Suwon (, ) is the capital and largest city of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea's most populous province. Suwon lies approximately  south of the national capital, Seoul. With a population close to 1¼ million, it has more residents than Ulsan Metropolitan City, though it has a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'.

Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety', today Suwon retains a variety of historical features. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day trippers from Seoul, and these city walls appear among the province's more popular sites.

Suwon also plays an important economic role: Samsung Electronics, Korea's largest company by sales, is based in the city. The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong-gu, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016. Samsung's presence in Suwon is clearly visible: the company is a partner of Sungkyunkwan University, which has its Natural Sciences Campus in the city, and the company owns the four-time K League champions and two-time Asian Super Cup winners Suwon Samsung Bluewings.

Suwon is home to several universities, e.g., Sungkyunkwan University, Ajou University, and several football, baseball, basketball, and volleyball teams, including Suwon Samsung Bluewings, Suwon FC, and KT Wiz. The city is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

History
Suwon has historically gone by many names. In ancient tribal times, it was known as Mosu-guk (), part of the Mahan confederacy. During the Proto–Three Kingdoms period era, the area that today comprises Suwon and neighbouring Hwaseong was called Maehol-gun (). In 757, under King Gyeongdeok of Unified Silla, the name was changed to Suseong-gun (). In 940, during the Goryeo Dynasty, it changed again in to Suju (). Finally, in 1413, King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty changed the name to Suwon, the name still in use today, though in the 19th century it was often spelt 'Sou-wen'.

In 1592, during the Imjin wars, Commander Yi Gwang attempted to launch his army toward the capital city, Seoul (at the time named 'Hanseong'). The army was withdrawn, however, after news reached the commander that the city had already been sacked. As the army grew to 50,000 men by accumulating several volunteer forces, Yi Gwang and the irregular commanders reconsidered their aim of reclaiming the capital, and led the combined forces north to Suwon.

Relocation of the city centre, and construction of Hwaseong Fortress
In 1796, during the Joseon Dynasty, King Jeongjo relocated the city centre from modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong City) to its current location to the east of Paldalsan. To protect this new city, he instructed that Hwaseong Fortress be built, and this fortified wall encompassed the entire city.

Hwaseong was originally built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong, and its construction was one of Korea's first examples of paid labour, corvée labour having been common previously. Shortly after King Jeongjo's death in 1800, Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe () was published. This document—more precise that other such construction records from the time—exhaustively detailed the construction of the fortress. Since Hwaseong was damaged severely during the Korean War, this meticulous record of its construction has proven invaluable during reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day.

Though Suwon was once entirely encircled by the fortress, modern urban growth has seen the city spread out far beyond the walls. The fortress is now a designated UNESCO World Heritage site, and it is often featured in the city and province's promotional materials.

Japanese occupation
It appears that a focal point in Suwon's resistance to Japanese occupation was Adams Memorial Hall, at 342 Suwoncheon-ro, Maehyang,dong, Paldal-gu (). Under Pastor William Noble, this 1923 building was constructed in Samil Middle School grounds with funding from a church in North Adams, Massachusetts, from the Suwon Jongno Church (830 Jeongjo-ro, Buksu-dong, ), and from local residents. Here, independence activists including Park Seon-tae and Lee Deuk-su met weekly to discuss their rebellion.

Korean War
When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo. While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters, and the Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war. Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site. Though the US repelled these attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950. The Battle of Osan, the first conflict between United States and North Korean forces, occurred the following day. Defences were erected on the road between occupied Suwon and still-southern Osan. As Northern troops advanced south, a 3½-hour battle ensued in which 150 United States and 42 North Korean soldiers were killed, and the US troops were forced to retreat. The North Korean advance southwards to Osan was delayed by an estimated seven hours.

In the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed. Eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 suspected Communist civilians by South Korean authorities on 28, 29, or 30 June 1950 (depending on source).

On 16 December 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division. In late 1951, the United States Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base, also known then as K-13.

In total, Suwon changed hands four times during the war.

A memorial to the French forces was erected in 1974 in Jangan-gu, near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit (). This was renovated in 2013.

Recent history
In 1949, Seoul left Gyeonggi-do, and in the same year, Suwon-eup in Suwon-gun became Suwon City while the remainder of Suwon-gun became Hwaseong-gun. Suwon became the capital of Gyeonggi-do on 23 June 1967, when the provincial office was relocated from Seoul.

On 1 January 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as Cheoncheon-ri, Daehwanggyo-ri, Gokbanjeong-ri, Gosaek-ri, Guun-ri, Gwonseon-ri, Hagwanggyo-ri, Imok-ri, Jangji-ri, Jeongja-ri, Jowon-ri, Maetan-ri, Omokcheon-ri, Pajang-ri, Pyeong-ri, Sanggwanggyo-ri, Songjuk-ri, Tap-ri, Woncheon-ri, and Yuljeon-ri were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun. On 15 February 1983, further expansion saw Ha-ri and Iui-ri switch from Yongin to Suwon. On 1 January 1987, Suwon expanded westwards as Geumgok-ri and Homaesil-ri were acquired from Maesong-myeon in Hwaseong. Yeongtong-ri transferred from Hwaseong to Suwon on 26 December 1994 along with parts of Sin-ri and Mangpo-ri, and part of Yeongdeok-ri from Yongin. The remainder of Sun-ri and Mangpo-ri joined Suwon on 20 April 1995.

On 9 May 2007, in preparation for the construction of the new town of Gwanggyo, there was a two-way exchange of land between Ha-dong in Suwon and neighbouring Sanghyeon-dong in Yongin. A similar exchange on 13 September 2019 saw parcels of land switch sides between Woncheon-dong in Suwon, and Yongin's Yeongdeok-dong. With further boundary changes on 24 July 2020, parts of Shin-dong and Mangpo-dong in Suwon and Banjeong-dong in Hwaseong were exchanged.

Geography

Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, just south of South Korea's capital, Seoul. It is bordered by Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, the city of Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west. At its closest point, on the  Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies  from the western tip of Ueumdo in Sihwa Lake, an inlet of the Yellow Sea cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station.

Topography
There are several hills around Suwon, the highest of which is Gwanggyosan [, ], to the north of the city, bordering Yongin.

Water flow
Most of the streams passing through Suwon originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks to the north of the city. Since Suwon is bounded to the west by Chilbosan and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Suwoncheon and Seohocheon, flow southwards through the city, joining the Hwanggujicheon, and eventually emptying into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner.

Lakes
There are few natural lakes on South Korea's mainland, and none in Suwon. There are, however, many small reservoirs, namely Chungmanje (), otherwise known as Seoho (, ) near Hwaseo Station, Irwol Reservoir (, ) near Sungkyunkwan University, Bambat Reservoir (, ) near Sungkyunkwan University Station, Ilwang Reservoir (, ), otherwise called Manseokkeo () in Manseok Park, Pajang Reservoir (, ) near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway, Gwanggyo Reservoir (, ) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir (, ) at the foot of Gwanggyosan, Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (, ; , ) in Gwanggyo Lake Park, and Geumgok Reservoir (, ), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Wangsong Reservoir (, ), on the northern Uiwang border, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang.

Geology
Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock, and has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era.

Precambrian gneiss
Biotite gneiss (Precambrian biotite gneiss, PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, and muscovite; and are generally dark gray or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these.

Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has undergone silicification most predominantly, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, dark grey, grey-brown, and white.

Mesozoic intrusive rocks
Biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic Era constitutes most of Suwon, and is centred on Paldalsan (). It is a form of Daebo granite, and is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. The main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole.

Fault
Suwon's single fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, Yeongtong-gu, creating the Woncheonri Stream, and follows this stream to Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. It joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong City. This is a 20 km-long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by this fault.

Climate
Suwon has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the  isotherm.

Administrative divisions

The city is composed of four gu (districts). Jangan-gu () and Gwonseon-gu () were established on 1 July 1988, and on 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu became a new district, Paldal-gu (). The newest district is Yeongtong-gu (), which separated from Paldal-gu on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong.

There are several new "towns" in Suwon, such as Homaesil and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of construction of this large residential area in eastern Suwon was completed in 2011. Gwanggyo is in Yeongtong-gu, which has Gyeonggi-do's seventh most expensive housing.

Demography
Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.82% foreign. On average, there are 2.31 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below.

Religion

Suwon has churches from a variety of Christian denominations, and a range of Buddhist temples.

The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI. The cathedral is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong ().

The former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim), was born in Suwon, and founded the Central Baptist Church, though this is located in Yongin.

Mireukdang

Mireukdang (, ) is a small shrine to Maitreya in Pajang-dong, Jangan-gu. Its religious basis is a fusion of Buddhism and traditional local religions.

Crime
The following table tallies crimes in Suwon reported in 2021.

Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council responded to this by increasing urban greenery. This approach seems to have had some effect.

Education

Colleges and universities

There are several universities and colleges in Suwon, including Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. The agricultural campus of Seoul National University was located in Suwon until 2005, but is now in Gwanak-gu, Seoul near its main campus.

Schools
There are 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens in Suwon.

Suwon has three schools dedicated to special education: Jahye School (47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong, Gwonseon-gu, ), Suwon Seokwang School (517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, Jangan-gu, ), and Areum School (32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong, Yeongtong-gu, ). Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School.

There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong, Jangan-gu, ).

International schools
There are also two international schools in Suwon: Gyeonggi Suwon International School and Suwon Chinese International School ()

Environment

Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge. Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage.

Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM10) shown in the pie chart.

Industry
The main industrial employer in Suwon is Samsung. Samsung Electronics was founded in Suwon in 1969, and its headquarters are now located with its large R&D complex in central Suwon. The company is the largest employer in Suwon. Samsung's long-standing relationship with the city is seen in its sponsorship of various local sports teams, including Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club, and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams in Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx, both of which have since moved out of Suwon.

Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical, Samsung SDI, and Samsung Electro-Mechanics.

Landmarks

Hwaseong Fortress
Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is Suwon's most notable attraction, and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls, but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, and Haenggung Palace in the centre of the fortress.

Hyanggyo
Suwon Hyanggyo () was a hyanggyo—a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi-do. The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism.

Originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Bongdam-myeon, Hwaseong-gun, Suwon Hyanggyo was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Paldal-gu () around 1795—the 19th year of King Jeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty—when Hwaseong Fortress was built, and it has since undergone several repairs.

Hyanggyo is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. It is closed at weekends.

Bugugwon

Bugugwon (), also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon, built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong, Paldal-gu (). There is no record of the 85.95 m2 building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923, When Korea was a Japanese colony, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi-do base. In 1979 the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space.

Culture and contemporary life

Housing

As is typical of urban South Korea, Suwon has many apartment complexes. while some areas have more jutaek (houses, often split into several units). While some areas are more affordable, Yeongtong-gu's housing is the seventh most expensive in the province.

Food
Suwon is known for Suwon galbi, a variation on beef short ribs enjoyed throughout Korea. The city also has a wide variety of restaurants serving Korean and international cuisine.

Sports
Suwon's sports facilities include Suwon World Cup Stadium, which hosted 2002 FIFA World Cup matches, a gymnasium used in the 1988 Summer Olympic Games, a baseball field used by KT Wiz, an archery field, badminton courts, ten-pin bowling lanes, indoor swimming pools, tennis courts, and soft tennis courts.

Football
Suwon World Cup Stadium () was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and is home to the K League 1 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Another K League 1 team, Suwon FC, and a WK League team, Suwon FC Women, play at the Suwon Sports Complex ().

Baseball

Since 2013, Suwon has been home to KT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University till Suwon Baseball Stadium () remodelling was completed in time for their elevation to the KBO League in 2015. The stadium was previously the home of the Hyundai Unicorns, but this team folded after the 2007 season.

Indoor sports
The 5,145-capacity Suwon Gymnasium () hosted the handball events in the 1988 Summer Olympics, and handball and table tennis matches at the 2014 Asian Games. It is currently home to two volleyball teams.

Basketball
Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams, Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx, respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001, while four years later, Samsung Life moved to Yongin. Top-flight men's basketball returned to Suwon in 2021, when KT Sonicboom relocated to the renamed Suwon KT Sonicboom Arena (formerly Seosuwon Chilbo Gymnasium, ) from Busan.

Volleyball
Suwon Gymnasium is home to the men's and women's volleyball teams Suwon Kepco Vixtorm and Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate respectively, which play in the V-League.

Museums
Suwon has two national museums and a number of smaller institutions.

The National Map Museum of Korea is at 92 Worldcup-ro, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu (). It houses a collection of 33,598 maps. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.

The National Agricultural Museum of Korea opened by Seoho Lake in December 2022. Located at 154 Suin-ro, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-gu (), admission is free, and the museum is open daily from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m.

Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at 21 Changryong-daero, Maehyang-dong, Paldal-gu (), features exhibits contextualising and explaining the construction of Hwaseong.

Mr. Toilet House is a toilet museum built in 2007 at 463 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, Jangan-gu (). Ownership was transferred to the city council in 2009.

Libraries
Suwon Central Library opened at 318 Paldalsan-ro, Gyo-dong, Paldal-gu () in 1980. Today the city has 27 public libraries—seven in Gwonseon-gu, five in Jangan-gu, six in Paldal-gu, and nine in Yeongtong-gu—and plans to build another in Imok-dong.

Parks and Gardens

Irwol Arboretum (, ) and Yeongheung Arboretum (, ) opened on 19 May 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively. The  Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over . There are also many parks scattered through the city, some of which, e.g., Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, and Manseok Park, contain sizeable lakes. Some parks target outdoor activities; for example, Manseok Park has facilities such as tennis courts (indoor & outdoor), soccer pitches (dirt and artificial turf), and the Suwon X-Games skatepark. Others, e.g., Gwanggyo History Park, have a more traditional focus.

Media
Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Daily (), based in Jangan-gu; and the Kyeongin Daily () and Suwon Daily (), based in Paldal-gu. These publish exclusively in Korean.

National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong-gu (). These are open to visits by appointment.

Cinemas
Suwon has several major multiplex cinemas, e.g., Megabox by Suwon Bus Terminal, CGV and Lotte Cinema by Suwon Station, and Kinex 5 in Yeongtong-gu. Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town, Taehan Theater, Piccadilly Theater, Jungang Theater, Royal Theater, Dano Theater, and Dano Art Hall.

Retail

There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France and Alleyway in Gwanggyo. Another large centre, Starfield, is under construction beside Hwaseo Station.

Public toilets
In the early 21st century, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories; after such efforts, there were guided tours of the municipal facilities. Suwon also hosted several international forums on toilet management, and the World Toilet Association is based in the city.

Transport

Rail

Suwon is a regional transportation hub, with Suwon Station a major stop served by KTX and other trains on the Gyeongbu Line connecting Seoul to Busan. Until 1973, the Suryo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju. The Suin Line also connected Suwon to Incheon, and this line has been reconstructed as part of the Seoul Metro.

Metro
Suwon is served by three lines (14 stations) on the Seoul Metro.
Line 1
Sungkyunkwan University ()
Hwaseo ()
Suwon ()
Seryu ()
Shinbundang Line
Gwanggyo Jungang ()
Gwanggyo ()
Suin-Bundang Line
Cheongmyeong ()
Yeongtong ()
Mangpo ()
Maetan-Gwonseon ()
Suwon City Hall ()
Maegyo ()
Suwon ()
Gosaek ()
Omokcheon ()

Construction on an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024. Another planned line—the Dongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, promoting affected cities to call for urgent action.

Buses

There are two inter-city bus terminals in Suwon with connections to many cities nationwide: Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station, and West Suwon Bus Terminal near Sungkyunkwan University. Suwon is connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city.

In 2017, Suwon Station Transfer Center opened to the west of the Gyeongbu Line. This new bank of bus stops was built to alleviate pressure on bus and taxi stands across the tracks. Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors. Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at 46 Gyeongsu-daero 1220beon-gil, Pajang-dong.

Roads
The Yeongdong Expressway (50) passes through Suwon, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon. The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on the Yongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin, and the Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok). Nearby Homaesil is one of Suwon's more notorious bottlenecks. Despite its name, the Suwon exit of the Gyeongbu Expressway (1) lies in Singal in neighbouring Yongin.

Bicycles
Suwon was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless shared bicycles for hire. Traversing Suwon by regular bicycle is also relatively easy as there are numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. However, some of these are in poor condition.

Car-free zones
In 2013, the city hosted the EcoMobility World Festival in Haenggung-dong, where for one month, streets were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Instead of cars, residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers. The experiment was not unopposed; however, on balance it was considered a success. Following the festival, the city began discussing whether to adopt the practice on a permanent basis.

Military
Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon-gu was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat. Today the base is under Republic of Korea Air Force jurisdiction, though it is still managed and maintained by the US military.

Fauna
Suwon's wildlife is similar to that of most of Gyeonggi-do. A notable species, however, is the endangered Suwon tree frog. This is one of only two tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula, and it lives only in the Gyeonggi-do area.

Mammals
Mammals living on Gwanggyosan and elsewhere in the city include the raccoon dog, Japanese mole, Siberian weasel, water deer, Korean hare, red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris mantchuricus), house mouse, striped field mouse, and the Eurasian harvest mouse.

Birds
A variety of birds inhabit Suwon. For example, Irwol Lake is home to great crested grebes, goshawks, and mandarins among other species, and swans began wintering on the lake in 2022. Suwon also appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of the white-breasted waterhen. Other birds in Suwon include the Eurasian tree sparrow, Oriental magpie, large-billed crow, rook, brown-eared bulbul, vinous-throated parrotbill, rock dove, marsh tit, Japanese tit, coal tit, varied tit, Eastern spot-billed duck, great cormorant, grey heron, striated heron, great white egret, little egret, and common sandpiper.

Notable people
Notable people from Suwon include:

Deceased
List in chronological order of birth
Yeom Gyeongae (, 1100–1146, noble, pious wife of Choi Rubaek)
Choi Rubaek (, –1205, pious son)
Lee Go (, 1341–1420, Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon)
Kim Jullyong (, 1586–1642, military general, defeated Qing soldiers at Gwanggyosan)
Woo Hayeong (, 1741–1812, Silhak scholar, agricultural pioneer)
Lim Myeonsu (, 13 June 1874–29 November 1930, independence activist)
Cha Injae (, 1895–1971, independence activist)
Kim Sehwan (, 1889–1945, educator, independence activist)
Na Hyeseok (, 28 April 1896–10 December 1948, feminist, painter, writer, poet, sculptor, journalist)
Kim Hyanghwa (, 1897–?, gisaeng, independence activist)
Park Seontae (, 1901–1938, independence activist)
Lee Seongyeong (, 1902–1921, independence activist)
Choi Munsun (, 1903–?, independence activist)
Kim Jangseong (, 7 February 1913–9 March 1932, independence activist)
Hong Jongcheol (, 26 March 1920–22 July 1989, independence activist)
Yun Hanheum (, 1923–22 August 2016, artist)

Living
List in alphabetical order by surname
Han-na Chang (, 23 December 1982–, conductor, cellist)
Chung Hyeon (, 19 May 1996–, tennis player)
Im Chang-kyun (, stage name I.M, 26 January 1996–, rapper, singer, songwriter)
Jeon Ji-yoon (, 15 October 1990–, rapper, singer, songwriter, actor)
Stella Hanbyul Jeung (, opera singer)
Jo Kwon (, 28 August 1989–, singer, actor, presenter)
Joo Won (, stage name Joo Won, 30 September 1987–, actor)
Kim Dong-hyun (, 17 November 1981–, MMA fighter)
Kim Jang-hwan (, known as Billy Kim, 25 July 1934–, pastor, former President of the Baptist World Alliance, President of the Far East Broadcasting Company)
Kim Myung-jun (, stage name MJ, 5 March 1994–, singer, actor, model)
Kim Sungbae (, 1954–, artist)
Kim Yugwon (, stage name U-Kwon, 9 April 1992–, singer)
Lee Chang-sub (, 26 February 1991–, singer)
Lee Dong-hun (, 28 February 1993–, singer, A.C.E)
Lee Jin-ki (, stage name Onew, 14 December 1989–, singer, songwriter, actor, presenter)
Lee Jong-suk (, 14 September 1989–, actor, model)
Lee Ju-eun (, 7 June 1995–, singer, actor)
Oh Kyo-moon (, 2 March 1972–, archer)
Sam Oh (, 15 January 1980–, presenter, columnist)
Park Hae-soo (, 21 November 1981–, actor)
Park Ji-sung (, 30 March 1981–, footballer) Park was born in Seoul but raised in Suwon. In 2005, a city street was renamed after him.
Ryu Jun-yeol (, 25 September 1986–, actor)
Seol Yoeun (, 2012–, violinist)
Shin Dong-hee (, stage name Shindong, 28 September 1985–, rapper, singer, dancer, presenter, video director)
Song Kang (, 23 April 1994–, actor)
Yoo Hyun-young (, 6 September 1976–, actor)
Yoo Jeong-yeon (, 1 November 1996–, singer)
Yoon Bo-mi (, 13 August 1993–, singer, actor)

Twin towns and sister cities

Suwon is twinned with:

 Asahikawa, Japan (1989)
 Jinan, China (1993)
 Townsville, Australia (1997)
 Bandung, Indonesia (1997)
 Yalova, Turkey (1999)
 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1999)
 Toluca, Mexico (1999)
 Fez, Morocco (2003)
 Hải Dương Province, Vietnam (2004)
 Siem Reap Province, Cambodia (2004)
 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2005)
 Curitiba, Brazil (2006)
 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (2015)

See also
 List of cities in South Korea
 Geography of South Korea
 Seoul National Capital Area

Notes

References

Citations

External links

Suwon City Council (in Korean)
Suwon F.C (in Korean)
Suwon Samsung Bluewings (in Korean)
KT Wiz (in Korean)

Suwon
Cities in Gyeonggi Province

Suwon


Beşinci Element (, ), Luc Besson'nun yönettiği ve senaryosunu Robert Mark Kamen ile yazdığı, 1997 yapımı İngilizce çekilmiş Fransız filmi. Başrollerinde Bruce Willis, Gary Oldman ve Milla Jovovich'in yer aldığı film 23. yüzyıl'da geçer. Eskiden özel kuvvetler binbaşısı olan ve taksi şoförlüğü yapan Korben Dallas'ın (Willis), genç bir kadının (Jovovich) taksisine düşmesi sonucu dünyayı kurtarma çabasına girişmesi filmin ana konusudur. Dallas, genç kızla güç birliği yaparak, dünyayı yaklaşmakta olan bir saldırıya karşı koruyabilecek dört mistik taşı bulmaya çalışır.

Besson, daha sonra Beşinci Element hâline gelecek öyküyü yazmaya 16 yaşındayken başladı; film sinemalarda gösterime girdiğinde ise 38 yaşındaydı. Besson filmi Fransa'da çekmek istiyordu, ancak uygun şartlar bulunamayınca film Londra ve Moritanya'da çekildi. Filmin bazı kısımlarının ilham kaynağı da olan çizgi roman yazarları Jean Giraud ve Jean-Claude Mézières filmde yapım tasarımcısı olarak da yer aldı. Kostüm taasarımları ise Jean-Paul Gaultier tarafından yapıldı.

Beşinci Element genelde olumlu yorumlar almış olsa da, eleştirmenlerin film hakkındaki görüşleri ikiye bölündü. Film, gösterime girdiği yazın en iyi ve en kötü gişe filmi olarak değerlendirildi. 90 milyon dolarlık bütçesine karşın gişede toplam 263 milyon dolarlık getiri sağlayan film finansal açıdan başarılı oldu. Gösterime girdiği dönemde film o zamana kadar yapılmış en pahalı Avrupa yapımıydı ve 2011 yılında Can Dostum gösterime girene kadar uluslararası alanda en fazla gelir elde eden Fransız filmi olarak kaldı.

Konusu
1914'te Mondoshawanlar olarak bilinen uzaylılar kadim bir Mısır tapınağına gelerek, 5000 yılda bir ortaya çıkan büyük bir kötülüğü yenebilecek tek silahı güvende tutmak için götürürler. Bu silah dört elementi temsil eden dört taş ve insan formundaki beşinci elementin bulunduğu lahitten oluşmaktadır. Bu beşinci element, diğer dört elementin gücünü birleştirerek büyük kötülüğü yenebilecek olan ilahi ışığı oluşturacaktır. Uzaylılar, gizli bir tarikata mensup olan bir rahibe, büyük kötülük ortaya çıktığında element taşlarıyla geri döneceklerine dair söz verirler.

2263 yılında büyük kötülük, derin uzaydaki devasa bir siyah ateş topu olarak ortaya çıkar ve saldıran bir Dünya uzay gemisini yok eder. Mondoshawanların o zamanki iletişim kişisi olan rahip Vito Cornelius (Ian Holm), Federal Bölgeler Başkanı (Tom Lister Jr.) ile iletişime geçerek büyük kötülüğün geçmişi ve onu yok edebilecek olan silah hakkında bilgi verir. Büyük kötülüğün emirleri doğrultusunda taşları ele geçirmeye çalışan endüstri devi Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg (Gary Oldman) tarafından görevlendirilen uzaylı ırkı Mangalorlar, Dünya'ya dönmekte olan Mondoshawanları pusuya düşürür.

