Edgar Martínez (born January 2, 1963), nicknamed "Gar" and "Papi", is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a designated hitter and third baseman for the Seattle Mariners from 1987 through 2004. He served as the Mariners' hitting coach from 2015 through 2018 and turned into a hitting advisor for them since then.

Martínez grew up in Dorado, Puerto Rico. Not highly regarded as a prospect, he signed with the Mariners as a free agent in 1982, and was given a small signing bonus. He made his major league debut in 1987, but did not establish himself as a full-time player until 1990, at age 27. In the 1995 American League Division Series, he hit "The Double", which won the series and increased public support for Mariners baseball as they attempted to fund a new stadium. He continued to play until 2004, when injuries forced him to retire.

Martínez was a seven-time MLB All-Star, five-time Silver Slugger, and two-time batting champion. He is one of 18 MLB players to record a batting average of .300, an on-base percentage of .400, and a slugging percentage of .500 in 5,000 or more plate appearances. The Mariners retired his uniform number 11 and inducted him into the Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame. Martínez was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2019.

Early life

Martínez was born in New York City on January 2, 1963, to José and Christina Salgado Martinez, who were from Puerto Rico. His parents divorced when he was two years old, and he was taken in by his grandparents, who lived in the barrio of Maguayo in Dorado, Puerto Rico. Martínez taught himself how to speak English and how to use computers. When he was 11 years old, his parents reconciled. His brother and sister returned to New York to live with their parents, but Edgar opted to remain in Dorado with his grandparents.

Martinez became inspired to play baseball after watching fellow Puerto Rican Roberto Clemente play in the 1971 World Series. He played with his cousin Carmelo Martínez in the backyard of his home. Scouts watched Carmelo with interest, but Edgar did not draw their attention. He attended the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, studying business administration. He played semiprofessional baseball and worked two jobs, as a supervisor in a furniture store by day and in a General Electric factory at night.

Professional career

Prospect
At the suggestion of the owner of his semiprofessional team, Martínez attended a tryout held by the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB). Despite nearly missing the tryout after a long night working at the factory and being "so tired [he] couldn't swing the bat," the Mariners signed him to a contract with a $4,000 signing bonus (a small amount at the time) on December 12, 1982. He initially considered declining the offer, due to the money he was making in Puerto Rico, but Carmelo convinced him to sign.

Martínez made his professional debut in Minor League Baseball with the Bellingham Mariners of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League in 1983 as a third baseman. He had a .173 batting average, zero home runs and only 18 hits. The scout who signed Martínez convinced Hal Keller, the Mariners' general manager, to assign him to the Arizona Instructional League (AIL) after the season. Keller did not believe Martínez would be able to hit in the major leagues, and initially did not want to assign him to the AIL, which is reserved for the best prospects. Keller included Martínez in the AIL that year, where he batted .340.

In 1984, Martínez batted .303 with 15 home runs and 84 walks for the Wausau Timbers of the Class A Midwest League. Martínez played for the Chattanooga Lookouts of the Class AA Southern League and Calgary Cannons of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League (PCL) in 1985, batting .258 in 111 games for Chattanooga and .353 in 20 games for Calgary. He returned to Chattanooga in 1986 and had a .960 fielding percentage, which led all third basemen. Playing for Calgary in 1987, Martínez had a .327 batting average, 10 home runs, and 31 doubles in 129 games. He led Calgary in batting average, as well as hits, doubles, batting average, on base percentage, games played, and walks.

Early career (1987–1989)
Martínez made his major league debut on September 12, 1987, as a third baseman, and proceeded to hit .372 over his first 13 career games. However, the Mariners were committed to using Jim Presley as their third baseman. In 1988, Martínez began the season with Calgary, but was called up to the major leagues in early May. He played in four games with the Mariners before being returned to Calgary, where he hit .363, the best batting average in the PCL. In September he was called up again, and over 10 games hit .389. In his second MLB season, he hit .281 with a .351 on-base percentage (OBP) and a .406 slugging percentage over 14 games.

The Mariners named Martínez their starting third baseman on their Opening Day roster in 1989. He struggled and was sent back down to Calgary in May. He hit .345 over 32 games for the Cannons and .240 in 65 games for the Mariners in 1989. After the regular season, Martínez played winter baseball in the Puerto Rican Baseball League. He batted .424 in 43 games, leading the league, and was named co-MVP with Carlos Baerga.

First seasons and batting title (1990–1992)
In 1990, Martínez signed a one-year contract for $90,000. Though Presley was no longer a Mariner, Darnell Coles began the season as the Mariners' starting third baseman, with manager Jim Lefebvre telling The Seattle Times during spring training: "I think Darnell Coles is going to surprise a lot of people. He knows there is no one in the wings, just Edgar Martinez to back him up." However, Coles committed five errors in Seattle's first six games. Lefebvre moved Coles to the outfield and began playing Martínez at third base. Over 144 games, Martínez hit .302, and had a .397 on-base percentage, both of which led the team.

Martínez signed a two-year contract worth $850,000 before the 1991 season. In 1991, he won his first MLB Player of the Week Award for the week ending July 14. He finished the 1991 season hitting .307/.405/.452, all career highs. In 1992, Martínez was selected to his first All-Star Game, and won his first MLB Player of the Month Award for July and his second for August, During the season, Martínez signed a three-year contract with Seattle worth $10 million, the largest contract given out by Seattle to that point. At the end of the 1992 season, Martínez had a .343 batting average, which led all of MLB. It was the first batting title for Seattle and the franchise's highest single-season batting average (this has since been surpassed by Ichiro Suzuki). He also tied Frank Thomas for the most doubles in MLB, and set a team record for most in a season (this has since been surpassed by Alex Rodriguez). After the season, he was awarded his first American League (AL) Silver Slugger Award as a third basemen.

Injuries (1993–1994)
During an exhibition game at BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, before the 1993 season, Martínez tore his hamstring on an unzipped seam in the turf between first and second base. He missed 42 games at the start of the season, and was placed on the disabled list two more times before the season ended. In 1994, in his first plate appearance of the season, opposing pitcher Dennis Martínez hit him in the right wrist, and he was placed on the disabled list. Between the injuries and the 1994 MLB strike, he played in 131 games during the 1993 and 1994 seasons. In 89 games played in 1994, he played 65 games as a third baseman and 23 as a designated hitter, with one appearance as a pinch runner.

Career year (1995)
Martínez became a full-time designated hitter in 1995. He won the Player of the Month Award for June, hitting .402 with a .537 OBP and a .761 SLG, and another Player of the Week Award. He was also selected to the 1995 All-Star Game and set career highs in eleven offensive categories. At the end of the year he won his second AL batting title with a team record .356, while also leading the league in runs scored with 121, doubles with 52, OBP with .479 and on-base plus slugging (OPS) with 1.109 (all team highs at that point). He also finished third in AL Most Valuable Player Award voting behind Mo Vaughn and Albert Belle. He won his second Silver Slugger Award and his first Outstanding Designated Hitter Award.

The Double

In the 1995 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the New York Yankees, Martínez hit .571 and was on base 18 times in five games. In Game 4 of that series, he hit a three-run home run, then a grand slam home run that broke a 6–6 tie, en route to an 11–8 victory. His seven runs batted in (RBIs) in that game tied a single-game postseason record. The win knotted the best-of-five series at two games apiece and forced Game 5. Down 5–4 in the 11th inning of that decisive game, Martínez hit a two-run double off Jack McDowell, winning the game for the Mariners, 6–5, and series, 3–2. The win sent the Mariners to the American League Championship Series for the first time in franchise history, against the Cleveland Indians, a series they would eventually lose in six games.

The double entered baseball lore, referred to as "The Double", by Mariners fans. The Mariners' 1995 postseason run helped build the groundswell of public support that led the Washington State Legislature to enact legislation to fund a dedicated baseball stadium in Seattle to replace the Kingdome. Mariners' manager Lou Piniella referred to it as "the hit, the run, the game, the series and the season that saved baseball in Seattle."

Continued success (1996–2001)

In 1996, Martínez batted .327 and was selected for the 1996 MLB All-Star Game. He played one game at third base during the season, during which he collided with John Marzano, breaking four ribs and missing 21 games. On August 21, 1996, Martínez recorded his 1,000th career MLB hit. Martínez was selected to the 1997 MLB All-Star Game and won the Silver Slugger Award at the end of the 1997 season. He finished second in the AL with a .330 average. The Mariners made the 1997 ALDS, but lost to the Baltimore Orioles in four games. Martínez batted .188 in the series. He won his second Outstanding Designated Hitter Award. In 1998, Martínez batted .320 with 29 home runs. He led the AL with a .429 OBP, and won his third Outstanding Designated Hitter Award.

In 1999, Martínez was diagnosed with strabismus, a condition which causes the eyes to not properly align. For Martínez, his right eye would intermittently drift and cause him to lose depth perception. For the 1999 season, he led the AL with a .447 OBP and batted .337. He recorded his 1,500th hit on August 14. In 2000, Martínez earned his fifth All-Star Game selection. He hit 37 home runs, his single-season best, and led the American League with 145 RBIs. The Mariners reached the postseason, and Martínez batted .364 in the 2000 ALDS, defeating the Chicago White Sox. The Mariners lost to the Yankees in the 2000 American League Championship Series (ALCS). Martínez finished sixth in AL MVP Award balloting, and won the Outstanding Designated Hitter Award.

In 2001, Martínez was again elected to the All-Star Game. He batted .306 with 116 RBIs, his tenth season with a .300 or better batting average (his seventh consecutive) and his sixth season with 100 RBIs. Seattle tied the major league record set by the 1906 Chicago Cubs with 116 wins on the season. Martínez hit .313 with two home runs in the 2001 ALDS as Seattle defeated Cleveland, but he batted .150 in the 2001 ALCS as they lost to the Yankees. He won the Silver Slugger Award and the Outstanding Designated Hitter Award in 2001.

Later career (2002–2004)
Martínez dealt with leg injuries in 2002, playing in 97 games. He left a game after pulling his hamstring and had surgery to repair a ruptured tendon in his left knee. Though he was batting .301 on September 8, he entered a slump late in the season and ended the year with a .277 batting average. In 2003, Martínez again dealt with hamstring injuries. He batted .304 in the first half of the season and was named to the 2003 MLB All-Star Game. On May 2, Martínez had his 2,000th career hit. He broke a toe when it was hit by a foul ball in September, which limited him until the end of the season. He ended the season with a .294 batting average, 24 home runs, and a .403 OBP. He won his fifth Silver Slugger Award in 2003.

In 2004, Martínez struggled with a sore back, leg injuries, and difficulties with his eyesight. The Mariners struggled, falling out of the postseason chase, and the team began to give playing time at designated hitter to Bucky Jacobsen. On August 9, 2004, Martínez announced his retirement, effective at the end of the season. Martínez said this about his choice of retiring and career in Seattle:

Martínez won the Roberto Clemente Award after the 2004 season.

Career statistics
In 2055 games over 18 seasons, Martinez posted a .312 batting average (2247-for-7213) with 1219 runs, 514 doubles, 15 triples, 309 home runs, 1261 RBI, 49 stolen bases, 1283 walks, .418 on-base percentage, and .515 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded an overall .952 fielding percentage primarily as a third baseman. In 34 postseason games, he batted .266 (34-for-128) with 16 runs, 7 doubles, 8 home runs, 24 RBI and 19 walks.

Coaching (2015–2018)
On June 20, 2015, the Mariners hired Martínez as their hitting coach, reassigning Howard Johnson. The team's offense improved from a .233 batting average and 3.4 runs scored per game in the 68 games coached by Johnson to a .260 average and 4.6 runs per game with Martínez in 94 games. Though Jerry Dipoto, newly hired as general manager, fired Lloyd McClendon as manager after the season, he retained Martínez. Martínez coached the Mariners through to the end of the 2018 season. Out of a desire to spend more time with his family, Martínez moved from hitting coach to a hitting advisor role with the Mariners organization after the 2018 season.

Legacy

Hall of Fame pitcher Mariano Rivera, when asked whether there was anyone he was afraid to face, said that he was never afraid, but "I will put it like this: The only guy that I didn't want to face, when a tough situation comes, was Edgar Martínez. The reason is because I couldn't get him out. (laughs) I couldn't get him out.  It didn't matter how I threw the ball. I couldn't get him out. Oh, my God, he had more than my number. He had my breakfast, lunch and dinner. He got everything from me." Versus Rivera, Martínez was able to log a .579 batting average, with 11 hits during 19 at bats. Hall of Fame pitcher Pedro Martínez (no relation) also named Edgar Martínez as one of the toughest hitters he had to pitch against in his career because, Pedro said, he was very disciplined at the plate and "would foul off pitches that would wipe out anybody else."

