Les élections législatives françaises de 2022 dans les Vosges se déroulent les  et . Dans le département, quatre députés sont à élire dans le cadre de quatre circonscriptions.

Contexte

Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 2022 par circonscription

Système électoral
Les élections législatives ont lieu au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours dans des circonscriptions uninominales.

Est élu au premier tour le candidat qui réunit la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés et un nombre de voix au moins égal au quart (25 %) des électeurs inscrits dans la circonscription. Si aucun des candidats ne satisfait ces conditions, un second tour est organisé entre les candidats ayant réuni un nombre de voix au moins égal à un huitième des inscrits (12,5 %) ; les deux candidats arrivés en tête du premier tour se maintiennent néanmoins par défaut si un seul ou aucun d'entre eux n'a atteint ce seuil. Au second tour, le candidat arrivé en tête est déclaré élu.

Le seuil de qualification basé sur un pourcentage du total des inscrits et non des suffrages exprimés rend plus difficile l'accès au second tour lorsque l'abstention est élevé. Le système permet en revanche l'accès au second tour de plus de deux candidats si plusieurs d'entre eux franchissent le seuil de 12,5 % des inscrits. Les candidats en lice au second tour peuvent ainsi être trois, un cas de figure appelé . Les second tours où s'affrontent quatre candidats, appelés  sont également possibles, mais beaucoup plus rares.

Partis et nuances
Les résultats des élections sont publiés en France par le ministère de l'Intérieur, qui classe les partis en leur attribuant des nuances politiques. Ces dernières sont décidées par les préfets, qui les attribuent indifféremment de l'étiquette politique déclarée par les candidats, qui peut être celle d'un parti ou une candidature sans étiquette.

En 2022, seules les coalitions Ensemble (ENS) et Nouvelle Union populaire écologique et sociale (NUP), ainsi que le Parti radical de gauche (RDG), l'Union des démocrates et indépendants (UDI), Les Républicains (LR), le Rassemblement national (RN) et Reconquête (REC) se voient attribuer  une nuance propre.

Tous les autres partis se voient attribuer l'une ou l'autre des nuances suivantes : DXG (divers extrême gauche), DVG (divers gauche), ECO (écologiste), REG (régionaliste), DVC (divers centre), DVD (divers droite), DSV (droite souverainiste) et DXD (divers extrême droite). Des partis comme Debout la France ou Lutte ouvrière ne disposent ainsi pas de nuance propre, et leurs résultats nationaux ne sont pas publiés séparément par le ministère, car mélangés avec d'autres partis (respectivement dans les nuances DSV et DXG).

Campagne

Résultats

Élus

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par coalition

Résultats par nuance

Cartes

Analyse
Cinq ans après avoir obtenu un grand chelem, la droite vosgienne doit faire face à nouveau à la majorité présidentielle mais aussi au RN.

Trois des quatre députés sortants se représentent et sont réélus. Le député d'Épinal, Stéphane Viry, dont le secteur n'a jamais quitté les mains de la droite depuis 1958, est largement reconduit face au RN pour un deuxième mandat. Le secteur de Gérardmer-Remiremont reconduit Christophe  Naegelen avec un score encore plus important face à un candidat RN également. À Neufchâteau-Vittel, le RN est également sur la route de Jean-Jacques Gaultier qui obtient, tout de même, un quatrième mandat non consécutif après un duel assez serré.

Christian Franqueville, député socialiste de 2012 à 2017, candidat à chaque élection depuis 1993, ne parvient pas pour la première fois depuis 1993 au second tour. Celui qui est maire du village de Bulgnéville depuis 1983, se présentait contre le candidat NUPES. Ils obtiennent un score équivalent et sont donc éliminés dès le premier tour.

Enfin, le secteur de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges est le seul sans député sortant à réélire. Gérard Cherpion, élu pour la première fois pour le RPR en 1993, ne se représente pas. La candidate LR qu'il soutient est largement défaite avec 12% des voix en quatrième position. L'élection au second tour se joue entre l'ancien président du Front National de la Jeunesse, le conseiller régional RN francilien Gaëtan Dussausaye, et David Valence, vice-président de la région et maire de Saint-Dié, soutenu par Ensemble. C'est ce dernier qui l'emporte avec seulement 342 voix d'avance sur son opposant RN parachuté.

Résultats par circonscription

Première circonscription

Député sortant : Stéphane Viry (Les Républicains).

Deuxième circonscription

Député sortant : Gérard Cherpion (Les Républicains).

Troisième circonscription

Député sortant : Christophe Naegelen (Union des démocrates et indépendants).

Quatrième circonscription

Député sortant : Jean-Jacques Gaultier (Les Républicains).

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Articles connexes
 Liste des circonscriptions législatives des Vosges
 Liste des députés des Vosges
 Élections législatives françaises de 2022

Vosges
Politique dans le département des Vosges

Élections législatives de 2022 dans les Vosges


An Guaduella oblonga in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Hutchinson ngan Clayton. An Guaduella oblonga in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guaduella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Guaduella

Guaduella oblonga


Dallı darı (Panicum virgatum), bir ılık mevsim bitkisidir. Yüksek ot verimi, iyi düzeydeki yem değeri, biyoenerji kaynağı teşkil etmesi, derin kök sistemi geliştirmesi, toprağı iyileştirmesi, kurağa dayanıklı olması ve nispeten fakir yetişme ortamlarında gelişebilmesi gibi özellikleri nedeni ile önemli bir yem bitkisi türüdür.  Dallı darının kökleri uygun yetişme ortamlarında 3.3 m. derine kadar inebilmektedir. Yıllık toprak üstü net biyokütle üretimi hektarda 17 ile 35 ton arasında değişmektedir. Ancak bu değer uygun olmayan yetişme ortamlarında 8-10 ton/ha'a kadar düşebilmektedir. Yıllık net toprak altı biyokütle üretimi yaklaşık 8 ton/ha civarında olabilmekte, bu değer kurak ve fakir yetişme ortamlarında 15 ton/ha'a kadar çıkabilmektedir.

Dallı darı Kuzey Amerika'da doğal olarak yetişen önemli yem bitkilerinden bir tanesidir. Bu tür 1–3 m ye kadar boylanabilmekte, gövdeleri çok dallı olup, yeşil renkli ve çıplaktır. Bitkiler rizom meydana getirmektedir. Yapraklar tüysüz, 10–60 cm uzunluğunda, başakçıklar sivri uçlu ve alt dış kavuz iç kısmı oyuk sivri uçlu kayık şeklindedir. Meyve dar yumurta şeklinde ve iç kavuzun kenarları alt kısmına incelmiş uç kısmı sivri fakat küttür .

Sıcak yaz mevsiminde büyüyebilme kapasitesine sahip olması dallı darıyı Ortabatı eyaletleri'nde en önemli yem bitkilerinden biri yapmıştır. Doğal yayılış alanı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ni, Meksika'yı ve Kanada'nın güney kısımlarını kapsamaktadır. Açık ormanlık alanlar, sulak alanların kenarları ve çayırlık alanlar gibi değişik ortamlarda yetişebilmektedir. Hem yem bitkisi olarak kullanılması hem de yüksek biyoenerji kapasitesine sahip olması nedeniyle dallı darı, Amerikan Biyoenerji Programı tarafından 37 bitki arasından model tür olarak seçilmiştir.

Ortalama yıllık ot verimi sulanmayan parsellerde hektarda 16 ton civarında olmakta, bu verim hektarda 37 ton'a kadar çıkabilmektedir. Ayrıca dallı darının çok yıllık bir yem bitkisi oluşu ve fakir yetişme ortamlarında gelişebilmesi onu diğer çayır türleri arasında ayrıcalıklı kılmaktadır.
Dallı darının çok yıllık bir çayır türü oluşu ekolojik, ekonomik ve toprak koruma açısından onu en önemli kılan özelliklerin başındadır. Dikim yapıldıktan sonra dallı darı herhangi bir toprak işlemeye ihtiyaç duymadan birçok yıl verim verebilmektedir. Her yıl ekilen yıllık yem türleri çoğu zaman erozyona ve toprak yapısının bozulmasına sebep olmaktadırlar.

