Olympic Aviation was a subsidiary of Olympic Airways, the Greek national flag carrier.

History
Olympic Aviation began as the light aircraft and helicopter division of Aristotle Onassis's Olympic Airways. It was founded as a separate company by Onassis's son Alexander on August 2, 1971. Its principal purpose was to provide aviation links between mainland Greece and the Greek islands, so its fleet consisted mainly of turboprop aircraft which were small enough to be able to negotiate even the most modest of Greek airports. Olympic Aviation played a significant role for Olympic Airways. It served most domestic destinations of the parent company. The company was also responsible for charter flights in the Olympic Airways Group of Companies, until Macedonian Airlines was created.

Olympic Aviation Flight Academy
The Flight Academy operated under the supervision of Olympic Aviation, and was created in 1970, by Alexander Onassis. The Flight Academy had bought flight simulators for ATR-42/72 aircraft, as well as Boeing 737-200/300/400 aircraft.

Fleet

Fleet at integration with Olympic Airways
ATR 42 (since 1990)
ATR 72 (since 1989)
Boeing 717-200 (since 2000)
Cessna 152
De Havilland Canada Dash 8-100 (since 2003)
Piper Cherokee F
Piper Seminole

The three Boeing 717 aircraft were leased to serve some of Olympic Aviation's European flights, based at Makedonia Airport of Thessaloniki. Shortly after the retirement of the Olympic Airways's Boeing 737-200s, the 717s were used on Olympic Airways's European destinations.

Historical fleet
Cessna 150K Aerobat (1970-1973)
Dornier 228 (1983-2003)
Piper Aztec D (1968-1992)
Piper Cherokee E (1972-1973)
Piper Cherokee B (1969-1973)
Piper Navajo (1968-1973)
Shorts Skyvan (1970-1990)
Shorts 330-200 (1980-1992)

On December 2003, the flight academy as well as most of the Olympic Airways Group companies, became part of a new company called Olympic Airways - Services S.A.. Olympic Aviation continues to operate, mainly to provide helicopter charter services, under the Olympic Airways - Services management. Its turboprop and jet aircraft fleet, as well as that of Olympic Airways and Macedonian Airlines was integrated into a new company, Olympic Airlines.

Accidents and incidents
August 3, 1989: an Olympic Aviation Short 330, operating as Olympic Aviation Flight 545, flew into the cloud-shrouded Mount Kerkis on Samos island, Greece, while attempting a landing approach. All 3 crew members and 31 passengers were killed.

References

External links

  Olympic Airways - Services S.A.
  Olympic Airlines
  Hellenic Ministry for Transportation and Communications

Airlines established in 1971
Airlines disestablished in 2003
Defunct airlines of Greece
Greek companies established in 1971

Olympic Aviation


مكتبة المعادي هي مكتبة تقع بحي المعادي بالقاهرة، افتتحت في 30 يونيو 2002 بعد أن أعيد إنشائها. وقد كانت قد افتتحت لأول مرة في 14 من يناير سنة 1991 باسم (مكتبة طفل المعادى)، وتعد المكتبة إحدى المكتبات العامة والصروح الثقافية التي تتبع جمعية مصر للثقافة وتنمية المجتمع (جمعية الرعاية المتكاملة سابقاَ)

قاعات المكتبة

 قاعة اطلاع الأطفال: تشتمل على مقتنيات الأطفال حتى سن 18 سنة بالإضافة إلى أجهزة الحاسب الآلي
 قاعة اطلاع الكبار: تشتمل على مقتنيات الكبار أكبر من 18 سنة، بالإضافة إلى مقيتنات الركن الأمريكى، والركن الصيني.
 قاعة اجتماعات رئيسية: تستخدم لعقد اللقاءات والاجتماعات وتنظيم الندوات.
 معامل الحاسب الآلي: تشتمل المكتبة على عدد (4) معامل تستخدم في الدورات التدريبية للحاسب الآلي.
 قاعة الفنون: تستخدم لورش العمل الفنية بالإضافة إلى دورات رسم وأشغال فنية للكبار والأطفال.
 قاعة أنشطة: تستضيف أنشطة ترفيهية وفنية للأطفال، ودورات تدريبية وورش عمل.
 قاعة المواد السمعبصرية: تستخدم لعرض الأفلام.
 قاعة موسيقية: تقدم دورات الموسيقى والكورال، وتحتوى على الآت موسيقية متعددة مثل البيانو، والأورج، والجيتار.......
 القاعات الدراسية: تشتمل المكتبة على عدد (6) قاعات، يقدم فيها العديد من الدورات التدريبية وورش العمل مثل دورات اللغات، والدورات الثقافية.
 المسرح: تضم المكتبة مسرحا يسع حوالى 200 فرد لتقديم عروض فنية وثقافية وسينمائية.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للمكتبة

تأسيسات سنة 2002 في مصر
مكتبات أسست في 2002
مكتبات عامة
مكتبات في مصر

مكتبة المعادي


Salomon Jakob de Rothschild (Pariz, 30. ožujka 1835. – Pariz, 14. svibnja 1864.), francuski bankar i pripadnik društvene elite iz francuske loze bogate židovske obitelji Rothschild.

Životopis

Njegov otac bio je Jakob Mayer Rothschild (1792. – 1868.), osnivač francuske grane obitelj, a majka Betty Salomon von Rothschild (1805. – 1886.), očeva rođakinja, kći očeva strica Salomona Mayera Rothschilda (1774. – 1855.) i Caroline Stern (1782. – 1854.). Djed mu je bio Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744. – 1812.), osnivač obitelji Rothschild. Imao je sestru Charlotte (1825. – 1899.) i trojicu braće,
Mayera Alphonsea (1827. – 1905.), Gustava Samuela (1829. – 1911.) i Edmonda Benjamina (1845. – 1934.).

Tijekom 1850-ih, Salomon Jakob je otišao, na zahtjev svoga oca Jakoba Mayera, u Frankfurt, gdje je odradio pripravništvo. Godine 1859. otputovao je u SAD, kamo je bio otišao i njegov najstariji brat Alphonse, što je otvorilo glasine kako braća namjeravaju osnovati američku podružnicu obiteljske banke.

Dana 12. ožujka 1862. godine, oženio je rođakinju Adèle von Rothschild, koju je upoznao za vrijeme pripravničkog staža u Frankfurtu. S njom je imao jedno dijete, kći Hélène van Zuylen (1863. – 1947.). Umro je godinu dana nakon vjenčanja, u dvadeset i devetoj godini života od posljedica srčanog udara.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Salomon James de Rothschild (1835-1864) - family.rothschildarchive.org

Bankari iz obitelji Rothschild (Francuska)

Salomon Jakob de Rothschild


Cat coat genetics determine the coloration, pattern, length, and texture of feline fur. The variations among cat coats are physical properties and should not be confused with cat breeds. A cat may display the coat of a certain breed without actually being that breed. For example, a Neva Masquerade (Siberian colorpoint) could wear point coloration, the stereotypical coat of a Siamese.

Solid colors

Eumelanin and phaeomelanin

Eumelanin
The browning gene B/b/bl codes for TYRP1 (), an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway for eumelanin pigment production. Its dominant form, B, will produce black eumelanin.  It has two recessive variants, b (chocolate) and bl (cinnamon), with bl being recessive to both B and b. Chocolate is a rich dark brown color, and is referred to as chestnut in some breeds. Cinnamon is a light reddish brown, but is sometimes not reddish at all.

Sex-linked red

The sex-linked red "Orange" locus, O/o, determines whether a cat will produce eumelanin. In cats with orange fur, phaeomelanin (red pigment) completely replaces eumelanin (black or brown pigment). This gene is located on the X chromosome. The orange allele is O, and is codominant with non-orange, o. Males can typically only be orange or non-orange due to only having one X chromosome. Since females have two X chromosomes, they have two alleles of this gene. OO results in orange fur, oo results in fur without any orange (black, brown, etc.), and Oo results in a tortoiseshell cat, in which some parts of the fur are orange and others areas non-orange. One in three thousand tortoiseshell cats are male, making the combination possible but rare- however, due to the nature of their genetics, male tortoiseshells often exhibit chromosomal abnormalities. In one study, less than a third of male calicos had a simple XXY Klinefelter's karyotype, slightly more than a third were complicated XXY mosaics, and about a third had no XXY component at all.

The pelt color commonly referred to as "orange" is scientifically known as red. Other common names include yellow, ginger, and marmalade. Red show cats have a deep orange color, but it can also present as a yellow or light ginger color. Unidentified "rufousing polygenes" are theorized to be the reason for this variance.
Orange is epistatic to nonagouti, so all red cats are tabbies. "Solid" red show cats are usually low contrast ticked tabbies.

The precise identity of the gene at the Orange locus is unknown. It has been narrowed down to a 3.5 Mb stretch on the X chromosome in 2009.

Dilution

The Dense pigment gene, D/d, codes for melanophilin (MLPH; ), a protein involved in the transportation and deposition of pigment into a growing hair. When a cat has two of the recessive d alleles (Maltese dilution), black fur becomes "blue" (appearing gray), chocolate fur becomes "lilac" (appearing light, almost grayish brown-lavender), cinnamon fur becomes "fawn", and red fur becomes "cream". Similar to red cats, all cream cats are tabbies. The d allele is a single-base deletion that truncates the protein. If the cat has d/d genes, the coat is diluted. If the genes are D/D or D/d, the coat will be unaffected.

Other genes

 Barrington Brown is a recessive browning gene that dilutes black to mahogany, brown to light brown and chocolate to pale coffee.  It is different from the browning gene and has only been observed in laboratory cats.
 The Dilution modifier gene, Dm, "caramelizes" the dilute colors as a dominant trait. The existence of this phenomenon as a discrete gene is a controversial subject among feline enthusiasts.
  Amber, a mutation at the extension locus E/e (the melanocortin 1 receptor, MC1R) changes black pigment to amber or light amber, similar in appearance to red and cream. Kittens are born dark but lighten up as they age. Paws and nose still exhibit the original undiluted color, this in contrast to other diluted colors, where paws and nose have the diluted color. This phenomenon was first identified in Norwegian Forest cats.
 Another recessive mutation at extension was discovered which causes the russet color in Burmese cats. It is symbolized as er. Like amber cats, russet cats lighten as they age.
 A modifying factor has also been hypothesized in shaded silver and chinchilla Persians whose fur turns pale golden in adulthood, due to low levels of phaeomelanin production. These cats resemble shaded or tipped goldens, but are genetically shaded or tipped silvers. This is probably related to the phenomenon known as "tarnishing" in silvers.

