الجين الأناني The Selfish Gene كتاب عن التطور من تأليف العالم الشهير ريتشارد دوكينز عام 1976، يعتمد هذا الكتاب بشكل كبير على الأفكار الواردة في كتاب النظريَّة الرئيسيَّة للتكيُّف والاصطفاء الطبيعي لجورج ويليامز الصادر عام 1966، استخدم دوكينز مصطلح الجين الأناني كطريقة للتعبير عن وجهة النظر التي تركِّز على التطور على المستوى الجيني مقابل وجهات النظر التي تركِّز على الكائن الحي والجماعة ككل، وهي الأفكار التي نالت شعبيةً كبيرة في الستينيَّات على يد ويليام هاملتون وغيره، يعني ذلك من وجهة نظر جينيَّة أنَّ الأفراد المترابطة جينيَّاً تميل للتعامل بشكل أناني أو فردي مع بعضها البعض.

استحدث هذا الكتاب مصطلح الميم meme كوحدة للتطور الثقافي البشري مماثل للجين بمعنى آخر وحدة المعلومات الثقافية التي يمكن نقلها من عقل لآخر بطريقة مشابهة لانتقال الجينات من فرد لآخر خلال عملية التكاثر، ممَّا يقترح أنَّ هذا التكرار الأناني هو ما يميز التطور الثقافي البشري البشري، أصبح علم الميمات أو علم التطور الثقافي Memetics موضوعاً للعديد من الدراسات والأبحاث منذ نشر هذا الكتاب.

في مقدمة الطبعة الثلاثين للكتاب قال دوكينز إنَّه يرى بوضوح أنَّ عنوان الكتاب قد لا يعطِ انطباعاً كافياً عن محتواه، وتمنَّى لو أنَّه أخذ بنصيحة توم ماشلر وسمَّاه الجين الخالد Immortal Gene.

في عام 2017 حصل كتاب الجيني الأناني على المرتبة الأولى في استطلاع الرأي الذي أجرته الجمعيَّة الملكيَّة لأكثر كتاب علمي تأثيراً في التاريخ.

خلفية
يعتمد دوكينز على كتاب جورج ويليامز النظريَّة الرئيسيَّة للتكيف والاصطفاء الطبيعي، للقول إنَّ الإيثار لا يحدث لتحقيق منفعة الجماعة في حدِّ ذاتها، وإنَّما للاختيار الذي يحدث على المستوى الجيني، وإنَّ الاختيار الذي يحصل على المستوى الجماعي نادر جداً، هذه النظريَّة طُوِّرت بشكل أساسي على يد ويليام دونالد هاملتون وآخرين في الستينات.

الكتاب

المحتويات
يناقش دوكينز في البداية مفهوم الإيثار، ويفسِّره من خلال الأنانيَّة الجينيَّة ويعارض الاعتماد على اختيار ومنفعة الجماعة كتفسير، ويعتبر دوكينز أنَّ الحياة قد بدات مع الجزيئات القادرة على استنساخ نفسها، وهنا يشير إلى دور الحمض النووي في التطور ويقسِّمه إلى صبغيَّات وجينات والتي يعتقد أنَّها تتصرف بطريقة أنانيَّة.

يصف دوكينز الكائنات الحية بأنَّها أجهزة هادفة ولكنَّها بسيطة في الأساس، وهي تستخدم ردود فعل سلبيَّة لتحقيق السيطرة، وأنَّ هذا يمتدُّ أيضاً ليشمل قدرة الدماغ على محاكاة العالم بوعي ذاتي، كلُّ ذلك يسمح لنا بالتفكير في معنى الأنانيَّة الجينيَّة والتي قد تؤدي كما قال هاملتون إلى «اصطفاء الأقارب»، إنَّ جينات السلوك التي تحسِّن من فرص البقاء للأقارب يمكن أن تستقر وتنتشر في الجماعة لأنَّ هؤلاء الأقارب يحملون نفس الجينات.

يتفحَّص دوكينز الإنجاب وتربية الأطفال كاستراتيجيات تطورية بشريَّة، وينتقد فكرة اختيار الجماعة لمنفعة النوع، بدلاً من ذلك يعتقد أنَّ كلا الوالدين يتصرَّف بأنانية، والسؤال الذي يطرحه هو إذا ما كان على الآباء أن يستثمروا في نسلهم على قدم المساواة أو أن يفضلوا بعض الأبناء، ويجيب بأنَّ الأفضل لبقاء جينات الآباء واستمرارها ليس بالضرورة هو الأفضل للأبناء.

في نفس السياق يرى دوكينز أنَّ النسبة المثلى بين الجنسين «ذكور وإناث» هي 50:50، مع أنَّ الحصول على ذكر يمكن أن يحقِّق من الناحية العدديَّة عائداً كبيراً من النسل.

في الفصل الأخير من الطبعة الأولى يُقدِّم دوكينز مصطلح الميم كوحدة للتطور الثقافي البشري، وقياساً على انتقال الجينات يصف دوكينز الإله بأنَّه فكرة قديمة تجدَّدت عدة مرات على مرِّ الزمن، وما يميز هذه الفكرة الجاذبيَّة النفسيَّة التي ساهمت في بقائها في الذاكرة البشريَّة.

في الطبعة الثانية التي ظهرت عام 1989 أضاف دوكينز فصلين أخرين على كتابه تعمَّق فيهما في وصف هذا المفهوم بالتحديد.

الأفكار الرئيسية

الجينات الأنانية
يقول دوكينز عن وصفه للجينات بأنَّه أنانيَّة بأنَّ ذلك لايعني بحالٍ من الأحوال أنَّ هذه الجينات مُسيَّرة من خلال قوى أو إرادة معيَّنة، ولكنَّ هذا المصطلح مجازي وتعليمي لا أكثر، والذي يحدث فعليَّاً أنَّ الجينات التي يتمُّ تمريرها إلى الأجيال التالية هي تلك التي تخدم عواقبُها التطوريَّة مصالحها الضمنيَّة الخاصَّة في أن تتكرَّر، ولاحقاً يستخدم دوكينز الأنانيَّة التطوريَّة لاستنتاج طريقة خلق النمط الظاهري المنتشر على نطاق واسع.

وافق البعض على الاستخدام المجازي لمصطلح الأنانيَّة، في حين رآى آخرون أنَّ عزو الصفات العقليَّة إلى أشياء ليست بذات معنى هو أمرٌ مُربكٌ ومُضلِّل وسخيف حتى، على سبيل المثال يقول أندرو براون:

النسخ المتطابقة
يقترح دوكينز في كتابه أيضاً مفهوماً جديداً هو النسخ المتطابقة Replicators، ويقول في الصفحة 253 من كتابه:

ويفترض دوكينز أنَّ أصل هذه النسخ المتطابقة هو جزيء أولي نجح في إعادة نسخ نفسه من بين كل الجزيئات الأخرى التي كانت موجودة على الأرض  ، وبذلك اكتسب ميِّزة البقاء من بينها، لاحقاً عندما أصبح نسخ الجزيئات أكثر تعقيداً أصبحت هذه النسخ المتطابقة هي الجينات الموجودة داخل الكائنات الحيَّة وهكذا فجسم كلِّ كائنٍ حي يخدم غرض البقاء لجيناته... أو لتلك النسخ المتطابقة الأوليَّة.

الجينات مقابل الكائنات
في بعض الأحيان قد نصادف حالات التعارض بين النسخ المتطابقة والنسخ الكاملة أي بين الجينات والكائن الحي ككل، كما في المثال التالي: سلوك التزاوج الغريزي لدى ذكور العناكب والذي يسمح لها بالتكاثر وحفظ النوع ولكنَّه من جهة أخرى يعرِّضها للقتل على يد الإناث بعد التزاوج  ، وهكذا يُفسِّر دوكينز بقاء الحمض النووي غير المرغوب فيه بأنَّه لا يخضع للاختيار والإرادة وإنَّما يعبِّر عن تنوعات الحمض النووي الذي ينتقل من الآباء للأبناء رغم أنَّها لا تقدِّم أي فائدة للبقاء على قيد الحياة.

الأمثلة السابقة قد توحي بصراعٍ للسيطرة بين الجينات وبين نواتجها «الكائن»، قد يبدو أنَّه لا مجال للمنافسة وأنَّ الجينات ستربح دون قتال، ومع ذلك يعتقد البعض أنَّه إذا أصبح الكائن الحي ذكيَّاً بما يكفي لفهم احتياجاته الخاصة على نحو يختلف عن احتياجات جيناته فقد يصبح التنافس ممكناً وحقيقيَّاً، مثالٌ واضحٌ على ذلك هو استخدام وسائل منع الحمل عند الإنسان لمنع الحمل وبالتالي منع تكرار جيناته، ولكنَّ هذا الإجراء قد لا يسبِّبُ تعارضاً حقيقيَّاً مع المصلحة الأنانيَّة للجين بتكرار ذاته، لأنَّ الشخص الذي يستخدم وسائل منع الحمل قد تُعزِّز فرص بقاء الجينات بطريقةٍ أخرى لأنَّها تؤدي للحدِّ من حجم الأسرة ليتناسب مع الموارد المتاحة وبالتالي تجنب الانقراض الذي يُسبِّبه النمو السكاني المتزايد.

الإيثار
يقول دوكينز إنَّ هدفه في كتاب الجين الأناني هو دراسة الأنانيَّة والإيثار من الناحية البيولوجيَّة، وههو يقوم بذلك من خلال دعمه لفكرة أنَّ الأنانيَّة الجينيَّة ستؤدي في النهاية لأنانيَّة سلوك الكائن الحي، ولكنَّ العديد من الحالات توضِّح أنَّ الجين قد يحقِّق هدفه الأناني في بعض الظروف الخاصة بمعزل عن المستوى الكلي للكائن الحي.

الإيثار الناتج عن الأنانيَّة الجينيَّة قد يدفع الكائن للعمل على نحوٍ غريب ضدَّ مصالحه الفرديَّة الخاصَّة من أجل منفعة الأقارب أو الجماعة، ويدعم دوكينز في الفصل العاشر أفكاره بأمثلة مستقاة من الطبيعة ليشرح كيف تحقِّق الجينات منفعة الأقارب والجماعة والتطوُّر المشترك لها.

الاستقبال
تمتَّع كتاب الجين الأناني بشعبيَّةٍ كبيرة فور نشره وأحدث تحوَّلاً ثوريَّاً في علم الأحياء، بيعت منه ملايين النسخ وترجم إلى 25 لغة ولايزال حتى الآن ذائع الصيت في الأوساط العلميَّة  ، يعتقد البعض أنَّ كتاب الجين الأناني هو الذي أكمل ووسَّع نظريَّة التطور التي وضعها تشارلز داروين في كتابه أصل الأنواع قبل اكتشاف قوانين الوراثة الأساسيَّة.

بعض المنتقدين كعالم البيولوجيا السلوكيَّة آلان غرافين يعتقدون أنَّ دوكينز في كتابه الجين الأناني قد بالغ في تبسيط العلاقة بين الجين وبين الكائن الحي.

حظي كتاب الجين الأناني بمزيد من الشعبيَّة العالميَّة عندما تُرجم للغة اليابانيَّة عام 1980.

حتى أنَّ مصطلح الميم MEME وعلم الميمات أوعلم التطور الثقافي Memetics الذي استحدثه هذا الكتاب أصبح مفهوماً شعبياً وعلميَّاً رائجاً بعد انتشار الكتاب والإقبال الكبير عليه الذي حظي به على مستوى العالم. The information scientist Osamu Sakura has published a book in Japanese and several papers in English on the topic.

النشر
نشر كتاب الجين الأناني لأول مرة من قبل جامعة أكسفورد عام 1976 وكان مؤلَّفاً من 11 فصل مع مقدمة الكاتب وتقديم من قبل روبرت تريفيرز [59]، في عام 1989 نشرت الطبعة الثانية للكاتب وأضيف له فصلان جديدان وهوامش عديدة للفصول السابقة تناقش بعض الأفكار والمعطيات الجديدة وأضاف دوكينز مقدمة ثانية وحذف تقديم تريفيرز، ومن الجدير بالذكر أنَّ الكتاب لا يحوي أي صور أو رسوم توضيحيَّة.

ترجم الكتاب لأكثر من 23 لغة بما فيها العربية والتايلندية والتركية.

الذكرى الثلاثون
في عام 2006 نشرت الطبعة الثلاثون من كتاب الجين الأناني ، أعادت هذه الطبعة نشر تقديم تريفيرز مع مقدمة جديدة لدوكينز ومقتطفات من مراجعات بعض العلماء، مع كُتيِّب تكريمي مُرفق بعنوان: ريتشارد دوكينز كيف غيَّر عالِم طريقة تفكيرنا Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think.

في آذار 2006 أُقيمت احتفاليَّة خاصَّة في كلية لندن للاقتصاد تكريماً للكتاب بعنوان: «الجين الأناني ثلاثون عاماً»، وفي آذار 2011 نشرت شركة Audible الكتاب بشكل إصدار صوتي بصوت كلٍّ من ريتشارد دوكينز ولالا وورد.

