OpenMPT is an open-source audio module tracker for Windows (with an intended Wine-functionality for UNIX and Linux x86-systems). It was previously called ModPlug Tracker, and was first released by Olivier Lapicque in September 1997.

Computer Music magazine listed OpenMPT among the top five free music trackers in 2007, and it is one of the most widely used trackers.

History

MOD Plugin and ModPlug Tracker

OpenMPT was initially developed as a browser plug-in called MOD Plugin, which enabled users to play music and other sounds encoded in module files. ModPlug Tracker, along with a player application named ModPlug Player, evolved from this plug-in.

In December 1999, Olivier Lapicque sent the module-playing parts of ModPlug Tracker's source code to Kenton Varda, under the GPL-2.0-or-later, to write a plugin for XMMS based on the code. In 2001, the source code was released in the public domain, and the mod-playing code was split off into a separate library, libmodplug, maintained as part of the ModPlug XMMS Plugin project. This project lay dormant from late 2003 until early 2006, when it was picked up again. Today, libmodplug is included in many Linux distributions as a default audio plugin for playing module files and is a part of the popular open source multimedia framework gstreamer.

Due to lack of time, Olivier Lapicque discontinued development of ModPlug Tracker itself, and in January 2004, he released the entire source code under an open-source license. The ModPlug Player source code is still closed as of May 2020.

OpenMPT
Lapicque's MPT code was taken up by a group of tracker musicians/programmers and is now known as OpenMPT. Also based on the ModPlug code is OpenMPT's "sister project" Schism Tracker which contributed several backports of bugfixes to OpenMPT.

OpenMPT is distributed as free software and is, as of August 2022, under active development. Until May 2009 (v1.17.02.53) OpenMPT was licensed under the Copyleft GPL-2.0-or-later and then relicensed under the terms of the permissive BSD-3-Clause. Since OpenMPT 1.23 (March 2014), OpenMPT is also available as a 64-bit application. This allows musicians to use 64-bit VST plugins and make use of the entire physical memory on 64-bit systems. For this purpose, OpenMPT provides its own plugin bridge, which can be used to run plugins with a different bitness than the host in a separate process, or to run plugin in a sandbox and prevent them from crashing the host application.

Features
OpenMPT's main distinguishing feature is its native Windows user interface. Most trackers, even newer ones such as Renoise, have interfaces modelled after the older DOS trackers such as FastTracker II. It supports samples, VST plugins and OPL3 instruments as sound sources.
OpenMPT makes use of features common to Microsoft Windows programs, such as context menus for effect selection, "tree" views (for files, samples, and patterns), drag and drop functionality throughout, and the native look and feel of the Windows platform.

It supports both loading and saving of IT (Impulse Tracker), XM (FastTracker Extended Module), MOD (Protracker and similar), S3M (Scream Tracker 3) and MPTM (its own file format) files, imports many more module and sample file formats, and has some support for DLS banks and SoundFonts.

OpenMPT was also one of the first trackers to support opening and editing of multiple tracker modules in parallel. OpenMPT supports up to 127 tracks/channels, VST Plugins, VST instruments and has ASIO support.

MPTM file format

Due to limitations of the various mod file formats it is able to save, a new module format called MPTM was created in 2007.

OpenMPT introduced some non-standard additions to the older file formats. For example, one can use stereo samples or add VST plugins to XM and IT modules, which were not supported in the original trackers. Many of these features have gradually been removed from IT and XM files and made available only in MPTM files.

libopenmpt

libopenmpt is a cross-platform module playing library based on the OpenMPT code with interfaces for C, C++ and other programming languages. To ensure that the code bases do not diverge like in the case of ModPlug Tracker and libmodplug, libopenmpt development takes place in the same code repository as OpenMPT. Official input plug-ins for popular audio players (XMPlay, Winamp and foobar2000) based on libopenmpt are also available from the website. FFmpeg also offers an optional module decoder based on libopenmpt. libopenmpt can also serve as a drop-in replacement for libmodplug and thus offer up-to-date module playback capabilities for software that relies on the libmodplug API.

Reception and users

Nicolay of the Grammy-nominated The Foreign Exchange has revealed that ModPlug is his "Secret Weapon". Movie and video game music composer Raphaël Gesqua made known his use of OpenMPT in an interview.

Peter Hajba and Alexander Brandon used OpenMPT to compose the soundtracks for Bejeweled 2, Bejeweled 3 and other PopCap games.

Electronic rock musician Blue Stahli has mentioned that he used ModPlug Tracker and other trackers in the past.

References

External links

 ModPlug
 ModPlug XMMS Plugin (using libmodplug)

Audio trackers
Free audio software
Free software programmed in C++
Windows-only free software
Software using the BSD license

OpenMPT


Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs () a fost un fizician germano-britanic, specialist în fizica nucleului atomic, participant la Proiectul Manhattan și spion sovietic.

Biografie
Ca cercetător în Laboratorul Național Los Alamos, Fuchs a participat la Proiectul Manhattan, în care a fost dezvoltată prima armă nucleară. În anul 1950 a recunoscut că furnizase sovieticilor informații secrete; a fost condamnat la paisprezece ani de închisoare și i-a fost retrasă cetățenia britanică. Eliberat după nouă ani, a emigrat în Republica Democrată Germană, unde a fost ales membru în Comitetul Central al Partidul Socialist Unit din Germania și în . Din 1959, Klaus Fuchs a fost căsătorit cu Margarete Keilson (1905 - 1999), comunistă germană.

Note

Nașteri în 1911
Nașteri pe 29 decembrie
Decese în 1988
Decese pe 28 ianuarie
Fizicieni germani
Fizicieni britanici
Ordinul Karl Marx
Oameni ai Proiectului Manhattan
Spioni germani

Klaus Fuchs


Laurent Dessupoiu, né le 21 octobre 1969 à Istres, est un plasticien français du mouvement de la figuration libre. Ses œuvres sont exposées dans le monde entier (France, Suisse, Belgique, Serbie, Ecosse, Etats-Unis, Chine) depuis le début des années 2000. Son atelier est installé en Provence à Istres où il vit toujours.

La culture africaine, la musique, les voyages, les écrits des grands auteurs sont autant de sources d'inspiration pour l'artiste. Le centre d'art Villa Tamaris de La Seyne-sur-Mer lui a consacré une rétrospective  en 2014 et certaines de ses œuvres, intégrées dans la collection permanente, sont visibles dans ce musée.

Il est proche des artistes Richard Di Rosa dit "Buddy", Antonio Segui et Ivan Messac.

Biographie
Originaire de la région de Sassari en Sardaigne, son père a émigré en France pour travailler dans les sites industriels de l' Étang de Berre.

Après sa naissance à Istres, Laurent Dessupoiu passe son enfance au Gabon où son père a accepté une mission professionnelle de plusieurs années. Cette expérience inspire ses premières séries de tableaux et sculptures, notamment "Sur les traces de la liberté". L'un des tableaux de cette période illustre une boîte de café produite en série limité par l'entreprise Malongo à l'occasion de la quinzaine du commerce équitable de 2010. L'année précédente, c'est l'artiste niçois Ben qui s'était engagé aux côtés de la marque .

De retour en France, Laurent Dessupoiu intègre le centre de formation de football à Martigues. Pendant cette période, il fait la connaissance des footballeurs Éric Cantona, Joël Cantona, Pascal Olmeta et José Touré qui resteront ses amis et soutiendront ses débuts artistiques. En 1994, un grave accident de voiture met un terme à sa carrière sportive.

Il expose pour la première fois en 2000 à "La Grande Masse des Beaux Arts", 1 rue Jacques Callot à Paris, siège de l'association des élèves et anciens élèves de l'École des Beaux-Arts et des écoles d'architecture de Paris, dans les salons d'honneur du Stade Vélodrome de Marseille pour le jubilé de son ami Pascal Olmeta puis dans la galerie-musée de Cérès Franco à Lagrasse .

Le journaliste et critique d'art Salvatore Lombardo l'encourage et lui consacre en 2005 un long article, "Laurent Dessupoiu : la force du regard" dans le  la revue artistique internationale des éditions transbordeurs "Art Sud". Un tableau issu de la série "Sur les traces de la liberté" est en couverture de ce numéro.

Depuis, ses œuvres ont été présentées dans une quarantaine d'expositions dans le grand sud de la France (Marseille, Aix-en-Provence à la fondation Saint-John Perse , Plan d'Aups, Nîmes, Aubagne, Monaco, Valbonne, Six-Fours , Cannes, L'Isle-sur-Sorgue, La Seyne-sur-Mer), mais également à Paris, Lille , Strasbourg, Genève, New York, Pékin, Novi-Sad, Bruxelles, St Andrews (Écosse) ou sur l'île de Saint-Martin (Antilles françaises).

En 2014, pour la rétrospective "La sensation d'un voyage inachevé" à la Villa Tamaris, le spécialiste d'art contemporain et conservateur Robert Bonaccorsi décrit ainsi son style.

De 2012 à 2016, dans le cadre de la commande publique "Art'Bribus", Laurent Dessupoiu transforme plusieurs abris voyageurs de la ville d'Istres en œuvres d'art. A l'occasion de "Marseille, Capitale Européenne de la Culture 2013" Robert Combas, Ricardo Mosner, Jacques Villéglé, Robert Crumb et Hervé Di Rosa rejoignent cette opération. Les années suivantes Peter Klasen et Antonio Segui  réalisent eux aussi des œuvres dans la ville .

En 2016, il est artiste invité par le festival "La Fiesta des Suds" à Marseille .

En 2019 il donne une œuvre ("Freedom is not utopia") au Secours Populaire pour l'opération solidaire "Les pères noëls verts" .

