Avant les Actes d'Union de 1707, les barons du Sheriffdom ou comté de Dumfries (également appelé Nithsdale) et le stewartry d'Annandale élisaient des commissaires pour les représenter au Parlement monocaméral d'Écosse et à la Convention des États. Le nombre de commissaires est passé de deux à quatre en 1690.

Après 1708, le Dumfriesshire a envoyé un membre à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne et plus tard à la Chambre des communes du Royaume-Uni.

Liste des commissaires du comté

 1628–33, 1639–41, 1643, 1644–47, 1648: Sir Robert Grierson de Lag
 1643: John Laurie de Maxwelton
During the Commonwealth d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande, le shérif de Dumfries était représenté par un Membre du Parlement au Parlement du Protectorat à Westminster.
 1654–55: James Johnstone, 2e comte de Hartfell
 1656–58: George Smith
Après la Restauration, le Parlement d'Écosse fut de nouveau convoqué pour se réunir à Édimbourg.
 1661–63: James Crichton de St Leonards
 1661–63, 1665 (convention), 1667 (convention), 1669–72, 1678 (convention): Robert Fergusson de Craigdarroch
 1665 (convention), 1667 (convention), 1669–74, 1678 (convention), 1681–82, 1685: Sir Robert Dalzell de Glenae (mort en 1685)
 1678 (convention), 1681–82, 1685–86: Sir Robert Grierson de Lagg
 1686, 1689 (convention): Sir John Dalzell de Glenae (mort en 1689)
 1690: James Johnstone de Corhead (décédé vers 1690)
 1690–1701: William Creichtone de Craufurdstone (décédé vers 1701)
 1689 (convention), 1689–99: Sir James Johnstone de Westerhall (décédé vers 1700)
 1690–1702: Sir Thomas Kirkpatrick de Closeburn
 1693–1701: Alexander Johnstone de Elsiesheills
 1700–02, 1702–07: Sir John Johnstone de Westerhall
 1702–07: William Douglass de Dornock
 1702, 1702–07: John Sharp de Hoddam
 1702–07: Alexander Fergussone de Isle

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Dumfriesshire

Dumfriesshire (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


was a district located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 7,946 and a density of 27.37 persons per km2. The total area was 290.35 km2.

Former towns and villages
 Tokuji

Merger
 On October 1, 2005 - the town of Tokuji, along with the towns of Aio, Ajisu and Ogōri (all from Yoshiki District), was merged with the old city of Yamaguchi (2nd Generation) to create the new and expanded city of Yamaguchi (3rd Generation). Both Yoshiki District and Saba District were dissolved as a result of this merger.

Former districts of Yamaguchi Prefecture

Saba District, Yamaguchi


An Eleocharis dulcis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nicolaas Laurens Nicolaus Laurent Burman, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius och August Wilhelm Eduard Theodor Henschel. An Eleocharis dulcis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis dulcis


La Copa de Alemania 1972/73 fue la 30° edición de la Copa de Alemania. En ella participaron 32 equipos, desde la primera ronda iniciada el 10 de diciembre de 1972 hasta la final disputada el 23 de junio de 1973. La final la ganó el Borussia Mönchengladbach 3 - 0 frente al 1. FC Colonia, consiguiendo así su 2° Copa de Alemania.

1° Ronda

Fase Final

Final

Campeón

Enlaces externos
 Official site of the DFB
 Kicker.de
 1972–73 results at Fussballdaten.de
 1972–73 results at Weltfussball.de

1973
Alemania en 1972
Alemania en 1973
Alemania
Alemania
Borussia Mönchengladbach

Copa de Alemania 1972-73


El rabudito crestado (Discosura popelairii) es un colibrí que se encuentra en Colombia, Ecuador y Perú.

Descripción
El macho de la vertiente oriental de los Andes del norte, es de plumas alargadas en la cola que se curva hacia afuera y cónica de una amplia base con punta delgada. El extremo es largo y cada pluma sucesiva es más corta hacia el centro. Todos son azules, con ejes blancos, con despliegues más llamativo y curioso cuando se extienden. Este pájaro tiene una cresta de plumas verdes brillantes.

Estas aves se alimentan de néctar de las flores con una lengua extensible a lo largo o atrapan insectos con el ala.

Estas aves necesitan alimentarse con frecuencia mientras esté activo durante el día y se entorpecen por la noche para ahorrar energía.

Referencias

 Züchner, T. 1999. Wire-crested Throntail (Discosura popelairii). Pp. 571 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. 1999. Handbook of the Birds of the World.. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-25-3

p

Discosura popelairii


Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex (NICAM) is an early form of lossy compression for digital audio. It was originally developed in the early 1970s for point-to-point links within broadcasting networks. In the 1980s, broadcasters began to use NICAM compression for transmissions of stereo TV sound to the public.

History

Near-instantaneous companding
The idea was first described in 1964. In this, the 'ranging' was to be applied to the analogue signal before the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) and after the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC). The application of this to broadcasting, in which the companding was to be done entirely digitally after the ADC and before the DAC, was described in a 1972 BBC Research Report.

Point-to-point links
NICAM was originally intended to provide broadcasters with six high-quality audio channels within a total bandwidth of 2048 kbit/s. This figure was chosen to match the E1 primary multiplex rate, and systems using this rate could make use of the planned PDH national and international telecommunications networks.

Several similar systems had been developed in various countries, and in about 1977/78 the BBC Research Department conducted listening tests to evaluate them. The candidates were:
 A RAI system which used A-law companding to compress 14-bit linear PCM samples into 10 bits (14:10)
 A NICAM-type system proposed by Télédiffusion de France (14:9)
 NICAM-1 (13:10)
 NICAM-2 (14:11)
 NICAM-3 (14:10)

It was found that NICAM-2 provided the best sound quality, but reduced programme-modulated noise to an unnecessarily low level at the expense of bit rate. NICAM-3, which had been proposed during the test to address this, was selected as the winner.

Audio is encoded using 14 bit pulse-code modulation at a sampling rate of 32 kHz.

Broadcasts to the public

NICAM's second role – transmission to the public – was developed in the 80s by the BBC. This variant was known as NICAM-728, after the 728 kbit/s bitstream it is sent over. It uses the same audio coding parameters as NICAM-3.

The first NICAM digital stereo programme was the First Night of the 92nd edition of the Proms which was broadcast on BBC2 from the Crystal Palace transmitting station in London on 18 July 1986, though programmes were not advertised as being broadcast in stereo on the BBC until some five years later, when the majority of the country's transmitters had been upgraded to broadcast NICAM, and a large number of BBC programmes were being made in stereo.

The BBC publicly launched their NICAM stereo service in the United Kingdom on Saturday 31 August 1991 (see 1991 in television) though other UK broadcasters ITV and Channel 4 advertised this capability some months earlier. Channel 4 began tests much earlier in February 1989 via the Crystal Palace transmitter in London.

It has been standardized as ETS EN 300 163.

Nations and regions using NICAM public broadcasts
Several European countries had implemented NICAM with the PAL and SECAM TV systems

 Belgium (analogue cable systems only; terrestrial switched to DVB-T)
 Denmark (historical, switched to DVB-T and DVB-C)
 Estonia (historical, switched to DVB-T and DVB-C)
 Finland (historical, switched to DVB-T and DVB-C)
 France (historical, switched to DVB-T)
 Greece  (ANT1, New Hellenic Television, ET3 and ET1 - historical, switched to DVB-T)
 Hungary (historical, switched to DVB-T)
 Iceland (historical, switched to DVB-T)
 Ireland (historical, switched to DVB-T. Analogue cable channels may still carry NICAM audio. However, these are digitally sourced channels re-encoded as PAL with NICAM at the headend.)

 Luxembourg (switched to DVB-T; cable?)
 Norway (historical, switched to DVB-T and DVB-C)
 Poland (Analogue cable systems only; terrestrial switched to DVB-T)
 Portugal (historical, switched to DVB-T)
 Romania (historical, switched to DVB-T2, cable?)
 Russia (historical, switched to DVB-T2; still used in some local cable TV networks)
 Spain (historical, switched to DVB-T)
 Sri Lanka
 Sweden (historical, switched to DVB-T and DVB-C)
 United Kingdom (historical, switched to DVB-T)

Some Asia-Pacific nations and regions have implemented NICAM
 Singapore (Mediacorp Channel U,Full switchover to DVB-T2 and DVB-C complete by 1 January 2019. NICAM became historical from that date.)
 China
 Hong Kong (commonly used for dual language for programming containing both Cantonese and English/Mandarin/Japanese/Korean soundtracks; full switchover to DTMB with Dolby AC-3 audio encoding complete by 1 December 2020, NICAM became historical from that date)
 Macau
 Guangzhou
 Beijing (BTV)
 South Africa (SABC 1, SABC 2, e.tv)
 Malaysia
 Formerly used by TV1, TV2, ntv7, 8TV, and TV9 around Klang Valley. TV3 also used NICAM on their VHF transmission frequency (Channel 12) in the Klang Valley, but used Zweikanalton on their UHF transmission frequency (Channel 29). Analog shutdown complete by 1 January 2019, thus NICAM and Zweikanalton broadcast became historical from that date.
 New Zealand (Full switchover to DVB-T complete by 1 December 2013. NICAM became historical from that date.)
 Indonesia
 Television stations in Indonesia use NICAM Stereo for analogue television. Full switchover to DVB-T2 is expected to complete by 2020s by which all analogue broadcasting have ceased.
Thailand
 Used on Channel 3 and Channel 9 MCOT HD (Except Thai PBS usually broadcast in stereo  but analogue broadcast has been cease on 16 June 2018; Switched to terrestrial DVB-T2)
Some other countries use Zweikanalton analogue stereo instead. Analogue stereo conversion thus begins.

Implementations

No consumer grade equipment capable of NICAM modulation is presently known. Below is a non-exhaustive list of broadcast grade equipment capable of NICAM coding and or modulation:

 Philips PM5685/PM5686/PM5686A
 Philips PM5687
 Eiden 198A
 Pye/Varian/BBC Sound-in-Syncs solution
 IBA/RE Communications  Sound-in-Syncs solution
 Tektronix 728E
 Rohde & Schwarz SBUF-E NICAM Module
 Barco NE-728

Operation
In order to provide mono "compatibility", the NICAM signal is transmitted on a subcarrier alongside the sound carrier. This means that the FM or AM regular mono sound carrier is left alone for reception by monaural receivers.

A NICAM-based stereo-TV infrastructure can transmit a stereo TV programme as well as the mono "compatibility" sound at the same time, or can transmit two or three entirely different sound streams. This latter mode could be used to transmit audio in different languages, in a similar manner to that used for in-flight movies on international flights. In this mode, the user can select which soundtrack to listen to when watching the content by operating a "sound-select" control on the receiver.

This is the spectrum of NICAM on the PAL system. On the SECAM L system, the NICAM sound carrier is at 5.85 MHz, before the AM sound carrier, and the video bandwidth is reduced from 6.5 MHz to 5.5 MHz.

NICAM currently offers the following possibilities. The mode is automatically selected by the inclusion of a 3-bit type field in the data stream.
 One digital stereo sound channel.
 Two completely different digital mono sound channels.
 One digital mono sound channel and a 352 kbit/s data channel.
 One 704 kbit/s data channel.

The four other options could be implemented at a later date. Only the first two of the ones listed are known to be in general use however.

NICAM packet transmission

The NICAM packet (except for the header) is scrambled with a nine-bit pseudo-random bit-generator before transmission.
 The topology of this pseudo-random generator yields a bitstream with a repetition period of 511 bits.
 The pseudo-random generator's polynomial is:
 The pseudo-random generator is initialized with:

Making the NICAM bitstream look more like white noise is important because this reduces signal patterning on adjacent TV channels.
 The NICAM header is not subject to scrambling. This is necessary so as to aid in locking on to the NICAM data stream and resynchronisation of the data stream at the receiver.
 At the start of each NICAM packet the pseudo-random bit generator's shift register is reset to all ones.

NICAM transmission problems

There are some latent issues involved with the processing of NICAM audio in the transmission chain.
 NICAM (unlike the Compact Disc standard) samples 14-bit audio at 32 kHz.
 The upper frequency limit of a NICAM sound channel is 15 kHz due to anti-aliasing filters at the encoder.
 The original 14-bit PCM audio samples are companded digitally to 10 bits for transmission.
 NICAM audio samples are divided into blocks of 32. If all the samples in a block are quiet, such that the most significant bits are all zeros, these bits can be discarded at no loss.
 On louder samples some of the least significant bits are truncated, with the hope that they will be inaudible.
 A 3-bit control signal for each block records which bits were discarded.
 Digital companding (using a CCITT J.17 pre-emphasis curve) ensures that the encoding and decoding algorithms can track perfectly.

NICAM carrier power
ITU (and CCITT) standards specify that the power level of the NICAM signal should be at -20 dB with respect to the power of the vision carrier.
 The level of the FM mono sound carrier must be at least -13 dB.
 Measuring the modulation level of the NICAM signal is difficult because the QPSK NICAM carrier waveform (unlike AM or FM modulated carrier waveforms) is not emitted at a discrete frequency.