طبعات الكتاب
 الطبعة الأولى 1976 وأعيدت طباعتها 1978
 الطبعة الثانية 1989
 الطبعة الثالثة 2006 في الذكرى السنوية الثلاثين للكتاب
 الإصدار الصوتي للكتاب 2011
 الطبعة الرابعة 2016 في الذكرى السنوية الأربعين للكتاب
 الطبعة الرابعة الموسَّعة 2016

الجوائز
في نيسان 2016 حصل كتاب الجين الأناني على الترتيب العاشر في قائمة صحيفة الغارديان البريطانيَّة لأفضل 100 كتاب غير قصصي والتي أعدَّها روبرت ماكروم.

وفي حزيران 2017 حصل على المركز الأول كأكثر كتاب علمي تأثيراً على مرِّ العصور في استطلاع الرأي الذي قامت به الجمعية الملكيَّة متقدماً على كلٍّ من: أصل الأنواع لتشارلز داروين والمبادئ الرياضية لإسحاق نيوتن.

انظر أيضا
 صانع الساعات الأعمى
 وهم الإله (كتاب)
 نفي اللاهوت

روابط خارجية

المراجع

مراجع أخرى

 Hackett, Dennis (1986). "The Not-So-Selfish Gene." New Scientist 110 (24 Apr): 56.

 ) as the most common, simple, and profitable choice.<ref>Hackett, Dennis (1986). "The Not-So-Selfish Gene." New Scientist 110 (24 Apr): 56.

اصطناع تطوري حديث
أدب العلوم الاستعرافية
تنسخ الحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين
دراسات علمية
علم الأحياء التطوري
علم التطور الثقافي
كتب 1976
كتب 1996
كتب أحيائية
كتب إنجليزية
كتب إنجليزية غير خيالية
كتب باللغة الإنجليزية
كتب ريتشارد دوكينز
كتب علمية
كتب علمية شعبية
كتب عن التطور
كتب غير خيالية 1976
كتب مترجمة
كتب مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد

الجين الأناني


Pierre Vaneck (născut Pierre Auguste Van Hecke; ) a fost un actor francez de origine belgiană.

Biografie
Fiul generalui de brigadă Alphonse Van Hecke și al Emmei Janssens, Pierre Vaneck și-a petrecut tinerețea la Anvers, urmând de la vârsta de 17 ani studii de medicină la Paris și studiind apoi arta dramatică la cursurile ținute de René Simon  și la Conservatorul din Paris, la clasa profesorului Henri Rollan. Și-a câștigat traiul lucrând pentru un șelar și recita seara poezii de François Villon în cabaretele de pe malul stâng al Senei. A debutat pe scenă în 1952 într-o adaptare a romanului Cei trei muschetari în rolul regelui Ludovic al XIII-lea. Primul său rol important în cinema l-a avut în filmul Marianne de ma jeunsesse (1955) al lui Julien Duvivier.

Pierre Vaneck a fost în primul rând un om de teatru și de televiziune. Publicul larg l-a cunoscut mai ales pentru rolul tatălui lui Fabien Cosma din serialul de televiziune cu același nume, precum și din multe seriale (Les Grandes Marées, Garonne, Aux frontières du possible...).

El a murit pe 31 ianuarie 2010 într-un spital după o operație pe cord care nu a avut succes. După înmormântarea oficiată în biserica Saint-Roch din Paris, a fost îngropat în zona Luberon.

Pierre Vaneck a fost căsătorit cu Sophie Becker, fiica regizorului Jacques Becker și sora regizorului Jean Becker și a directorului de imagine Étienne Becker. Doi dintre nepoții săi, Aurélie și Thibaud Vaneck, au jucat ca actori în serialul de televiziune Plus belle la vie difuzat de France 3.

Filmografie

Filme de cinema

 1954 : Huis clos, regizat de Jacqueline Audry : un soldat
 1955 : Marianne de ma jeunesse, regizat de Julien Duvivier : Vincent Loringer
 1956 : Si Paris nous était conté, regizat de Sacha Guitry : François Villon
 1956 : Celui qui doit mourir, regizat de Jules Dassin : Manolios/Isus Cristos
 1956 : Pardonnez nos offenses, regizat de Robert Hossein : René
 1958 : Thérèse Étienne, regizat de Denys de La Patellière : Gottfried Muller
 1958 : La Moucharde : Frédéric Martignac
 1958 : Une balle dans le canon, regizat de Charles Gérard și Michel Deville : Tony
 1960 : Merci Natercia, regizat de Pierre Kast : Alain
 1960 : La Morte-Saison des amours, regizat de Pierre Kast : Sylvain
 1961 : Les Amours célèbres, regizat de Michel Boisrond : René de La Roche
 1961 : Un nommé La Rocca, regizat de Jean Becker : Xavier Adé
 1963 : Vacances portugaises, regizat de Pierre Kast : Pierre
 1965 : La Brûlure de mille soleils : (voce)
 1965 : Tournoi : recitator/narator (voce)
 1966 : Les Iles enchantées (As Ilhas encantadas), regizat de Carlos Vilardebo : Abrantes
 1966 : Arde Parisul?, regizat de René Clément : Commandant Roger Gallois
 1968 : L'Étrangère, regizat de Sergio Gobbi : François
 1969 : Jocul care ucide (Maldonne), regizat de Sergio Gobbi : Jacques Christens
 1969 : Les Patates, regizat de Claude Autant-Lara : un soldat german
 1970 : L'Île aux coquelicots, regizat de Salvatore Adamo
 1971 : Biribi, regizat de Daniel Moosmann : Ponchard
 1974 : L'ironie du sort, regizat de Édouard Molinaro : Werner Von Rompsay
 1974 : Le Seuil du vide, regizat de Jean-François Davy : dr. Liancourt
 1980 : Le Soleil en face, regizat de Pierre Kast : Le
 1980 : La légion saute sur Kolwezi, regizat de Raoul Coutard : colonelul Graisser
 1983 : Erendira, regizat de Ruy Guerra : tatăl lui Ulysse
 1984 : L'Année des méduses, regizat de Christopher Frank : Pierre
 1987 : Sweet Country : Père Venegas
 1987 : Le Cœur musicien, regizat de Frédéric Rossif : naratorul
 1988 : Les Pyramides bleues : Noah
 1988 : L'Œuvre au  noir : Zénon (voce)
 1991 : Les Enfants du vent : primarul
 1992 : Sur la terre comme au ciel (Svo a jöröu sem a himni) : dr. Charcot
 1993 : Vent d'est, regizat de Robert Enrico : dr. Hoop
 1995 : Othello, regizat de Oliver Parker : Brabantio
 1996 : La Propriétaire, regizat de Ismail Merchant : Raymond T.K.
 1999 : Furia, regizat de Alexandre Aja : Aaron
 2000 : Là-bas... mon pays, regizat de Alexandre Arcady : Blanville
 2006 : La Science des rêves, regizat de Michel Gondry
 2008 : Deux jours à tuer, regizat de Jean Becker : Le père d'Antoine

Filme de televiziune

 1957 : La Nuit des rois (film TV) : ducele Orsino
 1959 și 1964 : La caméra explore le temps (serial TV) : De la Villiröuet / Rudolf de Habsburg
 1962 : Le Dossier Chelsea Street (film TV, regizat de Marcel Bluwal după Walter Weideli) : Steward
 1965 : Le Coup de pistolet (după nuvela omonimă a lui Aleksandr Pușkin), film TV, regizat de Willy Holt : Sylvio
 1968 : Sarn, regizat de Claude Santelli : Kester
 1971-1974 : Aux frontières du possible (serial TV) : Yan Thomas
 1972 : Pas de frontière pour l'inspecteur - Le milieu n'est pas tendre (film TV) : Stam/de Winter
 1973 : Le Reflet dans la mer (film TV) : Karl de Lincken
 1973 : Héloïse et Abélard (film TV) : Abélard
 1974 : Un bon patriote (film TV) : Alfred Redl
 1974 : La Logeuse (film TV) : dl. Tienne
 1974 : Macbett (film TV) : Macbett / Banco
 1975 : Les Exilés (film TV) : Richard Rowan
 1975 : Saint-Just et la Force des choses (film TV)
 1976 : L'Homme d'Amsterdam, regizat de Victor Vicas (serial TV) : Pierre Vermeer
 1976, 1982 și 1986 : Cinéma 16 (serial TV) :
 1976 : Le Temps d'un regard, regizat de Boramy Tioulong : Marc Audran
 1976 : La Vie en pièces, regizat de Daniel Moosmann : Arthur
 1982 : Je tue il, regizat de Pierre Boutron : romancierul
 1986 : Le Collier de velours, regizat de Jean Sagols : Charles Courville
 1978 : Meurtre sur la personne de la mer (film TV) : Werner Kuntz
 1978 : Les Bonnes Âmes (film TV) : Henry Granier
 1978 : Le Vent sur la maison, regizat de Franck Apprederis, (film TV) : Rémy
 1980 : La Fin du marquisat d'Aurel (serial TV) : Palamède d'Aurel
 1981 : Histoires extraordinaires (film TV) : Dupin
 1981 : Cinq-Mars, regizat de Jean-Claude Brialy : Ludovic al XIII-lea
 1983 : Les Mouettes sur la Saône (film TV) : Lazare
 1984 : Rubis (film TV) : Sévère
 1985 : Les Fanas du ciné (film TV) : Georges
 1985 : Le Passage (film TV) : Cazzaro
 1986 : The Collectors (serial TV) : Charles Thieron
 1987 : Caracatița 3 (La piovra 3) (serial TV) : Carlo Antinari
 1988 : La Face de l'ogre (film TV) : Ringler
 1989 : Le Hérisson (film TV) : Paul
 1990 : Orages d'été, avis de tempête (serial TV) : John
 1992 : Les Cœurs brûlés (serial TV) : Marc Leroy
 1992 : Haute Tension (serial TV) : Alexandre Desterac
 1993 : Les Grandes Marées (serial TV) : Bruno Feldman
 1993 : Meurtre en ut majeur (film TV) : Walter Caldor
 1995 : L'Enfant des rues (film TV) : Giroud
 1996 : Berjac: Coup de maître (film TV) : Longari
 1997 : La Serre aux truffes (film TV) : Pierre-Simon Sigliat
 1997 : Madame le Consul (serial TV) : François Maillant
 1999 : Un et un font six (serial TV) : Éric, tatăl lui Raphaël și Greg
 1999 : Justice (serial TV) : Gilbert Le Guen
 1999 : Retour à Fonteyne (film TV) : Aurélien Laverzac
 2001 : Le Secret d'Alice (film TV) : Jacques
 2001 : Dette d'amour (film TV) : Gérard
 2001-2007 : Fabien Cosma (serial TV) : André Cosma
 2002 : Garonne (serial TV) : François
 2002 : La Source des Sarrazins (film TV) : Armand
 2003 : Louis Page (serial TV) : Adrien Laroche
 2004 : Déjeuner chez Wittgenstein (film TV) : Voss
 2004 : Imperium : Nerone (film TV) : Paul de Tarse
 2005 : Pas de ciel au-dessus de l'Afrique (film TV) : Ian Coburn
 2009 : A.D.A. L'argent des Autres (film TV) : Jorgenson

