Bobby Lee Bell, Jr. (* 17. Juni 1940 in Shelby, North Carolina) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler. Er spielte als Linebacker und Defensive End in der National Football League (NFL) bei den Kansas City Chiefs.

Jugend
Bobby Lee wurde als Sohn eines Arbeiters und einer Hausfrau geboren. Sein Vater arbeitete in einer Baumwollmühle. Er wuchs mit zwei Geschwistern auf. Im Alter von sechs Jahren hatte er ein traumatisches Erlebnis. Während er im Haus schlief, fing das elterliche Haus Feuer. Seine Mutter, die im Begriff war im Garten Wäsche aufzuhängen, bemerkte dies. Obwohl Passanten versuchten sie am Betreten des brennenden Holzhauses zu hindern, konnte sie in das Gebäude rennen und ihren Sohn an einem Bein aus dem Gefahrenbereich ziehen. Das Haus brannte vollständig ab. Die Familie war anschließend völlig mittellos und wurde von Nachbarn unterstützt.

Bobby Bell besuchte in seiner Geburtsstadt die High School und spielte dort zusammen mit seinem Bruder American Football in der Schulmannschaft. Er wurde dabei als Quarterback aufgestellt und wurde in dieser Funktion auch in die Staatsauswahl gewählt. Zudem war er als Baseball- und Basketball-Spieler aktiv und machte mit seinen Leistungen landesweit auf sich aufmerksam. Ein Jahr vor seinem Schulabschluss erhielt er ein Angebot der Chicago White Sox und sollte für ein Farmteam dieser Organisation aus der Major League Baseball (MLB) spielen. Auf Intervention seines Vaters, der selbst keinen Schulabschluss hatte, entschloss er sich die Schule zu beenden. Bevor Bobby Bell die High School verließ, gewann er mit der Basketballmannschaft der Schule die Staatsmeisterschaft von North Carolina.

Nach seinem Schulabschluss bot ihm die University of Minnesota ein Footballstipendium an, machte aber zur Voraussetzung, dass die High School Filmmaterial von Bell zuvor nach Minnesota schickt. Da die Schule dazu nicht in der Lage war, weil die notwendigen finanziellen Mittel für eine Filmkamera zur Aufnahme der Spiele des Teams fehlten, war er gezwungen an einem Probetraining teilzunehmen, bei dem er überzeugen konnte.

Spielerlaufbahn

Collegekarriere
Bobby Bell studierte von 1959 bis 1962 an der University of Minnesota. Er lief von 1960 bis 1962 für die dortige Footballmannschaft, die Minnesota Golden Gophers zunächst als Quarterback und ab dem zweiten Spieljahr als Defensive Tackle auf. Obwohl er beabsichtigte auf dem College auch seine Baseballkarriere weiter zu verfolgen, kam er dort nie als Baseballspieler zum Einsatz. Im Jahr 1960 gewann er mit seiner Footballmannschaft die Big Ten Conference. In den Jahren 1961 und 1962 spielte er mit seiner Mannschaft jeweils im Rose Bowl. 1961 unterlag er mit seinem Team der University of Washington mit 17:7, im folgenden Jahr gelang ein 21:3-Sieg über die Mannschaft der University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In beiden Jahren wurde Bell zum All-American gewählt. Aufgrund seiner sportlichen Leistungen wurde Bobby Bell in seinem letzten Spieljahr die Outland Trophy verliehen. Sein College zeichnete ihn jeweils von 1960 bis 1962 aus. Kurz vor Beendigung seines Studiums konnte er als Mitglied der College-All-Stars die Green Bay Packers mit 20:17 im College-All-Star-Game besiegen.

Profikarriere
Bell wurde im Jahr 1963 von den von Minnesota Vikings in der zweiten Runde an 16. Stelle der NFL Draft ausgewählt. Auch die Kansas City Chiefs zeigten an einer Verpflichtung von Bell Interesse und wählten ihn in der siebten Runde an 57. Stelle der AFL Draft aus. Bobby Bell entschloss sich einen Profivertrag bei den Chiefs zu unterschreiben und wurde von deren Head Coach Hank Stram in seinen ersten beiden Profijahren als Defensive End eingesetzt. Nach der Saison 1964 wechselte Bell auf die Position eines Linebackers. Im Jahr 1966 konnte Bell mit den Chiefs, die in der Regular Season elf von 14 Spielen gewonnen hatten, seinen ersten Meistertitel gewinnen. Im AFL Endspiel schlug seine Mannschaft das Team der Buffalo Bills mit 31:7, wobei Bell einen Sack zum Sieg seiner Mannschaft beitragen konnte. Die Chiefs unterlagen danach im AFL-NFL World Championship Game (später umbenannt in Super Bowl I) den von Vince Lombardi betreuten Green Bay Packers mit 35:10. Auch in diesem Spiel war Bell an einem Sack gegen den gegnerischen Quarterback Bart Starr beteiligt, konnte die Niederlage seiner Mannschaft damit aber nicht verhindern.

Im Jahr 1969 konnte Bell mit seinem Team erneut in das AFL-Endspiel einziehen. Die Chiefs hatten in der Regular Season elf von 14 Spielen gewonnen und trafen in den Play-offs zunächst auf die New York Jets. Im vierten Spielviertel gelang es Bell den gegnerischen Runningback Matt Snell kurz vor dem Erreichen der Endzone zu stoppen. Die Jets konnten danach lediglich ein Field Goal zum 6:6-Ausgleich erzielen. Letztendlich verließen die Chiefs mit einem 13:6-Sieg das Spielfeld. Der nun folgende 17:7-Sieg über die Oakland Raiders im AFL-Meisterschaftsspiel erbrachte für Bobby Bell die Qualifikation für den Super Bowl IV, wo man auf die Minnesota Vikings traf, die dann auch mit 23:7 geschlagen werden konnten.

Bobby Bell beendete nach der Saison 1974 seine Laufbahn. Während seiner Spielzeit bei den Chiefs gelang es ihm vierzigmal den gegnerischen Quarterback hinter der Line of Scrimmage zu Fall zu bringen, ferner erzielte er 26 Interceptions.

Nach der Laufbahn
Bobby Bell betrieb nach seiner Laufbahn in Kansas City die Restaurantkette Bobby Bell Bar-B-Que. Nach dem Verkauf der Firma setzte er sich zur Ruhe, er ist aber nach wie vor als Repräsentant der Kansas City Chiefs tätig und betätigt sich in seiner Freizeit erfolgreich als Golfspieler.

Ehrungen
Bobby Bell spielte neunmal im Pro Bowl/AFL-All-Star-Spiel und wurde neunmal zum All-Pro gewählt. Er ist Mitglied im NFL 1970s All-Decade Team, im AFL All-Time Team, in der Pro Football Hall of Fame, in der College Football Hall of Fame, in der North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame, sowie in der Missouri Sports Hall of Fame und in der Hall of Fame der Chiefs. Die Kansas City Chiefs haben seine Rückennummer gesperrt. Im Jahr 1999 wurde er von der Zeitschrift The Sporting News auf Platz 66 der 100 besten Footballspieler aller Zeiten gewählt.

Weblinks

 Bobby Bell bei den Kansas City Chiefs
 Bobby Bell in der Missouri Sports Hall of Fame
 Bobby Bell am College

Quelle

Einzelnachweise

American-Football-Spieler (Minnesota Golden Gophers)
American-Football-Spieler (Kansas City Chiefs)
Unternehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Mitglied der Chiefs Hall of Fame
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1940
Mann

Bobby Bell (Footballspieler)


Sıvı hava, atmosferden kompresörler yardımı ile emilen havanın basınçlandırılıp ardından çok geniş hacimlere genleştirildiğinde 1.013 bar atmosferik basınçta -194,4 °C sıcaklıkta sıvılaşmış şeklidir.