When measured with spectrum analyser the actual level of the carrier
(L) can be calculated using the following formula:

L(NICAM) = L(Measured) + 10 log (R/BWAnalyser) + K

 L(NICAM) = actual level of the NICAM carrier [dBμV]
 L(Measured) = measured level of the NICAM carrier [dBμV]
 R = -3 dB bandwidth of the signal [kHz]
 BWAnalyser = bandwidth of the spectrum analyser [kHz]
 K = logarithmic form factor of the spectrum analyser ~2 dB

note: if BWAnalyser is greater than R, the formula becomes L(NICAM) = L(Measured) + K

Differing features
NICAM sampling is not standard PCM sampling, as commonly employed with the Compact Disc or at the codec level in MP3, AAC or Ogg audio devices. NICAM sampling more closely resembles Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation, or A-law companding with an extended, rapidly modifiable dynamic range.

Two's complement signing
The two's complement method of signing the samples is used, so that:
 01111111111111 represents positive full-scale
 10000000000000 represents negative full-scale

±0 V has three binary representations
 00000000000001 represents 0 V, with no +/- distinction. This may have originated as a method to reduce the emergence of DC patterns from transmission of silent material.
 00000000000000 represents 0 V, with no +/- distinction
 11111111111111 represents 0 V, with no +/- distinction

Parity checking limited to only 6 of 10 bits
In order to strengthen parity protection for the sound samples, the parity bit is calculated on only the top six bits of each NICAM sample. Early BBC NICAM research showed that uncorrected errors in the least significant four bits were preferable to the reduced overall protection offered by parity-protecting all ten bits.

Recording

VCR

VHS and Betamax home videocassette recorders (VCRs) initially only recorded the audio tracks by means of a fixed linear recording head, which was inadequate for recording NICAM audio; this significantly limited their sound quality. Many VCRs later included high quality stereo audio recording as an additional feature, in which the incoming high quality stereo audio source (typically FM radio or NICAM TV) was frequency modulated and then recorded, in addition to the usual audio and video VCR tracks, using the same high-bandwidth helical scanning technique used for the video signal. Full-size VCRs already made full use of the tape, so the high quality audio signal was recorded diagonally under the video signal, using additional helical scan heads and depth multiplexing. The mono audio track (and on some machines, a non-NICAM, non-Hi-Fi stereo track) was also recorded on the linear track, as before, to ensure backwards-compatibility of recordings made on Hi-Fi machines when played on non-Hi-Fi VCRs.

Such devices were often described as "HiFi audio", "Audio FM" / "AFM" (FM standing for "Frequency Modulation") and sometimes informally as "Nicam" VCRs (due to their use in recording the Nicam broadcast audio signal). They remained compatible with non-HiFi VCR players since the standard audio track was also recorded, and were at times used as an alternative to audio cassette tapes due to their superior frequency range and flat frequency response.

DVD
While recording in video mode (compatible with DVD-Video), most DVD recorders can only record one of the three channels (Digital I, Digital II, Analogue mono) allowed by the standard. Newer standard such as DVD-VR allows recording all the digital channels (in both stereo and bilingual mode), whereas the mono channel will be lost.

Flash memory and computer multimedia
Codecs for digital media on computers will often convert NICAM to another digital audio format to save drive space.

See also
Multichannel Television Sound
Sound-in-Syncs
VIMCAS
Zweikanalton A2

References

Further reading
 Osborne, D.W. and Croll, M.G. (1973), Digital sound signals: Bit-rate reduction using an experimental digital compandor. BBC Research Department Report 1973/41.
 Croll, M.G., Osborne, D.W. and Reid, D.F. (1973),  Digital sound signals: Multiplexing six high-quality sound channels for transmission at a bit-rate of 2.048 Mbit/s. BBC Research Department Report 1973/42.
 Reid, D.F. and Croll, M.G. (1974), Digital sound signals: The effect of transmission errors in a near-instantaneous digitally companded system. BBC Research Department Report 1974/24.
 Reid, D.F. and Gilchrist, N.H.C. (1977), Experimental 704 kbit/s multiplex equipment for two 15 kHz sound channels. BBC Research Department Report 1977/38.
 Kalloway, M.J. (1978), An experimental 4-phase d.p.s.k. stereo sound system: the effect of multipath propagation. BBC Research Department Report 1978/15.

External links
Related websites or technical explanations
 A technical description of NICAM
 The BBC's information page on NICAM
 Overview of Television Broadcasting Systems
 MATLAB NICAM function

Audio codecs
BBC Research & Development
Broadcast engineering
Sound
Television technology
Television transmission standards
British inventions
1978 introductions
1986 introductions
1991 introductions
Audiovisual introductions in 1991

NICAM


An Dryadella vitorinoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Antonio Luiz Vieira Toscano. An Dryadella vitorinoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dryadella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dryadella

Dryadella vitorinoi


La Copa FIA para Equipos (en inglés FIA Teams' Cup) fue un campeonato de rally paralelo al Campeonato Mundial de Rally que se celebró entre 1999 y 2001 y en el que participaron únicamente equipos privados.

El primer vencedor fue el piloto español Luis Climent con el equipo Valencia Terra y Mar.

Resultados

Temporada 1999

 Referencias

Temporada 2000

 Referencias

Temporada 2001

 Referencias

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Campeonatos de rally
Deportes de motor en 1999
Deportes de motor en 2000
Deportes de motor en 2001
Campeonatos de motor desaparecidos

Copa FIA para Equipos


Randolph Churchill (født 28. maj 1911, død 6. juni 1968) var en britisk journalist, forfatter og medlem af parlamentet for Det Konservative Parti. Han var søn af Winston Churchill.

Randolph
Personer fra London

Randolph Churchill


Soddyitul este un mineral de uraniu cu formula chimică (UO2)2SiO4·2H2O (silicat de uranil hidratat). Se prezintă sub formă de cristale galbene și apare de obicei îin amestec cu curitul în minereuri de uraniu oxidate. Este numit în onoarea lui Frederick Soddy (1877-1956), radiochimist și fizician britanic.

Note

Silicați
Minerale de uraniu

Soddyit


كوتو  وتعني «حي كوتو» هو أحد أحياء طوكيو ال 23.

جغرافيا
يقع حي كوتو في شرق منطقة أحياء طوكيو، محاطاً بنهر سوميداو نهر أراكاوا.

تاريخ
تم تأسيس الحي في 15 مارس 1947.

أعلام
 تاداهيرو ماتسوشيتا
 دايسكي غوري
 تاكوو أوكوبو
 توموكازو سيكي
 أكانيشي جين
 كازوتو ساكاتا

مواقع خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمدينة كوتو باللغة الإنجليزية

مراجع

أحياء طوكيو

كوتو (طوكيو)

كوتو (طوكيو)


La  (, abrégé ) est une conférence épiscopale de l'Église catholique qui réunit les ordinaires de l'Uruguay.

Elle fait partie du Conseil épiscopal latino-américain (CELAM), avec une vingtaine d'autres conférences épiscopales.

Membres
Fin 2021, la conférence réunissait neuf évêques titulaires, deux évêques auxiliaires et sept évêques émérites :
 le cardinal Daniel Fernando Sturla Berhouet, archevêque de l'archidiocèse de Montevideo ;
 les évêques titulaires des huit diocèses suffragants :
  du diocèse de Canelones,
  du diocèse de Florida,
  du diocèse de Maldonado-Punta del Este-Minas,
  du diocèse de Melo,
  du diocèse de Mercedes,
  du diocèse de  de Mayo,
  du diocèse de Salto, et
 Pedro Ignacio Wolcan Olano du diocèse de Tacuarembó ;
 les évêques auxiliaires :
  de l'archidiocèse de Montevideo, et
  du diocèse de Canelones ;
 les évêques émérites :
  de l'ancien diocèse de Maldonado-Punta del Este (devenu de Maldonado-Punta del Este-Minas),
  de l'ancien ,
  du diocèse de Salto,
  de l'archidiocèse de Montevideo,
  du diocèse de Canelones,
  du diocèse de Melo, et
  du diocèse de Canelones.

Historique

Sanctuaires
La conférence épiscopale a désigné une petite dizaine de sanctuaires nationaux :
 la cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Guadalupe de Canelones, en 2020 ;
 la cathédrale-basilique Notre-Dame-de-Luján de Florida, également sanctuaire , en 1993 ;
 le sanctuaire Notre-Dame du Verdún à Minas, le  ;
 à Montevideo :
 le sanctuaire Sainte-Marie-Auxiliatrice ;
 le sanctuaire Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, en 1958 ;
 le sanctuaire du Sacré-Cœur-de-Jésus ;
 la cathédrale-basilique Saint-Joseph de San José de Mayo, en 1957.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Uruguay
Catholicisme en Uruguay

Conférence épiscopale de l'Uruguay


A Diocese de Varanasi (Latim:Dioecesis Varanasiensi) é uma diocese localizada no município de Varanasi, no estado de Uttar Pradesh, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Agra na Índia. Foi fundada em 11 de julho de 1946 pelo Papa Pio XII. Inicialmente foi fundada com o nome de Prefeitura Apostólica de Gorakhpur, sendo elevada a diocese em 1970. Com uma população católica de 21.607 habitantes, sendo 0,1% da população total, possui 44 paróquias com dados de 2018.

História

Em 11 de julho de 1946 o Papa Pio XII cria a Prefeitura Apostólica de Gorakhpur a partir da Diocese de Allahabad. Em 1958 a Prefeitura Apostólica de Gorakhpur tem seu nome alterado para Prefeitura Apostólica de Benares-Gorakhpur. Em 1970 a prefeitura apostólica é elevada a diocese com o nome de Diocese de Banaras. Em 1971 a diocese tem seu nome alterado novamente, dessa vez para a atual Diocese de Varanasi. Em 1984 a Diocese de Varanasi perde território para a formação da Eparquia de Gorakhpur.

Lista de bispos
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação da prefeitura apostólica em 1946.

Ligações externas

Varanasi
Varanasi

Diocese de Varanasi


Le gwangsanghui (광상희/廣象戱) est une variante du janggi.

Création
Le gangsanghui date du . Les règles ont été exposées par Nam Yuyong pendant la période Joseon.

Règles du jeu

Tout comme le janggi dont il est tiré et du xiangqi, il oppose deux joueurs et se joue sur les intersections.

Le plateau est composé de 15x14 intersections, 15 colonnes pour 14 lignes horizontales pour un total de 210 intersections.

Le but est de mettre en échec et mat le Roi adverse.

Palais

Chaque joueur possède 3 palais (de 9 intersections chacun, d'où le centre se situe à la rencontre des deux diagonales), desquels les Maréchals, Généraux et Conseiller ne peuvent sortir.
À l'instar du Janggi, les pièces présentes sur ces palais se déplacent en suivant les lignes tracées sur le plateau.

Au centre des palais de gauche et de droite se trouvent 2 Généraux, au centre du palais du milieu se situe le Maréchal.

Le palais des généraux

Lorsqu'un général est capturé, toutes les pièces qui sont dans le palais à ce moment sont tenues en otage, c'est-à-dire qu'elles ne peuvent pas être jouées.

De plus, si la pièce qui a capturé le général en question n'est pas mangée le tour après la capture, le joueur ayant réussi l'offensive en question reprend parmi les pièces qui étaient dans le palais, celle qu'il lui manque.

Mais si la pièce qui a capturé le général vient à être mangée le tour suivant, alors les pièces qui étaient tenues en otage seront donc libérées.

Les pièces

Au Gwangsanghui, les pièces présentes sur l'échiquier sont réparties en 6 lignes de pions pour chacun.
Les rangs d'un joueur se composent de 43 pièces, se partageant 15 types de pions différents.

La première ligne

La cavalerie et l'infanterie constitue un bouclier et la première ligne.
La cavalerie 騎 peut se déplacer d'une intersection latérale ou en diagonale avant.
L'infanterie 步 se déplace d'une intersection latérale et verticale uniquement frontale.

La deuxième ligne

L'avant-garde et les 2 voyageurs constituent la deuxième ligne.
L'avant-garde 前 se déplace orthogonalement mais elle ne peut pas reculer derrière l'interstice frontale de la première ligne lors de leur position initiale.
Le voyageur 游 se déplace uniquement de deux cases en diagonale comme l'éléphant du Xiangqi. Il ne peut jamais sauter par-dessus une pièce.

La troisième ligne

Les 4 canons et les 4 chevaux sont les piliers de la troisième ligne offensive.
Le canon 砲 se déplace et prend une pièce au gwangsanghui. Comme il capture au janggi, il ne peut ni utiliser un canon comme écran ni en capturer un.
Le cheval 馬 se déplace orthogonalement d'une interstice puis d'une diagonale, si un pion allié ou ennemi est sur le chemin pour accéder à une case, alors le cheval ne peut pas s'y rendre.