Expositions et événements (sélection)

 2000 : Salons d'honneur du Stade Vélodrome - Marseille
 2000 : Collection Cérès Franco - Lagrasse
 2001 : Galerie Carole Jones - New-York
 2004 : Maison du Cygne avec Buddy Di Rosa - Six-Fours-les-Plages
 2005 : Moulin de la Récense avec Buddy Di Rosa - Ventabren
 2005 : Couverture du  de la revue internationale "Art Sud"
 2006 : Art International - Zurich
 2006 : Centre culturel français - Pékin
 2008 : Festival de la Correspondance - Grignan
 2009 : Galerie Eric Gallea - L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue
 2010 : Boîte de café "commerce équitable" pour Malongo
 2010 : Must Gallery - Gordes
 2011 : Centre d'Art "Les Pénitents noirs" - Aubagne
 2011 : Park'Art Galerie - Genève
 2012 : Commande publique  Art'Bribus - Istres
 2013 : St'Art - Strasbourg
 2013 : U'spaziu - L'Île Rousse
 2014 : Villa Tamaris - La Seyne sur mer
 2014 : Art To Be galerie - Lille
 2015 : Maison du Cygne - Six Fours les Plages
 2016 : Fondation Saint-John Perse - Aix-en-Provence
 2016 : Fiesta des Suds - Marseille
 2017 : Galerie Gildo Pastor - Monaco
 2018 : Junor Gallery - Saint-Andrews
 2018 : Wall of Art - Saint-Martin
 2018 : Commande publique d'une sculpture pour la métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence
 2019 : Stuarts Gallerija - Novi Sad

Articles et documents utilisés
- Livre : "Laurent Dessupoiu : la sensation d'un voyage inachevé" de Robert Bonaccorsi

- Article : "Laurent Dessupoiu : la force du regard" de Salvatore Lombardo - "Art Sud"

- Article : "L'art dans tous ses états" de Valérie Daizey - "Le 97150"

- Article : "Vieux-Lille : Laurent Dessupoiu chez Art to be Gallery, dire les choses sans donner de leçon" -l "La Voix du Nord"

- Article : "Laurent Dessupoiu expose au Plan d'Aups Sainte Baume" - France 3

- Article : "Laurent Dessupoiu expose à l'espace Trouin - Le Corbusier du Plan d'Aups" - Var Matin

- Article : "Art'bribus d'Istres : l'art intégré dans l'espace public sous l'égide d'Anagraphis" - Hérault Tribune

- Article : "Au Ranquet, Laurent Dessupoiu s'en remet à Oscar Wilde" de Patrick Merle - La Provence

- "Laurent Dessupoiu, Sur les traces de la Liberté" - Documentaire d'Alain Melka

- Article : "Laurent Dessupoiu à la lettre" de Salvatore Lombardo pour Inferno Magazine

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Site de l'artiste

Naissance en octobre 1969
Naissance à Istres

Laurent Dessupoiu


An Lepanthes interiorubra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry August Hespenheide. An Lepanthes interiorubra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes interiorubra


An Specklinia imbeana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Alexander Curt Brade, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Fábio de Barros och V.T.Rodrigues. An Specklinia imbeana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Specklinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Specklinia

Specklinia imbeana


Formația americană pop-rock Maroon 5 a lansat cinci albume studio, trei albume live, două albume de compilație, un album de remixuri, trei piese extinse, nouăsprezece single-uri, patru single-uri de promovare și douăzeci și trei videoclipuri muzicale. Grupul a fost format inițial în 1994 sub numele de Kara's Flowers, în timp ce membrii erau încă la liceu. În componența: Adam Levine, Jesse Carmichael, Mickey Madden și Ryan Dusick, au lansat albumul independent We Like Digging?, în 1995. În 1998, au semnat cu Reprise Records și au lansat albumul The Fourth World în 1997 . După lansarea albumului, trupa s-a despărțit. În anul 2000, trupa s-a reunit, având un nou membru - James Valentine schimbându-și și denumirea în Maroon 5.

Maroon 5 a semnat cu Octone Records înregistrând albumul de debut in 2002. Albumul, Songs About Jane, a fost lansat în iunie 2002. Single-ul Harder to Breathe a propulsat albumul pe poziția 6 în clasamentul US Billboard 200. Al doilea și al treilea single de pe album, This Love și She Will Be Loved, au devenit hituri internaționale 2004. Albumul a conținut 5 single-uri. Pentru următorii câțiva ani, trupa a concertat la nivel mondial, și a scos două înregistrări live: 1.22.03.Acoustic în 2004 și Live – Friday the 13th în 2005.

În 2006, bateristul Ryan Dusick a părăsit trupa și a fost înlocuit cu Matt Flynn. Un nou album a fost lansat în luna mai și a ajuns pe locul 1 în clasamentul Billboard 200. Albumul a conținut 5 single-uri. Primul single, Makes Me Wonder, a devenit primul lor single care a ajuns pe poziția 1 în clasamentul US Billboard Hot 100.  Hands All Over, al treilea album studio al trupei, a fost lansat în septembrie 2010, ajungând pe locul 2 în topul Billboard  200.  Single-ul Misery a ajuns în top 15 în clasamentul Billboard Hot 100, în timp ce single-ul 4 al albumului, Moves like Jagger, a devenit al doilea single al trupei în clasamentul Hot 100.

Trupa a lansat albumul studio Overexposed în iunie 2012. Albumul a ajuns pe locul 2 în Billboard 200. Primele două single-uri, Payphone și One More Night, au ajuns pe locul 1 în Hot 100, și au devenit hit-uri internaționale. Al treilea single de pe album, Daylight, a ajuns în top zece în SUA și Canada, precum și în top 40 în alte țari din toată lumea. În septembrie 2014, albumul studio V a fost lansat. Single-ul Maps a ajuns pe poziția 6 în Hot 100, al doilea single, Animals a ajuns pe locul 3 în același top, iar al treilea single, Sugar, a fost lansat într-o ediție limitată ZinePak.

Albume

Albume studio

Albume live

Albume de compilație

Albume de remixuri

Extended play-uri

Single-uri

Proprii

Single-uri promoționale

Alte cântece ajunse în topuri

Alte apariții

Note
 A  "Harder to Breathe" nu a intrat în Dutch Top 40, dar a ocupat poziția 12 în topul Dutch Tipparade.
 B  "Give a Little More" nu a intrat în topul Dutch Top 40, dar a ajuns nr. 1 în clasamentul Dutch Tipparade.
 C  "Feelings" nu a intrat în Billboard Hot 100, dar a ocupat poziția 13 în topul Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.
 C  "Nothing Lasts Forever" nu a intrat în Billboard Hot 100, dar a ocupat locul 23 în topul Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.
 D  "Out of Goodbyes" nu a intrat înBillboard Hot 100, dar a ocupat poziția 3 în topul Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.
 E  "Lucky Strike" nu a intrat înBillboard Hot 100, dar a ocupat poziția 9 în topul Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.
 F  "My Heart Is Open" nu a intrat în Billboard Hot 100, dar a ocupat poziția 7 în topul Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Site oficial
 Maroon 5 la AllMusic

Maroon 5
Discography

Discografia formației Maroon 5


A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to measure length or distance.

It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature form as a keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over 100 m.

Types
Tape measures are often designed for specific uses or trades. Tapes may have different scales, be made of different materials, and be of different lengths depending on the intended use. Tape measures can wind into a relatively small containers.

Tape measures that were intended for use in tailoring or dressmaking are called "sewing tape". They were made from flexible cloth or plastic, and are now made of fiberglass, which does not tear or stretch as easily. These types of tape measures are mainly used for the measuring of the subject's waist line and are usually 150 cm in length.

Measuring tapes designed for carpentry or construction often use a stiff, curved metallic ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended, but retracts into a coil for convenient storage. This type of tape measure will have a floating tang or hook on the end to aid measuring. The tang is connected to the tape with loose rivets through oval holes, and can move a distance equal to its thickness, to provide both inside and outside measurements that are accurate.

Self-marking tape measures allows the user have a graphite tip which allows accurate markings

Cased measuring tape
There are two basic types of tape measures with cases: spring return pocket tape measures and long tape measures.  Spring return pocket tape measures will generally fit in a pocket.  They are small; the case is about 5 to 10 cm across.  The tape is returned to the case by a spring mechanism.  Pocket tape measures have a tape  in length and  across.

A second tape measure design is what is called the long tape. These are cased tape measures with tapes of up to 200 m in length. It is designed for engineers and builders. Long tapes, instead of being returned by a spring, are usually returned by hand crank. Because surveying was usually done in rods, surveyors used long tapes of 2 rods (1.01 m, 33 feet), and 4 rods (2.01 m, 66 feet).  Surveyors also used  feet of a 50-foot tape for 3 rods and 99 feet of a 100-foot tape measure for 6 rods

History
The first record of people using a measuring device was by the Romans using marked strips of leather, but this was more like a regular ruler than a tape measure.

On 6 December 1864 patent #45,372 was issued to William H. Bangs of West Meriden, Connecticut. Bang's rule was the first attempt in the United States to make a spring return pocket tape measure. The tape could be stopped at any point and held by the mechanism.  The tape could be returned to the case by sliding a button on the side of the case which then allowed the spring to pull the tape back into the case.

The first patented long tape measure in the United States was granted U.S. patent #29,096 issued 10 July 1860 to William H. Paine of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and produced by George M. Eddy and Company of Brooklyn, New York.  This tape had no increments on it.  It accurately measured only a distance equal to the total length of the tape from beginning to end marker, a brass piece attached to the tape at a measured distance.  The measured length was marked on the case or crank.