Genleştirme işlemi hava ayrıştırılması için dizayn edilmiş tesislerde genleşme türbinleri ve küçük hacimden geniş bir hacime geçişi sağlayan genleşme valfleri yardımıyla olur. Bu prensip Joule-Thomson efekti olarak adlandırılır ve hava ayrıştırma prosesinde soğukluk oluşturmanın ana sebebidir.

Atmosfer
Kriyojenik
Enerji depolama
Enerji teknolojisi
Mühendislik termodinamiği
Endüstriyel işlemler
Maddenin hâlleri

Sıvı hava


Yılanlıca, Zonguldak ilinin Devrek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1892 yılı kayıtlarında Yılanca olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 60 km, Devrek ilçe merkezine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Devrek belde ve köyleri

Yılanlıca, Devrek


KHL 2019-20 var den 12. sæson af ishockeyligaen KHL. Ligaen havde deltagelse af 24 hold, der indledte sæsonen med et grundspil med 62 runder, hvorefter 16 hold gik videre til slutspillet om Gagarin-pokalen. Slutspillet blev i første omgang afbrudt og senere helt aflyst pga. COVID-19-pandemien.

Ligesom mange andre sportsligaer blev også KHL påvirket af COVID-19-pandemien, der startede i Kina i januar 2020, og som i løbet af februar og marts bredte sig til det meste af verden. I første omgang blev Kunlun Red Stars to sidste hjemmekampe i grundspillet flyttet væk fra Kina, således at kampen mod CSKA Moskva den 2. februar blev spillet i Issportspalads CSKA i Moskva, mens kampen mod Dinamo Riga den 24. februar blev afviklet i Issportspalads Sibir i Novosibirsk.

Efter at første runde af slutspillet var blevet afviklet som planlagt, meddelte Jokerit den 14. marts 2020, at holdet trak sig fra resten af slutspillet om Gagarin-pokalen på grund af den igangværende pandemi. Beslutningen blev taget på grundlag af den finske regerings anbefalinger vedrørende begrænsning af spredningen af SARS-CoV-2-virussen. To dage senere meddelte Barys, at holdet ligeledes trak sig fra slutspillet om Gagarin-pokalen, efter at Kasakhstans præsident havde udstedt et dekret, der forbød alle sportsaktiviteter indtil den 15. april.

Den 17. marts 2020 meddelte ligaen først, at slutspillet blev afbrudt i en uge for at beslutte et nyt format for resten af slutspillet med de resterende seks russiske hold, efter at Jokerit og Barys havde trukket deres hold ud af turneringen. Senere på dagen udsendte den en ny meddelelse om, at resten af slutspillet var sat på pause indtil den 10. april. På det tidspunkt manglede man at afvikle de fire konferencesemifinaler, de to konferencefinaler og finalen om Gagarin-pokalen.

På grund af den eskalerende pandemi blev resten af slutspillet den 25. marts 2020 helt aflyst. Den 7. maj 2020 bekendtgjorde ligaen, at der ikke ville blive kåret en mester i denne sæson, da man ikke havde nogle objektive og retfærdige kriterier at kåre en mester (og dermed vinder af Gagarin-pokalen) ud fra. I stedet blev alle otte konferencesemifinalister placeret på en delt 1.- til 8.-plads i en samlet rangering af holdene.

Hold

Holdene var inddelt i to konferencer, øst og vest, med 12 hold i hver konference. Hver konference var yderligere inddelt i to divisioner med seks hold i hver.

Siden sidste sæson var antallet af hold blevet reduceret fra 25 til 24 hold, idet HC Slovan Bratislava havde forladt ligaen. Det efterlod Tarasov-divisionen med kun fem hold, mens Tjernysjov-divisionen fortsat bestod af syv hold. For at rette op på denne ubalance blev Torpedo Nizjnij Novgorod overført fra Kharlamov-divisionen til Tarasov-divisionen, og Sibir Novosibirsk flyttedes fra Tjernysjov-divisionen til Kharlamov-divisionen, hvilket medførte at alle fire divisioner kom til at bestå af seks hold.

Grundspil

Format

Hvert hold spillede 62 kampe i grundspillet, hvilket var det samme som i den foregående sæson, og dermed en tangering af det højeste antal indtil da i KHL's historie. For hvert hold var de 62 kampe fordelt på:
 To kampe (en hjemme og en ude) mod hvert af de øvrige 23 hold i ligaen (i alt 46 kampe).
 Yderligere to kampe (en hjemme og en ude) mod hvert af de øvrige 5 hold i samme division (i alt 10 kampe).
 Yderligere to kampe (en hjemme og en ude) mod tre af holdene i den anden division i holdets konference (i alt 6 kampe).

Der blev uddelt point efter følgende pointsystem:
 Sejre gav 2 point.
 Nederlag i forlænget spilletid eller straffeslagskonkurrence gav 1 point.
 Nederlag i ordinær spilletid gav 0 point.

I hver konference gik de to divisionsvindere videre til slutspillet om Gagarin-pokalen sammen med de seks bedste af resten af holdene i konferencen.

Ligaen holdt pause i følgende perioder:
 5. - 10. november, 10. - 15. december og 4. - 9. februar på grund af Euro Hockey Tour.
 31. december - 2. januar på grund af nytår.
 18. - 19. januar på grund af all star-kamp i Moskva.

Kampe i andre byer

Kunlun Red Star indledte sæsonen med seks kampe i Shenzhen. Den 17. og 20. september spillede Barys Nur-Sultan to af sine hjemmekampe i Almaty. Den 23. december 2019 spillede Salavat Julajev Ufa en hjemmekamp mod Ak Bars Kazan i Davos, Schweiz. Desuden spillede Jokerit to hjemmekampe i januar mod Severstal i Tallinn, Estland.

På grund af COVID-19-epidemien i Kina blev Kunlun Red Stars to hjemmekampe i februar 2020 flyttet væk fra Kina. Hjemmekampen mod CSKA Moskva den 2. februar blev spillet i Issportspalads CSKA i Moskva, mens kampen mod Dinamo Riga den 24. februar blev afviklet i Issportspalads Sibir i Novosibirsk.

Vestkonferencen

Bobrov-divisionen

Tarasov-divisionen

Østkonferencen

Kharlamov-divisionen

Tjernysjov-divisionen

Kampe

Slutspil

Slutspillet havde deltagelse af otte hold fra hver konference og afvikledes som en cupturnering, hvor alle opgør blev spillet bedst af syv kampe. I hver konference seededes de otte hold fra 1 til 8. De to divisionsvindere blev seedet som nr. 1 og 2, mens de resterende seks hold blev seedet som nr. 3-8. I hver runde spillede det højst seedede tilbageværende hold mod det laveste seedede hold osv. Slutspillet blev efter konferencekvartfinalerne først afbrudt og sidenhen aflyst på grund af den igangværende COVID-19-pandemi.

Alle klokkeslæt er angivet i Moskva-tid (UTC+3).

Hold og seedninger

Konferencekvartfinaler

Vestkonferencen

Østkonferencen

Konferencesemifinaler

Den 14. marts 2020 meddelte Jokerit, at holdet trak sig fra slutspillet om Gagarin-pokalen på grund af den igangværende COVID-19-pandemi. Beslutningen blev taget på grundlag af den finske regerings anbefalinger vedrørende begrænsning af spredningen af SARS-CoV-2-virussen.

