Todenbüttel Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 11,78 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1123 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Otto Harders tarafından yürütülmektedir.

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 www.amthohenwestedt-land.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Todenbüttel


Ephraim (;  ʾEp̄rayīm, in pausa:  ʾEp̄rāyīm) was, according to the Book of Genesis, the second son of Joseph ben Jacob and Asenath. Asenath was an Ancient Egyptian woman whom Pharaoh gave to Joseph as wife, and the daughter of Potipherah, a priest of ʾĀwen. Ephraim was born in Egypt before the arrival of the Israelites from Canaan.

The Book of Numbers lists three sons of Ephraim: Shuthelah, Beker, and Tahan.  However, 1 Chronicles 7 lists eight sons, including Ezer and Elead, who were killed in an attempt to steal cattle from the locals. After their deaths he had another son, Beriah. He was the ancestor of Joshua, son of Nun ben Elishama, the leader of the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan.

According to the biblical narrative, Jeroboam, who became the first king of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, was also from the house of Ephraim.

Biblical criticism

The Book of Genesis related the name "Ephraim" to the Hebrew root פָּרָה (pārā), meaning "to be fruitful". This referring to Joseph's ability to produce children, specifically while in Egypt (termed by the Torah as the land of his affliction). The name Ephraim can therefore be translated as "I will be fruitful", with the prefix of aleph (א) indicating the first person, singular, future tense.

In the biblical account, Joseph's other son is Manasseh, and Joseph himself is one of the two children of Rachel and Jacob, the other being Benjamin. Biblical scholars regard it as obvious, from their geographic overlap and their treatment in older passages, that originally Ephraim and Manasseh were considered one tribe – that of Joseph. According to several biblical scholars, Benjamin was originally part of the suggested Ephraim-Manasseh single "Joseph" tribe, but the biblical account of Joseph as his father became lost.  A number of biblical scholars suspect that the distinction of the Joseph tribes (including Benjamin) is that they were the only Israelites which went to Egypt and returned, while the main Israelite tribes simply emerged as a subculture from the Canaanites and had remained in Canaan throughout. According to this view, the story of Jacob's visit to Laban to obtain a wife originated as a metaphor for this migration, with the property and family which were gained from Laban representing the gains of the Joseph tribes by the time they returned from Egypt; according to textual scholars, the Jahwist version of the Laban narrative only mentions the Joseph tribes, and Rachel, and does not mention the other tribal matriarchs at all.

In the Torah, the eventual precedence of the tribe of Ephraim is argued to derive from Jacob, half blind and on his deathbed, blessing Ephraim before Manasseh. The text describing this blessing features a hapax legomenon – the word שכל (sh-k-l) – which classical rabbinical literature has interpreted in esoteric manners; some rabbinical sources connect the term with sekel, meaning mind/wisdom, and view it as indicating that Jacob was entirely aware of who he was actually blessing; other rabbinical sources connect the term with shikkel, viewing it as signifying that Jacob was despoiling Manasseh in favour of Ephraim; yet other rabbinical sources argue that it refers to the power of Jacob to instruct and guide the holy spirit. In classical rabbinical sources, Ephraim is described as being modest and not selfish. These rabbinical sources allege that it was on account of modesty and selflessness, and a prophetic vision of Joshua, that Jacob gave Ephraim precedence over Manasseh, the elder of the two; in these sources Jacob is regarded as being sufficiently just that God upholds the blessing in his honour, and makes Ephraim the leading tribe.

See also
Manasseh
Tribe of Ephraim
Tribe of Manasseh

References

External links
 A painting by J Franklin of , engraved by G Presbury for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 and with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.

Book of Genesis people
Founders of biblical tribes
Joseph (Genesis)
Egyptian men

th:เผ่าเอฟราอิม

Ephraim


جزر حنيش هي مجموعة من الجزر تقع في البحر الأحمر. معظمهم يتبع الجمهورية اليمنية ومنها حنيش الكبرى.

قبل 1998-1999 كانت تطالب أريتريا بجزيرة حنيش الكبرى. بعد محاكمة طويلة مع اليمن في محكمة دولية تم منح الملكية الكاملة لليمن على أكبر الجزر في حين حصلت أريتريا على الجزر المحيطية إلى الجنوب الغربي من الجزيرة الكبيرة.

في الحرب الأهلية اليمنية، كان الأرخبيل مسرحًا لقتال عنيف بين القوات الموالية للرئيس السابق علي عبد الله صالح والمتمردين الحوثيين من جهة والقوات الموالية للرئيس بالوكالة عبد ربه منصور هادي، بدعم من قوات التحالف العربي، من جهة أخرى.

الموقع
تقع جزر أرخبيل حنيش جنوب البحر الأحمر في المياه الإقليمية للجمهورية اليمنية وتحديداً غرب شواطئ ساحل مدينة الخوخة الشهيرة سياحياً، وتبعد عن الساحل اليمني بمسافة تتراوح بين 18-28 ميلاً بحرياً، ومدينة الخوخة تقع على بعد 130 كم جنوب مدينة الحديدة، وعلى بعد 40 كم شمال مدينة المخا

واسم حنيش تعني إنها صغير الحنش، يقال مأخوذة من لهجة الساحل اليمني التي تعني الثعبان عندهم.

وتضم جزر أرخبيل حنيش عدة جزر، من أشهرها:

 جزيرة حنيش الكبرى.
 جزيرة حنيش الصغرى.
 جزيرة زقر.
 جزر أخرى صغيرة.

جزيرة حنيش الكبرى
تقع جنوب جزيرة حنيش الصغرى وتبعد عنها بمسافة (3.5) ميلاً بحرياً على خط عرض 13.44ْ درجة شمال خط الاستواء وخط طول 42.54ْ درجة شرق خط جرينتش، وتبعد عن الخوخة بحوالي (26) ميلاً بحرياً غرباً، كما تبعد الجزيرة عن الساحل اليمني بحوالي (26) ميلاً بحرياً، وتبلغ مساحتها (65) كم2 وتتكون الجزيرة من مرتفعات جبلية صخرية في معظم المساحة، وتقع بعض المنخفضات في عدة أماكن من الجزيرة وأعلى مرتفع في الجزيرة يصل إلى حوالي (430) متراً، وفيها محطة كبيرة لتحلية المياه ومولدات كهربائية كما يوجد فيها فنار ملاحي في الطرف الشمالي للجزيرة

جزيرة حنيش الصغرى
وهي عبارة عن جزيرة بركانية صخرية، وتتواجد بها العديد من السلاسل الجبلية على طول الجريرة، كما يتواجد في وسط الجزيرة جبل شديد التضاريس والوعورة، يبلغ ارتفاعه 415 متر فوق مستوى سطح البحر، وتوجد عليها العديد من التلال التي تقطعها أودية عميقة تنحدر نحو البحر، ويغطي سواحلها ترسبات شاطئية، وغرين وطين ورواسب نهرية وديانيه، وجزء كبير من الجزيرة تغطيه رواسب المتكونة من الرماد البركاني ومتعاقبة مع تدفقات لافا Basalt tuff الصخور المسامية البازلتية Basalt lava flows البازلت

وتقع جنوب جزيرة زقر على بعد (10) أميال بحرية شمال شرق جزيرة حنيش الكبرى، وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي (9) كم2، وتبعد عنها مسافة (2) ميلاً بحرياً، وتبعد عن الخوخة بمسافة (26) ميلاً بحرياً شمال غرب، وعن الساحل اليمني مسافة (20.5) ميلاً بحرياً.

ويتواجد الصيادون اليمنيون في جزر أرخبيل حنيش الذين يأتون من الساحل اليمني القريب ويقطنون هذه الجزر لعدة أشهر في فصل الصيف، كما يحتمون بجوارها من الرياح الموسمية في فصل الشتاء.

هذه الجزيرة تتشابه في تركيبها الجيولوجي مع جزيرة حنيش الكبرى ومن الجزر التي تحيط بها هي جزيرة المنخفضة والتي تقع شرق هذه الجزيرة .

جزيرة جبل زقر
تقع جنوب غرب جزيرة أبو علي وتبعد عنها مسافة (2.5) ميلاً بحرياً، عند خط عرض 1400ْ درجة شمال خط الاستواء وخط طول 45.42ْ درجة شرق جرينتش، وتبعد عن الساحل اليمني مسافة (33) كم، وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي (120) كم2.

جزيرة سيول حنيش
تقع جنوب جزيرة حنيش الكبرى وتبعد عنها مسافة (2.7) ميلاً بحرياً، وتبعد عن الساحل اليمني مسافة (30) ميلاً بحرياً، وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي (3) كم2.

كما يضم أرخبيل حنيش جزراً أخرى مثل:

(جزيرة هايكوك) التبن (الصخر، المستديرة، هايكوك) التبن (الجنوبية الغربية، هايكوك) التبن (الوسطى، هايكوك) التبن (الشمالية الغربية، القمتين، المستديرة، الشمال المستديرة، كوين) الركنية (مشيجرة، الدراعيل، المنخفضة، اللسان، الغربية، القرش، جزيرة أبو علي، المرتفعة العادية).

طبيعة شواطئ جزر أرخبيل حنيش: شواطئ سياحية جميلة تكسوها الرمال البيضاء الناعمة، وتُعد من أجمل الشواطئ اليمنية.

المناخ في جزر أرخبيل حنيش
يكاد يكون مناخ البحر الأحمر متشابهاً طيلة العام غير أنه في منتصف أكتوبر وحتى إبريل يبرد نسبياً.
 الإشعاع الشمسي المستمر: تزيد كثافته على 500 وات/م معظم أيام السنة.
 درجة الحرارة: ترتفع درجة حرارة سطح مياه البحر الأحمر كلما اتجهنا جنوباً حيث تصل ما بين (30ْ-38ْ) في فصل الصيف أما في الأعماق فإن درجة الحرارة تتراوح ما بين (56ْ-61ْ) درجة مئوية.
 الرطوبة النسبية: تصل إلى (60%).
 متوسط الأمطار: تعتبر الأمطار بصفة عامة قليلة تصل إلى (100-200)مم فقط على مدار العام.
 شدة الرياح وسرعتها: تسود منطقة البحر الأحمر رياح جنوبية غربية وفي يناير* إبريل فيأتي الموسم الشمالي الشرقي فتهب الرياح في اتجاه الجنوب الغربي، وفي مايو* سبتمبر الموسم الجنوبي الغربي فتهب الرياح الشمالية الشرقية في اتجاه تيارات المياه

طرق الوصول إلى جزر أرخبيل حنيش
يتأمن الوصول إلى جزر أرخبيل حنيش عبر الطرق البحرية، حيث تتصل بكل المراسي في الشواطئ الساحلية بجزر أرخبيل حنيش مدينة الخوخة، وقرية قطابا وقرية موشج والمناطق المجاورة، كما يتأمن الوصول إلى جزر أرخبيل حنيش عن طريق الموانئ البحرية اليمنية التالية:

 ميناء المخا: الذي يقع على بعد (40) كم جنوب ساحل مدينة الخوخة.
 ميناء الحديدة: الذي يقع على بعد (130) كم شمال ساحل مدينة الخوخة.
 ميناء عدن: الذي يقع على بعد (340) كم جنوب شرق ساحل مدينة الخوخة

كما توجد أربعة مطارات دولية تخدم الوصول إلى جزر أرخبيل حنيش وهي:

 مطار الحديدة الدولي: الذي يقع على بعد (130) كم شمال ساحل مدينة الخوخة.
 مطار تعز الدولي: الذي يقع على بعد (180) كم جنوب شرق ساحل مدينة الخوخة.
 مطار عدن الدولي: الذي يقع على بعد (340) كم جنوب شرق ساحل مدينة الخوخة.
 مطار صنعاء الدولي: الذي يقع على بعد (384) كم شمال ساحل مدينة الخوخة.

كما يتم ربط الساحل اليمني بطريق استراتيجي جديد (جاري تنفيذه) هو الطريق الساحلي الدولي الذي يربط الشريط الساحلي اليمني بالدولتين الشقيقتين الجارتين المملكة العربية السعودية عبر ميدي بمحافظة حجة، وسلطنة عمان عبر مدينة حوف بمحافظة المهرة

الإمكانيات السياحية لجزر أرخبيل حنيش
تعتبر جزر أرخبيل حنيش من أجمل المناطق البحرية للغوص ومؤهلة لاجتذاب السياح لجمال الطبيعية البحرية تحت سطح البحر، وجمال الشعاب المرجانية الموجودة، ولوفرة وتنوع الأسماك فيها، وبما فيها أسماك الزينة، بما يرشحها مستقبلاً لتصبح من المناطق المرغوبة للسياحة، وهذا باعتراف الكثير من السياح هواة الغوص الذين بدأوا بالتوافد إلى جزر أرخبيل حنيش بشكل أفواج متلاحقة وهم من جنسيات أوروبية مختلفة

الإمكانات الطبيعية لجزر أرخبيل حنيش
تتوفر المقومات الطبيعية لجزر أرخبيل حنيش في المرتفعات الجبلية والشواطئ الرملية الناعمة والأحياء المائية كأسماك الزينة والشعاب المرجانية والتي تتواجد على أعماق تتراوح ما بين (38-140) قدم، وكلها مميزات سياحية مهمة تسمح بتنوع المنتج السياحي ما بين سياحة ترفيهية والمتمثلة في سياحة الشواطئ الرملية والسياحة الجبلية وكذا سياحة الغوص وخاصة الشعاب المرجانية وأسماك الزينة، علاوةً على توفر العناصر والخصائص الطبيعية والبيئية.