Mondoshawanların yok edilen gemisinde taşlar yoktur ancak Beşinci Element'in eli ele geçirilir. Bilim adamları New York'taki laboratuvarlarında bu eli kullanarak, daha sonra Leeloo adını alacak olan insansı kadını (Milla Jovovich) oluştururlar. Etrafında gördüklerinden dehşete düşen Leeloo kaçarken kendini yüksek bir binadan aşağıya atar ve eski bir özel kuvvetler binbaşısı olan Korben Dallas'ın (Bruce Willis) uçan taksisinin içine düşer.

Kadro

 Bruce Willis: Korben Dallas
 Gary Oldman: Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg
 Milla Jovovich: Leeloo
 Ian Holm: Rahip Vito Cornelius
 Chris Tucker: Ruby Rhod
 Charlie Creed-Miles: David
 Brion James: General Munro
 Tricky: Right Arm
 Tommy "Tiny" Lister Jr.: Başkan Lindberg
 Christopher Fairbank: Profesör Mactilburgh
 Lee Evans: Fog
 John Bluthal: Profesör Massimo Pacoli
 Luke Perry: Billy Masterson
 John Bennett: Rahip
 Kim Chan: Mr. Kim
 John Neville: General Staedert
 Al Matthews: General Tudor
 Maïwenn Le Besco: Diva Plavalaguna

Notlar

Kaynakça

Kaynak referansları

Dış bağlantılar

Ayrıca bakınız

 Distopik filmler listesi

1997 çıkışlı filmler
Luc Besson'un yönettiği filmler
Buena Vista Pictures filmleri
1990'larda bilimkurgu filmleri
1990'larda macera filmleri
Uzay macerası filmleri
Pinewood Studios filmleri
Kurgusal dil filmleri
Kurguda uçan araba
Fransa aksiyon filmleri
Fransa macera filmleri
1990'larda İngilizce filmler

Beşinci Element


Rinocerul aurit din Mapungubwe (în engleză: Golden Rhinoceros of Mapungubwe) este un artefact medieval din Regatul mapungubwe, care se afla în actuala Africă de Sud. El a fost găsit într-un mormânt regal de pe dealul Mapungubwe în 1932, de arheologi de la Universitatea din Pretoria. Artefactul este descris ca fiind "suficient de mic pentru a sta în palma ta".  Situl în care a fost descoperit atestă existența unei elite conducătoare ce trăia izolată într-o așezare situată pe o înălțime. Este primul exemplu cunoscut de societate sud-africană stratificată. În mormintele din Mapengubwe s-au mai găsit obiecte de fier, aur, cupru, ceramică și mărgele de sticlă folosite pentru negoț, provenind din India, Egipt și Peninsula Arabă. Toate demonstrează că Mapungubwe era un centru comercial prosper ce avea legături cu alte culturi de pe coastele Oceanului Indian. La sfârșitul secolului al XIII-lea, schimbarea climei a provocat seceta și distrugerea recoltelor, iar comunitatea specifică Epocii Fierului din Mapungubwe s-a risipit.

Vezi și
 Colecția mapungubwe
 Arta africană

Referințe

Animale în artă
Arheologia în Africa de Sud
Arta africană
Artă medievală
Artefacte arheologice
Cultura sud-africană
Obiecte din aur

Rinocerul aurit din Mapungubwe


Sicco Leendert Mansholt (; 13 September 1908 – 29 June 1995) was a Dutch farmer, politician and diplomat of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) and later the Labour Party (PvdA), who served as the fourth president of the European Commission from 1 March 1972 until 5 January 1973.

Mansholt worked as a farmer in Wieringermeer from 1937 until 1945. In 1940, during World War II, he joined the Dutch resistance against the German occupiers and helped shelter refugees. Following the end of World War II, Mansholt was appointed as acting Mayor of Wieringermeer, serving from 30 April 1945 until 22 May 1945. After the end of the German occupation, Queen Wilhelmina ordered the formation of a Cabinet of National unity to serve as a caretaker government and make preparations for a new election, and Mansholt was appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies in the Cabinet Schermerhorn–Drees, taking office on 25 June 1945. Mansholt was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1946, taking office on 4 June 1946. He continued as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies in the Cabinet Beel I, taking office on 3 July 1946, then served as acting Minister of Economic Affairs from 14 January 1948 until 20 January 1948 following the resignation of Gerardus Huysmans. After the election of 1948 Mansholt returned as a Member of the House of Representatives on 27 July 1948, and continued as Minister in the Cabinet Drees–Van Schaik, taking office on 7 August 1948. Mansholt served continuously as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies in the Drees Cabinets I, II and III, and also served as a Member of the House of Representatives after the elections of 1952 and 1956, serving from 15 July 1952 until 7 September 1952 and from 3 July 1956 until 3 October 1956.

In December 1957 Mansholt was nominated as the first European Commissioner from the Netherlands in the First Hallstein Commission. Lardinois was giving the portfolio of Agriculture and was appointed as the first Vice-President of the European Commission. He resigned as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies on 1 January 1958 and the First Hallstein Commission was installed on 7 January 1958. Mansholt continued to serve as European Commissioner for Agriculture and vice-president in the Second Hallstein Commission, the Rey Commission and the Malfatti Commission. In February 1972 Mansholt was nominated as the next President of the European Commission. The Mansholt Commission was installed on 1 March 1972 and oversaw the creation of the European Monetary System on 24 April 1972 and the first enlargement on 1 January 1973. The Mansholt Commission was succeeded by the Ortoli Commission on 5 January 1973.

After his retirement Mansholt occupied numerous seats as a nonprofit director for supervisory boards for several international non-governmental organizations and research institutes (Institute of International Relations Clingendael, European Centre for Development Policy Management, Netherlands Atlantic Association, Transnational Institute, Club of Rome, Humanistic Association, Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities and the Carnegie Foundation) and as an advocate and lobbyist for European integration and humanism.

He was known for his abilities as a negotiator and manager. Mansholt continued to comment on political affairs as an elder statesman until his death. He holds the distinction of being the longest-serving Minister of Agriculture, the longest-serving European Commissioner from the Netherlands, the longest-serving European Commissioner for Agriculture and the only Dutchman to have served as President of the European Commission. He is recognized as one of the Founding fathers of the European Union.

Early life and studies
Sicco Leendert Mansholt was born on 13 September 1908 in Ulrum, in the province of Groningen, Netherlands.

Mansholt came from a socialist farmer's family in the province of Groningen. Both his father and grandfather were supporters of early socialist leaders such as Multatuli, Domela Nieuwenhuis, and Troelstra. His father, Lambertus H. Mansholt, was a delegate for the socialist SDAP party in the Groningen provincial chamber. His mother, Wabien Andreae, daughter of a judge in Heerenveen, was one of the first women to have studied political science. She organised political meetings for other women, usually in their own homes.

Together with two brothers and two sisters, Mansholt was raised at "Huis ter Aa", a grand villa in Glimmen. He attended the HBS-school in Groningen and after that went to Deventer, to the School of Tropical Agriculture, where he studied to become a tobacco farmer.

Agriculture
He moved to Java in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia), and started work on a tea plantation.

He returned to the Netherlands in 1936, unhappy with the colonial system. He wanted to become a farmer and moved to the Wieringermeer, a polder, reclaimed in 1937. There he started his own farm.

He married Henny J. Postel in 1938, and they had two sons and two daughters.

In the years of World War II he was an active member of the Resistance. He helped people who were in acute danger to hide in the Wieringermeerpolder; he organised clandestine food distributions for the western provinces.

Politics

Local politics
Mansholt became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) in 1937, as a secretary of the local party. He had several public functions for the SDAP in Wieringermeer, including that of acting mayor of the Wieringermeer community.

Minister of Agriculture
Immediately after the war, in June 1945, Labour Party (PvdA) Prime Minister Schermerhorn asked him to take a seat in his cabinet as minister of Agriculture, Fishery and Food Distribution. He was the youngest member of a cabinet, aged only 36.

He was a member of six cabinets in total: Schermerhorn-Drees in 1945; Beel in 1946; Drees-Van Schaik in 1948, and the three Drees administrations: 1951, 1952 and 1956. As Minister of Agriculture during this time, he was one of the key architects of the EC's Common Agricultural Policy. In 1954 the parliamentary debate about the budget for the Department of Agriculture was postponed: the Minister was ice-skating the 200 kilometer long Elfstedentocht in the Dutch province of Friesland, which he skated twice in his life.

European Commission
In 1958, he became one of the Commissioners of the new European Commission. He was Commissioner for Agriculture and vice-president of the institution. He modernized European agriculture. The Mansholt Plan was opposed by E. F. Schumacher in his book Small Is Beautiful.

He became President of the European Commission on 22 March 1972 (the Mansholt Commission) and continued in that position until 5 January 1973. It was around that time he was heavily under the influence of the Club of Rome.

Life after politics
Mansholt published his autobiography De Crisis ("The Crisis") in 1974.

He lived his last years in an old historic farm in the quiet village of Wapserveen, where he died on 29 June 1995.

His daughter Lideke also died in 1995, aged 53.

Decorations

Honorary degrees

References

External links

Official
  Dr. S.L. (Sicco) Mansholt Parlement & Politiek

1908 births
1995 deaths
Cold War diplomats
Commanders of the Order of Agricultural Merit
Dutch agnostics
Dutch agronomists
Dutch European Commissioners
Dutch expatriates in Belgium
Dutch expatriates in Indonesia
Dutch farmers
Dutch humanists
Dutch lobbyists
Dutch people of World War II
Dutch resistance members
European integration pioneers
European Union and agriculture
European Union lobbyists
First Vice-presidents of the European Commission
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Mayors in North Holland
People from Wieringermeer
Ministers of Agriculture of the Netherlands
Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
People from De Marne
People from Westerveld
Presidents of the European Commission
Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Recipients of the Resistance Memorial Cross
Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands) politicians
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch diplomats
20th-century Dutch politicians
European Commissioners 1958–1962
European Commissioners 1962–1967
European Commissioners 1967–1970
European Commissioners 1970–1972
European Commissioners 1972–1973
20th-century agronomists

Sicco Mansholt


Rebekka Ziska Dahl (født 1996) er en færøsk/dansk ju-jitsu kampsportsudøver, der har vundet medaljer ved VM, EM og World Games.

Baggrund
Rebekka Elisabeth Ziska Dahl bor i Danmark og er vokset op i Hillerød hos sin mor Tonie Elisabeth Dahl sammen med sin storebror Bjørn Adam Ziska Dahl . Hun er halv færing, hendes far er Heini Ziska Dahl fra Klaksvík. Hun startede med at træne ju-jitsu som ni år gammel. Tre år senere, i 2009 vandt hun DM for første gang .

Karriere
Få år efter at Rebekka Ziska Dahl havde vundet sit første danmarksmesterskab, vandt hun i 2013 U/18 verdensmesterskabet. Hun har vundet U/21 verdensmesterskabet i ju-jitsu i 2016. Tre år i træk (2015, 2016, 2017) har hun vundet bronze ved VM i ju-jitsu i vægtklassen op til 55 kg. I 2017 vandt hun guld ved World Games.

Fra 2018 ændrede vægtklasserne sig og Rebekka fortsatte sin karriere i vægtklassen -57 kg.

Rebekka kæmpede sig til endnu en Bronze til VM i 2018, hvorefter hun til VM i hhv. 2019 og 2020, samt EM 2021, kæmpede sig til finalen og endte med en sølvmedalje.

Rebekka har sammen med landsholdskammerat Liva Tanzer (-70kg) kvalificeret sig til World Games i Birmingham Alabama sommeren 2022.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kampsportsudøvere fra Danmark
Personer fra Klaksvik

Rebekka Ziska Dahl


Biserica Universală a Împărăției lui Dumnezeu (în , acronim IURD) este o denominație creștină, cu sediul în Templul lui Solomon, Brazilia.

Creștinism


The term supplementary can refer to:
 Supplementary angles
 Supplementary Benefit, a former benefit payable in the United Kingdom
 Supplementary question, a type of question asked during a questioning time for prime minister

See also
 Supplement (disambiguation)

Supplementary


A Casa de Guzmán ( Casa de Guzmán ) é uma antiga e nobre família espanhola que surgiu em Castela no século XII e se tornou uma das dinastias mais proeminentes do reino espanhol, e também tendo uma certa influencia em Portugal e outros reinos europeus até o século XVIII. A família originária deu origem a vários ramos, um dos quais se tornou Duques de Medina Sidonia do século XV ao século XVIII, por sua vez dando origem a outros ramos incluindo os Condes-Duques de Olivares.