Later, by the early 1870s, Justus Roe of Patchogue, New York added rivets attaching small brass washers to the tape to mark inches and feet.  They were attached every inch in the first and last foot and every foot from one to the end of the last foot.  A small brass tag, marked with a number indicating the number of feet to that point, was attached every five feet.  This feature was never patented, but Justus Roe and Sons produced tape measures, "Roe Electric Reel Tape Measures", with this feature during the 1890s and early 1900s when they started etching or stamping increments and numbers on the tapes.  (The "electric" part of the name was purely an affectation; there was nothing electrical about it.)

On 3 January 1922, Hiram A. Farrand received patent #1,402,589 for his concave-convex tape, a major improvement for spring pocket tape measures. Between 1922 and December 1926, Farrand experimented with the help of The Brown Company in Berlin, New Hampshire. It is there Farrand and William Wentworth Brown began mass-producing the tape measure. Their product was later sold to Stanley Works.  It was Farrand's concave-convex tape that went on to become the standard for the majority of pocket tape measure tapes today.

In the 1900's certain manufacturers started selling novelty tape measurers with prophecies and fortunes instead of numbers: users could check friends' heights and receive a fortune instead of their number.

In 1947, the Swedish engineer  Ture Anders Ljungberg began developing an improved version and in 1954 the TALmeter was introduced. It features edges at both the end of the tape and the mouth to cut marks so measures (including arcs)  can be transferred without reading the scale, as well as a fold-out metal tongue at the rear, also with an edge, to be used when taking internal measures. The tape has three scales: the normal metric, the internal scale and a diameter scale used for instance to measure sheet metal to be rolled into a cylinder of a certain diameter. It was produced by his own company T A Ljungberg AB until 2005, when it was bought by Hultafors in 2005, who retained the name "Talmeter" for the product they now refer to as a märkmeter (marker-meter).

In March 1963, Stanley Tools introduced the PowerLock tape measure series which defined the standard for tape measure form factors thats still persists today.  It was novel in its use of a molded ABS case, thumb actuated tape lock, and riveted end hook. By 1989, Stanley was producing more than 200,000 tape measures every day.

The first commercialized Digital Tape Measure was released by Starrett in 1995 under the DigiTape brand.  In March 2022, REEKON Tools announced the T1 Tomahawk Digital Tape Measure which featured significant accuracy improvements over previous attempts.

Design
The basic design on which all modern spring tape measures are built can trace its origins back to an 1864 patent by a Meriden, Connecticut resident named William H. Bangs Jr. According to the text of his patent, Bang's tape measure was an improvement on other versions previously designed.

The spring tape measure has existed in the U.S. since Bang's patent in 1864, but its usage did not become very popular due to the difficulty in communication from one town to another and the expense of the tape measure. In the late 1920s, carpenters began slowly adopting H. A. Farrand's design as the one more commonly used.  Farrand's new design was a concave/convex tape made of metal which would stand straight out a distance of four to six feet.  This design is the basis for most modern pocket tape measures used today.

With the mass production of the integrated circuit (IC) the tape measure has also entered into the digital age with the digital tape measure. Some incorporate a digital screen to give measurement readouts in multiple formats. An early patent for this type of measure was published in 1977.

There are also other styles of tape measures that have incorporated lasers and ultrasonic technology to measure the distance of an object with fairly reliable accuracy.

Tape measures often have black and red measurements on a yellow background as this is the optimal color combination for readability.

United States

Most tapes sold in the United States are inches- and feet-based. Some tapes have additional marks in the shape of small black diamonds, appearing every , used to mark out equal spacing for joists (five joists or trusses per US standard  length of building material).
Many US tapes also have special markings every , which is a US standard interval for studs in construction: three spaces of 16 inches make exactly  which is the US commercial width of a sheet of plywood, gyprock or particle board.

The sale of dual Metric/US Customary scale measuring tapes is slowly becoming common in the United States. For example, in some Walmarts there are Hyper Tough brand tapes available in both US customary units and Metric units. Unlike US rulers, of which an overwhelming majority contain both centimeter and inch scales, tape measures are longer and thus traditionally have had scales in both inches and feet & inches. So, the inclusion of a metric scale requires the measuring device either to contain 3 scales of measurement or the elimination of one of the US Customary scales.

The use of millimeter only tape measures for housing construction is a part of the US metric building code. This code does not permit the use of centimeters. Millimeters produce whole (integer) numbers, reduce arithmetic errors, thus decreasing wastage due to such errors. The US made measuring tape shown on the right is interesting in that it is a "Reverse Measuring Tape", where the measurements can be read from right to left just as well as they can be read when the tape is used from left to right.

As a curious fact, in 1956, Justus Roe, a surveyor and tape-maker by trade, made the  gold-plated tape measure and, in a publicity gimmick, presented it to American professional baseball player Mickey Mantle.

Australia
The building industry was the first major industry grouping in Australia to complete its change to metric, being completed by January 1976.

In this the industry was grateful to the SAA (now Standards Australia) for the early production of the Standard AS 1155-1974 "Metric Units for Use in the Construction Industry", which specified the use of millimetres as the small unit for the metrication upgrade.
In the adoption of the millimetre as the "small" unit of length for metrication (instead of the centimetre) the Metric Conversion Board leaned heavily on experience in the UK and within the ISO, where this decision had already been taken.

This was formally stated as follows:
"The metric units for linear measurement in building and construction will be the metre (m) and the millimetre (mm), with the kilometre (km) being used where required. This will apply to all sectors of the industry, and the centimetre (cm) shall not be used. … the centimetre should not be used in any calculation and it should never be written down".

The logic of using the millimetre in this context was that the metric system had been so designed that there would exist a multiple or submultiple for every use. Decimal fractions would not have to be used. Since the tolerances on building components and building practice would rarely be less than one millimetre, the millimetre became the sub-unit most appropriate to this industry.

Because of this, those in the building/construction industry mainly use millimetre only tapes.
While dual scale tapes showing both inches and centimetres are sold, these are mainly imported low-cost items (since it would be a restriction of trade to not allow their importation).

United Kingdom
Tape measures sold in the UK often have dual scales for metric and imperial units. Like the American tape measures described above, they also have markings every  and .

Canada
Tape measures sold in Canada often have dual scales for metric and imperial units. All tapes in imperial units have markings every , but not at every .
Home construction in Canada is largely, if not entirely, in imperial measure.

In surveying
Tapes are used in surveying for measuring horizontal, vertical or slope distances. Tapes are issued in various lengths and widths and graduated in a variety of ways.
The measuring tapes used for surveying purposes are classified in 4 types according to the material from which they are manufactured:
 Linen or Cloth Tape is made of linen cloth with brass handle at zero end whose length is included in the tape length. It is very light and handy, but cannot withstand much wear and tear. So it cannot be used for accurate work. It is little used in surveying except for taking subsidiary measurements like offsets.
 Metallic Tape is reinforced with copper wires to prevent stretching or twisting of fibers. They are available in many lengths but tapes of 20 m and 30 m are more commonly used.
 Steel Tape is made of steel ribbon varying in width from 6 mm to 16 mm. It is available in lengths of 1, 2, 10, 30 and 50 meters. It cannot withstand rough usage and should therefore be used with great care.
 Invar Tape is made of invar, an alloy of steel (64%) and nickel (36%). It is 6 mm wide and is available in lengths of 30 m, 50 m and 100 m. It is costly and delicate and should be thus handled with great care.

Accuracy and standardisation

The accuracy of a tape measure is dependent on the ends of the tape and the markings printed onto the tape. The accuracy for the end of a retractable tape measure is dependent on the hook's sliding mechanism and thickness.

The European Commission (EC) has standardised a non-compulsory classification system for certifying tape measure accuracy, with certified tapes falling into one of three classes of accuracy: Classes I, II, and III. For example, under specific conditions the tolerances for 10m long tapes are:

 Class I: accurate to ±1.10mm over 10m length
 Class II: accurate to ±2.30mm over 10m length
 Class III: accurate to ±4.60mm over 10m length

If a tape measure has been certified then the class rating is printed onto the tape alongside other symbols including the nominal length of the tape, the year of manufacture, the country of manufacture, and the name of the manufacturer. For retractable tapes, Class I are the most accurate and tend to be the most expensive, while Class II tapes are the most common class available.

References

External links

 Various types of measuring tapes and construction materials
 Various types of measuring tapes
 Commercial Types of measuring tapes

Length, distance, or range measuring devices
Metalworking measuring instruments
Woodworking measuring instruments
Sewing equipment
Surveying instruments

Tape measure


Nançaku, Japonya'nın Okinawa adasının geleneksel savunma sanatı olan "Okinawa Ko-bujutsu"'nda kullanılan silah.

Çin'den Okinawa'ya geçtiği düşünülmektedir. "Enter The Dragon (Ejder Kalesi)" filminde Bruce Lee tarafından kullanılmasıyla popüler olmuştur. Çincede shuāng jié gùn, liǎng jié gùn; èr jié gùn olarak Türkiye'de halk arasında "mınçıka", "mınçuka" ve "sallama" gibi kullanımlarla tanınan ancak İngilizce ve diğer batı dillerinde nunçaku, nunçuk veya çaks şeklinde değişik isimlerle bilinen Kobuda silahlarından biri olan savaş sanatları aleti.  zincir veya ip olan iki kısa sopadan oluşur. Diğer Kobudo silahları arasında, tonfa, bo, sai, eiku, tekko, tinbe, roçin, surucin ve kama yer alır. Sansetsukon nunçakuya çok benzemekle birlikte iki sopa yerine üç sopalıdır.