La quatrième ligne

La quatrième ligne est la plus importante de toutes car elle est constituée de 2 généraux, 2 officiers d'élites et du Maréchal.
L'officier d'élite 奇 ne peut jamais sortir des trois rangées horizontales qui contiennent les trois palais, à l'intérieur de celles-ci. Il peut se déplacer orthogonalement sans restriction.
Lorsqu'un officier d'élite se déplace sur la case de départ d'une pièce alliée qui a été capturée, il se transforme en cette pièce.
Le Maréchal 帥 ne peut pas sortir du palais central. Il se déplace uniquement le long des lignes qui constituent le palais, tout comme le conseiller et le général.

La cinquième ligne

La cinquième ligne est la plus lourde avec 4 chariots, 4 conseillers et 4 éléphants.
Le chariot 車 peut se déplacer orthogonalement sans restriction comme la tour aux échecs.
Le conseiller 士 ne peut pas quitter le palais dans lequel il réside, il se déplace uniquement le long des lignes du palais.
L'éléphant 象 se déplace d'une intersection orthogonale puis de la diagonale de deux cases, il ne peut pas passer par-dessus une pièce, si une pièce alliée ou ennemie est sur son chemin, il ne pourra alors pas accéder à la case qui passe par la pièce en question.

La sixième ligne

La sixième est la dernière ligne avec les embusqués et l'arrière-garde.
L'embusque 伏 se déplace d'une case diagonalement, il ne peut pas être capturé. De plus, il a la possibilité après avoir capturé une pièce, de revenir sur la case qu'il occupait.
L'arrière garde 後 se déplace orthogonalement, mais elle ne peut pas avancer devant l'intersection derrière les premières lignes, à leurs positions initiales.

Notes et références

Jeu de stratégie combinatoire abstrait
Variante du jeu d'échecs

Gwangsanghui


Trois sous-marins de la marine royale norvégienne ont porté successivement le nom de KNM Uthaug, les deux derniers avec le même pennant number S304 :

 Le KNM Uthaug, ex- (P29), un sous-marin de classe V de la Royal Navy, transféré en 1946 à la Norvège.
 Le KNM Uthaug, un sous-marin de classe Kobben, mis en service en 1965, transféré à la Marine royale danoise en 1989 et renommé HDMS Sælen (S323).
 Le KNM Uthaug, un sous-marin de classe Ula, mis en service en 1991 et actuellement en service actif.

Notes et références

Sous-marin de la marine royale norvégienne

KNM Uthaug


Bozdoğan ist eine Stadt im gleichnamigen Landkreis der türkischen Provinz Aydın und gleichzeitig ein Stadtbezirk der 2012 geschaffenen Büyükşehir belediyesi Aydın (Großstadtgemeinde/Metropolprovinz). Die Stadt liegt am Osthang des Madranbaba Dağı, eines Teils der Doğu Menteşe Dağları. Der Landkreis grenzt im Westen an Çine, im Süden an die Provinz Muğla, im Osten an Karacasu und im Norden an Nazilli und Yenipazar.

Laut dem Stadtlogo erhielt Bozdoğan bereits im Jahr 1886 den Status einer Belediye (Gemeinde).

Seit einer Gebietsreform 2014 ist der Landkreis flächen- und einwohnermäßig identisch mit der Kreisstadt, alle ehemaligen Dörfer und Gemeinden des Kreises wurden Mahalle der Stadt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Website by Twitter
 Yerelnet: Bozdoğan
 Mahallelere Göre Aydin Bozdoğan Nüfusu (Liste aller Stadtviertel ab 2013, mit Einwohnerzahl n. Geschlecht)
 Bozdoğan Mahalleleri Nüfusu Aydın (Liste aller Stadtviertel 2012–2018, mit Einwohnerzahl)

Bozdoğan (Aydın)


Kraftwerk is the debut studio album by German electronic band Kraftwerk. It was released in Germany in 1970, and produced by Konrad "Conny" Plank.

Recording
The album was recorded from July to September 1970. Chief Kraftwerk members Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider used two drummers during the recording of the album; Andreas Hohmann and Klaus Dinger. Dinger played on "Vom Himmel Hoch", while Hohmann played on "Ruckzuck", and "Stratovarius", however these last ones were completed before Dinger joined the sessions.

The other instrumentation features Hütter on bass and Hammond and Tubon electric organs, the latter was made by Swedish factory Joh Mustad AB in 1966, whilst Schneider supplied flute. The song "Ruckzuck" is driven by a powerful multi-dubbed flute riff, along with electric violin and guitar; these instruments often connected to further electronics via an Electronic Music Studios pitch-to-voltage converter. "Vom Himmel Hoch" has slight pitch curves that emulate Doppler effect. The artwork featured a fluorescent-coloured traffic cone drawn.

Release
Kraftwerk was released in November 1970. In early 1971, Hutter left the group and Schneider was left alone with drummer Dinger and newcomer guitarist Michael Rother. The 3-member Kraftwerk line up of Schneider, Dinger and Michael Rother made an appearance on Radio Bremen, and also on the TV shows Beat-Club and Okidoki. After this, Dinger and Rother left to form revered band Neu!, with Hütter rejoining Schneider to continue Kraftwerk and both parties recording under the mentoring of Conny Plank.

No material from this album has been performed in the band's live set since the Autobahn tour of 1975 and, to date, the album has not been officially reissued on compact disc. The band is seemingly reluctant to consider the album a part of its canon and in later interviews, Schneider referred to the first three Kraftwerk albums as "archaeology". However, unlicensed CD and vinyl pressings of the album have been widely available since the mid-1990s on the Germanofon and Crown labels. Kraftwerk has hinted that the album may finally see a re-mastered CD release after its Der Katalog boxed set.

Use in medias
"Ruckzuck" was used as the theme song for the PBS show Newton's Apple in the United States.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from liner notes:

Kraftwerk
 Ralf Hütter – organ, guitar, tubon, cover design
 Florian Schneider-Esleben – flute, violin, percussion

Additional musicians
 Andreas Hohmann – drums on "Ruckzuck" and "Stratovarius"
 Klaus Dinger – drums on "Vom Himmel Hoch"

Additional personnel
 Konrad "Conny" Plank – sound engineer & production
 Klaus Löhmer – assistant sound engineer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

Bibliography

External links
 Kraftwerk official – Free Listening  on SoundCloud

Kraftwerk albums
1970 debut albums
Albums produced by Conny Plank
Philips Records albums
Vertigo Records albums
Albums produced by Ralf Hütter
Albums produced by Florian Schneider

Kraftwerk (album)


Daniel Speck (* 2. Oktober 1969 in München) ist ein deutscher Drehbuchautor und Schriftsteller.

Leben
Daniel Speck ist in München aufgewachsen. Seine Mutter ist eine deutsche Erziehungswissenschaftlerin, sein Vater war ein tunesischer Arzt. Nach dem Abitur und Zivildienst absolvierte er Regie-, Produktions- und Schnittpraktika bei verschiedenen Kino- und Fernsehproduktionen. Er drehte eigene Kurzfilme, die auf Nachwuchs-Festivals prämiert wurden. Er studierte Germanistik und Filmgeschichte an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München und der Universität La Sapienza in Rom. Er ist Absolvent der Drehbuchwerkstatt der Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München.

Speck verfasste unter anderem die Drehbücher für Meine verrückte türkische Hochzeit (2006), Maria, ihm schmeckt's nicht! (2009) und Antonio, ihm schmeckt's nicht! (2016). Seine Arbeit für die Pro-Sieben-Produktion Meine verrückte türkische Hochzeit wurde mehrfach ausgezeichnet. Beim Fernsehfilm-Festival Baden-Baden erhielt er 2006 den Preis der Jury und den 3sat-Zuschauerpreis. Es folgten 2007 der Grimme-Preis und der Bayerische Fernsehpreis für das beste Drehbuch.

Sein erster Roman Bella Germania war das erfolgreichste deutsche Debüt des Jahres 2016 und stand 85 Wochen auf der Spiegel-Bestsellerliste. Er handelt von einer deutsch-italienischen Familie in drei Generationen, in der sich die Nachkriegsgeschichte beider Länder spiegelt. Specks zweiter Roman Piccola Sicilia erschien 2018 und wurde ebenfalls zum Bestseller. Er spielt im gleichnamigen multikulturellen Hafenviertel von Tunis und wurde inspiriert von der wahren Geschichte eines deutschen Soldaten, der im Nordafrikafeldzug einem italienischen Juden das Leben rettete. Sein dritter Roman Jaffa Road aus dem Jahr 2021 ist die Fortsetzung. Er erzählt von einer deutschen, einer israelischen und einer palästinensischen Familie in drei Generationen.

Mit dem 2022 erschienenen Buch Terra Mediterranea hat Speck eine kulinarische Reise unternommen. Rund ums Mittelmeer besucht er die Rechercheorte seiner Romane, stellt Kochrezepte vor und vor allem die Menschen und Geschichten, die hinter den Rezepten stecken.

Speck ist auch als Dramaturg tätig. Zudem lehrt er als Dozent (Drehbuch) unter anderem an der Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München (HFF), der Deutschen Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin (dffb), der Internationalen Filmschule Köln (ifs) und am Atelier Ludwigsburg-Paris. Von 2014 bis 2015 war er Fellow am Exzellenzcluster "Kulturelle Grundlagen von Integration" am Kulturwissenschaftlichen Kolleg der Universität Konstanz. Daniel Speck lebt in München.

Werke

Filmografie

 1991: Der Jongleur (Deutscher Jugendfilmpreis 1992)
 1996: Brundibar – Die Kinderoper aus Theresienstadt
 1996: Was solln die Mätzchen Schätzchen? (Kurzfilm)
 1997: Coffee Blues (arte)
 2000: Im Club der Millionäre
 2006: Meine verrückte türkische Hochzeit
 2006: Die Hölle von Verdun (ZDF)
 2009: Maria, ihm schmeckt's nicht!
 2010: Zimtstern und Halbmond
 2011: Fischer fischt Frau
 2015: Ein letzter Tango (Un tango más, Dokumentarfilm)
 2016: Antonio, ihm schmeckt's nicht!
 2018: Bella Germania

Romane
 1996: Kater Karli. Kinderbuch, Thienemann, 1996, ISBN 978-3-522-43183-5
 2016: Bella Germania. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Taschenbuch, 2016, ISBN 978-3-596-29596-8
 2018: Piccola Sicilia. S. Fischer Verlage, 2018, ISBN 978-3-596-70162-9
 2021: Jaffa Road. Roman, S. Fischer, 2021, ISBN 978-3-596-70384-5

Hörbücher

 Bella Germania. Argon
 Piccola Sicilia. Argon, 2018, ISBN 978-3-7324-5229-3
 Jaffa Road. Argon, 2021, ISBN 978-3-7324-1873-2

Weblinks

 Website von Daniel Speck
 Rezension Terra Mediterranea Eine kulinarische Reise Rund ums Mittelmeer von Daniel Speck. ISBN 978-3-949465-01-7

Einzelnachweise

Drehbuchautor
Autor
Deutscher
Geboren 1969
Mann

Daniel Speck


Giubilanti d'amore fraterno () var San Marinos nationalsang indtil 1894 med musik af Ulisse Balsimelli og tekster af Aurelio Muccioli. Sangen blev erstattet af Inno Nazionale della Repubblica af Federico Consolo.

Tekster

Italienske version
Giubilanti d'amore fraterno,
Salutiam la natale pendice!
Salutiam questa rupe felice
Vaga gemma dell'italo suol.
Libertà nostre case tutela
Libertà le nostr'alme ristora
Libertà, libertà sol c'infiora
Di dolcezza, di pace e d'amor.

OMKVÆD:
Giuriam fratelli – con tutto il core,
Al nostro tetto – perenne amor.
Giuriam, giuriam!

Qui il ladrone col mezzo suo capo
Non lordava i purissimi colli:
No! Di sangue non fumano molli
Questi Sassi del nostro Titan.
Qui fratelli, e non vili tiranni
Della Patria fan mite governo;
Prence e schiavo l'ammiran, né scherno
Del prezioso suo bene si fa.

OMKVÆD

Coronata di triplice torre
Che potenza suprema dinota,
Ah! non crolla, non cade, ma immota
Al variar dell'etadi si sta.
La funesta membranza d'un Giuda
Che rubar ci provò libertade,
Viva sempre nell'alme contrade
Quale storia d'orrendo squallor.

OMKVÆD

Di Marino la povera rupe
Salva, o Cielo, da' fieri perigli;
E noi fidi, diletti suoi figli
Emulando le gloria n'andrem.
Giovanetti, se in core vi suona
Voce santa d'amore al Titano
Deh! posate sul petto la mano
E giurate serbar Libertà!

OMKVÆD

Eksterne links

MIDI-fil

San Marino
Tidligere nationalsange

Giubilanti d'amore fraterno


1973 Şili Darbesi, 11 Eylül 1973 tarihinde sosyalist Başkan Salvador Allende'nin devrilip, General Pinochet'in iktidara geldiği askerî darbedir. Bu darbeyle dünyanın seçimle başa gelmiş ilk sosyalist hükûmeti devrilmiş ve yerine 17 yıl sürecek bir diktatörlük kurulmuştur.