Martínez was inducted into the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame on September 9, 2003, in a pregame on field ceremony at Safeco Field. In October 2004, following his retirement, a section of South Atlantic Street (State Route 519) in Seattle adjacent to Safeco Field was renamed Edgar Martínez Drive South. At his retirement ceremony, a portrait "featuring his high stepping batting style" painted by artist Michele Rushworth was presented to him by the Mariners. In 2004, MLB renamed the Outstanding Designated Hitter Award in Martínez's honor. In 2005, fans voted Martínez as the third baseman on the Latino Legends Team. Since his retirement, the Mariners did not issue Martinez' uniform number 11 to any other player. Under Mariners' team policy, he was not eligible to have his uniform number formally retired until 2010, when he became eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame for the first time. The Mariners inducted Martínez into the Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame on June 2, 2007, and retired Martinez's #11 jersey on August 12, 2017.

First eligible to be elected into the Hall of Fame in the 2010 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, and with 75% of the vote required for induction, Martínez received 36.2% of the vote. While some sports writers felt that his batting numbers do not overcome the one-dimensional aspect of his career as a DH, others have compared this to the specialty of closers whose contribution to their teams victories resides on working one inning to preserve an advantage and the fact that these late inning relievers are not involved in other facets of the game such as hitting and base running. By the 2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, his ninth year on the ballot, Martínez's vote total increased to 70.4%. The 2019 ballot, his last chance for election by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, elected him to the Hall of Fame, appearing on 85.4% of the ballots cast. He became the second player to enter the Hall of Fame as a Mariner, after Ken Griffey Jr., and the sixth player to be elected in his final year of eligibility, after Red Ruffing, Joe Medwick, Ralph Kiner, Jim Rice, and Tim Raines. He entered the Hall with the aforementioned Rivera, who was elected in his 1st year of eligibility, along with the late Roy Halladay (1st ballot, posthumous). A statue of Martínez was installed outside Seattle's T-Mobile Park in 2021.

The , named after Martínez, was built in barrio Higuillar in Dorado. Sustaining structural damages as a result of Hurricanes Maria and Irma in 2017, a $700,000 restoration of the sports complex was completed in 2021. The complex hosts school sports competitions and has a baseball field, a track field, a basketball court and a gym.

Personal life

Martínez met Holli (née) Beeler on a blind date; they married in October 1992. They live in Kirkland, Washington, with their three children: Alex, Tessa, and Jacqueline. Martínez is one of the founders of Plaza Bank, founded in 2005 as Washington's first

Martínez and his wife Holli have contributed their time and money to Seattle Children's Hospital, including the Edgar Martínez Endowment for Muscular Dystrophy Research, established by the Mariners in honor of his retirement, and the Children's Hospital Annual Wishing Well Night at T-Mobile Park. Martínez has also supported the Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Overlake Hospital, Make-A-Wish Foundation, Wishing Star Foundation, United Way, Esperanza, Page Ahead Children's Literacy Program, Big Brothers Big Sisters, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, and Mariners Care. Because of his contributions, on June 20, 2007, Martínez was inducted into the World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame in Boise, Idaho. In 2006, Martínez co-founded Branded Solutions, a corporate merchandise category, with two executives from ImageSource. He sold the company to ImageSource in 2010. For the 2013 season, the Mariners worked with Martínez, local chef Ethan Stowell and bartender Anu Apte to create "Edgar's Cantina" at Safeco Field.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball batting champions
 List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career extra base hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
 List of Major League Baseball doubles records
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
 List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
 List of Puerto Ricans
 Seattle Mariners all-time roster

References

External links

Edgar Martínez at Baseball Almanac

1963 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
American League batting champions
American League RBI champions
Bellingham Mariners players
Calgary Cannons players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Jacksonville Suns players
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Major League Baseball third basemen
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Bellevue, Washington
Baseball players from King County, Washington
Baseball players from New York City
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada
Seattle Mariners coaches
Seattle Mariners players
Senadores de San Juan players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Wausau Timbers players

Edgar Martínez


Afrički čempres (lat. Widdringtonia), biljni rod iz porodice čempresovki kojemu pripada četiri vrste četinjača raširenih po nekim državama na jugu Afrike

Vrste
 Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J. A. Marsh
 Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) Powrie
 Widdringtonia schwarzii (Marloth) Mast.
 Widdringtonia whytei Rendle

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

čempresovke

Afrički čempres


Matthew Raper () a fost un astronom britanic, matematician și savant în diverse domenii. A publicat lucrări despre diverse subiecte, inclusiv asupra monedelor antice grecești și romane, precum și asupra valoarii și istoriei lor, în baza textelor grecești și latine.

Raper a fost ales membru al Royal Society la 30 mai 1754 și a primit medalia Copley în 1771 pentru lucrarea "Inquiry on the Value of the Ancient Ancient Greek and Roman Money". A tradus Dissertation on the Gipseys din originalul german al lui Heinrich Grellman și a scris diverse lucrări precum "An Enquiry into the Measure of the Roman Foot" (1760) și "Observations on the Moon's Eclipse, March 17., and the Sun's Eclipse, April 1, 1764".

La moartea sa (în 1748), tatăl lui Matthew Raper i-a lăsat moștenire Conacul Thorley, Hertfordshire, unde Raper și-a instalat un observator pe acoperiș.

Note

Legături externe
 http://www.stortfordhistory.co.uk/thorley/thorley_1.html

Nașteri în 1705
Decese în 1778
Astronomi britanici
Fellows of the Royal Society
Laureați ai Medaliei Copley
Astronomi din secolul al XVIII-lea

Matthew Raper


Jón Fjörnir Thoroddsen (f. 1971) er íslenskur athafnarmaður, söngvari, rithöfundur og kvikmyndaframleiðandi.

Hann skrifaði bókina Íslenska efnahagsundrið (2009) og framleiddi kvikmyndina Íslenski draumurinn (2000).

Hann var söngvari og rappari í hljómsveitinni Tennessee Trans (1994).

Tilvísanir

Fólk fætt árið 1971
Íslenskir rithöfundar
Íslenskir athafnamenn

Jón Fjörnir Thoroddsen


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1969-1970, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas. La finale se joue le 27 mai 1970 au stade De Vliert à Bois-le-Duc.

Le club vainqueur de la coupe est qualifié pour la Coupe des coupes 1970-1971.

Finale
L'Ajax Amsterdam bat le PSV Eindhoven 2 à 0. L'Ajax réussit le doublé coupe-championnat cette saison, le PSV disputera la Coupe des coupes 1970-1971.

Notes et références

1969-1970
Pays-Bas
Football
Football


Das Haus Wolfratshauser Straße 155 in München ist eine denkmalgeschützte Villa.

Lage
Das Haus liegt im Münchner Stadtteil Solln im Stadtbezirk 19 Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln an der Wolfratshauser Straße in der Nähe des S-Bahnhofs Solln etwa 200 m nördlich der Brücke der Wolfratshauser Straße über die Bahnstrecke München–Holzkirchen.

Geschichte
Der Architekt Josef Schatz errichtete das Gebäude 1906 für sich selbst als Wohngebäude. Es war von Anfang an als Mehrfamilienhaus konzipiert. Jede Etage war eine eigene Wohnung mit eigenem Bad. Im Laufe der Zeit wurde das Äußere vereinfacht, z. B. ursprünglich am Nordgiebel aufgesetztes Scheinfachwerk entfernt.

Beschreibung
Das Haus ist ein zweigeschossiges Gebäude mit ausgebautem Dachgeschoss. Es besteht aus drei ineinander verschachtelten Gebäudeteilen mit weit vorstehendem Halbwalmdach, von denen zwei ungefähr in Nord-Süd-Richtung parallel zur Straße liegen und das dritte quer dazu. In der Ecke zwischen Nord- und Osttrakt befindet sich der Eingang mit einem kleinen Vorbau. Der zur Straße zeigenden Giebelseite des Osttrakts ist auf der rechten Seite ein zweiachsiger Risalit vorgesetzt, der unterhalb des Halbwalmgiebels einen eigenen weit vorstehendem Satteldachgiebel hat.

Literatur

Villa in München
Baudenkmal in Solln
Bauwerk in Solln

Wolfratshauser Straße 155


Hipótese do mundo justo é a crença generalizada, mas falsa, de que o mundo é essencialmente justo, de modo que os bons são recompensados e os maus punidos; uma consequência dessa crença é que as pessoas que sofrem infortúnios são consideradas como merecedoras de seus destino. Este fenômeno, que geralmente é interpretado como consequência da ilusão de controle, foi identificado e nomeado pela primeira vez pelo psicólogo canadense Melvin J. Lerner (nascido em 1929) em um artigo no Journal of Personality and Social Psychology em 1965.

A hipótese aparece popularmente no idioma inglês em várias figuras de linguagem que implicam em punição garantida por irregularidades, tais como (tradução livre para o português): "teve o que mereceu", "o feitiço sempre vira contra o feiticeiro", "tudo acontece por uma razão" e "colhe o que se plantou". Essa hipótese tem sido amplamente estudada por psicólogos sociais desde que Melvin J. Lerner realizou um trabalho seminal sobre a crença em um mundo justo no início dos anos 1960. Estudos continuaram desde então, examinando a capacidade preditiva da hipótese em situações variadas e entre várias culturas, e clarificando e expandindo os entendimentos teóricos a respeito de crenças de mundo justo.

Origem
Muitos filósofos e teóricos sociais observaram e consideraram o fenômeno da crença em um mundo justo como remontando pelo menos desde o filósofo pirronista Sexto Empírico que por volta de 180 argumentou contra essa crença. O trabalho de Lerner fez da hipótese do mundo justo um foco de pesquisa no campo da psicologia social. A Ética aristotélica vê a "justiça" como a principal das virtudes, sendo o senso moral profundamente enraizado na natureza dos humanos como animais sociais e racionais.

Melvin Lerner
Melvin Lerner foi solicitado a estudar crenças justiça e a hipótese do mundo justo no contexto da investigação psicológica social em interações sociais negativas. Lerner viu seu trabalho como extensão dos trabalho sobre obediência de Stanley Milgram. Ele procurou responder às questões de como os regimes que causam crueldade e sofrimento mantêm o apoio popular e como as pessoas aceitam normas sociais e leis que produzem miséria e sofrimento.

A investigação de Lerner foi influenciada por testemunhar repetidamente a tendência dos observadores de culpar as vítimas pelo seu sofrimento. Durante a sua formação clínica como psicólogo, observou o tratamento de doentes mentais pelos profissionais de saúde com quem trabalhava. Embora Lerner soubesse que eram pessoas educadas e bondosas, muitas vezes culpavam os pacientes pelo sofrimento dos próprios pacientes.. Lerner também descreve sua surpresa ao ouvir seus alunos desprezar os pobres, aparentemente alheios às forças estruturais que contribuem para a pobreza.

Evidências iniciais
Em 1966, Lerner e seus colegas começaram uma série de experimentos que usaram paradigmas de choque para investigar as respostas do observador à vitimização. No primeiro desses experimentos realizados na Universidade do Kansas, 72 participantes do sexo feminino observaram o que parecia ser uma cúmplice recebendo choques elétricos por seus erros durante uma tarefa de aprendizado (aprender pares de sílabas sem sentido). Inicialmente, esses participantes observadores ficaram incomodados com o aparente sofrimento da vítima. Mas como o sofrimento continuou e os observadores permaneceram incapazes de intervir, os observadores começaram a rejeitar e desvalorizar a vítima. A rejeição e desvalorização da vítima foi maior quando o sofrimento observado foi maior. Mas quando os participantes foram informados de que a vítima receberia uma compensação por seu sofrimento, os participantes não menosprezaram a vítima. Lerner and colleagues replicated these findings in subsequent studies, as did other researchers.

Ver também

Justificação do sistema
Banalidade do mal
Culpar a vítima
Darwinismo social
Desastres naturais como retribuição divina
Erro fundamental de atribuição

Mito da meritocracia
Negação
"O melhor de todos os mundos possíveis"
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Cândido
Problema do mal
Pânico moral
Síndrome do mundo cruel
Sorte moral
Teodiceia
Viés de retrospectiva
Vingança

Vieses cognitivos
Justiça
Injustiça
Modelos conceituais
Hipóteses
Abusos
Erro

Hipótese do mundo justo


Barsacq ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 André Barsacq (1909–1973), französischer Regisseur, Dramatiker und Theaterregisseur sowie Übersetzer und Bühnenbildner
 Léon Barsacq (1906–1969), französisch-russischer Filmarchitekt
 Yves Barsacq († 2015), französischer Schauspieler und Synchronsprecher

Barsacq


La tentative d'assassinat de Hafez el-Assad est survenu le 26 juin 1980 lorsqu'une tentative d'assassinat contre Hafez el-Assad, le président syrien, a été perpétrée par des partisans des Frères musulmans qui lui ont lancé deux grenades et tiré des rafales de mitrailleuses alors qu'il attendait un diplomate africain au palais des invités à Damas. Assad a lancé une grenade hors de portée, tandis qu'un des gardes du corps d'Assad s'est jeté sur l'autre grenade.

