Constantin Poroineanu (n. 1843, Târgoviște – d. 15 septembrie 1908, Caracal) a fost un avocat român, mare proprietar de moșii în Romanați.

Biografie

Constantin Poroineanu, una dintre personalitățile emblematice ale Caracalului și județului Romanați, s-a născut la Târgoviște în anul 1843.

Bunicii săi erau Badea Cocoși Poroineanu, polcovnic de seimeni dîn satul Poroina județului Mehedinți (de unde probabil vine numele Poroineanu) , și Măriuța din satul Pietrari, județului Dâmbovița .

Tatăl său Sache Poroineanu era funcționar la stat, fiind sameș (casier) la cancelariile fiscale ale județelor Romanați, Teleorman județului Râmnicu Sărat și județului Ialomița, secretar de prefectură, judecător al  județului Dâmbovița și administrator al  județului Muscel. . Proprietar al mai multor moșii și pădueri era și unul dintre cei mai bogați oameni din  județul Dâmbovița. Om învățat, Sache Poroineanu a scris poezii în limba română și greacă,a tradus din limba greacă
"Descrierile morale" ale lui Konstantinos Oikonomos și din limba franceză poezii de Alphonse de Lamartine și a adunat proverbe populare. Mama sa, Elena Jianu, era fiica paharnicului Ștefan Jianu, mare proprietar in județul Romanați

A avut un frate, Sache Poroineanu (1838-1906), colonel de artilerie și o soră, Eufrosina Poroineanu (1851-1902). Eufrosina era foarte cultivată, vorbea franceza, engleza și germana, fiind și o pianistă talentată. Fiind însă bolnăvicioasă nu s-a măritat niciodată și a trăit în casa fratelui ei Constantin.

Constantin Poroineanu și-a început studiile universitare la Facultatea de Drept din București, terminându-le la Paris.

Întors in țară, a început să lucreze ca avocat, dedicându-se apoi administrării moșiilor sale. Moștenind nu doar averea mamei sale, dar și cea a doi unchi din familia Jianu care au murit fără moștenitori direcți, Constantin Poroianu a devenit unul din cei mai de seamă proprietari rurali din România.

Constantin Poroineanu s-a stins din viață pe 15 septembrie 1908, în vârstă de 65 de ani, sinucigându-se.
Nu a fost căsătorit niciodată, nu a avut copii.

Activitate politică

Constantin Poroineanu a intrat în politică, activând în cadrul Partidului Național Liberal. A reprezentat județul Romanați în parlament în zece legislaturi. Sub semnătura sa, în calitate de secretar, au fost promulgate numeroase legi în cadrul Adunării Deputaților: legea salinelor din 1881, legea pentru înființarea spitalelor rurale votată la 11 iunie 1881 și nu în ultimul rând, legea prin care România a fost proclamată regat, Carol I luând pentru sine și moștenitorii săi titlul de rege (votată în unanimitate la 14 martie 1881)

Având merite deosebite în plan politic, social și cultural, a fost decorat cu Ordinul Steaua României, Ordinul Coroana României, Ordinul Leopold al Belgiei, toate în grad de Comandor și cu  Medalia Apărătorilor Independenței.

Acțiuni filantropice

Constantin Poroineanu a avut o susținută activitate filantropică.

A sprijinit în fiecare an, împărțind prin primării ajutoare bănești și în natură, pe oamenii din Romanați lipsiți de mijloace materiale. În fiecare an, cu prilejul a diverse sărbători oferea țăranilor sau copiilor săraci ajutoare bănești sau în natură. Elevilor cu rezultate bune la învățătură de la gimnaziul «Ioniță Asan» le-a dăruit cărți și haine. A donat la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului XX, gimnaziului din Caracal doua frumoase colecții de figuri, una de anatomie executată la Paris și alta de cartoane de istorie naturală cu eșantioane aplicate.

De asemenea, a sprijinit activitățile instituțiilor de asistență socială. Astfel, a donat 12.000 lei  Spitalului din Caracal.

Pentru a stimula cercetările geografice în județ, Constantin Poroineanu a instituit un premiu de 500 lei în cadrul Societății Române de Geografie pentru cea mai elaborată hartă a județului Romanați.

Testamentul lui Constantin Poroineanu

La 14 septembrie 1908, cu o zi înainte de a se sinucide Constantin Poroianu și-a scris testamentul prin care lăsa Primăriei Municipiului Caracal cea mai mare parte a averii sale primăriei estimată la 3.100.000 de lei, dintre care 2.150.000 parte imobiliară. Testamentul îl desemnează pe Vintilă I. C. Brătianu ca executor testamentar  Diverse sume de bani sunt lăsate moștenire rudelor de diverse grade, prietenilor apropiați și celor care l-au slujit. De asemenea, lasă o sumă de bani pentru înființarea a două paturi în Spitalul din Târgoviște, precum și pentru terminarea monumentului din Cimitirul Bellu.

Autoritățile locale caracalene sunt obligate prin testament să facă o comemorare anual: "În fiecare an la aniversarea tristă a mea, Primăria Orașului Caracal va face atât în orașul Caracal, cât și în orașul Târgoviște câte un parastas, făcând mese la săraci, pentru suma de câte una sută lei și se deleagă un Domn Consilier care să asiste la parastas, plătindu-i-se cuvenita diurnă stabilită anume prin buget."

Pentru a intra în posesia moștenirii, Primarul Municipiului Caracal și membrii consiliului local s-au mutat la București pentru o săptămână, organizând o licitație în casa lui Constantin Poroineanu unde s-au vândut o parte din avere. Restul bunurilor a fost încărcat în două vagoane și transportat la Caracal.

Nu există informații asupra modului în care această obligație a fost îndeplinită de Primăria Municipiului Caracal în perioada de după decesul lui Constantin Poroineanu. În timpul regimului comunist nu s-au respectat condițiile testatorului. Abia din 1996, Primăria Municipiului Caracal îl serbează pe Constantin Poroineanu printr-un Te Deum, în ziua Sfinților Împărați Constantin și Elena Celelalte obligațiuni, anume finanțarea de către Primăria Municipiului Caracal a unui parastas în Municipiul Târgoviște sau organizarea unor mese pentru săraci nu au fost respectate de Primăria Municipiului Caracal. Deși conform Codului Penal din România, nerespectarea unor dispoziții testamentare poate determina anularea donației, aceste prevederi continuă să fie ignorate, chiar dacă cheltuiala nu reprezintă decât 0.0032% din valoarea moștenirii.

Mormântul lui Constantin Poroineanu

În cimitirul Bellu Eufrosina și Constantin Poroineanu au unul dintre cele mai frumoase monumente facut de Raffaello Romanelli. Grupul statuar a fost comandat de Constantin Poroianu după moartea în 1902 surorii sale Eufrosina. Monumentul nu a fost terminat înainte de moartea lui Constantin, testamenul său incluzând clauza plății de către Primăria Caracal a terminării lucrărilor.

Legenda Poroineanu

Sinuciderea lui Constantin Poroineanu a condus la crearea unei legende, care, deși cu totul fictivă, a fost periodic repetată. Conform acesteia, Constantin Poroineanu ar fi avut un fiu, Sergiu, născut în România, cât și o fiică nelegitimă, Mirabelle, născută la Paris în urma unei legături din perioada studiilor sale în Franța. Cu peste douăzeci de ani mai târziu, Sergiu și Mirabelle s-ar fi întâlnit la Paris, s-ar fi îndrăgostit și s-ar fi căsătorit. Întorcându-se în țară, ar fi aflat că sunt frate și soră și s-ar fi sinucis. Această dramă l-ar fi determinat și pe Constantin Poroineanu să se sinucidă.
Nu există nicio referință care să ateste o căsătorie a lui Constantin Poroineanu sau existența unui fiu. Cu toate acestea, legenda este susținută de unii istorici, printre care Dana-Roxana Nicula, muzeograf la Muzeul Municipiului București.

Legenda a dus la diferite variante, cu mai multe detalii imaginare. Un exemplu al unei asemenea divagări extreme este povestea care prezintă mormântul lui Constantin Poroianu (greșit atribuit lui Carol Storck. Eroii povestirii sunt însă membrii unor familii imaginare: Magheru-Mavrogheni și Ghika-Sturdzești, iar întâlnirea celor doi tineri ar fi avut loc la New York.

Memoria lui Constantin Poroineanu

Parcul Poroineanu

În anul 1893, Constantin Poroineanu a cedat Primăriei Caracal un heleșteu și pădurea învecinată, în scopul construirii unui parc, finanțând și despăgubirea proprietarilor terenurilor din zonă. Situat în partea de vest a orașului, în apropiere de centrul administrativ, parcul "Constantin Poroineanu" acoperă o suprafață de 25 ha este încadrat între două cartiere, Bold și Protoșeni.

În 1905 autoritățile locale contractează un împrumut și aleg pe inginerii peisagiști Emil Pinard (colaborator la proiectarea al Parcului Nicolae Romanescu din Craiova
) și Édouard Redont (realizator al Parcului Nicolae Romanescu din Craiova și al Expoziției Generale Române  din 1906 din Parcul Carol I - București) să elaboreze planul parcului. Amenajarea parcului se desfășoară între anii 1908-1914. Apoi, abia în 1927 se realizează noi lucrări de îmbunătățire, printre care pavarea aleilor, înlocuirea gazonului și construirea unor bănci din cărămidă.

În prezent Parcul Poroineanu este unul dintre cele mai importante obiective de arhitectură peisagistică din România și cel de-al treilea parc natural ca dimensiune din Europa

Bustul lui Constantin Poroineanu

Simultan cu monumentul funerar din Cimitirul Bellu, sculptorul Raffaelo Romanelli a realizat un bust în marmură al lui Constantin Poroineanu, care urma să fie instalat în Parcul Poroineanu. Din cauza nepăsării și indiferenței autorităților locale, bustul a fost uitat în Librăria Ilie Mărculescu din Caracal. În 1925, I.D.Ianculescu, deputat de Romanați, ia inițiativa instalării unui bust al marelui latifundiar.
Ziarul "Vremea" din iulie 1928 publica un important apel către caracaleni în care se spunea: "Cetățeni ai Caracalui, dați obolul dumneavoastră pentru soclul bustului lui Poroineanu. Cel care și-a lăsat averea întreagă comunei trebuie așezat pe soclu ridicat prin obol public". În 1928, bustul în bronz este dezvelit. În timpul regimului comunist, monumentul este dărâmat și bustul este topit. Din fericire, bustul din marmură al lui Poroineanu, după care se realizase bustul din bronz fusese păstrat la Colegiul Național "Ioniță Asan". Acest bust a fost utilizat pentru refacerea monumentului, care a fost ridicat la intrarea în Parcul Poroineanu, în 2008.

Note

Nașteri în 1843
Decese în 1908
Avocați români
Politicieni români
Deputați români
Partidul Național Liberal
Filantropi români
Moșieri români
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României
Decorați cu Medalia Apărătorii Independenței
Sinucideri în România
Înmormântări în Cimitirul Bellu
Târgovișteni

Constantin Poroineanu


Gallimimus ( ) is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Mongolia during the Late Cretaceous period, about seventy million years ago (mya). Several fossils in various stages of growth were discovered by Polish-Mongolian expeditions in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia during the 1960s; a large skeleton discovered in this region was made the holotype specimen of the new genus and species Gallimimus bullatus in 1972. The generic name means "chicken mimic", referring to the similarities between its neck vertebrae and those of the Galliformes. The specific name is derived from bulla, a golden capsule worn by Roman youth, in reference to a bulbous structure at the base of the skull of Gallimimus. At the time it was named, the fossils of Gallimimus represented the most complete and best preserved ornithomimid ("ostrich dinosaur") material yet discovered, and the genus remains one of the best known members of the group.