فرص الاستثمار السياحي في جزر أرخبيل حنيش
تتنوع بين:
 إقامة المنتجعات السياحية الشاطئية.
 إنشاء مشروعات الخدمات السياحية والتي منها مراكز الغوص وإنشاء مراكز سياحة السفاري الجبلية.

حوافز الاستثمار
تتمتع المشروعات السياحية التي لا يقل تصنيفها عن مستوى ثلاثة نجوم بمجموعة من الحوافز والإعفاءات والتسهيلات منها:
 يحق للمستثمر تحويل أمواله أو صافي الأرباح الناتجة عن استثماراته أو أي عوائد مستحقة عنها إلى الخارج بأي عملة قابلة للتحويل.
 تعفى الموجودات الثابتة المستوردة لإقامة أو توسيع أو تطوير المشروع عن كافة الرسوم الضريبية والجمركية أياً كان نوعها.
 تعفى المشروعات من ضرائب الأرباح لمدة سبع سنوات، كما تعفى توسيعات المشاريع أو تطويرها من ضرائب الأرباح لمدة سبع سنوات أولى، ويمكن أن تزداد مدة الإعفاء لسنتين إضافيتين

مراجع

جزر البحر الأحمر
جزر اليمن
جزر إريتريا
جزر محافظة الحديدة
نزاعات اليمن الإقليمية
نزاعات إريتريا الإقليمية

جزر حنيش


Raklev er en tidligere landsby i Raklev Sogn.

Raklev landsby bestod i 1682 af 10 gårde, 1 hus med jord og 2 huse uden jord. Det samlede dyrkede areal udgjorde 376,4 tønder land skyldsat til 86,90 tønder hartkorn. Dyrkningsformen var trevangsbrug.

Den kraftige byudvikling i tilknytning til Kalundborg i efterkrigstiden bevirkede, at der blev nedsat et byudvikllingsudvalg, som i en byudviklingsplan fra 1962 udpegede Raklev bys sydlige jorder til mellemzone, det vil sige til områder, som måtte forudses inddraget i byudviklingen på længere sigt. Byudviklingen bevirkede, at Raklev efterhånden blev opslugt som forstad til byen og nu udgør en integreret bydel i Kalundborg. Stort set hele den sydlige del af Raklev bys jorder er udstykket til villaer.

Noter

Litteratur
 Karl-Erik Frandsen: Vang og tægt. Studier over dyrkningssystemer og agrarstrukturer i Danmarks landsbyer 1682-83 (Bygd 1983),
 Erik Kaufmann: "27 slags planer. Oversigt over og kritisk analyse af den offentlige fysiske planlægning i Danmark", SBI-byplanlægning 4, Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, København 1966.
 Henrik Pedersen: De danske Landbrug fremstillet paa Grundlag af Forarbejderne til Christian V.s Matrikel 1688. Udgivet efter hans Død paa Bekostning af Carlsbergfondet (København MCMXXVIII; Reprotryk for Landbohistorisk Selskab, København 1975),

Lokaliteter i Kalundborg Kommune

Raklev


Estadio Gran Canaria este un stadion de fotbal din Las Palmas, Spania. Este stadionul unde joacă meciurile acasă UD Las Palmas. A fost deschis în 2003 ca stadion multifuncțional pentru a deveni succesorul vechiului Estadio Insular.

Meciuri internaționale
<div ="Spain v Northern Ireland">

Referințe
Stadioane de fotbal din Spania

Estadio Gran Canaria


Kootenay National Park is a national park of Canada in southeastern British Columbia. The park consists of  of the Canadian Rockies, including parts of the Kootenay and Park mountain ranges, the Kootenay River and the entirety of the Vermilion River. While the Vermilion River is completely contained within the park, the Kootenay River has its headwaters just outside the park boundary, flowing through the park into the Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually joining the Columbia River. The park ranges in elevation from  at the southwestern park entrance to  at Deltaform Mountain.

Initially called "Kootenay Dominion Park", the park was created in 1920 as part of an agreement between the province of British Columbia and the Canadian federal government to build a highway in exchange for title to a strip of land, approximately  on either side of the 94 km route, the Banff–Windermere Highway, to be used solely for park purposes. While the park is open all year, the major tourist season lasts from June to September. Most campgrounds are open from early May to late September, while limited winter camping is available only at the Dolly Varden campground.

Kootenay National Park is one of seven contiguous national and provincial parks that form the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site. The Continental Divide is the boundary between Kootenay and Banff National Park, as well as the British Columbia–Alberta provincial border. To the northwest, the watershed boundary between the Vermilion River and the Kicking Horse River serves as the boundary between Kootenay and Yoho National Park. Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park also borders Kootenay; Jasper National Park, Mount Robson Provincial Park and Hamber Provincial Park make up the remainder of the World Heritage Site but do not share a boundary with Kootenay National Park.

History
Archaeological evidence suggests humans have been either traveling through, or temporarily residing in, the area for about 10,000 years. Pictographs found in the hot spring caves indicate that Ktunaxa people first made more permanent use of the area, particularly the hot springs, several hundred years ago.

European fur traders and trappers passed through, as did George Simpson in 1841, through what would later be named Simpson Pass, during his circumnavigation of the world. Likewise, James Sinclair led Red River colonists westward and Pierre-Jean De Smet travelled eastward, through the area. The Palliser expedition used the Vermilion Pass in 1858 and reported to British government its potential as a transportation route. On the Columbia River side, an early homesteader included the hot spring that would later become Radium Hot Springs in his land claim in the 1880s, but it was Roland Stuart and his business partner H.A. Pearse who were successful in acquiring the  around the springs in 1890 as a provincial Crown grant. While they intended on bottling the spring water, its remote location prevented such development and Stuart offered to sell the property in 1909 to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company for $3000. Though the offer was not accepted, railway engineer Robert Randolph Bruce recognized the potential for a road through the area and advocated for it in 1910 with CPR president Thomas Shaughnessy and Premier Richard McBride, as a commercial link for the province to Calgary and eastern Canada. The federal government agreed to build a road from Banff to the park boundary at the provincial border at the Vermilion Pass, while the provincial government, with some funds from the CPR, would build a road from Windermere to the border. However, the BC government under-estimated its cost, found itself over-budget and its work was suspended in 1913, while the federal government completed their portion in November 1914. To get the British Columbia section completed, Bruce travelled to Ottawa to pitch the idea that they designate the western end of the route, through the Rocky Mountains, a national park so that road could be funded as a park improvement. With the popularity of Rocky Mountains Park, the Commissioner of the Parks Branch, James Bernard Harkin, and officials of the Ministry of the Interior were receptive to expanding the park system there.

In May 1916 the Minister of the Interior, William James Roche, began negotiations, and the subsequent minister agreed with the provincial counterparts to the Banff-Windermere Agreement, that the federal government would complete the road within 4 years of the end of the Great War, and maintain it thereafter, in exchange for the agreed-upon land to be used for park purposes and a resolution to jurisdictional matters in the other federal parks in BC. The agreement was signed on March 12, 1919, and the federal government took ownership of the land in July. By Order in Council 1920-0827 on April 21, 1920, the Kootenay National Park was created. The federal government repaired the provincial portion of the road and completed the remainder for public opening by June 1923.

Attractions
The main attractions of the park include Radium Hot Springs, the Paint Pots, Sinclair Canyon, Marble Canyon, and Olive Lake. The hot springs offer a hot springs pool ranging from . Just outside the park's southwestern entrance is the town of Radium Hot Springs. The town is named for the odourless hot springs located just inside the park boundary. The town provides amenities and services for those camping within the park, and offers a number of accommodation options for those visiting the park but who do not intend to camp within.

The park's northeastern entrance, connects to Castle Junction in Banff National Park and the Trans-Canada Highway via Vermilion Pass, a mountain pass across the Continental Divide of the Canadian Rockies on the Alberta/British Columbia border, at an elevation of 1,651 metres (5,416').

Radium Hot Springs
Development of the hot springs began in earnest after a British medical journal suggested, and a 1914 chemical analysis by McGill University confirmed, the presence of radium within the water. Roland Stuart, who had acquired the springs through a  Crown grant, purchased  in the vicinity of the springs as the area became accessible by the Kootenay Central Railway. Stuart travelled to England promoting the "Kootenay Radium Natural Springs Limited" and recruited the paralysed St John Harmsworth to visit. After a four-month stay he invested enough to build a bathing pool with a store and a caretaker's cottage. With the park becoming a reality, the Dominion government offered, in 1921, Stuart $20,000 for control of the springs. With his agent unable to reach him, or Stuart ignoring the offer, the government expropriated the land, in 1922, with a settlement, after numerous hearings right up to the Supreme Court, of $40,000 in 1927. In that same year, a new two-storey bath-house was erected and the pool lengthened by . Meanwhile, the town of Radium Hot Springs was being developed after the 1923 subdivision to create commercial properties and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company developed cabins the area that would later become the Radium Hot Springs Lodge. The facility was re-built after a fire in 1948 at the cost of $1,000,000 with a concrete pool and other facilities. Major renovations and improvements between 1960 and 1968 added additional capacity, a restaurant, and a campground (at the Redstreak Campground), as well as buying out the CPR cabin properties. Another round of renovations occurred in 1997 with a new hot-cold plunge pool added.

Paint Pots

The Paint Pots are an acidic, cold water, mineral spring system from which ochre is deposited at spring outlets. The minerals are principally iron oxide which produces the water and mud's reddish colour but other similar minerals can also be present and vary the colours to include various shades of yellow, red and brown. The acidic, metal-rich water has limited capacity to support living species, but at least 14 species of algae, one liverwort and one moss species, as well as some extremophilic bacteria, have been identified living in those waters. The ochre was collected by the Ktunaxa people for use as pigments and the iron oxide was commercially mined for use in paint manufacturing for nearly two decades until the park was established in 1920.

Because of the relatively small width of the park (five miles on each side of the highway), many of the park's attractions are situated near the road and are wheelchair accessible.  A number of forest fires in the northern half of the park in the Simpson River, Vermilion Pass, and Floe Creek areas in 2003 and 2004 have left significant burn areas readily visible from the highway. Numa Falls is a short drive south of Marble Canyon and is accessible directly by Highway 93 which cuts through the park.

Hiking and camping

The Rockwall trail is a multi-day hike along the limestone cliff eastern escarpment of the Vermilion Range that continues into the Yoho National Park. There are several connections to the trail from the highway, including the 10.7 km Floe Creek trail to Floe Lake campground and the 6 km Numa Creek trail to the Numa Falls campground. There is another trailhead at the Paint Pots that follows Ochre Creek with forks to the 7 km Tumbling Creek trail and the 9 km Helmet Creek trail, both of which have campground. Beyond Helmet Falls the Rockwall trail continues through Goodsir Pass into the Yoho National Park. Other multi-day backcountry hikes include the Tokumun Creek trail to Fay Hut and Neil Colgan Hut, the Simpson River trail into the Mount Assiniboine Park, the Hawk Creek trail through Ball Pass into the Banff National Park, the Verdant trail from the Vermilion crossing to Banff National Park via the Honeymoon Pass and the Redearth Pass.

Day hikes with nearby campgrounds include trails on Redstreak Mountain and along Redstreak Creek, the Dog Lake trail from the McLeod Meadows campground, and the Marble Canyon to Paint Pots trail from the Marble Canyon campground. Other dayhikes, of various difficulty levels, include trails to Olive Lake, to Cobb Lake, the Kindersley/Sinclair loop, the Tokumun Creek trail from Marble Canyon to Kaufmann Lake, the Kimpton Creek trail, the Hector Gorge trail, the Verendrye Creek from the Vermilion Crossing, and the Stanley Creek trail. The Dolly Varden trail along the Dolly Varden Creek (the fish was later identified as bull trout, not Dolly Varden trout) permits cycling and has a campground open when the McLeod Meadows campground closes (e.g. available for winter camping).

Geography

The park is centered around the 94 km stretch of the Highway 93, from Radium Hot Springs to the provincial border at the Vermilion Pass. The park's size and shape are the result of the federal-provincial agreement to get the road constructed. Consequently, despite the northwest–southeast trending range and valley systems, the park cuts through several mountain ranges and river valleys.

The park's southwestern entrance, near Radium Hot Springs and the Sinclair Canyon, is the only part of the park within Southern Rocky Mountain Trench. As the highway follows Sinclair Creek, which drains westward towards the Columbia River, the park enters the Kootenay Ranges, which include Mount Berland and the western and southern faces of Mount Kindersley of the Brisco Range and Redstreak Mountain and Mount Sinclair of the Stanford Range. The eastern side of Mount Sinclair faces the valley of the Kootenay River; that and the remainder of the park drains to the Kootenay River which does eventually empty into the Columbia River but not until well outside the park and crossing the American-Canadian border twice. The park then covers a ≈27 km stretch of the Kootenay River valley including the flanking mountain faces of Mount Kindersley and the Mitchell Range and Vermilion Range of the western portion of the Park Ranges. At the bridge over Kootenay River, the road and park divert northward to follow the Vermilion River upstream through the pass between Mount Wardle of the Vermilion Range and Spar Mountain of the Mitchell Range. As the park bends northward here, it expands to include more of the Kootenay River valley, including Dolly Varden Creek, Lost Creek, and Whitetail Creek. With the Mount Assiniboine Park just over the mountains to the southeast, the road and park divert northwestward again once into the valley of the Vermilion River, near where it converges with the  Simpson River. After this, the park consists of the remainder of the Vermilion River drainage basin, with the Banff National Park at the Continental Divide to the north at the Ball Range and the Bow Range, the Yoho National Park to the northwest, and the peaks of the Vermilion Range to the southwest. A small portion of the Ottertail River, which drains into the Yoho National Park, is also included the northwestern end of the park, though the remainder of that border is the dividing line between the Vermilion River and the Kicking Horse River.

