Soda lime, a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium oxide (CaO), is used in granular form within enclosed breathing environments like general anesthesia and its breathing circuit, submarines, rebreathers, and recompression chambers. Its purpose is to eliminate carbon dioxide () from breathing gases, preventing carbon dioxide retention and, eventually, carbon dioxide poisoning. The creation of soda lime involves treating slaked lime with a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.

Chemical components
The primary components of soda lime include: calcium oxide (CaO) constituting approximately 75%, water () accounting for around 20%, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) making up about 3%, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) present at approximately 0.1%.

Anaesthetic use

During general anaesthesia, a patient's exhaled gases, containing carbon dioxide, pass through an anaesthesia machine's breathing circuit, containing a soda lime canister filled with soda lime granules. Medical-grade soda lime includes an indicating dye that changes color when it reaches its carbon dioxide absorption capacity. To ensure proper functioning, a carbon dioxide scrubber (or soda lime canister) should not be used if the indicating dye is activated. Standard anesthesia machines typically contain up to  of soda lime granules.

In space flights, lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used as a carbon dioxide absorbent due to its low molecular weight (Na: 23 g/mol; Li: 7 g/mol), saving weight during launch. During the Apollo 13 flight, high carbon dioxide levels in the Lunar Module led the crew to adapt spare absorbent cartridges from the Apollo capsule to the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) system.

Recent carbon dioxide absorbents have been developed to minimize the risk of toxic by-product formation resulting from the interaction between the absorbent and inhaled anesthetics, like halothane. Some absorbents, including those made from lithium hydroxide, are available for this purpose.

Rebreather use
Exhaled gas undergoes a crucial process: it must pass through a carbon dioxide scrubber where carbon dioxide is absorbed before the gas is circulated for breathing again. In rebreathers, this scrubber is integrated into the breathing loop. However, in larger settings like recompression chambers or submarines, a fan is employed to ensure a continuous flow of gas through the scrubbing canister. Notably, the use of color indicating dye in United States Navy fleet applications ceased in 1996 due to concerns about potential chemical releases into the circuit.

Chemical reaction

The overall chemical reaction is:

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O + heat (in the presence of water)

Each mole of CO2 (44 g) reacts with one mole of calcium hydroxide (74 g) and produces one mole of water (18 g).

The reaction can be considered as a strong-base-catalysed, water-facilitated reaction.

The reaction mechanism of carbon dioxide with soda lime can be decomposed in three elementary steps:

1)  CO2(g) <=>> CO2(aq)            (CO2 dissolves in water – slow and rate-determining),

2) CO2(aq) + NaOH -> NaHCO3      (bicarbonate formation at high pH),

3) NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O   (NaOH recycled to step 2 – hence a catalyst).

This sequence of reactions explains the catalytic role played by sodium hydroxide in the system and why soda lime is faster in chemical reactivity than calcium hydroxide alone. The moist sodium hydroxide impregnates the surface and the porosity of calcium hydroxide grains with a high specific surface area. It reacts much more quickly and so contributes to a faster elimination of the carbon monoxide from the rebreathing circuit. The formation of water by the reaction and the moisture from the respiration also act as a solvent for the reaction. Reactions in aqueous phase are generally faster than between a dry gas and a dry solid. Soda lime is commonly used in closed-circuit diving rebreathers and in the anesthesia breathing circuit in anesthesia systems.

The same catalytic effect by the alkali hydroxides (function of the Na2Oeq content of cement) also contributes to the carbonation of portlandite by atmospheric CO2 in concrete although the rate of propagation of the reaction front is there essentially limited by the carbon dioxide diffusion within the concrete matrix less porous.

Analogy with the alkali–silica reaction

A similar reaction to above, also catalysed by sodium hydroxide, is the alkali–silica reaction, a slow degradation process causing the swelling and the cracking of concrete containing aggregates rich in reactive amorphous silica. In a very similar way, sodium hydroxide greatly facilitates the dissolution of the amorphous silica. The produced sodium silicate then reacts with the calcium hydroxide (portlandite) present in the hardened cement paste to form calcium silicate hydrate (abbreviated as C-S-H in the cement chemist notation). This silicification reaction of calcium hydroxide on its turn continuously releases again sodium hydroxide in solution, maintaining a high pH, and the cycle continues up to the total disappearance of portlandite or reactive silica in the exposed concrete. Without the catalysis of this reaction by sodium- or potassium-soluble hydroxides, the alkali–silica reaction would not proceed or would be limited to a very slow pozzolanic reaction. The alkali–silica reaction can be written like the soda lime reaction, by simply substituting carbon dioxide by silica dioxide in the reactions mentioned here above as follows:

{| style="white-space:nowrap;"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | reaction 1:
|   || align = "right" | SiO2 + NaOH ||   || → ||   || NaHSiO3||   ||silica dissolution by NaOH:high pH
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | reaction 2:
|   || align = "right" | NaHSiO3 + Ca(OH)2 ||   || → ||   || CaSiO3 + H2O + NaOH ||     ||C-S-H precipitationand regeneration of NaOH
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | sum (1+2):
|   || align = "right" | SiO2 + Ca(OH)2 ||   || → ||   || CaSiO3 + H2O ||     ||global reaction:Pozzolanic reaction catalysed by NaOH
|}

See also
 Carbon dioxide scrubber
 Alkali–silica reaction
 Soda–lime glass, a type of glass made from silica, soda, lime and aluminum oxide

References

External links

 Sofnolime MSDS Example of a commercial soda lime product that is used in diving and medicine
 An Introduction to Sofnolime (Technical Article)

Hydroxides
Calcium compounds
Sodium compounds
Anesthetic equipment

Catalysis

Soda lime


රිචඩ් හර්බට් සෙනෙවිරත්න (උපත 1925 ජූලි 5 - විපත 1998 මාර්තු 2), හෙවත් හර්බි සෙනෙවිරත්න, යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමා නළුවෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයෙක් සහ චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදකයෙකි.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
හර්බට් උපත ලැබුවේ 1925 ජූලි 5 වන දින ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කුරුණෑගල ලිහිණිගිරි මාලිගයේ ය. ඔහුගේ මව සඳලංකාවේ සුබසිංහ පවුලකින් පැවත ඒ. ඔහු අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ කුරුණෑගල ශාන්ත ආනා විද්‍යාලය සහ පසුව මීගමුව මාරිස් ස්ටෙලා විද්‍යාලය වෙතිනි. ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයා ශාන්ති කුමාර් ද මුල් සිංහල සිනමාවේ කීර්තිමත් චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදකයෙක් සහ නළුවෙකි. ශාන්ති 1967 පෙබරවාරි 22 වන දින වයස අවුරුදු 50 දී මිය ගියේය.

1954 දී හර්බි ඔහුගේ ඥාති සොයුරිය වන සාවිත්‍රි සමඟ විවාහ වූ අතර ඔහුට දරුවන් හතර දෙනෙක් සිටියහ.

ඔහු 1998 මාර්තු 2 වන දින කුරුණෑගලදී වයස අවුරුදු 72 දී මිය ගියේය.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
1940 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී හර්බි ඉන්දියාවට ගොස් කල්කටාවේ පදිංචි විය. මෙම කාලය තුළ ඔහු ජය ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධි විහාරස්ථානයේදී නෙළුවේ ශ්‍රී ගුණානන්ද හිමියන් ඇසුරේ බුදුදහම හා දර්ශනය හැදෑරීය. ඔහු කල්කටාවේ "නාට්‍ය ආයතනයට" බැඳි වේදිකා නාට්‍ය හැදෑරුවේය. ඔහුට රබීන්ද්‍රනාත් තාගෝර්ගේ ශාන්ති නිකේතනයේ වසර 1 සහ 1/2 ක අධ්‍යාපනයක් ද ලැබුණි. මේ අතර සෑම් පෙරේරා විසින් හර්බිව ෂිර්කර්ට හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය හර්බිට කල්කටාවේ නව සිනමාහල් වෙත යාමට ඉඩ සැලසීය. 1944 දී ඔහුට ඉන්දියානු සිනමාකරු සහ චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක බිමල් රෝයි හමුවිය. මෙම කාලය තුළ බිමල් "අංජන්ගාර්" චිත්‍රපටය කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ. හර්බි විසින් බිමල්ට රඟපෑමට ආශාවක් ඇති බව පවසන ලදි. ඒ අනුව ඔහුගේ රංගනයට ඇති ආශාව දැකීමෙන් පසු බිමල් හර්බිට ඔහුගේ "අන්ජන්ගාර්" චිත්‍රපටයේ චරිතයක් ලබා දුන්නේය. ඔහු හින්දි භාෂාව චතුර ලෙස හැසිරවූ නිසා, හර්බි බොලිවුඩ් කලාකරුවන් වන සුනන්ද බැනර්ජි සහ තුල්සි චක්‍රබෝර්ති සමඟ ගමේ නායකයෙකුගේ චරිතයක් නිරූපණය කළේය.

ඔහු චිත්‍රපටයේ රඟපාමින් සිටින විට ඔහුට ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරාගෙන් ශාන්ති කුමාර් මදුරාසියේ වික්ටෝරියා හෝටලයට පැමිණ ඉක්මනින් හමුවන ලෙසට විදුලි පණිවුඩයක් ලැබුණි. මෙහිදී ශාන්ති කුමාර් හර්බිට උප ප්‍රධාන චරිතයක් වෙන්කර ඇති ඔහුගේ ඉදිරි චිත්‍රපටිය අශෝකමාලා ගැන දැනුම් දුන්නේය. ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට පැමිණ තවත් හතළිස් දෙනෙකු පමණ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයක් සමඟ තලෙයි මන්නාරම හරහා 1946 ඔක්තෝබර් 9 වන දින ඉන්දියාව බලා පිටත්ව ගියහ. ඉන්පසු ශාන්ති කුමාර් ප්‍රථම සිංහල කතානාද චිත්‍රපටය කළේ ජුපිටර් පික්චර්ස් මෙන්ම මදුරාසියේ සෙන්ට්‍රල් ස්ටූඩියෝ ප්‍රධානියා වූ එම්.සෝසුන්දරම්ගේ සහයෙනි.

ඉන්පසුව, හර්බි විසින් බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්න සහ හියුගෝ ප්‍රනාන්දු නායකත්වය දුන් මිනර්වා සංගීත කණ්ඩායම සමඟ එක් විය. පසුව ''කපටි ආරක්‍ෂකයා'' චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිතය නිරූපණය කළේය. එම චිත්‍රපටයේ ඔහු රුක්මණී දේවි සමඟින් ජනප්‍රිය "පින්සර මගේ සොයුරා" ගීතය ගායනා කළේය. හර්බි තම සොහොයුරාගේ දෙවැනි චිත්‍රපටය වන එදා රෑ හි ලතා වල්පොල සමඟ බයිලා ගීතයක් ද ගායනා කළේය. රුක්මණී සමඟ හර්බි වැරදුනු කුරුමානම, පෙරළෙන ඉරණම, හැදිසි විනිශ්චය, සැඟවුණු පිළිතුර සහ අයිරාංගනී ඇතුළු චිත්‍රපට රැසක ප්‍රධාන චරිතය රඟපෑවේය. ඊට අමතරව ඔහු රීටා රත්නායක සමඟ සංසාරේ සහ රදල පිළිරුව චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිතය ද නිරූපණය කළේය.

කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔහුගේ වඩාත්ම කැපී පෙනෙන රංගනය වූයේ කාන්ති ගුණතුංග සමඟ වන අතර එහිදී ඔවුන් වන මෝහිනී, සූරයා සහ සූරසේන චිත්‍රපටවල රඟපෑවේය. 'සූරයා' චිත්‍රපටයේ කාන්ති සමඟින් ගැයූ "දුටු ද ඉදල ලුහු බැන්දා" ගීතය අතිශය ජනප්‍රිය වු අතර සූරසේන චිත්‍රපටය භාෂා හයකින් නිර්මාණය වූ අතර භාෂා හයෙන් ම එකවර රූගත කරන ලදී. දෙමළ පිටපතෙහි, චිත්‍රපටය මෙලයි කල්ලින් ලෙස නම් කර එම්.ජී රාමචන්ද්‍රන් විසින් රගපෑ අතර දිලිප් කුමාර් හින්දි අනුවර්තනය වූ ආසාද් හි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය කළේය. හර්බි රඟපෑ සෑම චිත්‍රපටයක්ම සිනමාස් නිෂ්පාදනයක් විය. ඔහු ඉන්දියාවේ නිෂ්පාදනය කළ අවසන් සිංහල චිත්‍රපටය වන වීර විජය චිත්‍රපටයේද රඟපෑවේය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටයේ ජීවරාණි කුරුකුලසූරියගේ පළමු සිනමා පෙම්වතා බවට හර්බි පත් විය.

1961 දී ඔහු සිය මංගල සිනමා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළේ "දරුව කාගෙද" චිත්‍රපටියෙනි. ඉන්පසු ඔහු "සුහද දිවි පිදුම" (1962), "සුදු සඳේ කළු වළා" (1963), "සමාජේ අපි ඔක්කෝම සමනයි" (1964) චිත්‍රපටවල රඟපාමින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළේය. 1974 වසරේ "ලසඳා" චිත්‍රපටයේ, 1976 වසරේ "වාසනා" චිත්‍රපටයේ සහ ඔහුගේ අවසන් චිත්‍රපටය වන "බඹර කලාපය" (1991) චිත්‍රපටයේ පෙම්වතා චරිතයෙන් මිදීමෙන් පසු ඔහු නාට්‍යමය චරිත නිරූපණය කළේය. රංගනයෙන් ඉවත් වූ හර්බි කුරුණෑගල ප්‍රදේශයේ සිනමා ශාලාවක කළමනාකරුවෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය. පසුව සරසවිය සිනමා උලෙළේ දී රණ තිසර සම්මානයෙන් පිදුම් ලැබුවා.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

References

External links

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික අධ්‍යක්ෂවරු
සිංහල ජනයා

හර්බි සෙනෙවිරත්න


La saison 2022 du Championnat d'Irlande féminin de football () est la douzième saison du championnat. Le Shelbourne Ladies Football Club vainqueur du championnat précédent remet son titre en jeu. La compétition s'agrandit en accueillant une nouvelle équipe, le Sligo Rovers Football Club Women.

