Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny (2 February 1889 – 11 January 1952) was a French général d'armée during World War II and the First Indochina War. He was posthumously elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France in 1952.

As an officer during World War I, he fought in various battles, including at Verdun, and was wounded five times, surviving the war with eight citations, the Legion of Honour, and the Military Cross. During the Interwar period, he took part in the Rif War in Morocco, where he was again wounded in action. He went on to serve in the Ministry of War and the staff of Conseil supérieur de la guerre under the vice president Général d'armée Maxime Weygand.

Early in World War II, from May to June 1940, he was the youngest French general. He led the 14th Infantry Division during the Battle of France in the battles of Rethel, Champagne-Ardenne, and Loire, until the Armistice of 22 June 1940. During the Vichy Regime, he remained in the Armistice Army, first in regional command posts, then as commander-in-chief of troops in Tunisia. After the Allied invasion of French North Africa in November 1942, the Germans invaded the unoccupied portion of France; de Lattre, Commander of the 16th Military Division at Montpellier, refused the orders not to fight the Germans and was the only active general to order his troops to oppose the invaders. He was arrested, but escaped and defected to Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces at the end of 1943. From 1943 to 1945 he was one of the senior leaders of the Liberation Army, commanding the forces which landed in the South of France on 15 August 1944, then fought up to the Rivers Rhine and Danube. He commanded large numbers of American troops when the US XXI Corps was assigned to his First Army during the battle of the Colmar Pocket. He was also the French representative at the signing of the German Instrument of Surrender in Berlin on 8 May 1945.

He became Commander-in-Chief of French Forces in Germany in 1945, then Inspector General and Chief of Staff of the French Army. In March 1947 he became the vice-president of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre. From 1948 to 1950 he served as Commander-in-chief of the Western Union's ground forces. In 1951, he was the High Commissioner, commander-in-chief in Indochina and commander-in-chief of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, winning several battles against the Việt Minh. His only son was killed there, and then illness forced him to return to Paris where he died of cancer in 1952. He was elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France posthumously in 1952 during his state funeral.

Early life

Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny was born on 2 February 1889 in Mouilleron-en-Pareds, Vendée, in the same village as World War I  leader Georges Clemenceau. He was the son of Roger de Lattre de Tassigny and Anne-Marie Louise Henault, the daughter of the mayor of Mouilleron. Her grandfather had been his predecessor, assuming the office in 1817. In turn, Roger de Lattre succeeded his father-in-law as mayor in 1911, and still held the office forty years later. An ancestor had added the suffix "de Tassigny" to the family name in 1740, after the family property of Tassigny near Guise. He had an older sister, Anne-Marie, who later became the Comtesse de Marcé.

From 1898 to 1904, de Lattre attended the College of Saint-Joseph in Poitiers, where his father had gone. He then decided that he would join the Navy, and to prepare he went to the College de Vaugirard, where Henri de Gaulle was a teacher. He passed the written examinations for the Navy, but missed the oral examination due to illness. He then went to the  at Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève in Versailles to prepare for the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, where he won a place in 1908. Before he entered, his father sent him to Brighton in England to improve his English. As was the custom in the French Army, he also served in the ranks for four months, in his case, with the  at Provins, south east of Paris. He was a cadet at Saint-Cyr from 1909 to 1911 (Mauritanie promotion). One instructor expressed the hope that de Lattre was not related to the one who had raised the white flag of Henri, Count of Chambord over Saint-Cyr in 1873. This was his uncle, and henceforth de Lattre refused to have anything to do with the instructor. He ultimately graduated 201st out of 210 in his class, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 1 October 1910. He then went on to the Cavalry School in Saumur.

First World War
De Lattre was assigned to the , which was stationed at Toul and Pont-à-Mousson near the frontier with Germany and still wore red riding breeches and a helmet with a plume. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 October 1912. He was still serving there when the First World War broke out in August 1914. On 11 August 1914, he was wounded for the first time when he was hit in the knee by a shell fragment during a reconnaissance mission. On 14 September, he was wounded a second time, in an engagement with four Bavarian Uhlans during which he killed two with his sword, but a third struck him in the chest with a lance, perforating his lung. His troop sergeant took him to a cellar in Pont-à-Mousson, where they hid from German patrols until one from the 5th Hussar Regiment reached them. He received the Legion of Honour on 20 December 1914.

In 1915, de Lattre responded to an appeal for cavalry officers to volunteer for service in the infantry, and he joined a Vendée regiment, the . He was promoted to captain on 18 December 1915, and was a company commander and then assistant battalion commander in its 3rd Battalion. As part of the 21st Infantry Division, the 93rd Infantry Regiment fought in the Battle of Verdun, where he was gassed  in July 1916. The mustard gas affected his injured lung, necessitating time in hospital. He was back with the 21st Infantry Division in time to participate in the ill-fated Nivelle offensive in April 1917. In an attack on 5 May, his battalion suffered 300 casualties, but captured 500 prisoners. De Lattre received his eighth mention in despatches. He was hospitalised again that month, and did not return until December, when he became an intelligence officer on the 21st Infantry Division staff. The division was decimated in the Third Battle of the Aisne in May 1918, but it was reconstituted and fought in the Meuse-Argonne offensive later that year, during which de Lattre liaised with the staffs of three divisions of the United States Army.

Between the wars
In February 1919, de Lattre was assigned to the 18th Military District section at Bordeaux, where his duties included providing recreation for American troops prior to their repatriation. At the end of the year he joined the , which was stationed at Bayonne. From 1921 to 1926, he was in Morocco, where he participated in the campaigns of the Rif War.  He became the head of the Third Bureau (the staff section responsible for operations) of the Meknes area, and directed operations in Upper Moulouya. These normally involved two or more columns, each with between four and eight battalions of infantry and attached artillery and transport, converging on a locality.  The following year operations moved on to the rugged Taza Province. De Lattre was critical of the tactics used by Marshal Philippe Pétain, which he regarded as slow, expensive and materialistic.  He was slashed in the right cheek by an assailant wielding a dagger on 13 March 1924, resulting in a prominent scar, and he was wounded in the knee by a bullet on 26 August 1925 during a reconnaissance mission. He was promoted to the rank of chef de bataillon on 25 June 1926.

De Lattre returned to France, where he spent several weeks with his parents at Mouilleron-en-Pareds. At a luncheon given by a deputy for Vendée, he met , the nineteen-year-old daughter of a Paris deputy. They met again at a party on the Île d'Yeu, an island off the Vendée coast. They were married on 22 March 1927, at Saint-Pierre-de-Chaillot in Paris. They had one child, Bernard de Lattre de Tassigny, who was born on 11 February 1928. De Lattre was also "generally suspected of homosexual leanings." (Driving with him on his daily tour of inspection in January 1945, the seventeen-year-old John Julius Norwich recalled: "I did have a little trouble keeping his hand off my thigh in the car on the way home...but nothing serious.")

De Lattre commanded a battalion of the 4th Infantry Regiment, which was stationed at Auxerre, and prepared for the entrance examination for the École de guerre, coached by Captain Augustin Guillaume, an officer he had met while serving in Morocco. He managed to pass the examinations, and entered the École de guerre as the senior officer of his year. One of the staff exercises involved command of an invading force tasked with capturing Cherbourg from the sea. After graduation in 1928, he was assigned to the  at Coulommiers as a battalion commander.

In 1931, de Lattre was assigned to the 4th Bureau of the Ministry of War, responsible for logistics. He was promoted to  on 24 March 1932. On 20 June, he joined the staff of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre, serving under the vice president, Général d'armée Maxime Weygand. During this posting, he was tasked mainly with following foreign international policies, internal politics, and the challenges of complex military budget initiatives. He became embroiled in the Stavisky affair and had to appear before a parliamentary commission.With the retirement of Weygand, who had reached mandatory retirement age, de Lattre was retained on the general headquarters staff of Général Alphonse Joseph Georges. On 20 June 1935, he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the  at Metz. Between 1937 and 1938, he studied at the Centre des hautes études militaires (CHEM), an advanced staff college for generals. In July 1938 he became Chief of Staff at the headquarters of the military governor of Strasbourg, Général d'armée . Hering retired in March 1939, and was succeeded by Général d'armée Victor Bourret. On 20 March, de Lattre was promoted to général de brigade.

World War II

Battle of France

De Lattre became the chief of staff at general headquarters of the Fifth Army on 2 September 1939. The following day France declared war on Germany again. In January 1940, he was given command of the 14th Infantry Division, which was holding the sector between Sarreguemines and Forbach. On 14 May, four days after the main German offensive began, the 14th Infantry Division was ordered to move to Rheims, where it came under the command of André Corap's Ninth Army. He engaged the German forces around Rethel, where his division resisted for an entire month, repelling German assaults in front of the River Aisne. On 9 June, the German Twelfth Army launched a major assault on the 14th Infantry Division's positions. Although it managed to hold on, the divisions on its flanks could not, and de Lattre was forced to retreat to the Marne, and then the Loire. Part of his division was cut off at Chalons. Although it lost about two-thirds of its strength, the division retained its cohesion in the midst of chaos. When the Armistice of 22 June 1940 ended the fighting, the 14th Infantry Division was at Clermont-Ferrand.

Army of Vichy
Following the armistice, de Lattre remained in the Army of Vichy France. He was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour on 12 July for his handling of the 14th Infantry Division in the Battle of France, an award Weygand, to whom he remained loyal, conferred on him in person. De Lattre was appointed to command the 13th Military Division, the military district at Puy-de-Dôme in the Massif Central, where he established a training centre for officers and non-commissioned officers at Château d'Opme. He was promoted to général de division on 26 June 1941.