Activitatea teatrală

 1952 : Les Trois Mousquetaires după Alexandre Dumas
 1953 : Sud de Julien Green, regie: Jean Mercure, Théâtre de l'Athénée
 1953 : La Maison de la nuit de Thierry Maulnier, regie: Marcelle Tassencourt și Michel Vitold, Théâtre Hébertot
 1953 : La Chair de l'orchidée de James Hadley Chase, regie: Robert Hossein, Théâtre Grand Guignol
 1954 : Pour le roi de Prusse de Maurice Bray, regie: de l'auteur, Théâtre Hébertot
 1954 : L'Ennemi de Julien Green, regie: Fernand Ledoux, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
 1955 : La Chair de l'orchidée adaptare de Frédéric Dard și Marcel Duhamel după James Hadley Chase, regie: Robert Hossein, Théâtre du Grand-Guignol
 1955 : Le Bal des adieux de André Josset, regie: Jean Mercure, Théâtre Montparnasse
 1955 : L'Éventail de Lady Windermere de Oscar Wilde, regie: Marcelle Tassencourt, Théâtre Hébertot, 1956 : Théâtre Daunou
 1958 : La Paix du dimanche de John Osborne, regie: Raymond Gérôme, Théâtre des Mathurins
 1959 : Les Possédés de Albert Camus după Fiodor Dostoïevski, regie: Albert Camus, Théâtre Antoine
 1959 : Long voyage vers la nuit de Eugene O'Neill, regie: Marcelle Tassencourt, Théâtre Hébertot
 1960 : Long voyage vers la nuit de Eugene O'Neill, regie: Marcelle Tassencourt, Théâtre Marigny
 1960 : Jules César de William Shakespeare, regie: Jean-Louis Barrault, Odéon-Théâtre de France
 1961 : Les Violons parfois de Françoise Sagan, regie: Jerome Kilty, Théâtre du Gymnase
 1962 : L'Aiglon de Edmond Rostand, regie: Henry Mary, Théâtre du Chatelet
 1963 : La Guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu de Jean Giraudoux, regie: Jean Vilar, Festival d'Avignon
 1963 : Le Cid de Corneille, regie: Marcelle Tassencourt, Théâtre de l'Athénée
 1964 : Lorenzaccio de Alfred de Musset, regie: Raymond Rouleau, Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt
 1964 : Luther de John Osborne, regie: Georges Wilson, Festival d'Avignon
 1965 : Luther de John Osborne, regie: Georges Wilson, TNP Théâtre de Chaillot
 1965 : La Calèche de Jean Giono, regie: Jean-Pierre Grenier, Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt
 1965 : Hamlet de William Shakespeare, regie: Georges Wilson, TNP Théâtre de Chaillot, Festival d'Avignon
 1966 : La Calèche de Jean Giono, regie: Jean-Pierre Grenier, Théâtre des Célestins
 1967 : Le Duel de Anton Cehov, regie: André Barsacq, Théâtre de l'Atelier
 1967 : Pygmalion de George Bernard Shaw, regie: Pierre Franck, Théâtre de l'Œuvre
 1969 : Pygmalion de George Bernard Shaw, regie: Pierre Franck, Théâtre des Célestins
 1970 : Dom Juan de Molière, regie: Stellio Lorenzi, Théâtre de Nice
 1973 : La Reine de Césarée de Robert Brasillach, regie: Jean-Laurent Cochet, Théâtre Moderne
 1977 : La Nuit de l'iguane de Tennessee Williams, regie: Andreas Voutsinas, Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord
 1980 : La musique adoucit les mœurs de Tom Stoppard, regie: Robert Dhéry, Théâtre de la ville
 1983 : Les Exilés de James Joyce, regie: Andréas Voutsinas, Théâtre Renaud-Barrault
 1985 : Retour à Florence după Henry James, adaptare de Jean Pavans, regie: Simone Benmussa, Théâtre Renaud-Barrault
 1986 : La Salle d'attente, regie: Jean-Pierre Granval, Théâtre Renaud-Barrault
 1987 : La Ronde de Arthur Schnitzler, regie: Alfredo Arias, Théâtre de l'Odéon
 1987 : Le Secret de Henri Bernstein, regie: Andréas Voutsinas, Théâtre Montparnasse
 1989 : Le Secret de Henri Bernstein, regie: Andréas Voutsinas, Théâtre des Célestins
 1989 : La Traversée de l'hiver de Yasmina Reza, regie: Patrice Kerbrat, Centre national de création d'Orléans, 1990 : Théâtre national de la Colline
 1990 : La Fonction de Jean-Marie Besset, regie: Patrice Kerbrat, Studio des Champs-Elysées
 1992 : Le Jugement dernier de Bernard-Henri Lévy, regie: Jean-Louis Martinelli, Théâtre de l'Atelier
 1993 : Passions secrètes de Jacques-Pierre Amette, regie: Patrice Kerbrat, Théâtre Montparnasse
 1994 : « Art » de Yasmina Reza, Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, apoi în turneu prin Franța
 1996 : La Cour des comédiens de Antoine Vitez, regie: Georges Lavaudant, Festival d'Avignon
 1999 : Copenhague de Michael Frayn, regie: Michael Blakemore, Théâtre Montparnasse
 2002 : Hysteria de Terry Johnson, regie: John Malkovich, Théâtre Marigny
 2003 : Déjeuner chez Wittgenstein de Thomas Bernhard, regie: Hans Peter Cloos, Théâtre de l'Athénée-Louis-Jouvet, Théâtre Montparnasse în 2004
 2006 : Opus Cœur de Israël Horovitz, regie: Stéphan Meldegg, Théâtre Hébertot
 2008 : Rock'N'Roll de Tom Stoppard, regie: Daniel Benoin, Théâtre national de Nice
 2009 : A.D.A. L'Argent des Autres de Jerry Sterner, regie: Daniel Benoin, Théâtre national de Nice

Dublaj de voce

 1958 : Lex Barker în Le Fils du corsaire rouge
 1958 : Lee Patterson în Jack l'Éventreur
 1960 : Ed Fury în La Reine des Amazones
 1961 : Antonio Molino Rojo în Le Gladiateur invincible
 1962 : Anthony Perkins în Le Procès
 1964 : Sean Flynn în Le Signe de Zorro
 1964 : Sean Flynn în Le Temple de l'éléphant blanc
 1964 : Richard Widmark în Les Drakkars
 1966 : Sean Flynn în Sept Colts du tonnerre
 1972 : Robert Duvall în Le Parrain (primul dublaj)
 1972 : Roy Scheider în Un Homme est Mort
 1984 : James Woods în Il était une fois en Amérique (primul dublaj)
 1996 : Terence Stamp în Tiré à part
 1999 : Terence Stamp în L'Anglais

Discografie
 L'Aiglon (Edmond Rostand), cu Pierre Vaneck și Jacques Dumesnil. Prezentare de Maurice Clavel. Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft coll. Archive Littéraire nr. 43900/1
 Florilège de la Poésie Amoureuse Française : Moyen Âge - Renaissance. Poeme citite de Emmanuelle Riva și Pierre Vaneck. Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft coll. Archive Littéraire nr. 43905

Premii și nominalizări

 Molière 1988: Molière pentru cel mai bun actor într-un rol secundar pentru Le Secret
 Molière 1995: nominalizat la premiul Molière pentru cel mai bun actor de comedie pentru Art
 Premiul Sindicatului criticilor 2003: cel mai bun actor de comedie pentru Déjeuner chez Wittgenstein (RitterDeneVoos)
 Molière 2005: nominalizat la premiul Molière pentru cel mai bun actor de comedie pentru Déjeuner chez Wittgenstein
 César 2009: nominalizat la premiul César pentru cel mai bun actor într-un rol secundar pentru Deux jours à tuer

Note

Nașteri în 1931
Decese în 2010
Actori francezi

Pierre Vaneck


HMS Ajax was a Leander-class light cruiser which served with the Royal Navy during World War II. She became famous for her part in the Battle of the River Plate, the Battle of Crete, the Battle of Malta and as a supply escort in the siege of Tobruk. This ship was the eighth in the Royal Navy to bear the name. In February 1942, she was adopted by the civil community of Halifax.

Prewar and first actions
Ajax was built at Vickers' shipyard, in Barrow-in-Furness, England. She was laid down on 7 February 1933, launched on 1 March 1934 and completed on 12 April 1935. She was commissioned for service with the 8th Cruiser Squadron on the America and West Indies Station, but after working up in May 1935, she was deployed instead to the Mediterranean on detached service after the Abyssinian crisis. This lasted until November when she finally joined her squadron at its base at the Royal Naval Dockyard in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda. Until 1937 she undertook exercises and visits to ports in the Americas as part of the station's South America Division. South American waters, as well as the geographic extent of the former Pacific Station, had been added to the expanse controlled from Bermuda after the First World War (as the Jamaica Station had been absorbed into the North America Station in 1830), requiring the augmentation of the 8th Cruiser Squadron (beginning with the transfer to the station of HMS Dauntless from the Mediterranean in May, 1928). Although Ajax and HMS Exeter operated from Bermuda, in the North Atlantic, they spent much of the year cruising South American waters before returning to Bermuda for maintenance and to exercise with the squadron. Ajax took part in the December, 1936 reburials at Punta Arenas of the dead of HMS Doterel (killed in the explosion of a magazine in 1881). At the end of her America and West Indies deployment, Ajax returned to Britain for refit. At this time, her 4" battery was upgraded by exchanging single for double mountings.

On the 2nd and 3rd of June, 1937, Ajax and other ships of the squadron took part in combined exercises with the Bermuda Garrison, to practice raiding a hostile shore. "Blue Land Force" (Headquarters, "B" Company, 1st. Sherwood Foresters, a company of Royal Marines, a Royal Navy howitzer battery and a naval demolition party), commanded by Major J. R. Chidlaw-Roberts, M.C, Sherwood Foresters (with its boats guided by members of the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club), was landed from Ajax before sunrise at Spanish Point, with the objective of moving overland to attack an imaginary fuel dump at Admiralty House, supported by fire from Ajax, Exeter and other vessels of the naval flotilla, as well as by naval aircraft. The defending force included patrol boats manned by the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and "Red Land Force" (three battalions, represented by a platoon of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps).

The Governor of Trinidad signalled the Commander-in-Chief in Bermuda on the 20th June 1937 for a cruiser to be sent to that colony due to riots that had broken out among strikers in the oil fields of Apex and Fyzabad, which had included the killings of two police officers. Workers in other industries had also staged sympathy strikes. HMS Ajax, which was at Nassau at the time, was ordered to Trinidad. Exeter, which was about to depart Bermuda for the Panama Canal, was also ordered to Trinidad on the 21st. Ajax landed platoons of seamen and marines from her crew to support the civil police in re-establishing order. On 2nd July, 1937, the marines of Ajax joined with those of Exeter and two-hundred police constables to assault the village of Fyzabad. By 5th July, the situation in Trinidad had returned largely to normal.

She rejoined her squadron in America and the West Indies in February 1938 and remained in the Atlantic until 1939, when she was redeployed to the Pacific, off South America. On 27 January, Ajax went to assist the rescue of earthquake victims at Talcahuano, in Chile. She then returned to Bermuda and was redeployed to the South Atlantic Division in March.

When war was declared in September 1939, Ajax took up her appropriate station and patrolled off the River Plate. There she sank the German merchant ship Olinda on 3 September. She intercepted the German merchantman Carl Fritzen and the passenger ship  (with the cruiser ) on 4 and 5 September, respectively. Both ships were scuttled by their crews to avoid being taken as prizes.

After a brief deployment in and around the Falkland Islands, Ajax returned to her station off the Plate on 21 September.

The hunt for Admiral Graf Spee

When the German raider, , became a threat, Force G was formed from Ajax (flagship, Commodore Henry Harwood),  and , all cruisers.(Cumberland, also part of this force, was undergoing a refit at Port Stanley). Force G located and engaged  Graf Spee on 13 December, despite the German warship's greater firepower. Ajax was hit seven times by the Germans: X and Y turrets were disabled, structural damage was sustained and there were 12 casualties including 7 killed. Exeter, more severely damaged, retired, leaving the two light cruisers to maintain contact with Graf Spee when she withdrew to Montevideo. The reasons for the German ship's withdrawal and her failure to exploit her advantage are unclear, but there was damage to her bow, that affected her sea-worthiness, and to her fuel systems. Ajax and Achilles, joined by Cumberland, awaited events and successfully bluffed the Germans into believing that a superior force was on hand. Graf Spee was scuttled by her own crew. Ajax refuelled at Port Stanley and resumed her patrol.

In January 1940, she returned to Britain for refit, via Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro and Freetown, Sierra Leone. She was joined en route by the aircraft carrier , the battlecruiser  and the destroyers , ,  and . Ajax arrived at Plymouth at the end of January; the following month, she was handed over to Chatham Dockyard for refit.

Mediterranean, Crete and North Africa
Once refitted and worked up, Ajax became ready for service in August 1940. Her refit had included the addition of a Type 279 Radar, a tripod mast and zarebas for the 4" batteries.

In August 1940, Ajax was allocated to the 7th Cruiser Squadron for Mediterranean service (France had fallen and Italy was now a belligerent with a significant navy). She sailed from Britain on 21 August as part of the escort (with ), to a convoy for Egypt routed via the Mediterranean (Operation Hats), but she remained with a portion that was diverted via Durban. In late September, she escorted a troop convoy (,  and ) from Aden to Suez. Ajax joined  at Alexandria on 30 September.

From 2 to 16 October, Ajax was engaged in major fleet manoeuvres to interdict Italian convoys to Libya and to protect British convoys to Malta. Firstly, she sailed with the fleet to search for Italian convoys, possibly with their own fleet escorts. On 8 October, Ajax again deployed with a major naval force  to cover the passage to Malta of convoy MF3 (Operation MB6). Ajax and Orion patrolled south-east of Malta before covering the return of Convoy MF4 to Alexandria on 12 October. (The main fleet was deployed to the west of the convoy).

During the night of 11–12 October, Ajax intercepted a small Italian force. In a close-range night action (sometimes called the Battle of Cape Passero), two s,  and , were sunk and the destroyer  was disabled (later sunk by HMS York). Two more warships escaped into a smoke screen. Ajax herself was hit by seven shells that destroyed one of her whalers, caused severe damage to the bridge and radar installation and 35 casualties, including 13 killed. She returned to Alexandria on 16 October.

At the end of October, Ajax set out on the first of two operations to carry troop reinforcements to Suda Bay, on Crete in Operation Barbarity; she suffered near misses from air attacks. On her return to the fleet on 6 November, she helped to provide cover for a Malta convoy, MW3. This was a large operation, involving most of the Mediterranean Fleet and part of a wider set of ship movements, Operation Coat. She was part of Force X which was detached from the main fleet on 11 November to sortie into the Straits of Otranto, between Italy and Albania, to provide a diversion and give cover for the successful naval air attack on Taranto.

On 12 November, after turning to return to the main fleet, they intercepted a small convoy of four Italian merchant ships escorted by naval auxiliary   and the obsolete torpedo-boat . Ramb III fired 19 salvos in its own defense and succeeded in breaking away without suffering any damage. Nicola Fabrizi stayed with the merchant ships and attacked the British forces. As a result, Nicola Fabrizi was hit immediately and suffered serious damage. The Italian torpedo boat continued to fight until it was unable to fight any more and retired badly damaged. After Nicola Fabrizi was neutralized, the British force divided up the targets and sank all four of the Italian merchant ships. This action took place near the Strait of Otranto (see Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)).

Force X also bombarded the port of Durazzo (now Durres) and set the oil refinery on fire. before it rejoined the fleet. Ajax and other vessels were detached from the fleet and refuelled at Suda Bay before they returned to Alexandria.