Shelbourne Ladies conserve son titre de championnes d'Irlande. Athlone Town Ladies se classe deuxième. C'est la première fois de son histoire que le club termine sur le podium du championnat. Peamount United complète le podium.

Organisation
Le , les Sligo Rovers annoncent que leur candidature pour intégrer le championnat a été acceptée par la fédération pour la saison 2022. Pour la première fois de son histoire, le championnat passe à dix équipes.

Participantes
Ce tableau présente les dix équipes qualifiées pour disputer le championnat 2022. On y trouve le nom des clubs, le nom des entraîneurs et leur nationalité, la date de création du club, l'année de la dernière montée au sein de l'élite, le nom des stades ainsi que la capacité de ces derniers.

Compétition

L'avant saison
L'internationale Saoirse Noonan quitte Shelbourne pour signer en deuxième division anglaise au Durham Women Football Club. Elle est immédiatement prêtée à son ancien club jusqu'à l'été 2022 car dès son arrivée en Angleterre elle se blesse à un genou.

Les temps forts de la saison

Lors de la septième journée, profitant de la défaite de Shelbourne sur le terrain de DLR, Peamount prend la première place qu'elle avait perdue sur tapis vert lors de la première journée et écrasant Cork sur le score de 8-1 avec 5 buts marqués par Aine O'Gorman.

Le  Peamount est battu à domicile par l'équipe surprise de ce début de championnat Athlone Town Ladies sur le score de un but à zéro. C'est déjà la troisième défaite de la saison et le plus grand nombre de défaites subies par le club depuis la saison 2018. Les féminines d'Athlone remportent leur quatrième victoire consécutivement, confortent leur quatrième place et rejoignent même leur adversaire du jour au classement.

A l'occasion de la  journée Shelbourne accentue son avance en tête du classement profitant du match nul entre ses deux poursuivants immédiats, Wexford et Peamount. De son côté, Athlone s'invite sur le podium en battant Treaty sur le score de 4 à 1. C'est sa cinquième victoire consécutive.

le  Chloe Mustaki la défenseuse internationale de Shelbourne annonce son transfert vers l'équipe anglaise de Bristol City qui vient juste d'être reléguée en deuxième division. C'est la troisième internationale à quitter le championnat lors de la fenêtre des transferts estivaux après Jessica Ziu partie à West Ham et Saoirse Noonan retournée à Durham au terme de son prêt. La semaine suivante, c'est une autre internationale et espoir irlandaise qui signe en Angleterre, Izzy Atkinson signe un contrat professionnel avec le West Ham United Women Football Club qui évolue en première division.

Alors que la saison des transferts bat son plein, Shelbourne assoit un peu plus son leadership sur le football irlandais en battant sèchement Peamount sur son terrain 4 buts à 0. Les tenantes du titre ont maintenant huit points d'avance sur l'équipe surprise de la saison Athlone Town Ladies.

Lors de la  journée, Wexford Youths s'empare de la première place au détriment de Shelbourne. Wexford accentue son avance lors de la journée suivante en profitant de la défaite surprise de Shelbourne sur le terrain d'Athlone et compte ainsi cinq points d'avance à trois journée de la fin du championnat.

Le  le championnat est relancé avec d'une part une victoire à l'arraché obtenue à la  minute par Shelbourne sur Cork et d'autre part la défaite de W>exford sur le terrain d'Athlone Town. Wexford ne compte plus qu'un point d'avance. Tout est en place pour que le titre puisse se jouer le  pour une dernière journée particulière avec la rencontre entre Wexford, qui jouera à domicile, et Shelbourne.

Le  les Shamrock Rovers confirment leur candidature pour intégrer le championnat pour la saison 2023. Ils nomment un entraîneur Collie O'Neill pour construire une équipe.

Lors de la , le  Emily Corbet marque cinq buts contre Treaty. Les quatre premières équipes se tiennent en trois points à deux journées de la fin du championnat. Wexford qui est en tête  doit alors rencontre d'abord Peamount à domicile puis se déplacer à Shelbourne lors de la dernière journée. Deux finales en perspective pour l'attribution du titre.

Lors de l'avant dernière journée, Shelbourne reprend la tête du championnat à la faveur d'une victoire 2-0 sur Sligo et du match nul 3-3 entre Peamount et Wexford. Le titre se jouera donc à Wexford lors de la dernière journée. Wexford accueille pour la finale Shelbourne.

La dernière journée propose un chamboulement du classement général. La finale entre Wexford qui reçoit Shelbourne tourne à la démonstration. Shelbourne l'emporte 0-4 et conserve son titre de championnes d'Irlande. La défait de Wexford a un deuxième effet : alors que les filles du sud-est de l'Irlande n'étaient pas sorties du podium depuis la première journée de la compétition, elle échouent finalement à la quatrième place, devancées par Athlone Town qui se hisse à la deuxième place pour la première fois de son histoire et par Peamount qui grimpe sur la troisième marche du podium.

Classement

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Résultats

Statistiques

Leader journée par journée

Évolution du classement

Meilleures buteuses

Trophées de fin de saison
Le  la FAI annonce les nominés pour les trophées de fin de saison :
Trois joueuses vont se disputer le titre de meilleure joueuse du championnat : Áine O'Gorman de Peamount United, Emily Corbet d'Athlone Town et Ellen Molloy de  Wexford Youths.
Trois joueuses sont nommées pour le titre de meilleure jeune : Muireann Devaney d'Athlone Town, Jessie Stapleton de Shelbourne et Emma Doherty des Sligo Rovers.
Trois entraîneurs sont nommés pour le titre d'entraîneur de l'année : Tommy Hewitt pour Athlone Town, Noel King pour Shelbourne et Steve Feeney pour les Sligo Rovers.

Bilan de la saison

Notes et références

Voir aussi
Championnat d'Irlande de football 2022

Liens externes
  Site officiel de la compétition
  Le championnat sur le site Internet de l'UEFA
  Extratime.ie site internet consacré au championnat irlandais

2022
Irlande féminin 2022
Football féminin 2022

Championnat d'Irlande féminin de football 2022


Oleksii Ruslanovych Krasovskyi (en ), né le  à Rokytne, est un fondeur ukrainien.

Biographie
Il fait ses débuts dans la Coupe d'Europe de l'Est en 2011, puis 2012, il prend part notamment aux Championnats du monde junior à Erzurum et aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse à Innsbruck.

Il est sélectionné avec l'équipe nationale sénior pour la première fois en 2013 pour les Championnats du monde à Val di Fiemme, où il est  du sprint et  du relais.

En 2014, l'Ukrainien alors âgé de 19 ans dispute ses premiers jeux olympiques à Sotchi, courant le sprint (), le quinze kilomètres classique () et le sprint par équipes (). En fin d'année 2014, il est au départ de sa première manche de  Coupe du monde à Ruka ().

Il obtient son premier podium international à la Coupe du monde de rollerski à l'été 2016 à Madona (). Plus tard, il signe ses premiers podiums en Coupe d'Europe de l'Est.
Aux Championnats du monde 2017 à Lahti, Krasovskyi obtient son meilleur résultat individuel dans des mondiaux avec le  rang au skiathlon.

En 2018, il est sélectionné pour les Jeux olympiques de Pyeongchang, où il finit  au  libre,  au sprint classique,  au skiathlon,  au cinquante kilomètres classique et  au sprint par équipes.

En 2021, il remporte une médaille de bronze aux Championnats du monde de rollerski sur le relais.

Son meilleur résultat sur une manche de Coupe du monde est  dans un sprint en décembre 2020 (sans compter les étapes de tour).

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques

Légende :
  : pas d'épreuve
 — : Non disputée par Krasovskyi

Championnats du monde

Légende :
  : pas d'épreuve
 — : Non disputée par Krasovkyi
 LAP : a pris un tour de retard, non classé

Championnats du monde de rollerski
Val di Fiemme 2021 :
 Médaille de bronze en relais.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Fondeur ukrainien
Fondeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2014
Fondeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018
Naissance dans l'oblast de Kiev
Naissance en mars 1994
Fondeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022

Oleksii Krasovskyi


المعجم الطبي الموحد  اختصاراً UMD، هو معجم طبي متعدِّد اللغات ضمن مشروع لإنشاء منظومة مصطلحات وتوحيدها من أجل تعريب العلوم الطبية والصحية.، أصدر اتحاد الأطباء العرب الطبعة الأولى منه في 1973، في بغداد، العراق، لتلبية احتياجات ملحَّة في البلدان العربية تستدعي توحيد المصطلحات الطبية. ثم عُهِدَ إلى منظمة الصحة العالمية أن تعنى بالطبعة الثالثة بسنة 1983 وبصيانة المعجم وتطويره، وساهم في ذلك أيضاً مساهمة قيمة كل من مجلس وزراء الصحة العرب، واتحاد الأطباء العرب، والمنظمة العربية للتربية والثقافة والعلوم (الألكسو)، فأنشئت لجنة العمل الخاصة بالمصطلحات الطبية العربية في المكتب الإقليمي لمنظمة الصحة العالمية لشرق المتوسط التي أكملت جمع المصطلحات الطبية والتحقق منها وإضافتها إلى المعجم، وتلقي آراء وملاحظات الخبراء والأساتذة المدرسين في كليات الطب في جميع أرجاء البلدان العربية، كما استعانت اللجنة بالمصطلحات التي حظيت بموافقة مجامع اللغة العربية في القاهرة ودمشق وعمّان وبغداد.

نبذة تاريخية
بدأ كمبادرة من اتحاد الأطباء العرب في 1966 برعاية من المكتب الإقليمي لشرق المتوسط لمنظمة الصحة العالمية، حيث تم تشكيل لجنة العمل الخاصة بالمصطلحات الطبية العربية ، ويعمل الأستاذ الدكتور محمد هيثم الخياط مقرراً لها منذ تأسيسها. وساهم في إعداد الطبعة الأولى الأستاذ الدكتور أحمد عبد الستار الجواري، ورأس تحرير الطبعة الأولى الأستاذ الدكتور محمود الجليلي. وكان أعضاء لجنة العمل الخاصة بالمصطلحات الطبية العربية:

 الدكتور جميل عبد الحميد عانوتي، لبنان ( مدير عام الصحّة في وزارة الصحة العامة في لبنان بين عامي 1955-1973)
 الدكتور حسني بن يحيى سَبَح، سورية
 الدكتور سعيد شيبان، الجزائر (وهو أستاذ طب العيون ووزير الشؤون الدينية والاوقاف السابق في حكومة مولود حمروش)
 الدكتور الصديق الجدِّي، تونس
 الدكتور عادل حسين لطفي، مصر (مؤسس قسم جراحة الأطفال بكلية طب القاهرة). الدكتور عبداللطيف البدري، العراق
 الدكتور عبد اللطيف بنشقرون، المغرب (طبيب جراحة المسالك البولية والأستاذ بجامعة الملك محمد الخامس بالرباط).
 الدكتور محمد أحمد سليمان، مصر
 الدكتور محمد هيثم الخياط، سورية
 الدكتور محمود أمين الجليلي، العراق (مؤسس ورئيس جامعة الموصل سابقاً)
 الدكتور مروان المحاسني، سورية (طبيب جراح ورئيس مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق سابقاً)

الطبعات الورقية

صدرت ثلاث طبعات ورقية للمعجم:
 الطبعة الأولى: 1973 من مطبعة المجمع العراقي في بغداد، وأعيدت طباعتها في القاهرة في 1977
 الطبعة الثانية: 1978، مطبعة جامعة الموصل، العراق.
 الطبعة الثالثة: 1983، ميدليفانت، سويسرا (إنكليزي – عربي – فرنسي).
 الطبعة الرابعة: 2006، 2009، بيروت.

الإصدارات الإلكترونية
 عددٌ من الإصدارات التجريبية للطبعة الرابعة (1996 وما بعدها)، تعمل في نظام تشغيل DOS.
 الإصدارة لنظام تشغيل ويندوز-98 على قرص مضغوط: 1996، مبرمجة في Visual BASIC، مع تخزين المعجم في ملف MS-Access، ولم يكن محتواها يختلف بشكل ملحوظ عن الطبعة الورقية الثالثة، كما أنها لم تكن تعمل تحت ويندوز XP.
 الإصدارة النهائية للطبعة الرابعة على قرص مضغوط 2001، وتحوي نحو 150,000 مصطلح تقع في نحو تسعين معجماً فرعياً متخصصاً يجري البحث فيها جميعها أو حسب التخصص، ويحوي المصطلحات بالإنكليزية والعربية والفرنسية ويترجم بينها.
 المعجم الطبي الموحد على الإنترنت: يتيح البحث عن المصطلحات وترجمتها من الإنكليزية إلى العربية وبالعكس، وفيه أكثر من 160,000 مصطلح (بعضها متكرر بفروق طفيفة في الترجمات).

الإصدارات الإلكترونية للمعجم مجانية، يمكن طلب نسخة من المكتب الإقليمي، ويُسمَح بنسخها وتوزيعها.