Tabbies

Tabby cats are striped due to the agouti gene. Their stripes have an even distribution of pigment, while the background is made up of banded hairs. Tabby cats usually show the following traits:

 M on forehead. (Visible in ticked tabby cats, but hard to discern in shaded silver/golden, and tipped cats)
 Thin pencil lines on face. (Visible in ticked tabby cats, but hard to discern in shaded silver/golden, and tipped cats)
 Black "eyeliner" appearance and white or pale fur around eyes.
 Pigmented lips and paws.
 A pink nose outlined in darker pigment.
 Torso, leg, and tail banding. (Torso banding disappears in the ticked tabby.)

Agouti
The Agouti gene, with its dominant A allele and recessive a allele, controls the coding for agouti signaling protein (ASIP; ). The wild-type A produces the agouti shift phenomenon, which causes hairs to be banded with black and an orangish/reddish brown, this revealing the underlying tabby pattern (which is determined by the T alleles at the separate tabby gene). The non-agouti or "hypermelanistic" allele, a, does not initiate this shift in the pigmentation pathway and so homozygotes aa have pigment production throughout the entire growth cycle of the hair—along its full length. As a result, the non-agouti genotype (aa) is solid and has no obvious tabby pattern (sometimes a suggestion of the underlying pattern, called "ghost striping", can be seen, especially in bright slanted light on kittens and on the legs, tail and sometimes elsewhere on adults). Agouti is found on chromosome A3.

A major exception to the solid masking of the tabby pattern exists: the O allele of the O/o locus is epistatic over the aa genotype. That is, in red or cream colored cats, tabby striping is displayed despite the genotype at the agouti locus.

However, some red cats and most cream cats show a fainter tabby pattern when they have no agouti allele to allow full expression of their tabby alleles. That is, in genetically red cats (O males and OO and Oo females) the aa does still have an effect, especially in dilute coats (when having dd genotype at the D gene locus), where the tabby pattern is sometimes not expressed except on the extremities.

Mackerel or blotched tabby
The Tabby gene on chromosome A1 accounts for most tabby patterns seen in domestic cats, including those patterns seen in most breeds. The dominant allele TaM produces mackerel tabbies, and the recessive Tab produce classic (sometimes referred to as blotched) tabbies. The gene responsible for this differential patterning has been identified as transmembrane aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep, ). A threonine to asparagine substitution at residue 139 (T139N) in this protein is responsible for producing the tabby phenotype in domestic cats. In cheetahs, a base pair insertion into exon 20 of the protein replaces the 16 C-terminal residues with 109 new ones (N977Kfs110), generating the king cheetah coat variant.

The wild-type (in African wildcats) is the mackerel tabby (stripes look like thin fishbones and may break up into bars or spots), the most common variant is the classic tabby pattern (broad bands, whorls, and spirals of dark color on pale background usually with bulls-eye or oyster pattern on flank). The classic tabby is most common in Iran, Great Britain and in lands that were once part of the British Empire and Persian Empire.

Spotted tabby
Spotted tabbies have their stripes broken up into spots, which may be arranged vertically or horizontally. A 2010 study suggests that spotted coats are caused by the modification of mackerel stripes, and may cause varying phenotypes such as "broken mackerel" tabbies via multiple loci. If the genes are Sp/Sp or Sp/sp the tabby coat will be spotted or broken. If it is an sp/sp gene, the tabby pattern will remain either mackerel or blotched. This gene has no effect on cats with a ticked coat.

Ticked tabby
The Ticked (Ti) locus on chromosome B1 controls the generation of ticked coats, a non-patterned agouti coat having virtually no stripes or bars but still considered a tabby coat. Ticked tabbies are rare in the random-bred population, but fixed in certain breeds such as the Abyssinian and Singapura. TiA is the dominant allele that produces ticked coats; Ti+ is the recessive one. The causative gene for ticked tabby markings is Dickkopf-related protein 4 (DKK4). Two different alleles are responsible for the TiA ticked tabby phenotype: a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at residue 63 (C63Y) and an alanine to valine substitution at residue 18 (A18V). Both variants are present in the Abyssinian breed, and the A18V variant is found in the Burmese breed. Stripes often remain to some extent on the face, tail, legs, and sometimes the chest ("bleeding through"). Traditionally, this has been thought to happen in heterozygotes (TiATi+) but be nearly or completely nonexistent in homozygotes (TiATiA). The ticked tabby allele is epistatic to and therefore completely (or mostly) masks all the other tabby alleles, "hiding" the patterns they would otherwise express.

It was once thought that TiA was an allele of the Tabby gene, called Ta, dominant to all other alleles at the locus.

Other genes

 Other genes (pattern modifier genes) are theorized to be responsible for creating various type of spotting patterns, many of which are variations on a basic mackerel or classic pattern.  There are also hypothetical factors which affect the timing and frequency of the agouti shift, affecting agouti band width and the number and quality of alternating bands of eumelanin and phaeomelanin on individual hairs.
 There is a gene not yet identified, but believed to be related to the agouti gene in the Chausie breed that produces silver-tipped black fur similar to Abyssinian ticked fur, known as "grizzled." This phenomenon is purported to have been inherited from the hybridization of the domestic cat to the jungle cat (Felis chaus).
 The rosette tabby pattern is a pattern similar to that of a leopard, where rosette spots are spread over the body. The pattern is found in hybrid cat breeds, such as the Bengal and Safari.
 The inhibited pigment gene, I/i. The dominant allele (I) produces tipped hairs that are fully colored only at the tip and have a white base. This allele appears to interact with other genes to produce various degrees of tipping, ranging from deeply tipped silver tabby to lightly tipped shaded silver and chinchilla silver. The inhibitor gene interacts with the non-agouti genotype (I-aa) to produce the color known as smoke. The homozygous recessive genotype when combined with the agouti gene (iiA-), produces tabby coloration, which can vary along a spectrum ranging from a deeply patterned brown tabby, to a lighter "golden tabby", to the very lightly colored shaded or chinchilla golden colors. Red and cream cats with the inhibitor gene (I-O-) are commonly called "cameo".

Tortoiseshells and calicos

Tortoiseshells have patches of orange fur (pheomelanin based) and black or brown (eumelanin based) fur, caused by X-inactivation. Because this requires two X chromosomes, the vast majority of tortoiseshells are female, with approximately 1 in 3,000 being male. Male tortoiseshells can occur as a result of chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter syndrome, by mosaicism, or by a phenomenon known as chimerism, where two early stage embryos are merged into a single kitten.

Tortoiseshells with a relatively small amount of white spotting are known as "tortoiseshell and white", while those with a larger amount are known in the United States as calicos. Calicos are also known as tricolor cats, mi-ke (meaning "triple fur") in Japanese, and lapjeskat (meaning "patches cat") in Dutch. The factor that distinguishes tortoiseshell from calico is the pattern of eumelanin and pheomelanin, which is partly dependent on the amount of white, due to an effect of the white spotting gene on the general distribution of melanin. A cat which has both an orange and non-orange gene, Oo, and little to no white spotting, will present with a mottled blend of black/red and blue/cream, reminiscent of tortoiseshell material, and is called a tortoiseshell cat. An Oo cat with a large amount of white will have bigger, clearly defined patches of black/red and blue/cream, and is called a calico in the US.

With intermediate amounts of white, a cat may exhibit a calico pattern, a tortie pattern, or something in between, depending on other epigenetic factors. Blue tortoiseshell, or diluted calico, cats have a lighter coloration (blue/cream) and are sometimes called calimanco or clouded tiger.

A true tricolor must consist of three colors: white, a red-based color like ginger or cream, and black-based color like black or blue. Tricolor should not be mistaken for the natural gradations in a tabby pattern. The shades which are present in the pale bands of a tabby are not considered to constitute a separate color.

Variations
 The basic tortoiseshell pattern has several different colors depending on the color of the eumelanin (the B locus), and dilution (the D locus).
 Tortoiseshell tabbies, also known as torbies, display tabby patterning on both red- and black-based colors. Calico tabbies are also called calibys or tabicos.

Tortoiseshell cats with small white patches are called tortillo cats, a portmanteau of Calico and Tortoiseshell.

White spotting and epistatic white

The KIT gene determines whether or not there will be any white in the coat, except when a solid white coat is caused by albinism. White spotting and epistatic white (also known as dominant white) were long thought to be two separate genes (called S and W respectively), but in fact they are both on the KIT gene. The two have been combined into a single white spotting locus (W). White spotting can take many forms, from a small spot of white to the mostly-white pattern of the Turkish Van, while epistatic white produces a fully white cat (solid or self white). The KIT gene W locus has the following alleles:
 WD (or W)=dominant white (solid/self white), autosomal dominant allele. It causes complete white coloration by disrupting replication and migration of melanocytes into the skin. The carriers of this allele are white regardless of any other color-associated gene. It is linked to blue eyes and congenital sensorineural deafness. The deafness is due to a reduction in the population and survival of melanoblast stem cells, which in addition to creating pigment-producing cells, develop into a variety of neurological cell types. White cats with one or two blue eyes have a particularly high likelihood of being deaf. Dominant white is distinct from albinism (c) which results from a mutation in a different gene that has no known impact on hearing.
 wS (or S)=white spotting (bicolor or tricolor cats), dominant allele. It only disrupts migration of melanocytes to certain patches in the skin, thus leading to the formation of white spots. It exhibits codominance and variable expression:
 heterozygote (Wh or Ss)= high degree of spotting white (between 0–50% white); bicolor/tricolor or ventral white (usually the feet, nose, chest, and belly), which is dominant to solid color. Heterozygous cats have somewhere between 0-50% white.
 heterozygote (Wl or SS)=low degree of spotting white (between 50 and 100% white); dominant harlequin and van pattern. The van pattern is named after the Lake Van region in Turkey, and expresses as coloration limited to the head and tail.
 w (or N)=wild-type or normal (non-white coats), recessive allele. Homozygotes for it won't have any white in their coat.
 wg=Birman white gloving allele, recessive allele.

Colorpoint and albinism

The colorpoint pattern is most commonly associated with Siamese cats, but due to crossbreeding may also appear in any (non-pedigree) domesticated cat. A colorpoint cat has dark colors on the face, ears, feet, and tail, with a lighter version of the same color on the rest of the body, and possibly some white. The exact name of the colorpoint pattern depends on the actual color. A few examples are seal points (dark brown to black), chocolate points (warm, lighter brown), blue points (gray), lilac or frost points (silvery gray-pink), red or flame points (orange), and tortie (tortoiseshell mottling) points. This pattern is the result of a temperature sensitive mutation in one of the enzymes in the metabolic pathway from tyrosine to pigment, such as melanin; thus, little or no pigment is produced except in the extremities or points where the skin is slightly cooler. For this reason, colorpoint cats tend to darken with age as bodily temperature drops; also, the fur over a significant injury may sometimes darken or lighten as a result of temperature change. More specifically, the albino locus contains the gene TYR (). Two distinct alleles causing blue-eyed and pink-eyed albinism respectively have been previously theorized.

