Hamamelidae, zastarjeli biljni podreazred u razredu Magnoliopsida, po nekima u Rosopsida.
Redovi koji su se klasificirali u nju su: Balanopales, Barbeyales, Casuarinales, Cercidiphyllales, Corylales, Daphniphyllales, Didymelales, Eupteleales, Fagales, Hamamelidales, Juglandales, Myricales, Myrothamnales, Rhoipteleales, Simmondsiales, Trochodendrales.

Opis
Hamamelididae su anemogamne bezlatičnice s resastim cvatovima i plodovima u obliku oraha. Poznate su od krede do danas. Ime dobiva po redu danas neprizntom redu Hamamelidales kojem se klasificiraju i visoka stabla koja rastu u SAD-u i Meksiku, kao što su platane s loptastim cvatovima i cvjetovima odvojenog spola.

Red fagales karakteriziraju jednospolni, jednodomni cvjetovi bez ocvijeća, glavni predstavnik je porodica Fagaceae s jestivim plodovima obavijenim kupulom, a poznata je od krede.

Sistematika

Cronquist
Cronquistov sustav iz 1981. navodi redove:

Carstvo Plantae Haeckel, 1866
Divizija Magnoliophyta Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm., 1966
Razred Magnoliopsida  Brongn., 1843
Podrazred Hamamelidae Takht.
I6 Red Hamamelidales Wettstein, 1907
Porodica Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., 1909
Rod Cercidiphyllum Siebold & Zucc.
Porodica Eupteleaceae Wilhelm, 1910
Rod Euptelea Siebold & Zucc.
Porodica Hamamelidaceae R. Br., 1818
Rod Distyliopsis P.K.Endress
Rod Disanthus Maxim.
Rod Distylium Siebold & Zucc.
Rod Corylopsis Siebold & Zucc.
Rod Exbucklandia R.W.Br.
Rod Altingia Noronha
Rod Fothergilla L.
Rod Hamamelis L.
Rod Matudaea Lundell
Rod Parrotiopsis (Nied.) C.K.Schneid.
Rod Liquidambar L.
Rod Rhodoleia Champ. ex Hook.
Porodica Myrothamnaceae Niedenzu, 1891
Rod Myrothamnus Welw.
Porodica Platanaceae Dumort., 1829
Rod Platanus L.
I7 Red Juglandales Engler, 1892
Porodica Juglandaceae A. Richard ex Kunth, 1824
Rod Engelhardia Lesch. ex Blume
Rod Carya Nutt.
Rod Alfaroa Standl.
Rod Platycarya Siebold & Zucc.
Rod Pterocarya Kunth
Rod Oreomunnea Oerst.
Rod Juglans L.
Porodica Rhoipteleaceae Handel-Mazetti, 1932
Rod Rhoiptelea Diels & Hand.-Mazz.
I8 Red Leitneriales Engler, 1897
Porodica Leitneriaceae Benth., 1880
Rod Leitneria Chapm., 1860
I9 Red Myricales Engler, 1892
Porodica Myricaceae Blume, 1829
Rod Comptonia L'Her. ex Aiton
Rod Canacomyrica Guillaumin
Rod Myrica L.
I10 Red Trochodendrales Takht., 1966
Porodica Tetracentraceae Van Tieghem, 1900
Rod Tetracentron Oliv.
Porodica Trochodendraceae Eichler, 1865
Rod Trochodendron Siebold & Zucc.
I11 Red Urticales Lindl., 1833
Porodica Barbeyaceae Rendle, 1916
Rod Barbeya Schweinf.
Porodica Ulmaceae Mirbel, 1815
Rod Celtis L.
Rod Aphananthe Planch.
Rod Zelkova Spach
Rod Hemiptelea Planch.
Rod Ulmus L.
Rod Trema Lour.
Porodica Cannabaceae Endl., 1837
Rod Cannabis L.
Rod Humulus L.
Porodica Moraceae Link, 1831
Rod Fatoua Gaudich.
Rod Maclura Nutt.
Rod Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Rod Dorstenia L.
Rod Ficus L.
Rod Morus L.
Porodica Cecropiaceae Berg, 1978
Rod Cecropia Loefl.
Rod Coussapoa Aubl.
Rod Pourouma Aubl.
Rod Musanga C.Sm. ex R.Br.
Rod Conocephalus Blume
Rod Myrianthus P.Beauv.
Porodica Urticaceae Juss., 1789
Rod Elatostema J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Rod Pilea Lindl.
Rod Boehmeria Jacq.
Rod Urera Gaudich.
Rod Laportea Gaudich.
Rod Parietaria L.
Rod Phenax Wedd.
Rod Urtica L.
Rod Helxine Bubani
Porodica Physenaceae

Takhtajan

Nadred Trochodendranae
Red Trochodendrales
Porodica Trochodendraceae
Porodica Tetracentraceae
Red Cercidiphyllales
Porodica Cercidiphyllaceae
Red Eupteleales
Porodica Eupteleaceae
Nadred Myrothamnanae
Red Myrothamnales
Porodica Myrothamnaceae
Nadred Hamamelidanae
Red Hamamelidales
Porodica Hamamelidaceae
Porodica Altingiaceae (Cronquist: Hamamelidaceae)
Porodica Platanaceae
Nadred Barbeyanae
Red Barbeyales
Porodica Barbeyaceae
Nadred Daphniphyllanae
Red Daphniphllales
Porodica Daphniphyllaceae
Red Balanopales
Porodica Balanopaceae
Nadred Buxanae
Red Didymelales
Porodica Didymelaceae
Red Buxales
Porodica Buxaceae
Red Simmondsiales
Porodica Simmondsiaceae
Nadred Faganae
Red Fagales
Porodica Fagaceae
Porodica Nothofagaceae
Red Corylales
Porodica Betulaceae
Porodica Corylaceae (Cronquist: Betulaceae)
Porodica Ticodendraceae
Nadred Casuarinanae
Red Casuarinales
Porodica Casuarinaceae
Nadred Juglandanae
Red Myricales
Porodica Myricaceae
Red Rhoipteleales
Porodica Rhoipteleaceae
Red Juglandales
Porodica Juglandaceae

Izvori

Sistematika

Hamamelidae


Sudski nalog je pravni i pravičan pravni lijek u obliku određenog naloga kojim se stranka prisiljava da učini ili se suzdrži od određenih radnji. Kada sud primijeni izvanredni pravni lijek zabrane, on upravlja ponašanjem stranke uz potporu svojih potpunih prisilnih ovlasti. Stranka koja se ne pridržava zabrane suočava se s kaznenim ili građanskim kaznama, uključujući moguće novčane kazne, pa čak i zatvorsku kaznu. Može biti optužena i za nepoštivanje suda. Protumjere su zabrane koje zaustavljaju ili poništavaju izvršenje druge zabrane.

Sudski nalog nepristrano je pravno sredstvo, odnosno pravno sredstvo koje potječe iz engleskih sudova pravednosti. Kao i drugi pravični pravni lijekovi, tradicionalno se odobrava kada se nepravda ne može učinkovito ispraviti dodjelom novčane odštete. Doktrina koja to odražava je zahtjev da se zabrana može izdati samo kada nema odgovarajućeg pravnog lijeka u zakonu. Zabrane imaju za cilj da pomognu osobi, čija su prava povrijeđena. Ipak, pri odlučivanju hoće li izdati zabranu, sudovi također vode računa o interesima stranaka (tj. javnom interesu). Prilikom odlučivanja hoće li izdati zabranu i koji bi trebao biti njezin opseg, sudovi posebnu pozornost posvećuju pitanjima poštenja i dobre vjere. Jedna manifestacija toga je da zabrane podliježu pravičnoj obrani.

Sudski nalozi izdaju se u mnogim različitim vrstama slučajeva. Oni mogu zabraniti buduća kršenja zakona, kao što je neovlašteni pristup nekretninama, kršenje patenta ili kršenje ustavnog prava (npr. slobodno ispovijedanje vjere). Ili mogu zahtijevati od optuženika da ispravi povrede zakona iz prošlosti.

Sudski nalozi mogu zahtijevati da netko poduzme nešto, poput čišćenja izlijevanja nafte ili uklanjanja ograde podignute iz inata. Ili se nekome može zabraniti nešto, primjerice korištenje nezakonito stečene poslovne tajne. Sudski nalog kojim se zabranjuje pristup određenoj osobi naziva se "zabrana prilaska". Mnoge zabrane imaju i obavezne i zabranjujuće komponente, zahtijevajući jedno ponašanje i zabranjujući drugo ponašanje.

Jednom kada je zabrana izdana, ona se može provesti putem pravednih mehanizama provedbe. Također se može izmijeniti ili poništiti (na odgovarajući zahtjev sudu) ako se okolnosti promijene u budućnosti. Ove značajke zabrane dopuštaju sudu, da dopusti nekome da upravlja ponašanjem stranaka.