تطوير المعجم
ساهم أطباء وأساتذة لا يُحصَون من مختلف بلدان الوطن العربي في تطوير المعجم الموحد منذ نشوء الفكرة في الستينات وحتى يومنا. أجرى المكتب الإقليمي لشرق المتوسط في نهاية آب 2003 الحلقة العملية الأولى لتعريب العلوم الطبية والصحية في مقره في القاهرة، تشكلت خلالها شبكة AHSN لتعريب العلوم الصحية، ويشارك أعضاؤها في إغناء المعاجم التخصصية ووضع شروح للمصطلحات. ويُفترض التوسّع في الإصدارة الإلكترونية الرابعة للمعجم ليشمل شروح كافة المصطلحات الواردة فيه، إضافةً إلى صور ولوحات توضيحية.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صفحة المعجم الطبي الموحد (يجب السماح بـcookies كي يعمل البحث).
 نسخة إلكترونية المكتب الإقليمي لشرق المتوسط، منظمة الصحة العالمية

معجم طبي موحد
معجم طبي موحد
معجم طبي موحد
معجم طبي موحد

المعجم الطبي الموحد


Zona de acumulare a unui ghețar este un concept din glaciologie, care se referă la partea unui ghețar în care acumularea de masă a acestuia sub formă de acumulări și precipitații de orice natură, care se convertesc în gheață, este mai mare decât suma pierderilor de gheață sub orice formă, evaporare, sublimare, topire, desprindere, șamd.

Cantitatea de precipitații solide acumulate de un ghețar, sub forma de zăpadă și gheață, comparativ cu cea pierdută în zona de ablație, prin fenomenele fizice indicate mai sus (dar nelimitate doar la acelea), determină bilanțul masei ghețarului. Această egalitate este un indicator important al climatului local, regional și global.

Astfel, dacă acest indicator este relativ constant, practic nu există schimbări climatice (și/sau climaterice) semnificative. Creșterea sau descreșterea valorii masei unui ghețar (sau a masei tuturor ghețarilor planetei) indică răcirea sau încălzirea climatului, deci este unul din mulții indicatori de monitorizare al fenomenului mondial cunoscut ca încălzirea globală.

Zona de ablație

Zona de acumulare a unui ghețar este aflată, de obicei, la cota sa cea mai înaltă, unde acumularea de gheață este posibilă. Conceptul și zona opusă zonei de acumulare se numește zonă de ablație. Aceasta se găsește, de obicei, în zonele de altitudine joasă ale ghețarului, fiind de fapt zona de pierdera a masei ghețarului.

Alte considerații
Linia de echilibru anual dintre zona de acumulare și cea de pierdere a masei ghețarului este un alt indicator important al variației climatice locale, regionale, continentale sau globale. Monitorizarea variațiilor acestor date de la distanță, folosind imagerie satelitică este simultan ușor de accesat, datorită tehnologiei actuale și a dificultății accesării directe a ghețarilor, dar și de înaltă acuratețe, conferind date de importanță științifică.

Articole pe teme de glaciologie

 Aisberg
 Alpii înalți
 Antarctica
 Arctica
 Ablație (fenomen)
 Balanța masei unui ghețar
 Banchiză
 Calotă glaciară
 Calotă polară
 Circ glaciar
 Climatul calotelor polare
 Criosferă
 Ecoton, tranziția între două comunități ecologice
 Efectul de trecere, efectul de contrast între mediile diferite ale unui ecosistem
 Efectul Massenerhebung
 Gheață
 Ghețar
 Glaciologie
 Încălzirea globală
 Înzăpezire
 Lac glaciar
 Linia arborilor
 Linia ghețarilor
 Linia înghețului
 Linia de îngheț (astrofizică)
 Linia zăpezii
 Listă de țări în care ninge
 Listă de lacuri din România
 Morenă
 Nivologie
 Sculptura în gheață
 Spărgător de gheață
 Tundră
 Tundră alpină
 Zăpadă
 Zonă de ablație
 Zonă de acumulare
</div>

Referințe

Legături externe

 Landforms - Formarea unor structuri glaciare
 Imagine - Zone de acumulare a ghețarilor

Ecologie montană
Glaciologie

Zonă de acumulare (glaciologie)


Lynsey Baxter (West Ham, Londres, 7 de maio de 1959) é uma atriz inglesa.

Ela nasceu em Londres em 7 de maio de 1959. Ela começou como uma atriz mirim em 1974, e mais tarde treinou na Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). Ela tem trabalhado no teatro, televisão, cinema, rádio e voiceover.

Baxter treinou reflexologia em 1998, enquanto aparecendo na série de televisão Dangerfield, e em seu tempo livre trabalhou em hospitais. Ela também foi relatada como uma massagista corretiva treinada e conselheira transpessoal.

Filmografia

Filme

Televisão

Teatro

Rádio
Kind Hearts and Coronets, BBC Radio (1995), as Sybella
 Abelard and Heloise, BBC Radio (1999)

Prêmios
 Most Promising Newcomer, Plays and Players Award
 Best Actress, Monte Carlo Film and Television Festival, 1991, as Elizabeth in Starlings (1988).

Ligações externas

Alunos da Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Atrizes do Reino Unido
Atrizes de televisão do Reino Unido
Naturais de Londres
Atrizes do século XX
Atrizes do século XXI
Atrizes de teatro do Reino Unido

Lynsey Baxter


තාක‍්ෂණිකව සබන් හෙවත් සබං යනු විවිධ පිරිසිදු කිරීමේ සහ ලිහිසි කිරීමේ නිෂ්පාදන සඳහා භාවිතා කරන මේද අම්ල ලවණයකි.  සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සේදීම, නෑම ආදී භාවිතා වේ. කාර්මිකව, සබන් ඝනකාරක, සමහර ලිහිසි තෙල්වල සංරචක සහ උත්ප්‍රේරක සඳහා පූර්වගාමීන් ලෙස භාවිතාවේ.

සබං
සේදුම්කාරක

සබං


Adenokarpus (lat. Adenocarpus), rod listopadnog ili poluzimzelenog grmlja iz porodice Leguminosae. Postpoji 19 vrsta i jedan hibrid  raširenih po Mediteranu i tropskoj Africi.

Vrste
 Adenocarpus anagyrifolius Coss. & Balansa
 Adenocarpus anisochilus Boiss.
 Adenocarpus artemisiifolius Jahand., Maire & Weiller
 Adenocarpus aureus (Cav.) Pau
 Adenocarpus battandieri (Maire) Talavera
 Adenocarpus boudyi Batt. & Maire
 Adenocarpus cincinnatus (Ball) Maire
 Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) J.Gay
 Adenocarpus decorticans Boiss.
 Adenocarpus desertorum Castrov.
 Adenocarpus faurei Maire
 Adenocarpus foliolosus (Aiton) DC.
 Adenocarpus hispanicus (Lam.) DC.
 Adenocarpus mannii (Hook.f.) Hook.f.
 Adenocarpus ombriosus Ceballos & Ortuño
 Adenocarpus ronaldii Essokne & Jury
 Adenocarpus telonensis (Loisel.) DC.
 Adenocarpus umbellatus Coss. & Durieu ex Batt.
 Adenocarpus viscosus (Willd.) Webb & Berthel.
 Adenocarpus × subdecorticans Humbert & Maire

Izvori

Genisteae

Adenokarpus


Tito Gobbi (24 October 19135 March 1984) was an Italian operatic baritone with an international reputation.

He made his operatic debut in Gubbio in 1935 as Count Rodolfo in Bellini's La sonnambula and quickly appeared in Italy's major opera houses. By the time he retired in 1979 he had acquired a repertoire of almost 100 operatic roles. They ranged from Mozart's mid-range baritone roles through Rossini's Barber through Donizetti and the standard Verdi and Puccini baritone roles to Alban Berg's Wozzeck. He had a worldwide career as operatic baritone, appearing in (or recording the singing role) for over 25 films and, from the mid-1960s onward, was the stage director for about ten different operas which were given close to 35 productions throughout Europe and North America, including a significant number in Chicago for the Lyric Opera of Chicago.

Gobbi and his wife, Tilde De Rensis, had a daughter, Cecilia, who now runs the "Associazione Musicale Tito Gobbi", an organization devoted to preserving and celebrating the record of her father's contribution to opera. He was also the brother-in-law of one of his famous colleagues at Covent Garden, the Bulgarian-born bass, Boris Christoff. Gobbi retired in 1979 and died in Rome in 1984, aged 70.

Early life
Tito Gobbi was born in Bassano del Grappa. He began his studies in law at the University of Padua and, during that time, his talent was discovered by a family friend, Baron Agostino Zanchetta, who suggested that he study singing. To do so, Gobbi moved to Rome in 1932 to study under Giulio Crimi, a well-known Italian tenor of a previous generation, who had sung in the first performances of Puccini's Il trittico as well as in Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini. Accompanying Gobbi on the piano at his first audition was Tilde De Rensis, daughter of musicologist Raphael De Rensis. In 1937, she became his wife.

Operatic career

Early years

After his 1935 debut in Gubbio singing the role of Count Rodolfo in Vincenzo Bellini's La sonnambula, in 1937 he sang Germont in La traviata for the first time in Rome at Teatro Adriano. But working at La Scala in Milan for the 1935–1936 season as an understudy, gave him a breadth of experience and his first appearance there on stage was as the Herald in Ildebrando Pizzetti's Orsèolo. In 1942, he debuted at the house in the role of Belcore in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore conducted by Tullio Serafin. It was under Serafin's guidance and direction that the young Gobbi prepared many roles, including some that would become crucial to his later career; these included Scarpia, Rigoletto, Simon Boccanegra. He also appeared at the Rome Opera from 1938 onward in stage productions such as singing the role of Sharpless in Madama Butterfly under conductor Victor de Sabata.

Other significant Italian venues in these pre-war years included La Fenice in Venice where, in 1941 he appeared as Marcello in La bohème and in 1942 as Sharpless. At the Teatro Communale in Florence in 1941 he sang the role of Hidraot in Gluck's Armide, while
at the Teatro Verdi in Trieste in 1942 and 1943 there were other performances, including those as the title character in L'Orfeo.

In Rome in 1942 he performed his first Falstaff at La Scala under de Sabata and, in direct contrast, was the protagonist in Alban Berg's Wozzeck sung in November. These performances made him famous in the first Italian performances of Berg's opera. He sang the role again later in Italy and in Vienna under Karl Böhm.

During these years, Gobbi also kept busy working in films, some of which were filmed operas such as Cilea's L'arlesiana with Licia Albanese in 1938.

Post-World War II

Gobbi's international career blossomed after World War II, with appearances in 1948 at the San Francisco Opera. He performed for the first time at London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1950 and sang with the Lyric Opera of Chicago from 1954 until 1974. He made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1956 as Scarpia in Tosca. The year 1974 also saw the last of Gobbi's numerous appearances at Covent Garden, where he had been much admired by the public and critics alike for his sensitive musicianship as well as for his acting talent and interpretive insights.

There was, however, one incident in his relationship with Covent Garden which caused a stir. In 1955 he had been engaged as Iago in a major new production of Verdi's Otello but was delayed in reaching the theatre for rehearsal. The new music director, Rafael Kubelík, determined to impose discipline on singers, sacked him. The company baritone Otakar Kraus, already scheduled to sing some performances, took on all of them. However, a few weeks later Gobbi and Kubelik met at a party and Kubelik made an unqualified apology. The general feeling was that Kubelik was right in principle as some star singers were often reluctant to rehearse, but chose the wrong singer and circumstances, as few were more professional than Gobbi. He was back at Covent Garden as Rigoletto the following summer.

Gobbi's career in films
Early in his career he appeared in a number of motion pictures between 1937 and 1959, including some filmed operas such as The Barber of Seville (in 1946 starring Ferruccio Tagliavini) as well a contemporary drama in 1946, Before Him All Rome Trembled. There was also the popular 1949 British drama set in wartime Italy, The Glass Mountain, which made him known to a wide public. Also, in 1950, he played himself, in the British film Soho Conspiracy. By the time of his death, Gobbi had appeared in some 25 films, in both singing and speaking parts. Beginning in the 1940s, Gobbi provided the singing voice for Anthony Quinn as Alfio in the film Cavalleria rusticana (1953), as well as the voice of the title character in the 1957 film Rigoletto e la sua tragedia.

Gobbi as stage director
During the 1960s, Gobbi diversified into stage directing, a notable example being the December 1965 production of Verdi's Simon Boccanegra at Covent Garden, which was intended to be his first, but which he staged for Chicago a short while before. In addition, he sang the title role in each of three productions he directed, the last being in Rome in 1975. It has been observed that Gobbi's evident love of the opera "both on stage and on disc...was one of his most towering achievements".

Overall, between 1965 and 1982, he directed productions of about ten different operas, the largest number of which were of Tosca. Others included The Barber of Seville (presented three times in Chicago between 1969 and 1977); Otello (with three productions in Pasadena, California (1966), Chicago (1966), and Thessalonika, Greece in 1978); and Gianni Schicchi (given in Florence and at the Edinburgh Festival in 1969; at the Chicago Lyric in 1970; and in Zurich (1974) and Monaco in 1982). The ten operas were staged for a total of nearly forty times by opera companies in Europe and North America, most notably in America for the Lyric Opera of Chicago for which he directed nine of the ten.

Famous roles

According to Gobbi, he sang the part of Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca "nearly a thousand times". One significant production was the "event of worldwide interest" (as Gobbi himself describes it), Franco Zeffirelli's production of Tosca at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London in February 1964. In a return to that house, Soprano Maria Callas sang the title role, conducted by Carlo Felice Cillario. Act 2 of the production was broadcast live on British television on 9 February 1964 in what must be one of the most acclaimed dramatic interpretations of all recorded operatic repertoire. It is now preserved on DVD.

Gobbi and Callas had previously sung Tosca together in a classic 1953 EMI recording of the opera made in Milan, with Giuseppe Di Stefano as Cavaradossi and Victor de Sabata conducting. That 1953 album was re-issued on long-playing gramophone record and, later, on CD. It is considered by many to be the finest recording of a complete opera ever made. It went out of print only once, after Callas recorded the role again in stereo in 1964; but the 1953 mono version was soon re-released and is the one that remains readily available to this day. Gobbi was a close friend, collaborator, and admirer of Callas, and he was interviewed several times about their various stage collaborations, noting in his book that "with Maria it was not performing but living".

He was also famous for his many performances in the roles of Iago and Falstaff, several of which are available on CD. Less well-known but equally impressive are his performances of Mozart roles, in particular the title role in Don Giovanni and the role of the Count in The Marriage of Figaro.

In 1968 he participated in the first opera telecast in Australia (Tosca, with Marie Collier in the title role and Donald Smith as Cavaradossi).

