Reichenbach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Feuchtwangen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Das Dorf liegt am linken Ufer der Wörnitz. 0,5 km nördlich befindet sich der Schloßberg (), 0,5 km östlich der Rangen, beides Erhebungen der Sulzacher Randhöhen, einem Abschnitt der Frankenhöhe. Die Staatsstraße 1066 führt nach Sommerau (3 km östlich) bzw. zur Anschlussstelle 111 der A 7 (1,2 km westlich). Die Staatsstraße 2222 führt nach Bergnerzell (0,6 km nordwestlich). Die Kreisstraße AN 5 führt nach Mosbach (2 km südlich).

Geschichte
Reichenbach lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Im Jahr 1732 bestand der Ort aus 13 Anwesen und 1 Gemeindehirtenhaus. Grundherren waren das Stiftsverwalteramt Feuchtwangen (3 Höfe, 1 Gut) und die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl (2 Halbhöfe, 1 Mühle, 6 Gütlein). Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen. Die Zahl der Anwesen blieb unverändert.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Reichenbach dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Mosbach zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Reichenbach am 1. Januar 1972 nach Feuchtwangen eingemeindet.

Baudenkmäler
Der Ort hat ein ansprechendes Ortsbild durch eine Reihe von Fachwerkgiebelhäusern.
 Haus Nr. 9: veränderter Neubau von etwa 1930 anstelle eines Fachwerkhauses des 17. Jahrhunderts; zugehöriger Altsitz des 19. Jahrhunderts von vier zu vier Achsen mit gemauertem Untergeschoss, Fachwerkobergeschoss und Straßengiebel
 Haus Nr. 12: Bauernhaus, eingeschossiges Gebäude mit Steildach, mit zweigeschossigem Quergiebel, 1839
 Haus Nr. 13: Neubau mit bezeichnetem Wappenrelief der Markgrafen von Ansbach, Hirschstangen und Jahreszahl "1764"
 Haus Nr. 14: Wohnstallhaus des 19. Jahrhunderts mit gemauertem Untergeschoss von sechs zu vier Achsen; dreigeschossiger Fachwerkgiebel, Satteldach
 Haus Nr. 15: Wohnstallhaus eines Bauernhofes, eingeschossiges Gebäude mit Steildach, mit Fachwerkobergeschoss und Fachwerkgiebel, Mitte 19. Jahrhundert, 1934 renoviert
 Flachsbrechhaus, eingeschossiger Satteldachbau, Naturstein, wohl aus dem 19. Jahrhundert; neben Haus Nr. 16.
 Eigenfeld: Steinkreuz, Sandstein, mittelalterlich; ca. 850 m nordwestlich der Ampfrachbrücke

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Michael (Mosbach) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Feuchtwangen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Dorf
Ort an der Wörnitz

Reichenbach (Feuchtwangen)


Lallemand ist ein Einschlagkrater am westlichsten Rand der Mondvorderseite, nördlich der Montes Rook und südlich des Lacus Autumni.

Der Krater wurde 1985 von der IAU nach dem französischen Physiker und Astronomen André Lallemand offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Lallemand auf The-Moon Wiki

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Lallemand (Mondkrater)


Dutch cheese farmers traditionally take their cheeses to the town's market square to sell them. Teams (vemen) of official guild cheese-porters (kaasdragers), identified by differently coloured straw hats associated with their forwarding company, carried the farmers' cheese on barrows that weighed about 160 kilograms. Buyers sampled the cheeses and negotiated prices using a ritual system, called handjeklap, whereby buyers and sellers clapped each other's hands and shouted out prices. Once a price was agreed, porters carried the cheese to the weigh house (Waag) and weighed the cheese on a company scale.

There are currently five cheese markets operating in the NetherlandsWoerden, Alkmaar, Gouda, Edam, and Hoorn. Each of these was once a merchant cheese market in operation during the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century. Today, the markets still function as farmers' markets for cheeses in addition to hosting dramatic re-enactments of sales techniques from the Golden Age. In the summer months, shows are surrounded by stalls selling traditional items steeped in Dutch culture.

Woerden
This commercial cheese market features farmers' cheeses with little of the spectacle or pageantry displayed by the other markets. For more than 100 years, every Wednesday morning, starting at around 9:00 am, there is a trading session between the cheese farmers and the marktmeester (market foreman), during which prices are set for the various types of cheeses. The cheeses for sale are boerenkazen (farmers' cheeses); this type of cheese is considered by cheese aficionados to be more authentic and to taste better than factory-made cheese.

Annual Historic Cheese Market Woerden
Every August, on the last Wednesday of the (central-Netherlands) school summer break, a historic cheese market is held. On this day the cheese farmers and their families re-enact the traditional cheese markets by dressing up in the attire worn by farmers in the distant past.

Alkmaar
This large 400-year-old cheese market located on the Waagplein ("weighing square") is open every Friday between 10:00 am and 1:00 pm, starting on the first Friday in April and ending on the last Friday of September. In 2017, evening cheese markets took place on 2 May, 23 May, 6 June, 4 July, 18 July, 1 August, August 15, and 29 August, from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. From opening ceremonies to final load, market activities are explained in Dutch, German, English, and Spanish or French, and sometimes Japanese.

The Alkmaar Cheese Guild
The Alkmaar Cheese Guild (Kaasdragersgilde) was established on June 17, 1593, and is composed of 30 men who accompany their leader, the Cheese Father. The guild meets in the weighing square, and its members are divided into four groups called Forwarding Companies. The Forwarding Companies are distinguished by the colour of their straw hats: red, blue, green, or yellow. Each Forwarding Company has six carriers, who fulfill any number of tasks within the market, and one Tasman, who is responsible for placing the weights onto the cheese scales. The roles that carriers can fulfill are: Zetter (the first guildsman to show up at the market and is responsible for taking the cheese from storage to the market in the morning; he must wear black pants with a blue shirt), Ingooier (takes the cheese from the market to storage at the end of the day; he must wear black pants with a light fawn shirt), Temporary worker (not considered to be a member of the guild and must train for at least two years before being allowed to join), Bootelier (responsible for getting drinks for his company after the market is over), and the Voorman (head of the Forwarding Company, and often the oldest member of the company. Every two years each Forwarding Company elects a Voorman, who then wears a silver sign with a ribbon and a bow tie in his company's color). Finally, the Cheese Father is the head of the entire guild; he wears a white suit with an orange hat to match his orange cane, and all members of the Forwarding Companies refer to him as "Dad".

Traditions
The men of the cheese guilds adhere to strict behavior and dress codes. Those who fail to adhere to the guild face repercussions. The provost marshal collects fees from men who show up late or men whose uniforms are not "white as snow", and the money collected from these fines is used to sponsor a local school. The carriers are expected to be at the weighing house at 7:00 am the morning of the market to set it up and have it ready to open by 10:00 am. Every Friday, right before the market opens, the Cheese Father gives a speech to the Forwarding Companies. In his speech, he takes a roll call to ensure that all the companies are there, informs them if any important guests will be attending, and tells them the amount of cheese, in metric tons, at the market that day. At exactly 10:00 am, the town bell is rung to signify the opening of the cheese market. Special guests are invited each week to ring the bell; it is considered a great honor. The market has opened in this manner every Friday since 1593. The only time that the cheese market did not take place was during World War II when it was temporarily put on hold for safety concerns. However, directly following the war, the market opened again. Cheese was very scarce during the war, so people were thrilled to see the markets return.

Once the market opens, samplers, in white lab coats, use a special scoop to inspect the insides of the cheese wheels. The sampler inspects the feel, smell, and taste of the cheese. He also does a visual analysis of the cheese to make sure it has holes, also known as "eyes", that are evenly spread throughout the wheel. Once a batch is sold, it is carried to the scales to be weighed. The cheese is transported on a wooden barrow that is carried between two men. The barrows can have up to 130 kilos (287 pounds) of cheese on them at a time. In order to carry the barrows keeping them as steady as possible for the safety of the cheese, the carriers walk in a synchronized rhythm known as the "cheese carriers' dripple". Once the cheese reaches the scales, the Tasman weighs it in front of the Weighing Master or "Waagmeester", thus ensuring that the buyer receives the correct amount of cheese that they bought. The Weighing Master is a public servant who is not a member of the cheese guild. The guildsmen follow the motto "Een valse Waghe is de Heere een gruwel", which translates from Dutch as "a false balance is an abhorrence in the eyes of the Lord". The market ends promptly at 1:00 pm and all the unsold cheese is carried back to the hauler's lorry for storage.

Edam
At the Edam cheese market, which unsurprisingly features Edam cheese, horse-drawn carriages and boats bring farmers' cheeses to the Jan van Nieuwenhuizen Square to be presented at the current weigh house, built in 1778. This traditional-style cheese market opens in July and in August on Wednesday mornings from 10:30 am until 12:30 pm.

Gouda
Gouda cheese has been traded on the Goudse kaasmarkt for over three centuries. Nowadays, it is open from mid-June until August, every Thursday morning between 10:00 am and 12:30 pm. Farmers from the region gather to have their cheese weighed, tasted and priced. The Gouda cheese market is surrounded by many exhibitions of authentic Dutch professions, from cheese production to clog making and buttermilk preparation.

Hoorn
Opened in 2007 on the Roode Steen square, this cheese market takes place between June 28 and September 20 on Thursdays between 12:30 pm and 1:45 pm, and again between 9:00 pm and 10:15 pm. There are live commentaries regarding the process of carrying in the cheese, weighing the cheese, and negotiating in both Dutch and English.

See also
Culture of the Netherlands
Dutch cuisine
Cheese
History of marketing
Market
Market (place)
Market town
Netherlands
Retail

References

Dutch cheeses
Retail markets in the Netherlands

Dutch cheese markets


Årets historiske bog er en dansk litterær pris, der bliver uddelt af Dansk Historisk Fællesråd. Prisen har eksisteret siden 2003, og den bliver uddelt én gang om året. Der bliver nomineret fem bøger hvert år, hvorefter der stemmes om dem på Dansk Historisk Fællesråds hjemmeside. Med prisen følger en pengepræmie på 20.000 kr. Pengene kom i en årrække fra Kulturministeriet, Krista og Viggo Petersens Fond og Det Kongelige Bibliotek, mens hovedsponsoren i dag er Sydbank. Prisen bliver som udgangspunkt overrakt af den siddende kulturminister.

Prisen for Årets historiske bog blev længe tildelt ved en ceremoni på Det Kongelige Bibliotek, men er blevet overrakt under den historiske festival og messe Historiske Dage siden marts 2015, hvor det store historiske event blev afholdt for første gang i Øksnehallen i København.

Lektor Poul Duedahl har vundet prisen tre gange. Første gang i 2013 for Forbrydelsens ansigt, anden gang i 2016 for Ondskabens øjne og tredje gang i 2018 for Velkommen på bagsiden. Danmarkshistorien på vrangen. Historieprofessoren Ulrik Langen har vundet prisen to gange. Første gang i 2005 for Revolutionens skygger og anden gang i 2010 sammen med Peter Henningsen for Hundemordet i Vimmelskaftet og andre fortællinger fra 1700-tallets København. Han har derudover været nomineret to gange; i 2008 for Den afmægtige – en biografi om Christian 7. og i 2015 for Tyven. Også Ning de Coninck Smith har vundet prisen to gange, første gang i 2011 for Barndom og arkitektur om skolearkitektur og derefter i 2015 sammen med Charlotte Appel som redaktører af det skolehistoriske storværk Dansk Skolehistorie bind 1-5.

Vindere og nominerede

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Årets historiske bog  på Historie-online.dk

Litteraturpriser fra Danmark
Etableret i 2003

Årets historiske bog


පුර තුදුස්වක, යනු චන්ද්‍ර මාසයක පුර පක්‍ෂයේ වන තිථියක් වෙයි.

පුර තුදුස්වක යනු සිංහල මාස ක්‍රමයේ දී මාසයේ දහහතරවන (14) තිථිය යි. එසේම මෙය පුර තෙළෙස්වක තිථියට පසු සහ පසළොස්වක තිථියට පෙර තිථිය වෙයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

සිංහල මාස
චන්ද්‍ර මාසයක පුර පක්‍ෂයේ දින

පුර තුදුස්වක


Ambrogio Calepino (Latin: Ambrosius Calepinus; c. 1440–1510), commonly known by the Latin form of his name, Calepinus, was an Italian lexicographer.