Izvori

Pravo

Sudski nalog


Koyun Adası, Marmara denizi'nde Paşalimanı Adası ile Avşa Adası arasında kalan adadır. Yüzölçümü 1,7 km2'dir. Adanın güney ucunda 19 yazlık yapı ve iki adet iskele mevcuttur. Ada Balıkesir iline bağlı olup İstanbul'a 65 deniz mili mesafededir. Genellikle yılın büyük kısmında kuzey doğu rüzgarı (poyraz) etkindir.

Yaklaşık 400 dönüme tekabül eden kısım 1970'li yıllarda parselasyona tabii tutulmuş olup müstakil tapuları mevcuttur. Geriye kalan 1300 dönüme yakın kısım müfrez tarla vasfında bulunup, özel mülkiyete tabidir. 7 hissedar mevcuttur. (%50 Erelçin, %20 Törümküney, %10,5 Bayraktar, %10.5 Kocavelioğlu, %3 Türksavul, %3 Tıkız, %3 Ünver aileleri).

Kullanım suyu ihtiyacı kıyıya açılmış kuyularla, elektrik ihtiyacı güneş enerjisi panelleri ile veya jeneratör ile sağlanmaktadır.. İçme suyu ve her türlü erzak yakında bulunan adalardan taşıma yoluyla temin edilebilmektedir.Adaya gitmek için tekne sahibi olmak ya da kiralamak gerekir. Adada birbirinden güzel plajların yanı sıra; berrak, temiz ve doğal bir deniz bulunmaktadır. Adanın güney burnunun yaklaşık 0.5 mil açığından Paşalimanı adasına elektrik gelmesini sağlayan Avşa-Paşalimanı adası arası deniz altı elektrik kablosu geçmektedir. Bu olaya binaen; şehirleşmenin artacağı düşünüldüğünde elektrik iletimine yakın ve elverişli durumundan dolayı ve önemli kentlere yakınlığına rağmen temiz ve doğal yapısıyla uzun vadeli yatırımlar için elverişli bir ada olma özelliğini de korumaktadır.

Balıkesir iline bağlı adalar
Marmara Denizi'ndeki adalar
Erdek

Koyun Adası


مبادرة الامتياز للجامعات الألمانية هي مبادرة أطلقتها وزارة التعليم والبحث الاتحادية والمؤسسة الألمانية للبحث العلمي في ألمانيا لرفع مستوى البحث العلمي وتحسين نوعية التعليم العالي في الجامعات الألمانية وتعزيز مكانة هذه الجامعات خارج ألمانيا.

بموجب هذه المبادرة سيتم رصد 1,9 مليار يورو أغلبها من الحكومة الفيدرالية لدعم البحث العلمي في 9 جامعات و40 كلية جامعية و37 مجموعة بحثية على مدى أربع سنوات ابتداء من شهر نوفمبر 2006.

جامعات الامتياز

على مدى جولتين من الترشيح والانتخاب بين عامي 2006 و2007 تم تسمية تسع جامعات لنيل القسط الرئيسي من التمويل. غالبا ما تعرف هذه الجامعات بجامعات النخبة في وسائل الإعلام.

 جامعة برلين الحرة
 جامعة لودفيغ- ماكسميليان ميونخ
 جامعة RWTH آخن
 جامعة ميونخ التقنية
 جامعة كونستانتس
 جامعة فرايبورغ
 جامعة غوتنغن
 جامعة هايدلبرغ
 جامعة كارلسروه

مراجع

جامعات وكليات تقنية في ألمانيا
جامعات وكليات في ألمانيا
ألمانيا

مبادرة الامتياز للجامعات الألمانية


J. B. Marks oder John "Beaver" Marks, eigentlich John Joseph Marks, (* 21. März 1903 in Ventersdorp; † 1. August 1972 in Moskau) war ein südafrikanischer Politiker, Anti-Apartheidsaktivist und Gewerkschaftsführer.

Leben

Marks wurde während der kolonialen Zeit in Südafrika als eines von sieben Kindern eines interethnischen Paares geboren. Mit 16 Jahren wurde er am Kilnerton Teachers' Training College in Pretoria aufgenommen, wo er die Lehrberechtigung erwarb. Aufgrund der schlechten Behandlung durch die weißen Schulleiter streikten die Studenten unter der Führung von Marks. Der Streik selbst war zwar erfolglos, er politisierte Marks jedoch, der sich seither dem "Kampf gegen rassische und soziale Unterdrückung" verschrieb. Während seiner Studienzeit erhielt er den Nicknamen "Beaver", den er mit einem B. abkürzte. woraus sich J. B. entwickelte. Sein Geburtsname wurde nur in Polizeiakten geführt.

Nach seinem Anschluss war er an verschiedenen Schulen in Transvaal und im Oranje-Freistaat tätig, wo er in erster Linie Kinder von Minenarbeitern unterrichtete. Nachdem er 1928 eine Rede des Kommunistenführers Sidney Bunting gehört hatte, schloss er sich der Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) an. 1929 entging er knapp einem Attentat, bei dem elf andere Anwesende der Gedenkveranstaltung in Erinnerung an den Zulukrieg starben. 1931 wurde ihm die Lehrberechtigung wegen seiner politischen Aktivitäten entzogen. Von nun an widmete er sich dem Kampf gegen die Unterdrückung und wurde 1932 in das Zentralkomitee der CPSA gewählt.

Marks' Hauptziel war die Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen der schwarzen Arbeiter in den Goldminen am Witwatersrand. 1941 fand das entscheidende Treffen zur Gründung einer Gewerkschaft mit Unterstützung des African National Congress (ANC) und von Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon statt. Die African Mine Workers` Union wurde 1942 gegründet und Marks zu ihrem ersten Vorsitzenden gewählt, zugleich war er Präsident der Transvaal-Sektion des ANC. Trotz kleiner Zugeständnisse der Regierung unter Jan Christiaan Smuts verbesserte sich die Lage der Arbeiter nicht. Versammlungen mit mehr als 20 Personen wurden verboten und 1944 wurden einige Gewerkschaftsfunktionäre inhaftiert. Im August 1946 kam es zum Generalstreik der Minenarbeiter, der eine Woche dauerte und von der Polizei brutal niedergeschlagen wurde: Hunderte Arbeiter wurden verletzt, neun getötet. Marks wurde, wie andere auch, mehrfach inhaftiert, mit Verboten belegt und musste ab 1950 zeitweilig in den Untergrund gehen. 1952/53 war er einer der Organisatoren der Defiance Campaign, an der er selbst teilnahm und deshalb zu einer Gefängnisstrafe verurteilt wurde. 1962 wurde Marks Vorsitzender der illegalen South African Communist Party, der früheren CPSA, und Mitglied des nationalen geschäftsführenden Komitees des ANC; zuletzt war er Schatzmeister. Er unterstützte die Gründung eines nationalen Gewerkschaftsverbandes, des South African Congress of Trade Unions, der 1985 zum Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) wurde.

1963 verließ Marks Südafrika auf Anraten des ANC und flüchtete nach Tansania. Er blieb dort, baute die Parteistrukturen aus und sorgte für die internationale Vernetzung. 1971 erlitt er einen Herzinfarkt; zur Behandlung wurde er in die Sowjetunion ausgeflogen, wo er 1972 an einem erneuten Infarkt starb. Sein Nachfolger als SACP-Präsident wurde Yusuf Dadoo.

Umbettung
2015 wurde sein Leichnam zusammen mit dem von Moses Kotane nach Südafrika überführt, wo sie von Präsident Jacob Zuma empfangen wurden.

Ehrungen

1997 wurde der J. B. Marks Education Trust Fund von der Gewerkschaft der Minenarbeiter in Erinnerung an Marks gegründet. Sein Ziel ist die Bildungsförderung von Gewerkschaftsmitgliedern und Studenten. Die Stiftung vergibt seit 2010 jedes Jahr Auszeichnungen in verschiedenen Kategorien, zum Beispiel den JB Marks Award und den JB Marks Leader of the Year-Preis.

1999 erhielt er postum den südafrikanischen Order for Meritorious Service in Gold.

2017 wurde die Gemeinde Tlokwe/Ventersburg in JB Marks umbenannt.

Eine weiterführende Schule in Johannesburg sowie mehrere Straße in Südafrika, unter anderem in Durban, sind nach Marks benannt.

Weblinks

 Kurzbiografie von Marks bei South African History Online (englisch)
 Rede zum Begräbnis von Marks auf den Seiten der South African Communist Party (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Apartheidgegner
ANC-Mitglied
SACP-Mitglied
Parteivorsitzender (Südafrika)
Gewerkschafter (Südafrika)
Bürgerrechtler
Südafrikaner
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1972
Mann

J. B. Marks


رواسو كوماموتو  هو نادي كرة قدم ياباني تأسس عام 1969 مركزه مدينة كوماموتو، محافظة كوماموتو.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

أندية الدوري الياباني
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 2004
أندية كرة قدم في اليابان
إن تي تي
تأسيسات سنة 1969 في اليابان
تأسيسات سنة 2004 في اليابان
فرق رياضية في محافظة كوماموتو
كوماموتو
أندية رابطة كرة القدم اليابانية

رواسو كوماموتو


David Scott Blitzer est un homme d'affaires et investisseur américain né le 7 septembre 1969. Il est notamment propriétaire minoritaire des Devils du New Jersey, des Philadelphia 76ers, du Crystal Palace FC, de l'Estoril-Praia du FC Augsburg, d'ADO Den Haag, du Waasland-Beveren, du Real Salt Lake, des Scranton Wilkes / Barre RailRiders et de l'équipe d' esport Dignitas. Il occupe également un poste de directeur exécutif au sein de la société d'investissement Blackstone Group.