Tarihçe

Nunçaku'nun kökenleri kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte büyük bir ihtimalle Çin'de icat edildiği düşünülmektedir. Pirinci çapağından ayırmakta kullanıldığı şeklinde yaygın bir inanış bulunmaktadır.

Diğer bir inanışa göre ise tarım amaçlı değil Satsuma beyliğinde 17. yüzyılda silahları kısıtlayıcı politikası sırasında bir savaş sanatçısı tarafından silah olarak geliştirilmiş olan üç sopalı Sansetsukon (三節棍)'dan zamanla ortaya çıkmıştır ancak genellikle savaş sanatçıları tarafından sınırlı bir alet olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Nunçaku sopanın uzunluğuna ve kılıcın keskinlik avantajına sahip olmayan ve aynı zamanda kullanıcının usta olmayışı durumunda kendisine zarar verebileceği bir alettir.

Yasal durum
Nunçaku taşımak Kanada, Almanya, Norveç, İspanya ve İngiltere gibi ülkelerde yasal değildir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin bazı eyaletlerinde yasal olmakla birlikte Kaliforniya ve Massachusetts gibi eyaletlerde yasal değildir.

Kaynakça
 Nunchaku Wikipedia maddesi

Dış bağlantılar
 NORTH AMERICAN NUNCHAKU ASSOCIATION

Savaş sanatları

Nunçaku


Germán Andrés Lanaro Contreras (Villa Regina, 21 de março de 1986) é um futebolista argentino-chileno que atua como zagueiro. Defende atualmente o .

Carreira
Formado na base do Huracán, Lanaro jogou por vários clubes da Argentina e também o Palestino e Universidad Católica, da Chile.

Universidad Católica
No início de 2015, ele foi apresentado como um novo reforço da Universidad Católica e foi campeão do Campeonato Chileno de 2016 Clausura, mais tarde, celebrou a Supercopa de Chile 2016, e foi coroado bicampeão do futebol chileno ao vencer o Campeonato Chileno Apertura 2016, o primeiro bicampeonato na história do clube.

Após a volta dos longos torneios, Universidad Católica foi campeão da Campeonato Chileno de Futebol de 2018 e da Supercopa de Chile 2019, o segundo título do clube naquele torneio. No final daquela temporada 2019 voltou a festejar bicampeonato ao ganhar da Campeonato Chileno de Futebol de 2019. Em 10 de fevereiro de 2021, pela penúltima data, Universidad Católica conquistou da Campeonato Chileno de Futebol de 2020 e posteriormente, em março de 2021, foi  campeão da Supercopa de Chile 2020 com uma vitória por 4 a 2 sobre o Colo Colo.

No final de 2021, Universidad Católica foi campeão da Supercopa de Chile 2021 em pênaltis, e mais tarde instituição também foi coroada tetracampeã do torneio nacional, após vencer as edições 2018, 2019, 2020 e 2021.

Títulos
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago
 Primera B Metropolitana: 2013-14

Universidad Católica
 Campeonato Chileno: 2016-C, 2016-A, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
Supercopa de Chile: 2016, 2019, 2020, 2021

Prêmios individuais

 Melhor defesa da Campeonato Chileno: 2014-15
 Equipe ideal da Campeonato Chileno (El Gráfico Chile): 2015
 Melhor defesa da Campeonato Chileno: 2018
 Equipe ideal da Campeonato Chileno (El Gráfico Chile): 2018

Futebolistas da Argentina
Futebolistas do Club Atlético Huracán
Futebolistas do Club Atlético Nueva Chicago
Futebolistas do Club Deportivo Palestino
Futebolistas do Club Deportivo Universidad Católica

Germán Lanaro


Antiloper er en polyfyletisk gruppe drøvtyggende klovdyr. Gruppen tilhører familien de skedehornede (Bovidae) og ordenen parrettåede hovdyr (Artiodactyla). Gruppen omfatter ca. 90 hjortelignende dyrearter fordelt på 30 delgrupper.

Alle arter forekommer på Afrikas græssletter. Gruppen er ikke særskilt homogen, og mange arter er mere i slægt med geder end med hinanden. Dyrene kan være lette og elegante, men de kan også være tunge og okselignede. Den største art er elsdyrantilope (Taurotragus oryx). De mindre artene er ofte hurtige, nogle kan løbe op imod 100 km i timen og er blandt de hurtigste landdyr. Antiloper er ca. 1 meter høje og har tynde ben.

Antiloper æder for det meste græs og blade fra træer.

Arter (udvalg)
 Hjorteantilope (Antilope cervicapra), også kaldet sortbuk
 Elsdyrantilope (Taurotragus oryx)
 Impala (Aepyceros melampus)
 Kob (Kobus kob)
 Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii)
 Saigaantilope (Saiga tatarica)
 Springbuk (Antidorcas marsupialis)
 Duikere (Cephalophinae)
 Kongeantilope (Neotragus pygmaeus)

Galleri

Se også
 Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) okser, der er beslægtet med antiloper
 Prærieantilope (Antilocapra americana), også kaldet gaffelantilope og gaffelbuk

Eksterne links

 San Diego Zoo. Med billeder.
 Elsdyrantilope. Med billeder.

Skedehornede

Antiloper


Articles with hCards

ඩිලානි පෙරේරා අබේවර්ධන  (උපත 1969 ඔක්තෝබර් 29), ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය සිනමාව, රංග කලාව සහ රූපවාහිනියේ විශ්‍රාමික නිළියකි. 1990 දශකයේ සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළ ඇය ජුරියා මමයි, සුජාතා සහ චාන්දනී යන චිත්‍රපටවල නාට්‍යමය චරිත සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් වූවාය.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඩිලානි අබේවර්ධන 1969 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින කොළඹ කළුබෝවිල ප්‍රදේශයේ උපත ලැබුවාය.

ඇය විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ ගායක සමන් පුෂ්පවර්ණ සමඟයි.  ඔවුන් දැනට එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජීවත් වන අතර ඩිලානි ස්ටේට් අයිලන්ඩ් හි රූපලාවන්‍ය උපදේශකවරියක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි.

මෙම යුවළට කවීෂා කාවින්දි නම් එක් දියණියක් සහ එක් පුතෙක් සිටී. කාවින්දි උපත ලැබුවේ 1996 සැප්තැම්බර් 12 වැනිදා කොළඹදීය. කවීෂා සිනමාවට පිවිසියේ 2015 වසරේ ලාල් වීරසිංහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ සිංග මචං චාලි චිත්‍රපටියෙනි.  ඇය ජුනි මාසයේදී ඇගේ ගීතය පටිගත කර ඇත, ආනන්ද පද්මසිරි විසින් රචනා කරන ලද සහ සංජුල හිමාල විසින් රචනා කරන ලද සමනලී . ඇයගේ මුල්ම ගීතය වූයේ කණිෂ්ක සාලින්ද සමඟ මන්දාරම් අදුරයි .  කවීෂා විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක ෂෙහාන් ජයසූරිය සමඟ වන අතර එහිදී විවාහ උත්සවය 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 23 වන දින ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නිව්යෝර්ක්හිදී පැවැත්විණි.

රංගන වෘත්තිය
ඇයගේ මංගල සිනමා අත්දැකීම 1988 ආනන්ද වික්‍රමසිංහ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සටන චිත්‍රපටයේ සහායක චරිතයක් හරහා පැමිණියාය.  එතැන් පටන් ඇය වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සාර්ථක වූ චිත්‍රපට රැසකට නාට්‍යමය සහ හාස්‍යමය චරිත නිරූපණය කළාය.  ජුරිය මමයි, සුජාතා, චාන්දනී, දඬුවම, වැලි සුළඟ, බොරදිය පොකුණ සහ පිස්සු පූසෝ ඇගේ ජනප්‍රිය චිත්‍රපට කිහිපයකි.

1989 දී ඇය සටන චිත්‍රපටයේ මංගල චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් හොඳම ඉදිරි රංගන ශිල්පිනිය ලෙස සරසවිය සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තාය. ඉන්පසුව 1993 වසරේ සයනගේ සිහිනය වෙනුවෙන් සහ 1997 වසරේ බිතු සිතුවම් වෙනුවෙන් සරසවිය චිත්‍රපටයේ හොඳම නිළිය සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තාය. 2003 දී ඇය සීතල ගිනි කඳු චිත්‍රපටයේ නාට්‍යමය චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් කුසලතා සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තාය.

අබේවර්ධන සිනමාවට අමතරව බිම කරණම්, උකුස්සා වැනි වේදිකා නාට්‍ය කිහිපයකම රඟපෑවේය. ඇය චරිත තුනක්, සකිසඳ එළියස්, සහ සබඳ පබිලිස් වැනි ජනප්‍රිය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවල ද රඟපෑවාය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 සිංහල සිනමාවේ මිදීමේ ගුණාංග කිහිපයක් උකහා ගැනීම
1970 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා

ඩිලානි අබේවර්ධන


දුරවිනැවුමෙහිදී සහ පරිගණක ජාලයන්හී, බහුපත්කරණය (සමහරවිට පත්කරණය) යනු,  ප්‍රතිසම පණිවුඩ සංඥා හෝ සංඛ්‍යාංක පණිඩුව සංඥා ප්‍රවාහ හෝ බහුවිධ සංඛ්‍යාංවක්, හවුල් මාධ්‍යයක් ඔස්සේ එක් සංඥාවක් බවට සංයෝග කිරීමයි. මෙහි අරමුණ වන්නේ මිල අධික සම්පතක් හවුලේ භූක්ති විඳීමයි. නිදසුනක් වශයෙන්,  දුරවිනැවුමෙහිදී, දුරකථන ඇමතුම් කිහිපයක් එක් කම්බියක් තුලින් ගෙන යා හැක. 1870 ගණන් වලදී, දුරරේඛණයෙහිදී බහුපත්කරණයෙහි සම්භවය ඇතිවූ අතර, වර්තමානයෙහිදී,  සන්නිවේදනය තුල එය පුළුල් ලෙසින් භාවිතා වෙයි. 1910 වසරෙහිදී, දුරකථන වාහක බහුපත්කරණ ක්‍රමයක් තුලින්,  දුරකථන ක්‍රමය තුල බහුපත්කරණයෙහි භාවිතය හඳුන්වාදීම වෙනුවෙන්, ජෝර්ජ් ඕවන් ස්ක්වයර් හට ගෞරවය හිමි වෙයි.