Şili'de Allende Dönemi
Salvador Allende, 1970 Başkanlık seçimlerinde oyların %36,3'ünü alarak Şili'nin Başkanı oldu. Başkan olduktan sonra geniş çaplı reformlara girişti. Bu reformlardan en önemlileri endüstrinin (özellikle bakır endüstrilerinin) devletleştirilmesi ve toprakların yeniden dağıtılmasıdır.

Allende'nin ekonomik reformları, ilk yılında çok başarılı oldu ve Şili ekonomisi %8,6 büyüdü. Ancak bu başarı ertesi sene devam etmedi ve 1972'deki %140'lık enflasyon yıkıcı sonuçlar doğurdu. Yiyecek sıkıntısı baş gösterdi ve karaborsacılık yaygınlaştı. 1971 ve 1972 yılları boyunca bakır fiyatlarının düşmesi, ihracatının neredeyse tamamı bakır olan Şili ekonomisine ağır bir darbe daha vurdu.

1971'de Küba Devlet Başkanı Fidel Castro, Şili'yi ziyaret etti. 4 hafta süren bu ziyaret, başta ABD olmak üzere birçok kapitalist çevrelerde Şili'nin Küba gibi olacağı korkusunu güçlendirdi.

Kötüleyen ekonomik göstergelere rağmen 1973 seçimlerinden Allende güçlenerek çıktı ve oyunu %43'e çıkardı. Fakat rakipleri; muhafazakârlar, milliyetçiler ve Hristiyan Demokratlar birleşerek "Demokratik Koalisyon"u kurdular. 1973'te Allende ile muhalefet arasındaki çekişme, Şili'de birçok siyasi krize yol açtı.

22 Ağustos 1973'te Hristiyan Demokratlar ile muhafazakârların kontrolündeki Şili Meclisi, Şili Demokrasi'sinin Kırılmakta Olduğunun Bildirgesi adlı kararı kabul etti. Meclisin aldığı kararda, Allende'nin anayasayı delmekte olduğu iddia ediliyor ve Allende bir diktatörlük kurmaya çalışmakla suçlanıyordu. Sorunu çözmek ve demokrasiyi yeniden işler kılmak için ordunun yönetime el koyması isteniyordu. Allende, iki gün sonra verdiği cevapta bu kararı alanların "ülkenin dışarıdaki itibarını bozmak ve iç karışıklıklar çıkarmak" amacında olduğunu söyledi.

Darbe

11 Eylül 1973'te General Pinochet önderliğindeki Şili Silahlı Kuvvetleri yönetime el koydu. Önce Şili Hava Kuvvetleri, Başkanlık Sarayı La Moneda'yı bombaladı, daha sonra ise Kara Birlikleri saraya girdi. Darbe sırasında Başkan Allende intihar etti.

Darbenin ardından Şili Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanı ve darbecilerin başı Augusto Pinochet Devlet Başkanı ilan edildi. Böylece Şili'de Pinochet'in 1990 yılında iktidardan ayrılmasına kadar sürecek olan diktatörlük dönemi başladı.

Amerika'nın rolü

Washington'daki Amerikan yönetimi, Salvador Allende yönetiminin iktidara gelmesinden hiçbir zaman memnun olmamıştı. Allende'nin Amerikan şirketlerinin elinde olan bakır endüstrisini devletleştirmesi bu memnunsuzluğu daha da arttırdı. ABD Başkanı Nixon'un Ulusal Güvenlik Danışmanı Henry Kissinger'in 5 Kasım 1970 tarihinde raporunda, Allende'nin iktidara gelmesi "bu yarımkürede karşılaştığımız en büyük sorunlardan biri" olarak tanımlanıyordu. Bu sebeple Amerika, Allende'yi devirmek için çalışmalar yapmıştır.

1970'ler boyunca CIA, Allende'nin rakiplerini mali yardım yapmak suretiyle desteklemiş ve Allende'nin seçilmesini engellemek istemiştir. Bunu başaramayınca da askerî darbe ile Allende'nin yönetiminden kurtulmaya çalışmıştır. 16 Ekim 1970 tarihli CIA raporunda Şili'de darbe yapılması için çalışmalara başlanması emrediliyordu.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, 1964-1970 yılları arasında Şili'ye yaklaşık 1 milyar $'lık ekonomik yardım yapmıştı. 1970'te Allende'nin başa gelmesiyle bu yardımlar kesilmiştir. 72-73 yıllarında bakır fiyatlarının düşmesiyle bu yardımların kesilmesi birleşince Şili ekonomisinde büyük sorunlar baş göstermişti.

9 Ekim 1973'te Nixon ile danışmanı Kissinger arasında telefon görüşmesinde Nixon, darbenin başarıya ulaşmış olmasındaki mutluluğu dile getiriyor ve "darbenin başarılı olması için gerekli koşulları yarattıklarını" söylüyordu.

Darbe hakkındaki sözler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Salvador Allende
 Augusto Pinochet
 Şili Ulusal Stadı
 Barış içinde bir arada yaşama

Dış bağlantılar
 Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970-1976, GWU
 1973: President overthrown in Chile coup, BBC

İlgili filmler ve belgeseller
 Salvador Allende Gossens: un témoignage (1974)
 La Batalla de Chile: La insurrección de la burguesía (1975)
 La Batalla de Chile: El golpe de estado (1977)
 Noch nad Chili (1977)
 La Batalla de Chile: El poder popular (1979)
 Missing (1982)
 Salvador Allende (1992)
 House of Spirits (1993)
 Chile, la memoria obstinada (1997)
 11 de septiembre de 1973. El último combate de Salvador Allende (1998)
 Le Cas Pinochet (2001)
 Betrayal in Santiago: Who Shot Salvador Allende? (2003)
 Allende - Der letzte Tag des Salvador Allende (2004)
 Salvador Allende (2004)
 Machuca (2004)
 Caida de Salvador Allende' (Arjantin'in haftallık belgesel programı Documenta'dan) (2006) Bl.3
 Allende en su laberinto (2014)
 Colonia (2015)

İlgili şarkılar
 Şili'ye Özgürlük - Bulutsuzluk Özlemi
 El pueblo unido jamas sera vencido - İnti İllimani
 Venceremos - Grup Yorum

Kaynakça

Dönenmin Amerikan başkanı Nixon'a danışmanı Henry Kissinger'ın Allende hakkındaki raporu (İngilizce)

 CIA merkezinden CIA'in Santiago'daki merkezine bir mesaj (İngilizce)

9 Eylül 1973 tarihli ABD başkanı Nixon ile danışmanı Kissinger arasındaki telefon görüşmesi (İngilizce)

Kirli savaşlar
Augusto Pinochet
Şili'deki askerî darbeler
CIA Operasyonları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri-Şili ilişkileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tarihi
Soğuk Savaş çatışmaları
Darbe
Şili Darbesi
Şili Darbesi

1973 Şili Darbesi


Väike Emajõgi Estonya'nın güneyinde Valga ili içinde yer alan bir akarsudur. 82 kilometre uzunluğunda olan nehir sularını Võrtsjärv Gölü'ne boşaltır.

Estonya'daki nehirler
Valga (il)

Väike Emajõgi


Evenimente
Elicopterul SMURD a fost preluat de la Consiliul Județean Constanța în noiembrie 2014, acest elicopter efectuase 600 de ore de zbor, achiziționat printr-un program transfrontalier Bulgaria și România. La data de 15.12.2014 ora locală 16:07 elicopterul SMURD 348 a decolat de la Constanța spre Tuzla urmând procedurile de management al traficului aerian. La Constanța, elicopterul se afla pentru a alimenta. La bordul elicopterului se aflau patru persoane, doi piloți și doi paramedici. La ora 16:16 elicopterul s-a prăbușit în lacul Siutghiol în Mamaia la aproximativ 500 m de mal. La ora 16:17 conform Hotărârii de Guvern 741/2008 a fost declanșată procedura de căutare și salvare, în urma apelului telefonic la 112 făcut de localnici. Bilanțul anunțat era de un supraviețuitor și trei persoane dispărute, epava scufundată. Este al cincilea aparat de zbor SMURD prăbușit în ultimii 12 ani, iar numărul victimelor acestor prăbușiri este tot 12.

Operațiunea de salvare
Primele echipe au început să sosească după zece minute de la apel (ambulanță și pompieri). Au intervenit și pescarii care erau la fața locului(dovadă că a fost cineva la fața locului împreună cu pescarii,este că vasul care a fost folosit ca să aducă persoane,membrul echipajului,avea în ea un pompier care făcea manevre de resuscitare. Echipele care au intervenit, singura persoană pe care au putut să o scoată imediat și să o ducă pe mal, fără să fie nevoie de scafandri, a fost colega medic care avea leziuni grave, era inconștientă, a făcut stop cardiac și a fost resuscitată timp de 45 de minute, după asta a fost dusă la spital. Celelalte trei nu aveau nici o șansă în urma impactului.

Controverse asupra operațiunii
"În mai puțin de un sfert de oră toate echipajele de intervenție au fost la locul accidentului" este declarația șefului SMURD doctor Raed Arafat după tragedia aviatică de pe lacul Siutghiol. O altă variantă vine de la directorul Agenției Române de Salvare a Vieții Omenești pe Mare care susține că cei patru membri ai echipajului ar fi putut fi salvați dacă ar fi fost anunțați și echipajele acestei structuri ar fi putut să ajungă la fața locului în 10 minute.

Ancheta
Dosarul penal a fost deschis ca urmare a unui material publicat de Centrul de Investigații Media, potrivit căruia "Consiliul Județean Constanța a irosit cinci milioane de euro pentru cumpărarea și operarea unui elicopter medical care nu a fost folosit la nicio intervenție de urgență, deși a făcut aproape 600 de zboruri".

Accidente și incidente aviatice din secolul al XXI-lea
Accidente din 2014

Accidentul aviatic de la Siutghiol din 2014


Max Allen Sandlin Jr. (born September 29, 1952) is a former Democratic Congressman who served eight years (1997–2005) in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Texas District 1.

Early life and career
The son of the former Margie Beth Barnett and her husband Maxwell Allen Sandlin, Max Sandlin is a graduate of Baylor University, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta and named Outstanding Young Alumni, and Baylor University School of Law, where he was a member of the National Championship Mock Trial Team. He was the Distinguished Speaker for the John William Minton and Florence Dean Minton Endowed Law School Lecture Series at Law Day 2004 at Baylor Law School.

He practiced law in Texas and had a broad-based litigation and business practice. He was active in the banking and energy industries. He also served on the Board of Directors of East Texas Legal Services. He is a former County Judge and County Court at Law Judge.

Congress
First elected to Congress in 1996, he rose to become a member of the senior House Democratic leadership, serving as Chief Deputy Whip. He served on the powerful and exclusive Ways and Means Committee, the Financial Services Committee, and the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee. He was an elected and later a leadership representative on the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee, and also among the small group of legislators selected for the Parliamentary Group, representatives called upon for rapid parliamentary and procedural action on the floor of the U.S. House.

Sandlin was a member of the Blue Dog Coalition and was Chairman of the Blue Dog Energy Task Force.  Additionally, he served as Chairman of the Democratic Caucus Financial Services Task Force and was a member of the New Democrat Coalition.

While in the House, Sandlin was frequently asked to present and argue policy, and the Austin American-Statesman noted "Sandlin is a forceful and articulate speaker, a lawyer by trade who treats audiences like juries that can be charmed, coaxed, inspired and won over."
The Paris Daily News noted that "Sandlin is highly polished...with God-given speaking talents" and an "...ability to communicate eloquently."

Sandlin was known as a consensus builder, and The Almanac of American Politics noted that he had a "...moderate voting record that straddles Democratic wings."
The Democratic Caucus and leadership often called upon Sandlin's coalition-building skills and U.S. Rep. George Miller (D-CA) noted "We've always looked for a way to build that bridge [between liberals and centrists]. He [Sandlin] certainly has that talent."
The Austin American-Statesman added that "Sandlin's a versatile campaigner, equally at home with Unitarians as he is in a roomful of good ol' boys."

Sandlin was a primary target of the Republican 2003 re-redistricting process orchestrated by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX).  Sandlin's district was made significantly more urban and Republican than its predecessor.  Sandlin denounced the reconfiguring of his district, calling it an illegal and unconstitutional effort to dilute and eliminate the voices of rural and minority voters.  Sandlin lost to former district judge Louie Gohmert in a massive landslide, taking only 39 percent of the vote.  Three other members of the so-called "Texas Five" were also defeated after their districts were radically altered. No Democrat has garnered more than 35 percent of the vote since Sandlin left office.

Private life
Sandlin is currently a partner and co-chairman of Mercury, a public strategy firm.

Sandlin is a former youth baseball, basketball, and softball coach. He is the father of five children, has three grandchildren, and is married to former U.S. Representative Stephanie Herseth Sandlin (D-SD).