Il est notamment au cœur de rumeurs quant au rachat de l'AS Saint-Étienne en mai 2022.

Biographie
David Blitzer a grandi et été élevé à Scotch Plains dans le New Jersey dans une famille de confession juive. En 1991, il est diplômé, avec mention, à l'Université de Pennsylvanie. Il y a rencontré sa femme, Allison Ross.

Il commence en 1991 sa carrière à Blackstone à New York en tant que directeur général et chef des opportunités.

Philanthropie
Le couple Blitzer a fondé la Blitzer Family Fondation qui œuvre en faveur de la jeunesse par l'éducation, le sport et les questions sanitaires. Blitzer prend également part à the Boards of Dream, qui offre son aide à plus de 2200 jeunes de quartiers défavorisés, à la Riverdale Country School, prend place au conseil consultatif du département chirurgical de l'Hôpital Mont Sinaï de Manhattan, ainsi qu'au conseil de surveillance de Wharton School, et au conseil d'administration de l'Université de Pennsylvanie.

Blitzer est également un soutien d'Hillel International, une organisation estudiantine juive.

Notes et références

Références

Étudiant de la Wharton School
Naissance en septembre 1969

David S. Blitzer


Dovetail may refer to:

 Dovetail (album), a 1983 album by Lee Konitz's Terzet
 Dovetail (company), an Australian-based software company
 Dovetail Games, a UK video game developer
 Dovetail joint, used in woodworking
 Dovetail Joint (band), a Chicago-based band
 Dovetail or riffle, a method of shuffling playing cards
 Daniel Dovetail, Daisy Dovetail, Dora Dovetail, characters in The Ickabog by J. K. Rowling
 The Dovetail Group, a 1984 early video game developer
 German equatorial mount or dovetail plate, used to fix a telescope to its mount

See also
 Dovetailing (computer science), a technique in algorithm design
 Dovedale (disambiguation)

Dovetail (disambiguation)


Articles with hCards
Articles with hCards

Articles with hCards
Articles with hCards
හීදර් රෙනී ස්වීට් (උපත සැප්තැම්බර් 28, 1972), වෘත්තීයමය වශයෙන් ඩිටා වොන් ටීස් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.  අමරිකානු බර්ලෙස්ක් නර්තන ශිල්පිනියක වන ඇය එම ක්‍ෂ්ත්‍රයෙහි රැජිණ ලෙස ද හැඳින්වේ. ඒ එම ක්‍ෂ්‍ත්‍රයෙහි ජනප්‍රියතාව සඳහා ඇය විසින් වූ ඉමහත් දායකත්වය නිසා ය.
දීතාගේ සිනමා දායකත්වය පිළිබඳ සලකන කල,  මුල් අවදියේ දී ඇය රොමැන්සිං සාරා, මැටර් ඔෆ් ට්‍රස්ට් වැනි ෆෙටිෂ් සම්බන්ධ කාමුක චිත්‍රපට සඳහා රංගනයෙන් දායක වූ අතර සහ ඇන්ඩෲ බ්ලේක්ගේ හාඩ්-කෝර් ෆෙටිෂ් චිත්‍රපට දෙකක ද පෙනී සිටියාය. මීට අමතර ව තවත් චිත්‍රපට කිහිපයකට ම රංගනයෙන් දායක වූ ඇය music videos කිහිපයකට ම පෙනී සිටියා ය. Taylor Swift ගේ Bejeweled ඒ අතරින් එකකි.

ජීවමාන ජනයා
1972 උපත්

දීතා වොන් ටීස්


Jørn Lund (født 26. august 1944) er en tidligere dansk amatørcykelrytter.

Hans bedste resultater er en sølvmedalje ved VM i 100 km holdløb på landevej i 1969 (sammen med Leif Mortensen, Jørgen Emil Hansen og Mogens Frey samt en bronzemedalje ved OL i Montreal i 1976 i holdløb på landevej (sammen med Jørgen Emil Hansen, Gert Frank og Verner Blaudzun.

Han blev dansk mester i 1974 i Holdforfølgelsesløb på bane sammen med Niels Fredborg, Gunnar Asmussen og Jan F. Petersen.

Eksterne henvisninger/kilder

Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1976
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Danmark
Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark

Jørn Lund (cykelrytter)


Car Shenzong od Sunga (25. svibnja 1048. – 1. travnja 1085.) bio je car Kine. Njegovo prvotno osobno ime bilo je Zhao Zhongzhen, ali ga je nakon krunidbe promijenio u Zhao Xu. Vladao je 1067. – 1085.

Bio je sin cara Yingzonga od Sunga i carice Gao. Tijekom Shenzongove vladavine se popravio položaj seljaka i nezaposlenih. Car je poslao vojsku na vijetnamskog vladara Lý Nhân Tônga, 1076. Tijekom vladavine cara Shenzonga, glasnici Mihaela VII. Duke (Mie li sha ling kai sa, 滅力沙靈改撒) od Folina (Bizant) stigli su u Kinu.

Obitelj
Shenzongova vjenčana supruga je bila carica Xiang, koja mu nije rodila sina. Njegovi sinovi s konkubinama bili su carevi Zhezong i Huizong od Sunga; Shenzong je imao i kćeri, kojih je bilo 10.

Izvori
Maspéro, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom: The History of an Extinct Vietnamese Culture. White Lotus Press. .

Kineski carevi
Dinastija Sung

Shenzong od Sunga


Chargaff's rules [given by Erwin Chargaff] states that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Further a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., A+G=T+C) should exist. This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. They were discovered by Austrian-born chemist Erwin Chargaff, in the late 1940s.

Definitions

First parity rule
The first rule holds that a double-stranded DNA molecule, globally has percentage base pair equality: A% = T% and G% = C%. The rigorous validation of the rule constitutes the basis of Watson-Crick pairs in the DNA double helix model.

Second parity rule
The second rule holds that both Α% ≈ Τ% and G% ≈ C% are valid for each of the two DNA strands. This describes only a global feature of the base composition in a single DNA strand.

Research
The second parity rule was discovered in 1968. It states that, in single-stranded DNA, the number of adenine units is approximately equal to that of thymine (%A ≈ %T), and the number of cytosine units is approximately equal to that of guanine (%C ≈ %G).

The first empirical generalization of Chargaff's second parity rule, called the Symmetry Principle, was proposed by Vinayakumar V. Prabhu  in 1993. This principle states that for any given oligonucleotide, its frequency is approximately equal to the frequency of its complementary reverse oligonucleotide. A theoretical generalization was mathematically derived by Michel E. B. Yamagishi and Roberto H. Herai in 2011.

In 2006, it was shown that this rule applies to four of the five types of double stranded genomes; specifically it applies to the eukaryotic chromosomes, the bacterial chromosomes, the double stranded DNA viral genomes, and the archaeal chromosomes. It does not apply to organellar genomes (mitochondria and plastids) smaller than ~20-30 kbp, nor does it apply to single stranded DNA (viral) genomes or any type of RNA genome. The basis for this rule is still under investigation, although genome size may play a role.

The rule itself has consequences. In most bacterial genomes (which are generally 80-90% coding) genes are arranged in such a fashion that approximately 50% of the coding sequence lies on either strand. Wacław Szybalski, in the 1960s, showed that in bacteriophage coding sequences purines (A and G) exceed pyrimidines (C and T). This rule has since been confirmed in other organisms and should probably be now termed "Szybalski's rule". While Szybalski's rule generally holds, exceptions are known to exist. The biological basis for Szybalski's rule is not yet known.

The combined effect of Chargaff's second rule and Szybalski's rule can be seen in bacterial genomes where the coding sequences are not equally distributed. The genetic code has 64 codons of which 3 function as termination codons: there are only 20 amino acids normally present in proteins. (There are two uncommon amino acids—selenocysteine and pyrrolysine—found in a limited number of proteins and encoded by the stop codons—TGA and TAG respectively.) The mismatch between the number of codons and amino acids allows several codons to code for a single amino acid—such codons normally differ only at the third codon base position.

Multivariate statistical analysis of codon use within genomes with unequal quantities of coding sequences on the two strands has shown that codon use in the third position depends on the strand on which the gene is located. This seems likely to be the result of Szybalski's and Chargaff's rules. Because of the asymmetry in pyrimidine and purine use in coding sequences, the strand with the greater coding content will tend to have the greater number of purine bases (Szybalski's rule). Because the number of purine bases will, to a very good approximation, equal the number of their complementary pyrimidines within the same strand and, because the coding sequences occupy 80–90% of the strand, there appears to be (1) a selective pressure on the third base to minimize the number of purine bases in the strand with the greater coding content; and (2) that this pressure is proportional to the mismatch in the length of the coding sequences between the two strands.