බහුපත්කරණය කෙරුණු සංඥාව, සංදාමයක් (කේබලයක්) වැනි,  සන්නිවේදන නාලිකාවක් තුලින් සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කෙරෙයි. සමර්පණය කෙරෙන එක් එක් පණිවුඩ සංඥාව හෝ දත්ත ප්‍රවාහය හෝ සඳහා, බහුපත්කරණය විසින්, සන්නිවේදන නාලිකාවෙහි ධාරිතාව, තාර්කික නාලිකා කිහිපයක් වෙතට බෙදා වෙන් කරණු ලබයි. ප්‍රති-බහුපත්කරණය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන, ප්‍රතිවර්ත ක්‍රියාවලිය විසින්, ආදායක (රිසීවර) කෙළවරෙහිදී, මුල් සංඥා, නිශ්කර්ශය කෙරෙයි.

බහුපත්කරණය


Rumenica (lat. Aurinia), rod raslinja iz porodice krstašica rašuiren po srednjoj i jugoistočnoj Europi i Turskoj. Postoji sedam vrsta od kojih pet raste i u Hrvatskoj.

Vrste
 Aurinia corymbosa Griseb.
 Aurinia gionae (Quézel & Contandr.) Greuter & Burdet
 Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) K.Koch, jadranska rumenica
 Aurinia moreana Tzanoud. & Iatroú
 Aurinia petraea (Ard.) Schur, kamenjarska rumenica
 Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv.,  metličasta rumenica
 Aurinia sinuata (L.) Griseb., izverugana rumenica

Sinonimi
 Alyssanthus Trinajstic
 Anodontea (DC.) Sweet

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Alysseae

Rumenica (biljni rod)


An Epidendrum tortipetalum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Scheeren. An Epidendrum tortipetalum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum tortipetalum


Perilaos () ist eine Person der griechischen Mythologie.

Perilaos ist in der Bibliotheke des Apollodor ein Sohn des Ikarios und der Periboia, der Bruder der Penelope, der späteren Gattin des Odysseus, sowie des Thoas, Imeusimos, Aletes und des Damasippos. Nach einem Scholion zu Homers Odyssee ist er der Sohn des Ikarios und der Asterodeia, seine Geschwister sind hier Amasichos, Phalereus, Thoon, Pheremmelias, Mede und Penelope.

Pausanias berichtet von einem peloponnesischen Mythos, nach dem er als Ankläger gegen Orestes vor dem Areopag auftritt. Orestes hatte seine Mutter Klytaimnestra getötet und wird daraufhin von den Erinyen gequält, bevor über ihn geurteilt wird. Für gewöhnlich erscheint Tyndareos als Ankläger des Orestes, ist in dieser Variante des Mythos aber bereits verstorben. Perilaos erhält hier als Cousin der Klytaimnestra das Recht zur Anklage.

Literatur

Anmerkungen

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Perilaos (Sohn des Ikarios)


أطلق الموسم الثاني من الأبطال Heroes في 24 أيلول، 2007 وكان يبث حصرياً على شبكة هيئة الإذاعة الوطنية الأمريكية، يضم الموسم الثاني 11 حلقة أعدت لتشكل أحداث القصة الثانية من السلسلة واسمها الأجيال Generations. بثت الحلقة الأخيرة من السلسلة في 3 كانون الأول 2007 وحقق الموسم الثاني متوسط عدد مشاهدين يقدر ب 13.1 مليون مشاهد أمريكي.

الملخص
تبدأ القصة بعد أربعة أشهر من أحداث كيربي بلازا، بيتر ومات وناثان وسايلر كلهم نجوا من الأحداث الأخيرة وهم يحاولون العودة إلى حياتهم الطبيعية ولكن ذلك لا يحدث. يكون بيتر مفقوداً ويعاني من فقدان الذاكرة. وهيرو ينتقل إلى الماضي وتحديداً إلى عام 1671 في اليابان حيث يقابل بطله ومثله الأعلى عندما كان طفلاً الأسطورة«تاكيزو كينسي» وبعدها يكتشف هيرو أنه ليس ذلك البطل الذي توقعه. يحاول آدم إطلاق فيروس مميت معدي تم اكتشافه على يد خبراء الشركة ولكن الأبطال يجتمعون في النهاية ويتمكنون من ايقاف كارثة عالمية.

الشخصيات الرئيسية
 موهيندر سوريش (سينديل رامامورثي): عالم جينات والده هو تشاندرا سوريش مؤلف كتاب تطور الكائنات، عمل بداية مع نوا لإسقاط الشركة ولكنه انضم إليها فيما بعد.
 نوا بينيت (جاك كولمان): وهو والد كلير بالتبني ويعمل على إسقاط الشركة.
 كلير بينيت (هايدن بانتير): طالبة في الثانوية عمرها 16 عاماً، لها القدرة على التشافي من الجراح والأمراض.
 بوب بيشوب (ستيفن توبولوسكي): وهو رئيس الشركة ووالد إلي لديه القدرة على تحويل المعادن إلى ذهب.
 إلي بيشوب (كريستين بيل): موظفة كقاتلة في الشركة عمرها 24 عاماً، لها القدرة على إطلاق صعقات كهربائية مميتة.
 نيكي ساندرز (ألي لارتر): زوجة دي إل وأم مايكا، لديها قوى خارقة ومشكلة تعدد الشخصيات.
 مايكا ساندرز (نواه غراي-كيبي): ابن نيكي ودي إل، لديه القدرة على الاتصال بالإلكترونيات والتحكم بها.
 آدم مونرو (ديفيد أندرز): إنجليزي الأصل وظهر بشخصية الأسطورة كينسي قبل أربعة قرون. لديه القدرة على إعادة التكوين والتشافي من الجراح.
 مولي والكر (أدير تيشلر): هي طفلة في السابعة من عمرها لديها القدرة على تحديد مكان أي شخص حي في العالم.
 هيرو ناكامورا (ماسي أوكا): ابن كايتو (أحد مؤسسي الشركة) لديه القدرة على التنقل عبر الزمان والمكان.
 مات باركمان (غريغ غرونبرغ): شرطي في مدينة نيويورك لديه القدرة على سماع أفكار الآخرين والتأثير في أفعالهم مثل والده ماوري (وهو من مؤسسي الشركة).
 بيتر بيتريلي (ميلو فينتيميليا): شقيق ناثان ظهر في هذا الموسم وهو يمتلك عدة قدرات خارقة كالسفر عبر الزمن والتشافي وإصدار صعقات كهربائية.
 ناثان بيتريلي (أدريان باسدار): مرشح سابق للكونغرس وشقيق بيتر والدته آنجيلا من مؤسسي الشركة وهو والد كلير الحقيقي.
 سايلر (زاكاري كوينتو): هو قاتل وسفاح يقوم بقتل الأشخاص ذوي القدرات الخارقة لكي يأخذ قواهم، فقد سايلر في هذا الموسم جميع قدراته ولكنه يستعيدها في الموسم الثالث.
 مايا هيريرا (دانيا راميريز): من الهندوراس وهي شقيقة أليخاندرو تمتلك القدرة على إطلاق فيروس مميت عندما تفضب.
 أليخاندرو هيريرا (شاليم أورتيز): شقيق مايا لديه القدرة على عكس مفعول الفيروس الذي تصدره مايا.
 مونيكا دوسون (دانا ديفيس): قريبة مايكا لديها القدرة على تقليد أي حركة فيزيائية تراها بشكل مذهل.

قائمة حلقات الموسم الثاني

انظر أيضاً
 هيروز
 هيروز (الموسم الأول)

روابط خارجية

المصادر

قوائم حلقات مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية
مواسم تلفزيونية أمريكية 2007
هيروز

هيروز (الموسم الثاني)


Sava Antić (en ), né le  à Belgrade et mort le , est un footballeur international yougoslave. Il évoluait au poste d'attaquant.

Biographie

En club

Sava Antić commence sa carrière au  en 1947.

De 1948 à 1952, il évolue sous les couleurs de l'Étoile rouge de Belgrade.

Il rejoint l'OFK Belgrade en 1952. Avec son club, il remporte trois coupes nationales en  1953, 1955 et en 1962.

Antić raccroche les crampons en 1963.

En compétitions européennes, il dispute 1 match pour aucun but inscrit en Coupe des villes de foires et 4 matchs pour 2 buts marqués en Coupe des vainqueurs de coupes.

En équipe nationale

International yougoslave, il reçoit 5 sélections pour 2 buts marqués en équipe de Yougoslavie en 1956.

Son premier match en sélection a lieu le  contre la Roumanie (défaite 0-1 à Belgrade) en amical.

Il fait partie de l'équipe yougoslave médaillée d'argent aux Jeux olympiques de 1956. Il dispute trois rencontres durant le tournoi : lors des quarts de finale contre les États-Unis, il inscrit un doublé. Il est titulaire lors de la finale perdue contre l'Union soviétique.