There are only a few, small lakes in the park, most of which occur in the Vermilion River drainage basin and occur at high altitude in cirques or hanging valleys, which is typical for the Main Ranges. The Floe, Kaufmann and Talc lakes occur here, while the Dog, Olive and Cobb lakes occur in the Kootenay River basin and have more pond-like characteristics such as shallow depth and slower flow.

Geology

The geology of the park is dominated by mountains made up of exposed faulted sedimentary rock and valleys containing glacial till deposited in the Pleistocene.

Just outside the northwestern corner of the park, there is an igneous intrusion known as the Ice River Complex containing deposits of sodalite, an ornamental stone.  The hills immediately around the hot springs are composed mainly of tufa, a calcium carbonate deposit that forms by precipitation of supersaturated hot spring water when it reaches cooler surface water.

The rocks in southwestern corner of the park are part of the older Purcell Mountains range while the eastern park mountains are part of the younger Rocky Mountains range.

The park has many Cambrian strata of oceanic sedimentary origin that shed insight into the explosive radiation of multicellular life on Earth. In the summer of 2012 a team of scientists from the Royal Ontario Museum, Pomona College, the University of Toronto, the University of Saskatchewan and Uppsala University discovered a Lagerstätte site above Marble Canyon of extraordinary preservation in shale, comparable to the Burgess Shale's phyllopod bed of fossils only  distant, in Yoho National Park. One species Kootenichela discovered in these rocks has been scientifically described: more than 50 new species were discovered in the Marble Canyon area in just two weeks of intensive exploration. The new assemblage of organisms, dating to the Wuliuan, such as the Surusicaris elegans, is described as rich in basal arthropods and remarkable for the density and diversity of its soft-bodied organisms, some preserved in previously unreported detail.

Climate
The park experiences a humid continental climate (Dfb) which is characterized by brief, cool summers and long snowy winters, but is generally drier than the areas to the west due to the Kootenay Ranges capturing moisture. Similarly, the park's mountain ranges intercept moisture that would otherwise fall on the other side of the Continental Divide, making the Banff National Park drier. Combined with the Continental Divide protecting it from the brunt of the arctic air flow, the park experiences a more mild climate than Banff.

Based on the climate and geography, the park has been divided into different ecoregions: Montane, Subalpine and Alpine, which consequently affect vegetation and wildlife. The Montane ecoregions are at lower elevations, such as at the park's west gate and the valley of the Kootenay River, and experience between 300 and 600 mm of precipitation each year, 30 to 45% of which falls as snow. The subalpine ecoregion, such as the valley of the Vermilion River and at Floe Lake and Marble Canyon, experience cooler and moister weather, with mean annual temperatures less than 1 degrees Celsius and about 800 mm of precipitation, over half of which is snow. The alpine ecoregion, at the park's highest elevations, is even colder and snowier, which results in a lack of forest cover.

Ecology

Flora

The Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zone of the park's lower elevations contain forests of mostly Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, western larch, trembling poplar, and western redcedar. The shrub layer mostly include soapberry, kinnikinnick, western showy aster, dwarf bilberry, twinflower, pinegrass, Canadian bunchberry, littleleaf huckleberry, Rocky Mountain maple, alder, mountain huckleberry, oval-leaf blueberry, meadow horsetail, Devil's club, as well as common and rocky mountain juniper. In the higher subalpine elevations, the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir biogeoclimatic zone takes over with its dominant tree species of Engelmann spruce, white spruce, subalpine fir and subalpine larch, begin to take over at higher elevations. Heathers, arctic willow, cinquefoils, moss campion, and mountain avens are the dominant vegetation in the alpine areas. Forest fires that affected the park, exemplified by the large fires of 1968 and 2017 and the very large fire of 2003 in the Vermilion area, feature pioneering vegetation like fireweed and lodgepole pine. An emerging drier climate, and forest fires, are resulting in the Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone expanding into the park, with its more dominant Douglas fir, ponderosa pine and rocky mountain juniper tree stands.

Fauna

A wildlife survey found 242 species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. The largest species are the ungulates, such as the bighorn sheep, mountain goat, moose, elk, red deer, white-tailed deer, mule deer, though there are also black bears and grizzly bears that live in the park. Coyotes and martens are the only widespread and common carnivores in the park, though bobcats and cougars live in the southern regions. Timber wolves, lynxes, wolverines, minks, fishers, badgers, river otters, skunks and long and short-tailed weasels have also been identified but are not common. The most common non-carnivorous mammal species living in the park are the snowshoe hare, red-backed vole, deer mouse, red squirrel and Columbian ground squirrel. Most bird species only use the park as their summer grounds or part of their migration route; only 32 species live solely in the park. Some of the most common birds include the boreal owl, yellow-rumped warbler, golden-crowned kinglet, common yellowthroat, American robin, spotted sandpiper, chipping sparrow, two-barred crossbill, rufous hummingbird, water pipit. Other bird species that may be observed include the common loon,  Canada and Steller's jays, Canada and snow geese, Trumpeter and Tundra swans. The three reptiles identified were the rubber boa, common garter snake and western terrestrial garter snake.

World Heritage Site
In 1984, UNESCO added the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site, to the World Heritage List. This World Heritage Site included the four contiguous national parks: Kootenay, Banff, Jasper and Yoho. At the time, the site was deemed to meet the natural criteria for examples of geological processes, record of life, and for exceptional natural beauty. In 1990, the Mount Assiniboine, Mount Robson and Hamber Provincial Parks were added to the World Heritage Site, bringing its total area up to . Under their Statement of Significance, UNESCO states "With rugged mountain peaks, icefields and glaciers, alpine meadows, lakes, waterfalls, extensive karst cave systems and deeply incised canyons, the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks possess exceptional natural beauty, attracting millions of visitors annually."

See also

National Parks of Canada
List of National Parks of Canada

References

External links

 Geology of the Rocky mountains including Kootenay area
An article on Kootenay National Park from The Canadian Encyclopedia

Parks in the Canadian Rockies
Parks in British Columbia
National parks in British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Protected areas established in 1920

Kootenay National Park


Smilax jamesii es una especie de planta trepadora perteneciente a la familia  Smilacaceae, es originaria de Norteamérica.

Descripción
Esta es una enredadera rizomatosa ramificada que alcanza un tamaño de 2 a 3 metros de longitud. Las hojas son de color verde oscuro y tienen hojas triangulares de hasta 8 centímetros de largo por 7 de ancho, de forma ovalada. Tiene numerosos zarcillos. La inflorescencia es una umbela en forma de racimo de flores en las axilas de las hojas. Las inflorescencias masculinas contienen hasta 20 flores, y las inflorescencias más grandes femeninas pueden tener 40. Las flores masculinas y femeninas tienen pétalos similares, pero la flor femenina tiene un ovario esférico en el centro. La fruta madura es de color azul, es una baya de poco menos de un centímetro de ancho que se convierte en marrón cuando se seca.

Distribución y hábitat
Es endémica en el norte de California, donde se le conoce desde las montañas del Río Klamath y los picos más australes de la Cordillera de las Cascadas. También puede encontrarse al norte de la frontera del estado de Oregon.  Crece en lugares húmedos como orillas de los lagos y arroyos de montaña, bosques de coníferas. Se descubrió que era una nueva especie cuando ejemplares de herbario que se creía que eran de Smilax californica fueron reexaminados.

Taxonomía
Smilax jamesii fue descrita por G.A.Wallace y publicado en Brittonia 31(3): 416–420, f. 1–2, en el año 1979.

Etimología
Smilax: nombre genérico que recibe su nombre del mito griego de Crocus y la ninfa Smilax. Aunque este mito tiene numerosas formas, siempre gira en torno al amor frustrado y trágico de un hombre mortal que es convertido en una flor, y una ninfa del bosque que se transforma en una parra.

jamesii: epíteto

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Jepson Manual Treatment
 USDA Plants Profile
 Flora of North America
 Photo gallery

jamesii
Flora de América del Norte
Plantas descritas en 1979
Plantas descritas por G.A.Wallace

Smilax jamesii


أو   أو الثُّدَّاءُ أو المُصَاصُ أو المُصَّاخُ أو عندب أو المصع هو نبات صحراوي ينتشر في بعض الدول العربية منها الكويت.

وصف النبات
الثندى نبات معمر يصل طوله ما بين 30 إلى 60 سنتيمتر، ويتميز بساق وأوراق حادة ذات لون باهت. ويظهر بالوسط حامل زهري طويل ينتهي بمجموعة من السنابل الزهرية. ينمو الثندى في شهر مارس ويجف في الصيف. كما يعتبر النبات مثبتاً للتربة وذلك لاحتوائه على جذور ليفية متشعبة. البيئة المناسبة للثندي هي الأراضي الرملية المالحة ولذلك يتواجد عادة في مناطق قريبة من العرفج.

المراجع

 سميرة أحمد السيد عمر. سجل نباتات الكويت البرية. مجلس حماية البيئة ومؤسسة الكويت للتقدم العلمي. الكويت 1985

سعد
نباتات الجزائر
نباتات السعودية
نباتات السنغال
نباتات السودان
نباتات الصومال
نباتات العراق
نباتات الغابون
نباتات الكويت
نباتات المغرب
نباتات النيجر
نباتات الهند
نباتات اليمن
نباتات إثيوبيا
نباتات أفغانستان
نباتات إريتريا
نباتات إيران
نباتات باكستان
نباتات بوركينا فاسو
نباتات تشاد
نباتات تونس
نباتات جمهورية إفريقيا الوسطى
نباتات جيبوتي
نباتات سيشل
نباتات عمان
نباتات كينيا
نباتات ليبيا
نباتات مالي
نباتات مدغشقر
نباتات مصر
نباتات موريتانيا
نباتات موريشيوس
نباتات وصفت في 1773

الثندي


العزير, مدينة عراقية تقع في محافظة ميسان جنوب العراق. يمر من خلالها نهر دجلة قريبة من منطقة الأهوار الجنوبية. يقع فيها مزار يهودي مقدس هو ضريح العزير الذي سميت المدينة باسمه. العزير هو أخو إبراهيم الخليل. كانت يقطن في المدينة جالية يهودية كبيرة قبل خمسينيات القرن العشرين.

المراجع

مدن العراق

ناحية العزير


O Observatório de Tolosa () é um observatório astronómico francês, fundado em 1733 na cidade de Tolosa pela Academia de Ciências, Inscrições e Belas-Letras de Tolosa. Em 1841 foi transferido para o Jardim do Observatório, em Jolimont, e em 1981 as suas instalações passaram para o câmpus científico de Tolosa-Rangueil. Posteriormente integrou-se ao Observatório do Pic du Midi, para formar o Observatório Sul-Pirenéus. O edifício principal do observatório, projetado pelo arquiteto Urbain Vitry, e os três edifícios abobadados, estão classificados como monumentos históricos. As cúpulas do observatório abrigam o telescópio fotográfico equatorial Henry-Gautier, a luneta meridiana, o grande telescópio de oitenta e três centímetros de diâmetro, a luneta de trinta e oito centímetros sob a cúpula Vitry, e o radiotelescópio.

Diretores
 Frédéric Petit: 1838 - 1865
 Théodore Despeyrous: 1865 - 1866
 Pierre Daguin: 1866 - 1870
 Félix Tisserand: 1873 - 1878
 Benjamin Baillaud: 1879 - 1908
 Eugène Cosserat: 1908 - 1931
 Emile Paloque: 1931 - 1960
 Roger Bouigues: 1961 - 1971
 Jean Rösch: 1971 - 1981

Ligações externas

Construções de Toulouse
Instituições de pesquisa da França
Observatórios astronômicos da França
Patrimônio cultural da França

Observatório de Tolosa


سفون جيرارد أو الأندروبوغون الجيراردي أو لحية الرجل نبات عشبي معمر ينتمي إلى الفصيلة النجيلية، واسمه العلمي . موطنه الأصلي البراري ومنطقة السهول العظمى في أمريكا الشمالية.

الوصف النباتي
يمكن للنبات أن ينمو إلى ارتفاع 2-2.5 م. لون أوراقه أخضر مائل للزرقة، ولذلك أطلق عليه الاسم الشائع  أوالساق الأزرق الكبير. يتحول لون الأوراق في الخريف إلى الأصفر والبرونزي.

هو عشب المروج الرسمي لولاية إلينوي.