L'attaque est intervenue dans le contexte du soulèvement islamiste en Syrie. L'attaque contre le président a provoqué une série de représailles meurtrières de la part des troupes gouvernementales, notamment le massacre de la prison de Tadmor, perpétré le lendemain. Dix jours plus tard, la loi n° 49 était promulguée, faisant de l'appartenance aux Frères musulmans un crime passible de la peine de mort.

Notes et références

Juin 1980
1980 en Syrie
Tentative d'assassinat d'une personnalité politique

Tentative d'assassinat de Hafez el-Assad en juin 1980


Reputation (stilizirano kao reputation)- je šesti studijski album američke pjevačice Taylor Swift. Objavljen je 10. studenog 2017. preko Big Machine Recordsa.  Producenti na albumu su Swift, Jack Antonoff, Max Martin, Shellback i Ali Payami.

Album je nadmašio ljestvice u Australiji, Austriji, Belgiji, Kanadi, Irskoj, Nizozemskoj, Novom Zelandu, Norveškoj, Škotskoj, Švicarskoj, Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i Sjedinjenim Državama. Prema Nielsen SoundScan, te je prodao 1.216 milijuna primjeraka u SAD-u tijekom prvog tjedna, postajući najprodavaniji album u zemlji u 2017. godini te je prodao 2 milijuna primjeraka širom svijeta.

O albumu
Swift je najavila album preko svog Instagram profila, 23. kolovoza 2017, da će izaći njen šesti album 10. studenoga 2017. Albumov  glavni singl "Look What You Made Me Do", objavljen je sljedeći dan. 2. rujna, Swift je objavila promo od drugog singla s albuma, "...Ready for It?". Pjesma je objavljena 3. rujna, 2017 kao promo singl cijelog albuma. 20. listopada, 2017, Swift je objavila treću pjesmu pod nazivom "Gorgeous", a četvrti singl, pod nazivom "Call It What You Want", 2. studenoga 2017.

7. studenoga 2017. popis pjesama s albuma je procurio na društvene mreže, samo tri dana prije izlaska albuma. Zbog toga je Swift odlučila preuzeti stvari u svoje ruke i sama objaviti popis pjesama s albuma. Reputation je postao dostupan za streaming usluge 1. prosinca 2017. godine.

Singlovi
24. kolovoza 2017., "Look What You Made Me Do" objavljen je kao glavni singl s albuma. Pjesma je oborila nekoliko rekordnih zapisa, uključujući i najviše slušanja na Spotifyu u 24-satnom razdoblju. Pobijedila je broj jedan na američkoj Billboard Hot 100 s najvećom prodajom i slušanjem u godini, postajući peta pjesma od Swift na vrhu ljestvice. Njegov prateći glazbeni videozapis kasnije je premijerno prikazan na 2017. dodjeli MTV Video Music Awards i pregledan je na YouTubeu 43,2 milijuna puta u prvih 24 sata, najviše u bilo kojem videu u povijesti koji je prekinuo 36 milijuna pregleda "Gentleman" 2013. godine.

2. rujna 2017, Swift je zadirkivala na Instagramu da je prva pjesma na Reputation, pod naslovom "... Ready for It?", Bila izdana kao promotivni singl. 24. listopada pjesma je postala drugi singl albuma i službeni glazbeni video premijerno prikazan tri dana kasnije. Video spot prikazuje "Tamnu Taylor" kako upravlja "Svijetlom Taylor" te prikazuje kako je zapravo "Svijetla Taylor" upravo ona Taylor koju mediji ne vide u stvarnom životu. Na kraju spota "Prava Taylor" se oslobađa i dolazi na vrh pokretnih stepenica.

"End Game", s Ed Sheeranom i Future, objavljen je 14. studenog 2017. na francuskom radiju kao treći singl albuma. Sheeran je početkom prosinca potvrdio da će biti objavljen glazbeni spot za pjesmu. Spot je snimljen na tri lokacije: Miami, Tokyo i London. U spotu su bili Future i Ed Sheeran, a spot prikazuje život mladih ljudi kako se zabavljaju.

Pjesma "New Year's Day" je postala četvrti singl albuma 27. studenog. 2017. U ožujku 2018. godine, pjesma "Delicate" postala je singl te je također dobila svoj video spot koji prikazuje Taylor kako pleše nevidljiva kroz hotel i na ulici te na kraju ulazi u kafić gdje susreće onog pravog.

Naslovnica albuma
Naslovnica albuma fotografirali su Mert i Marcus u Londonu. Na naslovnici je Swift u sivom džemperu i ogrlici. Slika je izljepita s novinskim naslovima njezina imena na jednoj strani lica. Također na isotj lokaciji uslikane su sve slike koje su služile kao promotivni materijal za album. Tipografija koja se koristi za naslove podsjeća na potpisni znak The New York Timesa.
Također se govori kako tipografija sliči na onu koju je Kanye West koristio na svoj "Life of Pablo" turneji 2016. godine.

Reputation Stadium Tour
U kolovozu 2017., Swift je surađivala s Ticketmasterom za grupni program, a ljudi koji su željeli kupiti svoje koncertne karte mogli bi dobiti prioritet kupnjom robe sa Swiftine web stranice. Dana 13. studenog 2017, Swift je najavila da će se krenuti na Reputation Stadium Tour u 2018 u podršci Reputation. Sjevernoamerička turneja započet će 8. svibnja 2018. na stadionu Sveučilišta Phoenix u Glendaleu u Arizoni. Turneja je trajala 7 mjeseci, a završila je 21. studenog 2018. u Tokyu. Predgrupe za turneju bili su Charli XCX, Camila Cabello i Broods. Istoimeni koncertni film režirao je Paul Dugdale, a objavljen na Netflix 31. prosinca 2018. Snimljen je u drugoj emisiji u Arlingtonu u Teksasu 6. listopada 2018. godine.

Popis Pjesama

Posebno istaknuto
 "Look What You Made Me Do" sadrži dozvolu pisaca pjesme "I'm Too Sexy" iz 1991., koju je napisao band Right Said Fred.

Vanjske poveznice
 Reputation  na Swift službene web stranice
Albumi Taylor Swift

Albumi iz 2017.

Reputation (album Taylor Swift)


Vuelta a La Rioja 2017 var den 57. udgave af cykelløbet Vuelta a La Rioja. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 2. april 2017. Det blev vundet af australske Rory Sutherland fra .

Hold og ryttere

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Vuelta a La Rioja 2017


Les Dicranaceae sont une famille de mousses de l'ordre des Dicranales.

Répartition
La famille comprend une centaine de genres et plus de deux-mille espèces réparties dans le monde entier.

Description

Ce sont des plantes petites à grandes, souvent en touffes denses. Les tiges sont érigées, simples ou ramifiées de manière dichotomique ou irrégulière, généralement avec un brin central, souvent densément radiculées, aux extrémités parfois caduques. Les feuilles sont disposées en plusieurs rangs autour de la tige, dressées ou sécantes, souvent falciformes-sécantes, parfois crispées, courtes à longues-lancéolées, les feuilles entières ou leurs extrémités parfois caduques.

La condition sexuelle est autoïque, dioïque ou pseudo-monoïque. La capsule est exsudée, dressée, inclinée ou parfois incurvée, cylindrique ou ovoïde, lisse, striée, sillonnée ou irrégulièrement ridée. Les stomates sont présents ou absents, superficiels ; l'anneau est présent ou absent, souvent composé, caduc ou persistant ; l' est conique ou obliquement rostré à partir d'une base conique ; le péristome est unique, généralement composé de seize dents lancéolées, profondément divisé en deux ou rarement trois parties, généralement strié verticalement ou strié-piqué proximalement, papillaire distalement. Le calice est lisse, nu, parfois frangé à la base, couvrant généralement la majeure partie de la capsule, fugace. Les spores sont généralement sphériques, lisses à papilleuses.

Systématique
Le nom scientifique de ce taxon est Dicranaceae, choisi en 1856 par le botaniste alsacien Guillaume Philippe Schimper. Dicranum est le genre type de la famille, ainsi que de l'ordre des Dicranales et de la sous-classe des Dicranidae.

Une étude de 2002 restreint cette famille, pour qu'elle soit monophylétique, aux sous-familles des Dicranoideae et des Mesotoideae, et aux genres Dicranoloma, Wardia et Leucoloma. Les sous-familles traditionnelles des Campylopodioideae, Dicranelloideae, Paraleucobryoideae, Rhabdoweisioideae et Trematodontoideae sont polyphylétiques. Certains genres sont transférés dans la famille des Rhabdoweisiaceae, et les Dicnemonaceae et les Wardiaceae sont nichées parmi les membres traditionnels des Dicranaceae. Une étude précédente (1999) concluait que les sous-familles des Dicranoideae et Campylopodioideae étaient monophylétiques.

Liste des genres
Selon  :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Famille de Bryophytes (nom scientifique)

Dicranaceae


Sabine Grützmacher (nascida a 4 de janeiro de 1986) é uma política alemã. Grützmacher tornou-se membro do Bundestag após ter sido eleita nas eleições federais alemãs de 2021. Ela é afiliada ao partido Aliança 90/Os Verdes.

Membros do Bundestag 2021-2025
Nascidos em 1986
Pessoas vivas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Sabine Grützmacher


Florina Fernandes, cunoscută ca Fefe, (n. ?) este o prezentatoare de știri de televiziune și actriță română de origine africană după tatăl ei. Fernandes a fost prima apariție exotică din showbiz-ul românesc după Revoluția română din 1989.

Filmografie

Note

Actori români în viață
Români de origine africană
Prezentatori de televiziune din România
Actrițe române
Nașteri cu dată necunoscută

Florina Fernandes


Alstonija (lat. Alstonia), biljni rod iz porodice zimzelenovki smješten u tribus Alstonieae. Pripada mu četrdesetak vrsta drveća i grmova na jugu Azije (od Pakistana do Kine), Australiji, tropskoj Africi i Srednjoj Americi

Rod je opisan 1810.

Vrste

 Alstonia actinophylla (A.Cunn.) K.Schum.
 Alstonia angustifolia Wall. ex A.DC.
 Alstonia angustiloba Miq.
 Alstonia annamensis (Monach.) Sidiyasa
 Alstonia balansae Guillaumin
 Alstonia beatricis Sidiyasa
 Alstonia boonei De Wild.
 Alstonia boulindaensis Boiteau
 Alstonia breviloba Sidiyasa
 Alstonia congensis Engl.
 Alstonia constricta F.Muell.
 Alstonia coriacea Pancher ex S.Moore
 Alstonia costata (G.Forst.) R.Br.
 Alstonia curtisii King & Gamble
 Alstonia deplanchei Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
 Alstonia guanxiensis D.Fang & X.X.Chen
 Alstonia iwahigensis Elmer
 Alstonia lanceolata Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
 Alstonia lanceolifera S.Moore
 Alstonia legouixiae Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
 Alstonia lenormandii Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
 Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon
 Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don
 Alstonia mairei H.Lév.
 Alstonia muelleriana Domin
 Alstonia neriifolia D.Don
 Alstonia odontophora Boiteau
 Alstonia parkinsonii (M.Gangop. & Chakrab.) Lakra & Chakrab.
 Alstonia parvifolia Merr.
 Alstonia penangiana Sidiyasa
 Alstonia pneumatophora Backer ex Den Berger
 Alstonia quaternata Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
 Alstonia rostrata C.E.C.Fisch.
 Alstonia rubiginosa Sidiyasa
 Alstonia rupestris Kerr
 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.
 Alstonia sebusi (Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.) Monach.
 Alstonia spatulata Blume
 Alstonia spectabilis R.Br.
 Alstonia sphaerocapitata Boiteau
 Alstonia venenata R.Br.
 Alstonia vieillardii Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
 Alstonia vietnamensis D.J.Middleton
 Alstonia yunnanensis Diels

Sinonimi
 Amblyocalyx Benth.
 Blaberopus A.DC.
 Pala Juss.
 Paladelpha Pichon
 Tonduzia Pittier
 Winchia A.DC.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Rauvolfioideae

Alstonija


Dena Amy Kaplan (Johannesburgo; 20 de enero de 1989) es una actriz y bailarina sudafricana-australiana, conocida por haber interpretado a Abigail Armstrong en la serie de televisión Dance Academy.

Biografía
Dena es la hermana menor de la actriz Gemma-Ashley Kaplan y hermana mayor de la actriz Ariel Kaplan.

En 1996 junto con su familia se  mudaron a Australiam donde estudió en el Scopus Memorial College. Asistió a las escuelas de danza Australian Ballet School, Jane Moore Ballet Academy y City Dance Centre.