Son dernier match en sélection a lieu le  contre l'Indonésie (victoire 5-1 à Jakarta) en amical.

Entraîneur

Il est entraîneur de l'OFK Belgrade en 1963-1964, peu après la fin de sa carrière de joueur.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international yougoslave
Footballeur serbe
Entraîneur yougoslave de football
Entraîneur serbe de football
Médaillé d'argent olympique yougoslave
Joueur de l'Étoile rouge de Belgrade
Joueur de l'OFK Belgrade
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1956
Naissance en mars 1930
Naissance à Belgrade
Décès en juillet 1998
Décès à 68 ans
Naissance en Yougoslavie
Décès à Belgrade
Décès en Yougoslavie

Sava Antić


Les Yeux de la forêt (titre original : Nightwings) est un roman à suspense de Florence Engel Randall publié en 1976.

Il est connu pour son adaptation cinématographique réalisée en 1980 par Walt Disney Productions, sous le même titre Les Yeux de la forêt

Résumé

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Roman américain paru en 1976

Les Yeux de la forêt


The Gold Diggers é um filme mudo estadunidense de 1923, do gênero comédia romântica, dirigido por Harry Beaumont, e estrelado por Hope Hampton, Wyndham Standing e Anne Cornwall. O roteiro de Grant Carpenter foi baseado na peça teatral homônima de Avery Hopwood, que teve 282 apresentações na Broadway em 1919 e 1920. Tanto a peça quanto o filme foram produzidos por David Belasco. A produção foi também a estreia cinematográfica (não-creditada) de Louise Beavers.

A história foi transformada novamente em filme em 1929, dessa vez lançado como a produção sonora "Gold Diggers of Broadway". A história foi filmada novamente em 1933 como "Gold Diggers of 1933", com números musicais criados por Busby Berkeley. As produções foram seguidas por: "Gold Diggers of 1935" (1935), "Gold Diggers of 1937" (1936), e "Gold Diggers in Paris" (1938).

Sinopse
Wally Saunders (Johnny Harron) quer se casar com a corista Violet Dayne (Anne Cornwall), mas seu tio, Stephen Lee (Wyndham Standing) acredita que todos as coristas são interesseiras, visando procurar um bom moço para namorar e assim pegar seu dinheiro, e se recusa a dar sua aprovação ao relacionamento. A amiga de Violet, Jerry La Mar (Hope Hampton) não é interesseira, mas concorda em partir para cima de Lee desesperadamente, assim Violet parecerá mais fina, gentil e menos interesseira em comparação a ela.

Elenco

Recepção

Bilheteria
De acordo com os registros da Warner Bros., o filme arrecadou US$ 470.000 nacionalmente e US$ 31.000 no exterior, totalizando US$ 501.000 mundialmente.

Preservação
Sem nenhuma cópia localizada nos arquivos, "The Gold Diggers" foi por décadas considerado um filme perdido. Em maio de 2021, um colecionador encontrou uma impressão belga incompleta de nitrato de 35 mm na Inglaterra, que foi publicado no YouTube. A filmagem sobrevivente inclui os rolos 1, 4, 5 e 6, embora alguns dos rolos existentes tenham pedaços iniciais e finais faltando. Em junho de 2021, o mesmo colecionador publicou, também no YouTube, uma versão digitalizada dos primeiros cinco minutos do filme, com planos de digitalizar o restante da produção.

Ligações externas
 Annette Bochenek (2019), Hometowns to Hollywood: The Gold Diggers (1923),  com fotos.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1923
Filmes dirigidos por Harry Beaumont
Filmes de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia romântica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia romântica da década de 1920
Filmes baseados em obras de autores dos Estados Unidos
Filmes baseados em musicais
Filmes baseados em peças de teatro
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes da Warner Bros.
Filmes em língua inglesa

The Gold Diggers (1923)


Muški rukometni klub Sesvete (MRK Sesvete; Sesvete) je rukometni klub iz Sesveta, Grad Zagreb.  U sezoni 2020./21. prva momčad kluba je osvojila četvrto mjesto u hrvatskoj Premijer ligi, dok je druga momčad nastupala u 2. HRL - "Sjever".

O klubu
Klub je osnovan u veljači 2000. godine, nastavljajući tako tradiciju bivšeg "ORK Sesvete". Seniori u sezoni 2007./08. osvajaju "Županijsku ligu Zagreb" i plasiraju se u 3. HRL - "Središte", koju odmah i osvajaju u sezoni 2008./09. Članovi 2. HRL - "Zapad" su od 2009./10. do 2015./16. U sezoni 2016./17. osvajaju 1. HRL - "Sjever", te se tako plasiraju u "Premijer ligu".

Uspjesi
 1. HRL - "Sjever"
 prvak: 2016./17.
Hrvatski rukometni kup
 polufinalist: 2021.

Poznati igrači
 Lovro Šprem
 Marko Tarabochia
 Igor Vori
 Karpo Sirotić

Poveznice
 mrk-sesvete.hr - službene stranice
 Muški rukometni klub Sesvete, facebook stranica
 hrs.hr, Sesvete, rezultati kluba

Izvori
 mrk-sesvete.hr, O nama, pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2018.

Sesvete

MRK Sesvete


بدأ التعليم الحديث في مصر بمدرسة المهندسخانة التي أنشأها محمد علي باشا بالقلعة عام 1816 لتدريب وإعداد المتخصصين في المساحة ثم قامت مدرسة المهندسخانة ببولاق عام 1834 لتخريج المتخصصين الفنيين للعمل في المشروعات المدنية والعسكرية على السواء وظلت تؤدي رسالتها حتى أُغلقت في مطلع عهد محمد سعيد باشا (عام 1854) مع غيرها من المدارس ثم أُعيدت دراسة الهندسة عام 1858 في مدرستين منفصلتين إحداهما لهندسة الري بالقناطر الخيرية والأخرى للعمارة بالقلعة ثم أغلقتا مرة أخرى عام 1861.

التطوير

وفي عام 1866 افتتحت مدرسة الري والعمارة بسراي الزعفران بالعباسية ثم انتقلت إلى سراي مصطفى فاضل باشا بدرب الجماميز عام 1867 وكانت الدراسة بها لمدة خمس سنوات منها سنة إعدادية ويتخصص الطالب في السنتين الأخيرتين أما في هندسة الري أو العمارة.

مدرسة المهندسخانة الخديوية

وفي عام 1892 ألغيت السنة الإعدادية ولم تعد إلا عام 1930 كما أُلغيت التخصصات عام 1869 لتقسم الدراسة مرة أخرى إلى قسمي الري والعمارة عام 1908 وأصبحت تعرف باسم ((مدرسة المهندسخانة الخديوية)) منذ عام 1950 وسميت ((مدرسة الهندسة الملكية)) عام 1923.

مدرسة المهندسخانة الملكية

 وفي أكتوبر سنة 1902 نقلت المدرسة مؤقتا إلى دار مدرسة الزراعة القديمة بالجيزة، وأعقب ذلك إنشاء مباني مدرسة الهندسة الملكية (مبنى الكلية حاليا) وبعد إتمام المباني انتقلت المدرسة إليها في سنة 1905.
 وفي أكتوبر سنة 1908 قسمت الدراسة مرة أخرى إلى قسمين للري والعمارة وجعل التخصص في السنتين الأخيرتين كما كان بالماضي.
 وفي سنة 1916 صدر قانون للمدرسة يقضي بتقسيم الدراسة بها إلى خمسة أقسام: الري - العمارة - البلديات - الميكانيكا - والكهرباء، وكان التخصص في هذه الأقسام في السنتين الأخيرتين.
 وفي سنة 1923 شكّل مجلس لإدارة المدرسة مكون من خمسة أعضاء للإشراف على التعليم بها.
 وفي صيف سنة 1925 أُعيد تنظيم المدرسة واتخذت أول خطوة ضرورية في سبيل الإصلاح، وإنشاء الأبنية والمدرجات، وتوسيع المعامل لتتناسب مع زيادة عدد الطلاب، فتم حتى سنة 1927 تشييد معملين جديدين للهيدروليكا واختبار المواد وكذلك توسيع معمل الطبيعة.
 وفي مايو سنة 1926 صدر قانون جديد لتنظيم المدرسة صارت بمقتضاه أقسام الدراسة أربعة أقسام :
 القسم المدني - قسم العمارة - القسم الميكانيكي - وقسم الصناعة.
 وتفرع القسم المدني إلى ستة فروع :
 الري - البلديات - الكباري - الموانئ - المساحة - والسكك الحديدية.
 كما تفرع القسم الميكانيكى إلى فرعين :
 الميكانيكا - والكهرباء. أما قسم الكيمياء الصناعية فقد أرجئ إنشـاؤه إلى ما بعد.
 وفي سنة 1928 عُيّن الدكتور شارل اندريا ناظرا للمدرسة وقد كان قبل ذلك أستاذا وعميدا لمدرسة الهندسة بزيورخ. وفي تلك السنة عني بوضع منهج دراسي جديد في مستوى مناهج المدارس الفنية العليا بأوربا.
 قد اتضح أنه لايتيسر تنفيذ هذا المنهج في أربع سنوات دراسية فقط. لذا ألحق بالمدرسة في سنة 1929 قسم إعدادى مدة الدراسة به سنة واحدة.
 وفي مستهل سنة 1928 أنشئ معمل جديد للآلات الحرارية على مثال المعامل التي من نوعه في معاهد أوروبا الفنية العليا، وقد بدأ العمل في هذا المعمل سنة 1931. وفي تلك السنة أيضا أنشئت ورش جديدة للمدرسة مجهزة بأحدث الآلات لتدريب الطلبة على استخدامها وعلى الأساليب الصناعية المختلفة.
 وفي ديسمبر 1932 تم وضع حجر الأساس لإنشاء معمل الكهرباء الجديد بالمدرسة الملكية.