To dage senere meddelte Barys, at holdet ligeledes trak sig fra slutspillet om Gagarin-pokalen, efter at Kasakhstans præsident havde udstedt et dekret, der forbød alle sportsaktiviteter indtil den 15. april.

Den 17. marts 2020 udsendte ligaen en besked om, at resten af slutspillet var sat på pause indtil den 10. april på grund af den igangværende COVID-19-pandemi.

På grund af den eskalerende pandemi blev resten af slutspillet den 25. marts 2020 helt aflyst.

Vestkonferencen

Østkonferencen

Konferencefinaler

Konferencefinalerne blev aflyst.

Finale om Gagarin-pokalen

Finalen om Gagarin-pokalen blev aflyst.

Der blev dog kåret en mester ud fra en række kriterier.

Samlet resultat

KHL offentliggjorde den 7. maj 2020 nedenstående samlede rangering af ligaens hold for sæsonen. De otte konferencesemifinalister deler 1.- til 8.-pladsen, eftersom ligaen fandt, at der ikke var nogen objektive og retfærdige kriterier at rangere holdene efter.

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
KHL
KHL - КХЛ распределила между клубами рекордные 466,5 млн рублей (17. september 2020)

Noter

Sæsoner i KHL
Ishockey i 2019
Ishockey i 2020

KHL 2019-20


Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa () este un politician portughez și actualul președinte al Portugaliei din 9 martie 2016.

Este fiu al fostului parlamentar portughez, Baltasar Rebelo de Sousa.

Note

Nașteri în 1948
Nașteri pe 12 decembrie
Președinți ai Portugaliei
Oameni din Lisabona
Decorați cu Ordinul de Onoare al Republicii Moldova

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa


Mark Rudan (født 27. august 1975) er en tidligere australsk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Australien

Mark Rudan


Charles Wright Mills (August 28, 1916 – March 20, 1962) was an American sociologist, and a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his death in 1962. Mills published widely in both popular and intellectual journals, and is remembered for several books, such as The Power Elite, White Collar: The American Middle Classes, and The Sociological Imagination. Mills was concerned with the responsibilities of intellectuals in post–World War II society, and he advocated public and political engagement over disinterested observation. One of Mills's biographers, Daniel Geary, writes that Mills's writings had a "particularly significant impact on New Left social movements of the 1960s era." It was Mills who popularized the term New Left in the US in a 1960 open letter, "Letter to the New Left".

Biography

Early life
C. Wright Mills was born in Waco, Texas, on August 28, 1916. His father, Charles Grover Mills (1889-1973), worked as an insurance broker, leaving his family to constantly move around; his mother, Frances Ursula (Wright) Mills (1893-1989), was a homemaker. His parents were pious and middle class, with an Irish-English background. Mills was a choirboy in the Catholic Church of Waco, and he developed a lifelong aversion to Christianity. Although being brought up in an Anglo-Irish Catholic family, Mills strayed away from the church, defining himself as an atheist. Mills attended Dallas Technical High School, with an interest in engineering, and his parents were preparing him for a practical career in a rapidly industrializing world of Texas. His focuses of study besides engineering were algebra, physics, and mechanical drawing.

Education
In 1934, Mills graduated from Dallas Technical High School, and his father pressed him to attend Texas A&M University. To fulfill his father's wishes, Mills attended the university, but he found the atmosphere "suffocating" and left after his first year. He transferred to the University of Texas at Austin where he studied anthropology, social psychology, sociology, and philosophy. At this time, the university was developing a strong department of graduate instruction in both the social and physical sciences. Mills' benefited from this unique development, and he impressed professors with his powerful intellect. In 1939, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in sociology, as well as a master's in philosophy. By the time he graduated, he had already been published in the two leading sociology journals, the American Sociological Review and The American Journal of Sociology.

While studying at Texas, Mills met his first wife, Dorothy Helen Smith, a fellow student seeking a master's degree in Sociology. She had previously attended Oklahoma College for Women, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in commerce.

After their marriage, in 1937, Dorothy Helen, or "Freya", worked as a staff member of the director of the Women's Residence Hall at the University of Texas. She supported the couple while Mills completed his graduate work; she also typed, copied and edited much of his work, including his Ph.D. dissertation. There, he met Hans Gerth, a German political refugee and a professor in the Department of Sociology. Although Mills did not take any courses with him, Gerth became a mentor and close friend. Together, Mills and Gerth translated and edited a few of Max Weber's works. Both collaborated on Character and Social Structure, a social psychology text. This work combined Mills's understanding of socialization from his work in American Pragmatisim and Gerth's understanding of past and present societies.

Mills received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1942. His dissertation was entitled A Sociological Account of Pragmatism: An Essay on the Sociology of Knowledge. Mills refused to revise his dissertation while it was reviewed by his committee. It was later accepted without approval from the review committee. Mills left Wisconsin in early 1942, after he had been appointed Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Early career
Before Mills furthered his career, he avoided the draft by failing his physical due to high blood pressure and received a deferment, and he divorced his wife Freya in August 1940. But after a year of being divorced, Mills convinced Freya to change her mind. The couple remarried in March 1941. A few years later, their daughter, Pamela Mills, was born on January 15, 1943. During this time, his work as an Associate Professor of Sociology from 1941 until 1945 at the University of Maryland, College Park, Mills's awareness and involvement in American politics grew. During World War II, Mills befriended the historians Richard Hofstadter, Frank Freidel, and Ken Stampp. The four academics collaborated on many topics, and each wrote about contemporary issues of the war and how it affected American society.

While still at the University of Maryland, Mills began contributing "journalistic sociology" and opinion pieces to intellectual journals such as The New Republic, The New Leader, as well as Politics, a journal established by his friend Dwight Macdonald in 1944.

During his time at the University of Maryland, William Form befriended Mills and quickly recognized that "work overwhelmingly dominated" Mills's life. Mills continued his work with Gerth while trying to publish Weber's "Class, Status, and Parties". Form explains that Mills was determined to improve his writing after receiving criticism on one of his works; "Setting his portable Corona on the large coffee table in the living room, he would type triple-spaced on coarse yellow paper, revising the manuscript by writing between the lines with a sharp pencil. Unscrambling the additions and changes could present a formidable challenge. Each day before leaving for campus, he left a manuscript for Freya (his wife) to retype."

In 1945, Mills moved to New York after earning a research associate position at Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research. He separated from Freya with this move, and the couple divorced in 1947.

Mills was appointed assistant professor in the university's sociology department in 1946. Mills received a grant of $2,500 from the Guggenheim Foundation in April 1945 to fund his research in 1946. During that time, he wrote White Collar, which was finally published in 1951.

In 1946, Mills published From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, a translation of Weber's essays co-authored with Hans Gerth. In 1953, the two published a second work, Character and Social Structure: The Psychology of Social Institutions.

In 1947, Mills divorced his wife Freya and married his second wife, Ruth Harper, a statistician at the Bureau of Applied Social Research. She worked with Mills on New Men of Power (1948), White Collar (1951), and The Power Elite (1956). In 1949, Mills and Harper moved to Chicago, so Mills could serve as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago. Mills returned to teaching at Columbia University after a semester at the University of Chicago, and was promoted to Associate Professor of Sociology on July 1, 1950. In only six years, Mills was promoted to Professor of Sociology at Columbia on July 1, 1956.

In 1955, Harper gave birth to their daughter Kathryn. From 1956 to 1957, the family moved to Copenhagen, where Mills acted as a Fulbright lecturer at the University of Copenhagen. Mills and Harper separated in December 1957 and officially divorced in 1959.