Dallı darı derin ve iyi gelişmiş kök sistemine ve yüksek toprak altı biyokütle üretimine sahiptir. Bu onu bitki besin elementlerinin ve suyun topraktan emilmesi, toprak altına gerekli enerji depolanması, kurak yıllarda verim düşüşünün olmaması ve toprak organik maddesini artırması bakımından önemli kılmaktadır. Özellikle toprak organik maddesini artırması tek başına çok önemli sayılmaktadır. Çünkü artan organik madde toprağın aşınıma karşı direncini, su tutma kapasitesini ve bitki besin maddesi miktarını artırmakta, kimyasal gübrelerin yıkanarak dere sularına karışmasını ve yüzeysel akışı azaltmaktadır.

Toprak koruma açısından dallı darı
Toprak aşınımı, toprak ve su kalitesini etkileyen en önemli problemlerin başındadır. Türkiye'de aşınımla yılda kaybedilen toprak miktarının 500 milyon ton olduğu ileri sürülmektedir . ABD'de bu miktar yılda yaklaşık 3 milyar ton civarındadır. Türkiye toprakları 2000 yıldan beri işlenmekte olup organik maddece oldukça fakir bulunmaktadır. Bunun başlıca nedeni anızın yakılması ve yeterince organik maddenin topraklara verilmemesidir. Toprak organik maddesinin azalması toprağın su tutma kapasitesini, besin maddesi miktarını, mikroorganizma faaliyetini, aşınım direncini ve toprağın agregatlaşmasını (kümelenme, topaklanma) azaltmaktadır. Çok yıllık bir bitki olan dallı darı gerek aşınımı önlemesi ve gerekse toprağın organik maddesini toprak üstü ve altı yüksek üretimle artırması bakımından iyi bir alternatif teşkil etmektedir. Son zamanlarda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Ortabatı eyaletlerinde yapılan çalışmalara göre çok yıllık çayır bitkileri toprağa yılda 1.1 ton/ha karbon kazandırmaktadırlar. Bu miktar tarımla aynı alandan kaybedilen karbonun % 23 ünü oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca ince ve kılcal köklerin faaliyeti ve ölümü sonucu yılda 3 ton/ha kadar karbon ilave edilmekte ve toplam miktar yaklaşık 4 ton/ha karbon olmaktadır .

Kaynakça

Buğdaygiller
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri florası
Kanada florası
Büyük Düzlükler
Batı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin florası
Doğu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri florası
Etanol
Biyokütle
Kuzey Amerika'daki bahçe bitkileri
Yeşil yemler
Enerji bitkileri
1753'te tanımlanan bitkiler
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Dallı darı


Faience or faïence (; ) is the general English language term for fine tin-glazed pottery.  The invention of a white pottery glaze suitable for painted decoration, by the addition of an oxide of tin to the slip of a lead glaze, was a major advance in the history of pottery. The invention seems to have been made in Iran or the Middle East before the ninth century. A kiln capable of producing temperatures exceeding  was required to achieve this result, the result of millennia of refined pottery-making traditions. The term is now used for a wide variety of pottery from several parts of the world, including many types of European painted wares, often produced as cheaper versions of porcelain styles.

English generally uses various other terms for well-known sub-types of faience. Italian tin-glazed earthenware, at least the early forms, is called maiolica in English, Dutch wares are called Delftware, and their English equivalents English delftware, leaving "faience" as the normal term in English for French, German, Spanish, Portuguese wares and those of other countries not mentioned (it is also the usual French term, and fayence in German).  The name faience is simply the French name for Faenza, in the Romagna near Ravenna, Italy, where a painted majolica ware on a clean, opaque pure-white ground, was produced for export as early as the fifteenth century.

Technically, lead-glazed earthenware, such as the French sixteenth-century Saint-Porchaire ware, does not properly qualify as faience, but the distinction is not usually maintained. Semi-vitreous stoneware may be glazed like faience.  Egyptian faience is not really faience, or pottery, at all, but made of a vitreous frit, and so closer to glass.

In English 19th-century usage "faience" was often used to describe "any earthenware with relief modelling decorated with coloured glazes", including much glazed architectural terracotta and Victorian majolica, adding a further complexity to the list of meanings of the word.

History

Western Mediterranean

The Moors brought the technique of tin-glazed earthenware to Al-Andalus, where the art of lustreware with metallic glazes was perfected. From at least the 14th century, Málaga in Andalusia and later Valencia exported these  "Hispano-Moresque wares", either directly or via the Balearic Islands to Italy and the rest of Europe.  Later these industries continued under Christian lords.

"Majolica" and "maiolica" are garbled versions of "Maiorica", the island of Majorca, which was a transshipping point for refined tin-glazed earthenwares shipped to Italy from the kingdom of Aragon in Spain at the close of the Middle Ages. This type of Spanish pottery owed much to its Moorish inheritance.

In Italy, locally produced tin-glazed earthenwares, now called maiolica, initiated in the fourteenth century, reached a peak in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.  After about 1600, these lost their appeal to elite customers, and the quality of painting declined, with geometric designs and simple shapes replacing the complicated and sophisticated scenes of the best period.  Production continues to the present day in many centres, and the wares are again called "faience" in English (though usually still maiolica in Italian).  At some point "faience" as a term for pottery from Faenza in northern Italy was a general term used in French, and then reached English.

French and northern European faïence

The first northerners to imitate the tin-glazed earthenwares being imported from Italy were the Dutch.  Delftware is a kind of faience, made at potteries round Delft in the Netherlands, characteristically decorated in blue on white.  It began in the early sixteenth century on a relatively small scale, imitating Italian maiolica, but from around 1580 it began to imitate the highly sought-after blue and white Chinese export porcelain that was beginning to reach Europe, soon followed by Japanese export porcelain.  From the later half of the century the Dutch were manufacturing and exporting very large quantities, some in its own recognisably Dutch style, as well as copying East Asian porcelain.

In France, the first well-known painter of faïence was Masseot Abaquesne, established in Rouen in the 1530s. Nevers faience and Rouen faience were the leading French centres of faience manufacturing in the 17th century, both able to supply wares to the standards required by the court and nobility.  Nevers continued the Italian istoriato maiolica style, painted with figurative subjects, until around 1650.  Many others centres developed from the early 18th century, led in 1690 by Quimper in Brittany , followed by Moustiers, Marseille, Strasbourg and Lunéville and many smaller centres.   The cluster of factories in the south were generally the most innovative, while Strasbourg and other centres near the Rhine were much influenced by German porcelain.

The products of faience manufactories are identified by the usual methods of ceramic connoisseurship: the character of the clay body, the character and palette of the glaze, and the style of decoration, faïence blanche being left in its undecorated fired white slip. Faïence parlante (especially from Nevers) bears mottoes often on decorative labels or banners. Apothecary wares, including albarelli, can bear the names of their intended contents, generally in Latin and often so abbreviated to be unrecognizable to the untutored eye. Mottoes of fellowships and associations became popular in the 18th century, leading to the faïence patriotique that was a specialty of the years of the French Revolution.

"English delftware" produced in Lambeth, London, and at other centres, from the late sixteenth century, provided apothecaries with jars for wet and dry drugs, among a wide range of wares.  Large painted dishes were produced for weddings and other special occasions, with crude decoration that later appealed to collectors of English folk art.  Many of the early potters in London were Flemish. By about 1600, blue-and-white wares were being produced, labelling the contents within decorative borders. The production was slowly superseded in the first half of the eighteenth century with the introduction of cheap creamware.

Dutch potters in northern (and Protestant) Germany established German centres of faience: the first manufactories in Germany were opened at Hanau (1661) and   Heusenstamm (1662), soon moved to nearby Frankfurt-am-Main.  In Switzerland, Zunfthaus zur Meisen near Fraumünster church houses the porcelain and faience collection of the Swiss National Museum in Zurich.