From 15 to 20 November, Ajax and four other cruisers  transported troops from Alexandria to Piraeus, the port of Athens, and returned to Alexandria. On 23 November, she was deployed with Force B  to cover a convoy to Crete and to support air attacks on Tripoli from Eagle.

Ajax participated in the Battle of Cape Matapan and was hit by bombs from Ju 87s on 21 May 1941. She evacuated many troops from Crete up until 29 May. She then covered Syrian operations in June and joined Force K at Malta in November, being withdrawn in February 1942 for refit.

Two years out of action (1942 & 1943)
On 6 February she departed Suez for the United Kingdom via the Cape of Good Hope, calling at Mombasa (9 March) and Freetown (9 April), arriving in the Clyde on 14 April. On 6 June, she was taken in hand for refit at Chatham Dockyard, which lasted until September. Her anti-aircraft (AA) gunnery was augmented by eleven Oerlikon 20 mm cannons. Various radar sets were also installed; fire control radars for her main guns (Type 284), AA armament (Type 285) and barrage control (Type 283); an improved aircraft warning radar (the Type 281, replaced the Type 279), surface warning radar was also fitted, (the Type 272). Her aircraft facilities were removed. Ajax underwent post refit trials in October and after being recommissioned on 24 October, she worked-up at Scapa Flow with the Home Fleet during November. On 31 December, she joined Force Q at Bône, in Algeria for the interdiction of enemy convoys and convoy defence.

Ajax was disabled by a  bomb—dropped by an aircraft from II./SKG 10 or II./StG 3— hitting "B" boiler room on 1 January 1943 while at Bône, after convoy escort duty; she was towed on 7 January to Gibraltar for temporary repairs, which continued into February. Permanent repairs were arranged to take place in the United States and she was taken in hand at Norfolk Navy Yard, Virginia; these lasted until September. During repair work, Ajax was equipped with US quadruple 40mm anti-aircraft mountings with provision for a British fire control radar Type 282, IFF Type 242 fitted and a US fire control radar replaced her existing Type 284. After post refit trials in October, she returned to Britain, via Bermuda, in November and the fitting of British equipment was completed. Ajax was recommissioned at Portsmouth on 25 December and joined the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow once more for work-up before returning to the Mediterranean in February 1944 after nearly two years out of action – apart from just a couple of days in January 1943.

D-Day and post war

As part of Force K, Ajax bombarded Gold Beach during the D-Day invasion; the battery at Longues gave some trouble but was silenced by 6-inch shells through the embrasures of two of the four casemates. She later supported the landings in southern France. Ajax also operated in the Aegean during the reoccupation of Athens and the communist uprising in Greece.

After the war, Ajax was used to repatriate German sailors from the crew of Admiral Graf Spee from Uruguay back to Germany – a historic irony since Ajax had been a member of the squadron that battled the German ship in 1939 and ultimately caused her to be scuttled. Ajax was then assigned to the Royal Navy Palestine Patrol and took part in the efforts to halt illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. In July 1947 it took part in the Exodus 1947 incident, in which she formed part of the Royal Navy task force which subdued the illegal immigrant ship and later escorted it back to Germany.

Final disposition

Ajax was decommissioned in February 1948. Sales to the Chilean Navy or Indian Navy were mooted, but this latter deal did not materialize due to Winston Churchill's apparent disapproval of the sale; he felt that such an important vessel would be better off broken up to preserve her history. After running aground at Newport, Monmouthshire, on 9 November 1949 while under tow to the scrapyard, she was refloated and duly arrived at Cashmore's, in Newport, South Wales, for breaking up on 18 November 1949.

Ajax remembered
The town of Ajax, in Ontario, Canada, was named after the cruiser following the Battle of the River Plate. The town also has streets named after every member of the ship's company, such as Hobson Avenue, and Harwood Avenue, which is the town's main north-south street. Many street signs in the town bear the silhouette of the ship. The silhouette signifies the street being named after part of the ship's company, and the ship's anchor rests in front of the local branch of the Royal Canadian Legion.

Calle Exeter was named in honor of the ship, after HMS Exeter and HMS Ajax provided assistance to the citizens of Concepción, following the 1939 Chillán earthquake.

Ajaxs bell is on a monument in Montevideo, just outside the port customs house, and was donated by Admiral Sir Henry Harwood and Sir Eugen Millington-Drake in 1949.

Ajax Icefall at the head of Visca Anchorage, King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands is named for HMS Ajax, which assisted in the search for a boat crew from the Discovery II, missing on King George Island in January 1937.

In popular culture
The author Warren Tute's service on HMS Ajax during the 1930s formed the background for his novel The Cruiser.  Like Ajax, the novel's fictional HMS Antigone was a Leander-class light cruiser which was based on the North America and West Indies Station before World War II and saw action in the Mediterranean. The novel paints a realistic picture of life on a cruiser.

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links

External links

 HMS Ajax at Crete

Battle of the River Plate
Leander-class cruisers (1931) of the Royal Navy
Naval ships of Operation Neptune
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1934 ships
World War II cruisers of the United Kingdom

HMS Ajax (22)


Oscar Núñez (Buenos Aires, 9 de junio de 1929 - Buenos Aires, 9 de febrero de 2012) fue un actor argentino. Era conocido también como El Flaco Núñez. Actuó en Buena vida (Delivery), Camila, Nueve reinas y Un novio para mi mujer, entre otros filmes. Trabajó también en varias telenovelas, como Alma Pirata, Soy gitano, El Deseo, Contra las cuerdas, y Todos contra Juan. Además, se desempeñó como actor teatral.

Filmografía
 Mucho gusto (2011) (cortometraje)
 La verdad sobre el caso Lisandro Carrillo (2010)
 Los ángeles (2009) .... Mendoza
 Cuestión de principios (2009) .... Angelito
 El hombre que corría tras el viento (2009) .... Lobo
 Era un ángel (2008) (cortometraje)
 Un novio para mi mujer (2008)
 Clarisa ya tiene un muerto o A los ojos de Dios (2008 en España) .... Predicador
 Clavel de otoño (2007) (cortometraje)
 Camino a la gloria (2006) .... Conserje de vestuario
 La muerte del padre (2005) (cortometraje)
 La puta y la ballena (2004) .... El pibe Pedro
 Buena vida (Delivery) (2004) .... Venancio
 Océano (2003) (cortometraje) .... Noé
 Sudeste (2001)
 La muerte del padre (2001) (cortometraje)
 Nueve reinas (2000) .... Sandler
 Mala época (1998) .... Flaco
 Vivir mata (1991) ... Senador
 Después de la tormenta (1990)
 Tacos altos (1985)
 Camila (1984)
 Abierto día y noche (1981)
 La Nona (1979)

Televisión
 Contra las cuerdas (2010) Serie .... Nievas
 Todos contra Juan 2 (2010) Serie .... Enzo Perugia
 Todos contra Juan (2008) Serie .... Enzo Perugia
 Alma pirata (2006) Serie .... Don Pepe (Abuelo)
 Casados con hijos (2005) (comedia de situaciones) .... Dueño del hotel en 'Mar de las Pompas'
 El Deseo (2004) Serie .... Don Almeida (Abuelo)
 Soy gitano (2003) Serie .... Cristóbal (1 episodio)
 El sodero de mi vida (2001) Serie .... Nono
 Culpables (2001) Serie .... (1 episodio)
 Calientes (2000) Serie
 Tiempos de serenata (1981) (película para televisión)

Intérprete teatral
 Buscado
 Negociemos
 Don Chicho
 Considera esto

Videoclips
 Con la banda Bersuit Vergarabat "La soledad" (2004)

Referencias

Actores de cine de Argentina
Actores de teatro de Argentina
Actores de televisión de Argentina
Actores del siglo XX
Sepultados en el cementerio de La Chacarita
Actores de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Reparto de Culpables

Oscar Núñez (actor argentino)


Girls Night Out er en dansk kortfilm fra 2014, der er instrueret af Jacob Thomas Pilgaard efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En ung mand, Casper, bliver nødt til at slå en pige ned under en bytur, da han selv er ved at få bank. Han opsøges bagefter en af en anden pige, som også vil have at han skal slå hende, så hun kan lære ikke at være bange for sin kæreste.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Girls Night Out


Biliofilia este pasiunea de a cunoaște, de a evalua și de a colecționa cărți rare și prețioase, iar un bibliofil sau șoarece de bibliotecă este o persoană care iubește cărțile.

Profil
Bibliofilul clasic este o persoană căruia îi place să citească, să admire și să colecționeze cărți, acumulând adesea o colecție mare și specializată. Bibliofilii posedă, de obicei, doar cărțile care le plac, dar, pe lângă acestea, se bucură să dețină ediții vechi sau speciale, legate într-un mod neobișnuit, cu ilustrații sau autografe.

Utilizarea termenului
Bibliofilia nu trebuie confundată cu bibliomania, un potențial simptom de tulburare obsesiv-compulsivă care implică colecționarea de cărți până la nivelul în care afectează în mod negativ relațiile interumane sau sănătatea, și în care simplul fapt că un obiect fizic este o carte este suficient pentru ca acesta să fie colecționat sau iubit. Unele persoane folosesc termenul "bibliomanie" într-un mod interschimbabil cu cel de "bibliofilie" și, de fapt, Biblioteca Congresului nu folosește termenul "bibliofil", ci se referă mai degrabă la cititorii săi ca la colecționari de cărți sau bibliomaniaci. Biblioteca publică din New York urmează aceeași practică. Termenul se poate referi, de asemenea, la o atracție sexuală față de cărți. Dr. Sadegh Mohseni a raportat un caz în care un pacient cunoscut ca Nabat Yousf a avut un contact sexuale= cu o carte de mai multe ori..

Istorie
Potrivit lui Arthur H. Minters, "colecționarea particulară de cărți a fost o modă căreia i s-au dedat mulți romani, inclusiv Cicero și Atticus". Termenul de bibliofil a intrat în limba engleză în anul 1824. Un bibliofil trebuie deosebit de cărturar (termen mai vechi, ce datează din 1583), care este o persoană căreia îi plac cărțile și în special lectura; mai general, cărturarul este o persoană care participă la scrierea, publicarea sau vânzarea cărților.

Lordul Spencer și Marchizul de Blandford au fost bibliofili celebri. "Achiziția Roxburghe a devenit rapid un mit fundamental pentru comerțul înfloritor cu cărți vechi și rămâne astfel până în prezent"; această vânzare este memorabilă din cauza concurenței dintre "lordul Spencer și marchizul de Blandford [care] au dus [prețul probabilei primei ediții a Decameronului lui Boccaccio] până la suma uimitoare și fără precedent de 2.260 £". J. P. Morgan a fost, de asemenea, un bibliofil remarcabil; el a plătit în 1884 suma de 24.750 $ pentru ediția din 1459 a Psaltirii de la Mainz.

Note

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară

 Basbanes, Nicholas A. (1995) A Gentle Madness: Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes, and the Eternal Passion for Books, Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
 Richard de Bury (1902). The love of books: The Philobiblon translated by E. C. Thomas. London: Alexander Moring
 Rugg, Julie (2006). A Book Addict's Treasury. London: Frances Lincoln
 Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1809). Bibliomania. New York, Henry G. Bohn.
  Andrew Lang (1881). The Library. London, Macmillan & Co.
 Stebbins, Robert A. (2013). "The Committed Reader: Reading for Utility, Pleasure, and Fulfillment in the Twenty-First Century." Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.

Legături externe
 Articol despre bibliomanie , Finn-Olaf Jones, Forbes, 12 decembrie 2005

Bibliofili
Citire

Bibliofilie


Súdovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Krupina din regiunea Banská Bystrica, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 214 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Súdovce este atestată documentar din 1244.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Súdovce


Mona Hatoum (født 1952 i Beirut) er en libanesisk-født palæstinesisk video- og installationskunstner. Hun har siden 1975 været bosat i London, og senere også i Berlin.

Historie
I to år studerede hun grafisk design på Lebanese American University i Beirut. Da den Libanesiske borgerkrig brød ud i 1975 var Hatoum på besøg i London, og hun valgte derfor at gå i eksil i den britiske hovedstad. Her begyndte hun kunststudier på Byam Shaw School of Art og Slade School of Fine Art.

I 2004 modtog Hatoum Sonningprisen for sin kunstneriske produktion.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Mona Hatoum på whitecube.com
 Mona Hatoum på Den Store Danske Encyklopædi

Personer fra Beirut
Personer fra Palæstina
Kunstnere
Modtagere af Sonningprisen

Mona Hatoum


Georg Feil (* 21. April 1943 in Dorsten) ist ein deutscher Filmproduzent und Autor.

Leben
Georg Feil promovierte nach seinem Studium der Germanistik, Geschichte, der Politischen Wissenschaften und der Kommunikationswissenschaft (in Münster, Paris und München) 1972 über "Zeitgeschichte im deutschen Fernsehen". Er arbeitete in der Kommunikationsforschung und war Lehrbeauftragter an der Universität München und der Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München.