Origem
O fundador do que se tornou a Casa de Guzmán foi um nobre castelhano chamado Rodrigo Muñoz de Guzmán, que é visto pela primeira vez em meados do século XII ou XIII como tenente ( senhor ) de Roa e senhor da aldeia de Guzmán em Burgos. A família viria a ser conhecida por um apelido toponímico que indicava a sua origem nesta última aldeia. Rodrigo apareceu pela última vez em janeiro de 1186. No século XV, conforme relatado por Fernán Pérez de Guzmán em seu Generaciones y Semblanzas, a família desenvolveu múltiplas tradições de origem. Uma delas traçava a família de um certo conde Ramiro, que tomara por esposa ou amante a filha de um rei de Leão . Uma segunda lenda indicava que entre os participantes da Reconquista de diversas nações estava um irmão do Duque da Bretanha, chamado Gudeman (que significa 'homem bom'). A lenda, relatada por Fernán Pérez de Guzmán, conta que Gudeman permaneceu ao sul dos Pirineus, casado na linhagem do Conde Ramiro, e a família derivou seu nome dele, na forma derivada de Guzmán. Fernán Pérez de Guzmán descarta esta lenda sem suporte, dizendo que não há registros do conto, exceto pelas memórias dos homens. Tudo o que se sabe sobre a ancestralidade autêntica do fundador Rodrigo Muñoz é encontrado em seu patronímico e toponímico, indicando que seu pai se chamava Munio (ou talvez Nuño) e era de Guzmán. Os primeiros historiadores fariam de Ramiro Muñoz o avô de São Domingos, mas a pesquisa genealógica moderna não encontra evidências de tal conexão.

Um dos filhos de Rodrigo, Pedro Rodríguez de Guzmán foi morto lutando pelo rei Alfonso VIII de Castela na Batalha de Alarcos em 1195. O filho de Pedro, Guillén Pérez de Guzmán, lutaria pelo mesmo rei em Las Navas de Tolosa em 1212, e era pai do prefeito Guillén de Guzmán, uma das amantes do rei Afonso X de Castela e por ele mãe de Beatriz de Castela (1242–1303), rainha de Portugal.

Ascensão à proeminência

A família ganhou maior destaque sob a liderança de Alonso Pérez de Guzmán (1256–1309), também conhecido como Guzmán el Bueno (Guzmán o Bom), nobre e soldado sob Sancho IV de Castela .  Em 1282, o pai daquele rei, Alfonso X, recompensou os serviços de Guzmán com a vila de Alcalá Sidonia, hoje Alcalá de los Gazules, que o trocaria naquele mesmo ano pela Donadío de Monteagudo (hoje casa de fazenda no município de Sanlúcar de Barrameda ). Além disso, o rei o casou com María Alfonso Coronel, uma mulher rica que contribuiria para o casamento com um dote muito importante, composto por casas na colação (feligresía) de San Miguel em Sevilha, olivais de Torrijos (agora uma fazenda em Valencina de la Concepción), olivais de La Robaína (em Pilas), a cidade de Bollullos de la Mitación, as aceñas (moinhos de farinha) que estavam no rio Guadalete junto a Jerez de la Frontera, o pagamento da vinha La Ina ( agora um bairro rural em Jerez de la Frontera) e o pagamento da vinha de El Barroso (agora uma quinta em Jerez de la Frontera).

A linhagem Guzmán continuou durante toda a Idade Média na reconquista do sul da península contra os árabes e estabeleceu-se como uma casa nobre de primeira ordem, atingindo seu clímax com a conquista de Granada, desempenhando um papel de destaque na política castelhana. Esta linha de Guzman, como outras da Guerra Civil de meados do século XIV, dentro da guerra dos cem anos, continuou pela linha masculina a mudar o sobrenome para a linha feminina na herança familiar até 1779 no título principal com o de linhagem Álvarez de Toledo.

Várias famílias nobres espanholas atuais derivam da Casa de Guzman: a Casa do Duque de Medina-Sidonia, como herdeiros diretos de Beatriz Castilla, e sua pequena Casa Ducal de Fernandina. Da Casa de Medinasidonia (Duques desde 1440) vêm as casas nobres menores dos Marquesados de Cazaza (na Casa de Guzmán desde 1504) e Gibraltar (criado em 1390 por Enrique de Guzmán, filho do Conde de Nevoeiro) de onde veio foram e há muitos cavalheiros na região de Cádis, na Espanha.

Notas

Referências

 El libro de Oro de los reyes, Ed. Victoria, Pedro López Ayala, 1996.
 O livro de ouro dos duques, Ed. Pensador, Ruth Escolar 2000.
 Ibéria Medieval: Uma Enciclopédia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli, Samuel G. Armistead, Taylor e Francis, 2003.
 Michael Maclagan e Jiri Louda, Linhas de Sucessão, MacDonald & Co., 1981.
 Alonso de Haro, Libro de oro de los linajes ducales y nobiliarios del reino de Castilla, 1993.

Famílias nobres da Espanha
Brasão de armas de famílias da Espanha
Nobres da Espanha
Casa nobres da Europa

Casa de Guzmán


Besøg i en Statsungdomslejr er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1940.

Handling
Ved Beskæftigelsesloven af 1938 oprettedes otte statsungdomslejre, som unge skulle bo og arbejde i. Filmen viser Statsungdomslejren Klosterheden - en lejr på den jyske hede. Bygningerne er opført i træ, der er plads til 120 elever. De unge hjælper til med arbejdet på heden: hedeopdyrkning giver kræfter og sundhed til byboen og god agerjord til kommende slægter! Tørvegravning med vandspade er hårdt arbejde. 2 mio. tørv blev lagt ud. Heden skal afvandes - 4-5 km kanal skal graves. I lejrkøkkenet er der fuld gang i panderne, de unge hjælper til, også med rengøringen. En ny lejr er under opførelse på heden, den bygges som tre landbrug. Der bor en eneboer på heden i en helt særlig 'villa'. Drengene fabrikerer også små knipper optændingsbrænde. De første kartofler samles på de nyopdyrkede arealer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1940

Besøg i en Statsungdomslejr


La Autopista Top of the World (forma parte de la Ruta de Alaska 9) es una carretera ubicada en el estado de Alaska. La autopista comienza en el Oeste en la Autopista Taylor en Jack Wade y se dirige hacia el Este, a la terminal del ferry de West Dawson en Yukón, Canadá. La autopista tiene una longitud de 275 km (171 mi). La autopista está cerrada en invierno.

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras federales, la Autopista Top of the World es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte y Servicios Públicos de Alaska por sus siglas en inglés DOT&PF.

Véase también

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de DOT&PF
 Bering Land Bridge National preserve
 Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre

Carreteras estatales de Alaska
Carreteras de Alaska
Carreteras de Yukón
Área censal de Southeast Fairbanks

Autopista Top of the World


An Pinellia polyphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.L.Hu. An Pinellia polyphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pinellia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pinellia

Pinellia polyphylla


Mustafa Şekip Tunç (d. 1886 İstanbul - ö. 17 Ocak 1958 İstanbul), psikoloji ve felsefe alanında önemli faaliyetlerde bulunmuş bir Türk akademisyendir.

Hayatı

Eğitim hayatı
Babası Nüfus Nazırı Yusuf Besim Bey Nevşehir'lidir. Annesi Bulgaristan göçmenlerindendir. Mustafa Şekip Tunç'un doğumundan bir müddet sonra, babası Nüfus Nazırı olarak Halep'e tayin edildiğinden, Mustafa Şekip, ilk tahsiline burada başlamış, üç sene sonra da, babasının Manastır'a nakli dolayısıyla tahsiline Manastır'da devam etmiştir. Mustafa Şekip, Manastır'da tahsiline devam ederken bir müddet askeri rüştiyede de okumuştur.

Yusuf Besim Bey, yedi sene Manastır Nüfus Nazırlığında bulunduktan sonra, Vali Abdülkerim Paşa ile idari bir meseleden araları açılmış ve azledilmiştir. O sırada Manastır Askeri İdadisi'nin birinci sınıfında okuyan Mustafa Şekip, ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul'a gelmiş ve o dönemler adı Vefa İdadisi olan Vefa Lisesi'ne girmiştir. 1321 (1905)'te idadiden mezun olduktan sonra Mülkiye'ye devam etmiş ve Vefa İdadisinde öğrenmeye başlamış olduğu Fransızca eğitimini bu süre zarfında tamamlamıştır.

İdari görevleri
Mustafa Sekip Tunç, mülkiyeden İkinci Meşrutiyet'in ilanından bir gün önce mezun olmuş ve 28 Ağustos 1324 (1908)'te 500 kuruş maaşla Kosova vilayeti maiyet memurluğuna tayin edilmiştir. Kısa bir müddet sonra, aynı zamanda, Palanga kazası kaymakam vekilliğini de yürütmüştür.
Mustafa Sekip, vilayet merkezi Üsküp'te, idarecilikten çok maarif işleriyle uğraşmaya başlamıştır. Üsküp'lü gençlerin kurduğu Sübhan-ı Vatan adlı kulübün açtığı, özel eğitim ve öğretim metotlarının tecrübe edildiği ilkokulun öğretim heyetine katıldı. Fahri olarak ilk sınıftan başlayarak alfabe okutmaya başladı. Böylelikle hocalık mesleğine büyük bir aşk ve şevkle başlamış oldu. Bu ilk öğretmenlik denemesinde, insan ruhuna ilmi surette nüfuz etmek icap ettiğini düşünen Mustafa Şekip, memuriyetini terk ederek Avrupa'ya gitmek istedi. Bu arzusunu gerçekleştirmek için İstanbul'a gelmişse de teşebbüsünde başarılı olamamış ve tekrar Üsküp'e dönmek mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. Buna sebep de, annesinin Avrupa'ya gitmemesini ve evlenmesini istemesidir. Böyle bir teşebbüs olmuşsa da netice alınmamıştır.

Çalışma Hayatı
Öğretmenliği ve Üniversite Hocalığı

Balkan Savaşları sonuna kadar Üsküp Öğretmen Okulunda (o zamanki adıyla Muallim Mektebinde) çalışan Mustafa Şekip, 19 Ağustos 1328 (1912)'de, Harput Sultanisi Edebiyat Hocalığına tayin edilmişse de sonradan 22 Eylül 1328 (1912)'de görevi Yanya Sultanisi olarak değiştirilmiştir. Fakat, harp dolayısıyla Yanya'ya gidemediğinden bu defa 19.11.1329 (1913)'da Balıkesir Sultanisine (lisesine) Edebiyat Hocası olarak tayin olmuştur. 3 Mart 1329 (1913)'da yeni görevine başlayabilen Mustafa Şekip, burada birkaç ay çalıştıktan sonra Maarif Nezaretinin (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı) Avrupa'ya göndermek gayesiyle yetişmiş 15 öğretmen arasından Avrupa'ya gitmiştir. Bakanlık, Mustafa Şekip Tunç'u Lozan'da Fransız Edebiyatı Tarihini tahsil için göndermişse de o, o zaman yeni açılmış bulunan Jean-Jacques Rousseau Pedagoji Enstitüsünü görmek, bilhassa arzu ettiği terbiye ilimlerini ve ruhiyatı öğrenmek için Cenevre'ye gitmeyi düşünmüş ve bunun için o zamanın bakanlığına (Maarif Nezaretine) müracaatla müsaade istemiştir. Bu müracaatı kabul edilmiş ve Mustafa Şekip Tunç bu enstitüyü bitirerek diploma almıştır. Aynı zamanda, Cenevre Üniversitesi'nden de Psikoloji Sertifikası alarak yurda dönmüştür. Bakanlık onu, o zamanki adıyla Darülmuallimatı Aliyyeye (Yüksek Kız Öğretmen Okulu) terbiye ve ruhiyat muallimi (öğretmeni) olarak tayin etmiştir [1 Eylül1332 (1916)]. 1.3.1333 (1917)'te askere alınmış 18.4.1334 (1918)'te terhis olunca, aynı göreve geri dönmüştür. Bu öğretmenliği sırasında, görevine ilaveten 16.9.1334 (1918)'ten 23.1.1335 (1919)'e kadar Maarif Nezareti Orta Tedrisat 1. Şube Müdürlüğü yapmıştır. Bu sıralarda Nafi Atuf Kansu'nun idaresinde çıkan Terbiye Mecmuasında, terbiye ve ruhiyata ait yayınladığı yazılar Darülfünun hocalarının ve bilhassa Ziya Gökalp'in dikkatini çekmiş, Mustafa Şekip Tunç'tan terbiye müderris muavinliğini kabul edip etmeyeceğini sordurmuştur. Bütün arzusu bir eğitim müessesesinde çalışmak olmakla birlikte, o zamanki Umum Müdür İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu ve Maarif Nazırının ısrarları sonucu kabul ettiği Orta Tedrisat 1. Şube Müdürlüğünü ve diğer bütün işlerini terk ederek Edebiyat Fakültesi Müderris Muavinliğine (Doçentliğe) gitmiştir. Esasen, Edebiyat Fakültesi Meclisi, Baltacıoğlu ve Mehmet Emin Bey'lerin, Mustafa Şekip'in kabulü için yaptıkları teklifi kabul etmişti. [24.1.1335 (1919)]. Bu tarihten itibaren, yani 1919'dan 1933'e kadar, Müderris Muavinliğinden muallimliğe [5.10.1335 (1919)] ve muallimlikten müderrisliğe [8.10.1340 (1924)] usulü dairesinde terfi etmiştir. 1933'te yeni üniversitenin kuruluşunda müderrislik unvanı, ordinaryüs profesör unvanıyla değiştirilmiş, Mustafa Şekip Tunç da bu tarihte (1 Ağustos 1933) bu kadroya (psikoloji ve terbiye) girmiştir.
Nihayet, uzun seneler hizmette bulunduktan sonra, 3 Mayıs 1953'te 5434 sayılı kanun gereğince 70 yaşını doldurduğu için emekliye sevk edilmiştir.