By the mid-18th centuries many French factories produced (as well as simpler wares) pieces that followed the Rococo styles of the French porcelain factories and often hired and trained painters with the skill to produce work of a quality that sometimes approached them.

The products of French faience manufactories, rarely marked, are identified by the usual methods of ceramic connoisseurship: the character of the body, the character and palette of the glaze, and the style of decoration, faïence blanche being left in its undecorated fired white slip.  Faïence parlante bears mottoes often on decorative labels or banners. Wares for apothecaries, including albarello, can bear the names of their intended contents, generally in Latin and often so abbreviated to be unrecognizable to the untutored eye. Mottoes of fellowships and associations became popular in the 18th century, leading to the Faïence patriotique that was a specialty of the years of the French Revolution.

In the course of the later 18th century, cheaper porcelain, and the refined earthenwares first developed in Staffordshire pottery such as creamware took over the market for refined faience.  The French industry was given a nearly fatal blow by a commercial treaty with Great Britain in 1786, much lobbied for by Josiah Wedgwood, which set the import duty on English earthenware at a nominal level.  In the early 19th century, fine stoneware—fired so hot that the unglazed body vitrifies—closed the last of the traditional makers' ateliers even for beer steins. At the low end of the market, local manufactories continued to supply regional markets with coarse and simple wares, and many local varieties have continued to be made in versions of the old styles as a form of folk art, and today for tourists.

Revival
In the 19th century two glazing techniques revived by Minton were: 1. Tin-glazed pottery in the style of Renaissance Italian maiolica and,  2. The pottery of coloured glazes decoration over unglazed earthenware molded in low relief. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 and at the  International Exhibition of 1862 both were exhibited. Both are known today as Victorian majolica. The coloured glazes majolica wares were later also made by Wedgwood and numerous smaller Staffordshire potteries round Burslem and Stoke-on-Trent. At the end of the nineteenth century, William de Morgan re-discovered the technique of lustered faience "to an extraordinarily high standard".

Ancient frit wares called "faience"

The term faience broadly encompassed finely glazed ceramic beads, figures and other small objects found in Egypt as early as 4000 BC, as well as in the Ancient Near East, the Indus Valley civilisation and Europe. However, this material is not pottery at all, containing no clay, but a vitreous frit, either self-glazing or glazed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art displays a piece known as "William the Faience Hippopotamus" from Meir, Egypt, dated to the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, –1885 BC. Different to those of ancient Egypt in theme and composition, artefacts of the Nubian Kingdom of Kerma are characterized by extensive amounts of blue faience, which was developed by the natives of Kerma independently of Egyptian techniques. Examples of ancient faience are also found in Minoan Crete, which was likely influenced by Egyptian culture. Faience material, for instance, has been recovered from the Knossos archaeological site.

Types

Many centres of traditional manufacture are recognized, as well as some individual ateliers. A partial list follows.

France
 Nevers faience
 Lyon Faience
 Rouen faience
 Marseille: Veuve Perrin, Gaspard Robert, Joseph Fauchier, Honoré Savy and other factories
 Quimper faience
 Niderviller pottery
 Aprey Faience
 Moustiers faience, of the Ateliers Clérissy
 Strasbourg faience
 Lunéville Faience
 Gien Faience, including the Faïencerie de Gien
 Creil-Montereau faience
 Mesves sur Loire faience
 Montpellier faience
 Saint-Porchaire ware, for comparison

Italy

 Laterza faience
 Savona faience
 Turin faience
 Lodi faience

Spain
 Manises (faience manufactory)
 Royal Factory of Alcora faience
 Royal Factory of La Moncloa
 Royal Factory of Sargadelos
 Talavera de la Reina pottery

Germany
 Abtsbessingen faience
 Hanau faience (1661–1810) – first producer in Germany
 Nürnberg faience
 Öttingen–Schrattenhofen faience
 Poppelsdorf faience – Kurfürstliche Fayencerie Poppelsdorf (1755–1829)
 Proskau faience – biggest Silesian producer (1763–1853)
 Schleswig faience
 Stockelsdorf faience
 Stralsund faience (closed 1792)

England
English delftware is a term for English faience, mostly of the 17th and early 18th centuries.  Not all of it imitated Dutch delftware, though much did.  It was replaced by the much better creamware and other types of refined earthenware Staffordshire pottery developed in the 18th century, many of which did not need tin-glazes to achieve a white colour.  These were hugely successful and exported to Europe and the Americas.  They are not called "faience" in English, but may be in other languages, e.g. creamware was known as faience fine in France.

Denmark
 Aluminia
 Bing & Grøndahl
 Kastrup Værk
 Porcelænshaven
 Royal Copenhagen

Netherlands
 Boerenbont
 Delftware
 Gouda (pottery)
 Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles
 Loosdrechts Porselein
 Regina (pottery)
 Royal Tichelaar
 Weesp Porselein

Norway
 Herrebøe Faience Factory
 Stavangerflint

Sweden
 Rörstrand
Austria

 Gmunden (pottery)

Mexico
 Talavera (pottery)

Canada
 Blue Mountain Pottery

United States
 California Faience (Berkeley)
 Ephraim Faience Pottery
 Herman Carl Mueller, Mueller Mosaic Company, Trenton, New Jersey
 Lonhuda Pottery Company
 Weller pottery
 Florida Faience, Martin Cushman,  (Mt Plymouth Fl)

See also
 Clockarium
 Delftware
 Lusterware
 Musée de la Faïence de Marseille

Notes

Bibliography
(Royal Pharmaceutical Society) "English Delftware Storage Jars"
German faience beer steins
"Tin-glazed earthenware from Port Royal, Jamaica" Archaeology reveals English, Russian and Dutch wares.
Russian national faience craft
Russian Faience factory

External links

 Moustiers France
 Gien France
 Gallery of Russian faience

Pottery
Types of pottery decoration

Faience


In the United Kingdom, representative peers were those peers elected by the members of the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of Ireland to sit in the British House of Lords. Until 1999, all members of the Peerage of England held the right to sit in the House of Lords; they did not elect a limited group of representatives. All peers who were created after 1707 as Peers of Great Britain and after 1801 as Peers of the United Kingdom held the same right to sit in the House of Lords.

Representative peers were introduced in 1707, when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were united into the Kingdom of Great Britain. At the time there were 168 English and 154 Scottish peers. The English peers feared that the House of Lords would be swamped by the Scottish element, and consequently the election of a small number of representative peers to represent Scotland was negotiated. A similar arrangement was adopted when the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in January 1801.

Scotland was allowed to elect sixteen representative peers, while Ireland could elect twenty-eight. Those chosen by Scotland sat for the life of one Parliament, and following each dissolution new Scottish peers were elected. In contrast, Irish representative peers sat for life. Elections for Irish peers ceased when the Irish Free State came into existence as a dominion in December 1922. However, already-elected Irish peers continued to be entitled to sit until their death. Elections for Scottish peers ended in 1963, when all Scottish peers obtained the right to sit in the House of Lords.

Under the House of Lords Act 1999, a new form of representative peer was introduced to allow some hereditary peers to stay in the House of Lords.

Scotland

Under articles XXII and XXIII of the Act of Union 1707, Scottish peers were entitled to elect sixteen representative peers to the House of Lords. Each served for one Parliament or a maximum of seven years, but could be re-elected during future Parliaments. Upon the summons of a new Parliament, the Sovereign would issue a proclamation summoning Scottish peers to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. The elections were held in the Great Gallery, a large room decorated by eighty-nine of Jacob de Wet's portraits of Scottish monarchs, from Fergus Mór to Charles II. The Lord Clerk Register would read out the Peerage Roll as indicates his presence when called. The Roll was then re–read, with each peer responding by publicly announcing his votes and the return being sent to the clerk of the crown at London. The same procedure was used whenever a vacancy arose.