References

External links

1952 births
21st-century American politicians
Baptists from Texas
Baylor Law School alumni
County judges in Texas
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
Herseth family
Living people
People from Marshall, Texas
People from Texarkana, Arkansas
Texas state court judges
Baptists from Arkansas
Members of Congress who became lobbyists

Max Sandlin


الأصبغة هي مواد كيميائية عضوية قادرة على امتصاص وعكس الضوء بأطوال موجات انتقائية ضمن المجال المرئي للطيف الكهرمغناطيسي. والصباغ هو مادة ملونة لها ألفة للمادة الملوَنة. يحتاج الصباغ إلى وسط سائل غالبا ليتمكن من الانتقال إلى المادة الملوَنة، وقد يحتاج إلى مرسخ لوني لتحسين ثباتية اللون في الألياف المصبوغة. ينتج اللون من الصباغ، أو الخِضَاب، نتيجة امتصاصهما لبعض أطوال الموجات الضوئية. إن الخُضُب (ج خضاب) بعكس الأصبغة عموما، تنحل في الماء وليس لها أي إلفة للمواد المصبوغة.

أظهرت الدلائل الأثرية استخدام الصباغة منذ أكثر من 5000 سنة خصوصًا في الهند والشرق الأوسط. واستخرجت الاً صبغة في حينها من النباتات والحيوانات والفلزات بدون أو مع تعديلات بسيطة. وقد كانت النباتات المصدر الأساسي للأصبغة واستخرجت من الجذور وثمرة الثمر واللحاء والأوراق الخشب، ولكن القليل منها استعمل للإنتاج التجاري.

في اللغة العربية الصِّبْغُ والصِّباغُ والصِّبْغةُ ما يُصْبَغُ به وتُلَوَّنُ به الثياب، والجمع أَصْباغٌ وأَصْبِغةٌ.

بنية الصباغ
إن بنى جزيئات الصباغ معقدة مقارنة مع بنى معظم المركبات العضوية المعروفة. ومع أن هذه البنى معقدة، إلا أن لهذه البنى سمات عامة، فمعظم جزيئات الصباغ تحتوي عدد من الحلقات العطرية متصلة بنظام مترافق، وهو نظام لتتابع طويل متناوب من الروابط الأحادية والثنائية بين ذرات الكربون وذرات أخرى، (مثال: C=C-C=C-C). يسمى هذا الترتيب حامل اللون أي الوحدة الحاملة للون. ويلزم خمس أو ست ذرات كربون مترابطة على الأقل في هذا النظام المترافق لكي تعطي لونًا. يكون ارتباط الإلكترونات في النظام المترافق ضعيفًا بحيث يستطيع الضوء الساقط أن يحفز هذه الإلكترونات، ويعطيها الطاقة اللازمة لتقفز من مستوى طاقي إلى آخر، مما يعني امتصاص بعض أطوال موجات الضوء الساقط. المهم أن مزيجًا من أطوال الموجات الباقية تنعكس معطية اللون.

كل صباغ يحتوي إذن على قسمين:
 حامل اللون : وهو كما ذكرنا نظام مترافق، والجزيئات غير الحاوية على هذا القسم تكون عديمة اللون.
 المِصباغ : ويسمى أيضًا حاث الصبغ، ووظيفته تعزيز وتكثيف وتعميق اللون.

تخترق الأصبغة عادة الألياف انطلاقا من الحمام الصباغي وتبقى في الجزء غير البلوري داخل الألياف. وتساهم المصابيغ (ج مِصباغ) في الامتصاص المتساوي للصباغ لأنها تزيد من انحلاليته. والمصابيغ تمكن أيضا من تشكيل قوى الترابط بين الصباغ والمكثور (بوليمر) في الألياف، فيحسن ثباتية اللون للمواد المصبوغة أو المطبوعة. تبقى الأصبغة داخل الليف بفعل الروابط الهيدروجينية، أو الروابط الشاردية، أو بفعل ميكانيكي. قلة من الأصبغة تتفاعل مع البوليمرات في الألياف لتشكل روابط تساهمية، مثل الأصبغة التفاعلية.

يلعب حجم جزيئات الأصبغة دورًا مهمًا في تحديد خصائصها أثناء عملية الصباغة وفي مواصفات المنتج النهائي. فالأصبغة الصغيرة ذات ميل أكبر للانتشار داخل الألياف. وكلما كبر جزيء الصباغ، كان احتمالية بقائه داخل الألياف أكبر، أي تتحسن ثباتية الصباغ في الماء.

يمكن تشبيه الأصبغة بالشرائط الورقية، فهي ذات طول وعرض لكنها ذات ثخانة ضئيلة. هذه البنية الخطية والمتوزعة في نفس المستوى الفراغي تنفي وجود زمر كيميائية حجمية تساعد أو تمنع امتصاص الأصبغة داخل الألياف. هذا الشكل الخطي يساعد الصباغ على أن يرصف نفسه بين جزيئات المكثور في الألياف ويرتبط معها بروابط مختلفة. إن ثباتية الأصبغة تعتمد على كثافة ونوع قوى الترابط مع الألياف.

الأصبغة الطبيعية والتركيبية
 الأصبغة الطبيعية: هي أصبغة من مصادر نباتية وحيوانية وفلزية. جميع الأصبغة وحتى عام 1856، استخرجت من النباتات، والزهور، وجذور النباتات، والحشرات، والمحار، والمعادن. مشكلة تصنيع الأصبغة الطبيعية أننا لا يمكن في حال من الأحوال الحصول على دفعتين متشابهتين بدرجات وقوة اللون. كما أن ثباتية اللون تتفاوت بشكل واسع بين الأصبغة الطبيعية.
 الأصبغة التركيبية : هي أصبغة تتركب من جزيئات عضوية في معامل الأصبغة. وتخضع هذه الأصبغة لعمليات ضبط مختلفة بحيث تعطي في النهاية منتج متماثل في كل مرة بالنسبة للصبّاغين والطبّاعين. وعملية الحصول على لون مطابق من دفعة إلى أخرى يتطلب مهارة عالية، لأن عملية إنتاج الأصبغة تحتوي العديد من المتغيرات التي تؤثر على امتصاص الصباغ في الألياف.

التصنيف الكيميائي والتصنيف التطبيقي
الصانعون يصنفون الأصبغة حسب قوامها وتركيبها الكيميائي الذي يشير أيضا إلى طريقة تصنيعها. فمثلاً، الأصبغة الآزوية تحتوي على زمرة واحدة أو أكثر من زمر الآزو (-N=N-). وأصبغة الأنثراكينون تتميز بحلقتين عطريتين متصلتين مع بعضهما عن طر يق زمرتي كربونيل (-CO-). كل جزيء صباغي ضمن هذه التصنيفات الكيميائية له اسم نظامي.

يفضل الصباغون في معاملهم استخدام التصنيف التطبيقي للأصبغة. فالأصبغة ذات التطبيق المتشابه تصنف مع بعضها، بغض النظر عن بنيتها الكيميائية. وهكذا فإن جميع الأصبغة ضمن نفس التصنيف التطبيقي سوف تصبغ مجموعة معينة من الألياف. فالأصبغة الآزوية وأصبغة الأنثراكينون يمكن أن توجد في معظم التصنيفات التطبيقية.

تباع الأصبغة كمساحيق أو كحبيبات تجنبا لمشكلة غبار الصباغ الذي يمكنه أن يلوث مساحة كبيرة وله مضاعفات على صحة العمال. ويمكن أن تباع بشكل عجينة ذات أساس مائي ويكون تركيز الصباغ فيها أقل ولكنها أسهل انحلالا في الماء. وهي تحتوي على كمية أقل من العناصر المشتتة.

مكونات الصباغ التجاري
قد تحتوي الأصبغة التجارية على عناصر أخرى مثل:

 أملاح أو نشاء
 عامل تبليل (Wetting agents)
 عامل مشتت (Dispersing agents)
 شوائب خلال عملية التصنيع
 عناصر ضد التغبير وهي عبارة عن مواد ذات قوام زيتي. (Anti-dusting agents)
 محلول منظم للباهاء (Buffer solution)
 عوامل مساعدة على الاستقرار (Stabilisers)
 الصباغ

اختيار الصباغ
 حسب نوع ألياف المادة النسيجية
 شكل المادة النسيجية ودرجة التجانس اللوني المطلوبة، فصباغة الألياف لا تحتاج إلى تجانس عالي لأنها ستختلط في العمليات اللاحقة.
 خصائص الثباتية المطلوبة.
 طريقة الصباغة المعتمدة.
 الكلفة الكلية.
 الآلات المتوفرة.
 اللون الذي يطلبه الزبون.

مراجع

أصبغة
صناعة كيمياء النسيج
كيمياء النسيج

صباغ


Room er en britisk-amerikansk-canadisk-irsk dramafilm fra 2015. Filmen er instrueret af Lenny Abrahamsson, skrevet af Emma Donoghue, og har Brie Larson, Jacob Tremblay, Sean Bridgers, Joan Allen og William H. Macy i hovedrollerne.

Filmen er baseret på romanen Rum af Emma Donoghue.

Medvirkende
 Brie Larson som Joy 'Ma' Newsome
 Jacob Tremblay som Jack Newsome
 Joan Allen som Nancy Newsome
 William H. Macy som Robert Newsome
 Sean Bridgers som Gamle Nick
 Tom McCamus som Leo
 Cas Anvar som Dr. Mittal
 Amanda Brugel som Betjent Parker
 Joe Pingue som Betjent Grabowski
 Megan Park som Laura

Eksterne henvisninger

Canadiske film fra 2015
Film fra Irland
Amerikanske film fra 2015
Britiske film fra 2015

Room


An Anthephora schinzii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Anthephora schinzii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthephora, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthephora

Anthephora schinzii


Christoph Bautz ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Christoph Bautz (Aktivist) (* 1972), deutscher Biologe und Aktivist
 Christoph Bautz (Schauspieler) (* 1978), deutscher Schauspieler und Sprecher

Christoph Bautz


Os protestos de Old Trafford em 2021 foram uma série de protestos contra a família Glazer, proprietária do clube inglês Manchester United, após o anúncio de que o clube juntara-se ao projeto da Superliga Europeia, que posteriormente entrou em colapso. Em 2 de maio, os torcedores organizaram protestos do lado de fora do Estádio Old Trafford do Manchester United e do Lowry Hotel antes do jogo da Premier League de 2020–21 contra o Liverpool.

Diversos manifestantes acessaram o estádio, resultando em um atraso do início da partida, antes do eventual adiamento da mesma. Esta foi a primeira vez que um jogo da Premier League foi adiado devido a um protesto.

Contexto

Em abril de 2021, Joel Glazer desempenhou um papel de destaque em planos controversos para que o Manchester United competisse a Superliga Europeia. Os planos foram anunciados em 18 de abril e foram impopulares entre torcedores. Apesar da retirada do Manchester United da competição três dias depois e da forte reação de torcedores, jogadores, gerentes e especialistas, os protestos prosseguiram.

Em 22 de abril, um grupo de cerca de 20 torcedores entrou no campo de treinamento do Manchester United para protestar contra a posse de Glazer. Dois dias depois, um segundo protesto fora de Old Trafford viu mais de dois mil torcedores protestarem contra a propriedade de Glazer e defenderem a regra 50+1 vista no futebol alemão. Joel Glazer mais tarde se desculpou com os torcedores da equipe, dizendo que "[ele] entendeu errado", mas os torcedores permaneceram enfurecidos, dizendo a um executivo da equipe que estavam "enojados, envergonhados e irritados" com suas ações.

Antes da tentativa de 2021 de ingressar na Superliga Europeia, uma série significativa de protestos contra a propriedade dos Glazers ocorreu em 2010, coloquialmente chamado de "The Green and Gold Movement" ("O Movimento Verde e Ouro", em português). Assim como em 2005, antes que o clube fosse adquirido pela família Glazer.

Eventos
Em 2 de maio de 2021, a equipe do Manchester United estava programada para enfrentar o rival Liverpool no clássico em um jogo do Campeonato Inglês de Futebol em Old Trafford, durante a temporada 2020–21. A partida foi abandonada devido a uma invasão no estádio e a subsequente invasão de campo como parte de um segundo protesto em Old Trafford, e terceiro no total ao incluir o protesto de Carrington. A partida, que deveria começar às 16:30 (BST), foi oficialmente adiada às 17:35 (BST).

