Gaven John Martin (né le ) est un mathématicien néo-zélandais. Il est professeur émérite de mathématiques à l'Université Massey, directeur du New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, ancien président de la Société mathématique de Nouvelle-Zélande (de 2005 à 2007) et ancien rédacteur en chef du New Zealand Journal of Mathematics. Il est vice-président de la Royal Society of New Zealand [Mathematical, Physical Sciences Engineering and Technology. Ses recherches portent sur les applications quasi-conformes, la théorie de la régularité pour les équations aux dérivées partielles, et les liens entre la théorie des groupes discrets et la topologie en basses dimensions.

Éducation et carrière
Martin est originaire de Rotorua, en Nouvelle-Zélande. Sa famille a déménagé à Henderson quand il avait onze ans, et il a fréquenté le  puis l'Université d'Auckland (en tant que premier membre de sa famille élargie à aller à l'université), obtenant un BSc avec mention très bien en 1980 et un MSc avec distinction en 1981. Il est ensuite allé à l'Université du Michigan grâce à une bourse Fulbright achevant son doctorat en 1985 sous la direction de Frederick Gehring et remportant le Prix  pour la meilleure thèse de mathématiques de son année  et une bourse de la Fondation AP Sloan passée à l'Université technique de Berlin et à l'Université d'Helsinki.

Après des postes à court terme à l'Institut de recherche en sciences mathématiques de l'Université de Californie à Berkeley et en tant qu'instructeur Gibbs à l'Université Yale, Martin est devenu maître de conférences à l'Université d'Auckland en 1989, mais a quitté après un an pour faire de la recherche à l'Institut Mittag-Leffler en Suède et l'Institut des hautes études scientifiques en France. Peu de temps après son retour, on lui a donné une chaire personnelle à Auckland ; quand il y a pris ses fonctions, il est devenu (à trente-deux ans) le plus jeune professeur titulaire en Nouvelle-Zélande. Pendant plusieurs années suivantes, il a partagé son temps entre Auckland et l'Université nationale australienne, mais en 1996, il a renoncé à la nomination australienne et est resté uniquement à Auckland . Il a déménagé à Massey en tant que professeur distingué en 2005 et en 2016 a été élu représentant du personnel académique au Conseil universitaire de Massey, l'organe directeur le plus élevé de l'Université.

Prix et distinctions
Martin est devenu membre de la Société royale de Nouvelle-Zélande (RSNZ) en 1997. En 2001, il a remporté la bourse James Cook de la RSNZ , il a également remporté la médaille Hector de la RSNZ en 2008. Il a été conférencier invité au Congrès international des mathématiciens de 2010. En 2012, il est devenu l'un des premiers fellows de l'American Mathematical Society. Il a été nommé membre étranger de l'Académie finlandaise des sciences et des lettres en 2016.

Publications (sélection)

Références

Liens externes

Membre de l'American Mathematical Society
Professeur à l'université d'Auckland
Étudiant de l'université du Michigan
Étudiant de l'université d'Auckland
Étudiant de l'université technique de Berlin
Naissance en octobre 1958
Mathématicien néo-zélandais du XXe siècle
Mathématicien néo-zélandais du XXIe siècle
Universitaire néo-zélandais du XXe siècle
Universitaire néo-zélandais du XXIe siècle
Lauréat de la médaille Hector

Gaven Martin


Vallis Inghirami ist ein Mondtal am südwestlichen Rand der Mondvorderseite. Es erstreckt sich von dem namengebenden Krater Inghirami nach Nordwesten in Richtung auf das Mare Orientale, ebenso wie die nahe gelegenen Mondtäler Vallis Baade und Vallis Bouvard.
Die Struktur, die Merkmale eines ausgedehnten, erkalteten Lavastroms zeigt, dehnt sich über eine Länge von fast 150 Kilometern aus, wobei der Strom an der Basis über 50 km breit ist. Er endet in der Nähe des Kraters Bouvard G.

Der Krater wurde 1964 von der IAU nach dem Krater Inghirami offiziell benannt, der wiederum nach dem italienischen Astronomen Giovanni Inghirami benannt ist.

Weblinks

 Vallis Inghirami auf The-Moon Wiki

Mondtal

Vallis Inghirami


Nikolaus Siegfried ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Nikolaus Siegfried (Bürgermeister) († nach 1401), deutscher Politiker, Bürgermeister von Stralsund
 Nikolaus Siegfried, Pseudonym von Viktor Cathrein (1845–1931), Schweizer Moral- und Rechtsphilosoph

Nikolaus Siegfried


Heptoxidul de diclor (denumit și oxid de clor (VII)) este un compus chimic cu formula Cl2O7. Acest oxid de clor este anhidrida acidului percloric, de aceea mai poate fi numit și anhidridă perclorică. Este un lichid uleios și incolor.

Obținere
Heptoxidul de diclor se obține prin distilarea sau eliminarea de apă a acidului percloric în prezența unui agent de deshidratare; cel mai des se folosește pentoxid de fosfor:

2 HClO4 + P4O10 → Cl2O7 + H2P4O11

Oxidul de clor (VII) poate fi distilat din amestecul rezultat.

Proprietăți
Heptoxidul de diclor reacționează cu aminele primare și secundare în mediu de tetraclorură de carbon cu obținerea de N-perclorili:

2  +  → 2  +
2  +  → 2  +

De asemenea, reacționează cu alchenele cu obținerea de perclorați de alchil. De exemplu, în urma reacției cu propena într-o soluție de tetraclorură de carbon, se obține perclorat de izopropil și perclorat de 1-cloro-2-propil.

Vezi și
 Monoxid de diclor

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Costin D. Nenițescu, Chimie generală, EDP
 Linus Pauling, Chimie generală, Editura Științifică, București, 1972 (traducere din limba engleză)

Oxizi
Oxidanți
Compuși ai clorului

Heptoxid de diclor


Redoviti profesor, samostalni predavač na fakultetu, po stupnju viši od izvanrednog profesora, u ženskom obliku naziv je redovita profesorica.

 Visoko obrazovanje
 Titule

Redoviti profesor


An Symplocarpus foetidus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Richard Anthony Salisbury och William Paul Crillon Barton. An Symplocarpus foetidus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Symplocarpus, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Symplocarpus

Symplocarpus foetidus


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Rubellius Plautus, İmparator Nero'nun siyasi rakiplerinden Roma soylusu (ö. 62)

Ölümler
 18 Ekim - Yaşlı Agrippina, Germanicus'un karısı (d. MÖ 14)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Drusus Caesar, Antik Roma soylusu (d. 7)

als:30er#33

33


Marieke Keijser (Roterdã, 21 de janeiro de 1997) é uma remadora neerlandesa, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Quando jovem, Keijser foi bailarina e aceita por um ano no Royal Dutch Conservatorium. Ela conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de skiff duplo leve feminino, ao lado de Ilse Paulis, com o tempo de 6:48.03.

Nascidos em 1997
Naturais de Roterdã
Remadores olímpicos dos Países Baixos
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Marieke Keijser


An Carex vimariensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Carl Haussknecht ngan Gottfried Dietrich Wilhelm Berthold. An Carex vimariensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex vimariensis


El Club Sportivo General San Martín es una institución deportiva fundada en la Ciudad de Formosa, Argentina. Actualmente se desempeña en el Torneo Federal A, tercera división del fútbol argentino para los clubes indirectamente afiliados a la AFA.

San Martín de Formosa (como se lo conoce a nivel nacional) es una de las instituciones deportivas más importantes de la Provincia de Formosa, destacándose en ramas como el fútbol y el voleibol, tanto femenino como masculino.

Su equipo de fútbol milita en la Primera División de la Liga Formoseña de Fútbol. Participó del Torneo Federal C 2015, donde el 3 de mayo obtuvo el ascenso al Torneo Federal B luego de vencer en la final a Unión de Pampa Alegría por 3 a 2. Participó de la Copa Argentina, siendo en la edición 2011/12 eliminado en el primer partido por el Sarmiento de Resistencia, Chaco.

Consiguió el ascenso al Torneo Federal A luego de derrotar a Club Atlético San Jorge en la final del Torneo Federal B 2017.

Su presidente es Grisel Noemí Cardozo, que es de las pocas mujeres presidentes de clubes deportivos del país.

Su cancha se encuentra ubicada en el predio del club, ubicado en el Barrio San Francisco; sin embargo, para desarrollar sus partidos a nivel nacional, utiliza el Estadio Antonio Romero perteneciente a la Liga de dicha ciudad.

Su clásico rival es el Club Atlético 1.º de Mayo, de su misma ciudad. Otro gran rival es el Club Sportivo Inter del barrio Obrero. Por último, debido a sus participaciones en campeonatos argentinos de ascenso, San Martín entabló rivalidades con los clubes Sol de América y Sportivo Patria, siendo los tres encasillados dentro del grupo de "los 4 grandes de Formosa", junto a su archirrival Primero de Mayo..

Historia
Fue fundado el 8 de abril de 1941. Originalmente, y debido a la ubicación del predio donde fue fundado, el equipo se llamó Chacra 25 en honor al barrio en que se fundó. Este nombre fue reemplazado por la del máximo prócer argentino, en la misma fecha donde se conmemoró el centenario de su fallecimiento: el 17 de agosto de 1950. Su primer campo tenía un diseño similar a la del Club Atlético Chacarita Juniors (Bastones negros, rojos y blancos), para luego cambiarla por la casaca actual que imita el diseño del conjunto de Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata (Blanco con una franja central azul).

Participación a nivel nacional

Campeón 2011 del Torneo del Interior
En el año 2011, San Martín compitió en el Torneo del Interior (ex-Argentino C), llegando a la final y derrotando por 4-2 en el resultado global a Jorge Newbery de Venado Tuerto. En la primera llave, jugada en la localidad santafesina, los formoseños obtuvieron la victoria por 1-0 luego de un polémico fallo de parte del Consejo federal se la AFA, quien recibiera una nota de protesta por parte de San Martín, aludiendo una mala inclusión de un jugador de Newbery. El resultado en el terreno fue 3-0 a favor de Newbery, que tras conocerse este fallo, pasó a perder el partido por la mínima. La gran final se disputó el 5 de junio en el Estadio Antonio Romero, donde el Franjeado obtuvo la victoria por 3-2, consagrándose campeón del Torneo del Interior y sumando de esta forma su primer título a nivel nacional. Los goles de San Martín fueron obra de Hugo Larroza, Alejandro Benítez y Néstor Palmerola para el local;  Fernando Romero y Enzo Villalba para la visita.  Con esta victoria, San Martín obtuvo el ansiado ascenso al Torneo Argentino B, instancia donde midió fuerzas nuevamente ante su rival de toda la vida, Sportivo Patria hasta la temporada 2013/14 cuando se efectuó su descenso.

Participaciones a nivel nacional

Jugadores

Plantel 2022
 Actualizado el 11 de enero de 2020

| colspan=7 style="background:#ffffff" align=center|Porteros

|-
| colspan=7 style="background:#ffffff" align=center|Defensores

|-
| colspan=7 style="background:#ffffff" align=center|Mediocampistas

|-
| colspan=7 style="background:#ffffff" align=center|Delanteros

Comisión Directiva
 Presidente: Cardozo, Grisel Noemí
 Vicepresidente: Mazzo, José Antonio
 Secretario: Belotto, Florencio
 Prosecretario: Alvarenga, Aníbal Cristóbal
 Tesorero: Demichelis, Claudia Haydee
 Protesorero: Esquivel, María Soledad
 Secretario de actas: Gómez, Luis Oscar
 Intendente: Belotto, Norma Yolanda
 Vocal l°: Rotela, José Luis
 Vocal 2°: Enríquez, Dionisio
 Vocal 3°: Fernández, José Carlos
 Vocal 4°: Belotto, Jorge Luis
 Rev. De ctas tit 1°: Esquivel, Rubén Raúl
 Rev. De ctas tit 2°: Cisneros, Miguel Horacio
 Rev. De ctas supl.l°.: Pereira, Ramón Martín
 Rev. De ctas supl 2°: Jentile, Zulema Leoncia

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial

Club Sportivo General San Martín

Club Sportivo General San Martín


بس يا بحر فيلم كويتي عن حياة صيادي اللؤلؤ في الكويت أبان مرحلة الاستقلال من إخراج خالد الصديق العام 1972 تأليف وحوار الكاتب عبد الرحمن الصالح، حصد الكثير من الجوائز في المهرجان العربية والعالمية. كان أول فيلم كويتي يرشح للمنافسة ضمن فئة أفضل فيلم أجنبي ضمن الدورة الخامسة والأربعين لجوائز الأوسكار، إلا أنه لم يدرج ضمن قائمة الأفلام الخمسة المتنافسة. مثل في الفيلم محمد المنصور (بدور صياد لؤلؤ اسمه مساعد) وأمل باقر (بدور محبوبة مساعد نورا)، وسعد الفرج وحياة الفهد بدور والدا الصياد. مدة الفيلم 100 دقيقة وهو من إنتاج شركة أفلام الصقر.