In September 1941, Weygand, now the Delegate-General of The Vichy government in North Africa, summoned de Lattre to North Africa as the commander-in-chief of troops in the protectorate of Tunisia. De Lattre opened another military instruction centre there at Salammbô near Carthage, modelled on the one at Opme. He clashed with his superior, Général de Corps d'Armée Alphonse Juin over the best way to defend Tunisia against a British attack. De Lattre was determined to resist on the frontier, fearing that a fighting withdrawal might lead to the Germans and Italians occupying Vichy France; Juin, a native of North Africa, was more concerned with the security of Algeria. De Lattre may have also hoped that he would have been appointed head of the French forces in North Africa instead of Juin. Nonetheless, Juin recommended de Lattre for promotion. He was promoted to général de corps d'armée on 2 January 1942, but Weygand had been recalled to France in October 1941, and on 2 February 1942 de Lattre was also recalled.

Returning to France, de Lattre took charge of the 16th Military Division, based in Montpellier. The post was a backwater, and one usually held by an officer of lower rank. Following the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942, Germany and Italian troops occupied southern France and disbanded the Vichy Army. De Lattre received orders from Vichy that troops were to remain in their barracks, which he decided to disobey, instead carrying out a previously prepared plan to resist the German occupation. Staff officers informed de Lattre's superior in Avignon of his intentions. The troops did not move, and the Vichy Minister of War, Eugène Bridoux, ordered de Lattre's arrest. He was brought before a special State Tribunal on 9 January 1943, charged with treason and abandoning his post. The former charge was dropped, but he was found guilty of the latter and was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.

De Lattre was initially held at Montluc prison, but was later transferred to Riom. Simonne secured accommodation where the garden adjoined the prison wall, and worked with de Lattre's driver, Louis Roetsch, and accomplices inside the prison to plan an escape. They managed to smuggle in tools, including a hammer, screwdriver and gimlet, along with paint, a paintbrush, putty and a rope. De Lattre had noticed that the sentry underneath his window went to wake up his relief in the middle of the night instead of being relieved in place, leaving the window unguarded for up to ten minutes. He also found that with one of the bars on his window removed, he was able to squeeze through. On the night of 1 September 1943 he removed the window frame and one bar, squeezed through, and used the rope to descend, although it proved to be several feet too short. Bernard threw a rope ladder over the prison wall, allowing de Lattre to scale it. They then departed in two cars that Roetsch provided, along with false papers identifying de Lattre as Charles Dequenne, his headquarters clerk who had been killed in the fighting in June 1940. They hid on a farm near Compains until 1 October, when some of his prison break accomplices were arrested. De Lattre then made his way to a field near Pont-de-Vaux, from whence he and others, including Eugène Claudius-Petit, where whisked away by a British aircraft and taken to London. Simonne and Bernard moved to Paris, where they lived under false names.

Operation Dragoon
De Lattre was promoted to the rank of général d'armée by Général de Brigade Charles de Gaulle on 11 November 1943. Problems with his damaged lung led to de Lattre being admitted to Middlesex Hospital. He was discharged from hospital on 11 December, and on 19 December he flew from Glasgow Prestwick Airport to Algiers, where he met with de Gaulle. He then went to see the Commander-in-Chief of the French forces in North Africa, Général d'Armée Henri Giraud. On 26 December, Giraud appointed him the commander of the Second Army, which was renamed Army B on 23 January 1944. This put him in change of all the forces in North Africa being re-equipped by the Americans. Army B was as an amalgam of Free French forces, the Army of Africa forces and volunteers, with a strength of 256,000, including 5,000 women of the AFAT ( – Women's Auxiliary Army). In the first half of 1944 over 100,000 personnel departed for Italy, where they formed the French Expeditionary Corps (CEF) under Juin's command. This left de Lattre with just three divisions. Once again, he opened a cadre training centre, this time at Douéra in Algiers. His manner at this time gave rise to the sobriquet  (King John).

On 17 April 1944, de Gaulle informed General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson's Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ) in Algiers that de Lattre would be in command of all French forces participating in Operation Anvil, the projected Allied landings in Southern France. He was also placed in charge of Operation Brassard, the invasion of Elba. This involved landing a force of about 12,000 under Général de brigade Joseph Magnan, and largely drawn from his 9th Colonial Infantry Division on Corsica. Increases in the size of the German garrison, a need to provide more amphibious warfare training for the assault troops, and a desire to minimise casualties and maximise the chance of success led to de Lattre securing a postponement of the operation from 25 May to 17 June. The rapid advance of the Allied forces, which captured Rome on 5 June, caused the need for the operation to be questioned, but the Germans showed no sign of immediately withdrawing from the area north of Rome, nor from Elba. Operation Brassard therefore went ahead, although Wilson cancelled the planned parachute assault by the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, as the required transport aircraft were committed to the Italian campaign. Operation Brassard was successful, liberating the island in two days of hard fighting between 17 and 19 June.

As commander of Army B, de Lattre assisted in the preparations for Operation Anvil, which was renamed Operation Dragoon on 1 August 1944. He was successful in securing Allied agreement for an independent French command, although the II Corps, under Général de corps d'armée Edgard de Larminat, would operate as part of American Lieutenant General Alexander Patch's US Seventh Army in the initial stages, as would Army B until the American Sixth United States Army Group, under Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers, became active. Juin handed over command of the CEF in Italy to de Lattre on 23 July, and its headquarters was absorbed into that of Army B, with Juin's chief of staff, General de brigade Marcel Carpentier, becoming de Lattre's. De Lattre embarked for France from Toronto on a Polish liner, the . Accompanying him was Bernard. Fearing that at age sixteen he would soon become eligible for forced labour in Germany, Simmone and Bernard had fled to Algiers via Spain. Bernard was then sent to Douera for training, becoming one of the youngest soldiers in de Lattre's army.

The Operation Dragoon landings commenced on 15 August, and de Lattre came ashore the following evening. The American advance had proceeded faster than anticipated, and the 9e  to arrive early. In a characteristically aggressive move, de Lattre moved immediately on Toulon and Marseille in the hope that they could be secured before the Germans could organise their defence. He sent General de division Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert's 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to encircle Toulon while General de brigade Diego Brosset's 1st Motorised Infantry Division attacked along the coast and Magnan's 9th Colonial Infantry Division, which had been landed early, attacked in the middle.  Toulon was encircled on 21 August, and the port was taken by the  9th Colonial Infantry Division five days later. Meanwhile, de Lattre had already moved on Marseille, which was reached by General de brigade Aimé Sudre's Combat Command 1 of the 1st Armoured Division on 21 August. De Lattre had not intended to rush the city, but Sudre's arrival sparked a popular uprising, enabling Combat Command 1 to reach the old port. The progress of operations against Toulon allowed de Lattre to release the 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to participate in the Battle of Marseille. The German garrison surrendered on 28 August, and a thanksgiving ceremony was held at Notre-Dame de la Garde the following day.

Lyon was taken by the 1st Motorised Infantry Division on 3 September, and on 12 September contact was made with Général de division Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque's 2nd Armoured Division, which had come from Normandy. This allowed Army B to officially become the French 1st Army on 25 September 1944. As summer turned to autumn and units moved into higher altitudes and latitudes of the Vosges, many of them still wearing summer uniforms, the troops began to feel the cold. This was especially true of the Army of Africa and Colonial Army units that made up the bulk of de Lattre's forces, which had come from warmer climates. Many of them had been fighting in Italy since early in the year, and had become exhausted by the rapid advance up the Rhône Valley. Equipment wore out even faster, and the French logistical system was stretched to its limit just to provide the army with its daily requirements of food, fuel and ammunition. On occasion they encountered an apathetic local population, and what de Lattre regarded as a dangerous sentiment arose among the North African troops that the French people should be making a bigger contribution.

De Lattre sought to address this by incorporating units of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) into the Army, which would enable him to replace his losses and relieve the burden on African units of his Army. The French authorities were eager to bring the estimated 200,000 armed men of the FFI under control as soon as possible, but this was no easy task; the soldiers were suspicious of the discipline and reliability of FFI units, and resented the ranks and titles its leaders had accorded themselves. The FFI were also suspicious of the army, but by the end of the year 137,000 had enlisted in the French Army for the duration of the war. Uniforms and equipment had to be provided by the Americans, but while they agreed to equip security battalions and five regiments to replace North African ones, they were reluctant to provide equipment for the activation of new divisions. Eventually they relented, and among the reactivated divisions in February 1945 was de Lattre's old command, the 14th Infantry Division. Once agan, he opened a training centre, this time at Rouffach near Colmar.

Final campaigns
The Americans envisaged a passive role for the First Army in view of its logistical difficulties, but de Lattre pressed for a more active role. A combination of stubborn German resistance and bad weather brought operations in Alsace to a halt in October. On the eve of the resumption of his offensive in November, de Lattre learned that the Provisional Government wanted to take the 1st Armoured Division and 1st Infantry Division from him for an operation to clear German forces from the Royan pocket on the Gironde Estuary and reopen the port of Bordeaux. De Lattre appealed to Devers, who agreed to seek a postponement of the Bordeaux operation. He ultimately managed to get it postponed until April 1945. De Lattre's attack went ahead on 14 November. Belfort was taken on 25 November, but his attempt at encircling the German forces did not cut off any many as he hoped, although 17,000 prisoners were taken.

In December, the Battle of the Bulge briefly halted the Allied advance, and for a while it seemed they would have to abandon Alsace and Strasbourg. This was not a politically feasible option for de Gaulle, especially since Strasbourg had so recently been liberated. De Lattre assumed responsibility for the defence of Strasbourg on 5 January; he had already acted to save it on his own initiative and contrary to his orders. Despite heavy pressure from the advancing German forces, which came within  of the city, he managed to hold it. The German offensive was finally halted by the US VI Corps in the north and the 1st Motorised Division in the south. De Lattre then moved to eliminate the Colmar Pocket. For this operation, Devers placed the four US divisions of Major General Frank W. Milburn's US XXI Corps  under de Lattre's command. Colmar was liberated on 2 February 1945. On 11 February, de Gaulle visited the city and invested de Lattre with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.