The block voting system was used, with each peer casting as many votes as there were seats to be filled. The system, however, permitted the party with the greatest number of peers, normally the Conservatives, to procure a disproportionate number of seats, with opposing parties sometimes being left entirely unrepresented. The Lord Clerk Register was responsible for tallying the votes. The return issued by the Lord Clerk Register was sufficient evidence to admit the representative peers to Parliament; however, unlike other peers, Scottish representatives did not receive writs of summons.
The position and rights of Scottish peers in relation to the House of Lords remained unclear during most of the eighteenth century. In 1711, The 4th Duke of Hamilton, a peer of Scotland, was made Duke of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain. When he sought to sit in the House of Lords, he was denied admittance, the Lords ruling that a peer of Scotland could not sit in the House of Lords unless he was a representative peer, even if he also held a British peerage dignity. They reasoned that the Act of Union 1707 had established the number of Scots peers in the House of Lords at no more and no less than sixteen. In 1782, however, the House of Lords reversed the decision, holding that the Crown could admit anyone it pleases to the House of Lords, whether a Scottish peer or not, subject only to qualifications such as being of full age.

Under the Peerage Act 1963, all Scottish peers procured the right to sit in the House of Lords, and the system of electing representative peers was abolished. Scottish as well as British and English hereditary peers lost their automatic right to sit in the Upper House with the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999. During the debate on the House of Lords Bill, a question arose as to whether the proposal would violate the Treaty of Union. In suggesting that the Bill did indeed violate the Articles of Union, it was submitted that, prior to Union, the Estates of Parliament, Scotland's old, pre-Union parliament, was entitled to impose conditions, and that one fundamental condition was a guarantee of representation of Scotland in both Houses of Parliament at Westminster. It was implied, furthermore, that the Peerage Act 1963 did not violate the requirement of Scottish representation, set out in the Article XXII of the Treaty of Union, by allowing all Scottish peers to sit in the House of Lords: as long as a minimum of sixteen seats were reserved for Scotland, the principles of the Article would be upheld. It was further argued that the only way to rescind the requirement of Article XXII would be to dissolve the Union between England and Scotland, which the House of Lords Bill did not seek to do.

Counsel for the Government held a different view. It was noted that the Peerage Act 1963 explicitly repealed the portions of the Articles of Union relating to elections of representative peers, and that no parliamentary commentators had raised doubts as to the validity of those repeals. As Article XXII had been, or at least purportedly, repealed, there was nothing specific in the Treaty that the bill transgressed. It was further asserted by the Government that Article XXII could be repealed because it had not been entrenched. Examples of entrenched provisions are numerous: England and Scotland were united "forever", the Court of Session was to remain "in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted", and the establishment of the Church of Scotland was "effectually and unalterably secured". Article XXII, however, did not include any words of entrenchment, making it "fundamental or unalterable in all time coming".

Further, the Government pointed out that, even if the election of Scottish peers were entrenched, Parliament could amend the provision under the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty. Though the position of the Church of Scotland was "unalterably" secured, the Universities (Scotland) Act 1853 repealed the requirement that professors declare their faith before assuming a position. In Ireland, the Church of Ireland was entirely disestablished in 1869, though the Articles of Union with Ireland had clearly entrenched the establishment of that body. In December 1922, the Union with most of Ireland was dissolved upon the creation of the Irish Free State, though Great Britain and all of Ireland were supposedly united "forever." It was therefore suggested that Parliament could, if it pleased, repeal an Article of Union as well amend as any underlying principle.

The Privileges Committee unanimously found that the Articles of Union would not be breached by the House of Lords Bill if it were enacted. The bill did receive Royal Assent, and from 1999, hereditary peers have not had the automatic right to sit in Parliament.

Ireland

Irish representation in the Westminster parliament was outlined by articles IV and VIII of the agreement embodied in the Acts of Union 1800, which also required the Irish Parliament to pass an act before the union providing details for implementation.

Irish peers were allowed to elect twenty-eight representative peers as Lords Temporal, each of whom could serve for life. The Chamber of the Irish House of Lords, located in Parliament House on College Green in central Dublin, housed the first election, attended by the peers or their proxies. The government mistakenly circulated a list of the successful candidates before the vote. The Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in Ireland was responsible for electoral arrangements; each peer voted by an open and public ballot. After the Union, new elections were held by postal vote within 52 days of a vacancy. Vacancies arose through death or, in the case of Baron Ashtown in 1915, bankruptcy. No vacancy was created where a representative peer acquired a UK peerage, as when Lord Curzon was made Earl Kurzon of Kedleston in 1911.

The Lord Chancellor of Great Britain—the presiding officer of the House of Lords—certified the vacancy, while the Lord Chancellor of Ireland directed the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper to issue ballots to Irish peers, receive the completed ballots, determine the victor, and announce the result, which was then published in both The Dublin Gazette and The London Gazette. Roman Catholic peers could not vote or stand for election until the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829. The process of being recognised by the Westminster Committee of Privileges as an elector was more cumbersome and expensive than being recognised as a (British or Irish) peer, until the orders drawn up in 1800 were amended in 1857. Successive governments tried to prevent the election of absentee landlords. An exception was Lord Curzon, who won election as a representative peer in 1908, despite never having claimed the right to be an elector; he had been refused a peerage of the United Kingdom by the Liberal government of the day.

The Acts of Union united the Church of England and Church of Ireland, whose bishops and archbishops had previously sat as Lords Spiritual in their respective Houses of Lords. In the united Parliament, there were at first four Irish prelates at any one time, one archbishop and three diocesan bishops, who sat for a session before ceding their seats to colleagues on a fixed rotation of dioceses. The rotation passed over any bishop already serving as an elected representative peer, as when Charles Agar sat as Viscount Somerton rather than as Archbishop of Dublin. The rotation was changed by the Church Temporalities Act 1833, which merged many dioceses and degraded the archbishoprics of Tuam and Cashel to bishoprics. No Irish bishops sat in Westminster as Lords Spiritual after the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871, brought about by the Irish Church Act 1869, although Robin Eames was made a life peer in 1995 while Archbishop of Armagh.

Following the establishment of the Irish Free State in December 1922, Irish peers ceased to elect representatives, although those already elected continued to have the right to serve for life; the last of the temporal peers, Francis Needham, 4th Earl of Kilmorey, by chance a peer from an Ulster family, died in 1961. Disputes had arisen long before as to whether Irish representative peers could still be elected. The main Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 was silent on the matter, to some seeming to mean that the right had not been abolished, but the ancillary Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 had abolished the office of Lord Chancellor of Ireland, whose involvement was required in the election process. The Irish Free State abolished the office of Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in 1926, the last holder becoming Master of the High Court. After 1922 various Irish peers petitioned the House of Lords for a restoration of their right to elect representatives. In 1962, the Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform again rejected such requests. In the next year, when the Peerage Act 1963 (which, among other things, gave all peers in the Peerage of Scotland the right to sit in the House of Lords) was being considered, an amendment similarly to allow Irish peers all to be summoned was defeated, by ninety votes to eight. Instead, the new Act confirmed the right of all Irish peers to stand for election to the House of Commons and to vote at parliamentary elections, which were rights they had always had.

In 1965, the 8th Earl of Antrim, another peer from Ulster, and other Irish peers, petitioned the House of Lords, arguing that the right to elect representative peers had never been formally abolished. The House of Lords ruled against them. Lord Reid, a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, based his ruling on the Act of Union, which stated that representative peers sat "on the part of Ireland." He reasoned that, since the island had been divided into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, there was no such political entity called "Ireland" which the representative peers could be said to represent. Lord Reid wrote, "A statutory provision is impliedly repealed if a later enactment brings to an end a state of things the continuance of which is essential for its operation." In contrast, Lord Wilberforce, another Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, disagreed that a major enactment such as the Act of Union could be repealed by implication. He argued instead that since the posts of Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper had been abolished, there was no mechanism by which Irish peers could be elected. Here too, the petitioners lost.