Yazdığı ve çevirdiği kitaplar ve yüzlerce makalesi ile Türk felsefesinin genişletilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılması imkânlarını aramıştır.

Görüşleri

Kısırlaştırma
HABER gazetesinde kendisi ile yapılan röportajda Alman bilim insanlarının sunduğu genetik hastalık taşıyan insanların kısırlaştırılmasını desteklediğini ancak kısırlaştırma kararının sadece doktorlar tarafından verilmesi gerektiğini söylemiştir. Profesör, neslin korunması adına yapılacak kısırlaştırmaların topluma faydalı olduğunu ve kısırlaştırılan kişilerin enerjilerini kaybedip daha sakin yaşayacaklarını düşünmüştür.

Eserleri

Yazdığı Eserler
 Bir Din Felsefesine Doğru, İstanbul 1959.
 Çin Felsefesinin Kaynakları, Ankara (Tarihsiz.)
 Felsefe Dersleri, İstanbul 1924, 2. baskı İstanbul 1926.
 Felsefe-i Din, İstanbul 1927.
 Fikir Sohbetleri, İstanbul 1948.
 Gülmek Nedir, Kime Gülüyoruz? İstanbul 1921.
 İnsan Ruhu Üzerinde Gezintiler, İstanbul 1943.
 Psikoloji Dersleri (Terbiye Bakımından), İstanbul 1950.
 Psikolojiye Giriş, İstanbul 1949.
 Ruh Aleminde, İstanbul 1945.
 Ruhiyat, İstanbul 1924.
 Ruhiyat Dersleri, İstanbul 1919.
 Ruhiyat Derslerine Lahika, İstanbul 1920.
 Ruh Yapımız ve Onun Tipleri Bakımından Ahlak, 1942-43 Üniversite Konferanslarından ayrı basım, İstanbul 1944.
 Terakki Fikrinin Menşe ve Tekamülü, İstanbul 1928.
 Üç Zihniyet, 1940.
 Yeni Türk Kadını ve Ruhi Münasebetleri, Ankara 1939.

Çevirileri
 Psikanalize Dair Beş Konferans (Sigmund Freud), İstanbul 1926, 2. baskı 1929, 3. baskı 1931, 4. baskı 1948.
 Geçici (François Coppée), Üsküp 1910.
 Gülme (Henri Bergson), İstanbul 1945.
 Manevi Kudrete Dair Birkaç Konferans (Henri Bergson), İstanbul 1923.
 Şuurun Doğrudan Doğruya Verileri (Henri Bergson), istanbul 1950.
 Yaratıcı Tekamül (Hayatın Tekamülü) (Henri Bergson), İstanbul 1934.
 Yaratıcı Tekamül (Henri Bergson), İstanbul 1947, 2. baskı 1986.
 Hissiyat Ruhiyatı (Théodule Ribot), İstanbul 1919.
 İhtiraslar Üzerine Bir Tecrübe-i Kalemiyye (Théodule Ribot), İstanbul 1920.
 Yaratıcı Muhayyile Hakkında Bir Kalem Tecrübesi (Théodule Ribot), İstanbul 1932.
 İtiyat Kanunları (William James), İstanbul 1934.
 Ruhiyat Müsahebeleri (William James), İstanbul 1937.
 Terbiye Müsahabeleri (William James), İstanbul 1923.
 Muasır Fransız Psikolojisi (Georges Dwelshauvers), İstanbul 1940.
 Psikoloji (Georges Dwelshauvers), İstanbul 1928.
 Mülahhas Ruhiyat (Hermann Ebbinghaus), İstanbul 1919.
 Ruhiyat (Hermann Ebbinghaus), İstanbul 1914.

Kaynakça

 S.Türkmen, Mustafa Şekip Hayatını Anlatıyor, Prof. Mustafa Şekip Tunç Jübilesi, İstanbul 1944.
 Derin (Fahri C.), Mustafa Şekip Tunç, Bilgi, Mart 1958, C.XI.

Türk tıp akademisyenleri
Türk çevirmenler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
Türk profesörler
Vefa Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Kültür Haftası kişileri
İstanbul Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
1886 doğumlular
1958 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu bilim insanları
İstanbul'da ölenler
Fransızcadan Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
İstanbul doğumlu çevirmenler

Mustafa Şekip Tunç


Le processus unciforme de l'os ethmoïde (ou apophyse unciforme de l'ethmoïde ou petite apophyse de l'ethmoïde) est une lame osseuse en forme de faucille qui se détache de la face médiane labyrinthe ethmoïdal à l'extrémité antérieure du méat nasal moyen.

Description
Le processus unciforme de l'os ethmoïde est oblique en arrière et en bas. Il croise le hiatus maxillaire et se termine par deux lamelles : l'inférieure s'articule avec le processus ethmoïdal du cornet nasal inférieur, et la seconde, postérieure, est libre.

À l'avant de l'extrémité supérieure du processus unciforme s'insère la saillie de l'agger nasi. À l'arrière, une petite travée osseuse la relie à la bulle ethmoïdale. Dans le prolongement de l'infundibulum ethmoïdal, la gouttière unciformienne sépare la partie inférieure du processus unciforme de la bulle ethmoïdale.

Variations
Le processus unciforme de l'os ethmoïde peut être attaché soit à la paroi nasale latérale (50%), au toit ethmoïdal (25%), ou au cornet nasal moyen (25%).

L'attache supérieure du processus unciforme détermine le réseau de drainage du sinus frontal. Dans un premier cas, l'infundibulum et le récessus frontal sont séparés, obligeant le sinus frontal à se drainer directement dans le méat moyen et non dans l'infundibulum ethmoïdal. Dans les autres configurations, le sinus se draine dans l'infundibulum.

Notes et références

Crâne

Processus unciforme de l'os ethmoïde


An Eminium lehmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Aleksandr Andrejevitj Bunge, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze. An Eminium lehmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eminium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eminium

Eminium lehmannii


Ksantorheja (crni dječak, trava-drvo, lat. Xanthorrhoea), biljni rod iz porodice ksantorhejevki ili čepljezovki (Xanthorrhoeaceae) i redu Asparagales, kojoj je dao svoje ime. Pripada mu 28 vrsta vazdazelenih trajnica i grmova iz Australije i Novog Zelanda.

Poznatije vrste su X. minor, ili malo travnato drvo, vazdazeleni grm iz Australije, točnije u Novom Južnom Walesu i Viktoriji, i X. australis, australska trava drvo ili crni dječak.

Vrste

 Xanthorrhoea acanthostachya D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea acaulis (A.T.Lee) D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea arborea R.Br.
 Xanthorrhoea arenaria D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br.
 Xanthorrhoea bracteata R.Br.
 Xanthorrhoea brevistyla D.A.Herb.
 Xanthorrhoea brunonis Endl.
 Xanthorrhoea caespitosa D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea concava (A.T.Lee) D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea drummondii Harv.
 Xanthorrhoea fulva (A.T.Lee) D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea glauca D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea gracilis Endl.
 Xanthorrhoea johnsonii A.T.Lee
 Xanthorrhoea latifolia (A.T.Lee) D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea macronema F.Muell. ex Benth.
 Xanthorrhoea malacophylla D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea media R.Br.
 Xanthorrhoea minor R.Br.
 Xanthorrhoea nana D.A.Herb.
 Xanthorrhoea platyphylla D.J.Bedford
 Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl.
 Xanthorrhoea pumilio R.Br.
 Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata F.Muell.
 Xanthorrhoea resinosa Pers.
 Xanthorrhoea semiplana F.Muell.
 Xanthorrhoea thorntonii Tate

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Čepljezovke

Ksantorheja


Köprülü ismi, ailenin atalarının dönemin Balkanlar'ında yerleştiği Makedonya'nın Köprülü kenti'nden gelir. Aile, Arnavutluk'un Berat Sancağının Roshnik kasabasındandır.

Samsun'un Vezirköprü ilçesi bu adı, Mehmet Köprülü o yöreden bir kızla evlendiği için alır. Tarihi Köprülü ailesinin kökeni, isim benzerliğinden gelen başka Köprülü aileleriyle karıştırılmaktadır. Ancak Osmanlı tarihi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, Köprülü ailesi Karadeniz kökenli olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.
Köprülü Mehmet Paşa İstanbul'a saraya geldiği dönemlerde devlet bir buhran içerisindeydi. Anadolu ayaklanmaları artmış İstanbul dahi sipahiler ve yeniçeriler tarafından abluka altına alınmıştı. 1648 yılında tahta çıkan IV. Mehmet daha 6 yaşındaydı ve yönetimi babaannesi Kösem Sultan ve annesi Turhan Sultan ellerinde tutmaktaydılar. 1656 yılında Turhan Sultan tarafından Köprülü Mehmet Paşa sadrazamlığa getirilmiş bulunmaktaydı.

Köprülü Ailesi 17. yüzyılda  Saltanata önemli vezir ve sadrazamlar yetiştirmiş bir aile olmaktadır. V. (Ara Seçim), VI, VII. Dönem Kars, VIII, IX, X. Dönem İstanbul Milletvekillikleri, Dışişleri , Devlet Bakanlığı ve Başbakan Yardımcılıkları yapan Mehmet Fuat Köprülü de bu aileden gelmektedir.

Ailenin tanınmış sadrazam ve vezirleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Köprülüler Devri

Dipnotlar

Köprülü ailesi


Rendezvous with Annie  é um filme de comédia de 1946 dirigido por Allan Dwan e escrito por Mary Loos e Richard Sale. É estrelado por Eddie Albert, Faye Marlowe e Gail Patrick. Foi lançado em 22 de julho de 1946 pela Republic Pictures.

Elenco

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1946
Filmes de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia da década de 1940
Filmes da Republic Pictures
Filmes dirigidos por Allan Dwan
Filmes em língua inglesa

Rendezvous with Annie


Bronx Park er en park i bydelen Bronx i New York City. Den dækker  langs Bronx River og er hjemsted for New York Botanical Garden og Bronx Zoo. Parken drives af New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.

Området til Bronx Park blev erhvervet gennem fonde ifølge en lov fra 1884 New Parks Act. Det oprindelige område på  erhvervede man 1888-1889.  mod nordøst kom til i 1891 for New York Botanical Society.  Andre  i 1898 for New York Zoological Society. Yderligere  erhvervede man i 1906 i den sydøstre del, som kaldes Ranaqua og hvor parkens hovedkvarter ligger.

Kort

Eksterne henvisninger

 Om parken på hjemmesiden for New York City (NycGovParks.org)
 Ranaqua hjemmeside

Parker i USA
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i New York City

Bronx Park


El estadio de fútbol Rafael Hernández Ochoa está situado en Av. Universidad Veracruzana s/n entre las calles Roman Marín y Pino Suárez. Su nombre es en honor al político mexicano, exgobernador del Estado de Veracruz Rafael Hernández Ochoa. Es un estadio multiuso ya que cuenta con pista de atletismo, cancha de baloncesto y un campo de béisbol. Actualmente es el escenario que utiliza el equipo Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz Premier para jugar sus partidos oficiales de Segunda División de México.

Historia

En sus inicios era solo un simple campo de fútbol en mal estado, pero para el año 2003 fue remodelado ya que el equipo de Delfines el cual jugaba en el Estadio Miguel Hidalgo ubicado en la misma ciudad, el cual estaba en muy malas condiciones.El Club Delfines había ascendido a la Primera A, ahora llamada Liga de Ascenso de México y tenía que estar apto para poder participar en dicha liga. Actualmente es sede del Atlético Coatzacoalcos de la Segunda División. Ahora Tercera Categoría del Fútbol Mexicano.

