجة أهلها خانْزُو أو خانْجُو  (بالصينية:杭州 بالبينين:Hángzhōu) وتُسمى في كتب الرحلات العربية الخنساء، وهي عاصمة مقاطعة جيجيانغ الصينية ومن المدن السياحية الصينية، تشتهر بجمالها الطبيعي وتراثها الثقافي، تقع على رأس خليج هانغتشو، الذي يفصل بين شنغهاي ونينغبو. تُعد البحيرة الغربية (بالصينية:西湖) أشهر معالمها، وأحد مواقع التراث العالمي التابعة لليونسكو، تُصنّف في النظام الصيني للتقسيم الإداري على أنها عاصمة مقاطعة ومدينة على مستوى أقل من المقاطعة في آن معًا، مما يمنح صلاحية أوسع لعمدتها عن عواصم المقاطعات العادية. يقطعها نهر تشيانتانغ (بالصينية:钱塘江). وتُعد هانغتشو من المدن الرئيسية في دلتا شانغ يانغ، مناخ المدينة شبه استوائي وتمر عليها الفصول الأربعة، تتكون المدينة من 6 مناطق وحيين و 5 بلديات تغطي 16596كم²، يقطنها ما يقارب الستة ملايين نسمة. وهي أحد مهود الحضارة الصينية حيث سكنها الإنسان منذ 4700 سنة وأول من سكنها قبيلة تدعى ليانجو وكانت المدينة عاصمة مملكة وو، وعاصمة مملكة يي كما كانت أيضًا عاصمةً لدولة سلالة سونج الجنوبية.

صُنفت هانغتشو كأحد المدن التجارية للصين من قبل فوربس، وبها المقر الرئيسي لعدد من مؤسسات صناعة الإنترنت ومراكز التكنولوجيا الناشئة ومقر علي بابا عملاق التجارة الإلكترونية، جذبت هانغتشو بقوة الأشخاص الذين يعملون في صناعة الإنترنت، واحتلت هانغتشو المرتبة الأولى في تصنيف أسعد مدن الصين لمدة تسع سنوات متتالية.ومنذ عام 2014م بدأت تشهد المدينة نموًا متسارعًا، مما تسبب بمشاكل مرافقة لهذه الزيادة مثل ارتفاع أسعار المساكن، الازدحام المروري الشديد، وزيادة التلوث الجوي.

استضافت قمة مجموعة العشرين في عام 2016م.وفي سبتمبر 2015م، مُنحت هانغتشو شرف استضافة دورة الألعاب الآسيوية والتي ستقام في خريف 2023م. حيث أنها ستكون ثالث مدينة في الصين تستضيف دورة الألعاب الآسيوية بعد بكين 1990م وغوانزو 2010م.

التاريخ

التاريخ المبكر

حضارة هيمودو التي يعود تاريخها إلى حوالي سبعة آلاف سنة، سكنت مدينة يوياو الواقعة شمال شرق مدينة هانغتشو وتبعد عنها حوالي 100كم.

تاريخ العصور الوسطى
تقع هانغتشو في الطرف الجنوبي للقناة الكبرى والتي تمتد إلى بكين. جرى حفر وتطوير القناة على مر العصور لكنها وصلت إلى طولها الكامل عام 609م.

عهد أسرة تانغ

في عهد أسرة تانغ، عُيّن باي جويي حاكمًا لهانغتشو. كان باي جويي شاعراً بارعاً ومخططًا فذًا، قام بأعمال تطويرية للمدينة.بعد أن لاحظ أن الأراضي الزراعية القريبة تعتمد على مياه البحيرة الغربية، ولكن بسبب إهمال الحكام السابقين، انهار السد القديم، وكادت أن تجف البحيرة وعانى المزارعون من جفاف شديد. لتدارك ذلك أمر ببناء حاجز أقوى وأطول، مع سد للتحكم في تدفق المياه، وبالتالي توفير المياه للري وتخفيف مشكلة الجفاف. تحسنت معيشة السكان المحليين في هانغتشو على مدى السنوات التالية. كان باي جوي يقضي أوقات فراغه للاستمتاع بالبحيرة الغربية، وكان يزورها يوميًا. كما أمر ببناء جسر يربط بين طرفي البحيرة للسماح بالمشي بدلاً من ركوب القارب. ثم زرع الصفصاف وغيرها من الأشجار على طول السد، مما جعلها معلما جميلاً. سمي هذا الجسر فيما بعد باسمه جسر باي جويي (بالصينية: 白沙堤).

مملكة وويوي
هانغتشو واحدة من العواصم السبعة القديمة للصين. كانت أول عاصمة لمملكة وويوي مابين عامي (907 م -978م) خلال فترة تاريخية كانت تسمى فترة الأسر الخمس والممالك العشر.وكان اسمها آنذاك شيفو (بالصينية: ) ، في القرن العاشر الميلادي كانت معاقل الأدب والثقافة في الصين ثلاث مدن هي هانغتشو ونانجينغ وتشنغدو. أصبحت هانغتشو مركزًا جاذبًا للعلماء من جميع أنحاء الصين وصار لمملكة وويوي علاقات دبلوماسية مع الممالك الصينية المجاورة حيث كانت الصين آنذاك عبارة عن ممالك ودول متفرقة وكذلك مع الدول الخارجية اليابان، وجوريو، وسلالة خيتان لياو.

فترة حكم سودونغبو
في عام 1089م، تولى الشاعر الصيني سو شي الملقب بسودونغبو حكم المدينة، واستخدم 200 ألف عامل لبناء جسر بطول 2.8 كم يقطع البحيرة الغربية. وبذلك صار للبحيرة الغربية جسرين جسر سو الذي بناه سو شي، بالإضافة لجسر باي الذي بناه باي جوي. كانت هانغتشو آنذاك من أكبر مدن العالم، وهي مكتظة بالسكان وبها اثني عشر ألف جسر. كان الخبز ولحم الخنزير والأرز والنبيذ وفير على الرغم من العدد الكبير من السكان.

سلالة سونغ الجنوبية

صارت هانغتشو عاصمة جديدة لسلالة سونغ الجنوبية في عام 1132م ، في عام 1127م غزا الجورشن شمال الصين في حروب جين سونغ. أثناء الحرب تنازل الإمبراطور هويتسونغ لابنه تشنزونغ عن الملك لكن تمكن الجورشن من أسرهما واحتلال عاصمة إمبراطورية سونغ مدينة كايفنغ في حادثة تسمى في التاريخ الصيني إذلال جينغ كانغ (بالصينية:靖康之恥) وهرب من استطاع الهرب من أسرة سونج إلى الجنوب ، بعد مقتل الأباطرة تولى أحد أفراد سلالة سونغ الحكم وهو الإمبراطور قاوزونغ الذي فر في البداية إلى نانجينغ، ثم إلى شانغكيو، ثم إلى يانغتشو في عام 1128م، وأخيرًا استقر به المقام في هانغتشو عام 1129م. كان يهدف الإمبراطور الجديد إلى أن يوجد عاصمة مؤقتة ريثما ينجح في استعادة عاصمة أسرته الأصلية كيفانغ، نمت مدينة هانغتشو لتصبح مركزًا تجاريًا وثقافيًا لسلالة سونغ، حيث تحولت من مدينة متوسطة لتصبح واحدة من أكبر المدن وأكثرها ازدهارًا في العالم. بعدما فُقد الأمل في استعادة العاصمة القديمة تم توسيع المباني الحكومية في هانغتشو وتجديدها لتناسب وضعها عاصمةً إمبراطورية دائمة. وتم توسيع القصر الإمبراطوري في هانغتشو في عام 1133م وبقيت هانغتشو عاصمة لهذه السلالة 138 سنة حتى سقطت أخيرًا بيد المغول.

قبيل الغزو المغولي للمدينة

من عام 1138م حتى الغزو المغولي عام 1276م، ظلت هانغتشو عاصمة سلالة سونغ الجنوبية وكانت تعرف باسم لينان (بالصينية:) والذي يعني المدينة الآمنة. كانت هانغتشو مقر الحكومة الإمبراطورية لسلالة سونغ، ومركز التجارة، في تلك الفترة كانت هانغتشو مركزًا جاذبًا للعلماء والفلاسفة من مختلف أنحاء الصين.

جاء العديد من الفلاسفة والسياسيين ورجال الأدب، بما في ذلك بعض الشعراء الشهيرون في التاريخ الصيني، مثل سو شي ولو يو وشين كيجي، كانت المدينة مسقط رأس عالم الرياضيات الصيني شين كيو (1031م-1095م)، ويقع قبره في منطقة يوهانغ.

خلال عهد أسرة سونغ الجنوبية، توسعت التجارة بسبب تحول هانغتشو لإمبراطورية، وأتى اللاجئون من الشمال المحتل، ونمت المؤسسات الرسمية والعسكرية، كل هذا تسبب بزيادة سكانية وتوسعت المدينة حتى خارج السور الرئيسي الذي كان قد بني في القرن التاسع الميلادي. وفقا للموسوعة البريطانية، كان عدد سكان هانغتشو أكثر من مليوني نسمة في ذلك الوقت، في حين يقدر المؤرخ جاك جيرنيت أن عدد سكان هانغتشو تجاوز عددهم مليون نسمة بحلول عام 1276، الأرقام الرسمية للتعداد الصيني في عام 1270م أحصت حوالي 186,330 أسرة ويُعتقد أن هذا الأحصاء لم يحصي الجنود وبعض من لم يكن من سكان هانغتشو الأصليين مثل بعض التجار واللاجئين. حسب بعض المؤرخين يُظن أن هانغتشو كانت أكبر مدينة في العالم ما بين عامي 1180م إلى 1315م.

حرائق مدينة خانزو التاريخية
بسبب العدد الكبير من السكان والمباني الخشبية المزدحمة (التي غالباً ما تكون متعددة الطوابق)، تعرضت المدينة لعدد من الحرائق دمرت أجزاء كبيرة منها وذلك في أعوام (1132م،1137م،1208م،1229م،1237م،1275م) في حين وقعت حرائق أصغر في كل عام تقريبا. وقد سجل حريق 1237 وحده تدمير 30.000 مسكن. لمكافحة هذا التهديد، أنشأت حكومة سلالة سونغ نظامًا متقنًا لمكافحة الحرائق، وأقامت أبراج مراقبة، ووضعت نظامًا من إشارات الفانوس وأعلام لتحديد مصدر النيران وتوجيه الاستجابة، وكلفت أكثر من 3000 جندي بمهمة إخماد الحرائق.

عهد أسرة يوان المغولية
حوصرت هانغتشو واستولت عليها الجيوش المغولية بقيادة الإمبراطور الجديد كوبلاي خان عام 1276م، صارعت أسرة سونغ الجنوبية ثلاث سنوات بعد احتلال عاصمتها إلا أنه قضي عليها في النهاية. تأسست عاصمة أسرة يوان الجديدة في مدينة خان بالق (بالصينية:汗八里) - بكين حاليًا- ، ولكن ظلت مدينة هانغتشو مركزًا تجاريًا وإداريًا مهمًا لأراضيها الجنوبية. في عهد أسرة يوان انفتحت الصين للأجانب. زار التاجر الفينيسي ماركو بولو هانغتشو في أواخر القرن الثالث عشر. وفي كتابه، ذكر «أنها أكبر مدينة في العالم»  وأن «ثروة تجارها، وكمية البضائع التي يبيعونها، كانت هائلة لدرجة أنه لا يمكن لأي إنسان تقدير ما فيها تقديرًا عادلا».

التاريخ الحديث واحتلال اليابانيين

بقيت المدينة ميناء مهمًا حتى منتصف عهد أسرة مينغ، حتى غطى الطمي مينائها. احتلت مملكة تايبينغ السماوية مدينة هانغتشو. وتعرضت المدينة لأضرار جسيمة خلال غزوها واحتلالها واستعيدت في نهاية المطاف من قبل جيش أسرة تشينغ. سقطت المدينة بيد الكومينتانغ ما بين عامي (1927م-1937م). واحتل اليابانيون المدينة أثناء الحرب اليابانية الصينية الثانية وظلت تحت الاحتلال ما بين عامي (1937م-1945م)، حتى استعادها الكومينتانغ في عام 1945م.