Linha do tempo
Às 13:00 do horário local os primeiros protestantes começaram a se reunir do lado de fora do estádio antes do horário de início programado pelos próprios torcedores do Manchester United às 14:00 para o protesto, com alguns relatórios sugerindo que mais de 10 000 manifestantes estavam presentes. Um segundo protesto menor ocorreu do lado de fora do Lowry Hotel, lugar onde os jogadores do Manchester United estavam hospedados antes da partida. Os relatórios iniciais de uma violação de segurança no estádio ocorreram às 14:30, com uma parte dos manifestantes ganhando acesso ao estádio e entrando no campo. Às 15:00, uma varredura de segurança no estádio começou na tentativa de remover todos os que protestavam, avaliar os danos do campo e determinar se ocorreu uma violação dos protocolos do COVID-19. A Premier League publicou as folhas oficiais da equipe no horário exigido de 15:30, mas às 15:55, a Premier League confirmou que haveria um atraso no pontapé inicial do jogo. Foi relatado que o estádio foi esvaziado de protestantes antes do horário originalmente programado para 16:30, mas a decisão foi tomada para adiar o jogo às 17:50.

Incidentes
Seis policiais foram feridos nos protestos, com um sofrendo uma fratura na órbita ocular. Um homem foi preso por estar envolvido com os danos a um dos policiais.

Em 4 de maio de 2021, um homem de 28 anos foi acusado de jogar fogos de artifício numa rua, comportando-se de maneira ameaçadora e obstruindo deliberadamente a estrada perto do Lowry Hotel.

Familiares de um manifestante alegou que policiais quebraram sua uma mandíbula e costelas no processo de prendê-lo por suspeita de roubo de um veículo motorizado e ofensa à ordem pública.

Reações
Os ex-jogadores de Liverpool e Manchester United e especialistas da Sky Sports Jamie Carragher, Gary Neville e Roy Keane expressaram apoio à causa dos protestantes e criticaram as ações da família Glazer em relação à administração do clube desde sua aquisição, além de seu envolvimento mais recente no projeto da Superliga Europeia. Em um artigo da BBC, o protesto foi descrito como sendo de 16 anos.

O prefeito da Grande Manchester Andy Burnham e o primeiro-ministro britânico Boris Johnson também manifestaram apoio à causa dos manifestantes. O prefeito observou que era "essencial que os dirigentes do clube e do jogo ouvissem", mas condenou as ações violentas de uma pequena minoria de manifestantes, enquanto o primeiro-ministro simpatizava com a "força de sentimento" dos protestantes, mas também disse que "comportamento perturbador e manifestações desse tipo... não é uma boa ideia."

O presidente da Federação Nacional de Polícia, John Apter, condenou a violência dizendo: "Mais uma vez, vimos um chamado protesto pacífico se transformar em violência dirigida aos meus colegas. Os policiais ficaram feridos e precisaram de tratamento hospitalar. Isso é completamente inaceitável". O chefe assistente da polícia da Grande Manchester, Russ Jackson, disse que ficou claro que algumas pessoas apareceram não para protestar, mas apenas para causar problemas. Ele descreveu esses poucos como "imprudentes e perigosos".

A ESPN enfrentou críticas quando o comentarista Jon Champion foi cortado pela rede ao criticar a propriedade da família Glazer do clube e o uso do modelo de franquia norte-americano na Europa. O canal de televisão citou dificuldades técnicas como o motivo do corte.

Durante uma tentativa de entrevista com a Sky News em 4 de maio, Avram Glazer se recusou a pedir desculpas aos torcedores ou comentar sobre os protestos.

Consequências
Um dia após o protesto, em 3 de maio, e após outros protestos em todo o país relativos à Superliga Europeia, a Premier League anunciou planos para impedir que proprietários de clubes de futebol formem futuras ligas separatistas, além de introduzir mais restrições e penalidades mais severas para o descumprimento.

Dia 8 de maio a empresa britânica de varejo e tecnologia The Hut Group rescindiu um acordo de patrocínio de 200 milhões de libras com o clube devido aos protestos.

A partida adiada foi remarcada para 13 de maio e antes do jogo, um terceiro protesto anti-Glazer ocorreu do lado de fora do campo. Apesar do maior policiamento nos arredores e menor dimensão da manifestação em si, um ônibus do Liverpool chegou a ter sua passagem temporariamente bloqueada por parte da torcida do clube mandante.

Duas temporadas depois, outra manifestação contra os Glazers ocorreu antes de outro jogo em casa contra o Liverpool em 22 de agosto de 2022, marcando o quarto grande protesto em Old Trafford em 18 meses. Uma presença policial intensificada evitou qualquer interrupção no jogo que viu o Manchester United vencer por 2–1.

Manchester United Football Club
Premier League
2021 no Reino Unido
Hooliganismo
História do futebol
2021 no futebol
Manifestações e protestos em 2021

Protestos de Old Trafford em 2021


Serie A 2016-2017 (cunoscut sub numele de Serie A TIM din motive de sponsorizare) este sezonul cu numărul 115 al Serie A, al 85-lea într-un turneu de round-robin, iar 7 de la organizarea sub un comitet liga separat de Serie B cu campania care a început pe 20 august 2016 și se va încheia la 28 mai 2017.

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Top goalscorers

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Referințe

Sezoane Serie A

Serie A 2016-2017


නව වසර යනු නව  ලිත් වර්ෂයක් ඇරඹීම සනිටුහන් කරන දිනය වන අතර, කිසියම් විශේෂිත දින දසුනක භාවිත වන වර්ෂ ගණනය වර්ධනය වන දිනයද වෙයි. බොහෝ  සංස්කෘතීන්හී, මෙම අවස්ථාව කිසියම් ආකාරයකට උත්සවශ්‍රීයෙන් සැමරෙයි.

වත්මන ලොව පුරා භාවිත වන්නාවූ ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු දින දසුනෙහි නව වසර, රෝමානු දින දසුනෙහි පරිචයම අනුගමනය කරමින් ජනවාරි 1 දින සැමරෙයි. නව වසරෙහි ආගමනය ස්වීය අයුරින් ගණනය කරන්නාවූ හා ප්‍රාදේශීය ලෙසින් භාවිතා වන්නාවූ විවිධ දින දසුන් බොහෝමයක් පවතියි.

ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු දින දසුන

ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු දින දසුන භාවිතා කරන රටවල, සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් නව වසර දිනය සමරනු ලබන්නේ ජනවාරි 1 දිනදීය.

ප්ලුටාච් සහ මක්‍රොබියස් ට අනුව ක්‍රිපූ 700 දී පමණ නුමා පොම්පිලියස් රජගේ කාලයේදී සිට රෝමානු දින දසුනේ මාස පිළිවෙල ජනවාරි සිට දෙසැම්බර දක්වා විය. ක්‍රිස්තියානි චාරිත්‍රය අනුව, ජනවාරි 1 දින වන්නේ ජේසුස්වහන්සේගේ චර්මඡේදනය (උපතින් දින අටක් ගෙවුනු දින) දිනය වන අතර, එදිනදී එතුමාට ජේසුස් යන නම දෙන ලදි (ලූක් 2: 21). එතැන් පටන්, ජනවාරි1 දින වසරෙහි පළමු දිනය වූ අතර, මෙයින් බැහැර වුනේ මධ්‍යතන යුගවලදී වෙනත් දින කිහිපයක් පළමු දින වූ විට (මාර්තු1, මාර්තු 25, පාස්කු, සැප්තැම්බර් 1, දෙසැම්බර් 25) පමණි.

විසිවන සියවසෙහිදී බටහිර සංස්කෘතිය ලොව අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශයන්ට පැතිරීමත් සමගම, ජනවාරි 1 දින භාවිතය ගෝලීය සම්මතයක් බවට පත්වුනේ, වෙනත් දිනවලදී ස්වීය නව වසර උත්සව පවත්නා රටවල පවා (නිද., චීනය සහ ඉන්දියාව) භාවිතයට පත්වෙමිනි.

වර්තමානයේදී, නව වසර සැමරීම ලොව පුරා ප්‍රධාන උත්සවාංගයකි. නව වසරෙහි උදාව (දෙසැම්බර් 31) සමගම බොහෝ විශාල ගිණිකෙලි උත්සව හා සමගින් බොහෝ මහා-පරිමාණ  උත්සවාංග ලොව පුරා ප්‍රධාන නගරයන්හී පැවැත්වෙයි.

මධයම රාත්‍රියේදී, මිලියන එකහමාරකට වැඩි ජනකායක් ඉදිරිපිට,  80,000 කට වැඩි  ගිණිකෙලි ප්‍රමාණයක් සිඩ්නි නගරයෙහිදී දල්වනලදි; 2009දී ලොව පුරා රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා ඔස්සේ වඩාත්-නැරඹුනු ප්‍රචලිත උත්සවාංගයද වූයේ මෙයයි. වල්පරයිසෝ හිදී ස්වභාවික පසුතලයක සිට එළිදැක්වුනු විශාලතම ගිණිකෙලි සන්දර්ශනය නැරඹීමට දෙමිලියනයකට අධික ආගන්තුක පිරිසක් වරම් ලැබූහ; මෙය සමන්විත වූයේ  වල්පරයිසෝ වාණිජ වරාය නගරයෙහි  සිට  කොන්කොන්, චිලි දක්වා මුහුදුබොක්කේ, මුළුමනින් කිලෝමීටර 21 කට වඩා වැඩි දුර ප්‍රමාණයක් තුල, විනාඩි 25 ක් තුල පැවැති ගිණිකෙලි සංදර්ශන වලිනි.

ආශ්‍රිත

නව වසර


Tsentralnyi rynok () est une station de la ligne Kholodnohirsko-Zavodska (L1) du métro de Kharkiv. Elle est située dans l'ouest de la ville de Kharkiv en Ukraine.

Mise en service en 1975, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne 1. Le service est arrêté ou perturbé depuis l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, la station Tsentralnyi rynok, est une station de passage de la ligne Kholodnohirsko-Zavodska (L1) du métro de Kharkiv. Elle est située entre la station Pivdennyi vokzal, en direction du terminus ouest Kholodna hora, et la station Maidan Konstytutsii, en direction du terminus est Industrialna.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Kharkiv
 Ligne Kholodnohirsko-Zavodska (L1)

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .

Station de la ligne 1 du métro de Kharkiv
Station de métro mise en service en 1975

Tsentralnyi rynok (métro de Kharkiv)


2013 නොවැම්බර මස මුලදී  පටන්, වර්තමානය දක්වා, තායිලන්තයේ ආණ්ඩු-විරෝධී විරෝධතා පවතියි . සාපේක්ෂ ලෙසින් සාමකාමී තෙවසරක කාලසීමාවකින් අනතුරුව, අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය යිංලක් ෂිනවත්රාගේ  රජයට එරෙහි මහජන උද්ඝෝෂණ බැංකොක් නගරයෙහි පැනනැගුනේ , ස්වයං-පිටුවහලක සිටින හිටපු අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය  තක්ෂින් ෂිනවත්රා හට යළි සියරට පැමිණීමට ඉවහල් වන පරිදී ඔහුට සමාව ලබා දී‍මේ යෝජිත පණතක් හා සමගිනි  . පුව තායි පක්ෂයේ-බල කඳවුරක්වූ  නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය  විසින් නොවැම්බර් 1 දිනදී මෙම පණත සම්මත කරගත් අතර, විපක්ෂ   ඩිමොක්‍රට් පක්ෂයේ සහ  ආණ්ඩු -ලැදි රෙඩ් ෂර්ට්ස් ව්‍යාපාරයේ විරුද්ධත්වය ඉස්මතු කරලීමට සමත් විය. සෙනෙට් මණ්ඩලය විසින් නොවැම්බර් 11 දිනදී මෙම පණත නිෂ්ප්‍රභා කලද, හිටපු ඩිමොක්‍රට් පාම  සුදීප් තියග්සුබාන් විසින් නායකත්වය සපයන විරෝධතා දිගටම පැවත, ක්‍රමයෙන් ආණ්ඩු-විරෝධී න්‍යාය පත්‍රයක් වැළඳගති.

ආශ්‍රිත

2013 තායි විරෝධතා


Sabina Schneider oder Schwester Josepha Meinrada (* 1. November 1831 in Sinzheim; † Dezember 1891 in Ofteringen) war eine Ordensschwester der Benediktinerinnen und Klosterbegründerin des Klosters Ofteringen.

Leben

Sie trat zunächst in das Kloster Neusatz bei Egg ein. Hier konnte sie jedoch ihre Vorstellungen nicht entwickeln, so versuchte sie die Aufnahme in das Frauenkloster Einsiedeln zu erreichen, dies gelang ihr nicht. So erlernte sie zunächst das Herstellen von Devotionalien bei Regina Zehnder. Danach trat sie in das Kloster Au bei Einsiedeln ein. Ihr Wunsch war schon in Neusatz die Gründung eines eigenen Klosters "Zur ewigen Anbetung" gewesen. Das sah sie in den Bereich des Machbaren rücken nach ihrer Profess im Jahr 1859, als sie zu einer Reise in das Badische aufbrach. Hier fand sie am Morgen des 20. Juli 1859 den Ort, um den sie in ihrem Reisebericht vom 18. Juni bat: ... die göttliche Mutter und meinen heiligen Schutzengel mich zu begleiten und zu führen an Ort und Stelle, wo es dem Herrn gefällig ist

Wirken
Das ehemalige Schloss Ofteringen war in einem schlechten Zustand, als sie es zuvor schon von dem letzten Abt des Klosters Rheinau Leodegar Ineichen erwerben wollte. Dennoch war sie zusammen mit drei anderen Schwestern nach Ofteringen zurückgekehrt. Dort begannen sie am Vorabend des Fronleichnamsfestes im Jahr 1862 das Klosterleben in Marienburg und die Ewige Anbetung.
Diese ist bisher, auch in schwerer Zeit, nie unterbrochen worden. Damit "lebt" auch das aufgehobene Kloster Rheinau weiter.