Although the Siamese colorpoint pattern is the most famous coloration produced by TYR, there are color mutations at the locus.

 C is the wildtype allele resulting in full pigmentation and is completely dominant to all other known alleles at the locus.
 Point=cs is the point allele associated with the Siamese colorpoint pattern.
 Sepia=cb is an allele called sepia (or solid), and is most associated with Burmese cats. It produces a pattern similar to the Siamese colorpoint, but with a much lower contrast and amber-yellow to green eyes.
 Mink=cs and cb are codominant, with cb/cs cats having an intermediate phenotype termed mink, in which the pigment distribution is between sepia and point, and the eye color is blue-green (aquamarine).
 Albinism=c and c2 are two synonymous alleles recessive to all other alleles at the locus that cause albinism.
 cm is a novel mutation in Burmese cats that results in a color pattern named mocha. Its interactions with other alleles have not yet been fully established.

The tyrosine pathway also produces neurotransmitters, thus mutations in the early parts of that pathway may affect not only pigment, but also neurological development. This results in a higher frequency of cross-eyes among colorpoint cats, as well as the high frequency of cross-eyes in white tigers.

Silver and golden series

Silver series
The silver series is caused by the Melanin inhibitor gene I/i. The dominant form causes melanin production to be suppressed, but it affects phaeomelanin (red pigment) much more than eumelanin (black or brown pigment). On tabbies, this turns the background a sparkling silver color while leaving the stripe color intact, making a cold-toned silver tabby. On solid cats, it turns the base of the hair pale, making them silver smoke. The term cameo is commonly used for red silver and cream silver (inhibitor gene (I-O-)) colored coats in cats.

Wide band factors
Silver agouti cats can have a range of phenotypes, from silver tabby, to silver shaded (under half the hair is pigmented, approx. 1/3 of hair length), to tipped silver also called chinchilla or shell (only the very tip of the hair is pigmented, approx. 1/8 of hair length). This seems to be affected by hypothetical wide band factors, which make the silver band at the base of the hair wider. Breeders often notate wide band as a single gene Wb/wb, but it is most likely a polygenic trait.

Golden series
If a cat has the wide band trait but no silver melanin inhibitor, the band will be golden instead of silver. These cats are known as golden tabbies, or in Siberian cats sunshine tabbies. The golden color is caused by the CORIN gene. Shaded golden and tipped golden are also possible, in the same hair length distribution as the silver-gene. However, there is no golden smoke, because the combination of wide band and nonagouti simply produces a solid cat.

Tipped or shaded cats
The genetics involved in producing the ideal tabby, , shaded, or smoke cat is complex. Not only are there many interacting genes, but genes sometimes do not express themselves fully, or conflict with one another. For example, the silver melanin inhibitor gene in some instances does not block pigment, resulting in a grayer undercoat, or in tarnishing (yellowish or rusty fur). The grayer undercoat is considered less desirable to fanciers.

Likewise, poorly-expressed non-agouti or over-expression of melanin inhibitor will cause a pale, washed out black smoke. Various polygenes (sets of related genes), epigenetic factors, or modifier genes, as yet unidentified, are believed to result in different phenotypes of coloration, some deemed more desirable than others by fanciers.

The genetic influences on tipped or shaded cats are:
 Agouti gene.
 Tabby pattern genes (such as Ta masking the tabby pattern).
 Silver/melanin inhibitor gene I/i.
 Golden CORIN gene.
 Factors affecting the number and width of bands of color on each hair, such as the hypothetical wide band gene wb. Resulting in shaded or tipped (chinchilla/shell) pigmentation.
 Factors affecting the amount and quality of eumelanin and/or phaeomelanin pigment expression (such as theorized rufousing factors)
 Genes causing sparkling appearance (such as glitter in the Bengal, satin in the Tennessee Rex, grizzle in the Chausie).
 Factors to clear up residual striping (hypothetical Chaos, Confusion, Unconfused, Erase, and Roan factors).

Fever coat

Fever coat is an effect known in domestic cats, where a pregnant female cat has a fever or is stressed, causing her unborn kittens' fur to develop a silver-type color (silver-grey, cream, or reddish) rather than what the kitten's genetics would normally cause. After birth, over some weeks the silver fur is replaced naturally by fur colors according to the kitten's genetics.

Fur length and texture

Cat coat hair

Cat fur can be short, long, curly, or hairless. Most cats are short-haired, like their ancestor. The fur can naturally come in three types of hairs; guard, awn, and down hair. The length, density and proportions of these three hairs varies greatly between breeds, and in some cats only one or two types are found.

Most oriental breeds only express one single layer of silky coat. However, cats can also have double-layered coats out of two hair types in which the down hairs form the soft, insulating undercoat, and the guard hairs form the protective outer coat.

A typical cat coat exists of all three natural hair types, but due to the equal lengths of two of these hairs, the coat is still considered double-layered. Typically, the down and awn hairs comprise the undercoat. Double-coated cats with thick undercoats require daily grooming as these coats are more prone to matting. Double coats are found in for example the Persian, British Shorthair, Maine Coon and Norwegian Forest cat.

Additionally, there even exist cats which express all three natural types of cat hair in different lengths and structures, which form three different layers. These cats are called triple-coated. Siberians and Neva Masquerades are known for their unique triple coats, which provides double insulation to withstand their natural cold climate.

Coat mutations
There have been many genes identified that result in unusual cat fur. These genes were discovered in random-bred cats and selected for. Some of the genes are in danger of going extinct because the cats are not sold beyond the region where the mutation originated or there is simply not enough demand for cats expressing the mutation.

In many breeds, coat gene mutations are unwelcome. An example is the rex allele which appeared in Maine Coons in the early 1990s. Rexes appeared in America, Germany and the UK, where one breeder caused consternation by calling them "Maine Waves". Two UK breeders did test mating which indicated that this was probably a new rex mutation and that it was recessive. The density of the hair was similar to normally coated Maine Coons, but consisted only of down type hairs with a normal down type helical curl, which varied as in normal down hairs. Whiskers were more curved, but not curly. Maine Coons do not have awn hairs, and after moulting, the rexes had a very thin coat.

Fur length
Cat fur length is governed by the Length gene in which the dominant form, L, codes for short hair, and the recessive l codes for long hair. In the longhaired cat, the transition from anagen (hair growth) to catagen (cessation of hair growth) is delayed due to this mutation. A rare recessive shorthair gene has been observed in some lines of Persian cat (silvers) where two longhaired parents have produced shorthaired offspring.

The Length gene has been identified as the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5; ) gene. The dominant allele codes for the short coat is seen in most cats. Long coats are coded for by at least four different recessively inherited mutations, the alleles of which have been identified. The most ubiquitous is found in most or all long haired breeds while the remaining three are found only in Ragdolls, Norwegian Forest Cats, and Maine Coons.

Curly-coated

There are various genes producing curly-coated or "rex" cats. New types of rex arise spontaneously in random-bred cats now and then. Some of the rex genes that breeders have selected for are:

 Devon Rex
 Mutation in KRT71 (), the same gene causing hairlessness in Sphynx cats. re is an allele completely recessive to the wildtype and completely dominant to hr found in Sphynx.
 Cornish Rex
 Mutation in LPAR6 (). A completely recessive allele termed r.
 Ural Rex
 Mutation in LIPH.
 German Rex
 Provisionally an allele termed gr. Same locus as Cornish, but proposed as a different allele. However, most breeders consider the German Rex to have r/r genotype.
 Oregon Rex (extinct)
 A hypothetical recessive allele termed ro.
 Selkirk Rex
 A dominant allele termed Se, although sometimes described as an incomplete dominant because the three possible allele pairings relate to three different phenotypes: heterozygous cats (Se/se) may have a fuller coat that is preferred in the show ring, while homozygous cats (Se/Se) may have a tighter curl and less coat volume. (se/se type cats have a normal coat.) This phenomenon may also colloquially be referred to as additive dominance.
 LaPerm
 Provisional completely dominant Lp allele.

Hairlessness
There are also genes for hairlessness:
 h=French hairless cat, recessive.
 hd=British hairless cat, recessive.
 Hp=Russian Donskoy and Peterbald, dominant.
 hr=Sphynx cat, recessive. Identified on KRT71.

Some rex cats are prone to temporary hairlessness, known as baldness, during moulting.

Here are a few other genes resulting in unusual fur:
 The Wh gene (dominant, possibly incomplete) results in Wirehair cats. They have bent or crooked hair producing springy, crinkled fur.
 A hypothetical Yuc gene, or York Chocolate undercoat gene, results in cats with no undercoat. However, the proportional relationship between guard, awn, and down hair production varies greatly between all breeds.
 A recessive autosomal gene for Onion hair which causes roughness and swelling on the hairs.  The swelling is due to enlargement of the inner core of medulla cells.
 A recessive autosomal gene spf for sparse fur.  As well as sparse coat, the hairs are thin, straggly and contorted and there is brown exudate around the eyes and nose and on the chest and stomach. A similar condition is linked to Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency in mice.

Loci for coat colour, type and length

See also

References

Further reading

External links
Cat Genetics articles in plain English
Cat Gene Symbols
The Pigment Parade: White and White Spotting in the Cat

Genetics of cat coats
Cat genetics
Mutation
Animal coat colors
Animal hair

Cat coat genetics


Philip D. Jones ( Inglaterra) es un climatólogo de la Universidad de Anglia del Este, donde es profesor en la Escuela de Ciencias ambientales. Jones posee un BA en Ciencias de la Atmósfera por la Universidad de Lancaster, un M.Sc. y un PhD por la Universidad de Newcastle upon Tyne. Jones siempre se ha desarrollado académicamente en la Climatic Research Unit (CRU) de Anglia del Este.

Sus estudios incluyen cambio climático instrumental, paleoclimatología, detección del cambio climático y la extensión de los registros de caudales de los ríos en el Reino Unido. También ha publicado artículos sobre el registro de temperatura del último milenio.

Es notable por el mantenimiento de la serie de tiempo del registro instrumental de temperaturas. Ese trabajo ha sido destacado tanto en los reportes 2001 y 2007 del IPCC, habiendo contribuido como autor al Capítulo 12º Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes, del Tercer Informe de Evaluación del IPCC y jefe de Coordinadores del Capítulo 3º, Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change, del Cuarto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (acrónimo en inglés: AR4).