Publications
In retirement, Gobbi turned to writing and produced two books, the first of which, Tito Gobbi: My Life, was his autobiography. With this he was helped by the ghost-writer Ida Cook; it appeared in 1979. Five years later, he wrote Tito Gobbi and His World of Italian Opera in which he examined many of the operas in which he either performed or which he directed (or both) and provided background information on them and their composers as well as discussing the productions themselves.

In the case of Tosca, he devotes a chapter in Tito Gobbi and His World of Italian Opera to an analytical examination of each character in the opera (even the minor ones) and, for Scarpia, whom he states "I can fairly claim to know pretty well.." he devotes three pages to a detailed examination of the character as Gobbi has observed and played him over many years.

Abridged discography

 Berg: Wozzeck (Dow, Munteanu, Tajo, Picchi; Sanzogno, 1954) Myto
 Donizetti: L'elisir d'amore (Carosio, Monti; Santini, 1952) EMI
 Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor (Callas, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1953) EMI
 Giordano: Fedora (Olivero, Del Monaco; Gardelli, 1969) Decca Records
 Leoncavallo: Pagliacci (Callas, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1954) EMI
 Leoncavallo: Pagliacci (Amara, Corelli; Matačić, 1960) EMI
 Franco Leoni: L'oracolo (Sutherland, Tourangeau; Bonynge, 1975) Decca Records
 Mascagni: Cavalleria rusticana (Souliotis, Del Monaco; Varviso, 1966) Decca Records
 Mozart: Don Giovanni (Welitsch, Schwarzkopf, Kunz, Seefried, Greindl; Furtwängler, 1950) Archipel
 Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro A live performance from Covent Garden, 1963, conducted by Georg Solti. Gobbi plays the Count. Published by operadepot.com.
 Puccini: La bohème (Scotto, Poggi; Votto, 1961) Deutsche Grammophon
 Puccini: Gianni Schicchi (de los Ángeles, del Monte; Santini, 1958) EMI
 Puccini: Gianni Schicchi (Cotrubas, Domingo; Maazel, 1976) CBS/Sony
 Puccini: Madama Butterfly (de los Ángeles, Di Stefano; Gavazzeni, 1954) EMI
 Puccini: La fanciulla del West (Corelli, Frazzoni, Ricciardi; Votto 1956) IMD
 Puccini: Il tabarro (Mas, Prandelli; Bellezza, 1955) EMI
 Puccini: Tosca (Callas, Di Stefano; de Sabata, 1953) EMI
 Puccini: Tosca, Act 2. Live video recording at the Royal Opera House, London, 1964
 Puccini: Tosca (Callas, Bergonzi; Prêtre, 1964) EMI
 Puccini: Le Villi (Scotto, Domingo, Nucci; Maazel, 1979) CBS/Sony
 Rossini: Il barbiere di Siviglia (Callas, Alva; Galliera, 1957) EMI
 Richard Strauss: Salome (Fiorenzo Tasso, Maria Benedetti, Lily Djanel; Alfredo Simonetto, 1952) MYTO
 Verdi: Aida (Callas, Barbieri, Tucker; Serafin, 1955) EMI
 Verdi: Un ballo in maschera (Callas, Ratti, Barbieri, Di Stefano; Votto, 1956) EMI
 Verdi: Don Carlos (Stella, Nicolai, Filippeschi, Christoff; Santini, 1954) EMI
 Verdi: Don Carlos (Brouwenstijn, Vickers, Christoff, Barbieri; Giulini 1958) MYTO
 Verdi: Falstaff (Schwarzkopf; Karajan, 1956) EMI
 Verdi: Nabucco (Souliotis, Prevedi; Gardelli, 1965) Decca Records
 Verdi: Otello (Rysanek, Pirazzini, Vickers; Serafin, 1960) RCA
 Verdi: Rigoletto (Callas, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1955) EMI
 Verdi: Simon Boccanegra (de los Ángeles, Campora, Christoff; Santini, 1957) EMI
 Verdi: La traviata (Stella, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1955) EMI

Selected filmography
 Forbidden Music (1942)
 Before Him All Rome Trembled (1946)
 O sole mio (1946)
 The Barber of Seville (1947)
 Mad About Opera (1948)
 The Lady of the Camellias (1947)
 The Glass Mountain  (1949)
 The Force of Destiny (1950)
 Soho Conspiracy (1950)
 The Firebird (1952)

References
Notes

Sources

Further reading
 Gobbi, Tito (1979), My Life. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
 Gobbi Archive, on the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University's website.
 Holland, Bernard, "Tito Gobbi, 68, Italian operatic baritone and director, dies", The New York Times, 6 March 1984. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
 "Presenting a Celebration of Tito Gobbi's Centenary: An Online Exhibition from his Archive". Photographs, documents, and operatic excerpts online at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University's website.

External links

 Associazione Tito Gobbi (Tito Gobbi Association)

 30 June 1979: Tito Gobbi, BBC Radio 4, Desert Island Discs

1913 births
1984 deaths
People from Bassano del Grappa
Italian operatic baritones
Italian male film actors
20th-century Italian male actors
20th-century Italian  male opera singers

Tito Gobbi


Kankandi ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Boboye in Niger.

Geographie
Kankandi liegt in der Großlandschaft Sudan. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Birni N'Gaouré im Norden, Gollé im Osten, Guilladjé im Süden und Fabidji im Westen. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 27 Dörfer, 35 Weiler und 7 Lager. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Kankandi.

Der äußerste Süden der Gemeinde gehört zum Dosso-Reservat, einem 306.500 Hektar großen Naturschutzgebiet, das 1962 als Pufferzone zum Nationalpark W eingerichtet wurde.

Geschichte
Die Landgemeinde Kankandi entstand als Verwaltungseinheit 2002 im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus einem Teil des Kantons Birni N'Gaouré/Boboye.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 16.565 Einwohner, die in 2101 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 11.307 in 1484 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 971 Einwohner in 130 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 833 in 109 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 655 in 81 Haushalten.

In ethnischer Hinsicht ist die Gemeinde ein Siedlungsgebiet von Zarma und Fulbe.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 11 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 4 PNDS-Tarayya, 2 ANDP-Zaman Lahiya, 2 MODEN-FA Lumana Africa, 2 MPR-Jamhuriya und 1 PJP-Génération Doubara.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze der 27 Dörfer in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Gemeinde liegt in einer Zone, in der Regenfeldbau betrieben wird. Der Wochenmarkt von Kankandi wurde 1947 gegründet. Im Hauptort ist ein Gesundheitszentrum des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) vorhanden. Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Kankandi (CFM Kankandi) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Dosso (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Kankandi


Janhagel, também escrito como Jan Hagel, é um biscoito típico dos Países Baixos. Os janhagels são biscoitos retangulares temperados com canela e decorados com confeitos de açúcar (hagel) e amêndoas laminadas. As primeiras receitas de janhagel datam do século XVIII, e até hoje os biscoitos continuam populares no país.

Características

Os janhagels são feitos com farinha de trigo, açúcar mascavo, manteiga, canela e ovos. Algumas versões da receita usam spekulaas para temperar a massa, no lugar de utilizar apenas canela. A massa dos biscoitos é coberta com uma camada de amêndoas laminadas e confeitos de açúcar, que dão a aparência característica da receita.

Registros do século XVIII, em Amersfoort, apresentam um biscoito de nome stroopjanhagel, que possuía mel e/ou xarope em sua composição. Na mesma época, em Krimpenerwaard, biscoitos conhecidos como strontjanhagel eram assado por fazendeiros e servidos com café após a limpeza anual de seus estábulos, durante a primavera.

Nomenclatura
O nome janhagel é um termo genérico utilizado no neerlandês para designar uma pessoa comum, simplória. A palavra provavelmente surgiu a partir da expressão "de hagel sla hem" (o granito o atingiu), utilizada como uma maldição; acredita-se que o nome dos biscoitos se deva aos cristais de açúcar de sua cobertura, que assemelham-se ao granito ("hegel"). Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, membros do Movimento Nacional Socialista nos Países Baixos (NSB) que participavam do grupo paramilitar Nederlandse Landwachter eram chamados de Jan Hagel devido às espingardas que utilizavam. A palavra neerlandesa para o tipo de arma utilizado pelos membros do NSB é hagelgeweer.

Ver também

 Spekulaas

Referências
Biscoitos

Janhagel


Peukendorf ist eine Siedlung der Gemeinde Helbedündorf im Kyffhäuserkreis in Thüringen.

Geografie
Peukendorf ist der südliche Nachbar von Kleinbrüchter. Die Ansiedlung liegt an der Kreisstraße 4 und befindet sich in einer ländlichen Gemarkung, die nördlich und südlich mit Wald vom Dün durchsetzt ist.

Geschichte
Im Urkundenbuch I 23 vom Kloster Walkenried wurde am 4. September 1178 Peukendorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Im Bereich des Guts fand man Spuren von Pfahlhäusern und Steinäxte aus dem 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. 1378 gehörte das Gut zum Kloster Schlotheim, dann wurde es eine fürstliche Domäne. 1787 wurde die Feuerwehr des Ortes gegründet. Peukendorf hatte mit Kleinbrüchter Eisenbahnanschluss. Der Personenverkehr wurde 1969 beendet, der Güterverkehr mit dem Ende des Kali-Abbaus nach 1990.

Der letzte Pächter des Guts war Amtsrat Karl Buse von 1890 bis 1935. Peukendorf war sein Lebenswerk. 1935 wurde das Gut als Siedlung ausgeschrieben. 9 Siedlungshöfe sollten entstehen, 7 davon als Neubauten. Sie wurden mit je 15 Hektar Land ausgestattet. Die Häuser, je zur Hälfte für Wohn- und Wirtschaftszwecke, wurden im Stil der damaligen Zeit gebaut. Im Laufe der Jahrzehnte wurden sie durch Anbauten zum Teil stark verändert, ein Haus wurde abgerissen. An jeder Giebelwand der Siedlungshäuser findet sich ein Sinnspruch. Ein Restgut mit dem Herrenhaus und den stattlichen Wirtschaftsgebäuden wurde weitergeführt. Ab Kriegsende hatte das Herrenhaus viele Heimatvertriebene aufzunehmen. Zur Zeit der SBZ wurde das Gut in Volkseigentum überführt, später in das VEG Allmenhausen eingegliedert. Eine große Schweinemastanlage entstand. Die verbliebenen Siedler mussten 1958 eine LPG bilden. Das Herrenhaus, das vorübergehend auch noch als Schule gedient hatte, wurde in den 1970er Jahren abgerissen. Nach der politischen Wende wurden die Eigentumsverhältnisse neu geregelt.

Am 2. September 1995 wurden Kleinbrüchter und Peukendorf mit 50 Personen Mitglied der Einheitsgemeinde Helbedündorf, weil man von jeher verbunden war.

Sinnsprüche an den Siedlungshäusern
 "Sein Schicksal schafft sich selbst der Mann"
 "Tu nur das Rechte in Deinen Sachen, das andere wird sich selber machen"
 "Ein Stand muß lehren, der andere wehren, der dritte muß nähren"
 "Die Faust am Schwert, die Hand am Pflug, schaffen Fried und Brot genug"

Literatur
 Max Hensel: Ortschronik Peukendorf, 2008

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Helbedündorf)
Ort im Kyffhäuserkreis
Ersterwähnung 1178

Peukendorf


An Calamagrostis licentiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hand.-mazz.. An Calamagrostis licentiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis licentiana


Wrightsville is the name of some places in the United States:

Wrightsville, Arkansas
Wrightsville, Georgia
Wrightsville, Missouri
Wrightsville, Adams County, Ohio
Wrightsville, Madison County, Ohio
Wrightsville, New Jersey
Wrightsville, Pennsylvania
Wrightsville, Wisconsin, a ghost town
Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina
 Wrightsville, a recurring fictional New England small town in the novels of Ellery Queen

Wrightsville


L'attaque de Mondoro a lieu le  pendant la guerre du Mali.

Contexte

Mondoro est une ville garnison situé dans la zone des trois frontières, près du centre du Mali. Cette zone est le théâtre d'affrontements régulier entre la branche sahélienne d'Al-Qaïda et l'armée nationale malienne.

En 2019, la base de Mondoro est attaquée en même temps que la base de Boulkessi, où entre 45 et 85 militaires maliens sont tués. En janvier 2021, une deuxième attaque est repoussée après l'intervention d'avions et d'hélicoptères français.

Déroulement
L'attaque débute à 6 heures du matin et est menée par plusieurs centaines de djihadistes. Le camp, situé à l'est de la ville de Mondoro, est occupé par 150 soldats maliens avec des véhicules blindés et est attaqué par le nord et par l'est. Les djihadistes utilisent des véhicules piégés et des avions de l'armée malienne interviennent.

L'AFP indique que selon une source militaire française, les forces armées maliennes n'ont pas demandé l'appui de la force Barkhane : .

L'armée malienne reprend le contrôle du camp plus tard dans la journée et mène des opérations de ratissage dans les environs.

Pertes
Quelques heures après l'attaque, le gouvernement malien annonce un bilan de 27 tués, 33 blessés, dont 21 gravement, et 7 disparus. Le gouvernement malien décrète un deuil national de trois jours.

L'armée malienne affirme également que 47 assaillants ont été  dans la matinée et que 23 autres l'ont été à la suite d'un .

Cependant, une source militaire française indique à l'AFP, sous couvert d'anonymat que le bilan de cette attaque, menée par plusieurs centaines de djihadistes, s'élève entre 40 et 50 morts. La source affirme également que 21 véhicules ont été saisis par les djihadistes, dont plusieurs blindés.

Selon le journaliste Wassim Nasr, l'armée malienne a perdu 47 hommes lors de l'attaque, un bilan contrastant avec celui du gouvernement malien.