Klosterleben
Die großen anfänglichen Schwierigkeiten konnten die Schwestern nicht entmutigen, auch die drohende Aufhebung im Zug der Reglementierungen unter Bismarck 1872 wurden durch kluge Verhandlungen überstanden. Durch die Herkunft aus dem Schweizer Kloster Au taten sich die Klöster zur Schweizerischen Benediktinerinnenföderation zusammen.

Literatur
 Ursula Pechloff: Kloster Marienburg Wutöschingen-Ofteringen. Peda Kunstführer Nr. 101, Kunstverlag Peda, Passau 1993, ISBN 3-930102-09-9.

Einzelnachweise

Benediktinerin
Klostergründer
Geboren 1831
Gestorben 1891
Frau

Sabina Schneider


In photography and cinematography, perspective distortion is a warping or transformation of an object and its surrounding area that differs significantly from what the object would look like with a normal focal length, due to the relative scale of nearby and distant features. Perspective distortion is determined by the relative distances at which the image is captured and viewed, and is due to the angle of view of the image (as captured) being either wider or narrower than the angle of view at which the image is viewed, hence the apparent relative distances differing from what is expected. Related to this concept is axial magnification – the perceived depth of objects at a given magnification.

Perspective distortion takes two forms: extension distortion and compression distortion, also called wide-angle distortion and long-lens or telephoto distortion, when talking about images with the same field size. Extension or wide-angle distortion can be seen in images shot from close using a wide-angle lens (with an angle of view wider than a normal lens). Objects close to the lens appear abnormally large relative to more distant objects, and distant objects appear abnormally small and hence farther away – distances are extended. Compression, long-lens, or telephoto distortion can be seen in images shot from a distance using a long focus lens or the more common telephoto sub-type (with an angle of view narrower than a normal lens). Distant objects look approximately the same size – closer objects are abnormally small, and more distant objects are abnormally large, and hence the viewer cannot discern relative distances between distant objects – distances are compressed.

Note that linear perspective changes are caused by distance, not by the lens per se – two shots of the same scene from the same distance will exhibit identical perspective geometry, regardless of lens used. However, since wide-angle lenses have a wider field of view, they are generally used from closer, while telephoto lenses have a narrower field of view and are generally used from farther away. For example, if standing at a distance so that a normal lens captures someone's face, a shot with a wide-angle lens or telephoto lens from the same distance will have exactly the same linear perspective geometry on the face, though the wide-angle lens may fit the entire body into the shot, while the telephoto lens captures only the nose. However, crops of these three images with the same coverage will yield the same perspective distortion – the nose will look the same in all three. Conversely, if all three lenses are used from distances such that the face fills the field, the wide-angle will be used from closer, making the nose larger compared to the rest of the photo, and the telephoto will be used from farther, making the nose smaller compared to the rest of the photo.

Outside photography, extension distortion is familiar to many through side-view mirrors (see "objects in mirror are closer than they appear") and peepholes, though these often use a fisheye lens, exhibiting different distortion. Compression distortion is most familiar in looking through binoculars or telescopes, as in telescopic sights, while a similar effect is seen in fixed-slit strip photography, notably a photo finish, where all capture is parallel to the capture, completely eliminating perspective (a side view).

Optics

Consider an idealised Gaussian optical system, with the image and the object in the same medium. Thus, for an object in focus, the distance between the lens and image plane  the distance between lens and the object  and the focal length  are related by the thin-lens equation:

The transverse magnification  is related by

The axial magnification  of an object at  is the rate of change of the lens–image distance  as the lens–object distance  changes. For an object of finite depth, one can conceive of the  axial magnification as the ratio of the depth of the image and the depth of the object:

As the magnification increases, the ratio of axial to transverse magnification also increases. For example, if  then  and the image will be twice as tall and four times as deep as the object.

Influencing factors

Perspective distortion is influenced by the relationship between two factors: the angle of view at which the image is captured by the camera and the angle of view at which the photograph of the subject is presented or viewed.

Angle of view of the capture

When photographs are viewed at the ordinary viewing distance, the angle of view at which the image is captured accounts completely for the appearance of perspective distortion. The general assumption that "undoctored" photos cannot distort a scene is incorrect. Perspective distortion is particularly noticeable in portraits taken with wide-angle lenses at short camera-to-subject distances.  They generally give an unpleasant impression, making the nose appear too large with respect to the rest of the face, and distorting the facial expression. Framing the same subject identically while using a moderate telephoto or long focus lens (with a narrow angle of view) flattens the image to a more flattering perspective. It is for this reason that, for a 35 mm camera, lenses with focal lengths from about 85 through 135 mm are generally considered to be good portrait lenses. It does however make difference, whether the photograph is taken landscape or portrait. A 50 mm lens is suitable for photographing people when the orientation is landscape. Conversely, using lenses with much longer focal lengths for portraits results in more extreme flattening of facial features, which also may be objectionable to the viewer.

Photograph viewing distance

Photographs are ordinarily viewed at a distance approximately equal to their diagonal. When viewed at this distance, the distortion effects created by the angle of view of the capture are apparent. However, theoretically, if one views pictures exhibiting extension (wide angle) distortion at a closer distance, thus widening the angle of view of the presentation, then the phenomenon abates.  Similarly, viewing pictures exhibiting compression (telephoto) distortion from a greater distance, thus narrowing the angle of view of the presentation, reduces the effect. In both cases, at some critical distance, the apparent distortion disappears completely.

Examples

Below, a series of three photos shows the same scene shot from the same position with three different lenses: a wide-angle lens, a normal lens, and a telephoto lens. Notice that because the proportions in the image do not change with the angle of view, if the photos made with the wide-angle lens and the normal lens were cropped to contain the same scene as the photo made with the telephoto lens, then the image content would be exactly the same. The apparent difference in proportions results solely from the content added around the edges of the frame in the normal lens photo and the wide-angle photo.

Below, a series of four photos shows an object framed as nearly the same as possible with four different lenses. As a result of the different angle of view of each lens, the photographer moved closer to the object with each photo. Note that the angle of view changes significantly (compare the background in each photo), and the distance between objects appears greater with each succeeding image. In the fourth image at the lower right, taken with the widest lens, the building behind the object appears much further away than in reality.

Artistic uses

Technical background

Although perspective distortion is often annoying when unintended, it is also intentionally used for artistic purposes. Extension (wide angle) distortion is often implemented to emphasize some element of the scene by making it appear larger and spatially removed from the other elements. Compression (telephoto) distortion is often used to give the appearance of compressed distance between distant objects, such as buildings or automobiles in order to convey a feeling of congestion. Longer lenses magnify the subject more, apparently compressing distance and (when focused on the foreground) blurring the background because of their shallower depth of field. Wider lenses tend to magnify distance between objects while allowing greater depth of field.

Another result of using a wide-angle lens is a greater apparent perspective distortion when the camera is not aligned perpendicularly to the subject: parallel lines converge at the same rate as with a normal lens, but converge more due to the wider total field. For example, buildings appear to be falling backwards much more severely when the camera is pointed upward from ground level than they would if photographed with a normal lens at the same distance from the subject, because more of the subject building is visible in the wide-angle shot.

Because different lenses generally require a different camera–subject distance to preserve the size of a subject, changing the angle of view can indirectly distort perspective, changing the apparent relative size of the subject and background. If identical field size is maintained, wide-angle lenses make subjects appear larger by introducing size differences along with the converging lines mentioned above, and they make rooms and spaces around the subject appear more vast by increasing the distance between subject and background (expanded perspective).

Mood effect and famous uses

The mood effect of perspective distortion achieved by rectilinear extreme wide-angle lenses is that the resulting image looks grotesque and unsettling, while not looking as unrealistic as curvilinear fisheye lenses which display barrel distortion. The effect is especially noticeable the closer the camera is to the subject, as its amount increases the shorter the focal length is at the same field size.

One notable director that frequently employs rectilinear ultra wide angle lenses in order to achieve a distinctive signature style defined by extreme perspective distortion is Terry Gilliam. Also Stanley Kubrick (in Paths of Glory, and Dr. Strangelove, among others) as well as Orson Welles (in The Trial, partly Orson Welles' London, segment Four Clubmen), Sam Peckinpah (in Straw Dogs), and Sidney Lumet (in The Offence) have occasionally done the same in the past, though mostly in moderation, for single shots or sequences only, while Gilliam hardly ever uses any lens longer than 14 mm, which has garnered lenses of that particular focal length the informal nickname "The Gilliam" among film-makers. Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caro, two French filmmakers influenced by Gilliam, adopted his typical wide-angle photography in their two most "Gilliamesque" features, Delicatessen and The City of Lost Children. Orson Welles's The Trial is notable for heavily influencing Gilliam's signature style years before the American ex-patriate joined the Monty Python comedy troupe while only being a one-feature style for Welles.

Due to the grotesque, unsettling mood effect peculiar to wide-angle lenses, films making use of such perspective distortion can often be placed in one of two categories: Grotesque and surreal satire and fantasy, also to some extent black comedy (Gilliam, Jeunet & Caro, Orson Welles, Dr. Strangelove) on the one hand, and serious, more realistic films with a particular edge for social criticism on the other, whereas social conventions, collective society, and/or the motives and acts of leaders are portrayed as grotesque and absurd, and often also feature tyrannical characters with conformist values who act out in an extremely hostile and prejudiced way towards individualism and outsiders (Paths of Glory, Straw Dogs, The Offence).

On the other end of the focal length spectre, Leni Riefenstahl used extreme telephoto lenses to compress large crowds in Triumph of the Will while the Führer Adolf Hitler is seen through normal lenses and often from a low angle to appear tall in comparison.

In cinematography, perspective distortion also has bearing on the in-camera special effect known as the dolly zoom, in which a zoom lens zooms out at the same time as the camera moves toward the subject, in such a way as to keep the subject the same size in the frame while the background "changes size" relative to the subject.  This effect was made popular in the films Vertigo and Jaws. Another example of this can be seen in the first Lord of the Rings film, just before the Black Rider comes down the road.  The dolly zoom is used to create a compression effect in the road.

Examples

The photo below of the gondolas is an illustration of the use of extension distortion, and the photo of the buildings below it is an example of compression distortion.

See also
 Foreshortening
 Perspective Control (PC) Lens
 Texture gradient
 Curvilinear perspective

Notes

External links
Compressing distance and altering perspective

Science of photography
Photographic techniques

Perspective distortion


Reacția de eliminare este, în chimia organică, un tip de reacție chimică în care doi substituenți sunt eliminați dintr-o moleculă. Mecanismul de reacție poate fi într-o singură etapă (E2) sau în două etape (E1).

Reacția de eliminare este inversa reacției de adiție; de exemplu, hidratarea (adiția de apă) unei alchene cu obținerea unui alcool este reacția inversă deshidratării (eliminare de apă) alcoolilor cu obținere de alchene.

Eliminare unimoleculară (E1)
Eliminarea monomoleculară sau unimoleculară (E1) este un tip de reacție de eliminare care prezintă următoarele caracteristici:
 Este o reacție ce se produce în două etape, mai exact ionizare și deprotonare:
 Ionizarea: legătura carbon-halogen se rupe cu formarea unui compus intermediar carbocationic;
 Deprotonarea: ce are loc la nivelul acestui carbocation.
 Este o reacție ce are de obicei loc la nivelul unor derivați halogenați alchilici terțiari, însă se poate face și la cele secundare.
 Viteza de reacție este influențată doar de concentrația halogenurii de alchil (a substratului), și nu a bazei, deoarece formarea carbocationului este etapa cea mai lentă, mai exact este etapa limitantă de viteză (cinetică de ordinul 1).
 Reacția are de obicei loc în absența unei baze sau în prezența unei baze foarte slabe (condiții acide și temperaturi ridicate).
 Reacțiile de tipul E1 se află în competiție cu reacțiile SN1 datorită formării unui intermediar carbocationic comun.

Mecanismul de reacție poate fi reprezentat după cum urmează:

Un exemplu este piroliza unor esteri sulfonați ai mentolului:

Eliminare bimoleculară (E2)
Eliminarea bimoleculară (E2) este un tip de reacție de eliminare care prezintă următoarele caracteristici:
 Este o reacție ce se produce într-o singură etapă, fiind deci un exemplu de reacție concertată ce decurge printr-un singur intermediar denumit stare de tranziție.
 Este o reacție ce are de obicei loc la nivelul unor derivați halogenați alchilici primari, însă se poate face și la cei secundari sau la alți compuși.
 Viteza de reacție este influențată de concentrația halogenurii de alchil și de cea a bazei, mai exact avem o cinetică de ordinul 2.
 Reacția are de obicei loc în prezența unei baze îndeajuns de puternice pentru a putea elimina hidrogenul slab acid.
 Reacțiile de tipul E2 se află în competiție cu reacțiile SN2 în cazul în care baza este și un agent nucleofil (ceea ce este adevărat pentru majoritatea bazelor comune).