Controversia de los correos electrónicos de Clima
Jones encabezó la CRU en conjunto con Jean Palutikof desde 1998 a 2004 y luego solo, desde 2004. Él se apartó temporalmente de ese cargo, a partir de noviembre de 2009, después del Climagate con el "Fraude de la «Climatic Research Unit» con sus mensajes de correo electrónico, que fueron accedidos y difundidos por persona(s) desconocida(s). El «Comité Selecto de Ciencia y Tecnología» de la Cámara de los Comunes' concluyó la investigación de no haber ningún caso en contra de Jones, y dijo que debería ser reintegrado en su puesto. Así fue reinstalado en julio de 2010 con el nuevo rol de Director de Investigaciones, luego de una posterior revisión llevada a cabo por Sir Muir Russell no encontraron ninguna falla en el "rigor y la honestidad como científicos" de Jones y sus colegas,

Galardones y reconocimientos
 ISI highly cited researcher.
 Medalla Hans Oeschger de la European Geophysical Society, 2002.
 Premio International Journal of Climatology de la Royal Meteorological Society por artículos publicados en el último quinquenio, 2001.
 Premio a la Excelencia trabajo científico de los Laboratorios de Investigación Ambiental / NOAA por ser coautor del artículo "A search for Human Influences on the Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere," por Ben Santer et al. in Nature, 382, 39–46 (1996).

Algunas publicaciones

Notas

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial
 Artículo BBC, en la controversia de registro de temperatura del último milenio
 BBC article: Climate crisis: All change in the UK?
 Entrevista BBC, del analista ambiental de la BBC Roger Harrabin

Profesores de la Universidad de Anglia del Este
Climatólogos del Reino Unido
Paleoclimatólogos
Controversias científicas
Alumnado de la Universidad de Lancaster
Alumnado de la Universidad de Newcastle upon Tyne
Nacidos en Redhill

Phil Jones (climatólogo)


Die Finnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2006 fand vom 3. bis zum 5. Februar 2006 in Helsinki statt.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=A4553AAC-282A-4BA7-A24C-0F6929D869CB

2006
Badminton 2006
Badmintonwettbewerb in Helsinki

Finnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2006


An Macodes celebica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Macodes celebica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Macodes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Macodes

Macodes celebica


Le Penobscot Marine Museum situé à Searsport, en baie de Penobscot dans le Maine, est le plus ancien musée maritime de l'État du Maine et est conçu pour préserver et éduquer les gens sur la riche et unique histoire maritime et de construction navale du Maine et de Searsport. Il a été fondé en 1936 et est situé au 5 Church Street dans le centre de Searsport.

Description
Le campus du musée est composé de deux sections. Le cœur d'origine du campus est situé des deux côtés de Church Street  accessible par U.S. Route 1. En plus de ces bâtiments, le musée s'est agrandi en trois bâtiments attenants du côté nord de la rue.

Conçu comme un village marin unique du XIXe siècle, le musée comprend treize bâtiments historiques et modernes, abrite une galerie d'exposition moderne présentant des expositions annuelles et abrite une bibliothèque et des archives d'importance régionale axées sur l'histoire maritime et la généalogie régionale. Huit des bâtiments du musée sont inscrits au registre national des lieux historiques, cinq dans le cadre d'une liste dédiée au musée et trois dans le cadre du  (quartier historique de Searsport). Parmi les collections se trouvent d'importantes archives photographiques qui comprennent des négatifs sur plaque de verre documentant la vie en Nouvelle-Angleterre et à New York de 1909 à 1947 prises par la Eastern Illustrating & Publishing Company. Les photographies sont numérisées et rendues disponibles en ligne pour la recherche et l'accès.

Bâtiments du campus
Centre d'admission
Galerie de la rue principale
Centre d'éducation sauvage
Première église congrégationaliste de Searsport (église active sur le campus du musée)
Captain Jeremiah Merithew House (maison du capitaine de la marine du milieu du XIXe siècle)
Ancienne sacristie
Galerie commémorative Douglas et Margaret Carver
Bibliothèque commémorative Stephen Phillips
Ancien hôtel de ville (1845)
Maison Duncan
Grange à bateaux Duncan
Hangar à bateaux
Cour dans la cour
Grange à calèche Ross
Grange Fowler-True-Ross
Maison Fowler-True-Ross (XIXe siècle)

Galerie

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes

Liens internes

 Liste de musées aux États-Unis
 Maine Maritime Museum

Musée maritime dans le Maine
Fondation en 1936
Registre national des lieux historiques dans le Maine
District historique dans le Maine
Comté de Waldo

Penobscot Marine Museum


Cristiana da Silveira Lobo (Rio de Janeiro, 23 de junho de 1972) é uma ex-nadadora sincronizada brasileira. Representou o Brasil nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1992, em Barcelona.

Biografia
Seu contato com a natação foi no Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, onde fez a sua carreira. Foi convocada pela primeira vez para a seleção brasileira aos 14 anos.

Disputou como solista o Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 1991, na Austrália. Ficou na 19ª posição.

Foi convocada para os Jogos Pan-Americanos de 1991, em Havana. Terminou na quinta posição no dueto com Fernanda Veirano.

No Sul-Americano realizado em Medellín, na Colômbia, em 1992, ficou em segundo lugar.

Disputou o torneio de Palma de Mallorca, em 1992, na Espanha, ficando em segundo lugar no dueto com Fernanda Veirano. Competiu nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1992, em Barcelona, terminando em 15º lugar no dueto.

Cristiana e Fernanda ainda competiram no dueto do Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 1994, em Roma, ficando em 12º lugar. Competiu ainda nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 1995, em Mar del Plata, e no sul-americano, onde foi campeã em 1996.

Vida pessoal
Cristiana é filha de Ana Maria Lobo, que já praticou natação. É mãe de Maria Clara Lobo, que competiu nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2015 e nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, também pelo nado sincronizado.

Nadadores sincronizados do Rio de Janeiro
Nadadores do Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Desportistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1992
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Cristiana Lobo (nadadora)


Porija je naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine Kalinovik, Republika Srpska, BiH, kod Neretve, okruženo vodotocima.

Povijest
Oko Porije su Obrnja, Ulog, Jablanići, Klinja, Cerova, Tuhobić i Obadi, sela koja su dio Donjeg Borča i u kojima je postojala hrvatska katolička zajednica. Katolici su u Borču u crkvenim zabilješkama registrirani i polovicom 19. stoljeća, a Humljaci s 20. stoljeća dosta su naselili po gornjim predjelima nevesinjskog kotara, a posebice po Borču. Tada su sela Donjeg Borča pripadala su uloškoj općini. Porija je teritorijalno u sjevernom dijelu nevesinjske župe Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije, u predjelu zvanom Donji Borač, u kojem je nekad bio bio veći broj Hrvata katolika. Katolici s područja Borča (Klinja, Ulog, Cerova, Baketa, Boljuni, Obadi, Obalj, Tomišlja, Kladovo Polje) htjeli su sagraditi 1913. crkvu za ovaj dio nevesinjske župe, ali prvi svjetski rat odgodio je gradnju u Klinji. Rastuća katolička zajednica bila je toliko narasla da su bez obzira na nepovoljne prilike za katolički puk između dvaju svjetskih ratova 24. siječnja 1929. godine ovdašnji katolici zatražili i utemeljenje zasebne župe u koju bi se ušla sva naselja Borča. Na kraju je crkva sagrađena u Ulogu 1937. godine.

Drugi svjetski rat bio je vrlo tegobno razdoblje za Hrvate nevesinjske župe. Mnogi su otišli, već 1941. planištarima je opao broj, a kobne 1942. slijedi krvavo opadanje i propadanje. Već od siječnja četnički pohodi okrvavili su Neretvu, u koje su četnici u prvom pohodu bacali ljude, žene i djecu, ubijene i žive koje su onda s obale puškom gađali. Preživjele su spasili muslimani kroz čija ih je sela Neretva nosila. Zbog višekratnog četničkoga koljačkog pohoda nevesinjska župa izgubila je oko 300 članova. Godina 1942. bila je osobito teška za katolike susjednih sela, kad ih je dosta ubijeno i nestalo u partizansko-četničkom pohodu. Dosta preživjelih i izbjeglih se 1946. godine vratilo na svoja imanja, no snažni pritisci učinili su da su napustili svoju djedovinu i raselili se diljem svijeta.

U poraću je tako val iseljavanja zahvatio čitav ovaj kraj, no odseljenici su održavali cijelo vrijeme vezu s rodnim krajem.  Poslije drugog svjetskog rata nestali su katolici iz Obada.

Stanovništvo

Poznate osobe
 Dragan Okuka, jugoslavenski omladinski nogometni reprezentativac

Izvor

 Knjiga: "Nacionalni sastav stanovništva - Rezultati za Republiku po opštinama i naseljenim mjestima 1991.", statistički bilten br. 234, Izdanje Državnog zavoda za statistiku Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo.

 internet - izvor, "Popis po mjesnim zajednicama" - http://www.fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/nacion-po-mjesnim.pdf

Naselja u Republici Srpskoj

Porija


Hed PE (standing for Higher Education Planet Earth/Planetary Evolution, typeset as (həd)p.e., (hed) Planet Earth, (Hed)pe or (Hed)PE) is an American rock band from Huntington Beach, California. Formed in 1994, the band is known for its eclectic genre-crossing style, predominately in the fusion of gangsta rap and punk rock it has termed "G-punk", but also for its reggae-fused music.

After releasing three albums on Jive Records, Hed PE left the label to record independently. Hed PE was signed with Suburban Noize Records from 2006 until 2010.  Since 2006, the band has become known for its involvement in the 9/11 Truth movement, referencing it in many of their song lyrics and concerts, as well as the concept of the album New World Orphans. Since 2014, the band has been signed with Pavement Music.

To date, Hed PE has released twelve studio albums, one live album and three compilation albums, and has sold over 700,000 albums worldwide.

History

Formation and major-label debut (1994–1999)
The  band was formed by vocalist Jared Gomes, also known as "M.C.U.D." (MC Underdog), and guitarist Wes Geer, who became friends amidst the Orange County hardcore punk scene. Gomes and Geer recruited guitarist Chizad, bassist Mawk, drummer B.C. Vaught and DJ Product © 1969. They named the group "Hed", which was based on a song written by Gomes called "Heavy Head". The band built a following with their energetic performances at local venues, and released the self-financed extended play, Church of Realities. Legal issues forced Hed to change their name, adding "PE", which stood for "Planetary Evolution (later changed to planet earth) ".