سقوط المدينة بأيدي الشيوعيين

في 3 مايو 1949، دخل جيش التحرير الشعبي إلى خانزو وأصبحت المدينة تحت سيطرة الشيوعيين. كان لسياسات دنغ شياو بينغ الإصلاحية في نهاية عام 1978، تأثيرًا بالغ الأهمية على المدينة وتطويرها فاستفاد من موقعها على دلتا نهر اليانغتسى، والآن هي واحدة من أكثر المدن الصينية ازدهارا.

هانغتشو في المصادر العربية
كان التجار العرب يمرون بهانغتشو وقليل منهم أقام فيها خلال عهد أسرة سونغ، حيث كانت هانغتشو منطقة راحة للتجار عند ذهابهم لخان بالق -بكين حاليًا-. ومازالت هناك نقوش عربية من القرن الثالث عشر والرابع عشر الميلادي، بُني مسجد العنقاء من قبل تاجر مصري أقام في هانغتشو والتقى به ابن بطوطة. وحينما مر بها ابن بطوطة قال في كتابه عنها:
لكن خلال الفترة الأخيرة من عهد أسرة يوان، تعرض المسلمون للاضطهاد، وشاركوا في ثورات ضد المغول.

الجغرافيا

تقع مدينة هانغتشو في شمال غرب مقاطعة جيجيانغ، في الطرف الجنوبي من قناة الصين الكبرى، التي تصل إلى بكين، في الجزء الجنوبي الأوسط من دلتا نهر يانغتسي. تمتد منطقتها الإدارية غربًا إلى الأجزاء الجبلية من مقاطعة آنهوي، ومن الشرق إلى السهل الساحلي بالقرب من خليج هانغتشو. بُنيت المدينة حول الجانبين الشرقي والشمالي من البحيرة الغربية، شمال نهر نهر تشيانتانغ (بالصينية:钱塘江).

المناخ
مناخ مدينة هانغتشو مناخ رطب شبه مداري، وحسب تصنيف كوبن للمناخ فإن تصنيفها Cfa، وفصول السنة الأربعة متمايزة عن بعضها، تتميز هانغتشو بصيف طويل حار رطب وشتاء بارد غائم جاف مع تساقط الثلوج في بعض الأحيان. متوسط درجة الحرارة السنوي هو 17.0 درجة مئوية، معدل هطول الأمطار السنوي يبلغ 1437.64 مليمتر، وتتأثر المدينة بموسم شرقي آسيا المطير في شهر يونيو. أما في أواخر الصيف من أغسطس إلى سبتمبر فتعاني المدينة من هبوب الأعاصير، ولكن نادرًا ما تضربها الأعاصير مباشرة.أبرد أشهر السنة يناير فمتوسط درجة الحرارة يتراوح ما بين 3~5 درجة مئوية أما في المنطقة الجبلية الشمالية الغربية للمحافظة فتتراوح مابين -3~3 درجة مئوية؛ أمّا أحر أشهر السنة فهو يوليو فهانغتشو ثالث أحر مدينة صينية، حيث وصف بعض مستخدمي وسائل التواصل الاجتماعية الصينية فوجو وتشونغتشينغ وهانغتشو ونانتشانغ بمواقد النار من حرها الشديد. فمتوسط درجة الحرارة يتراوح ما بين 27~30 درجة مئوية أما في المنطقة الجبلية الشمالية الغربية للمحافظة فتتراوح مابين 20~27 درجة مئوية.أخفض درجة حرارة في تاريخ المدينة سجلت في 6 فبراير 1969م وكانت 9.6- درجة مئوية، وأعلى درجة حرارة كانت في 9 أغسطس 2013 وكانت 41.6 درجة مئوية. أما بالنسبة لسطوع الشمس فإنها تكون 30 ٪ في مارس بينما تكون 51 ٪ في أغسطس، يبلغ مجموع سطوع أشعة الشمس 1,709.4 ساعة سنويًا.

الجامعات ومؤسسات التعليم العالي

يوجد في مدينة هانغتشو عدد كبير من الطلاب مع العديد من مؤسسات التعليم العالي في المدينة حوالي 13 جامعة. في المدينة حيين دراسيين وهما الشياشا (بالصينية: 下沙区)، الواقع بالقرب من الطرف الشرقي للمدينة، والشياوشان (بالصينية:萧山区)، الواقع بالقرب من الطرف الغربي للمدينة، وهي أحياء جامعية تضم مجموعة من الجامعات والكليات. والقائمة التالية بها جامعات المدينة مع العلم أن بعضها تتشابه بالاسم جيجيانغ لكن كل واحدة لها إدارة وتصنيف مستقل.

 جامعة جيجيانغ (بالصينية:浙江大学): وهي أكبر جامعة من حيث الحجم والثانية أكاديميًا على مستوى الصين تأسست عام 1897م ويجب التنبه ألا يخلط بينها وبين الجامعات الأخرى التي تحمل اسم جيجيانغ.
 الأكاديمية الصينية للفنون الجميلة (بالصينية: 中国美术学院) تأسست عام 1953م.
 جامعة جيجيانغ للتكنولوجيا (بالصينية:浙江工业大学) تأسست عام 1953م.
 جامعة جيجيانغ للصناعة والتجارة (بالصينية:浙江工商大学) تأسست عام 1923م.
 جامعة جيجيانغ للعلوم والهندسة (بالصينية:浙江理工大学).
 جامعة هانغتشو للإلكترونيات (بالصينية:杭州电子科技大学).
 معهد جيجيانغ للعلوم والتكنولوجيا (بالصينية:浙江科技学院).
 جامعة جيجيانغ للطب الصيني (بالصينية:浙江中医药大学).
 جامعة المواصفات والمقاييس (بالصينية:中国计量学院) تأسست عام 1978م.
 جامعة الاقتصاد (بالصينية:浙江财经学院).
 جامعة هانغتشو لتأهيل المعلمين (بالصينية:浙江财经学院).
 جامعة الصحافة والاتصال في جيجيانغ (بالصينية:浙江传媒学院).
 كلية المدينة الجامعية لجامعة جيجيانغ (بالصينية:浙江大学城市学院).

التقسيمات الإدارية
هانغتشو مدينة على مستوى محافظة فرعية حيث أن لها سلطات أوسع من المدن وعواصم المقاطعات الصينية الأخرى بها 10 ضواحي ومدينة واحدة على مستوى ناحية وناحيتين. تشغل الضواحي الحضرية العشر 8,292.31 كيلومتر مربع ويبلغ عدد سكانها 8,241,000 نسمة، حيث توجد ست ضواحي حضرية مركزية وأربع نواحي. تشغل الضواحي الحضرية المركزية 706.27 كيلومتراً مربعاً ويبلغ عدد سكانها 3,780.000 نسمة، وتحتل الضواحي 7,586.04 كيلومتر مربع ويبلغ عدد سكانها 4,646,000 نسمة.

في أوائل التسعينيات، ضمت الضواحي الحضرية في هانغتشو فقط شانغتشنغ، شيا تشنغ، قونغشو، جيانجان.

 في 11 ديسمبر، 1996، تم إنشاء مقاطعة بين جيانغ.
 في 12 مارس 2001، تم تضمين مدينة شياوشان ومدينة يوهانغ كضاحيتان لهانغتشو بدلا من كونهما مدينتين منفصلتين.
 في 13 ديسمبر 2014، وفي يوليو 2017، تم إلحاق مدينة فويانغ ولينان في مدينة هانغتشو كناحيتين.

البنية التحتية

المطار
لها مطار دولي واحد وهو مطار هانغتشو شياوشان الدولي ومؤخرًا افتتحت رحلات مباشرة من القاهرة والدوحة له، لم تصل له شبكة المترو بعد وسينتهي الخط الموصل له عام 2022م.

قطار الأنفاق
لخانجو شبكة مترو متطورة بها 90 محطة، تُقل يوميًا مليون راكب، مع تطبيق خدمة الدفع عبر الهاتف الجوال، لتسهيل حركة الركاب، وهي أول مدينة صينية تعمم الدفع عبر الجوال في وسائل النقل العامة.

الحافلات

تُشغل الحافلات في هانغتشو من قبل شركة هانغتشو للحافلات، في نهاية عام 2011، كان لدى الشركة ما مجموعه 548 خط سير للحافلات و7200 حافلة -نسبة الباصات المكيفة منها بلغت 96.38٪ ومجموع الموظفين بلغ حوالي 23000 موظف.

القطارات
لهانغتشو ثلاث محطات قطار

 محطة هانغتشو القديمة (بالصينية:杭州站): تأسست عام 1906م وهي أقدم محطة في هانغتشو رممت عام 1999م وما تزال تعمل حتى الآن.
 محطة القطار الجنوبية (يالصينية:杭州南站): تسمى أحيانًا محطة شياوشان، تأسست عام 1931م لكنها في فترة صيانة وخارجة عن الخدمة من يوليو 2013م.
 محطة القطار الشرقية (يالصينية:杭州东站): تأسست عام 2013م وهي من أكبر المحطات في الصين والأهم في هانغتشو.

والأكبر والأحدث هي المحطة الشرقية،وينبغي توخي الحذر عند الحجز والتأكد عند أي محطة ستصل أو تذهب كي تتجنب ضياع الوقت.

المساجد الإسلامية

خلال عهد أسرة سوي، قدم التجار العرب من غوانزو وتشوانتشو إلى هانغتشو ونشروا الإسلام هناك. وفقا للتعداد، هناك أكثر من 4000 مسلم صيني في هانغتشو. يعد مسجد العنقاء الواقع على طريق تشونغشان الأوسط أحد أقدم المساجد الإسلامية الرئيسية الأربعة على الساحل الجنوبي الشرقي للصين، وقد تم تأسيس المسجد في عهد أسرة تانغ ودمرته النيران في عهد أسرة سونغ، وقد أعيد بناؤه في عهد أسرة يوان. اهتمت به الوحدة الوطنية لحماية الآثار الثقافية ورممته، لكن بعد ذلك ولكثرة أعداد المسلمين بني مسجد جامع جديد.

في المدينة مسجدين أساسيين:-

 مسجد العنقاء (بالصينية:凤凰) يُنطق فن خوانق سا: يعود تاريخه لأكثر من ألف سنة تُقام به بعض حلقات التحفيظ والصلوات، ولم تعد تصلى به صلاة الجمعة.
 جامع خانجو الجديد (بالصينية:杭州清真寺): مسجد فُتح عام 1439هـ/2017م لكثرة أعداد المسلمين وهو المسجد الذي تُصلى به صلاة الجمعة والأعياد حاليًا، وطرازه المعماري الإسلامي بلمسة القديم والحديث، كما يحيط بالمسجد الأشجار الخضراء الكثيفة التي تعطي المكان حيوية ونضارة وبني على نفقة الحكومة الصينية.

المطاعم العربية والإسلامية
تعاني خانجو من قلة المطاعم العربية لكن يوجد بها عدد لا بأس به من المطاعم الصينية الحلال وبعضها تقدم الطبخ الشنجاني والطبخ الصيني التقليدي، حاليًا لا يوجد إلا ثلاث مطاعم عربية حلال.
 مطعم صنعاء: يقع في حي الشيخو أقصى غرب المدينة يستغرق من مركز المدينة حوالي ساعة وعنوانه: 杭州市西湖区留下街道石马新村7号
 مطعم قاتو ماتو: مطعم مشترك (حلال وغير حلال) ويقع غرب المدينة ويستغرق من مركز المدينة نصف ساعة وعنوانه: 学院路58号华星创业大楼104店铺
 مطعم دونر كباب: ويقع في حي الشياشا أقصى شرق المدينة ويستغرق من مركز المدينة ساعة وعنوانه: 杭州下沙江干区25号大街1250号

المناطق السياحية
مدينة هانغتشو تعد أحد أجمل مدن الصين وعند الصينيين مثل قديم يقول « الجنة في السماء وهانغتشو وسوجو في الأرض» (بالصينية:上有天堂,下有苏杭)

البحيرة الغربية

تمتد البحيرة الغربية على مساحة 5.66 كيلومتر مربع، وتمثل مَعلما من معالم المدينة وذاكرتها.يمكن الطواف حول البحيرة بالقارب، تحيط بالبحيرة الحدائق البستانية وأزهار اللوتس والغابات الخضراء اليانعة ذات الرائحة العطرى، وقد ذكرها أحد أباطرة الصين في قصيدة شعرية مشهورة بعنوان قمر الخريف في سماء البحيرة الهادئة.