كلية الهندسة

 وفي سنة 1935 تم ضم مدرسة الهندسة الملكية إلى الجامعة المصرية وبهذا تحول اسمها إلى كلية الهندسة حتى الآن.
 وفي عام 1942 بدأت الدراسة في قسم الهندسة الكيميائية وتخرجت الدفعة الأولى في سنة 1946 وكذلك بدأت الدراسات العليا بالكلية.
 وفي سنة 1944 بدأت الدراسة في شعبتي المناجم والبترول، وتخرجت الدفعة الأولى من خريجي المناجم والبترول عام 1947.
 وفي سنة 1953 بدأت الدراسة في قسم هندسة الطيران كقسم مستقل بذاته.
 وفي سنة 1959 بدأت الدراسة في شعبة الفلزات وتخرجت الدفعة الأولى من خريجي الفلزات عام 1962.
 وفي سنة 1960 بدأت الدراسة في قسم هندسة الإنتاج.
 وفي سنة 1965 تم بناء مبنى مستقل للجهد العالي يحتوي على معامل الجهد الدفعي والجهد المتردد والمفاتيح الكهربائية.
 وفي سنة 1970 افتتح مبنى إعدادي الجديد.
 وفي سنة 1972 تم تعيين أول وكيل للكلية يختص بشئون الدراسات العليا والبحوث.
 وفي سنة 1974 افتتح النادي الرياضي والإجتماعي للكلية ويستخدم أيضا للمؤتمرات والندوات التي تنظمها الكلية.
 وفي سنة 1976 بدأت الدراسة في قسم الهندسة الطبية وتخرجت الدفعة الأولى عام 1980.
 وفي سنة 1985 بدأ نشاط مركز بحوث الطاقة بالكلية وانتقل إلى مقره الدائم في عام 1991.
 وفي سنة 1991 تم افتتاح مبنى جديد يضم أقسام العمارة والهندسة الطبية والأشغال العامة ومعامل الحاسب والتحكم الآلي وميكانيكا الموائع.
 وفي سنة 1993 تم افتتاح قسم هندسة الحاسبات كقسم مستقل بذاته وتخرجت الدفعة الأولى في يونيه 1997.

وقد شهدت كلية الهندسة (مدرسة المهندسخانة من قبل) خلال ما يزيد على مائة وسبعين عاما عمادة (أو نظارة) ما يقرب من خمسة وثلاثين أستاذا عملوا جميعا على تطوير العملية التعليمية وإنشاء العديد من الأقسام والتخصصات العلمية الجديدة. وفي بداية النشأة كانت الإدارة تحت إشراف ناظر المدرسة أو عميدها ثم بتطور الزيادة في عدد الطلاب والأقسام أصبح للكلية وكيلاً لشئون التعليم والطلاب ووكيلاً آخر لشئون الدراسات العليا والبحوث. ومنذ أن تحولت مدرسة المهندسخانة إلى كلية الهندسة في عام 1935 تولى العمادة حتى الآن ثمانية عشر عميداً واثنان وعشرون وكيلاً لشئون التعليم والطلاب وستة وكلاء للدراسات العليا والبحوث ووكيلان لشئون البيئة وخدمة المجتمع.

المراجع

المصادر
  الموقع الرسمى لكلية الهندسة جامعة القاهرة

تاريخ التعليم
تاريخ مصر الحديث
كليات في مصر

مهندسخانة


Le Bratoukhine B-5 était un prototype d'hélicoptère de transport soviétique à deux rotors conçu par le bureau d'études de Bratoukhine.

Développement
Le B-5 est une amélioration de l'ancien G-4 du bureau, un hélicoptère à deux rotors, chaque rotor étant entraîné par un moteur radial . Chaque moteur était logé dans une nacelle sur un stabilisateur avec le rotor associé au-dessus. Le programme a été retardé en attente des moteurs appropriés, et le B-5 n'a été achevé qu'en 1947. Il n'a fait que quelques petits sauts avant que le programme ne soit abandonné en raison des grandes vibrations et de la flexion de sa structure.

Une variante d'ambulance aérienne, le Bratoukhine B-9 a été construit mais a été abandonné sans jamais voler. Une autre variante était le Bratoukhine B-10 qui avait reçu des moteurs améliorés de , et a été modifié pour être utilisé dans le rôle d'observation de l'artillerie avec la désignation militaire VNP (Vosdushnii Nabludatelnii Punk - Point d'observation aérienne). Le B-10 avait trois places pour l'équipage, la cabine pouvait contenir trois passagers ou du matériel. Il a volé en 1947, mais malgré l'absence de problèmes de rigidité des ailes, et démontrant une maniabilité adéquate comme le B-5 et le B-9, a finalement été également abandonné. Une variante aux performances améliorées a été construite sous le nom de Bratoukhine B-11.

Variantes

 B-5
 Prototype, un construit.
 B-9
 Variante prototype d'ambulance aérienne, un construit.
 B-10
 Variante prototype d'observation et de reconnaissance, une construite.

Voir aussi

Développement liés

 Bratukhin G-4
 Bratukhin B-11

Références

Notes

Bibliographie

Hélicoptère militaire

Bratoukhine B-5


GNK Dinamo Zagreb er króatískt knattspyrnufélag frá höfuðborginni Zagreb. Félagið var stofnað árið 1945. Það spilar heimaleiki sína á þjóðarleikvangi Króatíu, Stadion Maksimir.

Dinamo Zagreb urðu fjórum sinnum júgóslavneskir deildarmeistararar á árunum (1947/48, 53/54, 57/58 og 81/82) og unnu sjö sinnum Júgóslavíubikarinn á tímabilinu 1945-1991 á árunum 1951, 1960, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1980 og 1983. Dinamo lék einnig fram að lokaleik Messeby Cup 1962/63, þar sem þeir töpuðu gegn stórliði Valencia  eftir að hafa tapað 1-2 á heimavell, og 0-2 á útivelli. Árið 1966/67  tókst þeim að sigra Leeds United 2-0.

Zagreb hefur unnið króatísku deildina 23 sinnum eftir aðskilnaðinn frá Júgóslavíu og króatísku bikarkeppnina sextán sinnum.

Bestu leikmenn Króatíu hafa spilað með félaginu: Davor Suker, lék með félaginu frá 1989 til ársins 1991, Luka Modric frá 2003-2008.

Dinamo Zagreb er einnig heimsfrægt fyrir stuðningsmenn sína sem kallaðir eru Hooligan og Bad Blue Boys.

Árangur í deild

Titlar
 Júgóslavneskir deildarmeistarar
 1948, 1952, 1958, 1982
 Júgóslavneskir bikarmeistarar
 1951, 1960, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1980, 1983
 Króastískir deildarmeistarar
 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
 Króatískir bikarmeistarar
 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2021
 Borgakeppni Evrópu
 1967/68

Tilvísanir

Króatísk knattspyrnufélög

GNK Dinamo Zagreb


Rayleigh saçılımı, ışığın veya diğer elektromanyetik radyasyonun, ışığın dalga boyundan daha küçük tanecikler tarafından saçılımını ifade eder. Bu isim, İngiliz fizikçi Lord Rayleigh'ın adına ithafen verilmiştir.

Işık, saydam katı veya sıvıların içinden geçtiğinde de meydana gelse de en çok gazlarda gözlenir. Gökyüzünün mavi görünmesinin temel nedeni, açık atmosferde güneş ışığının Rayleigh saçılımına uğramasıdır.

Rayleigh saçılımını ortaya atan bilim insanı Lord Rayleigh ilk olarak gaz moleküllerini incelemiştir. Lord Rayleigh, Rayleigh saçılımında artı ve eksi yüklerin ışık dalgasından geçerek dağıldıklarını ve titreşmeye başladıklarını görmüş ve bu konuda araştırmalar yapmaya başlamıştır. Bu titreşmeler bir ışık kazanımıyla sonuçlanır. Titreşmeyi oluşturan dalga kendine has bir yolda yayılırsa da, molekülün saldığı ışık, hemen hemen bütün doğrultularda ışınlanmaya başlar.

Lord Rayleigh araştırmaları sonucunda, ışık saçılımının derecesinin ona çarpan ışık saçılımlarının dalga boylarına göre değiştiğini ortaya atmıştır. Buradan da uzun dalga boylu ışık kısa dalga boylu ışığa göre daha az saçılım gösterir.

Bu yasaya göre;  dalga boyuna oranla küçük parçacıkların saçılıma uğrattığı ışığın şiddeti dalga boyunun dördüncü kuvveti ile arasında ters bir bağıntı vardır.

Işık dalgaları moleküllere çarptıklarında saçılırlar fakat hepsi aynı oranda saçılmaz. Mavi ışık diğer renklere göre daha fazla saçılım gösterir. Bu nedenle gündüzleri gökyüzü mavi görünür.

Güneş ışığı'nın atmosferdeki Rayleigh dağılımı, yayılmış gökyüzü radyasyonuna yol açar, bu da gökyüzünün mavi, güneşinse sarı olmasının sebebidir.

Işığın dalga boyuna yakın veya daha küçük parçacıklar tarafından dağılması, soyut dipol tahmini ve diğer bilişimsel teknikler ve Mie teorisi'nde işlenir. Rayleigh dağılımı, ışık dalga boyuna göre küçük ve optik olarak "zayıf" (diğer bir deyişle kırıcılık endeksi 1'e yakın) olan parçacıklar için geçerlidir. Diğer yandan, Anormal Sapma Teorisi optik olarak zayıf fakat daha büyük boyutta parçacıklarla ilgilenir.