En 2011 comenzó a salir con el actor Ryan Corr, pero la relación terminó en 2013.

Carrera
Su aparición en el escenario por primera vez fue junto a David Campbell en el Production Company's Carousel donde interpretó a Louise. Su segunda aparición pública importante fue como bailarina y cantante en la producción de Disney, "El Rey León". Luego se mudó a Nueva York para estudiar en la Escuela Ailey y Broadway Dance Center, donde le ofrecierón un papel como bailarina, el cual rechazó.

Su primer papel en la televisión fue en el 2005 donde obtuvo un pequeño papel como una joven en una fiesta durante un episodio de la serie transeuropea Scooter: Secret Agent.

En el 2007 apareció como invitada en la serie policíaca City Homicide donde interpretó a Deborah Statesman en el episodio "The Ripe Fruits in the Garden", más tarde apareció de nuevo en la serie ahora interpretando a Stephanie Wolfe durante el episodio "Atonement".

En el 2009 interpretó a Keli en un episodio de la serie Flight of the Conchords y apareció en la película In Her Skin .

En el 2010 se unió al elenco de la serie Dance Academy donde interpretó a Abigail Armstrong, una bailarina de ballet clásico auto-exigente hasta el final de la serie en el 2013.

Desde el 2012 apareció como personaje recurrente en la serie australiana Tricky Business donde interpretó a Minnesota Smith, hasta el final de la serie luego de que fuera cancelada al finalizar la primera temporada por las bajas audiencias.

En el 2013 se unió al elenco principal de la serie Camp donde interpretó a Sarah Brennen, la consejera del campamento, hasta el final de la serie luego de que fuera cancelada al  finalizar su primera temporada.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Apariciones

Teatro

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Dena Kaplan on TV.com
 Dena Kaplan Fans • Your Number One Place For Everything Dena
 Dena Kaplan - Zimbio

Emigrantes sudafricanos hacia Australia
Actrices de Australia
Actrices de Sudáfrica
Actores de televisión de Australia
Actores de cine de Australia
Bailarinas de Australia
Judíos de Australia
Judíos de Sudáfrica
Nacidos en Johannesburgo

Dena Kaplan


William Wei (también conocido como Wei Li An) (5 de marzo de 1987, Taichung), es un cantante y compositor taiwanés. Asistió a la Nacional "Dalí Senior High School" y se graduó en el departamento exterior de la Universidad Nacional de idiomas en Taiwán en 2010. Sus padres, Wei Chin-long (韋金龍) y Chen Yu-mei (陳玉 美), son profesores en los departamentos de lenguas extranjeras en la Universidad Nacional de Chung Hsing y de la Universidad Nacional Chung Cheng.

La primera vez que comenzó a publicar su música en el blog de Streetvoice, colocado en plataforma de línea en 2006, lo cual recibió atención de los medios de comunicación en lo que fue considerado el campeón en la red televisiva de CTS en el programa "Happy Sunday" o "Feliz domingo" (快乐 星期天). [5]

En 2009, Wei lanzó su primer EP titulado "Hombre Hombre Deng" (慢慢 等). Al año siguiente, el 4 de junio de 2010, lanzó su homónimo álbum debut titulado William Wei (韦 礼 安 首张 同名 全 创作 专辑), en el que fue denominado en mejor cantante masculino en lengua mandarín, además de mejor Artista Nuevo, Mejor Álbum en mandarín y Mejor Compositor en la 22 ª de Melody Awards Gold en 2011, posteriormente, fue nominado ganador como Mejor Artista Nuevo.

Discografía
 Wei Li An (韋禮安), released June 2010
 Yǒu méi yǒu (有沒有)
 Liǎng jiǎo shū chú de táo wáng (兩腳書櫥的逃亡)
 Gù shì (故事)
 Yīn wèi ài (因為愛)
 Màn man děng (慢慢等(新版))
 Fān yì liàn xí (翻譯練習)
 Lǐ yóu (理由)
 Yīn tiān de xiàng rì kuí (陰天的向日葵)
 Wán měi yì diǎn (完美一點)
 Hǎo tiān qì (好天氣(新版))
 Wei Li An (Night Concert Edition) (韋禮安(演唱會黑夜版)), released August 2010
 CD
 Yǒu méiyǒu (有沒有)
 Liǎng jiǎo shūchú de táowáng (兩腳書櫥的逃亡)
 Gùshì (故事)
 Yīnwèi ài (因為愛)
 Màn man děng (慢慢等(新版))
 Fānyì liànxí (翻譯練習)
 Lǐyóu (理由)
 Yīn tiān de xiàngrìkuí (陰天的向日葵)
 Wánměi yì diǎn (完美一點)
 Hǎo tiānqì (好天氣(新版))
 DVD
 Yǒu méiyǒu (有沒有)
 Yīnwèi ài (因為愛)
 Màn man děng (慢慢等)
 Hǎo tiānqì (好天氣)
 Yīn tiān de xiàngrìkuí (陰天的向日葵)
 Liǎng jiǎo shūchú de táowáng (兩腳書櫥的逃亡)
 'Liǎng jiǎo shūchú de táowáng' yǎnchàng huì Live (「兩腳書櫥的逃亡」演唱會Live), released June 2011
 CD-1
 Yīnwèi ài (因為愛)
 A Beautiful Mess
 Fānyì liànxí (翻譯練習)
 Gùshì (故事)
 Rénzhì (人質)
 Ài ài ài (愛愛愛)
 You're Beautiful
 This Love
 Wài. Lài (外.賴)
 She'll Be An Angel
 Wǒ yī zhī zhū hé tā de nǚpéngyǒu (我 一隻豬 和他的女朋友)
 Liǎng jiǎo shūchú de táowáng (兩腳書櫥的逃亡)
 Wánměi yì diǎn (完美一點)
 Xiǎo yǎnjīng (小眼睛)
 Gāolí cài +chóng lái (高麗菜+重來)
 CD-2
 The Blower's Daughter
 Sòng nǐ yī bǎ nítǔ (送你一把泥土)
 Grace Kelly
 Yǒu méiyǒu (有沒有)
 Yīn tiān de xiàngrìkuí (陰天的向日葵)
 Lǐyóu (理由)
 Hǎo tiānqì (好天氣)
 Màn man děng (慢慢等)

Enlaces externos
 Official website
 Official Youtube account (Weibird0305)

Cantautores de Taiwán
Compositores de Taiwán
Nacidos en Taichung

William Wei


المركب التناسقي أو المعقد التساندي أو المتراكب التناسقي في الكيمياء، هنالك فروع عديدة، منها الكيمياء التناسقية. تعد الكيمياء التناسقية إحدى أهم الفروع التي تهتم بدراسة المركبات التناسقية (المعقدات التناسقية)، ودراسة خواصها وتفاعلاتها. المعقد التناسقي، يعرف بأنه مركب يتكون من ذرة الفلز المركزي (شرط أن تكون هذه الذرة من العناصر الانتقالية الموجود في الركن d، وهو ثلاثة سلاسل، تحتوي على أوربيتال واحد فارغ أو أكثر)، وأيضًا تتكون من ليكاندات (جزيئات متعادلة الشحنة، مثل: الأمونيا، والماء، والايثلين ثنائي الأمين، أو أيونات مشحونة بالشحنة السالبة، مثل: الهالوجينات، منها الكلور، والفلور، والبروم وغيرها). ترتبط ذرة الفلز المركزي مع الأيونات أو الجزيئات بوساطة آصرة تعرف بالآصرة التناسقية،

يعرف المجال من علم الكيمياء الذي يعني بدراسة هذا المركبات من حيث خواصها وطرق تحضيرها باسم الكيمياء التناسقية.

المجال الذي يحتويهم يسمى مجال التناسق (كرة التناسق)؛ الأيونات الموجودة خارج كرة التناسق تسمى بالأيونات المرافقة، التي تعادل شحنة المعقد التناسقي.

K3[Co(NH3)6]

في هذا المثال الإيضاحي، يعد الكوبلت: فلز الذرة المركزية، ويعد حامض لويس؛ يحتوي على أوربيتال واحد متاح (فارغ) أو أكثر.

الأمونيا: هي الليكاند، وهي جزيئة متعادلة الشحنة تحتوي على زوج إلكتروني وتعبر قاعدة لويس، بينما البوتاسيوم هو الأيون المرافق.

تسمية المعقدات التناسقية
المركب التناسقي يتكون من كرة التناسق مع أيون المرافق عند التسمية حسب نظام الأيوباك، وهنالك خطوات يجب أتباعها:

أ- البحث عن الأيون الموجب: إذا كان أيون مرافق أضع اسم الأيون، أما إذا كان معقد؛ نكتب المقطع اللاتيني (ثلاثي، أو رباعي، أو خماسي...)، الذي يدل على عدد الليكاندات المتشابهة التي ترتبط مع الفلز المركزي أولًا، ثم اسم الليكاند مع إضافة المقطع «و» في نهاية الاسم، مثلًا سيانو، كلورو، فلورو... أما إذا كان هنالك أكثر من الليكاند تجري التسمية حسب الأبجدية، ثم اسم الفلز المركزي وعدد تأكسده أيضًا يعبر عنه بالمقاطع اللاتينية (إذا كان تأكسده أحادي I، أو ثنائي II، أو ثلاثي III...).

ب- الأيون السالب: إذا كان أيون مرافق أضع اسم الأيون، أما إذا كان معقد نكتب المقطع اللاتيني (ثلاثي، أو رباعي، أو خماسي...)، الذي يدل على عدد الليكاندات المتشابهة التي ترتبط مع الفلز المركزي أولًا، ثم اسم الليكاند مع إضافة المقطع «و» في نهاية الاسم، مثلًا سيانو، كلورو، فلورو... أما إذا كان هنالك أكثر من الليكاند تجري التسمية حسب الأبجدية، ثم اسم الفلز المركزي وإضافة المقطع «ات»، مثلًا: كرومات، أو كوبلتات، إلخ، وأيضًا إضافة عدد تأكسده.

ج- إذا كان الليكاند جزيئة ثنائية المخلب، مثلًا أثلين ثنائي أمين (en)، وهي جزيئة ثنائية المخلب تحتوي على جزيئتين أمين (NH2) كل جزيئة أمين تعطي ارتباط مع الذرة المركزية، في حال وجود أكثر من جزيئة من الأثلين ثنائي أمين، تجري إضافة المقاطع اللاتينية (bis ثنائي، tris ثلاثي، إلخ)

[NiCl4]-2 → tetrachloridonickelate(II) ion]

CuNH3Cl5]-3 → amminepentachloridocuprate(II) ion

[Cd(en)2(CN)2] → dicyanidobis(ethylenediamine)cadmium(II)

[Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 → pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) sulfate

عدة أمثلة توضيحية على كيفية تسمية المعقدات.

الشكل الهندسي
الشكل الهندسي للمعقد يعتمد على عدد الأواصر التي يرتبط بها الليكاند مع الفلز المركزي، هذا يسمى بعدد التناسق (عدد الليكاندات مضروبًا بعدد المزدوجات التي يحويها الليكاند). النظرية التي فسرت الشكل الهندسي هي نظرية التكافؤ للعالم بولنك، الذي فسر الشكل الهندسي للمعقد التناسقي، وأيضًا نوع التهجين.

التاريخ

عرفت المعقدات قديماً مع بدء الكيمياء، ولكن طبيعتها لم تكن مفهومة على الإطلاق، فمثلاً الأزرق البروسي وكبريتات النحاس الثنائي كانت معروفة منذ القدم. إلا أن أهم تقدم في هذا المجال حدث عند اقتراح ألفرد فيرنر سنة 1893 أن الكوبالت الثلاثي Co(III) يحمل ستة ربيطات في شكل ثماني السطوح. وقد ساعدت نظريته على فهم الفرق بين التناسق والأيونية في المركبات كما هو الحال في أيون الكلوريد في معقد كلوريد أمين الكوبالت، وكذلك ساعدت على شرح العديد من المعقدات التي كانت عصية على التفسير.

تمكن فيرنر سنة 1914 من تقسيم أول معقد تناسقي، واسمه هكسول، إلى ايزومرات بصرية، مفنداً بذلك فكرة أن الكيرالية مرتبطة فقط بمركبات الكاربون.

بنية المعقدات التناسقية
تسمى الذرات أو الأيونات أو الجزيئات المحيطة بالذرة المركزية بالربيطات، وترتبط هذه الربيطات بالذرة المركزية برابطة تساندية (منح مزدوج الكتروني إلى مدار فارغ في الفلز).
هناك بعض المركبات العضوية مثل الألكينات حيث يمكن لرابطة باي فيها أن ترتبط تساندياً مع مدارات الفلز الفارغة، فعلى سبيل المثال يتساند الإيثيلين في معقد يعرف بملح زيس.