Gallimimus is the largest known ornithomimid; adults were about  long,  tall at the hip and weighed about . As evidenced by its relative Ornithomimus, it would have had feathers. The head was small and light with large eyes that faced to the sides. The snout was long compared to other ornithomimids, although it was broader and more rounded at the tip than in other species. Gallimimus was toothless with a keratinous (horny) beak, and had a delicate lower jaw. Many of the vertebrae had openings that indicate they were pneumatic (air-filled). The neck was proportionally long in relation to the trunk. The hands were proportionally the shortest of any ornithomimosaur and each had three digits with curved claws. The forelimbs were weak while the hindlimbs were proportionally long. The family Ornithomimidae is part of the group Ornithomimosauria. Anserimimus, also from Mongolia, is thought to have been the closest relative of Gallimimus.

As an ornithomimid, Gallimimus would have been a fleet (or cursorial) animal, using its speed to escape predators; its speed has been estimated at 42–56 km/h (29–34 mph). It may have had good vision and intelligence comparable to ratite birds. Gallimimus may have lived in groups, based on the discovery of several specimens preserved in a bone bed. Various theories have been proposed regarding the diet of Gallimimus and other ornithomimids. The highly mobile neck may have helped locate small prey on the ground, but it may also have been an opportunistic omnivore. It has also been suggested that it used small columnar structures in its beak for filter-feeding in water, though these structures may instead have been ridges used for feeding on tough plant material, indicative of a herbivorous diet. Gallimimus is the most commonly found ornithomimosaur in the Nemegt Formation, where it lived alongside its relatives Anserimimus and Deinocheirus. Gallimimus was featured in the movie Jurassic Park, in a scene that was important to the history of special effects, and in shaping the common conception of dinosaurs as bird-like animals.

History of discovery

Between 1963 and 1965, the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences organised the Polish-Mongolian palaeontological expeditions to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Among the dinosaur remains discovered in sand beds of the Nemegt Basin were numerous ornithomimids at different growth stages from the Nemegt, Tsaagan Khushuu, Altan Ula IV and Naran Bulak localities. Three partially complete skeletons, two with skulls, as well as many fragmentary remains, were collected. The largest skeleton (later to become the holotype of Gallimimus bullatus) was discovered by palaeontologist Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska in Tsaagan Khushuu in 1964; it was preserved lying on its back, and the skull was found under its pelvis. One small specimen was also found in Tsaagan Khushuu the same year, and another small specimen was found in the Nemegt locality. A small skeleton without forelimbs was discovered in 1967 by the Mongolian palaeontological expedition in Bugeen Tsav outside the Nemegt Basin. The fossils were housed at the Mongolian, Polish and USSR Academy of Sciences. The Polish-Mongolian expeditions were notable for being led by women, some of whom were among the first women to name new dinosaurs. The fossils discovered in these expeditions shed new light on the interchange of fauna between Asia and North America during the Cretaceous period. Some of the skeletons were exhibited in Warsaw in 1968, mounted in tall, semi-erect postures, which was accepted at the time, though more horizontal postures are favoured today.

In 1972, palaeontologists Halszka Osmólska, Ewa Roniewicz and Rinchen Barsbold named the new genus and species Gallimimus bullatus, using the largest collected skeleton, specimen IGM 100/11 (from Tsaagan Khushuu, formerly referred to as G.I.No.DPS 100/11 and MPD 100/11), as the holotype. The generic name is derived from the Latin gallus, "chicken", and the Greek mimos, "mimic", in reference to the front part of the neck vertebrae which resembled those of the Galliformes. The specific name is derived from the Latin bulla, a gold capsule worn by Roman youth around the neck, in reference to the bulbous capsule on the parasphenoid at the base of the dinosaur's skull. Such a feature had not been described from other reptiles at the time, and was considered unusual. The holotype consists of an almost complete skeleton with a distorted snout, incomplete lower jaw, vertebral series, pelvis, as well as some missing hand and foot bones.

The other partially complete skeletons were juveniles; ZPAL MgD-I/1 (from Tsaagan Khushuu) has a crushed skull with a missing tip, damaged vertebrae, fragmented ribs, pectoral girdle and forelimbs, and an incomplete left hind limb, ZPAL MgD-I/94 (from the Nemegt locality) lacks the skull, atlas, tip of the tail, pectoral girdle and forelimbs, while the smallest specimen, IGM 100/10 (from Bugeen Tsav), lacks a pectoral girdle, forelimbs and several vertebrae and ribs. Osmólska and colleagues listed twenty-five known specimens in all, nine of which were only represented by single bones.

At the time it was named, the fossils of Gallimimus represented the most complete and best preserved ornithomimid material yet discovered, and the genus remains one of the best known members of the group. Ornithomimids were previously known mainly from North America, Archaeornithomimus being the only prior known member from Asia (though without a skull). Since the first discoveries, more specimens have been found by further Mongolian-led international expeditions. Three of the Gallimimus skeletons (including the holotype) later became part of a travelling exhibit of Mongolian dinosaur fossils, which toured various countries.

Fossil poaching has become a serious problem in Mongolia in the 21st century, and several Gallimimus specimens have been looted. In 2017, Hang-Jae Lee and colleagues reported a fossil trackway discovered in 2009 associated with a clenched Gallimimus foot (specimen MPC-D100F/17). The rest of the skeleton appeared to have been removed previously by poachers, along with several other Gallimimus specimens (as indicated by empty excavation pits, garbage, and scattered broken bones in the quarry). It is unusual to find tracks closely associated with body fossils; some of the tracks are consistent with ornithomimid feet, while others belong to different dinosaurs. In 2014, a slab with two Gallimimus specimens was repatriated to Mongolia along with other dinosaur skeletons, after having been smuggled to the US.

In 1988, the palaeontologist Gregory S. Paul concluded that the skulls of ornithomimids were more similar to each other than previously thought and moved most species into the same genus, Ornithomimus, resulting in the new combination O. bullatus. In 2010, he instead listed it as "Gallimimus (or Struthiomimus) bullatus", but returned to using only the genus name Gallimimus in 2016. The species involved have generally been kept in separate genera by other writers. An ornithomimid vertebra from Japan informally named "Sanchusaurus" was reported in a 1988 magazine, but was assigned to Gallimimus sp. (of uncertain species) by the palaeontologist Dong Zhiming and colleagues in 1990. In 2000, the palaeontologist Philip J. Currie proposed that Anserimimus, which is only known from one skeleton from Mongolia, was a junior synonym of Gallimimus, but this was dismissed by Kobayashi and Barsbold, who pointed out several differences between the two. Barsbold noted some morphological variation among newer Gallimimus specimens, though this has never been published. Barsbold informally referred to a nearly complete skeleton (IGM 100/14) as "Gallimimus mongoliensis", but since it differs from Gallimimus in some details, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi and Barsbold proposed in 2006 that it probably belongs to a different genus.

Description

Gallimimus is the largest known member of the family Ornithomimidae. The adult holotype (specimen IGM 100/11) was about  long and  tall at the hip; its skull was  long and the femur (thigh bone) was . It would have weighed about . In comparison, one juvenile specimen (ZPAL MgD-I/94) was about  long,  tall at the hip, and weighed about . Based on fossils of the related Ornithomimus, it is known that ornithomimosaurs ("ostrich dinosaurs") were feathered, and that the adults bore wing-like structures as evidenced by the presence of quill-knobs on the ulna bone of the lower arm, bumps that indicate where feathers would have attached.

Skull

The head of Gallimimus was very small and light compared to the vertebral column. Due to the length of its snout, the skull was long compared to other ornithomimids, and the snout had a gently convex sloping upper profile. The side profile of the snout differed from other ornithomimids in not narrowing towards its front half, and the lower front margin of the premaxilla at the front of the upper jaw rose upwards, instead of being horizontal. Seen from above, the snout was almost spatulate (spoon-shaped), broad and rounded at the tip (or U-shaped), whereas it was acute (or V-shaped) in North American ornithomimids. The orbits (eye sockets) were large and faced sideways, as in other ornithomimids. The temporal region at the side of the skull behind the eyes was deep, and the infratemporal fenestra (the lower opening behind the orbit) was nearly triangular and smaller than that of the related Struthiomimus. It had deep muscle scars at the back part of the skull roof, along the parietal bone. The parasphenoid (a bone of the braincase, at the underside of the skull's base) was thin-walled, hollow and formed a pear-shaped, bulbous structure. The structure had a shallow furrow which opened towards the front. The internal nares (internal openings for the nasal passage) were large and placed far back on the palate, due to the presence of an extensive secondary palate, which was common to ornithomimids.

The delicate lower jaw, consisting of thin bones, was slender and shallow at the front, deepening towards the rear. The front of the mandible was shovel-like, resulting in a gap between the tips of the jaws when shut. The shovel-like shape was similar to that of the common seagull, and the lower beak may have had a shape similar to that of this bird. The retroarticular process at the back of the jaw (where jaw muscles attached that opened the beak) was well developed and consisted mainly of the angular bone. The surangular was the largest bone of the lower jaw, which is usual in theropods. The mandibular fenestra, a sidewards-facing opening in the lower jaw, was elongated and comparatively small. The lower jaw did not have a coronoid process or a supradentary bone, the lack of which is a common feature of beaked theropods (ornithomimosaurs, oviraptorosaurs, therizinosaurs and birds), but unusual among theropods in general. The jaws of Gallimimus were edentulous (toothless), and the front part would have been covered in a keratinous rhamphotheca (horny beak) in life. The beak may have covered a smaller area than in North American relatives, based on the lack of nourishing foramina on the maxilla. The inner side of the beak had small, tightly packed and evenly spaced columnar structures (their exact nature is debated), which were longest at the front and shortening towards the back.

Postcranial skeleton

Gallimimus had 64–66 vertebrae in its spine, fewer than other ornithomimids. The centra (or bodies) of the vertebrae were platycoelous, with a flat front surface and a concave hind surface, except for the first six caudal (tail) vertebra–where the hind surface was also flat–and those at the end of the tail–which were amphiplatyan with both surfaces flat. Many of the centra had foramina (openings which have also been called "pleurocoels"), and were therefore probably pneumatic (with their hollow chambers invaded by air sacs). The neck consisted of 10 cervical vertebrae, which were all long and wide, except for the atlas bone (the first vertebra that connects with the back of the skull). The atlas differed from that of other ornithomimids in that the front surface of its intercentrum was slanted downwards towards the back, instead of being concave and facing upwards to support the occipital condyle. The neck appears to have been proportionally longer in relation to the trunk than in other ornithomimids. The neck was divided into two distinct sections: the cervical vertebrae at the front had centra which were nearly triangular in side view and tapered towards the back, as well as low neural arches and short, broad zygapophyses (the processes that articulated between the vertebrae); the cervical vertebrae at the back had spool-like centra which became gradually higher, and long, thin zygapophyses. The pneumatic foramina here were small and oval, and the neural spines projecting outwards from the centra formed long, low and sharp ridges, except for in the hindmost cervical vertebrae.

The back of Gallimimus had 13 dorsal vertebrae, with spool-like centra that were short, but tended to become deeper and longer towards the back. Their transverse processes (processes articulating with the ribs) slightly increased in length towards the back. The two first dorsal centra had deep pneumatic foramina, while the rest only had shallow fossae (depressions), and the neural spines were prominent being somewhat triangular or rectangular in shape. The sacrum (fused vertebrae between the pelvic bones) consisted of five sacral vertebrae which were about equal in length. The centra here were spool-like, flattened sideways and had fossae which appear to have continued as deep foramina in some specimens. The neural spines here were rectangular, broad, and higher than those in the dorsal vertebrae. They were higher or equal in height to the upper margin of the iliac blade and were separate, whereas in other ornithomimids they were fused together. The tail had 36–39 caudal vertebrae with the centra of those at the front being spool-shaped, while those at the back were nearly triangular, and elongated across. The neural spines here were high and flat, but diminished backwards, where they became ridge-like. The only sign of pneumaticity in the tail were deep fossae between the neural spines and the transverse process of the two first caudal vertebrae. All the vertebrae in front of the sacrum bore ribs except for the atlas and the last dorsal vertebra.