The First Army breached the Siegfried Line on 19 March 1945. On 31 March 1945, it crossed the Rhine at Speyer and Germersheim and advanced through the Black Forest to Karlsruhe and Stuttgart.  The Danube was crossed on 22 April. Ulm lay  outside the First Army's zone, but meant a great deal to French people as the site of Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Ulm in 1805. On the way, they passed through Sigmaringen, to whence the heads of the Vichy government had fled in August 1944 to establish a government in exile in Germany, although de Lattre's forces did not reach it in time to capture Pétain or Pierre Laval. Ulm was taken by American and French units on 24 April, and they raised the tricolour over the city's old fort, as Napoleon had done. Devers ordered de Lattre to withdraw from the city, and with the mission accomplished, this was done. In a tribute to de Lattre on 13 May, Devers quipped: "For many months we have fought together – often on the same side."

On 8 May 1945, de Lattre flew to Berlin, where he went to headquarters of Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov for the official German surrender ceremony.  Already there was Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, General Carl Spaatz and Admiral Sir Harold Burrough. No preparations had been made for a French representative, but some Russian women improvised a tricolour from a flag of Nazi Germany, a white bed sheet and blue mechanic's boiler suit. Tedder championed de Lattre's right to sign the document as the French representative, and as a compromise it was signed by Zhukov and Spaatz with Tedder and de Lattre as witnesses. On the nine copies that Zhukov signed first de Lattre was first witness while Tedder signed as first witness on the nine that Spaatz signed first.

On 15 June, de Lattre attended the first meeting of the Allied Control Council. The First Army was dissolved on 24 July, and he succeeded as Commander in Chief of the French Army of Occupation by Général de Corps d'Armée Marie-Pierre Koenig three days later. On 4 August 1945 de Lattre departed. Colour parties from each of the regiments of the First Army were drawn up along the banks of the Rhine at Kehl, and he saluted each one in turn.

Postwar
In July 1945, de Lattre was offered the position of Inspector General of the Army an honorific position he regarded as beneath the status that he had earned as commander of the First Army. He declined and asked to be retired instead. De Gaulle then offered to combine the position with that of the Chief of Staff of the French Army, and de Lattre accepted, assuming the post on 29 November 1945. His task was demobilising the wartime army and building a new one. Most of the officer corps had spent the war since 1940 in prisoner of war camps in Germany, and their training was out of date. To build a force that was both democratic and national, he resolved to create a conscript army rather than a professional one. To prepare the 1946 conscripts, de Lattre opened a dozen new training centres modelled on those he had created during the war at Opme, Douera and Rouffach, where they would be schooled in citizenship. To address the shortage of instructors, he devised a system whereby the national servicemen would train themselves. Careers in the post-war army would be open to the best regardless of their social status. In his personal selection, though, de Lattre tended to favour those who had served with the First Army.

De Lattre was abruptly relieved of his responsibilities as Chief of Staff in March 1947, although he remained Inspector General, and was elevated to Inspector General of the Armed Forces in the spring of 1948, and on 2 June 1948 he was made vice president of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre, positions which had little authority in peacetime. From September to November 1947, he led a diplomatic and economic mission to South America where he held numerous talks with presidents from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil and high-ranking ministers, including French communities there.  He also took part in several related economic and diplomatic conferences.

From 4 October 1948 to 13 December 1950, de Lattre was the first commander-in-chief of Western Union Defence Organisation ground forces in Western Europe. While in that post he often came into conflict with British Field Marshal Lord Montgomery, the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Union forces. The two clashed over many issues, the most important of which was whether the Allies were prepared to meet a Soviet attack on the Rhine, something Montgomery tried hard to get his government to accept. De Lattre insisted on speaking to Montgomery in French, although he had a good command of English. However, on the occasion of Montgomery's 63rd birthday in November 1950, Montgomery invited de Lattre to tea. Montgomery cut his birthday cake and gave de Lattre an extra slice for Bernard, who was then serving in French Indochina. What was a spontaneous gesture touched de Lattre deeply.

Indochina
From December 1950 to November 1951, de Lattre commanded French troops in Indochina during the First Indochina War. He was highly regarded by both his French subordinates and Việt Minh adversaries and has been described as the "Gallic version of [General Douglas] MacArthur – handsome, stylish, sometimes charming, yet egocentric to the point of megalomania" and "brilliant and vain" and "flamboyant". After de Lattre's arrival in Vietnam, Việt Minh General Giap proclaimed that his army would face "an adversary worthy of its steel". De Lattre's arrival raised the morale of French troops significantly and inspired his forces to inflict heavy defeats on the Việt Minh. He won three major victories at Vĩnh Yên, Mạo Khê and Yen Cu Ha and successfully defended the north of the country against the Việt Minh. At the Battle of Vĩnh Yên, he defeated 2 Việt Minh divisions, totalling 20,000 men under Giap's personal command. He personally took charge of the outnumbered French forces, flying in reinforcements and mustering every available aircraft for airstrikes against the massive Việt Minh formation. Giap retreated after three fierce days of combat that killed 6,000 and wounded 8,000. De Lattre had anticipated Giap's attacks and had reinforced French defences with hundreds of cement blockhouses and new airfields.

In March 1951, at the Battle of Mạo Khê near the port of Haiphong, de Lattre again defeated Giap, who had underestimated de Lattre's army's ability to deploy naval guns and to move reinforcements aboard assault boats on deep estuaries and canals. However, Bernard was killed in action in the Battle for Nam Định, in late May 1951. He had obeyed his father's orders to hold the town at all costs against three Việt Minh divisions. After three weeks of battle the French victory halted Giap's offensive in the Red River Delta. On 20 September 1951, de Lattre spoke at The Pentagon to request American aid and warned of the danger of the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia if northern Vietnam fell completely to the Việt Minh. However, the United States was preoccupied with the Korean War. The US sent de Lattre some transport planes and trucks and other equipment: a "significant contribution" but "scarcely enough to turn the tide for France" in Vietnam.

Death

On 20 November 1951, illness forced de Lattre to return to Paris for medical treatment for prostate cancer. He entered the Clinique Maillot in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 18 December. His condition deteriorated in January. His last words before losing consciousness on 9 January were: "Where is Bernard?"  He died on 11 January.

De Lattre was posthumously elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France by the President of France, Vincent Auriol, on the day of his funeral procession, 15 January 1952 at Notre Dame de Paris, Les Invalides in presence of de Gaulle, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Montgomery. He was buried in a state funeral lasting five days, in what Life magazine described as the "biggest military funeral France had seen since the death of Marshal Foch in 1929". His body was moved through the streets of Paris in a series of funeral processions, with the coffin lying in state at four separate locations: his home, the chapel at Les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe and before Notre Dame. Those marching in the funeral procession included members of the French cabinet, judges, bishops and Western military leaders. The route included the Rue de Rivoli and the Champs-Élysées.

The processions went from the Arc de Triomphe to Notre Dame and then from Notre Dame to Les Invalides. The stage of the journey from the Arc de Triomphe to Notre Dame took place in the evening, and cavalrymen from the Garde républicaine flanked the coffin on horseback bearing flaming torches. Walking behind the soldiers marching in the funeral processions was the lone figure of the Marshal's widow, Simonne de Lattre de Tassigny, who was dressed in black and prayed as she walked. Thousands of people lined the funeral route, forming crowds that were ten-deep. The pageantry included the tolling of bells, and flags being flown at half-mast. The final stage of the funeral was a journey of  to his birthplace of Mouilleron-en-Pareds, in western France. There his 97-year-old father, Roger de Lattre, aged and blind, ran his hands over the ceremonial accoutrements on the coffin, which included the posthumously-awarded marshal's baton and his son's képi. The family line became extinct with his death. The coffin was lowered into the ground and the Marshal was laid to rest beside his only son, Bernard, who had been killed fighting under his father's command in Indochina about eight months earlier.

Military ranks

Honours and decorations
De Lattre was awarded the following awards and decorations:

Citations

For his promotion to Grand Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour:

For his promotion to Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour:

Legacy
An annual military service, involving serving soldiers, veteran associations, and ceremonial carriage of the Marshal's baton, takes place at the graves of his family in his birthplace, Mouilleron-en-Pareds.

Publications
 Histoire de la Première Armée française Rhin et Danube. Plon, Paris 1949
 Ne pas subir. Writings between 1914 and 1952, Plon, Paris 1984
 Reconquérir : 1944–1945. Texts gathered and presented by Jean-Luc Barré, Plon, Paris 1985
 La Ferveur et le sacrifice : Indochine 1951. Texts gathered and presented by Jean-Luc Barré, Plon, Paris 1987

Footnotes

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Funeral of Marshal de Lattre (video)
 De lattre speaks (video)

1889 births
1952 deaths
Chiefs of the Staff of the French Army
People from Vendée
French untitled nobility
Marshals of France
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
French military personnel of World War I
People of the Rif War
French military personnel of World War II
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Commanders of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class
Companions of the Liberation
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam
Deaths from cancer in France
People of Vichy France
Free French Forces
Free French military personnel of World War II
Western Union (alliance) military appointments
Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)

Jean de Lattre de Tassigny


Joko Knežević (pravo ime Ivan Knežević) (Lokva Rogoznica, 23. kolovoza 1907. – Split, 17. siječnja 1988.) bio je hrvatski slikar i kipar.