الشكل الهندسي
يتم وصف الشكل الهندسي في الكيمياء التساندية بواسطة العدد التساندي وهو عدد الربيطات المتساندة مع الفلز (عدد الذرات المانحة بشكل أكثر تحديداً). عادة ما يمكن معرفة هذا العدد عن طريق عد الذرات الواهبة، ولكن في بعض الأحيان لا يعطي العد نتيجة صحيحة. تترواح الأعداد التساندية بين 2 و 9، أما الأعداد التساندية الأكبر فتكون شائعة في اللانثانات والأكتينات. ويعتمد عدد الروابط على الحجم، والشحنة، والترتيب الإلكتروني لأيون الفلز وللربيطة، وقد يمتلك الفلز الواحد أكثر من عدد تساندي واحد.

تفسر كيمياء المعقدات على أساس التداخل بين المدارات s و p الجزيئية في الربيطة، والمدار d في ايون الفلز. بمقدور مدارات s,p,d,f في الفلز حمل 18 الكترون، (قاعدة 18 إلكترون؛ ولعناصر القطاع f يتسع هذا الرقم إلى 32 الكترون). وبالتالي فإن أقصى عدد تساندي للفلز يرتبط بالترتيب الإلكتروني لأيون الفلز (أو عدد المدارات الفارغة) وبنسبة حجم الربيطات وأيونات الفلزات. فالفلز الكبير والربيطة الصغيرة يكونان عدداً تساندياً عالياً مثال [Mo(CN)8]4-، والفلز الصغير والربيطة الكبيرة يكونان عدداً تساندياً صغيراً مثل Pt[P(CMe3)]2. ونظراً لكبر حجم اللانثانات والأكتينات والعناصر الانتقالية المتأخرة فإنها تميل إلى امتلاك أعداد تساندية عالية.

وفيما يلي قائمة بالأشكال الهندسية الأكثر شيوعاً:
 الخطي (عدد تساندي 2).
 مثلث مستوي (عدد تساندي 3).
 رباعي السطوح أو مربع مستوي (عدد تساندي 4).
 ثنائي الهرم المثلثي أو هرم مربعي (عدد تساندي 5).
 ثماني السطوح أو الموشور المثلثي (عدد تساندي 6).
 ثنائي الهرم الخماسي (عدد تساندي 7).
 موشور متضاد مربعي (عدد تساندي 8).
 موشور مثلثي ثلاثي الرؤوس (عدد تساندي 9).

التماكب
يكون ترتيب الربيطات حول الفلز في معقد معين ثابتاً، ولكن قد يتغير هذا الترتيب بسبب تفاعل يؤدي إلى تكوين متماكب آخر مستقر، وهناك أنواع مختلفة من التماكب في المعقدات التساندية، كما هو الحال في كثير من المركبات الأخرى.

التماكب الفراغي
يحدث التماكب الفراغي لنفس الروابط في توجيهات مختلفة بالنسبة لبعضها البعض، ويمكن تقسيم التماكب الفراغي إلى:

تماكب مقرون ـ مفروق و fac-mer
يحدث تماكب مقرون-مفروق في المعقدات ذات الشكل الهندسي ثماني السطوح والمربع المستوي ولا يحدث في المعقدات ذات الشكل رباعي السطوح. فعندما تتجاور ربيطتان متشابهتان يقال عنهما مقرون (cis) وعندما تتقابل ربيطتان متشابهتان يقال عنهما مفروق (trans). وعندما تشغل ثلاث ربيطات متماثلة أحد وجوه الشكل الثماني السطوح، يسمى المتماكب وجهي (fac) ، في هذا النوع من المتماكبات تكون كل ربيطتين متماثلتين مقرونتين لبعضهما البعض. وعندما تكون الربيطات الثلاثة المتماثلة وأيون الفلز في مستوى واحد يسمى المتماكب زوالي (mer) ويمكن اعتبار هذا المتماكب مزيجاً من المقرونات والمفروقات.

التماكب الضوئي
يحصل التماكب الضوئي عندما لا تنطبق صورة المرآة لمركب معين عليه، ويدعى هذا التماكب بالضوئي لأن هذه المتماكبات فعالة ضوئياً أي أنها تدور الضوء المستقطب.
يستخدم الرمز Λ كسابقة لوصف المعقد اليساري المتكون من ارتباط ثلاث ربيطات ثنائية السن، ويستخدم الرمز Δ كسابقة لوصف المعقد اليميني.

التماكب البنيوي
يحدث التماكب البنيوي عندما تكون الروابط مختلفة، فمثلاً تماكب الارتباط هو أحد الأنواع المتعددة للتماكب البنيوي في المعقدات التساندية (كما هو الحال في المركبات الأخرى)، يحصل تماكب الارتباط مع الربيطات مختلفة السن والتي يمكن أن ترتبط بالفلز من أكثر من جهة واحدة، فعلى سبيل المثال، NO2 ليكاند مختلف السن وبمقدوره الارتباط مع الفلز عن طريق ذرة N أو ذرة O.

تسمية المعقدات
يمكن تلخيص القواعد الأساسية للتسمية بما يلي:
 عند تسمية أيون معقد، تسمى الربيطات قبل تسمية الفلز.
 تكتب أسماء الربيطات حسب التسلسل الأبجدي (لا تؤثر اللواحق العددية على الترتيب).
 تضاف سابقة إلى الربيطات المتماثلة المتكررة تعبر عن عدد تكرر هذه الربيطات: ثنائي (-di)، أو ثلاثي (-tri)، أو رباعي (-tetra)، أو خماسي (-penta)، أو سداسي (-hexa)، أو سباعي (-hepta)، أو ثماني (-octa)، أو تساعي (-nona)، أو عشاري (-deca)، أو اثنا عشري (-dodeca)، أما في الربيطات متعددة السن تضاف إليها السوابق: مضاعف (بيس -bis) أو مثالث (تريس -tris) أو مرابع (تتراكيس -teterakis) أو مخامس (بنتاكيس -pentakis) وهكذا.
 عادة ما تنتهي الربيطات الأنيونية بالمقطع o، فتحول sulfate إلى sulfato.
 تسمى الربيطات المتعادلة بأسمائها الاعتيادية، عدا بعض الاستثناءات: NH3 تصبح ammine، و H2O تصبح aqua، و CO تصبح carbonyl، و NO تصبح nitrosyl.
 يكتب اسم الفلز، وإذا كان المعقد أنيونياً تضاف اللاحقة ate، ويستخدم الاسم اللاتيني للفلز إن وجد (عدا الزئبق).
 يعبر عن حالة التأكسد للذرة المركزية بعدد لاتيني بين قوسين.
 يسمى الكتيون يليه الأنيون مفصولين بفاصلة.
وفيما يلي بعض الأمثلة:
 [NiCl4]2− → tetrachloridonickelate(II) ion
 [CuNH3Cl5]3− → amminepentachloridocuprate(II) ion
 [Cd(en)2(CN)2] → dicyanidobis(ethylenediamine)cadmium(II)
 [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 → pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) sulfate

ويشار إلى العدد التساندي للربيطات التي ترتبط بأكثر من فلز واحد (ربيطات جسرية) يشار إليه برقم أسفل الرمز الإغريقي μ قبل اسم الربيطة. يرمز لثنائي الوحدات لكلوريد الألمنيوم Al2Cl4(μ2-Cl)2.

المغناطيسية
إحدى الصفات التي يتميز بها المعقد التناسقي، عند ملأ الأوربيتالات بإلكترونيات يجري الملأ أفرادًا، ثم يجري الازدواج، إذ يُملئ  الأوربيتال الواحد بإلكترونين. ذرة الفلز المركزي يتم ملئ أوربيتال d بعدد من الإلكترونات وأيضًا الليكاندات، لو وجد إلكترون واحد مفرد في الأوربيتال سوف يطلق على هذا المعقد باسم البارا مغناطيس؛ أما إذا تم ملء الأوربيتالات بإلكترونات ولم نجد الكترون مفرد سوف يطلق على هذا المعقد باسم الدايا مغناطيس.

عالية الدوران أو منخفضة الدوران: هذه الصفة تخصص للمعقدات التناسقية الداخلية، والخارجية. يكون المعقد داخلي عندما يكون ترتيب الاغلفة:

(d (n-1) nS nP

منها معقدات ثمانية السطوح d2SP3، تسمى بالمعقدات الداخلية تتميز بقوة جذب النواة للإلكترونات عالية، وصعوبة في فقد الإلكترونات، وطاقة التأين عالية جدًا، بالتالي تكون مستقرة جدًا لهذا الأسباب المتعددة تكون ذات دورانية عالية. إما المعقدات الخارجية يكون ترتيب الأغلفة:

nS nP d (n-1)

منها معقدات ثمانية السطوح SP3d2، تسمى بالمعقدات الخارجية تتميز بقوة جذب النواة للإلكترونات واطئة، وسهولة في فقدان إلكترونات، وطاقة التأين واطئة، تكون بعيدة عن نواة الذرة المركزية، بالتالي تكون ذات دورانية منخفضة.

طالع أيضاً
 معقد انتقال الشحنة
 أميدات فلزية
 معقد أوكسو

المراجع

فلزات انتقالية
كيمياء المعقدات
كيمياء لاعضوية
معقدات تناسقية

معقد تناسقي


La forteresse de Soudak (en  et en ) est un édifice militaire situé en Crimée, près de l'ancienne ville de Soudak. Il a été construit par les Génois de 1371 à 1460 comme partie de la Gazarie. En 1475, les Turcs assiégèrent le fort, à la suite de quoi le consul et son armée s'enfuirent par la mer, et les habitants se rendirent aux vainqueurs.

La structure est protégée par les falaises rocheuses du côté maritime, tandis que les parties restantes sont entourées de fortifications murales.

Le site fait l'objet d'une soumission à la liste indicative du patrimoine mondial, au Registre national des monuments d'Ukraine et comme patrimonial culturel en Russie.

Musée
Le temple à arcades, daté du XIIIe siècle, a été un bâtiment religieux transformé en 1926 en musée.

En images

Notes et références

Château en ruines en Ukraine
Château en ruines en Russie
Architecture en Crimée
Musée en Ukraine
Édifice construit au XVe siècle
Liste indicative du patrimoine mondial
Ancien territoire de la république de Gênes
Chateau

Forteresse de Soudak


An Carex tahoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frank Jason Smiley. An Carex tahoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex tahoensis


ද්‍රව ෆ්ලුවොරයිඩ් තෝරියම් ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරක (, කෙටි යෙදුම LFTR; බොහෝවිට උසුරවනුයේ: ලිෆ්ටර්) යනු තෝරියම් ඉන්ධනයක් ලෙස භාවිතා වන න්‍යෂ්ටික ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරක වර්ගයකි.

තෝරියම්

ද්‍රව ෆ්ලුවොරයිඩ් තෝරියම් ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරකය


Republica Catalană (), de asemenea cunoscută drept Catalonia, este un stat declarat unilateral în peninsula Iberică. Și-a declarat independența față de Spania în Parlamentul din Catalonia, pe fondul unei crize constituționale cauzată de problema referendumului pentru independență din 2017 Acest Referendum a fost declarat neconstituțional, ilegal și a ridicat mari suspiciuni cu privire la corectitudinea lui, nefiind verificat de nicio organizație independentă.

Odată ce parlamentul Catalan a declarat independența față de Spania, l-a si suspendat dupa 8 secunde. A doua zi Senatul Spaniol a declanșat Articolul 155 din Constituția spaniolă din 1978, iar prim-ministrul Mariano Rajoy a  dizolvat Parlamentul Cataloniei, a demis Consiliul Executiv din Catalonia și a convocat alegeri regionale anticipate pentru 21 decembrie 2017. Ca răspuns, Carles Puigdemont a declarat că doar parlamentele ar putea alege sau elimina guvernele într-o societate democratică și a cerut catalanilor "să se opună democratic" aplicării Articolului 155, dar nu a clarificat care ar fi răspunsul pentru ordinele date de către guvernului spaniol.

Începând 28 octombrie 2017, Republica catalană nu este recunoscută de comunitatea internațională, care consideră regiunea parte a Regatului Spaniei.

Relații externe

Recunoașterea internațională

Referințe

Legături externe
 Guvernul din Cataloniei
 Parlamentul din Catalonia

Catalonia
State nerecunoscute

Republica Catalană (2017)


Captive ist ein philippinischer Film aus dem Jahr 2012, der deutsche, französische und britische Coproduzenten hatte. Die Regie führte Brillante Mendoza. Der Film erzählt die Geschichte einer Geiselnahme durch islamistische Terroristen und schildert deren Schicksal zwischen der Monotie der Gefangenschaft und den Zuspitzungen des Geschehens. Captive lief im Wettbewerb der 62. Berlinale und hatte in diesem Rahmen am 12. Februar 2012 seine Weltpremiere.