Ab 1966 war Georg Feil Autor (u. a. für den Tatort) und Produzent  bei der Bavaria Film, leitete die Serienproduktion und war deren Programmchef. 1994 gründete er die Tochtergesellschaft Colonia Media in Köln, die er vor dem Hintergrund der Ereignisse um die Colonia Media während der Schleichwerbeaffäre der ARD 2006 verließ. Georg Feil arbeitet als freier Produzent und unterrichtet an der Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München. Neben seinen Aufgaben in Verbänden und wissenschaftlichen Organisationen wie der Verwertungsgesellschaft der Film- und Fernsehproduzenten VFF und dem Beirat des Institut für Medien- und Kommunikationspolitik fungiert er als Mitherausgeber der Schriftenreihe "Medienrecht, Medienproduktion, Medienökonomie" und schreibt Romane, Erzählungen und Sachbücher. Feil ist Mitglied der Deutschen Filmakademie und Projektleiter des VFF Business Angel Stipendium. Er lebt in der Nähe von München.

Leistungen
Zu den erfolgreichsten Produktionen gehören neben dem Kinofilm Die Katze die Krimiserien Schimanski, Der Fahnder, Auf Achse, die Köln- und Münster-Tatorte sowie zahlreiche Fernsehspiele.

Sein erster Roman "Das Gesetz" erschien 1985, ihm folgten weitere in der "Schwarzen Reihe"  bei Rowohlt sowie Hörspiele und Kurzgeschichten. Das Sachbuch "Profikiller. So schreiben Sie das perfekte Krimidrehbuch" (mit Werner Kließ) erschien 2003, es folgten "Dokumentarisches Fernsehen" (Hg.), und 2006 "Fortsetzung folgt. Schreiben für die Serie".

Feil war von 1997 bis 2011 Leiter der Abteilung III "Kino- und Fernsehfilm" und zeitweise auch stellvertretender Rektor und Studiendekan der Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film in München. 1998 gründete er gemeinsam mit Dieter Kosslick die Schreibschule Köln e.V. und die Filmschule NRW e.V., aus der die Internationale Filmschule Köln hervorging. Feil war bis 2005 stellvertretender Vorsitzender des Bundesverband Deutscher Fernsehproduzenten e.V.

Publikationen
 Das Fernsehspiel und seine Wirkung. In: Millionenspiele – Fernsehbetrieb in Deutschland, München 1972
 Die Filmanalyse. Bonn 1973
 Zeitgeschichte im Deutschen Fernsehen. Osnabrück 1974
 Ausbau des Fernsehens in Indien. Bonn 1974
 Integration angewandter Fernsehforschung. München 1974
 Zur Theorie und Anwendung der Wirkungsforschung. München 1975
 Einführung in die Kommunikationswissenschaft. Der Prozeß der politischen Meinungs- und Willensbildung. München 1975
 (Hrsg.) Fernsehforschung. Feedback oder Anpassung, Angewandte Projektforschung. Berlin 1977
 Praktische Fernsehdramaturgie / Geschichte des Fernsehspiels / Entstehung einer Serie. Das Klischee, München 1977
 Die englische Unterhaltungsserie: Ein Lehrbeispiel. Köln 1983
 TV-Serien-Autor in England: Job mit goldenem Griffel. Köln 1983
 Fragen an die empirische Zuschauerforschung. Hamburg 1983
 Die Lust und die Gewalt in: Schwarze Beute. Reinbek 1987
 Keine Reserven, Die Stellung des deutschen Produzenten. In: Jahrbuch Fernsehen 1992/93. Marl 1995
 Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Produktion, Redaktion und Regie. Köln 1997
 Der Deutsche Krimi und sein Erfolg. Köln 1997
 Die Situation der deutschen Autoren. Tutzing 1997
 Die Produktion von TV-Spielfilmen und Serien in: ABC des Fernsehens. Konstanz 1997
 Zipp-Zappenduster oder: Content is King? Frankfurt 1997
 Der Arzt am Abgrund, Eine ganz unwahrscheinliche Geschichte. In: Amoklauf im Audimax. Reinbek 1998
 Facts – Fiction – Mentalitäten – Der deutsche TV-Markt. In: epd Medien Nr. 64 / 1997. Düsseldorf 1998
 Tod-sicher, Der deutsche Krimi und sein Erfolg. In: Quotenfänger Krimi. Köln 1999
 Unser Fernsehen ist großartig. In: Nachtblende Nr. 14. Köln 1999
 Neuer Drang nach erzählenswerten Stoffen. In: grimme, Vom Fernsehspiel zum TV-Movie. Marl 1999
 Tontaubenschießen nach Gutsherrenart. In: Funkkorrespondenz Nr. 9. Köln 1999
 Filmproduktion in Indien – Bollywood, ein Reisebericht. München 1999
 Fremder Stern, Der deutsche Produzent – ein unbekanntes Wesen. In: Funkkorrespondenz Nr. 43/44. Köln 1999
 Film ohne Fernsehen oder Fernsehen und Film. Ständen 2000
 (Hrsg.) Dokumentarisches Fernsehen. Eine aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme. Konstanz 2003
 In der Zerreißprobe, Wie die deutschen Produzenten lernen unterzugehen. München 2003
 Profikiller (mit Werner Kließ). Bergisch Gladbach 2003
 Der Unternehmer im deutschen Fernsehfilm. Ein Phänomen der Verdrängung. In: Funkkorrespondenz, Nr. 27. Köln 2004
 Fortsetzung folgt. Schreiben für die Serie. Konstanz 2006
 Ich hasse produzieren. In: Filmproduzenten-Bekenntnisse. Konstanz 2010

Filmografie

Als Autor
 1971: Offener Haß gegen unbekannt
 1972–1974: Um Haus und Hof
 1975: Einführung in die Kommunikationswissenschaft
 1975: Bürger
 1975: Ein Haus für uns
 1976: Der Spezialkommissär
 1977–1980: Die unsterblichen Methoden des Franz Josef Wanninger
 1977–1989: Auf Achse
 1979: Tatort – Die Kugel im Leib
 1979: Der Familientag
 1986–1988: Himmelfahrtskommando
 1987–1988: Cop & Co

Als Produzent
 1976: Inspektion Lauenstadt (4 Folgen)
 1977–1989: Auf Achse (72 Folgen)
 1987: Die Katze (Kinofilm)
 1989: Der Fahnder, Gesamtleitung
 1994–1996: Die Partner (gemeinsam mit Jan Hinter)
 1994–1996: Schwurgericht (4 Folgen)
 1994–1996: Jede Menge Leben (375 Folgen), Gesamtleitung
 1995–2005: Tatort: Köln (36 Folgen), Gesamtleitung
 1996–2002: Der Fahnder (203 Folgen) Gesamtleitung
 1996–2005: Schimanski (13 Folgen), Gesamtleitung
 1997: Schimanski – Die Schwadron (gemeinsam mit Sonja Goslicki)
 2001: Das Gefängnis – Landsberg und die Entstehung der Republik
 2002–2005: Tatort: Münster (6 Folgen), Gesamtleitung
 2003: Welcome Home (gemeinsam mit Frank Döhmann und Veit Heiduschka)
 2005: Allein gegen die Angst (gemeinsam mit Titus Kreyenberg)
 2005: Der Weihnachtsbrei
 2007/2008: Krupp – eine deutsche Familie (gemeinsam mit Oliver Berben)
 2016: Tatort: Taxi nach Leipzig (gemeinsam mit Dagmar Rosenbauer)

Auszeichnungen
 Adolf-Grimme-Preis mit Bronze 1989 für Der Fahnder (stellvertretend für das kreative Team, zusammen mit Klaus Wennemann)
 International Emmy Award 2003, für Mein Vater, gemeinsam mit Sonja Goslicki

Literatur
 H. Kemper: Künstler in unserem Familienverband, Folge 8, 1990
 Kosch: Erg. Bd. 3, 1997
 Kürschner: Deutscher Literaturkalender, 1998
 H.P. Karr: Lexikon der deutschen Krimi-Autoren
 StLB Dortmund: Zeitungsausschnittsammlung, Personensammlung

Weblinks

 www.georg-feil.de

Einzelnachweise

Filmproduzent
Drehbuchautor
Grimme-Preisträger
Deutscher
Geboren 1943
Mann

Georg Feil


<DIV ALIGN="justify">
La piedra de Ezana es un objeto del antiguo reino de Aksum. Es un monumento de piedra que documenta la conversión del rey Ezana al cristianismo y el sometimiento de varios pueblos vecinos entre los que estaban los Meroe. Actualmente se conserva in situ en el parque del rey Ezana, un espacio público en el centro de Aksum, en Etiopía.

El rey Ezana gobernó entre el 330 d. C. y el 356 d. C. el antiguo reino aksumita del Cuerno de África. Ezana luchó contra los nubios y grabó sus victorias en piedra en ge'ez (el antiguo lenguaje etíope), sabeo (árabe del sur) y griego para alabar a Dios por sus victorias. Los grabados en piedra proporcionan un monumento trilingüe en diferentes lenguas, de manera parecida a la piedra de Rosetta.

La Iglesia Ortodoxa Etíope o Tawahedo tuvo sus inicios durante esta época. La Historia Ecelesiástica de Rufino de Aquilea narra que San Frumencio, esclavo y tutor del joven rey, lo convirtió al cristianismo. Hacia el final de su reinado, en torno al año 350, el rey Ezana lanzó una campaña contra los kushitas que acabó con el Reino de Kush; varias inscripciones en piedra escritas en ge'ez (y con escritura ge'ez) han sido encontradas en Meroe, la ciudad principal y central de los Kushitas.

Véase también
Estela de Ezana

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Artículo de National Geographic (en inglés)
Harden, J. M., "An introduction to Ethiopic Christian Literature" (1926) Capítulo II, "Brief Historical Sketch of the Country and Church", contiene una discusión sobre la inscripción (en inglés)

Estelas
Inscripciones
Textos multilingües
Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Etiopía
Esculturas del siglo IV
África en el siglo IV
Civilización aksumita
Piedras
Escultura en Etiopía
Axum

Piedra de Ezana


Radiatorul este un schimbător de căldură folosit pentru a transmite energia termică de la un mediu la altul și este folosit pentru încălzire sau pentru răcire.
Majoritatea radiatoarelor sunt construite pentru automobile, apartamente și pentru electronice.
În ciuda numelui, majoritatea radiatoarelor transferă căldură prin convecție, nu prin radiație.

Vezi și
 Calorifer
 Panou radiant
 Radiator (electric)

Schimbătoare de căldură

Radiator


Santa Maria ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Romblon, in der Verwaltungsregion IV-B, Mimaropa. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ). Sie wird als Gemeinde der fünften Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als teilweise urbanisiert eingestuft.

Santa Maria liegt im östlichen Teil der Insel Tablas an der Küste der Sibuyan-See. Die Topographie der Gemeinde wird durch flachwelliges Terrain gekennzeichnet. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind San Agustin im Norden, Odiongan im Westen, Alcantara im Süden.

Baranggays
Die Gemeinde setzte sich 2011 aus sechs Barangays zusammen:

Weblink

Ort auf den Philippinen
Provinz Romblon

Santa Maria (Romblon)


is a village located in Kuma District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

In March 2017 the village had an estimated population of 1,136 and a density of 4.5 persons per km2. The total area is 252.94 km2.

The village is located in the southeast of Kumamoto and the north of the regional center Hitoyoshi. It is very mountainous and most villagers live in narrow valleys eroded by Kawabe River and others.

The name of Itsuki is well known for an indigenous folksong Itsuki no Komoriuta, or Lullaby of Itsuki.

The plan for constructing Kawabe River Dam was accepted by the village after a long dispute among villagers and environmentalists.

Kawabe River Dam
This project has been put on hold by the Japanese government until further notice. Most buildings and houses in the village have been dismantled or demolished and rebuilt on higher ground.

References

External links

Itsuki official website

Villages in Kumamoto Prefecture

Itsuki, Kumamoto


Der Loingau ist das Gebiet zu beiden Seiten von Böhme, Örtze, Unteraller und Leine, zwischen Rethem, Stellichte, Timmerloh, Hermannsburg und dem Steinhuder Meer im Süden. Er gehörte zur ehemaligen Diözese Minden und umfasste Teile des Landkreises Celle und der ehemaligen Landkreise Fallingbostel, Soltau und Burgdorf.

Geografie
Der Loingau ist seit 835 immer wieder urkundlich belegt. Bezeichnet wird damit der Amts- und Machtbereich eines Grafen seit der fränkischen Landnahme. Bei der Beurkundung von Orten im Loingau mit dem Attribut "in pago [=Gau, lat.] Loingo" wird dieser Gau als territorialpolitische Raumeinheit belegt. Keseberg listet charakteristische Siedlungs- und Ortsnamen auf, die sich um die Gohstätte, den Gohberg zwischen Uetzingen und Honerdingen ermitteln lassen.

Im Loingau finden sich viele geografische Bezeichnungen mit dem Bestandteil "Loh", wie in Lohheide. Lohin-gao bedeutet also Waldgau.

Abgrenzung vom Leinegau

Wenn man Loingau von "loh", also "Wald" ableitet, ist Loingau nicht gleichzusetzen mit "Leinegau", benannt nach dem Fluss "Leine". Köbler teilt in einen unteren Leinegau und einen oberen Leinegau. Gustav Droysen spricht nur von einem Lohingao. Aber auch bei ihm taucht der Name Logiga für die Leine auf. Sie verläuft zwischen den Gauen Maerstem (Marstemgau) und Flutwide (Flutwidde). Keseberg setzt den Loingau ab vom Leinegau bei Göttingen.