مزارع الشاي

تشتهر هانغتشو بزراعة الشاي وبالذات شاي لونغ جينغ الشهير في الصين (بالصينية:龙井茶) ويلقب هذا الشاي بملك الشاي الأخضر مع العلم أن له عدة درجات تتفاوت بالسعر فيما بينها، ولهانغتشو عدة قرى تشتهر بزراعة الشاي أهمها:

 قرية لونج جينج (بالصينية:龙井山园)، ومساحة مزارعها حوالي 130 فدان يمكن هناك رؤية قطف وتحميص الشاي بأيدي المزارعين.
 قرية ماي جياو وو (بالصينية:梅家坞村).
 قرية تانغ ليان (بالصينية:塘联村)، التابعة لمحافظة جو آن شيان (بالصينية:淳安县) التي تتبع للسلطة الإدارية لهانغتشو وفي تلك القرية شجرة تدعى ملكة أشجار الشاي وعمرها يقارب 800 سنة .

مع العلم أن أفضل الأوقات لزيارة مزارع الشاي تكون في شهري مارس وأبريل.

مدن متوأمة مع هانغتشو
هانغتشو متوأمة مع:

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في القرن 3 ق م
تاريخ الصين
دلتا نهر يانغتسي
عواصم مقاطعات الصين
مدن الغابات الوطنية في الصين
مدن جيجيانغ
مقاطعات على مستوى محافظة في تشيجيانغ

هانغتشو


Tagkawayan ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Quezon, in der Verwaltungsregion IV, Calabarzon. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 45 Barangays lebten. Sie wird als Gemeinde der ersten Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen eingestuft.

Tagkawayan liegt am Kopf des Golfes von Ragay, an deren Küste liegen kleinere Mangrovenwälder. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Guinayangan im Westen, Calauag im Nordwesten, Labo im Norden und Del Gallego im Osten. Die Topographie der Stadt ist gekennzeichnet durch Flachländer, sanfthügelige und gebirgige Landschaften.

Eine regelmäßige Eisenbahnverbindung besteht zwischen Manila und Tagkawayan, sie wird von der Philippine National Railways betrieben.

Baranggays

Weblinks

Ort auf den Philippinen

Tagkawayan


بلدية لانثييغو (بالإسبانية: Lanciego) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية لانثييغو 682 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية لانثييغو

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

لانثييغو


Terry A. Anderson (born October 27, 1947) is an American journalist. He reported for the Associated Press. In 1985, he was taken hostage by Shia Hezbollah militants of the Islamic Jihad Organization in Lebanon and held until 1991. In 2004, he ran unsuccessfully for the Ohio State Senate.

Early life
Anderson was born in Lorain, Ohio and raised in Batavia, New York. He graduated from Batavia High School in 1965. A professional journalist, he was in the United States Marine Corps for six years, serving as a combat journalist. He also served two tours of duty in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. After his discharge he enrolled at Iowa State University, graduating in 1974 with dual degrees: one in journalism and mass communication, the other in political science. He then joined the Associated Press, serving in Asia and Africa before being assigned to Lebanon as chief Middle Eastern correspondent in 1983.

Hostage in Lebanon

On March 16, 1985, Anderson had just finished a tennis game when he was abducted from the street in Beirut, placed in the trunk of a car, and taken to a secret location where he was imprisoned. For the next six years and nine months, he was held captive, being moved periodically to new sites. His captors were a group of Hezbollah Shiite Muslims who were supported by Iran in supposed retaliation for Israel's use of U.S. weapons and aid in its 1982–83 strikes against Muslim and Druze targets in Lebanon.  He was the longest-held of the American hostages captured in an effort to drive U.S. military forces from Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.

Held at the same time were several other U.S. citizens, including William Francis Buckley, CIA station chief in Beirut; Thomas Sutherland, an administrator at the American University of Beirut; Catholic priest, Father Lawrence Jenco; David P. Jacobsen, administrator at the American University Hospital of Beirut; Presbyterian minister Benjamin Weir; Jerry Levin, CNN's Beirut bureau chief; Frank Reed, head of the Lebanese International School; Joseph Cicippio, deputy controller of the American University of Beirut; Edward Tracy, a bookseller and writer in Beirut; and Professors Alann Steen, Jesse Turner and Robert Polhill.

Anderson was released on December 4, 1991, and says he has forgiven his captors.

Post-captivity life
Since his release, Anderson has taught courses at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism and at the E.W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University. He has also been a talk show guest, a columnist, and a radio talk-show host. He has written a best selling memoir of his experience as a hostage, titled Den of Lions. He filed suit against the Iranian government for his captivity, and in 2002 was awarded a multimillion-dollar settlement from frozen Iranian assets. Estimates put the amount he actually received at $26 million.

Anderson for some time lived in Nicholasville, Kentucky, teaching journalism and diversity at the University of Kentucky. In 2009, Anderson joined the faculty of the School of Journalism at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. In November 2009, he filed for bankruptcy under chapter 7. In 2011, he became a visiting professional at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University. In 2013, he acted as Honorary Chair of the Committee to Protect Journalists, a non-profit that supports press freedom around the globe. In 2014, he moved to Hidden Village in Gainesville, Florida, to teach a course in International Journalism at the University of Florida.

Philanthropy
With some of his settlement, Anderson and actress Kieu Chinh co-founded the Vietnam Children's Fund, which has built schools in Vietnam attended by more than 12,000 students.

He also created the Father Lawrence Jenco Foundation with a $100,000 endowment to honor and support people who do charitable and community service projects in Appalachia. Lawrence Jenco was a former Catholic Relief Services director in Beirut who also was kidnapped. The two men met in jail. Jenco, who died in 1996, wrote his memoirs, Bound to Forgive, for which Anderson wrote the preface.

2004 State Senate campaign
In December 2003 Terry Anderson announced his candidacy on the Democratic ticket to represent the 20th District in the Ohio Senate. His opponent was Republican candidate Joy Padgett, who had been appointed to the seat earlier in the term. Padgett ran controversial ads suggesting that Anderson would be soft on terrorism: the ads showed Anderson shaking hands with one of his former kidnappers. He received 46% of the vote in a district that leans Republican; the seat has been held by Republicans since 1977.

Personal life
Anderson has been married twice. He met his first wife, Mihoko "Mickey" Anderson, while he was a Marine stationed with the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service in Japan. They had one daughter, Gabrielle Anderson (born 1976). They later divorced. In 1982, he married a Lebanese native from a Maronite Christian family, Madeleine Bassil; they had one daughter, Sulome Anderson, born in 1985, three months after he was taken hostage, who later became a freelance journalist based in New York City and Beirut. She gained publicity for a photo depicting her kissing her formerly Orthodox Jewish boyfriend with a placard stating "Jews and Arabs REFUSE to be ENEMIES."

A fan of blues music, Anderson owned the Blue Gator from early 2002 until mid-2008, a blues bar in Athens, Ohio, which hosted regional and national acts.

In an interview in the spring 1995 newsletter of the School of Journalism Alumni Association, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, by Will Norton Jr., Anderson is quoted:
Is there going to be peace in the world? I'm a Christian. I believe eventually there will be, at the second coming. I think we are moving into an era of greater, or if not peace, at least of greater prosperity. Think about it: In the last 10 to 15 years there are hundreds of millions of people in the world who are living in a greater degree of individual responsibility and freedom and perhaps dignity than there were 15 years ago. That's true in eastern Europe, in Latin America, even in Asia. That great process of history, of thousands of years of an increase in a dignity of the individual, seems to have been halted for a good period of time by the growth of totalitarian societies, and those are breaking up now. Certainly the totalitarian instinct has not gone away. There are a great many wars going on and struggles by peoples, but that ice jam, that blockage that was representative of the domination of a third of the world by communism, is gone. I think that's reason for great optimism.

See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases

References

External links

1947 births
21st-century American politicians
American male journalists
American people taken hostage
Associated Press reporters
Candidates in the 2004 United States elections
Columbia University faculty
Iowa State University alumni
Journalists from Ohio
Journalists from New York (state)
Kidnappings by Islamists
Living people
Foreign hostages in Lebanon
Ohio Democrats
Ohio University faculty
People from Lorain, Ohio
People from Batavia, New York
Syracuse University faculty
University of Florida faculty
University of Kentucky faculty
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War

Terry A. Anderson


El camarón blanco del Atlántico (Litopenaeus vannamei) es una especie de crustáceo decápodo de la familia Penaeidae nativo de la costa este de Estados Unidos y el Golfo de México.

Hábitat
Vive entre los 2 y 90 m de profundidad, en aguas con fondo de lodo o turba o a veces de arena o arcilla, con temperaturas entre los 3 °C y 20 °C.

Descripción
La hembra alcanza hasta 200 mm de longitud sin sumar las antenas y el macho hasta 175 mm; de los cuales el caparazón tiene 41 mm en el macho y 60 mm en la hembra. Las antenas pueden ser tres veces más largas que el cuerpo, el cual es blanco azulado, con matices de rosado a los lados y puntos negruzcos. Los pleópodos son generalmente rojizos, mientras que los urópodos y el telson son verdes. El rostro es largo y delgado, con 5 a 11 dientes en la parte superior y 2 en la inferior y se alarga como una quilla dorsal sobre el caparazón.

Alimentación
Es omnívoro. Se alimenta principalmente de algas -como Vallisneria americana- y de detritus. A su vez, el camarón blanco es depredado por varias especies de peces y tortugas.

Ciclo de vida

Desova cuando el agua aumenta de la temperatura, desde la primavera hasta cuando se produce el descenso brusco de la temperatura en el otoño, por lo general a unos 9 km de la costa, profundidades de menos de 9 metros. Los machos depositan un espermatóforo a la hembra, que luego se utiliza para fertilizar los huevos que se liberan. Cada hembra libera 500 mil a un millón de huevos violáceos, cada uno de 0,2 a 0,3 mm  de ancho, los cuales se hunden hasta el fondo de la columna de agua.

Después de 10 a 12 horas, los huevos eclosionan y aparecen las larvas nauplios, de 0,3 mm de largo, que mudan cinco veces hasta alcanzar la etapa protozoea, con 1 mm de longitud. Luego mudan dos veces y crecen hasta 2,5 mm, para hacerse larvas mysis, que tienen tres mudas y pasan al estado de postlarvas. En el segundo estado postlarval alcanzan 7 mm de longitud y comienzan a entrar en los estuarios y bajar hasta el sustrato.

Las lluvias de primavera llevan al camarón hasta el océano. En el este de Estados Unidos, los camarones luego migran al sur, hacia aguas más cálidas.

Pesca
La pesca de subsistencia de esta especie se llevó a cabo inmemorialmente por los indígenas americanos a lo largo de la costa atlántica. Su conocimiento de la especie se transmitió a los colonos europeos y Litopenaeus setiferus se convirtió en la pesquería comercial de camarón más temprana de Estados Unidos, desde 1709.

Actualmente la pesca del camarón blanco del Atlántico es de gran importancia tanto en Estados Unidos como en México.

Referencias

Penaeidae
Crustáceos del océano Atlántico
Animales descritos en 1767
Taxones descritos por Carlos Linneo

Litopenaeus setiferus


كن ذكياً  هو فيلم أمريكي كوميدي صدر عام 2008 للمخرج بيتر سيجال. وهو محاكاة للملسلسل التلفزيوني الذي يحمل الاسم نفسه وأذيع في الستينيات من القرن الماضي لميل بروكس وباك هنري. يؤدي دور البطولة ستيف كاريل كماكسويل سمارت وآن هاثاواي كالعميلة 99.

قصة الفيلم
يتكفل جاسوسان خارقان بإنقاذ العالم من عصابة مشينة تطلق على نفسها اسم (كايوس).

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أكشن كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2008
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام تجسسية حركة أمريكية
أفلام تجسسية كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام تجسسية كوميدية في عقد 2000
أفلام حركة تجسسية في عقد 2000
أفلام حركة كوميدية في 2008
أفلام حركة كوميدية في عقد 2000
أفلام حركة مغامرات أمريكية
أفلام حركة ومغامرات في عقد 2000
أفلام سجلها تريفور رابين
أفلام صورت في مونتريال
أفلام فيلاج رود شو بيكتشرز
أفلام كوميدية في 2008
أفلام مبنية على مسلسلات تلفزيونية
أفلام مصورة في موسكو
أفلام مغامرات كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام مغامرات كوميدية إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام من إخراج بيتر سيجال
أفلام من إنتاج تشارلز روفن
أفلام وارنر برذرز
تكييفات أعمال ميل بروكس

كن ذكيا


Theotonius Gomes CSC (Madbortek, 9 de abril de 1939) é Bispo Auxiliar Emérito em Dhaka.