Calepino was born in Castelli Calepio and died in Bergamo. He entered the Augustinian Order in 1458.

Works
His Latin dictionary appeared first in 1502 at Reggio. It was reprinted many times during the 16th century, the Aldine press alone producing no fewer than 18 editions from 1542 to 1592. Later editions were considerably enlarged. To the Latin of the original were added equivalents in other languages. Thus we have the Basel edition (1590) which contains eleven languages: "Ambrosii Calepini dictionarium undecim linguarum: respondent autem latinis vocabulis hebraica, græca, gallica, italica, germanica, belgica, hispanica, polonica, ungarica, anglica".

The edition in seven languages by Jacopo Facciolati (Pavia, 1718) with the assistance of Egidio Forcellini, was reprinted many times. Calepinus became a common name, a synonym of dictionary or lexicon, and we find titles like the following:  Septem linguarum calepinus, hoc est, lexicon latinum. Calepino also wrote the life of John Bonus of Mantua which is found in the Acta Sanctorum for 22 October (Oct. IX, 748–767).

References

Augustinian friars
Italian lexicographers
Italian Latinists
1450s births
1510 deaths
Writers from Bergamo

Ambrogio Calepino


Limboland er en film instrueret af Jeremy Weller.

Handling
Et virkelighedsbaseret drama, der fortæller om otte unge menneskers forsøg på at nedbryde kløften mellem modstridende kulturer: Den kultur, som har bragt dem til verden, og den fremmede kultur, som omgiver dem. I takt med, at de unge skuespillere udspiller deres private historier foran kameraet, udviskes skellet mellem deres virkelige liv og det drama, de skaber.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010

Ungdomsfilm fra Danmark

Limboland


La route régionale 353 () est une route régionale allant de Keltakangas à Kouvola jusqu'à Ummeljoki à Kouvola en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 353 est une route régionale de la Vallée de la Kymi.

Parcours
 Kouvola
 Keltakangas
 Myllykoski
 Ummeljoki

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

353

Transport à Kouvola

Seututie 353


Joseph Paul Torre (; born July 18, 1940) is an American professional baseball executive, serving as a special assistant to the Commissioner of Baseball since 2020. He previously served in the capacity of Major League Baseball's (MLB) chief baseball officer from 2011 to 2020. He is also a former player, manager and television color commentator. Torre ranks fifth all-time in MLB history with 2,326 wins as a manager. With 2,342 hits during his playing career, Torre is the only major leaguer to achieve both 2,000 hits as a player and 2,000 wins as a manager. From 1996 to 2007, he was the manager of the New York Yankees and guided the team to six American League (AL) pennants and four World Series championships.

Torre's lengthy and distinguished career in MLB began as a player in 1960 with the Milwaukee Braves, as a catcher, first baseman, and third baseman. He also played for the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Mets until becoming a manager in 1977, when he briefly served as the Mets' player-manager. His managerial career covered 29 seasons, including tenures with the same three clubs for which he played, and also for the Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers, until 2010. From 1984 to 1989, he served as a television color commentator for the California Angels and NBC. After retiring as a manager, he accepted a role assisting the Commissioner as the executive vice president of baseball operations.

A nine-time All-Star, Torre won the 1971 National League (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award after leading the major leagues in batting average, hits, and runs batted in. After qualifying for the playoffs just once while managing the Mets, Braves, and Cardinals, Torre's greatest success came as manager of the Yankees.  His Yankee clubs compiled a .605 regular-season winning percentage and made the playoffs every year, winning four World Series titles, six AL pennants, and ten AL East division titles. In 1996 and 1998, he was the AL Manager of the Year. He also won two NL West division titles with the Dodgers for a total of 13 division titles. In 2014, Torre was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

Early life
Joseph Paul Torre was born July 18, 1940, in Brooklyn, New York City, New York to Italian immigrants Margaret and Joseph Sr., a plainclothes officer in the New York City Police Department. He was the youngest of five children, with two brothers, Frank (who also went on to play in the Major Leagues) and Rocco, and two sisters, Rae and Marguerite. Torre was raised in the Marine Park neighborhood of Brooklyn.  Torre's father Joseph abused Margaret until Torre was 13 years old, when Torre's brother Frank convinced their father to move out. The couple would later divorce.

Torre played baseball at Saint Francis Prep and in the All-American Amateur Baseball Association for the Brooklyn Cadets. Heavyset as a teenager, Torre was not considered a viable professional prospect until he converted to catcher on the advice of his brother Frank. Torre worked briefly at the American Stock Exchange after high school.

Playing career

Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves (1960–1968)
Torre followed in his brother Frank's footsteps when he was signed by the Milwaukee Braves as an amateur free agent in 1959. In his first season in the minor leagues with the Class A Eau Claire Bears, he won the  Northern League batting championship with a .344 batting average. Torre made his major league debut late in the season on September 25, 1960. For the  season he was assigned to the Triple A Louisville Colonels, where the Braves planned to groom him as the eventual successor to their All-Star catcher, Del Crandall. However, those plans were changed when Crandall injured his throwing arm in May 1961, forcing the Braves to promote Torre to the major leagues with just over a year of minor league experience. Torre rose to the occasion, hitting for a .278 batting average with 21 doubles and 10 home runs. He finished the season ranked second to Billy Williams in the  National League Rookie of the Year voting.

Crandall resumed his role as the starting catcher in 1962 while Torre stayed on as the back-up catcher. By the 1963 season, the Braves had begun to play Crandall at first base as Torre had taken over the starting catcher's role. He ended the season with a .293 batting average with 14 home runs and 71 runs batted in, and earned a spot as a reserve for the National League team in the 1963 All-Star Game. In December , the Braves traded Crandall to the San Francisco Giants, leaving Torre as the undisputed number one catcher.

Torre had a breakout year in 1964 when he batted .321 (fourth highest in the National League) with 20 home runs and 109 runs batted in, and he led National League catchers with a .995 fielding percentage. He was selected as the starting catcher for the National League in the 1964 All-Star Game.  Despite the fact that the Braves finished the season in fifth place, Torre ranked fifth in voting for the  National League Most Valuable Player Award.

In 1965, Torre won his first of two NL Player of the Month awards when he took the honor for May, batting .382, with 10 HR and 24 RBIs.  Torre was once again the starting catcher for the National League in the 1965 All-Star Game, and he hit a two-run home run against Milt Pappas to help the National League to a 6–5 victory.  He ended the season with 27 home runs and 80 runs batted in, though his batting average dipped to .291.  Torre won his first and only Gold Glove Award in 1965; however, baseball historian Bill James later said the decision was influenced by his offensive statistics and that either John Roseboro or Tom Haller were more deserving of the award.  In an article for the St. Petersburg Independent that year, Beat Generation author Jack Kerouac called Torre "the best catcher since Roy Campanella."

For the 1966 season the Braves relocated to Atlanta and the new Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium which, due to its less dense atmosphere in the high elevation in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, made it favorable to home run hitters.  This resulted in the stadium being nicknamed The Launching Pad. On April 12, 1966, Torre hit the first major league home run in the history of the Atlanta stadium.  Torre produced a career-high 36 home runs with 101 runs batted in, a .315 batting average, a .382 on-base percentage, and led National League catchers with a 48.6% caught stealing percentage.  He started behind the plate for the National League All-Star team for the third successive year.  His offensive production tapered off in 1967, during which he complied a .277 batting average with 68 runs batted in, though he still hit 20 home runs and won his fourth consecutive start in the 1967 All-Star Game.  He posted another sub-par season in 1968 with a .271 batting average, 10 home runs, and 55 runs batted in; yet he led National League catchers with a .996 fielding percentage.

Before the 1969 season, Torre became embroiled in a feud with Braves General Manager Paul Richards over his salary.  Eventually the Braves traded Torre to the St. Louis Cardinals for the  Most Valuable Player Award winner, Orlando Cepeda.

St. Louis Cardinals (1969–1974)
The Cardinals had Tim McCarver as their starting catcher, so Torre replaced the departed Cepeda at first base for the 1969 season.  His offensive statistics rebounded, and he ended the season with a .289 batting average, alongside 18 home runs and 101 runs batted in.  In 1970, the Cardinals traded McCarver to the Philadelphia Phillies along with Curt Flood, Byron Browne, and Joe Hoerner, in return for Dick Allen, Jerry Johnson, and Cookie Rojas.  Allen took over as the Cardinals' first baseman while Torre split his playing time between playing third base and sharing catching duties with young prospect Ted Simmons.  His offensive statistics continued to improve, as he hit 21 home runs with 100 runs batted in and finished second to Rico Carty for the National League batting title with a .325 batting average.

The Cardinals made Simmons their full-time catcher in 1971, leaving Torre to concentrate on playing third base.  Freed from the mentally challenging, strength-sapping job of catching, Torre had a career-season offensively.  Torre won the National League batting championship, hitting .363, and he led the league with 137 runs batted in, en route to winning the  National League Most Valuable Player award. He also was voted to be the starting third baseman for the National League in the 1971 All-Star Game. He was named NL Player of the Month for the second and final time in August (.373, 5 HR, 27 RBI).  Adapting to a new defensive position proved to be a challenge, as Torre led the league's third basemen with 21 errors.  In December, he was awarded the 1971 Hutch Award, given annually to the player who best exemplifies the fighting spirit and competitive desire of Fred Hutchinson.

In 1972, Torre won his second consecutive starting role as third baseman for the National League in the All-Star Game.  However, his offensive numbers for the season dipped to a .289 batting average with 11 home runs and 81 runs batted in. After two more sub-par seasons, the Cardinals traded the 34-year-old Torre to the New York Mets for Ray Sadecki and Tommy Moore.

New York Mets (1975–1977)
With the Mets in , Torre became the third player in Major League history, and first in the National League, to hit into four double plays in one game. Felix Millán singled in all four of his at-bats hitting ahead of Torre, and at a post-game press conference, Torre joked about his own performance by saying "I'd like to thank Felix Millán for making this possible."  When Torre's batting average fell to .247 in 1975, it appeared that his best years might be behind him.  However, his average rebounded 59 points in 1976, and he finished the year with a .306 batting average.  In May 1977, the Mets fired manager Joe Frazier and named Torre as their player-manager.  Torre was the second of three player-managers in the 1970s, the other two being (Frank Robinson in  and  with the Cleveland Indians, and Don Kessinger in  with the Chicago White Sox.  Because Torre believed he could not do the job of manager properly while still playing, he decided to retire at age 37.  He served 18 days as a player-manager, having two at-bats.  His final at-bat came on June 17, 1977, at Shea Stadium against the Houston Astros, when he put himself in as a pinch hitter.  He flied out to right field, thereby ending his playing career.

Post-playing career

New York Mets manager (1977–1981)
Torre managed the Mets from 1977 to 1981 season, but failed to improve the team's record.  He went 49–68 in his first season with the Mets, while the team finished 64–98 overall and in last place in the NL East.  The next three seasons were similar, as the Mets went 66–96, 63–99, and 67–95, though avoiding last place in 1980.  The strike-shortened season of 1981 was Torre's last with the team, and he went 17–34 in the first half of the season and 24–28 in the second half, finishing fifth and fourth, respectively.  After five years without a winning season, Torre was fired at the end of the strike-shortened  season.

Atlanta Braves manager (1982–1984)

In 1982, Torre replaced Bobby Cox as the manager of the Atlanta Braves, and immediately guided the team to a Major League record 13 straight wins to open the season, a mark that was later tied by the 1987 Milwaukee Brewers and the 2023 Tampa Bay Rays.  Atlanta subsequently went on to finish 89–73 and capture the National League West division title, its first playoff appearance since the 1969 National League Championship Series (NLCS).  In Game 1 of the 1982 NLCS against the St. Louis Cardinals, the Braves jumped out to a 1–0 lead before the game was delayed by rain after four innings.  The rain persisted, and the game was wiped out just three outs short of an official game.  St. Louis won the restaged Game 1, and went on to sweep the series.  Torre was named the Associated Press (AP) Manager of the Year, becoming the first person to win both that and an MVP award.