Instalaciones
Actualmente el Estadio Rafael Hernández Ochoa cuenta con 3 zonas para los partidos del Veracruz Premier:
 Zona Sombra
 Zona Sol
 Zona Delfín

Estadios de fútbol de México
Instalaciones deportivas en el estado de Veracruz
Deporte en Coatzacoalcos

Estadio Rafael Hernández Ochoa


Die De Redin Towers sind eine Reihe von dreizehn Befestigungsanlagen auf Malta, die während der Herrschaft des Großmeisters Martin de Redin von 1657 bis 1660 erbaut worden sind. Nach ihm werden diese Türme benannt. Im Vergleich zu den 1609 bis 1614 erbauten Wignacourt Towers hatte sich die Aufgabe dieser Türme geändert. Wesentlich kleiner gebaut und schwächer bewaffnet, dienten sie vorrangig als Beobachtungsposten, von denen bei Annäherung einer gegnerischen Flotte die Garnison in Valletta und an anderen Orten alarmiert werden sollte. Dazu waren die Türme zusammen mit den Wignacourt Towers und den Lascaris Towers auf Sichtweite zueinander angeordnet, so dass bei Tag und Nacht optische Signale übermittelt werden konnten. Ihre Aufstellung erfolgte an Abschnitten der Küste, an denen eine Anlandung gegnerischer Truppen aufgrund des Geländes möglich war.

Türme
Folgende Türme wurden errichtet:
 Għajn Ħadid Tower
 Għallis Tower
 St Mark's Tower, auch Qalet Marku Tower
 Madliena Tower
 St Julian's Tower
 Aħrax Tower (White Tower)
 Bengħisa Tower
 Triq il-Wiesgħa Tower
 Xrobb l-Għaġin Tower
 Delimara Tower
 Żonqor Tower
 Ħamrija Tower
 Wardija Tower

Nach dem Tode de Redins wurden nach dem gleichen Konstruktionsprinzip weitere Türme errichtet:
 Mġarr ix-Xini Tower
 San Blas Tower

Konstruktion
Die Türme entsprechen in Größe und Form ungefähr den Lascaris Towers. Sie hatten einen quadratischen Grundriss, eine Breite bzw. Tiefe von ungefähr acht Metern und eine Höhe von ungefähr zehn bis zwölf Metern. Das Erdgeschoss hatte die Form eines Pyramidenstumpfes, darüber verliefen die Mauern nahezu senkrecht. Im Erdgeschoss befand sich normalerweise ein Lagerraum, im ersten Stockwerk die Unterkünfte für die Besatzung des Turmes. Der Zugang zu diesem Stockwerk erfolgte über eine einziehbare, hölzerne Leiter. Von diesem Stockwerk erfolgte auch über eine teilweise in die Wand eingebaute Wendeltreppe zum Dach. Das Dach war mit einer niedrigen Brustwehr versehen, über die die dort aufgestellte Kanone feuern konnte. Von hier konnten auch bei Tag und Nacht optische Signale gegeben werden.

Die Baukosten beliefen sich im Normalfall auf weniger als 500 Scudi. Damit waren diese Türme deutlich billiger als die Wignacourt Tower zu errichten.

Im Gegensatz zu den Lascaris Towers konnten die de Redin Towers auf dem Dach ein oder mehrere Kanonen aufnehmen. Erreicht wurde dies durch die Überdachung der Innenräume mit Tonnengewölben. Im Regelfall wurden auf den Türmen ein oder zwei eiserne 3-Pfünder-Kanonen aufgestellt. Diese dienten vorrangig zur Alarmierung, zum Kampf gegen stärker bewaffnete Schiffe konnten sie kaum eingesetzt werden. Im Jahre 1659 wurden jedem Turm zwei moschettoni di posta zugeteilt, dabei handelt es sich um schwere Musketen.

Während der britischen Kolonialherrschaft wurden diese Türme anfänglich noch genutzt. Captain Dickens schlug 1813 vor, die Türme zu verstärken und die Küstenbefestigungen des Ordens auszubauen. Diese Pläne gelangten jedoch nicht zur Ausführung. 1828 schlug Captain Jones von den Royal Engineers den Abbruch aller Türme vor. Er begründete seinen Vorschlag damit, dass die Türme einem Beschuss mit moderner Artillerie nicht lange standhalten würden, ein Ausbau jedoch zu aufwändig wäre. Der bauliche Zustand der Türme hatte sich in den zurückliegenden Jahren verschlechtert, einige waren in einem ruinösen Zustand, andere bedurften der Instandsetzung. 1832 verfügte Colonel Morshead, Chief Royal Engineer, den Abbruch aller Türme. Letztendlich wurde von einem Abriss Abstand genommen und die vorhandenen Türme an die lokalen Behörden übergeben.  Lediglich der Madliena Tower verblieb bis in die Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und wurde an die geänderten Anforderungen angepasst.

Literatur
 Quentin Hughes: Malta. A guide to the fortifications, Said International, 1993. ISBN 9990943 07 9
 Stephen C. Spiteri: The Knight's Fortifications: an Illustrated Guide of the Fortifications built by the Knights of St. John in Malta, Book distributors limited, 2001. ISBN 978-99909-72-06-1
 Charles Stephenson: The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945. Osprey Publishing Limited, Wellingborough 2004, ISBN 1-84176-693-3 (Osprey Fortress Series 16).

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Festung in Europa

De Redin Towers


Le système volcanique du Heiðarsporðar est situé dans le Nord-Est de l'Islande à proximité du lac Mývatn. Il est à l'origine de nombreuses formations présentes dans le lac et aux abords, notamment sous la forme de pseudo-cratères.

Géographie
Le Heiðarsporðar (ou Heiðarsporður) est un système volcanique de la zone volcanique Nord de l'Islande. Il possède un volcan central embryonnaire qui culmine à  d'altitude. Au sud du système, une série de tuyas atteint une altitude plus élevée avec un sommet à .

Géologie
Une faille de  constitue l'épine dorsale du système. Un cratère situé à  à l'ouest de l'axe de la faille s'est formé il y a . Il témoigne d'une éruption effusive s'étalant en fait sur 17 km créant un vaste champ de lave de , recouvrant la majeure partie du lac Mývatn d'alors. La réaction explosive créée par le contact de la lave avec l'eau entraîna la formation de pseudo-cratères que l'on retrouve émergeant du lac actuel et aux alentours. L'éruption a été très productive () permettant à la lave d'atteindre la mer à  au nord.

Les laves émises par le système sont très majoritairement basaltiques et même exclusivement en ce qui concerne la dernière éruption.

Notes et références

Volcan en Norðurland eystra
Volcan dans les Hautes Terres d'Islande
Sommet en Islande

Heiðarsporðar


Sezonul 9 al emisiunii de divertisment Te cunosc de undeva! a debutat pe Antena 1 la data de 13 februarie 2016. Emisiunea a fost prezentată de Alina Pușcaș și Cosmin Seleși.

Juriul era format din Andreea Bălan, Ozana Barabancea, Aurelian Temișan și Andrei Aradits. La 28 mai 2016, sezonul 9 a ajuns la final, câștigătorul fiind Liviu Teodorescu. Locul 2 a fost ocupat de Andrei și Liviu, iar locul 3 a fost ocupat de Theo Rose.

Distribuția

Celebrități
 Anca Țurcașiu - actriță
 Andrei Ștefănescu și Liviu Vârciu - cântăreți
 Feli Donose -  cântăreață
 George - cântăreț
 Liviu Teodorescu - cântăreț
 Nicoleta  Nucă - cântăreață
 Paula Chirilă - actriță
 Rareș Dragomir - cântăreț
 Theo Rose - cântăreață

Juriul
 Andreea Bălan
 Ozana Barabancea
 Aurelian Temișan
 Andrei Aradits

Jurizare
Dupa ce concurenții și-au făcut transformările, fiecare din membrii juriului acorda note de la 4 la 12. După notarea concurenților se alcătuia un clasament provizoriu al juriului. La acest clasament se adăugau punctele acordate de concurenți. Și anume, fiecare dintre concurenți avea la dispoziție cinci puncte pe care să le acorde artistului preferat. Concurentul cu cel mai mare punctaj după cele două jurizări câștiga ediția respectivă și primea 1000 de euro, pe care urma să îi doneze. La finalul sezonului, celebritatea câștigătoare a primit 15.000 de euro.

Interpretări

Legendă:
 Câștigător

Scor total
Legenda
Numere roșii indică concurentul care a obținut cel mai mic scor. Si cei care nu se califica in finala
Numere verzi indică concurentul care a obținut cel mai mare scor.Si cei care se califica in finala
 indică concurentul care a părăsit competiția.
 indică concurentul câștigător.
 indică concurentul de pe locul 2.
 indică concurentul de pe locul 3.

Ediții

Ediția 1
 difuzare originală: 13 februarie 2016

Ediția 2
 difuzare originală: 20 februarie 2016

Ediția 3
 difuzare originală: 27 februarie 2016

Ediția 4
 difuzare originală: 5 martie 2016

Ediția 5
 difuzare originală: 12 martie 2016

Ediția 6
 difuzare originală: 19 martie 2016

Ediția 7
 difuzare originală: 26 martie 2016

Ediția 8
 difuzare originală: 2 aprilie 2016

Ediția 9
 difuzare originală: 9 aprilie 2016

Ediția 10
 difuzare originală: 16 aprilie 2016

Ediția 11
 difuzare originală: 23 aprilie 2016

Ediția 12
 difuzare originală: 30 aprilie 2016

Ediția 13
 difuzare originală: 7 mai 2016

Ediția 14
 difuzare originală: 14 mai 2016

Ediția 15
 difuzare originală: 21 mai 2016

Ediția 16 - Finala
 difuzare originală : 28 mai 2016

Note

Te cunosc de undeva!
Sezoane de televiziune din 2016
Producții Antena 1

Te cunosc de undeva! (Sezonul 9)


جيمس ماونتاين «جيم» إنهوف  (المولود بتاريخ 17 نوفمبر 1934)، سياسي أمريكي من أوكلاهوما. وهو عضو في الحزب الجمهوري، ويشغل حاليا منصب أكبر سيناتور من ولاية أوكلاهوما. يعتبر من أكبر المفندين والمشككين لقضية الاحترار العالمي في الكونغرس.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أصحاب أعمال من تلسا (أوكلاهوما)
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من أوكلاهوما
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في مجلس نواب ولاية أوكلاهوما
أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري
أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري من أوكلاهوما
أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من أوكلاهوما
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من أوكلاهوما
أعضاء مجلس شيوخ ولاية أوكلاهوما
أعضاء مجلس نواب ولاية أوكلاهوما
أعضاء مجلس نواب ولاية أوكلاهوما القرن 20
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي
أفراد عسكريون من أوكلاهوما
جمهوريون من ولاية أوكلاهوما
خريجو جامعة تلسا
سياسيون أمريكيون
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
سياسيون من تلسا (أوكلاهوما)
سياسيون من دي موين
شخصيات أعمال أمريكية في تأمين
طيارون أمريكيون
طيارون من آيوا
طيارون من أوكلاهوما
عمدات تلسا (أوكلاهوما)
مرشحون في انتخابات الولايات المتحدة 1966
مرشحون في انتخابات الولايات المتحدة 1974
مرشحون في انتخابات الولايات المتحدة 1976
مرشحون في انتخابات الولايات المتحدة 1984
مسيحيون من أوكلاهوما
مشيخيون أمريكيون
منظرو مؤامرة أمريكيون
مواليد 1934
مواليد في دي موين (آيوا)
ناشطون أمريكيون ضد الهجرة غير الشرعية
نكران التغير المناخي

جيم إنهوف


مفردات الأصابع  هي حيوانات إصبعية - ذوات الحوافر - التي خفضت أصابع القدم الحاملة للوزن إلى ثلاثة (وحيد القرن والتابير، مع استمرار استخدام التابير 4 أصابع في الأرجل الأمامية) أو حتى واحد (خيول، إصبع القدم الثالث) من الأصابع الخمسة الأصلية. أصابع القدم غير الحاملة للوزن إما أن تكون موجودة أو غائبة أو أثرية أو موضوعة في الخلف. على النقيض من ذلك، فإن ذوات الحوافر الزوجية تتحمل معظم وزنها بالتساوي على اثنين (عدد زوجي) من الأصابع الخمسة: أصابع القدم الثالثة والرابعة. الفرق الآخر بين الاثنين هو أن ذوات الحوافر ذات الأصابع الفردية تهضم السليلوز النباتي في أمعائها بدلاً من غرفة واحدة أو أكثر من غرف المعدة كما تفعل ذوات الحوافر الأصابع ، باستثناء Suina.

يتضمن الترتيب حوالي 17 نوعًا مقسمة إلى ثلاث عائلات: الخيول (الخيول، الحمير، الحمير الوحشية)، وحيد القرن (وحيد القرن)، و Tapiridae (التابير).