قصة الفيلم
في الفيلم، يتعامل الناس والبحارة مع البحر وكأنه من بني البشر الخيّرين، عندما يقدم لهم السمك واللؤلؤ والمتعة والحياة، ولكن البحر يتحول إلى وحش مفترس وصياداً لأرواح الشباب (صياد اللؤلؤ مساعد) ومهلكاً لحيوات الناس، في كثير من الأحيان. يفسر الفيلم بأدواته البصرية المتقدمة في حينه، وبلغته المكثفة، حياة الكويتيين مطلع السبعينات واعتمادهم الكبير في حياتهم على الصيد والبحر. فالتصوير تحت الماء واللقطات المتنوعة بالإضافة إلى الزوايا، منها زاوية فوق مستوى النظر في مركب الصيد، حركات التصوير العمودية والأفقية تعطي تنويعاً بصرياً رائعة ولغة مشهدية بصرية توحي بحرفية سينمائية خاصة في ذلك الوقت المبكّر للسينما في الكويت والخليج عموماً.

تقنيات الصيد من القوارب بإغلاق الأنف وحبس الأنفاس لحي اصطياد اللؤلؤ والعودة بالصيد الثمين جاءت في الفيلم مثيرة وخطرة. كان لا بد من صيد اللؤلؤ للإطلاع على أنماط حياة الصيادين وأغانيهم وموسيقاهم أو طبولهم وأصواتهم، وحياة البحر كانت هي الأخرى تدعو إلى التأمل في طقوس البحر ونواميسه التي تجعل التعامل معه عسيراً لأنه بأمواجه العاتية وهدوئه المخيف يصبح نداً وخصماً وصديقاً في آن. الحياة الاجتماعية على هامش البحر كانت قاسية أيضاً، فالعربي (أبو أحمد) الذي قام بقهر ابنته وحبسها وضربها من أجل الزواج، لم ترضخ له البنت الشقية إلا بصعوبة، ولكنها على الرغم من ذلك كانت غير مطواعة للزوج غير المرغوب به.

كذلك يتطرق الفيلم بمشاهد قليلة إلى الزواج التقليدي والزفة للعروس والعريس والخلوة (الدُخلة) التي لا تتم، ربما. وكذلك مشاهد أخرى طقوسية منها حينما يأخذ أهل الكويت قطة إلى البحر ويقومون بإحراق البحر بالقش أو بمكنسة محروقة، وبإغراق قطة في ماء البحر، كي يندحر الشر وتلتئم الجراح ويتم القبول والمحبة. فالبحر تتم مناجاته كإنسان وأسطورة ووحش كبير ويطلب منه البركات والرحمة أيضاً.

الثروة والمال، كذلك سطوة وشهوة الربح في العلاقة مع البحر وصيد اللؤلؤ، من أجل ذلك اختطفت أرواح الكثيرين من أهل الكويت، حتى أن البعض صار ناقماً على هوجاء البحر وظلمه وقساوته. العلاقة بالبحر وطلب الثروة تذكرنا بالبحث عن الذهب والنفط ولكن الفارق واضح أن البحث عن اللؤلؤ في بحر الكويت لا يكاد يعمي عيون الناس عن حب الحياة وطلب الهدوء والسكينة في العيش. ولهذا ينتهي الفيلم بمشهد أم الفتى الغريق (مساعد) وهي تعفّر وجهها وشعرها برمال البحر الذي خطف ابنها صياد اللؤلؤ..وما كان أمامها إلا أن قامت بإلقاء اللؤلؤ الذي قام بصيده الفتى الغريق إلى المياه وكأنها تعيد الزيف إلى البحر، قائلة له (لا نريد صداقتك يا بحر ابعد عنّا شرورك).. فاللؤلؤ لم يغنها عن حياة ابنها الذي اختطفه البحر حين أطبقت صدفة كبيرة على يده. أي صادته.

فيلم (بس يا بحر) يقدم لمحة من حياة الكويتيين في رؤية خرجت مطلع السبعينات، لقد تم إنتاج الفيلم في السبعينيات ولكن الفيلم يحكي حياة الغوص قبل النفط وبالتالي فهو يروي حياة الكويتيين في الثلاثينيات والاربعينيات حيث تلاشى صيد اللؤلؤ مع منتصف الاربعينيات.

الجوائز
 الجائزة الأولى، مهرجان دمشق السينمائي، 1972.
 جائزة الشرف، مهرجان طهران الدولي، 1972.
 جائزة النقاد الدوليين، مهرجان فينيسيا الدولي 1972.
 جائزة الاختيار "الأسد الفضي"، مهرجان فينيسيا الدولي، 1972.
 جائزة "هوغو الفضي"، مهرجان شيكاغو العالمي، 1972.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 مشاهدة الفيلم كاملاً على موقع يوتيوب

أفلام إنتاج 1971
أفلام إنتاج 1972
أفلام بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام باللغة العربية في عقد 1970
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الكويت
أفلام دراما إنتاج عقد 1970
أفلام درامية في 1972
أفلام درامية كويتية
أفلام كويتية
أفلام كويتية بالأبيض والأسود

بس يا بحر (فيلم)


"ලුපීටා මවුතුමිය" ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වුනු, ශුද්ධවූ මරියා වලලූපේ ගර්සියා සවලා (27 අප්‍රේල් 1878 – 24 ජූනි 1963) යනු, ශුද්ධවූ මාගරට් මේරි ඇලකෝකි මුනිවරියගේ සහ දුගියන්ගේ මෙහෙකාරියන්ගේ සංඝයෙහි සමාරම්භක සහ එම සංඝයෙහි පළමු අධිපති මවුතුමිය වූවාය.

1878 උපත්
1963 මරණ

මරියා වලලූපේ ගර්සියා සවලා


Dušica Radočaj (Rogoznica, Šibenik, 20. srpnja 1933. – Pula, 27. travnja 2021.), bila je hrvatska domovinska i iseljenička književnica

Životopis

Rodila se je u Rogoznici pokraj Šibenika. Najstarije je dijete od jedanaestero žive djece u obitelji. S deset godina s obitelji je preselila u Šibenik, gdje je završila pučku školu, zatim glazbenu i gimnaziju. Studirala je u Zagrebu na Pravnom fakultetu. Radila je u Leksikografskom zavodu. Sa suprugom i djecom je godine 1968. otišla u Njemačku gdje je ostala živjeti u gradu Ulmu. Tek od početka 1980-ih piše pjesme. Jedan je ciklus objavila u Hrvatskoj reviji, a pojedinačne pjesme u nekoliko listova.

Djela
Objavila je zasebice djela:
 Božićna žrtvica (knjižica božićnih pjesama), 1989.
 Na domak velikom cvijetu (pjesme), München-Barcelona 1990.

Nagrade i priznanja

Šimun Šito Ćorić uvrstio ju je u svoju antologiju 60 hrvatskih emigrantskih pisaca.

Izvori

Životopisi, Šibenik
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvati u Njemačkoj
Hrvatska politička emigracija (1945. – 1989.)

Dušica Radočaj


فاسيليكون (Βασιλικόν) هي مدينة في إففويا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 6922   نسمة.

المراجع

مدن اليونان

فاسيليكون (إففويا)


Deir el-Sitt Damiana ("Kloster der Herrin Damiana" oder "Damiana-Kloster") auch Deir el-Anba Moussa ("Kloster des Vaters Moses") genannt, ist ein koptisches Kloster etwa 2 km nordöstlich der antiken Stadt Abydos in Ägypten. Es befindet sich im heute gleichnamigen Dorf innerhalb einer frühdynastischen Ziegelumwallung westlich von Kom el-Sultan.

Die Gründung des Stifts soll bis ins 7. Jahrhundert zurückreichen. Die Kirche des Klosters wurde 1590 erbaut und ist in drei Schiffe mit je sieben Rundbögen unterteilt. Die linken drei Bögen sind der koptischen Heiligen Damiana geweiht und die rechten vier Bögen Apa Moses, der im 5. Jahrhundert das Heidentum in Abydos endgültig beendet haben soll. Für beide Heilige gibt es in der Kirche jeweils einen eigenen Haikal (Altarraum) und ein Taufbecken. Eine weitere Kirche, die architektonisch mit ihrem Vorgängerbau verschmolz, wurde um 1932 von Bischof Peter von Mansura gegründet.

Am 7. Mai 1975 konvertierte Schenuda III., Patriarch von Alexandrien und der Papst der Koptischen Kirche, Deir el-Sitt Damiana in ein Nonnenkloster um. Bis heute finden Pilgerfahrten dorthin statt. Das Damiana-Kloster von Abydos ist allerdings nicht so stark frequentiert wie sein Gegenstück im Nildelta nahe der Stadt von Alexandrien.

Literatur
 'Abd el-Hamid Zayed, ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd Zāyid: Abydos. University Press Cairo, Kairo 1963, S. 36 & 37.
 Otto Friedrich August Meinardus: Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. American University in Cairo Press, Kairo/New York City 2002, ISBN 9789774247576, S. 233.
 Toby A.H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routeledge, London 2002, ISBN 9781134664207, S. 68 & 205.

Kloster in Ägypten
Kloster (16. Jahrhundert)
Kloster der Koptisch-orthodoxen Kirche
Abydos (Ägypten)

Deir el-Sitt Damiana (Sohag)


Det spøger i Villaen er en dansk stumfilm fra 1918, der er instrueret af Oscar Stribolt efter manuskript af Alfred Kjerulf.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Frederik Buch - Grosserer Knopp
 Betzy Kofoed - Enkefru Tulleberg, Knopps søster
 Lauritz Olsen - Alkibiades, fru Tullebergs søn
 Lizzie Thaler - En lille dame
 Charlotte Price - En lille dame

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1918

Det spøger i Villaen


David Norris (né en 1944), homme politique irlandais
 David Norris (né en 1981), footballeur anglais
 David Norris (né en 1990), fondeur américain

David Norris


Brezova () ist ein Dorf in Serbien.

Geographie und Bevölkerung
Das Dorf liegt in der Opština Kraljevo, im Okrug Raška. Brezova hatte bei der Volkszählung von 2011 351 Einwohner, während es 2002 482 Einwohner waren. Nach den letzten drei Bevölkerungsstatistiken fällt die Einwohnerzahl weiter.

Die Bevölkerung stellen Serbisch-orthodoxe Serben. Das Dorf besteht aus 149 Haushalten. Brezova ist von Wäldern und Bergen umgeben.

Demographie

Religion

In Brezova steht die Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche Hl. Nikolaus. Die Kirche gehört zur Eparchie Žiča, der Serbisch-orthodoxen Kirche mit Sitz in Kraljevo.

Belege
 Knjiga 9, Stanovništvo, uporedni pregled broja stanovnika 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, maj 2004, ISBN 86-84433-14-9
 Knjiga 1, Stanovništvo, nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, Februar 2003, ISBN 86-84433-00-9
 Knjiga 2, Stanovništvo, pol i starost, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, Februar 2003, ISBN 86-84433-01-7

Ort in der Opština Kraljevo

Brezova (Kraljevo)


Škorpion (eng. Scorpion, stilizirano </SCORPION>) američka je televizijska serija površno temeljena na životu informatičara Waltera O'Briena. Glavna radnja serije slijedi O'Briena i njegove kolege i prijatelje kroz rješavanje složenih globalnih problema, slučajeva i spašavanje života. Do 21. studenog 2016. godine, prikazano je 55 epizoda u SAD-u, gdje se serija emitira od 22. rujna 2014. godine. U Hrvatskoj, serija je 21. studenog 2016. počela s emitiranjem na Domi TV.

U ožujku 2017. godine, CBS je obnovio seriju četvrtom sezonom. Četvrta sezona izdana je 25. rujna 2017. godine. Serija je otkazana 12. svibnja 2018. godine nakon četiri sezona.

Radnja

Waltera O'Briena i njegov tim društvenih izopćenika regrutira Cabe Gallo, agent Ministarstva domovinske sigurnost SAD-a, i osniva Scorpion, posljednju crtu obrane od složenih i visokotehnoloških napada. Tim se sastoji od O'Briena, jednog od najinteligentnijih osoba na svijetu, Sylvestera Dodda, vrhunskog matematičara, Happy Quinn, vrhunske inženjerke i Tobyja Curtisa, vrhunskog psihijatra. Paige Dineen, bivša konobarica, pomaže timu u razumijevanju "normalnog" svijeta, dok tim pomaže njoj u razumijevanju njenog nadarenog sina Ralpha.