The Braves slipped to second place in 1983, with an 88–74 record that was just one game off of the division-winning record of the previous season.  This marked the first consecutive winning seasons for the team since moving from Milwaukee in 1966.  In 1984, Atlanta slipped to 80–82, but again finished second in the division (tied with Houston Astros). Torre was fired after the 1984 season.

Broadcast booth (1985–1990)
From  to , Torre worked as a television color commentator for the California Angels. Torre also worked as a color commentator for NBC's Game of the Week telecasts alongside Jay Randolph.  While working as a guest analyst for ESPN during the 1989 World Series, Torre was on hand for the Loma Prieta earthquake (October 17, ).

St. Louis Cardinals manager (1990–1995)

In 1990, Torre replaced the popular Whitey Herzog as Cardinals manager and posted a 351–354 record.  Though the Cardinals were unable to reach the playoffs during Torre's tenure, they had winning records in three of the four seasons he spent with the club.  Despite a last-place prediction from many commentators, the Cardinals finished in second place and won 84 games in 1991, Torre's first full season at the helm.  His best record was 87–75 in 1993.  Torre was fired in June 1995 for his poor record that year, and also as part of a rebuilding project while Anheuser-Busch prepared to sell the team.

New York Yankees manager (1996–2007)
Torre served as the Yankees' manager under owner George Steinbrenner.  Torre lasted twelve full seasons, managing 1,942 regular-season games, with a won-loss record of 1,173–767.  He took the team to the postseason in every one of his twelve seasons with the club, winning six American League pennants and four World Series.  Torre had by far the longest tenure for a Yankees manager in the Steinbrenner era, and his time as manager is tied for the second-longest in club history with those of Miller Huggins and Casey Stengel, behind the sixteen-season run of Joe McCarthy.  Torre is the only Yankees manager who was born in New York City.

1996–2005

Before his first game with the Yankees, Torre got off to a rough start.  The New York City press (and fans) thought his hiring was a colossal mistake and greeted him with tabloid headlines such as "Clueless Joe."  Including his three previous jobs, he had been a combined 109 games below .500, and had never won a playoff game in 14 seasons. He had appeared in 2,209 games as a player and 1,901 as a manager for a total of 4,110 games without reaching a World Series, let alone winning it.

However, it was with the Yankees that he enjoyed the greatest success of his managerial career, leading the team to the playoffs in each of his twelve seasons (1996–2007) there.  In , he was named Manager of the Year.  Torre, building on the Yankees' Wild Card berth in 1995, made his first-ever trip to the World Series, leading the Yankees to their first Series since .  After the Yankees defeated the Atlanta Braves, Steinbrenner tore up Torre's contract and gave him a new, more lucrative, and longer contract as a reward.

On April 30, , Torre won his 1,000th game as manager, with a 2–1 victory over the Seattle Mariners.  The Yankees went into the postseason for the third straight year, albeit as a Wild Card.  They lost to the Cleveland Indians in the Division Series.  After that, the team would win three straight World Series titles from  to , and additional American League pennants in  and .

The  season was Torre's most successful.  Despite a slow start that included losing four of the first five games of the season, the Yankees set a then-American League record of 114 regular-season wins, including David Wells's perfect game against the Minnesota Twins on May 17.  It was in an August 11 victory over the Twins that Torre evened his career record win–loss record, making it 1168–1168.  One other manager in Yankees' history, Stengel, had joined the team with a career record further below .500 than Torre, at 166 games; Stengel, too, reached .500 for his career during his time as Yankees manager.

During the 1998 playoffs, the Yankees easily bested the Texas Rangers, fought off the Cleveland Indians for the AL pennant, and swept the San Diego Padres in the World Series.  His club set a major-league record of 125 total wins a season, including the regular season and the postseason, breaking the 1906 Chicago Cubs' record of 118.  Torre won Manager of the Year honors, and the  team is now widely regarded as one of the best teams of all time, along with the Yankee teams of 1927,  and , the 1972–1974 Oakland Athletics, and the 1975–1976 Cincinnati Reds.
When ESPN launched its Who's#1? series on June 15, , the 1998 Yankees topped the network's list of best teams over the years 1979 to 2003.

Torre presided over a second perfect game in 1999, this time behind starter David Cone, who defeated the Montreal Expos 6–0.  This occurred on July 18, Torre's 59th birthday.  He thus became the first to manage his teams to two perfect game wins, while becoming just the fourth in MLB history to manage his club in two perfect games, joining Stengel (1–1), Walter Alston (1–1), and Tommy Lasorda (0–2).  The Yankees also won their second consecutive World Series.

With a win over Minnesota on May 12, 2002, Torre became the 17th manager in Major League history to reach the milestone of 1,500 victories.

In , Torre suffered his greatest setback, marking the end of the Yankees' dominance.  After building a 3–0 lead in the ALCS against the Boston Red Sox, his team would go on to lose the next four games and the ALCS.  This Red Sox victory was the first time that any team had come back from being down three games to none in a series, and such a comeback has not happened again since.  The Red Sox would go on to win the 2004 World Series, their first title since , thereby ending the "Curse of the Bambino", which had supposedly been inflicted on the team when Babe Ruth was sold to the Yankees in early 1920.

After getting off to an 8−11 start in 2005, the Yankees played their last five months at 84−48.  They won 14 of their last 18 on their way to employing a franchise record 51 players to overtake Boston and capture their eighth consecutive AL East title.  Their season ended in a five-game ALDS loss to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

2006–2007
Despite pitching issues and injuries, the Yankees won another AL East title in 2006, but would go on to lose the ALDS to the Detroit Tigers in four games.

In 2007, Torre achieved his 2,000th win to become the first man to win 2,000 games as a Major League manager and also collect 2,000 hits as a Major League player.  He later notched his 2,010th managerial win, overtaking Leo Durocher for ninth place on the MLB all-time managerial wins list.  Next, he passed Stengel on the Yankees' all-time managerial wins list in 2007 with his 1,150th victory with the team.  Torre led the Yankees to their 13th consecutive postseason appearance.

After two Yankees losses to the Cleveland Indians in the Division Series, Steinbrenner said in an interview that Torre's contract would not be renewed if the Yankees did not defeat the Indians.  The Yankees saved their season, and potentially Torre's job, for one day, as they won Game 3 at Yankee Stadium.  Following the Yankees' elimination the following night, earning them another first-round exit, Torre's fate remained uncertain.  That night, as he went out to make what would be his last pitching change with the team, the fans in Yankee Stadium chanted his name.

After the season, the Yankees met with Torre and offered him a one-year contract with a $5 million base pay and $1 million bonuses, to be paid for each of three benchmarks the team would reach: winning the American League Division Series; winning the American League Championship Series; and winning the World Series.  Further, had the Yankees reached the World Series, that would have automatically triggered an option for a new contract the following year.  In spite of a pay cut from an average of $6.4 million over the previous three seasons, the new terms would have kept him as the highest-paid manager in the game.

Yankee Global Enterprises chairman Hal Steinbrenner "explained the rationale behind the offer, which was nonnegotiable."  Yankees president Randy Levine commented, "We thought we needed to go with a performance-based model.  It's important to motivate people based on performance."  George Steinbrenner, on account of his advancing age and his deteriorating health, had noticeably less influence in the day-to-day operation of the club.  Of the ultimatum he issued during the playoffs, his son Hal denied that his comments influenced the terms of the contract they presented to Torre.

The New York media portrayed the offer as an insult.  Torre turned it down, ending his era with the Yankees.  On October 19, 2007, he held a news conference to explain his decision.  After first thanking George Steinbrenner, he remarked, "I just felt the contract offer and the terms of the contract were probably the thing I had the toughest time with."

Of the aftermath, Wallace Matthews of Newsday commented, "They are very slick, these thugs running the Yankees. ... They have been trying to figure out a way to whack Torre while making it appear as if Torre whacked himself. What they came up with was brilliant in its innovation and chilling in its cynicism, but ultimately transparent."  Opined Mike Lupica, "It was just the most famous disagreement we are ever likely to see in baseball, the most famous manager telling the people who run the most famous team to take their job and shove it.  A manager finally fired the Yankees."  Added Joel Sherman, "Torre erred in turning down the Yankees' proposal to stay in the position that has made him rich and famous beyond what he could have dreamed a dozen years ago."  He also walks "away from that juice as much as the ownership."

On February 3, 2009, Torre released a book about his experiences with the Yankees, called The Yankee Years, co-authored by Tom Verducci.

Torre returned to Yankee Stadium for the first time since vacating the Yankees managerial job on September 20, 2010, to pay respect to George Steinbrenner on the night of the previous owner's monument being unveiled in Monument Park.

Los Angeles Dodgers manager (2008–2010)

On November 1, 2007, the Los Angeles Dodgers announced that Torre would be their manager beginning with the 2008 season, succeeding Grady Little, who had resigned the post two days before.  This marked the return of Torre to the National League, the only league he had played or managed in prior to becoming the Yankees' skipper.  According to ESPN, Torre's contract was valued at $13 million over three years.
Torre brought two members of his 2007 Yankees coaching staff with him.  Don Mattingly, who had served as Torre's bench coach, was tabbed as the hitting coach; and third base coach Larry Bowa was brought in to fill the same position with the Dodgers.  In January 2008, Mattingly was moved to the role of special assignment coach for the 2008 season due to family concerns.  He was replaced as hitting coach by Mike Easler.

In addition, Torre brought in Bob Schaefer to be bench coach, and retained first base coach Mariano Duncan (whom he had managed with the Yankees) and pitching coach Rick Honeycutt from Little's staff.  Ken Howell was promoted from Triple-A pitching coach to bullpen coach, completing Torre's staff.  Torre had grown up in Brooklyn when the Dodgers played there, but he admitted to having been a New York Giants fan then, adding another twist to the longstanding rivalry between the two clubs.

On March 31, 2008, Joe Torre made his managerial debut with the Dodgers in a 5–0 victory.  Ironically, he would be managing several former members of the 2003 Red Sox, such as Manny Ramirez, Derek Lowe, and Nomar Garciaparra.  On September 25, 2008, the Dodgers clinched the National League West title, giving Torre his 13th consecutive postseason appearance.  October 4, 2008 saw Torre managing the Dodgers to a 3–0 victory over the Chicago Cubs in the National League Division Series, earning the Dodgers their first post-season series victory since their championship season of 1988.  Torre's Dodgers were beaten in the NLCS four games to one by the  eventual World Series-winning Phillies.

In 2009, Torre served as a coach on manager Charlie Manuel's staff in the All-Star Game.  The Dodgers achieved the National League's best record (95–67), clinching the top seed.  They faced the St. Louis Cardinals, in the National League Division Series, sweeping them in three games.  However, they went on to lose to the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLCS in five games, ending their second consecutive season with a loss to the Phillies, who would go on to lose to the Yankees in the World Series.

During the 2010 season, the Dodgers played against both the Yankees and the Red Sox.  The Dodgers managed to only go 1–5 against the two teams.  It was the first time Torre had faced either the Yankees or the Red Sox since leaving the Yankees.

On September 17, 2010, Torre announced he would step down as Dodgers manager after the 2010 season, with Mattingly being Torre's replacement for 2011 campaign.

On October 3, 2010, the Dodgers defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks 3–1 at Dodger Stadium for Torre's 2,326th and final career win.  Torre stepped down as manager at the conclusion of the game.

Commissioner's office (2011–present)
With a desire to stay active after his managing career, and in spite of his advancing age, Torre accepted a position assisting Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig as the new Executive Vice President for Baseball Operations on February 26, 2011.  His stated duties according to the MLB.com biography include serving as the primary liaison for all baseball and on-field activities between the office of the commissioner and the general managers and field managers of all 30 Major League clubs.  Other duties include overseeing areas of major league operations, on-field operations, discipline, and umpiring.  In December 2014, as part of an executive reorganization, MLB announced Torre's title was modified to Chief Baseball Officer, though his duties remained unchanged.

Torre drew criticism when, during the 10th anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks, MLB denied the New York Mets the right to wear tribute caps to first responders, as they had done in the month following the attacks.

Torre briefly resigned from his position with Major League Baseball in January 2012 amid speculation that he was interested in joining one of the groups seeking to buy the Los Angeles Dodgers.  The following March, he returned to his position with MLB after his group failed to buy the Dodgers.