Geschichte

Die Grenzen des Loingaus werden nach Keseberg auch durch mundartliche Grenzen (etwa des niederdeutschen mi/mik für mich und di/dik für dich) festgelegt. Der Loingau war im Mittelalter ein Sprengel des Bistums Minden. Er ist demnach von dort aus missioniert worden. In Ahlden entstand ein Haupthof des Bischofs von Minden, und von dort aus wird später die Missionierung des Loingaus fortgesetzt sein. Eine zweite Missionswelle nahm ihren Ursprung von dem 822 gegründeten Kloster Corvey an der Weser aus. Die Orte Alt- und Kirchwahlingen, Fallingbostel und Walsrode gehen nach Keseberg auf einen der Gründer des Klosters Corvey, Wala und dessen Nachkommen, zurück.

Der fränkische Großraum erhielt den Namen Loingo nach dem sächsischen Lohingo. Die sächsische Gohordnung wurde weiter angewandt – allerdings übernahm der Gaugraf den Vorsitz im Gohgericht.

In schriftlichen Urkunden kommt in den Berichten von den Wunderheilungen am Grab Willehads (des Bischofs von Bremen 860) der Name vor: "Im Dorf Büchten in Loinga (Gebiet an den Unterläufen der Allerzuflüsse Leine und Böhme) war eine Frau mit Namen Siberin an allen Gliedern geschwächt ihre Gesundheit wurde vollständig wiederhergestellt."

In einer Urkunde aus dem Jahre 1069 wird von der Äbtissin der Quedlinburger Kirche Adelheid dem Herzog Magnus der Schutz über den Hof Soltau, der im Gau Loinge liegt, übertragen.

Literatur
 Friedrich Grütter: Der Loingau, hrsg. von Otto Jürgens, Hannover 1901. (Veröff. z. Niedersächsischen Geschichte H. 4.)
 Wilhelm von Hodenberg (Hrsg.): Der pagus Loingo. In: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch. Archiv des Klosters St. Johannis zu Walsrode, 1859
 Alfred Keseberg: Uetzingen, Hunenburg und Loingo. Bomlitz 1969
 Gerhard Köbler: Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. 7., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. C.H. Beck, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-54986-1.

Einzelnachweise

Gau (Niedersachsen)
Geographie (Niedersachsen)
Leine (Aller)
Aller
Geschichte (Landkreis Heidekreis)
Geschichte (Landkreis Celle)
Altsachsen

Loingau


L'Oxalis rosée (Oxalis rosea) est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Oxalidacées présente en Amérique du Sud.

Liens externes

rosea
Espèce d'Oxalidaceae (nom scientifique)

Oxalis rosea


David Peaston (13 de marzo de 1957 - 1 de febrero de 2012) fue un cantante estadounidense de R&B quién ganó un Premio Soul Train Music en 1990 por Mejor Nuevo Artista de R&B/Soul o Rap. Es conocido por sus sencillos, "Two Wrongs (Don't Make it Right)" y "Can I?", el último fue grabado originalmente por Eddie Kendricks.

David es nativo de Saint Louis, Misuri. De niño, asistió a la Iglesia Bautista junto a su madre, Martha Bass.

Vida
A finales de 1980, Peaston, ganó varias competencias de Showtime at the Apollo, ganando al público con "God Bless the Child".

Peaston fue diagnosticado con diabates y tuvo que amputarse las piernas, obligándolo a usar prótesis.

Murió debido a las complicaciones de la diabetes en San Luis, Misuri, el 1 de febrero de 2012, a los 54 años.

Discografía

Álbumes
 Introducing...David Peaston (1988)
 Mixed Emotions (1991)

Sencillos
 "Two Wrongs (Don't Make It Right)" (1989) #3 R&B
 "Can I?" (1989) #14 R&B
 "We're All in This Together" (1990) #11 R&B, #45 Dance
 "Take Me Now" (1990) #77 R&B
 "String" (1991) #69 R&B
 "Luxury of Love" (1991) #41 R&B

Referencias

Cantantes masculinos de Estados Unidos
Fallecidos por diabetes
Nacidos en San Luis (Misuri)

David Peaston


Odrasli su osobe, koje su završile psihofizički razvoj i mogu se smatrati punoljetnima.

To je obično osoba od 18 ili više godina. U slučaju životinja, svaka jedinka koja je spolno zrela smatra se odraslom. U ljudskome kontekstu, pojam odrasla osoba dodatno ima značenja povezana s društvenim i pravnim pojmovima. Za razliku od "maloljetnika", punoljetna osoba smatra se samostalnom i odgovornom. Uobičajena dob za punoljetnost je 18 godina, iako se definicija može razlikovati ovisno o pravnom sustavu i zemlji (pr. 21 godina).

Definicije odrasle dobi često su nedosljedne i proturječne. Osoba može biti biološka odrasla i ponašati se kao odrasla osoba, ali i dalje biti tretirana kao dijete ako je mlađa od zakonske punoljetnosti. Suprotno tome, osoba može biti pravno punoljetna, ali nemati zrelost i odgovornost koja bi mogla definirati karakter odrasle osobe.

U različitim kulturama postoje događaji vezani uz prijelaz iz djetinjstva u odraslu dob (tzv. "ispiti zrelosti"). Često uključuje polaganje niza ispita koji pokazuju da je osoba spremna za odraslu dob ili dostizanje određene dobi, ponekad zajedno s pokaznom pripremom. Većina suvremenih društava zakonsku punoljetnost utvrđuje na temelju godina bez potrebe za dokazivanjem tjelesne zrelosti ili pripreme za odraslu dob. Primjer rituala prijelaza u europskim i zapadnim društvima je polaganje mature.

Povijesno i kulturološki gledano, odrasla dob ponajprije je određena početkom puberteta (pojava sekundarnih spolnih obilježja). U prošlosti je osoba obično prelazila iz statusa djeteta izravno u status odrasle osobe, često obilježavajući taj prijelaz nekom vrstom ispita punoljetnosti ili svečanosti. Tijekom industrijske revolucije djeca su vrlo rano odlazila na posao kako bi pomogla svojim obiteljima u preživljavanju. Nije bilo velikoga naglaska na školi ili obrazovanju. Mnoga djeca uspjela su se zaposliti i nije im se tražilo prethodno radno iskustvo.

Izvori

Razvojna psihologija

Odrasli


පාණ්ඩව ලෙන් පිහිටියේ කර්ණාටක ප්‍රාන්තයේ මැංගලෝර් හි කද්‍රි මංජුනාත් දේවස්ථානය අසල ය. ඉතිහාසඥයන්ට අනුව, වර්තමානයේ මෙහි ඇති දේවස්ථානය අතීතයේ බෞද්ධ ආරාමයක් වූ අතර එය කන්දාරිකා විහාරය ලෙස හඳුන්වා ඇත. එහි සිටි බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාවක් විය. ශිව ලබ්ධිකයකු වූ අලූපා රාජවංශයේ කුණ්ඩ්වර්ම රජු විසින් ඉවත්කොට තිබේ. නමුත් ඓතිහාසික සාක්ෂි අනුව එසේ ශිව ප්‍රතිමාවක් ලෙස භාවිතයට ගෙන ඇත්තේ බෝධිසත්ත්ව ප්‍රතිමාවක් බැව් පෙනේ. ඒ අනුව මෙම විහාරය මුලින් මංජුශ්‍රී බෝධිසත්ත්ව වන්දනාස්ථානයක් බැව් ඉතිහාසඥයෝ පවසති. ක්‍රි.ව. 11වන සියවස තෙක්ම මෙම විහාරය ප්‍රකට අධ්‍යාපනික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙස පැවතිණි. පසුව තන්ත්‍රික සම්ප්‍රදායයන්ට මෙහි ද්වාර විවර විය. මෙම බෞද්ධ විහාරය මුළුමණින්ම ශෛව දේවාලයක් වීමට ප්‍රථම මෙහි ශිවලිංගයක් සහ බෝධිසත්තව ප්‍රතිමාවක් වන්දනාවට පාත්‍රව ඇත.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

කර්ණාටකයේ ලෙන්
මැංගලෝරයේ ඉතිහාසය
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ආරාම
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ලෙන්
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ වන්දනා ස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ විහාර
ඉන්දියාවේ ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය
කර්ණාටකයේ බෞද්ධ අඩවි

පාණ්ඩව ලෙන්


(181298) Ladányi, denumire internațională (181298) Ladanyi, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
181298 Ladányi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Piszkesteto de Krisztián Sárneczky. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,03 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 16,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 181001-182000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2006
Centura de asteroizi

181298 Ladányi


Mario Vegetti (Milão, 4 de janeiro de  1937 — 11 de maio de 2018) foi um historiador da filosofia, professor universitário, pesquisador acadêmico e autor de vários livros sobre o pensamento antigo. Foi docente na Universidade de Pavia entre 1967 e 2005, na Scuola Superiore Studi Pavia IUSS e também na Università Suor Orsola Benincasa di Napoli. Seu interesse de pesquisa é focado no mundo grego antigo, incluindo autores como Platão, Aristóteles, Hipócrates e Galeno.

Vegetti tem grande influência nos estudos platônicos, sendo reconhecido um dos seus maiores comentadores. Ele realizou uma edição crítica comentada, em italiano, da República de Platão feita em sete volumes pela editora Bibliopolis.

Obras traduzidas em português
 VEGETTI, M. Um Paradigma no Céu: Platão Político, de Aristóteles ao Século XX. 1ª Edição ed. São Paulo: Annablume, 2010.
VEGETTI, M. A ética dos Antigos. São Paulo: Paulus, 2015.

Referências

Nascidos em 1937
Mortos em 2018
Filósofos da Itália
Professores universitários da Itália

Mario Vegetti


Spravodlivosť (Eigenschreibweise: SPRAVODLIVOSŤ; deutsch: "Gerechtigkeit") ist eine slowakische Kleinpartei. Sie entscheid im Spätjahr 2011 unter dem Namen 99% – občiansky hlas (kurz 99%; deutsch "99 Prozent – Bürgerstimme"). Im Mai 2023 erhielt sie ihren jetzigen Namen.

Geschichte
Nachdem die für eine Parteiregistrierung notwendigen 10.000 Unterschriften gesammelt wurden, wurde die Partei unter dem Namen "99% – občiansky hlas" am 6. Dezember 2011 in das Register politických strán a politických hnutí (deutsch: "Register politischer Parteien und politischer Bewegungen") eingetragen. Der Name leitet sich von der Parole "We are the 99 percent" der weltweiten Occupy-Bewegung ab. Im darauffolgenden Jahr trat die Partei bei der vorgezogenen Nationalratswahl 2012 an. Dort erreichte sie 1,58 % der Stimmen, womit sie deutlich die 5%-Hürde verpasste und somit keine Mandate im Nationalrat der Slowakischen Republik erhielt. Die Partei blieb danach zwar politisch aktiv, aber ist national betrachtet politisch bedeutungslos.

Am 29. Juli 2020 wurde Miroslava Šuttová die neue Vorsitzende der Partei. Unter ihr kam es im Jahr 2023 zur Umbenennung der Partei in "Spravodlivosť" (Eigentschreibweise "SPRAVODLIVOSŤ"). Zudem wird die Partei bei der vorgezogenen Nationalratswahl 2023 mit einer eigenen Liste antreten. Als Spitzenkandidat der Partei fungiert Vladimír Chlebo. Insgesamt sind auf der Kandidatenliste der Partei nur 27 von möglichen 150 Plätzen besetzt.

Positionen
99% kritisiert nach eigenen Wörtern die Korruption, Ausbeutung und falsche Prioritäten der Regierungen nach der Samtenen Revolution im Jahr 1989 und bezeichnet als Hauptprioritäten: Mindestlohnzuwachs, Lohngleichstellung der Geschlechter, Minderung der Steuern und Abgaben für Unter- und Mittelschicht sowie Schaffung von neuen Arbeitsplätzen auch außerhalb Bratislavas.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Spravodlivosť im Register politických strán a politických hnutí (deutsch: "Register politischer Parteien und politischer Bewegungen")

Einzelnachweise

Partei (Slowakei)
Gegründet 2011

99% – občiansky hlas


Gambusia atrora é um peixe da família dos pecílidos no ordem dos cyprinodontiformes.

Morfologia

Os machos podem atingir os 3 cm de comprimento total.

Distribuição geográfica

Encontram-se no México.

Referências

Ligações externas

atrora

Gambusia atrora


The Lascelles Principles are a constitutional convention in the United Kingdom beginning in 1950, under which the sovereign can refuse a request from the prime minister to dissolve Parliament if three conditions are met:
if the existing Parliament is still "vital, viable, and capable of doing its job",
if a general election would be "detrimental to the national economy", and
if the sovereign could "rely on finding another prime minister who could govern for a reasonable period with a working majority in the House of Commons".

The convention was in abeyance from 2011 to 2022, when the sovereign's prerogative power to dissolve Parliament was removed by the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. Following passage of the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022, which repealed the Fixed-term Parliaments Act, these principles are thought to have been revived.

The Lascelles principles are not the only convention governing how the sovereign makes decisions relating to changes of government. For example, the Cabinet Manual notes the historic precedent of the sovereign dismissing a government under reserve powers. However, this was last done by William IV, who dismissed Lord Melbourne's government despite majority support in the Commons and is thought to have damaged the sovereign's reputation.