The scapula (shoulder blade) was short and curved, thin at the front end, and thick at the back. It was connected relatively weakly with the coracoid, which was large and deep from top to bottom. Overall, the forelimbs did not differ much from those of other ornithomimids, all of which were comparatively weak. The humerus (upper arm bone), which had a near circular cross-section, was long and twisted. The deltopectoral crest on the upper front part of the humerus was comparatively small, and therefore provided little surface for attachment of upper arm muscles. The ulna was slender, long and weakly curved, with a nearly triangular shaft. The olecranon (the projection from the elbow) was prominent in adults, but not well developed in juveniles. The radius (the other bone in the lower arm) was long and slender with a more expanded upper end compared to the lower. The manus (hand) was proportionally short compared to those of other ornithomimosaurs, having the smallest manus to humerus length ratio of any member of the group, but was otherwise similar in structure. It had three fingers, which were similarly developed; the first (the "thumb") was the strongest, the third was the weakest and the second was the longest. The unguals (claw bones) were strong, somewhat curved (that of the first finger was most curved) and compressed sideways with a deep groove on each side. The unguals were similarly developed, though the third was slightly smaller.

The pubis (pubic bone) was long and slender, ending in a pubic boot which expanded to the front and back, a general feature of ornithomimosaurs. The hind limbs differed little from those of other ornithomimids, and were proportionally longer than in other theropods. The femur was nearly straight, long and slender, with a sideways flattened shaft. The tibia was straight, long, with two well developed condyles (rounded end of a bone) on the upper end and a flattened lower end. The fibula of the lower leg was flat, thin and broad at the upper end narrowing towards the lower end. The lower half of the third metatarsal was broad when viewed end on, partly covering the adjoining two metatarsals to each side, but narrowed abruptly at mid-length, wedging between those bones and disappearing (an arctometatarsalian foot structure). The third toe was proportionally shorter in relation to the limb than in other ornithomimids. As in other ornithomimids, the foot had no hallux (or dewclaw, the first toe of most other theropods). The unguals of the toes were flat on their lower sides; the outer two declined slightly outwards from their digits.

Classification
Osmólska and colleagues assigned Gallimimus to the family Ornithomimidae in 1972, with the North American Struthiomimus as the closest relative, while lamenting the fact that comparison between taxa was difficult because other ornithomimids known at the time were either poorly preserved or inadequately described. In 1975, Kielan-Jaworowska stated that though many dinosaurs from Asia were placed in the same families as North American relatives, this category of classification tended to be more inclusive than was used for modern birds. She highlighted that while Gallimimus had a rounded beak (similar to a goose or duck), North American ornithomimids had pointed beaks, a difference that would otherwise lead taxonomists to place modern birds in different families. In 1976, Barsbold placed Ornithomimidae in the new group Ornithomimosauria. In 2003, Kobayashi and Jun-Chang Lü found that Anserimimus was the sister taxon to Gallimimus, both forming a derived (or "advanced") clade with North American genera, which was confirmed by Kobayashi and Barsbold in 2006.

The following cladogram shows the placement of Gallimimus among Ornithomimidae according to Li Xu and colleagues, 2011:

Ornithomimosaurs belonged to the clade Maniraptoriformes of coelurosaurian theropods, which also includes modern birds. Early ornithomimosaurs had teeth, which were lost in more derived members of the group. In 2004, Makovicky, Kobayashi, and Currie suggested that most of the early evolutionary history of ornithomimosaurs took place in Asia, where most genera have been discovered, including the most basal (or "primitive") taxa, although they acknowledged that the presence of the basal Pelecanimimus in Europe presents a complication in classification. The group must have dispersed once or twice from Asia to North America across Beringia to account for the Late Cretaceous genera found there. As seen in some other dinosaur groups, ornithomimosaurs were largely restricted to Asia and North America after Europe was separated from Asia by the Turgai Strait.

In 1994, the palaeontologist Thomas R. Holtz grouped ornithomimosaurs and troodontids in a clade, based on shared features such as the presence of a bulbous capsule on the parasphenoid. He named the clade Bullatosauria, based on the specific name of Gallimimus bullatus, which was also in reference to the capsule. In 1998, Holtz instead found that troodontids were basal maniraptorans, meaning that all members of that clade would fall within Bullatosauria, which would therefore become a junior synonym of Maniraptoriformes, and the clade has since fallen out of use.

Palaeobiology

The cervical vertebrae of Gallimimus indicate that it held its neck obliquely, declining upwards at an angle of 35 degrees. Osmólska and colleagues found that the hands of Gallimimus were not prehensile (or capable of grasping), and that the thumb was not opposable. They also suggested that the arms were weak compared to, for example, those of the ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus. They agreed with the interpretations of ornithomimid biology by palaeontologist Dale Russell from earlier in 1972, including that they would have been very fleet (or cursorial) animals, although less agile than large, modern ground birds, and would have used their speed to escape predators. Russell also suggested that they had a good sense of vision and intelligence comparable to that of modern ratite birds. Since their predators may have had colour vision, he suggested it would have influenced their colouration, perhaps resulting in camouflage. In 1982, palaeontologist Richard A. Thulborn estimated that Gallimimus could have run at speeds of 42–56 km/h (29–34 mph). He found that ornithimimids would not have been as fast as ostriches, which can reach 70–80 km/h (43–49 mph), in part due to their arms and tails increasing their weight.

In 1988, Paul suggested that the eyeballs of ornithomimids were flattened and had minimal mobility within the sockets, necessitating movement of the head to view objects. Since their eyes faced more sideways  than in some other bird-like theropods, their binocular vision would have been more limited, which is an adaptation in some animals that improves their ability to see predators behind them. Paul considered the relatively short tails, which reduced weight, and missing halluxes of ornithomimids to be adaptations for speed. He suggested that they could have defended themselves by pecking and kicking, but would have mainly relied on their speed for escape. In 2015, Akinobu Watanabe and colleagues found that together with Deinocheirus and Archaeornithomimus, Gallimimus had the most pneumatised skeleton among ornithomimosaurs. Pneumatisation is thought to be advantageous for flight in modern birds, but its function in non-avian dinosaurs is not known with certainty. It has been proposed that pneumatisation was used to reduce the mass of large bones, that it was related to high metabolism, balance during locomotion, or used for thermoregulation.

In 2017, Lee and colleagues suggested various possible taphonomic circumstances (changes during decay and fossilisation) to explain how the Gallimimus foot discovered in 2009 was associated with a trackway. The trackway is preserved in sandstone while the foot is preserved in mudstone, extending  below the layer with the tracks. It is possible the fossil represents an animal that died in its tracks, but the depth of the foot in the mud may be too shallow for it to have become mired. It may also have been killed by a flood, after which it was buried in a pond. However, the layers of mud and sand do not indicate flooding but probably a dry environment, and the disrupted sediments around the fossil indicate the animal was alive when it came to the area. The authors thus suggested that the tracks had been made over an extended amount of time and period of drying, and that probably none of them were produced by the individual that owned the foot. The animal may have walked across the floor of a pond, breaking through the sediment layer with the tracks while it was soaked from rain or contained water. The animal may have died in this position from thirst, hunger, or another reason, and mud then deposited on the sand, thereby covering and preserving the tracks and the carcass. The foot may have become clenched and disarticulated as it decomposed, which made the tendons flex, and was later stepped on by heavy dinosaurs. The area may have been a single bone bed (based on the possible number of poached specimens) representing a Gallimimus mass mortality, perhaps due to a drought or famine. The fact that the animals seem to have died at the same time (the empty excavation pits were stratigraphically identical) may indicate that Gallimimus was gregarious (lived in groups), which has also been suggested for other ornithomimids.

Feeding and diet

Osmólska and colleagues pointed out that the front part of the neck of Gallimimus would have been very mobile (the hind part was more rigid), the neural arches in the vertebrae of that region being similar to chicken and other Galliformes, indicating similar feeding habits. They found the beak of Gallimimus similar to that of a duck or goose, and that it would have fed on small, living prey which it swallowed whole. The mobility of the neck would have been useful in locating prey on the ground, since the eyes were positioned on the sides of the skull. They assumed that all ornithomimids had similar feeding habits, and pointed out that Russel had compared the beaks of ornithomimids with those of insectivorous birds. Osmólska and colleagues suggested that Gallimimus was capable of cranial kinesis (due to the seemingly loose connection between some of the bones at the back of the skull), a feature which allows individual bones of the skull to move in relation to each other. They also proposed that it did not use its short handed forelimbs for bringing food to the mouth, but for raking or digging in the ground to access food. The hands of Gallimimus may have been weaker than for example those of Struthiomimus, which may instead have used its hands for hooking and gripping, according to a 1985 article by palaeontologists Elizabeth L. Nicholls and Anthony P. Russell.

In 1988 Paul disagreed that ornithomimids were omnivores that ate small animals and eggs as well as plants, as had previously been suggested. He pointed out that ostriches and emus are mainly grazers and browsers, and that the skulls of ornithomimids were most similar to those of the extinct moas, which were strong enough to bite off twigs, as evidenced by their gut content. He further suggested that ornithomimids were well adapted for browsing on tough plants and would have used their hands to bring branches within reach of their jaws. Palaeontologist Jørn Hurum suggested in 2001 that due to its similar jaw structure, Gallimimus may have had an opportunistic, omnivorous diet like seagulls. He also observed that the tight intramandibular joint would prevent any movement between the front and rear portions of the lower jaw.

In 2001, palaeontologists Mark A. Norell, Makovicky, and Currie reported a Gallimimus skull (IGM 100/1133) and an Ornithomimus skull that preserved soft tissue structures on the beak. The inner side of the Gallimimus beak had columnar structures that the authors found similar to the lamellae in the beaks of anseriform birds, which use these for manipulating food, straining sediments, filter-feeding by segregating food items from other material, and for cutting plants while grazing. They found the Northern shoveller, which feeds on plants, molluscs, ostracods, and foraminiferans, to be the modern anseriform with structures most similar in anatomy to those of Gallimimus. The authors noted that ornithomimids probably did not use their beaks to prey on large animals and were abundant in mesic environments, while rarer in more arid environments, suggesting that they may have depended on aquatic food sources. Makovicky, Kobayashi, and Currie pointed out that if this interpretation is correct, Gallimimus would have been one of the largest known terrestrial filter feeders.

In 2005, palaeontologist Paul Barrett pointed out that the lamella-like structures of Gallimimus did not appear to have been flexible bristles like those of filter-feeding birds (as there is no indication of these structures overlapping or being collapsed), but were instead more akin to the thin, regularly spaced vertical ridges in the beaks of turtles and hadrosaurid dinosaurs. In these animals, such ridges are thought to be associated with herbivorous diets, used to crop tough vegetation. Barrett suggested that the ridges in the beak of Gallimimus represented a natural cast of the internal surface of the beak, indicating that the animal was a herbivore that fed on material high in fibre. The discovery of many gastroliths (gizzard stones) in some ornithomimids indicate the presence of a gastric mill, and therefore point towards a herbivorous diet, as these are used to grind food of animals that lack the necessary chewing apparatus. Barrett also calculated that a  Gallimimus would have needed between  of food per day, depending on whether it had an endothermic or an ectothermic ("warm" or "cold"-blooded) metabolism, an intake which he found to be unfeasible if it was a filter feeder. He also found that ornithomimids were abundant not only in formations that represented mesic environments, but also in arid environments where there would be insufficient water to sustain a diet based on filter-feeding. In 2007, palaeontologist Espen M. Knutsen wrote that the beak shape of ornithomimids, when compared to those of modern birds, was consistent with omnivory or high-fibre herbivory.

David J. Button and Zanno found in 2019 herbivorous dinosaurs mainly followed two distinct modes of feeding, either processing food in the gut—characterized by gracile skulls and low bite forces—or the mouth, characterized by features associated with extensive processing. Ornithomimid ornithomimosaurs, Deinocheirus, diplodocoid and titanosaur sauropods, Segnosaurus, and caenagnathids, were found to be in the former category. These researchers suggested that ornithomimid ornithomimosaurians such as Gallimimus and deinocheirids had invaded these niches separately, convergently achieving relatively large sizes. Advantages from large body mass in herbivores include increased intake rate of food and fasting resistance, and these trends may therefore indicate that ornithomimids and deinocheirids were more herbivorous than other ornithomimosaurians. They cautioned that the correlations between herbivory and body mass were not simple, and that there was no directional trend towards increased mass seen in the clade. Furthermore, the diet of most ornithomimosaurians is poorly known.

