David A. Kay (June 8, 1940 – August 13, 2022) was an American weapons expert, political commentator, and senior fellow at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. He was best known for his time as United Nations Chief Weapons Inspector following the first Gulf War and for leading the Iraq Survey Group's search for weapons of mass destruction following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Upon presentation of the Group's finding that there had been significant errors in pre-war intelligence concerning Iraq's weapons programs, Kay resigned. The ensuing controversy served as impetus for the formation of the Iraq Intelligence Commission.

Education
Kay received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin, and also a master's in International Affairs and a Ph.D. from Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs.

Kay was an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin (Madison). Kay later worked for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in an administrative position as head of the Evaluation Section and, as recommended by the US Mission to that Agency, he was named the UN Chief Weapons Inspector from 1991 to 1992. Following that, he was a Vice President at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) from 1993 to 2002. He was then appointed a Special Advisor for Strategy regarding Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Programs. He received the International Atomic Energy Agency's Distinguished Service Award and the U.S. Secretary of State's Commendation.

After the 1991 Gulf War, Kay led teams of inspectors of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Iraq to search out and destroy banned chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, he returned to the country, working with the Central Intelligence Agency and U.S. military in 2003 and 2004 to determine if Saddam Hussein's regime had continued developing banned weapons.

Iraq Survey Group

The research of his team determined that the Iraqi unconventional weapons programs had mostly been held in check, with only small amounts of banned material uncovered (this included a number of vials containing biological agents stored in the home refrigerators of Iraqi scientists, for example). None of these substances had been "weaponized" — no such agents were found in missiles or artillery, and none could be easily installed. These discoveries indicate that some of the primary reasons President George W. Bush used for going to war with Iraq did not reflect the true situation in that country, and contradicted statements made by Kay himself in the lead-up to the war.

Before the 2003 war, as U.S. Government officials were pushing the idea that Saddam Hussein was in possession of WMD, many people would direct reporters toward David Kay to reinforce their point of view.  In September 2002, Kay told U.S. News & World Report that "Iraq stands in clear violation of international orders to rid itself of these weapons."  His credibility as a former U.N. weapons inspector convinced many observers.

On January 23, 2004, Kay resigned, stating that Iraq did not have WMD and that "I think there were stockpiles at the end of the first Gulf War and a combination of U.N. inspectors and unilateral Iraqi action got rid of them." Kay was replaced by Charles Duelfer and spent the following days discussing his discoveries and opinions with the news media and the U.S. political establishment.  On January 28, 2004, he testified that "[i]t turns out that we were all wrong" and "I believe that the effort that has been directed to this point has been sufficiently intense that it is highly unlikely that there were large stockpiles of deployed, militarized chemical weapons there."  However, Kay defended the Bush administration, saying that even if Iraq did not have weapons stockpiles, this did not mean that it wasn't dangerous. Kay also blamed faulty intelligence gathering for the prewar WMD conclusions.  On February 2, 2004, Kay met with George W. Bush at the White House and maintained that Bush was right to go to war in Iraq and characterized Saddam Hussein's government as "far more dangerous than even we anticipated" when it was thought he had WMDs ready to deploy.

Testimony before House and Senate committees
In testimony on the progress of the Iraq Survey Group on October 2, 2003, he revealed to House and Senate committees that the ISG had found that Iraq had a network of clandestine laboratories containing equipment that should have been (but was not) disclosed to UN inspectors.  He also said that the ISG found an undeclared prison laboratory complex and an undeclared Unmanned Aerial Vehicle production facility.  The Iraq Survey Group also found out that a UAV had been test flown out to a range of 500 kilometers, even though the agreed upon limit was 150 kilometers. Kay said that Iraq lied to the UN about the range of that particular UAV.

He testified that Iraq had done research on Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever and Brucella but had not declared this to the UN. Iraq also continued research and development work on anthrax and ricin without declaring it to the UN.

Kay told the committees that, between 1999 and 2002, Iraq attempted to obtain missile technology from North Korea that would allow them to build missiles with a range of 1300 kilometers, far beyond the UN limit of 150 kilometers that Iraq agreed upon in UN Resolution 687. They also sought anti-ship missiles with a range of 300 kilometers from North Korea.

"With regard to delivery systems, the ISG team has discovered sufficient evidence to date to conclude that the Iraqi regime was committed to delivery system improvements that would have, if OIF had not occurred, dramatically breached UN restrictions placed on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War," Kay testified.

Subsequent interviews
After the interview, Kay told National Public Radio that Iraq "had a large number of WMD program-related activities." He said "So there was a WMD program. It was going ahead. It was rudimentary in many areas." Kay also said that Iraq had been trying to weaponize ricin "right up until" Operation Iraqi Freedom; a claim not supported by the Iraq Survey Group final report.

David Kay resigns
On January 23, 2004, the head of the ISG, David Kay, resigned his position, stating that he believed WMD stockpiles would not be found in Iraq. "I don't think they existed," commented Kay. "What everyone was talking about is stockpiles produced after the end of the last Gulf War and I don't think there was a large-scale production program in the nineties." In a briefing to the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC), Kay criticized the pre-war WMD intelligence and the agencies that produced it, saying "It turns out that we were all wrong, probably in my judgment, and that is most disturbing." Sometime earlier, CIA director George Tenet had asked David Kay to delay his departure: "If you resign now, it will appear that we don't know what we're doing. That the wheels are coming off."

Kay told the SASC during his oral report the following, though: "Based on the intelligence that existed, I think it was reasonable to reach the conclusion that Iraq posed an imminent threat. Now that you know reality on the ground as opposed to what you estimated before, you may reach a different conclusion — although I must say I actually think what we learned during the inspection made Iraq a more dangerous place, potentially, than, in fact, we thought it was even before the war."

Kay's team established that the Iraqi regime had the production capacity and know-how to produce chemical and biological weaponry if international economic sanctions were lifted, a policy change which was actively being sought by a number of United Nations member states. Kay also believed some components of the former Iraqi regime's WMD program had been moved to Syria shortly before the 2003 invasion, though the Duelfer Report Addenda (see below) later reported there was no evidence of this.

Kay explained the situation in Iraq before the war further in a February 1, 2004 interview on Fox News Sunday: "I think Iraq was a dangerous place and becoming more dangerous, because, in fact, what we observe is that the regime itself was coming apart. It was descending into worse the part of moral depravity and corruption. Saddam was isolated in a fantasy land capable of wreaking tremendous harm and terror on his individual citizens, but corruption, money gain was the root cause. At the same time that we know there were terrorist groups in state still seeking WMD capability. Iraq, although I found no weapons, had tremendous capabilities in this area. A marketplace phenomena was about to occur, if it did not occur; sellers meeting buyers. And I think that would have been very dangerous if the war had not intervened." [sic]

On February 6, 2004, George W. Bush convened the Iraq Intelligence Commission, an independent inquiry into the intelligence used to justify the Iraq war and the failure to find WMD. This was shortly followed by the conclusion of a similar inquiry in the United Kingdom, the Butler Review, which was boycotted by the two main opposition parties due to disagreements on its scope and independence.([4]) In 2003, the US-sponsored search for WMD had been budgeted for $400 million, with an additional $600 million added in 2004.

Kay's successor, named by CIA Director George Tenet, was former UN weapons inspector Charles Duelfer, who stated at the time that the chances of finding any WMD stockpiles in Iraq were "close to nil."

Personal life
Kay was born in Houston, Texas. He retired to Ocean View, Delaware, with his wife. He died of cancer on August 13, 2022, at his home. He is survived by his second wife, a daughter from his first marriage, and two grandchildren.

See also
 Iraq Survey Group
 Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
 Timeline of the Iraq War

References
Borger, Julian (March 3, 2004).  Admit WMD mistake, survey chief tells Bush.  The Guardian (Guardian Unlimited).
Lakely, James G. Bush confers with Kay, sets appointment of panel. The Washington Times.
 Whitelaw, Kevin (February 9, 2004).  'We Were All Wrong.' U.S. News & World Report, pp 24–25.
 DCI Tenet Announces Appointment of David Kay as Special Advisor (June 11, 2003).  'Appointment'  'Central Intelligence Agency'

Footnotes

External links

 "Spying on Saddam," Frontline (PBS) interview with David Kay.
 U.S. Intelligence Failures in Iraq.
 David Kay, Ph.D., Senior Fellow.

1940 births
2022 deaths
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
International Atomic Energy Agency officials
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Deaths from cancer in Delaware
People from Ocean View, Delaware
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
People from Houston

David Kay


Eiderul (Somateria mollissima) este o rață marină, din familia anatidelor, care trăiește în țările nordice. În Peninsula Scandinavă este protejată de om, din cauză că îi întrebuințează ouăle și penele și oamenii îi pun la îndemână lăzi de lemn pentru cuib. Eiderul cuibărește pe insulițe solitare stâncoase situate în apropierea țărmului sau în lagune costiere, lacuri și chiar râuri. Este răspândit pe coaste nord-europene și americane, mai ales acolo unde nu sunt ghețuri; efectuează migrații sezoniere de la nord la sud, ajunge până în Europa centrală și coastele nordice ale Mării Negre. Rareori poate ajunge accidental în sezonul de iarnă și în România, mai ales pe litoralul de vest a Mării Negre. Masculul are spinarea albă și abdomenul negru, capul alb cu o dungă neagră peste ochi și ceafa verde. Femela este brună cu dungi negricioase. Eiderul este mai voluminos decât rața mare; lungimea corpului este de 50-71 cm, anvergura aripilor de 80-110 cm, iar greutatea de 1,8-3 kg. Poate trăi 37 de ani. Are un zbor caracteristic, bătăile rare din aripi alternând cu planări, capul fiind ținut oblic în jos, cu ciocul alungit în linia frunții, se deosebește de rațele din alte genuri. Se hrănește cu moluște de pe fund, dar și cu crustacee, gasteropode, echinoderme și alte nevertebrate marine; ocazional și cu pește mic. Femela în timpul clocirii consumă alge, fructe, semințe și frunze de pe plantele înconjurătoare, iar puii pot fi hrăniți cu cartofi prăjiți de către oameni. În iunie femela depune 4-5 ouă pe care le clocește 25-26 zile. Puii sunt îngrijiți de femelă 10-25 de zile, până când se acoperă cu un penaj juvenil, rămânând în continuare cu femela pentru încă 5-10 zile, ei pot zbura la 60 de zile de la eclozare. Femela depune o singură pontă pe an.

Note

Somateria
Păsări din România
Păsări descrise în 1758

Eider


Kapisa (Pashto/Farsi: ) is the smallest of Afghanistan's thirty-four provinces and is located in the north-east of the country. It has an estimated population of 496,840 people  and an area of , making it the most densely populated province apart from Kabul Province. It borders Panjshir Province to the north, Laghman Province to the east, Kabul Province to the south and Parwan Province to the west. Mahmud-i-Raqi is the provincial capital, while the most populous city and district of Kapisa is Nijrab.

History

The earliest references to Kapisa appear in the writings of fifth century BCE Indian scholar Pāṇini. Pāṇini refers to the city of Kapiśi, a city of the Kapisa kingdom, modern Bagram. Pāṇini also refers to Kapiśayana, a famous wine from Kapisa. The city of Kapiśi also appeared as Kaviśiye on Graeco-Indian coins of Apollodotus I and Eucratides.

Archeological discoveries in 1939 confirmed that the city of Kapisa was an emporium for Kapiśayana wine, bringing to light numerous glass flasks, fish-shaped wine jars, and drinking cups typical of the wine trade of the era. The grapes (Kapiśayani Draksha) and wine (Kapiśayani Madhu) of the area are referred to in several works of ancient Indian literature. The epic Mahabharata also mentions the common practice of slavery in the city.

Based on the account of the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who visited in AD 644, it seems that in later times Kapisa was part of a kingdom ruled by a kshatriya king holding sway over ten neighboring states, including Lampaka, Nagarahara, Gandhara, and Banu. Xuanzang notes the Shen breed of horses from the area, and also notes the production of many types of cereals and fruits, as well as a scented root called Yu-kin.

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Mauryan Empire

The Kapisa province territory fell to the Maurya Empire, which was led by Chandragupta Maurya. The Mauryas promoted both Buddhism and Hinduism to the region which was entirely Hindu for all its history till then, and were planning to capture more territory of Central Asia when they decimated local Greco-Bactrian forces and the chief general of Alexander Seleucus. Seleucus is said to have reached a peace treaty with Chandragupta by giving his daughter in marriage, control of the territory south of the Hindu Kush to the Mauryas and 500 elephants.

Having consolidated power in the northwest, Chandragupta pushed east towards the Nanda Empire. Afghanistan's significant ancient tangible and intangible Buddhist heritage is recorded through wide-ranging archeological finds, including religious and artistic remnants. Buddhist doctrines are reported to have even reached as far as Balkh during the life of the Buddha (563 BCE to 483 BCE), as recorded by Xuanzang.

Recent history

Just like the rest of Afghanistan, many historical sites in Kapisa have been looted by smugglers and then sold abroad. During 2009 and 2010 twenty-seven relics were discovered by the National Security forces; these included ancient relics belonging to 2 BC and 4 BC mostly from Kohistan district.