Later career
Mills married his third wife, Yaroslava Surmach, an American artist of Ukrainian descent, and settled in Rockland County, New York, in 1959. Their son, Nikolas Charles, was born on June 19, 1960.

In August 1960, Mills spent time in Cuba, where he worked on developing his text Listen, Yankee. He spent 16 days there, interviewing Cuban government officials and Cuban civilians. Mills asked them questions about whether the guerrilla organization, the one that made the revolution, was the same as a political party. Additionally, Mills interviewed President Fidel Castro, who claimed to have read and studied Mills's The Power Elite. Although Mills only spent a short amount of his time in Cuba with Castro, they got along well and Castro sent flowers when Mills passed a few years later.

Mills was described as a man in a hurry. Aside from his hurried nature, he was largely known for his combativeness. Both his private life – four marriages to three women, a child from each, and several affairs – and his professional life, which involved challenging and criticizing many of his professors and coworkers, have been characterized as "tumultuous". He wrote a fairly obvious, though slightly veiled, essay in which he criticized the former chairman of the Wisconsin department, and called the senior theorist there, Howard P. Becker, a "real fool".

During a visit to the Soviet Union, Mills was honored as a major critic of American society. While there he criticized censorship in the Soviet Union through his toast to an early Soviet leader who was "purged and murdered by the Stalinist." He said, "To the day when the complete works of Leon Trotsky are published in the Soviet Union!"

Health
C. Wright Mills struggled with poor health due to his heart. After receiving his doctorate in 1942, Mills failed his Army physical exam due to having high blood pressure. Because Mills failed his physical exam, he was excused from serving in the United States military during World War II.

Death
In a biography of Mills by Irving Louis Horowitz, the author writes about Mills's acute awareness of his heart condition. He speculates that it affected the way he lived his adult life. Mills was described as someone who worked fast, yet efficiently. It is believed  that Mills worked at a fast pace because he felt that he would not live long owing to his heart's condition. Horowitz describes Mills as "a man in search of his destiny". In 1942, Mills' wife Freya characterized him as being in excellent health and having no heart issues. His cardiac issue was not identified until 1956, and he did not have a significant heart attack until December 1960, despite the fact that he afterwards had excessive blood pressure. One year, three months after becoming aware of his cardiac problem, Mills passed away in 1962  In 1962 Mills suffered his fourth and final heart attack at the age of 45 and died on March 20 in West Nyack, New York. Roughly fifteen months prior Mills doctors warned him that his next heart attack would be his last one. His service was held at Columbia University, where Hans Gerth and Daniel Bell both travelled to speak on his behalf. A service for friends and family was held at the interfaith pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation in Nyack.

Relationships to other theorists
Mills was an intense student of philosophy before he became a sociologist. His vision of radical, egalitarian democracy was a direct result of the influence of ideas from Thorstein Veblen, John Dewey, and Mead. During his time at the University of Wisconsin, Mills was deeply influenced by Hans Gerth, a sociology professor from Germany. Mills gained an insight into European learning and sociological theory from Gerth.

Mills and Gerth began their thirteen year collaboration in 1940. Almost immediately, Gerth expressed his doubts about working collaboratively with Mills. He ended up being right, as they had critical tensions in their collaboration in relation to intellectual ethics. They both recruited advocates to support their sides, and they used ethical positions as a weapon. They still worked together though, and each had their own jobs within the collaboration. Mills worked out a division of labor, edited, organized and rewrote Gerth's drafts. Gerth interpreted and translated the German material. Their first publication together was "A Marx for the Managers", which was a critique of The Managerial Revolution: What is Happening in the World by James Burnham. Mills and Gerth took most of their position from German sources. They had their disagreements, yet they grew a partnership and became fruitful collaborators who worked together for a long time to create influential viewpoints for the field of sociology.

C. Wright Mills was strongly influenced by pragmatism, specifically the works of George Herbert Mead, John Dewey, Charles Sanders Peirce, and William James. Although it is commonly recognized that Mills was influenced by Karl Marx and Thorstein Veblen, the social structure aspects of Mills's works are shaped largely by Max Weber and the writing of Karl Mannheim, who followed Weber's work closely. Max Weber's works contributed greatly to Mills's view of the world overall. Being one of Weber's students, Mills's work focuses a great deal on rationalism. Mills also acknowledged a general influence of Marxism; he noted that Marxism had become an essential tool for sociologists, and therefore all must naturally be educated on the subject; any Marxist influence was then a result of sufficient education. Neo-Freudianism also helped shape Mills's work.

Influenced by Mills

 Stanley Cohen: was a sociologist and criminologist, Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics, known for breaking academic ground on "emotional management", including the mismanagement of emotions in the form of sentimentality, overreaction, and emotional denial.
 G. William Domhoff: is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus and research professor of psychology and sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and a founding faculty member of UCSC's Cowell College.
 Tom Hayden: was an American social and political activist, author, and politician.
 Rosabeth Moss Kanter: is the Ernest L. Arbuckle professor of business at Harvard Business School; Her book Men and Women of the Corporation won the 1977 C. Wright Mills Award for the year's outstanding book on social issues.
 Arnold Kaufman: was a French engineer, professor of Applied Mechanics and Operations Research at the Mines ParisTech in Paris, at the Grenoble Institute of Technology and the Université catholique de Louvain, and scientific advisor at Bull Group .
 Ralph Miliband: was a British sociologist and has been described as "one of the best known academic Marxists of his generation",
 Teodor Shanin: was a British sociologist who was for many years Professor of Sociology at the University of Manchester.
 William Appleman Williams: was one of the 20th century's most prominent revisionist historians of American diplomacy.
 Jock Young: was a British sociologist and an influential criminologis.t Jock holds the titles of Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at The Graduate Center in New York City and Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent in the United Kingdom.

Outlook
"I do not believe that social science will 'save the world', although I see nothing at all wrong with 'trying to save the world' ... If there are any ways out of the crises of our period by means of intellect, is it not up to the social scientist to state them? ... It is on the level of human awareness that virtually all solutions to great problems must now lie" – Mills 1959:193There has long been debate over Mills's intellectual outlook. Mills is often seen as a "closet Marxist" because of his emphasis on social classes and their roles in historical progress, as well as his attempt to keep Marxist traditions alive in social theory. Just as often, however, others argue Mills more closely identified with the work of Max Weber, whom many sociologists interpret as an exemplar of sophisticated (and intellectually adequate) anti-Marxism and modern liberalism. However, Mills clearly gives precedence to social structure described by the political, economic and military institutions, and not culture, which is presented in its massified form as a means to the ends sought by the power elite. Therefore placing him firmly in the Marxist and not Weberian camp, so much so that in his collection of classical essays, Weber's Protestant Ethic is not included. Although Mills embraced Weber's idea of bureaucracy as internalized social control, as was the historicity of his method, he was far from liberalism (being its critic). Mills was a radical who was culturally forced to distance himself from Marx while being "near" him.

While Mills never embraced the "Marxist" label, he told his closest associates that he felt much closer to what he saw as the best currents of a flexible humanist Marxism than to alternatives. He considered himself a "plain Marxist", working in the spirit of young Marx as he claims in his collected essays: "Power, Politics and People" (Oxford University Press, 1963). In a November 1956 letter to his friends Bette and Harvey Swados, Mills declared "[i]n the meantime, let's not forget that there's more [that's] still useful in even the Sweezy kind of Marxism than in all the routineers of J. S. Mill put together."