Development

The shape and proportions of the skull changed significantly during growth. The rear of the skull and the orbits decreased in size, whereas the snout became relatively longer; similar changes occur in modern crocodiles. The skull was also proportionally larger in the younger specimens, and the sloping of the snout's upper profile was less distinct. The ribs in the neck were fused to the vertebrae only in adults. The forelimbs appear to have become proportionally longer during growth, whereas the proportional length of the bones in the hind limbs changed very little. In 2012, palaeontologist Darla K. Zelenitsky and colleagues concluded that, since adult ornithomimosaurs had wing-like structures on their arms whereas juveniles did not (as evidenced by specimens of Ornithomimus), these structures were originally secondary sexual characteristics, which could have been used for reproductive behaviour such as courtship, display, and brooding.

A 1987 study by the biologists Roman Pawlicki and P. Bolechała showed age-related differences in the content of calcium and phosphorus (important components in the formation of bone) of Gallimimus specimens. They found that the ratio was highest in young to middle aged animals, decreasing with age. In 1991, they reported that the bones of old individuals contained the highest amounts of lead and iron, while those in younger animals were lower. A study of the bone histology of various dinosaurs in 2000, by biologists John M. Rensberger and Mahito Watabe, revealed that the canaliculi (channels which connect bone cells) and collagen fibre bundles of Gallimimus and other ornithomimids were more akin to those in birds than mammals, unlike those of ornithischian dinosaurs, which were more similar to mammals. These differences may have been related to the process and rate at which bone formed.

Palaeoenvironment

Gallimimus is known from the Nemegt Formation in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. This geologic formation has never been dated radiometrically, but the fauna present in the fossil record indicate it was probably deposited during the early Maastrichtian stage, at the end of the Late Cretaceous about 70 million years ago. The sediments of the Gallimimus type locality Tsaagan Khushuu consist of silts, siltstones, mudstones, sands, as well as less frequent thin beds of sandstones. The rock facies of the Nemegt Formation suggest the presence of river channels, mudflats, shallow lakes and floodplains in an environment similar to the Okavango Delta of present-day Botswana. Large river channels and soil deposits are evidence of a significantly more humid climate than those found in the older Barun Goyot and Djadochta formations, although caliche deposits indicate that periodic droughts occurred. Fossil bones from the Nemegt Basin, including of Gallimimus, are more radioactive than fossils from surrounding areas, possibly because uranium accumulated in the bones, transported there by percolating ground water.

The Nemegt rivers, where Gallimimus lived, were home to a wide array of organisms. Occasional mollusc fossils, as well as a variety of other aquatic animals like fish, turtles, and crocodylomorphs, including Shamosuchus, have been discovered in this region. Mammal fossils are rare in the Nemegt Formation, but many birds, including the enantiornithine Gurilynia, the hesperornithiform Judinornis, as well as Teviornis, a possible anseriform, have been found. Herbivorous dinosaurs discovered in the Nemegt Formation include ankylosaurids such as Tarchia, the pachycephalosaurian Prenocephale, large hadrosaurids such as Saurolophus and Barsboldia, and sauropods such as Nemegtosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia. Predatory theropods that lived alongside Gallimimus include tyrannosauroids such as Tarbosaurus, Alioramus and Bagaraatan, and troodontids such as Borogovia, Tochisaurus and Zanabazar. Herbivorous or omnivorous theropods include therizinosaurs, such as Therizinosaurus, as well as oviraptorosaurians, such as Elmisaurus, Nemegtomaia, and Rinchenia. Other ornithomimosaurs, including Anserimimus and Deinocheirus, are also found, but Gallimimus is the most common member of the group in the Nemegt.

Cultural significance

Gallimimus was featured in the 1993 movie Jurassic Park by director Steven Spielberg; a similar scene in the original 1990 novel instead featured hadrosaurs. Spielberg had wanted a stampede sequence with animal herds in the movie, but did not know how to achieve it, and it was initially going to be visualised through stop-motion animation. At the time, there was little faith in creating animals through computer animation, but the visual effects company Industrial Light and Magic was given a go-ahead by the movie's producers to explore possibilities. ILM created a Gallimimus skeleton in the computer and animated a test showing a herd of running skeletons, and later a Tyrannosaurus chasing a fully rendered Gallimimus herd. The production team became very enthusiastic as nothing similar had previously been achieved, and Spielberg was convinced to write the scene into the script, and to also use computer graphics for other dinosaur shots in the movie instead of stop motion. The Gallimimus were animated by tracing frames from footage of ostriches, and footage of herding gazelles was also referenced. Kielan-Jaworowska, who discovered the holotype specimen, called it a "beautiful scene". The movie's dinosaurs were one of the most widely publicised applications of computer-generated imagery in film, and were considered more lifelike than what had been previously accomplished with special effects.

Emphasising the bird-like flocking behaviour of the Gallimimus herd was a point in Jurassic Park'''s story, as they were supposed to represent the precursors to birds. The herd was shown moving as a whole, rather than individual animals running around, and the smaller Gallimimus were shown in the middle of the group, as though they were being protected. During the scene, the palaeontologist Alan Grant says that the herd moves with "uniform direction changes, just like a flock of birds evading a predator" as he watches the movements of the fast, graceful Gallimimus. This contrasted with how dinosaurs were traditionally depicted in mass media as lumbering, tail-dragging animals, and the movie helped change the common perception of dinosaurs. This and other scenes reflected then-recent theories of bird evolution encouraged by the movie's scientific advisor, the palaeontologist John R. Horner, ideas which were still contentious at the time. Despite such theories, Gallimimus and other dinosaurs of the movie were depicted without feathers, in part because it was unknown at the time how widespread these were among the group.

It has been claimed that the Lark Quarry tracks (one of the world's largest concentrations of dinosaur tracks) in Queensland, Australia, served as inspiration and "scientific underpinning" for the Gallimimus stampede scene in Jurassic Park; these tracks were initially interpreted as representing a dinosaur stampede caused by the arrival of a theropod predator. The idea that the tracks represent a stampede has since been contested (the "theropod" may instead have been a herbivore similar to Muttaburrasaurus), and a consultant to Jurassic Park'' has denied the tracks served as inspiration for the movie.

See also
 Timeline of ornithomimosaur research

References

External links

Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1972
Ornithomimids
Maastrichtian life
Nemegt fauna
Taxa named by Halszka Osmólska
Taxa named by Rinchen Barsbold

Gallimimus


An ad hoc network refers to technologies that allow network communications on an ad hoc basis. Associated technologies include:
Wireless ad hoc network
Mobile ad hoc network
Vehicular ad hoc network
Intelligent vehicular ad hoc network
Protocols associated with ad hoc networking
Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
Ad Hoc Configuration Protocol
Smart phone ad hoc network
Ad hoc wireless distribution service

References

Computer networking

Ad hoc network


في دورة رولان غاروس الدولية عام 1910 فاز في بطولة فردي الرجال اللاعب ( الفرنسي) مورايس جيرموت (Maurice Germot).

الأبطال

مراجع

دورات رولان غاروس
دورة رولان جاروس
رياضة فرنسية في 1910
كرة المضرب في 1910

البطولات الفرنسية 1910 (كرة مضرب)


Hrvatska nogometna liga – skupina Sjever je bila jedna od dvije skupine Hrvatske nogometne lige (također i kao Hrvatska republička nogometna liga), trećeg ranga natjecanja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1977./78.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak lige je bio Segesta iz Siska.

Ljestvica

 Borovo Naselje danas dio Vukovara, dok je tada bilo dio naselja Borovo
 Slavonska Požega tadašnji naziv za Požegu
 Premium (Bosanski Brod) – klub iz Bosne i Hercegovine
 Segesta (Sisak) je postala član Druge savezne lige – Zapad.
 Varteks (Varaždin) je ispao iz Druge savezne lige – Zapad i postao član Hrvatske republičke lige – Sjever.
 Novi članovi lige su postali Slaven (Koprivnica) i Valpovka (Valpovo)

 Rezultatska križaljka

Izvori:

 Doigravanje za prvaka Hrvatske Segesta je postala prvak Hrvatske i ostvarila plasman u Drugu saveznu ligu – Zapad''.

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu
 Hrvatska nogometna liga – Jug 1977./78.
 Zagrebačka zona – Jug 1977./78.
 Slavonska zona – Podravska skupina 1977./78.
 Slavonska zona – Posavska skupina 1977./78.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Miroslav Matovina: 80 godina NK Segesta : [1906-1986], Sisak, 1986., str. 235
 Franjo Frntić, Dragutin Hripko i dr: Sto godina nogometa u Hrvatskoj : 1880-1980., Zagreb, 1983., str. 148

1977-78 sjever
1977-78 Hrvatska

Hrvatska nogometna liga – Sjever 1977./78.


Steven Cornelis van Groningen ()  un canotor de performanță, care a reprezentat Țările de Jos în proba de canotaj la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1984 și la mai multe Campionate Mondiale de Canotaj.

După încheierea carierei sportive, a început să lucreze în sistemul bancar și este actualmente președinte executiv al băncii Raiffeisen Bank România (din anul 2002).

Biografie

Activitatea sportivă
Steven van Groningen a urmat școala primară și liceul în Deventer, oraș în care, timp de câțiva ani, a luat și cursuri de clarinet. După liceu, continuând o tradiție de familie, el a absolvit Facultatea de Drept a Universității din Leiden, specializându-se în drept comercial.

În timpul facultății, van Groningen a practicat canotajul și a fost selecționat în echipa națională a Olandei, cu care a participat la Campionatul Mondial de Canotaj din 1983, de la Duisburg, Germania. La vârsta de 26 de ani, el a făcut parte din echipa Olandei care a concurat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1984, de la Los Angeles. Sportivul a fost component al echipajului de canotaj în patru dublu vâsle al Olandei care, cu un timp de 6.12,41 minute în finala mică, a terminat pe locul 9 în clasamentul general.

Ultima competiție majoră la care a luat parte Steven van Groningen a fost Campionatul Mondial de Canotaj din 1985, de la Hazewinkel, Belgia. În anii săi de activitate ca sportiv, van Groningen a fost component al cluburilor de canotaj Orca din Utrecht și Njord din Leiden.

Palmares sportiv
Echipaj de patru fără cârmaci
 1983: Locul 10 la Campionatul Mondial de Canotaj din 1983 - 6.18,96 minute

Echipaj de patru dublu vâsle
 1984: Locul 9 la turneul de canotaj al Jocurilor Olimpice de vară - 6.12,41 minute
 1985: Locul 10 la Campionatul Mondial de Canotaj din 1985 - 6.01,93 minute

Viața de familie

În 1982, la o competiție de canotaj din Elveția, Steven van Groningen a cunoscut-o pe canotoarea română Valeria Răcilă, viitoare campioană olimpică în 1984. Trei ani mai târziu, cei doi au decis să se căsătorească. Deoarece van Groningen era străin, vizitele sale în România erau dificile din cauza obligativității obținerii vizelor pentru 30 de zile impuse de regimul comunist, iar formalitățile legate de căsătorie au durat 7 luni și au fost complicate.

În 1986, cei doi s-au mutat în Olanda și au devenit părinții a doi copii. Cuplul a continuat să viziteze România cel puțin o dată pe an, pentru ca soția să-și vadă familia, iar copiii să păstreze o legătură emoțională și cu bunicii din partea mamei. În 1993, van Groningen și soția sa s-au mutat în România, după ce fostul canotor olandez a acceptat un post de consultanță la Banca Națională a României.