Prior to 2012, French forces were complemented by U.S. forces through Provincial Reconstruction Teams and Human Terrain Teams. The province was served by the Kapisa PRT, located at Forward Operating Base Morales-Frazier in Nijrab District. The PRT conducted counterinsurgency and stability operations in the province for more than six years, working with leaders of Kapisa at the provincial and district level, to bolster the capacity and credibility of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The PRT participated in key leader engagements, scouting areas for new projects and performing quality checks and site visits on existing projects. The key focus was on building roads, bridges, construction of schools and also improvements to power capabilities on existing infrastructure. Composed of U.S. Air Force, Army, State Department, and USAID subject matter experts and mentors, the team sought to work closely with key leaders to facilitate development. The vision was to foster a stable and secure environment ready for transition to the Afghan government.

By August 2008 the French mission was facing serious challenges. A shocking ambush in Surobi, the district of Kabul Province they were responsible for patrolling, killed 10 French troops. The Surobi massacre spurred a larger debate in France about the war. After taking over from the U.S., which exercised partial control over the province for several years beforehand, the French continued to follow the U.S.-led approach of sending troops through an area to kill or chase away militants. Like the American military, the French never developed a solid plan for consolidating their victories and building on successes – which left many areas of Kapisa in a constant tug-of-war between the French and the insurgents.

In early 2009, French forces embarked on a significant campaign which aimed to retake an eastern Alasay District that the Taliban has controlled for the previous year. Alasay district is a strategic goldmine: it lies along a primary infiltration route into and out of Pakistan, it provides easy access to Kabul in an easily defensible primary valley (there are two other valleys in Alasay District), and it is mostly populated by the ethnic minority the Pashai and some Nuristani. In a French-led NATO force initiated, the operation was a success initially, due to reaching out to locals beforehand, they retook the entire valley with a single casualty over a single day of fighting. Almost immediately, the Afghans of the valley welcomed the French, and things seemed to be looking up. However, they didn't stay. Much as in previous efforts to "sweep" the province, the French were dragged into other tasks, like protecting the main highway that travels the province from north to south through the volatile Tagab Valley. As a result, Alasay fell back to Taliban later that year and the security situation in the province deteriorated. It was that same tug-of-war all over again, with the residents of Alasay left frustrated and less safe than ever before. As 2009 progressed, bigger and bigger chunks of the province came under the sway of the insurgency, leading the provincial capital being more or less under curfew from the militants. By 2010, the French had stopped liaising with their Afghan Army counterparts, and the Provincial Reconstruction Team had ceased most of its operations.

In late 2009, the province saw an influx of ISAF forces as the French elevated their presence from a Battalion-strength Task Force under Task Force Korrigan (Groupement tactique interarmes de Kapisa) to a Brigade-strength Task Force under Task Force Lafayette (Brigade La Fayette).  At the same time, the Kapisa PRT, formerly the Parwan-Kapisa PRT, relocated from Bagram Airbase to FOB Morales-Frazier, focusing exclusively on operations in the Kapisa Province for the following three years.

The French military's growing frustration with their inability to make progress resulted in tensions with the Afghans they were meant to support.  These tensions stemmed in large part from the challenge of the overall ISAF missions to build support for the legitimate government of Afghanistan with the realities of the dysfunctional local government within Kapisa.  The provincial governor, Ghulam Qawis Abubaker, was widely viewed as corrupt and was accused by contractors and district officials of funding insurgent elements in order to keep Kapisa unstable enough to keep PRT dollars coming into the province at higher levels, which in turn would widen the corruption problem.  In 2010, the governor himself would be removed and charged by ISAF with corruption, though the Karzai administration would later refuse to prosecute the case.  U.S. forces, including the PRT, also believed the Governor himself was responsible for the killing of the Panjsher PRT Commander in May 2009 (believing the Kapisa PRT commander to be the true objective) and of escalating attacks in northern Kapsia in Fall 2009 aimed at both PRT and French convoys as the counterinsurgency effort during this period shifted to Tagab and Alasay.

For much of the period leading up to this, the French forces, ISAF, and the U.S. PRT differed in strategies for dealing with the problem and whom to deal with among the Afghan population, eventually seeking out district-level shura approaches to fund projects at the community level and alleviate the concerns villagers had with existing projects and bypassing the provincial leadership. This strategy continued to gain support across the coalition elements as provincial officials were being arrested for having ties to the insurgency.

When a bombing in central district of Nijrab killed four French soldiers in June 2012, within France the bombing resonated deeply: while President Hollande had before indicated that he might keep some French troops in the country to help with the training mission, he later announced a full withdrawal by July. France being the fifth largest contributor to NATO's ISAF coalition, with nearly 3,300 soldiers, began its troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in July and completed it by the end of the 2012. Kapisa transitioned to Afghan government control in third of the five-phase transfers. Withdrawing French troops by the end of 2012 had been one of President Hollande's election pledges. The date meant that French forces left the country two years before the main scheduled NATO withdrawal.

The early French withdrawal had led some to speculate that Kapisa will become a security vacuum just outside Kabul. This would be no small matter: the "ring of steel" that surrounds Afghanistan's capital has been broken so many times that few have faith in the capital's safety anymore. Several of those early attacks, before the influx of French troops, were planned and supported out of the Tagab Valley. The French presence there had reduced the ability of militants in Kapisa to launch attacks into Kabul. When the French leave, the U.S. would not have the troops to fill in the gap, leaving a big opportunity for militants north of Kabul to strike back. Most of the province population believe that the long-term presence of foreign forces in Afghanistan can only serve to perpetuate the war cycle and the departure of the French will weaken the Taliban stance. Over 60 French soldiers have been killed in Kapisa since 2008, with hundreds more injured severely. With the help of Afghan National Army, French forces conducted operations to repel the insurgents and Afghan forces were able to gain a foothold in Kapisa valleys. They oversaw the formation of the 3rd Brigade of the 201st Afghan corps that is now deployed in Kapisa and of the Afghan police who now are solely responsible for providing the province's security.

A transition ceremony for Kapisa Province was held July 4, 2012, formalizing the symbolic transfer of responsibility of the province from ISAF to Afghan authorities as part of the transition process in the province launched May 13, 2012;  the Afghan security forces began to take the lead since autumn 2011. However the insurgency still remained active in Tagab and Alasay districts.

Some clashes have been reported in the province since the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan.

Geography

Kapisa province is located  northeast of Kabul. It is bordered from the north by Panjshir Province, from the east by Laghman Province, from the south by Kabul province and from the south west by Parwan province. The province covers an area of ; that makes it the smallest province in all of Afghanistan. Kapisa Province's terrain is a mixture of high peaks, mountainous river valleys, and shallow central plains; the highest points of the province are in the east, on the borders with Panjsher and Laghman Provinces.

Politics and security

The districts of Kohistan, Mahmud Raqi, and Kohband districts, all of which are Jamiat-i Islami and almost all Tajik, were targeted zones of interest for the insurgency. Because they are close enough to Kabul, the militants count attacks there as attacks in Kabul. Whilst the districts of Tagab, Alasay and Nijrab are Hizb-i Islami Gulbuddin supporters and are a mixture of Pashtuns, Tajiks and Pashai. The importance of Kapisa comes as it lies along the approach to the Panjshir River valley and most of the major Jamiat figures have managed to secure wealth and power in the post-2001 Afghanistan, while most of the HiG figures have not. As a result, most of the violence in the area is not actually "Taliban" as we would normally consider it, but HiG fighters (and in a lot of cases petty thugs) calling themselves Taliban.

In July 2007 Abdul Sattar Murad, was removed from office by President Hamid Karzai, and his replacement was Ghulam Qawis Abubaker. The ostensible reason for Murad's removal was 'ineffective governance', but it was widely believed by press sources that Murad was removed because of critical comments he made in a Newsweek interview regarding the central government's ineffectiveness in remote areas of the province.

Insurgent activity in the province increased in 2006 and 2007. Southern areas of the province, in particular the Tagab district, have been the site of repeated clashes between U.S. and Afghan forces and insurgent groups.

On January 19, 2009, coalition military forces led a raid near the village of Inzeri in the Tagab  district of Kapisa. While coalition forces claimed at least 15 insurgents were killed (including a local Taliban commander), local villagers claimed that many of those killed were actually civilians. The raid was strongly criticized by Afghan president Hamid Karzai, who stated that such raids undermine the national government. The villagers were paid a total of $40,000 in condolence payments, and received an apology for any civilian deaths.

On 17 November 2009, Taliban insurgents fired rockets on a bazaar in Tagab district where French forces were meeting with tribal elders, killing 10 Afghan civilians and wounding 28.

Kapisa is seen as an important piece of property in the war against insurgency in the country, the province has been called "the gateway to Kabul", it is viewed as an important area even as small as it is. A densely packed, multiethnic enclave in steep valleys surrounded by tall mountains. It has unique ethnicities like the Pashai and Parachi, unique Pashtuns like the Safi, and many Tajik dominated areas.

Kapisa has been the site of several failed attempts at counterinsurgency since 2005. There have been at least two special operations sweeps through the area, and at least three major Coalition efforts to clear and hold territory.
The province of Kapisa is an area that constitutes an invisible boundary between a zone to the west and north where the population is Tajik, and generally hostile to the Taliban, and the steep-sided valleys to the south-east dominated by the Pashtun and Pashai people, where there is a lot of rebel activity. This ethnic split lies at the heart of the Kapisa insurrection. Mahmud-i-Raqi, capital of Kapisa Province is Tajik dominated, where there are more fighters who fought with Massoud than there are Taliban sympathizers. Their staunch anti-Taliban stance is not the norm in this province – especially in the Tagab or Alasay districts. The Province a complex political and ethnic arena, where there is a lot of ambiguity towards foreign troops. Kapisa represents an allegory of the fractured and elusive Afghanistan.

2010 Wolesi Jirga elections
Kapisa is allocated four seats in the Wolesi Jirga, Afghanistan's lower house of Parliament, one of which is reserved for female candidates. In the 2010 Wolesi Jirga contest 45,271 votes were cast in the province. Only one incumbent candidate, Mohammad Iqbal Safai was re-elected, coming in second place in the contest. Mirdad Khan Nijrabi came in first place in the contest, Agha Jan come in third, and Tahira Mujadidi, the winning female candidate, came in fourth.

Districts

Demographics

As of 2021, the population of the province is around 495,028 people. It is believed that Tajiks make up the majority of Kapisa's population followed by Pashtuns (25%) and Pashai (9.2%).

Economy

Agriculture is the largest portion of the economy. One particular crop, saffron, has been introduced as a major trade commodity in the province.

Once a week, a trade day (called a Mela) occurs. The concept of the mela is ancient, and translates to "party" in Persian, as the event is as much a social event as a trade day.

Kapisa is primarily a farming province. Agriculture, livestock, and trade and services account for the majority of commercial activity. Agriculture is a significant source of income for 62% of households. However, commerce and services provide income to 32 percent of rural households, while non-farm-related labor provides income to 35 percent of rural households. Cotton, sesame, tobacco, confection, honey, karakul skin, and sugar sweets appear to be the most common industrial goods produced in this area.

Despite the fact that the number of villages engaged in handcraft production is more than five times that of villages engaged in industries, overall production remains low. Carpets, pottery, and jewelry are three handicrafts that stand out. In the province, 96% of households have access to irrigated land, while 7% of rural households have access to rain-fed land. Wheat, maize, and barley are the most important field crops. Poultry, cattle, oxen, sheep, and goats are the most frequent livestock.

Sport

The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket tournaments by the Kapisa Province cricket team.

Education

Kapisa is home to Al-Beroni University, named after the Islamic scholar Al-Biruni who was from this region. The University offers programs in Agriculture, Engineering, Islamic Studies, Law, Medicine and Literature and is located in Kohistan district, the university was built by Ahmad Shah Massoud.

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 39% in 2005 to 31% in 2011.
The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) fell from 60% in 2005 to 55% in 2011.

In Kapisa Province, the general literacy rate is 39 percent; however, although 53 percent of men are literate, only 23% of women are. 60 percent of youngsters aged six to thirteen are enrolled in school. There were 112,544 pupils enrolled in the 181 elementary, intermediate, and high schools in 2008. Boys made for 66% of students, while boys' schools accounted for 51% of all schools. In the schools, there were 3,657 instructors, with 12 percent of them being female. With one university and a teacher training college, the province also provides a number of higher education options.

Health

The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 27% in 2005 to 15% in 2011.
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant fell from 12% in 2005 to 7% in 2011.

In 2008, the Kapisa Province has 24 health clinics and two hospitals with a total capacity of 110 beds. According to data from 2008, the Ministry of Health employs 34 doctors and 154 other health professionals in the province. There are 72 pharmacies in the province. The majority of villages do not have a permanent health worker. Nearly half of the population must travel more than 10 kilometers to reach the nearest health center.

Notable people

 Mir Masjidi Khan
 Baktash Siawash (born 1983), politician

See also
 Provinces of Afghanistan
 Alexandria of the Caucasus
 Kapisa Women's Center

Footnotes

Further reading
Shotorak : vol.1

External links

 (RTA Dari, Nov. 28, 2022)

Provinces of Afghanistan
History of Kapisa Province
Provinces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Kapisa Province


Maja Sarihodžić (nacida en Tuzla, Bosnia y Herzegovina), cuyo nombre artístico es Maya Sar, es una cantante y compositora bosnia.

Antes de comenzar su carrera en solitario Maya trabajaba como corista de varios artistas populares como Dino Merlin y Tony Cetinski. Acudió como corista en dos ocasiones al Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión, en 2004 y 2011, acompañando a Deen y Dino Merlin respectivamente.