Hed PE signed with Jive Records, releasing their self-titled debut album in 1997. In his review of the album, AllMusic's Steve Huey wrote "There are some slow and/or unfocused moments [...] but overall, its aggression will probably play well with late-'90s metal and punk fans." Due to the label's contractual terms and the disappointing sales of the album, the band found themselves unable to repay the cash advances given to them by Jive. Gomes is quoted as saying "We had these romantic visions of the music industry, and we thought it would be cool to be a punk band on a rap label. So we fulfilled that dream, but it was also probably the worst thing that could have happened. [...] We've had offers from Sony and others that we can't take because we owe Jive so much money."

Broke and Blackout (2000–2004)
On June 6, 2000, Hed PE appeared on the tribute album Nativity in Black II, covering Black Sabbath's "Sabbra Cadabra". Hed PE released their second studio album, Broke on August 22, 2000. It peaked at No. 63 on the Billboard 200, while its first single, "Bartender", peaked at No. 23 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at No. 27 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. Allmusic's Jason D. Taylor wrote: "Broke may have not found as much success in the competitive mainstream market as some would have liked, and even despite its distinct departure from the group's debut, it is an album that shows more vision than other rap-tinged rock albums to come out in 2000." The most negative response to the album came from critics who viewed its lyrics as misogynistic. Jared Gomes denied that he was sexist in a 2001 Kerrang! magazine feature about sexism in rock music, saying that some of his lyrics were deliberately controversial in order to provoke a reaction from people. He also noted that his lyrics offended other members in Hed PE, but they "live[d] with it".

On October 27, 2000, Gomes was arrested for possession of marijuana while the band was performing in Waterbury, Connecticut. He was released on a US$1,500 bond. In 2001, Hed PE performed on the Ozzfest tour alongside bands such as Korn, Static-X, and System of a Down. A music video for "Killing Time", the second single from Broke, was produced in promotion of the film 3000 Miles to Graceland, which featured the song on its soundtrack.

Hed PE released their third studio album, Blackout, on March 18, 2003. It peaked at No. 33 on the Billboard 200, while its title track peaked at No. 21 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at No. 32 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. Allmusic's Johnny Loftus wrote that "While it expands on melodic elements that had previously played a supporting role in the band's sound, Blackout also delivers truckloads of crushing guitar and pounding rhythm. And whether or not it is the presence of a top-line producer, (hed) pe have figured out a way to imbue their aggressive mix of heavy rock and hip-hop with some serious hooks." Guitarist Jaxon joined the band in early 2004. He is the fourth person to fill this position.

Only in Amerika (2004)
Hed PE left Jive Records, releasing their fourth studio album, Only in Amerika, on Koch Records on October 19, 2004. It peaked at No. 20 on the Top Independent Albums chart and at No. 186 on the Billboard 200. In his review of the album, Johnny Loftus wrote "It wants to be a confrontational megaphone in the ear of conservatives, but Jahred's torrential rhetoric is too messy and blatantly offensive to incite anything but superficial anger, and the music – though occasionally explosive – takes a backseat to the ranting."

Suburban Noize Records (2006–2010)

In 2006, Hed PE signed with Suburban Noize Records, recording their fifth studio album, Back 2 Base X. The album was intended as a return to the basics of rock music, and did not rely as heavily on studio enhancement as previous releases. The album was released on June 6, 2006, the same day as The Best of (həd) Planet Earth, a compilation album produced by Jive Records without the band's authorization or consent. Back 2 Base X peaked at No. 12 on the Independent Albums chart, and at No. 154 on the Billboard 200. Allmusic's Rob Theakston wrote that "Back 2 Base X suffers from the same problems as Amerika: it tries to be conceptual in thought à la Tool and vicious in its political commentary à la Fugazi or System of a Down, but somehow falls short by sounding like an angry stoner on a soapbox. It won't win any new fans, but existing fans of (hed) pe's work won't be turning their backs away from the band in anger anytime soon, either."

On June 26, 2007, the band released their sixth studio album, Insomnia. It peaked at No. 16 on the Independent Albums chart, and at No. 138 on the Billboard 200. The album's lead single, "Suffa", became one of the most requested tracks at Sirius Satellite Radio's Hard Attack, while the song's music video was voted one of the Top 10 of 2007 on MTV's Headbangers Ball. Hed PE released their first live album, The D.I.Y. Guys, in 2008. On December 20, 2008, Hed PE released their new single "Renegade" with the drummer Christopher Hendrich who appeared in the music video as well. On January 13, 2009, they released their seventh studio album, New World Orphans. It was released in three different versions; each contains a different set of bonus tracks. In 2009, drummer Trauma joined the band. He is the sixth person to fill this position. The band's eighth studio album, Truth Rising, was released on October 26, 2010, to mixed reviews. It would be the last album the band recorded for Suburban Noize, which Gomes described as having "imploded on itself" approximately around 2010, leaving the band without a label for the next four years.

Evolution and Forever! (2014–2019)
Hed PE subsequently signed with Pavement Music. In a 2012 interview, frontman Jared Gomes stated that their album for 2013 titled Ascension would be released within the first half of 2014. Towards the end of 2013, DJ Product mysteriously left the band with no explanation and no comment from the other members. On January 1, 2014, Gomes stated on the band's official Facebook that the new upcoming (hed) PE album will be named "Evolution" and to be released within the year.

On May 13, 2014, On the band's official Facebook page, they released the official announcement of when the band's new album Evolution will hit stores. The album is set for release July 22, 2014. They also released a teaser of the tone of the new album on their Facebook page and soon after, the track "One More Body".

In 2015, it was confirmed that 12-year guitarist Jaxon Benge and original bassist Mark Young had left the band. They were replaced by guitarist Greg "Gregzilla" Harrison and bassist Kurt "Kid Bass" Blankenship, leaving vocalist Jared Gomes as the group's only remaining original member.

Stampede!, Class of 2020, Sandmine, Califas Worldwide and Detox (2019–present)
On June 21, 2019, the band released a new 10-track album titled Stampede!, which was noted for taking a departure from the style of their previous albums through the inclusion of auto-tune on many of the tracks. In August 2020, Hed PE released the album Class of 2020 which was described as a return to the original G-punk sound of the band. The record saw a reunion with original guitarist Chad "Chizad" Benekos for the first time in nearly two decades, who performed in the song "Greedy Girl". Original member DJ Product © 1969 also returned to play on the album as well as create the artwork for the record which was a throwback to their album Broke to celebrate the 20th anniversary of its release. On May 7, 2021, the band announced the extended play Sandmine, which was released on July 23, 2021. On October 22 of the same year, the band announced the studio album Califas Worldwide, which was released on December 17, 2021. For the 20th anniversary of Broke, on April 8, 2022, the band released "Bartenders", a remake of "Bartender" featuring Dropout Kings and DJ Lethal. On October 14, 2022, the band released a rerecorded version of their song "Let's Ride" with Madchild for a deluxe edition of their album "Back 2 Base X". On February 5, 2023, the band released a cover of the Ramones song I Wanna Be Sedated. Also during 2023, Head PE released two singles, "Detox" and "Too Late", from their next studio album Detox, due in early 2024.

Style

Music and lyrics
Hed PE performs a style of music which they have referred to as "G-punk", a phrase inspired by the term "G-funk". Hed PE has also described its music as "schizophrenic". Hed PE's music is a fusion of styles ranging from hip hop, reggae, and ska to hard rock, punk, and heavy metal. Jared Gomes' vocal style ranges from melodic singing to rapping, screaming, and death growls. The band's lyrics draw on a number of subjects, including social justice, the existence of extraterrestrial life, criticism of organized religion, the 9/11 Truth movement, cannabis use and sexual intercourse.

Gomes, in addition to the 9/11 Truth movement, has expressed support for social liberal politicians such as Nancy Pelosi and president Barack Obama. However, Gomes' 2004 lyrics for Only in Amerika supported American nationalism, and called for brutal retaliation against Al Qaeda for the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Influences
The band's influences include Beastie Boys, Black Sabbath, Bob Marley, Led Zeppelin, Nine Inch Nails, Notorious B.I.G. and Rage Against the Machine.

Hed PE's second album, Broke, incorporated classic rock and world music influences, while Back 2 Base X was influenced by classic punk bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Clash, Insomnia was influenced by thrash metal bands such as Slayer, and New World Orphans was influenced by Suicidal Tendencies and Minor Threat. Guitarist Jaxon has been credited for encouraging a heavier, hardcore punk-influenced musical style.

Band members

Current members
 Jared "M.C.U.D." Gomes – lead vocals, melodica (1994–present)
 Jeremiah "Trauma" Stratton – drums, backing vocals (2009–present)
 Kurt "Kid Bass" Blankenship – bass (2015–present)
 Nathan Javier – guitars (2021–present)

Former members
 Ken "The Finger" Sachs – keyboards (1994–1996)
 Chad "Chizad" Benekos – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1994–2002)
 Wesley "Wesstyle" Geer – lead guitar (1994–2003)
 Ben "B.C." Vaught – drums (1994–2003)
 Doug "DJ Product © 1969" Boyce – turntables, samples, melodica, backing vocals (1994–2013; 2019)
 Mark "Mawk" Young – bass (1994–2015)
 Sonny Mayo – rhythm guitar (2002–2003)
 Christopher Hendrich – drums (2004)
 Mark "Moke" Bistany – drums (2004–2006)
 Devin Lebsack – drums (2006–2007)
 Anthony "Tiny Bubz" Biuso (Tiny Bubz) – (2007–2008)
 Jackson "Jaxon" Benge – guitars (2004–2015)
 Greg "Gregzilla" Harrison – guitars (2015–2017)
 Will Von Arx – guitars (2017–2018)
 D.J. Blackard – guitars (2018–2021)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Hed PE (1997)
 Broke (2000)
 Blackout (2003)
 Only in Amerika (2004)
 Back 2 Base X (2006)
 Insomnia (2007)
 New World Orphans (2009)
 Truth Rising (2010)
 Evolution (2014)
 Forever! (2016)
 Stampede (2019)
 Class of 2020 (2020)
 Califas Worldwide (2021)
 70's Hits From the Pit (2023)
 Detox (2024)

References

External links

1994 establishments in California
American rap metal musical groups
American rap rock groups
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Orange County, California
Musical quartets from California
Nu metal musical groups from California
Punk rock groups from California
Rapcore groups
Suburban Noize Records artists

Hed PE


HKAIA ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන,හමිඩ් කර්සායි ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපොළ (; ; ),  පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානයෙහි කාබුල් නුවර නගර මධ්‍යයෙහි සිට   දුරිනි.  ගුවන්යානා සියයකට වඩා අධික ප්‍රමාණයක් සඳහා නැවතුම් සැපයිය හැකි මෙය, දේශයෙහි ප්‍රධානජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපොළවල් අතරින් එකක් ලෙසින් සහ විශාලතම හමුදා මූලයන් අතරින් එකක් ලෙසින් ක්‍රියා කරයි. කාබුල් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපොළ ලෙසින් හා දේශීය වශයෙන් කාජෙ රවාෂ් ගුවන්තොටුපොළ ලෙසින් මෙය පූර්වයෙහි හැඳින්වුනු අතර, සමහරක් ගුවන් ප්‍රවාහන සමාගම් විසින් දැනුදු අපරෝක්ත නාමයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් හැඳින්වෙයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති හමිඩ් කර්සායි වෙත බුහුමන් ලෙසින් 2014 වසරෙහිදී ගුවන්තොටුපොළට වර්තමාන නම ලබා දෙන ලදි. ඇෆ්ගනිස්තාන ජාතික මන්ත්‍රණ මණ්ඩලය සහ එවකට ජනාධිපති අෂ්රෆ් ගානිගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය විසින් මෙම තීරණයට එලඹෙන ලදි.