The origin of the deviation from Chargaff's rule in the organelles has been suggested to be a consequence of the mechanism of replication. During replication the DNA strands separate. In single stranded DNA, cytosine spontaneously slowly deaminates to adenosine (a C to A transversion). The longer the strands are separated the greater the quantity of deamination. For reasons that are not yet clear the strands tend to exist longer in single form in mitochondria than in chromosomal DNA. This process tends to yield one strand that is enriched in guanine (G) and thymine (T) with its complement enriched in cytosine (C) and adenosine (A), and this process may have given rise to the deviations found in the mitochondria.

Chargaff's second rule appears to be the consequence of a more complex parity rule: within a single strand of DNA any oligonucleotide (k-mer or n-gram; length ≤ 10) is present in equal numbers to its reverse complementary nucleotide. Because of the computational requirements this has not been verified in all genomes for all oligonucleotides. It has been verified for triplet oligonucleotides for a large data set. Albrecht-Buehler has suggested that this rule is the consequence of genomes evolving by a process of inversion and transposition. This process does not appear to have acted on the mitochondrial genomes. Chargaff's second parity rule appears to be extended from the nucleotide-level to populations of codon triplets, in the case of whole single-stranded Human genome DNA.
A kind of "codon-level second Chargaff's parity rule" is proposed as follows:

 style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Intra-strand relation among percentages of codon populations
! scope=col | First codon !! scope=col | Second codon !! scope=col | Relation proposed !! scope=col | Details
|-
| Twx (1st base position is T) || yzA (3rd base position is A) || % Twx  % yzA || Twx and yzA are mirror codons, e.g. TCG and CGA
|-
| Cwx (1st base position is C) || yzG (3rd base position is G) || % Cwx  % yzG || Cwx and yzG are mirror codons, e.g. CTA and TAG
|-
| wTx (2nd base position is T) || yAz (2nd base position is A) || % wTx  % yAz || wTx and yAz are mirror codons, e.g. CTG and CAG
|-
| wCx (2nd base position is C) || yGz (2nd base position is G) || % wCx  % yGz || wCx and yGz are mirror codons, e.g. TCT and AGA
|-
| wxT (3rd base position is T) || Ayz (1st base position is A) || % wxT  % Ayz || wxT and Ayz are mirror codons, e.g. CTT and AAG
|-
| wxC (3rd base position is C) || Gyz (1st base position is G) || % wxC  % Gyz || wxC and Gyz are mirror codons, e.g. GGC and GCC
|-
|}

Examples — computing whole human genome using the first codons reading frame provides:
 36530115 TTT and 36381293 AAA (ratio % = 1.00409). 2087242 TCG and 2085226 CGA (ratio % = 1.00096), etc...

In 2020, it is suggested that the physical properties of the dsDNA (double stranded DNA) and the tendency to maximum entropy of all the physical systems are the cause of Chargaff's second parity rule. The symmetries and patterns present in the dsDNA sequences can emerge from the physical peculiarities of the dsDNA molecule and the maximum entropy principle alone, rather than from biological or environmental evolutionary pressure.

Percentages of bases in DNA

The following table is a representative sample of Erwin Chargaff's 1952 data, listing the base composition of DNA from various organisms and support both of Chargaff's rules. An organism such as φX174 with significant variation from A/T and G/C equal to one, is indicative of single stranded DNA.

 style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
! scope=col|Organism!!scope=col|Taxon!!scope=col|%A !!scope=col|%G !!scope=col|%C !!scope=col|%T !!scope=col|A / T !!scope=col|G / C !!scope=col|%GC !!scope=col|%AT
|-
| Maize || Zea || 26.8 || 22.8 || 23.2 || 27.2 || 0.99 || 0.98 || 46.1 || 54.0
|-
| Octopus || Octopus || 33.2 || 17.6 || 17.6 || 31.6 || 1.05 || 1.00 || 35.2 || 64.8
|-
| Chicken || Gallus || 28.0 || 22.0 || 21.6 || 28.4 || 0.99 || 1.02 || 43.7 || 56.4
|-
| Rat || Rattus || 28.6 || 21.4 || 20.5 || 28.4 || 1.01 || 1.00 || 42.9 || 57.0
|-
| Human || Homo || 29.3 || 20.7 || 20.0 || 30.0 || 0.98 || 1.04 || 40.7 || 59.3
|-
| Grasshopper || Orthoptera || 29.3 || 20.5 || 20.7 || 29.3 || 1.00 || 0.99 || 41.2 || 58.6
|-
| Sea urchin || Echinoidea || 32.8 || 17.7 || 17.3 || 32.1 || 1.02 || 1.02 || 35.0 || 64.9
|-
| Wheat || Triticum || 27.3 || 22.7 || 22.8 || 27.1 || 1.01 || 1.00 || 45.5 || 54.4
|-
| Yeast || Saccharomyces || 31.3 || 18.7 || 17.1 || 32.9 || 0.95 || 1.09 || 35.8 || 64.4
|-
| E. coli || Escherichia || 24.7 || 26.0 || 25.7 || 23.6 || 1.05 || 1.01 || 51.7 || 48.3
|-
| φX174 || PhiX174 || 24.0 || 23.3 || 21.5 || 31.2 || 0.77 || 1.08 || 44.8 || 55.2
|-

See also
 Genetic codes

References

Further reading

External links
 CBS Genome Atlas Database — contains hundreds of examples of base skews and had problems.
 The Z curve database of genomes — a 3-dimensional visualization and analysis tool of genomes.

DNA
Genetics techniques
History of genetics
Biotechnology
Medical research
Biology experiments
Laboratory techniques

Emerging technologies
Molecular biology

Chargaff's rules


Matinkylä () é uma das 30 estações do Metro de Helsínquia. Parte da primeira fase do projecto de expansão a ocidente "Länsimetro", entrou em serviço a 18 de Novembro de 2017.

Matinkylä

Estação Matinkylä


Julia Lahme (født 19. marts 1977) er en dansk forfatter, etnolog og livsstilsekspert.

Hun er direktør i sit eget kommunikationsbureau, der især arbejder med forbrugertrends, mode, mad og livsstilsprodukter, og arbejder derudover som boganmelder og klummeskribent. Hun har tidligere arbejdet mange år i modebranchen og været chefredaktør.

Baggrund og private forhold
Hendes far var historiker og konsulent, mens hendes mor var cand.mag. i tysk. Hun døde, da Julia var 28 år, hvilket beskrives i hendes selvbiografiske bog om at blive mor, Hvor lagde jeg babyen.

Hun er gift med Johan Forsby, også kendt som rapperen Jooks, og mor til Elias og Sofus.

Forfatterskab
Hun er forfatter til flere bøger:
 Hvor lagde jeg babyen? – Afsløringer fra en nybagt mor, Pretty Ink, 2009
 Sig farvel – Hvad præster ved om sorg, Pretty Ink, 2009
 Sandheder fra en løgner – Krakelerede glansbilleder fra et voksenliv, Pretty Ink, 2010
 Holder du lige øje med mit diadem? å passer jeg hverdagen imens, Pretty Ink, 2011
 Blogbogen Din hands-on guide til blogging, Rosinante, 2013
 100 : Maybelline, New York, Maybelline, 2015
 Manifest, Gyldendal, 2016
 Kolonihaveliv – Lykken findes på et frimærke, Gyldendal, 2017
 Damen i midten – Mode, kvinder & danmarkshistorie set gennem et stormagasins vinduer, Gads Forlag; Magasin du Nord Museum, 2018
 Hverdage er der flest af Danske erindringer fra spisebordet, skammekrogen, skolebænken og andre steder, hvor livet blev levet, Gads Forlag; Historier om Danmark, 2018

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Forfattere fra Danmark i det 20. århundrede
Etnologer fra Danmark

Julia Lahme


Le général Alphonse Mayr de Baldegg est un général suisse au service de la France né à Lucerne en Suisse le 15 juin 1789 d'une famille patricienne lucernoise et est décédé le 3 octobre 1875 à Saint-Marcellin en Isère.

Biographie
Il est le fils de Karl Mayr de Baldegg, bailli et président de tribunal, et d'Elisabeth Schwytzer von Buonas. Il se marie le 26 octobre 1827 avec Françoise Brenier de Montmorand, fille du général Antoine-François Brenier de Montmorand. Il fait son gymnase à Lucerne. Officier au service de France, il participa aux campagnes d'Espagne (1803-1814 et 1823). Il est fait officier de l'état-major général en 1812, fut nommé chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, le 25 novembre 1813, puis général de brigade en 1845. Il a été le commandant de l'école de guerre de La Flèche de 1845 à 1848 et de l'école d'état-major général à Paris de 1848 à 1851.