Životopis
Rođen je 23. kolovoza 1907. u mjestu Lokva Rogoznica kraj Omiša. Godine 1939. završio je zagrebačku Akademiju likovnih umjetnosti. Bio je profesor splitske Škole primijenjenih umjetnosti. Slikao je mrtve prirode, pejzaže i portrete. Također je oblikovao kipove, izrađivao intarzije, mozaike, tapiserije i predmete primijenjene umjetnosti u stilskome rasponu od postimpresionizma do ekspresionizma. Umro je u Splitu 17. siječnja 1988.

Izvori

Hrvatski slikari
Hrvatski kipari

Joko Knežević


جبل طَابُونَة جبل يقع بشمال الجمهورية التونسية بولاية بنزرت، جنوب غربي مدينة سجنان. يبلغ ارتفاعه 564 م.

طابونة

جبل طابونة


Australski teritorij Indijskog oceana naziv je od 1995. za administrativnu jedinicu pod australskim Odjelom za infrastrukturu, promet, regionalni razvoj, komunikacije i umjetnost, koja se sastoji od dvije skupine otoka u Indijskom oceanu pod australskim suverenitetom:

 Božićni otok ( ), gdje boravi administrator
 Kokosovi otoci ( ), gdje isti službenik također ima nadležnost kao administrator, ali ne boravi

Svaka od ovih otočnih komponenti ima svoje vlastito vijeće okruga : Okrug Božićnog otoka i Okrug Kokosa.

Administrativna jedinica nema nadležnost nad nenaseljenim otocima Ashmore i Cartier te otocima Heard i McDonald, unatoč tome što ti teritoriji leže unutar Indijskog oceana.

Administracija

Pregledi
Godine 2004. napravljen je pregled teritorija.

Godine 2012. uprava je pregledana putem australskih parlamentarnih posjeta i istrage.

Farzian Zainal je predstavnik zajednice i rizničar Organizacije za regionalni razvoj teritorija Indijskog oceana, kojom upravlja australska vlada.

Administratori

Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Svjetski državnici: Australija – Božićni otok
 Svjetski državnici: Australija – Kokosovi (Keeling) otoci

Države i teritoriji Australije
Nesamostalni teritoriji u Aziji

Australski teritoriji Indijskog oceana


An Dichaea pendula in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée Aublet, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Dichaea pendula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dichaea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dichaea

Dichaea pendula


Etiopski Židovi ili Beta Izrael (otprilike kuća  Izraelova) su Židovi etiopskog podrijetla koje ostali Židovi često nazivaju falasha (doseljenici). Dugo vremena ostale židovske skupine ih nisu smatrali Židovima. Kada ih je država Izrael zakonski priznala kao takve 1950. preko 90 000 (oko 85%) njih je emigriralo u Izrael. Falasha Mura je srodna skupina koje je bila prisiljena prijeći na kršćanstvo ali koja se kasnije vratila judaizmu.

Židovi
Judaizam
Etničke grupe Izraela

Etiopski Židovi


OpenCourseWare (OCW) sunt cursuri create la universități și publicate în mod gratuit pe Internet. OCW sunt proiecte care au apărut pentru prima dată la sfârșitul anilor 90, după ce a luat amploare în Europa iar apoi în Statele Unite ale Americii a devenit o metodă globală de livrare a conținutului educațional.

Istorie
Mișcarea OCW a început în anul 1999 atunci când Universitatea din Tübingen (UTC) din Germania a publicat filmulețe ale cursurilor online pentru inițiativa timms (Tübingen Internet Multimedia Server). Lansarea oficială OCW a avut loc abia o dată cu lansarea MIT OpenCourseWare la Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) și cu inițiativa învățării deschise Open Learning Initiative la Carnegie Mellon University în Octombrie, anul 2002. Mișcarea a fost curând susținută o dată cu lansarea de proiecte similare la Yale, Universitatea din Utah, Universitatea din Michigan și la Universitatea Berkeley din California.
Motivul celor de la MIT din spatele OCW a fost acela de "a îmbunătăți învățarea globală prin disponibilitatea unei rețele de cunoaștere". De asemenea cei de la MIT au declarat că le vor permite studenților să devină mai bine pregătiți pentru orele de curs astfel încât aceștia să poată să fie mai implicați în timpul orei de curs. Începând de atunci, un număr de universități au creat OCW, unele din ele fiind înființate de fundația William and Flora Hewlett.

Principii
Conform cu site-ul celor de la OCW Consortium un proiect OCW:
 este o publicație digitală de materiale educaționale de înaltă calitate, organizată în cursuri în mod gratuit și deschis.
 este disponibil pentru folosire și adaptare cu ajutorul unei licențe deschise, precum anumite licențe Creative Commons.
 nu acordă certificare sau acces în interes personal.

edX
10 ani după debutul OCW în Statele Unite ale Americii, în anul 2012 MIT și Harvard University au anunțat crearea de edX, o platformă de cursuri online (MOOC) pentru a oferi cursuri online la nivel de universitate într-o gamă largă de discipline unei audiențe din întreaga lume fără niciun cost. Această nouă inițiativă s-a bazat pe proiectul MIT′s "MITx", anunțat în 2011, și au extins conceptul de OCW oferind cursuri mai structurate studenților online, incluzând în unele cazuri posibilitatea de a obține credite academice sau certificate bazate pe examinări supravegheate.
O caracteristică majoră a platformei edX este posibilitatea studenților de a interacționa unii cu alții și cu profesorii pe forum-uri online. În unele cazuri, studenții vor ajuta la evaluarea muncii altor studenți, și chiar pot să susțină cursuri online. Ca o adăugare, edX este folosit ca o platformă experimentală de cercetare pentru a susține și a evalua o varietate de alte noi concepte în învățarea online.

Probleme
O problemă ar fi crearea și întreținerea de informații complete OCW care necesită o muncă substanțială atât la început cât și pe durata OCW-ului. Traducerea în alte limbi și contexte culturale necesită și mai multă investire a cunoștințelor personale. Acesta este unul dintre motivele pentru care limba engleză este încă limba dominantă, și câteva opțiuni de cursuri deschise sunt disponibile în alte limbi.

America

Columbia
 Universidad Icesi, OpenCourseWare de la Universidad Icesi

Brazilia
 Fundação Getúlio Vargas
 Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Mexic
 Universidad de Monterrey, 2007
 Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, 2010

Statele Unite ale Americii
Listarea este făcută în ordinea adoptării principiilor OCW.

 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 2002
 Carnegie Mellon University
 University of California, Berkeley
 Stanford University
 Princeton University
 University of Pennsylvania
 University of Michigan
 Harvard University
 Yale University
 Caltech
 Johns Hopkins University
 University of California, Irvine

Următoarele nu sunt afiliate în mod direct cu o anumită universitate:
 Academic Earth - privat
 Khan Academy - non-profit
 CosmoLearning.org  - non-profit
 Students Circle Network
 Coursera
 Udacity
 edX - non-profit
 iversity

Asia

China
Guvernul chinez a instituit CORE (China Open Resources for Education)   pentru promovarea OpenCourseWare în universitățile din China. CORE este o organizație non-governmentală sprijinită de Hewlett Foundation, IEFTF (Internet Engineering Task Force) și alte fundații. Din CORE fac parte aproape 100 de universități, incluse fiind chiar si cele mai prestigioase universități din China, precum Tsinghua University, Peking University si Shanghai Jiaotong University.

Malaezia
 University of Malaya (UM)

Pakistan
 Virtual University of Pakistan

India
Flexilearn este un portal de cursuri online foarte util. A fost inițiat de către Indira Gandhi National Open University.

Japonia
În anul 2002, cercetători de la National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME) si Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) au studiat MIT OpenCourseWare, care le-a permis să dezvolte un plan OCW cu 50 de cursuri la Institutul tehnologic din Tokyo în septembrie.

Iran
Maktabkhooneh este o platformă educațională care conține cursuri online. Există peste 200 de cursuri disponibile pe Maktabkhooneh în mod gratuit.

Taiwan
 National Chiao Tung University

Europa

Germania
 Universitatea din Tübingen
 SlideWiki.org (dezvoltat la Universitatea din Leipzig)

Franța
 France université numérique: portal MOOC pentru universitățile franceze dezvoltat în 2013.

Olanda
 Delft University of Technology, 2007

România
 Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti, 2012

Turcia
 Middle East Technical University

Marea Britanie
 OpenLearn, portal gratuit de învățare dezvoltat de The Open University, UK.

Referințe

Servicii online
Site-uri web educaționale

Open Courseware


Julio Acosta García (23 May 1872 – 6 July 1954) served as 24th President of Costa Rica from 1920 to 1924.

Early life
Rafael Julio del Rosario Acosta García was born on 23 May 1872 in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica to Jesús de la Rosa García Zumbado and Juan Vicente Acosta Chaves. His family was of Spanish heritage, and he had eight brothers: Aquiles, Máximo, Emilio, Raúl, Ulises, Luis, Ricardo and Horacio. By the time Acosta was born, his family had relocated from San José to San Ramón, where his father and three of his uncles operated the Three Brothers Mine () and operated a farm. His mother, known as Jesusita, was from a family of clergymen.

Acosta began his education in San José and started his secondary education at the University Institute of San José, a preparatory school run by Juan Fernández Ferraz. He completed his secondary schooling at the Colegio de San Luis Gonzaga in Cartago. He was fascinated by politics from a young age and became involved in several youth political movements in his twenties in which several radicals are arrested. Returning to Alajuela, he took a job at a banana plantation and served on the school board, before entering politics.