Torre was the manager of the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic.  On September 22, 2013, he attended a Yankees pregame tribute to Mariano Rivera at Yankee Stadium.

In August 2015, Torre opened dialogue amid concerns about umpiring, the strike zone, and instant replay, by meeting with players and staff of all 30 Major League teams, after Red Sox manager John Farrell had noted an increasing trend of pitches below the strike zone being called strikes.  Commented Cardinals manager Mike Matheny, "It's good leadership that he's willing to initiate conversation, ... giving guys a chance [to express any issues they might have], it's impressive.  He wasn't ... making excuses for anybody.  He said, 'Help me understand how we can help improve.'"

In December 2015, Torre led an expedition to Cuba of MLB officials and players.  It was the first of its kind since 1999, and it was intended as a step to help normalize relations with the United States that had begun to ease earlier in the year.

In February 2020, Torre was replaced as head of on-field operations by former pitcher Chris Young and was reassigned as special assistant to the Commissioner. Despite retaining a post in the commissioners result, Torre no longer determined fines and suspensions for on-field incidents.

Achievements, highlights, honors, and awards

Torre appeared in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game 15 total times as a player or as a manager, with his teams going 13–1–1.  During his playing career, he was always on the National League squad, going 8–1.  Each time he was manager, it was for the American League, with those teams going 5–0–1.

In 2011, Torre made his first appearance at the New York Yankees' Old Timers' Day. He also appeared in 2012, 2014, and 2015.

The Yankees retired Torre's uniform number 6 on "Joe Torre Day", August 23, 2014, and honored him with a plaque in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium.

On August 27, 2016, the Cardinals inducted Torre into the franchise Hall of Fame.

On July 30, 2022, the Atlanta Braves inducted Torre into the franchise Hall of Fame.

On August 27, 2022, Torre participated in the Mets' Old-Timers' Day (the team's first since 1994) by managing one of the squads.

Playing career
In an 18-year major league career, Torre played in 2,209 games, accumulating 2,342 hits in 7,874 at bats for a .297 career batting average along with 252 home runs, 1,185 runs batted in, and an on-base percentage of .365.  He retired with a .990 fielding percentage in 903 games as a catcher, a .993 fielding percentage in 787 games as a first baseman, and a .951 fielding percentage in 515 games as a third baseman.

During his individual seasons, Torre batted over .300 five times, drove in more than 100 runs five times, and hit 20 or more home runs six times.  A nine-time All-Star, he won a Most Valuable Player Award a batting title, and an RBI crown.  He finished in the National League's top ten four times each in batting average, on-base percentage, on-base plus slugging percentage, adjusted OPS+, hits, total bases, RBIs, and slugging percentage.  Also a Rawlings Gold Glove Award winner at catcher, Torre led National League catchers twice in fielding percentage, and was in the top five in caught stealing percentage.  In ten different seasons combined at catcher, first base, and third base, he finished in the top five in fielding percentage. Baseball historian Bill James ranked Torre 11th all-time among major league catchers.

Managerial career
Torre established a Major League record by guiding his clubs to 14 consecutive World Series wins from Game Three of the 1996 World Series through Game Two of the 2000 championship.  He became the second manager to guide his club to 12 consecutive postseason appearances, with Bobby Cox having led the Braves to 14 straight postseason appearances from 1991 through 2005.  (There was no postseason in .)

Awards and honors
General reference:

Awards
 2× Associated Press Manager of the Year (1982, 1998)
 Baseball Prospectus Internet Baseball Awards for American League Manager of the Year (1998)
 2× BBWAA American League Manager of the Year (1996, 1998)
 Chuck Tanner Major League Baseball Manager of the Year (2007) – first recipient
 Hutch Award (1971)
 15× Major League Baseball All-Star
 9× as a player (1963–67, 1970–73)
 6× as a manager (1997, 1999–2002, 2004)
 National League Most Valuable Player Award (1971)
 2× National League Player of the Month Award (May 1965, August 1971)
 National League Player of the Week Award (August 8, 1976)
 Rawlings Gold Glove Award at catcher (1965)
 Slocum Award (2008)
 Sporting News American League Manager of the Year Award (1998)
 Sporting News Major League Baseball Manager of the Decade (2000–09)
 Sporting News Major League Baseball Player of the Year Award (1971)
 4× Sporting News National League All-Star team (1964–66, 1971)
 Sports Illustrated Major League Baseball All-Decade Team manager (2000–09)
 Sports Illustrated No. 3 of the Top 10 Coaches/Managers of the Decade in U.S. professional and college sports (2000–09)
 Willie, Mickey and the Duke Award (2011)
Doctor of Letters from Skidmore College, 5/18/19.

Accomplishments
 5th all-time in MLB history in managerial wins
 Only major leaguer with 2,000 hits as a player and 2,000 wins as a manager

Film and television appearances
Torre appeared as himself in the broadcast booth in the 1990 film Taking Care of Business, which showed a fictional World Series between the Angels and the Chicago Cubs.  He appeared as himself in a 1996 episode of Cosby.

In the 1997 TV movie Joe Torre: Curveballs Along the Way, Torre was played by Paul Sorvino.

Torre also was featured as the "Voice of the Yankees' Manager" in the 2006 animated feature Everyone's Hero. Torre's character manages a team that includes a fictional Babe Ruth.

Torre appeared with Willie Randolph in a set of Subway commercials, highlighting the pun of Subway and the Subway Series which Torre, then as Yankees manager, took part with Randolph, then as Mets manager.

During the 2008 season, Torre appeared in TV ads for State Farm Insurance, poking fun at both himself and at Hollywood stereotypes.

On June 15, 2009, Torre was a guest on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien  He has made appearances on Sesame Street, Castle, and Gary Unmarried.  Torre also appeared as himself in the 2002 Mafia comedy Analyze That starring Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal.

Torre appeared in the 2022 sports documentary The Captain, covering Derek Jeter's life and career.

Thoroughbred racing horse owner
A thoroughbred horse racing enthusiast, Torre is a part owner of several horses. Game On Dude is a retired thoroughbred who is one of the top older handicap horses in the United States.  He also was a part-owner of Sis City, winner of the 2005 Ashland Stakes at Keeneland Race Course.  Sis City was the dominant three-year-old filly that year until finishing fourth in the May 6 Kentucky Oaks.  However, a few weeks later on June 26, Wild Desert, in which Torre is also a partner, won the $1.0 million Queen's Plate, the first leg of the Canadian Triple Crown.  Wild Desert is also partially owned by Keith Jones, an NHL player.  A horse named Torre and Zim, was named after Torre and his former bench coach Don Zimmer, as both love horse racing. Homeboykris, who had upset the field by a half-length and won the opening card of the Preakness Stakes on May 21, 2016, collapsed and died on his way back to the stall immediately after the race.

Books
In 1997, Torre's autobiography, Chasing the Dream, was released.  Later, he authored an advice book, entitled Joe Torre's Ground Rules for Winners.  His third book, The Yankee Years, was released in February 2009. The book, co-authored by Sports Illustrated writer Tom Verducci, details Torre's tenure as manager of the New York Yankees.

Joe Torre Foundation
In 2002, Torre and his wife Ali established the Joe Torre Safe at Home Foundation.  In October 2007 the Foundation partnered with the Union City, New Jersey Board of Education and the North Hudson Community Action Corporation (NHCAC) to establish the Foundation's Margaret Place initiative at Union City, New Jersey's José Martí Middle School, with a $325,000 donation from Verizon.  It continues to receive yearly funding from that company of up to $65,000.  The Foundation's mission is to educate about and to prevent domestic violence.  Margaret's Place is named after Torre's mother, who was a victim of verbal and physical abuse at the hands of Torre's New York City Police officer father when Torre was a child.  Torre describes his father as a "bully", and, while Torre himself was not a target of his father's violence, he has stated that he never felt safe at home, and that he grew up in fear for his mother, saying, "I always felt responsible for it.  I never thought I belonged anywhere.  I never felt safe except on the ball field." Margaret's Place is a comprehensive program that provides students with a safe room in school where they can meet with a professional counselor trained in domestic violence intervention and prevention in order to address their home situation and to educate them to understand the impact of domestic violence on the community. The children are also given the opportunity to read, play games, or talk about their experience with others.  The program, which is administered by health care professionals from North Hudson Community Action Corp., also includes an anti-violence campaign within the school, and training for teachers and counselors.  It has grown to eleven sites in the region, though Union City's is the only such program in New Jersey.

Torre is also a supporter of other anti-domestic violence programs. In September 2008, he recorded a public service announcement and personal voice message in support of the RESPECT! Campaign against domestic violence.

Personal life
He has one son, Michael, by his first wife, Jackie, whom he married in 1963.  He has two daughters, Lauren and Cristina, by his second wife, Dani, whom he married in 1968. Both of these marriages ended in divorce.  On August 23, 1987, he married Alice (Ali) Wolterman, his third wife.  They have a daughter, Andrea.

His older brother Frank was also a Major League Baseball player.  Frank died in 2014.  His eldest brother Rocco was a New York Police Department officer who died in 1996.  His older sister Marguerite was a Roman Catholic nun and teacher, was the principal of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary School in Ozone Park, Queens until her death on May 29, 2022.  His other sister Rae died in 2015.

Torre was treated for prostate cancer in 1999.

On December 14, 2005, Torre carried the Olympic Flame in Florence, Italy, as part of the torch relay of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, running it 405 meters, and ending up at the Ponte Vecchio.

, Torre and his wife live in Harrison, New York.  Until February 2020, they also had a house in Mahopac.

See also

 List of Los Angeles Angels broadcasters
 List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game managers
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
 List of Major League Baseball player-managers
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of St. Louis Cardinals team records
 New York Yankees award winners and league leaders
 St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders

References

Further reading

External links

Joe Torre at Baseball Almanac
Joe Torre Safe At Home Foundation
Joe Torre executive profile at MLB.com

1940 births
Living people
American people of Italian descent
Atlanta Braves managers
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball coaches from New York (state)
California Angels announcers
Eau Claire Braves players
Gold Glove Award winners
Los Angeles Dodgers managers
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball Executive Vice Presidents for Baseball Operations
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball managers with retired numbers
Major League Baseball player-managers
Major League Baseball third basemen
Manager of the Year Award winners
Milwaukee Braves players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League batting champions
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National League RBI champions
New York Mets managers
New York Mets players
New York Yankees managers
People from Marine Park, Brooklyn
Sportspeople from New Rochelle, New York
Baseball players from Westchester County, New York
Baseball players from Brooklyn
St. Francis Preparatory School alumni
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals managers
United States national baseball team managers
World Baseball Classic managers
World Series-winning managers

Joe Torre


Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 Ağustos 1832 – 31 Ağustos 1920), Alman fizyolog, psikolog, filozof, profesör, tıp doktoru ve modern psikolojinin kurucularından. Almanya Leipzig'de 1879 yılında ilk psikoloji laboratuvarını kurarak deneysel psikolojinin adımlarını atmıştır. Zihnin yapısını incelemeye alan yapısalcılık ekolünün kurucusu sayılır. Almanya'da Leipzig Üniversitesi'nde kurulan bu laboratuvar sayesinde insan davranışlarının sebepleri bilimsel ortamda araştırmaya tabi tutulmuştur. Wundt özellikle "KBY" olarak bilinen "konfüzyonel beden algısı" isimli konuda yaptığı çalışmaları ile kendisinden söz ettirmiştir. Şu an bu çalışmaların psikolojik alanda geçerliliği bulunmamaktadır.

Hayatı
16 Ağustos 1832'de Almanya'nın küçük bir taşra kasabasında Protestan bir papazın en küçük oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi. Okulda başarısız bir öğrenciydi fakat saatlerce kitap okurdu. Çocuklukta en çok bilimsel aktiviteler ilgisini çekerdi. Spora olan ilgisi ise çok azdı. Tek bir arkadaşı vardı, o da konuşma zorluğu çeken zihinsel engelli bir çocuktu.