Distinctions et décorations
 (1813)

 (1822)

 (1823)

Bibliographie

 Henry de Lalung, « Un fils glorieux de Lucerne : Le géneral Alphonse Mayr de Baldegg », Revue d'histoire suisse, 20, 1940, 474-479

Références

Liens externes

Général français
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur promu en 1813
Naissance en juin 1789
Naissance à Lucerne
Décès en octobre 1875
Décès à Saint-Marcellin (Isère)
Décès à 86 ans

Alphonse Mayr de Baldegg


Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria, Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine by the Rhine (Rupprecht Maria Luitpold Ferdinand; English: Robert Maria Leopold Ferdinand; 18 May 1869 – 2 August 1955), was the last heir apparent to the Bavarian throne. During the first half of World War I, he commanded the 6th Army on the Western Front. From August 1916, he commanded Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria, which occupied the sector of the front opposite the British Expeditionary Force.

Childhood

Rupprecht was born in Munich, the eldest of the thirteen children of Ludwig III, the last King of Bavaria, and of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, a niece of Duke Francis V of Modena. He was a member of the lineage of both Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror. As a direct descendant of Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England, he was claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in the Jacobite succession. His early education from the age of seven was conducted by Freiherr Rolf Kreusser, an Anglo-Bavarian. In his youth, he spent much of his time at Schloss Leutstetten, Starnberg, and at the family's villa near Lindau, Lake Constance, where he was able to develop a keen interest in sports. His education was traditional and conservative, but he became the first member of the royal house of Bavaria to spend time at a public school, when he was educated at the Maximilian-Gymnasium in Munich, where he spent four years. Apart from his academic studies and his training in riding and dancing, at school he was also obliged to learn a trade, and he chose carpentry.

Pre-war
Rupprecht's paternal grandfather, Luitpold, became de facto ruler of Bavaria when King Ludwig II and his successor Otto both were declared insane in 1886. Rupprecht's own position changed somewhat through these events as it became clear that he was likely to succeed to the Bavarian throne one day.

After graduating from high school, he entered the Bavarian Army's Infanterie-Leibregiment as a second lieutenant. He interrupted his military career to study at the universities of Munich and Berlin from 1889 to 1891. He rose to the rank of a colonel and became the commanding officer of the 2nd Infanterie Regiment Kronprinz but found enough opportunity to travel extensively to the Middle East, India, Japan and China. His early journeys were made with his adjutant, Otto von Stetten. Later he was accompanied by his first wife.

At the age of 31, Rupprecht married his kinswoman Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria, with whom he had five children before her early death in 1912 at the age of 34.

In 1900, he became the 1,128th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria.

In 1906, Rupprecht was made commander of the Bavarian I Army Corps, with the rank of lieutenant general of the infantry, promoted to full general in 1913.

In 1912, Luitpold was succeeded in the position of Prince Regent by his son Ludwig. On 5 November 1913, Ludwig was made king by vote of the Bavarian Senate, becoming Ludwig III. This decision also made Rupprecht the Crown Prince of Bavaria.

Rupprecht and Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia each commanded an army on the western front (the Sixth Army and the Fifth Army, respectively) and were directly involved in the implementation of the Schlieffen Plan.

First World War
After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Rupprecht took command (2 August 1914) of the German Sixth Army in Lorraine. While much of the German army participated in the Schlieffen plan, the Crown Prince led his troops in the Battle of Lorraine (14 to 25 August 1914). His appointment to command the Sixth Army came as a result of his royal position, but the level of study he had performed before he took command was a factor behind his successful direction of the Sixth Army, and he proved a highly able commander. Rupprecht's army gave way to the French attack in August 1914, in the Battle of Lorraine, and then launched a counteroffensive on 20 August. Rupprecht failed to break through the French lines.  In fact he was ordered by German General Staff to only occupy the French forces in that region. It was his idea to attack more aggressively. He later commanded the 6th Army in Northern France (until August 1916), and remained on the Western Front during the stalemate that would last until the end of the war. Only a few days after the battle, his oldest son, Luitpold, died of polio in Munich (27 August 1914).

During the spring of 1915, Rupprecht sent an answer to General Moritz von Bissing, the Governor-General of Belgium, responding to Bissing's inquiry about Bavaria's opinion on the "Belgian question". Rupprecht envisaged an economic and military association of Belgium with Germany by introducing the Netherlands (enlarged by the Flemish areas of Belgium and northern France) and Luxembourg (enlarged by Belgian Luxembourg) as new federal states of the German Empire. To the Kingdom of Prussia, Rupprecht suggested other areas of northern France, Walloon Belgium with Liege and Namur, and the salient of the Netherlands round Maastricht. The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine and the rest of Lorraine was to be partitioned between Bavaria and Prussia. Rupprecht aimed to reduce Prussia's hegemonic role in the Reich by building a sort of an imperial triumvirate of power between Prussia, Bavaria and the Netherlands. Likewise when Moltke the Younger ordered Bavarian troops to defend Prussia from the East, he declined. As a result, troops had to be withdrawn from the Belgian front - a more difficult undertaking.

In November 1915 Hermann von Kuhl became Rupprecht's new Chief of Staff. This work relationship would last for the remainder of the war.

Rupprecht achieved the rank of field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) in July 1916 and on 28 August that year assumed command of Army Group Rupprecht, consisting of the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th armies. Rupprecht has been considered by some one of the best royal commanders in the Imperial German Army of World War I, possibly even the only one to deserve his command. Rupprecht came to the conclusion - much earlier than most other German generals (towards the end of 1917) - that the war could not be won, given the ever-increasing material advantage of the Allies. He also opposed the "scorched-earth" policy during withdrawals, but his royal position made a resignation on those grounds impossible for him, even though he threatened it. He eventually resigned from his command on 11 November 1918 - the day of the armistice.

He became engaged to the much younger Princess Antonia of Luxembourg in 1918, but Germany's capitulation delayed their marriage, and the engagement was postponed again.

Links to military aviation
Max Immelmann, one of the most famous German First World War flying aces, referred in a letter written on 25 June 1915 to a visit by Rupprecht to an airfield to inspect the new Fokker Eindecker aircraft.
Primarily to see these fighting machines, yesterday the Crown Prince of Bavaria visited the field and inspected us and Abteilung 20.  Director Fokker, the constructor of the combat aircraft, was presented to him.

Interwar years

On 12 November 1918, in the wake of civil unrest in the last days of the war, Rupprecht's father, Ludwig III, promulgated the Anif declaration releasing his officials, officers and soldiers from their oaths. Although he did not formally abdicate (and some loyalists would continue to refer to Ludwig as King), the declaration was interpreted by the government of Bavaria as an abdication, making Bavaria a republic and ending 738 years of Wittelsbach rule; Rupprecht thus lost his chance to rule Bavaria. Rupprecht escaped to Tyrol in fear of reprisals from the brief communist regime in Bavaria under Kurt Eisner but returned in September 1919. While away from Bavaria, he succeeded his mother, Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, the last Queen of Bavaria, as the Jacobite heir. This occurred upon her death on 3 February 1919. As such, under his anglicized name, he would be King Robert I of England and King Robert IV of Scotland, although he never claimed these crowns and "strongly discouraged" anyone from claiming them on his behalf.

The changed political situation however allowed him finally to marry Princess Antonia of Luxembourg on 7 April 1921. The nuncio to Bavaria, Eugenio Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII, officiated at the ceremony.

Shortly after the 1922 Washington Naval Conference, he made a statement regarding the possible ban of aerial bombing, poison gas, sea blockades and long range guns, blaming them for a majority of civilian casualties during the last war. He also advocated Germany's participation in future peace conferences, and he dismissed claims that Kaiser Wilhelm II was to blame for the First World War.

While opposed to the Weimar Republic and never having renounced his rights to the throne, Rupprecht envisioned a constitutional monarchy for Bavaria. Upon his father's death in October 1921, Rupprecht declared his claim to the throne since his father had never formally renounced his crown in the Anif declaration. While never crowned king, he did become the head of the House of Wittelsbach after his father's death. He formed the Wittelsbacher Ausgleichfond in 1923, which was an agreement with the state of Bavaria leaving the most important of the Wittelsbach palaces, like Neuschwanstein and Linderhof, to the Bavarian people. Afterwards  Rupprecht became critical of wars like World War I. Rupprecht once said to the New York Times that the Washington Naval Conference would be able to make future warfare more humane. Rupprecht added that future conferences would entirely abolish chemical warfare.

Rupprecht was never enticed to join the Nazis in Germany, despite Hitler's attempts to win him over through Ernst Röhm and promises of royal restoration. The anti-Catholic stance of men like Erich Ludendorff might have been an influence. He helped persuade Gustav von Kahr to not support Hitler during the Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler confided in private to a personal dislike of the Crown Prince. The Crown Prince in turn confessed to King George V at a lunch in London in the summer of 1934 that he considered Hitler to be insane.
With the worsening of the Great Depression in 1932, a plan was floated to give Rupprecht dictatorial powers in Bavaria under the title of Staatskommissar. The plan attracted support from a wide coalition of parties, including the SPD and the post-war Bavarian Minister-President (First Minister) Wilhelm Hoegner but the legal appointment of Hitler as Reichskanzler in 1933 by Hindenburg and the hesitant Bavarian government under Heinrich Held ended all hopes for the idea.

Rupprecht continued to believe that restoration of the monarchy was possible, an opinion he voiced to the British ambassador Eric Phipps in 1935.