Likovi

Glavni

 Elyes Gabel kao Walter O'Brien, vođa tima Škorpion
Walter je genij s kvocijentom inteligencije od 197 kojeg je agent Gallo doveo iz Dublina, Irska u SAD nakon što je hakirao NASA-u. Iako su nekoliko godina surađivali, Walter, tada star 16 godina, i Gallo odvojili su se nakon što je ubijeno 2000 civila tijekom američkog bombardiranja Iraka pomoću Walterovog softvera, za koji je mislio da će se koristiti u humanitarne svrhe. Nakon dolaska u SAD, Walter je oženio Happy Quinn kako ne bi bio deportiran.

 Katharine McPhee kao Paige Dineen, samohrana majka devetogodišnjeg Ralpha
Katharine je bila konobarica kada je u pilot-epizodi upoznala O'Briena i njegov tim. Timu pomažu u interakciji s normalnim ljudima. Iako gaji osjećaje prema O'Brienu, teško se nosi s njima jer O'Brien smatra da ljubav i emocije ne postoje. Samohrana je majka devetogodišnjeg Ralpha koji je također nadaren i vezan za O'Briena.

 Eddie Kaye Thomas kao Tobias "Toby" Meriwether Curtis, bihevioralni psihijatar
Toby je bihevioralni psihijatar ovisan o klađenju koji lako "čita" ljude. Gaji osjećaje prema Happy Quinn.

 Jadyn Wong kao Happy Quinn, inženjerka
Inženjerka Happy jedina je žena u izvornom timu. Gaji osjećaje prema Tobyju, ali ih skriva jer joj je on jedan od najboljih prijatelja. Happyin otac smjestio ju je u udomiteljsku obitelj kada je bila dijete jer se nije mogao nositi sa smrću svoje žene koja je umrla pri porodu. U epizode "White Out" otkriveno je da je ime dobila po omiljenoj pjesmi njezinih roditelja, "Shiny Happy People" sastava R.E.M.

 Ari Stidham kao Sylvester Dodd, matematičar i statističar
Ari vrlo je osjetljiv i pati od opsesivno-kompulzivnog poremećaja, anksioznosti i straha od mikroba, zračnog i brodskog prometa te otvorenih voda. Šahovski je velemajstor. Kao tinejdžer pobjegao je od doma. Otac mu je umirovljeni pukovnik vojske SAD-a. Gaji osjećaje prema Megan, O'Brienovoj sestri, koja pati od multiple skleroze i s kojom se u epizodi "US vs. UN vs. UK" oženio.

 Robert Patrick kao Cabe Gallo, agent Ministarstva domovinske sigurnost SAD-a
Gallo je agent Ministarstva domovinske sigurnost koji je doveo O'Briena iz Irske u SAD. Razišli su se kad je softver, tada šesnaestogodišnjeg, O'Briena iskorišten za napad na Irak u kojem su poginuli civili. Gallo je u pilot-epizodi zaposlio O'Briena i njegov tim da pomognu vladi u rješavanju ozbiljne greške u kontroli zračnog prometa. Nakon slučaja zatražio je od njih da postanu ugovorni tim koji će rješavati teške slučajeve za koje glavne vladine agencije nemaju osoblje ili tehničkih mogućnosti.

 Riley B. Smith kao Ralph Dineen (sporedni u prvoj sezoni, glavni od druge nadalje), Paigin sin
U pilot-epizodi Ralph je devetogodišnji šutljiv dječak. Paige saznaje od Waltera da je Ralph zapravo nadaren. Ralph se kroz vrijeme veže za O'Briena i postaje otvoreniji, stvarajući nova prijateljstva u školi i sl.

Sporedni
 Camille Guaty kao Megan O'Brien (1. i 2. sezona), Walterova sestra oboljela od multiple skleroze, bolest za koju je Walter pokušavao pronaći "rješenje", kao način na koji bi joj se odužio za njenu stalnu podršku kroz njegovo djetinjstvo. Megan umire u epizodi "Arrivals and Departures".
 Brendan Hines kao Drew Baker (1. sezona), Ralphov biološki otac
 Daniel Zolghadri kao mladi Walter (1. sezona)
 David Fabrizio kao Merrick (1. i 2. sezona), direktor Ministarstva domovinske sigurnosti SAD-a, smijenjen nakon događaja u prvoj sezoni. Merric umire u epizodi "Da Bomb"
 Andy Buckley kao Richard Elia, milijarder koji želi zaposliti Waltera u svojoj tehnološkoj tvrtki
 Jamie McShane kao Patrick Quinn, mehaničar i Happyjin otac
 Alana de la Garza kao Adriana Molina (2. sezona), Merrickova nasljednica na položaju direktora Ministarstva domovinske sigurnosti. Nakon epizode "Fish Fillet", Katherine Cooper ju zamjenjuje u interakciji s timom Škorpion.
 Pete Giovine kao Chet, Happyjin privremeni "dečko", komičar
 Brooke Nevin kao Linda (2. sezona), kratko prohoda s Walterom tijekom njegovog pokušaja emocionalnog vezanja uz druge
 Scott Porter kao Tim Armstrong (od 2. sezone), vježbenik Ministarstva domovinske sigurnosti i bivši Navy SEAL, surađuje s timom Škorpion. Armstrong počinje gajiti osjećaje prema Paige
 Horatio Sanz kao Heywood "Jahelpme" Morris (2. sezona), isprva Sylvesterov odvjetnik, kasnije postaje odvjetnik tima

Sezone

Bilješke: U SAD-u, broj epizoda u prvoj sezoni je 22. Izvan SAD-a, zadnja epizoda prve sezone podijeljena je na dva dijela.

Izvori

Američke serije
Kriminalističke serije
Dramske serije

Škorpion (televizijska serija)


Svagbørnskolonien Nordstrand er en baraklignende koloni ved Nykøbing Sjælland.

Nordstrand fungerede som svagbørnskoloni fra 1932 og indtil 1972. Herefter fik kolonien status som Sommerskole, dels fordi ordet svagbarn, var blevet noget slidt, og dels fordi de økonomiske og sociale forhold på Frederiksberg havde udviklet sig således at det nu mere var adfærd end helbred der var genstand for opmærksomhed på de Frederilsbergske skoler. I 1982 sluttede denne epoke helt da det fra politisk hold blev bestemt at man i stedet for at tilgodese de mest udsatte elever og familer, i stedet valgte at give alle lige meget. Herefter har alle 4. eller 5. klasser fået et ophold på en uge på kolonien. Skolesommerferierne har fra starten altid været en feriekolonimulighed ved skov og strand. Status har herefter været Kolonien Nordstrand.

Poul George Donchill Holmberg som var forstander, gik på pension i 1978 efter 38 år, og døde 1996.

Hans søn, Tom Donchill Holmberg har herefter fungeret som Forstander i nogen år.
Der er oprettet en Facebookside som hedder Svagbørnskolonien Nordstrand

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Odsherred Kommune
Frederiksberg Kommune
Pædagogik

Svagbørnskolonien Nordstrand


فيكتور إيمانويل الثالث (بالإيطالية : Vittorio Emanuele III)، آخر ملوك مملكة إيطاليا، وابن الملك أومبيرتو الأول وأبو الملك أومبرتو الثاني، ولد في 11 نوفمبر 1869، في مدينة نابولي في إيطاليا وتوفي في 28 ديسمبر1947 بمدينة الإسكندرية في مصر ودفن بها ثم أُعيد جثمانه إلى إيطاليا بعد سبعين عاما ليدفن في مدينة فيكوفورتي الايطالية في ديسمبر 2017 .

تاريخ
نشأ فيكتور في بيئة أسرية وترعرع على التربية العسكرية والعقيدة الصارمة، كان أستاذه إيجيديو أوسيو، الذي أدلى العاهل على نموذج الملك البروسي في الأسلحة. فيكتور عمانوئيل، الذي نشأ بعيدا عن معاناة العائلة حيث سمح له أن يأكل وجبات الطعام مع والديه مرتين فقط في الأسبوع، ونضج على مر الزمن، ويتمتع بالتفكير والفضول، تردد فيكتور على المدرسة العسكرية المرموقة من نابولي. وعادة ما كان يحضر الجلسات الافتتاحية للأكاديمية، فضلا عن جمعيات علمية أخرى،

كان يحب القراءة والدراسة في لحظات العزلة، ومن بين أكثر الأماكن العزيزة عليه كانت هناك قلعة راكونيجي بولينزو، الذي اعتاد على التردد عليه أثناء إقامته في بيدمونت. انخرط أيضا في الزراعة، ودراسة التقنيات التي من شأنها أن ذهب إلى روما لتأسيس المعهد الدولي للزراعة. كان مُعجبا بشكسبير، وأجاد التحدث بأربع لغات، ولكن كان لا يحب الحفلات أو المسرح.

ألقاب حملها
 ملك إيطاليا (1900 – 1946).
 ملك إثيوبيا (1936 - 1943).
 ملك ألبانيا (1939 – 1943).
 المارشال الأول لامبراطورية إيطاليا
و شهد طوال فترة حكمه الطويلة الحربين العالميتين الأولى والثانية، إضافة إلى صعود وسقوط الفاشية وانتهاء الملكية في بلاده. وأصبح تاريخيًا آخر ملوك مملكة إيطاليا عقب استفتاء شعبي جاء بنتيجة 54% لصالح تحويل إيطاليا إلى جمهورية.

لجأ إلى مصر وأقام في مدينة الإسكندرية التي توفي فيها عام 1947، ودفن بها خلف كاتدرائية سانت كاترين بالمدينة. وقد أطلق اسمه على ميدان من أهم ميادين الإسكندرية بمنطقة سموحة بحي سيدي جابر. وفي 18 ديسمبر من عام 2017 تمت إعادة رُفات الملك فيكتور إيمانويل الثالث إلى إيطاليا ليُدفن في ضريح خاص بالعائلة في مدينة فيكوفورتي بمقاطعة كونيو شمال غرب إيطاليا، حيث دفن إلى جانب زوجته الملكة إلينا دل مونتينيغرو التي أُعيد جثمانها هي الأخرى من قبرها في مونبيلييه بفرنسا حيث عاشت في المنفى آنذاك . وجاء هذا النقل بعد موافقة الحكومة الإيطالية على إعادة جثامين أفراد العائلة المالكة الإيطالية التي مُنع دخول اعضائها إلى إيطاليا منذ إعلان النظام الجمهوري فيها .

المراجع

روابط خارجية

الحاصلون على وسام الصقر الأبيض
الصلبان العظمى لوسام القديس جيمس السيف
الصلبان العظمى لوسام المسيح (البرتغال)
أشخاص من مدينة نابولي
أمراء إيطاليون
أمراء بييمونتي
أمراء منطقة سافوا
إيطاليون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
إيطاليون في الحرب العالمية الثانية
إيطاليون في الحرب العثمانية الإيطالية
إيطاليون من أصل ألماني
حاصلون على وسام إسكندر بك
حاصلون على وسام عقاب أسود
حاملو لقب ملك بيت المقدس
حكام إثيوبيا
زعماء الحرب العالمية الأولى
زعماء الحرب العالمية الثانية
سفويا
شخصيات ملكية تنازلت عن العرش
فرسان الصوف الذهبي
كينغ في إيطاليا
ملحدون إيطاليون
ملكيون إيطاليون
ملوك القرن 19 في أوروبا
ملوك ألبانيا
ملوك إيطاليا القرن 19
ملوك إيطاليا القرن 20
ملوك سردينيا القرن 19
مواليد 1869
مواليد في نابولي
نبلاء ألبان
وفيات 1947
وفيات بأمراض الجهاز التنفسي في مصر
وفيات في الإسكندرية

فيكتور إيمانويل الثالث


Thomas ("Tom") Joseph Mulcair (* 24. Oktober 1954 in Ottawa, Ontario) ist ein kanadischer Politiker und Professor der Rechtswissenschaft. Seit 2007 ist er Abgeordneter im kanadischen Unterhaus und vertritt den Wahlkreis Outremont in der Provinz Québec. Von März 2012 bis Oktober 2017 war er Vorsitzender der Neuen Demokratischen Partei (NDP).