Cariera în domeniul bancar
După un an petrecut în funcția de consilier al B.N.R., Steven van Groningen s-a transferat la banca olandeză ABN AMRO, care tocmai își deschidea o sucursală în România. În 1998, familia van Groningen s-a mutat pentru un an și jumătate la Moscova, unde Steven a lucrat la filiala locală a ABN AMRO. A urmat o perioadă de timp petrecută la Budapesta, în serviciul aceleiași bănci olandeze. Din 2001, familia van Groningen s-a mutat din nou în România.

Atitudinea civică
Steven van Groningen nu este angajat politic și nici nu și-a manifestat public simpatiile politice. În iarna anului 2017, el a participat, împreună cu soția sa, la protestele din București împotriva intențiilor guvernului Sorin Grindeanu de modificare a Codului Penal și de adoptare prin procedură de urgență a unei legi a amnistiei și a grațierii. Liviu Dragnea, președintele PSD, a criticat prezența lui van Groningen, considerând "mai mult decât incorect ca președintele unei bănci străine, un cetățean străin să protesteze împotriva Guvernului". Bancherul olandez a răspuns pe pagina sa de Facebook:

Steven van Groningen este implicat in dezvoltarea societatii civile si face parte din organizatia United Way.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1957
Canotori olimpici neerlandezi
Canotori la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1984
Neerlandezi în viață
Sportivi neerlandezi în viață
Neerlandezi expatriați în România
Neerlandezi expatriați în Rusia
Neerlandezi expatriați în Ungaria
Bancheri români
Bancheri neerlandezi

Steven van Groningen


Painkiller Jane, 1995'te Jimmy Palmiotti ve Joe Quesada'nın oluşturdu çizgi roman karakteri. Marvel evreninde yaşayan bir kadın kahramandır.

Dynamite Entertainment
Kurgusal LGBT karakterler
1996'da tanıtılan çizgi karakterler
Kurgusal suçlular
1997'de tanıtılan çizgi romanlar

Painkiller Jane


Vladimir Barbu (Cles, 7 de agosto de 1998) é um saltador italiano, especialista de trampolim e plataforma.

Biografia

Treinado por Giorgio Cagnotto, Barbu foi convocado para o Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2017 em Budapeste, na Hungria, terminando a competição da plataforma 10 m individual masculino em décimo quinto lugar. Ele também representou a Itália na mesma modalidade no Campeonato Europeu de Esportes Aquáticos nas edições de 2016 e 2018.

Além da carreira esportiva, ele atua como modelo.

Ligações externas
Perfil no Feder Nuoto

Saltadores da Itália

Vladimir Barbu


Suzdal (, ) is a town that serves as the administrative center of Suzdalsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, which is located on the Kamenka River,  north of the city of Vladimir. Vladimir is the administrative center of the surrounding oblast. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 9,286.

Suzdal is one of the oldest Russian towns. In the 12th century, it became the capital of the principality, while Moscow was merely one of its subordinate settlements. Currently, Suzdal is the smallest of the Russian Golden Ring towns, but it has more than 40 historically important monuments and 200 architectural sites. Several of these sites are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History

The town's history dates back probably to 999 or 1024, and in 1125 Yury Dolgoruky made Suzdal the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality. Suzdal began to function as a capital at the time when Moscow was still a cluster of cowsheds. In 1157, Andrei Bogolyubsky moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir, from which time the principality was known as Vladimir-Suzdal. Set in a fertile wheat-growing area, Suzdal remained a trade centre even after Mongol-led invasions (Suzdal was burned and plundered in 1237). Eventually, it united with Nizhny Novgorod until both were annexed by Moscow in 1392.

After a decline in political importance, the town rose in prominence as a religious center with incredible development projects funded by Vasily III and Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, wealthy merchants paid for 30 charming churches, which still adorn the town. Thus, Suzdal reached a remarkable ratio of churches to citizens: at one point, 40 churches per 400 families.

In 1864, local merchants failed to coerce the government into building the Trans-Siberian Railway through their town. Instead it went through Vladimir,  away. As a result, Suzdal was bypassed not only by trains, but by the 20th century altogether. Furthermore, in 1967 Suzdal earned a federally protected status, which officially limited the development in the area. That is why the place remains largely the same as ages ago—its cute wooden cottages mingling with golden cupolas that reflect in the river Kamenka, which meanders sleepily through gentle hills and flower-filled meadows.

In 1943, high ranking Nazi officers captured at the Battle of Stalingrad were imprisoned within the monastery.

Today, the town operates as an important tourist center, featuring many fine examples of old Russian architecture—most of them churches and monasteries. Although having just under ten thousand residents, Suzdal still retains a rural look with streams and meadows everywhere and chicken and livestock a common sight on the streets, some of which remain unpaved. This juxtaposition of stunning medieval architecture with its pastoral setting lends Suzdal a picturesque charm, and in the summer, artists and easels are a common sight.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Suzdal serves as the administrative center of Suzdalsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Suzdal is incorporated within Suzdalsky Municipal District as Suzdal Urban Settlement.

Tourism
The only industry in the town is tourism. Suzdal avoided the industrialization of the Soviet times and was able to preserve a great number of stunning examples of Russian architecture of the 13th-19th century. There are 305 monuments and listed buildings in Suzdal, including 30 churches, 14 bell towers , and 5 monasteries and convents. 79 of them are federally protected buildings and 167 are regionally protected.

In 1992 two of the monuments (Saviour Monastery of St Euthymius and Kremlin with Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral) were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, together with six other White Monuments in this region.

Main sights
The Kremlin is the oldest part of Suzdal, dating from the 10th century. It is a predecessor of the Moscow Kremlin. In the 12th century, it was the base of Prince Yury Dolgoruky, who ruled the vast northeastern part of Kievan Rus' and, among many other things, founded an outpost, which is now Moscow. A posad (settlement) to the east became home to the secular population - shopkeepers and craftsmen, while the Kremlin (fortress) proper was the home of the prince, the archbishop, and the high clergy. Within the Kremlin, the Archbishop's Chambers houses the Suzdal History Exhibition, which includes a visit to the 18th-century Cross Hall, which was used for receptions. More exhibits are provided in the 1635 kremlin bell tower (Звонница) in the yard.
The  earth rampart of Kremlin encloses a number of houses and churches, including the Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral. This cathedral, with its blue domes spangled with gold, was constructed in 1222-1225 by Yury II on the site of an earlier church built around 1102 by Vladimir Monomakh. It was built of light tufa with limestones for details. In 1445 the cathedral collapsed and was rebuilt in 1528-1530 with the upper structure and drums being constructed of new brick. The original 13th-century door from the cathedral is now on exhibition in the Archbishop's Chambers.
Saviour Monastery of St Euthymius was founded in 1352 to the north of the town centre on the high bank of the Kamenka river. It was built under the order of the Suzdal-Nizhniy Novgorod prince Konstantin. The monastery was planned as a fortress and was originally enclosed by a wooden wall, later destroyed by the Poles. Today's reddish brick walls of the Suzdal monastery were erected over four years, from 1640 to 1644. The solid fortifications have 12 towers constructed according to the artillery power which appeared at that time. When the value of the monastery as a fortress was lost, a new application was found - it became a prison. Prisoners were most brutally punished there, and the place fell into disrepute. In 1905 the prison was abolished.
Wooden Church of St. Nicholas. This church was built in Glotovo in 1766 and was moved to Suzdal in 1960 to be part of a Museum of Wooden Architecture & Peasant Life. The church is elevated off the ground about a story high from when it was moved across the country. This church is made out of all wood and represents the close relationship between wood and stone architecture and how precise the Russians were while building this back in 1766.
St John the Baptist Church. This church was built in 1720, at the same time that the St. Nicholas church was built, although the difference between the types of architecture of the two churches is quite remarkable. Whereas the St. Nicholas Church is all wooden, the St. John Church is made out of white plastered walls with wooden supports.
The St Alexander Convent. This church was built in 1240 by an unknown architect. It is said that the princesses of Suzdal, Mariya and Agrippina, were buried here in the 14th century.
Intercession Convent. The convent was founded in 1364. In its center stands the cathedral of the Intercession; it was an add-on built in 1518 financed by Moscow knaz (king) Basil The Third. The interior of the cathedral has no paintings or stained glass, it is simply plain white stone walls all around. The church was and still is one of the richest convents in Russia. The convent is the home of many nuns and is also the burial vault for twenty nuns of noble birth. Connected to the white stoned wall cathedral is an art museum which can be toured. There are many paintings but none in the cathedral itself. This building is filled with arches and art created in the 16th and 17th century.

Festivals
Open Russian Festival of Animated Film is held in Suzdal in March annually since 2002, with the support of the Russian Ministry of Culture.
Cucumber Day Festival with folk music performances is celebrated by locals on the second Saturday of July, every year since 2001.

Infrastructure
There are four major hotels in Suzdal:
Nikolaevsky Posad (180 rooms)
Pushkarskaya Sloboda (291 rooms)
Heliopark (185 rooms)
GTK Suzdal (705 rooms)
There are also 50 guest-houses with a total number of 700 more rooms. Suzdal has developed an outstanding ratio of about 20 hotel rooms per 100 population (comparing to 0.2 rooms for Russia in general, or 1.6 rooms for USA).

Suzdal has 13 restaurants (with 1429 seats), 10 cafes (305 seats), 11 bars and 73 souvenir shops.

In 1982 Suzdal became the first Russian town to receive "La Pomme d'Or" ("The Golden Apple") -  a prize for excellence in the tourism industry, awarded annually by the World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers (FIJET).

Film
More than 60 movies were filmed in Suzdal and the vicinity. Among them:

Andrei Rublev (USSR, 1966)
Bratya Karamazovy (USSR, 1969)
Finist, the brave Falcon (USSR, 1976)
The Shooting Party (USSR, 1978)
Tema (USSR, 1979)
Yunost Petra (USSR, 1980)
Charodei (USSR, 1982)
Dead Souls (USSR, 1984)
Peter the Great (USA, 1986)
Tsar (Russia, 2009)

According to local historian Yury Belov, in the summer of 1964 three different feature films (Metel, Zhenitba Balzaminova and Tsarskaya nevesta) were filmed in Suzdal at the same time.

Twin towns
Suzdal is twinned with:
 Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany, since 1988
 Cles, Italy, since 1991
 Oberlin, United States, since 1991
 Windham, United States, since 1992
 Évora, Portugal, since 2006
 Loches, France, since 2011
 Shangrao, China, since 2012

Notable people

Solomonia Saburova (1490–1542), the first wife of Grand prince Vasili III of Muscovy, canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as St Sofia of Suzdal
Dmitry Pozharsky (1577–1642), national hero, granted the unprecedented title Saviour of the Motherland for routing the Polish invasion
Eudoxia Lopukhina (1669–1698), Tsarina, the first wife of Peter the Great, banished to the Intercession Convent of Suzdal
Dmitry Vinogradov (1720–1758), chemist, the founder of the Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg
Aleksei Gastev (1882–1939), revolutionary, trade-union activist and a pioneer of scientific management in Russia
Sergei Shirokogorov (1887–1939), founder of Russian anthropology
Vasily Blokhin (1895–1955), chief executioner of the NKVD during the Great Purge and World War II

See also
 Church of Boris & Gleb—church in a nearby Kideksha village, UNESCO World Heritage Site,  away

References

Sources
 Brumfield, William (2009). Suzdal: Architectural Heritage in Photographs. Moscow: Tri Kvadrata. .

External links

 Official website of Suzdal
 Aerial panoramas of Suzdal
 Suzdal photos

Suzdalsky Uyezd
Golden Ring of Russia

Suzdal


þessi maður er forseti grænhörðeyja og hann elskar að baka köku. hann á einn hund sem heitir diaz og hann er 5 ára.

José Maria Neves er flottur gaur og er alltaf til i 10 dropa.

José Maria Neves


Le comté de Bar-sur-Aube est un territoire féodal du comté de Champagne dans le royaume de France.

Origines
Le comté de Bar-sur-Aube est issu de l'ancien pagus Barrensis, également appelé Barrois, compris  dans la Bourgogne franque. Le comté est mentionnée dès le  et est placé sous la suzeraineté de l'évêque de Langres, alors qu'un château est mentionné dès l'an 829.