Mecanismul de reacție poate fi reprezentat după cum urmează:

Exemple

Referințe

Reacție de eliminare


Die Filialkirche Möderndorf in der Gemeinde Maria Saal ist den Heiligen Jakobus und Anna geweiht und gehört zur Pfarre Pörtschach am Berg.

Baubeschreibung
Der kleine Bau aus dem 12. Jahrhundert, der wohl als Kapelle des benachbarten Schlosses diente, wurde Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts erneuert. Die Mauern des Langhauses stammen aus der Romanik, die polygonale Apsis aus spätgotischer Zeit. An der Ostwand findet sich ein mit 1524 bezeichneter Wappenstein mit einer Keutschacherrübe. Der erneuerte, sechsseitige Dachreiter wird von einem Zwiebelhelm bekrönt. An der Westseite der Kirche ist eine römerzeitliche (um 200) Grabstele mit Portraitbüste und Grabepigramm der Erasina und ein Grabaltar mit Inschrift für den Eutyches, Finanzbeamter der Provinzverwaltung, errichtet von seiner Gattin Claudia Domna, seinen Kindern Faustina und Romulus sowie seinen Untergebenen, eingemauert.

Im Inneren des vierjochigen Langhauses spannt sich ein spätgotisches Spitztonnengewölbe mit Stichkappen und Netzgraten. An der Langhaussüdwand wurde romanisches Fischgrätmauerwerk freigelegt. Ein hoher romanischer Triumphbogen mit Resten von Kämpfersteinen verbindet das Langhaus und die kreuzgratgewölbte Apsis mit Fünfachtelschluss.

Einrichtung
Der Hochaltar, um 1670, besteht aus einer schreinähnlichen Ädikula mit einem kleinen, predellenähnlichen Sockel und einem gesprengten Dreiecksgiebel als Aufsatz. Die gedrehten Säulenschäfte sind mit Weinranken, der Sockel und die Rahmung der seitlichen Bögen mit schwerem Knorpelwerk verziert. Am Altar steht die Schnitzfigur einer Pieta, in den seitlichen Arkaden die Figuren des Judas Thaddäus und des Evangelisten Johannes. Weiters befindet sich in der Kirche die Wappengrabplatte des Andre Jabornegg von 1654.
Ein Schalenstein, der vor der Kirche lang, ist nicht mehr auffindbar.

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X, S. 556.

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude in Maria Saal
Annakirche
Jakobus-der-Ältere-Kirche
Filialkirche in der Diözese Gurk
Romanische Kirche
Bauwerk der Romanik in Kärnten
Dekanat Klagenfurt-Land/Celovec-dežela
Baudenkmal (Kärnten)

Filialkirche Möderndorf (Maria Saal)


El Hilal Bingazi Libya'nın Bingazi şehrinde kurulmuş olan bir Libya futbol kulübüdür.

 Libya Futbol Kupası
 Finalist : 1977, 1998, 2004

Libya'daki futbol kulüpleri

El Hilal Bingazi


Juniperus grandis er tegund af barrtré í einisætt. Uppruninn frá vesturhluta Bandaríkjanna. Hann var áður talin undirtegund Juniperus occidentalis; Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis. Útbreiðsla, vaxtarlag, efnainnihald og genagreiningar sýna fram á að um aðskildar tegundir sé að ræða.

Tilvísanir

Einisætt

Juniperus grandis


Benedetto Lampridio est un poète italien de la Renaissance, né à Crémone en 1478, mort à Rome le .

Biographie
Benedetto Lampridio naquit à Crémone vers la fin du . Il se rend à Rome où il est choisi par le savant Janus Lascaris pour une chaire au collège des Grecs, nouvellement fondée par le pape Léon X. Après la mort de ce Pontife (1521), il se retira à Padoue, où il ouvrit une école. Paul Jove lui reproche de n'avoir jamais voulu concourir à une chaire publique. Aonio Paleario, l'ayant entendu expliquer à ses élèves une harangue de Démosthène, écrivait à Bembo : « Il avait la voix et le geste de ce prince des orateurs; il paraissait plein de son esprit (Lett. 19). » Paleario cite aussi une traduction latine des Œuvres d'Aristote par Lampridio, mais Tiraboschi doute qu'elle ait jamais existé. Le duc de Mantoue Frédéric Gonzague appela Lampridio à sa cour en 1536, et lui confia l'éducation de son fils. Benedetto Lampridio mourut d'une mort prématurée le .

Œuvres
 Des Odes, trois Épîtres, quelques Élégies et des Épigrammes. Paul Jove, lui fait un reproche de s'être trop attaché dans ses odes à imiter Pindare.
Les vers de Lampridio, imprimés à Venise en 1540, in-8°, ont été insérés dans tous les recueils, et notamment dans le  volume des Carmina illustrium poetar. italorum, Florence, 1719.
On a trois Lettres de lui en italien au cardinal Bembo, et une en latin au cardinal Pole.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Poète italien du XVe siècle
Naissance à Crémone
Décès à Rome
Naissance en 1478
Décès en juin 1539

Benedetto Lampridio


Erdem Özgenç (* 22. August 1984 in Hendek, Sakarya) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Erdem Özgenç begann mit dem Vereinsfußball mit 14 Jahren in der Jugend von Yoncaspor und durchlief dann die Jugendmannschaften von İdealtepe SK, İstanbulspor und Fenerbahçe Istanbul. In der Saison 2004/05 unterschrieb er beim damaligen Drittligisten Maltepespor einen Profi-Vertrag und verließ die Jugend von Fenerbahçe. Bei Maltepespor bekam er gleich einen Platz in der Startelf und spielte hier eine Spielzeit.

Eine Saison später wechselte er zum Viertligisten Etimesgut Şekerspor. Mit seiner neuen Mannschaft gelang ihm in seiner ersten Saison der direkte Aufstieg in die dritthöchste türkische Spielklasse.

Ab der Mitte der Saison 2006/07 spielte er für eine halbe Saison bei seinem alten Verein Maltepespor.

Zur Spielzeit 2007/08 heuerte er beim Zweitligisten Kartalspor für eine Spielzeit an.

2008/09 wechselte er innerhalb der Liga zu Boluspor. Hier spielte er Spielzeiten lang und verpasste mit seinem Verein zweimal den Aufstieg in die Süper Lig.

Zur Spielzeit 2011/12 wechselte er eine Spielklasse höher zum nordanatolischen Verein Kardemir Karabükspor.

Nachdem Karabükspor im Sommer 2015 den Klassenerhalt in der Süper Lig verfehlt hatte, wechselte Özgenç zum Ligarivalen Bursaspor. Zur Saison 2017 wurde er vom Zweitligisten MKE Ankaragücü verpflichtet.

Erfolge
Mit MKE Ankaragücü
 Vizemeister der TFF 1. Lig und Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2017/18

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (Ankara Şekerspor)
Fußballspieler (Boluspor)
Fußballspieler (Bursaspor)
Fußballspieler (Fatih Karagümrük SK)
Fußballspieler (Fenerbahçe Istanbul)
Fußballspieler (Gençlerbirliği Ankara)
Fußballspieler (İstanbulspor)
Fußballspieler (Kardemir Karabükspor)
Fußballspieler (Kartalspor)
Fußballspieler (Maltepespor)
Fußballspieler (MKE Ankaragücü)
Fußballspieler (Tuzlaspor)
Geboren 1984
Türke
Mann

Erdem Özgenç


L'attentat de Iessentouki est une attaque terroriste survenue le 5 décembre 2003 à Iessentouki, dans le kraï de Stavropol, en Russie, lorsqu'une explosion dans un train de banlieue a tué au moins 46 personnes et en a blessé plus de 170 autres.

Attentat
Un train électrique régional dans le kraï de Stavropol faisait la navette entre Kislovodsk et Mineralnye Vody dans le kraï de Stavropol, lorsqu'un kamikaze armé d'explosifs équivalant à environ 7 kilogrammes de TNT a explosé alors que le train quittait la gare de Iessentouki.

La responsabilité de l'attaque a été immédiatement pointée vers des terroristes tchétchènes, qui avaient commis des attaques précédentes contre des trains sur la ligne peu avant, dont une le 3 septembre 2003, tuant 7 personnes et en blessant plus de 80. Ibragim Israpilov, un ancien responsable local de Tchétchénie, a été reconnu coupable en 2004 d'avoir organisé l'explosion de septembre et condamné à 20 ans d'emprisonnement. Il est parfois rapporté à tort comme étant derrière l'attentat du 5 décembre. Une autre série d'attentats-suicides et d'autres attentats terroristes en Tchétchénie et à Moscou et aux alentours s'est également produite en 2003, ce qui a renforcé les soupçons.

En décembre 2009, il n'y avait eu aucune arrestation ni condamnation pour l'attaque de Iessentouki.

Notes et références

Décembre 2003
2003 en Russie
Terrorisme en 2003
Attentat en Russie
Seconde guerre de Tchétchénie
Catastrophe ferroviaire en 2003
Kraï de Stavropol

Attentat de Iessentouki


Tunku Puan Besar Hajah Kurshiah binti Almarhum Tunku Besar Burhanuddin (Jawi: تونكو ڤوان بسر قرشية بنت المرحوم تونكو بسر برهان الدين; 16 May 1911 – 2 February 1999) was the Tunku Ampuan Besar or Queen of Negeri Sembilan. She also served as the first Raja Permaisuri Agong of Malaya between 1957 and 1960.

Tunku Kurshiah's sister, Tunku Durah married her stepson Tuanku Munawir Ibni Al-Marhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman and succeeded her as Tunku Ampuan Besar in 1960.

Early life
Born on 16 May 1911 in Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan, she was the eldest daughter of Tunku Besar Burhanuddin ibni Almarhum Tuanku Antah (sometime Regent of Negeri Sembilan). She received her early education at the Seri Menanti Malay School. She also attended private English classes.

Becoming Queen

Tuanku Kurshiah married Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, the ruler of Negeri Sembilan as his third wife on 21 May 1929. They had two daughters; Tuanku Bahiyah, who became Sultanah of Kedah and Tunku Shahariah, who became the wife of Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Tunku Bendahara of Johor.

Upon her husband's accession to the throne of Negeri Sembilan in 1933, Tunku Kurshiah was proclaimed Tunku Ampuan Besar or Queen Consort of Negeri Sembilan.

In 1957, her husband was elected as the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of independent Malaya (later Malaysia) and she became the first Raja Permaisuri Agong or Queen.

Tuanku Abdul Rahman died in April 1960 and Tunku Kurshiah was given the title of Tunku Puan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.

Social contributions

In 1954, Tuanku Kurshiah was appointed as the President of the Negeri Sembilan Girl Guides. She was also the patron of the Women's Institute of Negeri Sembilan.

In May 1961, she established the Muslim Women Welfare Council and to date she is the Founder President.

On 27 October 1974, she was awarded the Tun Fatimah Gold Medal by the National Council of Women's Organisations for her contribution in elevating the standard of women and children through welfare and education.

Death
Tunku Kurshiah died in her sleep at 4:50 pm due to old age and from an illness in Kuala Lumpur on 2 February 1999 and her remains were buried at the Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum in Seri Menanti.

Family of Queens
Tunku Kurshiah due to her royal lineage has links to many former queens of Negeri Sembilan but also has links with many of the royal families of the other states. Her daughter Tuanku Bahiyah became Sultanah of Kedah and later the fifth Raja Permaisuri Agong. Both her younger sisters succeeded her as Tunku Ampuan Besar, first by Tunku Ampuan Durah who was married to her eldest stepson Tuanku Munawir and second by her youngest sister Tuanku Najihah, who married her youngest stepson Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman. Tuanku Najihah also followed in Tunku Kurshiah's footsteps and served as the 10th Raja Permaisuri Agong.

Awards and recognitions

Honours
 :
  Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (1958)
  Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (1980)
 :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK) (29 February 1964)
 :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan (DKNS)

Places named after her
Several places were named after her, including:

 Jalan Tunku Kurshiah in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
 Taman Tunku Kurshiah (residential area in Seremban)
 Tunku Kurshiah College (renamed from Maktab Perempuan Melayu)
 SK Tunku Kurshiah, primary school in Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan
 SMK Tunku Kurshiah, secondary school in Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan
 The University of Malaya also renamed its Third Residential College to Tunku Kurshiah Residential College.

See also
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Raja Permaisuri Agong

References

Malaysian royal consorts
Negeri Sembilan royal consorts
1911 births
1999 deaths
Puan
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Minangkabau descent
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Queens consort of Malaysia
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm

Tunku Puan Besar Kurshiah