De son côté, le Groupe de soutien à l'islam et aux musulmans (GSIM) revendique l'attaque le 8 mars et donne un bilan différent de celui de l'armée malienne. Le groupe djihadiste affirme n'avoir perdu que quatre de ses combattants et revendique la mort d'une trentaine de militaires maliens et la capture de neuf véhicules. Il déclare également avoir mené l'attaque en réponse à des massacres commis par l'armée malienne dans la région de Dogofry. Un charnier contenant une trentaine de corps avait effectivement été découvert dans cette zone quelques jours plus tôt. Le 11 mars, la MINUSMA publie un rapport attribuant la responsabilité de ce massacre à l'armée malienne et aux mercenaires russes du Groupe Wagner.

Références

Mondoro
Mondoro
2022 au Mali
Mars 2022

Attaque de Mondoro


ساعة رُسْغ أو ساعة اليد هي آلة صغيرة تقيس الوقت (ساعة)، يستخدمها الناس للتعرف على الوقت وهي تطور لساعة كانت تحمل في الجيب.

نبذة تاريخية

يُنسب الفضل في صناعة أول ساعة صغيرة، تاريخيًا، إلى بيتر هينلاين، صانع الأقفال الألماني؛ فقد اخترع هينلاين في مطلع القرن السادس عشر الميلادي نابضًا رئيسيًا لتزويد الساعة بالقدرة. وكانت الساعات تدار في ذلك الوقت بوساطة الأوزان المتدلية. ولكي تعمل الساعة فلابد أن تبقى ثابتة في الوضع الرأسي لكي تعمل الأوزان المعلقة بها. ولقد مكنت النوابض صانعي الساعات من إنتاج ساعات صغيرة متنقلة. وسرعان ما انتشرت صناعة الساعات في إنجلترا، وفرنسا، وسويسرا.

كانت الساعات الأولى ثقيلة وغير دقيقة، وكانت ثقيلة لدرجة أنها كانت تعلق حول الرقبة أو تتدلى من حزام. وكانت الساعات الأولى ذات ذراع (عقرب) واحدة فقط، وعلبتها كروية أو أسطوانية. وفي أواسط القرن السابع عشر الميلادي انتشرت أشكال غير عادية للساعات.

وفي أواخر القرن السابع عشر الميلادي، زُوِّد العديد من الساعات بعقارب للدقائق. ولكن لم تصبح عقرب الثواني شائعة في الساعات إلا في القرن العشرين. ولقد طُوِّرت آليات نابض التوازن وعتلة إدارة الانفلات في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي.

وأصبحت الساعات، في أواخر القرن السابع عشر، صغيرة وخفيفة بدرجة سمحت بوضعها داخل جيب المعطف أو الصدرية. وكانت ساعات الجيب الأكثر انتشارًا على مدى أكثر من 200 عام. وأصبحت ساعات اليد شائعة في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، غير أنها كانت آنذاك مصممة للنساء فقط. وتيقن الجنود أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى (1914- 1918م) أن ساعات اليد أنسب من ساعات الجيب. ونتيجة لذلك، أصبحت ساعات اليد مقبولة للرجال أيضاً.

وقد دخلت الساعات الكهربائية المقارنة التي تزوَّد بالقدرة عن طريق بطارية صغيرة جدًا، إلى الاستعمال خلال خمسينيات القرن العشرين، واستعْملَت هذه الساعات في بداية الأمر عجلة توازن كأساس للوقت، ولكنها احتوت فيما بعد على شوكة ضبط مهتزة عملت كأساس للوقت بنفس الطريقة تقريباً التي تعمل بها بلورات الكوارتز في الساعات الإلكترونية. وظهر في بداية العقد الثامن من القرن العشرين ساعات الكوارتز، ونظراً لدقتها فإنها سرعان ما حلت محل الساعات الكهربائية المبتكرة وجعلتها عديمة الاستخدام.

أنواع الساعات

تُلْبَس معظم ساعات اليد حول المعصم. وقبل العشرينيات من القرن العشرين كان يُحمل معظمها في الجيوب أو في حقيبة اليد. وقد استخْدَمت النساء في الماضي ساعة اليد للزينة والزخرفة وحملنها كقلائد وأقراط أو مشابك. وتتراوح ساعة اليد في وقتنا الحاضر بين النماذج الصغيرة قليلة التكلفة جداً والنماذج المزخرفة المرصَّعة بالأحجار الكريمة باهظة التكلفة التي تكلف أكثر مما تكلفه سيارة غالية الثمن. وتظهر ساعة اليد التقليدية الوقت بوساطة عقارب تشير إلى أرقام أو علامات على قرص مدرج أو ميناء ساعة اليد. وقد عُرفت هذه الطريقة لإظهار الوقت بطريقة العرض المقارن. وتُستخدم حاليًا البلُّورات السائلة لإظهار الوقت بطريقة تُعرف بطريقة العرض الرقمي.

ويقدم العديد من ساعات اليد معلومات إضافية زيادة على مرور الساعات والدقائق إذ توضح الغالبية أيضاً مرور الثواني. ويُظْهِر العديد منها أيام الأسبوع والتاريخ والسنة. وتُصْدِر بعض ساعات اليد صوت إنذار عند الوقت المرغوب فيه. كما تظهر بعض ساعات اليد الجديدة ذات الوظائف الخاصة نبض حاملها أو درجة حرارة جسمه. وتحتوي بعض ساعات اليد على ألعاب إلكترونية وآلات حاسبة صغيرة لحل بعض المسائل الرياضية والان أصبحت هناك ساعات تقوم بكامل مهام الهاتف الذكي.

كيفية عمل ساعات اليد

تتكون ساعة اليد من جزءين أساسيين هما العلبة والأجزاء الحركية الموجودة داخل العلبة. وتقوم أجزاء الحركة بإظهار الوقت وإدارة ساعة اليد، وضبط سرعتها. وتختلف بعض ساعات اليد عن بعضها الآخر تبعًا للطريقة التي تُؤدِّي بها أجزاؤها المتحركة هذه الوظائف. وتقسم هذه المقالة ساعات اليد إلى مجموعتين:

 ساعات يد ميكانيكية.
 ساعات يد إلكترونية، وذلك تبعًا للكيفية التي تُزَوَّد بها كل منهما بالقدرة المحركة.

ساعات اليد الميكانيكية

تزوَّد ساعات اليد هذه بالقوة المحرِّكة بوساطة نابض ـ أو زنبرك ـ ملفوف يُعْرف باسم النابض الرئيسي. يُلَفُّ النابض الرئيسي في العديد من ساعات اليد الميكانيكية بوساطة مقبض تدوير أو تاج يتصل بعمود التشغيل داخل العلبة. وتحتوي ساعات اليد الأخرى المعروفة باسم الساعات ذاتية التعبئة على آلية وزن تقوم بلف النابض الرئيسي تلقائيًا عندما تتحرك ساعة اليد. وحالما تدور ساعة اليد، ينفلت النابض الرئيسي وتدير القدرة الناتجة عن انفلاته أو انفكاكه العديد من العجلات الصغيرة جداً المسننة والمعشقة والمتصلة ببعضها على هيئة قافلة. وتتصل عقارب ساعة اليد كل على حدة بالعجلات المسننة والمعشقة التي تدور بسرعات محددة. وتحدد سرعة العجلات جزئيًا بآلية تسمى ميزان الساعة.

يحتوي ميزان الساعة على عجلة الانفلات، وعجلة التوازن، ونابض التوازن، والعتلة السقاطة. وتتصل عجلة الانفلات بمجموعة التروس، وهي تدور عندما تعمل ساعة اليد. وتنقل عجلة ميزان الساعة أيضًا.القوة المحركة إلى عجلة التوازن التي تعتبر قاعدة الوقت، أو أداة حفظ الوقت لساعة اليد. ويعمل نابض التوازن الذي يدعى كذلك النابض الشَّعري على تذبذب عجلة الاتزان ذهاباً وجيئة بتردد محدد. وتتذبذب معظم عجلات التوازن خمس أو ست مرات في الثانية. ولعتلة السقاطة خطافان، واحد عند كل نهاية من نهاياتها. ويقوم خطَّافا عتلة السقاطة بالإمساك بعجلة الانفلات. وتتسبب كل ذبذبة لعجلة التوازن في تأرجح عجلة السقاطة وبالتالي تتمكن عجلة الانفلات لفترة وجيزة من الإفلات من قبضة خطافي العتلة، ويؤدي هذا إلى دورانها قليلاً قبل أن يعود خطافا العتلة بالإمساك بها من جديد ويوقفا حركتها. وتنتج من آلية عمل عجلة الانفلات صوت الطرق (تيك تيك) المُميز لساعات اليد الميكانيكية. ويتم نقل كل حركة بسيطة لعجلة الانفلات من خلال تروس أخرى في القافلة إلى عقارب الساعة. ونظراً لقيام عجلة التوازن من خلال تذبذباتها بالتحكم في سرعة عجلة الانفلات، لذا تعتبر عملية التوازن هي المسؤولة عن دقة التوقيت في الساعة.

يوجد في ساعات اليد الميكانيكية ما يزيد على 100 جزء ضمن مجموعة أجزاء الحركة. وتُصنع بعض أجزاء ساعات اليد باهظة التكاليف يدويًا لضمان الدقة والديمومة. كما تُصنع المشابك الخطافية وأجزاء أخرى متنوعة لساعات اليد من قطع مجوهرات صغيرة وصلدة مثل الياقوت الطبيعي أو الاصطناعي، وذلك لتقليل التحات أو التآكل. وتحتوي مثل ساعات اليد هذه على أكثر من 15 قطعة من الجواهر.

وهناك نوع من ساعات اليد الميكانيكية يعرف بساعات اليد إبرية العتلة. ولاتجهز أجزاء هذه الساعات يدوياً؛ والمشابك الخطافية للعتلة السقاطة إبر فلزية بدلاً من الجواهر. وتمتاز هذه الساعات بانخفاض التكلفة، ولكنها تبلى بسرعة أكبر من ساعات اليد الأخرى الفاخرة. وإذا ضبطت ساعات اليد إبرية العتلة بدقة بمعرفة الساعاتي فيمكنها العمل بدقة مماثلة لأكثر ساعات اليد تكلفة، المزودة بالجواهر.

ساعات اليد الإلكترونية

تحتوي ساعات اليد الإلكترونية على بلُّورات صغيرة من الكوارتز. وتصل دقة بعض هذه الساعات إلى حوالي 60 ثانية (تقديمًا أو تأخيرًا) في السنة. ويُحسب الوقت في هذه الساعات على ذبذبة بلُّورة الكوارتز، حيث تتذبذب معظم البلُّورات حوالي 32,768 مرة في الثانية. وتحتوي ساعات الكوارتز على دائرة إلكترونية متكاملة تُزَوَّد بالقدرة المحركة عن طريق بطارية. وتُثَبَّت الدائرة على قطعة صغيرة جدًا من السليكون تعرف بالرقاقة.

الإلكترونيات: حافظ هذه الرقاقة على تذبذب البلورة، وتقوم كذلك بترجمة الذبذبات إلى نبضات كهربائية. وتُنَشِّط النبضات في ساعات اليد الإلكترونية المقارنة محرِّكاً صغيرًا جدًا، يقوم بدوره بتحريك عقارب الساعة بالسرعات المضبوطة.

هناك ساعة يد إلكترونية أخرى تعرف بساعة الحالة الصلبة تستخدم أيضاً الكوارتز كأساس للوقت، ولا توجد في هذه الساعة أجزاء متحركة. وبدلاً من ذلك، تقوم الدوائر في ساعات الحالة الصلبة بترجمة بيانات الوقت مباشرة على شاشة عرض البلور السائل على وجه الساعة. وتُظهر معظم شاشات عرض البلور السائل الوقت على هيئة أرقام. وتكمن طبقة البلور السائل الرقيقة في شاشة عرض البلور السائل الرقمية بين طبقتين من الزجاج. وتُطبع الأشكال الرقمية على الزجاج بوساطة طبقة تغليف شفافة موصلة للكهرباء. وتكون هذه الأرقام، في العادة، غير مرئية. ولكن عند تعريض طبقة التغليف لتأثير شحنة كهربائية، يصبح البلور السائل مرئيًّا كأرقام مظلمة. ويشكل البلور السائل نمط عقارب الساعة لإظهار الوقت في الساعات المقارنة بدلاً من الأرقام في الساعات ذات شاشات عرض البلور السائل. ويحتاج إظهار الوقت في البلّور السائل إلى كمية ضئيلة من القدرة. ويتم الحصول على هذه القدرة من بطارية، وهكذا يظهر عرض الوقت بصفة مستمرة ولكن لا يمكن رؤية العرض بوضوح في الضوء الخافت. ويوجد في بعض ساعات شاشات عرض البلور السائل ضوء يمكن إطلاقه لإنارة وجهها؛ ومن ثم قراءة الوقت.

استخدامات ساعة اليد

وتقدم العديد من ساعات اليد معلومات إضافية زيادة على مرور الساعات والدقائق إذ توضح الغالبية أيضاً مرور الثواني. ويُظْهِر العديد منها أيام الأسبوع والتاريخ والسنة. وتُصْدِر بعض ساعات اليد صوت إنذار عند الوقت المرغوب فيه. كما تظهر بعض ساعات اليد الجديدة ذات الوظائف الخاصة نبض حاملها أو درجة حرارة جسمه. وتحتوي بعض ساعات اليد على ألعاب إلكترونية وآلات حاسبة صغيرة لحل بعض المسائل الرياضية.

انظر أيضًا

 بريغيه
 ساعة (جدار)
 ميقاتية
 اتجاه سماوي
 تاريخ آلات قياس الوقت
 أوديمار بيغيه
 كستك

مراجع

ساعات
معصم

ساعة يد


ابن النيل فيلم مصري إنتاج 1951، بطولة شكري سرحان وفاتن حمامة واخراج يوسف شاهين.