Liste des comtes

Famille de Laferté-sur-Aube

Le premier membre connu de cette famille est Achard de Laferté-sur-Aube, probablement d'origine normande et qui fonde la ville de Laferté-sur-Aube dans le courant du . De sa femme, prénommée Achardia, il a comme enfant Nocher de Laferté-sur-Aube, premier comte de Bar-sur-Aube connu, qui suit :

  de Laferté-sur-Aube ou  de Bar-sur-Aube, premier comte de Bar-sur-Aube connu. En 992, il épouse Adélaïde, veuve de , comte de Soissons dont il effectue probablement la régence, avec qui il a au moins deux enfants :
  de Bar-sur-Aube, frère utérin de , qui suit ;
 Guy de Bar-sur-Aube, clerc, cité dans une charte non datée comme un des deux fils de .
  de Bar-sur-Aube, comte de Bar-sur-Aube après son père. Il se signale par diverses libéralités religieuses envers l'abbaye de Saint-Claude, dont dépendant le prieuré Sainte-Germaine de Bar-sur Aube, ou celle de Flavigny. Le nom de son épouse est inconnu, mais il a au moins deux enfants :
 Adélaïde de Bar-sur-Aube, ou Aélis de Bar-sur-Aube, qui suit ;
 Isabelle de Bar-sur-Aube, dame de Laferté-sur-Aube, qui épouse Gautier de Clamecy, dont elle a au moins un enfant :
 Raoul de Clamecy, mort jeune homme sans union ni descendance, assassiné par strangulation à Laferté-sur-Aube, qui revient par la suite à sa tante Adélaïde.
 Adélaïde de Bar-sur-Aube, ou Aélis de Bar-sur-Aube, née entre 1020 et 1025 et morte en 1053, comtesse de Bar-sur-Aube après son père. Elle épouse en premières noces en 1040 Renaud de Semur-en-Brionnais qui décède peu de temps après et dont elle n'a pas d'enfant. Veuve, elle épouse en secondes noces avant 1042 , comte de Joigny, dont elle n'a pas d'enfant et dont elle se sépare. Elle épouse ensuite en troisièmes noces avant 1043 Roger de Vignory, seigneur de Vignory, dont elle n'a pas d'enfant et dont elle se sépare. Enfin, elle épouse en quatrièmes noces , comte de Valois, de Vexin et d'Amiens, dont elle a cinq enfants :
 Gautier de Valois, qui suit ;
 Simon de Valois, qui suit après son frère ;
 Adélaïde de Valois, qui épouse , comte de Vermandois, d'où postérité ;
 Adèle de Valois (ou Alix), qui suit après ses frères ;
 Élisabeth de Valois, qui épouse Barthélemy de Broyes, seigneur de Broyes, d'où postérité.

Famille de Valois

 Gautier de Valois, comte de Bar-sur-Aube après sa mère. Il meurt à la guerre entre 1065 et 1067, du vivant de son père, sans union ni postérité.
 Simon de Valois, mort en 1082, comte de Bar-sur-Aube après son frère, ainsi que comte de Valois, de Vexin et d'Amiens après son père. Également seigneur de Laferté-sur-Aube, il y fait édifier un château. Il meurt en 1082 alors qu'il part en pèlerinage pour Rome où, malade, il trouve la mort. Il meurt sans union ni postérité et le comté de Bar-sur-Aube est alors transmis à sa sœur Alix de Valois.
 Adèle de Valois (ou Alix), morte entre 1093 et 1100, comtesse de Bar-sur-Aube après ses frères. Elle épouse avant 1061 , comte de Blois, de Chartres, de Tours, de Châteaudun, de Troyes et de Meaux, avec qui elle a trois enfants :
 , qui succède à son père comme comte de Troyes ;
 Philippe de Troyes, évêque de Châlons de 1093 à 1100 ;
 , comte de Troyes après son frère puis comte de Champagne, et enfin chevalier de l'Ordre du Temple.

En 1061 ou peu avant, le comté de Bar-sur-Aube est donc rattaché au comté de Troyes, puis le comté de Champagne par la suite, avec le mariage d'Alix de Valois avec  de Blois. Bar-sur-Aube reste une ville importante pour les comtes de Champagne et est le siège d'une des principales foires de Champagne.

Puis en 1284, Bar-sur-Aube sera rattaché au royaume de France avec le comté de Champagne à la suite du mariage de Jeanne de Navarre avec le roi Philippe le Bel.

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Comté de Champagne
 Ville de Bar-sur-Aube
 Village de Laferté-sur-Aube

Bibliographie

Liens externes
 .

Notes et références

Comté français
Comté de Bar-sur-Aube
Division administrative fondée au Xe siècle
Comté du haut Moyen Âge
Pagus

Comté de Bar-sur-Aube


بطارية الرصاص أو مركم الرصاص هي بطارية يستخدم فيها الأقطاب في هيئة ألواح من الرصاص وأكسيد الرصاص منغمسة في كهرل من حامض الكبريتيك المخفف بتركيز يتراوح بين 33 إلى 37 في المئة.

وهي نوع من البطاريات زهيدة الثمن وتعمر طويلا. ولكن بمقارنتها بالأنواع الأخرى من البطاريات فهي ثقيلة الوزن وتحتوي على كثافة طاقية منخفضة تتراوح بين 33 و42 واط ساعة لكل كيلوجرام. (33–42 )

ولها العديد من الاستعمالات فتستعمل مثلا في السيارات الكهربائية. وأغلب استعمالاتها لبدء تشغيل بادئ الاشتعال في سيارات الاحتراق الداخلي. ووحدات التغذية غير المنقطعة.

تمتاز بطارية الرصاص الحمضية بإمكانية سحب تيار عالي جدا منها لفترة قصيرة ورخص ثمنها إلا أن مساوئها تتمثل في التلوث البيئي حيث أن أكاسيد الرصاص وأملاح الرصاص تعتبر مواد سامة.

التفاعلات الكيميائية في بطارية الرصاص

تبلغ كثافة الطاقة في بطارية الرصاص 0.11 ميغاجول/ كيلوجرام، في حين أن البطاريات الحديثة مثل بطارية النيكل- هيدريد المعدنية NiMH تحوي أربعة أضعاف تلك الكثافة.

وعند تشغيل البطارية تجري التفاعلات الكيميائية التالية:

القطب السالب:

القطب الموجب:

في هاتين المعادلتين تعني:

Pb لوح الرصاص

PbO_2 أكسيد الرصاص

SO_4-2 أيون الكبريتات

PbSO_4 كبريتات الرصاص

H3O+ أيون ماء موجب الشحنة،

e- إلكترون

H2O ماء

هذان التفاعلان يجريان أثناء تشغيل البطارية وسحب التيار منها، أما أثناء عملية شحن البطارية فتجري تلك التفاعلات في الاتجاه المضاد.

وبجمع تفاعلي القطب الموجب والقطب السالب يمكن كتابة التفاعل الكلي بالمعادلة:

وطبقا لسير ذلك التفاعل من اليسار إلى اليمين أثناء تشغيل البطارية يتحول كلا من الرصاص وأكسيد الرصاص بالتفاعل مع حمض الكبريتيك إلى كبريتات الرصاص وينتج عن ذلك ماء وطاقة كهربية، ويسير التفاعل من اليمين إلى اليسار أثناء شحن البطارية بوساطة مصدر كهربائي خارجي.

ويمكننا تعيين فرق جهد البطارية الناتج بوساطة قائمة الجهود القياسية:

نجد في الجدول الجهد الكهربي للوح الرصاص Pb يساوي (- 36و0) فولت، والجهد الكهربي للوح أكسيد الرصاص PbO_2 يساوي (+ 68و1) فولت.

ونحصل على فرق الجهد بطرح الجهدين من بعضهما، أي:

أي أن القوة الدافعة الكهربائية للبطارية تبلغ 04و2 فولت، وهذا هو فرق جهد البطارية عندما يكون التيار مساو للصفر. وعند تشغيل البطارية وسحب تيار منها فإن فرق الجهد بين القطبين ينخفض عن القوة الدافعة الكهربية المحسوبة.

التفريغ الذاتي:

يتفاعل أكسيد الرصاص مع حمض الكبريتيك حتى في حالة عدم سحب التيار من البطارية فهو ليس خاملا بالنسبة لحمض الكبريتيك. إلا أن الجهد الذي يمارسه الهيدروجين في المحلول الحامضي يعمل على تخفيض سرعة هذا التفاعل الغير مرغوب فيه نظرا لأنه يعمل على التفريغ البطيء للبطارية رغم عدم استعمالها.

انظر أيضا
شركة كاتل
أكاسيد الكوبالت والمنغنيز والنيكل والليثيوم بطارية
 كيمياء كهربية
 بطارية السيارة
 مركم
 بطارية ليثيوم أيون
 تفاعل ناشر للحرارة
 تفاعل يمتص الحرارة
 تفاعل الثرميت
 تفاعل كيميائي
 اختزال
 مقارنة بين أنواع البطاريات التجارية
 مؤكسد
 تفاعل عكوس
 قائمة الجهود القياسية
 بطارية نيكل-هيدريد فلز
مبدأ مانح-متقبل

مراجع

استحداثات 1859
بطاريات قابلة لإعادة الشحن
تفاعلات كيميائية
تقنيات سيارات
رصاص
كيمياء كهربائية
حمض الكبريتيك

بطارية الرصاص


Tope de pensiones es una ley formulada en 1984 por el gobierno de Felipe González. Este 'tope' consistió y consiste en poner un límite en la pensión de un jubilado que con su cotización tendría derecho a una pensión mayor, actualmente el tope está en los 42.829,29 euros anuales para 2023, tras la última revalorización de las pensiones conforme al IPC.

Lo que originariamente fue una medida temporal para un tiempo y una economía concreta ha prevalecido año tras año, pese a que los tiempos y las situaciones económicas han ido cambiando.

El tope máximo de las pensiones públicas, incluidas las de la Seguridad Social, fue establecido por la Ley 44/1983, de 28 de diciembre, de Presupuestos Generales del Estado para 1984, fijándose en aquel momento como importe máximo a percibir por el pensionista, la cuantía de la base máxima de cotización a la Seguridad Social vigente en el año precedente (1983).

Historia
En 1984 el que fuera presidente del gobierno Felipe González impulsó la ley conocida como «tope de pensiones». Esta ley se creó para superar la crisis que marcaba esa época, pero sobre todo por el déficit que tenía la Seguridad Social. Con esta ley se logró ahorrar cerca de siete mil millones de euros y los cotizantes salvaron al gobierno y a la economía española de esa crisis.

En el Preámbulo de la ley, el Título IV, dice: "El Capítulo II contiene las limitaciones del señalamiento inicial de las pensiones públicas, instrumentando un sistema de limitación máxima. Esta limitación es ya TRADICIONAL en nuestro sistema de pensiones, alterándose, exclusivamente, el importe máximo".

Estadísticas
Aquí se muestran los datos de topes de la Seguridad Social.

Tope de Pensiones 2011

Grupos de Jubilados en contra del 'tope'

-          Asociación de Jubilados de Colegios Profesionales

-          Confederación Española de Organizaciones de Mayores (CEOMA)

-          Confederación de Asociaciones de Jubilados Pensionistas y Mayores (CAJUMA)

-          Sección Nacional de Médicos Jubilados del Consejo General de Colegios Médicos de España (Organización Médica Colegial)

-          Federación de Profesionales Pensionistas y Mayores (FAPROPEM)

-          Asociación Española de Jubilados y Pensionistas de Organismos Sociales

-          Hermandad de Jubilados de los Ministerios de Comercio, Economía y Hacienda

Enlaces externos

Seguridad social en España
Sistema de pensiones

Tope de pensiones


Prva hrvatska muška košarkaška liga (Prva muška liga) svoje treće izdanje ima u sezoni 2019./20., te predstavlja ligu drugog stupnja hrvatskog košarkaškog prvenstva za muškarce.
Zbog pandemije COVID-19 u svijetu i Hrvatskoj, u ožujku 2020. je odlukom "Hrvatskog košarkaškog saveza je došlo do prekida natjecanja i privremene odgode.