Mulcair war vor seiner politischen Karriere Beamter in der Verwaltung der Provinz Québec und Rechtsanwalt. Außerdem lehrte er Recht an mehreren Hochschulen und Universitäten. Von 1994 bis 2007 war er Abgeordneter in der Nationalversammlung von Québec, wo er für die Parti libéral du Québec den Wahlkreis Chomedey in Laval vertrat. In der Provinzregierung von Jean Charest amtierte er von 2003 bis 2006 als Minister für nachhaltige Entwicklung, Umweltschutz und Parks.

Familie und berufliche Karriere
Mulcair ist das zweitälteste von zehn Kindern von Harry Donnelly Mulcair, einem irisch-kanadischen Vater, und von Jeanne Hurtubise, einer frankokanadischen Mutter. Aus diesem Grund spricht er sowohl Englisch als auch Französisch fließend. Sein Ur-Ur-Großvater mütterlicherseits ist Honoré Mercier, Premierminister Québecs von 1887 bis 1891. Mulcair wuchs in Hull (heute Teil von Gatineau) und in Laval auf, wo er ein katholisches Gymnasium besuchte. Nach Abschluss des CEGEP am Vanier College in Montreal studierte Mulcair an der McGill University. 1977 erhielt er Abschlüsse in Common Law und Zivilrecht. Während seines vorletzten Studienjahres war er Präsident der Vereinigung der Rechtsstudenten an der McGill University und Mitglied des Studentenrates.

Seit 1976 ist Mulcair mit der Psychologin Catherine Pinhas verheiratet, einer Französin mit türkisch-jüdischen Wurzeln; das Paar hat zwei Söhne. Sie zogen 1978 in die Stadt Québec, ein Jahr später erhielt Mulcair die Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt. Im Justizministerium der Provinz Québec arbeitete er bis 1980 als Rechtsberater, danach beim Obersten Rat der französischen Sprache. 1983 wurde Mulcair zum Direktor der Rechtsabteilung von Alliance Québec ernannt, der Lobbyorganisation der englischsprachigen Quebecer. 1985 eröffnete er eine eigene Anwaltskanzlei, daneben unterrichtete er unter anderem an der Concordia University und an der Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. Von 1987 bis 1993 war Mulcair Präsident des Office des professions du Québec, einer staatlichen Aufsichtsbehörde für Berufsausübung. Ab 1995 war er wieder als Rechtsanwalt tätig.

Provinzpolitik in Québec
Mulcair trat der Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ). Am 12. September 1994 kandidierte er bei den Wahlen zur Nationalversammlung von Québec und wurde im Wahlkreis Chomedey im westlichen Teil der Stadt Laval gewählt. Am 30. November 1998 und am 14. April 2003 gelang ihm jeweils die Wiederwahl mit über zwei Drittel der Stimmen. Nachdem die PLQ 2003 die Wahlen gewonnen hatte und die Provinzregierung stellen konnte, wurde er vom neuen Premierminister Jean Charest als Minister für nachhaltige Entwicklung, Umweltschutz und Parks ins Kabinett berufen.

Mulcair war ein Befürworter des Kyoto-Protokolls. Im November 2004 lancierte er einen Plan zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung Québecs und erarbeitete ein entsprechendes Ausführungsgesetz. Darin enthalten war eine Ergänzung der Quebecer Charta der Menschenrechte und Freiheiten. Die Einwohner der Provinz sollten das Recht haben, in einer gesunden Umwelt zu leben, welche die Biodiversität respektiert. Mulcairs Nachhaltigkeitsplan beruhte auf erfolgreichen europäischen Modellen und galt als eines der fortschrittlichsten in Nordamerika. Die Nationalversammlung nahm das Gesetz im April 2006 einstimmig an. Trotz Protesten seitens verschiedener Umweltschutzgruppierungen trieb er den Ausbau des Autobahnnetzes voran.

Im Rahmen einer Kabinettsumbildung erhielt Mulcair von Charest das Angebot, das Ministerium für Regierungsdienste zu übernehmen. Er empfand dies jedoch als Zurückstufung und zog es vor, per Ende Februar 2006 aus dem Kabinett zurückzutreten. Es gab Spekulationen, wonach Mulcair sich persönlich nicht besonders gut mit Charest verstand und sich außerdem geweigert hatte, seine Zustimmung zu einem umstrittenen Tourismusprojekt im Parc national du Mont-Orford geben. Er blieb weiterhin Abgeordneter, gab aber später bekannt, dass er zu den Wahlen im März 2007 nicht mehr antreten werde.

Bundespolitik
Am 19. April 2007 bestätigte Mulcair, dass er bei der kommenden Unterhauswahl für die NDP antreten werde. Er bestätigte damit verschiedene Spekulationen über seinen Wechsel in die Bundespolitik, nachdem er einen Monat zuvor bei einer Rede des NDP-Vorsitzenden Jack Layton anwesend gewesen war. Mulcair wurde auch Laytons wichtigster Berater zu Themen bezüglich Québec. Am 17. September 2007 trat er zu einer Unterhaus-Nachwahl in Outremont an und setzte sich mit deutlichem Vorsprung durch. Es war dies erst das zweite Mal überhaupt, dass ein NDP-Vertreter sich in der Provinz Québec durchgesetzt hatte.

Unmittelbar nach seiner Wahl wurde Mulcair zum Vize-Vorsitzenden der NDP ernannt. Seine Tätigkeit im Unterhaus nahm er am 12. Oktober 2007 auf. Als Mitglied der Finanzkommission erwarb er großen Einfluss. Im Oktober 2008 gelang ihm die Wiederwahl, ebenso bei der Wahl am 2. Mai 2011. Noch im selben Monat übernahm er den Vorsitz der Unterhaus-Fraktion und war damit neben Layton der wichtigste Vertreter der NDP, die zur größten Oppositionspartei aufgestiegen war.

Jack Layton starb am 22. August 2011 an Krebs, woraufhin Nycole Turmel interimistisch den Parteivorsitz übernahm. Am 13. Oktober meldete Mulcair offiziell seine Kandidatur für die Wahl des Vorsitzenden an, die fünf Monate später stattfinden sollte. Verschiedene politische Beobachter gingen davon aus, dass er die Partei etwas mehr ins Zentrum des politischen Spektrums rücken werde, um bei der nächsten Unterhauswahl mehr Mitte- und Neuwähler anzusprechen. Beim Parteitag am 24. März 2012 in Toronto setzte sich Mulcair mit 57,2 % der abgegebenen Stimmen im vierten Wahlgang durch.

Die kanadische Unterhauswahl 2015 war für die NDP eine Enttäuschung: Hatte sie zeitweise in Umfragen vorne gelegen, landete sie schließlich weit abgeschlagen hinter der bisherigen anderen Oppositionspartei, Justin Trudeaus Liberalen. Beim Bundesparteitag der NDP im April 2016 wurde Mulcair kritisiert. Zuvor hatte er eine muslimische Frau verteidigt, welche öffentlicher Kritik ausgesetzt war, weil diese bei ihrer Einbürgerung einen Nikab trug. Dies sei auch eine der Hauptursachen für das schlechte Abschneiden bei der Unterhauswahl 2015 gewesen. Ein Antrag, wonach die Parteimitglieder binnen 24 Monaten einen neuen Vorsitzenden per Urwahl bestimmen sollten, wurde mit 52 % der Delegiertenstimmen angenommen. Dies war das erste Mal in der Geschichte Kanadas, dass ein amtierender Vorsitzender einer Partei eine "leadership review"-Abstimmung – eine Art Vertrauensfrage – verlor. Mulcair blieb im Amt, bis die Urwahl am 1. Oktober 2017 offiziell von Jagmeet Singh gewonnen wurde, der damit Mulcairs Nachfolger als Parteivorsitzender wurde.

Mulcair hat angekündigt, bei der nächsten kanadischen Unterhauswahl nicht mehr anzutreten und sich aus der Politik zurückzuziehen.

Weblinks

 Website von Thomas Mulcair

 Biografie auf der Website der Nationalversammlung von Québec

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter des Unterhauses (Kanada)
Abgeordneter der Nationalversammlung von Québec
Mitglied der Neuen Demokratischen Partei
Mitglied der Parti libéral du Québec
Rechtsanwalt (Kanada)
Hochschullehrer (Concordia University)
Kanadier
Geboren 1954
Mann

Thomas Mulcair


Josip Posavec (Varaždin, 10. ožujka 1996.) hrvatski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji vratara. Trenutačno igra za danski Aalborg BK.

Klupska karijera
U Hrvatskoj je prošao nezapaženo. Za sitnih pola milijuna eura prešao je iz zaprešićkog Intera u Palermo. U mladoj reprezentaciji bio je zamjena Dinamovom vrataru Livakoviću. U Italiji je bio najbolji vratar Serie A i po postotku obrana bio bolji od mnogih poznatih vratara.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatski nogometni vratari
Vratari Hajduka
Nogometaši NK Inter Zaprešić
Nogometaši Palerma
Životopisi, Varaždin
Aktivni nogometaši

Josip Posavec


The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia based in Magadha. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, it existed in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE. The empire was centralized by the conquest of the Indo-Gangetic Plain; its capital city was located at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Outside this imperial centre, the empire's geographical extent was dependent on the loyalty of military commanders who controlled the armed cities scattered within it. During Ashoka's rule (ca. 268–232 BCE) the empire briefly controlled the major urban hubs and arteries of the Indian subcontinent excepting the deep south. It declined for about 50 years after Ashoka's rule, and dissolved in 185 BCE with the assassination of Brihadratha by Pushyamitra Shunga and foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.

Chandragupta Maurya raised an army, with the assistance of Chanakya, author of the Arthasastra, and overthrew the Nanda Empire in . Chandragupta rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India by conquering the satraps left by Alexander the Great, and by 317 BCE the empire had fully occupied northwestern India. The Mauryan Empire then defeated Seleucus I, a diadochus and founder of the Seleucid Empire, during the Seleucid–Mauryan war, thus acquiring territory west of the Indus River.

Under the Mauryas, internal and external trade, agriculture, and economic activities thrived and expanded across South Asia due to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance, administration, and security. The Maurya dynasty built a precursor of the Grand Trunk Road from Patliputra to Taxila. After the Kalinga War, the Empire experienced nearly half a century of centralized rule under Ashoka. Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism and sponsorship of Buddhist missionaries allowed for the expansion of that faith into Sri Lanka, northwest India, and Central Asia.

The population of South Asia during the Mauryan period has been estimated to be between 15 and 30 million.
The empire's period of dominion was marked by exceptional creativity in art, architecture, inscriptions and produced texts, but also by the consolidation of caste in the Gangetic plain, and the declining rights of women in the mainstream Indo-Aryan speaking regions of India.
Archaeologically, the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary sources of written records of Mauryan times. The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is the national emblem of the Republic of India.

Etymology

The name "Maurya" does not occur in Ashoka's inscriptions, or the contemporary Greek accounts such as Megasthenes's Indica, but it is attested by the following sources:

The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (c. 150 CE) prefixes "Maurya" to the names Chandragupta and Ashoka.
 The Puranas (c. 4th century CE or earlier) use Maurya as a dynastic appellation.
 The Buddhist texts state that Chandragupta belonged to the "Moriya" clan of the Shakyas, the tribe to which Gautama Buddha belonged.
 The Jain texts state that Chandragupta was the son of a royal superintendent of peacocks (mayura-poshaka).
Tamil Sangam literature also designate them as '' and mention them after the Nandas
Kuntala inscription (from the town of Bandanikke, North Mysore) of 12th century AD chronologically mention Mauryya as one of the dynasties which ruled the region.

According to some scholars, Kharavela' Hathigumpha inscription (2nd-1st century BC) mentions era of Maurya Empire as Muriya Kala (Mauryan era), but this reading is disputed: other scholars—such as epigraphist D. C. Sircar—read the phrase as mukhiya-kala ("the principal art").

According to the Buddhist tradition, the ancestors of the Maurya kings had settled in a region where peacocks (mora in Pali) were abundant. Therefore, they came to be known as "Moriyas", literally meaning, "belonging to the place of peacocks". According to another Buddhist account, these ancestors built a city called Moriya-nagara ("Moriya-city"), which was so called, because it was built with the "bricks coloured like peacocks' necks".

The dynasty's connection to the peacocks, as mentioned in the Buddhist and Jain traditions, seems to be corroborated by archaeological evidence. For example, peacock figures are found on the Ashoka pillar at Nandangarh and several sculptures on the Great Stupa of Sanchi. Based on this evidence, modern scholars theorize that the peacock may have been the dynasty's emblem.