Beginning career
Between 1902 and 1906 Acosta served as an elected delegate for the Alajuela Province to the Constitutional Congress. In 1907, he was sent to El Salvador to serve as Consul-General. In April 1910, he married María Natalia Elena Gallegos Rosales in San Salvador and within two years had been appointed as the resident minister in El Salvador. In mid-1915, Acosta was recalled to Costa Rica and appointed to serve in the office of Secretary of State for the Office of Foreign Relations, Justice, Grace, and Worship.

One of the issues which concerned Acosta was a border dispute with Panama, which had long been pending. The dispute had arisen in 1910, when after Panama was separated from Gran Colombia the boundary with Costa Rica required clarification. The two parties entered into an agreement that arbiters would decide the boundary. On the Atlantic Coast, the French arbiter had given territory from Costa Rica to Panama and both sides accepted the ruling. On the Pacific Coast, the arbiter required Panama to cede territory to Costa Rica. Panama protested the ruling and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Edward Douglass White issued the "White Ruling" in 1914, which reaffirmed the territory on the Pacific was to be ceded to Costa Rica. Still unresolved, Acosta proposed in 1916 that the United States occupy the disputed territory to allow engineers from each country to survey the boundary and develop a resolution. During his tenure as foreign minister, Acosta traveled frequently. He was the first Minister to make official visits to all the countries of Central America.

On 27 January 1917, Acosta lost his post as minister when the brothers Federico Tinoco and Joaquín Tinoco led a coup d'état to overthrow the government. He and his family fled to his wife's parents farm, La Esperanza, where Acosta worked as a farm manager. He also soon found work in the editorial office of the Diario del Salvador newspaper, writing about the unrest in Costa Rica. After Tinoco was forced to resign in 1919 and the temporary president Juan Bautista Quirós Segura ceded power to interim president Francisco Aguilar Barquero, Acosta was invited to return to Costa Rica.  He became a candidate for president on 8 September 1919, when the Constitutional Party selected him as their representative. Elected with 89% of the vote on 7 December, he took office officially on 8 May 1920 as the 24th President of Costa Rica.

Presidency
Acosta was a Progressive president and set about almost immediately to roll back the repressive anticlerical and dictatorial policies of Tinoco, making promises to reform electoral processes, reform border disputes and operate a government without the corruption or squandering the public trust. He favored giving women the vote, established a pension program for veterans, proposed renegotiation of debts to stabilize the currency, and normalized the relationship of the state with Pope Benedict XV. During his administration, the Costa Rican Academy of Language, the Central Bank of Costa Rica, and an international cablegram service were established. Legislation was also introduced to protect minors, regulate gaming, reform insurance, create the Police Corps, establish pedagogical training, develop school inspection and teacher pension programs, and establish free and compulsory education for all children aged 8 to 15. Creating the Public Health Board, Acosta's administration also expanded the Medical Board to include regulations for homeopathy and osteopathy, as well as public assistance for the medical needs of the poor.

Acosta requested membership in the League of Nations to improve the country's international diplomacy, which was granted on 20 January 1921. Regionally, he proposed a pact that would create the Federal Republic of Central America. Because of on-going disputes with Nicaragua and Panama, the members of the proposed union were to be Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. Though the legislatures of the other three countries approved a federation, the Costa Rican congress rejected the proposal.

In February 1921 the border dispute with Panama reemerged, when rumors of Panamanian expansion into the disputed territory caused Acosta to send an expeditionary force to evaluate what was going on. Panama's response to the entrance of troops into the disputed territory resulted in their request for protection from the United States. The celebrations for the centennial of Panama's liberation from Spain sparked nationalist feeling in Panama, and, fueled by the press, the border dispute quickly moved from a diplomatic conflict to a military one. The  lasted from 21 February to 5 March 1921, with Costa Rica invading Panamanian territory in the Almirante and Bocas del Toro Districts and Panama's forces invading the Puntarenas Province of Costa Rica. The United States sent warships enroute and the League of Nations urged peaceful solutions. Diplomatic discussion followed, but delays on the Panamanian side forced the American arbiter to demand a withdrawal of Panama from the Coto Region on 23 August, ending the matter.

Later career
Acosta's last message to Congress was made on 1 May 1924. He and his family moved to Paris for three years where he worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross. Returning to Costa Rica in 1927, he continued to work with the Red Cross until 1929, when he was appointed as a member to the Mortgage Credit Board. In 1932, he was elected as a deputy for San José for the Constitutional Congress, serving from 1932 to 1936. Appointed to the Board of the National Bank of Costa Rica, he served until 1938, when he was again elected as a deputy for Congress. When his term ended in 1942, Acosta became the manager of the Social Security Fund and the following February assumed the presidency of the National Civil Defense Board. In 1944, he was reappointed to the post of Foreign Minister for the Office of the Secretary of State. During that time, he served as Costa Rica's signatory in the 1945 convention in San Francisco for the signing of the United Nations Charter. In May 1947, Acosta suffered a stroke and had to withdraw from his office.

Death and legacy
Acosta died on 6 July 1954 in San José and was buried in the General Cemetery after an official funeral. In addition to the numerous honors he received during his life, there are several schools named in his honor in Costa Rica. A monument was erected in his memory in Parque Morazán in San José.

References

Citations

Bibliography

  and

1872 births
1954 deaths
People from San Ramón, Costa Rica
Costa Rican people of Spanish descent
Presidents of Costa Rica
Vice presidents of Costa Rica
Foreign ministers of Costa Rica
Costa Rican Theosophists
20th-century Costa Rican politicians

Julio Acosta García


Institutul de Științe Nucleare Vinča este un institut de cercetare a fizicii nucleare situat în apropiere de Belgrad, Serbia.  De la înființarea sa, institutul a efectuat cercetări în domeniile fizicii, chimiei și biologiei. Institutul face parte din Universitatea din Belgrad.

Istoria

Institutul a fost înființat în 1948 ca Institut pentru Fizică. Mai multe grupuri diferite de cercetare au început activitatea în anii '50, timp în care s-au construit și doi reactori de cercetare.

Institutul operează doi reactori de cercetare; RA și RB. Reactorii de cercetare au fost furnizate de către URSS. Cel mai mare dintre cei doi reactori a fost evaluat la 6,5 MW și a folosit combustibil de uraniu îmbogățit 80% furnizat de sovietici.  La 15 octombrie 1958, a existat un accident critic la unul dintre reactorii de cercetare. Șase muncitori au primit doze mari de radiații; unul a murit la scurt timp după aceea.  Ceilalți cinci au primit primul transplant de măduvă osoasă vreodată în Europa.  Programul de cercetare nucleară s-a încheiat în 1968, iar reactorii au fost opriți în 1984.

Îndepărtarea deșeurilor radioactive

În anul 2009 s-a raportat că fondul de stocare a combustibilului nuclear, care conținea cantități mari de deșeuri radioactive, era în stare proastă.
În anul 2010 2,5 tone de deșeuri, inclusiv 13 kg de uraniu îmbogățit 80%, au fost transportate de la Vinča la o instalație de reprocesare de la Mayak, Rusia.  Acesta a fost cel mai mare proiect de cooperare tehnic al AIEA, mii de polițiști protejând convoaiele.

Departamente

Astăzi centrul de cercetarea include mai multe departamente :
Departamentul de fizică
Accelerator de particule
Particule elementare
Energie înaltă
Departamentul de fizică nucleară și de fizică de plasmă
Departamentul de fizică teoretică și de fizică a materiei condensate
Departamentul de radiație chimică și fizică
Departamentul de fizică atomică
Departamentul de chimie fizică
Departamentul de chimie dinamică și de formație permanentă
Departamentul de radioizotopie
Departamentul de radiobiologie și de genetică moleculară
Departamentul de genetică moleculară și de endocrinologie
Departamentul de radiații și de protecție a mediului
Departamentul de energie
Centrul de cercetare pluridisciplinară și de inginerie

Referințe

Legături externe
Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences

Fondări în 1948
Instituții de învățământ superior din Serbia

Institutul Nuclear Vinča


La Force des choses est un court métrage français réalisé en 1997 par Alain Guiraudie et sorti en 2001.

Synopsis
Un bandit ravisseur de filles est traqué par trois guerriers dans les bois.

Fiche technique
 Titre : La Force des choses
 Réalisation : Alain Guiraudie
 Scénario : Alain Guiraudie
 Photographie : Antoine Héberlé
 Musique : Stéphanie Barbarou et Gloria Sovran
 Montage : Pierre Molin
 Son : Frédéric de Ravignan et Jean-Christophe Julé
 Lieu de tournage : Montagne Noire
 Production : Les Films du temps qui passe - Hulot Productions - Ellipse Imako - Les Films du Levant
 Distribution : Shellac
 Pays d'origine :
 Durée :
 Date de sortie :

Distribution
 Morgan Nicolas : Ulrik
 Martial Petit : Jaune Safran
 Polo : Montogono
 Olivier Romey : Manjas Kébir
 Sandra Casellini : la fille

Sélections
 Rencontres cinéma de Gindou 1997
 Festival Côté court de Pantin 1998

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Jean-Philippe Tessé, « Guiraudie, parole et utopie », Cahiers du cinéma, , ,

Liens externes

 La Force des choses sur le site de Shellac

Film français sorti en 2001
Court métrage français
Film tourné en 16 mm
Film tourné dans le Tarn
Film réalisé par Alain Guiraudie

La Force des choses (film)


La alfarería en la región de Murcia (España), ha estado geográficamente determinada por las cuencas de los ríos Mula y Segura, aprovechando las terrazas naturales a orillas de los cauces y ramblas, que proporcionaban los elementos necesarios para la práctica del oficio: agua, barro y espacio. Otro factor importante ha sido la proximidad e influencia de los focos levantinos, en especial el de Manises, y los de la Andalucía Oriental.