1. travnja 2020. "Hrvatski košarkaški savez" je donio odluku o konačnom prekidu svih natjecanja, te se za nijednu ligu neće proglasiti prvak i konačni poredak.

Liga je prekinuta nakon 19. kola, a vodeća momčad lige je bila "Jazine Arbanasi" iz Zadra.

Sustav natjecanja
U ligi sudjeluje 12 klubova koji igraju dvostrukim liga-sustavom (22 kola), a potom četiri najbolja kluba igraju doigravanje (na dvije pobjede).
Zbog pandemije COVID-19, odigrano je 19 kola ligaškog dijela, te je liga prekinuta, bez proglašenja prvaka i konačnog poretka.

Sudionici

 Bosco, Zagreb
 Cedevita Junior, Zagreb
 Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik
 Jazine Arbanasi, Zadar
 Omiš Čagalj Tours, Omiš
 Pula 1981, Pula
 Ribola Kaštela, Kaštel Sućurac, Kaštela
 Rudeš, Zagreb
 Samobor, Samobor
 Sesvete, Sesvete, Zagreb
 Universitas, Split
 Zapruđe, Zagreb

 - "Cedevita Junior" se spojila s klubom "Agrodalm", te je preuzela njegovo mjesto u ligisportnet.rtl.hr, Cedevita Junior udružena s Agrodalmom kreće u novu sezonu Prve lige , objavljeno 4. listopada 2019., pristupljeno 5. lipnja 2020.

Ljestvica

Liga prekinuta nakon 19. kola od predviđena 22

Rezultatska križaljka
''Ažurirano: 7. lipnja 2020. (rezultati do 19. kola - konačno)

Doigravanje
Zbog pandemije COVID-19 nije igrano.

Povezani članci
 Prva muška košarkaška liga
 Premijer liga 2019./20.
 Druga liga 2019./20.
 Treća liga 2019./20.
 Kup Krešimira Ćosića 2019./20.

Vanjske poveznice
 hks-cbf.hr, Prva muška liga
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, Prva muška liga
 eurobasket.com, Basketball Prva Liga -> Season 2019-2020

Izvori
 ksz-zagreb.hr, Prva liga 2019/20, pristupljeno 5. lipnja 2020.
 hks-cbf.hr, Prva muška liga, pristupljeno 5. lipnja 2020.
 hks-cbf.hr, Prva muška liga 2019-20 - Standings, pristupljeno 5. lipnja 2020.
 hks-cbf.hr, Prva muška liga 2019-20 - Schedule, pristupljeno 5. lipnja 2020.
 eurobasket.com, Croatian Prva Liga Games / Schedule (2019-2020), pristupljeno 5. lipnja 2020.
 hks-cbf.hr, PROPOZICIJE NATJECANJA PRVENSTVA HRVATSKE ZA KLUBOVE PRVE MUŠKE KOŠARKAŠKE LIGE (natjecateljska sezona 2019/20) - Pročišćeni tekst, rujan 2019., preuzeto 5. lipnja 2020.
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, Prva muška liga: Raspored za sezonu 2019/20, objavljeno 6. kolovoza 2019., pristupljeno 5. lipnja 2020.
 arhiva.hks-cbf.hr, RASPORED PRVE MUŠKE LIGE - sezona 2019/20, preuzeto 5. lipnja 2020.

2019-20 prva
m-2-prva
2019-20

Prva hrvatska muška košarkaška liga 2019./20.


Morchella costata (Étienne Pierre Ventenat 1797 ex Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1801) din încrengătura Ascomycota, în familia Morchellaceae și de genul Morchella, numit in popor zbârciog canelat, este o ciupercă comestibilă saprofită foarte delicată. Acest burete se dezvoltă în grupuri mici sau solitar, și se poate găsi în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord destul de rar, crescând în special prin grădini, parcuri și în câmpii, pe sol dăunat, defrișări sau arsuri vechi, chiar și pe mulci (coajă de copac mărunțită). Timpul apariției este de la începutul lui aprilie până la sfârșitul lui mai.

Taxonomie
Prima menționare a acestei specii sub denumirea Phallus costatus a fost făcută de savantul francez Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1757-1808) în articolul său din 1797, publicat în magazinul  Annalen der Botanick care a fost editat de medicul, botanistul și politicianul elvețian Paul Usteri (1768-1831).<ref> Étienne Pierre Ventenat: "Phallus costatus" în magazinul  "Annalen der Botanick", vol. 21, Editura Orell, Gessner, Füssli & Comp., Zürich 1797,  p. 510</ref> Numai 4 ani mai târziu, în 1801, micologul suedez Pers. a adăugat-o genului Morchella cu același epitet în volumul 2 al lucrării sale Synopsis methodica Fungorum. Taxonul este valabil până în prezent (2018).

Dar taxonomia speciilor în genul Morchella s-a complicat. Nu cu mult timp în urmă, sa crezut pe scară largă că există foarte puține specii distincte de specia Morchella - într-adevăr, unele autorități au recunoscut doar trei din întreaga lume. În ultimul timp, studii moleculare au arătat că există mai multe zeci de specii diferite și că, de exemplu, zbârciogii europeni și nord-americani care pot arăta foarte asemănător, nu sunt co-specifici în cele mai multe cazuri. Această abordare este relevantă și pentru soiul descris aici. Datorită variabilității apariției, buretele a fost văzut de exemplu, de micologul italian Bruno Cetto o variație a soiului Morchella conata, iar de micologul german Hanns Kreisel una a speciei Morchella elata. După Index Fungorum și Mycobank este o specie de sine stătătoare.

 Descriere

Sub numele românesc de "zbârciog" se tratează aproape mereu patru mari genuri de ciuperci: Gyromitra, Helvella, Morchella și Verpa. Între primele două se găsesc specii otrăvitoare pe când cele două din urmă sunt comestibile. Cu toate că cele patru genuri sunt goale pe interior, ele pot fi deosebite destul de ușor: Morchella și Verpa sunt unicamerale, pe când Gyromitra și Helvella sunt multi-camerale, prezentând o încrengătură de goluri în interiorul lor.Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, p. 220-221, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1

 Corpul fructifer: are o înălțime de 7-10 cm și un diametru maximal de 3,5-5,5 cm, este conic sau piramidal, cu vârful trunchiat deasupra, adesea presat pătrat, cu marginea complet fuzionată cu piciorul. Alveole pare să fie mai mult sau mai puțin importante: ori este împărțit în câmpuri rombice ceva adâncite de creste longitudinale netede, intercalate prin benzi transversale nu mereu conectate între ele, ori seamănă tare cu Morchella conica (fiind clar mai mare) sau cu Morchella elata. Coloritul este brun-gălbui până brun-măsliniu.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de  4-5 cm și o grosime de sus 1-1,5 cm și jos 2-3 cm, este fragil, cilindric, dar îngroșat la bază. gol și granulos în interior, având o suprafață cleios-flocoasă. Culoarea lui este albicioasă în tinerețe, apoi capătă nuanțe gălbuie din ce în ce mai evidente.
 Carnea: este albicioasă, ceroasă, fragilă, cu gust savuros și miros plăcut.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori elipsoidali, netezi, hialini (translucizi) cu o mărime de 20-24 x 12-14 microni și sunt colorați gălbui.

Se pare, că determinarea și catalogarea în forme, variații respectiv subspecii încă nu este încheiată. Dar pentru un culegător de ciuperci nu joacă nici un rol, ciuperca fiind comestibilă ca toți zbârciogii veritabili.

 Confuzii Morchella costata poate fi confundată ușor cu alte specii de genul Morchella, în primul rând cu suratele ei Morchella conica și Morchella elata, mai departe cu Morchella crassipes, Morchella deliciosa, Morchella esculenta Morchella elatoides Jacquet, Morchella eximia,  Morchella pragensis, Morchella rotunda, Morchella tridentina sin. Morchella frustrata,, Morchella steppicola, sau Verpa bohemica.

Pentru un începător, confundarea cu buretele posibil mortal Gyromitra esculenta (zbârciogul gras), cu totul că speciile se deosebesc destul de clar, ar putea să se dezvolte fatal.

 Ciuperci asemănătoare

 Valorificare
Mai întâi trebuie menționat că și acest zbârciog nu poate fi mâncat crud pentru că conține puțină hidrazină care însă se dizolvă în timpul fierberii. De asemenea, consumat în porții mari, poate crea reacții neplăcute la persoane sensibile, pentru că buretele este cam greu de digerat.Morchella costata'' este de calitate gastronomică foarte bună. Ea poate fi pregătită ca ciulama,, alături de legume, dar nu împreună cu alte ciuperci (din cauza gustului și mirosului specific) sau ca sos, servit cu carne albă (pui, curcan, porumbel, vițel). Se și potrivește la o mâncare de creier (porc, vițel), cu raci, scoici, melci sau ca foietaj cu șuncă sau într-o plăcintă (de exemplu "pe modul reginei" , cu carne de vițel sau pui). Acest burete se poate prăji ca un șnițel sau umplut cu carne.

Uscați  și preparați după înmuiat, bureții dezvoltă un gust și miros mai intensiv (folosiți și apa de înmuiat filtrată printr-o sită). Este recomandat, de nu a folosi piciorul, pentru că acesta devine după înmuiere gomos.

Note

Bibiliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Giacomo Bresadola: "Iconographia Mycologica, vol. XXIV, Editura Società Botanica Italiana, Milano 1932
 Bruno Cetto, volumele 1-3, 5 (vezi la note).
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "700 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, ISBN 3-85502-0450
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora der Pilze - Partea a.: "Höhere Phycomyceten und Ascomyceten", Editura G. Fischer, Jena 1950

Legături externe

 Morchella costata, film

Morchella
Ciuperci comestibile
Ciuperci saprofite
1797 în știință

Morchella costata


Billy Joe Saunders (født 30. august 1989 i Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire i England) er en britisk professionel bokser. Han har været WBO mellemvægtverdensmester siden 2015 og tidligere europæisk, britisk og Commonwealth mellemvægts-mester mellem 2012 og 2015. Som amatør repræsenterede Saunders Storbritannien til Sommer-OL 2008 og nåede anden runde af weltervægt-turneringen.

Han har bemærkelsesværdige sejre over Bradley Pryce, Jarrod Fletcher, Nick Blackwell, Gary O'Sullivan, John Ryder, Chris Eubank Jr., Andy Lee og Willie Monroe Jr.

Boksere fra Storbritannien
Boksere fra England
Verdensmestre i boksning
Boksere ved sommer-OL 2008

Billy Joe Saunders


Osmiyum, simgesi Os, atom numarası 76, atom ağırlığı 190,23 akb, erime noktası 3045,0 °C, kaynama noktası 5027,0 °C olan bir geçiş metalidir. Oda sıcaklığında 22.59 g/cm³ ile bilinen en ağır yoğunluklu metaldir. Gümüşi renkte bulunur. Yunanca koku manasına gelen osmë 'den gelir. Tükenmez kalemlerin toplarında, bazı aletlerin millerinde ve flamanlarda kullanılır. Platin ile birlikte çıkar.

Bulunması

1803'te Smithson Tenant tarafından bulunan bu metal, platin yataklarında çok zor bulunan, platin yatağının kalitesini belirleyen bir elementtir. Uysal ve ark. (2007, 2008) tarafından yayımlanan bilimsel çalışmalarda Türkiye'nin değişik bölgelerindeki kromitit cevherlerinin ortalama 80-100 ppb civarında osmiyum içeriğine sahip olduğu, toplam PGE (Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd) içeriklerinin ise ortalama 250-300 ppb civarında olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Kullanım Alanları

Osmiyumun oksit bileşeninin zehirli olması nedeniyle nadiren kendi saf hâliyle kullanılır. Osmiyum metalinin en büyük kullanım alanı, diğer metallerle çok sert alaşımların oluşturulmasıdır. Bu alaşımlar, çeşitli aletlerde kullanılan millerin, fonograf iğnelerinin, dolmakalem uçlarının ve benzeri aletlerin yapımında kullanılır. Osmiyum tetraoksit, parmak izi tespitinde ve mikroskopla incelenmek üzere hazırlanan yağlı doku preparatlarının boyanmasında kullanılır. Kuvvetli bir oksidan olarak yağları tutar ve bu nedenle biyolojik zarların onarılmasını sağlar. Bununla birlikte osmiyum atomları elektron sıklığına sahiptir. Bu durum OsO4'ü farklı nitelikteki biyolojik malzemelerin TEM'de çalışılması için önemli bir boyama malzemesi yapar ve mikroskopta incelenmek üzere hazırlanan yağlı doku preparatlarının boyanmasında kullanılır. %90 platin ve %10'luk osmiyum alaşımı tıpta da cerrahi protezlerde kullanılmaktadır.