There is an important quotation from Letters to Tovarich (an autobiographical essay) dated Fall 1957 titled "On Who I Might Be and How I Got That Way":

These two quotations are the ones chosen by Kathryn Mills for the better acknowledgement of his nuanced thinking.

It appears that Mills understood his position as being much closer to Marx than to Weber but influenced by both, as Stanley Aronowitz argued in "A Mills Revival?".

Mills argues that micro and macro levels of analysis can be linked together by the sociological imagination, which enables its possessor to understand the large historical sense in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals. Individuals can only understand their own experiences fully if they locate themselves within their period of history. The key factor is the combination of private problems with public issues: the combination of troubles that occur within the individual's immediate milieu and relations with other people with matters that have to do with institutions of an historical society as a whole.

Mills shares with Marxist sociology and other "conflict theorists" the view that American society is sharply divided and systematically shaped by the relationship between the powerful and powerless. He also shares their concerns for alienation, the effects of social structure on the personality, and the manipulation of people by elites and the mass media. Mills combined such conventional Marxian concerns with careful attention to the dynamics of personal meaning and small-group motivations, topics for which Weberian scholars are more noted.

Mills had a very combative outlook regarding and towards many parts of his life, the people in it, and his works. In that way, he was a self-proclaimed outsider: "I am an outlander, not only regionally, but deep down and for good."

Above all, Mills understood sociology, when properly approached, as an inherently political endeavor and a servant of the democratic process. In The Sociological Imagination, Mills wrote:

Contemporary American scholar Cornel West argued in his text American Evasion of Philosophy that Mills follows the tradition of pragmatism. Mills shared Dewey's goal of a "creative democracy" and emphasis on the importance of political practice but criticized Dewey for his inattention to the rigidity of power structure in the US. Mills's dissertation was titled Sociology and Pragmatism: The Higher Learning in America, and West categorized him along with pragmatists in his time Sidney Hook and Reinhold Niebuhr as thinkers during pragmatism's "mid-century crisis."

Mills's critique of sociology at the time
Since he was a sociologist himself, some may be surprised to learn that Mills was quite critical of the sociological approach during his time. In fact, scholars saw The Sociological Imagination as "Mills' final break with academic sociology." In this work, Mills was critical of specific people, such as Parsons and Paul Lazarsfeld, a member of his department at Columbia. While Mills did have frustrations with Parsons's theories and the Columbia department, his arguments in The Sociological Imagination are based in more than retaliatory remarks. While The Sociological Imagination was and is still sometimes read as "an attack on empirical research" when it is really "a critique of a certain research style." Mills was worried about sociology falling into the traps of normative thinking and ceasing to be a critic of social life. Throughout his academic career, Mills fought with mainstream sociology about different conflicting sociological styles. Mills was primarily worried about social sciences being susceptible to the "power and prestige of normative culture" and veering away from its original objective. It is difficult to say whether or not sociology moved in the direction that Mills feared. However, scholars do know that until his death, Mills fought to maintain what he thought was the integrity of sociology.

Published work

From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (1946) was edited and translated in collaboration with Gerth. Mills and Gerth had begun collaborating in 1940, selected a few of Weber's original German text, and translated them into English. The preface of the book begins by explaining the disputable difference of meaning that English words give to German writing. The authors attempt to explain their devotion to being as accurate as possible in translating Weber's writing.

The New Men of Power: America's Labor Leaders (1948) studies the "Labor Metaphysic" and the dynamic of labor leaders cooperating with business officials. The book concludes that the labor movement had effectively renounced its traditional oppositional role and become reconciled to life within a capitalist system.

The Puerto Rican Journey (1950), published in New York, was written in collaboration with Clarence Senior and Rose Kohn Goldsen. Clarence Senior was a Socialist Political activist who specialized in Puerto Rican affairs. Rose Kohn Goldsen was a sociology professor at Cornell University who studied the social effects of television and popular culture. The book documents a methodological study and does not address a theoretical sociological framework.

White Collar: The American Middle Classes (1951) offers a rich historical account of the middle classes in the United States and contends that bureaucracies have overwhelmed middle-class workers, robbing them of all independent thought and turning them into near-automatons, oppressed but cheerful. Mills states there are three types of power within the workplace: coercion or physical force; authority; and manipulation. Through this piece, the thoughts of Mills and Weber seem to coincide in their belief that Western Society is trapped within the iron cage of bureaucratic rationality, which would lead society to focus more on rationality and less on reason. Mills's fear was that the middle class was becoming "politically emasculated and culturally stultified," which would allow a shift in power from the middle class to the strong social elite. Middle-class workers receive an adequate salary but have become alienated from the world because of their inability to affect or change it. Frank W. Elwell describes this work as "an elaboration and update on Weber's bureaucratization process, detailing the effects of the increasing division of labor on the tone and character of American social life."

Character and Social Structure (1953) was co-authored with Gerth. This was considered his most theoretically sophisticated work. Mills later came into conflict with Gerth, though Gerth positively referred to him as, "an excellent operator, a whippersnapper, promising young man on the make, and Texas cowboy à la ride and shoot." Generally speaking, Character and Social Structure combines the social behaviorism and personality structure of pragmatism with the social structure of Weberian sociology. It is centered on roles, how they are interpersonal, and how they are related to institutions.

The Power Elite (1956) describes the relationships among the political, military, and economic elites, noting that they share a common world view; that power rests in the centralization of authority within the elites of American society. The centralization of authority is made up of the following components: a "military metaphysic", in other words a military definition of reality; "class identity", recognizing themselves as separate from and superior to the rest of society; "interchangeability" (they move within and between the three institutional structures and hold interlocking positions of power therein); cooperation/socialization, in other words, socialization of prospective new members is done based on how well they "clone" themselves socially after already established elites. Mills's view on the power elite is that they represent their own interest, which include maintaining a "permanent war economy" to control the ebbs and flow of American Capitalism and the masking of "a manipulative social and political order through the mass media." Additionally, this work can be described as "an exploration of rational-legal bureaucratic authority and its effects on the wielders and subjects of this power." President Dwight D. Eisenhower referenced Mills and this book in his farewell address of 1961. He warned about the dangers of a "military-industrial complex" as he had slowed the push for increased military defense in his time as president for two terms. This idea of a "military-industrial complex" is a reference to Mills' writing in The Power Elite, showing what influence this book had on certain powerful figures.

The Causes of World War Three (1958) and Listen, Yankee (1960) were important works that followed. In both, Mills attempts to create a moral voice for society and make the power elite responsible to the "public".  Although Listen, Yankee was considered highly controversial, it was an exploration of the Cuban Revolution written from the viewpoint of a Cuban revolutionary and was a very innovative style of writing for that period in American history. In his paper on Mills's work, Elwell describes The Causes of World War Three as a jermiad on Weber's ideas. More specifically on his view of "crackpot realism" (" the disjunction between institutional rationality and human reason").

The Sociological Imagination (1959), which is considered Mills's most influential book, describes a mindset for studying sociology, the sociological imagination, that stresses being able to connect individual experiences and societal relationships. The three components that form the sociological imagination are history, biography, and social structure. Mills asserts that a critical task for social scientists is to "translate personal troubles into public issues". The distinction between troubles and issues is that troubles relate to how a single person feels about something while issues refer to how a society affects groups of people. For instance, a man who cannot find employment is experiencing a trouble, while a city with a massive unemployment rate makes it not just a personal trouble but a public issue. This book helped the "penetration of a field by a new generation of social scientists dedicated to problems of social change rather than system maintenance". Mills bridged the gap between truth and purpose in sociology. Another important part of this book is the interpersonal relations Mills talks about, specifically marriage and divorce. Mills rejects all external class attempts at change because he sees them as a contradiction to the sociological imagination. Mills had a lot of sociologists talk about his book, and the feedback was varied. Mills' writing can be seen as a critique of some of his colleagues, which resulted in the book generating a large debate. His critique of the sociological profession is one that was monumental in the field of sociology and that got lots of attention as his most famous work. One can interpret Mills's claim in The Sociological Imagination as the difficulty humans have in balancing biography and history, personal challenges and societal issues. Sociologists, then, rightly connect their autobiographical, personal challenges to social institutions. Social scientists should then connect those institutions to social structures and locate them within a historical narrative.