Además de la notable herencia musulmana en la elaboración de alfarería de agua y de fuego, y de una estimable producción de tinajas para cubrir el mercado local, el alfarero murciano ha desarrollado desde el  una pequeña industria dedicada a la artesanía de las figuritas del Belén.

A pesar de la nueva orientación de la producción hacia el turismo y la exportación, el oficio alfarero en la región murciana continúa siendo de carácter familiar, trasmitido de generación en generación. La mayor producción en 2010 se localizaba en Aledo y Totana.

Documentación histórica
La evolución del oficio alfarero en la Región de Murcia puede deducirse de la actividad histórica de sus dos focos de mayor tradición: Aledo y Totana. Un estudio de José Antonio Sánchez Pravia, a partir de los Padrones de Contribución Industrial (P.C.I.), el Catastro del Marqués de la Ensenada, los Registros de la población del Archivo municipal de Totana, y los Libros de matrimonios y bautismos del Archivo parroquial de Santiago de Totana, informa de actividad alfarera en la zona desde el . En cuanto al vecino foco de Aledo, en 1835 se citan dos fábricas de alfarería de vidriado ordinario, trabajando en cada una un maestro y un oficial, las mismas que en el Diccionario Madoz de 1850. La actividad en el  corre paralela a los efectos de la guerra civil española, los planes de desarrollo para el progreso socio-industrial, el turismo y la recuperación de la identidad cultural regional.

En cuanto a la fabricación de tinajas, una de las ocupaciones más representativas de la alfarería totanera en concreto, está documentada desde finales del  hasta su desaparición en el último cuarto del . En el referido foco de Totana, aún es posible contemplar en pie tres hornos de tinajas fechados entre los siglos XIX y XX: en el barrio de Sevilla se halla el horno del Centro Tecnológico de Artesanía; en el de Triana, el horno propiedad de Mariano Cánovas (c/ Tinajerías), y el de Luis Zamora, al norte del Arco de las Ollerías, en el barrio de la Tejera. La resonancia del callejero habla por sí misma de su importancia etnográfica.

Proceso tradicional

El primer paso del proceso consiste en la recogida y preparación de los barros, ya que cada objeto requiere una arcilla con textura y propiedades determinadas.
Posteriormente, el alfarero realiza las combinaciones necesarias de agua y arcilla en una batidora eléctrica. Antiguamente, se mezclaban en una balsa, moviéndola con palos largos.
Una vez que se elimina el agua sobrante y pasa por la sobadora (que le proporciona homogeneidad), se tamiza, estando el barro listo para pasar al torno, donde el maestro alfarero se ayuda de media caña para ir alisando la superficie del objeto mientras va girando, y siempre con las manos mojadas.
Finalmente, se prepara la pieza de barro con sedal. Las que no van a ser coloreadas después de cocerlas, se vidrian o esmaltan.

Dentro del alfar, siguiendo la tradición, trabajan oficiales, peones y aprendices. En los núcleos familiares, dirigidos por el padre o el hermano mayor, también colaboran las mujeres en procesos delicados, como la unión de grupos de juguete, colocación de elementos como asas y pitorros, o en los dibujos de las decoraciones.

Centros alfareros murcianos

Aledo

Llegó a albergar a finales del  una treintena de alfares en el paraje de Las Canales y disponer de varios hornos morunos. Siempre se ha trabajado con tierras de la zona: la "greda" (de color amarillenteo verdoso) y tierra roja (de color azulón).
Entre sus últimos alfares activos cabe destacar los de Pedro Requena y Juan Romera Sánchez y sus hijos, con obra en el Museo Etnológico de la Huerta (Alcantarilla), artífices de ollas cuarteranas según modelos medievales del , y de las típicas especieras piramidales.

Lorca
Los cuarenta "olleros y jarreros" registrados a principios del , se quedan en cinco en la Guía de los alfares de España. Seseña sólo menciona dos, produciendo aún cántaros, lecheras y jarras de diferentes modelos. Familias alfareras de tradición han sido: los Lario, los Abellán, los Navarro y Gregorio Hernández, todos ellos con obra expuesta en el Museo de Cerámica de Chinchilla de Montearagón (Albacete).

La leyenda popular otorga a las famosas jarras de "picos" o "de la novia", elaboradas en Lorca y Totana, la virtud de que en ellas puedan beber vino los contrayentes sin derramar una gota, en señal de felicidad eterna.

El Museo Arqueológico Municipal de Lorca alberga abundantes ejemplos y documentación sobre el trabajo alfarero en la región murciana desde 1600. Es especialmente interesante su colección de tinajas medievales

Mula
Dos alfareros, Andrés Boluda y Francisco Alcázar, continuaban trabajando en la ciudad de Mula en 2010. Tradicionalmente, los olleros muleños se han especializado en alfarería de fuego, cazuelas, ollas y pucheros, entre otros cacharros para uso doméstico. Una de las últimas familias más activas fue la de los Artero.

Murcia

A mediados del  comienza a tomar cuerpo industrial en la capital murciana la artesanía de las figuras del Belén, una especialidad alfarera en la que se iniciaron muchos futuros escultores de la tierra, como Juan González Moreno y que llevaron a su zénit artistas como Francisco Salzillo y su impresionante belén, compuesto por 556 figuras.

A finales del , la etnóloga Natacha Seseña contabilizaba quince centros artesanos dedicados a producir figuritas de los distintos estilos: "hebreo", "barroco", "clásico", "murciano", "balear", "salcillesco"... Se hacen con moldes y se van desvastando con unos palillos de metal (que no sean de hierro). El molde produce solamente el 'bulto' y luego hay que pegar, repasar, alisar y pintar, ya a mano. Las figuritas se cuecen en hornos similares a los alfareros, que tienen que alcanzar los 800º centígrados. Un misterio (como el típico pesebre con Virgen, San José, Niño, buey y burro) de treinta cm de altura puede tardar de seis a siete horas de horneo.

 Totana

Es el foco alfarero de mayor producción de la región. En 2011 había 29 alfareros-ceramistas dados de alta en el Registro Artesano de la Comunidad de Murcia. El doble de los reseñados por Vossen, Seseña y Köpke en 1974. Desde el , Totana y Lorca se especializaron en la fabricación de las típicas tinajas que en las casas huertanas se colocaban en el tinajero del zaguán. Eran grandes piezas de barro rojo, de 70 a 140 cm, cubiertas exteriormente con almagre. También habituales en el tinajero eran los cántaros de dos asas, hechos con arcilla porosa amarillenta. Otra pieza típica huertana era el cociol o "barreñón" troncocónico, lebrillo usado para hacer la colada.

Entre los talleres de mayor tradición, continúan trabajando: la familia Tudela, que se inició en la Totana del  con Melchor 'Santos' Tudela y sus cinco hijos, y la familia Cánovas. Otros talleres activos son: Alfarería Rufino; Ceratosa; Alfarería El Poveo; Alfarería Europol; Bellón Alfareros; Ibero Alfar; Lario Carillo S.L.; Alfarería Romero y Hernández; Francisco Pérez Garre; y Alfarería El Polo (con una larga tradición en fabricación de tinajas y cocios''). El Centro Tecnológico de Artesanía en Totana fue instalado sobre un antiguo horno de tinajas.

Turismo, exportación e instituciones
El chantaje cultural turístico ha llevado a muchos alfareros a desvirtuar la esencia de su trabajo, convirtiéndose en productores de paisajes en bajorrelieve, ramos de flores clásicos murcianos, bodegones y azulejos decorados con motivos vegetales y medievales, pintados a mano.

Paralelamente, en los cuatro principales focos de la provincia, el 90% de la producción alfarera se dedica a la exportación (principalmente piezas de jardinería para el mercado japonés), mientras que las cifras se invierten en el caso de la cerámica, siendo aproximadamente un 70% para el interior y un 30% para el exterior. En Totana, el sector de la maceta alcanza en las empresas locales una facturación total de 21 millones de euros.

A lo largo de la primera década de 2000, la Dirección General de Artesanía de la Región murciana puso en marcha varios Centros Tecnológicos de artesanía.

Alfares desaparecidos
 Algezares.- Pedanía de la capital murciana, que como tal centro alfarero aparece en la documentación del etnólogo alemán Wilhelm Bierhenke, cuyo trabajo de campo de 1932 no fue publicado hasta 1973 por el también etnólogo germano Rüdiger Vossen.
 Cartagena.- Un signo más del esplendor cartagenero en el  fueron sus fábricas de loza fina "La Amistad" (1842) y La Cartagenera (1883), instaladas en el barrio de Borricén. Tras su cierre a finales de dicho siglo, los hermanos Benzal montaron taller cerámico en Cartagena que funcionó hasta 1945. En 1999 se inauguró en esta ciudad uno de los varios Centros Tecnológicos de Artesanía de la autonomía murciana.
 Caravaca de la Cruz.- El Museo Arqueológico Municipal de Caravaca de la Cruz guarda ejemplos de su primitivo pasado alfarero.
 Jumilla.- Los hallazgos y estudios arqueológicos realizados en varios parajes jumillenses, y la incipiente industria ceramista que dejó su huella en la calle de Cantarerías o en el apodo de «el Cantarero», hablan del pasado alfarero de esta localidad.

Alfareros en activo

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Alfarería y cerámica de la Región de Murcia
Bienes de interés cultural de la Región de Murcia
Bienes de interés cultural inmateriales de España

Alfarería en la Región de Murcia


India Shining (Hindi: भारत उदय ) was a marketing slogan referring to the overall feeling of economic optimism in India in 2004. The slogan was popularised by the then-ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for the 2004 Indian general elections. The slogan is initially developed as a part of an Indian government campaign intended to promote India internationally.