W. Wundt'un babası Luther yanlısı bir papazdı. Eğlenceli ve sosyal bir aile ortamında yetişmesine rağmen W. Wundt'un babası ile arası pek iyi değildi. Örneğin, babası bir gün okula W. Wundt'u ziyarete gelmiş ve Wundt'un dersi dikkatli dinlemediğini öğrenince ona tokat atmıştı. Öyle ki Wundt seksen yaşına geldiğinde bile, çocukluğunda babasını izlemeye çalışırken merdivenlerden nasıl düştüğünü dün gibi hatırlıyordu. W. Wundt'un eğitimini babasının bir asistanı olan genç bir mahalle papazı üstlendi. Genç asistan mahalleden taşındıktan sonra Wundt da onunla gitmek için ailesinden izin istedi ve on üç yaşına kadar onunla birlikte yaşadı.

Lisedeki ilk senesinde sınıfı geçemedi. Arkadaşlarıyla geçinemezdi, öğretmenlerinden biri ona sürekli tokat atıyor, diğer öğretmenleri ise onu ciddiye almıyorlardı. Okul hayatından hiç hoşlanmıyordu fakat on dokuz yaşına geldiğinde üniversite için hazırdı.

Doktor olmaya karar verdi ve tedaviye yönelik çalışmaları için Tübingen Üniversitesinde bir yılını geçirdi. Kitap okumaktan oluşan tıp eğitiminden sıkılmıştı ve bir yıl sonra Heildelberg Üniversitesi'nin kimya programına kaydoldu. Burada anatomi, fizyoloji, kimya ve ilaç dersleri aldı ve ilk laboratuvar çalışmalarını yaptı. İdrarının bileşimindeki tuzun eksikliğinin etkisini araştıran bu çalışması yayınlandı. O dönemlerde laboratuvar olmadığı için hayvanlarla ilgili çalışmalarını annesinin mutfağında gerçekleştirdi.

Berlin'de Fizyolog Johannes Müller ile sömestirlik çalışmasından sonra 1855'te doktorasını yapmak için Heildelberg'e döndü ve burada dört yıllık doçentlik süreci başlamış oldu. 1858 yılında Hermann von Helmholtz'un asistanı oldu. 1864'te yardımcı profesör oldu. 1867'de ilk fizyolojik psikoloji dersini verdi. 1874'e kadar Heidelberg'de kaldı. 1875'te Leipzig Üniversitesi'nin felsefe kürsüsünde bir pozisyon aldı. Bir deneyselcinin bu kürsüye başkan olması cesur bir yenilik olarak görüldü. Dersleri psikoloji ve felsefeyle sınırlı kaldı ve deneysel çalışmaları 1879'a kadar başlamadı.

W. Wundt'un deneysel bir bilim olarak psikolojiyle ilgili ilk fikirleri 'Duyusal Algılama Teorilerine Katkıları' adlı kitabında yer almıştır. Thedor Fechner'in Elementler(1860) adlı kitabıyla Wundt'un bu çalışmaları yeni bilimin literatür alanındaki doğuşu olarak düşünüldü. İkinci kitabı da 'İnsan ve Hayvan Zihinleri Üzerine Dersler'dir. Bu kitap, zihnin deneysel yollarla çalışılmasını ele alan bir kitaptır. Bir diğer kitabı olan 'Fizyolojik Psikolojinin İlkeleri' 1873-1874 yıllarında iki cilt halinde basılmıştır. Bu kitap psikolojinin bir laboratuvar bilimi olarak resmen kurulmasını sağladı. Fizyolojik kelimesi Almanca'da deneysel kelimesinin eş anlamlısıdır. Aslında Wundt fizyolojik psikolojiyi değil deneysel psikolojiyi yazıp öğretiyordu.

Leipzig Yılları
1879 yılında psikolojinin felsefeden ayrı bir bilim olarak kurulmasını sağlayan laboratuvarı Almanya'nın Leipzig kentinde kurdu. Bu laboratuvar harap bir binada, içinde platformlar, çeşitli toplar, telgraf anahtarları ve metronomlar gibi basit aletlerin bulunduğu odalardan ibaretti. Bu tarih aynı zamanda bir fizyolog ve felsefeci olan W. Wundt'un bir psikolog oluşunun da tarihiydi.

1881 yılında 'Felsefe Çalışmaları' adlı dergiyi çıkarttı. Aslında dergiye Psikoloji Çalışmaları adını verecekti ama aynı isimle başka bir dergi olduğu için bu ismi veremedi. 1906 yılında ise derginin adını 'Psikoloji Çalışmaları' olarak değiştirdi.

W. Wundt'un dersleri o kadar popülerdi ki bir keresinde dersini dinlemeye gelen 600 kişi vardı. W. Wundt'un öğrencileri arasında çok önemli kişiler vardı ve bu öğrenciler belirli bir görüş açısı ve amaç etrafında birleştirerek psikolojideki düşünce ekollerinin oluşuna katkıda bulundular.

W.Wundt ve Psikoloji
Wilhelm Wundt, kurduğu laboratuvar ile modern psikolojinin babası olarak kabul edilir.  Kontrollü laboratuvar koşullarında insan zihnini araştırmaya çalışmıştır. İlk çalışmalarında hocası Hermann Von Helmholtz'un izinde gitmiş ve duyu algılamasıyla ilgili çalışmalar yapmıştır.

W. Wundt, duyumları incelerken bilinci araç olarak kullanmış ve psikoloji için "içebakış" yöntemini en uygun yöntem olarak görmüştür. İçebakış yöntemi, bireyin kendisine ne düşündüğünü ne hissettiğini soran, kısaca bireyden kendi subjektif hallerine dair bir açıklama yapmasını isteyen yöntemdir. Bu yöntem analitik bir yöntemdir. Çünkü bilinci en küçük parçalarına ayırıp bu parçaların nasıl organize olduğunu ve organizasyonu sağlayan kuralları belirlemek ister. Bu yüzden Wundt ve takipçilerine Yapısalcı ve yaklaşımlarına da Yapısalcılık denilmiştir. Yapısalcılık ise, bilinçli tecrübelerimizi oluşturan en temel unsurlardan olan duyum ve algıların incelenmesi şeklinde tanımlanabilir.

İçebakış yöntemi ilk defa W. Wundt ile ortaya çıkmamıştır. Bu yöntemin kullanımı Sokrates'e kadar uzanmaktadır. W. Wundt'un getirdiği asıl yenilik içebakış koşulları üzerinde deneysel kontrolü tam olarak sağlama uygulamalarıdır. W. Wundt'a göre içebakış yönteminin laboratuvarda kullanımı için kesin kuralları şöyledir:

1.Gözlemciler sürecisin ne zaman başlayacağını belirleyebilmek zorundadır.

2. Gözlemciler hazır olma veya dikkat kesilme durumunda olmak zorundadır.

3. Gözlemi birkaç defa tekrar etmek mümkün olmalıdır.

4. Deneysel koşullar uyarıcının kontrollü manipülasyonuna elverişli olmak zorundadır.

Zihnin araştırılmasında dolaylı ve dolaysız yaşantılar olmak üzere iki kavramdan bahseder. Wundt'a göre psikologların üzerinde durması gereken konu dolaysız yaşantılar olmalıdır çünkü dolaysız yaşantılar deneyimin kendisi hakkında bilgi verir. Buna yönelik olarak yaptığı çalışmalarında toplar ve metronomlar kullanmıştır. Kişilerden bu topları platformdan yuvarladıklarında ya da metronom sesini dinlediklerinde o an neler hissettiklerini anlatmalarını istemiştir. Bu hisler Wundt için zihin yapısının en önemli parçalarıdır.

W. Wundt, kendi içebakışsal yönteminden yola çıkarak üç boyutlu duygu teorisini geliştirmiştir. Metronom sesinin insanlarda yarattığı duyguları 3 kategoriye ayırmıştır: Hoş/hoş olmayan, gerilim/rahatlama ve heyecan/çöküntü. Her duygunun bu 3 boyuttan birine yerleştirilebileceğini savunmuştur.

W. Wundt, çocuk psikolojisi ve hayvan psikolojisi üzerine çalışmalar yapmamıştır çünkü bu konularda deneysel olarak çalışma yapılamayacağını düşünmüştür.

1900-1920 yılları arasında yazdığı Halk Psikolojisi adlı kitabıyla yeni bir bilim olan psikolojinin Deneysel ve Sosyal Psikoloji olarak ikiye ayrılmasını sağlamıştır. Völkerpscychologie'nin (Halk Psikolojisi) sosyal psikolojinin kökeni olarak kabul edilmesi, Wundt 'un sosyal psikolojinin kurucusu olarak görülmesini sağlamıştır. Fakat bu temelsiz bir iddiadır. W. Wundt'un düşünceleri sosyal psikolojiye dönüşmüş olan şeye neredeyse hiç benzememektedir. İlk sosyal psikologlar da bu düşüncelerden söz etmemişlerdir.

Wundt laboratuvar deneyleri ile duyum, algı, dikkat gibi basit zihinsel süreçlerin incelenebileceğini savunurken yüksek zihinsel süreçlerin (bellek, öğrenme vb.) deneysel yöntemlerle incelenemeyeceğini savunmuştur. Yüksek düzeyli zihinsel süreçlerin incelenmesinin sosyologların ve antropologların deneysel olmayan yöntemleriyle incelenmesi gerektiğini söylemiştir. Fakat H. Ebbinghaus gibi araştırmacılar yaptıkları çalışmalarla W. Wundt'un savunduğu gibi yüksek düzeyli zihinsel süreçlerin deneysel olarak incelenmesinin imkânsız olduğu görüşünün doğru olmadığını göstermiştir.

Eserleri
 Kas Hareketleri Kuramı,1858
 Duyusal Algılama Teorisine Katkılar 1858-1862
 İnsan ve Hayvan Zihinleri Üzerine Dersler 1863
 Fizyolojik Psikolojinin İlkeleri,1873-1874
 Mantık 1880-1883
 Psikolojinin Anahatları 1896
 Felsefe sistemi 1889
 Halk Psikolojisi 1900-1909 10 cilt
 Yaşanılmış ve Tanınmışlar(Kendi Hayatı) 1920

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yapısalcılık

Kaynakça

1832 doğumlular
1920 yılında ölenler
Alman psikologlar
Alman hekimler
Berlin Humboldt Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Heidelberg Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
St Petersburg Bilimler Akademisi'nin şeref üyeleri
Psikoloji tarihi

Wilhelm Wundt


François Eid OMM (Mtolleh em Chouf, Líbano, 24 de julho de 1943) é Bispo Maronita Emérito do Cairo e Procurador do Patriarca Maronita junto à Santa Sé.

François Eid ingressou na comunidade religiosa maronita Mariamitischer Maroniten-Order (OMM) e foi ordenado sacerdote em 28 de agosto de 1971. Em 1975 emigrou para Montreal, Quebec, Canadá. De 1999 a 2005 foi Superior Geral de sua ordem.

Em 2005 foi nomeado pelo Papa Bento XVI bispo da Eparquia Maronita do Cairo. O Patriarca dos Maronitas do Líbano, cardeal Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, concedeu-lhe a consagração episcopal em 11 de fevereiro de 2006; Os co-consagradores foram Roland Aboujaoudé e Tanios El Khoury.

Em 16 de junho de 2012, François Eid foi nomeado Procurador do Patriarca Maronita junto à Santa Sé. Ele renunciou ao cargo de bispo maronita do Cairo.

Em 5 de abril de 2014, o Papa Francisco o nomeou membro da Congregação para as Causas dos Santos.

Em 13 de abril de 2015, o Papa Francisco também o nomeou Visitador Apostólico para os fiéis maronitas na Bulgária, Grécia e Romênia. O Papa o dispensou deste cargo em 11 de outubro de 2018.

Ligações externas

Bispos católicos do Egito
Maronitas

François Eid


سليمان أحمد عيسى الحداد، (1930 - 2023) عضو المجلس التأسيسي وعضو سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي الأول وصحفي سابق ، وهو صاحب أول استقالة في تاريخ الحياة النيابية الكويتية.

عن حياته
خاض انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1963 في الدائرة السادسة، وحصل على 805 صوت وحل بالمركز الأول وفاز بالانتخابات، ولكنه استقال من مقعده.