The petitioners failed to raise the status of Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. Charles Lysaght suggests that if this fact had been foremost, Lord Wilberforce's arguments relating to the removal of the electoral mechanism for the election could be rebutted, as the Lord Chancellor of Ireland and the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper did have successors in Northern Ireland. The reason for excluding the arguments relating to Northern Ireland from the petition "was that leading counsel for the petitioning Irish peers was convinced that the members of the Committee for Privileges were with him on what he considered was his best argument and did not want to alienate them by introducing another point." To prevent further appeals on the matter, Parliament repealed, as a part of the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1971, the sections of the Acts of Union relating to the election of Irish representative peers.

House of Commons
After the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, Scottish peers, including those who did not sit as representative peers, were excluded from the House of Commons. Irish peers were not subject to the same restrictions. Irish members not nominated as representative peers were allowed to serve in Parliament as representatives of constituencies in Great Britain, although not in Ireland, provided they gave up their privileges as a peer. Lord Curzon, for example, specifically requested an Irish peerage when made Viceroy of India, so that he would not be debarred from sitting in the House of Commons on his return.

The Peerage Act 1963 allowed all Scottish peers to sit in the House of Lords; it also permitted all Irish peers to sit in the House of Commons for any constituency in the United Kingdom, as well as to vote in parliamentary elections, without being deprived of the remaining privileges of peerage.

Hereditary "representative peers"

During the passage of the House of Lords Bill in 1999, controversy surrounding House of Lords reform remained, and the Bill was conceived as a first stage of Lords reform. The "Weatherill" amendment—so called since it was proposed by former House of Commons Speaker Bernard Weatherill—provided for a number of hereditary peers to remain as members of the House of Lords, during the first stage of Lords reform. It could then be reviewed during the next stage of the reform, when the system of appointed life peerages came under examination. In exchange for the House not delaying the passage of the Bill into law, the Government agreed to this amendment, and it then became part of the House of Lords Act 1999, and 92 hereditary peers were allowed to remain.

The ninety-two peers are made up of three separate groups. Fifteen 'office-holders' comprise deputy speakers and deputy chairmen, and are elected by the house, while seventy-five party and Crossbench members are elected by their own party or group. In addition, there are two royal appointments: the Lord Great Chamberlain, currently Lord Carrington, is appointed as the King's representative in Parliament, while the post of Earl Marshal remains purely hereditary; the office has been held since 1672 by the Dukes of Norfolk and is responsible for ceremonies such as the State Opening of Parliament.

Notes

Sources

 Farnborough, Thomas. Erskine. May, 1st Baron. (1863) Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third.  Volume 1 Boston: Crosby and Nichols.

 Documents on Irish Foreign Policy Series: Anglo-Irish Treaty: Text of. Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921. The National Archives of Ireland. Retrieved 2007-04-07
 Briefing Paper: Membership of House of Lords (pdf). House of Lords, 2009. Retrieved 2013-01-31
 Peerage (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
 Privileges – First Report. House of Lords, 18 October 1999. Retrieved 2007-04-07

Elections in Scotland
Political history of Ireland
Politics of Scotland

Peerages in the United Kingdom

Representative peer


Iris Wagner (geborene: Claus; * 14. März 1951) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Mittelstreckenläuferin.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften 1973 in Rotterdam gewann sie Bronze über 1500 m.

1972 und 1976 wurde sie über dieselbe Distanz DDR-Vizemeisterin in der Halle.

Iris Wagner startete für den SC Turbine Erfurt.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 800 m: 2:02,2 min, 16. August 1975, Prag
 1000 m: 2:43,2 min, 26. Mai 1973, Berlin
 1500 m: 4:11,7 min, 24. August 1975, Erfurt

800-Meter-Läufer (DDR)
1500-Meter-Läufer (DDR)
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1951
Frau

Iris Wagner (Leichtathletin)


Apolo y Dafne es un cuadro del pintor barroco italiano Francesco Albani. Lo ejecutó entre 1615 y 1620 y está ubicado en el Museo del Louvre. La obra escenifica un pasaje de la leyenda descrito por Ovidio en Las metamorfosis.

El mito narra que el dios Eros quiso vengarse de la arrogancia de Apolo hiriéndole con una flecha dorada que causara un amor inmediato a este. A la ninfa Dafne la hirió con una flecha de plomo, que causaba el efecto contrario, el rechazo amoroso. Cuando Apolo vio a Dafne, se lanzó en su persecución (momento que ilustra el cuadro) mientras Dafne huía de él. Finalmente, el padre de Dafne el río Peneo, (o la Madre Tierra, según otra versión), la convertiría en un laurel instantes antes de ser alcanzada por Apolo, escena también muy representada en el arte.

Véase también
 Apolo y Dafne
 Apolo y Dafne, escultura realizada por el italiano Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
 Pintura barroca de Italia.

Referencias

Dafne (Albani)
Pinturas del Museo del Louvre
Cuadros de Francesco Albani
Cuadros del Barroco

Apolo y Dafne (Albani)


"Himna Estonske Sovjetske Socijalističke Republike" (est.: "Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistliku Vabariigi hümn") bila je regionalna himna Estonske Sovjetske Socijalističke Republike od 20. srpnja 1945. do 8. svibnja 1990. godine. Izvorni tekst himne izmijenjen je 21. srpnja 1956. godine kako bi se izbacilo spominjanje Staljina. "Himna Estonske Sovjetske Socijalističke Republike" izašla je iz uporabe nakon obnove estonske suverenosti 1990. godine.

Dana 3. veljače 1944. godine, Prezidij Vrhovnog sovjeta izdao je dekret naziva "O državnim himnama sovjetskih republika", koji je svakoj saveznoj republici propisao imati vlastitu himnu. Estonija je svoju himnu predstavila u svibnju 1944. godine. Tekst je napisao Johannes Semper, dok je melodiju skladao Gustav Ernesaks. Estonska je himna bila samo jedna od tri republičke himne (druge dvije su one Karelo-Finske i Gruzijske SSR) u kojima se nisu spominjali Rusi. Himna je službeno usvojena 20. srpnja 1945. godine. Nakon Staljinove smrti i početka destaljinizacije, treća kitica izvornoga teksta promijenjena je kako bi se izbacilo spominjanje Staljina.

Nakon obnove estonskoga suvereniteta 1990., odnosno 1991. godine, "Himna Estonske SSR" stavljena je izvan uporabe, a vraćena je izvorna estonska himna, Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm. Izvođenje te himne bilo je zabranjeno i kažnjivo za vrijeme Sovjetskoga Saveza.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version)
 Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version)
 Estonian SSR Anthem 1945(Eesti NSV Hümn)
 MIDI file
 Vocal recording in MP3 format
 Lyrics - nationalanthems.info

Estonska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika
Državni simboli Estonije


كتابا موسى السادس والسابع هما كتابا سحر ادُعي نسبتهما إلى موسى مع الكتب الخمسة الأولى للكتاب العبري.

طبع الكتابان لأول مرة في شتوتغارت سنة 1849. يحوي الكتابان وصفات سحرية لاستدعاء الأرواح، وبالرغم من الطبيعة القبلاية لهما فلا يبدو تأثير القبالة بوضوح. أدعي أن النصوص مترجمة من لغة سمارية قوثية تعتبر منقرضة منذ القرن الثاني عشر. لا توجد أي مخطوطة أقدم من 1849 للكتابين ولذا يعتبران كاذبين مزورين.

يحوي ختم الكتابين على عدة رموز وعبارات عبرية ولاتينية، لكن لم تكن اللاتينية مستعملة زمان حياة موسى ومكانه. لذا فصور الختم مزورة.