Teotônio Gomes ingressou na Congregação da Santa Cruz e foi ordenado sacerdote em 19 de dezembro de 1964.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Dinajpur em 19 de dezembro de 1978. O arcebispo de Dhaka, Michael Rozario, concedeu sua consagração episcopal em 4 de abril do ano seguinte; Os co-consagradores foram Linus Nirmal Gomes SJ, Bispo de Baruipur e Michael Atul D'Rozario CSC, Bispo de Khulna.

Em 23 de fevereiro de 1996 foi nomeado Bispo Auxiliar de Dhaka e Bispo Titular de Zucchabar.

O Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria em 28 de abril de 2014.

Ver também

Bispos católicos de Bangladesh

Theotonius Gomes


Mark Anthony Ricciuto ( ; born 8 June 1975) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). From Ramco, South Australia, Ricciuto started as a junior with the local Waikerie Magpies Football Club. He joined the West Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), making his debut at the age of 16, before being recruited by Adelaide as a zone selection prior to the 1993 season.

Playing as a midfielder, he established himself in Adelaide's side, receiving a nomination for the AFL Rising Star in 1993, his debut season, and being named in the All-Australian team the following season, the first of eight selections overall. Having played in Adelaide's premiership side in 1998, also winning the Malcolm Blight Medal as the club's best and fairest, Ricciuto replaced Mark Bickley as the club's captain prior to the 2001 season.

Consistently considered one of the best midfielders in the competition during the early 2000s (decade), Ricciuto shared the 2003 Brownlow Medal with Nathan Buckley and Adam Goodes, and was selected in the All-Australian team for four consecutive seasons between 2002 and 2005, captaining the side in both 2004 and 2005. Having played more of a forward role in his last two seasons, Ricciuto retired at the end of the 2007 season, having played a total of 312 games for Adelaide, kicking 292 goals.

Also representing South Australia in interstate football and Australia in the International Rules Series, Ricciuto was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2011, and the South Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2012.

AFL career

Early career (1993–1996)
Ricciuto was born in Waikerie, South Australia. He was recruited by SANFL team West Adelaide and soon after – as a 16-year-old high schooler – was recruited by the Adelaide Crows in 1992. He debuted in the AFL in 1993. Ricciuto earned his first All-Australian selection as a 19-year-old in 1994.

Rising career (1997–2001)
After a stellar year in 1997 (in which he received his second All-Australian guernsey) he ended up missing the 1997 premiership due to a late season injury. Despite this setback, he rallied in 1998 to again be an All-Australian, win the club's best and fairest, and play in his only premiership. He was appointed as the Adelaide captain in 2001.

Career high (2002–2005)
In 2003, he was joint winner of the league's highest individual honor, the Brownlow Medal, with Collingwood's Nathan Buckley and Sydney's Adam Goodes. In 2004 he came second in the Brownlow medal. In 2004 and 2005 he earned his seventh and eighth All-Australian guernsey. However at the end of the 2005 season, Ricciuto was suspended following an incident in the Crows' final regular season match against West Coast Eagles West Coast; thus ruling him out of Brownlow Medal contention and the Crows' first qualifying final against fourth placed , hampering the Crows' attempts at a straight path to the preliminary final. Indeed, the Crows lost this match by just eight points, and ultimately the Crows finished one match short of the 2005 decider.

Twilight career (2006–2007)
Late in the 2006 season, Ricciuto was ruled out of the Crows' final few matches due to a "mystery ailment" which was later found to be parvovirus B19. Nevertheless, Ricciuto led the Crows to their second straight top-two finish in 2006 and thus a more direct path to the preliminary final, again against the West Coast Eagles where again the Crows finished one match short of the decider, losing the preliminary final by just 10 points.

Ricciuto played his 300th AFL game on 21 July 2006 against North Melbourne. He kicked 5 goals in a game that Adelaide won by 72 points. He was quicker than any other player in AFL history to this milestone, in 13 years and 83 days, some 11 days quicker than Carlton's Craig Bradley.

Retirement
Ricciuto announced his retirement on 16 August 2007 due to persistent injuries. During his career, he amassed an incredible eight All-Australian selections, a record matched in the AFL era only by St Kilda's Robert Harvey as well as Lance Franklin. Ricciuto was also twice named All-Australian captain in 2004 and 2005, joining Paul Kelly, Wayne Carey, and Michael Voss as the only multiple All-Australian Captains in the AFL era.

Personal life

Ricciuto is noted for his Italian heritage, and bears a large tattoo of his family name on his back. His grandfather was born in the small Italian town of Fragneto Monforte.

On 19 January 2008, Ricciuto married Sarah Delahunt. They have two daughters and four sons.

Post AFL career
In 2009, he played for Prince Alfred College Old Collegians in division 4 of the South Australian Amateur Football League.

Ricciuto played in the ANZAC day clash 2008 with Waikerie A grade against Loxton.  Waikerie won the match by 38 points.

Ricciuto also played in the 2008 Riverland Grand Final with Waikerie against Renmark. In time on in the final quarter with not very much time left on the clock, Ricciuto kicked the 12th goal for Waikerie to seal back-to-back Premierships for Waikerie.

Ricciuto now works in the media is an AFL commentator for both Triple M and Fox Footy and also hosts the weekday TripleM breakfast show with former Australian world number 1 squash player Chris Dittmar and local media personality Laura O'Callaghan.

Ricciuto was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2011, and into the South Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2012.

In March 2014, a section of the Eastern Stand at Adelaide Oval was named after Ricciuto.

Statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 19 || 2 || 0 || 238 || 145 || 383 || 66 || 33 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 12.5 || 7.6 || 20.2 || 3.5 || 1.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 21 || 23 || 15 || 285 || 142 || 427 || 118 || 27 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 13.6 || 6.8 || 20.3 || 5.6 || 1.3
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 21 || 21 || 26 || 210 || 119 || 329 || 89 || 24 || 1.0 || 1.2 || 10.0 || 5.7 || 15.7 || 4.2 || 1.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 22 || 9 || 9 || 267 || 188 || 455 || 97 || 19 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 12.1 || 8.5 || 20.7 || 4.4 || 0.9
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 21 || 6 || 13 || 316 || 193 || 509 || 106 || 33 || 0.3 || 0.6 || 15.0 || 9.2 || 24.2 || 5.0 || 1.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|Adelaide
| 32 || 24 || 22 || 25 || 386 || 183 || 569 || 111 || 35 || 0.9 || 1.0 || 16.1 || 7.6 || 23.7 || 4.6 || 1.5
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 21 || 9 || 4 || 274 || 162 || 436 || 97 || 13 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 13.0 || 7.7 || 20.8 || 4.6 || 0.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 22 || 20 || 10 || 334 || 247 || 581 || 104 || 43 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 15.2 || 11.2 || 26.4 || 4.7 || 2.0
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 23 || 27 || 20 || 265 || 186 || 451 || 93 || 48 || 1.2 || 0.9 || 11.5 || 8.1 || 19.6 || 4.0 || 2.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 22 || 35 || 15 || 261 || 190 || 451 || 86 || 67 || 1.6 || 0.7 || 11.9 || 8.6 || 20.5 || 3.9 || 3.0
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 24 || 24 || 16 || 333 || 232 || 565 || 79 || 69 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 13.9 || 9.7 || 23.5 || 3.3 || 2.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 22 || 17 || 17 || 305 || 230 || 535 || 87 || 44 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 13.9 || 10.5 || 24.3 || 4.0 || 2.0
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 24 || 21 || 16 || 292 || 240 || 532 || 104 || 52 || 0.9 || 0.7 || 12.2 || 10.0 || 22.2 || 4.3 || 2.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 17 || 44 || 26 || 158 || 87 || 245 || 102 || 18 || 2.6 || 1.5 || 9.3 || 5.1 || 14.4 || 6.0 || 1.1
|-style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 32 || 9 || 12 || 10 || 60 || 41 || 101 || 30 || 13 || 1.3 || 1.1 || 6.7 || 4.5 || 11.2 || 3.3 || 1.4
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 312
! 292
! 222
! 3984
! 2585
! 6569
! 1369
! 538
! 0.9
! 0.7
! 12.8
! 8.3
! 21.1
! 4.4
! 1.7
|}

Honours and achievements

Team
AFL Premiership (Adelaide): 1998
McClelland Trophy (Adelaide): 2005
Individual
Brownlow Medal: 2003
All-Australian: 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004–2005 (captain)
Malcolm Blight Medal (Adelaide F. C. Best & Fairest): 1998, 2003, 2004
Adelaide F. C. Leading Club Goalkicker Award: 2006
Adelaide F. C. Captain: 2001–2007
AFLPA Best Captain Award: 2005, 2006
Showdown Medal: 2000, 2004, 2005
Australian Representative Honours in International Rules Football: 2000
Italian Team of the Century - ruck-rover (captain)
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductee: 2011
SA Football Hall of Fame Inductee: 2012
AFL Rising Star Nominee: 1993 (Round 16)

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Adelaide Football Club players
Adelaide Football Club premiership players
All-Australians (AFL)
Australian people of Italian descent
Brownlow Medal winners
Malcolm Blight Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Adelaide
South Australian State of Origin players
West Adelaide Football Club players
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian rules football commentators
Australia international rules football team players
VFL/AFL premiership players

Mark Ricciuto


Josiah Forshall ( - ) est un bibliothécaire anglais.

Biographie
Forshall est né à Witney, Oxfordshire le 29 mars 1795, fils aîné de Samuel Forshall. Il fait ses études dans les lycées d'Exeter et de Chester et, en 1814, il entre au Exeter College d'Oxford. Il obtient son BA en 1818, prenant une première classe en mathématiques et une seconde en literae humaniores. Il obtient un MA en 1821 et est élu fellow et tuteur de son collège.

Forshall est nommé bibliothécaire adjoint au département des manuscrits du British Museum en 1824, et devient le conservateur de ce département en 1827. En 1828, il est élu membre de la Royal Society.

En 1828, Forshall est nommé secrétaire du Musée et, en 1837, démissionne de son poste de conservateur afin de se consacrer exclusivement à ses tâches de secrétariat. Il est interrogé devant le comité restreint chargé d'enquêter sur le Musée en 1835-1836 et fait des révélations au sujet du mécénat. En tant que secrétaire, il a beaucoup d'influence auprès des syndics. Il s'oppose à toute tentative de rendre le Musée plus accessible.

Vers 1850, Forshall se retire du musée en raison de problèmes de santé. Après sa démission, il vit retiré, passant une grande partie de son temps, jusqu'à sa mort, au Foundling Hospital, dont il a été nommé aumônier en 1829. Il meurt dans sa maison de Woburn Place, à Londres, le 18 décembre 1863, après avoir subi une opération chirurgicale.

Œuvres
Forshall édite le catalogue des manuscrits du British Museum (nouvelle série) : pt. je. le MSS d'Arundel ; pt. ii. le Burney MSS.; pt. iii. index, 1834, etc. fol., et aussi le Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Orientalium : Pars Prima Codices Syriacos et Carshunicos amplectens, 1838, &c. fol. Il édite également la Description des papyrus grecs dans le Brit. Mus., pt. je. 1839, 8vo.

En 1850, il publie une brochure intitulée Fausses représentations des commissaires de Sa Majesté [qui enquêtèrent sur le British Museum en 1848-1849] exposée. Il publie avec Frederic Madden La Sainte Bible… dans les premières versions anglaises faites par John Wycliffe et ses disciples, 1850, 4 vol., un travail de deux décennies. Il publie également des éditions des Évangiles de Saint-Marc (1862), Saint-Luc (1860) et Saint-Jean (1859), organisés en parties et sections, et quelques sermons. Ses œuvres La prière du Seigneur avec diverses lectures et notes critiques (1864), et Les douze premiers chapitres de… Saint Matthieu dans le texte grec reçu, avec lectures et notes, 1864, sont publiées à titre posthume.

Références

Liens externes

Décès en décembre 1863
Naissance en mars 1795
Étudiant du Collège d'Exeter
Personnalité liée à l'Oxfordshire
Membre de la Royal Society
Décès à 68 ans

Josiah Forshall


L'Ouest-Éclair a fost un cotidian regional francez, publicat din 1899 până în 1944 la Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) și difuzat în toată zona de vest a Franței (Bretania, Normandia, Anjou, Maine și Poitou).