The general principles of government formation also affect this decision. The Cabinet Manual stresses that the monarch should not be exposed to political decisions and "it remains a matter for the Prime Minister, as the Sovereign's principal adviser, to judge the appropriate time at which to resign". The Manual notes that recent Prime Ministers have chosen not to resign until an established situation was set which the sovereign could be advised to accept.

The letter
During public discussion of George VI's potential response to the outcome of the 1950 general election, which returned a very slim Labour Party majority in the House of Commons, the Lascelles Principles were formally stated in a letter to the Editor of The Times, written by the King's Private Secretary Sir Alan Lascelles, and published on 2 May 1950, under the pseudonym "Senex":

To the Editor of The Times

Sir, It is surely indisputable (and common sense) that a Prime Minister may ask—not demand—that his Sovereign will grant him a dissolution of Parliament; and that the Sovereign, if he so chooses, may refuse to grant this request. The problem of such a choice is entirely personal to the Sovereign, though he is, of course, free to seek informal advice from anybody whom he thinks fit to consult.

In so far as this matter can be publicly discussed, it can be properly assumed that no wise Sovereign—that is, one who has at heart the true interest of the country, the constitution, and the Monarchy—would deny a dissolution to his Prime Minister unless he were satisfied that: (1) the existing Parliament was still vital, viable, and capable of doing its job; (2) a General Election would be detrimental to the national economy; (3) he could rely on finding another Prime Minister who could carry on his Government, for a reasonable period, with a working majority in the House of Commons. When Sir Patrick Duncan refused a dissolution to his Prime Minister in South Africa in 1939, all these conditions were satisfied: when Lord Byng did the same in Canada in 1926, they appeared to be, but in the event the third proved illusory.

I am, &c.,

SENEX.

April 29.

Subsequent discussion
Historian Peter Hennessy stated in 1994 that the second of the three conditions had since been "dropped from the canon", being no longer included in internal Cabinet Office guidance.

References

1950 in British politics
Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom
Politics of the United Kingdom
Royal prerogative
The Times

Lascelles Principles


Codex Leicester; Leonardo da Vinci'nin hidrolik, suyun hareketi, ayrıca jeoloji ve astronomi üzerine bazı çalışmalarının yer aldığı 72 sayfalık defter. Bill Gates tarafından 1994 yılında 48,4 milyon dolara satın alınmıştır ve bu özelliğiyle dünyanın en pahalı kitabıdır. Bill Gates'in özel koleksiyonunda yer almaktadır. Galata Köprüsü ile ilgili taslakları bu defterde yer almaktadır.

16. yüzyıl kitapları
Leonardo da Vinci eserleri
Bilim kitapları
Bill Gates

Codex Leicester


In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, an Artinian ring (sometimes Artin ring) is a ring that satisfies the descending chain condition on (one-sided) ideals; that is, there is no infinite descending sequence of ideals. Artinian rings are named after Emil Artin, who first discovered that the descending chain condition for ideals simultaneously generalizes finite rings and rings that are finite-dimensional vector spaces over fields. The definition of Artinian rings may be restated by interchanging the descending chain condition with an equivalent notion: the minimum condition.

Precisely, a ring is left Artinian if it satisfies the descending chain condition on left ideals, right Artinian if it satisfies the descending chain condition on right ideals, and Artinian or two-sided Artinian if it is both left and right Artinian.  For commutative rings the left and right definitions coincide, but in general they are distinct from each other.

The Wedderburn–Artin theorem characterizes every simple Artinian ring as a ring of matrices over a division ring.  This implies that a simple ring is left Artinian if and only if it is right Artinian.

The same definition and terminology can be applied to modules, with ideals replaced by submodules.

Although the descending chain condition appears dual to the ascending chain condition, in rings it is in fact the stronger condition.  Specifically, a consequence of the Akizuki–Hopkins–Levitzki theorem is that a left (resp. right) Artinian ring is automatically a left (resp. right) Noetherian ring.  This is not true for general modules; that is, an Artinian module need not be a Noetherian module.

Examples and counterexamples
 An integral domain is Artinian if and only if it is a field.
 A ring with finitely many, say left, ideals is left Artinian. In particular, a finite ring (e.g., ) is left and right Artinian.
 Let k be a field. Then  is Artinian for every positive integer n.
 Similarly,  is an Artinian ring with maximal ideal .
 Let  be an endomorphism between a finite-dimensional vector space V. Then the subalgebra  generated by  is a commutative Artinian ring.
 If I is a nonzero ideal of a Dedekind domain A, then  is a principal Artinian ring.
 For each , the full matrix ring  over a left Artinian (resp. left Noetherian) ring R is left Artinian (resp. left Noetherian).

The following two are examples of non-Artinian rings.
 If R is any ring, then the polynomial ring R[x] is not Artinian, since the ideal generated by  is (properly) contained in the ideal generated by  for all natural numbers n. In contrast, if R is Noetherian so is R[x] by the Hilbert basis theorem.
 The ring of integers  is a Noetherian ring but is not Artinian.

Modules over Artinian rings
Let M be a left module over a left Artinian ring. Then the following are equivalent (Hopkins' theorem): (i) M is finitely generated, (ii) M has finite length (i.e., has composition series), (iii) M is Noetherian, (iv) M is Artinian.

Commutative Artinian rings
Let A be a commutative Noetherian ring with unity. Then the following are equivalent.
 A is Artinian.
 A is a finite product of commutative Artinian local rings.
  is a semisimple ring, where nil(A) is the nilradical of A.
 Every finitely generated module over A has finite length. (see above)
 A has Krull dimension zero. (In particular, the nilradical is the Jacobson radical since prime ideals are maximal.)
  is finite and discrete.
  is discrete.

Let k be a field and A finitely generated k-algebra. Then A is Artinian if and only if A is finitely generated as k-module.

An Artinian local ring is complete. A quotient and localization of an Artinian ring is Artinian.

Simple Artinian ring
One version of the Wedderburn–Artin theorem states that a simple Artinian ring A is a matrix ring over a division ring. Indeed, let I be a minimal (nonzero) right ideal of A, which exists since A is Artinian (and the rest of the proof does not use the fact that A is Artinian). Then, since  is a two-sided ideal,  since A is simple. Thus, we can choose  so that . Assume k is minimal with respect that property. Consider the map of right A-modules:

It is surjective. If it is not injective, then, say,  with nonzero . Then, by the minimality of I, we have: . It follows:
 ,
which contradicts the minimality of k. Hence,  and thus .

See also
 Artin algebra
 Artinian ideal
 Serial module
 Semiperfect ring
 Gorenstein ring
 Noetherian ring

Citations

References

 Charles Hopkins. Rings with minimal condition for left ideals.  Ann. of Math. (2)  40,  (1939). 712–730.

Ring theory

Artinian ring


Aranžman u crnom i sivom br. 1., poznatija po kolokvijalnom nazivu Whistlerova majka, je slika Jamesa McNeila Whistlera iz 1871. g. koja se smatra vrhuncem Whistlerove umjetnosti i njegovim najpoznatijim djelom. Slika je prvi put izložena na 104. izložbi Kraljevske akademije za umjetnost u Londonu 1872. godine. Smatra se jednom od najvažnijih američkih slika koje se ne nalaze na američkom tlu. Naime, sliku je kupila francuska vlada 1891. godine i izložena je u muzeju d'Orsay u Parizu.

Whistler je na slici naslikao portretnu figuru svoje majke, Anne McNeil Whistler, u strogom profilu. Nekoliko nepotvrđenih priča govori kako je njegova majka bila zamjena za model koji nije uspio doći, te da je slika zamišljena da model stoji, no Whistler je smatrao da je to prenaporno za njegovu majku. Kad ju je vidio filozof i spisatelj, Thomas Carlyle, pristao je pozirati Whistleru za sličnu kompoziciju, poznatu kao Aranžman u crnom i sivom br. 2., zbog čega je prva slika dobila "br. 1."

Nadalje, viktorijanska publika nije bila spremna prihvatiti slikarev naziv za sliku koja je očito portret, te je dodan podnaslov: Portret umjetnikove majke. No, izvorni naziv slike nam govori kako je pravi cilj slike bio larpurlartistički. Sam umjetnik je isticao kako slika "aranžmane" boja, a ne portrete, te ga je živciralo nazivanje njegovih slika portretima. Tako je u svojoj knjizi "Nježno umijeće stvaranja neprijatelja" napisao:

Djelo se može opisati kao "aranžman u crno-sivoj boji gdje kroz hladne tonove prikazuje psihičku oštrinu". Iako se čini jednostavnom, slika naglašava Whistlerov postupak modeliranja tonova pojedinih boja. Također, Whistler postiže delikatnu ravnotežu između različitih pravokutnika na slici. Whistler koristi pravokutni oblik za zavjesu, pod i sliku na zidu čime naglašava majčino lice, haljinu i stolicu.

Slika, poznata kao viktorijanska Mona Lisa, predstavlja simbol majčinstva, ljubavi prema roditeljima i obiteljske vrijednosti, te se često koristila u ekonomskom oglašavanju, popularnoj kulturi, ali i parodijama viktorijanskog doba.

Izvori

Realističke slike
Impresionističke slike
Američka likovna umjetnost
Slike iz 1870-ih
Muzej d'Orsay

Aranžman u crnom i sivom


Brodmann area 20, or BA20, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the ventral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in high-level visual processing and recognition memory.

This area is also known as inferior temporal area 20, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the inferior temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded medially by the ectorhinal area 36 (H), laterally by the middle temporal area 21, rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H) and caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

Guenon
Brodmann area 20 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is cytoarchitecturally homologous to the inferior temporal area 20 of the human (Brodmann-1909). Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): area 20 is similar to area 19 of Brodmann-1909 in the relative abundance of small cell types relative to the number of larger pyramidal cells; a very dense, wide internal granular layer (IV) composed almost exclusively of granule cells, as in area 18 of Brodmann-1909; a broad, clear internal pyramidal layer (V) with few cells; and a distinct multiform layer (VI). The major differences from areas 18 and 19 are somewhat lesser cell density; absence of a division of the external pyramidal layer (III) into sublayers 3a and 3b; layer V is more clearly distinguished from layer VI and, on average, has a greater density of pyramidal ganglion cells than in the other areas; layer VI is wider, more diffuse and has fewer cells that are concentrated in the outer part of the layer to produce a denser sublayer 6a and a less dense sublayer 6b.

See also
 Brodmann area
 List of regions in the human brain

External links

 For Neuroanatomy of the inferior temporal area 20 visit BrainInfo
 For Neuroanatomy of Brodmann area 20 visit BrainInfo

20
Temporal lobe

Brodmann area 20


Au diable la richesse () est une comédie satirique italienne réalisée par Gennaro Righelli et sortie en 1946.

Le film fait au suite à Au diable la misère du même réalisateur, sorti un an plus tôt.

Synopsis
Le film suit les mésaventures de Gioconda Perfetti, une vendeuse de fruits romaine qui s'est enrichie grâce au marché noir. Elle quitte son Trastevere natal pour s'installer dans une splendide villa appartenant au comte Ghirani, avec sa sœur et un administrateur. Conquise par les manières raffinées du comte, elle accepte qu'il continue à occuper le sous-sol de la villa. Malgré les avertissements du comte sur l'ivresse que peut provoquer une richesse soudaine, la femme s'abandonne à la belle vie et se fait arnaquer par une bande d'escrocs, risquant même la prison. Seule l'intervention du comte, qui s'est pris d'affection pour elle, la tire d'affaire.

Mais cette affaire ne lui apprend rien et peu après, elle confie ses biens à un profiteur qui disparaît avec eux. Même les fiançailles de sa sœur Lucia avec un soldat américain qui prétend être riche s'avèrent être une tromperie, car le soldat est en réalité ruiné. Après tous ces déboires, Gioconda est contrainte de reprendre son activité dans la petite boutique du Trastevere, où sa sœur retrouve son ancien fiancé. Le comte, accablé de dettes, part à l'étranger et Gioconda, ayant entrevu la richesse, se retrouve seule.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Au diable la richesse ou À bas la richesse
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : Gennaro Righelli
 Scénario : Gennaro Righelli, Vittorio Calvino, Vittorio De Sica, Fabrizio Sarazani, Pietro Solari, Nicola Fausto Neroni
 Photographie : Aldo Tonti
 Montage : Gabriele Varriale
 Musique : Cesare A. Bixio,
 Décors : Ferruccio Sammartino
 Production : Riccardo Gualino
 Sociétés de production : Lux Film, Ora Film
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 89 minutes
 Genre : Comédie satirique
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 France :

Distribution
Anna Magnani : Gioconda Perfetti
Vittorio De Sica : Comte Ghirani
Laura Gore Anna, la femme de chambre
Virgilio Riento : Don Nicola
Zora Piazza : Lucia Perfetti
John Garson : Lucky, le soldat américain
Lauro Gazzolo : Commendator Bardacò
Giuseppe Porelli : administrateur Bonifazio
Vittorio Mottini : Nino
Vito Annicchiarico : Tranquillo
Domenico Gambino : le jardinier
Galeazzo Benti : Rorò di Torretia
Checco Durante : le marchand de légumes
Anita Durante : Caterina
Dina Romano : Marquise de Mendoza
Enrico Glori : commissaire
Giuseppe Pierozzi : député
Edda Soligo : Zefira

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1946
Comédie italienne
Film italien en noir et blanc
Film de Lux Film
Film réalisé par Gennaro Righelli
Film en italien
Film tourné à Rome
Film se déroulant à Rome
Film avec une musique composée par Cesare Andrea Bixio

Au diable la richesse


Abu Kamal sau Al-Bukamal () este un oraș de pe râul Eufrat în guvernoratul Deir ez-Zor din estul Siriei lângă frontiera cu Irakul. Acesta este centrul administrativ al districtului Abu Kamal și subdiviziunii locale (adică subdiviziunea Abu Kamal). Doar la sud-est este punctul de trecere a frontierei Al-Qa'im în orașul Husaybah din districtul Al-Qa'im din guvernoratul Al-Anbar, Irak.