محتوى
يشمل الكتاب السادس مقدمة وسبعة مقاطع تسمى سر الختم الأول إلى سر الختم السابع. هناك 12 قائمة في الكتاب السابع:
 قائمة أرواح الهواء
 قائمة أرواح النار
 قائمة ارواح الماء
 قائمة أرواح الأرض
 قائمة ساترن
 قائمة جوبيتر
 قائمة مارس
 قائمة الشمس
 قائمة فينوس
 قائمة مركري
 قائمة الأرواح
 قائمة شمهامفوراش

مواقع خارجية
 Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
 Sixth book of Moses at STA
 Seventh book of Moses at STA
 Text of the 6th book of Moses
 Esoteric exposé regarding the text

مراجع

سوديبيجرفا حديثة
كتب 1849
نصوص نسبت إلى موسى

كتابا موسى السادس والسابع


Tania Calvo Barbero (* 26. Juni 1992 in Vitoria-Gasteiz) ist eine spanische Bahnradsportlerin, die sich auf Kurzzeitdisziplinen spezialisiert hat.

Sportliche Laufbahn
2010 wurde Tania Calvo spanische Junioren-Meisterin im Querfeldeinrennen, nachdem sie im Jahr zuvor schon den zweiten Platz belegt hatte. Im selben Jahr wurde sie in Sankt Petersburg europäische Junioren-Meisterin im 500-Meter-Zeitfahren. 2011 wurde sie dreifache spanische Meisterin auf der Bahn, im Sprint, im Zeitfahren sowie im Teamsprint mit Ana Usabiaga, im Keirin wurde sie Vize-Meisterin, im Jahr darauf zweifache Meisterin und zweifache Vize-Meisterin.

2013 errang Calvo bei den Bahn-Europameisterschaften (U23) Silbermedaille im Sprint, im Jahr darauf die Bronzemedaille. Bei den UEC-Bahn-Europameisterschaften 2014 der Elite wurde sie Vize-Europameisterin im Sprint. 2015 holte sie alle vier nationale Titel in den Kurzzeitdisziplinen; bis einschließlich 2019 wurde sie 18-mal spanische Meisterin.

2016 wurde Tania Calvo für die Teilnahme an den Olympischen Spielen in Rio de Janeiro nominiert, wo sie im Sprint Platz 19 und im Keirin Platz 21 belegte. Gemeinsam mit Helena Casas wurde sie Siebte im Teamsprint. Im selben Jahr gewann sie gemeinsam mit Casas zwei Läufe im Teamsprint beim Bahnrad-Weltcup 2016/17. Das Duo gewann Silber im Teamsprint bei den UEC-Bahn-Europameisterschaften 2016, und Calvo gewann Bronze im Sprint.

Erfolge
2010
  Junioren-Europameisterin – 500-Meter-Zeitfahren
  Junioren-Europameisterschaft – Keirin
  Spanische Junioren-Meisterin – Querfeldeinrennen
2011
  Spanische Meisterin – Sprint, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren, Teamsprint (mit Ana Usabiaga)
2012
  Spanische Meisterin – 500-Meter-Zeitfahren, Teamsprint (mit Ana Usabiaga)
2013
  U23-Europameisterschaft – Sprint, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren
2014
  Europameisterschaft – Sprint
  U23-Europameisterschaft – Sprint
2015
  Spanische Meisterin – Sprint, Keirin, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren, Teamsprint (mit Ana Usabiaga)
2016
  Bahnrad-Weltcup 2016/17 in Glasgow – Teamsprint (mit Helena Casas)
  Bahnrad-Weltcup 2016/17 in Apeldoorn – Teamsprint (mit Helena Casas)
  Europameisterschaft – Teamsprint (mit Helena Casas)
  Europameisterschaft – Sprint
2017
  Spanische Meisterin – Keirin, Teamsprint (mit Leire Olaberria)
2018
  Spanische Meisterin – Sprint, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren
2019
  Spanische Meisterin – Sprint, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren, Zweier-Mannschaftsfahren (mit Eukene Larrarte)
2020
  Spanische Meisterin – Zweier-Mannschaftsfahren (mit Eukene Larrarte)
2021
  Spanische Meisterin – Zweier-Mannschaftsfahren (mit Eukene Larrarte)
2022
  Spanische Meisterin – Omnium, Zweier-Mannschaftsfahren (mit Naia Amondarain)
2023
  Spanische Meisterin – Ausscheidungsfahren

Weblinks

 Porträt von Tania Calvo auf unminutocon.blogspot.de

Radsportler (Spanien)
Spanischer Meister (Radsport)
Olympiateilnehmer (Spanien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer an den Europaspielen (Spanien)
Teilnehmer der Europaspiele 2019
Cyclocrossfahrer
Bahnradfahrer
Spanier
Geboren 1992
Frau

Tania Calvo


رولاندو كوربيس ( في مرسيليا)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الدفاع وحاليا مدرب نادي اتحاد العاصمة الجزائري (USMA) .

لعب في أندية مرسيليا (1971-1972) أجاكسيو (1972-1973) أوليمبياكوس اليوناني (1973-1974) سوشو (1974-1977) موناكو (1977-1982) وطولون (1982-1985) .

حقق مع نادي موناكو بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى موسمي 1977/1978 و1981/1982 وبطولة كأس فرنسا موسم 1979/1980 . حقق مع نادي أولمبياكوس بطولة دوري السوبر موسم 1973/1974 .

تولى تدريب أندية طولون (1986-1990) مرسيليا إندوم (1991-1992) بوردو (1992-1994) تولوز (1994-1995) بوردو مجددا (1996-1997) مرسيليا (1997-1999) لنس (2000-2001) أجاكسيو (2001-2003) الوحدة الإماراتي (2003) ألانيا فلاديكافكاز الروسي (2004) أجاكسيو مجددا (2004-2006) مونبلييه (2007-2009) .

ساهم في تأهل نادي بوردو إلى المباراة النهائية لبطولة كأس الدوري الفرنسي موسم 1996/1997 ولكنه خسر من نادي ستراسبورغ بركلات الجزاء الترجيحية . ساهم في تأهل نادي مرسيليا إلى المباراة النهائية لبطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي موسم 1998/1999 ولكنه خسر من نادي بارما الإيطالي 0/3 . حقق مع نادي أجاكسيو بطولة دوري الدرجة الثانية موسم 2001/2002 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في النيجر
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في روسيا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في سويسرا
رياضيون من مارسيليا
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أجاكسيو
لاعبو أولمبياكوس
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو سوشو
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو موناكو
لاعبو نادي تولون
مدربو الدوري الفرنسي
مدربو أولمبيك مارسيليا
مدربو سبارتاك فلاديكافكاز
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في سويسرا
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في النيجر
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
مدربو منتخب النيجر الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي اتحاد الجزائر
مدربو نادي أجاكسيو
مدربو نادي بوردو
مدربو نادي تولوز
مدربو نادي تولون
مدربو نادي رين
مدربو نادي سيون
مدربو نادي لانس
مدربو نادي مونبلييه
مواليد 1953
مواليد في مارسيليا
مدربو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو كرة قدم من مارسيليا

رولاند كوربيس


Bärnbach este un oraș în Austria.

Localități din districtul Voitsberg
Orașe din Stiria
Localități din Stiria

Bärnbach


Satoshi Yamaguchi (født 17. april 1978) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Satoshi Yamaguchi (fodboldspiller, født i 1978)


الغيشـة هي إحدى أقدم بلديات الجمهورية الجزائرية تقع في قلب جبال العمور، وسط سلسلة جبال الأطلس الصحراوي كانت مركزًا للإدارة الاستعمارية قبل تأسيس مدينة آفلوا، وهي إحدى دوائر ولاية الأغواط العشر، وهي بلدية و دائرة في نفس الوقت.

الموقع الجغرافي

تقع مدينة الغيشــة في قلب جبال العمور من سلسلة جبال الأطلس الصحراوي.

الحدود
يحدها من الشمال آفلو وسبقاق ومن الشرق وادي مرة ووادي مزي ومن الغرب تاويالة ومن الجنوب عين ماضي وتاجرونة.