معرض صور

مراجع

أعشاب أمريكا الشمالية
أعشاب الولايات المتحدة
أعشاب كندا
أنواع غير مهددة حسب منظمة NatureServe
الحياة النباتية في أمريكا الشمالية
رموز إلينوي
رموز ميزوري
سفون
محاصيل طاقة غير غذائية
نباتات الحدائق في أمريكا الشمالية
نباتات المروج الكندية
نباتات الولايات المتحدة
نباتات شرق الولايات المتحدة
نباتات غرب الولايات المتحدة
نباتات مقاومة للجفاف
نباتات وصفت في 1792

سفون جيرارد


Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is a mitochondrial carrier protein found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). It is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis, and makes a quantitatively important contribution to countering heat loss in babies which would otherwise occur due to their high surface area-volume ratio.

Mechanism

UCP1 belongs to the UCP family which are transmembrane proteins that decrease the proton gradient generated in oxidative phosphorylation. They do this by increasing the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing protons that have been pumped into the intermembrane space to return to the mitochondrial matrix and hence dissipating the proton gradient. UCP1-mediated heat generation in brown fat uncouples the respiratory chain, allowing for fast substrate oxidation with a low rate of ATP production. UCP1 is related to other mitochondrial metabolite transporters such as the adenine nucleotide translocator, a proton channel in the mitochondrial inner membrane that permits the translocation of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. UCP1 is restricted to brown adipose tissue, where it provides a mechanism for the enormous heat-generating capacity of the tissue.

UCP1 is activated in the brown fat cell by fatty acids and inhibited by nucleotides. Fatty acids are released by the following signaling cascade: Sympathetic nervous system terminals release Norepinephrine onto a Beta-3 adrenergic receptor on the plasma membrane. This activates adenylyl cyclase, which catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP activates protein kinase A, causing its active C subunits to be freed from its regulatory R subunits. Active protein kinase A, in turn, phosphorylates triacylglycerol lipase, thereby activating it. The lipase converts triacylglycerols into free fatty acids, which activate UCP1, overriding the inhibition caused by purine nucleotides (GDP and ADP). During the termination of thermogenesis, thermogenin is inactivated and residual fatty acids are disposed of through oxidation, allowing the cell to resume its normal energy-conserving state.

UCP1 is very similar to the ATP/ADP Carrier protein, or Adenine Nucleotide Translocator (ANT). The proposed alternating access model for UCP1 is based on the similar ANT mechanism. The substrate comes in to the half open UCP1 protein from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, the protein closes the cytoplasmic side so the substrate is enclosed in the protein, and then the matrix side of the protein opens, allowing the substrate to be released into the mitochondrial matrix. The opening and closing of the protein is accomplished by the tightening and loosening of salt bridges at the membrane surface of the protein. Substantiation for this modelling of UCP1 on ANT is found in the many conserved residues between the two proteins that are actively involved in the transportation of substrate across the membrane. Both proteins are integral membrane proteins, localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and they have a similar pattern of salt bridges, proline residues, and hydrophobic or aromatic amino acids that can close or open when in the cytoplasmic or matrix state.

Structure

The atomic structure of human uncoupling protein 1 UCP1 has been solved by cryogenic-electron microscopy. The structure has the typical fold of a member of the SLC25 family. UCP1 is locked in a cytoplasmic-open state by guanosine triphosphate in a pH-dependent manner, preventing proton leak.

Evolution
UCP1 is expressed in brown adipose tissue, which is functionally found only in eutherians. The UCP1, or thermogenin, gene likely arose in an ancestor of modern vertebrates, but did not initially allow for our vertebrate ancestor to use non-shivering thermogenesis for warmth. It wasn't until heat generation was adaptively selected for in placental mammal descendants of this common ancestor that UCP1 evolved its current function in brown adipose tissue to provide additional warmth. While UCP1 plays a key thermogenic role in wide range placental mammals, particularly those with small body size and those that hibernate, the UCP1 gene has lost functionality in several large-bodied lineages (e.g. horses, elephants, sea cows, whales and hyraxes) and lineages with low metabolic rates (e.g. pangolins, armadillos, sloths and anteaters). Recent discoveries of non-heat-generating orthologues of UCP1 in fish and marsupials, other descendants of the ancestor of modern vertebrates, show that this gene was passed on to all modern vertebrates, but aside from placental mammals, none have heat producing capability. This further suggests that UCP1 had a different original purpose and in fact phylogenetic and sequence analyses indicate that UCP1 is likely a mutated form of a dicarboxylate carrier protein that adapted for thermogenesis in placental mammals.

History
Researchers in the 1960s investigating brown adipose tissue, found that in addition to producing more heat than typical of other tissues, brown adipose tissue seemed to short circuit, or uncouple, respiration coupling. Uncoupling protein 1 was discovered in 1976 by David G. Nicholls, Vibeke Bernson, and Gillian Heaton, and the discovery was published in 1978 and shown to be the protein responsible for this uncoupling effect. UCP1 was later purified for the first time in 1980 and was first cloned in 1988.

Uncoupling protein two (UCP2), a homolog of UCP1, was identified in 1997. UCP2 localizes to a wide variety of tissues, and is thought to be involved in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the past decade, three additional homologs of UCP1 have been identified, including UCP3, UCP4, and UCP5 (also known as BMCP1 or SLC25A14).

Clinical relevance
Methods of delivering UCP1 to cells by gene transfer therapy or methods of its upregulation have been an important line of enquiry in research into the treatment of obesity, due to their ability to dissipate excess metabolic stores.

See also
 2,4-Dinitrophenol (A synthetic small-molecule proton shuttle with similar effects)

References

Further reading

External links
 Seaweed anti-obesity tablet hope (BBC - Thermogenin mentioned as part of process)

Cellular respiration
Mitochondria

Thermogenin


Modesto Llamas Gil (León, el 27 de junio de 1929), es un artista plástico español.

Se inició pictóricamente en León en el estudio de Demetrio Monteserín. Completó su formación en la Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando de Madrid, entre los años 1949 y 1953.

Biografía

Estudió Bellas Artes en Madrid gracias a una beca de la Diputación de León, teniendo como maestros a Vazquéz Díaz y Eugenio Hermoso, entre otros. Contrajo matrimonio con la también pintora Petra Hernández en el año 1955, oficiando la ceremonia D. Antonio González de Lama. Tuvieron cinco hijos,  de los cuales su hija, Olga Llamas, es también una destacada artista. Ejerció como catedrático de Enseñanza Media desde 1961, en la asignatura de dibujo artistíco, en diferentes institutos de Puertollano, Astorga y León (IES Padre Isla), hasta su jubilación en el año 1994. Alumnos suyos durante el bachillerato fueron los, posteriormente, también pintores: Mateo Santamarta, Manuel Frutos Llamazares, Benito García Domínguez, César Bobis, José Antonio Pastrana...

En el territorio pictórico, Llamas Gil puede ser encuadrado, inicialmente, en la variante plástica de lo que en literatura se llamó "generación de la postguerra", una ecléctica "suma de unidades" (sin ser exhaustivo y ciñendónos solo al ámbito leonés: Alejandro Vargas, Castora de Francisco, Luis García Zurdo, Herminia de Lucas y la misma Petra Hernández), según definición del crítico e historiador Julián Díaz Sánchez. Su estilo personal, inicialmente figurativo, destacando su talento como retratista, derivó hacia un naturalismo levemente surrealista, de talante ácido. Finalmente, desde episodios cada vez menos aislados y hasta la actualidad, sin haber abandonado nunca la figuración, su obra entra de lleno en la abstracción expresionista, siendo el color el tema básico de experimentación y eje fundamental de sus composiciones.  Es autor, asimismo, de una variada producción de obra seriada. Ha utilizado todas las técnicas tradicionales, plumilla, óleo, témpera y, con más frecuencia, acrílico; sobre papel, lienzo o tabla; y dando, con el tiempo, un significativo peso a la textura y el volumen en sus obras a través de técnicas mixtas y collages.

Testigo de su época, participó en la exposición inaugural del  CCAN en 1975 junto a, entre otros, Manuel Jular y Luis Sáenz de la Calzada. Sus pinceles han retratado un gran número de significativas figuras del mundillo universitario, cultural y político leonés desde mediados del pasado siglo. En muchas ocasiones reflejando sus retratos el lazo íntimo y amistoso que le vinculaba al personaje:  los poetas y escritores Antonio Gamoneda, Antonio Pereira, Victoriano Crémer, el bohemio y periodista Francisco Pérez Herrero, mixtificador de la leyenda del patrón del Jueves Santo leonés, el "santo" bebedor Genarín, Gaspar Moisés Gómez, Daniel Garay, José Eguiagaray, el catedrático de Veterinaria y senador constituyente Miguel Cordero del Campillo; el músico Odón Alonso (padre de Odón Alonso); Emilo Hurtado Llamas, Isabel Carrasco. son una parte, muy breve, de la amplia nómina de los documentados en lienzo junto con familiares  y personajes populares, a lo largo de su dilatado ejercicio profesional. También, como muestra de su evolución personal y pictórica y signo del paso de tiempo, destaca su serie de autorretratos.  Creativamente sigue en activo en la actualidad, sin haber dejado ni de pintar ni de exponer en los últimos años. Sus obras figuran en diferentes colecciones privadas y públicas, Caja España y Ayuntamiento, Universidad y Diputación de León, Museo de los Caminos (Astorga) y Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Salamanca, entre otras.
Recíprocamente, sobre Modesto Llamas Gil han escrito un gran número de literatos contemporáneos leoneses, y no solo críticos de arte.

Exposiciones
Su trayectoria expositiva, tanto individual como colectiva, es amplia; sin primar la cantidad sobre la oportunidad o necesidad creativa. Destaca la constancia tanto en la producción como en la espaciada, más significativa por dilatada temporalmente, exhibición. Desde 1953 hasta la actualidad señalaremos:

Individuales
 1991: Antológica: 1950-1991, Caja España León/Valladolid.
 1999: Rojamaril.  Junta de Castilla y León.  Itinerante por las capitales de provincia de Castilla y León.
 2000: Pintura. Sala de Exposiciones de la Universidad SEK. Segovia.
 2004: Galería Ármaga. León.
 2009: Palabra de Pintor. Museo de León. León.
 2010: Galería Ármaga. León.
 2013  Modesto Llamas Gil Retrospectiva 1945-2013  ILC

Colectivas
 1965: Concurso Nacional de pintura. Madrid.
 1971/1973: Bienales de Pintura Provincia de León, sala Pallarés, León.
 1978: Panorama 78, Junta de Castilla y León. Itinerante por las capitales de provincia de Castilla y León.
 1979: 44 pintores contemporáneos. Burgos.
 1986: Artistas Actuales Leoneses. Itinerante por las capitales de provincia de Castilla y León.
El Bodegón. Biblioteca Pública de León. León.
 1994: Reencuentro. Edificio Pallarés. Instituto Leonés de Cultura. León.
 1996: Kunst Rai. Galería Sardón. Ámsterdam.
 1997: Premios "Fray Luis de León". Junta de Castilla y León. Valladolid.
 2000: Colección Ferrer Blanco: El Desnudo. Museo de Salamanca. Salamanca.
 2001: Artecampos, Arte en Castilla y León. Fundación Díaz Caneja. Palencia.
 2004: ARCALE. Galería Reyes Católicos. Salamanca.
 2008: La Palabra Pintada; Ilustraciones e ilustradores. escueladepercusionesdeleón. Palacete Independencia. León.

Galardones
 Premio "Provincia de León" 1958.

Bibliografía

 Varios Autores (1990) Contiene: Las artes plásticas contemporáneas: S.XIX y XX/Javier Hernándo Carrasco/Manuel Serrano Laso/Disponible en la biblioteca pública José Mª Tejero de León para consulta/Signatura: JT 8240

Hemerografía

 Gutiérrez García, José Manuel. Modesto Llamas Gil: un artista con las ideas claras. Filandón, n. 308; p.[I].  Diario de León, 1991. Año LXXXV (8 dic. 1991), n. 40501

 Algorri, Luis. "Modesto Llamas Gil: el pintor del traje invisible". Filandón, n. 325; p.VI-VIII. Diario de León, 1992. Año LXXXVI (5 abr. 1992), n. 40618

 Pereira, Antonio. "Modesto Llamas Gil: el pintor en su taller". Filandón, n. 325; p. IV-V. Diario de León, 1992. Año LXXXVI (5 abr. 1992), n. 40618

 Gutiérrez García, José Manuel. "Modesto Llamas Gil: los retratos de Modesto Llamas". Filandón, n. 325; p. II. Diario de León, 1992. Año LXXXVI (5 abr. 1992), n. 40618

 Merino, Margarita. "Modesto Llamas Gil: travesuras pictóricas". Filandón, n. 325, p. III. Diario de León, 1992. Año LXXXVI (5 abr. 1992), n. 40618

 Crémer, Victoriano. "Modesto Llamas Gil". Filandón, n. 325, p. I. Diario de León, 1992. Año LXXXVI (5 abr. 1992), n. 40618

Referencias

Artistas contemporáneos de España
Pintores de España del siglo XX
Pintores de España del siglo XXI
Pintores de la provincia de León
Nacidos en León (España)

Modesto Llamas Gil


Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (; født 28. marts 1928 i Warszawa, død 26. maj 2017 i Falls Church, Virginia) var en polskfødt, amerikansk politolog og diplomat, der var særligt kendt for at være præsident Jimmy Carters sikkerhedsrådgiver under blandt andet gidselkrisen i Iran i 1979-1981.

Referencer

Politologer fra USA
Diplomater fra USA

Zbigniew Brzezinski


Sergueï Mikhailov (en  ; né le ), surnommé Mikhas, est un homme d'affaires russe et chef du syndicat criminel Solntsevskaïa.