حياته السياسية
ولد سليمان أحمد عيسى الحداد في الكويت من عام 1930 ، ونال عضوية المجلس التأسيسي والفصل التشريعي الأول (مجلس 1963)، ممثلا عن الدائرة السادسة، بعد أن احتل المركز الأول في الدائرة، إلا أنه قدم استقالته من المجلس بتاريخ 27 أكتوبر 1964 ، وكانت استقالته هي أول استقالة في تاريخ الحياة النيابية حيث تقدم بها من أجل الانتقال إلى العمل مديرا للبنك العربي الافريقي في القاهرة ، وخلال فترة عضويته تولى رئاسة تحرير صحيفة الطليعة في العامين 1963 و1964.

الأنشطة البرلمانية

شارك خلال فترة عضويته مع النواب في إقرار كثير من القوانين التي تهم المواطنين منها معاشات ومكافآت التقاعد للموظفين المدنيين، وإجراءات الرقابة الصحية على الأشخاص القادمين إلى الكويت من جهات موبوءة ، و العمل في القطاع الأهلي، و علاوة غلاء معيشة لأصحاب المعاشات أو المستحقين عنهم،و التحقيق البرلماني وإصلاح الجهاز الإداري، و إنشاء ديوان المحاسبة، و التعليم الإلزامي ، كما شارك في 5 لجان برلمانية هي شؤون التعليم والثقافة والإرشاد، والشؤون التشريعية، واللائحة الداخلية، والشؤون الاقتصادية إضافة إلى لجنة مشروع الجواب على الخطاب الأميري ، وقدّم طوال مسيرته البرلمانية سؤالا واحدا إلى وزير الخارجية عن سبب تأخر اعتراف حكومة الكويت بنظام الحكم الجديد في الجمهورية اليمنية وثورته ، كما قدم 3 اقتراحات بقانون بشأن إنشاء مجلس الدولة، والمختارين ، وإنشاء هيئة إسكان ذوي الدخل المحدود ، وقدم 7 اقتراحات برغبة بشأن حصر وكالات الشركات التجارية بيد الكويتيين، وتشكيل لجنة من 7 أعضاء من مجلس الأمة لدراسة أوضاع أجهزة الدولة وإصلاح الخلل الموجود فيها، وتأجيل انتخابات المجلس البلدي لمدة شهر على الأقل وإعادة النظر في بعض المناطق، وتعديل اللائحة الداخلية بحيث تعطي للجان سلطة استدعاء الشهود كما هي الحال بالنسبة للجنة الطعون، إضافة إلى تأجيل تجديد تعيين المختارين إلى القانون الجديد، وإنشاء مراكز رعاية للشباب في مناطق الدعية والدسمة وبعض المناطق السكنية بالكويت.

مراجع

أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1963
مواليد في مدينة الكويت
مواليد 1930
وفيات 2023

سليمان أحمد الحداد


Pierre Bontemps, (* um  1505; † 1568) war ein französischer Bildhauer  der Renaissance.

1536 bis 1540 wird er als Assistent des Architekten Francesco Primaticcio (1504–1570) bei der Ausführung der Stuckaturen von Schloss Fontainebleau erstmals erwähnt.

Bekannt sind seine Grabskulpturen, insbesondere jene des Grabes von Franz I. in der Kathedrale von Saint-Denis mit seinen aus Marmor herausgearbeiteten Reliefs von Schlachtszenen (Schlacht bei Marignano sowie Schlacht von Ceresole) am Sockel, der die Skulpturen des Königs, dessen Gemahlin Claude de France und drei ihrer Kinder (die beiden Dauphins Franz und Karl sowie die jung verstorbene Prinzessin Charlotte) stützt. Franz' Grabmal wurde vom Thronfolger Heinrich II. in Auftrag gegeben (der Entwurf stammte noch von Philibert Delorme) und zwischen 1549 und 1559 ausgeführt. Auch das Grabgefäß für das Herz von Franz I., welches ursprünglich in der Abtei von Hautes-Bruyères (Département Yvelines) aufbewahrt wurde und heute in der Kathedrale von Saint-Denis untergebracht ist, ist Bontemps Werk.

Das von ihm 1557 erschaffene Grabdenkmal für Charles de Maigny, der 1540 bis zu seinem Tod Hauptmann der königlichen Garde war, ist im Louvre zu sehen. Die beiden Grabstätten sind die einzigen erhaltenen Werke, die ihm mit Bestimmtheit zugeschrieben werden. Der Bildhauer Germain Pilon war vermutlich einer seiner Schüler.

Literatur
 Michèle Beaulieu: Pierre Bontemps et les Cousin Père et Fils, artistes sénonais de la Renaissance In: Mélanges d'histoire, d'histoire de l'art et d'archéologie offerts à Jacques Stiennon à l'occasion de ses vingt-cinq ans d'enseignement à l'Université de Liège, 1982, S. 35–48.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Bontemps in der Webgallery of Art
Kurze Biografie
Skulptur von Claude de France mit kurzer Biographie von Bontemps (französisch)

Bildhauer der Renaissance
Franzose
Geboren im 16. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1568
Mann

Pierre Bontemps


Wesleyan adını taşıyan ve John Wesley adına kurulan okullar:

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
 Wesleyan Üniversitesi (Connecticut), Connecticut
 Dakota Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Güney Dakota
 Wesleyan Koleji, Georgia
 Wesleyan Okulu, Georgia
 Illinois Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Illinois
 Indiana Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Indiana
 Iowa Wesleyan Koleji, Iowa
 Southern Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Güney Karolina
 Kuzey Karolina Wesleyan Koleji, Kuzey Karolina
 Kentucky Wesleyan Koleji, Kentucky
 Nebraska Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Nebraska
 Roberts Wesleyan Koleji, New York
 Ohio Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Ohio
 Oklahoma Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Oklahoma
 Teksas Wesleyan Üniversitesi, Teksas
 Tennessee Wesleyan Koleji, Tennessee
 Virginia Wesleyan Koleji, Virginia
 Batı Virjinya Wesleyan Koleji, Batı Virjinya

Ayrıca

Japonya
 Nagasaki Wesleyan Üniversitesi,

Filipinler
 Wesleyan Üniversitesi,

Metodizm

Wesleyan


ساحل قد يشير إلى:

أشخاص
 ساحل (بارق)
 محمد ساحل، لاعب كرة قدم مغربي.

جغرافيا
 الساحل، وهو المنطقة المحاذية للبحر.
 جبال ساحل الجزائر، سلسلة جبلية جزائرية.
 الساحل البربري، منطقة ساحلية إفريقية.
 الساحل، وهي منطقة ساحلية بالوسط الشرقي التونسي.
 الساحل أو الساحل الأفريقي، وهو منطقة جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بأفريقيا.
 السهل الساحلي الشمالي (فلسطين)، سهل لبناني-فلسطيني.
 السهل الساحلي الجنوبي (فلسطين)، سهل فلسطيني.
 ساحل العاج، دولة إفريقية.
 ساحل أمالفي، هو ساحل على امتداد الساحل الجنوبي لخليج ساليرنو في إيطاليا.

أماكن
 ساحل تلامزالة طوطال، قرية مغربية.
 الساحل، وهي حي بالقاهرة بمصر.
 الساحل السوري، منطقة سورية.
 ساحل بارق، محافظة سعودية.

ثقافة
 لسان سواحلي، لغة إفريقية.

منظمات
 تجمع دول الساحل والصحراء، منظمة أفريقية.
 رابطة علماء وأئمة ودعاة الساحل، منظمة أفريقية.

انظر أيضا
 نادي الساحل (توضيح)
 الساحل (توضيح)
 الساحل الشمالي (توضيح)
 سحل (توضيح)
 سواحلي (توضيح)
 السواحلية (توضيح)
 سحلي (توضيح)
 سحلية (توضيح)
 سحالي (توضيح)
 سحاولة (توضيح)
 ساحلي (توضيح)
 ساحلية (توضيح)
 سواحل (توضيح)

أسماء شخصية عربية

ساحل (توضيح)


İktisat matematiği ya da Matematiksel iktisat, iktisadi sorunların çözümünde matematiksel disiplinlerin kullanıldığı çalışma alanıdır.

Matematiksel iktisat konuları
 Arbitraj
 Black-Scholes eşitliği
 Oyun Kuramı
 Büyüme teorisi
 Bilgi teorisi
 Wealth condensation

Matematiksel iktisatçılar

Ünlü matematiksel iktisatçılar
 Amartya Sen
 Herbert Simon
 James Mirrlees
 John Nash
 Kenneth Arrow
 Gerard Debreu
 Paul Samuelson

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ekonometri
 Matematiksel finans
 Rassal değişkenler
 Pareto dağılımı
 Olasılık teorisi
 Zipf yasası
 Extreme value theory
 Fraktal
 Sistem teorisi
 Self-organization
 Kendine-benzerlik
 Rassallık

Kaynakça
 Alpha C. Chiang & Kevin Wainwright, Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics (McGraw-Hill Irwin, 4. baskı, 2005) ISBN 0-07-010910-9

Matematiksel ekonomi


İstanbul tarihi, günümüzde Türkiye toprakları üzerinde bulunan İstanbul şehrinin tarihini anlatır. İstanbul'un tarihi, ana hatlarıyla beş büyük döneme ayrılabilir: Tarih öncesi dönem, Roma İmparatorluğu dönemi, Bizans İmparatorluğu dönemi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dönemi ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti dönemi.

İstanbul, 4. yüzyıldan 20. yüzyıla kadar yaklaşık on altı yüzyıl boyunca dünyanın en önemli ve en büyük metropolleri arasında bulunmuş bir şehir olmuştur. Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika kıtalarının buluştuğu geniş bir bölgenin tartışmasız tek hâkimi olmuş ve bu süreç içerisinde dünya tarihini önemli derecede etkilemeyi başarmıştır. İstanbul yaklaşık 1600 yıl boyunca, M.S. 330'dan 1922'ye kadar bulunan dönemde; sırasıyla Roma İmparatorluğu (330-395), Bizans İmparatorluğu (395-1204, 1261-1453), Latin İmparatorluğu (1204-1261) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (1453-1922) olmak üzere dört farklı imparatorluğa başkentlik yapmıştır. Bu imparatorlukların üçü, var oldukları dönemde dünyanın iktidar sahibi ve en güçlü devletleri olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Hepsinin İstanbul'dan yönetildiği düşünüldüğünde, şehrin tarihsel önemi ve değeri kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir.

1922'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun yıkılıp 13 Ekim 1923'te Ankara'nın yeni kurulan Türk devletinin başkenti olmasıyla birlikte yüzyıllık köklü başkentlik özelliğini kaybeden İstanbul şehri, 4. yüzyıldan 20. yüzyıla kadar on altı yüzyıl boyunca koruduğu her alanda etkin bir dünya şehri olma özelliğini, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşundan sonra tekrar kazanmaya başlamış ve günümüzde Avrupa ve Orta Doğu'nun en önemli merkezleri arasında kendine yer bulmuştur.

İstanbul'un yerleşim tarihi yaklaşık 300 bin, kentsel tarihi yaklaşık 3 bin, başkentlik tarihi ise 1600 yıla kadar uzanır. Avrupa ile Asya kıtalarının kesiştiği noktada bulunan İstanbul, çağlar boyunca farklı uygarlık ve kültürlere ev sahipliği yapmış, yüzyıllar boyu çeşitli din, dil ve ırktan insanların bir arada yaşadığı kozmopolit ve metropolit bir şehir olmuş ve tarihsel süreçte eşsiz bir mozaik hâlini almıştır. Uzun zaman dilimleri boyunca her alanda merkez olmayı ve iktidarda kalmayı başaran dünyadaki ender yerleşim yerlerinden biri olmuştur.

Orta Çağ'da İstanbul'un nüfusu azalmıştı; ancak şehir Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun zirvesine yaklaştıkça, 16. yüzyılda 700.000'e yakın bir nüfusa ulaştı ve bir kez daha dünyanın en kalabalık şehirleri arasına girmeyi başladı. Günümüzde İstanbul, 2021 yılı TÜİK verilerine göre 15,8 milyonu aşkın nüfusuyla Türkiye'nin ve Avrupa'nın en kalabalık şehridir ve dünyanın da en kalabalık 15. şehridir.