سكان الغيشة
السكان:
يبلغ عدد سكان الغيشة حاليا حوالي 10000 نسمة. وفي الحقيقـــة كان سكان الغيشــة أكثر بكثير من هذا العدد ولكن نظرا للأحداث التي جرت هناك (الثورات الشعبية وثورة أول نوفمبر، وموقع المدينة في عمق جبال العمور) هاجر أغلب سكانها إلى المدن المجاورة كأ فلو والأغواط وتاويالة وحتى وهران والمغرب الشقيق، ولم يبق إلا القليل.

أصل السكان
سكنت الغيشــة قبل السكان الحاليين قبيلــة الزناخرة والتي اختطت لها قصرا في أعلى قمة الجبل المسمى حاليا «القصير» وهو غير القصر القديم الموجود حاليا ولم يبق من قصر الزناخرة سوى بقايا من سوره بعدما هدمته السلطات الفرنسية.

التاريخ

توجد في الغيشــة رســومات صخرية في أكثر من مكان توحي أن هذه المنطقة كانت آهلة بالسكان منذ العصور الأولى للبشرية، وقبل قدوم العرب الأشراف كان يسكنها البربر وبقايا قصورهم تدل على ذلك مثل:«قصر الفروج» و«قصر داردز» وقصر بالقرب من قبة سيدي خالد في الطريق الرابط بين آفلو والغيشة والكهوف الموجودة بواد الخطارة وغيرها.
أما العرب الأشراف فقد اختطوا في بداية أمرهم قصوراً في الطريفية جنوب الغيشة وغرب عين ماضي:
القصر الأحمر بناه المناصير والقصر الأبيض بناه النقابي وكانوا يسكنون معا ولم يفترقا أبدا. وبعدما نضبت مياه الينابيع الموجودة هناك رحلوا إلى الغيشة وبنوا قصراً لهم بعدما هاجرت أو هٌجرت منها قبيلة الزناخرة وهذا في القرن الثالث عشر ميلادي،

قصر الزناخرة الموجود بالغيشة يرجع إلى القرون الميلادية الأولى لكن القصر الذي بناه العرب الأشراف والموجود حاليا بني بعد ما هُجرت قبيلة الزناخرة من قصرها بالغيشة. والعرب الأشراف كانوا يسكنون قصري الطريفية وقد بنوهم قبل تأسيس مدينة عين ماضي القريبة من الطريفية حيث أن باب سور عين ماضي والذي ما زال موجودًا حالبا (الباب الغربي) هو باب سور القصر الأحمر بالطريفية.

العهد التركي

كانت مدينة الغيشة في هذا العهد مركز إشعاع في كامل جبل العمور ومنطقة الأغواط وكانت بحق عاصمة لجبل العمور كافة وازدهرت المبادلات التجارية (القمح والشعير بالفواكه والخضروات) والمهن الحرفية (كالحدادة وصناعة السلاح والمنسوجات الصوفية وغيرها) وكان وقت ذاك ثلاث مدن رئيسية في المنطقة هي:
الغيشة –تاويالة – وعين ماضي التي كانت تابعة في ذلك العهد لمنطقة جبل العمور وقد اشتهرت الغيشة آنذاك بمدارسها القرآنية وبعلمائها وشيوخها الذين ما زال صيتهم لحد الآن.
و اشتهرت بالطريقة الصوفية الطيبية وكان شيخها وقتذاك الحاج امبارك بن التومي بن المسعود والطريقة العزوزية وكان شيخها الشيخ المبروك دفين الأغواط.

المقاومة الشعبية

بٍغض النظر عن مساهمات كل قبائل وأعراش جبل العمور والأغواط في مقاومة الأميرعبد القادر وأولاد سيدي الشيخ إلا أن الغيشة يكفيها فخراً أنها أنجبت البطل الثائر: الشريف محمد بن التومي بوشوشة المنصوري الإدريسي الغيشاوي الذي كان صوفيا متعبدا وامتدت ثورته لكل الجنوب الشرقي ومناطق عين صالح ونذكر بعض أحداث هذه الثورة التي قامت بين (1869- 1875):
المولد: حوالي 1827 بالغيشة.

 1864 م: التحق بثورة أولاد سيدي الشيخ وتزوج منهم.
 1865م: رحلته إلى تونس وطرابلس ثم فيقيق (المغرب).
 1870م: تحرير المنيعة.
 1871م: تحرير ورقلــة، وتعيين ابن ناصر بن شهرة خليفة له عليها.
 الهجوم على تقرت وقضائه على سلطة «علي باي» وتعيين بوشمال بن القبي خليفة له عليها.
 أواخر 1871م: تكوين خمس فرق عسكرية: فرقة بقيادته وفرقة الشعانبة وفرقة «بن ناصر بن شهرة» وفرقة المقرانيين الفاريين من الشمال.
 1872 م نهاية ثورة بوشوشة على يد قوات «دولاكروا».
و سجن بعد ذلك وفر من السجن وقضى بقية عمره بين أهليه وذويه في الغيشة وأفلو ومات في مدينة آفلو ودفن بالغيشة في المقبرة القديمة.

الثورة التحريرية

لم يذق مرارة ويلات الحرب في جبل العمور أو الأغواط أو حتى الولاية الخامسة مثل ماذاقه أهالي الغيشة والسكان المجاورين لها من تقتيل وتهجير وتنكيل ونذكر هنا أهم المعارك التي دارت رحاها بالغيشة:

 الخطيفة (غرب الغيشة): 03/10/1956 -خسر العدو 45 قتيل- ومن الجيش الوطني 02- شهيدين
 الشوابير(شمال الغيشة): 04/10/1956 - 1375 قتيل- 25 شهيد وهي من أكبر المعارك على المستوى الوطمي إن لم تكن أكبرها ومن نتائجها تدمير قرية أنفوس تدميرا كاملا وتهجير سكان مدينة الغيشة تهجيرا كاملا فلم يبق إلا الدجاج والقطط في المدينة، وللأسف تبق الغيشة لحد الآن معزولة، وتفتقر لأدنى ظروف الحياة، فمن حق حتى الكلاب والحمير أن تطالب بشهادة أعتراف جراء مشاركتها في الثورة فمابالك بالسكان.
 بوقرقور (جنوب غرب الغيشة): 07/11/1956 قتيل -أكثر من 05 شهداء
 خنق عبد الرحمان (جنوب غرب الغيشة): 15/05/1957 : حوالي50 قتيل و50 جريح - 70 شهيد و25 جريح
 الخطيفة -2 : 04/1957 - خسائر مادية - 02 شهيدين.
 جبل الزعطوط (جنوب الغيشة): 21/05/1957 - 1000 قتيل - 25 شهيد
 القعدة (شرق شمال الغيشة): 22/02/1958 - 100 قتيل وأسر 05 جنود - 05 شهداء
 اتساونت (جنوب الغيشة): 05/1958 - 06 ضباط - 14 شهيد
 الغيشة (ثكنة الجيش الفرنسي بالغيشة): 1958 - قتيل (استخدم فيها السلاح الأبيض).
 المذبوحة: 1958 - طائرة للعدو
 التمام (جنوب الغيشة): 21/05/1958 - ضابط فرنسي
 المزارة (شمال الغيشة): 10/1958 -
 الخربوش (جنوب الغيشة): 25/02/1961 : حوالي 52 قتيل وجرح - 02- شهيدين
 الأحجار الحمر (جنوب الغيشة): 29-01/1961 - 30 قتيل - 02- شهيدين

هذه أهم المعارك التي دارت بمنطقة الغيشة والتي بلغت أكثر من 30 معركة واشتباك. ذاق أهلها مرارة العيش جراء احتضانهم للثورة والثوار.