Parcours
Sergei Mikhailov était à l'origine serveur, mais est entré dans le monde criminel en 1987 après une condamnation pour fraude en 1984. Avec Viktor Averin, Mikhas a formé le groupe Solntsevo à la fin des années 1980.

François Tharin, avocat vaudois à l'immigration, ancien chef de l'Office cantonal des étrangers du canton de Vaud, a obtenu à la fois les papiers d'immigration de Mikhailov et l'approbation du canton de Vaud en  après que Mikhailov eut acheté une villa de  suisses à Borex, dans le canton de Vaud, fin 1995, par l'intermédiaire d'un industriel vaudois.

Le , Mikhas a été arrêté à l'Aéroport international de Genève, en Suisse, accusé de faux et d'une violation à la loi sur les étrangers propriétaires de biens. Il a ensuite été libéré après avoir passé deux ans en prison, et acquitté. L'un des témoins, Vadim Rosenbaum () qui était président de la coopérative de fonds (), a été abattu à Amsterdam avant de pouvoir témoigner au procès.

Au cours du procès suisse à Genève, l'avocat de Mikhailov en Suisse était Ralph Oswald Isenegger, et son avocat en Russie était Sergei Pogramkov ().

Références

Naissance en février 1958
Crime organisé russe
Naissance à Moscou
Personnalité russe du monde des affaires
Personnalité du Parti libéral-démocrate de Russie

Sergueï Mikhailov


El calzoncitos cobrizo, colibrí pantalón cobrizo, paramero vientricobrizo o calzadito cobrizo (Eriocnemis cupreoventris) es una especie de ave de la familia Trochilidae, que se encuentra en Colombia y Venezuela.

Hábitat
Vive en el bosque montano de los Andes, los bordes del bosque enano, en la vegetación de páramo y en matorrales y arbustos dispersos entre los 1950 y 3.200 m de altitud.

Descripción
En promedio mide 9,7 cm de longitud; el pico tiene 18 mm de largo. Partes superiores color verde; grupa verde esmeralda brillante; garganta y pecho verde iridiscente, que se convierte en anaranjado cobrizo en el centro del pecho y en el vientre; bajo las coberteras de las alas violeta iridiscente;
mechones blancos en los muslos; cola negra azulada.

Alimentación
Se alimenta del néctar de flores de corola larga, tales como las de Cavendishia y Palicourea.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

cupreoventris
Aves de América del Sur
Fauna endémica de los Andes

Eriocnemis cupreoventris


Marinovich je oblik prezimena Marinović koji nose nose isključivo Hrvati u SAD-u, Argentini, Australiji, Kanadi, Južnoj Africi i na Novom Zelandu.

Spominje se u Ljetopisu Društva sv. Jeronima, kao dio popisa američkih Hrvata iz 1906. godine.

Drugi oblici prezimena su Marynovych, Marynowich i Marynovich i razlikuju se između država.

Poznate osobe
 Greg Marinovich, južnoafrički fotoreporter, novinar i filmski redatelj hrvatskoga podrijetla
 Marv Marinovich, američki igrač američkog nogometa hrvatskoga podrijetla
 Todd Marinovich, američko-kanadski igrač američkog nogometa hrvatskoga podrijetla

Izvori

Prezimena

Marinovich


Campylandra ensiflora es una especie  de planta  fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Asparagaceae, anteriormente de las ruscáceas. Es nativa de China.

Descripción
Tiene los rizomas de color marrón o verde, como tallos alargados, cilíndricos, los nodos espaciados. Tallo alargado, de 10 cm; con muchos nodos. Muchas hojas caulinares, dísticas, sésiles de 35 - 50 cm x 5 - 12 mm. La inflorescencia en pico de 4 a 5,5 cm, con muchas flores, con varias brácteas estériles apicales; pedúnculo de 4-5 cm, brácteas fértiles de color verde o marrón pálido, 7 - 12 mm. Perianto tubular-acampanado, con los lóbulos extendidos, de color marrón o verde, carnoso, el margen blanco, membranoso. Los frutos en forma de bayas de color rojo-negro en la madurez, subglobosos, 5-8 mm de diámetro. Florece en junio, fructifica en octubre.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los bosques de frondosas y laderas rocosas sombrías, a una altitud de 1000 - 3200 metros, en Yunnan.

Taxonomía
Campylandra ensiflora fue descrita por (F.T.Wang & Tang) M.N.Tamura, S.Yun Liang & Turland y publicado en Novon 10 (2): 159, en el año 2000.
Citología
El número de cromosomas es de: 2 n = 38.
Sinonimia
Rohdea ensifolia (F.T.Wang & Tang) N.Tanaka
Tupistra ensifolia F.T.Wang & Tang

Referencias

Enlaces externos

ensiflora
Flora de China
Plantas descritas en 2000
Plantas descritas por F.T.Wang
Plantas descritas por Tang
Plantas descritas por M.N.Tamura
Plantas descritas por S.Yun Liang
Plantas descritas por Turland

Campylandra ensiflora


يُعد مسمار العظم أو مِهْمازُ العَقِب (المعروف أيضًا باسم مهماز الكعب) انتباتًا عظميًا من الأحدوبة العقبية (عظم الكعب). تُكشف المهاميز العقبية عادةً من طريق الفحص بالأشعة السينية، وتمثل شكلًا من أشكال العرن.

تتراكم رواسب الكالسيوم على قاع عظم الكعب مع تعرض القدم لضغط مستمر؛ لا يسبب هذا التراكم أي تأثير في حياة الفرد اليومية عمومًا، لكن الأذية المتكررة قد تؤدي إلى تراكم الرواسب فوق بعضها، ومن ثم ظهور تشكل مهمازي الشكل يسمى مهماز العقب (أو الكعب).

يقع المهماز العقبي السفلي على الجانب السفلي من العقب ويحدث عادةً استجابة لالتهاب اللفافة الأخمصية على مدى فترة زمنية، علمًا أنه قد يرتبط أيضًا بالتهاب الفقار المقسط (عادةً عند الأطفال). يتطور المهماز العقبي الخلفي على الجزء الخلفي من الكعب عند مرتكز وتر أخيل.

يحدث المهماز العقبي السفلي بسبب تكلس العقب، الذي يقع أعلى اللفافة الأخمصية عند مرتكزها. يكون المهماز العقبي الخلفي كبير الحجم غالبًا ويمكن ملاحظة توضعه تحت الجلد وقد نحتاج إلى إزالته في سياق علاج التهاب وتر العرقوب الداخلي.

العلامات والأعراض

تتضمن الأعراض الرئيسية ألمًا في المنطقة المحيطة بالمهماز، ألم تزداد شدته بعد فترات طويلة من الراحة. ينوه بعض المرضى باشتداد آلام الكعب عند الاستيقاظ صباحًا، ولا يتحمل البعض الآخر ضغط الوزن على الكعب المصاب بأريحية. تفاقم أنشطة مثل الجري أو المشي أو رفع الأثقال المشكلة أحيانًا.

الأسباب
يمثل التهاب اللفافة الأخمصية سببًا شائعًا للمهاميز العقبية. لا يسبب الضغط على رباط اللفافة الأخمصية التهابها فقط، بل يشكل مهمازًا في الكعب حيث تلتصق اللفافة الأخمصية بعظم الكعب. يُذكر من العوامل المؤثرة في آلام الكعب الأخمصي كل من ارتصاف القدم مع حركة أسفل الساق والقدم والكاحل، وقوة العضلات وتحملها. تشمل المؤثرات الخارجية في درجة ألم الكعب الأخمصي طول فترة الوقوف على الأقدام أو تمرينها، ونوع الأحذية المستخدمة ونوع أسطح الأرضية.

تتطور مهاميز العقب عند نقص العناية المناسبة بالقدم والكعب، علمًا أن الأشخاص الذين يعانون السمنة المفرطة، وأصحاب الأقدام المسطحة، ومرتدي الأحذية عالية الكعب يُعدون الأكثر عرضة للإصابة بمهاميز الكعب. يمكن أن يُعزى القدم المسطحة إلى الحد الأدنى من الانثناء الظهراني الكاحل خلال مرحلة الوقوف في دورة المشي ما يزيد التوتر المطبق على اللفافة الأخمصية.

التشخيص
يمكن الكشف عن انتباتات العقب بالفحص البدني متبوعًا بتصوير القدم بالأشعة السينية.

العلاج
غالبًا ما يُنظر إلى مهماز العقب على أنه إصابة ناجمة عن إجهاد متكرر، وعليه يمثل تعديل نمط الحياة عادةً المسار الأساسي لاستراتيجيات تدبير هذه الحالة. يجب مثلًا أن يبدأ الشخص بممارسة تمارين القدم والساق؛ ستساعد عضلات الربلة وأسفل الساقين القوية على تخفيف الضغط عن العظام ومنع تشكل مهاميز الكعب. إن وضع الثلج على المنطقة المصابة وسيلة فعالة لتخفيف الآلام بصورة فورية. توجد وسائل عدة لتخفيف الآلام الناتجة عن آلام الكعب الأخمصي. قد يكون ألم الكعب الأخمصي مقدمة للعديد من أمراض القدم. ظهرت أدلة على أن حقن الكورتيكوستيرويد قد يقلل الألم مدة تصل حتى شهر واحد بعد الحقن، ما قد يحمل تأثيرًا في تشكل المهاميز العظمية. تشمل الآثار الجانبية لحقن الكورتيكوستيرويد إصابة العصب المجاور، وتمزق اللفافة الأخمصية، والوهيج التالي للحقن، وغيرها. يُستخدم العلاج بالليزر والوخز بالإبر الجافة وربط العقب أيضًا في علاج آلام الكعب الأخمصي، وعلى أي حال، لا يوجد دليل موثوق يدعم الاستخدام السريري لهذه الأساليب في تقليل الألم.

انظر أيضًا
 مسمار اللحم

المصادر

أمراض القدم
اضطرابات النسيج الرخو
جراحة العظام

مهماز العقب


The A69 is a major northern trunk road in England, running east–west across the Pennines, through the counties of Tyne and Wear, Northumberland and Cumbria. Originally, the road started in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne then later near Birtley, but since the creation of the A1 Western Bypass around Newcastle upon Tyne, it now starts at Denton Burn, a suburb of Newcastle upon Tyne.

The route from the A1 junction to Carlisle city centre is 54 miles (87 km).

Settlements on the route
 Denton Burn
 West Denton
 Throckley
 (Corbridge)
 (Hexham)
 (Haydon Bridge)
 Bardon Mill
 Melkridge
 (Haltwhistle)
 (Brampton)
 Warwick Bridge
 Warwick-on-Eden
 Botcherby
 Carlisle
Places with parentheses are indicative of historically being on the A69, but have now been bypassed

Description of the route
The road runs westwards from the A1 at Denton Burn in Newcastle upon Tyne through the suburbs of Denton Burn and West Denton before a junction with the A6085 and the B6323. It continues west and passes over what was Hadrian's Wall, which until now has been south of the road, at Milecastle 13 on the wall. Hereafter the road is always south of the wall. The road carries on up the Tyne valley, bypassing the village of Corbridge and the market town Hexham. The A69 crosses the River Tyne west of Hexham (Constantius Bridge), re-crosses it west of the village of Haydon Bridge, and yet again as it bypasses Haltwhistle.

After crossing the border into Cumbria, the A69 by-passes the town of Brampton, before coming to a roundabout junction with the A689 road. The A69 turns left here and travels through the village of Warwick Bridge, which is planned to be by-passed in the future. Following a short piece of dual carriageway, the A69 comes to Junction 43 of the M6 motorway, which skirts the eastern edge of Carlisle.

The A69 into Carlisle has the name Warwick Road, and is known to be one of the most congested roads in the county. At Saint Aidan's church, the A69 turns right up Victoria Place, and meets the A7 road at a busy traffic-light controlled crossroads, where it terminates.

The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E18. It is maintained by RoadLink.

Historical sections of road numbered A69

At its eastern end, the A69 historically ran from its current terminus with the A1 at Denton Burn eastward along Westgate Road (now the western end of the A186) in Newcastle upon Tyne, terminating at the junction between Westgate Road and Neville Street in central Newcastle near Newcastle Central station.

The construction of the Gateshead Western Bypass saw the section of A69 from Denton Burn into central Newcastle renumbered A186, with the A69 then passing over Scotswood Bridge and following the Gateshead Western Bypass to Birtley where it joined the A1(M).   The later construction of the Newcastle Western Bypass saw the Gateshead Western Bypass section renumbered A1 as the A1 was diverted to the west of Newcastle upon Tyne city centre and over the new Blaydon Bridge, with the A69 curtailed to its current terminus at Denton Burn.

Standard of route
The A69 is a major route linking the north-east and north-west of England, and as such has primary status throughout. For about  between its start at Newcastle and the Hexham by-pass the A69 is dual carriageway standard, and is largely grade separated. The rest of the route, apart from a short dual carriageway section near the M6 Junction 43 is single carriageway, with occasional climbing lanes.

Haydon Bridge bypass

Haydon Bridge was the last village on the A69 in Northumberland to gain a bypass. This was officially opened on Wednesday 25 March 2009 and passes to the south of the village with a new bridge over the River South Tyne to the west of the village.