හමිඩ් කර්සායි ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපොළ


Siyaksares, MÖ 625-585 yıllarında yaşamış olan, Fraortis'in oğlu, Medya devletinin kralıdır. Siyaksares, Asurlular'ı yenerek şimdiki Afganistan, İran, Pakistan ve Türkiye'nin de içinde bulunduğu topraklarda güçlü bir imparatorluk kurdu.

Siyaksares henüz hükümdar iken Kendisi Kürt Olarak Gösterdi İskit akınları ile karşı karşıya kaldı. İskitler tüm Asya'yı istila etmiş, Medler'de bundan nasibini almışlardı. Tüm Asya'da 28 yıl boyunca ve Medler'i de 1 yıl boyunca ağır vergiler alarak, ülkeye ilgisizlik göstermeleri, halkın elindeki tüm mal varlığına el koymaları ve harabeye çevirmelerinden ötürü ülke yıkıntıya döndü. Siyaksares, İskitler'i bir eğlenceye davet etmiş ve onları sarhoş ettikten sonra öldürtmüştü. Bu olaydan sonra Medler, Siyaksares önderliğinde tekrar Asya'ya hükmedip, Antik Çağın en büyük imparatorluğu haline geldiler.

Siyaksares Dönemi

Siyaksares, Medler'in başkenti olan Ekbatana'da doğdu. Babası Phraortes, Asurbanipal önderliğindeki Asurlular'a karşı savaşırken ölmüştü. O güne kadar Medler karmakarışık bir şekilde savaşıyorlardı ancak Siyaksares orduyu, kolordulara ayırarak, mızraklılar, okçular, atlılar diye ayırdı ve belli bir düzene soktu.

Fetih hareketlerine başlayan Siyaksares,ilk olarak Asurlular'ı yenmeyi istiyordu. Siyaksares'in babası Fraortis, Asurlular'a karşı savaşırken ölmüştür. MÖ 612 yılında Medler Ninova'yı kuşatmış ve Asur imparatorluğunu yıkmıştır. Bin yıllık Asur hegamonyası biterek Mezopotamya'da bir devir kapanmıştır.

Ardından Lidya'ya yürüdü. Siyaksares komutasında Med ve Alyattis komutasında Lidya ordusu Halys Nehri (Günümüzde Kızılırmak, Türkiye) dolaylarında karşı karşıya geldi ve muharebe büyük bir şiddetle devam ederken tarih 28 Mayıs MÖ 585'i gösteriyordu. Yunan filozof Thales'in de önceden öngördüğü gibi savaş meydanında güneş tutuldu (Thales Tutulması). Medler için güneş kutsal olduğundan bunu Tanrıların bir cezalandırması olarak yorumlayıp muharebeyi bitirdiler ve barış antlaşması yaptılar.

Siyaksares ordularını Asur'a çevirdi ve Ninova'ya doğru yol aldı. Ancak, İskitler, Med devletine doğru istila yoluna girmişlerdi. Savaştan çıkmış Med ordusu İskitler'le karşı karşıya geldi ve yenildiler. İskitler tüm Asya'ya yayıldılar. Ancak bir gece Siyaksares, İskitler'i davet etmiş ve onları sarhoş edip boğazlamıştı. Bu olaydan sonra Medler, Siyaksares önderliğinde tekrar Asya'ya hükmedip, antik çağın en büyük imparatorluğu haline geldiler.

Kaynakça

 -Herodot (Herodot Tarihi) -Medler: 1.Kitapta sık sık.III.65,126;V.9,77,104,109;VI.9,22,67,109,112,120;VII.VIII.IX.her yerinde.
 -Herodot (Herodot Tarihi) -Siyaksares: 1,kitap.6,46,73-74,103,106,107

MÖ 580'lerde ölenler
MÖ 7. yüzyıl liderleri
MÖ 6. yüzyıl liderleri
Pers kralları
Medya kralları
Antik İran

Siyaksares


Ibrahim Sadiq (født 7. maj 2000) er en ghanesisk fodboldspiller, der spiller for den svensk klub BK Häcken.

Klubkarriere

FC Nordsjælland
Den uofficielle debut fik Sadiq den den 4. juli 2018 i en venskabskamp mod det belgiske hold Beerschot Wilrijk. Han scorede samtidig et mål efter 72 minutter, der ledte frem til en 3-2-sejr.

Sadiq fik sin offielle debut i Superligaen for FC Nordjælland den 15. juli 2018, da han samtidigt med Jacob Steen Christensen blev skiftet ind i det 73. minut i stedet for Benjamin Tiedemann og Andreas Skov Olsen i en 1-0-sejr over Esbjerg fB.

Landsholdskarriere
Sadiq deltog i U17 VM i fodbold 2017 for Ghana, hvor holdet nåede til kvartfinalerne. Han blev både kampens spiller og matchvinder, da han scorede kampens ene mål i første kamp mod Colombia.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Ghana
Fodboldspillere fra FC Nordsjælland

Ibrahim Sadiq


Dimitri Sucre Benjamin (Panamá, 1935-Japarepagua, 2000) fue un botánico, ilustrador, científico y profesor panameño. Junto con su padre Antonio José Sucre trabajaron sobre ambientes tropicales

Mucho de sus especímenes se conservan en el Herbário Dimitri Sucre Benjamin del Instituto de Pesquisas del Jardín Botánico de Río de Janeiro

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1963. Flora do Estado da Guanabara, Rubiaceae II: Tribo II— Cinchoneae. Arq. Jard. Bot. Río de Janeiro 17:25-41. 1959-1961
 -------------------------. . 1952. Tillandsia grazielae (Bromeliaceae). N.º 22 de Boletim (Curitiba (Brasil). Editor Museu Botânico Municipal, 3 pp.

Eponimia
Género
 (Brassicaceae) Dimitria Ravenna
 (Poaceae) Sucrea Soderstr.

Especies

 (Asteraceae) Stylotrichum sucrei R.M.King & H.Rob.
 (Bromeliaceae) Aechmea sucreana Martinelli & C.M.Vieira
 (Bromeliaceae) Orthophytum sucrei H.Luther
 (Bromeliaceae) Tillandsia sucrei E.Pereira
 (Bromeliaceae) Vriesea sucrei L.B.Sm. & Read

 (Gentianaceae) Schultesia sucreana E.F.Guim. & Fontella
 (Heliconiaceae) Heliconia sucrei Barreiros
 (Moraceae) Dorstenia sucrei Carauta
 (Myrtaceae) Marlierea sucrei G.M.Barroso & Peixoto
 (Orchidaceae) Rodriguezia sucrei Braga

Referencias

Botánicos de Brasil
Botánicos de Panamá
Escritores en español
Escritores en portugués
Ilustradores de Brasil
Profesores de Brasil
Nacidos en Ciudad de Panamá

Dimitri Sucre Benjamin


Nefutbol (Нефутбол) est un film russe réalisé par Maxime Svechnikov, sorti en 2021.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Photographie : Kirill Begichev
 Musique : Dmitri Emelianov
 Décors : Elizaveta Golovina

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film russe sorti en 2021
Comédie russe

Nefutbol


El castillo de Torre de Coelheiros, en el Alentejo, se encuentra en la parroquia de Torre de Coelheiros, ciudad y municipio de Évora y distrito de Évora, en Portugal.

Historia
Es más propiamente una casa solariega y se cree que la «Torre de Coelheiros» fue construida alrededor de 1357, por iniciativa de Fernán González, primer oficial del rey  Afonso IV (1325-1357), con las funciones de una casa solariega.

En el , por falta de conservación, algunas partes del edificio se derrumbaron (1920). Considerado propiedad de interés público por decreto publicado el 18 de julio de 1957, el edificio está compuesto actualmente por la Escuela Primaria y el Consejo Parroquial. Por esta razón, está en buenas condiciones de conservación.

Según la información cronológica del sitio de SIPA:
 1357 - Constitución de la morgue de la Quinta da Fonte dos Coelheiros, según diploma concedido a D. Maria Anes y Fernão Gonçalves Cogominho, noble caballero y  merino mayor (ESPANCA, 1966);
 1387 - Donación del difunto a Rodrigues Álvares Pimentel (bastardo de Álvaro Gonçalves Pimentel, caballero de la Orden de Avis) por D.  João I;
 1395, 22 de enero - institución del morgado da Quinta da Fonte de Coelheiros por Fernão Gil Cogominho y su esposa Maria Annes (BARATA, 1904);
 1395 - probable año de construcción de la torre.
 Siglos XVII y XVIII - construcción de un cuerpo de planta rectangular incorporando ligeramente la torre a una de sus caras.

Características
Es en típico edificio solar medieval; la torre está actualmente flanqueada por dos cuerpos rectangulares compuestos por pisos de tierra y restos. La torre, de planta cuadrangular, en mampostería de piedra, alcanza 15 metros de altura, coronada por  merlones de  estilo morisco. Se complementa con cuñas, aspilleras y  matacanes pareados en piedra de granito. El cuerpo lateral al norte está en mejor estado de conservación, coronado por una amplia chimenea con acabado  cupular, y aún conserva, en las ventanas de granito, algo de la tipología de finales del  medioevo. El cuerpo al oeste parece ser de una construcción del  y está degradado y están derruidas parte de las paredes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Castillos de Portugal del siglo XIV
Torre de Coelheiros
Évora
Arquitectura de 1357

Castillo de Torre de Coelheiros


Franz Bücheler (né le 3 juin 1837 à Rheinberg et mort le 3 mai 1908 à Bonn) est un philologue classique prussien.