Tarih öncesi dönem
Küçükçekmece Gölü kenarında bulunan Yarımburgaz Mağarasında yapılan kazılarda insan kültürüne ait ilk izlere rastlanmıştır. Bu dönemde gölün çevresinde Cilalı Taş Devri ve Bakır Çağı insanlarının yaşadığı sanılmaktadır.

İlk belirgin yerleşim sahiplerinin Megaralılar olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Megaralılar, bugünkü Kadıköy'e yerleştiler ve buraya "Khalkedon" adını verdiler. Ayrıca Kadıköy'e bağlı Fikirtepe'de de çeşitli buluntular ortaya çıkmıştır. Mitolojiye göre Batum'a doğru yola çıkan 40 kadar Yunan, İstanbul Boğazı'ndan geçerken, bugünkü Sarayburnu'nda karaya çıkmışlar ve bulundukları yere, "Altın Boynuz" dedikleri Haliç'e ve Khalkedon civarına yerleşmişlerdir.

Antik Çağ dönemi (M.Ö. 667–M.S. 330)

İstanbul, bu dönemde adı "Byzantion" olan bir Antik Yunan şehir devleti olarak kurulmuş, kısa zamanda gelişip güçlenmiş ve ardından dönemin süper gücü olan Roma İmparatorluğu tarafından ele geçirilmiştir. Byzantion, Romalılar tarafından Latinleştirilmiş ve 'Byzantium' olarak Roma İmparatorluğu'nun önemli şehirlerinden biri hâline gelmiştir.

Antik Yunan dönemi (M.Ö. 667–M.Ö. 196)

Byzantion ve oligarşi dönemi (MÖ 667 - MÖ 476)
Bugünkü İstanbul'un temelleri MÖ 7. yüzyılda atılmıştır. "Byzantion" şehri Megaralılar tarafından MÖ 667'de tarihi yarımadanın doğusunda, Sarayburnu civarında kurulmuştur. Byzantion uzun süre şehir devlet yapısı göstermiştir. MÖ 478'de Byzantion, Spartalı Pausanlılar tarafından ele geçirilmiştir; ancak yönetimde sadece 2 yıl kalacaktır.

Byzantion ve demokrasi dönemi (MÖ 476 - MÖ 196)
Byzantion, Spartalı Pausanlıların yönetiminde ancak iki yıl kalabilmiş, sonra Pausanlılar şehrin halkı tarafından kovulmuşlardır. Böylece MÖ 476'dan itibaren Byzantion, demokrasiyi yönetim biçimi olarak belirlemiştir. Uzun süre şehir devlet yapısı gösteren Byzantion, stratejik konumuna borçlu olduğu ekonomik gelişme sayesinde tüm Antik Yunan bölgesine müdahale edebilen bir güç olmuştur.

Roma İmparatorluğu dönemi (M.Ö. 196–M.S. 330)

MS 1. yüzyıl

M.Ö. 196'da Byzantion, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun hakimiyeti altına girmiştir. Roma İmparatorluğu'na, İmparator Septimius Severus tarafından Roma Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi ile dahil edilmiştir. Şehir, İmparator Vespasian tarafından 1. yüzyılda imparatorluğa sağlam bir şekilde bağlı kalması amacıyla Latinleştirilmiştir.

1. yüzyıl - 3. yüzyıl
Byzantion, İmparator Vespasian döneminde hızlı bir Latinleştirme politikasına tabi tutulmuştur, adı Latince "Byzantium" olmuştur ve Roma İmparatorluğu'na tam bağlı önemli bir vilayet hâline gelmiştir. MS 196'da Byzantion şehri, Pers İmparatoru Pescennius ile anlaştığı için Roma İmparatoru Septimius Severus tarafından cezalandırılır ve şehir büyük zarar görür. Şehir sonra yine Septimius Severus tarafından baştan başa tekrar inşa edilir.

3.yüzyıl - 330
"Augusta Antonina" adı, baştan başa yeniden inşa edilmiş ve düzenlenmiş şehre İmparator Septimius Severus (193-211) tarafından, oğlu Antonius'un şerefine verilmiştir ve 3. yüzyılda bu ad kullanılmıştır. 330 yılında Byzantion, I. Konstantin tarafından Roma İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti ilan edilmiştir.

Roma başkenti Konstantinopolis (330-395)
İstanbul'un başkentlik tarihi, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Doğu-Batı ayrışmasından 65 yıl kadar önce başlamıştır. Byzantion şehri, 330 yılında İmparator I. Konstantin'in (Büyük Konstantin) isteğiyle "Nova Roma (Yeni Roma)" olarak Roma İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti yapılmıştır. Sonra, kentin ismi imparatorun ölümünden sonra onun anısına Byzantium'dan "Konstantinopolis" olarak çevrilir. Roma'nın istilası ve yıkılmasıyla onun yerine geçen Konstantinopolis, 395'te ikiye bölünen Roma İmparatorluğu'nun ardılı devlet olan Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti olur.

Bizans İmparatorluğu dönemi (M.S. 330–1453)

İstanbul'un bu dönemde adı Konstantinopolis olarak değişmiş, önce Roma İmparatorluğu'nun sonra Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun başkentliğini yapmıştır. Bizans başkenti Konstantinopolis yaklaşık 1000 yıl boyunca Orta Doğu'ya hakim bir şehir konumuna yükselmiştir.

Bizans başkenti Konstantinopolis ve Bizans İmparatorluğu dönemi (395-1204)
Konstantinopolis, önce Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu adıyla kurulan ve Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun yıkılmasından sonra zamanla adı Bizans İmparatorluğu'na dönüşen devletin de 395'te başkenti olmuştur. Konstantinopolis erken ortaçağda da dünyanın en parlak ve zengin şehridir.

Latin başkenti Konstantinopolis ve Latin İmparatorluğu dönemi (1204-1261)
1204-1261 yılları arasında Latinlerin işgaline uğrayan Konstantinopolis Latin İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti haline gelmiştir.

Bizans başkenti Konstantinopolis ve geç Bizans İmparatorluğu dönemi (1261-1453)

Latin egemenliğinden sonra Konstantinopolis daha sonra tekrar 1453'e kadar Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti olmuştur. Bu döneme Kostantinopolistik denir.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dönemi (1453–1922)

İstanbul bu dönemde büyük bir cihan imparatorluğunun başkenti olacak, üç kıtada yayılan toprakları 400 yıldan uzun süre hakimiyetinde bulunduracaktır.

 Kentin 29 Mayıs 1453'te II. Mehmed tarafından fethedilmesinden sonra Osmanlı dönemi başlar.
 Müslümanlarca Konstantiniyye olarak adlandırılan şehri, Rumlar Yunanca "εις τήν Πόλι(ν)" (/is tin boli/) yani "şehir'e" olarak kullanmışlardır. Osmanlı'da da bu ismi İstanbul olarak sıkça kullanılmıştır. Ruslar ise şehre Çarigrad (Çarın şehri) adını kullanmışlar. Şehrin Balkanlar'daki adı Stambul olmuştur.
 1910 yılında İstanbul'da sokak köpeklerinin sayısının aşırı artışı üzerine o dönemin belediye başkanı Suphi Bey, kentteki köpekleri toplama kararı aldı. 80 bin kadar köpek Hayırsızada'ya taşındı. Bir kayalıktan ibaret olan adada su da yoktu. Köpekler burada açlığa ve susuzluğa terk edildi. Köpeklerin birbirini yediği, İstanbulluların günlerce bu köpeklerin seslerini duyduğu, sonunda seslerin kesildiği anlatılır. Tarihe "Hayırsızada Köpek Katliamı" olarak geçen bu olayın ardından İstanbul'da art arda yaşanan depremleri halk bu katliama bağlamıştır. Sonradan Sivriada adı verilen Hayırsızada'da ölen 80 bin köpeğin anısına bir "anı taşı" dikilmiştir.
 13 Kasım 1918 tarihinde İtilaf devletleri tarafından işgal edilen şehir, 6 Ekim 1923 tarihinde Türk ordusunun şehre girmesiyle sona ermiştir.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti dönemi (1923–günümüz)

 13 Ekim 1923'te Ankara'nın Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin başkenti ilan edilmesiyle İstanbul, M.S. 330'dan beri sürdürdüğü başkentlik özelliğini kaybetmiştir.

İstanbul'un tarihsel önemi

İstanbul 4. yüzyıldan 20. yüzyıla kadar on altı yüzyıl boyunca dünyanın en büyük ve en önemli metropolleri arasında yer almıştır. Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika kıtalarının kesiştiği geniş bir bölgenin tartışmasız tek hakimi olmuş ve bu süreçte dünya tarihini önemli derecede etkilemeyi başarmıştır.

İstanbul kesintisiz bin altı yüz yıl boyunca, 330'dan 1922'ye kadar olan dönemde; Roma İmparatorluğu (330-395), Bizans İmparatorluğu (395-1204, 1261-1453), Latin İmparatorluğu (1204-1261) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (1453-1922) olmak üzere dört farklı imparatorluğa başkentlik yapmıştır. Bu imparatorluklardan üçü var oldukları dönemde dünyanın en büyük güç ve iktidar sahibi devletleri olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Hepsinin İstanbul'dan yönetildiği düşünüldüğünde şehrin tarihsel önemi ve değeri anlaşılabilir.

1923'te Ankara'nın başkent olmasıyla köklü başkentlik özelliğini yitiren İstanbul, 4. yüzyıldan 18. yüzyıla kadar on dört yüzyıl boyunca koruduğu her alanda etkin bir 'dünya kenti' olma özelliğini Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşundan sonra cumhuriyet tarihiyle birlikte tekrar kazanmaya başlamış, günümüzde Orta Doğu ve Avrupa'nın en önemli merkezleri arasında yerini almıştır.

Bugüne kadar İstanbul'un bağlı bulunduğu devletler

 Antik Yunan şehir devleti (MÖ 667-MÖ 196)
 Roma İmparatorluğu (MÖ 196-395)
 Bizans İmparatorluğu (395-1204), (1261-1453)
 Latin İmparatorluğu (1204-1261)
 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (29 Mayıs 1453-13 Kasım 1918)
 İtilaf devletleri (13 Kasım 1918-6 Ekim 1923)
 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (6 Ekim 1923-)

İstanbul'un başkentlik yaptığı devletler
 Roma İmparatorluğu (330-395)
 Bizans İmparatorluğu (395-1204), (1261-1453)
 Latin İmparatorluğu (1204-1261)
 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (1453-1922)

Ayrıca bakınız

 Galata Kulesi tarihi
 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi

Kaynakça

VikiProje Tarih kaynak bekleyen maddeler

İstanbul tarihi


An Brachyachne patentiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Sydney Margaret Stent ngan James McFarlane Rattray, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Brachyachne patentiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Brachyachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Brachyachne

Brachyachne patentiflora


Ribes americanum, le Gadellier américain, est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Grossulariaceae.

Liste des variétés
Selon  :
 variété Ribes americanum var. americanum
 variété Ribes americanum var. mesochorum (Nieuwl.) Peattie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Grossulariaceae

Ribes americanum


Büyük kediler (Pantherinae), kedigiller (Felidae) familyasındaki, ağırlığı bazen birkaç yüz kiloya kadar varan kedi türleri. Boyutlardaki büyük farklara rağmen kedi türleri davranış ve yapı bakımından pek fark göstermezler. Bütün kediler Karnivor ve süper avcıdır.

En büyük kediler Panthera cinsinin üyeleridir. Büyük kedi teriminin eski bir tanımı sadece Pantheranın 5 üyesinden oluşur: Kaplan, aslan, pars, kar parsı ve jaguar (bunların dışındakileri sadece fiziksel büyüklükleri yüzünden büyük kedi demek gerekir). Başka kediler yapamazken bu cinse ait kediler kükreyebilirler. Sonuç olarak kükreme yeteneği bazen "büyük kediler"in ayırt edici bir özelliği olarak sayılmaktadır.

Avrasya vaşağı gibi 55 kg. kadar olabilen bazı orta boy kediler bir evcil kediye göre bayağı büyük olsalar da "büyük kediler"den sayılmazlar.