El a fost fondat de doi bretoni, animați de o profundă credință creștină și de idei republicane și sociale: abatele Félix Trochu, un preot din Ille-et-Vilaine, și Emmanuel Desgrées du Loû, un avocat originar din Vannes și instalat la Brest.

L'Ouest-Éclair este predecesorul ziarului Ouest-France, care l-a înlocuit după Eliberarea Franței.

Istoric

1899 - Democrație, justiție socială
Primul număr, tipărite în 1.800 de exemplare, a apărut la 2 august 1899, cu scurt timp înainte ca procesul de revizuire a hotărârii judecătorești în cazul lui Alfred Dreyfus să aibă loc în Rennes.

Doi bretoni, Emmanuel Desgrées du Loû și abatele Félix Trochu, un "abbé démocrate" rău văzut de episcopie, au decis la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea să fondeze un ziar care să se adreseze locuitorilor din vestul Franței și să-i îndemne să se adune în jurul Republicii, să acționeze în cadrul sistemului politic astfel încât să se asigure coerența și sustenabilitatea acțiunii sociale căreia i s-au dedicat. Cotidianul a avut o orientare creștin-democrată.

Acest lucru nu este evident pentru toată lumea într-un moment când abia avusese loc atașamentul Bisericii față de ideea republicană, iar visele Restaurației populau nopțile multor catolici bretoni. Bretania apărea încă, mai ales în partea sa rurală, ca un fief al dreptei catolice conservatoare, al unei societăți tradiționaliste dominate de un cler intrensigent și de o aristocrație monarhistă.

Emmanuel Desgrées du Loû și abatele Trochu erau foarte atașați de provincia lor. Ei au constatat slaba dezvoltare a industriei, depopularea mediului rural și starea economică precară a muncitorilor și țăranilor.

L'Ouest-Éclair s-a născut dintr-o dublă dorință de democrație și justiție socială. Ziarul era considerat mediul de propagare al unei idei, având informația ca finalitate; banii nu sunt decât un mijloc.

Primul Război Mondial și perioada interbelică
Lansat în momentul Afacerii Dreyfus, L'Ouest-Éclair s-a dezvoltat în următoarele decenii marcate de furtuni. Banii au rămas puțini în următorii ani; nu s-au plătit dividende acționarilor, printre care erau și câțiva clerici, înainte de 1911. Marele Război a cauzat ziarului probleme organizatorice, dar tirajul a crescut. Oponenții politici au sprijinit presa concurentă, printre care s-a aflat ziarul Le Nouvelliste de Bretagne, fondat în 1901. Polemicile care au opus ziarul L'Ouest-Eclair și pe abatele Trochu, pe de o parte, cu acel cotidian și cu directorul lui, Eugène Delahaye, susținuți de episcopatul breton până în 1928 împotriva Action française și a Partidului Democrat Popular, pe care L'Ouest-Éclair l-a susținut material: abatele Trochu l-a sprijinit, François Desgrées du Loû, directorul politic al revistei, a fost vicepreședinte al partidului, Paul Simon (politician, 1886-1956), care l-a înlocuit până în 1940, a fost unul dintre fondatorii PDP, Louis-Alfred Pagès, directorul redacției pariziene a ziarului din 1922 până în 1939, a fost un militant al acestui partid creștin-democrat.

Începând din 1928, relațiile s-au înrăutățit între abatele Trochu, administrator și co-manager al cotidianului, și ceilalți directori ai ziarului, care l-au acuzat că vrea să urmeze o linie politică prea de stânga. Abatele a fost izolat de către consiliul de supraveghere în iunie-iulie 1930.

Ziarul a sfârșit prin a se impune. În anul în care s-a sărbătorit a 25-a aniversare tirajul ziarului a ajuns la 250.000 de exemplare.

În 1932, actuala zonă de vest a Franței (Basse-Normandie, Bretagne și Pays de la Loire) a fost complet acoperită. L'Ouest-Éclair a devenit primul cotidian regional al Franței.

Perioada celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial
În 1940, în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Armata Franceză a părăsit orașul Rennes, unde s-au instalat trupe de ocupație. Ziarul a continuat să apară  sub controlul cenzorilor militari, după ce avusese loc o dezbatere în cadrul redacției cu privire la poziția ce trebuia adoptată. Motivul principal al deciziei de continuare a apariției l-a constituit faptul că 800 de familii trăiau de pe urma ziarului.

Doi oameni au respins acest compromis: Paul Hutin-Desgrées a demisionat din postul de secretar general; François Desgrées du Lou, jurnalist la L'Ouest-Éclair, fiul lui Emmanuel, a procedat în mod similar. În ochii lor, cenzura de orice fel împiedica ziarul să-și atingă obiectivul de a fi o sursă de informații independentă, onestă și de încredere.

Ultimul număr a apărut la 1 august 1944, cu puțin timp înainte de eliberare orașului Rennes de către americani pe 4 august. Apariția ziarului L'Ouest-Éclair a fost interzisă pe motiv de colaboraționism cu inamicul.

Directorul său Pierre Artur și redactor-șef Henry Jan au fost arestați pe 28 septembrie 1944; alți jurnaliști au fost, de asemenea, trimiși în judecată. Henry Jan nu a fost trimis în judecată. Pierre Artur, Jean des Cognets, director politic, și André Cochinal, autor a numeroase articole colaboraționiste sub pseudonimul Jacques Favières, au fost judecați în februarie 1946 de Curtea de justiție din Rennes, sub acuzația de participare la "o întreprindere de natură a favoriza manevrele inamicului și propaganda sa împotriva Franței și aliaților ei". Pierre Artur a fost achitat de principala acuzație că a pus în pericol securitatea statului, dar cu toate acestea a fost condamnat la zece ani de degradare națională. Jean de Cognets și André Cochinal au fost condamnați la doi ani de închisoare și la degradare națională pe viață. Compania La Presse régionale de l'Ouest a fost desființată și jumătate din bunurile ei au fost confiscate.

Ouest-France a preluat mijloacele de producție ale ziarului L'Ouest-Éclair în august 1944, cu o conducere reînnoită: Paul Hutin-Desgrées, asistat de cumnatul lui, François Desgrées du Loû, fiul fondatorului ziarului L'Ouest-Éclair.

Responsabili
Între 1899 și 1930 principalii conducători ai ziarului L'Ouest-Éclair au fost fondatorii săi, abatele Félix Trochu și Emmanuel Desgrées du Loû.

După plecarea abatelui Trochu (în 1930) și moartea lui Emmanuel Desgrées du Loû (1933), revista a fost condusă de :

 1933-1940: Peter Artur (administrator), Jean des Cognets (președinte al consiliului de supraveghere) și Paul Simon (director politic)
 1940-1944: Peter Artur (administrator) și Jean des Cognets (președinte al consiliului de supraveghere)

Redactori-șefi
 Henri Teitgen
 Athanase Moreux
 Henry Jan

Note

Bibliografie
 Paul Delourme, Trente-cinq années de politique religieuse ou Histoire de L'Ouest-Éclair (préface d'Henri Trochu), Fustier, Paris, sans date. "Paul Delourme" est en fait le pseudonyme de l'abbé Trochu pour ce plaidoyer pro domo.
 Henri Fréville, La Presse bretonne dans la tourmente (1940-1946), Plon, Paris, 1979.
 Michel Lagrée, Patrick Harismendy & Michel Denis (dir.), L'Ouest-Éclair. Naissance et essor d'un grand quotidien régional, 1899-1933, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2000 ( Lire en ligne ).
 Guy Delorme, Ouest-France, histoire du premier quotidien français, Apogée, Rennes, 2004.
 Guy Delorme, L'Abbé Trochu, patron de presse, Apogée, Rennes, 2000.
 David Bensoussan, Combats pour une Bretagne catholique et rurale, Fayard, Paris, 2006.
 Jean-Charles Cozic et Daniel Garnier, La Presse à Nantes de 1757 à nos jours, tome 2 : Les Années Schwob (1876-1928), éditions L'Atalante, Nantes, 2008 []
 Jean-Charles Cozic et Daniel Garnier, La Presse à Nantes de 1757 à nos jours, tome 3 : De 1928 à jours, éditions L'Atalante, Nantes, 2009. []. Cet ouvrage évoque largement L' Ouest-Eclair, à travers son implantation à Nantes et en Loire-Inférieure.

Legături externe
L'Ouest-Éclair este disponibil pe

 Gallica, biblioteca digitală a BnF:
 din 1899 până în 1940 (ediția de Rennes),
 din 1912 până în 1941 (ediția de Caen),
 din 1915 până în 1941 (ediția de Nantes).

 Normannia, biblioteca digitală normandă:
 din 1919 până în 1944 (edițiile Calvados, Manche, Orne, Sarthe și Mayenne)

Ziare din Franța
Fondări în 1899
Desființări în 1944

L'Ouest-Éclair


Amphibia, Tetrapoda üstsınıfına bağlı bir hayvan sınıfıdır.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Tetrapoda

Amphibia


The Human Scale er en dokumentarfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Andreas Møl Dalsgaard efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Gigantiske motorvejsnet, skyhøje bygninger og menneskeliv, der lever i hver deres separate betonkasse. Storbyen er blevet moderne, men hvordan passer metropolernes udformning egentlig til menneskets behov og adfærd? Den danske stjerne-arkitekt Jan Gehl og hans crew af arkitekter har en humanistisk mission. De vil generobre byerne efter bilernes invasion og indrette byer i menneskeskala, så de bygger på livskvalitet og bæredygtighed. Og så de passer til fodgængere og cyklister frem for biler. "Reclaim public space," lyder kampråbet. Gehls fokus på sammenhængen mellem menneskeskabt miljø og livskvalitet bakkes op af arkitekter og byplanlæggere i hele verden. Fra København til Beijing, fra Shanghai til New York, fra Los Angeles til Melbourne, og fra Christchurch til Dhakar - og det er netop med visionen om det nære byrums potentiale, at "The Human Scale" formidler Gehls mangeårige arbejde med byplanlægning i dansk og international kontekst.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

The Human Scale


Henry DeWolf "Harry" Smyth (1 de mayo de 1898 - 11 de septiembre de 1986) fue un físico, diplomático y burócrata estadounidense que desempeñó una serie de roles claves en el desarrollo inicial de la energía nuclear. Educado en la Universidad de Princeton y en la Universidad de Cambridge, fue catedrático en el Departamento de Física de Princeton de 1924 a 1966. Dirigió el departamento de 1935 a 1949. Su primera investigación trató sobre la ionización de gases, pero sus intereses cambiaron hacia la física nuclear a mediados de los años 1930.

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, fue miembro de la sección Uranio del National Defense Research Committee y consultor del Proyecto Manhattan. Escribió la primera historia pública oficial del Proyecto Manhattan, que fue conocido como el Informe Smyth.

Como miembro de la Comisión de Energía Atómica de Estados Unidos de 1949 a 1954, Smyth alertó en vano contra el desarrollo de la bomba de hidrógeno y en favor del control internacional de armas nucleares. Fue el único miembro de la comisión que votó contra el despojo de la habilitación de seguridad a Robert Oppenheimer. Sirvió como representante estadounidense en el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica de 1961 a 1970, donde desempeñó un papel importante en la realización del Tratado de No Proliferación Nuclear.

Recibió el Atoms for Peace Award en 1968 y el Distinguished Honor Award del Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos en 1970.

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Schwartz, Rebecca P. (2008). The making of the history of the atomic bomb: Henry DeWolf Smyth and the historiography of the Manhattan Project. Tesis de doctorado de la Universidad de Princeton.

Enlaces externos
 Obituario en Physics Today
 Henry DeWolf Smyth papers en la American Philosophical Society
 Henry DeWolf Smyth papers en la Biblioteca de la Universidad de Princeton
 El Informe Smyth en Internet Archive

Personas de Nueva Jersey
Diplomáticos de Estados Unidos
Físicos de Estados Unidos
Físicos nucleares
Alumnado de la Universidad de Princeton
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cambridge
Demócratas de Estados Unidos
Graduados honorarios de la Universidad Rutgers
Beca Guggenheim
Profesores de la Universidad de Princeton
Personas del Proyecto Manhattan
Fallecidos en Princeton (Nueva Jersey)

Henry DeWolf Smyth


Seif Kousmate est un photographe documentaire marocain, né en 1988 à Essaouira

Il obtient le « Prix 6Mois de photojournalisme » en 2021.