The version of Images of Man: The Classic Tradition in Sociological Thinking (1960) worked on by C. Wright Mills is simply an edited copy with the addition of an introduction written himself. Through this work, Mills explains that he believes the use of models is the characteristic of classical sociologists, and that these models are the reason classical sociologists maintain relevance.

The Marxists (1962) takes Mills's explanation of sociological models from Images of Man and uses it to criticize modern liberalism and Marxism. He believes that the liberalist model does not work and cannot create an overarching view of society, but rather it is more of an ideology for the entrepreneurial middle class. Marxism, however, may be incorrect in its overall view, but it has a working model for societal structure, the mechanics of the history of society, and the roles of individuals. One of Mills's problems with the Marxist model is that it uses units that are small and autonomous, which he finds too simple to explain capitalism. Mills then provides discussion on Marx as a determinist.

Legacy

According to Stephen Scanlan and Liz Grauerholz, writing in 2009, Mills's thinking on the intersection of biography and history continued to influence scholars and their work, and also impacted the way they interacted with and taught their students. The "International Sociological Association recognized The Sociological Imagination as second on its list of the 'Books of the Century'".

At his memorial service, Hans Gerth (Mills's coauthor and coeditor) referred to Mills as his "alter ego", despite the many disagreements they had. Interestingly, many of Mills's close friends "reminisced about their earlier friendship and later estrangement when Mills mocked them for supporting the status quo and their conservative universities." In addition to the impact Mills left on those in his life, his legacy can also be seen through the prominence of his work after his passing. William Form describes a 2005 survey of the eleven best selling texts and in these Mills was referenced 69 times, far more than any other prominent author. Frank W. Elwell, in his paper "The Sociology of C. Wright Mills" further explains the legacy Mills left as he "writes about issues and problems that matter to people, not just to other sociologists, and he writes about them in a way to further our understanding." His work is not just useful to students of sociology, but the general population as well. Mills tackled relevant topics such as the growth of white collar jobs, the role of bureaucratic power, as well as the Cold War and the spread of communism.

In 1964, the Society for the Study of Social Problems established the C. Wright Mills Award for the book that "best exemplifies outstanding social science research and a great mutual understanding of the individual and society in the tradition of the distinguished sociologist, C. Wright Mills."

Notes

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

 Miliband, Ralph. "C. Wright Mills," New Left Review, whole no. 15 (May–June 1962), pp. 15–20.

External links

Daniel Geary (2009). Radical Ambition. C. Wright Mills, the Left, and American Social Thought. University of California Press. Chapter 6 Wayback Machine

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كاسلفينيا  ، (اليابانية: ドラキュラ) تنطق بـأكوماجو دوراكيورا (Akumajō Dorakyura). وهي من إنتاج شركة كونامي للألعاب الإلكترونية، بدأت إصدار اللعبة للمرة الأولى عبر كمبيوتر صخر بالنسخة اليابانية سنة 1986م بنظام MSX2 ، ومن ثم ظهرت اللعبة بنظام نينتيندو واستمرت إصدارات هذه اللعبة إلى يومنا هذا.

موجز
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سلاسل ألعاب فيديو ظهرت في سنة 1986
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كاسلفينيا


Paullinia capreolata est une espèce de liane ligneuse néotropicale de la famille des Sapindaceae, (proche du guarana).

Cette espèce est connue sous les noms de Feifi finga (Nenge tongo), Fevi-fincar (Saramaka) en Guyane, Kutupurang au Guyana, Bejuco marrón, Manjar au Venezuela.

Description
Paullinia capreolata est un complexe d'espèces largement répandu et hautement polymorphe.

Paullinia capreolata est une liane ligneuse longue de , et atteignent jusqu'à  de diamètre à la base.
Les tiges sont cylindriques, striées, lenticellées, tomenteuses-ferrugineuses lorsqu'elles sont jeunes puis devenant glabres, produisant un abondant latex laiteux.
Les tiges florifères, fructifères et les plus anciennes sont cylindriques ou subcylindriques, jamais profondément sillonnées
La section transversale révèle un unique cylindre vasculaire central.

Les stipules sont précocement caduques.
Les feuilles sont pennées à 5 folioles, avec le pétiole long de  et le rachis long de , cylindriques, non ailés, pubérulents.
Les pétiolules sont longs de , pubérulents.
Les folioles mesurent , sont chartacées ou subcoriaces, glabres et luisantes sur les 2 faces (la face abaxiale est parfois légèrement apprimée-pubescente ou barbue à l'aisselle des nervures), et à l'apex obtus acuminé ou caudé.
Les folioles latérales sont de forme ovale, elliptique à obovale, à base obtuse, arrondie à aiguë.
La foliole terminale est de forme aiguë ou atténuée, elliptiques ou elliptiques-lancéolées.
Les marges sont subentières ou à dents glanduleuses éparses sur le tiers supérieur du limbe.
Les nervures primaire et secondaires sont saillantes sur la face abaxiale, et les nervures tertiaires forment des barreaux jaunâtres.
On note la présence de domaties à l'aisselle des nervures secondaires.

L'inflorescence est un thyrse, racémiforme, solitaire ou paniculé, axillaire ou terminale, à axes brièvement pubérulents ou tomenteux ou glabres.
Les cymes hélicoïdes portent un stipe long de .
Les bractées et bractéoles sont triangulaires, longues de ).

Le calice tomentuleux se compose de (3)4(5) sépales connés, concaves, de forme arrondie, longs d'environ  de long pour ceux externes, de forme oblongue, arrondie à l'apex, longs d'environ  de long pour ceux internes (le sépale antérieur échancré à l'apex).
Les pétales sont blancs, de forme obovale, longs d'environ , crénelés vers l'apex, légèrement papillé sur la face adaxiale.
On note la présence d'appendices en forme de capuchon sur 2/3 de la longueur des pétales, avec une crête charnue, jaune, bifide, et des marges apprimées-pubescentes.
Le disque comporte 2 lobes glabres, et oblongs.
Les filets sont légèrement aplatis, densément couverts de longs poils roussâtres.

Le fruit est une capsule ligneuse-crustacée, de forme déprimée-globuleuse ou globuleuse-trigone, non ailée, de couleur jaune à orange, portant un stipe court, à surface glabre à finement pubescent, mesurant , devenant ridée au séchage, et contenant une graine unique.
Le péricarpe est épais de .
L'endocarpe est densément laineux-pubescent.
La graine entourée d'un arille (ou non), est de forme aplatie à globuleuse déprimée, de couleur brune ou brun foncé, terne, non sarcotestale, large de .

Paullinia capreolata est morphologiquement très proche de P. clathrata et de P. curvicuspis, mais s'en distingue par la présence de domaties.

Répartition
Paullinia capreolata est connu du Costa Rica, au Brésil, en passant par la Colombie, le Venezuela, le Guyana, le Suriname, la Guyane, l'Équateur, le Pérou, et la Bolivie.