Handlung
Der Film, der durch Inserts in den Jahren 2001 und 2002 verortet wird, beginnt mit der Landung der Terroristen auf Mindanao. Am 27. Mai 2001 verlassen sie in der Nacht ihr Boot und reißen ihre Opfer aus dem Schlaf und rauben Schmuck. Kurze Zeit später befindet sich eine Gruppe von 20 Gefangenen, darunter philippinische Touristen und internationale Hilfskräfte, zu denen die französische Staatsbürgerin Thérèse Bourgoine, gespielt von Isabelle Huppert, gehört, auf dem Boot. Die Terroristen steuern die Insel Basilan an, wo sie sich verfolgt von der Armee mit ihren Geiseln immer weiter in den Dschungel zurückziehen. Ziel der Terroristen ist es Lösegeld zu erhalten. Manche der Entführten werden freigekauft. Nach außen hin vertreten die Geiselnehmer hohe moralisch-religiöse Ansprüche und bedrohen die Geiseln etwa mit Handabhacken bei Diebstahl und verbieten den Männern, fremde Frauen zu berühren. Später wird aber die Vergewaltigung einer der Geiseln, als die Terroristen ihr sexuelles Verlangen nicht mehr unterdrücken, mit einer Zwangsehe legitimiert. Als die Gruppe in einem christlichen Krankenhaus Station macht, kommt es zu einem Feuergefecht mit einer Militärpatrouille und der herbeigeholten Verstärkung. Teile des Krankenhauspersonals werden ebenfalls entführt, damit sie sich um die Geiseln kümmern können. Für kurze Zeit macht die Gruppe an einer Schule im Hinterland Halt. Einige Geiseln sterben im Laufe der Zeit an Entkräftung oder bei den wiederholten Feuergefechten mit der Armee und der Miliz. Thérèse Bourgoine gibt vor einem philippinischen Fernsehteam ein Interview, in dem sie ihre Kinder grüßen darf und in dessen Folge die Terroristen für sie ein noch höheres Lösegeld verlangen. Sie nähert sich einem zwölfjährigen Kindersoldaten an. Schließlich kommt es nach über einem Jahr der Gefangenschaft zu einer militärischen Befreiungsaktion, bei der Thérèse Bourgoine gerettet wird.

Hintergrund
Brillante Mendoza knüpfte mit Captive an seinen Film Manoro aus dem Jahr 2006 an, in dem er die Probleme in der Provinz beim demokratischen Aufbau thematisierte. Der Film ist vor allem auf die Perspektive der Geisel fokussiert, so dass etwa das Handeln der Regierung und der Armee nur indirekt erzählt werden. Mendoza bezog sich mit seinem Film auf tatsächliche Geschehnisse wie die Verschleppung der Geiselgruppe, zu der Gracia und Martin Burnham gehörten, sowie den vorherigen Entführungsfall von Abu Sajaf im Jahr 2000. Zur Vorbereitung der Dreharbeiten besuchte er die Originalschauplätze und sprach mit ehemaligen Geiseln, Geiselnehmern und beteiligten Militärs. Die von ihm so erlangten Kenntnisse teilte Mendoza aber nicht mit seinen Schauspielern, sondern ließ sie nur Teile des Skripts lesen, denen er dann aber auch nicht immer folgte. Er schuf eine Atmosphäre, in der Isabelle Huppert etwa zuerst dachte, die Geiselnehmer würden von echten Terroristen gespielt, bis ihr der Regisseur versicherte, es handele sich um Schauspieler und Laiendarsteller.

Produziert wurde Captive von Swift Productions. Als Coproduzenten traten Arte France, Centerstage Productions, B.A. Produktion und Studio Eight Productions auf. Captive lief im Wettbewerb der 62. Berlinale und hatte in diesem Rahmen am 12. Februar 2012 seine Weltpremiere.

Kritiken
Jan Schulz-Ojala rezensierte Captive für die Zeitung Der Tagesspiegel und bewertete ihn dabei negativ. Er schrieb: "Mendozas filmische Rekonstruktion der mit 377 Tagen wohl längsten Geiselnahme der Welt brennt zwar vor Aufwand und Ehrgeiz, das Geschehen in seiner akuten Dramatik und zwischenzeitlichen Veralltäglichung der Lebensgefahr wiederzugeben; darüber hinaus aber entwickelt der Regisseur weder ästhetisch noch narrativ oder gar moralisch eine markante Perspektive." Zudem kritisierte er die Besetzung Isabelle Hupperts, da ihr Status als Star ihrer Wirkung als Filmcharakter im Wege stehe. Dieser Kritik wollte sich Bert Rebhandl von der taz nicht vollumfänglich anschließen. So sei Captive "keineswegs auf Isabelle Huppert zugeschnitten, sondern verfolgt eine eher dezentrale Starpolitik, die erst gegen Ende konventioneller wird." Aber auch Rabhandel kam zu einem kritischen Gesamturteil über den Film: "Der Einsatz zahlreicher Sprengmittel, aber auch die in die Tierwelt abschweifenden Blicke, die Undurchsichtigkeit der Geschehnisse in der äußeren Welt (zu denen auch als wesentliche Markierung die Anschläge von 9-11 zählen) - all das lässt "Captive" zu einer zwar eindringlich erzählten, aber (für einen Zeitgeschichtsfilm) seltsam ahistorischen Film werden, der viele Ambivalenzen des gegenwärtigen Weltkinos eher verkörpert als bearbeitet." Die Rezensentin der Zeit, Wenke Hussmann, lobte im Gegensatz dazu die Leistung der Hauptdarstellerin mit den Worten: "Isabelle Huppert spielt die Französin, und Mendozas Film gibt ihr ausreichend Gelegenheit, ihr einzigartiges Talent für die Darstellung extremer und existenzieller Gefühle zu zeigen: Angst, Hunger, Verzweiflung, Wut, Hoffnung und ihr Gegenteil."

Literatur
 Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin (Hrsg.): 62. Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Berlin 2012, .

Weblinks

 Infos zum Film auf berlinale.de

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
Philippinischer Film
Geiselnahme im Film

Captive (2012)


An Eulophiella elisabethae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Jules Linden ngan Robert Allen Rolfe. An Eulophiella elisabethae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eulophiella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eulophiella

Eulophiella elisabethae


The Adelaide Fringe, formerly Adelaide Fringe Festival, is Australia's Biggest Arts Festival and is the world's second-largest annual arts festival (after the Edinburgh Festival Fringe), held in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. Between mid-February and mid-March each year, it features more than 7,000 artists from around Australia and the world. Over 1,300 events are staged in hundreds of venues, which include work in a huge variety of performing and visual art forms. The Fringe features many free events occur alongside ticketed events for the duration of the festival.

In 2023 Adelaide Fringe became the first festival in Australia to sell 1 million tickets. This has doubled from 500,000 tickets in 2015.

The main temporary venue hubs are The Garden of Unearthly Delights, Gluttony and the Wonderland and 500 other temporary and permanent venues hosting Fringe events are scattered across the city, suburbs and region. In a period in Adelaide's calendar referred to by locals as "Mad March", other events running concurrently are the Adelaide Festival of Arts, another major arts festival starting a week after the Fringe, which includes Adelaide Writers' Week and the four-day world music festival WOMADelaide, and also the Adelaide 500 street circuit motor racing event, with accompanying evening music concerts.

The Fringe attracts many international visitors as well as from all over Australia, and in 2019 generated an estimated  in gross economic expenditure for South Australia, which included  in spending by the 2.7 million attendees. Each year has brought a new record in all aspects of the festival for many years up to 2020.

Founded in 1960 as a loose collection of official (coordinated by the Festival of Arts) and unofficial events run by local artists, and initially seen as adjunct to the main Festival of Arts, the Fringe became an incorporated body in 1975, with the 1976 festival named Focus and later Adelaide Festival Fringe, before the 1992 change to Adelaide Fringe Festival. It has grown from a two-week long, biennial  festival to a major annual international festival.

The Edinburgh Award, worth , was introduced by Arts South Australia in 2017, open to local Adelaide Fringe artists who wish to tour their work to the Edinburgh Fringe.

Governance
The Adelaide Fringe and Adelaide Festival of Arts are separate organisations, with different philosophies and intent.

The Adelaide Fringe is governed by the Adelaide Fringe Board, which employs a director and CEO, a deputy director and a large team of adjunct staff to manage various aspects of the festival. A number of major contributors to the history of the Fringe have been named as life members, including the founder, the late founder, Frank Ford.

Heather Croall is the CEO and Director from 2015 to 2020. Greg Clarke was CEO and director 2011–2014.  Sandy Verschoor was CEO 2006–2010, while Christie Anthoney filled the post of director from when the Fringe went annual in 2007 to 2010; and Karen Hadfield for the 2004 and 2006 festivals.

Description
 Adelaide Fringe is the second-largest annual arts festival in the world, after the Edinburgh Fringe, and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere, places it won in 2017, and it continues to grow each year. Artists from across the globe participate in the Fringe alongside home-grown talent, in all art forms. Adelaide Fringe also organises its own public events. The Adelaide Fringe is an open-access event, meaning that there is no curator seeking out the events which form part of the programme.

"Mad March" is a term used by locals to describe the period of five big events running concurrently in the local calendar: the Adelaide Festival of Arts (a three-week festival starting a week after the Fringe), which includes Adelaide Writers' Week and the four-day world music festival WOMADelaide, as well as the Adelaide 500 street circuit motor racing event, with accompanying its evening music concerts.

Adelaide Fringe begins with free opening night celebrations (for many years a street parade and/or opening night party;  an opening ceremony followed by party), and free as well as ticketed events continue for the duration of the month-long festival. The festival includes contemporary work in a wide range of art forms including cabaret, comedy, circus and physical theatre, dance, film, theatre, puppetry, music, visual art, magic, digital and interactive and design.

Venues
In 2019 there were 517 venues, which included "pop-up" venues in parks, warehouses, laneways and disused buildings, as well as established venues such as theatres, hotels, bars, pubs, art galleries and cafes. Buskers regularly perform in Rundle Mall and elsewhere in and around the city as well as in the suburbs.

Accessibility has been greatly improved in recent years, with a number of initiatives included to try to ensure that as many venues and events are able to be attended by people of all abilities.

Because of Adelaide city centre's compact size, many of the venues are fairly close to each other. The city's surrounding parks provide several clusters of venues (known as venue hubs), outside of the established and converted venues within the city and suburbs. There are three main venue hubs:
The Garden of Unearthly Delights, the group of venues set up within a temporarily fenced area of Rundle Park / Kadlitpina, was  first used in 2000, with only one Spiegeltent, known as "The Famous Spiegeltent".
Gluttony, a similarly fenced venue hub over the road in Rymill Park/Mullawirraburka.
The Royal Croquet Club has had a few changes of location since its launch in Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga in 2014, first to Pinky Flat/Tarntanya Wamain the northern parklands, then within the University of Adelaide from 2019.

Some of the permanent establishments regularly hosting Fringe events have included the Holden Street Theatres (a converted church precinct turned venue in Hindmarsh), Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute, Bakehouse Theatre (a performing arts space in the CBD), The German Club in Flinders Street, The Rhino Room (a local comedy club), the Odeon Theatre, Norwood and the National Wine Centre (a convention centre with wine bar and restaurant). Small venues make up about 50% of ticket total sales. The popular live music venue "The Gov" is used for Fringe events of all kinds.

Adelaide Fringe Ambassadors
In 2012, the Government of South Australia partnered with the South Australian Tourism Commission to create the Adelaide Fringe Ambassador role to promote the Adelaide Fringe across Australia and overseas. The Adelaide Fringe Ambassador also participates in the Adelaide Fringe Opening Night Parade and performs during the Fringe.

History

1960–1974: Biennial, 2–3 weeks, status unclear

The first "fringe" event came about in 1960, when a few artists decided to stage their own events in response to the exclusion of many local and smaller-scale artists from the curated Adelaide Festival of Arts. Fringe activities consisted of local visual arts, crafts, performing arts and amateur theatre groups organising productions, exhibitions and events alongside the Festival and running for two weeks. According to Fringe Vault, "These events that have been called 'unofficial fringe activities' formed the beginnings of the 'Fringe'. These were seen as separate to any 'unofficial activity supported by the festival' which were listed in the 1960 Festival of Arts Festival Souvenir Programme under Festival Attractions, other Events and other Exhibitions".

In 1962, the number of unofficial local events and exhibitions grew to the point where, according to a thesis by Martin Christmas, "1962 appears to have been the Festival where it was recognised that 'ancillary' (fringe activities), were as important as the core cultural activities", and Max Harris wrote an article entitled Adelaide's Two Festivals.

In 1964, Fringe was host to 52 art exhibitions, collections and performances. Like the Festival of Arts, it was held biennially, for three weeks. Both approved and unapproved events had grown in number. Significant productions of two Patrick White plays, The Ham Funeral and Night on Bald Mountain, staged by local performers in 1961 and 1964 respectively after being refused by the main Festival, served to cement the status of what started being referred to in the press as "Fringe" events.