Some later authors, such as Dhundhi-raja (an 18th-century commentator on the Mudrarakshasa and an annotator of the Vishnu Purana), state that the word "Maurya" is derived from Mura and the mother of the first Maurya king. However, the Puranas themselves make no mention of Mura and do not talk of any relation between the Nanda and the Maurya dynasties. Dhundiraja's derivation of the word seems to be his own invention: according to the Sanskrit rules, the derivative of the feminine name Mura (IAST: Murā) would be "Maureya"; the term "Maurya" can only be derived from the masculine "Mura".

History

Founding

Prior to the Maurya Empire, the Nanda Empire ruled over a broad swathe of the Indian subcontinent. The Nanda Empire was a large, militaristic, and economically powerful empire due to conquering the Mahajanapadas. According to several legends, Chanakya travelled to Pataliputra, Magadha, the capital of the Nanda Empire where Chanakya worked for the Nandas as a minister. However, Chanakya was insulted by the Emperor Dhana Nanda when he informed them of Alexander's invasion. Chanakya swore revenge and vowed to destroy the Nanda Empire. He had to flee in order to save his life and went to Taxila, a notable center of learning, to work as a teacher. On one of his travels, Chanakya witnessed some young men playing a rural game practicing a pitched battle. One of the boys was none other than Chandragupta. Chanakya was impressed by the young Chandragupta and saw royal qualities in him as someone fit to rule.

Meanwhile, Alexander the Great was leading his Indian campaigns and ventured into Punjab. His army mutinied at the Beas River and refused to advance farther eastward when confronted by another army. Alexander returned to Babylon and re-deployed most of his troops west of the Indus River. Soon after Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE, his empire fragmented into independent kingdoms led by his generals.

The Maurya Empire was established in the Magadha region under the leadership of Chandragupta Maurya and his mentor Chanakya. Chandragupta was taken to Taxila by Chanakya and was tutored about statecraft and governing. Requiring an army Chandragupta recruited and annexed local military republics such as the Yaudheyas that had resisted Alexander's Empire. The Mauryan army quickly rose to become the prominent regional power in the North West of the Indian subcontinent. The Mauryan army then conquered the satraps established by the Macedonians. Ancient Greek historians Nearchus, Onesictrius, and Aristobolus have provided lot of information about the Mauryan empire. The Greek generals Eudemus and Peithon ruled in the Indus Valley until around 317 BCE, when Chandragupta Maurya (with the help of Chanakya, who was now his advisor) fought and drove out the Greek governors, and subsequently brought the Indus Valley under the control of his new seat of power in Magadha.

Chandragupta Maurya's ancestry is shrouded in mystery and controversy. On one hand, a number of ancient Indian accounts, such as the drama Mudrarakshasa (Signet ring of Rakshasa – Rakshasa was the prime minister of Magadha) by Vishakhadatta, describe his royal ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family. A kshatriya clan known as the Mauryas are referred to in the earliest Buddhist texts, Mahaparinibbana Sutta. However, any conclusions are hard to make without further historical evidence. Chandragupta first emerges in Greek accounts as "Sandrokottos". As a young man he is said to have met Alexander. Chanakya is said to have met the Nanda king, angered him, and made a narrow escape.

Conquest of the Nanda Empire

Historically reliable details of Chandragupta's campaign against Nanda Empire are unavailable and legends written centuries later are inconsistent. Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu texts claim Magadha was ruled by the Nanda dynasty, which, with Chanakya's counsel, Chandragupta conquered Nanda Empire. The army of Chandragupta and Chanakya first conquered the Nanda outer territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. In contrast to the easy victory in Buddhist sources, the Hindu and Jain texts state that the campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty had a powerful and well-trained army.

The Buddhist Mahavamsa Tika and Jain Parishishtaparvan records Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully attacking the Nanda capital.  Chandragupta and Chanakya then began a campaign at the frontier of the Nanda empire, gradually conquering various territories on their way to the Nanda capital. He then refined his strategy by establishing garrisons in the conquered territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. There Dhana Nanda accepted defeat. The conquest was fictionalised in Mudrarakshasa play, it contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, Thomas Trautmann suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis. Radha Kumud Mukherjee similarly considers Mudrakshasa play without historical basis.

These legends state that the Nanda king was defeated, deposed and exiled by some accounts, while Buddhist accounts claim he was killed. With the defeat of Dhana Nanda, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire.

Chandragupta Maurya

After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, Chandragupta led a series of campaigns in 305 BCE to take satrapies in the Indus Valley and northwest India. When Alexander's remaining forces were routed, returning westwards, Seleucus I Nicator fought to defend these territories. Not many details of the campaigns are known from ancient sources. Seleucus was defeated and retreated into the mountainous region of Afghanistan.

The two rulers concluded a peace treaty in 303 BCE, including a marital alliance. Under its terms, Chandragupta received the satrapies of Paropamisadae (Kamboja and Gandhara) and Arachosia (Kandhahar) and Gedrosia (Balochistan). Seleucus I received the 500 war elephants that were to have a decisive role in his victory against western Hellenistic kings at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Diplomatic relations were established and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, Deimakos and Dionysius resided at the Mauryan court.

Megasthenes in particular was a notable Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya. His book Indika is a major literary source for information about the Mauryan Empire. According to Arrian, ambassador Megasthenes (c. 350 – c. 290 BCE) lived in Arachosia and travelled to Pataliputra. Megasthenes' description of Mauryan society as freedom-loving gave Seleucus a means to avoid invasion, however, underlying Seleucus' decision was the improbability of success. In later years, Seleucus' successors maintained diplomatic relations with the Empire based on similar accounts from returning travellers.

Chandragupta established a strong centralised state with an administration at Pataliputra, which, according to Megasthenes, was "surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers". Aelian, although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentioning Pataliputra, described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to Persia's Susa or Ecbatana. The architecture of the city seems to have had many similarities with Persian cities of the period.

Chandragupta's son Bindusara extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India. The famous Tamil poet Mamulanar of the Sangam literature described how areas south of the Deccan Plateau which comprised Tamil country was invaded by the Maurya army using troops from Karnataka. Mamulanar states that Vadugar (people who resided in Andhra-Karnataka regions immediately to the north of Tamil Nadu) formed the vanguard of the Mauryan army. He also had a Greek ambassador at his court, named Deimachus. According to Plutarch, Chandragupta Maurya subdued all of India, and Justin also observed that Chandragupta Maurya was "in possession of India". These accounts are corroborated by Tamil sangam literature which mentions about Mauryan invasion with their south Indian allies and defeat of their rivals at Podiyil hill in Tirunelveli district in present-day Tamil Nadu.

Chandragupta renounced his throne and followed Jain teacher Bhadrabahu. He is said to have lived as an ascetic at Shravanabelagola for several years before fasting to death, as per the Jain practice of sallekhana.

Bindusara

Bindusara was born to Chandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. This is attested by several sources, including the various Puranas and the Mahavamsa. He is attested by the Buddhist texts such as Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa ("Bindusaro"); the Jain texts such as Parishishta-Parvan; as well as the Hindu texts such as Vishnu Purana ("Vindusara"). According to the 12th century Jain writer Hemachandra's Parishishta-Parvan, the name of Bindusara's mother was Durdhara. Some Greek sources also mention him by the name "Amitrochates" or its variations.

Historian Upinder Singh estimates that Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE. Bindusara, just 22 years old, inherited a large empire that consisted of what is now, Northern, Central and Eastern parts of India along with parts of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Bindusara extended this empire to the southern part of India, as far as what is now known as Karnataka. He brought sixteen states under the Mauryan Empire and thus conquered almost all of the Indian peninsula (he is said to have conquered the 'land between the two seas' – the peninsular region between the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea). Bindusara did not conquer the friendly Tamil kingdoms of the Cholas, ruled by King Ilamcetcenni, the Pandyas, and Cheras. Apart from these southern states, Kalinga (modern Odisha) was the only kingdom in India that did not form part of Bindusara's empire. It was later conquered by his son Ashoka, who served as the viceroy of Ujjaini during his father's reign, which highlights the importance of the town.

Bindusara's life has not been documented as well as that of his father Chandragupta or of his son Ashoka. Chanakya continued to serve as prime minister during his reign. According to the medieval Tibetan scholar Taranatha who visited India, Chanakya helped Bindusara "to destroy the nobles and kings of the sixteen kingdoms and thus to become absolute master of the territory between the eastern and western oceans". During his rule, the citizens of Taxila revolted twice. The reason for the first revolt was the maladministration of Susima, his eldest son. The reason for the second revolt is unknown, but Bindusara could not suppress it in his lifetime. It was crushed by Ashoka after Bindusara's death.

Bindusara maintained friendly diplomatic relations with the Hellenic world. Deimachus was the ambassador of Seleucid emperor Antiochus I at Bindusara's court. Diodorus states that the king of Palibothra (Pataliputra, the Mauryan capital) welcomed a Greek author, Iambulus. This king is usually identified as Bindusara. Pliny states that the Egyptian king Philadelphus sent an envoy named Dionysius to India. According to Sailendra Nath Sen, this appears to have happened during Bindusara's reign.

Unlike his father Chandragupta (who at a later stage converted to Jainism), Bindusara believed in the Ajivika sect. Bindusara's guru Pingalavatsa (Janasana) was a Brahmin of the Ajivika sect. Bindusara's wife, Queen Subhadrangi (Queen Dharma/ Aggamahesi) was a Brahmin also of the Ajivika sect from Champa (present Bhagalpur district). Bindusara is credited with giving several grants to Brahmin monasteries (Brahmana-bhatto).

Historical evidence suggests that Bindusara died in the 270s BCE. According to Upinder Singh, Bindusara died around 273 BCE. Alain Daniélou believes that he died around 274 BCE. Sailendra Nath Sen believes that he died around 273–272 BCE, and that his death was followed by a four-year struggle of succession, after which his son Ashoka became the emperor in 269–268 BCE. According to the Mahavamsa, Bindusara reigned for 28 years. The Vayu Purana, which names Chandragupta's successor as "Bhadrasara", states that he ruled for 25 years.

Ashoka

As a young prince, Ashoka ( BCE) was a brilliant commander who crushed revolts in Ujjain and Taxila. As monarch he was ambitious and aggressive, re-asserting the Empire's superiority in southern and western India. But it was his conquest of Kalinga (262–261 BCE) which proved to be the pivotal event of his life. Ashoka used Kalinga to project power over a large region by building a fortification there and securing it as a possession. Although Ashoka's army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of royal soldiers and civilian units, an estimated 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the furious warfare, including over 10,000 of Ashoka's own men. Hundreds of thousands of people were adversely affected by the destruction and fallout of war. When he personally witnessed the devastation, Ashoka began feeling remorse. Although the annexation of Kalinga was completed, Ashoka embraced the teachings of Buddhism, and renounced war and violence. He sent out missionaries to travel around Asia and spread Buddhism to other countries. He also propagated his own dhamma.

Ashoka implemented principles of ahimsa by banning hunting and violent sports activity and ending indentured and forced labor (many thousands of people in war-ravaged Kalinga had been forced into hard labour and servitude). While he maintained a large and powerful army, to keep the peace and maintain authority, Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe, and he sponsored Buddhist missions. He undertook a massive public works building campaign across the country. Over 40 years of peace, harmony and prosperity made Ashoka one of the most successful and famous monarchs in Indian history. He remains an idealized figure of inspiration in modern India.

The Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, are found throughout the Subcontinent. Ranging from as far west as Afghanistan and as far south as Andhra (Nellore District), Ashoka's edicts state his policies and accomplishments. Although predominantly written in Prakrit, two of them were written in Greek, and one in both Greek and Aramaic. Ashoka's edicts refer to the Greeks, Kambojas, and Gandharas as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire. They also attest to Ashoka's having sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of the Hellenic world at the time such as Amtiyoko (Antiochus), Tulamaya (Ptolemy), Amtikini (Antigonos), Maka (Magas) and Alikasudaro (Alexander) as recipients of Ashoka's proselytism. The Edicts also accurately locate their territory "600 yojanas away" (a yojanas being about 7 miles), corresponding to the distance between the center of India and Greece (roughly 4,000 miles).

Decline
Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of weaker kings. He was succeeded by Dasharatha Maurya, who was Ashoka's grandson. None of Ashoka's sons could ascend to the throne after him. Mahinda, his firstborn, became a Buddhist monk. Kunala Maurya was blind and hence couldn't ascend to the throne; and Tivala, son of Kaurwaki, died even earlier than Ashoka. Little is known about another son, Jalauka.

The empire lost many territories under Dasharatha, which were later reconquered by Samprati, Kunala's son. Post Samprati, the Mauryas slowly lost many territories. In 180 BCE, Brihadratha Maurya, was killed by his general Pushyamitra Shunga in a military parade without any heir. Hence, the great Maurya empire finally ended, giving rise to the Shunga Empire.