En marzo de 2010, se publicó su primer sencillo en solitario "Nespretno" (Embarazosamente), el cual se convirtió en un gran éxito en Bosnia y Herzegovina y algunos países vecinos.

El 15 de diciembre de 2011, fue elegida por la televisión bosnia BHRT para representar a Bosnia y Herzegovina en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2012 que se celebró en Bakú, Azerbaiyán con una composición propia.

Referencias

Cantantes de Bosnia y Herzegovina
Participantes en Eurovisión 2012
Representantes de Bosnia y Herzegovina en Eurovisión
Nacidos en Tuzla

Maya Sar


Adem İbrahimoğlu, 1 Ocak 1957'de Yugoslavya'nın (bugün Makedonya) Manastır kentinde doğdu. 1965'te ailesiyle birlikte Türkiye'ye göç ederek o dönem Kartal'a bağlı olan Pendik semtine yerleşti. Amatör olarak sırayla Sanatspor, Acarlarspor, Yeşilbağlar, Balkanspor, Fenerbahçe genç takımlarında oynadıktan sonra Çorumspor'da profesyonel oldu. Daha sonra Eskişehirspor'a transfer olan ve burada başarılı bir performans çizen İbrahimoğlu , 1978-81 sezonlarında Fenerbahçe ve 1981-86 sezonlarında da Beşiktaş'ın kaleciliğini yapmış futbolcudur. Aynı dönemlerde Türkiye millî futbol takımında da görev alan Adem İbrahimoğlu, daha sonra Antalyaspor (1986-87), Bakırköyspor (1987-89), Gaziosmanpaşa (1989-1990), Nişantaşıspor'da (1990-91) oynamış ve Elazığspor'da (1991-1992) futbolu bıraktıktan sonra da antrenörlük yapmaya başlamıştır. 1996-98 yıllarında Fatih Terim'in ekibinde, millî takımın kaleci antrenörlüğü yapmıştır. Daha sonra Çanakkale Dardanelspor, 2005-2006 sezonunda Beşiktaş altyapısında kaleci antrenörlük yapmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1957 doğumlular
Manastır doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Kaleci futbolcular
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan futbolcular

Adem İbrahimoğlu


Rudolf Erich Edgar Huebner (* 29. April 1897 in Erlenthal, Kreis Schildberg, Provinz Posen; † 28. Februar 1965 in Lemgo) war ein deutscher Generalleutnant im Zweiten Weltkrieg.

Leben
Huebner trat während des Ersten Weltkriegs am 25. Juli 1916 als Freiwilliger in das Ersatz-Bataillon des Grenadier-Regiments "Prinz Carl von Preußen" (2. Brandenburgisches) Nr. 12 ein. Im Jahr 1916 kam er dann mit dem 4. Niederschlesischen Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 51 an die Front. Ab 1917 bis zum Kriegsende war er beim Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 16. In diesem wurde er am 27. September 1918 zum Leutnant befördert und dann zu einem Offizierskurs kommandiert, wo er das Kriegsende erlebte. Am 28. November 1918 wurde er aus dem aktiven Dienst entlassen.

Danach begann er ein Studium der Dentalmedizin, das er als Dr. med. dent. abschloss. Anschließend arbeitete Huebner als praktischer Zahnarzt.

1934 trat er als Ergänzungs-Offiziers-Anwärter in die Reichswehr ein. Im Frühjahr 1935 wurde er als Kompaniechef im Ergänzungs-Bataillon Oppeln A (später Ergänzungs-Bataillon 41) eingesetzt sowie am 1. Juni 1935 zum Ergänzungs-Offizier ernannt. Am 15. Juli 1936 folgte im Zuge der Aufrüstung der Wehrmacht seine Übernahme in den aktiven Dienst. Am 1. März 1937 wurde er zum Chef der 6. Kompanie im Infanterie-Regiment 18 ernannt.

Bei der Mobilmachung vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde er Kompaniechef im Infanterie-Regiment 167, welches der 86. Infanterie-Division angehörte. Ende Januar 1940 wurde er Kommandeur des II. Bataillons vom Infanterie-Regiment 529 und am 1. März 1940 zum Major befördert. Das Bataillon führte er im Westfeldzug, der am 22. Juni 1940 mit der Kapitulation Frankreichs endete. Im Frühjahr 1941 gab er sein Kommando ab und wurde fast ein Jahr nicht an der Front verwendet. Am 1. April 1942 wurde er zum Oberstleutnant befördert. Am 9. April 1942 wurde er mit der Führung des Infanterie-Regiments 529, welches der 299. Infanterie-Division angehörte, beauftragt. Am 26. August 1942 wurde er Kommandeur des Infanterie-Regiments 529, das im Oktober 1942 zum Grenadier-Regiment 529 umbenannt wurde. Am 1. Dezember 1942 wurde er zum Oberst befördert. Am 21. April 1943 wurde er mit dem Deutschen Kreuz in Gold ausgezeichnet. Im Mai 1943 gab Huebner sein Memorandum zur wehrgeistigen Erziehung (Titel Wofür kämpfen wir?) heraus, das vom Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) mit 300.000 Exemplaren an das Offizierskorps verteilt wurde. Am 1. Juli 1943 gab er sein Kommando ab und wurde in die Führerreserve versetzt. Im September 1943 wurde er in das Heerespersonalamt versetzt. Ab Frühjahr 1944 wurde er zum Nationalsozialistischen Führungsstab des OKW kommandiert (siehe Nationalsozialistischer Führungsoffizier).

Am 1. August 1944 wurde er zum Chef des Stabes vom Nationalsozialistischen Führungsstab des OKH ernannt. Am 1. Januar 1945 wurde er zum Generalmajor befördert. Am 1. Februar 1945 gab er sein Kommando ab und wurde gleichzeitig mit der Führung der 303. Infanterie-Division beauftragt. Am 1. März 1945 wurde er zum Generalleutnant befördert und acht Tage später mit dem Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ausgezeichnet.

Am 10. März 1945 wurde er zum Kommandeur des "Fliegenden Standgerichts West" ernannt. Diese bis dahin nicht existierende Gerichtsinstanz gründete man nach dem Verlust der Ludendorff-Brücke von Remagen. Mit seinen Beisitzern Oberstleutnant Anton Ehrnsperger und Oberstleutnant der Reserve Paul Penth verlegten sie zum Hauptquartier der Heeresgruppe B in Rimbach bei Oberirsen im Westerwald, wo sie am 11. März 1945 ankamen und nach dreitägigen Verhandlungen die Majore Hans Scheller, August Kraft und Herbert Strobel, Hauptmann Willi Oskar Bratge und Oberleutnant Karl-Heinz Peters zum Tod durch Erschießen verurteilten. Vier Urteile wurden am gleichen Tag vollstreckt; Hauptmann Bratge war in amerikanischer Kriegsgefangenschaft und wurde in absentia verurteilt. Dabei waren nur Scheller, Bratge und Peters überhaupt persönlich an der Brücke anwesend gewesen, Peters hatte mit der Verteidigung als Kommandeur einer Raketenwerfer-Einheit auch nichts zu tun gehabt und war vor der Einnahme der Brücke abgezogen worden. Kraft und Strobel waren lediglich die direkten Vorgesetzten von Bratge. Die Urteile wurden nach dem Krieg aufgehoben.

Am 28. April 1945 wurde Huebner auf Befehl von Albert Kesselring zum Kampfkommandanten von München ernannt. Unter seinem Kommando wurden in den letzten Kriegstagen noch 200 Personen erhängt oder erschossen. Huebner setzte sich "sang- und klanglos" (Zitat Henke) ab, als München am 30. April 1945 eingenommen wurde. Am 8. Mai 1945 geriet Huebner zunächst in US-amerikanische, später in britische Kriegsgefangenschaft. Aus dieser wurde er im April 1948 entlassen.

In einem Nachkriegsprozess in München wurde er wegen der Todesurteile von Rimbach zu vier Jahren Gefängnisstrafe verurteilt.

Literatur
 Maximilian Fügen: "Bis zum letzten Mann"? : die Rolle der Kampfkommandanten deutscher Großstädte 1945. Baden-Baden : Tectum, 2018, ISBN 978-3-8288-4182-6
 Dermot Bradley (Hrsg.): Die Generale des Heeres 1921–1945. Die militärischen Werdegänge der Generale, sowie der Ärzte, Veterinäre, Intendanten, Richter und Ministerialbeamten im Generalsrang. Band 6: Hochbaum–Klutmann. Biblio Verlag. Bissendorf 2002. ISBN 3-7648-2582-0. S. 174–176.
 LG München I, 25. November 1948. In: Justiz und NS-Verbrechen. Sammlung deutscher Strafurteile wegen nationalsozialistischer Tötungsverbrechen 1945–1966, Bd. III, bearbeitet von Adelheid L. Rüter-Ehlermann, C. F. Rüter. Amsterdam : University Press, 1969, Nr. 103, S. 551–573  Tätigkeit des 'Standgerichts West' im April 1945. Todesurteile und Exekution von Zivilisten und Soldaten, darunter des 3. Generalstabsoffiziers der Heeresgruppe Süd, Graf Rittberg, des Wehrmachtverbindungsoffiziers beim Reichsstatthalter Epp, Major Caracciola und des Führers der Widerstandsgruppe 'Freiheitsaktion Bayern' in Wasserburg

Einzelnachweise

Leutnant (Preußen)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Militärperson (Reichswehr)
Generalleutnant (Heer der Wehrmacht)
Kommandeur einer Infanterie-Division (Heer der Wehrmacht)
Träger des Deutschen Kreuzes in Gold
Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes
Verurteilte Person (NS-Täter)
Deutscher Kriegsgefangener der Briten
Deutscher Kriegsgefangener der Vereinigten Staaten
Deutscher
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1965
Mann
Richter (Sondergericht)

Rudolf Huebner (Generalleutnant)


Ernst Casimir zu Ysenburg und Büdingen ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Ernst Casimir zu Ysenburg und Büdingen (1687–1749), Regent der Grafschaft und Graf zu Ysenburg und Büdingen
 Ernst Casimir I. (Ysenburg und Büdingen) (1781–1852), Brigadegeneral und Fürst zu Ysenburg und Büdingen
 Ernst Casimir II. zu Ysenburg und Büdingen (1806–1861), Fürst zu Ysenburg und Büdingen

Ernst Casimir zu Ysenburg und Büdingen (Begriffsklärung)


General Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16, 1824March 28, 1893) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded the Trans-Mississippi Department (comprising Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, western Louisiana, Arizona Territory and the Indian Territory) from 1863 to 1865. Before the American Civil War, Smith served as an officer of the United States Army.

Smith was wounded at the First Battle of Bull Run and distinguished himself during the Heartland Offensive, the Confederacy's unsuccessful attempt to capture Kentucky in 1862. He was appointed as commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department in January 1863. The area included most actions east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Mississippi River. In 1863, Smith dispatched troops in an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg.

After the United States retook control of Vicksburg in July, the Trans-Mississippi Department was cut off from the rest of the Confederacy and became virtually an independent nation, nicknamed "Kirby Smithdom". In the Red River Campaign of Spring 1864, he commanded victorious Confederate troops under Major-General Dick Taylor, who defeated a combined U.S. Army & Navy assault under U.S. Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks.

On June 2, 1865, Smith surrendered his army at Galveston, Texas, the last general with a major field force. He quickly fled to Mexico and then to Cuba to avoid arrest for treason. His wife negotiated his return during the period when the U.S. government offered amnesty to those who would take an oath of loyalty to the United States. After the war, Smith worked in the telegraph and railway industries. He also served as a professor of mathematics at the University of the South in Tennessee. He botanized plant specimens and bequeathed his collection to the University of Florida.

Early life and education

Edmund Kirby Smith was born in 1824 in St. Augustine, Florida, as the youngest child of Joseph Lee Smith, an attorney, and Frances ( Kirby) Smith. Both his parents were natives of Litchfield, Connecticut, where their older children were born. The family moved to Florida in 1821, as the senior Smith was appointed as a Superior Court judge in the new Florida Territory, acquired by the U.S. from Spain. Older siblings included Ephraim, born in 1807; and sisters Frances, born in 1809, and Josephine, who died in 1835, likely of tuberculosis. He was interested in botany and nature, but in 1836, Smith's parents sent their second son to a military boarding school in Virginia, and strongly encouraged a military career. He later enrolled in the United States Military Academy.

In 1837, his sister Frances married Lucien Bonaparte Webster, a West Point graduate from Vermont and career U.S. Army artillery officer, whom she met when he was stationed at Fort Marion in St. Augustine. His commanding officer at the fort was the young Smiths' uncle. Webster later served in the Mexican–American War and died of yellow fever in 1853 when stationed on the Texas frontier at Fort Brown.

On July 1, 1841, Smith entered West Point and graduated four years later in 1845, ranking 25th out of 41 cadets. While there, he was nicknamed "Seminole", after the Seminole people of Florida who had successfully resisted removal by the United States. He was commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant in the 5th U.S. Infantry on July 1, 1845. Smith was promoted to second lieutenant on August 22, 1846, now serving in the 7th U.S. Infantry.