In 1970, the event grew to three weeks in duration, running from 6–28 March that year and experiencing significant growth in both official and unofficial events and including three major musical performances, four dance performances, an opera, film events and exhibitions.

The first printed souvenir programme was published for the 1974 event, with the title as "Adelaide Festival of Arts, March 9 to 30: Fringe programme". However there were still a large number of unofficial events: the programme listed 41 exhibitions listed and 20 performances; unofficial events included 50 exhibitions, 10 performances and many other events.

1976–2006: Biennial, 3 weeks, established

1976: Focus
In 1975 the fringe became an incorporated association, and thus "legal", with writer and director Frank Ford  as its founding chairman. Its name was Focus Inc., with the focus on the development of South Australian culture. The change of name caused some controversy at the time, but the reason was reinforce the notion that Focus was not a cultural cringe. The first independently organised Fringe, known as Focus Festival, came into being and was seen as a huge success. This was the true beginning of today's Adelaide Fringe, as a separate entity and with focused goals, and the first dedicated poster, proclaiming "Focus '76". The 1978 poster said: "Focus: Adelaide's Festival of the Australian Arts".

1982: Adelaide Festival Fringe
In 1982, the name on the poster, with a design by Pro Hart, changed to Adelaide Festival Fringe. In that year there were 50 venues, 86 groups or individual artists, as well as 56 visual arts exhibitions in the city venues. There were also 16 groups doing performances in schools and public spaces. In 1988 the festival opened its doors to international artists, and the early 1990s brought further big changes, creating the most successful festival yet. It was beginning to put itself on the map internationally. The brochures stated that it was "the biggest community arts festival in Australia" and "ranked second only, behind the internationally renowned Edinburgh Festival Fringe". The inaugural Opening Night Hindley Street Party was thrown, and patron Don Dunstan called on the state government to provide more funding.

1992-4: Adelaide Fringe Festival
In 1994, the name on the posters changed from Adelaide Festival Fringe to Adelaide Fringe Festival, as a result of changes brought about in 1992-3. It decided to adopt the name Adelaide Fringe and to broaden the role of the organisation. Dubbed "the affordable festival", the 1992 festival was the most successful in its 32 year history, with many of the events taking place in the newly-completed Lion Arts Centre on the western end of North Terrace. The 1994 poster showed "Adelaide Fringe Festival", in contrast to the recent past "Adelaide Festival Fringe".

In 1998, the used its own especially developed ticketing system, FringeTix, for the first time.

2000: Adelaide Fringe
The 2000 Fringe dropped the "Festival" and started calling itself the Adelaide Fringe. That year was dedicated to dedicated to former state premier and fringe patron Don Dunstan, embracing his vision of social justice and cultural diversity that continues to be an inspiration today.

In 2006 South Australian Premier Mike Rann announced that the Adelaide Fringe would receive extra government funding (totalling $2 million) to enable it to become an annual event from 2007 onwards.

2007–2012: Annual, 3 weeks

In 2007, the Adelaide Fringe became an annual event, after receiving funding from the state government of , which was deemed a success. In 2007, 130,000 tickets were sold through the FringeTIX box office system – with an additional 10,000 ticket sales by national ticketing partners.

In 2008, about 187,000 tickets were sold through the FringeTIX box office and their ticketing partners. 281 Fringe venues sold tens of thousands of tickets on the door. Family Day became Family Weekend and doubled in size and attendances. The final box office income was estimated to reach over , the majority of which was passed back to Fringe artists.

In 2009, pre-event ticket sales equalled that of the previous year. 2,800 artists featured in 250 venues across the city, in 508 comedy, theatre, music, dance and visual art shows.

The Adelaide Fringe celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010. Compared to the previous year ticket sales were 27% higher. For the first time, Fringe sold 100,000 tickets prior to the opening parade. The event received extra State Government funding of  to support the anniversary event. The grant covered the cost of producing eight inflatable astronauts and erecting them around the city. 300,000 tickets were sold at box offices, more than twice as many as were sold in 2007.

In 2011, the Fringe Parade was cancelled due to rain, but 334,000 tickets were sold, equating to over . 1.45 million attendances were recorded and ticket sales had increased 11% over the previous year.

The 2012 festival ran from 24 February to 18 March. Approximately 40,000 spectators attended the Fringe Parade, and 367,000 tickets were sold, a 10% increase on 2011 sales. Ticket sales equated to an approximate value of . The event featured over 4,000 artists and 923 events, in 300 venues. There were 20% more events than in 2011.  CEO Greg Clarke launched the event not only in Adelaide, but also at the Sydney Opera House and in Federation Square in Melbourne. There were also two big changes on opening night: the parade ran down the centre of the city along King William Street, and the celebrations before, during and afterwards were not just in the East End of the city centre, but in Fringe venues everywhere. There were also a number of large free outdoor events during the festival.

2013–2020: Annual, 4 weeks
In 2013, after a boost in government funding, Fringe was extended to run for a 4-week period, commencing Friday 15 February. There were over 4,000 artists registered, appearing in 930 events and 6139 performances, and 407,153 tickets were sold. The dollar value of ticket sales equated to . The event generated , which was an increase of 34% on the previous year.

In 2014, the festival ran for 30 days and nights from 14 February until 16 March, and brought together over 4,000 artists from around Australia and the world. Over 900 events were staged in pop-up venues in parks, warehouses, lane-ways and disused buildings as well as established venues such as theatres, hotels, art galleries and cafes.

Heather Croall, 2015–2020
In February 2015, Heather Croall came on board as CEO and Festival Director. More than  worth of tickets were sold, made up of more than 536,000 tickets sold across 376 venues, resulting in an increase of 20% compared to the previous year.

Ticket sales for the 2016 Adelaide Fringe Festival rose 12% on the previous year, with more than 600,000 tickets sold. More than 1,100 performances were staged across 430 venues. British comedian Alexis Dubus vowed not to perform in future Adelaide Fringe Festivals, citing his reason as the festival being driven by larger venues, which attract crowds who buy drinks instead of show tickets, leading to poor ticket sales and cancellations for shows. (However, he returned to the Adelaide Fringe Festival in 2018.)

In April 2016, the "Made in Adelaide" initiative was announced by the state government, which provided funds totalling  to support nine acts taking their work to the Edinburgh Fringe, to help build connections between the two festivals. In August 2016, the Fringe began an official partnership with the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Among the acts was a live audio drama of Matthew Reilly's 1998 book Ice Station.

In November 2016, CEO Croall spoke of the need for better marketing to attract more tourists, and ways to help ensure that artists received a decent share of income.

The start date of the 2017 festival was postponed by a week to 17 February, with the March long weekend falling on weekend four of the festival, instead of the last weekend. It was in 2017 that it became the largest arts festival in the Southern Hemisphere, and the second largest Fringe in the world.

Adelaide Fringe 2018 once again broke all records, attracting 2.7 million people in attendance across free and ticketed events, including 100,000 for the Opening Night Street Party (which replaced the opening night Parade) and 505,000 for the Parade of Light digital projections onto the buildings along North Terrace on every night of the 31-day festival. More than 6,900 artists performed in 1,231 events across 442 venues. Box office revenue reached  from 705,761 tickets sold (up 7 per cent). The event also saw a greater share going into artists' pockets, after  of funding from the state government enabled the Fringe to abolish inside charges for artists with tickets under $35, and to halve those for all others. The move was praised by artists, including Dubus, who returned with a new show that year.

Records were again broken in 2019, with attendance by tourists increased by 72% on the previous year (possibly a consequence of increased interstate marketing), a total of nearly 3.3 million attendances, and  in estimated expenditure. 7000 artists participated in 1326 events. The reach of Fringe has been pushing further out of the boundaries of Adelaide, into regional centres.

2020: 60th anniversary
The Fringe celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2020. While the 2020 Fringe was the first in years to see a decrease in the number of registered events ("over 1200", compared with 1320 in 2019), the events were more widely spread, with half of the venues outside Adelaide city centre, including both suburban and regional locations such as Stirling, Gawler and Murray Bridge.

The World Fringe Congress, first held in 2012, was held in Adelaide for the first time in 2020.

The last weekend of the festival was somewhat impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, although government rules on social distancing and travel did not start until the following week. Nonetheless it brought in a record $96.7 million in estimated gross economic expenditure, with box office revenue also hitting a record $21 million, selling 853,419 tickets.

2021
Dates have been announced for the 2021 Fringe (19 February – 21 March), but future planning is hampered by uncertainty caused by the global pandemic and consequent greater financial risk to performers and venues.

Notable mascots

In 2010, eight giant -high inflatable astronauts, created by Mr Inflatables, were placed around Adelaide.

The 2014 event's mascot was Stobie the Disco Cuttlefish, a -long street performance puppet inspired by the giant cuttlefish of South Australia. Stobie the Disco Cuttlefish flashed multi-coloured lights, waved its tentacles and played pre-recorded disco music while a group of professional dancers performed original choreography each Saturday night during the event.

The 2018 mascot was inspired by the winning poster of that year, featuring a multi-coloured dog made of balloons, with a crown, created by Sydney graphic designer Jacqueline Daniel. It was intended to celebrate the Chinese Year of the Dog.

Made in Adelaide Award
The Made in Adelaide Award was introduced in 2017 by Arts South Australia, as part of the "Made In Adelaide" campaign started in 2016, to export and promote South Australian artists at the Edinburgh Fringe. Entries are open to artists in the Adelaide Fringe who are planning to register with the 2017 Edinburgh Fringe. The Award is worth  as of 2019.

Winners:
2017: Joanne Hartstone – The Girl Who Jumped Off the Hollywood Sign
2018: Anya Anastasia – The Executioners
2019: Michelle Pearson – Just Desserts – Adults Only Tasting
2020: Erin Fowler - Femme

Poster competition
Since 2007, the Adelaide Fringe holds an annual competition to select the cover art for the festival's guide, website, posters and general branding. Previous winners include:
 2007 – Ryan Stephens
 2008 – Hat Morgan
 2009 – David Blaiklock
 2010 – David Capriotti
 2011 – Kamen Goranov
 2012 – Sue Ninham
 2013 – Andy Petrusevics
 2014 – Sharon Moreno
 2015 – Jonathon Oxlade and Chris Moore
2016 – Stephanie Mitchell
2017 – Jennifer Rimbault
2018 – Jacqueline Daniel
2019 –  Matthew Clarke
2020 – Dave Court

Funding
The principal partner for many years has been BankSA. Government funding has increased in recent years. The Government of South Australia is a major sponsor, through Arts South Australia from 1997 to 2018, and since then directly via the Department of the Premier and Cabinet. The City of Adelaide, The Advertiser, 9News are also among the partners of the Fringe, and corporate and private donors help to support specific initiatives for artists.

See also

 FUSE Festival
 List of festivals in Australia
 Music of Adelaide

References

Further reading
 Ever-growing database of events connected to the Adelaide Fringe Festival.
 Dedicated to recording a variety of information about the Fringe by year (presently 1960–2013), including indexes by venue, event and artist, ephemera such as posters and programmes as well as memories added by contributors.

External links

Fringe
Fringe festivals in Australia
1960 establishments in Australia
Comedy festivals in Australia
Performing arts in Adelaide

Adelaide Fringe


Döşemedibi, Ordu ilinin Ünye ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Ordu iline 61 km, Ünye ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Bir Çerkes Yerleşkesi Döşemedibi
 Nufusu.com
 Ünye Belediyesi Resmi Sitesi
 Ünye Kaymakamlığı Resmi Sitesi
 Ünye'nin İnternet Portalı

Ünye'nin mahalleleri

Döşemedibi, Ünye


Nenad Đorđević (født 7. august 1979) er en serbisk tidligere fodboldspiller.

Serbiens fodboldlandshold

|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||3||0
|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
!Total||17||1
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Serbien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2006

Nenad Đorđević


مقام الصحابي بلال بن رباح، يقع في «قرية بلال» في منطقة وادي السير، إحدى ضواحي عمّان في الأردن، وهو عبارة عن بناء حديث في داخلة ضريح ينسب إلى مؤذن الرسول صلى الله علية وسلم بلال بن رباح. وتذكر كتب التاريخ أنّ وفاة بلال كانت في دمشق، وعليه فيُعتبر هذا «مقامًا» وليس «ضريحًا» وأنّه لم يُدفن فيه.