Safety
A report on the A69 in 2011 noted that in the previous year 82 accidents were recorded with 130 injuries, 10 serious injuries and four deaths. Campaigning has been ongoing to get the section from Hexham to Carlisle dualled to allow vehicles to overtake safely.

References

Roads in Cumbria
Roads in England
Transport in Tyne and Wear
Roads in Northumberland

A69 road


Élie Antoine 'Octave' Lignier (, Pougy - , Caen) fue un botánico, paleobotánico, algólogo y briólogo francés. Fue titular de la cátedra de botánica de Caen, después de su fundación en 1889, y hasta su deceso, que se produjo a posteriori de la muerte en combate de su hijo

En 1887, defendió en París, su tesis Recherches sur l'Anatomie comparée des Calycanthées, des Mélastomacées et des Myrtacées (455 p.) Fue conocido por sus trabajos en filogenia con Pierre Bugnon.

En 1893, le encargó a Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier (1873-1956) de realizar el catálogo de las hierbas de la Universidad de Caen.

Algunas publicaciones
 Algae and related subjects: - collected works. 1887

 Recherches Sur L'Anatomie Comparee Des Calycanthees, Des Melastomacees Et Des Myrtacees. 1887. Edición reimpresa de Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 496 pp. ISBN 116067518X 2010

 De la forme du système libéro-ligneux foliaire chez les phanérogames. Editor Impr. E. Adeline, 11 pp. 1888

 Recherches sur l'anatomie des organes végétatifs des lécythidées, des napoléonées et des barringtonniées: (lécythidacées). Edición reimpresa de O. Doin, 130 pp. 1890

 Mesozoic plants. Autores Octave Lignier, Hermann von Solms-Laubach, James Hutchinson Stirling, Hjalmar August Möller, Alfred Gabriel Nathorst, René Zeiller. 1900

 Vegetaux fossiles de Normandie. 1901

 Essai d'acclimatation à Caen de l'Eucalyptus urnigera Hook. f. V. 5 de Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie. Editor Impr. E. Lanier, 151 pp. 1902

 Essai sur l'histoire du Jardin des Plantes de Caen, 1904. Reimpresa, editor Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 156 pp. ISBN 1166728102 2010

 Notes sur l'accroissement radial des troncs. V. 5 de Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie. Editor Impr. E. Lanier, 44 pp. 1905

 Titres et travaux scientifiques de Octave Lignier, 120 pp. 1914

Bibliografía
 Nature, vol. 97, p. 143-144 (13 de abril de 1916)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Francia del siglo XIX
Botánicos de Francia del siglo XX
Briólogos de Francia del siglo XIX
Algólogos de Francia del siglo XIX
Paleontólogos de Francia del siglo XIX
Paleontólogos de Francia del siglo XX
Paleobotánicos
Profesores de la Universidad de Caen
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de Francia
Escritores en francés del siglo XX
Escritores en inglés del siglo XX
Fallecidos por apoplejía
Nacidos en Aube

Elie Antoine Octave Lignier


Svjetsko prvenstvo u motociklizmu u klasi 350cc za 1981. godinu je osvojio vozač Anton Mang iz tadašnje Zapadne Njemačke na motociklu proizvođača Kawasaki.

Raspored utrka i osvajači postolja
1981. godine je bilo na rasporedu 14 trkaćih vikenda Svjetskog prvenstva, a na njih 8 su vožene utrke u klasi 350cc.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 80%"
! !! !!staza !! !!width="10%"|službeni naziv utrke !! !! !! !!motocikl !!pobjednik !!motocikl !!drugoplasirani !!motocikl !!trećeplasirani !!motocikl !!
|-
|1 ||<small> 22. ožujka 1981. || Oscar Gálvez, Buenos Aires ||VN Argentine ||<small>
| Jon Ekerold ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha) || Jon Ekerold ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha)
| Jon Ekerold ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha) || Jean-François Baldé ||Kawasaki || Carlos Lavado ||Yamaha
|
|-
|2 ||<small> 26. travnja 1981. || Salzburgring ||VN Austrije ||<small> Großer Preis von Österreich
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Patrick Fernandez ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha)
| Patrick Fernandez ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha) || Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Jon Ekerold ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha)  (Solo)
|
|-
|3 ||<small> 3. svibnja 1981. || Hockenheimring ||VN Njemačke ||<small> Großer Preis von Deutschland
| Patrick Fernandez ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha) || Anton Mang ||Kawasaki
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Éric Saul ||Chevallier-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha) ||  Thierry Espié ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha)  (Pernod)
|
|-
|4 ||<small> 10. svibnja 1981. || Monza ||VN Nacija ||<small> 59º Gran Premio delle Nazioni
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Jon Ekerold ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha)
| Jon Ekerold ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha) || Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Massimo Matteoni ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> (Yamaha)
|
|-
| ||<small> 17. svibnja 1981. || Paul Ricard (Le Castellet) ||VN Francuske ||<small>  Grand Prix de France Moto ||colspan="10" align="center"| nije bilo utrke 350cc ||
|-
| ||<small> 24. svibnja 1981. || Jarama ||VN Španjolske ||<small> XXXI Gran Premio de España ||colspan="10" align="center"| nije bilo utrke 350cc ||
|-
|5 ||<small> 31. svibnja 1981. || Grobnik ||VN Jugoslavije ||<small> Yu Grand Prix
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Anton Mang ||Kawasaki
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Jon Ekerold ||Yamaha  <small> (Bimota-Yamaha)  (Solo Bi) || Carlos Lavado ||Yamaha
|
|-
|6 ||<small> 27. lipnja 1981. || Assen ||VN Nizozemske ||<small> Grote Prijs van Nederland der K.N.M.V. - 51e Dutch TT
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Anton Mang ||Kawasaki
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Carlos Lavado ||Yamaha || Jean-François Baldé ||Kawasaki
|
|-
| ||<small> 5. srpnja 1981. || Spa-Francorchamps ||VN Belgije ||<small> Grand Prix Moto ||colspan="10" align="center"| nije bilo utrke 350cc ||
|-
| ||<small> 12. srpnja 1981. || Dino Ferrari (Imola) ||VN San Marina ||<small> 1º Gran Premio di San Marino ||colspan="10" align="center"| nije bilo utrke 350cc ||
|-
|7 ||<small> 2. kolovoza 1981. || Silverstone ||VN Velike Britanije ||<small> Marlboro British Grand Prix
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Didier de Radiguès ||Yamaha
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Keith Huewen ||Yamaha || Jean-François Baldé ||Kawasaki
|
|-
| ||<small> 9. kolovoza 1981. || Imatra ||VN Finska ||<small> Finnish GP - Imatranajo ||colspan="10" align="center"| nije bilo utrke 350cc ||
|-
| ||<small> 16. kolovoza 1981. || Anderstorp ||VN Švedske ||<small> Swedish TT ||colspan="10" align="center"| nije bilo utrke 350cc ||
|-
|8 ||<small> 30. kolovoza 1981. || Brno ||VN Čehoslovačke ||<small> Grand Prix ČSSR
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Anton Mang ||Kawasaki
| Anton Mang ||Kawasaki || Jean-François Baldé ||Kawasaki || Gustav Reiner ||Yamaha  <small> (Bimoa-Yamaha)
|
|-
|}

VN Njemačke - također navedena kao VN Zapadne Njemačke
VN Nacija - također navedena kao VN Italije
VN Nizozemske - također navedena kao Dutch TT
VN Velike Britanije - također navedena kao VN Britanije
VN Švedske - također navedena kao Swedish TT

 Poredak za vozače
 Sustav bodovanja
Bodove je osvajalo prvih 10 vozača u utrci.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
!mj. !!vozač !!konstruktor !! !!momčad (tim) !!motocikl !!bodova
|- bgcolor="gold"
|1. || Anton Mang ||Kawasaki ||<center> 1 ||<small> Kawasaki Motoren Gmbh Frankfurt ||<small> Kawasaki ||align="right"|103
|- bgcolor="silver"
|2. || Jon Ekerold ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> Bimota  Yamaha  Solo Bi  Bimota Solo Yamaha ||<center> ''' ||<small> '''Team Solitude Sindelfingen ||<small> Bimota-Yamaha  Bimota  Yamaha ||align="right"|52
|- bgcolor="goldenrod"
|3. || Jean-François Baldé ||Kawasaki ||<center> ||<small> '''Kawasaki Motors France ||<small> Kawasaki ||align="right"|49
|-
|4. || Patrick Fernandez ||'''Bimota-Yamaha  <small> Bimota  Yamaha ||<center> ||<small>  Ecurie Ste Pernod, France ||<small> Bimota-Yamaha  Bimota  Yamaha ||align="right"|46
|-
|5. || Carlos Lavado ||'''Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha ||align="right"|41
|-
|6. || Keith Huewen ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha ||align="right"|29
|-
|7. || Thierry Espié ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> Bimota  Yamaha  Pernod  Pernod Bimota Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Ecurie Ste Pernod, France ||<small> Bimota-Yamaha  Bimota  Yamaha  Pernod  Pernod Bimota Yamaha ||align="right"|24
|-
|8. || Jacques Cornu ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha ||align="right"|20
|-
|9. || Éric Saul ||Chevallier/Yamaha  <small> Yamaha  Chevallier ||<center> ||<small> Scuderia Bastoni Corse ||<small> Chevallier/Yamaha  Yamaha  Chevallier ||align="right"|18
|-
|10. || Graeme McGregor ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> George Beale  UK Kawasaki ||<small> Yamaha ||align="right"|14
|-
|11. || Greame Geddes ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> Bimota  Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Jack Walters ||<small> Bimota-Yamaha  <small> Bimota  Yamaha ||rowspan="2" align="right"|11
|-
|12. || Martin Wimmer ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Mitsui Racing Team Meerbusch ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|rowspan="2"|13. || Massimo Matteoni ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Nuovo Moto Club-Renzo Pasolini ||<small> Bimota-Yamaha  Yamaha ||rowspan="4" align="right"|10
|-
| Gustav Reiner ||Bimota-Yamaha  <small> Bimota  Yamaha  Solo ||<center> ||<small> Team Solitude ||<small> Bimota-Yamaha  Bimota  Yamaha  Solo
|-
|15. || Jeffrey Sayle ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Randle Racing ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|16. || Marc Schouten ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Garage Shouten B.V. ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|rowspan="2"|17. || Didier de Radiguès ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Johnson Team ||<small> Yamaha ||rowspan="3" align="right"|8
|-
| Wolfgang von Muralt ||Yamaha  Yamaha-Bimota ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha  Yamaha-Bimota
|-
|19. || Peter Looijesteijn ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Egel Banden Hoorn  Zantingh B. V. ||<small> Yammaha
|-
|rowspan="2"|20. || Pekka Nurmi ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Pekka Nurmi ||<small> Yamaha ||rowspan="2" align="right"|6
|-
| Charlie Williams ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|rowspan="2"|22. || Roger Sibille ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Ecurie Ste Pernod, France ||<small> Yamaha ||rowspan="2" align="right"|5
|-
| Alan North ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|24. || Reino Eskelinen ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Team KST-Rubach ||<small> Yamaha ||align="right"|4
|-
|25. || Tony Rogers ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Chas Mortimer Racing Team ||<small> Yamaha ||rowspan="3" align="right"|2
|-
|rowspan="2"|26. || Edi Stöllinger ||Kawasaki ||<center> ||<small> Bosch-Racing-Team Vienna ||<small> Kawasaki
|-
| René Delaby ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|rowspan="3"|28. || Tony Head ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha ||rowspan="4" align="right"|2
|-
| Sauro Pazzaglia ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha
|-
| Donnie Robinson ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Mal Carter ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|31. || Paolo Ferretti ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|rowspan="3"|32. || Vincenzo Cascino ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha ||rowspan="3" align="right"|1
|-
| Michel Rougerie ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> Pernod ||<small> Yamaha
|-
| Bengt Elgh ||Yamaha ||<center> ||<small> ||<small> Yamaha
|-
|}
 u ljestvici vozači koji su osvojili bodove u prvenstvu

 Poredak za konstruktore Kawasaki'' prvak u poretku konstruktora.

Povezani članci
 Svjetsko prvenstvo u motociklizmu

Vanjske poveznice
  motogp.com
  racingmemo.free.fr, LES CHAMPIONNATS DU MONDE DE VITESSE MOTO
  pilotegpmoto.com
  jumpingjack.nl, Alle Grand-Prix uitslagen en bijzonderheden, van 1973 (het jaar dat Jack begon met racen) tot heden.
  motorsport-archive.com, World 350ccm Championship :: Overview
  the-sports.org, Moto - 350cc - Prize list
  en.wikipedia.org, 1981 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
  es.wikipedia.org, Temporada 1981 del Campeonato del Mundo de Motociclismo
  it.wikipedia.org, Risultati del motomondiale 1981

Izvori
  motogp.com, GP Results / 1981 / 350cc, pristupljeno 31. prosinca 2022.
  motogp.com, Championship Standings 350cc 1981, pristupljeno 31. prosinca 2022.
  motogp.com, 1981 - 350cc - Grand Prix Race Winners, pristupljeno 31. prosinca 2022.
  motogp.com, 1981 - 350cc - Riders Stats - Grand Prix Podiums, pristupljeno 31. prosinca 2022.
  racingmemo.free.fr, CHAMPIONNAT DU MONDE DE VITESSE MOTO - CLASSEMENTS COMPLETS - 1981 - 350cc, pristupljeno 31. prosinca 2022.
  racingmemo.free.fr,  Les Championnats du Monde de Courses sur Route - L'année 1981, pristupljeno 31. prosinca 2022.
  jumpingjack.nl, 1981 - GP, wayback arhiva
  pilotegpmoto.com, 1981 (GP), preuzeto 31. prosinca 2022.