Cette aire de répartition serait restreinte à la Guyane, au Pérou et au Brésil amazonien d'après certaines sources.

Écologie
Paullinia capreolata est une liane poussant dans les forêts humides des terres basses.
Au Venezuela, on la trouve dans les forêts humides et ripicoles, les forêts galeries et la végétation secondaire, autour de  d'altitude.

Paullinia capreolata fleurirait en novembre et fructifierait de février à avril.

Paullinia capreolata contient un composé cyanogènes (glycoside cyanogène : cardiospermine) dans ses feuilles, ses graines.

Les graines de Paullinia capreolata meurent en cas de dessiccation.

Les singes Atèle Ateles paniscus consomme les fruits mûrs de Paullinia capreolata en Guyane.

Dans la  (Amazonas), les fruits de Paullinia capreolata sont consommés par les singes-écureuils Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis (LESSON, 1840) dans les várzea en périodes de crue, ainsi que Saimiri macrodon (Elliot, 1907).

Le daguet rouge Mazama americana consomme régulièrement le péricarpe et les graines de Paullinia capreolata en Guyane.

Les fleurs de Paullinia capreolata sont pollinisées dans la région de Manaus (Amazonas par 3 espèces d'abeilles.

Utilisations
Le fruit de Paullinia capreolata est réputé comestible, mais cette information reste à vérifier au vu des composés cyanogènes contenus dans la plante.

Protologue

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Références taxinomiques

Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Sapindaceae
Plante décrite par Aublet

Paullinia capreolata


The End of All Things to Come drugi je studijski album američkog heavy metal sastava Mudvayne. Diskografska kuća Epic Records objavila ga je 19. studenoga 2002. Album je proširio zvuk prvog albuma sastava, L.D. 50, s raznovrsnijim rasponom zvukova, dinamike, raspoloženja i pjevanja.

Sastav je napisao pjesme za album u manje od mjesec dana, crpeći inspiraciju iz svoje samonametnute izolacije tijekom procesa pisanja pjesama, i stvorio zreliji zvuk koji je crpio iz utjecaja jazza i progresivnog rocka, kao i elemenata death metala i thrash metala. Snažna prodaja albuma dovela je do toga da je 2003. dobio Zlatni certifikat RIAA

Pozadina

Album je snimljen u studiju Pachyderm u Minnesoti 2002. s producentom Davidom Bottrilom, koji je prethodno producirao albume za grupe kao što su Tool i Silverchair. Sastav je, za razliku od snimanja prethodnog albuma L.D. 50, imao vrlo malo vremena za izradu albuma. Bubnjar, Matthew McDonough, rekao je: "Imali smo svo vrijeme ovog svijeta da napišemo naš prvi album, ali za drugi smo imali oko mjesec dana. Zadivljen sam kako smo brzo došli do materijala."

Pjevač Chad Gray je rekao: "Stvaranje The End of All Things to Come bilo je vježba upravljanja rokovima sastava. Budući da smo bili na putu tako dugo i nismo htjeli čekati dulje od dvije godine između albuma, nismo imali puno vremena za stvaranje ovag izdanja. Pisali smo i vježbali četiri mjeseca, a zatim smo još četiri mjeseca potrošili na snimanje i mastering cijelog albuma. Pritisak nas je natjerao da se fokusiramo umjesto da odustanemo." Stvaranjem naslovnice albuma, Mudvayne se nadao stvoriti svoj "crni album".

Glazbeni stil

MTV je rekao da The End of All Things to Come proizlazi iz utjecaja nekoliko stilova, uključujući death metal, progresivni rock, jazz metal i klasični rock pun harmonije. AllMusic opisao je zvuk na albumu kao "standardni heavy metal thrash" sličan zvuku Metallice. MTV je usporedio stil albuma sa sastavima kao što su King's X, Pantera i Tool, govoreći o glazbi kao o "metalu s više tekstura nabijenom prog-rock pomacima"

Tijekom procesa pisanja pjesama za album, sastav se namjerno izolirao radi inspiracije. Album je proširio zvuk L.D. 50 sa širim rasponom riffova, tempa, raspoloženja i pjevanja.  Matthew McDonough opisao je pjesme na albumu kao "još čudnije" od onih na L.D. 50, a također vjeruje da je album zreliji.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije

The End of All Things to Come 2003. dobio je Zlatni certifikat RIAA

Pozitivne recenzije stigle su od Entertainment Weeklyja, koji ga je smatrao "ugodnijim za korištenje" od L.D. 50, Launch.com, koji rekao je da "Dok sastav napada stvari velikom brzinom, a pjevač Chud para svoj grkljan u pravilnim intervalima, uvijek težak prateći album sadrži stvarne melodije i zrele teksture koje čine krajnju transformaciju sastava u progresivni rock sastav gotovo neizbježnim"  i MTV-a, koji je opisao album kao "mješavinu Pantere, Voivoda i Toola koja izaziva ožiljke, s mrvicu King's X".

Daily News Journal također je albumu dao pozitivnu recenziju, pišući: "The End of All Things to Come bilježi Mudvaynea u trenutku kada je sastav pronašao svoj glas i samopouzdano korača."

Mješovita recenzija stigla je iz stranice AllMusic, koja je pisala: "Glazbenici još uvijek izbacuju standardni heavy metal thrash à la Metallica kako bi podržali Chüdove nihilističke izjave, obično pjevane u bijesnom urliku," od Blendera, koji je napisao, "Kraj je prilično običan - strogi, ratoborni riffovi i vokali koji zvuče kao da pjevač Chud grglja rastopljenu lavu,"  i Rolling Stone, koji je napisao: "Uživajte u izvanzemaljskoj preobrazbi sastava; mnogo je zabavnije od glazbe."  Negativna recenzija pojavila se u Spinu, u kojoj je jednostavno stajalo: "Ne."

Osoblje

Mudvayne
Chüd – vokal
Güüg – gitara, vokal
Spüg – bubnjevi
Rü-D – bas-gitara

Ostalo osoblje
David Bottrill – produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miks, snimanje
Brent Sigmeth – inženjer zvuka (asistent)
Aimee Macauley – umjetnički smjer
Nitin Vadukul – fotografije

Izvori

Albumi sastava Mudvayne
Albumi iz 2002.

The End of All Things to Come


Long underwear, also called long johns or thermal underwear, is a style of two-piece underwear with long legs and long sleeves that is normally worn during cold weather.  It is commonly worn by people under their clothes in cold countries.

In the United States, it is usually made from a cotton or cotton-polyester-blend fabric with a waffle weave texture, although some varieties are also made from flannel, particularly the union suit, while many newer varieties are made from polyester, such as the Capilene trade name.

European manufacturers use wool blends or even 100% wool, usually Merino or other high-quality wool. Some models might include a thin layer of polyester to transport moisture away from the skin. Wool, in addition to being fire retardant, provides highly effective insulation and will keep its insulating properties even when wet, as opposed to cotton.

The type known as "thermal underwear" is made from two-ply fabric of either a wool layer and an artificial fibre, only wool or – again mostly in the U.S. – two layers of only artificial fibres, which uses trapped body heat to insulate against cold air.

Etymology of long johns
The manufacturing foundations of long johns may lie in Derbyshire, England, at John Smedley's Lea Mills, located in Matlock. The company has a 225-year heritage and is said to have created the garment, reputedly named after the late-19th-century heavyweight boxer John L. Sullivan; the company still produces long johns.

In 2004, Michael Quinion, a British etymologist and writer, postulated that the john in the item of apparel may be a reference to Sullivan, who wore a similar-looking garment in the ring. This explanation, however, is uncertain and the term's origin is ultimately unknown.