تمثيل
 شكري سرحان
 فاتن حمامة
 يحيى شاهين
 محمود المليجي
 فردوس محمد
 رياض القصبجي
 سميحة توفيق
 عمر الحريري

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أفلام مبنية على روايات مصرية
أفلام دراما إنتاج عقد 1950
أفلام شكري سرحان
أفلام فاتن حمامة
أفلام محمود المليجي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1951
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام يحيى شاهين
أفلام يوسف شاهين
أفلام عمر الحريري
أفلام سميحة توفيق
أفلام رياض القصبجي

ابن النيل (فيلم)


Olaylar
 1396 - Yıldırım Bayezid, Niğbolu Zaferi'ni elde etti.
 1561 - Şehzade Bayezid idam edildi.
 1911 - İtalya Krallığı, Osmanlı Devleti'ne savaş ilan etti.
 1917 - Lev Troçki, Petrograd Sovyeti Başkanı seçildi.
 1950 - Birleşmiş Milletler askerleri Kore'de Seul'u ele geçirdi. (Bkz. Kore Savaşı)
 1974 - Bilim adamları, aerosol spreylerin ozon tabakasını tahrip ettiği konusunda uyarıda bulundu.
 1979 - Arjantin Devlet Başkanı Juan Peron'un eşi Eva Peron'un yaşam öyküsünü anlatan Evita müzikalinin prömiyeri, Broadway'de yapıldı.
 1993 - Karun Hazinesi, ABD'den Türkiye'ye geri getirildi.
 2010 - Birleşik Krallık'ta İşçi Partisi'nin Genel Başkanlığı'na Ed Miliband seçildi.
 2017 - Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi bağımsızlık referandumu yapıldı.

Doğumlar
 1358 - Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga şogunluğunun üçüncü şogunu (ö. 1408)
 1599 - Francesco Borromini, İtalyan asıllı İsviçreli mimar (ö. 1667)
 1627 - Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Fransız piskopos (ö. 1704)
 1644 - Ole Rømer, Danimarkalı astronom (ö. 1710)
 1683 - Jean-Philippe Rameau, Fransız barok besteci (ö. 1764)
 1694 - Henry Pelham, İngiliz siyasetçi ve Büyük Britanya Başbakanı (ö. 1754)
 1711 - Qianlong, Çin'in Qing Hanedanı'nın 6. İmparatoru (ö. 1799)
 1744 - II. Friedrich Wilhelm, Prusya Kralı (ö. 1797)
 1772 - Feth Ali Şah Kaçar, İran'da egemenlik sürmüş Kaçar Hanedanı'nın 2. Hükümdarı (ö. 1834)
 1866 - Thomas H. Morgan, Amerikalı zooloji ve genetik bilgini (ö. 1945)
 1877 - Plutarco Elías Calles, Meksikalı general ve siyasetçi (ö. 1945)
 1881 - Lu Sin, Çinli yazar, şair, eleştirmen ve çevirmen (ö. 1936)
 1896 - Alessandro Pertini, İtalyan sosyalist politikacı (ö. 1990)
 1897 - William Faulkner, Amerikalı yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1962)
 1901 - Robert Bresson, Fransız yönetmen (ö. 1999)
 1903 - Mark Rotko, Amerikalı ressam (ö. 1970)
 1906 - Dimitri Shostakovich, Rus besteci (ö. 1975)
 1911 - Eric Williams, Trinidad ve Tobagolu tarihçi ve siyasetçi (ö. 1981)
 1913 - Şarl Helu, Lübnanlı devlet adamı (ö. 2001)
 1914 - Elena Lucena, Arjantinli oyuncu (ö. 2015)
 1915 - Ethel Rosenberg, Amerikalı aktivist ve ABD Komünist Partisi üyesi (SSCB casusluğuyla suçlanıp idam edildi) (ö. 1953)
 1920
Sergey Bondarçuk, Sovyet/Rus oyuncu, sinema yönetmeni ve senarist (ö. 1994)

Božidarka Kika Damjanović-Marković, Yugoslav siyasi aktivist, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Yugoslav Partizanları Komutanı, direnişçi ve ulusal kahraman (ö. 1996)
 1922 - Hammer DeRoburt, Naurulu siyasetçi (ö. 1992)
 1923 - Leonardo Benevolo, İtalyan mimar, sanat tarihçisi ve şehir plancısı (ö. 2017)
 1924 - Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan, Hint komünist politikacı (ö. 2016)
 1925 - Silvana Pampanini, İtalyan güzeli ve oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 1927 - Colin Davis, İngiliz orkestra şefi (ö. 2013)
 1929
Sezer Sezin, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 2017)
Barbara Walters, Amerikalı gazeteci, yazar ve televizyon kişiliği (ö. 2022)
 1932
Glenn Gould, Kanadalı piyanist (ö. 1982)
Adolfo Suárez, İspanyol siyasetçi (ö. 2014)
1933 - Ian Tyson, Kanadalı şarkıcı, müzisyen, yapımcı ve söz yazarı (ö. 2022)
 1935 - Engin Cezzar, Türk yönetmen, tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (ö. 2017)
 1936 - Moussa Traoré, Malili asker ve siyasetçi (ö. 2020)
 1937 - Suzan Avcı, Türk sinema sanatçısı
 1939 - Leon Brittan, İngiliz politikacı (ö. 2015)
 1943 - Robert Gates, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri eski Savunma bakanı
 1944 - Michael Douglas, Amerikalı oyuncu, yapımcı ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1946
Felicity Kendal, İngiliz oyuncu
Ali Pervin, İranlı millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1947 - Cheryl Tiegs, Amerikalı moda tasarımcısı, eski manken ve oyuncu
 1949
Pedro Almodóvar, İspanyol film yönetmeni
Steve Mackay, Amerikalı saksafoncu (ö. 2015)
 1951
Yardena Arazi, İsrailli şarkıcı ve sunucu
Mark Hamill, Amerikalı oyuncu
Bob McAdoo, Amerikalı eski profesyonel basketbolcu
 1952
Bell hooks, Amerikalı yazar, kadın hakları savunucusu
Christopher Reeve, Amerikalı sinema sanatçısı (ö. 2004)
 1954 - Juande Ramos, İspanyol futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1955 - Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, Alman futbolcu
 1957 - Michael Madsen, Amerikalı aktör, yapımcı, yönetmen, yazar, şair ve fotoğrafçı
 1958 - Michael Madsen, Danimarka asıllı Amerikalı yapımcı ve aktör
 1960 - İgor Bilanov, Ukraynalı futbolcu
 1961
Mehmet Aslantuğ, Türk sinema ve TV oyuncusu
Erdal Eren, Türk lise öğrencisi ve TDKP üyesi (ö. 1980)
Heather Locklear, Amerikalı oyuncu
1962 - Ales Bialiatski, Belaruslu insan hakları savunucusu ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi
 1963 - Tate Donovan, Amerikalı aktör ve televizyon yönetmeni
 1964 - Kikuko Inoue, Japon seslendirme sanatçısı ve şarkıcı
 1965
Scottie Pippen, Amerikalı basketbolcu
Rafael Martín Vázquez, İspanyol millî futbolcu
 1967 - Atalay Gemen, Türk eski basketbolcu ve basketbol antrenör
 1968 - Will Smith, Amerikalı sinema sanatçısı
 1969 - Catherine Zeta-Jones, Galli sinema sanatçısı
 1970 - Yavuz Çetin, Türk gitarist ve söz yazarı (ö. 2001)
 1971 - Anne Le Nen, Fransız komedyen ve oyuncu
 1972 - Kim Grant, Ganalı eski futbolcu
 1973
Tijani Babangida, Nijeryalı eski futbolcu
Hande Kazanova, Türk tiyatro, sinema, dizi oyuncusu ve sunucu
 1974 - Olivier Dacourt, Fransız futbolcu
 1976
Chauncey Billups, Amerikalı basketbolcu ve NBA oyuncusu
Chiara, Maltalı şarkıcı
Santigold, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve yapımcı
 1977 - Clea DuVall, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1978
Ricardo Gardner, Jamaikalı millî futbolcu
Ryan Leslie, Amerikalı müzik yapımcısı, şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve rapçi
 1979 - Fábio Simplício, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1980
Betül Demir, Türk pop müzik şarkıcısı
Clifford Joseph Harris, Amerikalı rap şarkıcısı
Nataša Bekvalac, Sırp pop müzik şarkıcısı
T.I., Amerikalı rapçi, söz yazarı ve yapımcı
 1981
Lee Yoon-mi, Güney Koreli oyuncu ve girişimci
Angelo Palombo, İtalyan millî futbolcu
 1982 - Hyun Bin, Güney Koreli oyuncu
 1983
Donald Glover, Amerikalı oyuncu, senarist ve müzisyen
Naomi Russell, Amerikalı porno yıldızı
 1984 - Matias Silvestre, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1985
Gökhan Güleç, Türk eski milli futbolcu
Marvin Matip, Alman-Kamerunlu futbolcu
 1986 - Choi Yoon-young, Güney Koreli aktris
 1987 - Mustafa Yumlu, Türk futbolcu
 1988 - Nemanja Gordić, Bosnalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1989 - Cuco Martina, Curaçaolu millî futbolcu
 1990 - Mao Asada, Japon buz patenci
 1991 - Alessandro Crescenzi, İtalyan futbolcu
 1992 - Keauna McLaughlin, Amerikalı buz patenci
 1993 - Rosalía, İspanyol şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı
 1994
Yekaterina Matlaşova, Rus hentbolcu
Jean Kouassi, Fildişi Sahilli futbolcu
Min Do-hee, Güney Koreli oyuncu ve şarkıcı
 1995 - Aidra Fox, Amerikalı pornografik oyuncu
 1996 - Egemen Güven, Türk profesyonel basketbolcu
 1997 - Szymon Żurkowski, Polonyalı futbolcu
 2000 - Yankı Erel, Türk tenisçi

Ölümler
 1066 - Harald, 1047 ile 1066 yılları arası Norveç Kralı (d. 1015)
 1333 - Morikuni, Kamakura şogunluğunun dokuzuncu ve son şogunu (d. 1301)
 1506 - I. Felipe, 1482'den 1506'ya kadar Burgundiya dükü (d. 1478)
 1534 - VII. Clemens, 19 Kasım 1523'den ölüm tarihi olan 25 Eylül 1534'e kadar papalık yapmıştır (d. 1478)
 1561 - Şehzade Bayezid, Osmanlı şehzade (I. Süleyman'ın Hürrem Sultan'dan olma üçüncü şehzadesi) (d. 1525)
 1617 - Go-Yōzei, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 107. imparatoru (d. 1571)
 1617 - Francisco Suárez, İspanyol Cizvit rahibi, filozof ve teolog (d. 1548)
 1777 - Johann Heinrich Lambert, Alman fizikçi, matematikçi ve gök bilimci (d. 1728)
 1840 - Jacques MacDonald, Fransız asker (d. 1765)
 1849 - Johann Strauss I, Avusturyalı besteci (d. 1804)
 1878 - Servetsezâ Kadınefendi, Osmanlı Padişah Abdülmecid'in birinci eşi ve kadınefendi (d. 1823)
 1899 - Francisque Bouillier, Fransız filozof (d. 1813)
 1914 - Theodore Gill, Amerikalı ihtiyolog, mamalog ve kütüphaneci (d. 1837)
 1933 - Paul Ehrenfest, Avusturyalı-Hollandalı fizikçi (d. 1880)
 1958 - John B. Watson, Amerikalı psikolog (d. 1878)
 1958 - Ludwig Crüwell, Alman general (d. 1892)
 1963 - Georg Lindemann, Alman süvari subayı (d. 1884)
 1969 - Paul Scherrer, İsviçreli fizikçi (d. 1890)
 1970 - Erich Maria Remarque, Alman yazar (d. 1898)
 1980 - John Bonham, İngiliz müzisyen (d. 1948)
 1980 - Lewis Milestone, Rus asıllı Amerikalı film yönetmeni (d. 1895)
 1980 - Marie Under, Estonyalı şair (d. 1883)
 1983 - Gunnar Thoroddsen, İzlanda Başbakanı (d. 1910)
 1983 - III. Léopold, Belçika Kralı (d. 1901)
 1984 - Walter Pidgeon, Kanadalı aktör (d. 1897)
 1986 - Nikolay Semyonov, Rus fizikçi, kimyager (d. 1896)
 1987 - Mary Astor, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1906)
 1991 - Klaus Barbie (Lyon Kasabı), Alman SS subayı ve Gestapo üyesi (d. 1913)
 1999 - Muhsin Batur, Türk asker (d. 1920)
 2003 - Donald Nicol, İngiliz tarihçi ve Bizantolog (d. 1923)
 2003 - Edward Said, Amerikalı düşünür (d. 1935)
 2003 - Franco Modigliani, İtalyan asıllı Amerikalı iktisatçı ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1918)
 2005 - Don Adams, Amerikalı aktör ve komedyen (d. 1923)
 2005 - George Archer, Amerikalı golfçü (d. 1939)
 2005 - Scott Peck, Amerikalı psikolog (d. 1936)
 2011 - Ziyab Avane, Birleşik Arap Emirlikli eski millî futbolcu (d. 1990)
 2011 - Wangari Maathai, Kenyalı çevreci ve siyasi eylemci (d. 1940)
 2012 - Andy Williams, Amerikalı pop müzik sanatçısı (d. 1927)
 2012 - Neşet Ertaş, Türk halk ozanı (d. 1938)
 2014 - Sulejman Tihić, Bosnalı siyasetçi (d. 1951)
 2016 - Arnold Palmer, Amerikalı golfçü (d. 1929)
 2016 - Rod Temperton, İngiliz müzisyen, müzik yapımcısı, söz yazarı (d. 1949)
 2017 - Anthony Booth, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1931)
 2017 - Nora Marks Dauenhauer, Tlingit dilinde eserler üreten çalışmalar yapan Amerikalı kısa öykü yazarı, dilbilimci ve şair (d. 1927)
 2017 - Elizabeth Dawn, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1939)
 2017 - Jan Tříska, Çek aktör (d. 1936)
 2017 - Anatoliy Gromıko, Sovyet-Rus bilim insanı ve diplomat (d. 1932)
 2017 - Abdulkadir Yüksel, Türk eczacı ve siyasetçi (d. 1962)
 2017 - Aneurin Jones, Galli ressam ve sanatçı
 2018 - Helena Almeida, Portekizli kadın resim ve fotoğraf sanatçısı (d. 1934)
 2018 - Marie Colton, Amerikalı siyasetçi (d. 1922)
 2018 - Yakup Yavru, Türk öğretmen ve oyuncu (d. 1952)
 2019 - Arne Weise, İsveçli gazeteci, radyo ve televizyon sunucusu (d. 1930)
 2020 - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hint müzisyen, play-back şarkıcısı, aktör, albüm yapımcısı ve film yönetmeni (d. 1946)
 2022 - Rita Gardner, Amerikalı aktris ve şarkıcı (d. 1934)

Tatiller ve özel günler

 Dünya Eczacılar Günü
 Türkiye İtfaiyecilik Haftası (25 Eylül - 1 Ekim)

Kaynakça

0925
25

25 Eylül


Juan Carlos Arteche Gómez (født 11. april 1957, død 13. oktober 2010) var en spansk fodboldspiller (midterforsvarer).