1981 2 350cc

Svjetsko prvenstvo u motociklizmu 1981. – 350cc


SdKfz 7 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug 7) Nazi Almanyası döneminde  Wehrmacht tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında askeri amaçlar için kullanılan yarı paletli bir araçtır.

SdKfz 7 1934 yılında 7.87 ton olarak tasarlandı. İlk olarak 1938 yılında 8.8 cm FlaK top u çekmek amacıyla kullanılmaya başlandı. Araç 12 kişilik piyadeyi ve 8 tona yakın topları çekebiliyordu. Takılan vinç sayesinde kabiliyetleri arttırıldı. (SdKfz 7/1 and SdKfz 7/2) modellerine uçaksavar silahları takılarak hava savunmasında kullanıldı. V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe 2) roketleri için gözcülük ve kumanda aracı olarak da kullanıldı. Bu araçlar  düşman tarafından o kadar beğeniliyordu ki ele geçirilen araçlar tamir edilip kullanılıyordu.

7/1 modeli 2 cm'lik AA 38 dört namlulu uçaksavara, 7/2 modeli ise 3,7 cm'lik AA 36 tek namlulu uçaksavara sahiptir. Mürettebat kabini çevresinde sahip olduğu kalın zırh araç içerisindeki mürettebatı korumaktadır.

Varyasyonları

 SdKfz 7
İlk üretilen düz modeldir.

 SdKfz 7/1
SdkFz 7  2 cm Flakvierling 38 L/112.5 uçaksavar silahı takılı modeli.

 SdKfz 7/2
SdkFz 7 3.7 cm FlaK 37 L/98 uçaksavar silahı takılı modeli.

 Feurleitpanzer auf Zugkraftwagen 8t
V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe 2) roketleri için gözlem ve kumanda aracı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 II. Dünya Savaşı Zırhlı Araç Listesi

Yarı paletli araçlar

Sd.Kfz. 7


A Prova de Vinhos de Paris de 1976, também conhecida como Julgamento de Paris, foi uma competição de vinhos organizada em Paris em 24 de maio de 1976 por Steven Spurrier, um comerciante de vinhos britânico e sua colega, Patricia Gallagher, na qual juízes franceses realizaram duas degustações cegas. Comparações: uma de Chardonnays de primeira qualidade e outra de vinhos tintos (vinhos Bordeaux da França e vinhos Cabernet Sauvignon de Napa, Califórnia). Um vinho de Napa com a melhor classificação em cada categoria, o que causou surpresa, já que a França era geralmente considerada o principal produtor dos melhores vinhos do mundo. Spurrier vendia apenas vinho francês e acreditava que os vinhos da Califórnia não venceriam.

O nome informal do evento "Julgamento de Paris" é uma alusão ao antigo mito grego.

Os vinhos

Vinhos tintos

Vinhos brancos

Os jurados

Os onze juízes foram (em ordem alfabética):

 Pierre Brejoux (francês) do Appellation d'Origine Controlee Board
 Claude Dubois-Millot (Francês) (Substituto de Christian Millau )
 Michel Dovaz (francês) do Wine Institute of France
 Patricia Gallagher (americana) da l'Academie du Vin.
 Odette Kahn (francesa) Editora de La Revue du vin de France
 Raymond Oliver (francês) do restaurante Le Grand Véfour
 Steven Spurrier (britânico) Fundador da L'Academie du Vin
 Pierre Tari (francês) do Chateau Giscours
 Christian Vannequé (francês) o sommelier do Tour D'Argent
 Aubert de Villaine (francês) do Domaine de la Romanée-Conti
 Jean-Claude Vrinat (francês) do Restaurante Taillevent

Método
A degustação às cegas foi realizada e os juízes foram solicitados a classificar cada vinho em 20 pontos. Nenhuma estrutura de classificação específica foi fornecida, deixando os juízes livres para classificar de acordo com seus próprios critérios.

As classificações dos vinhos preferidos pelos juízes individuais foram baseadas nas notas que eles atribuíram individualmente.

Também foi estabelecida uma classificação geral dos vinhos preferidos pelo júri, calculando-se a média da soma das notas individuais de cada juiz ( média aritmética ). No entanto, as notas de Patricia Gallagher e Steven Spurrier não foram levadas em consideração, contando apenas notas de juízes franceses.

Os resultados

Vinhos brancos
California Chardonnays vs. Burgundy Chardonnays

Resultados oficiais do júri:

Vinhos tintos
Califórnia Cabernet Sauvignon x Bordeaux

Resultados oficiais do júri:

Notas originais médias: de 20 pontos.

Discriminação pelo juiz
As notas originais (de 20 pontos) são apresentadas, em ordem alfabética por juiz.

Pierre Brejoux Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Claude Dubois-Millot Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Michel Dovaz Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Patricia Gallagher Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Odette Kahn Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Raymond Oliver Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Steven Spurrier Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Pierre Tari Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Christian Vanneque Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Aubert de Villaine Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Jean-Claude Vrinat Notas originais: de 20 pontos.

Implicações na indústria do vinho
Embora Spurrier tenha convidado muitos repórteres para a degustação original de 1976, o único repórter a comparecer foi George M. Taber, da Time, que prontamente revelou os resultados ao mundo. Os líderes horrorizados e enfurecidos da indústria vinícola francesa baniram Spurrier da prestigiada turnê de degustação de vinhos do país por um ano, aparentemente como punição pelos danos que sua degustação causou à sua antiga imagem de superioridade. A degustação não teve cobertura da imprensa francesa, que quase ignorou a história. Depois de quase três meses, Le Figaro publicou um artigo intitulado "Did the war of the cruacontecer?", descrevendo os resultados como "risíveis" e disse que "não podem ser levados a sério". Seis meses após a degustação, Le Monde escreveu um artigo de tom semelhante.

O New York Times relatou que várias degustações anteriores ocorreram nos Estados Unidos, com chardonnays americanos julgados à frente de seus rivais franceses. Uma dessas degustações ocorreu em Nova York apenas seis meses antes da degustação em Paris, mas "os defensores dos vinhos franceses argumentaram que os provadores eram americanos com possível tendência a vinhos americanos. Além disso, disseram eles, sempre havia a possibilidade de que os borgonheses havia sido maltratado durante a longa viagem das vinícolas (francesas). A Prova de Vinhos de Paris de 1976 teve um impacto revolucionário na expansão da produção e prestígio do vinho no Novo Mundo. Também "deu aos franceses um incentivo valioso para revisar tradições que às vezes eram mais acúmulos de hábito e conveniência, e para reexaminar convicções que eram pouco mais que mitos confiados".

Ligações externas

 TIME Magazine: Modern Living: Judgement of Paris, 7 June 1976 por George M. Taber

 Paris tasting recreated for 30th anniversary
 "The Judgment of Paris: What the French didn't learn from the legendary wine-tasting." 30th anniversary article from Slate.com.

Competição

Julgamento de Paris (vinho)


Julie Kepp Jensen (født 3. januar 2000) er en dansk konkurrencesvømmer, der har deltaget ved to olympiske lege.

Ved European Games i Baku juni 2015 vandt hun to bronzemedaljer.

Hun kom med til OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, hvor hun var den yngste danske deltager nogensinde.

Ved OL 2016 svømmede Julie Kepp Jensen andenturen i 4x100 m fri, hvor danskerne endte på sjettepladsen i deres heat og på en samlet tolvteplads, hvilket betød, at de ikke kom i finalen.

I 2018 blev hun udnævnt som årets talent i dansk svømning. Samme år vandt hun sammen med det danske hold i 4x100 m fri bronze ved EM.

Ved et stævne i Stockholm klarede hun 10. april 2021 kravet til det udskudte OL 2020 i 50 m fri med tiden 24,68 sekunder.

Kort inden OL brækkede hun sit håndled, men stillede alligevel op til et stævne i Roskilde.

Ved OL 2020 i Tokyo stillede hun op i 4x100 m fri og 50 m fri. I 4x100 m fri kvalificerede Danmark sig til finalen ved at blive nummer tre i sit indledende heat i tiden 3.35,56 minutter. I finalen svømmede danskerne en anelse langsommere i tiden 3.35,70 og endte som nummer otte.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Svømmere fra Danmark
Olympiske svømmere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 2016
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 2020
Svømmere ved sommer-OL 2016
Svømmere ved sommer-OL 2020

Julie Kepp Jensen


This is a list of boycotts.

Past

Sporting
Certain countries have declined to participate in international sporting events to protest the host nation's policies or actions.

Ongoing

See also

Moral purchasing

References

External links
List of current boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org

History-related lists

List of boycotts


La Königlich Preußische Jagdstaffel Nr 12 ou Jagdstaffel 12 était un  (c'est-à-dire un escadron de chasseurs) de la Luftstreitkräfte, la branche aérienne de l'Armée impériale allemande pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Jasta est un acronyme formé par l'abréviation du mot allemand Jagdstaffel (escadrille de chasse). La Jasta 12, l'un des premiers escadrons de chasse allemands, a remporté 155 victoires aériennes (dont trois sur des ballons d'observation) pendant la guerre, au prix de dix-sept morts au combat, huit blessés au combat et un prisonnier de guerre.

Histoire
La Jagdstaffel 12 est créée le  à partir d`une unité déjà existante, la Fokkerstaffel West. Le nouvel escadron est mobilisé le  à Laon, en France et remporte sa première victoire le . L'escadron est initialement équipé de Fokker Dr.I peu performants. Le , l'unité est créditée de sa dixième victoire. Le mois suivant, avril 1917 (surnommé  par les Britanniques), la Jasta 12 abat 23 avions du Royal Flying Corps. Le mois de mai est marqué par 10 autres victoires. À la fin du mois de juillet, le tableau de la Jasta affiche 74 victoires. Après la perte de son commandant, Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, en mars 1918 des suites de ses blessures, son nouveau , Otto von Nostitz la conduit à 22 victoires supplémentaires en trois mois sans aucune perte allemande.

Au moment où elle est rattachée à la Jagdgeschwader II (l'équivalent d'une brigade aérienne) le , la Jasta 12 était une unité expérimentée avec 104 victoires confirmées à son actif. Cependant, la Jagdgeschwader II  eut rapidement des problèmes d'équipement en raison des difficultés d'approvisionnements de l'Allemagne. Le , la Jasta 12 se retrouve ainsi temporairement clouée au sol par manque d'avions.

La Jasta 12 a combattu jusqu'à la fin de la guerre, n'étant dissoute qu'après la défaite de l'Allemagne. L'escadron est crédité de 155 victoires aériennes, parmi lesquelles on compte la destruction de trois ballons d'observation ennemis. En revanche, elle a subi 17 morts au combat, 8 blessés au combat et un prisonnier de guerre.

Liste des commandants (Staffelführer)

 Oberleutnant/Hauptmann  : 6 octobre 1916 - avril 1917 (tué au combat).
 Oberleutnant  Adolf von Tutschek : 28 avril 1917 - 11 août 1917 (blessé au combat).
 Leutnant Otto von Nostitz (commandant par intérim) : 11 août 1917
 Leutnant de Reserves
 Leutnant Otto von Nostitz (commandant par intérim) : 15 novembre 1917
 Oberleutnant Paul Blumenbach : 2 février 1918 - 18 mai 1918
 Leutnant Robert Hildebrand : 18 mai 1918 - 13 juillet 1918
 Leutnant de Reserves  : 13 juillet 1918 - 11 novembre 1918.

Liste des bases d'opérations

 Riencourt : 4 novembre 1916 - 26 janvier 1917
 Herrlingen, Allemagne : 26 janvier 1917 - février 1917
 Niederum
 Epinoy, France : Date inconnue - 27 juillet 1917
 Roncourt, France : 27 juillet 1917 - 18 août 1917
 Douai, France : 18 août 1917 - Date inconnue
 Eringhem, France
 Phalempin, France
 Roncourt, France
 Marle, France
 Toulis, France : 13 février 1918 - 19 mars 1918
 Guise, France : 19 mars 1918 - 12 juin 1918
 Le Mesnil : 12 juin 1918 - Date inconnue.
 Roupy, France
 Guisecourt
 Balâtre, France
 Bonneuil Ferme
 Mesnil-Bruntel, France
 Leffincourt : 12 juillet 1918 - 24 juillet 1918
 Chéry-lès-Pouilly, France
 Fontaine-Notre-Dame, France
 Neuflize, France
 Doncourt
 Giraumont, France
 Foreste, France : 10 août 1918 - 18 août 1918
 Charmois, Stenay, France
 Carignan, France
 Florenville, Belgique
 Trèves, Allemagne

Membres célèbres
 devient le premier as de l'escadron, le  . Trois des commandants de l'unité, Adolf von Tutschek,  et , se distinguèrent également comme as. Parmi les quatorze autres as de la Jasta 12, on peut également citer : , lauréat de la croix Pour le Merite et de la Croix de Fer , un autre récipiendaire de la Croix de Fer et Paul Billik, un lauréat de la Croix de Fer et de l'Ordre de Hohenzollern qui fut l'as le plus performant à se voir refuser une croix Pour le Merite.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Unité militaire allemande de la Première Guerre mondiale
Unité aérienne allemande de la Première Guerre mondiale

Jagdstaffel 12


Walerian Borowczyk () a fost un regizor de film polonez foarte cunoscut la nivel internațional, descris de criticii de film ca un "geniu care s-a întâmplat să fie și un pornograf". A regizat 40 de filme între anii 1946 și 1988. Borowczyk s-a stabilit la Paris în 1959. Ca regizor de film a lucrat în principal în Franța.