Biographie
Franz Bücheler est le fils du juge de paix Anton Bücheler et de son épouse Dorothea née Hebestreit. Après l'école primaire et l'école latine de l'aumônier Joseph Krumpe, il entre au lycée d'Essen à l'automne 1848, où il passe son examen de fin d'études à l'automne 1852 (à l'âge de 15 ans). À partir du semestre d'hiver 1852/1853, il étudie la philologie classique, l'archéologie et l'histoire ancienne à l'Université de Bonn. Outre Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker,  et Otto Jahn, il est particulièrement influencé par Friedrich Ritschl, le célèbre critique textuel et spécialiste de la littérature latine.

À Bonn, Bücheler et quelques camarades (dont son ami de toujours Hermann Usener) fondent la Société philologique, qui dans les années qui suivent s'est développée en  Cercle de Bonn, auquel appartiennent des étudiants de toutes les facultés. Bücheler travaille parallèlement à ses études comme secrétaire à la bibliothèque universitaire. Le 13 mars 1856, alors qu'il n'a pas encore 19 ans, il reçoit son doctorat avec un travail primé sur l'orthographe latine à l'époque de l'empereur Claude.

Après avoir obtenu son doctorat et obtenu son diplôme d'enseignant, Bücheler travaille comme professeur assistant scientifique au . De plus, il poursuit sa carrière universitaire. Le 1er mars 1858, il est habilité avec une thèse sur la critique et l'exégèse des livres de Frontin sur les aqueducs romains. Sur la recommandation de son professeur Ritschl, il est nommé professeur associé à l'Université de Fribourg-en-Brisgau le 21 octobre de la même année.

À Fribourg, il tente de mettre en place le séminaire philologique sur le modèle de Bonn, mais la résistance de ses collègues et étudiants et les difficultés à se procurer des livres l'en empêchent. Après des années à la grande université de Bonn, il se sent à l'étroit dans la petite ville de Bade. Il est tout de même nommé professeur ordinaire le 28 février 1862 et peut épouser sa fiancée Manuela Schleiden, fille d'un directeur de mine, le 29 juillet 1862. De ce mariage naissent deux fils et quatre filles, dont l'aînée épouse le philologue .

Le séjour de Bücheler à Fribourg se termine avec le semestre d'hiver 1865/1866, lorsqu'il reçoit le 31 janvier 1866 l'appel de l'Université de Greifswald. Il y succède à son ami Usener, qui s'est installé à Bonn.

À partir de 1870, Bücheler enseigne à l'Université de Bonn (en tant que successeur d'Otto Jahn). En 1865 déjà, lors de l'attribution de la nouvelle chaire, il a été placé en troisième position sur la liste des nominations, derrière Hermann Bonitz et  ; c'est Heimsoeth qui a alors reçu et accepté l'appel. Bücheler succède ainsi à son professeur Otto Jahn et devient le collègue de son ami d'études Usener, avec lequel il dirige le séminaire philologique. En 1878/79, il occupe le poste de recteur de l'université. En 1878, il devient co-rédacteur en chef de la revue Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. Il connaît un succès extraordinaire à la fois en tant qu'enseignant universitaire et en tant qu'éditeur d'écrits anciens.

Parmi ses contributions figurent :

 Frontini de aquis urbis Romae (Leipzig, 1858)
 Pervigilium Veneris (Leipzig, 1859)
 Petronii satirarum reliquiae (Berlin, 1862; 3. Ausgabe, 1882)
 Hymnus Cereris Homericus (Leipzig, 1869)
 Q. Ciceronis reliquiae (1869)
 Herondae mimiambi (Bonn, 1892).

Il écrit également Grundriss der Latin Declension (1866); Das Recht von Gortyn (Francfort, 1885, avec ) et obtient la troisième édition (1893) de Persii, Juvenalis, Sulpiciae saturae d'Otto Jahn.

Une rue de Bonn-Kessenich porte le nom de Franz Bücheler. Il est enterré dans l'.

Parmi les élèves de Franz Bücheler figurent l'archéologue , l'historien Friedrich Philippi et les philologues  et .

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Philologue prussien
Recteur de l'université rhénane Frédéric-Guillaume de Bonn
Professeur à l'université de Fribourg-en-Brisgau
Professeur à l'université de Greifswald
Professeur à l'université Johannes-Gutenberg de Mayence
Étudiant de l'université rhénane Frédéric-Guillaume de Bonn
Membre de l'Académie des Lyncéens
Membre de l'Académie des sciences de Göttingen
Membre de l'Académie royale néerlandaise des arts et des sciences
Membre de l'Académie autrichienne des sciences
Membre de l'Académie royale des sciences de Prusse
Membre de l'Académie bavaroise des sciences
Docteur honoris causa de l'université rhénane Frédéric-Guillaume de Bonn
Chevalier de 1re classe de l'ordre de la Couronne (Prusse)
Récipiendaire de la croix Pour le Mérite (ordre civil)
Naissance en juin 1837
Naissance à Rheinberg
Naissance dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès en mai 1908
Décès à Bonn
Décès dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès à 70 ans

Franz Bücheler


The backtick  is a typographical mark used mainly in computing. It is also known as backquote, grave, or grave accent.

The character was designed for typewriters to add a grave accent to a (lower-case) base letter, by overtyping it atop that letter. On early computer systems, however, this physical dead key+overtype function was rarely supported, being functionally replaced by precomposed characters. Consequently, this ASCII symbol was rarely (if ever) used in computer systems for its original aim and became repurposed for many unrelated uses in computer programming.

The sign is located on the left-top of a US or UK layout keyboard, next to the  key. On older keyboards, the Escape key was at this location, and the backtick key was somewhere on the right side of the layout. Provision (if any) of the backtick on other keyboards varies by national keyboard layout and keyboard mapping.

History

Typewriters

On typewriters designed for languages that routinely use diacritics (accent marks), there are two possible solutions. Keys can be dedicated to pre-composed characters or alternatively a dead key mechanism can be provided. With the latter, a mark is made when a dead key is typed but, unlike normal keys, the paper carriage does not move on and thus, the next letter to be typed is printed under the accent.

Incorporation into ISO 646 and ASCII

The incorporation of the grave symbol into ASCII is a consequence of this prior existence on typewriters. This symbol did not exist independently as a type or hot-lead printing character.

Thus, ISO646 was born and the ASCII standard updated to include the backtick and other symbols.

As surrogate of apostrophe or (opening) single quote

Some early typewriters and ASCII peripherals designed the backtick and apostrophe to be mirror images of each other. This allowed them to be used as matching pairs of open and close quotes, and also as grave and acute accents, and allowed the apostrophe to be used as a prime. None of these were considered typographically correct.

The use of apostrophe for opening quotes, the need on some typewriters to overprint apostrophe and period to get an exclamation mark, and the lack of a mirrored double-quote character, tended to change the apostrophe to the modern "typewriter" design that is vertical, so this no longer works. Unicode now provides separate characters for opening and closing quotes.

Such style is sometimes used even nowadays; examples are: output generated by some UNIX console programs, rendering of man pages within some environments, technical documentation written long ago or written in old-school manner. However, as time goes on, such style is used less and less, and even institutions that traditionally were using that style are now abandoning it.

Computing

Command-line interface languages
Many command-line interface languages and the scripting (programming) languages like Perl, PHP, Ruby and Julia (though see below) use pairs of backticks to indicate command substitution. A command substitution is the standard output from one command, into an embedded line of text within another command. For example, using $ as the symbol representing a terminal prompt, the code line:

on execution, produces the output:

In Bash shell and Z shell, the use of backticks for command substitution is now largely deprecated in favor of the notation $(...), so that one of the examples above would be re-written:

The new syntax allows nesting, for example:

Markup languages
It is sometimes used in source code comments to indicate code, e.g.,

 /* Use the `printf()` function. */

This is also the format the Markdown formatter uses to indicate code. Some variations of Markdown support "fenced code blocks" that span multiple lines of code, starting (and ending) with three backticks in a row (```).

 TeX: The backtick character represents curly opening quotes. For example, ` is rendered as single opening curly quote () and `` is a double curly opening quote (). It also supplies the numeric ASCII value of an ASCII character wherever a number is expected.

Programming languages
 BBC BASIC: The backtick character is valid at the beginning of or within a variable, structure, procedure or function name.
 D and Go: The backtick surrounds a raw string literal.
 F#: Surrounding an identifier with double backticks allows the use of identifiers that would not otherwise be allowed, such as keywords, or identifiers containing punctuation or spaces.
 Haskell: Surrounding a function name by backticks makes it an infix operator.
 JavaScript: ECMAScript 6 standard introduced a "backtick" character which indicated a string or template literal. Its applications include (but are not limited to): string interpolation (substitution), embedded expressions, and multi-line strings. In the following example name and pet variable's values get substituted into the string enclosed by grave accent characters:
const name = "Mary", pet = "lamb"; // Set variables
let   temp = `${name} has a little ${pet}!`;
      console.log(temp);
      // => "Mary has a little lamb!";

 Lisp macro systems: The backtick character (called quasiquote in Scheme) introduces a quoted expression in which comma-substitution may occur. It is identical to the plain quote, except that a nested expression prefixed with a comma is replaced with the value of that nested expression. If the nested expression happens to be a symbol (that is, a variable name in Lisp), the symbols' value is used. If the expression happens to be program code, the first value returned by that code is inserted at the respective location instead of the comma-prefixed code. This is roughly analogous to the Bourne shell's variable interpolation with $ inside double quotes.
 Julia: Backticks make a command object, Cmd, that can be run, with run function, like run(`echo Hello world!`). You can interpolate Julia variables, but only indirectly shell environment variables.
 m4: A backtick together with an apostrophe quotes strings (to suppress or defer macro expansion).
 MySQL: A backtick in queries is a delimiter for column, table, and database identifiers.
 OCaml: The backtick indicates polymorphic variants.
 Pico: The backtick indicates comments in the programming language.
 PowerShell: The backtick is used as the escape character. For example, a newline character is denoted `n. Most common programming languages use a backslash as the escape character (e.g., \n), but because Windows allows the backslash as a path separator, it is impractical for PowerShell to use backslash for a different purpose. Two backticks produce the ` character itself. For example, the nullable boolean of .NET is specified in PowerShell as [Nullable``1[System.Boolean]].
 Python : Prior to version 3.0, backticks were a synonym for the repr() function, which converts its argument to a string suitable for a programmer to view. However, this feature was removed in Python 3.0. Backticks also appear extensively in the reStructuredText plain text markup language (implemented in the Python docutils package).
 R: The backtick is used to surround non-syntactic variable names. This includes variable names containing special characters or reserved words, among others.
 Racket: The backtick or "Quasiquote" is used to begin creating lists.
 Scala: An identifier may also be formed by an arbitrary string between backticks. The identifier then is composed of all characters excluding the backticks themselves.
 Tom: The backtick creates a new term or to calls an existing term.
 Unlambda: The backtick character denotes function application.
 Verilog HDL: The backtick is used at the beginning of compiler's directives.