Early military career

In the Mexican–American War, Smith served under General Zachary Taylor at the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. He later served under General Winfield Scott and received brevet promotions to first lieutenant for Cerro Gordo and to captain for Contreras and Churubusco. His older brother, Ephraim Kirby Smith (1807–1847), who graduated from West Point in 1826 and was a captain in the regular army, served with him in the 5th U.S. Infantry in the campaigns with both Taylor and Scott. Ephraim died in 1847 from wounds suffered at the Battle of Molino del Rey.

After that war, Smith served as a captain (from 1855) in the 2nd U.S. Cavalry, primarily in Texas. (From that year on through the war, Smith was accompanied by the youth Alexander Darnes, then 15, a mixed-race person enslaved by his family, who was forced to work as his valet until emancipation and who may have been his half-brother.)

Smith also taught at West Point after the war. He collected and studied materials as a botanist; like many other military officers, he was also a scientist. He donated to the Smithsonian Institution some of his collection and reports from his time at West Point. Smith continued his botanical studies as a hobby for the remainder of his life. He is credited with collecting and describing several species of plants native to Tennessee and Florida. Smith was assigned to teach mathematics at West Point from 1849 to 1852. According to his letters to his mother, he was happy with this environment.

Returning to troop-leading assignments, Smith served in the Southwest. On May 13, 1859, he was wounded in his thigh while fighting Comanche in the Nescutunga Valley of Kansas. also known as the Battle of Crooked Creek (Kansas). When Texas declared secession from the United States in 1861, Smith, promoted to major on January 31, 1861, refused to surrender his command at Camp Colorado in what is now Coleman, to the Texas State Troops under Colonel Benjamin McCulloch; he expressed his willingness to fight to hold it. On April 6, he resigned his commission in the United States Army to join the Confederacy.

American Civil War
On March 16, 1861, Smith entered the Confederate States Army as a major in the regular artillery; that day, he was transferred to the regular cavalry with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After serving briefly as Brigadier-General Joseph E. Johnston's assistant adjutant general in the Shenandoah Valley, Smith was promoted to brigadier-general on June 17, 1861. He was given command of a brigade in the Army of the Shenandoah, which he led at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21. Wounded severely in the neck and shoulder, he recuperated while commanding the Department of Middle and East Florida. He returned to duty on October 11 as a major-general and division commander in the Army of Northern Virginia.

Army of Tennessee
In February 1862, Smith was sent west to command the eastern division of the Army of Mississippi (often referred to prematurely as the Army of Tennessee). Cooperating with General Braxton Bragg in the invasion of Kentucky, he scored a victory at the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky on August 30, 1862, but did not link up with Bragg's army until after the Battle of Perryville. On October 9, he was promoted to the newly created grade of lieutenant-general, commanding the 3d Corps, Army of Tennessee. Smith received the Confederate "Thanks of Congress" on February 17, 1864, for his actions at Richmond.

Trans-Mississippi Department

On January 14, 1863, Smith was transferred to command the Trans-Mississippi Department (comprising Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, western Louisiana, Arizona Territory, and the Indian Territory). He remained west of the Mississippi River for the balance of the war, based part of this time in Shreveport, Louisiana. As forces under U.S. Major-General Ulysses S. Grant tightened their grip on the river, Smith attempted to intervene. However, his department never had more than 30,000 men stationed over an immense area, and he could not concentrate forces adequately to challenge Grant nor the U.S. Navy on the river.

Following the U.S. capture of the remaining strongholds at Vicksburg and Port Hudson and their closing of the Mississippi to the Confederacy, Smith was virtually cut off from the Confederate capital at Richmond. He had to command a nearly independent area of the Confederacy, with all the inherent administrative problems. The area became known in the Confederacy as "Kirby Smithdom". He was thought of as a virtual military dictator and negotiated directly with foreign countries.

In the spring of 1864, General Taylor, directly under Smith's command, soundly defeated General Banks at the Battle of Mansfield in the Red River Campaign on April 8, 1864. After the Battle of Pleasant Hill on April 9, Smith joined Taylor and dispatched half of Taylor's army, Walker's Greyhounds, under the command of Major-General John George Walker, northward to defeat U.S. Major-General Frederick Steele's incursion into Arkansas. This decision, vehemently opposed by Taylor, caused great enmity between the two men.

With the pressure relieved to the north, Smith attempted to send reinforcements east of the Mississippi. But, as in the case of his earlier attempts to relieve Vicksburg, it proved impossible due to U.S. Navy control of the river. Instead, he dispatched Major-General Sterling Price, with all available cavalry, on an unsuccessful invasion of Missouri. He conducted the war west of the river through small raids and guerrilla warfare.

By now a general (as of February 19, 1864, one of seven generals in the Confederate Army), Smith negotiated the surrender of his department on May 26, 1865. While Brigadier General Stand Watie and the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles regiment did not surrender until June 23, 1865, Smith was the last full general to do so and signed the terms of surrender in Galveston, Texas, on June 2, nearly eight weeks after Robert E. Lee's surrender. He immediately left the country for Mexico and then to Cuba, to escape potential prosecution for treason. In August of that year, General Beauregard's house near New Orleans was surrounded by Federal troops who suspected the general of harboring Smith. All the inhabitants were locked in a cotton press overnight. Beauregard complained to General Sheridan, who expressed annoyance at the treatment of the high-ranking officer, his erstwhile enemy. Smith returned to the United States later that year to take an oath of amnesty at Lynchburg, Virginia, on November 14, 1865.

Later life
After the war, Smith was active in the telegraph business and higher education. From 1866 to 1868, he was president of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company. When that effort failed, he started a preparatory school in New Castle, Kentucky, which he directed until it burned in 1870. In 1870, he combined efforts with former Confederate General Bushrod Johnson. He served as the chancellor of the University of Nashville from 1870 to 1875.

In 1875, Smith left that post to become a professor of mathematics and botany at the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. Part of his collection from those years was donated to the universities of North Carolina and Harvard, and to the Smithsonian Institution. He kept up a correspondence with botanists at other institutions. He taught at the University of the South until he died of pneumonia in 1893. He was the last surviving full general from the Civil War. He is buried in the University Cemetery at Sewanee.

Personal life
In August 1861, Smith met Cassie Selden (1836–1905), the daughter of Samuel S. Selden of Lynchburg. While recovering from being wounded at the First Battle of Manassas, he still found time for wooing. The couple married on September 24. Cassie wrote on October 10, 1862, from Lynchburg, asking what to name their first child. She suggested, "something uncommon as I consider her an uncommon baby." The new baby was later named Caroline.

The couple briefly reunited when Cassie followed her husband to Shreveport in February 1863. In the spring of 1864, she moved to Hempstead, Texas, where she remained for the duration of the war. After the war's end, Cassie traveled to Washington to negotiate for her husband's return to the United States from Cuba, where he had fled.

In 1875, Smith accepted an appointment as a professor at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. There the family lived happily until the end of his life. They had five sons and six daughters: Caroline (1862–1941), Frances (1864–1930), Edmund (1866–1938), Lydia (1868–1962), Nina (1870–1965), Elizabeth (1872–1937), Reynold (1874–1962), William (1876–1967), Josephine (1878–1961), Joseph Lee (1882–1939), and Ephraim (1884–1938).

Reynold, William, Joseph, and Ephraim all played for the Sewanee Tigers football team. Joseph and Ephraim both achieved All-Southern status in football. Joseph was a member of the famed 1899 "Iron Men" and Ephraim was selected for Sewanee's All-Time football team.

Legacy
A dormitory building on the campus of LSU in Baton Rouge was named Edmund Kirby Smith Hall. It was demolished in 2022.
A portrait of Edmund Kirby Smith by Cornelius Hankins hangs in the Wyatt Center at Vanderbilt University.
In 1922, the state of Florida erected a statue of General Smith as one of Florida's two statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. (The other is of John Gorrie, inventor of mechanical refrigeration and air conditioning.) On March 19, 2018, Florida Governor Rick Scott signed legislation to replace the statue with one of African-American civil rights activist and educator Mary McLeod Bethune. The statue was to be moved to the Lake County Historical Museum in Tavares, after residents of his birthplace, St. Augustine, expressed no interest. While Smith never lived in Lake County, when he was born, it was a part of St. Johns County, whose seat is St. Augustine. At a County Commission meeting on July 24, 2018, about 24 residents spoke against, and none in favor, of bringing the statue to Lake County. Chairman Sullivan assured the crowd that the commission would tell the Historical Museum "that there is no longer a want or desire to bring this statue to Lake County". Despite the strong opposition from the public and nine mayors in the county, the Board of County Commissioners voted on August 6, 2019, to approve the statue installation. Hundreds protested the transfer of the statue to Lake County on August 10, 2019, and citizen groups posted an online petition voicing opposition to the project, whose local sponsor was the Sons of Confederate Veterans. On July 7, 2020, Lake County commissioners voted 4–1 against accepting the statue.
At the University of the South, in Sewanee, Tennessee, where he taught, he is commemorated by Kirby-Smith Point.
The Kirby-Smith Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy at Sewanee, and the Kirby-Smith Camp 1209, Sons of Confederate Veterans, in Jacksonville, Florida, are named for him.
Kirby Smith Middle School in Jacksonville was named for him. It was renamed Springfield Middle School in 2020.
During World War II the  liberty ship  was built in Panama City, Florida, in 1943, and named for him.
In 2004, a life-sized statue of Kirby Smith and Alexander Darnes in an imaginary meeting (see below) was made by Maria Kirby Smith, a great-granddaughter of Smith. It is installed in the courtyard of the Segui-Kirby Smith House, now owned by the St. Augustine Historical Society. This is the first public sculpture in the city to commemorate an African-American man. Kirby-Smith said that she suspected Darnes was related to Smith as a half-brother or nephew, as her detailed work on the statues made her aware of the two men's close physical resemblance.

See also
 List of Confederate States Army generals
 List of people from St. Augustine, Florida

Notes

References

 .

Further reading

 Forsyth, Michael J. (2003), The Camden Expedition of 1864 and the Opportunity Lost by the Confederacy to Change the Civil War. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., .

 Parks, Joseph Howard (1954), General Edmund Kirby Smith, CSA. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,  .
 Pollard, Edward Alfred (1867), Lee and His Lieutenants: Comprising the Early Life, Public Services, and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee and His Companions in Arms, with a Record of Their Campaigns and Heroic Deeds. New York: E.B. Treat & Co,  .
 Prushankin, Jeffery S. (2005), A Crisis in Confederate Command: Edmund Kirby Smith, Richard Taylor and the Army of the Trans-Mississippi. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,  .
 Smith, Ephraim Kirby (2006), To Mexico with Scott: Letters of Captain E. Kirby Smith to His Wife, edited and with Introduction by R.M. Johnston, scanned and reissued.
 Sifakis, Stewart (1988), Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts on File,  .
 Silkenat, David. Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

External links

 Official
 Edmund Kirby-Smith Papers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 General information

 Edmund Kirby Smith at Architect of the Capitol

1824 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American botanists
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American educators
American expatriates in Cuba
American expatriates in Mexico
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American slave owners
Burials in Tennessee
Confederate expatriates
Confederate States Army full generals
Deaths from pneumonia in Tennessee
Military personnel from Florida
People from St. Augustine, Florida
People from Sewanee, Tennessee
People of Florida in the American Civil War
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni
Sewanee: The University of the South faculty
Trans-Mississippi Department
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Military Academy faculty
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members

Edmund Kirby Smith


Un sabor a miel (en inglés A Taste of Honey) es una película británica, adaptación de la obra teatral homónima, dirigida por Tony Richardson, que también la había dirigido en el teatro, que se estrenó en 1961. Fue la misma autora de la obra, Shelagh Delaney, quien adaptó el guion con la colaboración del director.

Argumento
Jo es una estudiante de 17 años con una madre dominante y alcohólica, Helen, de cuarenta años. Tras sufrir una caída al salir de la escuela, conoce a un marinero negro llamado Jimmy que la invita a su barco para curarle la raspadura en la rodilla. No tardan en comenzar un breve romance, pero Jimmy termina partiendo en su barco. Las relaciones entre Jo y su madre se tensan cuando la madre conoce a un hombre, Peter Smith, y se casa con él.

Jo se siente rechazada por su madre cuando comienza a trabajar en una zapatería y alquila su propio apartamento. Conoce a un chico gay, Geoffrey Ingham, que estudia diseño textil y lo invita a vivir con ella. Cuando Jo descubre que se ha quedado embarazada de Jimmy, Geoff la apoya e incluso le ofrece casarse con ella, diciéndole: «Necesitas que alguien te ame mientras buscas a alguien a quien amar»

Helen reaparece en escena al fracasar su relación con Peter, quien resulta ser un patán egoísta. Se traslada al piso de Jo, lo que causa fricciones entre Helen y Geoff. Geoff decide que no puede quedarse en el piso y se va, dejando a Helen al cuidado de Jo y con su bebé a punto de nacer. Helen escenifica el desprecio que siente por Geoffrey devolviéndole la cuna que éste le había regalado a Jo.

Elenco
 Dora Bryan como Helen.
 Robert Stephens como Peter Smith.
 Rita Tushingham como Josephine ("Jo").
 Murray Melvin como Geoffrey Ingham.
 Paul Danquah como Jimmy.
 Michael Bilton como Landlord.
 Hazel y Stephen Blears como chicos de la calle.