Reasons advanced for the decline include the succession of weak kings after Aśoka Maurya, the partition of the empire into two, the growing independence of some areas within the empire, such as that ruled by Sophagasenus, a top-heavy administration where authority was entirely in the hands of a few persons, an absence of any national consciousness, the pure scale of the empire making it unwieldy, and invasion by the Greco-Bactrian Empire.

Some historians, such as H. C. Raychaudhuri, have argued that Ashoka's pacifism undermined the "military backbone" of the Maurya empire. Others, such as Romila Thapar, have suggested that the extent and impact of his pacifism have been "grossly exaggerated".

Shunga coup (185 BCE)
Buddhist records such as the Ashokavadana write that the assassination of Brihadratha and the rise of the Shunga empire led to a wave of religious persecution for Buddhists, and a resurgence of Hinduism. According to Sir John Marshall, Pushyamitra may have been the main author of the persecutions, although later Shunga kings seem to have been more supportive of Buddhism. Other historians, such as Etienne Lamotte and Romila Thapar, among others, have argued that archaeological evidence in favour of the allegations of persecution of Buddhists are lacking, and that the extent and magnitude of the atrocities have been exaggerated.

Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE)

The fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed. The Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius capitalized on the breakup, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region, and make forays into central India, for about a century. Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings, Menander, became a famous figure of Buddhism; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city of Sialkot. However, the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate. Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ. Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Shungas, Satavahanas, and Kalingas are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, renamed Indo-Scythians, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of Mathura, and Gujarat.

Military
Megasthenes mentions military command consisting of six boards of five members each, (i) Navy (ii) military transport (iii) Infantry (iv) Cavalry with Catapults (v) Chariot divisions and (vi) Elephants.

Administration

The Empire was divided into four provinces, with the imperial capital at Pataliputra. From Ashokan edicts, the names of the four provincial capitals are Tosali (in the east), Ujjain (in the west), Suvarnagiri (in the south), and Taxila (in the north). The head of the provincial administration was the Kumara (royal prince), who governed the provinces as king's representative. The kumara was assisted by Mahamatyas and council of ministers. This organizational structure was reflected at the imperial level with the Emperor and his Mantriparishad (Council of Ministers).. The mauryans established a well developed coin minting system. Coins were mostly made of silver and copper. Certain gold coins were in circulation as well. The coins were widely used for trade and commerce

Historians theorise that the organisation of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by Chanakya in the Arthashastra: a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade. The expansion and defense of the empire was made possible by what appears to have been one of the largest armies in the world during the Iron Age. According to Megasthenes, the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants. A vast espionage system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes. Having renounced offensive warfare and expansionism, Ashoka nevertheless continued to maintain this large army, to protect the Empire and instil stability and peace across West and South Asia..Even though large parts were under the control of  Mauryan empire the spread of information and imperial message was limited since many parts were inaccessible and were situated far away from capital of empire.

The economy of the empire has been described as, "a socialized monarchy", "a sort of state socialism", and the world's first welfare state. Under the Mauryan system there was no private ownership of land as all land was owned by the king to whom tribute was paid by the laboring class.  In return the emperor supplied the laborers with agricultural products, animals, seeds, tools, public infrastructure, and stored food in reserve for times of crisis.

Local government
Arthashastra and Megasthenes accounts of Pataliputra describe the intricate municipal system formed by Maurya empire to govern its cities. A city counsel made up of thirty commissioners was divided into six committees or boards which governed the city. The first board fixed wages and looked after provided goods, second board made arrangement for foreign dignitaries, tourists and businessmen, third board made records and registrations, fourth looked after manufactured goods and sale of commodities, fifth board regulated trade, issued licenses and checked weights and measurements, sixth board collected sales taxes. Some cities such as Taxila had autonomy to issue their own coins. The city counsel had officers who looked after public welfare such as maintenance of roads, public buildings, markets, hospitals, educational institutions etc. The official head of the village was Gramika (in towns Nagarika). The city counsel also had some magisterial powers. The taking of Census was regular process in the Mauryan administration. The village officials (Gramika) and municipal officials (Nagarika) were responsible enumerating different classes of people in the Mauryan empire such as traders, agriculturists, smiths, potters, carpenters etc. and also cattle, mostly for taxation purposes. These vocations consolidated as castes, a feature of Indian society that continues to influence the Indian politics till today.

Economy

For the first time in South Asia, political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce, with increased agricultural productivity. The previous situation involving hundreds of kingdoms, many small armies, powerful regional chieftains, and internecine warfare, gave way to a disciplined central authority. Farmers were freed of tax and crop collection burdens from regional kings, paying instead to a nationally administered and strict-but-fair system of taxation as advised by the principles in the Arthashastra. Chandragupta Maurya established a single currency across India, and a network of regional governors and administrators and a civil service provided justice and security for merchants, farmers and traders. The Mauryan army wiped out many gangs of bandits, regional private armies, and powerful chieftains who sought to impose their own supremacy in small areas. Although regimental in revenue collection, Maurya also sponsored many public works and waterways to enhance productivity, while internal trade in India expanded greatly due to new-found political unity and internal peace.

Under the Indo-Greek friendship treaty, and during Ashoka's reign, an international network of trade expanded. The Khyber Pass, on the modern boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan, became a strategically important port of trade and intercourse with the outside world. Greek states and Hellenic kingdoms in West Asia became important trade partners of India. Trade also extended through the Malay peninsula into Southeast Asia. India's exports included silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic foods. The external world came across new scientific knowledge and technology with expanding trade with the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka also sponsored the construction of thousands of roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, rest-houses and other public works. The easing of many over-rigorous administrative practices, including those regarding taxation and crop collection, helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire.

In many ways, the economic situation in the Mauryan Empire is analogous to the Roman Empire of several centuries later. Both had extensive trade connections and both had organizations similar to corporations. While Rome had organizational entities which were largely used for public state-driven projects, Mauryan India had numerous private commercial entities. These existed purely for private commerce and developed before the Mauryan Empire itself.

Religion
Throughout the period of empire, Brahmanism was an important religion. The Mauryans favored Brahmanism as well as Jainism and Buddhism. Minor religious sects such as Ajivikas also received patronage. A number of Hindu texts were written during the Mauryan period.

Chandragupta maurya was a follower of Vedic religion (brahmanism) . According to Greek traveller Megasthenes , the king regularly performed Brahmanical rituals and sacrifices.  According to a Jain text from the 12th century, Chandragupta Maurya followed Jainism after retiring, when he renounced his throne and material possessions to join a wandering group of Jain monks and in his last days, he observed the rigorous but self-purifying Jain ritual of santhara (fast unto death), at Shravana Belgola in Karnataka. Nevertheless, some scholars like Radhakumud Mukherjee doesn't agrees with the Jaina tradition claiming this story. Samprati, the grandson of Ashoka, patronized Jainism. Samprati was influenced by the teachings of Jain monks like Suhastin and he is said to have built 125,000 derasars across India. Some of them are still found in the towns of Ahmedabad, Viramgam, Ujjain, and Palitana. It is also said that just like Ashoka, Samprati sent messengers and preachers to Greece, Persia and the Middle East for the spread of Jainism, but, to date, no evidence has been found to support this claim.

The Buddhist texts Samantapasadika and Mahavamsa suggest that Bindusara followed Hindu Brahmanism, calling him a "Brahmana bhatto" ("monk of the Brahmanas").

Magadha, the centre of the empire, was also the birthplace of Buddhism. Ashoka initially practised Brahmanism but later followed Buddhism; following the Kalinga War, he renounced expansionism and aggression, and the harsher injunctions of the Arthashastra on the use of force, intensive policing, and ruthless measures for tax collection and against rebels. Ashoka sent a mission led by his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka, whose king Tissa was so charmed with Buddhist ideals that he adopted them himself and made Buddhism the state religion. Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions to West Asia, Greece and South East Asia, and commissioned the construction of monasteries and schools, as well as the publication of Buddhist literature across the empire. He is believed to have built as many as 84,000 stupas across India, such as Sanchi and Mahabodhi Temple, and he increased the popularity of Buddhism in Afghanistan and Thailand. Ashoka helped convene the Third Buddhist Council of India's and South Asia's Buddhist orders near his capital, a council that undertook much work of reform and expansion of the Buddhist religion. Indian merchants embraced Buddhism and played a large role in spreading the religion across the Mauryan Empire.

Society
The population of South Asia during the Mauryan period has been estimated to be between 15 and 30 million. According to Tim Dyson, the period of the Mauryan Empire saw the consolidation of caste among the Indo-Aryan people who had settled in the Gangetic plain, increasingly meeting tribal people who were incorporated into their evolving caste-system, and the declining rights of women in the Indo-Aryan speaking regions of India, though "these developments did not affect people living in large parts of the subcontinent."

The Maurya Empire's society and economic system relied on the existence of Buddhism and loyalty to the state to propagate themselves.

Architectural remains

The greatest monument of this period, executed in the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, was the old palace at Paliputra, modern Kumhrar in Patna. Excavations have unearthed the remains of the palace, which is thought to have been a group of several buildings, the most important of which was an immense pillared hall supported on a high substratum of timbers. The pillars were set in regular rows, thus dividing the hall into a number of smaller square bays. The number of columns is 80, each about  meters high. According to the eyewitness account of Megasthenes, the palace was chiefly constructed of timber, and was considered to exceed in splendour and magnificence the palaces of Susa and Ecbatana, its gilded pillars being adorned with golden vines and silver birds. The buildings stood in an extensive park studded with fish ponds and furnished with a great variety of ornamental trees and shrubs. Kauṭilya's Arthashastra also gives the method of palace construction from this period. Later fragments of stone pillars, including one nearly complete, with their round tapering shafts and smooth polish, indicate that Ashoka was responsible for the construction of the stone columns which replaced the earlier wooden ones.

During the Ashokan period, stonework was of a highly diversified order and comprised lofty free-standing pillars, railings of stupas, lion thrones and other colossal figures. The use of stone had reached such great perfection during this time that even small fragments of stone art were given a high lustrous polish resembling fine enamel. This period marked the beginning of Buddhist architecture.  Ashoka was responsible for the construction of several stupas, which were large domes and bearing symbols of Buddha. The most important ones are located at Sanchi, Bodhgaya, Bharhut, and possibly Amaravati Stupa. The most widespread examples of Mauryan architecture are the Ashoka pillars and carved edicts of Ashoka, often exquisitely decorated, with more than 40 spread throughout the Indian subcontinent.

The peacock was a dynastic symbol of Mauryans, as depicted by Ashoka's pillars at Nandangarh and Sanchi Stupa.

Natural history

The protection of animals in India was advocated by the time of the Maurya dynasty; being the first empire to provide a unified political entity in India, the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests, their denizens, and fauna in general is of interest.

The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as resources. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants; these played a role in the defeat of Seleucus, one of Alexander's former generals. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was cheaper and took less time to catch, tame and train wild elephants than to raise them. Kautilya's Arthashastra contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft, but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the Protector of the Elephant Forests.

The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers for skins. Elsewhere the Protector of Animals also worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle.

The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them. They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation. They employed some of them, the food-gatherers or aranyaca to guard borders and trap animals. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire.

When Ashoka embraced Buddhism in the latter part of his reign, he brought about significant changes in his style of governance, which included providing protection to fauna, and even relinquished the royal hunt. He was the first ruler in history to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts. The edicts proclaim that many followed the king's example in giving up the slaughter of animals; one of them proudly states:

However, the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events; the mention of a 100 'panas' (coins) fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices freely exercised by the common people in hunting, felling, fishing and setting fires in forests.

Contacts with the Hellenistic world

Foundation of the Empire
Relations with the Hellenistic world may have started from the very beginning of the Maurya Empire. Plutarch reports that Chandragupta Maurya met with Alexander the Great, probably around Taxila in the northwest:

Reconquest of the Northwest (c. 317–316 BCE)
Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India, in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks, where he fought the satraps (described as "Prefects" in Western sources) left in place after Alexander (Justin), among whom may have been Eudemus, ruler in the western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE or Peithon, son of Agenor, ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE.

Conflict and alliance with Seleucus (305 BCE)

Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian satrap of the Asian portion of Alexander's former empire, conquered and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars 55), until in 305 BCE he entered into a confrontation with Emperor Chandragupta:

Though no accounts of the conflict remain, it is clear that Seleucus fared poorly against the Indian Emperor as he failed to conquer any territory, and in fact was forced to surrender much that was already his. Regardless, Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement and through a treaty sealed in 305 BCE, Seleucus, according to Strabo, ceded a number of territories to Chandragupta, including eastern Afghanistan and Balochistan.