Biographie
Seif Kousmate est arrivé en France à l'âge de dix sept ans. Il obtient en 2012 un master « Ingénierie du bâtiment » à l'Université La Rochelle. Après une courte carrière de chef de projet dans le secteur du génie civil, il décide de se consacrer professionnellement à la photographie en 2016, après avoir réalisé un blog photographique, partageant ses histoires et rendant compte de ses voyages.

Alors qu'il réalisait en 2018 un reportage sur l'esclavage en Mauritanie, il est arrêté puis expulsé par les autorités.

Autodidacte, Seif Kousmate travaille depuis à documenter sur différentes thématiques en Afrique :  la migration, la jeunesse, l'esclavage en Mauritanie.

Seif Kousmate vit entre la France et Casablanca. Il est représenté par le studio Hans Lucas. Son travail a été publié dans Newsweek, The Guardian, El Pais, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Libération, Le Point, Le Vif, L'Obs, etc.

Expositions
Liste non exhaustive

 2019 : La jeunesse rwandaise, 25 ans après le génocide, Festival BarrObjectif, Barro
 2021 : Mon ami n'est pas d'ici, Institut du monde arabe-Tourcoing

Prix et récompenses
Liste non exhaustive

 2018 : Joop Swart Masterclass
 2018 : 6X6 Africa Global Talent Program du World Press Photo
 2018 : Bourse de la National Geographic Society
 2019 : Prix « Face à la Mer » des Rencontres photographiques de Tanger (Maroc)
 2021 : Prix 6Mois de photojournalisme

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1988
Naissance à Essaouira
Photographe marocain
Étudiant de l'université de La Rochelle

Seif Kousmate


Robert Hawkes "Bob" Gray (* 25. April 1939 in Brattleboro, Vermont) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Skilangläufer.

Gray nahm erstmals 1968 in Grenoble, Frankreich an den Olympischen Winterspielen teil. Im 15-km-Rennen belegte er den 48. Platz. In der Staffel über 4 × 10 km erreichte er zusammen mit Mike Gallagher, Mike Elliott und John Bower den 12. Rang. 1972 startete er über 30 und 50 Kilometer und errang dabei die Plätze 42 und 33.

Gray wurde mit dem Finlandia Award für besondere Leistungen im Bereich des US-amerikanischen Skilanglaufes ausgezeichnet.

Gray ist verheiratet mit der Alpinen Skirennläuferin Kim Mumford. Zusammen eröffneten sie ein Gasthaus und Skitourencenter in Randolph, Vermont. Später zogen sie nach Newbury, Vermont, wo sie eine kleine Farm betreiben.

Weblinks

Skilangläufer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1968
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1972
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1939
Mann

Bob Gray (Skilangläufer)


MBD or MBd may refer to:

 Man bites dog (journalism), a shortened version of an aphorism in journalism
 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a probability distribution in physics and chemistry
Megabaud (MBd), equal to one million baud, symbol rate in telecommunications
 Member Board of Directors
 Metabolic bone disease
 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 a protein which bind the DNA on its methyl-CpG
 Microsoft Business Division, responsible for making Microsoft Office
 Minimal brain dysfunction or minimal brain damage, obsolete terms for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia and other learning disabilities
 Model-based definition, a method of using 3D CAD information to provide product specifications
 Model-based design, a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with designing complex control, signal processing and communication systems
 Mordechai Ben David, a Jewish singer and recording artist
 Motherboard, a computer component
 Multibody dynamics
 Murder by Death (band), an indie rock band
 My Brightest Diamond, chamber rock band of Shara Worden

MBD


Glenea florensis é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae.  Foi descrito por Ritsema em 1892.  É conhecida a sua existência na Indonésia.

Referências

florensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1892

Glenea florensis


Kallahdenharju (en ) est un esker situé à Kallahti, dans la partie orientale d'Helsinki en Finlande.

Géographie
L'esker Kallahdenharju est né il y a 12 000 ans dans les eaux de fonte du glacier continental.

L'esker Kallahdenharju forme un isthme qui relie la péninsule Kallahdenniemi au continent.

L'esker continue dans la mer avec des bancs de sable sous-marins et un fond sablonneux.
Les points les plus élevés de la crête sous-marine sont maintenant des îles telles que Santinen et Iso Leikosaari.

Protection

Kallahdenharju appartient à la réserve naturelle de Kallahdenharju depuis 1973.
Kallahdenharju est protégé et classé zone Natura 2000.

Randonnées
L'esker Kallahdenharju est parcouru par la route Kallvikinniementie, qui mène à la plage située à la pointe de Kallahdenniemi.
Kallahdenharju a aussi un sentier de randonnée qui longe les rives et fait le tour de toute l'esker.
Une piste cyclable séparée par une clôture longe la route.

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Articles connexes

Vuosaari
Esker en Finlande
Réserve naturelle en Finlande
Site Natura 2000 en Finlande

Kallahdenharju


The World of Yesterday: Memoires of a European (German title ) is the memoir of Austrian writer Stefan Zweig. It has been called the most famous book on the Habsburg Empire. He started writing it in 1934 when, anticipating Anschluss and Nazi persecution, he uprooted himself from Austria to England and later to Brazil. He posted the manuscript, typed by his second wife Lotte Altmann, to the publisher the day before they both committed suicide in February 1942. The book was first published in Stockholm (1942), as . It was first published in English in April 1943 by Viking Press. In 2011, Plunkett Lake Press reissued it in eBook form. In 2013, the University of Nebraska Press published a translation by the noted British translator Anthea Bell.

The book describes life in Vienna at the start of the 20th century with detailed anecdotes. It depicts the dying days of Austria-Hungary under Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, including the system of education and the sexual ethics prevalent at the time, the same that provided the backdrop to the emergence of psychoanalysis. Zweig also describes the stability of Viennese society after centuries of Habsburg rule.

Chapters

Detailed summary

Preface

Zweig sets out to write his autobiography following the terrible events and upheavals experienced by his generation. He feels the need to bear witness to the next generation of what his age has gone through. He realizes that his past is "out of reach." Zweig makes it clear that his biography is based entirely on his memories.

The world of security

Zweig looks back on pre-war Austrian and especially Viennese society. "When I attempt to find a simple formula for the period in which I grew up, before the First World War, I hope that I convey its fullness by calling it the Golden Age of Security." Austria had a stable political system and a currency backed by gold, and everyone could see themselves comfortably into the future. Many inventions revolutionized lives: the telephone, electricity, and the car.

Originally from Moravia, his father made his fortune by running a small weaving factory. The author's mother comes from a wealthy Italian banking family, born in Ancona. His family represents the cosmopolitan "good Jewish bourgeoisie." Nevertheless, if the latter aspires to enrich themselves, this is not their purpose. The ultimate goal is to elevate oneself morally and spiritually. Also, it is the Jewish bourgeoisie that has primarily become a patron of Viennese culture. Vienna had become the city of culture, where culture was the primary concern. All Viennese had desirable tastes and were capable of making judgments of qualities. The artists, especially the theater actors, were Austria's only significant famous figures. Their concerns were trivialities given the events that followed, which were unthinkable.

At school in the 19th century

His time in school was quite unpleasant. Sport had a minimal place, performed in a dusty gymnasium. Zweig bitterly criticizes the old way of impersonal, cold, and distant teaching.

In society, there was a certain distrust of young people. The author's father never hired young people, and the young tried to appear more mature, for example, by growing a beard. Respect for the elders was vital. Zweig even claims that the school's purpose was to discipline and calm the youth's ardor.

However, in the face of this pressure, the students harbored a deep hatred toward authority. A turning point took place when they reached the age of 14: school no longer satisfied them, and they became entranced by the art of which Vienna was the heart. All the pupils turned entirely to art: avid readers of literature and philosophy, listeners to concerts, spectators of plays, etc. The Viennese cafés played an essential role in the lives of these young students as a cultural center. Their passion gradually shifted away from the classics, and they became more interested in rising stars, especially young artists. A typical example of this interest is the case of Rainer Maria Rilke: a young poet prodigy whose precocity came late enough in his youth that most students could easily identify with him - along with the precocious genius Hugo von Hofmannsthal, who had shown his gifts at an even earlier age - as symbols of a whole movement of rising young artists.

During this time, the first mass movements affected Austria, starting with the socialist movement, then the Christian Democratic Movement, and finally, the German Reich's unification movement. In addition, the anti-Semitic trend began to gain momentum, although it was still relatively moderate in its early stages.

Eros Matutinus
In this chapter, Zweig relates the period of puberty, the transition to adulthood. Earlier European societies, where Christianity had a central role, condemned sexual impulses as diabolical. The late 19th century had abandoned these ideas but was left with no language to describe sexual impulses, which became unmentionable. They became a parallel world that could not be described, mostly prostitution. Venereal diseases were prevalent and horrifying. Young men abandoned the prudery of their elders as hypocritical.

According to Zweig, fashion contributed to this peculiar oppression by denying the female body and constraining it with corsets, distorting the female figure and breaking its grace. This concealment merely served to draw the thoughts to what was hidden. Young girls were guarded and occupied so that they could never think about sexuality.
Zweig notes that the situation had dramatically improved for both women and men, and the generation after him was much more fortunate. Women were now much freer, and men were no longer forced to live their sexuality in the shadows.

Universitas vitae
Zweig recounts his transition to university. At this time, the university was crowned with a particular glory inherited from ancient privileges linked to its creation in the Middle Ages. According to Zweig, the ideal student was a scarred brute, often alcoholic, student body member.

Zweig went to college for the sole purpose of earning a doctorate in any field — to satisfy his family's aspirations — not to learn; To paraphrase Ralph Waldo Emerson, "good books replace the best universities." So he decides to study philosophy to give himself as much time as possible to discover other things. Therefore, this chapter is mainly devoted to what he did outside the university during his studies.

He began by collecting his first poems and looking for a publishing house to publish them. He enjoyed some success early on, to the point that Max Reger asked him for permission to set some of his poems to music. Later, he offered one of his works to the "Neue Freie Presse" — the cultural pages of reference in Austria-Hungary at that time — and had the honor of being published at only 19 years old. Finally, he meets Theodor Herzl, for whom he nourishes a deep admiration. Of Jewish origin, like him, Herzl, who attended the public impeachment of Dreyfus had published a text promoting the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine; the text was the object of intense criticism in Western Europe but was relatively well received in Eastern Europe.

He decides to continue his studies in Berlin to change the atmosphere, escape his young celebrity, and meet people beyond the circle of the Jewish bourgeoisie in Vienna. Berlin began to attract and seek new talent, embracing novelty. He meets people from all walks of life, including the poet Peter Hille and anthroposophy's founder Rudolf Steiner. He decides to translate poems and literary texts into his mother tongue to perfect his German.

Émile Verhaeren is the subject of a long digression. Zweig recounts his first meeting while visiting the studio of Charles van der Stappen. After speaking at length with him, he decides to make his work known by translating it, a task he observes as a duty and an opportunity to refine his literary talents.

After these many rich encounters, he presented his thesis in philosophy.

Paris, the city of eternal youth
After finishing his studies, Zweig decides to go to Paris to discover the city. Zweig launches into a lengthy description of the Parisian atmosphere, of the state of mind of Parisians. Paris represents the city where people of all classes, from all walks of life, come together on an equal footing, the city where good humor and joviality reign.

He discovers the city through his friendships, especially with Léon Bazalgette, to whom he becomes as close as a brother. He admires Bazalgette's sense of service, magnanimity, and simplicity. However, Rilke undoubtedly impressed him the most, by the aura he radiated and for whom he had tremendous respect. Zweig recounts several anecdotes about him, taking it upon himself to paint a portrait of a young man — or somewhat of a genius — compassionate, reserved, refined, and striving to remain discreet and temperate.

His meeting with Auguste Rodin also deeply marks him. He says he received a great lesson in life: the great of this world are the best. He could then understand that creative genius requires total concentration, like Rodin. Rodin gives him a tour of his studio and his last still unfinished creation, then begins to retouch his creation in his presence, and ends up forgetting Zweig's presence altogether.

Zweig then leaves Paris for London to improve his spoken English. Unfortunately, before leaving for London, he has the misfortune of having his suitcase stolen; the thief is quickly found and arrested. Having pity and a certain sympathy for the thief, Zweig decides not to file a complaint, thus earning for himself the whole neighborhood's antipathy, leading to his leaving rather quickly.