Premios

La película ganó cuatro premios BAFTA: premio al mejor guion, a la mejor película británica, Bryan ganó el premio a la mejor actriz y Tushingham fue nombrado actriz revelación. Tushingham y Melvin ganaron los premios a mejor actriz y actor respectivamente en el festival de Cannes de 1962. En los Golden Globe 1963 Tushingham volvió a ganar el premio a la actriz revelación y Richardson fue nominado para los Directors Guild of America 1963. Delaney y Richardson además ganaron el premio Writers' Guild of Great Britain.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Photo gallery at Rita Tushingham fansite
 British New Wave article on A Taste of Honey at BrokenProjector.com
 Ficha de la película en la página del British Film Institute

Películas con temática LGBT de Reino Unido
Películas con temática LGBT de 1961

Un sabor a miel


Guldskovranke (Clematis tangutica), også skrevet Guld-Skovranke, er en slyngplante med en svag vækst og tynde skud. Blomsterne har hver fire guldgule blosterblade. Arten bruges som prydplante på espalier og faste hegn.

Kendetegn
Guldskovranke er en busk med en klatrende vækst (slyngplante). Skuddene er tynde og furede. Bladene er modsat stillede og enkelt eller dobbelt fjersnitdelte med aflangt ægformede til lancetformede småblade, der har en tandet bladrand. Begge bladsider er hårløse og lysegrønne. Blomstringen foregår i juni-juli med en svagere efterblomstring i september-oktober. De nikkende blomster sidder 1-3 sammen på lange stilke, som udgår fra bladhjørnerne og skudspidserne. De enkelte blomster har fire guldgule blosterblade. Støvdragerne omdannes til lange frøhaler, der tilsammen danner et sølvskinnede hoved. Frøene er nødder.

Rodsystemet består af tykke hovedrødder med et svagt forgrenet sæt af tynde siderødder. Planten er giftig.

Guldskovranke når en højde på 5 m og en bredde (pr. hovedgren) på ca. 0,5 m.

Hjemsted
Guldskovranke hører hjemme i skove, buskadser og græsområder samt langs floder og mindre vandløb i Mongoliet og det vestlige og mellemste Kina. Her klatrer den op gennem buske og træer. På tørre, grusede voksesteder bliver planten til en lille, opret busk. På bjerget Wa Shan i provinsen Sichuan, findes der i højder over 1.800 m nogle lyse blandingsskove med Abies faberi (en art af ædelgran) som det dominerende træ. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. almindelig kvalkved (subsp. calvescens), bjergskovranke, blåbælg, dværgkvalkved, Enkianthus deflexus (en art af pagodebusk), etagekornel, Euonymous sanguineus (en art af benved), havehortensia, himalayabirk, kamæleonbusk, kinesisk lind, kinesisk prydæble, kinesisk styrax, klatrebrombær, klatrehortensia, komarovsyren, koreakornel (subsp. chinensis), lancetbladet berberis (var. lanceifolia), moupinepil, nikkende skovranke, omeirose, pernykristtorn, Primula incisa (en art af kodriver), Pterocarya macroptera var delavayi (en art og underart af vingevalnød), Quercus serrata (en art af eg), Rhododendron argyrophyllum, Rhododendron calophytum, Rhododendron discolor, Rhododendron nitidulum, Rhododendron pingianum (arter af rododendron), rubladet hortensia, sargentrøn, småbladet berberis, sort gedeblad, tyrkisk løn (subsp. sinicum), udspærret dværgmispel, vorteberberis og Tsuga yunnanensis (en art af hemlock)

Galleri

Note

Gule blomster
Lianer
Haveplanter

Guldskovranke


Olaylar
 2 Ocak - İspanya'da Kral II. Fernando ve I. Isabel, bir kuşatmadan sonra Emevi sultanı Abdullah'ı yenerek Granada'yı ele geçirdi.
 31 Mart - Elhamra Kararnamesi imzalandı.
 3 Ağustos
 Kristof Kolomb, deniz seyahatine başladı.
 Yahudiler ve Müslümanlar İspanya'dan atıldı. İspanya'da yok edilmek istenen binlerce Yahudi II. Bayezid'in gönderdiği gemilerle Osmanlı topraklarına sığındı. Sığınanlar arasında yer alan David ve Samuel Nahmias kardeşler Osmanlı'daki ilk matbaayı kurdu.
 12 Ekim - Kristof Kolomb, Karayipler'e vardı.
 3 Kasım - İngiltere ve Fransa aralarında Étaples Barışı'nı yaptı. Bu antlaşma ile İngiltere'nin Kara Avrupasından toprak kazanma politikası sona erdi.
 5 Aralık - Kristof Kolomb, Hispanyola'yı keşfetti.
 İspanyol İmparatorluğu kuruldu (dağılışı 1898).
 Gırnata Emirliği dağıldı (kuruluşu 1232).

Doğumlar
 11 Nisan - Marguerite de Navarre, Fransız Rönesans yazarı ve Kral I. Francis'in kardeşi (ö. 1549)
 2 Temmuz - Elizabeth Tudor, VII. Henry ve Yorklu Elizabeth'in kızı (ö. 1495)
 12 Eylül - Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici, Floransa yöneticisi (ö. 1519)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, İspanyol sömürgeci (ö. 1566)
 Semiz Ahmed Paşa,  Osmanlı Sadrazamı (ö. 1580)

Ölümler
 Mart - William Caxton, İngiliz asıllı tüccar, diplomat, yazar ve matbaacı (d. 1415 - 1422)
 9 Nisan - Lorenzo de' Medici, Rönesans Dönemi'ne damga vuran Medici ailesi mensubu, Floransa şehir devletinin gayri resmi başı Cosimo de' Medici 'nin torunu, de facto Floransa Hükümdarı (d. 1449)
 7 Haziran - IV. Kazimierz Jagiellon, Litvanya Büyük Dükası ve Polonya kralı (d. 1427)
 8 Haziran - Elizabeth Woodville, Kral IV. Edward'ın ölümüne kadar İngiltere kraliçesi (d. 1437)
 25 Temmuz - VIII. Innocentius, papa (d. 1432)
 9 Kasım - Molla Câmî, İranlı İslam alimi ve şair (d. 1414)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Dionisios, 2 kez Ekümenik Konstantinopolis Patriği seçilen dini lider
 Emine Gülbahar Hatun, Osmanlı padişahı Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in ilk eşi, Gevherhan Hatun'un ve II. Bayezid'in annesi (ö. 1432)

Kaynakça

1492


Nusser ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Christian Nusser (* 1963), österreichischer Journalist
 Eugen Nusser (1902–1976), deutscher Ingenieur
 Franz Nusser (1902–1987), österreichischer Meteorologe
 Joachim Nusser (* 1931), deutscher Grafiker und Maler und vormaliger Hochschullehrer
 Josef Mayr-Nusser (1910–1945), Südtiroler Leitfigur des Widerstands gegen die NS-Unrechtsherrschaft
 Jürgen Edelmann-Nusser (* 1964), deutscher Sportwissenschaftler
 Larissa Nusser (* 2000), niederländische Handballspielerin
 Peter Nusser (* 1936), deutscher Literaturwissenschaftler
 Robert Nusser (* 1931), österreichischer Eishockeyspieler

Siehe auch:

 Nüsser
 Nusser & Baumgart, Kunstgalerie für zeitgenössische Kunst in München
 Nusser Island, Insel vor der Westküste des westantarktischen Grahamlands

Nusser


Le Tiangong Kaiwu (天工開物),  est une encyclopédie des techniques chinoises publiée en mai 1637 par Song Yingxing à la fin des Ming. Il fournit une bonne couverture des procédures techniques de fabrication des produits agricoles, artisanaux et industriels et en particulier des techniques proprement chinoises, comme la sériciculture, la fabrication du papier, de la poudre à canon, des vins de céréales. L'ouvrage comporte de nombreuses illustrations, permettant de mieux se représenter les machines et les outils actionnés par les hommes.

Les copies de l'ouvrage furent assez rares sous la dynastie des Qing (1644-1911) parce que le gouvernement entendait préserver le monopole de certaines industries décrites dans l'ouvrage. Toutefois des copies originales furent préservées au Japon.

Contenu
Dagmar Schäfer qui a consacré un ouvrage au Tiangong Kaiwu, traduit le titre par .

Dans le premier chapitre du Tiangong Kaiwu, Song Yingxing commence par justifier son entreprise en raillant les lettrés, qui le nez plongé dans les Classiques, ignorent tout de la vie:

 (Tiangong Kaiwu, chap.1).

L'intérêt du Tiangong Kaiwu est de couvrir une vaste gamme de méthodes de production agricole, artisanale et industrielle. Mais il ne se limite pas à ces descriptions, car il fournit aussi des informations précieuses sur les lieux où certains matériaux se trouvaient et ont été produits. Il donne ainsi un excellent aperçu de la situation proto-industrielle de la Chine au début du . Il est aussi une source d'informations  précieuses en raison des nombreuses illustrations qui permettent de se représenter plus clairement les outils ou les machines utilisées. C'est une innovation majeure par rapport aux encyclopédies antérieures. Par contre, l'ouvrage ne donne que très rarement ses sources.

L'ouvrage comporte 18 chapitres:

1. les techniques de cultures agricoles 乃粒 naili: culture du riz, du blé, du millet, du sorgho, du chanvre, du soja et des lentilles, l'utilisation de divers outils agricoles, avec des illustrations de roues à aubes, de systèmes d'engrenages pour l'ingénierie hydraulique

2. les tissus d'habillement 乃服 naifu: la sériciculture (élevage des vers à soie, dévidage des fibres de soie, la filature, les métiers à tisser la soie), fabrication des tissus en coton, en ramie, les fourrures

3. les colorants 彰施 zhangshi: carthame, indigo, les procédés de teinture

4. la préparation des grains après récolte 粹精 suijing: moulin à décortiquer, machine à vanner, broyeur hydraulique

5. la saliculture 作咸 zuoxian: récolte du sel marin, du sel de lac, du sel gemme

6. la fabrication du sucre 甘嗜 ganshi: culture de la canne à sucre, fabrication du sucre de canne, moulin à cylindre verticaux ; le miel ; le maltose

7. la céramique 陶埏 taoyan: production des tuiles, briques, jarres, poteries, porcelaine, cuisson du tesson et application de la glaçure, construction des fours à porcelaine impériaux de Jingdezhen

8. la fonderie 冶鑄 yezhu: coulée de ding (chaudron), cloches en bronze, marmites, statues de bronze, miroirs (de bronze), pièces de monnaie en laiton

9. les bateaux et chariots 舟車 zhouche: bateaux de transport de grains, navire, chariots, charrettes

10. la métallurgie 錘鍛 chuiduan: production d'articles en fer (couteaux, haches, etc.), et en cuivre

11. la calcination des pierres 幡石 fanshi: production de chaux, charbon, vitriol, soufre, arsenic

12. les huiles végétales et les graisses 膏液 gaoye: gradation des huiles végétales, méthode d'extraction des huiles, les chandelles du suif végétal extrait de l'arbre à suif

13. la fabrication du papier 殺青 shaqing: les matières premières, la fabrication du papier de bambou, la fabrication du papier d'écorce de mûrier

14. les minerais métalliques 五金 wujin: utilisations de l'or, l'argent, le cuivre, le fer, l'étain, le plomb, leurs minerais, transformations et utilisations

15. la fabrication des armes 佳兵 jiabing: les arcs et flèches, les arbalètes, les boucliers, les mousquets, la poudre à canon, le salpêtre, le soufre, les armes à feu

16. la fabrication du vermillon et de l'encre 丹青 danxing: divers pigments de couleur comme le vermillon, l'encre produits à partir de minerai de mercure et de bois de pin, respectivement

17. les levures 曲蘖 qubo:  production des ferments des vins de céréales, des ferments médicinaux, du ferment rouge

18. les perles et les gemmes 珠玉 zhuyu: collecte des perles, jades, agates, les gemmes

Le contexte économique, politique et culturel

Économie
Au , de profondes transformations touchent l'économie chinoise. Les difficultés de l'agriculture traditionnelle expliquent le développement des cultures industrielles du coton, des huiles végétales, de l'indigo, et de la canne à sucre. Les petits ateliers se transforment en grandes entreprises artisanales dont certaines emploient plusieurs centaines d'ouvriers.

À Songjiang, au sud-ouest de Shanghai, des centaines de paysans vont s'embaucher dans le tissage du coton. Grâce à ses liens avec la cour Ming, Jingdezhen (nord du Jiangxi) devint le centre principal de la production de la céramique. Les fours permirent d'atteindre la perfection dans la translucidité et l'éclat de la porcelaine. Les fabriques de papier du Jiangxi employaient  personnes, à la fin du . Certains secteurs de l'artisanat ont dès la seconde moitié du  un caractère industriel.

Crise politique
Le début du  annonce par contre une période de crise qui verra se succéder une crise financière, une crise politique et de grandes insurrections populaires qui annoncent la chute de la dynastie Ming en 1644.

Un grave conflit politique eu lieu à la cour impériale de Pékin. Il opposa un groupe de fonctionnaires intègres et d'intellectuels loyalistes au pouvoir occultes des eunuques. La main secrète du terrible eunuque Wei Zhongxian (1568-1627) semblait être derrière un attentat contre le prince héritier (1615) et la mort suspect de l'empereur Taicheng (1620). Il contrôlait l'ensemble de l'administration grâce à sa police secrète. Il fit persécuter, torturer et condamner à mort ses opposants associés à l'académie Donglin.