Arteche startede sin klubkarriere hos Racing Santander, men skiftee i 1978 til Atlético Madrid, hvor han spillede de følgende 11, sæsoner. Han spillede over 300 ligakampe for Atlético inden sit karrierestop i 1989, og var med til at den spanske pokalturnering Copa del Rey med klubben i 1985.

For Spaniens landshold spillede Arteche fire kampe. Han debuterede for holdet 12. november 1986 i en EM-kvalifikationskamp på hjemmebane mod Rumænien.

Arteche døde i 2010, i en alder af blot 53 år, af leukæmi.

Titler
Copa del Rey
 1985 med Atlético Madrid

Supercopa de España
 1985 med Atlético Madrid

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien
Fodboldspillere fra Racing Santander
Fodboldspillere fra Atlético Madrid

Juan Carlos Arteche


Otto Haag (* 7. Juni 1906 in Heilbronn; † 31. August 1991 ebenda) war ein deutscher Weingärtner und Politiker (FDP/DVP).

Leben
Otto Haag entstammte einer Heilbronner Weingärtnerfamilie, seine Vorfahren waren seit über 250 Jahren im Weinbau tätig. Seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts war die Familie auch politisch aktiv, sein Vater Heinrich Haag, sein Großvater Wilhelm Haag und sein Urgroßvater Martin Haag waren alle Mitglieder des Reichstages gewesen, der Großvater zudem Landtagsabgeordneter. Alle drei waren zudem Vorstandsmitglieder verschiedener Weingärtner-Vereine und -Verbände.

Von 1912 bis 1921 besuchte Otto Haag Grund- und Realschule in Heilbronn. Von seinem Vater und im Winterkurs an der Weinbauschule in Weinsberg erlernte er das Weingärtnerhandwerk und arbeitete im elterlichen Betrieb, den er dann übernahm. Nach der Zerstörung des Betriebs beim Luftangriff auf Heilbronn am 4. Dezember 1944 baute er ihn ab 1945 wieder auf.

In der Nachkriegszeit engagierte er sich im evangelischen Kirchengemeinderat Heilbronns und war Dirigent eines Kirchenchores. 1955 bis 1964 war er Präsident des Weinbauverbandes Württemberg-Baden, ab 1965 bis 1972 dann Präsident des Weinbauverbandes Württemberg. In seiner Amtszeit unterstützte er viele Rebflurbereinigungen und Kelterneubauten im Weinbaugebiet Württemberg.

1956 folgte er der Familientradition und wurde für die FDP/DVP Mitglied des Landtags von Baden-Württemberg. Er errang ein Zweitmandat im Wahlkreis Heilbronn-Land II. Bei der nächsten Wahl 1960 wurde er nicht wiedergewählt, rückte aber 1964 nach dem Tod des Abgeordneten Gottlieb Leeger über ein Zweitmandat im Wahlkreis Stuttgart 3 für wenige Tage noch in den Landtag nach. Von 1965 bis 1971 gehörte er dem Heilbronner Gemeinderat als Stadtrat der FDP/DVP an.

Haag interessierte sich für Natur- und Landschaftsschutz sowie die Geschichte des Weinbaus in Württemberg und förderte die Errichtung eines Weinbaumuseums in Heilbronn. In Form einer Dauerausstellung zum Weinbau im Alten Milchhof wurde dieses Museum im Rahmen der Städtischen Museen Heilbronn schließlich 1990 eröffnet, 2004 aber aus Kostengründen wieder geschlossen. Neben zahlreichen Fachartikeln zum Weinbau veröffentlichte Haag auch lokalhistorische Beiträge. Teile seines Nachlasses befinden sich im Stadtarchiv Heilbronn.

Familie
1936 heiratete Haag seine Frau Martha, geb. Schuh, mit der er sechs Kinder hatte, darunter den 1946 geborenen Sohn Martin Haag, der 1990 Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender und 1998 bis 2010 Vorstandsvorsitzender der Genossenschaftskellerei Heilbronn-Erlenbach-Weinsberg war und 2004 bis 2009 dem Heilbronner Gemeinderat angehörte.

Auszeichnungen
1970 erhielt Otto Haag das Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse. Im selben Jahr wurde er zum Ehrenpräsidenten des Weinbauverbandes Württemberg ernannt, und es wurde ihm die Ehrenmitgliedschaft des Deutschen Weinbauverbandes verliehen.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Frank-Roland Kühnel: Landtage, Abgeordnete und Wahlkreise in Baden-Württemberg 1946 bis 2009. Von der Vorläufigen Volksvertretung Württemberg-Badens bis zum 14. Landtag von Baden-Württemberg. Landtag von Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-923476-01-5.
 1825–2000. 175 Jahre Weinbauverband Württemberg e. V. Weinbauverband Württemberg, Weinsberg 1999, , S. 97.

Weblinks
 Richard Hachenberger: Haag, Otto (1906–1991) bei den Persönlichkeiten der Weinkultur der Gesellschaft für Geschichte des Weines
 Die Geschichte des Weinbauverbands Württemberg mit Foto Otto Haags

Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Stadtrat (Heilbronn)
FDP-Mitglied
Landtagsabgeordneter (Baden-Württemberg)
Person (Weinbau)
Deutscher
Geboren 1906
Gestorben 1991
Mann

Otto Haag


Aleksandr Vasilevich Kuprin (em russo: Александр Васильевич Куприн) (10 [22] de março de 1880, Borisoglebsk, Gubernia de Voronej — 18 de março de 1960, Moscou) foi um pintor paisagista russo-soviético, membro correspondente da Academia de Artes da URSS (1954) e laureado com o título honorário de Artista Emérito da República Socialista Federativa Soviética da Rússia (1956).

Biografia
Aleksandr Kuprin nasceu na pequena cidade de Borisoglebsk, onde seu pai lecionava na escola municipal. A partir de 1893, a família passa a morar em Voronej e, até 1896, Kuprin estudou no ginásio de Voronej. Porém, com a morte do pai e a falta de recursos, Kuprin começa a trabalhar como escrevente na administração da malha ferroviária Sudeste. Nesse período, seu interesse pela Arte o leva a frequentar aulas noturnas e gratuitas na escola de pintura e desenho do Círculo de artistas amadores. Em 1902, decidido a tornar-se artista, muda-se para São Petersburgo.

Kuprin estudou na escola L. E. Dmittriev-Kavkazkiy até 1904. Depois mudou-se para Moscou e por dois anos frequentou o estúdio de K. F. Yuon e I. O. Dudin. Em 1906, ingressou na Escola de Pintura, Escultura e Arquitetura de Moscou. Em fevereiro de 1907, tendo contraído tuberculose, precisou mudar-se para a Crimeia seguindo orientação médica. Em 1908, os médicos permitiram seu retorno a Moscou e Kuprin retomou suas atividades na escola, participando das oficinas de A. E. Arkhipov e L. O. Pasternak.

Em 1909, pela primeira vez, Kuprin participa do salão da revista "O velo de ouro", onde se reunia tudo que havida sido criado nos últimos anos sob a influência das mais novas correntes da arte francesa. Em 1910, ele foi compelido a deixar a escola e se tornou um dos membros ativos do grupo artístico "Valete de Ouros". Nos 14 anos subsequentes a esse período, predomina em suas obras a natureza-morta em estilo cubista.

Naturais de Dunaburgo
Pintores da Rússia

Aleksandr Vasilevich Kuprin (pintor)


Psaroniaceae, fosilna biljna porodica iz reda Marattiales koju čine rodovi Psaronius, a pripisuju joj i rod Tuvichapteris. Fosili ovih papratnjača su pronađeni na području današnje Europe i Sjeverne i Južne Amerike.

Vrste
 Psaronius asterolithus Cotta
 Psaronius bibractensis
 Psaronius brasiliensis Brongniart, 1872
 Psaronius coalescens
 Psaronius demolei
 Psaronius gimmii
 Psaronius haidingeri
 Psaronius infarctus
 Psaronius landrioti
 Psaronius renaultii Williamson, 1875

Izvori

Papratnjače

Psaroniaceae


Candelaria, officially the Municipality of Candelaria (),  is a 1st class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 137,881 people.

It is the third most populous settlement of Quezon after Lucena City and Sariaya. Among the municipalities in Quezon Province, Candelaria has the most desiccated coconut factories and oil refineries, such as Peter Paul Philippine Corporation, Primex Coco Products Inc., Pacific Royal Basic Foods, SuperStar Corporation, Tongsan Industrial Development Corporation, and others, which employ thousands of people.

History

Foundation
Prior to 1885, the pioneering barangays of Candelaria in its western part, Taguan (Bukal), Kinatihan and Masin were parts of the Municipality of Tiaong, while Malabanban, Mangilag and Santa Catalina in the east, were under the jurisdiction of the town of Sariaya.
Sr. Don Ciriaco Nadres, a local leader of Barangay Masinand his wife Sra. Doña Baltazara Bustamante, with the support of Don Simeon Nadres and wife Doña Everista Ona, Don Justo Argao, Don Elino de Gala, Don Apolinario Gonzales, Don Tomas Cabuñag, Don Ignacio de Ramos, Don Domingo de Alday, Don Tomas Regidor, Don Juan del Valle, Don Ambrocio Salazar, Don Buenaventura Cedeño and Don Hipolito Martinez, proposed the establishment of an independent government over these barangays. They became known as the founding families of the town.
It was on December 26, 1878, that a permit was granted by the Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, Domingo Moriones y Murillo for the establishment of an independent government over these barangays. Its boundaries were fixed by means of a treaty signed by the notable leaders of Tiaong, Sariaya and the founding families of Candelaria.

King Alfonso XII of Spain finally approved the establishment of Candelaria as an independent town on August 5, 1879.

American Era and Japanese Occupation
In 1902, after the cessation of the general hostilities against the Americans, administration of Candelaria was merged with the neighboring town of Sariaya. In 1907, Candelaria was again managed independently, as a fourth-class municipality. During the American regime, the town progressed by leaps and bounds. Many houses and public edifices were constructed, and commerce and industries grew, until the Japanese invasion brought a further wave of destruction.

Geography

The municipality lies at the western part of Quezon Province,  from the nation's capital, Manila and  from the provincial capital, Lucena. To its northern part lies the famous Mount Banahaw, to the east is the town of Sariaya, to the south is San Juan, Batangas, and to the west are the towns of Dolores and Tiaong. The neighboring cities are Lucena, Tayabas, San Pablo and Lipa City. It is traversed by the Pan Philippine Highway and the Philippine National Railways.

Candelaria has an area of about  and is an agricultural municipality, situated in the southern part of Mount Banahaw. The town proper is wedged by two rivers, namely, Masin and Quiapo rivers.

Barangays

Candelaria is politically subdivided into 25 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Climate

There are two pronounced seasons in Candelaria: Dry and hot season from March to May, Wet season from June to December. Typhoons struck the municipality every three to five years. The most remarkable are Supertyphoon Angela (Rosing) in 1995, Typhoon Xangsane (Milenyo) in 2006, and Typhoon Rammasun (Glenda) in 2014.

Normal temperatures in Candelaria range from  to . The temperatures became cooler in January with a range of about , while in April, the hottest month, may rise of up to .

Topography
Candelaria is more elevated in the northern part since it lies at the southern slope of Banahaw and is predominantly agricultural. There are plantations of coconut and vegetables in its remote barangays. Most of the inhabitants are having poultry and livestock business and in the remaining part of the municipality are farmlands mostly of rice, corn, and other root crops.

Demographics

Candelaria has a population of 117,434 as of the 2015 census. The increase in population became rapid in the 1990s, in 1995, it has a population of 80,733 inhabitants, while in 2000, the population grew to 92,429, with an increase of about 15 percent.

In 2007, the official number of inhabitants in the municipality based on 2007 census is 105,997, or about 4,240 families or 21,243 households. Most Candelarians reside in Pahinga Norte and Malabanban Norte, the adjacent barangays of the town proper.

As of 2007, almost 93 percent of the population are Roman Catholics, 3.5 percent are Protestants, about 3 percent are members of Iglesia ni Cristo, 0.05 percent are of Islam, 0.97 percent are of other denominations such as Church of Christ / Christian Churches, Pentecostalists, Baptists, Latter Day Saints, Seventh-day Adventist, Jehovah's Witnesses and others.

Language

Tagalog is widely spoken by the populace. However, their accent resembles the Tagalog dialect spoken in Batangas owing to its location, and history. Most of Candelarians came from the neighboring province of Batangas.

Economy

Candelaria is one of the most progressive municipalities in Quezon Province. Rapid progress have been felt since the 1990s where most of the commercial establishments have been built such as retail merchandising, supermarkets (Puregold, South Emerald, and others), hardware (Licup Builders), fastfood outlets or restaurants (including AMC Robledo's Garden and Catering, Jollibee, McDonald's, Greenwich, Chowking, Mang Inasal, Buddy's Restaurant, Tea Soi, and others), shopping mall (Walter Mart Candelaria), and others. The Candelaria Public Market, though it is adjacent to Barangay Poblacion, is located on Barangay Pahinga Norte.