Second World War
Rupprecht was forced into exile in Italy in December 1939 (the last straw being the confiscation of Schloß Leutstetten by the Nazis) where he stayed as a guest of King Victor Emmanuel, residing mostly in Florence. He and his family were barred from returning to Germany. He continued to harbor the idea of the restoration of the Bavarian monarchy, in a possible union with Austria as an independent Southern Germany. In a memorandum in May 1943, he voiced his opinion that Germany would be completely defeated in the war and hoped to spare the German people from the worst when the Nazi regime finally fell. He even mentioned his ambition for the German crown, which had been held by the House of Wittelsbach in the past.

In October 1944, when Germany occupied Hungary, Rupprecht's wife and children were captured, while he, still in Italy, evaded arrest. They were first imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp at Oranienburg, Brandenburg. In April 1945, they were moved to the Dachau concentration camp, where they were liberated by the United States Army. Antonia never recovered completely from the captivity, and died in 1954 in Switzerland, having vowed never to return to Germany after her ordeal. She was buried in Rome but her heart was, complying with Wittelsbach tradition, enshrined in the Gnadenkapelle (Chapel of the Miraculous Image) at Altötting.

Post-war

Rupprecht continued to advocate the restoration of the Bavarian monarchy upon his return but found no support from the US occupation authorities who, however, treated him courteously. General Dwight D. Eisenhower provided a special plane to fly him back to Munich in September 1945 and he returned to Schloss Leutstetten.

Of the 170 members of the Bavarian parliament, 70 declared themselves to be monarchists in September 1954, a clear sign of support for the Crown Prince.

Death
Upon his death in 1955 at Schloss Leutstetten at the age of 86, he was treated like a deceased monarch, receiving a state funeral. His life had spanned the independent Kingdom of Bavaria, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, Allied-occupied Germany, and the establishment of West Germany and East Germany. He is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich near his grandfather Prince Luitpold and great-great-grandfather King Maximilian I, between his first wife Duchess Maria Gabrielle and his eldest son Prince Luitpold.

Marriages and children

Rupprecht married twice and had children with both of his wives. His first wife was Duchess Marie Gabriele in Bavaria (9 October 1878 – 24 October 1912), daughter of Duke Karl-Theodor in Bavaria, married on 10 July 1900 in Munich. They had five children:
Luitpold Maximilian Ludwig Karl, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria (8 May 1901 – 27 August 1914); died of polio.
Princess Irmingard Maria Therese José Cäcilia Adelheid Michaela Antonia Adelgunde of Bavaria (21 September 1902 – 21 April 1903); died of diphtheria.
Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria (3 May 1905 – 8 July 1996).
Stillborn daughter (6 December 1906).
Prince Rudolf Friedrich Rupprecht of Bavaria (30 May 1909 – 26 June 1912); died of diabetes.

His second wife was Princess Antonia of Luxembourg (7 October 1899 – 31 July 1954), daughter of William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, married on 7 April 1921 in Lenggries. They had six children.
Prince Heinrich Franz Wilhelm of Bavaria (28 March 1922 – 14 February 1958). Married non-dynastically Anne Marie de Lustrac (1927–1999). No issue. Heinrich was killed in a car accident in Argentina. His wife Anne was killed in a similar accident in Milan forty years later.
Princess Irmingard Marie Josefa of Bavaria (29 May 1923 – 23 October 2010). Married her first cousin Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (1913–2008) and had issue.
Princess Editha Marie Gabriele Anna of Bavaria (16 September 1924 – 4 May 2013). Married first Tito Tommaso Maria Brunetti (1905–1954) and second Prof. Gustav Christian Schimert (1910–1990). Had issue by both.
Princess Hilda Hildegard Marie Gabriele of Bavaria (24 March 1926 – 5 May 2002). Married Juan Bradstock Edgar Lockett de Loayza (1912–1987) and had issue.
Princess Gabriele Adelgunde Marie Theresia Antonia of Bavaria (10 May 1927 – 19 April 2019). Married Carl, 14th Duke of Croÿ (1914–2011), and had issue.
Princess Sophie Marie Therese of Bavaria (b. 20 June 1935). Married Prince Jean-Engelbert, 12th Duke of Arenberg (1921–2011), and has issue.

Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles
His full style was "His Royal Highness Rupprecht Maria Luitpold Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria, of Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine by the Rhine".<ref name=turner>Turner, Cambrai 1917: The birth of armoured warfare, 15</ref>

Honours
German honours

Foreign honours

Military ranks
Sekondlieutenant: 8 August 1886
Premierlieutenant: 1 November 1891
Rittmeister: 17 May 1893
Major: 4 June 1896
Oberstleutenant: ??
Oberst: 28 October 1899
Generalmajor: 7 October 1900
Generalleutnant: 11 November 1903
General der Infanterie: 19 April 1906
Generaloberst: 4 February 1913
Generalfeldmarschall: 25 July 1916

Ancestry

References

Works
 Mein Kriegstagebuch. München: Deutscher National Verlag, 1929.
 Reiseerinnerungen aus Indien. München: Josef Kösel & Friedrich Pustet, 1922.
 Reiseerinnerungen aus Ostasien. München: Josef Kösel & Friedrich Pustet, 1923.
 Reiseerinnerungen aus dem Südosten Europas und dem Orient. München: Josef Kösel & Friedrich Pustet, 1923.

Further reading

 "Crown Prince Rupprecht". Firstworldwar.com.
 Garnett, Robert S., Jr. Lion, Eagle, and Swastika: Bavarian Monarchism in Weimar Germany, 1918–1933.

 Sendtner, Kurt. Rupprecht von Wittelsbach, Kronprinz von Bayern. München: Richard Pflaum, 1954.
 Weiß, Dieter J. Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern: Eine politische Biografie''. Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, 2007.

External links

 Boff, Jonathan: Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
 Crown Prince Rupprecht, 1914 (Page links to Windows Media File, 17 seconds, 479KB)

1869 births
1955 deaths
Bavarian generals
Burials at the Theatine Church, Munich
Exiles from Nazi Germany
Field marshals of Bavaria
Field marshals of the German Empire
German Army generals of World War I
German monarchists
Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Heirs apparent who never acceded
House of Wittelsbach
Jacobite pretenders
Neo-Jacobite Revival
Members of the Bavarian Reichsrat
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Pretenders to the Bavarian throne
Princes of Bavaria
Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal
Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen)
Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Lübeck)
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), 1st class
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Annulled Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Military personnel from Munich
Sons of kings
Crown princes

Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria


17184 Carlrogers este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17184 Carlrogers este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Fountain Hills (Arizona) de Charles W. Juels. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,06 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 8,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

17184 Carlrogers


Mangetandet dværgspækhugger (Peponocephala electra) er en lille, sky hval i delfinfamilien, der er vidt udbredt i tropiske og subtropiske havområder over hele jorden. Den ligner meget dværgspækhugger, men har et mere tilspidset hoved og lange spidse luffer. Den har desuden mellem 84 og 100 tænder, hvilket er omkring dobbelt så mange som dværgspækhuggeren. Den lever af blæksprutter og fisk. Mangetandet dværgspækhugger menes lokalt at være ret almindelig (bl.a. i det østlige Stillehav), og den samlede bestand er mindst på 50.000 individer. Det er den eneste art i slægten Peponocephala.

Kilder

Delfiner

Mangetandet dværgspækhugger


Pasiunea dominantă, numită uneori Ornitologul, este o pictură de John Everett Millais, care a fost prezentată la Expoziția Academiei Regale în 1885.

Pictura arată un bătrân care se află pe un șezlong. El arată o pasăre împăiată, o pasăre-paradis rege, unui grup de copii și unei femei. Fata mai mare din stânga imaginii ține o pasăre quetzal, alte exemplare fiind împrăștiate în cameră. Atitudinea copiilor variază de la interesul entuziasmat al celor doi copii mai mici la indiferența comparativă, aproape plictisitoare, a celei mai în vârstă fete.

Lucrarea a fost inspirată de o vizită pe care Millais și fiul său, John Guille Millais, au făcut-o ornitologului John Gould cu puțin timp înainte de moartea sa în 1881. Pe drumul spre casă, Millais i-a spus fiului său: "Acesta este un subiect frumos; o să-l pictez atunci când o să am timp." De fapt, a găsit acest timp la câțiva ani după moartea lui Gould, imaginea pictată nefiind o reprezentare a lui Gould sau a unei scenei reale din timpul vizitei lui Millais - figura centrală folosită fiind cea a gravorului Thomas Oldham Barlow, un prieten al artistului, două dintre celelalte fiind modele profesionale, iar cei doi copii mici fiind nepoții lui Millais (dintre care unul este William Milbourne James).

Pictura a fost bine primită - influentul critic Ruskin spunând că a fost unul dintre "doar cele trei lucruri care merită privite" în cadrul expoziției Academiei Regale.