Dans ses écrits de 1637 - soit bien après la mort de l'eunuque - Song Yingxing exprima toute sa sympathie pour ce groupe d'intellectuels.

Publications
Il y avait déjà bien l'époque Ming une longue tradition encyclopédique en Chine, comme l'attestent notamment les Quatre grands livres des Song 宋四大书 Song si dashu, énorme somme compilée entre le  et le  sous les Song, ainsi que le Sancai Tuhui publié en 1609.

De très nombreux ouvrages de caractère technique ou scientifique sont publiés à la fin de l'époque Ming. Ils intéressent toutes les branches du savoir (pharmacopée, médecine, botanique, agriculture, techniques artisanales, géographie) et témoignent des progrès accomplis au .

Le Bencao gangmu publié en 1593 par Li Shizhen, est l'ouvrage majeur de la pharmacopée traditionnelle chinoise.

Le Gongpu changku xuzhi 工部厂库须知  (1625) fournit une mine d'informations sur l'histoire des techniques chinoises. De nombreux traités d'agronomie sont publiés à la fin des Ming : Nongshuo de Ma Yilong, Shenshi nongshu sur les méthodes agricoles du Nord du Zhejiang, et surtout le célèbre traité de  Xu Guangqi 徐光啟, disciple du jésuite Matteo Ricci et traducteur d'ouvrages scientifiques européens, le Nongzheng quanshu  (1639), qui passe en revue les techniques d'irrigations, de fertilisation, les cultures de plantes à fibres textiles, d'arbres fruitiers, des légumes.

La pensée de Song Yingxing

En 1637, Song Yingxing indigné par les scandales politiques, décide de publier six ouvrages afin d'exposer sa vion du monde. Outre le Tiangong Kaiwu, il publie

 Une réflexion sur la philologie : Huayin guizheng 畫音歸正, Retour à l'Orthodoxie
 une collection de poèmes : Silian Shi 思憐詩, Désirs
 une critique sociopolitique : Ye yi 野議, Délibérations d'un opposant
 un texte sur les Cieux : Tan tian 谈天, Discours sur le Ciel
 un texte délimitant les phénomènes naturels, du son à la météo, comme une réverbération du qi : Lun qi 論氣, Sur le qi

Profondément préoccupé par le chaos de son temps, Song Yongxing essaye de dégager l'ordre inhérent des créations humaines dans Tiangong Kaiwu, et l'ordre universel du qi qui gouverne le monde dans . Il pensait que la compréhension de ces structures ordonnées suffisait à l'homme pour trouver la boussole qui lui permettrait d'ordonner son comportement moral.

Le qi a été décrit de diverses façons par les philosophes chinois. Pour Song, c'est une sorte de vapeur qui pénètre tout et dont les objets solides sont formés. Les solides finissent par retourner à leur état de qi, lequel retournera finalement au grand vide. Certains objets, tels le soleil et la lune, gardent leur forme de qi indéfiniment, tandis que des objets comme les pierres sont éternellement sous la forme de xing. Certains corps, tels l'eau et le feu, sont dans un état intermédiaire

Notes

Références

Liens internes

 Histoire des techniques

Liens externes

Chine
Sciences et techniques en Chine
Encyclopédie en chinois

Dynastie Ming

Tiangong Kaiwu


Sérvia participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022, realizados em Pequim, na China.

Foi a quarta aparição do país em Olimpíadas de Inverno. Foi representado por dois atletas: Marko Vukićević e Nevena Ignjatović, ambos no esqui alpino.

Competidores
Esta foi a participação por modalidade nesta edição:

Desempenho

Masculino

Feminino

Ligações externas

Servia
2022
Desporto na Sérvia em 2022

Sérvia nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022


Norbert Klemens Strotmann Hoppe MSC, também Norberto Strotmann, (Riesenbeck, 14 de agosto de 1946) teólogo e professor universitário. Ele é Bispo da Diocese de Chosica, no leste da capital peruana, Lima, desde 1996.

Em 1966, Strotmann se formou no Kardinal-von-Galen-Gymnasium em Hiltrup, que na época era operado pela província do norte da Alemanha da Herz-Jesu-Missionären, os chamados "Missionários Hiltruper". Em 1967 Strotmann juntou-se aos Missionários do Sagrado Coração e estudou filosofia e teologia na Faculdade de Teologia da Universidade de Innsbruck e na Universidade do Ruhr Bochum. Já durante seus estudos, Strotmann havia feito trabalho missionário em Puquio, na região peruana de Ayacucho, onde foi ordenado diácono em 1972. Foi ordenado sacerdote em 3 de novembro de 1973 em Puquio por Dom Luis Bambarén Gastelumendi SJ. Em 1973, Strotmann recebeu seu PhD de Julius Morel em Innsbruck com sua obra A linguagem do diálogo entre marxistas e cristãos. teológico tem um doutorado e um diploma em sociologia na Universidade de Bielefeld.

Strotmann então serviu como Superior Regional e Diretor do Seminário Missionários do Sagrado Coração no Peru. Ele também foi professor de teologia fundamental e ensino social católico na Facultad de Teologia Pontificia y Civil de Lima (FTPCL) e de 1986 a 1992 diretor do Centro de Investigaciones Teológicas (CINTE). Em 1992 tornou-se reitor da FTPCL. A Santa Sé o nomeou para a Comissão Teológica Internacional em 1992.

Em 1992 foi nomeado bispo titular de Caere pelo Papa João Paulo II e nomeado bispo auxiliar na Arquidiocese de Lima. Ele próprio foi ordenado bispo em 6 de janeiro de 1993 em Roma pelo Papa João Paulo II; Os co-consagradores foram o Arcebispo Giovanni Battista Re, então Chefe da Secretaria de Estado e depois Cardeal da Cúria, e o Arcebispo Justin Francis Rigali, então Secretário da Congregação para os Bispos e depois Cardeal. O lema de Strotmann é Fides per caritatem ("Acredite no amor").

Em dezembro de 1996, Strotmann foi nomeado pela primeira vez Administrador Apostólico e em janeiro de 1997 nomeado o primeiro bispo da recém-fundada Diocese de Chosica, que inclui os distritos orientais da capital peruana Lima.

Em 1992, Stotmann tornou-se membro do Grupo de Reflexión Teológica da Conferência Episcopal Latino-Americana (CELAM) e mais tarde outros compromissos. Desde 2007 é responsável pela seção de educação superior da Conferência Episcopal Latino-Americana (CELAM) na subárea de cultura e educação, que inclui principalmente as numerosas universidades católicas da América Latina. É membro da Comissão para a Doutrina da Fé e da Comissão de Ação Social da Conferência Episcopal Peruana.

Strotmann publicou vários trabalhos acadêmicos e livros sobre o tema do ensino social na América do Sul. Entre outras coisas, ele está envolvido no ensino social cristão no âmbito de seminários da Fundação Konrad-Adenauer e outras conferências internacionais. Strotmann está particularmente comprometido com questões sobre o futuro da América Latina.

Ele relata regularmente seu trabalho em sua diocese, que recebe apoio material e pessoal de sua ordem, na Hiltruper Monatshefte, a revista dos missionários Hiltruper.

Ver também

Religiosos da Alemanha
Bispos católicos do Peru

Norbert Klemens Strotmann Hoppe


Anna Bondár (nascida em 27 de maio de 1997) é uma tenista profissional húngara.

Ela tem a classificação mais alta da carreira no ranking da WTA de nº 50 em simples, alcançada em 18 de julho de 2022, e nº 43 mundial em duplas, alcançada em 30 de janeiro de 2023. Ela é a atual jogadora húngara nº 1 do WTA.

Jogando pela equipe húngara da Fed Cup, Bondár tem um recorde de vitórias e derrotas de 5–4.

Destaques da carreira

2021
A temporada de 2021 foi de progresso para Bondár. Em julho, no Poland Open em Gdynia, ela alcançou sua primeira quartas de final em um torneio do WTA Tour, também registrando suas duas primeiras vitórias no WTA Tour.

A partir do início de setembro, ela teve uma série de bons resultados. A primeira etapa foi o torneio Collonge-Bellerive de US$ 60k, onde ela chegou à semifinal após derrotar todas as suas oponentes em dois sets. Na semana seguinte, ela avançou para as quartas de final do Karlsruhe Open, torneio que faz parte do WTA Challenger Tour. Duas semanas depois, ela ganhou seu primeiro título significativo da ITF no torneio de US$ 80k realizado em  em eventos de simples e duplas. Sua jornada continuou sete dias depois, quando ela alcançou outra final de US$ 80k em . Desta vez ela não conseguiu erguer o troféu, perdendo para Mihaela Buzărnescu.

No início de novembro, ela conquistou seu primeiro título em um evento WTA 125, derrotando  na final do . Na semana seguinte, ela ganhou o torneio de US$ 60K de  e garantiu sua estreia no top 100 no número 90 do mundo em 15 de novembro de 2021.

2022
Ela fez sua estreia no Grand Slam no Aberto da Austrália em simples e duplas.

No Aberto da França, ela alcançou suas primeiras quartas de final do Grand Slam em sua carreira, no evento de duplas em parceria com Greet Minnen.

Semeada em nono lugar no Grande Prêmio de Budapeste, ela chegou às semifinais sem perder um set derrotando a segunda cabeça de chave Martina Trevisan. Como resultado, ela alcançou o top 50 em 18 de julho de 2022.

Ela ganhou seu primeiro título WTA em duplas no Internazionali Femminili di Palermo 2022, em parceria com Kimberley Zimmermann.

Estatísticas da carreira

Quadros de linha de tempo

Simples
Atual após o Madrid Open de 2023.

Duplas
Atual após o 2023 BNP Paribas Open.

Finais da WTA na carreira

Duplas: 1 (1 título)

Finais de WTA Challengers

Simples: 1 (título)

Duplas: 1 (título)

Finais do Circuito ITF

Simples: 21 (12 títulos, 9 vices)

Duplas: 34 (21 títulos, 13 vices)

Finais do Circuito júnior da ITF

Simples: 5 (2 títulos, 3 vices)

Duplas: 11 (6 títulos, 5 vices)

Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup
Bondár estreou na Billie Jean King Cup pela Hungria em 2015, quando a equipa disputava o Grupo I da Zona Europa/África, quando tinha 17 anos e 255 dias.

Simples: 10 (5–5)

Duplas: 4 (4–0)

Detalhes dos melhores resultados em Grand Slam

Simples

Duplas

Recorde contra jogadoras do Top 10
Recorde de Bondár contra jogadoras classificadas entre as 10 primeiras. Jogadoras ativas estão em negrito:

Ligações externas

Tenistas da Hungria

Anna Bondár


Vildandegade er en gade i kvarteret Nyboder i Indre By i København, der ligger mellem Eidsvoll Plads og Krokodillegade. Gaden er opkaldt efter fuglen vildand og udgør en del af en række gader i kvarteret med dyrenavne.

Gaden er belagt med brosten og er omgivet af klassiske gule toetages Nyboder-huse på begge sider, fra da Nyboder blev udvidet nordpå i 1780'erne. Oprindeligt hed gaden Gåsegade, men i store dele af 1800-tallet var den uden navn. Det nuværende navn kendes fra omkring 1889. Navneforandringen er givetvis sket for at undgå forveksling med Gåsegade i Middelalderbyen.

Ved enden mod Krokodillegaden er gaden optaget af et overgroet beskyttelsesrum, der forhindrer gennemkørsel med bil, men som kan passeres til fods.

Kilder
 Storbyens stednavne, s. 326, af Bent Jørgensen. Gyldendal, 1999.
 København før og nu - og aldrig, bind 5, Kgs. Nytorv, Rosenborg og Nyboder, s. 398, 428-429, af Sys og Godfred Hartmann. Palle Fogtdal, 1988.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Vildandegade på Indenforvoldene.dk

Nyboder
Gader i Indre By (København)

Vildandegade


El Campeonato de Fútbol de 1963, fue la edición número 44 de Liga Superior de Costa Rica en disputarse, organizada por la FEDEFUTBOL.

Se dio el sorpresivo primer y único campeonato del Uruguay, y el tercer campeonato de un denominado equipo pequeño, junto con la Universidad de Costa Rica en 1943 y El Carmen en 1961.

Equipos participantes

Formato del Torneo

El torneo fue disputado a cuatro vueltas. Los equipos debían enfrentarse todos contra todos, el último lugar disputaría liguilla de promoción contra el campeón de La Liga Mayor (Segunda División).

Tabla de posiciones

Planilla del Campeón: Hérberth Ulloa, Germán Sánchez, Rodrigo Sandoval, Enrique Briceño, Fabio Morera Agüero, Luis Chacón, Carlos García, Guillermo Valenciano, Guillermo Padilla, Guillermo Elizondo, Rudy Sobalbarro, Guillermo Otárola, Roberto Montero, Tarciso Rodríguez, Juan de Dios Núñez, Ananías Ruiz, Manuel Soto, Mario Cháves, Miguel Chacón, Jorge Bolaños.

Goleadores

Descenso

Herediano y Nicolás Marín disputaron la promoción del descenso, ganada por el cuadro canela, a su vez la Federación decidió no descender al Herediano.

Torneos

Referencias

Gerardo Coto para UNAFUT.com. "1963: Sorpresa lechera". https://web.archive.org/web/20141025191924/http://www.unafut.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=531%3A1963&catid=3&Itemid=35. Consultado en febrero de 2012.