Advertising firm Grey Worldwide won the campaign account in 2003; the slogan and the associated campaign was developed by national creative director Prathap Suthan, in consultation with Finance Minister Jaswant Singh. The government spent an estimated 20 million USD of government funds on national television advertisements and newspaper ads featuring the "India Shining" slogan.

Some editorials also suggested that the India Shining campaign was one of the causes for the subsequent defeat of the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government in the 2004 parliamentary elections, particularly in urban areas, the target audience of the campaign.

The negative assessment of the India Shining campaign was echoed after the election by former Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani, who described it as "valid," but "inappropriate for our election campaign... By making them verbal icons of our election campaign, we gave our political opponents an opportunity to highlight other aspects of India's contemporary reality... which questioned our claim."

Controversy
There has been controversy over the India Shining advertisements as whether the governments, States or Centre are not permitted to use taxpayer's money to promote any political gain. The BJP government has spent an approximate cost of Rs. 5 billion for the advertisements campaign during 2004 Parliament elections.

The India Shining slogan drew criticism from various columnists and political critics of the ruling National Democratic Alliance government for glossing over a variety of social problems, including poverty and social inequality.

The slogan was then used as a central theme in the BJP's campaign for the 2004 national elections, a move criticised by the BJP's political opponents, who felt that public money was being used for partisan purposes. In response, the Indian Election Commission banned the slogan's broadcast until after the elections, although BJP politicians continued to use the slogan in other contexts.

See also
 Achhe din aane waale hain

References

Indian political slogans
2004 neologisms
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
2004 Indian general election
Advertising in India

India Shining


The Apache, film muet britannique réalisé par Adelqui Migliar, sorti en 1925 ;
 , film muet américain réalisé par Phil Rosen, sorti en 1928.

The Apache


António Manuel Bogaio Constantino ,  (Tete, 9 de novembro de 1969) é um prelado moçambicano da Igreja Católica, bispo auxiliar da Beira.

Biografia
Depois de ter concluído o pré-postulantado nos Missionários Combonianos do Coração de Jesus em Nampula e de ter frequentado o Seminário da Matola, fez o noviciado em Uganda. Em 10 de maio de 1997 emitiu os primeiros votos em Kampala e posteriormente obteve o diploma de bacharel em teologia na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana de Roma. Em 10 de junho de 2000 emitiu os votos perpétuos em Roma e foi ordenado sacerdote em 13 de junho de 2001 na Beira.

Exerceu os seguintes cargos e aprofundamentos: Licenciatura em Jornalismo em Madri, Espanha (2001-2007); colaborador da revista Mundo Negro; diretor da revista Vida Nova, colaborador do Centro Catequético de Anchilo (2008-2011); pároco de Anchilo, na arquidiocese de Nampula; pároco de São João XXIII em Chitima e de Santa Maria em Mucumbura, na diocese de Tete (2011-2016); desde 2016, Superior Provincial dos Missionários Combonianos do Coração de Jesus, em Maputo; presidente suplente da Conferência dos Religiosos em Moçambique (2018-2019) e desde 2019, Presidente da Conferência dos Religiosos em Moçambique.

Além disso, trabalha no Instituto Superior Maria Mãe de África em Maputo e na Comissão para os Institutos de Vida Consagrada e Sociedades de Vida Apostólica da Conferência Episcopal de Moçambique.

Em 13 de dezembro de 2022, o Papa Francisco o nomeou como bispo auxiliar da Beira, concedendo o título de bispo titular de Sutunurca. Recebeu a ordenação episcopal em 19 de fevereiro de 2023, no Pavilhão do Clube do Ferroviário de Beira, por Claudio Dalla Zuanna, S.C.J., arcebispo da Beira, coadjuvado por Inácio Saúre, I.M.C., arcebispo de Nampula e por João Carlos Hatoa Nunes, arcebispo coadjutor de Maputo.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Moçambique colonial
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana
Combonianos
Bispos católicos de Moçambique

António Manuel Bogaio Constantino


.

Teodor Pop a lui Ioam (n. 1889, Săpânța, Maramureș – d. 1923, Sighet, Maramureș) a fost delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918.

Date biografice
A studiat la Academia de Drept. Bursier al Asociațiunii pentru cultura poporului român din Maramureș. A luptat ca voluntar în armata română, ulterior devenind polițist al orașului Sighet. .

Note

Bibliografie
Ioan I. Șerban (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1889
Decese în 1932
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Juriști români
Maramureșeni

Teodor Pop a lui Ioan


Charles Bukowski'nin Parantez Yayınlarından çıkan kitabı. Dedektif Nick Belane'in Kırmızı Kırlangıç meselesini çözerken aynı zamanda Celine ve Bayan Ölüm'le olan sıra dışı ilişkisini, aynı zamanda hayat ve ölümle ilgili birçok kavramı sorguladığı hikâyesi...

Amerikan romanları
Polisiye romanlar
Charles Bukowski'nin eserleri

Pulp (roman)


Kulaklı batağan (Podiceps auritus), batağangiller (Podicipedidae) familyasından küçük bir batağan türü.

Büyüklükleri 31–38 cm kanat açıklıkları ise 46–55 cm civarındadır. Erkeğin tüyleri, yüzünün kenarları boyunca kahverengi şişkin kulak gibi tutamlarla siyah bir başı kapsar, bunlar yazın görülür. Derin kırmızı bir boyun, kırmızı gözler ve küçük, dümdüz sadece ucu beyaz, kalanı siyah renkte olan bir gagaya sahiptirler. Suyun üstünde yüzerler. Çok iyi yürüyemezler. Suyun kenarında yuva yaparlar. Genellikle yapılan iki yumurta, çizgili genç bazen de erişkinin arkasında taşınır. Mükemmel bir yüzücü ve dalgıçtırlar, avlayacakları balığı suyun altında takip ederler.

Dış bağlantılar

Batağangiller
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kulaklı batağan


Buritis es un municipio brasileño del estado de Rondônia. Se localiza a una latitud 10º12'43" sur y a una longitud 63º49'44" oeste, estando a una altitud de 200 metros. Su población estimada por el Censo 2010 es de 32.383 habitantes.

Referencias

Localidades de Rondonia

Buritis


Svend Foyn (* 9. Juli 1809 in  Tønsberg, Norwegen; † 29. November 1894 in Nøtterøy, Norwegen) war ein norwegischer Walfang- und Schiffsmagnat. Er war ein Pionier für neue Methoden der Waljagd und -verarbeitung und führte unter anderem die moderne Harpunenkanone ein. Ihm zu Ehren sind die zu Spitzbergen gehörende Insel Foynøya, der Svend-Foyn-Gletscher auf der Insel Jan Mayen, die Foyn-Insel vor der Küste des ostantarktischen Viktorialands, der Foyn Point, ein Kap an der Ostküste der Antarktischen Halbinsel, sowie die ebenfalls dort befindliche Foyn-Küste benannt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Artikel Svend Foyn. In: Store norske leksikon (norwegisch)
 Per Thoresen: Svend Foyn. In: Norsk biografisk leksikon (norwegisch)

Walfänger
Norweger
Geboren 1809
Gestorben 1894
Mann

Svend Foyn


Maurílio Delmont Ribeiro (Imperatriz, 15 de fevereiro de 1993 – Goiânia, 29 de dezembro de 2021) foi um cantor, multi-instrumentista, produtor musical e arranjador brasileiro, mais conhecido por ter feito parte da dupla Luíza & Maurílio.

Iniciou sua carreira em 2016, ao formar a dupla Luíza & Maurílio com Luiza Martins no Maranhão. Durante seis anos de carreira, os músicos produziram quatro álbuns e hits como "S de Saudade", "Parabéns por Me Perder", "Pode Sumir" e "Furando o Sinal". Em 2021, Maurílio morreu, o que fez com que a carreira da dupla fosse precocemente interrompida.

Biografia
Filho de Odaisa Delmont, Maurílio nasceu em Imperatriz, onde passou a maior parte da sua vida. Na vida adulta, chegou a ingressar no curso de Ciências Contábeis, mas o abandonou com a popularidade da dupla.

O cantor era torcedor do Flamengo.

Carreira

Ao passar férias em Imperatriz no ano de 2016, Luiza Martins conheceu Maurílio Delmont. Os dois cantaram juntos pela primeira vez quando Luíza chamou Maurílio para subir no palco em uma festa de uma amiga durante um karaokê. Um vídeo dos dois cantando uma música de Marília Mendonça viralizou regionalmente e, assim, os músicos receberam os primeiros convites de shows no sudoeste do Maranhão. Em 2018, a dupla ganhou notoriedade nacional e lançou Segunda Dose, projeto que projetou os músicos com músicas como "Licença Aí" e "Furando o Sinal". Nos anos seguintes, a dupla expandiu a sua notoriedade com o single "S de Saudade".

Em 2020, Luíza & Maurílio lançaram seu último trabalho de inéditas, Ensaio Acústico 2. O projeto ficou marcado pelas músicas "Pode Sumir", "Inamorável" e "Razão das Minhas Biritas", com produção musical de Maurílio, Luiza e Wisley Fellipe. Já durante o ano de 2021, os músicos trabalharam com singles como "Para em Mim de Novo" (com Dilsinho) e participações com outros artistas.

Morte
No dia 15 de dezembro de 2021, Maurílio foi internado no Hospital Jardim América, em Goiânia, após passar mal durante a gravação de um DVD. Seu quadro evoluiu para choque séptico em 28 de dezembro de 2021, sendo reforçados os medicamentos e cuidados para o suporte à vida. Um dia depois, o cantor morreu em Goiânia de tromboembolia pulmonar, que evoluiu para falência múltipla de órgãos.