Referințe

Picturi din 1855
John Everett Millais

Pasiunea dominantă


Zafir kan henvise til:

 Zafir (film fra 2003) – dansk film fra 2003 af Malene Vilstrup
 Zafir (film fra 2011) – dansk kortfilm fra 2011 instrueret af Thomas Bagger

Zafir


مخيم برج البراجنة، مخيم للاجئين الفلسطينيين في لبنان أنشئ في سنة 1948 بالقرب من قرية برج البراجنة بالقرب من بيروت ويقع على الطريق الرئيس المؤدي إلى مطار بيروت الدولي، وتبلغ مساحته الرسمية كيلومترا مربعا، ويعد من أكبر مخيمات منطقة بيروت، ويبلغ عدد سكانه الـ25 ألف نسمة.

الموقع والسكان
يقع مخيم برج البراجنة في ضاحية بيروت الجنوبية بالقرب من مطار بيروت الدولي، وقد أنشأه اتحاد جمعيات الصليب الأحمر عام 1948 لإقامة اللاجئين من الجليل شمالي فلسطين، يبلغ عدد سكانه اليوم 25 ألف نسمة من الفلسطينيين وغيرهم، منهم 16 ألفا مسجلين لاجئين لدى وكالة غوث اللاجئين (الأنروا).

تعود أُصول الأغلبية من سكان المخيم لقضاء عكا؛ ينحدر معظم السكان من قرى كويكات، الكابري، ترشيحا، شعب، الشيخ داوود؛ فيما ينحدر بقية السكان المخيم من الغابسية، الخالصة، سعسع، سحماتا، دير القاسي، البروة، عمقا، صفد، فارة، عكا، صفورية، نحف، ميعار، الدامون، النهر وغيرها.

تدير الأنروا في المخيم سبع مدارس ومركزا للإرشاد الوظيفي، ومركزا صحيا واحدا، ويعمل معظم الرجال في أشغال عرضية في قطاع الإنشاءات رغم حصول جزء منهم على شهادات متوسطة أو جامعية، بينما تعمل النسوة في مصانع الخياطة. وقد تكبد المخيم أضرارا بالغة وتشرد ربع سكانه تقريبا خلال سنوات الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية.

في خضم أحداث الأزمة السورية شكل اللاجئون السوريين ما نسبته 47% من سكان المخيم عام 2017.

مراجع

مخيمات اللاجئين الفلسطينيين في لبنان

مخيم برج البراجنة


In baseball  (hardball or softball), a starting pitcher or starter is the first pitcher in the game for each team. A pitcher is credited with a game started if they throw the first pitch to the opponent's first batter of a game. Starting pitchers are expected to pitch for a significant portion of the game, although their ability to do this depends on many factors, including effectiveness, stamina, health, and strategy.

A starting pitcher in professional baseball usually rests three, four, or five days after pitching a game before pitching in another. Therefore, most professional baseball teams have four, five or six starting pitchers on their rosters. These pitchers, and the sequence in which they pitch, is known as the rotation. A team's best starter is known as the ace, and is almost always the first man to pitch in the rotation. In modern baseball, a five-man rotation is most common.

In contrast, a pitcher who enters the game after the first pitch of the game is a relief pitcher. Occasionally, an opening pitcher is used for only a few innings, and is replaced by a long reliever or a pitcher who would typically be a starting pitcher.

Workload

Under ideal circumstances, a manager of a baseball team would prefer a starting pitcher to pitch as many innings as possible in a game. Most regular starting pitchers pitch for at least five innings on a regular basis, and if a pitcher is unable to do so, there is a high probability that he will, in the future, be relegated to duty in the bullpen. In modern baseball, a starting pitcher is rarely expected to pitch for more than seven or eight innings, at which point, responsibility for the game is passed to relief pitchers, including specialist pitchers such as setup pitchers and closers.

Often, a starting pitcher is subject to a pitch count, meaning the manager will remove him from the game once he has thrown a specific number of pitches. The most common pitch count for a modern pitcher is about 100, and it is now rare for a starting pitcher to throw more than 125 pitches in a game. Pitch count limits are especially common for starting pitchers who are recovering from injury.

At the youth level, such as in Little League Baseball, pitch counts are usually capped at a certain point as well as required rest before a pitcher can pitch again.

In the 2018 MLB season, the Tampa Bay Rays debuted a variant of the starting pitcher dubbed the "opener," whose role is a hybrid between those of the traditional starting pitcher and the closer. In the opener strategy, a relief pitcher starts the game and pitches the first one or two innings (when guaranteed to face the top hitters in the opponent's lineup) before giving way to a long reliever to work the middle innings of the game. Due to their lighter workload and conditioning, openers are able to pitch more frequently than a traditional starter.

In the early decades of baseball, it was not uncommon for a starting pitcher to pitch 300 innings or more, over the course of a season. In addition, there are accounts of starting pitchers pitching on consecutive days, or even in both games of a doubleheader. It is believed that these feats were only possible because pitchers in the early years of the game, unlike modern starters, rarely threw the ball with maximum effort.

A starting pitcher who can be counted on to consistently throw many innings is known as a workhorse. An example of a modern-day workhorse pitcher was Roy Halladay, who was the active leader in both complete games thrown and shutouts before his retirement in 2013.

A pitcher that normally isn't a regular member of a team's starting rotation that situationally starts a game is commonly referred to as a "spot starter." Pitchers that make spot starts are often relief pitchers mainly long-relief pitchers out of the bullpen that are tasked to pitch multiple innings or a starting pitcher that is promoted from a club's minor league team to make sporadic starts. Spot starts typically occur because of emergency instances like a sudden injury to a scheduled starting pitcher in the rotation, or if there are multiple doubleheaders requiring a tight workload.

Statistics
A starting pitcher must complete five innings of work in order to qualify for a "win" in a game he starts. Under NCAA baseball rules, which govern intercollegiate baseball, a starting pitcher who pitches fewer than five innings can still earn a win if he pitches for a certain amount of time that is determined before the start of the game. It is possible to be credited with a loss despite pitching fewer than five innings. A starter who works six or more innings while giving up three or fewer earned runs is said to have achieved a "quality start". A starter who finishes the game without having to be relieved by the bullpen is said to have thrown a "complete game". The pitcher who throws a complete game is almost always in a position for a win.

Pitch selection
Starting pitchers usually have a variety of pitches to choose from, broken into a number of categories.

Fastballs: A pitch thrown hard (anywhere from the upper 80s to over 100 mph) and which generally follows a mostly straight trajectory. There are a number of different types of fastballs. The four-seam fastball is the hardest thrown pitch, but also has very little movement or break to it. The two-seam fastball is slightly slower than the four-seam fastball (generally in the mid 80s to low 90s), but breaks slightly inward to the pitcher's throwing arm as well as dropping slightly (i.e., a left-handed pitcher throwing a two-seam fastball will have it tail slightly right-to-left). The movement and velocity of the sinker is similar to that of the two-seamer, though sinkers tend to break earlier than two-seamers. The cut fastball (cutter) is similar to the two-seam fastball in velocity, but breaks to the opposite side of a pitcher's throwing arm (i.e., a right-handed pitcher will have it break right-to-left).
Hard breaking balls: The most prominent of the hard breaking balls is the slider. A slider is a pitch that breaks sharply in the direction of the pitcher's arm travel (left to right for a left-handed pitcher). It travels slower than a fastball (usually in the 80s), but faster than the slower breaking balls. The other hard breaking ball, the split-finger fastball (splitter), mimics the fastball. The splitter breaks late in its flight path and downwards from the point of release, with a little bit of tailing action. The split-finger is usually thrown in the low to upper 80s, although some travel upwards of 90 mph.
Soft breaking balls: The most common soft breaking ball is the eponymous curveball. The curve breaks in the direction of the pitcher's arm travel from the point of release on through the entire arc of its flight. If one were to look at a clock, a straight drop curveball would be 12–6. A right hander with slightly more lateral break will have a curveball breaking in a 1–7 manner or with more lateral movement in a 2–8 manner. A left hander that throws a curveball with more lateral break will either have an 11–5 or 10–4 curveball. Curveballs travel from the low 60s to mid 80s in speed. The other soft breaking ball is the screwball, which is essentially a reverse curveball, as it breaks in the opposite direction of the pitcher's arm travel. The screwball is a fairly rare pitch in modern baseball, due in part to a widespread belief that it causes damage to the arm. However, a 2014 New York Times investigation concluded that this belief is unfounded, and that the screwball causes no more injury than any other pitch.
Other off-speed pitches: Two other major off-speed pitches are used by pitchers today, one far more so than others. The changeup, which has variants such as the circle changeup, the vulcan changeup or the palmball, is a slow pitch that is thrown with the same arm motion and arm velocity of a fastball, but with a much different grip that keeps the ball from achieving the same speed; usually the changeup is 10–20 mph slower than the pitcher's fastballs. This visual distortion from a fast arm swing and a slower pitch is used to disrupt the hitter's timing. The other major off-speed pitch is the knuckleball. The knuckleball is a very difficult pitch to master, both for the pitcher (due to its unique grip and delivery manner) and for his catcher (due to the pitch being thoroughly unpredictable in its travel).