1963
Fútbol en 1963
Costa Rica en 1963

Campeonato de Fútbol de Costa Rica 1963


Japanobotrychum, biljni rod iz porodice Ophioglossaceae smješten u potporodicu Botrychioideae.

Postoje dvije priznate vrste iz Azije i tropske Afrike

Vrste
 Japanobotrychum chamaeconium (Bitter & Hieron. ex Bitter) Nishida ex Tagawa
 Japanobotrychum lanuginosum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) M.Nishida ex Tagawa

Izvori

Jednolistovke

Japanobotrychum


ලක්දිව ප්‍රථම සංවිධානාත්මක රාජධානිය වුයේ රජරට රාජධානියයි. මෙහි අගනගර සෑම විටම රජරට  හෙවත් පිහිටි රට පිහිටා තිබිනි. බල ප්‍රදේශය බොහෝ විට රජරට කලාපයට සීමා වූ අතර වරින්වර සීමාව අඩු වැඩිවීම් සිදුවිය.
කුඹුරු ගොවිතැන සදහා අතීතයේ සිටම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සුවිශේෂී කලාපයකි (රජරට වකුගඩු රෝගය) බහුලව ව්‍යාප්ත වන්නේ මෙම කලාපය ආශ්‍රිතව ය.

ආරම්භය
මුල් යුගයේ උපතිස්සනුවර අගනුවර වූ අතර පණ්ඩුකාභය රජ විසින් අනුරාධගම අගනුවර කරගෙන එය පුරවරයක් දකිවා සංවර්ධනය කරන ලදී. රාජධානියේ ආර්ථිකය පදනම් වූයේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය මත බැවින් වැව් සහ ඇළ මාර්ග ඉදිකිරීම රජුගේ ප්‍රධාන කාර්‍යයක් විය. බොහෝමයක් රජවරුන් විශාල වැව් සහ ඇළ මාර්ග ඉදි කළ අතර, ඒ අතරින් වැඩිමනක් මතකයේ රැඳෙන්නේ වසභ සහ මහාසේන රජවරුන්ය. මෙම ඉදිකිරීම් නිසා අනුරාධපුර යුගය මුළුල්ලේම රජරට ප්‍රදේශය තුළ විශාල, එමෙන්ම සංකීර්ණ වාරිමාර්ග පද්ධතියක් බිහි විය.

රාජධානියේ ආර්ථිකය පදනම් වූයේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය මත බැවින් වැව් සහ ඇළ මාර්ග ඉදිකිරීම රජුගේ ප්‍රධාන කාර්‍යයක් විය. බොහෝමයක් රජවරුන් විශාල වැව් සහ ඇළ මාර්ග ඉදි කළ අතර, ඒ අතරින් වැඩිමනක් මතකයේ රැඳෙන්නේ වසභ සහ මහාසේන රජවරුන්ය. මෙම ඉදිකිරීම් නිසා අනුරාධපුර යුගය මුළුල්ලේම රජරට ප්‍රදේශය තුළ විශාල, එමෙන්ම සංකීර්ණ වාරිමාර්ග පද්ධතියක් බිහි විය. එකල ඉදි කරන ලද මහා ස්ථුපයන් වූ රුවන්වැලිසෑය, ජේතවණාරාමය මෙන්ම ලෝවාමහාපාය වැනි විශාල ගොඩනැගිලි මඟින් අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ තිබූ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ දියුණුව මනාව පෙන්නුම් කරයි.

යුග සහ අග නගර

පූර්ව අනුරාධපුර යුගය

උපතිස්සනුවර

අනුරාධපුර යුගය

රජරට රාජධානියේ අගනුවර ලෙස අනුරාධපුර හෝ සීගිරිය පැවති යුගයයි. මෙම යුගය අනුරාධපුර රාජධානි යුගය ලෙස බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරාවිද්‍යඥ්ඥයෝ විසින් නම්කර තිබුනි.

අනුරාධපුර නගරය

ඓතිහාසික මූලාශ්‍රයන්හි සඳහන් වන පරිදි අනුරාධපුර නගරය ආරම්භ වී ඇත්තේ ක්‍රි.පූ.5 සියවෙසහි වුවත් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක තොරතුරු අනුව එහි ඉතිහාසය ක්‍රි.පූ 10 වැනි සියවස තරම් ඈතට  දිව යයි. කරන ලද පුරා විද්‍යා කැණීම් වලදී වඩා පූර්ව කාලයන්හි විසූ ජනයා සම්බන්ධ සාක්ෂි ලැබී ඇතත් ක්‍රි.පූ 5 සියවසට එපිට කාලය පිළිබද තොරතුරු අත්ෙත් මද වශෙයනි.

අනුරාධපුරෙය් වැඩිදුර සිදු කරන ලද කැණීම් වලදී මෙම පුරවරෙය් පැවති ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික  ජනාවාසයන් පිළිබද තොරතුරු ලැබී ඇත. ක්‍රි.පූ 900 - 600 දක්වා විහිදුණ ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික ලෝහ යුගෙය්දී ලෝහ තාක්ෂණය, කුඹල් කර්මාන්තය, අහ්වයන් භාවිතය, ගවයන් ඇති කිරීම සහ වී වගාවද පැවතුණ බව පෙනී යයි. ක්‍රි.පූ 700-600 අතර කාලයේදී අනුරාධපුරයේ ජනාවාසය හෙක්ටයාර් 50 ඉක්මවා වර්ධනය විය. නගරය ඊසාන දිගින් සහ වයඹ දිගින් පිහිටි ප්‍රධාන වරායයන් අතර උපායමාර්ගිකව වැදගත් වන පරිදි පිහිටියේය. වගා කළ හැකි සරු බිම් එය වටෙකාට පිහිටා තිබුණි. ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් නගරය ආරක්ෂා කළ ස්වභාවික පවුරක් වූ ඝන වනාන්තරය නගරය හාත්පස අවුරා විය.

ක්‍රි.පූ 4 සියවසෙහිදී පණ්ඩුකාභය රජතුමන් විසින් අනුරාධපුරය අගනගරය බවට පත් කරන ලද බවත්, මනා සංවිධිත සැලසුමක් අනුව නගරය සහ එහි උප නගරයන්ද පිහිටුවන ලද බවත් කියැවේ. "අභය වාපි" හෙවත් අභය වැවද එතුමන් විසින් කරවන ලදී. කාලවේල සහ චිත්තරාජ නමැති යක්ෂයන් උදෙසා දෙවොල්ද කරවනු ලැබීය. චේතියා නමැති යක්ෂණිය උදෙසා වෙළඹකගේ ස්වරූපයෙන් වූ පිළිරුවක් රාජ මාළිග පරිශ්‍රයේම ඉදි කරවන ලද අතර මේ සියළු යක්ෂ-දේවතාවන් උදෙසා වාර්ෂිකව පුද පූජා පැවැත්වීමද සිදු විය. නගරයේ සුසාන භූමිය, වදක භූමිය, පශ්චිම රාජිණියගේ දෙවොල, වෙස්සවණ උ‍දෙසා වූ නුග රුක, ව්‍යාධදේව උදෙසා වූ තල් රුක, යෝනයන් සඳහා වාස භූමිය, ආත්ම පූජා මන්දිරය ආදිය පිහිටැවිය යුතු තැන්ද මෙතුමන් විසින් නියම කරන ලදී. වහලුන් නොහොත් චණ්ඩාලයන් විසින් කළ යුතු කාර්යයන් නියම කෙරුණු අතර ඔවුන් උදෙසා ග්‍රාමයක් වෙන් කරන ලදී. නිඝණ්ටයන්, තැන තැන සරන තවුසන්, ආජීවකයන් සහ බ්‍රාහ්මණයන් උදෙසා වාසස්ථාන ගොඩ නඟන ලදී. ග්‍රාම සීමාද නීර්ණය කරනු ලැබීය. අනුරාධපුරය අග නගරය බව‍ට පත් කරමින් ක්‍රි.පූ 4 සියවස තරම් ඈත යුගයකදී පණ්ඩුකාභය රජතුමන් විසින් බිහි කරනු ලැබූ සම්ප්‍රදාය ඉතා වැදගත් වේ.

නගරයට සහ පූජනීය ස්ථානයන්ට කරනු ලැබූ සනීපාරක්ෂක සහ පරිපාලනමය සම්පාදනයන් විසින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරෙනුයේ කාලාන්තරයක් තිසිසේ නගරය කිසියම් මධ්‍යගත සැලැස්මකට අනුව සංවර්ධනය කෙරුණු බවය. පණ්ඩුකාභය රජතුමන්ගේ ඇවෑමෙන් එතුමන්ගේ පුත් මුටසීව රාජපදප්‍රාප්ත විය. හැට වසරක් වූ එතුමන්ගේ රාජ්‍ය පාලන කාලය තුළ අනුරාධපුර නගරය තවදුරටත් අගනුවර වශයෙන් පවත්වා ගත් අතර, බුදු සමය දිවයිනට හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලැබූ මුල් අවදියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරනු ලැබූ "මහාමේඝවන උද්‍යානය" (හෙවත් මහමෙවුනා උයන) පිහිටුවාලීමද එසමයෙහි සිදුවිය. බුදු රජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පිරිනිවන් පෑමෙන් වසර 236 කට පසු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට බුදු සමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලද්දේ මුටසීව රජතුමන්ගේ ඇවැමෙන් රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් එතුමන් පුත් දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රාජ්‍ය සමයෙහිදීය. ඉන්දියාවෙහි වුසූ අශෝක අධිරාජයා දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රජතුමන්ගේ සමකාලීනයෙක් විය. මෙම කාලය ක්‍රි.පූ 250 - 210 අතර කාලයයි. ලංකාවෙහි රාජ්‍යත්වයෙහි ආරම්භය සහ ආසියාවෙහි විශිෂ්ඨතම ආගමක් වූ බුද්ධ ධර්මය මත පදනම් වූ ශිෂ්ඨාචාරයක ආරම්භයද සනිටුහන් කෙරෙන්නේ මෙසමයෙහිය.

සීගිරිය

ප්‍රෞඪ ඉතිහාසයකට නෑකම් කියන සිංහල දේශයේ තවත් අභිමානී නගරයක් වූ සිගිරිය අයත් වන්නේද රජරට රාජධානියටයි.සීගිරිය වඩාත් ජනප්ප්‍රිය වන්‍සෙීගිරි චිත්‍ර නිසාවෙනි අජක්තා සිතුවම් වලට සමාන කම් දැක්වුවද ඒවා ශ්‍රිලාංකිය අනන්‍යතාව තහවුරු කරන්නකි

පොළොන්නරු යුගය

බුද්ධාගමේ ආගමනය

මහින්දාගමනය

දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රාජ්‍ය කාලයේදී බුදු දහම හඳුවාදිමත් සමඟ ලංකාවේ සමාජීය හා සංස්කෘතික වශයෙන් වෙනස්වීම් සිදුවිය. එම වෙනස්වීම් තවදුරටත් වර්ධනය වූයේ බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ දන්ත ධාතුව ලංකාවට වැඩම කරවීමත් සමඟය. මූලික වශයෙන් අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ සංස්කෘතිය පදනම් වූයේ බුදුදහම මතය. එසේම එම රාජධානියේ නීතිය සහ පාලනය සඳහාද බුදුදහම මඟින් ඉමහත් බලපෑමක් එල්ල විය.
ක්‍රි.පූ 3 වැනි සියවසෙහි ශ්‍රි  මහ බෝධිය ශ්‍රි  ලංකාවට ගෙන එන ලද්දේ අශෝක අධිරාජයාගේ දියණිය වන සංඝමිත්තා මෙහෙණිය විසිනි. ඇය ශ්‍රි  ලංකා භික්ෂූණී ශාසනය පිහිටුවීමේ ලා පුරෝගාමී වූවාය. ක්‍රි.පූ 249 දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රජතුමා විසින් අනුරාධපුර මහ මෙව්නා උයනෙහි මෙම ජය සිරි මහ බෝධිය සිටුවන ලදී.
බුදු දහමේ හඳුන්වා දීමත් සමඟම මෙම නුවර විසල් කැපීපෙනීමක් ලැබුවාක් මෙන්ම මහා ඉඳිකිරීම් යුගයක් ද ඇරඹුනි. මහා වංශය පවසන්නේ කුටකන්‍න තිස්ස රජු විසින් රියන් හතක් උස තාප්පයක් ජල අගලක් ඉදිරියෙන් පවතින පරිදි පලමු තාප්පය ඉදිකළ බවයි. පසුව වසභ රජු විසින් මෙය රියන් 11 සිට රියන් 18 දක්වා උස්කොට තවදුරටත් බලවත් කරන ලදි. එසේම රජු විසින් ශක්තිමත් දොරටු නිවස්න, වාසල් කඩ ඉදි කර ඇති අතර ඒවායෙහි නටබුන් අදද දැකිය හැක. මහා වංශය තව දුරටත් පවසන්නේ ඉදිකිරීම් හිදී නිමිති කියන්නන් සහ වාස්තු විදුවන් ගේ උපදෙස් ලැබූ බවය.