Tourism

 Bread Country Pasalubong
 n2o Food Garage
 Kandelarya the Farm Kitchen
 Gracia's Premium Native Deli
 FOG Business Center
 Adriana Bed and Breakfast
 Club Candelaria Events Place
 Our Mother of Perpetual Help Parish Church of Taguan
 San Pedro Bautista Parish Church of Candelaria
 Quezon Premier Hotel and Resort
 Casa Patricia Hotel and Resort
 Birhen Bato [Masalukot 4]
 Mount Mayabobo in Barangay Mayabobo
 Mount Malasina in Barangay Masin Norte
 Tower Resort
 Pol Step (Dapian) Resort in Barangay Malabanban Sur
 Bukal Resort in Barangay Masalukot I
 Le Donna Café
 Ongville Hotel and Event Hall
 Central Plaza Hotel
 Tilarog Resort in Barangay Masalukot II
 Uma Verde Econature Farm
 Waltermart
 Silong Resort in Bukal Sur

Culture

Candle Festival
The town fiesta is celebrated on February 5 to honor the patron saint San Pedro Bautista. Since 2017, Rev. Msgr. Melecio Verastigue, started a dance to honor San Pedro Bautista. It is called INDAK PUGAY. A dance to honor the martyrdom of the patron saint, San Pedro Bautista.

Since 2005, Monsignor Carlos (Charles) Pedro A. Herrera, the parish priest, started his devotion to Nuestra Senora de Candelaria and honored her with a Candle Festival every February 2. The celebration was concluded with a procession through the streets of the town featuring the street dancing by the youth of the community in honor of the Blessed Virgin.  A parade of floats representing each of the 25 barangays was, also, featured during the festivities.

A project in honor of the Blessed Mother Mary that will renovate the patio of the San Pedro Bautista Parish Church had been developed on April 22, 2012.  The renovated patio will convert the current parking lot into a multi-purpose open amphitheater for use of the people of Candelaria.  It will provide a venue for children and toddlers playground, jogging/walking path, a rosary garden, a via Dolorosa, and a stage for performances complete with controlled theater lighting.  The playground will be lit with lighting standards.  The fundraising for the project will be accomplished through a 1000 Points of Light campaign where each point of light will be represented by a Candelarian or friends of Candelaria contributing Php5000 or more.  Inauguration is scheduled for February 2, 2013, CANDLE FESTIVAL celebration.  Ground breaking is targeted for August 4, 2012, ARAW NG CANDELARIA.  The community project is expecting every Candelarians around the world to step up and bring their "POINT OF LIGHT".  The SPBPC parish council for economic affairs is taking the lead with Dr. Al Cornejo at the helm.

Government

Elected officials
Municipal council (2022-2025):
 Mayor: George D. Suayan (NPC)
 Vice Mayor: Macario D. Boongaling (NPC)
 Councilors:
 Aileen M. Dellosa (NPC)
 Julius D. Maniebo (NPC)
 Lydelle M. Dizon (Aksyon Demokratiko)
 Rodante A. Padillo (NPC)
 Darren P. de Gala (NPC)
 Anatalia R. Atienza (Aksyon Demokratiko)
 Ma. Lourdes Bernadette G. Liwanag (NPC)
 Numeriano S. Briones (NPC)
 ABC President: Reverend H. Manalo
 SK Federation President: Daveilyn S. Arienda

Former heads and mayors (1879–2022)

 Don Simeon Nadres, 1879–1883
 Don Clemente Nadres, 1883–1887
 Don Tomas Cabunag, 1887–1891
 Don Apolinario Gonzales, 1891–1895
 Don Pedro de Gala, 1895–1898
 Don Benigno Nadres, 1898–1900
 Don Elino de Gala, 1900–1902
 Don Herminigildo Nadres, 1908–1912, 1919–1921
 Don Juan Javier, 1912–1916
 Don Generoso de Gala, 1916–1918
 Don Gregorio Remata, 1918–1919
 Don Francisco Fernandez, 1921–1922
 Don Mansueto Javier, 1922–1925
 Don David Reyroso, 1925–1928
 Don Emilio de Gala, 1928–1931
 Dr. Generoso Nadres Sr., 1931–1934
 Dr. Vicente Macasaet, 1934–1937
 Pastor Javier, 1937–1941, 1943–1944, 1945–1946
 Juan Ramos, 1941
 Francisco Malabanan, 1941–1943
 Cresenciano de Gala, 1944–1945
 Felix Ona, 1946–1947, 1955–1959
 Eligio Manalo, 1947–1955
 Venancio Dia, 1959–1967
 Cipriano Maliwanag, 1967–1978
 Pedro Cedeno, 1978–1986
 David Emralino, 1986–1998, 2001–2007
 Isidro de Gala, 1998–2001
 Ferdinand Maliwanag, 1998, 2007-2016
 Macario Boongaling, 2016-2022
 George Suayan, 2022–present

Infrastructure

Transportation

Road network
There are three major highways that pass throughout the municipality and the town proper. The South Luzon Expressway Toll Road 4 (TR4) stretching from Santo Tomas, Batangas to Lucena City will pass in the northern part of the municipality, planned to be finished in 2021. The new expressway will occupy portions of Barangays Bukal Norte, Masalukot II, Masalukot I, Mayabobo, and Mangilag Norte.

The Pan-Philippine Highway (also known as Maharlika Highway or National Highway), passes through the municipality west–east from Barangay Bukal Sur to Barangay Mangilag Sur. It connects the municipality to its neighboring towns of Tiaong and Sariaya, and cities like San Pablo City in Laguna and Lucena City, the provincial capital.
Rizal Street is the two-lane main road and segment of the Pan-Philippine Highway in Barangay Poblacion. It connects Barangay Masin Norte and Sur in the west and Malabanban Norte in the east. Some landmarks located here are the Municipal Hall, Catholic Church, and Plaza Narra.
The Candelaria–San Juan Road (also known as Candelaria-Bolboc Road) is a  two-lane highway that starts at the Pan Philippine Highway junction in Barangay Malabanban Norte going straight south to the municipality of San Juan, Batangas. This is an alternative road for commuters from Metro Manila via Batangas.
The Candelaria Bypass Road (also known as Candelaria Diversion Road) is a two-lane bypass road that serves as an alternative road for commuters from Metro Manila to Batangas and Bicol Region. Opened in 2012, this  road bypasses Poblacion.

There are also major roads within the municipality.
Cabunag Street also in Barangay Poblacion is the municipality's main business district. Most of business establishments such as hardware stores like Licup Builders the oldest hardware store in town, RTWs, pharmacies, footwear, general merchandise, and restaurants are located here. It also serves as a thoroughfare for local commuters going to nearby barangays such as Pahinga Norte and Masalukot I.
Ramos Street-Masalukot Barangay Road is a road that starts at Maharlika Highway in Barangay Poblacion and ends at Barangay Masalukot III. This is also an access road to most of subdivisions located in Barangay Masalukot I such as School View Park Subdivision, Village of St. Jude (VSJ), Maria Cristina Village, St. Anthony Subdivision, Villa Macaria Country Homes, Clarisse Subdivision, Faustin Floraville, and others. There are also schools located along the road, such as Grabsum School Inc. and Dr. Panfilo Castro National High School Annex.
Tibanglan Road is a dirt road that serves as a main access to Barangay Mayabobo from Maharlika Highway in Barangay Malabanban Norte, in front of Iglesia ni Cristo Church.
Pahinga-Kinatihan Road is a barangay road that starts at Cabunag Street down south to Barangay Kinatihan II. It serves as an access road to Candelaria Bypass Road from the town proper. Some landmarks located along the road are Peter Paul Philippine Corporation, Pahinga Norte Elementary School, Cocoma, and Villa Katrina Subdivision. A junction located in Barangay Pahinga Norte right after the spillway across Quiapo River connects it towards Barangay Santa Catalina Norte.
Mangilag-Concepcion Road is a barangay road that starts at Maharlika Highway in Mangilag Sur and an access road to Barangays Mayabobo and Concepcion Banahaw in Sariaya, Quezon. Some landmarks found here are Dr. Panfilo Castro National High School, Mangilag Norte Elementary School, and Mount Mayabobo.

Public transport
Provincial buses to and from Metro Manila and Lucena City such as JAC Liner Inc., DLTBCo, JAM Liner, Dela Rosa Liner and Lucena Lines stop at the municipality's designated bus stops in Poblacion.

SUPREME, a bus plying Batangas City-Lucena City route and vice versa also passes through Candelaria (Sambat).

There are also jeepney terminals located in the town proper. For passengers going to Lucena City, the terminal is located at the intersection of Rizal Avenue corner Gonzales Street. For passengers going to San Pablo City, the terminal is located at the intersection of Rizal Avenue corner Del Valle Street. For passengers going to San Juan, Batangas, the terminal is located in Gonzales Street.

Tricycles are the most common mode of transportation in the municipality. There are many tricycle terminals in Barangay Poblacion, serving local commuters to the nearby barangays.

Water transport

Candelaria has no coastline and is one of the inland municipalities of Quezon, together with Dolores, Lucban, Sampaloc, San Antonio, Tayabas, and Tiaong. The seaport nearest to the municipality is Dalahican Port in Lucena City for passengers going to Marinduque, Masbate, and other island provinces. Dalahican Port is about  from Candelaria. Among the international seaports in Luzon, Batangas Port in Batangas City is the nearest. It would take approximately two hours in a private vehicle to reach from Candelaria, passing through the municipalities of San Juan, Rosario, and Ibaan, Batangas.

Air transport
Candelaria has no airport, runway or any facility to accommodate air operations. The nearest airbase in the municipality is the San Fernando Airbase in Lipa City with a distance of about  west of the municipality, while the nearest international airport is Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Metro Manila. It is formerly served by the Lucena Airport in Lucena that has been closed. For air travelers, you have to travel for more or less two hours to reach Metro Manila and a couple of minutes more for Ninoy Aquino International Airport in case of traffic obstructions.

Communications

Candelaria is served by General Telephone System, Inc. (GTSi) and Digitel Telecommunications  (PLDT-Digitel) as the main telecommunication services providers. GTSi has started its operations in the municipality in 1981, making it the third municipality where it started its operation, the first two are Gumaca in 1977 and Atimonan in 1979.

Internet shops are commonly found in the town proper.

Healthcare

Candelaria has three hospitals: one public and two private.
 Candelaria Municipal Hospital (known as Nursery, built in 1984) - located in Barangay Masin Norte.
 Peter Paul Medical Center (formerly Peter Paul Hospital, built in 1948) - located in Regidor St., Barangay Poblacion.
 United Candelaria Doctors Hospital (built in 2009) - located in Maharlika Highway near Candelaria Bypass Road, Barangay Mangilag Sur.

The Candelaria Municipal Hospital is built during the administration of then Mayor Pedro Cedeno in 1984. Peter Paul Medical Center is one of the pioneering hospitals of the municipality, established in 1948. United Candelaria Doctors Hospital is the newly built medical facility of Candelaria, opened in February 2009.

Each barangay has its own health center for free health services. More lying-in clinics are located throughout the municipality.

Education

Pre-school

 Brentley Montessori School
 Brisbane Integrated School

Primary

 Candelaria Elementary School Main
 Candelaria Elementary School Annexes 1 and 2
 Manuel Luis Quezon Elementary School (Cheng Hua Chinese School)
 GRABSUM School, Inc. (School View)
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Candelaria, Inc.
 Headstart Christian Learning Institute
 Trinity Christian Academy
 Buenavista East Elementary School
 Buenavista West Elementary School
 Bukal Norte Elementary School (Mayapyap Annex)
 Bukal Norte Elementary School
 Bukal Sur Elementary School
 Kinatihan I Elementary School
 Kinatihan II Elementary School
 The Lady Mediatrix Institute Inc.
 Malabanban Norte Elementary School
 Malabanban Sur Elementary School
 Mangilag Norte Elementary School
 Mangilag Sur Elementary School
 Masalukot I Elementary School
 Masalukot II Elementary School
 Masalukot III Elementary School
 Masalukot IV Elementary School
 Masalukot V Elementary School
 Masin Elementary School
 Mayabobo Elementary School
 Newton Science School Inc.
 Pahinga Norte Elementary School
 Pahinga Sur Elementary School
 San Andres Elementary School
 San Isidro Elementary School
 Santa Catalina Norte Elementary School
 Santa Catalina Central School
 SEACOMS (Village of St. Jude Subdivision)
 Tayabas Western Academy
 United Evangelical School of Candelaria, Quezon - (Formerly UCCP Pre-School)

Secondary
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Candelaria, Inc.
 Newton Science School Inc.
 GRABSUM School, Inc.
 The Lady Mediatrix Institute, Inc.
 Tayabas Western Academy
 Santa Catalina National High School
 Bukal Sur National High School
 Dolores Macasaet National High School
 Dr. Panfilo Castro National High School
 Dr. Panfilo Castro National High School (Masalukot I Annex)

Tertiary
 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation (Candelaria Campus)
 Tayabas Western Academy
 Compskill Learning Academy
 Chrisville Institute of Technology
 GRABSUM School, Inc.

Notable personalities

 Raimund Marasigan, rock musician of the band Eraserheads, Pedicab, Sandwich, Cambio, Project 1, Squid 9, and Gaijin
 Ahtisa Manalo, Binibining Pilipinas International 2018 and Miss International 2018 1st Runner-Up
 Cesar Bolaños, former Governor of Quezon and Member of Batasang Pambansa, 1984-1987
 Edelissa Ramos, National Gawad Saka Awardee and Quezon Medalya ng Karangalan awardee
 Rio Locsin, actress

References

External links

 Candelaria Profile at PhilAtlas.com
 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
 Philippine Census Information
 Local Governance Performance Management System
 Quezon Province Business Directory and Travel Guide
 Quezon Province Web Portal
 Lucena City Community Website

Municipalities of Quezon

Candelaria, Quezon