Marriage alliance

Chandragupta and Seleucus concluded a peace treaty and a marriage alliance in 303 BCE. Chandragupta received vast territories and in a return gave Seleucus 500 war elephants, a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar). Later, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern-day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka, are known as far as Kandahar in southern Afghanistan.

The treaty on "Epigamia" implies lawful marriage between Greeks and Indians was recognized at the State level, although it is unclear whether it occurred among dynastic rulers or common people, or both.

Exchange of presents
Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus:

His son Bindusara 'Amitraghata' (Slayer of Enemies) also is recorded in Classical sources as having exchanged presents with Antiochus I:

Greek population in India

An influential and large Greek population was present in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule, possibly remnants of Alexander's conquests in the Indus Valley region. In the Rock Edicts of Ashoka, some of them inscribed in Greek, Ashoka states that the Greeks within his dominion were converted to Buddhism:

Fragments of Edict 13 have been found in Greek, and a full Edict, written in both Greek and Aramaic, has been discovered in Kandahar. It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek, using sophisticated philosophical terms. In this Edict, Ashoka uses the word Eusebeia ("Piety") as the Greek translation for the ubiquitous "Dharma" of his other Edicts written in Prakrit:

Buddhist missions to the West (c. 250 BCE)

Also, in the Edicts of Ashoka, Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as recipients of his Buddhist proselytism, although no Western historical record of this event remains:

Ashoka also encouraged the development of herbal medicine, for men and animals, in their territories:

The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the spread of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as Dharmaraksita, are described in Pali sources as leading Greek ("Yona") Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (the Mahavamsa, XII).

Subhagasena and Antiochos III (206 BCE)

Sophagasenus was an Indian Mauryan ruler of the 3rd century BCE, described in ancient Greek sources, and named Subhagasena or Subhashasena in Prakrit. His name is mentioned in the list of Mauryan princes, and also in the list of the Yadava dynasty, as a descendant of Pradyumna. He may have been a grandson of Ashoka, or Kunala, the son of Ashoka. He ruled an area south of the Hindu Kush, possibly in Gandhara. Antiochos III, the Seleucid king, after having made peace with Euthydemus in Bactria, went to India in 206 BCE and is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there:

Timeline

322 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya  conquers the Nanda Empire, founding Maurya dynasty.
317–316 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya conquers the Northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
305–303 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya gains territory by defeating the Seleucid Empire.
298–269 BCE: Reign of Bindusara, Chandragupta's son. He conquers parts of Deccan, southern India.
269–232 BCE: The Mauryan Empire reaches its height under Ashoka, Chandragupta's grandson.
261 BCE: Ashoka conquers the kingdom of Kalinga.
250 BCE: Ashoka builds Buddhist stupas and erects pillars bearing inscriptions.
184 BCE: The empire collapses when Brihadratha, the last emperor, is killed by Pushyamitra Shunga, a Mauryan general and the founder of the Shunga Empire.

In literature
According to Vicarasreni of Merutunga, Mauryans rose to power in 312 BC.

List of rulers

Rulers-

Family tree

See also
 Moriya Republic
 Magadha
Pradyota dynasty
Gupta Empire
History of India
List of Hindu empires and dynasties

Notes

Sources

 Burton Stein (1998). A History of India (1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

 J. E. Schwartzberg (1992). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. University of Oxford Press.
 John Keay (2000). India, a History. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

External links

Livius.org: Maurya dynasty
Extent of the Empire
Ashoka's Edicts

Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
Ancient Hindu kingdoms
Iron Age countries in Asia
Iron Age cultures of South Asia
Dynasties of Bengal
Former empires
Ancient history of Pakistan
Ancient history of Afghanistan
Jain empires and kingdoms
Buddhist dynasties of India
Magadha
Kingdoms of Bihar
4th century BC in India
3rd century BC in India
2nd century BC in India
320s BC establishments
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC
4th-century BC establishments in India
2nd-century BC disestablishments
Former monarchies of South Asia
History of Nepal
4th-century BC establishments in Nepal
2nd-century BC disestablishments in Nepal

Maurya Empire


Lepiceridae ist eine Familie der Käfer innerhalb der Unterordnung Myxophaga. Die Familie besteht aus nur drei rezenten Arten, die der Gattung Lepicerus zugerechnet werden, eine vierte Art, Haplochelus georissoides, die ursprünglich einer eigenen Familie Haplochelidae zugeordnet wurde, ist fossil bekannt.

Merkmale
Die Käfer haben eine Körperlänge von 1,5 bis 2 Millimeter und ähneln sich alle in ihrem Aussehen sehr. Ihr kurzer und breiter Körper hat mehr oder weniger parallele Seiten und ist stark sklerotisiert. Die Deckflügel (Elytren) sind stark punktförmig strukturiert und gerillt. Häufig ist der Körper mit Sand bedeckt. Der Kopf ist im Verhältnis zum Körper ziemlich groß. Die sehr kurzen Fühler haben vier bis sieben Glieder, wobei das letzte kegelförmig und an der Spitze abgeschnitten ist. Die Mundwerkzeuge sind fast vollständig vom beweglichen Labrum, den seitlichen Teilen der Stirnplatte (Clypeus) und der großen submentalen Platte verdeckt. Die Mandibeln sind nicht sichtbar, da sie sich vollständig innerhalb der präoralen Kammer befinden. Die Facettenaugen sind sehr groß und treten deutlich hervor. Das Pronotum ist fast doppelt so breit wie lang. Es ist vorne scharfkantig, am hinteren Ende etwas schmäler als vorne und hat seitlich tiefe Einbuchtungen. Mittig ist der Vorderrand erweitert und verdeckt so den hinteren, mittleren Teil der Kopfkapsel. Das Epipleuron der Deckflügel ist dorsoventral gebuchtet. Der Hinterleib hat sechs sichtbare Sternite (II bis VII). Das zweite Sternit hat zwischen den Hüften (Coxen) der hinteren Beine ein breites Mittelteil. Das dritte Sternit ist breiter als die übrigen und trägt eine schräge Furche. Das siebte Sternit trägt mittig einen deutlichen Höcker. Die Deckflügel sind deutlich breiter als das Pronotum und haben gut erkennbare Humeralwinkel. Jeder Deckflügel hat neben den zahlreichen sklerotisierten Tuberkel drei Längsrillen. Die Schienen (Tibien) sind schlank und haben kurze Apikalsporne. Die Tarsen bestehen nur aus einem Glied. Sie haben je eine kurze Klaue.

Vorkommen und Lebensweise
Sämtliche Arten sind neotropisch verbreitet und kommen von Mexiko bis nach Venezuela und Ecuador vor. Man hat die Käfer in Höhenlagen zwischen 128 und 1427 Meter gefunden. Die fossile Art Haplochelus georissoides ist aus burmesischem Bernstein bekannt. Anders als die meisten übrigen Arten der Myxophaga, die eine hygrophilere Lebensweise haben, findet man die Arten der Lepiceridae von feuchten Flussufern (Lepicerus inaequalis) über trockene Zypressenwälder (Lepicerus bufo) bis in trockene Bananenplantagen (Lepicerus pichilingue). Die meisten Funde sind jedoch aus feuchten Lebensräumen dokumentiert. Dort findet man sie an Fadenalgen, Wasserpflanzen und -gräsern, wie etwa dem Rauen Hornblatt (Ceratophyllum demersum). Sie sind mit semiaquatisch lebenden Käfern wie Georissus minor, Paracymus confusus und Anacaena debilis,  oder Kurzflüglern aus den Gattungen Homaeotersus, Osorius, Diochus, Neobisnius, Xantholinus, Stenus und Coproporus vergesellschaftet.

Es wurden bisher nur wenige Imagines gefunden. Die Larven sämtlicher Arten sind bisher unbekannt, wobei jedoch vermutet wird, dass eine bisher unbeschriebene, gefundene Larve der Familie zugerechnet werden kann.

Taxonomie und Systematik
Die Familie wurde von Sharp 1882 auf Basis der Gattung Cyathocerus mit dem Namen Cyathoceridae beschrieben, der nicht wusste, dass Motschulsky die Gruppe bereits 1855 unter dem Namen Lepicerus beschrieb. Die Gattung wurde im Laufe der Forschungsgeschichte den Borkenkäfern (Scolytidae) und Georyssidae zugeordnet. Sie steht vermutlich mit den Hydroscaphidae und Torridincolidae in einem Schwesterverhältnis. Folgende Arten sind bisher bekannt:

Lepicerus bufo
Lepicerus inaequalis
Lepicerus pichilingue
Haplochelus georissoides †

Belege

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Käfer
Coleoptera

Lepiceridae


Pata Pata ist ein Lied von Miriam Makeba und Jerry Ragovoy, das die südafrikanische Sängerin 1967 veröffentlichte. Es geht auf den Song Iyo Pata-Pata von Dorothy Masuka zurück.

Hintergrund
Phata Phata bzw. Pata Pata ist der Name eines Tanzes, der Mitte der 1950er Jahre in Südafrika sehr populär war. "Es war dies eine individualisierte, sexuell-suggestive Form des Jive-Tanzstiles der jungen Leute, wobei sich die Tanzpartner abwechselnd mit den Händen über den ganzen Körper im Rhythmus der Musik berührten." Pata bedeutet übersetzt "berühren, anfassen". Neben dem Lied von Dorothy Masuka gab es weitere Songs gleichen Namens, etwa den von 1959 von Makebas Gesangsgruppe The Skylarks mit dem Kwela-Flötisten Spokes Mashiyane eingespielten Kwela-Song Miriam and Spokes Phatha Phatha von Reggie Msomi.

Pata Pata wurde Makebas größter internationaler musikalischer Erfolg. Zum internationalen Hit wurde das Lied 1967, als es auf dem gleichnamigen Album in den Vereinigten Staaten veröffentlicht wurde. Das Lied schaffte es in den US-amerikanischen Charts auf Platz 12, in der bundesdeutschen Hitparade auf Platz 14. Der Text ist überwiegend in isiXhosa, heute eine der elf Amtssprachen in der Republik Südafrika, verfasst. Die englischen Zeilen des Textes verweisen darauf, dass Pata Pata in Johannesburg ein populärer Tanz sei. Pata Pata wurde von zahlreichen Künstlern gecovert und ist auf vielen Samplern zu finden.

Aufnahmen
Makebas Pata Pata wurde ursprünglich von Makebas Girlgroup The Skylarks gesungen, aufgenommen und in Südafrika 1959 veröffentlicht. Einige Quellen geben an, dass sie den Song erstmals 1956 mit The Skylarks aufgenommen hatte.

1967, nachdem sie eine erfolgreiche Gesangskarriere in den USA aufgebaut hatte, nahm Makeba den Song mit Jerry Ragovoy als Produzent neu auf und fügte einen gesprochenen Teil in Englisch hinzu. Ragovoy wurde dann als Co-Autor des Textes und der Musik angegeben. Es wurde in den Vereinigten Staaten auf Makebas gleichnamigem Studioalbum veröffentlicht. Zusätzlich wurde es auch als Single veröffentlicht und erreichte am 25. November 1967 Platz 12 in den US Billboard-Charts. Die B-Seite des Songs war Malayisha.

Makeba nahm den Titel noch zweimal im Studio auf, darunter 1989 auf ihrem Album Welela. Auf ihrem 2000 erschienenen Album Homeland ist der Titel in einer neuen Version als Pata Pata 2000 enthalten. Sie singt ihn im Duett mit ihrer Enkelin Zenzi Lee.

Am 9. November 2008 absolvierte Makeba, inzwischen 76 Jahre alt, einen Auftritt beim Benefizkonzert für den von der Mafia bedrohten Autor Roberto Saviano. Sie sang drei Zugaben, Pata Pata war die letzte. Gleich danach brach sie zusammen, ein Herzinfarkt.

2020 wurde das Lied aufgrund des Coronavirus mit einer Überarbeitung als Videoclip wiederbelebt. Das Lied wurde durch die Künstlerin Angelique Kidjo aus Benin überarbeitet. "No Pata" "nicht berühren", ist das neue Motto des Songs. Er steht somit ganz im Zeichen der Prävention in Corona-Zeiten. UNICEF organisierte die Veröffentlichung. Die neue Überarbeitung soll nicht nur aufklären, sondern auch Mut in schweren Zeiten machen.

Übersetzung des Liedtextes ins Deutsche

Dreh dich um und schau.
Da sind sie ja, klatsch-klatsch.
Dreh dich um und schau.
Da sind sie ja, klatsch-klatsch.