Osmiyumun 7 tane doğal olarak oluşan izotopu vardır. Bunlardan 5'i duraylı, diğer 2'si de çok uzun yarılanma ömrüne sahiptir.

Osmiyum metalinin işlenmesi oldukça zordur. Ancak toz ve sünger haldeki metal yavaşça osmiyum tetroksiti oluşturur. OsO4 çok toksiktir ve 130 °C'de kaynar. Havadaki 10−7 g/m³ kadar düşük OsO4 bile akciğerde, deri ve gözde ciddi hasarlara yol açabilir.

Osmiyum ilk olarak 1803'te Londra'da Smithson Tennant tarafından, Platin'in kral suyu (HCl ve HNO3karışımı) ile çözülmesi sırasında arta kalan artık çözeltide saptanmıştır. Bu metal genellikle iridyum ve osmiyumun doğal alaşımı olan iridiosmiyumda ve Ural dağları ile Güney ve Kuzey Amerika'daki platin içeren dere kumlarında bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda Ontorio, Kanada'daki Sudbury yatağında nikel içeren cevherde diğer platin grubu metallerle birlikte bulunmaktadır. Bu cevherlerdeki platin metallerinin miktarı küçüktür ancak çok yüksek hacimlerdeki nikel cevheri bu grup metallerin ticari olarak kazanımını mümkün kılıyor. %99 saflıktaki osmiyum tozunun fiyatı 100 USD/g'dır.

Bulunduğu yerler

Platin grubu metaller (platin, paladyum, iridyum, osmiyum, rutenyum, rodyum) genelde birincil olarak magmatizmanın değişik evrelerinde bulunurlar. İkincil olarak ise, plaser yataklarda gözlenirler.

Dünyada bilinen Platin Grubu metal kaynakları, başlıca (Bushveld) Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, (Ural) Rusya ve (Sudbury) Kanada'da  toplanmıştır. Dünya platin grubu metal üretiminin %98'i bu ülkelerin elinde olup, geri kalan %2'si başta ABD ve Kanada olmak üzere diğer ülkelere dağılmıştır.

Türkiye'de bilinen bir PGM rezervi olmadığı iddia edilse de son verilere göre Bulgaristan'ın 2.500 tonluk ikinciliğine rağmen, Türkiye'de 127.000 ton osmiyum olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

 Türkiye metalik madenler
 MTA OSMİYUM RAPORU

Geçiş metalleri
Kıymetli metaller
Elementler
Soy metaller

Osmiyum


Les vieux espions vous saluent bien () est un long métrage allemand écrit et réalisé par Robert Thalheim et sorti en 2017. Le scénario du film, où Henry Hübchen tient le rôle principal, est écrit sur une idée originale de Stefan Kobe, Matthias Miegel, Robert Thalheim et Andreas Banz.

Le titre allemand du film, , est une allusion au nom officiel des agents étrangers de la RDA.

Synopsis

L'ancien agent étranger de la RDA Jochen Falk est un retraité et est recruté par le BND car dans l'une des deux ex-républiques (fictives) soviétiques du Katschékistan, qui aurait dû célébrer leur réunification, le président désigné Kazan et l'agent du BND Frank Kern sont kidnappés. Notamment pour des raisons personnelles - c'est Kern qui l'a démasqué il y a 30 ans - Falk est d'accord, mais seulement à condition qu'il puisse réactiver son ancienne équipe : avec l'amateur Jaecki, l'organisateur Locke et le plus jeune agent Roméo Cependant, Harry rejoint également l'agent BND Paula en tant que tuteur. Arrivés au Katschékistan, les agents âgés doivent découvrir que les temps ont radicalement changé et qu'ils sont désormais dépendants de toutes leurs compétences. Enfin, la question de savoir si Paula est la fille de Kern ou de Falk (épreuve de force sur le pont de Glienicke) doit être clarifiée.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre français : Les vieux espions vous saluent bien
 Réalisation : Robert Thalheim
 Scénario : Robert Thalheim, Oliver Ziegenbalg
 Photographie : Henner Besuch
 Montage : Stefan Kobe
 Musique : Uwe Bossenz, Anton Feist
 Pays d'origine : Allemagne
 Langue originale : allemand
 Format : couleur
 Genre : Comédie et espionnage
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Allemagne :

Distribution

 Henry Hübchen : Falk
 Antje Traue : Paula
 Michael Gwisdek : Jaecki
 Thomas Thieme : Locke
 Winfried Glatzeder : Harry
 Jürgen Prochnow : Kern
 Florian Panzner : Schell
 Jörg Malchow : Hansen
 Wladimir Tarasjanz : Dymov
 Husam Chadat : Kasan
 Vladimir Korneev : Kanat
 Yevgeni Sitokhin : Hotelmanager (comme Javgenji Sitochin)
 Jeanette Spassova : Anna Wasilowitsch
 Walter Kreye : Lothar Anschütz
 Ruth Reinecke : Außenministerin
 Michael A. Grimm : Herr von Gütersloh
 Jurij Schrader : General Karpov
 Hans Martin Stier : Müller

Production et tournage
La mélodie du titre de la série télévisée RDA Das unsichtbare Visier composée par Walter Kubiczeck, a été intégrée à la musique du film.

Le film a été présenté le 17 janvier 2017 à Berlin au Kino International suivie de la sortie officielle en salles le 26 janvier 2017.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Site officiel du film

Film allemand sorti en 2017
Comédie d'espionnage allemande
Film réalisé par Robert Thalheim
Film en allemand

Les vieux espions vous saluent bien


Universidad Nacional de San Martín puede referirse a:

la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, una universidad peruana; o
la Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, una universidad argentina.

Universidad Nacional de San Martín


Le tunnel d'O Canizo – ou túnel do Canizo en galicien – est un tunnel ferroviaire espagnol entre A Gudiña et A Mezquita, dans la province d'Ourense, en Galice. Long de , il fait partie de la ligne à grande vitesse de Galice.

Situation ferroviaire

Histoire

Caractéristiques

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 ligne à grande vitesse de Galice

Liens externes

O Cañizo
O Cañizo
Transport ferroviaire en Galice
Province d'Ourense

Tunnel d'O Canizo


El Atalaya (P-74), es el último de los cuatro patrulleros de altura de la Clase Serviola propiedad de la Armada Española, y tiene su base en la estación naval de La Graña, Ferrol.

Historial

Durante la guerra del fletán, fue enviado a aguas del Gran Banco de Terranova el 18 de abril para dar relevo al Centinela (P-72), siendo relevado por el Vigía (P-73) el 6 de mayo de 1995, volviendo de nuevo a aquellas aguas entre el 13 y el 31 de junio.

Entre el 8 y el 12 de febrero de 2010, fue el buque designado para proporcionar seguridad a los participantes de la XXXIII edición de la Copa América.

El 3 de mayo de 2011 se vio envuelto en un incidente en aguas reclamadas por Gibraltar, al indicar a un mercante allí fondeado que debía abandonar la zona, al no tener autorización para fondear en aguas españolas, mientras que desde el peñón se les ordenaba permanecer anclados al tiempo que se les indicaba que España no tenía jurisdicción sobre aquellas aguas. Una vez que el Atalaya hubo abandonado la zona, fue enviado allí el patrullero británico HMS Scimitar.

En agosto de 2015 participó en la detención del velero Silver Black al noroeste de las Islas Azores que trasportaba 600 kg de cocaína desde Sudamérica a Galicia.

El 21 de febrero de 2016 zarpó desde su base en Ferrol con rumbo al golfo de Guinea para tareas de cooperación con distintos países de la zona por un periodo de tres meses. En octubre de 2016 participó en las tareas de seguimiento de la flota rusa encabezada por el  en su ruta desde el Báltico al Mediterráneo oriental.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Patrullero "Atalaya" (P-74); Web de la Armada Española

Barcos construidos en Ferrol
Patrulleros de la Armada Española
España en 1992
Buques de guerra de los años 1990

Atalaya (P-74)


20000 Hz වලට වඩා වැඩි ධ්වනි අතිධ්වනි තරංග ලෙස කෙටියෙන් හඳුන්වයි.

අතිධ්වනි තරංග


Jaborosa, biljni rod iz porodice krumpirovki (pomoćnica). Postoji dvadesetak vrsta u Južnoj Americi.

Vrste

 Jaborosa ameghinoi (Speg.) Macloskie
 Jaborosa bergii Hieron.
 Jaborosa cabrerae Barboza
 Jaborosa caulescens Gillies & Hook.
 Jaborosa chubutensis Barboza & Hunz.
 Jaborosa integrifolia Lam.
 Jaborosa kurtzii Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa laciniata (Miers) Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa lanigera (Phil.) Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa leucotricha (Speg.) Hunz.
 Jaborosa magellanica (Griseb.) Phil.
 Jaborosa odonelliana Hunz.
 Jaborosa oxipetala Speg.
 Jaborosa parviflora (Phil.) Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa pinnata Phil.
 Jaborosa reflexa Phil.
 Jaborosa riojana Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa rotacea (Lillo) Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa runcinata Lam.
 Jaborosa sativa (Miers) Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa squarrosa (Miers) Hunz. & Barboza
 Jaborosa volkmannii (Phil.) Reiche

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Solanoideae

Jaborosa


En economía, el coste social se define de modo general en oposición al "coste privado".

La teoría económica ayuda a la toma de decisiones individuales como una medida de costes y beneficios. La teoría de la elección racional suele asumir que los individuos solo tienen en cuenta a la hora de tomar una decisión los costes que ellos mismos asumen, pero no los costes que pueden ser asumidos por otros.

Si todos los bienes son puramente privados, los costes asumidos por los individuos serían el único coste económicamente significativo. Por ejemplo, la elección de adquirir un vaso de limonada en un puesto de limonada tendría consecuencias prácticamente inexistentes para cualquier otra persona excepto para el vendedor o el comprador. Los costes existentes en esta actividad económica son los costes de los limones, del azúcar y del agua, ingredientes de la limonada, el coste de oportunidad del trabajo dedicado a mezclar los ingredientes para obtener limonada, así como los costes de transacción, como caminar hasta el puesto.

Implicaciones
Cuando existe una externalidad negativa, entonces los costes sociales serán mayores que los costes privados. La contaminación ambiental es un ejemplo de coste social que con frecuencia es soportado completamente por el contaminador, creando así una externalidad negativa de su actividad económica. Cuando existe una externalidad positiva, entonces puede que haya personas que tengan "beneficios" sociales más altos que los "beneficios" privados. Por ejemplo, cuando un oferente de servicios educativos indirectamente beneficia a la sociedad en su conjunto pero solo recibe pagos de sus beneficiarios directos. En ambos casos, los economistas hablar de estas situaciones como de fallos de mercado, porque los recursos serán asignados ineficientemente. En el caso de las externalidades negativas, los agentes privados realizarán la actividad económica por exceso. En el caso de una externalidad positiva, su implicación será demasiado pequeña. La tasa marginal de transformación en la producción, así, no será igual a la relación marginal de sustitución en el consumo como consecuencia del efecto de la externalidad y como resultado no se producirá un equilibrio Pareto eficiente.

Véase también
Economía del bienestar
Externalidad

Referencias

Economía política
Teoría económica
Política económica
Sociología política
Macroeconomía

Coste social