Legături externe
Abu Kamal

Orașe din Siria

Abu Kamal


Le Ballon d'or féminin 2021 est la  du Ballon d'or féminin. Organisé par le magazine France Football, il récompense la meilleure footballeuse de l'année 2021. Au cours de la même cérémonie, il est également décerné le Ballon d'or masculin pour le meilleur footballeur, le Trophée Kopa pour le meilleur joueur de moins de 21 ans de l'année et le Trophée Yachine pour le meilleur gardien de but.

Classement

Voir aussi

 Ballon d'or féminin
 Ballon d'or masculin 2021
 Trophée Kopa 2021
 Trophée Yachine 2021
 France Football

Ballon d'or
Football en 2021

Ballon d'or féminin 2021


Dario Černeka (Rijeka, 7. prosinca 1991.), hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Igrač RK Zameta.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2009. osvojio je zlato na svjetskom prvenstvu.  Hrvatska mlada reprezentacija za taj uspjeh dobila je Nagradu Dražen Petrović.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši

Dario Černeka


Amasonia campestris est une espèce herbacée sud-américaine appartenant à la famille des Lamiaceae (anciennement Verbenaceae).

Il est connu en Guyane sous les noms de Crête coque (Créole), Wahitye awihi (Palikur), Crista-de-galo, Mendoca, Japim-caá (Portugais).

Description
Amasonia campestris est une herbacée ou un sous-arbrisseau de moins de  de haut, portant des branches pubescentes. Ses feuilles sont alternes spiralées, avec un pétiole canaliculé, pubescent, long de  et un limbe obové, aigu, denté, mesurant , pubescent sur les 2 faces. L'inflorescence terminale érigée mesure  de long, et comporte de nombreuses bractées roses à rouges, oblongues-lancéolées, ovales, lancéolées, oblongues ou elliptiques, dentées et mesurant . La corolle jaune ou blanche, forme un tube pubescent long de .

Répartition
On rencontre Amasonia campestris depuis la Colombie jusqu'au centre sud du Brésil, en passant par Trinidad, le Vénézuela, le Guyana, le Suriname, et la Guyane.

Écologie
Amasonia campestris pousse depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu'à  d'altitude, dans les zones perturbées, dans les savanes en lisière forestière et en savane sur sol avec apparition de nappe perchée et sur les inselbergs. Il fleurit de Novembre à Avril.

La biologie reproductive chez Amasonia campestris a été étudiée.

Utilisations
Amasonia campestris est employée par les Palikur comme stimulant du cœur contre les étourdissements des enfants et des adultes et pour soigner la paralysie faciale. Elle contiendrait quelques alcaloïdes, des flavonoïdes et autres hétérosides non flavoniques.

Amasonia campestris présenterait des propriétés anti-paludéennes reconnues dans les pharmacopées traditionnelles de l'Amapá au Brésil. Ses propriétés hypoglycémiantes, génotoxiques et anti-génotoxiques ont aussi été étudiées.

Histoire naturelle

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Lamiaceae
Verbenaceae (Cronquist)
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Amasonia campestris


Sinopsis ya da Tümbakış, bilimde, öğretimde ve sanatta bir konunun tümüne kısa bakışı ifade eder.

Sinopsis kelimesinin kökeni Yunancadan gelmektedir, bir bakışta okunabilen anlamına gelir.

Sanattaki kullanımı
Bir filmin ön çalışmasında ilk aşamasını oluşturur. Hikâyeyi ilk olarak yazıya dökmek, genel hatlarıyla konsepti belirlemek için kullanılır. Bir sinopsiste filmin senaryosunun giriş, gelişme ve sonuç kısımları bulunabilir. Ortalama olarak 1 - 3 sayfa arasında yazılır, diyaloglar yer almaz. Okuyucular için filmin kısa tanıtımı, senaryo yazarları için ise yol haritası olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Kaynakça

Senaryo
Sinema ve video terminolojisi
Film teknikleri

Sinopsis


عبد الله عبد الله نديم رمضان   (5 سبتمبر 1960 - )، طبيب وسياسي أفغاني، وزير خارجية أفغانستان الأسبق ومرشح قوي والمنافس الرئيسي للرئيس الأفغاني حامد كرزاي في انتخابات الرئاسة الأفغانية 2009. ينتمي لقومية الطاجيك.

النشأة

ولد عبد الله في 5 سبتمبر 1960 بمدينة كابل، لأسرة مسلمة تتكون من أب بشتوني من قندهار وأم طاجيكية من وادي بنشير، وكان والده غلام محيي الدين خان مسؤولا حكوميا ساميا ثم نائبا في عهد نظام الملك ظاهر شاه. تلقى تعليما دينيا إسلاميا، وبعد الانتهاء من المراحل الدراسية التحق بجامعة كابل التي تخرج منها طبيبًا للعيون عام 1983.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كابل
أطباء عيون أفغان
بشتون
دبلوماسيون أفغان
سياسيون أفغان
سياسيون أفغان في القرن 21
مسلمون أفغان
مغتربون أفغان في باكستان
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1960
وزراء خارجية أفغانستان

عبد الله عبد الله


La chapelle du Cœur est une chapelle située à Ars-sur-Formans en France. Elle fut érigée en 1930, un an après la nomination par le pape Pie XI de Jean-Marie Vianney comme « patron des curés de l'univers ». Elle fait partie du sanctuaire d'Ars. Elle a été réalisée par les architectes Louis Mortamet et Gabriel Mortamet son père.

Description
La chapelle du Cœur est le réceptacle de la relique du cœur de Jean-Marie Vianney. Le reliquaire est une représentation de la basilique Notre-Dame de Fourvière. Les peintures intérieures ont été réalisées par le peintre Georges Décôte.

Références

Liens externes

 Le sanctuaire d'Ars

Sanctuaire d'Ars
Ars

Chapelle du Cœur


Death Before Dishonor (2022) foi a 19ª edição do pay-per-view de wrestliing profissional Death Before Dishonor produzido pela promoção americana Ring of Honor (ROH). Aconteceu em 23 de julho de 2022, no Tsongas Center em Lowell, Massachusetts. Foi o primeiro evento ao vivo da ROH sob a propriedade total do presidente da All Elite Wrestling (AEW), Tony Khan.

Onze lutas foram disputadas no evento, incluindo quatro no pré-show. No evento principal, FTR (Cash Wheeler e Dax Harwood) derrotaram The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe e Mark Briscoe) em uma luta de duas quedas para reterem o ROH World Tag Team Championship. Em outras lutas importantes, Samoa Joe derrotou Jay Lethal por submissão para reter o ROH World Television Championship, Wheeler Yuta derrotou Daniel Garcia em uma luta Pure Wrestling para reter o ROH World Championship, e na luta de abertura Claudio Castagnoli derrotou Jonathan Gresham para vencer o ROH World Championship.

Produção

Introdução
Durante uma coletiva pós-show do AEW x NJPW: Forbidden Door em 26 de junho de 2022, o presidente da All Elite Wrestling (AEW), Tony Khan, que se tornou o proprietário da Ring of Honor (ROH), anunciou que o Death Before Dishonor aconteceria em 23 de julho de 2022, no Tsongas Center em Lowell, Massachusetts e iria ao ar em pay-per-view.

Rivalidades
O evento contou com lutas de wrestling profissional que envolveram diferentes lutadores de rivalidades e histórias pré-existentes. Os lutadores retratavam vilões, heróis ou personagens menos distinguíveis em eventos roteirizados que criavam tensão e culminavam em uma luta ou uma série de lutas. As histórias foram produzidas nos programas de televisão semanais da AEW, Dynamite e Rampage, e nos programas de streaming online suplementares da AEW, Dark e Elevation, bem como vídeos promocionais no YouTube no canal da AEW - isso ocorreu porque a ROH não conseguiu um acordo de televisão ou streaming após sua venda para o presidente da AEW, Tony Khan.

No Supercard of Honor, Jay Lethal se tornou heel ao desferir um golpe baixo em Lee Moriarty antes de vencê-lo com um pinfall com a ajuda da corda. Mais tarde, ele atacaria o mentor de Moriarty, Matt Sydal, que estava de muletas, antes de ser parado pelo produtor e amigo de Lethal, Sonjay Dutt. Mais tarde naquela noite, depois que Jonathan Gresham derrotou Bandido para se tornar o indiscutível Campeão Mundial da ROH, o ex-parceiro de Gresham, Lethal, apareceu e declarou que deveria ser o próximo desafiante de Gresham. Dutt apeceu novamente para conter Lethal, mas acabaria ajudando-o a atacar Gresham, Bandido e logo Moriarty. A dupla seria posteriormente interrompida pelo antigo mentor de Lethal, Samoa Joe, que estava voltando para a ROH após sete anos. Duas semanas depois no AEW Dynamite, Joe derrotou Minoru Suzuki para vencer o ROH World Television Championship pela primeira vez. Após a luta, Lethal e Dutt chegariam para dar um "presente" a Joe, que era Lethal dando a Joe "o dedo do meio", em uma caixa de presente recortada. Os dois então se prepararam para atacar Joe antes de se juntarem ao ex- jogador da NBA que se tornou lutador profissional Satnam Singh. Nas semanas seguintes, Lethal, Dutt e Singh continuaram a ter Joe como alvo Joe, bem como seu título. No AEW Double or Nothing, após Joe perder para Adam Cole na final do Men's Owen Hart Foundation Tournament, o trio atacou Joe durante uma entrevista nos bastidores e machucou seu ombro. Apesar disso, os três homens ainda desafiariam Joe para defender o título contra Lethal. No episódio de 6 de julho do Dynamite, foi anunciado que Joe defenderia o ROH World Television Championship contra Lethal no Death Before Dishonor.

Na rivalidade entre a Jericho Appreciation Society e o Blackpool Combat Club, Matt Menard, Angelo Parker e Daniel Garcia atacaram o Campeão Puro da ROH Wheeler Yuta depois que ele defendeu o título contra Tony Nese no episódio de 28 de junho da AEW Dark. Lá, Garcia proclamou que tiraria Yuta de sua honra e título, antes de manter o referido título sobre um Yuta caído. No Dynamite de 6 de julho, foi anunciado que Yuta e Garcia se enfrentariam pelo Pure Championship no Death Before Dishonor.

No Supercard of Honor, o FTR (Cash Wheeler e Dax Harwood) derrotaram The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe e Mark Briscoe) para vencerem o ROH World Tag Team Championship. No episódio de 6 de julho do Dynamite, FTR apareceu em um segmento de bastidores falando sobre quantas pessoas ainda não os veem como o melhor dupla do mundo. Como tal, eles desafiaram os The Briscoes, que agora trabalhavam para a Impact Wrestling, para uma revanche no Death Before Dishonor. No dia seguinte, os Briscoes responderam em sua conta do Twitter, falando sobre como eles estavam trabalhando em vários shows por dia para sustentar suas famílias, incluindo o evento Multiverse of Matches da Impact antes de lutar no Supercard of Honor. Agora vendo o FTR como o time sobrecarregado, eles aceitaram oficialmente a luta pelo título no Death Before Dishonor. Em 15 de julho, durante um encontro cara a cara entre as duas equipes, uma estipulação de duas quedas foi adicionada à luta.

Desde 16 de junho de 2022, a Campeã Mundial Feminina da ROH, Mercedes Martinez e Serena Deeb, começaram a trabalhar como uma dupla no AEW Dark: Elevation, AEW Dark e, mais recentemente no AEW Rampage. As duas estariam invictas, mas ficou claro por suas atuações que suas lutas eram para serem melhores que a parceira. Deeb até tornaria público que ela tem prioridades ao assumir o título de Martinez. No episódio de 8 de julho do Rampage, após Martinez e Deeb vencerem a luta, a última atacou a primeira antes de segurar o título acima de sua cabeça. Em 12 de julho, foi anunciado que Deeb desafiaria Martinez pelo ROH Women's World Championship no Death Before Dishonor.

No episódio de 15 de julho do Rampage, durante a primeira semana do Fyter Fest; Jonathan Gresham, que recentemente se tornou um heel e se alinhou com o grupo de Tully Blanchard, a Tully Blanchard Enterprises (agora renomeado como The Embassy), derrotou Lee Moriarty para reter o ROH World Championship. Em uma entrevista pós-luta, Gresham afirmaria ser o melhor wrestler do mundo, antes de ser confrontado por Claudio Castagnoli do Blackpool Combat Club. Como resultado, Gresham enfrentaria Castagnoli pelo título no Death Before Dishonor, marcando a primeira luta de Castagnoli na ROH em mais de uma década.

Resultados

2022 na luta profissional
Pay-per-views da ROH
Death Before Dishonor

Death Before Dishonor (2022)