පූජනීය දන්ත ධාතුවේ සම්ප්‍රාප්තිය

කිත්සිරිමෙවන් රජ සමයේදී හේමමාලා කුමරිය සහ දන්ත කුමරු විසින් බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ දන්ත ධාතුව ලංකාවට වැඩම කරවන ලදී. එම රජු විසින් දන්ත ධාතුව පෙරහැරකින් වඩම්මවා මන්දිරයක තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. මෙම පෙරහැර වාර්ශිකව පවත්වන ලෙස රජු අණ කල අතර අදටත් එය චාරිත්‍රයක් ලෙස රටෙහි පවතී. බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ දන්ත ධාතුව ඉතා ඉක්මනින්ම රටෙහි පූජනීය වස්තුවක් මෙන්ම රජ්‍ය භාවය තහවුරු කරන සංකේතයක් බවට පත් විය. දන්ත ධාතුව ළඟ තබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයා රටෙහි නියම පාලකයා විය. එමනිසා බොහෝ විට එය රජ මාළිගාවෙහිම නිදන් කොට තබන ලදී.

වැසි ජල කලමණාකරන තාක්‍ෂණය
රජරට රාජධානියේ ප්‍රධානතම ජයග්‍රහණය වූයේ වැසි ජලය මනාව කලමණාකරන කලහැකි වාරිමාර්ග බිහිවීමයි. ඒ හේතුවෙන් වියළි කලාපයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික අවශ්‍යතාවන් සඳහා ජලය සැපයීම සිදු විය. මෙම වාරිමාර්ග ඉදිකිරීම් මඟින් එම යුගයේ මිනිසුන් තුළ තිබූ උසස් තාක්ෂණික හා ඉංජිනේරු හැකියාවන් මනාව පිළිඹිබු කරයි

සමකාලීන රාජධානි
තිස්ස රජ මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයට අවනතව දේවානම් පියතිස්ස නමින් මෞර්ය සම්ප්‍රදායනුකූලව නැවත ඔටුනු පැළඳීමත් සමගම රජ සොහොයුරු මහානාග කුමරු රුහුණට පලාගොස් මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයට අවනත නොවූ රුහුණු රාජධානිය පිහිටුවාගන්නා ලදී. රජරට රාජධානිය ආක්‍රමණියන් අතට පත් බෝහෝ අවස්ථාවලදී රුහුණු රාජධානිය බලය රැකගැනීමට ස්වදේශික සිංහලයන් සමත්විය.

ආක්‍රමණයන්
රජරට රාජධානියට අඛණ්ඩව පැවතුණු තර්ජනයක් වූයේ දකුණු ඉන්දීය ආක්‍රමණයන්ය. එලෙස සිදු වූ ආක්‍රමණයන්ගෙන් සතුරන් පරදවා රජධානියේ පාලනය නැවත ලබාගත් දුටුගමුණු, වළගම්භා, ධාතුසේන, Iවන විජයබාහු, ලීලාවතී  වැනි පාලකයන් කාගේත් අවධානයට ලක්විය. අනෙකුත් පාලකයන් මතකයේ රැඳුනේ ඔවුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද හමුදා ජයග්‍රහණ නිසාය. දකුණු ඉන්දියාවට එරෙහිව ආක්‍රමණයන් දියත් කළ පළවන ගජභාහු, පන්ධ්‍යන් දේවියට පිහිට වීමට තම හමුදාවන් යැවූ දෙවන සේන, එවැනි පාලකයන්ය.
රජරට රාජධානියට එරෙහිව ආක්‍රමණයන් කිහිපයක් සිදුවූ අතර ඒවා සියල්ලක්ම දියත් කරන ලද්දේ දකුණු ඉන්දියාණුවන් විසිණි. ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉතිහාසයේ පළමු වාර්තාගත ආක්‍රමණය සිදුවූයේ සූරතිස්ස(ක්‍රි.පූ 247-237) රජු සමයේදීය. එය සිදු කරන ලද්දේ සේන හා ගුත්තික යන දකුණු ඉන්දීය අශ්ව වෙළෙන්දන් දෙදෙනෙකු විසිනි. අවුරුදු විසිදෙකක පාලන කාලයෙන් අනතුරුව අසේල(ක්‍රි.පූ 215-205) විසින් ඔවුන් පරජය කරන ලදී. ඉන් අනතුරුව පැවති තවත් ආක්‍රමණයක් හේතුවෙන් චෝළ රජකු  වූ එලාර(ක්‍රි.පූ 205-161) අසේල රජු පරදවා රටෙහි පාලකයා බවට පත් විය. එලාර අවුරුදු 44ක් රට පාලනය කළ අතර ඔහුව පරජයට පත් කරන ලද්දේ දුටුගැමුණු විසිනි. කෙසේ නමුත් මහාවංශ වාර්තා වලට අනුවඑළාර  විසින් රට යුක්තිගරුක ලෙස සහ සධාරණ ලෙස පාලනය කළ බව කියැවේ.

ක්‍රි.පූ 103 දී ද්‍රවිඪ නායකයන් පස් දෙනෙකු වූ
 පිලහත්ත,
2 බාහිය,
3 පනයාමර,
4 පිලියාමර
5 දතික

විසින් රට නැවතත් ආක්‍රමණය කරන ලදී. ඔවුන් ක්‍රි.පූ 89 දක්වා රට පාලනය කළ අතර වළගම්භා හට පරාජයට පත් විය. පසුව ඇති වූ තවත් ආක්‍රමණයක් නිසා රටෙහි පාලනය දකුණු ඉන්දීය පාලකයන් සය දෙනෙකු වූ පණ්ඩු, පාරින්ද, තිරිතර, දාතිය සහ පීතිය යටතට පත් විය. ධාතුසේන විසින් ඔවුන් පරදවා නැවත බලය ලබා ගන්නා ලදී. I වන සේන(833–853) සහ III වන උදය(935–938) රජ සමය තුළ දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් බොහෝ ආක්‍රමණ සහ කොල්ලකෑම් එල්ල විය.

කෙසේ නමුත් මෙම ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් කිසිවෙකු ඔවුන්ගේ පාලනය රටෙහි දකුණු ප්‍රදේශය වූ රුහුණ  දක්වා දීර්ඝ කර නොගත්හ. එබැවින් ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය පාලකයන් සහ උරුමක්කාරයන් ඔවුන්ගේ හමුදාවන් මෙම ප්‍රදේශය තුළ සංවිධානය කොට ගෙන ඔටුන්න නැවත ලබා ගැනීමට සමත් වූහ. ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය ඉතිහාසය මුළුල්ලේම සතුරු ආක්‍රමණ වලින් රට බේරා ගත් අවස්තාවලදී රුහුණ මුල් වී ඉමහත් සේවයක් කරන ලදී.

අනුරාධපුර අතහැරීම
දිගින් දිගටම වූ දකුණු ඉන්දීය ආක්‍රමණ වලින් තැවුණු නගරය අවසානයේදී ක්‍රි.ව. 1017 දී අතහැර දැමිණ. මෙම මහා නගරය ක්‍රි.පූ. 5 වන සියවසයෙහි සිට ක්‍රි.ව. 1017 දක්වා ලංකාවේ අඟනගරය ලෙස පැවතුනි. එහි පසුබැස්ම ඇරඹියේ දකුණි ඉන්දීය ආක්‍රමණයන්ට එරෙහිව දිගින් දිගටම වූ යුද වැදීම නිසා රාජධානිය ආර්ථිකමය අතින් දුප්පත් වීමය. ක්‍රි.ව. 1017 දී චෝල අක්‍රමණික හමුදාව අනුරාධපුරය අතහැර ඊට සාපේක්‍ෂව ආරක්‍ෂිත පොළොන්නරුවට පරිපාලන නගරය ගෙන ගියේය. නගරයට සහ එහි වූ වාරී සංකීරණයට වූ අති මහත් විනාශය හේතුවෙන් එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අතහැර අවුරුදු දහසකට ආසන්න කාලයක් ජරාවාස වන්නට හැරුණි. පසුව 19 වන සතවසරේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය විසින් කැළෑ හෙළි කර නැවත ජනාවාස ඇති කෙරිණි.

පාලනය

රාජධානිය රජුගේ පාලනයට යටත් විය. රාජ්‍යත්වයට සම්බන්ධ වූ කැප කිරීමේ උත්සව සහ පිළිවෙත් ක්‍රමයන් ආරම්භ වූයේ දේවානම්පිය තිස්ස රජු සමයේදීය. එය එලෙස සිදු වූයේ ඉන්දියාවේ අශෝක රජුගෙන් ලැබූ ආභාශය හේතු කොට ගෙනය. දුටුගැමුණු රජු විසින් ප්‍රථම වරට මුළු රටම තමන් යටතට පත් කොටගෙන රට එක්සේසත් කරන ලදී. ඔටුන්නේ හිමිකාරිත්වයෙහි අනුපිළිවෙල සිදුවූයේ පිය පරම්පරාවට අනුකූලවය. එය සිදු කළ නොහැකි අවස්තාවකදී පෙර රජුගේ වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයාට ඔටුන්නේ හිමිකාරිත්වය උරුමයෙන් ලැබුණි. සහෝදරයන් නොසිටියේ නම් වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයා හට ඔටුන්න උරුම විය.

අනුරාධපුර රාජධානියේ ආරම්භයේ සිට පාලකයෝ සතර දෙනෙකු රාජ්‍යය පලනය කරන ලදහ. විජයගෙන් ආරම්භ කොට සුභරාජ(60-67) දක්වා සිටි පාලකයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හැඳින්වූයේ විජයන් රජ පෙළපතට අයත් අය ලෙසයි. මෙම රජ පෙළපතට අයත් වූ පණ්ඩුකාභය අනුරාධපුර රාජධානියේ ප්‍රථම පාලකයා විය. ළඹකන්න වංශයට අයත් වසභ විසින් බලය පැහැර ගන්නා තුරු විජයන් පෙළපත පැවතුණි. වසභ විසින් ඔටුන්න හිමි කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ළඹකන්න රජ පෙළපත ආරම්භ වූ අතර එම පෙලපතට අයත් පාලකයන් සියවස් තුනකට වඩා වැඩි කාලයක් රට පාලනය කරන ලදහ. නව රජ පෙළපතක් ආරම්භ වූයේ 455දී ධාතුසේන කාලයේදීය. එය මූරිය රජ පෙළපත විය. ඇතැම් ඉතිහාසඥයන් විසින් මෙම රජ පෙළපතෙහි ආරම්භය ශාඛ්‍ය රජු ලෙස හැඳින්වූවත් ආරම්භක රජු තවමත් අවිනිශ්චිතය. අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ පැවති අවසාන රජ පෙළපත වූයේ දෙවන ළඹකන්න රජ පෙළපතයි. එය මානවම්මගෙන්(684-718) ආරම්භ වූ අතර අනුරාධපුර රාජධානියේ අවසාන පාලකයා වූ V වන මහින්ද දක්වා පැවතුණි.

තව බලන්න
 අනුරාධපුර (පෞරාණික නගරය)
 අෂ්ඨායතන, රජරට රාජධානිය
 තුන් සිංහලේ
 සිංහලේ රාජාවලිය
 බැමිණිතියාසාය

සටහන්

උපුටා ගැනිම්

සම්බන්ධය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
රජරට රාජධානිය

රජරට රාජධානිය


Aderus maroniensis é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1920.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita no arquipélago da Guianas.

Referências

maroniensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1920
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus maroniensis


O primeiro turno da eleição presidencial brasileira de 2006 foi realizado em 1 de outubro, como parte das eleições gerais naquele país. Neste pleito, os cidadãos brasileiros aptos a votar escolheram o atual incumbente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Nenhum dos candidatos recebeu mais do que a metade dos votos válidos, e um segundo turno foi realizado em 29 de outubro. De acordo com a Constituição, o presidente é eleito diretamente pelo povo para um mandato de quatro anos, podendo ser reeleito uma vez. Nessa eleição o atual presidente Lula estava concorrendo a reeleição.

Em Rondônia, o candidato tucano, Geraldo Alckmin, recebeu 47,04% dos votos no primeiro turno, já o candidato petista, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , ficou com 45,06%, enquanto a candidata do PSOL, Heloísa Helena, recebeu 5,57% dos votos naquele estado. No segundo turno, Geraldo Alckmin perdeu 2,37% e acabou sendo derrotado por Lula que ficou com 55,33%, enquanto Alckmin recebeu 44,67% de votos.

Eleição presidencial no Brasil em 2006
Eleições em Rondônia

Eleição presidencial do Brasil em Rondônia em 2006


Sundridge es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Sevenoaks, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Sundridge tiene una superficie de 16,75 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Sundridge tenía 1837 habitantes (47,63% varones, 52,37% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 109,67 hab/km². El 20,69% eran menores de 16 años, el 70,22% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 9,09% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,69 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 20,59% estaban solteros, el 62,11% casados y el 17,3% divorciados o viudos.

El 93,9% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 2,34% de la población, mientras que el 3,76% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,8% eran blancos, el 0,44% mestizos, el 0,16% asiáticos, el 0,16% negros, el 0,22% chinos y el 0,22% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 77,12%, el budismo por el 0,16%, el hinduismo por el 0,16%, el judaísmo por el 0,16%, el islam por el 0,22% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el sijismo, por el 0,22%. El 13,64% no eran religiosos y el 8,32% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

838 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 819 de ellos (97,73%) empleados y 18 (2,27%) desempleados. Había 771 hogares con residentes, 12 vacíos y 7 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Sundridge