It has also been posed that the term is an approximation of the French , which translates to 'long legs.'

History of long johns
Long johns were first introduced into England in the 17th century, but they did not become popular as sleepwear until the 18th century. They were first used as loungewear but then later became popular in Truro, Nova Scotia. In 1898, Myles and his brother John had developed a product called Stanfield's Unshrinkable Underwear for their garment manufacturing company.

Long johns first appeared in North America when Frank Stanfield, a Canadian, applied for the first patent for the long johns design. He and his brother started with non-shrinking cotton underwear and formally applied for a patent for long johns on December 7, 1915, becoming the pioneer of long johns.

From 1914 to mid-1918, the item of underwear most purchased by various military forces was a garment known as a union suit; it is a one-piece form of underwear covering body and legs and was the prototype of the Chinese  (), the top part, and  (), the bottom part.

After 1918, countries returned to producing more and more daily usages. The Industrial Revolution progressed in accordance with the concept of the assembly line and division of labor. Manual laborers who were physically active were divided into laborers who performed more upper-body activity and laborers with more lower-body activity. It then became more and more obvious that  and  as separate parts was better than a one-piece garment.

In 1940, the United States did not have today's indoor heating solutions; many people used stoves to heat rooms in winter. At that time, one not only had to wear long underwear or the union suit but also a nightcap when going to bed, and the frequency of bathing was far less than the current time.

During the US-Soviet Kitchen Debate in 1959, Khrushchev questioned the technological level of Nixon's "typical American housing" – judging from the historical reference to long pants, the appliances displayed in the United States may have been more advanced.

Long underwear in other countries

China
In China, people use separate words to refer to the two parts of long underwear, and the terms vary across the country. In the northern part, people refer to the top as  and the bottom as . People living south of the Yellow River and north of the Yangtze River refer to the top as  and the bottom as . People living south of the Yangtze River call the top  and the bottom .

In the early 2010s, a myth spread through Chinese social media that long underwear was part of the Soviet Union's conspiracy to prevent Chinese military powers from invading Soviet soil in the far east. The myth suggested that the Soviet Union believes that long underwear reduces Chinese soldiers' adaptability in cold climates based on the since-debunked theory of Lysenkoism popular in the mid-20th century.

References

External links

17th-century fashion
18th-century fashion
19th-century fashion
Undergarments
Winter clothes

Long underwear


موكب أو إستعراض أو مسيرة، هو موكب من الناس يسيرون استعراضياً امام جمهور للتعبير عن شيء ما، عادة يحدث في شارع، أو بزي خاص، أو في ملعب.

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Caraskal, diferansiyel palanga da denilen en büyük özelliği kaldırılan yükün istenilen konumda bir kuvvet olmaksızın durabilmesi ve yükü kaldırmak için gereken kuvvetin az olması olan, kusuru ise yükün kaldırılma süresinin uzaması yani yoldan kayıptır.

Eş merkezli ve birlikte dönen iki sabit ve bir de hareketli serbest makaradan meydana gelir. Bakımlarının kolay ve boyutlarının küçük olması dolayısıyla küçük atölye ve işletmelerde yaygın olarak kullanılırlar.

Kaldırma makineleri

Ceraskal


Sophie Menter (29 iulie 1846 — 23 februarie 1918) a fost o pianistă și compozitoare germană care a devenit eleva favorită a lui Franz Liszt. Ea a fost numită l'incarnation de Liszt în Paris, pentru stilul ei interpretativ electrizant și robust, și a fost considerată una dintre cele mai mari pianiste virtuoaze ale timpului ei. A murit la Stockdorf, în apropiere de München.

Biografie
Sophie Menter s-a născut la München, ca fiică a violoncelistului Josef Menter și a cântăreței Wilhelmine Menter (născută Diepold). A studiat pianul cu Siegmund Lebert și mai târziu cu Friedrich Niest. La 15 ani, ea a interpretat Konzertstück pentru pian și orchestră al lui Carl Maria von Weber, sub bagheta dirijorului Franz Lachner.

Primul ei concert a făcut-o să ajungă la Stuttgart, Frankfurt și în Elveția, iar în 1867 a devenit apreciată prin interpretarea muzicii pentru pian compuse de Liszt la Gewandhaus din Leipzig. În Berlin, Menter a făcut cunoștință cu celebrul pianist Carl Tausig; ea a devenit elevă a lui Liszt în anul 1869, după ce a studiat cu Tausig și cu Hans von Bülow. Între 1872 și 1886 a fost căsătorită cu violoncelistul David Popper, cu care a avut o fiică pe nume Celeste. În 1881 a ajuns pentru prima dată în Anglia și i s-a acordat doi ani mai târziu calitatea de membru de onoare al Societății Filarmonice Regale. În 1883 a devenit profesoară de pian la Conservatorul din Sankt Petersburg, dar a abandonat această poziție în 1886, pentru a continua să țină concerte.

Datorită popularității sale, Menter a avut parte de un succes pe care nu l-a atins niciun alt pianist, interpretând Primul Concert pentru Pian al lui Liszt, în 1869, la Viena, la 12 ani după premiera dezastruoasă a operei. Unul dintre specialitățile sale în recitalurile susținute a fost o piesă intitulată Rapsodii, care era un mix a trei Rapsodii maghiare ale lui Liszt — nr. 2, 6 și 12, împreună cu fragmente din mai multe altele. De asemenea, ea a compus diferite piese pentru pian, în principal, într-un stil genial, dar a considerat că are un talent compozițional "mizerabil".

Descriere
Liszt a descris-o pe Menter ca "singura mea fiică pianistă"; el a proclamat că "nici o femeie nu o poate atinge" și, mai ales, a admirat "mâna ei cu care cântă". Criticul Walter Nieman a descris stilul ei ca fiind "un amestec de virtuozitate și eleganță; un fel de ton lisztian mare, circular și complet; temperament de foc; apăsare masculină a clapelor; plasticitate; o măiestrie distinsă, în care sufletul, spiritul și tehnica sunt topite în armonie și unire".

George Bernard Shaw, care a auzit-o pe Menter în 1890, a scris că ea "produce un efect de o măreție care-l lasă pe Paderewski mult în urmă ... Doamna Menter pare să interpreteze cu o agilitate splendidă, dar ea nu cântă mai repede decât pot să audă urechile, așa cum pot și fac mulți interpreți; și aceasta este deosebirea dintre atacarea și intenția dată fiecărei note care face interpretarea ei irezistibil de impetuoasă""

Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski a cunoscut-o bine pe Menter și i-a dedicat muzica din Concertul fantezie (deși aranjamentul pentru pian îi fusese dedicat anterior Annei Yesipova). În timp ce a stat cu ea în Austria, în septembrie 1892, el i-a compus orchestrația piesei Ungarische Zigeunerweisen (Concert în stil unguresc) pentru pian și orchestră; de asemenea, el a dirijat orchestra care a interpretat această piesă în premiera din Odesa patru luni mai târziu. Cu toate acestea, s-a susținut că Franz Liszt ar fi compus partea pentru pian sau cel puțin ar fi contribuit la ea, dar i-ar fi ascuns acest lucru lui Ceaikovski..

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Rieger, Eva, ed. Julie Anne Sadie și Rhiana Samuel, "Menter, Sophie," Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers (Londra și New-York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995). .
 Schonberg, Harold C., Cei Mai Mari Pianiști (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987, 1963). .

Legături externe
 Tchaikovsky Research article on Sophie Menter

Nașteri în 1846
Decese în 1918

Sophie Menter