Games
In many PC-based computer games in the US and UK, the  key is used to open the console so the user can execute script commands via its CLI.  This is true for games such as Factorio, Battlefield 3, Half-Life, Halo CE, Quake, Half-Life 2, Blockland, Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix, Unreal, Counter-Strike, Crysis, Morrowind, Oblivion, Skyrim, Fallout: New Vegas, Fallout 3, Fallout 4, RuneScape, and games based on the Quake engine or Source engine.
While not necessarily the original progenitor of the console key concept, Quake is still widely associated with any usage of the  key as a toggle for a drop-down console, often being referred to as the "Quake Key". In 2021, Windows Terminal introduced a "Quake Mode" which enables a global shortcut of + (with a predictable result).

See also

 Tilde

Notes

References

Typographical symbols

Backtick


Imperiul Mongol a cucerit în anii 1216-1218 e.n. Înainte de invazie, războiul cu dinastia khwarazmidă și uzurparea puterii de către prințul   a slăbit statul qara kitailor. Când Kuchlug a asediat , un oraș aparținând , vasali ai Imperiului Mongol, Ginghis Han a trimis o forță sub comanda lui  să-l izgonească pe Kuchlug. După ce cei 30.000 de oameni ai acestuia au fost învinși de Jebe la capitala kitană , Kuchlug s-a confruntat cu revolte din cauza domniei sale nepopulare, fiind obligat să fugă în Afganistanul de astăzi, unde a fost capturat de vânători în 1218. Vânătorii l-au predat pe Kuchlug mongolilor, care l-au decapitat. După înfrângerea qara kitailor, mongolii au ajuns direct vecini cu , pe care în scurt timp aveau să-l invadeze în 1219.

Context
După ce Genghis Han i-a învins pe  în 1204, prințul naiman  a fugit din țara lui și s-a refugiat între qara kitai.  Yelü Zhilugu l-a primit pe Kuchlug în imperiul său, iar Kuchlug a devenit un sfetnic și comandant militar, căsătorindu-se în cele din urmă cu una dintre fiicele lui Zhilugu. Cu toate acestea, în timpul unui război cu dinastia Khawarzmidă vecină, Kuchlug a profitat de ocazie și a orchestrat o lovitură de stat împotriva lui Zhilegu. După ce Kuchlug a preluat puterea, el l-a lăsat pe Zhilegu să păstreze titlul de gurhan fără putere reală. Când gurhanul a murit în anul 1213, Kuchlug a preluat controlul total asupra hanatului. La început nestorian, ajuns între kitai, Kuchlug s-a convertit la budism și a început să-i persecute pe musulmanii majoritari, obligându-i să treacă fie la budism fie la creștinism, acțiuni care l-au înstrăinat pe Kuchlug de majoritatea populației. Când Kuchlug a asediat orașul  , karlukii, vasali Imperiului Mongol, au solicitat ajutor de la Genghis Han.

Invazia
În 1216, după ce i-a cerut lui Mohamed al II-lea Khwarazmidul să nu-l ajute pe Kuchlug, Genghis Han l-a trimis pe generalul Jebe cu doi tumeni (unități a câte 10.000 de soldați) să rezolve amenințarea dinspre Qara Kitai, în timp ce l-a trimis și pe Subutai cu încă doi tumeni într-o campanie simultană împotriva merkiților. Cele două armate au călătorit una lângă alta prin Munții Altai și , până  la Almaliq. În acel moment, Subutai s-a dus către sud-vest, distrugându-i pe merkiți și protejându-i flancul lui Jebe flancul împotriva oricăror atacuri surprinzătoare dinspre Khwarazm. Jebe a eliberat Almaliq, apoi a mers până la sud de Lacul Balhaș pe pământurile qara kitailor, unde a asediat capitala . Acolo, Jebe a învins o armată de 30.000 de oșteni și Kuchlug a fugit la Kashgar. Profitând de tulburările care mocneau sub domnia lui Kuchlug, Jebe a dobândit sprijinul populației musulmane, pe care a anunțat-o că se va pune capăt politici de persecuție religioasă a lui Kuchlug. Când armata lui Jebe a ajuns la Kashgar, în 1217, populația s-a răsculat împotriva lui Kuchlug, obligându-l să fugă pentru a-și scăpa viața. Jebe l-a urmărit pe Kuchlug peste Munții Pamir în  de astăzi din Afganistan. Potrivit lui , un grup de vânători l-a prins pe Kuchlug și l-a predat mongolilor, care l-au decapitat pe loc.

Urmări
După moartea lui Kuchlug, Imperiul Mongol și-a asigurat controlul asupra qara kitailor. Un alt segment al familiei domnitoare a qara kitailor, dintr-o dinastie întemeiată de , a rezistat în  ca vasală a mongolilor, dar a încetat să existe ca entitate în timpul domniei căpeteniei  mongole . Mongolii aveau acum un avanpost solid în Asia Centrală exact la granița Imperiului Khwarazm. Relațiile cu khwarazmii s-au deteriorat rapid, ceea ce a dus la .

Bibliografie

Note

Surse

Istoria Afganistanului
Istoria Asiei Centrale
Istoria Kazahstanului
Istoria Kîrgîzstanului
Bătăliile Imperiului Mongol

Cucerirea mongolă a Hanatului Qara Kitai


El peso constituyente fue la moneda de curso legal en la zona de Atacama y alrededores durante la Revolución de 1859.

Historia
Esta moneda surgió en el marco de la revuelta dirigida por Pedro León Gallo y sus seguidores tras el bloqueo que impusieron las fuerzas leales al gobierno del presidente Manuel Montt. Al perderse la comunicación con las provincias del sur, no hubo circulante suficiente para la economía de la zona, quedando solo algunas monedas de oro que resultaban inútiles para los negocios de menor valor. Así, se debieron acuñar monedas de plata para satisfacer la actividad, siendo las primeras fabricadas con lingotes de plata proporcionados por la propia familia Gallo.

En la antigua fundición de Alejo Molina, donde se fabricaron los cañones para la revolución, se instauró una «casa de moneda» provisional, a cargo de Anselmo Carabantes, donde se fabricaron estas monedas. Se fabricaron en total cerca de 400 mil monedas, divididas en 390 mil de un peso (un constituyente) y 10 mil de 50 centavos. Las monedas eran mandadas a hacer por el ejército revolucionario, pero también se admitía el acuñamiento a pedido del público, previa entrega del material. También se emitieron billetes o vales con valores en constituyentes poco antes del fin de la revolución.

Tras la derrota de los rebelados en la batalla de Cerro Grande, el constituyente fue declarado sin valor legal, y varias de las monedas fueron requisadas y refundidas. Algunas, no obstante, se conservan hasta el día de hoy.

Monedas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Las monedas de Pedro León Gallo, Segunda Asamblea Constituyente (mayo de 2007).

Monedas de Chile
Monedas fuera de curso

Peso constituyente


Emilie Martinsen (* 16. Februar 1984 in Kopenhagen) ist eine dänische Springreiterin, die in Brüssel lebt.

Im Januar 2013 belegt sie Platz 366 der Weltrangliste.

2010 wurde sie im Sattel von Caballero Dänische Meisterin. Sie trainiert bei Henrik Gundersen und Norman Dello Joio.

Ihr Vater ist Niels Martinsen, der Gründer von IC Companys, einem dänischen Modeimperium. Im November 2010 überschrieb er ihr 90 Prozent von Friheden Invest A/S, dem Hauptkapitaleigner von IC Companys. Dies machte sie im Alter von 26 Jahren zur Milliardärin.

Pferde (Auszug)
 Calypso (* 2002), brauner Wallach, Vater: Orlando
 Pacome des Plains (* 2003), brauner Wallach, Vater: Fetiche du Pas
 Bogegardens Apollo (* 1998), brauner Hengst, Vater: Accord II, Muttervater: Roland
 Caballero (* 2000), Schimmelhengst, Vater: Champion du Lys, Muttervater: Accord II

Erfolge

Championate und Weltcup
 Europameisterschaften:
 2011, Madrid: 12. Platz mit der Mannschaft und 50. Platz im Einzel, mit Bogegardens Apollo
 dänische Meisterschaften:
 2010: 1. Platz, mit Caballero
 Weltcupfinale:
 2012, 's-Hertogenbosch: 29. Platz mit Carisma

Weblinks
 Global Champions Tour - Portrait

Einzelnachweise

Springreiter
Reiter (Dänemark)
Däne
Geboren 1984
Frau

Emilie Martinsen


Çiçeklikeller, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1946 yılı kayıtlarında Keller olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 102 km, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 32 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri

Çiçeklikeller, Sungurlu


Mahesh Bhupathi (født 7. juni 1974) er en indisk tennisspiller. Han repræsentere sit land under Sommer-OL 2012 i London, der blev han slået ud i anden runde i double.

Kilder

Eksterne Henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Indien

Mahesh Bhupathi


Sidley Dağı,  Antarktika'da,  Waesche Dağı'nın kuzeyinde ve 4.181 m yüksekliğinde sönmüş bir volkan. Antarktika'nın Marie Byrd Land kısmının en yüksek dağıdır.

Sidley dağı, yaygın ve büyük kısmı karlarla örtülü bir dağ olup, Executive Committee Sıradağları'nı oluşturan beş sönmüş volkanın en yükseğidir.Bir kalderanın şekil verdiği zirvesi, yalak şeklinde çökmüş krater haldedir.

Dağ, ABD Donanması'nda amiral olan, kutup araştırmacısı Richard Evelyn Byrd tarafından 18 Kasım 1934'te, bölge üzerindeki bir uçakla geçişi sırasında keşfedilir. Dağ adını, fabrikatör ve Byrd'in 1933-1935 arasındaki Antarktika ekspedisyonuna finansör olan William Horlick'''in kızı Mabelle E. Sidley'' 'den alır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.volcano.si.edu
 http://usarc.usgs.gov* https://web.archive.org/web/20051030114935/https://antarctic_atlas/
 http://www.skimountaineer.com/ROF/RingOfFire.html

Antarktika'daki yanardağlar
Dörtbinlikler

Sidley Dağı


Castelsardo (sasarski: Calthèddu, sardinski: Castèddu Sardu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 114 metara i ima 5 954 stanovnika. Prostire se na 43,34 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 137 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Sedini, Sorso, Tergu i Valledoria.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Castelsardo


An Telipogon glicensteinii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dodson ngan Rodrigo Escobar. An Telipogon glicensteinii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon glicensteinii