Unfortunately, in London, he does not have the opportunity to meet many people and discover the city. He does, however, attend the very well-organized private reading of poems by William Butler Yeats. He also takes away, on the advice of his friend Archibald GB Russell, a portrait of "King John" by William Blake, which he never tired of admiring.

Bypaths on the way to myself

Zweig remembers his many travels and says that he has tried never to settle permanently in one place. If he considered this way of doing things as a mistake during his life, with hindsight, he recognizes that it allowed him to let go more quickly and accept losses without difficulty. Therefore, his furniture was reduced to what was necessary, without luxury. The only valuables he carries with him are autographs and other writings from authors he admires.

Zweig nurtures an almost religious devotion to the writings that preceded great artists' masterpieces, notably Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. His obsession is such that he boasts of having been able to meet Goethe's niece — on whom Goethe's gaze has lovingly rested.

He shares his participation in the Insel publishing house, whose deep respect and passion for works he admires. With this publishing house, he published his first dramas, notably Thersites. Zweig then recounts the strange twist of fate that has fallen on him and his creations. Four times, the performances that could have quickly propelled him to glory were stopped by the star actor or director's death. Zweig initially thought he was being chased by fate, but he recognizes afterward that it was only the fruit of chance and that, very often, chance takes on the appearance of destiny. The title of the chapter then takes on its meaning: it was by chance that he did not enter the golden books of literature for his talents as writers in versified dramas — things he would have liked — but for his novels. The detours of his life finally brought him back to his first vocation, that of a writer.

Beyond Europe

In retrospect, Zweig recognizes the men who brought him back to reality as more critical to his life than those who turned it away for literature. This is particularly the case with Walther Rathenau, whom he deeply admires. He considers him one of the most innovative, most open, and polymath individuals. However, unfortunately, Rathenau only lacked a foundation, a global coherence he acquired when he had to save the German state — following the German defeat — with the ultimate aim of saving Europe.

He has a bad memory of India because he saw the evils of discrimination in the Indian caste system at work. However, through the meetings he has made, he says he has learned a lot; this trip helped to take a step back to appreciate Europe better. He meets Karl Haushofer, whom he regards with high esteem during his journey, although he is saddened by the recovery of his ideas by the Nazi regime.

He then traveled to the United States, which left him with a powerful impression, even though many of the characteristics that made America what it is today had not yet emerged. He is pleased to see how easy it is for any individual to find work and make a living without asking for his origin, papers, or anything else. As he walks the streets, displaying one of his books in a bookstore takes away his abandonment feeling. He ended his trip to America by contemplating the Panama Canal's technical prowess: a titanic project, costly — especially in human lives — started by the Europeans and completed by the Americans.

Light and shadows over Europe

Zweig understands that it can be difficult for a generation to live through crises and catastrophes to conceive previous generations' optimism. They witnessed a rapid improvement in living conditions, a series of discoveries and innovations, and the liberation of mores and youth. Progress in transport had upset the maps; the air's conquest had questioned the meaning of borders. Widespread optimism gave everyone ever-growing confidence, as it thwarted any attempt to seek peace — each believing that the other side valued peace more than anything else.

The artists and the new youth were devoted to the European cause and peace between nations, but no one took the gradually emerging threats seriously. Instead, all were content to remain in a generalized idealism.

Zweig strives to restore the prevailing atmosphere by recounting small events. The Redl affair represents the first event in which tensions were palpable. The next day, he ran into Bertha von Suttner, who foretold the turn of events:

When he went to the cinema in the small town of Tours, he was amazed to see that the hatred — displayed against Kaiser Wilhelm II — had already spread throughout France. However, he left despite everything, confident in Vienna, already considering what he intended to achieve in the coming months. Everyone collapses after the Sarajevo bombing.

The first hours of the war of 1914
Notable episodes include the Austrian public's reaction to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo in 1914, the departure from Austria by a train of the last Emperor Charles I of Austria in 1918, the beginning of the Salzburg festival and the Austrian hyperinflation of 1921–22.

According to Zweig, the summer of 1914 would have been unforgettable in its sweetness and beauty. The news of the death of Franz Ferdinand of Austria, although it hurt those who had just learned about it at the time, did not leave lasting traces. Franz Ferdinand was hardly appreciated, and Zweig himself found him cold, distant, unfriendly. The most controversial was his funeral: he had entered into a misalliance, and it was unacceptable that his wife and children could rest with the rest of the Hapsburgs.

The world never imagined that a war could break out. Zweig had visited a few days before declaring war with friends in Belgium. Even seeing the Belgian soldiers, Zweig was convinced that Belgium would not be attacked. Then ominous events multiplied until the outbreak of war with the declaration of war by Austria against Serbia.

The young soldiers went cheerfully to the front, to the crowd's cheers. National solidarity and brotherhood were at their peak. Compared to the abatement of 1939, this enthusiasm for war is explained by an idealization of war, possible by its great temporal distance, the heightened optimism of the century, and the almost blind confidence in governments' honesty. This enthusiasm quickly turned into a deep hatred towards the enemies of the fatherland.

Zweig does not participate in this widespread hatred, as he knows the now rival nations too well to hate them overnight. Physically unfit to go to the front, he committed his forces to work as a librarian within the military archives. He sees his whole country sinking in the apology of the opposing camp's deep and sincere hatred, like the poet Ernst Lissauer, author of the Song of hatred against England. Zweig, rejected by his friends who consider him almost a traitor to his nation, for his part, undertakes a personal war against this murderous passion.

The Struggle for Intellectual Brotherhood
Zweig makes it his mission, rather than only not taking part in this hatred, to actively fight against this propaganda, less to convince than to spread his message simply. He succeeded in having an article published in the "Berliner Tageblatt," urging them to remain faithful to friendships beyond borders. Shortly after, he receives a letter from his friend Romain Rolland, and the two decide to promote reconciliation. They tried to organize a conference bringing together the great thinkers of all nations to encourage mutual understanding. They continued their commitment through their writings, comforting those in despair in this dark time.

Zweig then took the opportunity to observe the ravages of war with his own eyes on the Russian front. He sees the dramatic situation in which the soldiers find themselves; he considers the solidarity formed between the soldiers of the two camps who feel powerless in the face of the events they are going through. He is initially shocked to see that officers far from the front can walk almost carefree with young ladies several hours by train from the front. However, very quickly, he forgives them because the real culprits are those who, in his eyes, encourage the feeling of hatred towards the "enemy."

He decides to fight this propaganda by writing a drama, emphasizing Biblical themes, particularly Jewish wanderings and trials, praising the losers' destiny. He produced this work to free himself from society's censorship imposed on him.

In the heart of Europe
He expected poor reception when published his drama "Jérémie" in October 1917. However, to his surprise, his work was very well received, and he was offered to conduct its representation in Zurich. Therefore, he decides to leave for Switzerland, a rare neutral country in Europe's heart. He met two Austrians in Salzburg on his journey to Switzerland who would play a significant role once Austria had surrendered: Heinrich Lammasch and Ignaz Seipel. These two pacifists had planned and convinced the Emperor of Austria to negotiate a separate peace if the Germans refused to make peace.

When Zweig crosses the border, he is immediately relieved, and he feels relieved of a burden, happy to enter a country at peace. Once in Switzerland, he is pleased to find his friend Rolland and other French acquaintances and feels fraternally united. During his stay, it was the figure of the director of the anti-militarist newspaper Demain, Henri Guilbeaux who marked him deeply because it was in him that he saw a historical law being verified: in intense periods, simple men could exceptionally become central figures of a current — here, that of the anti-militarists during the First World War. Moreover, he has the opportunity to see many refugees who could not choose their camps, torn by war at the James Joyce.

After the relative success of his play, he gradually realizes that Switzerland is not only a land of refuge but the theater of a game of espionage and counter-espionage. During his stay, the German and Austrian defeat becomes more and more inevitable, and the world begins to rejoice in the chorus of a finally better and more human world.

Homecoming to Austria
Once the German and Austrian defeat has been confirmed, Zweig decides to join his country in ruins, driven by a patriotic impulse: he gives himself the mission of helping his country accept its defeat. His return is the subject of a long preparation since winter is approaching, and the country is now in the greatest need. On his return, he attends the last Austrian Emperor's departure in the station, a milestone for an Austrian for whom the Emperor was the central Austrian figure.

Then begins the bitter observation of a generalized regression of life; everything of value has been stolen, such as leather, copper, and nickel. The trains are in such bad condition that the journey times are considerably extended. Once at home in Salzburg, in residence he bought during the war, he must face everyday life made difficult by shortages and cold — when his roof is ripped through and repairs made impossible by the scarcity. He watches helplessly the devaluation of the Austrian crown and inflation, the loss of quality of all products, paradoxical situations, the invasion of foreigners who profit from the depreciation of the Austrian currency, etc.

Paradoxically, theaters, concerts, and operas are active, and artistic and cultural life is in full swing: Zweig explains this by the general feeling that this could be the last performance. Also, the young generation rebels against the old authority and rejects everything at once: homosexuality becomes a sign of protest, young writers think outside the box, and painters abandon classicism for cubism and surrealism. Meanwhile, Zweig set himself the task of reconciling the European nations by taking care of the German side. First alongside Henri Barbusse, then alone on his side, after the communist radicalization of Barbusse's newspaper, Clarté.

Into the world again
After surviving the three years after the war in Salzburg, Austria, he decided to travel with his wife to Italy once the situation improved sufficiently. Full of apprehension about the reception we reserve for an Austrian, he is surprised by the Italians' hospitality and thoughtfulness, telling himself that the masses had not changed profoundly because of the propaganda. He met his poet friend Giuseppe Antonio Borgese and his painter friend Alberto Stringa. Zweig admits to being, at that moment, still lulled by the illusion that the war is over, although he has the opportunity to hear young Italians singing Giovinezza.

He then goes to Germany. He has time to see his friend Rathenau, who is now Minister of Foreign Affairs, for the last time. He admires this man who knows fully that only time can heal the wounds left by war. After the assassination of Rathenau, Germany sank into hyperinflation, debauchery, and disorder. According to Zweig, this sad episode was decisive for the rise of the Nazi Party.

Zweig has the chance to experience unexpected success and to be translated into several languages. He reads a lot and hardly appreciates redundancies, heavy styles, etc., preferences that are found in his style: he says he writes in a fluid manner, such as the words come to mind. Zweig says he has carried out important synthesis work — notably with Marie-Antoinette — and sees his capacity for conciseness as a defining element of his success. He knows the pleasure of seeing Maxim Gorky, whom he already admired at school, write the preface to one of his works.

While he recognizes that this success fills him with joy when he touches his works and works, he refuses to be the object of admiration for his appearance. He naively enjoys his fame at first on his travels, but it weighs on him. So he wishes he had started to write and publish under a pseudonym to enjoy his celebrity in all serenity.

Sunset
Zweig says that before Hitler came to power, people had never traveled so much in Europe. He continues to travel at this time, particularly about his career and fame as a writer. However, despite his success, Zweig says he remains humble and does not change his habits: he continues to stroll with his friends in the streets, and he does not disdain going to the provinces to stay in small hotels.

If there is one trip that taught him a lot, it is the one to Russia. Russia had always been on his list, but he still did his best to remain politically neutral. Finally, he has the opportunity to officially go to Russia in an unbiased way: on the birthday of Leo Tolstoy, a great Russian writer. At first, fascinated by the authenticity of the inhabitants, their friendliness, and their warm welcome, by the profound simplicity of Tolstoy's tomb, he left with great caution. Following one of the parties, he realizes that someone has slipped him a letter in French, warning him of the propaganda of the Soviet regime. He begins to reflect on the intellectual stimulation that exile can promote.

Later, he had the opportunity to use his celebrity to ask a favor of Benito Mussolini, to spare the life of Giuseppe Germani. His wife had begged the writer to intervene, to put pressure on Mussolini by organizing an international protest. Instead, Zweig preferred to send a letter personally to Duce, and Mussolini granted his request.

Back in Salzburg, he was impressed by the cultural scope that the city had taken, which had become the artistic center of Europe. It thus has the opportunity to welcome the great names of literature and painting. Seeing these artists and writers allows him to complete his autographs and first drafts collection. Zweig looks back on this passion of which he boasts of his expertise and admits to seeking, above all, the secrets of the creation of masterpieces. However, unfortunately, with Hitler's rise to power, his collection gradually fell apart.