Türler
Cins: Neofelis
Neofelis nebulosa (Bulutlu pars) Güneydoğu Asya.
Neofelis diardi, Borneo, Sumatra.
Cins: Panthera

 Kaplan, (Panthera tigris) Asya.
 Aslan, (Panthera leo) Afrika, Hindistan'ın Gir Ormanı; klasik zamanlarda güneydoğu Avrupa ve Orta Doğu.
 Jaguar, (Panthera onca) Amerika kıtası; Meksika'dan kuzey Arjantin'e kadar.
 Pars, (Panthera pardus) Asya ve Afrika.
 Kar parsı (Panthera uncia)
Melezler:
 Tigon (erkek kaplan/dişi aslan)
 Liger (erkek aslan/dişi kaplan)
 Jagulep (erkek jaguar/dişi pars)
 Jagger (erkek jaguar/dişi kaplan)
 Lepjag (erkek pars/dişi jaguar)
 Marozi (erkek aslan/dişi pars)
 Leopon (erkek pars/dişi aslan)

Bazen büyük kedi sanılabilecek kadar büyük, küçük kediler, Felinae familyasına ait, büyük kedilere dahil olmamalarına rağmen, boyut olarak Felinae familyasının kedilerinden daha büyüktürler:
 Çita, (Acinonyx jubatus) Afrika.
 Puma, (Puma concolor) Kuzey Amerika ve Güney Amerika.
 Bayağı vaşak (Lynx lynx) Avrupa ve Asya.
 Doru vaşak (Lynx rufus) Kuzey Amerika.
 Kanada vaşağı, (Lynx canadensis) Kuzey Amerika.
İber vaşağı, (Lynx pardinus) Avrupa.
 Oselo (Parsdus pardalis) Meksika, Orta Amerika ve Güney Amerika, ve güneybatı Teksas, ABD.
Karakulak (Caracal caracal) Orta-Doğu, Afrika, Batı Hindistan.
 Serval (Leptailurus serval'') Afrika.

Tehdit
Büyük kedilerin karşı karşı oldukları tehditlerin başında doğal ortam kaybı ve avlanma gelmektedir (rezervlerde spor olarak vurulan esaret altındaki kediler dahil).

Egzotik evcil hayvan ticareti de büyük kediler için bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. ABD 19 eyaletinde büyük kedilerin ve diğer egzotik hayvaların sahiplenilmesini yasaklamıştır. Esaretteki Vahşi Yaşam yasası (Captive Wildlife Safety Act ) bu hayvanların satışını ve sahiplenilmesini yasaklamasına rağmen sadece ABD'de 150.000 civarı "evcil" büyük kedi bulunmaktadır ve bunların pek azı hayvanat bahçlerindedir. İstatistiklere göre bu şekilde sahiplenilen kedilerin %98'i en fazla iki yıl içinde ölmektedirler.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 NatureFootage Big Cat pictures and video clips
 How big are the Big Cats - an article at Big Cats Online which includes a chart comparing the body lengths of several cat species.
 ARKive - images and movies of endangered big cats büyük kedi resimleri
 Büyük Kediler
 Vahşi Kediler
 Humane Society of the United States—article on big cats as pets
 Big Cat Rescue—sanctuary dedicated to care and conservation of big cats

Büyük kediler


Mitridat IV. od Iberije (gruz. მირდატ IV), iz dinastije Hosroida, bio je kralj Iberije (Kartlija, istočna Gruzija) od 409. do 411. godine. Na prijestolju je naslijedio svoga polu-brata Farsmana IV.

Bio je sin Aspagura III. (Varaza-Bakura II.) i unuk (s majčine strane) kralja Trdata. U vrijeme očeve smrti 394. godine, Aspagurovi sinovi, Mitridat i njegov polubrat Farsman, bili su još mala djeca. Stoga je Mitridatov djed Trdat postao novi monarh Iberije. O sljedećih petnaest godina Mitridatovog života ništa se ne zna. U tom su razdoblju vladari Iberije prvo bili Trdat, a nakon njegove smrti 406. godine, Mitridatov polu-brat Farsman IV. Kada je potonji umro 409. godine, Mitridat se sam popeo na kraljevsko prijestolje. Gruzijske kronike kritiziraju ga zbog bezbožnosti i zanemarivanja vjerskih građevina i izvještavaju da se usprotivio objema glavnim regionalnim silama, Rimskom i Sasanidskom Carstvu. Poražen od sasanidske vojske, zarobljen je i deportiran u Iran, gdje je i umro. Naslijedio ga je sin Arčil.

Izvori

Kraljevi Iberije
Hosroidi

Mitridat IV. od Iberije


Der Ausbruch ist der Titel der folgenden Filme:
 Der Ausbruch (1970), ungarisches Filmdrama
 Der Ausbruch (1996), deutsches Krimi-Melodram
 Nachtschicht – Der Ausbruch, vierte Teil der Filmreihe Nachtschicht

Der Ausbruch


Karabük, Karabük ilinin merkezi olan şehir.

Karabük merkez olmasına rağmen, Safranbolu ilçesi tarihsel evleri sebebiyle ismini daha çok duyurmuştur. Bunun yanında Türkiye'nin ilk demir çelik fabrikasının bulunduğu Karabük merkezinde, bu fabrika sayesinde geniş bir iş sahası oluşturularak Karabük'ün gelişimi sağlanmıştır. Karabük, kurulan demir çelik fabrikası ve yan sanayilerle hızla gelişmiş ve büyük bir kalkınma örneği yaratmıştır. Ayrıca il genelinde tekstil sanayi özellikle hazır giyim sektöründe gelişmiştir.

Karabük, adını üzerinde yaşadığı coğrafi ortamdan almıştır. "Kara" ve "Bük" sözcükleri, kara çalılık yer anlamında, Karabük adının oluşumuna kaynaklık yapmıştır. Bu topraklarda yaşayan Türkmen toplulukları, Karabük cemaati adını bu biçimde almışlardır. Türkiye'de 14 yer ve mevki adının bugün Karabük şeklinde geçmesi, cemaatlerin bu topraklardan diğer yerlere göç ettiği görüşünü kuvvetlendirmektedir.

Karabük adı, Karabörk adlı Türk taifesinden almıştır. Bu ad zamanla değişikliğe uğrayarak Karabük olmuştur.

Karabük adı
Özhan Öztürk'e göre Karabük adı Türkçe "siyah" ve "kuzey", anlamlarına gelen kara ile bük kelimesinin ise "çalılık" ve "dere kenarında yer alan arazi" anlamlarında kullanılan 'bük' kelimelerinin birleşiminden oluşmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı tahrir defterlerinde Karabük adlı bir Türkmen kavminin adına rastlanması bir topluluk adı olabileceğini de düşündürmektedir .

Karabük tarihi

Safranbolu ilçesinin Öğlebeli Köyüne bağlı 13 haneli bir  köyaltı yerleşim birimi olan Karabük, Ankara - Zonguldak Demiryolu üzerinde  küçük bir istasyon konumunda iken, sanayileşme ile birlikte önemli bir merkez  haline gelmiştir.

3 Nisan 1937'de temeli atılan Karabük Demir Çelik  Fabrikaları 6 Haziran 1939'da faaliyete geçmiştir. Buna paralel olarak nüfus  yoğunluğunun artmaya başladığı Karabük'te 25 Haziran 1939'da belediye teşkilatı  kurulmuştur. 1941 yılında Safranbolu ilçesine bağlı bucak olan Karabük 3 Mart  1953 tarihinde 6068 sayılı kanunla Zonguldak İline bağlı bir ilçe haline  gelmiştir. Karabük, 6 Haziran 1995 gün ve 22305 sayılı Resmi Gazetede  yayınlanan 550 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile Çankırı'dan; Ovacık ve  Eskipazar ilçeleri ile Zonguldak'tan; Eflani, Safranbolu ve Yenice ilçelerinin  birleştirilmesiyle Türkiye'nin 78. İli olmuştur.

Coğrafi Yapısı

Arazi yapısı

Karabük etrafı yüksek dağ ve tepelerle çevrili bir havza karakteri  gösterir. 250–500 m.  yüksekliğe sahiptir. Kuzeyindeki dağlık alandan kaynaklanan tali dereler, şehre  doğru taşıdıkları maddelerle alüvyal bir dolgu oluşturmuştur.

Yeryüzü Şekilleri

Karabük  ilinin önemli bir kısmı Kuzey Anadolu Dağları'nın batıda kalan kısmını  oluşturan dağların uzantılarından oluşur. Kuzey Anadolu Dağlarının bir  parçasını oluşturan ildeki dağlar kıvrım dağlarıdır. Bu dağların yüksekliği 2.000 m. yi geçmez.  Karabük'ün kuzeyinde, batıya doğru uzanan geniş bir dağlık alan bulunmaktadır.  Küre Dağları'nın uzantıları niteliğindeki bu alanda, ortalama 1.400 m. yüksekliğe sahip  Çiğdem tepe-Boyunduruk tepe-Tekirdağ-Üçbel tepe-Döneğen tepe-Çanakçı tepe ve  Başköy dağları yer alır. Bolu Dağları'nın uzantısı niteliğinde olan Yenice  çevresindeki en önemli yükselti ise Keçikıran tepesi (1.400 m.) dir.

Karabük'te en  önemli yaylalar, Avdan Yaylası, Dede Yaylası, Sorkun Yaylası, Uluyayla, Göktepe  Yaylası, Sarıçiçek Yaylası ve Boduroğlu Yaylası'dır.

Karabük'ün doğal güzellikleri arasında kanyonların ayrı  bir yeri vardır. Daha çok Safranbolu'da kireçtaşı tabakalarının derin biçimde  yarılması ile kanyonlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bölgenin arazi yapısını ilgi çekici  hale getiren bu kanyonların başlıcaları İncekaya Kanyonu Düzce(Kirpe) Kanyonu,  Tokatlı ve Sakaralan (Tekekurum)'dır. Yenice'de yer alan Şeker Çayı ise 6,5 km. uzunluğunda,  kenarları oldukça dik ve yüksek olan Şeker Kanyonu'nu oluşturmuştur.

İlde yer alan  Bulak (Mencilis) ve Hızar Mağarası en tanınmış olanlarıdır. 6.502 m uzunluğu ile  Türkiye'nin 4. büyük mağarası olan Bulak (Mencilis) mağarasında karstik  oluşumlar ve bir yer altı nehri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, Sipahiler Köyü'nde  bulunan ve 61 basamakla çıkılan bir mağara bulunmaktadır.

Karabük ilinin en önemli akarsuyu Filyos Irmağı'dır. Bu  ırmağın iki önemli kolu olan Araç ve Soğanlı çayları il topraklarındaki önemli  akarsulardır.

İlimizde  doğal göl bulunmamaktadır.

İklim

Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin Batı Karadeniz Bölümü'nde yer alan  Karabük'te Karadeniz ikliminin özellikleri görülmektedir. Yalnız Karabük,  kıyıdan içeride kaldığı için, Karadeniz'in nemli havasından yeterince  yararlanamamakta, karasal iklimin özellikleri daha ağır basmaktadır. Karadeniz  ikliminden karasal ilkime geçiş sahasındaki Karabük'te geçiş tipi iklim etkili  olmaktadır.

Bitki örtüsü ve orman

Dağların  geniş yer kapladığı Karabük'te ormanlar son derece yaygındır. İlimiz, Türkiye  geneli ormanlık alan durumlarına göre % 68,8'lİk orman alanı ile birinci  sırada yer almaktadır.

Nüfus

Karabük'te Yerel Medya
Karabük'te yayın yapan 4 yerel radyo, 1 de yerel televizyon kanalı bulunmaktadır. Karabük'ün yerel kanalı BRTV B Krdniz aynı zamanda uydu üzerinden de izlenebilmektedir.

Yerel TV Kanalları
 BRTV B Krdniz (Bizim Radyo TV Batı Karadeniz)
Yerel Radyolar
 Bizim Radyo (89.4)
 Magic FM (92.0)
 Seza FM (95.5)
 Karabük Üniversitesi 3 Nisan Radyo (105.5)
Yerel Gazeteler
 Karabük Bölgenin Sesi
 Karabük Meydan Haber
 Karabük Derin Haber
 Karabük Öncü Haber
 Karabük Batı Karadeniz Ekspres Gazetesi
 Karabük Ajans78
 Safranbolu'da Sonsöz
 Safranbolu Ekspres

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Karabük Belediyesi
 Karabük Valiliği

Karabük