اقرأ أيضًا

 قائمة مفردات الأصابع حسب العدد

مراجع

الظهور الأول في الأبريسيني

مفردات الأصابع


أولاد القيمرية هو مسلسل تلفزيوني سوري درامي من تأليف عنود خالد وسيناريو وحوار حافظ قرقوط وعباس النوري فيمَا تكلّف سيف الدين سبيعي بعملية الإخراج.

يتناولُ المسلسل قصّة التفصيلات الإدارية للدولة السورية إبان الحكم العثماني ويتناول علاقات الناس والموظفين بالدولة الحاكمة والصعوبات التي تواجههم بسبب التأخير في تسليم الرواتب من خلال الموظف الحكمداري «عبد الله آفندي» وما يُجابهه من محاربة من قبل الباشوات والبكوات والموظفين بالحكمدارية.

قصة المسلسل
يواجه الحكمداري عبد الله أفندي الظلم والفساد في الدولة العثمانية، فهو ذو شخصية طيبة في وصارمِ في عمله إلا أنّه حنونٌ على أهله، أخوانه ثلاثه، أبو كامل الأخ الأكبر (رفيق سبيعي)، عبد الصمد (ناجي جبر) ثم الشيخ عبد الواحد (فادي صبيح). يُصدر الوالي فرماناً لـعبد الله أفندي (عباس النوري) ليقوم بالتفتيش على أوراق المالية والمزابط لتقع بين يديه أوراق تفتيش عن المطاحن ليرى فيه بأن هناك بعض الباشاوات والبكوات متورطين فيه. يرى اسم صبري بيك وهو عدو لـعبد الله أفندي حيث أن صبري بيك يرغب في نقل عبد الله أفندي من ديوان الرواتب لأنه لا يقبل التعاون معه. في وقتٍ ما كانَ صبري بيك صديقاً لأخو عبد الله أفندي وهو أبو كامل، وكانت بين صبري بيك وأبو كامل تجارات وقوافل بالشام وخارج الشام، وقد أخذ أبو كامل حصه بالمطاحن وباع بيت عبد الله أفندي لصبري بيك.

في أوراق التفتيش يجد عبد الله أفندي اسم أخوه أبو كامل متورط بالمطاحن حيث أن له حصة فيها، وكان عبد الله أفندي يعلم بأمر بيته الذي باعه أخوه وأمر حصته بالمطاحن، وقد أبلغه عن حصته بالمطاحن ولم يجب أبو كامل عن السؤال. حينها قام صبري بيك بإرسال شخص لقتل عبد الله أفندي، لكن لم تصبه الرصاصة وأمر الصوباشي بتعيين حراسه عند بيت عبد الله أفندي لكن عبد الله أفندي طلب من الصوباشي بإلغاء الحراسة لأنها تزعج أهل حارته عندما يذهبون لمنزله.

طاقم التمثيل

مسلسلات تلفزيونية سورية بدأ عرضها في 2008

أولاد القيمرية (مسلسل)


İyidere, Rize ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Genel
Coğrafi yapının yarattığı koşullar dolayısıyla köy ve kasaba arasında bir profile sahiptir. Genel iş kaynakları, tarım, hayvancılık, balıkçılık ve çay tarımıdır. Çay tarımında genellikle kadınlar çalışırken, erkekler de bölge sayısı yaklaşık 15'i bulan çay fabrikalarında çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca ilçenin sahilde bulunması balıkçılık yapılmasına da olanak vermiştir.

İyidere nüfusunu etnik köken bakımından başta Türkler ve Laz kökenli aileler oluşturmaktadır.

Coğrafya
İyidere yeşilliklerin sonsuz olduğu bir yer gibidir. Yaklaşık yüzölçümüm 25 kilometre karedir. Trabzon sınırına çok yakındır. Rize iline mesafesi 14 km'dir. Doğusunda yine Rize ilinin Derepazarı ilçesi batısında ise Trabzon ilinin Of ilçesi bulunmaktadır. Güneyinde Rize'nin Kalkandere ilçesi kuzeyinde ise Karadeniz sahili vardır. Doğu ve güneye gidildikçe rakım yükselir. Kıyıda iklim iç bölgelerine göre daha ılımandır. Ortalama sıcaklık 14 derece, ortalama yıllık yağış miktarı ise metrekareye 230 kilogramdır.Her ne kadar yağış miktarı Türkiye ortalamasına göre fazla olsa da özellikle sahilleri oldukça ilgi çekicidir.Turistlerin sıklıkla ziyaret ettiği Metropol İlçe İyidere, plajlarıyla namını birkaç sene sonra tüm Türkiye'de duyuracağına kesin gözüyle bakılıyor.Ayrıca son yapılan ölçümlerde deniz suyunun son derece temiz olduğununda altı çiziliyor.

Tarih
MÖ 700'lü yıllarda Miyetoslularca kurulmuş zamanla sırasıyla Roma, Bizans ve Trabzon İmparatorluğu egemenliği altında kalmıştır. Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından 1461 yılında Osmanlı topraklarına katılmıştır. Eski adı [Aspet] olarak bilinmektedir. Aspet ismi Eski Yunanca "T'aspeta (Evler)" kelimesinden geldiği sanılmaktadır. İyidere ismi ise ilçenin içinden geçmekte olan eski adı Yunanca "Kalapotamos" çayının Türkçeye tercüme edilmesi ile bugüne gelmiştir. Osmanlı dönemindeyken nahiye durumunda olan ilçe, cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra bucak durumuna gelmiştir.

Nüfus
{{Türkiye ilçe nüfus/Rize/İyidere}60000

Mahalle
İlçe de 8 Mahalle bulunmaktadır:
 Sarayköy (Çiklenar)
 Yalıköy (Liparit/Kutsili)
 Üstüpilar
 Fethiye (Aspet)
 Yapraklar (Gutoz/Gumislar)
 Fıçıtaşı (petroz/Samsoz)
 Çanakçeşme (Kayluklar)
 Hazar (Masi)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İyidere Belediyesi

İyidere


تأسس المنتدى العربي للبيئة والتنمية  في العام 2006 كمنظمة غير حكومية إقليمية لا تتوخى الربح، تجمع الخبراء والأكاديميين مع هيئات المجتمع الأهلي ومجتمع الأعمال ومؤسسات الاعلام والإعلان، لتشجيع سياسات وبرامج بيئية متطورة عبر العالم العربي.
الدكتور نجيب صعب يشغل منصب الأمين عام

التأسيس
لقد تم إطلاق المنتدى العربي للبيئة والتنمية رسمياً في 17 حزيران (يونيو) 2006 في بيروت، في ختام مؤتمر «الرأي العام العربي والبيئة» الذي نظمته مجلة البيئة والتنمية.

المصادر

انظر أيضاً
 منتدى الجزيرة
 منتدى الشرق
 المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي
 برنامج حركة الإصلاح والبيئة

وصلات خارجية
 موقع المنتدى الرسمي باللغة العربية باللغة الإنجليزية

بيئة طبيعية
تأسيسات سنة 2006 في لبنان
منتديات إنترنت
منظمات بيئية دولية
منظمات أسست في 2006
منظمات عربية
منظمات بيئية مقرها في لبنان

المنتدى العربي للبيئة والتنمية


Mary Lou Zeeman é uma matemática britânica do Bowdoin College, Estados Unidfos, onde é R. Wells Johnson Professor of Mathematics. É especializada em sistemas dinâmicos e sua aplicação à biologia matemática; ajudou a fundar o SIAM Activity Group on the Mathematics of Planet Earth, e co-dirige a Mathematics and Climate Research Network.

É filha do matemático britânico Christopher Zeeman. Estudou na Universidade de Oxford, e obteve um PhD em 1989 na Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley, orientada por Morris Hirsch. Antes de se mudar para Bowdoin em 2006, passou 15 anos na faculdade da Universidade do Texas em San Antonio.

Referências

Ligações externas
Página pessoal

Matemáticos do Reino Unido
Matemáticas dos Estados Unidos
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XX
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XXI
Matemáticas do século XX
Matemáticas do século XXI
Alunos da Universidade de Oxford
Pessoas vivas

Mary Lou Zeeman


An Neottia bifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Norbert Baumbach. An Neottia bifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neottia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Neottia

Neottia bifolia


Geostrofički vjetar (grč. γεω: Zemljino + στρέφεıν: okretati, vrtjeti) je visinsko vodoravno strujanje zraka kojem je smjer usporedan s izobarama. Nastaje na visini iznad 600 ili 1 000 metara pod utjecajem gradijenta tlaka (sile usmjerene od višega prema nižem tlaku) i Coriolisove sile (sile okomite na smjer strujanja). Pojednostavljeno, geostrofički je vjetar glavni pokretač strujanja zraka u prizemnim slojevima atmosfere, a njegovu je brzinu moguće izračunati iz razdiobe polja tlaka.

Geostrofički i gradijentni vjetar
Pravolinijsko jednoliko gibanje zraka u slobodnom sloju atmosfere, pod djelovanjem Coriolisove sile i vodoravnog gradijenta tlaka, zove se geostrofički vjetar. Smjer geostrofičkog vjetra poklapa se sa smjerom izobara na sinoptičkim kartama, odnosno sa smjerom izohipsa na izobaričkim visinskim kartama. Na sjevernoj polutci, gledano u smjeru vjetra, područje nižeg tlaka nalazi se ulijevo, a visokog tlaka udesno od smjera vjetra (takozvani Buys-Ballotov zakon). Na južnoj je polutci obrnuto.

Stvarna strujanja u atmosferi većinom su krivolinijska, pa tada na čestice zraka djeluje i centrifugalna sila. Raspored sila u cikloni (području sniženog tlaka s približno kružnim izobarama) jest takav da je sila vodoravnog gradijenta tlaka usmjerena prema središtu ciklone, a Coriolisova sila i centrifugalna sila od središta. Zato na sjevernoj polutci u slobodnoj atmosferi vjetar struji oko središta ciklone u smjeru suprotnom kretanju kazaljke na satu. U anticikloni Coriolisova sila je usmjerena prema središtu anticiklone, a gradijent tlaka i centrifugalna sila od središta, dok je strujanje vjetra u smjeru kazaljke na satu. Valja napomenuti da je na južnoj polutki obrnut smjer vjetra u cikloni, odnosno anticikloni.

Krivocrtno jednoliko gibanje u slobodnom sloju atmosfere, pri kojemu su u ravnoteži vodoravni gradijent tlaka, Coriolisova sila i centrifugalna sila, zove se gradijentni vjetar. Taj vjetar puše također uzduž izobara na sinoptičkim kartama, odnosno izohipsa na izobaričkim visinskim kartama. Ispitivanja su pokazala da je u slobodnoj atmosferi stvarni vjetar vrlo dobro aproksimiran geostrofičkim vjetrom, kad su gibanja približno pravocrtna, a gradijentnim vjetrom kad su gibanja krivocrtna. Pri tlu, zbog djelovanja sila trenja, vjetar na sjevernoj polutki u cikloni puše prema središtu a u anticikloni od središta.

Izvori

Vjetrovi

Geostrofički vjetar


An Dyckia pauciflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith ngan Robert William Read. An Dyckia pauciflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia pauciflora


Schütz (also spelled Schuetz without Umlaut ü) is a German surname, deriving from Schütze (shooter/marksman). Notable people with the surname include:

People
 Alfred Schütz (1899–1959), sociologist and philosopher
 Antal Schütz (1880-1953), Hungarian Piarist friar and prominent theologian
 Caspar Schütz (1540–1594), German historian
 Christian Gottfried Schütz (1747–1832), German humanist scholar
 Christoph Schütz (1689–1750), German pietist writer and songbook publisher
 David Schütz (1941–2017), Israeli writer
 Felix Schütz (born 1987), German ice hockey player
 Franz Schütz (1900–1955), German footballer
 Friedrich Schütz (1844–1908), Austrian journalist
 Günther Schütz (1912–1991), German military intelligence (Abwehr) agent during World War II
 Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672), German composer and organist
 Ignaz Schütz (1867–1927), Czech–German mathematician and physicist
 Johan Christher Schütz, Swedish songwriter and music producer
 Josef Schütz, or Schuetz, (1921–2023), Lithuanian-German Nazi concentration camp guard
 Katharina Schütz (later Katharina Zell; 1497–1562), German Protestant apologist
 Klaus Schütz (1926-2012), German Social Democratic Party (SPD) politician
 Michael Schütz (musician) (born 1963), German church musician
 Morgan Schuetz (born 1994), All-American middle-distance runner
 Tales Schütz (born 1981), Polish football striker of German and Brazilian descent
 Tom Schütz (born 1988), German footballer
 Udo Schütz (born 1937), German entrepreneur and former race car driver
 Guillermo Schütz (born 1980), Mexican sports announcer

Other
 4134 Schütz, a main-belt asteroid named after Heinrich Schütz

See also
 Schütze
 Schutz
 Šics

German-language surnames
Occupational surnames

Schütz


Die Baureihe Mercedes-Benz OM 300 (klein) umfasst mehrere Generationen Vier- und Sechszylinder-Diesel-Reihenmotoren (OM = Oelmotor), die hauptsächlich für den Antrieb leichter LKW produziert wurden. Die Ursprünge reichen in die Zeit um den Zweiten Weltkrieg zurück, abgelöst wurden die Motoren Mitte der 1990er-Jahre durch die neue Baureihe 900.