Biografie
Născut în Kwilcz lângă Poznań, Borowczyk a studiat pictura la Academia de Arte Frumoase din Cracovia, apoi s-a dedicat picturii și litografiei, inclusiv creării de afișe de film cinematografice lucru care i-a adus un premiu național în 1953. Primele sale filme erau animații suprarealiste, unele cu doar câteva secunde, incluzând mai multe comedii cu litere. Cele mai apreciate filme ale sale au fost Był sobie raz (A fost odată, 1957) și Dom (Casa) (1958, cu Jan Lenica).

În 1959, Borowczyk a emigrat în Franța și s-a stabilit la Paris. A lucrat cu Chris Marker la regia animației scurte Les astronautes. Lucrările majore ale acestei perioade includ filmul stop motion Renaissance (1963), care folosește mișcarea inversă pentru a arăta diferite obiecte distruse (o carte de rugăciune, o jucărie umplută etc.) care sunt reasamblate pentru a fi distruse din nou până când ultimul obiect (o bombă) este complet, și coșmarul Jeux des anges (Jocuri de îngeri, 1964), selectat de Terry Gilliam ca fiind unul dintre cele mai bune zece filme animate ale tuturor timpurilor.  În 1967, el a regizat primul său  film animat de lung metraj, Théâtre de Monsieur & Madame Kabal: un film dessiné pour les adultes.

Borowczyk a început să realizeze filme cu artiști de lung metraj odată cu Goto, l'île d'amour (Goto, insula dragostei, 1968) și Blanche (1971), ambele povestiri despre iubirea ilicită înfruntată de soți geloși; în ambele filme joacă soția sa, Ligia Branice-Borowczyk. Unul dintre cele mai apreciate filme ale acestei perioade, Dzieje grzechu (Povestea păcatului, 1975), care a fost nominalizat la Palme d'or, este o adaptare a unui roman clasic  polonez de Stefan Żeromski. Ca și filmul său de scurt metraj din 1966, Rosalie (o adaptare după Guy de Maupassant și un câștigător al Ursului de Argint la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Berlin), Dzieje grzechu a reușit să prezinte teme de seducție și infanticid. Contes immoraux (Povestiri imorale) (1973) și opera sa ulterioară, inclusiv Interno di un convento  (1977) (film inspirat de Promenades dans Rome de Stendhal ) și Ceremonie d'Amour (Ceremonia iubirii) (1988) au fost controversate, lăudate de unii pentru viziunea lor suprarealistă unică și criticată de alții pentru pornografia lor fără conținut. În special, La Bête (Bestia, 1975) (bazat pe romanul Lokis de Prosper Mérimée și inițial conceput în 1972 ca un film pe cont propriu, dar apoi în 1973 ca a cincea parte  din Contes immoraux) a fost văzut de mulți ca un declin în cariera regizorului după Dzieje grzechu, cu excepția Franței, unde a fost salutat de critici proeminenți precum Ado Kyrou. Filmul său din 1980, Lulu, s-a bazat pe un personaj omonim creat de dramaturgul german Frank Wedekind.

În 1981, el a realizat Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (cunoscut și ca Blood of Dr. Jekyll), o versiune a povestirii despre Jekyll și Hyde, în care au jucat Udo Kier și Patrick Magee și care descrie transformarea lui Jekyll ca o rebeliune violentă împotriva moralității victoriene. În cartea sa din 1988, Nightmare Movies, Kim Newman a descris filmul ca fiind întunecat, mizantrop și interesant de ofensator. A revenit la scurtmetrajele de animație cu în 1984 cu Scherzo infernal. În 1987, el a regizat Emmanuelle 5, o serie de filme din seria Emmanuelle, care a fost lansat într-o versiune hardcore doar pe video. El a fost nemulțumit de proiect datorită disputei privind distribuirea actriței principale Monique Gabrielle. În 1988 și 1990, el a regizat patru episoade pentru seria Série rose: Les Chefs d'Évre de la littérature érotique pentru M6.

Multe dintre filmele lui Borowczyk folosesc setări istorice, printre care Ars Amandi: l'arte di amare (1983), stabilit în epoca lui Ovidiu (și prezentând poetul ca personaj); Blanche, stabilit în Evul Mediu și trei dintre cele patru episoade din Contes immoraux, stabilite în secolul al XIX-lea, secolul al XVI-lea și în perioada papei Alexandru al VI-lea Borgia.

O serie de filme ale sale [cum ar fi povestirea La Marée (The Tide) din Contes immoraux,  La Marge (The Streetwalker, 1976), episodul Marceline din Les Héroïnes du mal: Margherita, Marceline, Marie, 1979) și Cérémonie d'amour] s-au bazat pe povestiri de André Pieyre de Mandiargues. Un produs mai puțin obișnuit al acestei colaborări a fost Une collection particulière din 1973, o reprezentare a colecției de articole pornografice a lui Borowczyk, cu Mandiargues ca scenarist și narator.

Borowczyk a fost autorul a două cărți; Anatomia diabła (Anatomia diavolului) (1992) și Moje polskie lata (Anii mei polonezi) (2002).

El a murit din cauza insuficienței cardiace la Paris în 2006, în vârstă de 82 de ani.

Filmografie
Film

Premii

 Nominalizat: Premiul BAFTA pentru cel mai bun film animat - Dom (1960) (împărțit cu Jan Lenica )
 Câștigat: Premiul Special al Juriului pentru cel mai bun scurt metraj - Le concert de M. et Mme. Kabal (1963)
 A câștigat: Premiul special pentru cel mai bun scurt metraj - Rosalie (1966)
 A câștigat: Ursul de Argint pentru  cel mai bun scurtmetraj la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Berlin - Rosalie (1966)
 A câștigat: Premiul Special al Juriului - Rosalie (1967)
 Câștigat: Premiul Interfilm - Théâtre de Monsieur & Madame Kabal (1967)
 A câstigat: Interfilm Grand Prix - Blanche (1972)
 Nominalizat: Palme d'Or la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Cannes - Dzieje grzechu (1975)
 A câștigat: Premiul Maria pentru cel mai bun regizor - Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981)

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară
 Boro, L'Île d'Amour (2015), editată de Kamila Kuc, Kuba Mikurda și Michał Oleszczyk.  ISBN   978-1-78238-701-5
 Povestiri nemorale: Filme europene și horror 1956-1984 (1994) de Cathal Tohill și Pete Tombs (cu un capitol dedicat lui Borowczyk).  ISBN   0-312-13519-X
 Nightmare Filme (1988) de Kim Newman.  ISBN   0-517-57366-0
 Vise nepăsătoare: Bestiarul lui Walerian Borowczyk (2015), de Simon Strong,
 Walerian Borowczyk: Cinema de Vise Erotice (2008), de Jeremy Mark Robinson, Crescent Moon Publisher 2008,
 Matthew Coniam. "Jocurile îngerilor: Filmele timpurii ale lui Wowler Borowczyk" în Andy Black (ed), Necronomicon: Jurnalul de groază și filmul erotic: Cartea a doua, Londra: Creation Books, 1998, pp.   79-87.

Legături externe

 Walerian Borowczyk, bio și filmografie la culture.pl

Nașteri în 1923
Decese în 2006
Actori de film polonezi
Regizori de film polonezi
Scenariști polonezi
Directori de imagine

Walerian Borowczyk


Çalgı topluluğu, değişik çalgıların bir arada bulunduğu küçük müzik topluluğudur. Bu çalgı topluluklarının dalları da vardır.

Pop müzik toplulukları

Pop müzik toplulukları pop  müzik eserlerini seslendirmek üzere oluşturulan topluluklardır. Pop müzik topluluklarında her türlü vurmalı, nefesli, telli ve elektronik çalgılar kullanılabilir. Org, gitar, saksafon ve timpani en çok kullanılan çalgılardır.

Caz müziği toplulukları
Caz müziği toplulukları, caz müziklerini seslendirmek üzere oluşturulan topluluklardır. Caz müzik topluluklarında genelde saksafon, trompet, klarnet, trombon, piyano, kontrbas, gitar ve bas gitar gibi çalgılar kullanılır. İnsan sesi ön plandadır. Bestelenmiş şekliyle seslendirilmiş olmasının yanı sıra genellikle doğaçlama olarak çalınması en büyük özelliğidir.

Oda müziği toplulukları
Klasik Batı müziği türlerini seslendirmek üzere oluşturulan topluluklardır. Bu topluluklar en az iki, en çok on çalgı ile oluşturulur. Oda müziği topluluğundan bazıları şöyle sıralanabilir:
 İkili (düo): Keman-piyano, obua-flüt, gibi bir ezgi ve bir eşlik çalgısıyla oluşturulur.
 Üçlü (trio): Keman-viyola, viyolonsel vb. çalgılarla oluşturulur.
 Dörtlü (kuartet): İki keman, viyola, viyolonsel, vb. çalgılarla oluşturulur. Bu topluluklara yaylı çalgılar dörtlüsü de denir.
Ayrıca beşli (kentet), altılı (sextet), yedili (septet), sekizli (oktet) ve dokuzlu (nontet) gibi çalgı toplulukları da vardır.

Müzik terimleri

Çalgı toplulukları


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Tokamachi


හෙට්ටි තන්ත්‍රිගේ උෂාන් තිවංක පෙරේරා සරලව හැඳින්වෙන්නේ උෂාන් තිවංක පෙරේරා හෝ උෂාන් තිවංක (උපත 1998 ජනවාරි 22) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උස පැනීමේ ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු වන අතර පිරිමි උස පැනීමේදී මෙන්ම පිරිමි ගෘහස්ත උස පැනීමේදීද ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික වාර්තා හිමිකරුවෙකි..ඔහු දැනට ජීවත් වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ ටෙක්සාස් වල ය. ඔහු මේ වන විටත් ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව සමඟ හමුදා නිලධාරියෙකු ලෙස සේවය කරන අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද හමුදා සේවා බලකායට අනුබද්ධව සිටී.

චරිතාපදානය
තිවංකගේ දෙමාපියන් දෙදෙනාම පෝලියෝ රෝගයෙන් පීඩා විඳි නිසා තිවංක දුෂ්කර ළමා කාලය ගත කළේය. ඔහු සිය ප්රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්යාපනය මීගමුව මාරිස්ටෙලා විදුහලෙන් ලබා ගත්තේය. ඔහු 2020 දී ශිෂ්‍යත්වයක් ලබා ගැනීමෙන් පසු ඉදිකිරීම් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ සිය ප්‍රධාන පාඨමාලාව හැදෑරීම සඳහා ටෙක්සාස් ඒ ඇන්ඩ් එම් විශ්ව විද්‍යාල-වාණිජ හා සම්බන්ධ විය. ටෙක්සාස් ඒ ඇන්ඩ් එම් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ වාණිජ විද්‍යාව ලබා ගැනීමට පෙර ඔහු මුලින්ම කැලිෆෝනියාවේ මහා ඇරිසෝනා විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් විය.

වෘත්තිය
දැන් ඇමරිකාවේ වෙසෙන හිටපු ප්‍රවීණ ශ්‍රී ලංකා උස පැනීමේ ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු වන නාගලිංගම් එතිර්වීරසිංහම්ගෙන් උෂාන්ට සහයෝගය සහ මඟ පෙන්වීම ලැබුණි. එතිර්වීරසිංහම් 2017 දී කැලිෆෝනියාවේදී උෂාන් සඳහා කෙටි පුහුණු වැඩසටහනක් ද සංවිධානය කළේය. ඊට අමතරව, එතිර්වීරසිංහම් ද උෂාන්ට දීප්තිමත් අනාගතයක් ගැන අනාවැකි පළ කළ අතර මලල ක්‍රීඩා ජීවිතය අඛණ්ඩව කරගෙන යාම සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීමට දිරිමත් කළේය. 2015 කටාර්හි පැවති ආසියානු තරුණ ශූරතාවලියේදී ඔහු රන් පදක්කමකට හිමිකම් කීවේය.

ඔහු ප්‍රථම වතාවට උස පැනීමේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ජාතික ශූරයා බවට පත්විය. 2018 ප්‍රවීණ උස පැනීමේ ක්‍රීඩක මංජුල කුමාර පරාජය කරමින් මීටර් 2.18 ක් උසක් පැන රන් පදක්කම දිනා ගැනීමට සමත් විය.

2018 ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාව නියෝජනය කිරීමට කෙටි ලැයිස්තුවට ඇතුළත් වූ නමුත් නියමිත වේලාවට තම නම් ඇතුළත් කිරීමට ජාතික සංවිධානය අමතක වීම හේතුවෙන් ඔහුගේ තේරීම ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ ඉන්දුනීසියානු සංවිධායකයින් විසින් නිල වශයෙන් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.

ජීවමාන ජනයා
1998 උපත්

Ushan Thiwanka