O velório de Delmont ocorreu na Câmara dos Vereadores de Imperatriz em 30 de dezembro de 2021, com a presença de familiares, amigos, além de Luiza Martins. O velório também foi aberto para visitação do público. O corpo do cantor foi enterrado no Cemitério São João Batista, em Imperatriz.

Em 2023, Luiza Martins estreou carreira solo e lançou o álbum Continua, com inéditas autorais e regravações de Luíza & Maurílio. A cantora trouxe a música "Continua", que foi uma homenagem a Maurílio. Em entrevista ao Gshow, ela disse que era "uma música que ele gostava muito, a gente tinha gravado, mas não lançou. Foi a única música que ele colocou a primeira voz. Ele merece todas as homenagens do mundo".

Vida pessoal

Relacionamentos
Maurílio desenvolveu um relacionamento de longa data com a veterinária Luana Ramos. Os dois moravam juntos em Goiânia.

Posições políticas
Apesar de fazer parte de uma dupla sertaneja notável, Maurílio Delmont era conhecido por manter um perfil mais discreto e, assim como Luiza Martins, evitava temas como política. No entanto, na eleição presidencial no Brasil em 2018, se posicionou contra Jair Bolsonaro. Na época, ele publicou uma imagem no Instagram com o texto: "O Nordeste é maior do que qualquer preconceito".

Saúde
Em 2019, Maurílio teria sido supostamente diagnosticado com trombose venosa profunda e obrigado a cancelar agendas de shows para tratamento. Mais tarde, seu médico Wandervan Azevedo afirmou que o cantor na época teve apenas uma suspeita de trombose. A suspeita de Delmont era motivada pelo seu histórico familiar e por acidente de moto vivido em meados de 2013. Em entrevista ao Terra, Wandervan disse:

Discografia

Com Luíza & Maurílio

Naturais de Imperatriz (Maranhão)
Cantores do Maranhão
Cantores de música sertaneja
Compositores do Maranhão
Compositores de música sertaneja

Maurílio Delmont


Volkhard Precht (* 19. Juni 1930 in Lauscha; † 18. Mai 2006 ebenda) war ein deutscher Glasgestalter.

Leben und Werk
Precht war der Sohn des Malers und bedeutenden Lauschaer Glasgestalters Ernst Precht (1892–1969), bei dem er ab 1946 den Beruf des Kunstglasbläsers erlernte. Er arbeitete dann bei seinem Vater in seinem Beruf und war daneben von 1948 bis 1951 Gaststudent an der Fachschule für angewandte Kunst Sonneberg. 1952 bestand er die Meisterprüfung. Sein erster Versuch, in den Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR (VBK) aufgenommen zu werden, scheiterte 1957, weil die von Precht damals praktizierte Gestaltung von Tieren dem Verband als veraltet galt. Die Zukunft sah man im Gefäß. 1962 erhielt Precht die staatliche Anerkennung als Kunsthandwerker. 1959 übernahm er von seinem Vater die Leitung des Familienbetriebes, den er mit seiner Frau, der Glasgestalterin Renate Precht (* 1933) leitete, bis er sich ab 1964 als freischaffender Kunsthandwerker betätigte. Nach einer zweijährigen Kandidatur wurde er 1966 Mitglied des VBK, dem er dann bis 1990 angehörte.

Ende der fünfziger Jahre realisierte Precht Kleinplastiken aus Vollglas und stieß damit an die Grenzen dessen, was mit der Lampentechnik, bei der der Glasbläser vor dem offenen Brenner (der "Lampe") arbeitet, möglich ist. 1963 baute er mit Unterstützung erfahrener Glasmacher einen eigenen kleinen Schmelzofen – den erste Studioglasofen Europas. Damit ging er von der Lampentechnik zur Hüttentechnik über. In den 1970er Jahren fand Precht seine unverwechselbare künstlerische Sprache. Er nutzte die sogenannte Glasfolientechnik, um Landschaften geradezu grafisch auf dem Gefäßkörper darzustellen. Er bemalte ausgeblasene dünne Glasfolien mit Porzellanmalfarbe und schmolz sie dann mit einem Brenner auf das Gefäß. Neben solchen Gefäßen fertigte Precht auch einige architekturbezogene Arbeiten, aus Einzelteilen montierte Glasskulpturen und Sandgussarbeiten.

Precht gilt  als einer der Pioniere der Studioglasbewegung. Dieser Begriff war damals allerdings in der DDR nicht bekannt, und von den ungefähr zeitgleichen Entwicklungen in den USA und Westeuropa erfuhr Precht erst in den 1970er Jahren.

Precht hatte in der DDR, in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und im Ausland eine bedeutende Zahl von Einzelausstellungen und Ausstellungsbeteiligungen, unter anderem von 1962 bis 1988 an allen sechs Deutschen Kunstausstellungen bzw. Kunstausstellungen der DDR in Dresden.

Prechts Sohn Ulrich Precht (* 1956) ist ebenfalls Glasgestalter.

Ehrungen

 1974: Max-Reger-Preis
 1977: Coburger Glaspreis
 1978: Diplom der II. Quadriennale des Kunsthandwerks der sozialistischen Länder in Erfurt
 1979: Kunstpreis der DDR
 1984: Orden Banner der Arbeit

Museen und öffentliche Sammlungen mit Werken Prechts (unvollständig)

 Schlossmuseum Arnstadt
 Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin
 Kunstgewerbemuseum Dresden
 Museum für Angewandte Kunst Köln
 Museum für Glaskunst Lauscha
 Grassi-Museum für Angewandte Kunst, Leipzig

Werke (Auswahl)

 Schale "Föhn über den Matten" (1976; Kunstgewerbemuseum Dresden)
 Vase (1977; Kunstgewerbemuseum Dresden)
 Schale (1977)
 Vase "Kaukasus II" (1977)
 Schale aus dem Ensemble "Florid" (1977)
 Dose (1983; Kunstgewerbemuseum Dresden)
 Vase "Moorlandschaft" (Grassi-Museum für Angewandte Kunst, Leipzig)

Einzelausstellungen (unvollständig)

 1965/1966: Eisenach, Schloss am Markt ("Kunsthandwerk aus Thüringen"; mit Grete Reichardt, Helmut Senf, Herbert Kny und Albin Schaedel)
 1974: Leipzig, Museum für Kunsthandwerk (mit Friedemann Lenk)
 1976: Schwerin, Staatliches Museum Schwerin
 1980/1981: Berlin, Kunstgewerbemuseum
 1982: Potsdam, Kleine Galerie im Keller; Luckenwalde, Galerie im Zentrum, und Brandenburg an der Havel, Galerie in der Steinstraße.
 1984: Karl-Marx-Stadt, Galerie Schmidt-Rottluff
 1984: Weimar, Galerie im Cranach-Haus (mit Peter Sylvester)
 1989: Suhl, Galerie am Steinweg (mit Ulrich Precht)
 2000: Immenhausen, Glasmuseum Immenhausen
 2000: Erfurt, Galerie Waidspeicher

Literatur

 Precht, Volkhard. In: Dietmar Eisold (Hrsg.): Lexikon Künstler in der DDR. Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin, 2010. ISBN 978-3-355-01761-9, S. 721/722.
 Sophia Dietrich: Studioglas in der DDR. Der Glaskünstler Volkhard Precht. VDG Verlag im Jonas Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-89739-781-1.

Weblinks

 Porträt Volkhard Precht, Förderkreis des Museums für Glaskunst Lauscha
 Kurzbiografie beim Studio Susanne und Ulrich Precht
 Werke und Werkteile von Volkhard Precht im Bildindex der Kunst und Architektur

Einzelnachweise

Glaskünstler
Künstler (DDR)
Person (Lauscha)
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2006
Mann

Volkhard Precht


Aleksandar Oršić (Zagreb, 29. travnja 1946.), hrvatski domovinski i iseljenički književnik i novinar

Životopis
Rodio se je u Zagrebu. U rodnom je gradu završio pučku školu i klasičnu gimnaziju. Na studij je otišao u Austriju u Graz. Od sječe Hrvatske u Karađorđevu prosinca 1971. nije više došao u Hrvatsku zbog političkih razloga. Redovito je počeo pisati sredinom 70-ih godina. Diplomirao je 1977. godine i sve se više posvetio pisanju. Nedugo potom počeose profesionalno baviti novinarstvom na njemačkogovornom području. Prvo je radio u Neue Zeitu i Kleine Zeitungu, a od 1985. je vanjskopolitički urednik bečkog tjednika Die Furche. I u katoličkoj novinskoj agenciji iz Beča Kathpress je vanjskopolitički urednik, od 1988. do 1989. godine. U vjerskom je novinarstvu i poslije toga. Uređivao je vjerski tjednik Rubertusblatt od 1989. do 1991. godine. Stalni je dopisnik Kleine Zeitunga iz Zagreba od kolovoza 1991. godine. Obilazio je ratišta po Hrvatskoj i izvješćivao s njih. To je radio sve domeđunarodnog priznanja Hrvatske 15. siječnja 1992. godine. Iste je godine za to dobio prvu nagradu za novinarstvo Radne zajednice Alpe-Jadran. Novinske priloge objavio je na njemačkom. Od 1977. godine svoje je pripovijetke objavio u više časopisa. U Hrvatskoj je na hrvatskom objavio u Maruliću i dr.

Djela

Objavio je djela:

Nagrade i priznanja
1. nagrada za novinarstvo Radne zajednice Alpe-Jadran za 1991.
Šimun Šito Ćorić uvrstio ga je u svoju antologiju 60 hrvatskih emigrantskih pisaca.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zagreb

Hrvatski novinari

Hrvatski književnici
Hrvati u Austriji
Hrvatska politička emigracija (1945. – 1989.)

Aleksandar Oršić