Geschichte und Entwicklung
Mercedes-Benz war auch vor dem Krieg in allen Marktsegmenten für LKW vertreten, der eigene 3-Tonner L 3000 war allerdings deutlich zu teuer und zu schwer. Grund für das hohe Gewicht war maßgeblich der verbaute Dieselmotor OM 65/4 mit 75 PS bei 2250 min−1. In der Klasse leichter LKW mit drei Tonnen Nutzlast war der Opel Blitz mit weitem Abstand der Marktführer, dieser hatte einen Sechszylinder-Benzinmotor mit 3,6 l Hubraum, war leicht und günstig in der Herstellung, außerdem zuverlässig und robust. Für einen konkurrenzfähigen Leicht-LKW benötigte Mercedes-Benz einen kleinen und leichten Dieselmotor. Der Motor sollte deshalb mit 3000 min−1 eine ungewöhnlich hohe Nenndrehzahl haben, dies war damals in vielfacher Hinsicht ein Wagnis.

Die Entwicklung begann um 1938 und war etwa 1941 abgeschlossen. Aufgrund des Krieges konnten die Fertigungseinrichtungen nicht mehr beschafft werden, zudem wurde Mercedes-Benz 1942 verpflichtet, den Opel Blitz in Lizenz zu fertigen. Bei Kriegsende waren die Fertigungseinrichtungen für den Motor des Opel Blitz fertiggestellt und auch weitgehend unzerstört. Das Problem war das gleiche wie vor dem Krieg: Benötigt wurden ein Leicht-LKW und ein passender Motor. Unter den Mangelbedingungen der frühen Nachkriegszeit mussten also der Motor und die bestehende Fertigungseinrichtung aneinander angepasst werden.

Der Blitz-Motor hatte nur vier Kurbelwellen-Hauptlager, jeweils zwei Zylinder standen wegen des fehlenden Hauptlagers enger beieinander als die Zylinder mit dazwischenliegendem Lager. Der Vorkriegs-R6-Motor OM 302 wurde weiterentwickelt: Die sieben Kurbelwellenhauptlager blieben, die Zylinderabstände wurden an die Fertigungseinrichtungen angepasst und deshalb ungleichmäßig. Fertig war der OM 312. Eine angemessen sorgfältige Erprobung war nur deshalb möglich, weil das Fahrzeug L 3250 erst ein Jahr später als geplant fertig wurde.

1954 kam eine turboaufgeladene Version des OM 312 für Sonderfahrzeuge hinzu. Aufgrund der damals schlechten Zuverlässigkeit der Turbolader und der geringen Akzeptanz bei den Kunden wurde etwa zeitgleich für den normalen Güterverkehr der leistungsstärkere im Wesentlichen auf dem OM 312 basierenden OM 321 eingeführt, von diesem folgten zwei Jahre später wiederum zwei turboaufgeladene Versionen.

Der OM 322 war dann später die letzte Version dieser Motoren mit Vorkammereinspritzung, eine Variante des OM 321 mit veränderter Bohrung und verändertem Hub. Die beengten Platzverhältnisse in Verbindung mit der Vorkammer verursachten erhebliche thermische Probleme in dem Motor, sodass am Ende seiner Produktionszeit die Schadenquote immer noch mehr als zehn Mal so hoch lag wie bei dem Nachfolger mit Direkteinspritzung im ersten Produktionsjahr.

Umstellung auf Direkteinspritzung
Mit dem OM 352 wurde 1964 für diese Motorenbaureihe die Ära der Direkteinspritzung eingeläutet, Versuche dazu gab es bereits seit über zehn Jahren. Er ersetzte alle seine Vorgänger, und es gab ihn deshalb auch leistungsreduziert. Nachdem ein Vierteljahrhundert zuvor die Entwicklungsarbeiten zu dieser Baureihe mit einem Vierzylinder begonnen hatten, folgte 1965 mit dem OM 314 der erste Vierzylinder-Dieselmotor im Verkaufsprogramm. Dieser war bis auf die Zylinderzahl baugleich mit dem OM 352 und für die neuen leichten LKW mit Kubischer Kabine leicht vorgesehen. Die Vierzylinder liefen sehr unkultiviert, aber die Motoren waren sehr zuverlässig und erstmals galt dies auch für die dann folgenden Turbomotoren.

1983 wurden OM 314/OM 352 nochmals gründlich überarbeitet und als OM 364/OM 366 auf den Markt gebracht. Notwendig wurde dies durch die verschärfte Umweltgesetzgebung, die den Wandel hin zu kleineren Zylinderzahlen mit Turboaufladung und Ladeluftkühlung beförderte. Weiter verschärfte Abgasgrenzwerte machten dann in den 1990er-Jahren endgültig eine Neuentwicklung notwendig, die Baureihe 900.

Technische Beschreibung OM 312
Der OM 312 ist ein stehender Reihen-Sechszylinder-Viertakt-Zweiventil-Dieselmotor mit Vorkammereinspritzung und Wasserkühlung. Der Zylinderblock des Motors ist mit dem geteilten Kurbelgehäuse vergossen und aus nickellegiertem Gusseisen hergestellt. Die Zylinderlaufbuchsen sind in den Block eingegossen. Bei einer Zylinderbohrung von 90 mm und einem Kolbenhub von 120 mm hat der Motor insgesamt einen Hubraum von 4580 cm³. In den Zylindern laufen geschmiedete Kolben aus Leichtmetall von Mahle mit vier Kompressionsringen und zwei Ölabstreifringen. Die Kraft wird über schräggeteilte Pleuel mit Gleitlagern aus Bleibronze mit Stahlstützschalen auf eine geschmiedete und an sämtlichen Lagerstellen gehärtete Kurbelwelle übertragen, die siebenfach in Bleibronze-Gleitlagern, ebenfalls mit Stahlstützschalen im Kurbelgehäuse gelagert ist. Sie ist mit sechs Gegengewichten und einem Schwingungsdämpfer versehen.

Im Kurbelgehäuse läuft eine vierfach in Gleitlagern gelagerte untenliegende Nockenwelle, die über schrägverzahnte Stirnräder angetrieben ist. Sie betätigt über Stößel, Stoßstangen und Kipphebel die senkrecht hängenden Ventile. Jeder Zylinder hat ein Ein- und ein Auslassventil. Die Ventile hängen in einem abnehmbaren Zylinderkopf aus Gusseisen, der alle Zylinder abdeckt. Zum Zylinderblock hin ist eine asbesthaltige Zylinderkopfdichtung eingebaut.

Zur Schmierung wird eine Druckumlaufschmierung benutzt, die von einer Zahnradölpumpe aufrechterhalten wird. Der Ölfilter ist im Hauptstrom verbaut. Das Öl wird von einem Ölkühler gekühlt, der über einen Temperaturregler verfügt. Der Kraftstoff wird aus dem Tank mit einer Kraftstoffpumpe gefördert und mit einem Filzrohrfilter gereinigt. Danach wird der Sprit zur Einspritzpumpe des Typs Bosch PES 6 A70 B 410 RS 64/7 gefördert, die ihn über Einspritzdüsen des Typs Bosch DNO SD 211 in die Vorkammer einspritzt. Ein Fliehkraftdrehzahlregler begrenzt die Höchstdrehzahl. Die Luft wird vor dem Kühler angesaugt und mit einem Ölbadluftfilter gereinigt, der auch das Ansauggeräusch des Motors dämpft. Gekühlt wird der Motor mit einem Röhrenkühler, dessen warme Abluft von einem Ventilator fortgeblasen wird.

Die Abgabeleistung des Motors betrug zunächst 66 kW, wurde aber ab 1956 durch eine Erhöhung der Verdichtung, der Drehzahl und anderer Steuerzeiten auf 74 kW erhöht.

Technische Beschreibung OM 352

Der OM 352 ist ein Reihen-Sechszylinder-Viertakt-Dieselmotor mit zwei Ventilen und Wasserkühlung, wesentlicher Unterschied zum OM 322 und 321 ist die Direkteinspritzung in die Kolbenmulde. Der Zylinderblock des Motors ist aus Molybdän-Chrom-legiertem Sondergusseisen gegossen, das Kurbelgehäuse ist aus legiertem Sondergrauguss hergestellt. Bei einer Zylinderbohrung von 97 mm und einem Kolbenhub von 128 mm hat der Motor einen Gesamthubraum von 5675 cm³. Die Kolben sind geschmiedete Kolben aus Leichtmetall von Mahle mit jeweils drei Kompressionsringen und zwei Ölabstreifringen. Die Kraft wird über schräggeteilte Pleuel aus Vergütungsstahl mit Doppel-T-Querschnitt auf eine geschmiedete und an den Lagerstellen gehärtete, siebenfach gelagerte Kurbelwelle übertragen. Pleuel und Kurbelwelle haben Dreistofflager mit Stahlstützschalen. Die Kurbelwelle ist mit Gegengewichten und Schwingungsdämpfern versehen.

Im Kurbelgehäuse läuft eine vierfach in Gleitlagern gelagerte Nockenwelle aus gehärtetem Vergütungsstahl, die über schrägverzahnte Stirnräder von der Kurbelwelle angetrieben wird. Sie betätigt über Stoßstangen und Kipphebel die hängenden Ventile. Jeder Zylinder hat ein Ein- und ein Auslassventil. Der alle Zylinder abdeckende Zylinderkopf aus Molybdän-Chrom-legiertem Sondergusseisen ist mit einer asbesthaltigen Zylinderkopfdichtung zum Zylinderblock hin abgedichtet.

Die Druckumlaufschmierung arbeitet mit einer Zahnradölpumpe und einem Ölfilter im Hauptstrom sowie einem Ölfilter im Nebenstrom. Der Kraftstoff wird durch einen Filzrohrfilter gereinigt und mit einer Einspritzpumpe des Typs Bosch PES 6 A70 C 410 RS 2085 durch Einspritzdüsen des Typs Bosch DLLA 150 S 187 in die Kolbenmulden einspritzt. Die Einspritzpumpe hat einen Fliehkraftdrehzahlregler. Die Luft wird mit einem Ölbadluftfilter gereinigt. Gekühlt wird der Motor mit einem Röhrenkühler, dessen warme Abluft ein Ventilator fortbläst.

Dieser Motor leistet 126 PS / 93 kW bei 2800 min−1 und liefert ein Drehmoment von 36 kpm / 353 Nm bei 1600 min−1. Ab 1966 konnte der Motor auch mit Turbolader als OM 352 A geliefert werden, seine Leistung stieg durch die Aufladung auf 150 PS / 110 kW bei 2800 min−1, eine weiter überarbeitete Variante OM 352 X leistet 168 PS / 124 kW bei 2800 min−1

Benzinmotoren
Aus den Dieselmotoren wurden im Laufe der Jahre einige Vergasermotoren abgeleitet. Dies waren Benzinmotoren – keine Gasmotoren. Bestimmt waren sie (mit Ausnahme des M 324) für den Export oder für Militärfahrzeuge entsprechend NATO-Forderungen.

Technische Daten

Nomenklatur:
OM =  Oelmotor = Dieselmotor
M = Motor, d. h. Benzinmotor
h = horizontal/liegend für Busse
A = turboaufgeladen
Am = turboaufgeladen mild, d. h. reduzierter Ladedruck
LA = turboaufgeladen mit Ladeluftkühlung

Weblinks

Literatur

 Verband der Automobilindustrie: Daimler-Benz AG. Werk Mannheim – Typ L 4500 und L 4500 K, Gruppe 14, Nr. 810. Frankfurt am Main. Oktober 1954
 Verband der Automobilindustrie: Daimler-Benz AG. Werk Mannheim – Typ L 327, Gruppe 14, Nr. 1350b. Frankfurt am Main. November 1961
 Verband der Automobilindustrie: Daimler-Benz AG. Werk Mannheim: Typ L 1113 und LK 1113 Gruppe 14, Nummer 1050b. Frankfurt am Main. Dezember 1966

OM 300#klein
Motorenmodell (Reihenmotor)
Motorenmodell (Diesel)

Mercedes-Benz OM 300 (klein)