السياحة

يوجد بالغيشة الكثير من المواقع الأثرية لكنها وللأسف عرضة الإهمال والتلف نذكر منها:

 بقايا سور قصر الزناخرة بالغيشــة
 آثار قصور الردادة (قصر الفروج وقصر داردز).
 القصر الأحمر والقصر الأبيض بالطريفية
 قصر الغيشة القديم
 قصر قديم (شمال الغيشة)
 النقوس الصخرية بالرحى والخطارة (أكثر من 05 مواقع)
 النقوش الصخرية في الصفصافة التي اتخذته منظمة اليونيسيف UNICEF شعارا لها والمتمثل في الفيلة التي تحمي ابنتها.

كما أن للغيشة مناظر وطبيعة خلابة تسر الناظرين كالشلالات والمياه الجارية والسواقي ونظام ري الحدائق وغيرها.

النقوش الصخرية

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة في ولاية الأغواط
بلديات ولاية الأغواط

الغيشة


Giovanni Battista Bussi de Pretis (Urbino, 11 de setembro de 1721 - Jesi, 27 de junho de 1800) foi um cardeal italiano.

Nascimento
Nasceu em Urbino em 11 de setembro de 1721. Filho de Francesco Maria de Pretis, um nobre, e Lucrezia di Porto, de Ravenna. Batizado no mesmo dia. Seu primeiro nome também está listado como Giambattista; e seu sobrenome listado apenas como Pretis; como Bussi già de Pretis; e como Bussi olim de Pretis.

Educação
Estudou na Universidade de Urbino, onde se doutorou in utroque iure , direito canônico e civil.

Vida pregressa
Referendário dos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica da Justiça e da Graça, 27 de abril de 1747. Governador da cidade de Narni, 1748 até 1751. Prelado da Fábrica da Basílica de São Pedro, 1749. Tomou o nome da prelatura Bussi como seu último nome. Governador da cidade de San Severino, 30 de junho de 1751 até março de 1752. Governador da cidade de Benevento, 15 de março de 1752 até dezembro de 1758. Governador da cidade de Spoleto, 1º de dezembro de 1758 até junho de 1762. Governador da cidade de Ascoli, 25 de maio de 1762 até novembro de 1764. Governador da cidade de Ancona, 27 de novembro de 1764 até outubro de 1765. Governador da cidade de Civitavecchia, 5 de outubro de 1765 até novembro de 1766. Governador de Frosinone (Campagna e Marittima), 15 de novembro de 1766. Presidente da Câmara Apostólica em 1771. Cônego da patriarcal basílica vaticana, 25 de março de 1772 até 1794.

Ordens sagradas
Recebeu o subdiaconato em 23 de dezembro de 1775. Clérigo da Câmara Apostólica, 1776. Presidente delle Strade , junho de 1778. Decano dos clérigos da Câmara Apostólica em 1778. Comissário delle Armi , junho de 1785, por ocasião da morte de Monsenhor Pietro Paolo Millo.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 21 de fevereiro de 1794; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 27 de fevereiro de 1794; e o título de S. Lorenzo em Panisperna, 12 de setembro de 1794. Atribuído à SS. CC. do Conselho Tridentino, Imunidade Eclesiástica, Bom Governo e Sagrada Consulta.

Episcopado
Eleito bispo de Jesi em 21 de fevereiro de 1794. Ordenado sacerdote em 13 de abril de 1794. Consagrado em 27 de abril de 1794 na catedral de Frascati, pelo cardeal Henry Benedict Mary Stuart, duque de York, bispo de Frascati, assistido por Ottavio Boni, titular arcebispo de Nazianzo, e por Michele di Pietro, bispo titular de Isauropoli. Participou do conclave de 1799-1800 , celebrado em Veneza, que elegeu o Papa Pio VII.

Morte
Morreu em Jesi em 27 de junho de 1800. Exposto e enterrado na catedral de Jesi.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio VI

Giovanni Battista Bussi de Pretis


التلميذة فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1961، من إخراج حسن الإمام وبطولة شادية وحسن يوسف.

تمثيل
 شادية
 حسن يوسف
 أمينة رزق
 فؤاد المهندس
 آمال فريد
 علوية جميل
 نيللي مظلوم
 فاخر فاخر
 زينب صدقي
 إبراهيم عمارة

أغاني الفيلم
 سونه ياسنسن
 فوق ياقلبي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام أمينة رزق
أفلام إبراهيم عمارة
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1961
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام حسن يوسف
أفلام شادية
أفلام فؤاد المهندس
أفلام نيللي مظلوم
أفلام زينب صدقي
أفلام فاخر فاخر
أفلام علوية جميل

التلميذة (فيلم)


St. Ottilien ist eine 1669 erbaute Wallfahrtskapelle in der Gemeinde Buttisholz im Kanton Luzern. Der Bau gehört mit seinem originellen kreuzförmigen Grundriss zu den aussergewöhnlichsten barocken Kirchenbauten der Schweiz. Die Kapelle liegt auf einer Anhöhe beim Weiler St. Ottilien, südöstlich des Dorfes Buttisholz.

Geschichte
Die Ursprünge des Wallfahrtsortes der heiligen Ottilia liegen im Dunkeln. Bei archäologischen Grabungen stiess man auf Grundmauern einer Kapelle aus dem Mittelalter. Der Luzerner Landvogt Lüpold Feer liess die Kapelle 1572 erneuern und gründete eine Bruderschaft zu deren Unterhalt. Sein Urenkel Hans Thüring Feer liess 1669 von Jost Melchior Zur Gilgen einen Neubau errichten.

Gebäude
Der kleine Barockbau (16 × 16 × 16 Meter) verfügt über einen aussergewöhnlichen Grundriss: Es handelt sich um einen oktogonalen Zentralbau mit vier polygonal abgeschlossenen Kreuzarmen. Die schwungvoll geschweiften Kupferdächer gehen in ein elegantes Glockentürmchen über, das eine Gesamthöhe von 24 Meter erreicht. Der Zugang zum Innenraum erfolgt über eine rundbogige Vorhalle in einem der Kreuzarme. Über der Vorhalle befindet sich die Sakristei, die durch eine zweiseitige Treppe im Innenraum zu erreichen ist. Die anderen drei Kreuzarme bilden Altarräume.

Ausstattung
Der Innenraum wurde 1746 mit Stuckaturen von Joseph Meusburger im Rokoko-Stil versehen. Eine farbige Deckenkartusche im Gewölbescheitel zeigt die vom Gnadenstrahl Gottes erleuchtete Wallfahrtskapelle. Auf dieselbe Zeit geht wohl auch der Kreuzweg in ovalen Wandkartuschen zurück.

Der Hochaltar aus der Bauzeit füllt den gesamten Altarraum aus und wird durch eine von drei Säulen getragene Archivolte abgeschlossen. Die zentrale Statue der heiligen Ottilia wird von Statuen des heiligen Jost und der heiligen Katharina flankiert, darüber befindet sich eine Madonna mit Kind. Das in Öl gemalte Antependium zeigt die Entnahme von Reliquien der St. Ottilia durch Karl IV. und datiert aus dem Jahr 1803. Zwei prachtvolle Obelisken auf dem Hochaltar enthalten Votivgaben.

In den seitlichen Kreuzarmen befinden sich zwei klassizistische Retabel. Im linken Seitenaltar sind Bilder der Heiligen Josef und Beat aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eingefasst, der rechte Seitenaltar enthält ein vorbarockes St. Ottilien-Gnadenbild. Die Seitenwände der Kreuzarme sind mit Votivbildern geschmückt.

Bilder

Literatur
 Moritz Raeber: Die Wallfahrtskapelle St. Ottilien bei Buttisholz LU (Schweizerische Kunstführer, Nr. 459). Hrsg. Gesellschaft für Schweizerische Kunstgeschichte GSK. Bern 1989, ISBN 978-3-85782-459-3.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Kulturgüter in Buttisholz

Weblinks

 Website St. Ottilien Kapelle

Buttisholz
Buttisholz, Ottilien
Buttisholz, Ottilien
Buttisholz, Ottilien
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St. Ottilien (Buttisholz)