معرض الصور

طالع أيضًا
 بلال بن رباح
 مقام الشيخ بلال بن رباح (نابلس)
 ضريح بلال بن رباح (سوريا)
 مسجد بلال بن رباح (فلسطين)

مصادر

أضرحة في الأردن

مقام بلال بن رباح (الأردن)


A Serra do Ramalho é um conjunto de montes que integra a Chapada Diamantina, na região central do estado brasileiro da Bahia

Geologicamente a serra faz parte do grupo Bambuí, parte do Supergrupo Espinhaço. O primeiro estudo detalhado da região deu-se em 1974 com a prospecção de fluorita, chumbo e zinco (Projeto Fluorita da Companhia Baiana de Pesquisa Mineral), encontrando nela uma estratigrafia semelhante à de Januária, em Minas Gerais.

Chapada Diamantina

Serra do Ramalho (Chapada Diamantina)


Andican (Özbekçe: Andijon), Özbekistan'da Andican ili'nin yönetim merkezi olan şehir.

Dünyanın en eski şehirlerinden biri kurulduğuna 2.500 seneden fazla olduğu öne sürülüyor. Kentin bazı bölgelerinde M.Ö. 7 ve 8 yüzyıllara ait arkeolojik alanlar bulunmuştur.

Tarihsel olarak, Andijan Büyük İpek Yolu üzerinde önemli bir yeri var. Şehir, Hindistan'ın Babür İmparatorluğu'nun kurucusu Baburun doğum yeri olarak biliniyor. Babur, dünyaca ünlü Baburname'de Andijan'ın Fergana bölgesinin başkenti olduğunu yazdı. Andijan, çeşitli endüstriyel ürünler (kimyasallar, aletler, elektronik, gıda,mobilya, pulluklar, pompalar, ayakkabılar,tarım makineleri için parçalar, çeşitli mühendislik araçları ve tekerlekli sandalyeler) üreten ülkenin önemli bir sanayi şehridir.

Ülkenin doğu uçunda yer alan şehrin 2020  yılı Ocak-Mart aylarına göre resmi nüfusu 442.700 dir. Ülkenin üçüncü büyük şehridir. Doğu Özbekistan'da Fergana Vadisindedir. Şehirde Zahîreddîn Muhammed Bâbur Havalimanı adlı bir havalimanı da bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Andican ili'ndeki şehirler
Özbekistan'daki şehirler
Özbekistan'daki il merkezleri
İpek Yolu'ndaki şehirler

Andican


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Bilge Kağan, İkinci Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın kağanı (ö. 734)
 İmparator Mommu, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 42. hükümdarı (ö. 707)
 İmparatoriçe Genshō, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 44. hükümdarı (ö. 748)

Ölümler
 28 Haziran - II. Leo, papa (d. 611)
 27 Aralık - İmparator Gaozong, Çin'in Tang Hanedanı'nın üçüncü imparatoru (d. 628)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Yezid, Emevîlerin ikinci halifesi (d. 646)
 Mesrûk el-Kûfî, tabiun dönemi hadis ve fıkıh bilgini
 Ümmü Seleme, İslâm peygamberi Muhammed'in eşlerinden biri (d. 597)

683


Beaver Township is one of the fourteen townships of Pike County, Ohio, United States.  The 2020 census found 1,291 people in the township.

Geography
Located in the eastern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
Jackson Township - north
Liberty Township, Jackson County - east
Scioto Township, Jackson County - southeast
Marion Township - south
Union Township - southwest
Seal Township - west

Part of the village of Beaver is located in southeastern Beaver Township.

Name and history
Beaver Township most likely takes its name from Beaver Creek.  Statewide, other Beaver Townships are located in Mahoning and Noble counties.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

References

External links
Pike County visitors bureau website

Townships in Pike County, Ohio
Townships in Ohio

Beaver Township, Pike County, Ohio


مقر الجامعة العربية ، يقع بالقرب من الحي التجاري في وسط القاهرة ، مصر. وزارة الخارجية المصرية، و دار الأوبرا المصرية ،و المتحف المصري ، و برج القاهرة. تطل علي نهر النيل لمنظر خلاب. وقد شهد مقر المؤسسة للجامعة العربية ، ومؤتمر القمة الأول الذي عقد في المقر و وقعت في 1951 مع جمال عبد الناصر. وتشمل قاعة هائلا للاجتماع تضم مائدة مستديره لمؤتمرات القمة ، والمستخدمة حاليا لجلسات البرلمان العربي المؤقت ، واستخدمت أيضا في مؤتمرات القمة العربية وزير أثناء الأزمة بين إسرائيل ولبنان من عام 2006.

جامعة الدول العربية
مبان ومنشآت في القاهرة
منظمات مقرها في القاهرة
وسط القاهرة

مقر جامعة الدول العربية


En botánica, el periciclo es un tejido que rodea al cilindro vascular de la raíz de las plantas vasculares. Este tejido está formado por una o varias capas de células, como es el caso de las gimnospermas y de algunas angiospermas, entre ellas varias especies de gramíneas. El periciclo puede estar ausente en casos excepcionales, como ocurre en las plantas acuáticas y en las plantas parásitas. Las células del periciclo son parenquimáticas, de paredes delgadas, alargadas, rectangulares en sección longitudinal. Puede contener laticíferos y conductos secretores. En ciertas oportunidades la capa de células que lo forman queda interrumpida por la diferenciación de elementos del xilema y floema.

En las espermatófitas el periciclo tiene actividad meristemática, es decir, funciona como un meristema, ya que origina parte del cámbium, el felógeno y las raíces laterales. En las plantas monocotiledóneas que no sufren crecimiento en grosor el periciclo a menudo se esclerifica en las raíces viejas.

Referencias

Términos botánicos
Morfología de la raíz

de:Wurzel (Pflanze)#Perizykel

Periciclo


F-stop, fotoğraf makineleri ya da kameralarda diyafram açıklığı değeri. Film veya ışığa duyarlı ortam üzerine düşen ışık miktarının ayarlanması için kullanılır.

Diyafram çapı ile objektifin odak uzunluğunun birbirine oranını gösterir. Stop sayısı büyüdükçe – f harfinin yanındaki sayı – diyafram açıklığı küçülür (kısılır).
Örneğin f/22 çok küçük bir diyafram açıklığı iken f/2 çok geniş bir diyafram açıklığıdır.

F-sayıları, enstantane değerleri ve film hızları (ISO sayıları) hep stop birimine göre ölçülürler. Örneğin f/5.6 diyafram değeri f/8 değerinden iki kat daha fazla ışık miktarı geçirirken f/4 değerinin ise yarısı kadar ışık geçirir. Veya 1/250 saniyelik enstantane değeri 1/500 saniyeye göre iki kat daha fazla ışık miktarı geçirirken 1/125 saniyenin yarısı kadar ışık geçirir.

Optik
Fotoğrafçılık terimleri
Film ve video teknolojisi

F-stop


Bernard Golden ( - ) est un espérantiste étatsunien.

Biographie
Bernard Golden nait le  à Newark, dans le New Jersey, aux États-Unis. Il est le fils des boutiquiers Nathan Golden et Regina Okun, originaires de l'Empire russe.

Œuvres

 The influence of Volapük on Esperanto as indicated by lexical data (1980) ;
 Hieraŭ – hodiaŭ – morgaŭ (1982) ;
 Marĝene de la lernolibro (1982) ;
 Bestoj kaj homoj (1986) ;
 Kompletige al la lernolibro (1990) ;
 Infero en aŭtuno (1993) ;
 Antaŭ la kulisoj (1994) ;
 Ŝamanoj en la kosmo (1994).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1925
Espérantiste américain
Décès en octobre 2008
Décès à 82 ans

Bernard Golden


Passionistas são freiras contemplativas e constituem o ramo feminino da Congregação da Paixão de Jesus Cristo de São Paulo da Cruz.

Com o Decreto de 29 de junho de 2018 da Sé Apostólica, os mosteiros adotaram a estrutura jurídica da Congregação.

História

A primeira ideia de estabelecer um mosteiro feminino ligado aos Passionistas pertence a Maria Agnese Grazi de Orbetello, filha espiritual de Paulo da Cruz. Paolo começou a planejar a fundação do mosteiro em 1754, mas devido à falta de fundos necessários, sua construção começou em Tarquinia apenas em 1759.

Para as religiosas, Paolo da Cruz e adaptou as regras dos Passionistas à vida monástica: as regras foram aprovadas pelo Papa Clemente XIV com um breve datado de 3 de setembro de 1770.

Clemente XIV designou a duquesa Anna Maria Barberini, viúva Sforza-Cesarini como primeira superiora do mosteiro, mas a nobre preferiu retirar-se entre as Clarissas de Narni antes da inauguração da casa em Corneto; Em seu lugar foi escolhida Maria Crocifissa de Jesus, nascida Faustina Gertrude Costantini, antiga beneditina em Santa Lúcia em Tarquinia, cujos familiares haviam financiado a construção do mosteiro.

Costantini e suas primeiras onze companheiras entraram no mosteiro em 3 de maio de 1771. O número máximo de freiras foi inicialmente limitado a doze (devido aos escassos recursos econômicos da comunidade), mas depois foi aumentado para 33 em homenagem aos anos de vida terrena de Jesus.

Apesar de enclausuradas, as Passionistas podiam acolher mulheres para exercícios espirituais e ensinar catecismo às meninas, que podiam ser acolhidas no mosteiro às quintas-feiras e domingos (todos os dias da Quaresma) pelo espaço de cerca de três quartos de dia; não lhes era permitido, no entanto, aceitar pensionistas (atividade amplamente praticada em mosteiros femininos).

O mosteiro de Corneto foi suprimido pelas leis napoleônicas em 1810, mas foi o primeiro a ser reconstituído após o retorno do Papa Pio VII a Roma e foi reinaugurado em 30 de junho de 1814.

Corneto permaneceu o único mosteiro passionista até 1872, quando uma nova casa foi aberta em Mamers, França; de Mamers vieram as freiras que fundaram um terceiro mosteiro em Tielt, Bélgica, e em 1910 a congregação começou a se expandir para além do continente europeu com a fundação de um mosteiro em Pittsburgh.

Carisma e difusão
As Passionistas estão ligadas aos religiosos do ramo masculino por um vínculo espiritual, por terem em comum o fundador e o propósito específico de promover o culto da morte e paixão de Jesus, mas não jurídico (os Passionistas não têm autoridade sobre os mosteiros). Os mosteiros são autônomos (sui juris). O governo da Congregação das Freiras da Paixão de Jesus Cristo é exercido pelo Capítulo Geral (de seis em seis anos), pelo Presidente de acordo com o direito comum e pelas Constituições aprovadas pela Santa Sé em 12 de maio de 2020.

Até 2020 os mosteiros passionistas estarão presentes no Brasil, Colômbia, Coréia do Sul, Filipinas, Japão, Indonésia, Itália, México, Reino Unido, Espanha, Estados Unidos.

No final de 2019, as Passionistas contavam com 285 religiosas e 35 mosteiros.

Referências

Bibliografia

 Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2019, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 2019.
 Guerrino Pelliccia e Giancarlo Rocca (curr.), Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione (DIP), 10 voll., Edizioni paoline, Milano 1974-2003.

Ligações externas

 As Freiras Passionistas, seção do site www.passiochristi.org ( http://www.passiochristi.org/?lang=it )
Ordens e congregações religiosas católicas

Freiras passionistas


Naltaş, Adana ilinin Saimbeyli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Önceleri Ermeniler'in yerleşim bölgesi olan köy, Osmanlı'nın son dönemlerinde Türkler'e geçmiştir. Şu anda mahallede yaşayanlar Varsak Türkleri'dir.

Coğrafya

Adana iline 196 km, Saimbeyli ilçesine 40 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Saimbeyli'nin mahalleleri

Naltaş, Saimbeyli


Brondby IF Danimarka'nın futbol takımlarından birisi olup, 1964 yılında Kopenhag yakınlarındaki Brondbyvester şehrinde kurulmuştur. FC København ve FC Midtjylland ile birlikte Danimarka futbolunun 3 büyük takımından biridir. Danimarka Superliga'da 2020-21 sezonunu şampiyon tamamlamıştır. Ezeli rakibi FC København ile oynadıkları maçlar Kopanhag Derbisi olarak nitelendirilmektedir.

Başarıları
 Superliga (Danimarka)
Şampiyonluklar (7) : 1991, 1995-96, 1996-97, 1997-98, 2001-02, 2004-05, 2020-21

Kadro

Kaynakça

Danimarka'daki futbol kulüpleri

Brøndby IF


Ain Matvere (* 13. Januar 1967 in Tartu; † 14. Mai 2018 ebenda) war ein estnischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Ain Matvere war achtfacher estnischer Meister im Badminton. Jeweils drei Titel davon gewann er im Herrendoppel und im Mixed sowie zwei im Einzel.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
http://www.spordiinfo.ee/esbl/biograafia/Ain_Matvere

Badmintonspieler (Estland)
Badmintonspieler (Sowjetunion)
Estnischer Meister (Badminton)
Sportler (Tartu)
Este
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1967
Gestorben 2018
Mann

Ain Matvere