Before these tragic events, Zweig reveals to have wondered about his success, a success he had not ardently desired. A thought crossed him at this time, after having acquired a secure, enviable and — he believed — lasting position: Wäre es nicht besser für mich — so träumte es in mir weiter — etwas anderes käme, etwas Neues, etwas das mich unruhiger, gespannter, das mich jünger machte, indem es mich herausforderte zu neuem und vielleicht noch gefährlicherem Kampf?— Zweig, Sonnenuntergang,  (1942)"Wouldn't it be better for me — so that thought continued within me — if something else happened, something new, something that troubles me, torments me, rejuvenates me, demanding of me a new and perhaps more dangerous fight?"His rash wish, resulting from a "volatile thought" — in his words — came true, shattering everything, him, and what he had accomplished.

Incipit Hitler
Zweig begins by stating a law: no witness to significant changes can recognize them at their beginnings. Even after his failed coup, Hitler was merely one agitator among many in this period shaken by coup attempts, and his name quickly faded into insignificance. However, organized gangs of young men in Nazi insignia were starting to cause trouble. It was unthinkable when Germany imagined that a man as uneducated as Hitler could come to power. However, he succeeded by promising everything to all parties; everyone thought they could use him.

Zweig admits that as a young man, he had not recognized the coming danger of the Nazis, who started organizing and agitating in Austria in the 1920s. Zweig was a committed pacifist but hated politics and shunned political engagement. He shows some reluctance to analyze Nazism as a political ideology; he regards it as the rule of one particularly evil man, Hitler. Nevertheless, Zweig was struck that the Berghof, Hitler's mountain residence in Berchtesgaden, an area of early Nazi activity, was just across the valley from his own house outside Salzburg. Zweig believed strongly in Europeanism against nationalism.

Zweig had told his publisher that his books would be banned as soon as the Reichstag was burnt down — something he had not believed possible. He then describes the progressive censorship that descended on his opera Die schweigsame Frau, even as he witnessed the artistic power of his co-worker, the composer Richard Strauss. Due to Zweig's politically neutral writings and Strauss' unrivaled fame in Germany, it was impossible to censor the opera. After reading Zweig's libretto, Hitler himself exceptionally authorized the performance and attended it in person. However, after the Gestapo intercepted a letter from Strauss about his principles as President of the Reich Music Chamber, the opera was censored, and Strauss was forced to give up his position.

During these first troubles, Zweig went to France, then to England, where he undertook the biography of Marie Stuart, noting the need for an objective and accurate work. Once completed, he returned to Salzburg, where he realized the critical situation of his country: even with shootings breaking out daily in the streets, foreign newspapers were better informed than he was about the Austrian situation. He chooses to flee to London when the police forcibly search his residence, a previously unthinkable violation of civil liberties.

The agony of peace
Zweig sets the tone for the last chapter with a quote from Shakespeare:

Like Gorky, Zweig's exile was not yet "real": he still had his passport to return home at any time. After the Munich peace agreement, Zweig suspected that negotiation with Hitler was pointless, as he would break every commitment at the right time. However, Zweig remained silent, knowing he could not influence England, having failed even in his own country.

During his stay, he attended a memorable debate between HG Wells and Bernard Shaw, of whom he gives a long and admiring description. He also saw his friend Sigmund Freud, who had managed to reach England. Delighted to speak with Freud one last time, an admirable scholar devoted to the cause of truth, Zweig attended his funeral shortly after. As Zweig prepared for his new marriage, Hitler declared war on Poland, making him an "enemy national," and the exile prepared his affairs to travel to an even further country.

At a PEN-Club conference, he stopped in Vigo, Spain, then in the hands of General Franco, noting again with bitterness the young people swaggering in fascist uniforms. However, after moving to Argentina and seeing the Hispanic heritage still intact, he regained hope. He praises Brazil, his last host country, a land of immigrants looking to the future, and says he sees Europe's future.

He looks back to Austria's annexation. His friends had firmly believed that the neighboring countries would never accept such an event, but Zweig had already, in autumn 1937, said goodbye to his mother and the rest of his family. He then watched as his family and nation were lost to Nazi barbarism.

Zweig then develops an extended meditation on the tribulations that pursue all the Jews, despite the great cultural and religious variety of those designated as such. He ends his work by admitting to being defeated by hatred, even by its shadow, but with this consolation:

Intellectual life
The World of Yesterday details Zweig's career before, during, and after World War I. Of particular interest are Zweig's description of various intellectual personalities, including Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism, Rainer Maria Rilke, the Belgian poet Emile Verhaeren, the composer Ferruccio Busoni, the philosopher and antifascist Benedetto Croce, Maxim Gorky, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Arthur Schnitzler, Franz Werfel, Gerhart Hauptmann, James Joyce, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Bertha von Suttner, the German industrialist and politician Walther Rathenau and the pacifist and friend Romain Rolland.

Zweig also met Karl Haushofer during a trip to India. The two became friends. Haushofer was the founder of geopolitics and later became an influence on Adolf Hitler. Zweig was always aloof from politics and overlooked the dark potential of Haushofer's thoughts; he was surprised when later told of links between Hitler and Haushofer.

Zweig particularly admired the poetry of Hugo von Hofmannsthal and expressed this admiration and Hofmannsthal's influence on his generation in the chapter devoted to his school years:
Zweig also describes his passion for collecting manuscripts, primarily literary and musical.

Zweig collaborated in the early 1930s with composer Richard Strauss on the opera Die schweigsame Frau, which is based on a libretto by Zweig. Strauss was then admired by the Nazis, who were not happy that their favorite composer's new opera had a Jewish author's libretto. Zweig recounts that Strauss refused to withdraw the opera and even insisted that Zweig's authorship of the libretto be credited; the first performance in Dresden was said to have been authorized by Hitler himself. Zweig thought it prudent not to be present. The run was interrupted after the second performance, as the Gestapo had intercepted a private letter from Strauss to Zweig. The elderly composer invited Zweig to write the libretto for another opera. According to Zweig, this led to Strauss's resignation as president of the Reichsmusikkammer, the Nazi state institute for music.

Nothing is said of Zweig's first wife and his second marriage is barely mentioned. The tragic effects of contemporary antisemitism are discussed, but Zweig does not analyze in detail his Jewish identity. Zweig's friendship with Sigmund Freud is described towards the end, mainly while both lived in London during the last year of Freud's life.

Adaptations
 2016 : Le monde d'hier by Laurent Seksik , directed by Patrick Pineau and Jérôme Kircher at the Théâtre de Mathurins in Paris.
 2023: The World of Yesterday a one-man English language play starring David Sibley as Zweig by Famous Writers on Substack.

References

External links

1942 non-fiction books
Austrian books
Literary autobiographies
Viking Press books
Works by Stefan Zweig
Works about Austria-Hungary

The World of Yesterday


Mauritiinae podtribus palmi, dio tribusa Lepidocaryeae. Postoje 3 roda, svi u  tropskoj Južnoj Americi.

Rodovi
 Lepidocaryum  Mart.
 Mauritia L.f.
 Mauritiella Burret

Sinonimi
 Lepidocaryinae Griseb.

Izvori

Calamoideae

Mauritiinae


Tommaso De Ocheda est un érudit et bibliothécaire italien, né à Tortone le , mort à Florence le .

Biographie
Né à Tortone en 1757, il appartenait à une famille noble d'origine espagnole. Devenu orphelin dès l'adolescence, il fut confié à son frère aîné, qui donna le plus grand soin à son éducation. Après avoir suivi les cours de collège dans sa ville natale, il alla étudier le droit d'abord à Bologne, ensuite à Pavie. Mais les codes de Justinien ne l'absorbèrent pas au point de lui interdire la culture des lettres. Aussi, tout en prenant ses grades, il composait un poème en quatre chants intitulé Theodosia, et un traité sur la philosophie des anciens. Il s'abstint cependant de les publier, le premier, parce qu'il le croyait trop imparfait ; le second, pour ne pas se brouiller avec le clergé, que certaines propositions hardies pouvaient soulever contre lui. Ce fut la même considération qui l'empêcha de faire imprimer un Essai sur la philosophie de Cicéron comparée à celle de Platon, où il examinait en quoi la philosophie des Grecs différait de celle des Romains, et quels étaient leurs points de contact. Ces travaux, quoique inédits, joints à son amour pour les recherches d'érudition, ne laissèrent pas de le mettre en renom, et lui valurent d'être appelé en 1783 à Amsterdam par Pietro Antonio Crevenna, qui le nomma conservateur de sa riche bibliothèque. Il exerça ces fonctions jusqu'en 1789, époque à laquelle une perte de plusieurs millions obligea son protecteur à mettre en vente la précieuse collection qu'il avait amassée avec tant de peine. Ocheda fut alors chargé de dresser un nouveau Catalogue (Amsterdam, 5 vol. in-8°). Ce travail fini, il prit avec douleur congé du pauvre bibliophile ruiné, et partit pour la Haye, bien décidé à rentrer en Italie. Mais le comte de Mirabello, chargé d'affaires du roi de Sardaigne en Hollande, le retint auprès de lui en qualité de secrétaire particulier, et lorsque, peu de mois après, il fut rappelé à Turin, il lui offrit en partant d'employer tout son crédit pour lui faire obtenir une place de bibliothécaire. En attendant la réalisation de cette promesse, Ocheda alla passer quelques jours à Amsterdam chez Crevenna. Il n'y resta pas longtemps : invité par le chevalier de Revel, qui avait succédé au comte de Mirabello, à revenir à la Haye, il s'y résigna malgré sa répugnance, et reprit ses fonctions, dans l'espoir que ce serait un nouveau titre pour obtenir l'emploi qu'il sollicitait. Mais ayant été, sur ces entrefaites, proposé pour bibliothécaire à lord Spencer, qui l'agréa, il partit pour Londres. C'était en 1790. Depuis lors, son séjour fut partagé entre cette capitale et la magnifique résidence d'Althorp, qui avait jadis appartenu au duc de Marlborough. Il mit en ordre la bibliothèque dont la conservation lui était confiée, et en dressa un catalogue fort simple, qui a nécessairement servi à celui qu'en donna plus tard le savant Dibdin, bien que celui-ci n'ait pas même daigné faire mention du travail de son devancier, oubli volontaire dont Ocheda se plaignit dans quelques-unes de ses lettres. Tout entier à sa passion pour l'étude, passion que son paisible emploi lui permettait de satisfaire, il ne songea nullement à faire participer le public aux trésors de sa science. Aussi peut-on lui reprocher cet égoïsme ou plutôt cette insouciance d'érudit, qui a privé le monde littéraire du fruit de tant de recherches et de veilles. Cependant le climat brumeux de l'Angleterre ne l'avait pas épargné, et après plusieurs années de malaise, il se vit obligé de quitter pour toujours l'illustre famille qui l'avait constamment entouré de respect et d'égards. Riche des libéralités de son patron, il partit pour l'Italie en 1818, et alla se fixer à Florence, où il se forma une bibliothèque de  volumes, et continua sa vie retirée et studieuse. Ocheda mourut le 16 février 1831. Bien qu'il n'ait fait imprimer aucun de ses écrits, il passait pour l'homme le plus savant de l'Italie ; aussi décerna-t-on les plus grands honneurs à sa mémoire. M. Jean-Baptiste Niccolini lui fit une épitaphe ; son portrait fut lithographié avec l'inscription, un peu déplacée, de Sillogizzò invidiosi veri, et l'Anthologie de Florence lui accorda une notice biographique fort étendue. Outre les ouvrages dont nous avons parlé, Ocheda a laissé en manuscrit des observations sur la Vie d'Apollonios de Tyane écrite par Philostrate ; plusieurs lettres de Pères grecs traduites en italien ; une apologie contre les attaques dont le gouvernement piémontais fut l'objet pendant les premières années de l'occupation française ; une notice sur Crevenna, adressée à Tiraboschi, qui la lui avait probablement demandée ; enfin un grand nombre de lettres en italien, en français et en latin, dont il serait à désirer que plusieurs fussent publiées, soit à cause des détails curieux qu'elles contiennent sur des hommes qui appartiennent aujourd'hui à l'histoire, soit à cause des savantes observations que Ocheda y a jetées à pleines mains. Valéry, qui l'a connu personnellement lors de son premier voyage en Italie, lui a consacré un chapitre dans ses Curiosités et Anecdotes italiennes.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Bibliothécaire italien
Naissance en décembre 1757
Décès en février 1831
Décès à 73 ans

Tommaso De Ocheda