See also

 Setup man
 Middle reliever
 Closer
 Left-handed specialist
 Long reliever
 List of World Series starting pitchers

Notes

Baseball pitching
Baseball strategy

Starting pitcher


Yeşilyurt, Sinop ilinin Durağan ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Kaplangı köyüne bağlı Dutluca mahallesi iken, 20 Ağustos 1971'de Yeşilyurt adıyla köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 173 km, Durağan ilçe merkezine 48 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Durağan belde ve köyleri

Yeşilyurt, Durağan


Vietnamesiske uafhængighedserklæring  () blev skrevet af Hồ Chí Minh og annonceret offentligt på Ba Đình i Hanoi den 2. september 1945. Det førte til Vietnams uafhængighed.

Da Japan besatte Vietnam under anden verdenskrig, fik franskmændene lov til at forblive og udøve en vis indflydelse. Ved krigens ende i august 1945 blev der skabt et magtvakuum i Vietnam. Ved at udnytte dette lancerede Việt Minh "Augustrevolutionen" over hele landet for at beslaglægge kontorer. Kejser Bảo Đại abdicerede den 25. august 1945 og sluttede Nguyễn-dynastiet. Den 2. september 1945 erklærede Ho Chi Minh, leder af Viet Minh, Vietnams uafhængighed under det nye navn i Den Demokratiske Republik Vietnam (DRVN) i en tale, hvor han påberåbte sig USA's uafhængighedserklæring og den franske revolutions Erklæring om menneskets og borgerens rettigheder.

Vietnam blev en koloni af Frankrig i slutningen af det 19. århundrede, men i anden verdenskrig besatte Japan Vietnam. I løbet af denne periode bekæmpede Viet Minh en guerillakrig mod japanerne og var i en grad støttet af amerikanerne i 1945 via Office of Strategic Services.

Referencer

Uafhængighedserklæring

Vietnamesiske uafhængighedserklæring


Anne Curtis est une actrice, mannequin, animatrice de télévision, entrepreneuse et artiste philippino-australienne. Elle a reçu de nombreuses récompenses au cours de sa carrière, notamment deux prix FAMAS, un prix Luna, deux récompenses obtenues au Metro Manila Film Festival et cinq  En outre, elle a également été nominée pour deux  et huit .

Biographie
Anne Curtis est mariée au frère de Solenn Heussaff .

Filmographie sélective
 Just a Stranger
 Aurora

Discographie

Références

Liens externes

Actrice philippine de cinéma
Actrice philippine de télévision
Enfant acteur philippin
Mannequin femme philippin
Naissance dans l'État de Victoria
Vidéo-jockey (présentateur)

Anne Curtis


Werner Otto Ciocarelli (* 14. Februar 1925; heimatberechtigt in Zürich; † 15. April 2020) war ein Schweizer Manager und Politiker. Er war Schweizer Statthalter des Ritterordens vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem.

Leben
Werner O. Ciocarelli war Vorstandsmitglied des Versicherungskonzerns Bâloise. Er war langjähriges Vorstandsmitglied mit dem Aufgabenbereich Liegenschaften und Hypotheken der Schweizer Stiftung Pro Senectute. Er war Mitglied des Zürcher Kantonsrats.

Als Mitglied der römisch-katholischen Zentralkommission des Kantons Zürich veröffentlichte er 1977 das Papier «Dokumentation zur Frage der Trennung von Kirche und Staat im Kanton Zürich aus katholischer Sicht».

Werner Ciocarelli engagierte sich für zahlreiche Sozialprojekte im Heiligen Land. 1964 wurde er von Kardinal-Großmeister Eugène Kardinal Tisserant zum Ritter ernannt und von Louis-Séverin Haller, Abtbischof von Saint-Maurice und Großprior des Ritterordens in der Schweiz in den Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem investiert. Ciocarelli wurde 1990 durch Giuseppe Kardinal Caprio zum Statthalter der Schweizerischen Statthalterei des Ritterordens vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem berufen. Er wurde 1990 zum Großkreuzritter und 2002 zum Ehrenstatthalter ernannt. 2002 erhielt er die Goldene Palme von Jerusalem. Er wurde mit dem Päpstlichen Gregoriusorden ausgezeichnet.

Einzelnachweise

Manager (Schweiz)
Unternehmer (Schweiz)
Kantonsrat (Zürich, Person)
Träger des Gregoriusordens (Komtur)
Großkreuz-Ritter (Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem)
Statthalter (Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem)
Schweizer
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 2020
Mann

Werner O. Ciocarelli


Kinesko-vijetnamski rat ili Kinesko-vijetnamski pogranični rat je sukob koji se dogodio nakon vijetnamske invazije na Demokratsku Kampućiju i svrgavanja režima Crvenih Kmera kojima je Narodna Republika Kina bila pokrovitelj. Nakon višetjedne kampanje, Narodno-oslobodilačka armija Kine povukla se iz Vijetnama, a obje strane proglasile su pobjedu. Službena Kina ovaj rat naziva: "Samoobrambeni protunapad protiv Vijetnama", dok se u Vijetnamu on zove: "Rat protiv kineskog ekspanzionizma".

Geopolitički kontekst
Vijetnam i Kina kroz većinu svoje povijesti bili su tradicionalno antagonizirani no u vrijeme Viet Minh-ove borbe za neovisnost i kasnijeg 2. indokineskog rata bili su u "braku iz koristi". Nakon što se počeo odvijati kinesko-sovjetski raskol koji je 1969. sa Sovjetsko-kineskim pograničnim sukobom dostigao svoj vrhunac, vlada Vijetnama pokušavala je u početku održavati podjednako dobre odnose s obje države. Godine 1975. Južni Vijetnam vojno je poražen, a zemlja ujedinjena pod komunističkim sjeverom. 1978., zbog sve većih tenzija između Kine i Vijetnama, kineska pomoć prestala je dolaziti, pa se Vijetnam počeo sve više približavati Moskvi.  Ustrajući u takvoj politici, Vijetnam u lipnju 1978. ulazi u COMECON (Savjet za ekonomsku pomoć istočnog bloka)

Iste godine, Vijetnamska vojska ušla je Demokratsku Kampućiju srušivši ondje genocidni režim Crvenih Kmera, koji je bio pod kineskim pokroviteljstvom. Vijetnam se također sve više miješao u susjedni Laos a iz Vijetnama su etnički očišćeni etnički Kinezi. Deng Xiaoping, koji je zamijenio Mao Ce tunga na čelu Kine sve je više bio nezadovoljan ovakvim "osiljenim" ponašanjem svog južnog susjeda pa je nakon što su Vijetnamci srušili režim Pola Pota, donio odluku o kaznenom pohodu na Vijetnam. Ovime je također htio kompromitirati sovjetsko-vijetnamsko savezništvo demonstrirajući da jedni drugima zapravo nisu u stanju ozbiljnije pomoći. Xiaoping je prilikom posjeta SAD-u poručio Jimmyju Carteru da: "Kina smatra nužnim obuzdati divlje ambicije Vijetnama, i dati im primjerenu ograničenu lekciju".

Rat

Bojni raspored
U svrhu invazije na Vijetnam, Kina je uz vijetnamsku granicu dovukla tri armije (55., 54. i 43.). Vijetnam je s druge strane ukupno raspolagao s vojskom od milijun ljudi u kojoj je bio dio amnestiranih južnovijetnamskih kadrova, ali je veći dio te vojske bio zauzet događanjima u Kambobži. Kinezi u ovom ratu također nisu koristili zrakoplovstvo zbog vijetnamske superiornosti u ovom rodu vojske.

Obavještajne službe Vijetnama bile su informirane o pokretima vojske preko granice, kao i državni vrh. SSSR je Vijetnamu ustupio satelitske snimke na kojima su se vidjeli pokreti kineskih postrojba prema Vijetnamu.

Rat
Dne 17. veljače 1979. godine u 05:00 sati ujutro, nakon pola sata topničke pripreme, kineski tenkovi i pješaštvo krenuli su preko granice. Kineski tenkisti su imali problema s radio vezama zbog čega su morali izlaziti van da vide što im se signalizira. Vijetnamci su na prelazak granice Kineza odgovorili dizanjem brana u zrak, zbog čega su kineski tenkovi ostali nepokretni. Na pravcu prema Lang Sonu valovi kineskih pješaka jurišali su prema vijetnamskim položajima na koti 386 koje su uz velike gubitke zauzeli. Kineska strana imala je problema i sa slabom logistikom, a većina obavještajaca nije znala vijetnamski jezik, dok su Vijetnamci znali kineski. Do 4. ožujka 1979. Kinezi su okupirali Lang Son i došli na 120 kilometara od glavnog grada Vijetnama Hanoija, nakon čega 6. ožujka 1979. donose odluku o povlačenju pod opravdanjem da su vrata prema Hanoju otvorena. Prije samog povlačenja, u kampanji pod nazivom "poljubac za doviđenja", Kinezi su do temelja sravnili grad Lang Son sa zemljom, a taktika spaljene zemlje nastavila se do svršetka povlačenja.

Post-bellum
Nakon kineskog povlačenja, obje su strane proglasile pobjedu, ali su se pogranične čarke nastavile do kraja hladnog rata. Normalizacija odnosa između dvije zemlje dogodila se tek 1991.

Izvori

Hladni rat

Kinesko-vijetnamski rat