Sie haben's drauf.
Das ist der Pata-Pata.
Sie haben's drauf.
Das ist der Pata-Pata.

"Pata-Pata", so heißt der Tanz,
den wir in Johannesburg tanzen.
Und jeder fängt an, sich zu bewegen,
sobald der "Pata-Pata" anfängt.

Dreh dich um und schau.
Da sind sie ja, klatsch-klatsch.
Dreh dich um und schau.
Da sind sie ja, klatsch-klatsch.

Sie haben's drauf.
Das ist der Pata-Pata.
Sie haben's drauf.
Das ist der Pata-Pata.

Jeden Freitag- und Samstagabend
ist es Pata-Pata-Zeit.
Der Tanz geht die ganze Nacht
bis am Morgen die Sonne aufgeht.

Dreh dich um und schau.
Da sind sie ja, klatsch-klatsch.
Dreh dich um und schau.
Da sind sie ja, klatsch-klatsch.

Sie haben's drauf.
Das ist der Pata-Pata.
Sie haben's drauf.
Das ist der Pata-Pata.

Liedtext in Originalsprache (Xhosa und Englisch)
Saguquka sathi 'bheka'

Nants' iPata Pata

Saguquka sathi 'bheka'

Nants' iPata Pata

Yiyo mama, yiyo mama

Nants' iPata Pata

Yiyo mama, yiyo mama

Nants' iPata Pata

Pata Pata is the name of the dance

We do down Johannesburg way

And everybody starts to move

As soon as Pata Pata starts to play

Saguquka sathi 'bheka'

Nants' iPata Pata

Saguquka sathi 'bheka'

Nants' iPata Pata

Yiyo mama, yiyo mama

Nants' iPata Pata

Yiyo mama, yiyo mama

Nants' iPata Pata

Every Friday and Saturday night

It's Pata Pata time

The dance keeps going all night long

Till the morning sun begins to shine

Saguquka sathi 'bheka'

Nants' iPata Pata

Saguquka sathi 'bheka'

Nants' iPata Pata

Yiyo mama, yiyo mama

Nants' iPata Pata

Yiyo mama, yiyo mama

Nants' iPata Pata

Andere Versionen

 1966: Lynn Taitt (Merritone 7" Single, erschienen bei Federal Records) Rocksteady Instrumental
 1967: Wilson Simonal (Alegria Alegria Vol. 1)
 1968: Los Rockin Devils (Pata-Pata Psicodelico Días)
 1968: Señor Soul (Señor Soul Plays Funky Favorites)
 1968: El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico (Album "Pata Pata Jala Jala Boogaloo")
 1968: The Supremes ("T.C.B." Soundtrack-Album und TV-Sendung)
 1968: Braňo Hronec Orchestra (TV-Musikfilm "Desať a štvrť")
 1969: Tito Puente und sein Orchester (Album "Der König Tito Puente / El Rey Tito Puente")
 1980: Osibisa (Album "Mystic Energy")
 1980: Sylvie Vartan (französische Sängerin bulgarischer Herkunft: "Tape Tape" Single aus dem Album Bienvenue Solitude)
 1981: Prima Vera (Album Den 5te)
 1983: Los Rockin Devils (Album 15 Éxitos 15 rockin devils)
 1985: Otto Waalkes in seinem Filmdebüt (Otto – der Film)
 1986: Monitor (Estnische New-Wave-Band die estnische Version wurde "Idee" betitelt.)
1988: Chayanne feat. Miriam Makeba (enthalten in Chayanne)
 1989: Triple & Touch spielten diesen Song live auf der Tour mit Björn Afzelius 1989 im Hovdala slott
 1997: Daúde
 1998: Coumba Gawlo
 1998: El General (Spanglish-Version)
 1999: Manu Dibango
 2000: Thalía (nahm es für ihr Album Arrasando auf)
 2001: Yamboo (veröffentlicht mit geänderten Strophen auf Spanisch und Englisch auf Mapoukas 2006er Album Okama)
2004: D'jaa
2001: Die Skatalites
 2002: Jonathan Butler (nahm eine Interpretation dieses Liedes für sein Album Surrender auf)
 2004: Helmut Lotti
 2006: Tony Esposito
 2007: African Jazz Pioneers
 2008: Smood
2009: Shikisha
2010: DJ Happy Vibes, Lira
 2011: Arielle Dombasle feat. Mokobé (veröffentlicht auf ihrem Album Diva Latina)
 2011: African Ladies (Coverversion für das Videospiel Just Dance 3 auf Wii, Xbox 360 und PlayStation 3)
 2011: Milk & Sugar feat. Miriam Makeba (machte einen Remix mit Makeba),
 2012: Lorraine Klaasen (A Tribute to Miriam Makeba)
 2015: Playing for Change
 2016: Pink Martini
2020: Angelique Kidjo, neues Motto des Corona-Songs "No Pata" d. h. "nicht berühren".

Charts

Weblinks
 Pata Pata, Informationen und Text
 [ Pata Pata], Allmusic
 Informationen zum Tanz Pata Pata (englisch)
 Hintergrund der Bedeutung von "Pata Pata" (PDF-Datei, 41 kB, englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Popsong
Lied 1967
Xhosa
Musik (Südafrika)

Pata Pata


جامع صالح أفندي مسجد كبير من مساجد بغداد ويقع في الأعظمية بمنطقة السفينة، وشيدهُ وبناهُ صالح أفندي، وعهد بهِ إلى البناء (ابراهيم جميل شهاب العبيدي المعمار)، وبدأ في بناؤه عام 1377 هـ/1957م، وأنتهى من تشييده في عام 1378 هـ/1959م، كما هو مثبت على الباب الرئيسي للجامع، وافتتح الجامع يوم الخميس 5 رمضان عام 1381هـ/1961م، وللجامع بابان أحدهما على الشارع الرئيسي (شارع ابن النديم)، والباب الثاني صغير، ولقد حبس عليهِ الواقف أوقافاً كثيرة، وتقام فيهِ صلاة الجمعة وصلاة العيدين والصلوات الخمس ومجالس الوعظ والأرشاد وفيه قاعة لإقامة الاحتفالات والمناسبات الدينية، ويحتوي أيضاً على منزل للإمام والخطيب، ومنزل آخر، وتبلغ مساحة الجامع 1200م2، وفيه مصلى يسع لأكثر من 800 مصل، ويحتوي الحرم على قبة كبيرة مغطاة بالكاشي الكربلائي، وبجانبها منارة مئذنة عالية مغطاة بالكاشي المزجج الكربلائي، ترتفع حوالي 25 مترا، كما يحتوي الجامع على مصلى صيفي مسقف أمام الحرم.

وباني المسجد هو صالح بن إبراهيم المعروف بصالح أفندي وهو ضابط عسكري من رجالات الدولة العثمانية، قدم إلى بغداد عام 1904م، صحبة الفريق صدقي باشا قائد الفيلق السادس في الجيش العثماني، وعين في بغداد، مراقباً للأعمال العسكرية الميكانيكية، ثم قرر الإقامة فيها، وتزوج من بنت السيد فتاح باشا، وأتفق معه على بناء معمل لصنع الأقمشة والبطانيات في الكاظمية، وهو أول معمل في العراق للأقمشة، وتوفي صالح أفندي يوم 16 حزيران عام 1962م، ودفن في غرفة خاصة في مسجدهِ.

المصادر

مساجد بغداد
قضاء الأعظمية

جامع صالح أفندي


යනු,  එහි "පාවෙන" තෝරී ද්වාරය සඳහා පසිඳු, ඉත්ස්කුෂිමා (මියාජිමා ලෙසින් ජනප්‍රිය) දිවයිනෙහි පිහිටි, ෂින්තෝ සිද්ධස්ථානයකි.  ජපානයෙහි හිරෝෂිමා ප්‍රාන්තයෙහි හට්සුකයිචි නගරයෙහි එය පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම සිද්ධස්ථාන සංකීර්ණය, යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක් ලෙසින් නම් කර ඇති අතර, ජපාන රජය විසින් එහි ගොඩනැගිලි සහ දේපල කිහිපයක් ජාතික වස්තූන් ලෙසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කර ඇත.

ඉත්ස්කුෂිමා සිද්ධස්ථානය යනු, ජපානයෙහි ඉතාමත් ජනප්‍රිය සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයක් වෙයි. එය වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය වනුයේ, සිද්ධස්ථානයෙහි  අසල පෙදෙසෙහි පිහිටි තෝරී නමැති විස්මයජනක ද්වාරය,  මිසෙන් කන්දෙහි ශුද්ධවූ මුදුන්, පතළ වනාන්තර සහ, එහි  සෞන්දර්යාත්මක සාගර දර්ශනය යන දේ සඳහා වෙයි.

තෝරී ද්වාරය වර්තමානයෙහි සම්පූර්ණ වශයෙන් අර්ධ-පාරදෘශ්‍ය පලංචි භාවිතයෙන් ආවරණය කර ඇති අතර, 2020 ඔලිම්පික් තරගාවලියට සූදානමක් වශයෙන් එහි ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කටයුතු සිදුවෙමින් පවතියි

ආශ්‍රිත
Munakata Taisha - මෙම දේවතාවියටම කැප කර ඇත
List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: others)
List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: swords)
List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)
List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)
List of National Treasures of Japan (writings)
List of Shinto shrines
List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
Mont Saint-Michel, a sister city and a similar island-temple UNESCO World Heritage Site
Three Views of Japan
ජපානය තුළ සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය
Twenty-Two Shrines
Three Great Shrines of Benzaiten
Hiroshima to Honolulu Friendship Torii (Itsukushima replica)

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම විස්තරය

Miyajima ඉත්ස්කුෂිමා විහාරය ද ඇතුළත් වන මාර්ගෝපදෙශයකි
National Archives of Japan: Itsukushima kakei

Beppyo shrines
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1168
ජපානය තුළ පිහිටි ලෝක උරුම අඩවි
හිරොෂිමා ප්‍රාන්තය තුළ පිහිටි ෂිංතෝ සිද්ධස්ථාන
Gates in Japan
Tourist attractions in Hiroshima Prefecture
National Treasures of Japan
16th-century Shinto shrines
12th-century Shinto shrines
6th-century Shinto shrines
Kanpei Taisha
Myōjin Taisha
Itsukushima shrines

ඉත්ස්කුෂිමා විහාරය


بني خلاد (تيربيغيين الجنوبية)
 بني خلاد مدينة بولاية تلمسان
 بني خلاد: بلدية بولاية سطيف

بني خلاد مدينة تونسية.

بني خلاد قرية مغربية، قبيلة أهل سريف
بني خلاد قرية مغربية، باقليم تازة مشيخة تيربيغيين

بني خلاد (توضيح)


The Winter Lake  é um filme dirigido por Phil Sheerin e lançado em 2020 no Galway Film Fleadh. No Brasil, foi lançado pela Elite Filmes em 8 de julho de 2021 no Cinema Virtual.

Sinopse
Após se mudarem do Reino Unido para a antiga casa de fazenda da família na zona rural da Irlanda com esperança de uma vida melhor, uma mãe e seu filho tem seu planos arruinados conforme eles conhecem seus novos vizinhos.

Elenco
Anson Boon: Tom
Emma Mackey: Holly
Charlie Murphy: Elaine
Michael McElhatton: Ward

Recepção
No agregador de críticas dos Estados Unidos, o Rotten Tomatoes, na pontuação onde a equipe do site categoriza as opiniões da  grande mídia e da mídia independente apenas como positivas ou negativas, o filme tem um índice de aprovação de 71% calculado com base em 21 comentários dos críticos. Por comparação, com as mesmas opiniões sendo calculadas usando uma média aritmética ponderada, a nota alcançada é 5,90/10.

Na RTÉ (Irlanda), Harry Guerin avaliou com 3,5/5 estrelas dizendo que "para um filme ambientado nessas localidades, o ritmo é bastante rápido. Sheerin tem talento para a tensão." No jornal britânico The Guardian, Steve Rose pontuou com 2/3 estrelas dizendo que "há promessa aqui, mas também talvez alguma incerteza: em última análise, ele fica entre os bancos do drama rural realista e o horror total."

Filmes do Canadá de 2020
Filmes de suspense do Canadá
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de suspense da década de 2020
Filmes distribuídos pela Elite Filmes

The Winter Lake


An Triphora debilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Triphora debilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Triphora, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Triphora (Orchidaceae)

Triphora debilis


An Prasophyllum paulinae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones ngan Mark Alwin Clements. An Prasophyllum paulinae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Prasophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Prasophyllum

Prasophyllum paulinae