Küçük boyutta parametre tahmini
Dağılan bir parçacığın ölçüsü karakteristik boyutu (r) ile dalga boyunun (λ) oranı ile parametrelendirilir.

Rayleigh dağılımı, küçük ölçüde parametre sisteminde saçılım olarak tanımlanabilir (x ≪ 1). Daha büyük ölçüde küresel parçacıklar tarafından dağılım ise rastgele ölçüde bir x parametresinde Mie teorisi ile açıklanır. Küçük x değerleri için Mie teorisi Rayleigh tahminine indirgenir.

Bir ışık ışını için gerçekleşen Rayleigh dağılımının miktarı ışığın dalga boyuna ve parçacık boyutuna bağlıdır. Dağılan ışığın yoğunluğu, parçacık boyutunun altıncı kuvveti ile doğru orantılı, dalga boyunun ise dördüncü kuvveti ile ters orantılı olarak değişir.
Tek bir küçük parçacık tarafından, dalga boyu λ ve yoğunluğu I0 olan polarize olmayan bir ışından saçılan ışığın yoğunluğu aşağıdaki gibi ifade edilir[2]:

R parçacıktan uzaklığı, θ dağılım açısını, n parçacığın kırıcılık endeksini, d ise parçacığın çapını göstermektedir.

Bir dağılım parçacıkları grubu için Rayleigh dağılımı katsayısı, birim hacimdeki parçacık sayısı N ile kesit alanı çarpımıdır. Tüm dalga efektlerinde olduğu gibi, tutarsız saçılımda saçılan kuvvetleri aritmetik olarak eklenir, tutarlı saçılımda ise parçacıkların birbirine çok yakın olması durumundaki gibi alanlar aritmetik olarak eklenir ve tüm dağılım kuvvetini bulmak için toplamın karesi alınır.

Moleküllerden

Rayleigh dağılımı aynı zamanda ayrı moleküller için de meydana gelir. Burada dağılım, molekül üzerindeki elektriksel yüklerin bir elektrik alanda ne kadar hareket ettiğini tanımlayan moleküler polarizasyon yeteneği α ya bağlıdır. Bu durumda tek bir parçacık için Rayleigh dağılım yoğunluğu aşağıdaki gibidir:

Tek bir parçacıktan Rayleigh dağılımı miktarı aynı zamanda bir kesit alan σ olarak ifade edilebilir. Örneğin, atmosferin başlıca bileşeni nitrojen, 532 nm lik dalga boyunda 5.1×10−31 m² lik bir Rayleigh kesit alanına sahiptir. Bu da atmosfer basıncında her bir metrelik ilerleyişte 10−5 lik bir kesitte ışığın saçılacağını gösterir.

Dağılımın dalga boyu ile olan güçlü bağlantısı (~λ−4) kısa (mavi) dalga boyunun uzun (kırmızı) dalga boyuna oranla daha fazla saçılacağını gösterir. Bu da gökyüzünün her bölgesinden direkt olmayan mavi ışık gelmesine sebep olur. Rayleigh dağılımı, parçacıkların küçük boyut parametresine sahip olduğu çeşitli ortamlarda ışık saçılımı için güzel bir yaklaşımdır.

Gökyüzünün mavi renginin sebebi

Güneşten gelen ışığın bir kısmı atmosferde moleküllerden ve diğer küçük parçacıklardan saçılır. Gökyüzüne parlaklığını ve rengini veren bu saçılan ışıktır. Daha önce açıklandığı gibi, Rayleigh dağılımı dalga boyunun dördüncü kuvvetiyle ters orantılıdır, bu yüzden kısa dalga boyunda olan mor ve mavi ışık uzun dalga boyundaki sarı ve özellikle kırmızı ışıktan daha fazla saçılır. Ortaya çıkan renk, soluk mavi, aslında tüm saçılan renklerin, temel olarak mavi ve yeşilin, bir ortalamasıdır. Mor ışık, yüksek oranda saçılsa da, solar spektrumun küçük bir bileşeni olduğundan insan gözüyle verimli olarak algılanamaz. Bunun tersine, güneşe direkt bakıldığında, dağılıma uğramayan renkler - uzun dalga boyundaki kırmızı ve sarı ışık – görülebilir, bu da güneşe sarımsı bir ton verir. Uzaydan bakıldığında ise gökyüzü siyah ve güneş beyazdır.

Güneş ufkun yakınındayken ışığının kırmızılaşması daha yoğundur, çünkü ışığın içinden geçmesi gereken havanın hacmi, güneşin tepede olduğu zamankinden daha çoktur. Bu yüzden Rayleigh efekti artar, gözlemciye ulaşırken tüm mavi ışık yok olur. Geriye kalan dağılıma uğramamış ışık ise daha çok uzun dalga boyunda olduğundan turuncu görünür.

Rayleigh dağılımı temel olarak ışığın havadaki moleküllerle etkileşimiyle olur. Tamamen 'optik' ve makroskobik bir açıdan söylersek, mavi gökyüzü mikroskobik yoğunluk dalgalanmalarından ileri gelir, bu dalgalanma ise havayı oluşturan moleküllerin rastgele hareketi ile meydana gelir. Daha yoğun veya daha az yoğun bir bölgenin kırıcılık endeksi çevresinden hafifçe farklıdır, bu yüzden ışığı rastgele yönlerde dağıtan kısa ömürlü bir parçacık gibi davranır. Daha küçük bölgeler büyük bölgelere göre daha fazla dalgalanma gösterdiğinden kısa dalga boyları uzun dalga boylarına göre daha çok etkilenir ve daha çok dağılıma uğrar.

Dağılımın bir kısmı sülfat parçacıkları tarafından gerçekleştirilebilir. Büyük Plinian patlamalarından (:en:Plinian eruption) yıllar sonra gökyüzünün mavi rengi stratosferik gazların sülfat yüklenmesi sonucu bilhassa daha açık renk olmuştur.

Işık kirliliğinin az olduğu bölgelerde ayışığının olduğu gecelerde de gökyüzü mavidir, çünkü aydan gelen ışık, ayın kahverengimsi renginden dolayı biraz daha düşük renk sıcaklığı olan, güneş ışığının yansımasıdır. Fakat ayışığı olan gökyüzü mavi olarak algılanmaz, çünkü düşük ışık seviyesinde insan görüşü temel olarak çubuk hücrelerinden gelir, ki bu da renk algısı yaratmaz.

Optik fiberlerde
Rayleigh dağılımı optik fiberlerde optik sinyallerin dağılımının önemli bir parçasıdır. Silica fiberleri düzensiz materyallerdir, bu yüzden mikroskobik ölçüde yoğunlukları değişir. Yoğunluk dalgalanmaları ışık saçılımından dolayı aşağıdaki katsayı ile enerji kaybına yol açar:

Burada n kırıcılık endeksini, p camın fotoelastik katsayısını, k Boltzmann sabitini, β ise izotermal sıkıştırılabilirliği gösterir. Tf  hayali sıcaklıktır, malzemede yoğunluk dalgalanmalarının durduğu sıcaklığı ifade eder.

Gözenekli materyallerde

λ−4 Rayleigh-tipi dağılım aynı zamanda gözenekli materyallerde görülür. Nanogözenekli materyallerde güçlü optik saçılma örnek olarak verilebilir. Katılaştırılmış alüminyumdaki gözenek ve katı kısımlar arasındaki yüksek kırıcılık farkı, ışığın ortalama her 5 mikrometrede tamamen yön değiştirmesine yol açan çok yüksek bir saçılıma sebep olur. λ−4-tipi dağılım aluminyum tozunun katılaştırılmasıyla elde edilen nanogözenekli yapıdan (70 nm civarında dar gözenekli yapı) kaynaklanır.

Kaynakça

C.F. Bohren, D. Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles, John Wiley, New York 1983. Contains a good description of the asymptotic behavior of Mie theory for small size parameter (Rayleigh approximation).

Dış bağlantılar
 Rayleigh saçılımının HyperPhysics'deki tanımı
 Eric Weisstein'ın World of Physics'deki Rayleigh saçılımı makalesi
 Gökyüzü renginin basit sözcüklerle ve fiziksel açıklaması

Fiziksel optik
Optik olaylar
Fiziksel olaylar
Yeryüzü fenomenleri
Görünürlük
Işık
Saçılma

Rayleigh saçılması


Dolly Alderton (London, 31. kolovoza 1988.) je britanska novinarka.

Životopis
Britansko-kanadskog porijekla, rođena je kao Hannah Alderton. Studirala je novinarstvo. Magistrirala je na Sveučilištu u Londonu, Karijeru započela u listu The Sunday Times. Pozornost javnosti stekla svojim mladalačkim kolumnama.

Djela
Njena knjiga Sve što znam o ljubavi (Everything I Know About Love, 2018.) bila je veliki hit u Velikoj Britaniji.
 Sve što znam o ljubavi, 2020., mladalačka knjiga (naslov eng. izvornika Everything I Know About Love; prevoditelj: Branka Maričić)
Nestale ljubavi, 2021. (prevoditelj: Saša Stančin)

Nagrade
 2018. – nagrada National Book Award za najbolju autobiografiju godine za djelo Sve što znam o ljubavi

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Britanski novinari

Dolly Alderton


An Restrepia muscifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach och John Lindley. An Restrepia muscifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Restrepia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Restrepia

Restrepia muscifera


Janette Atkinson, é uma psicóloga e acadêmica britânica, especializada no desenvolvimento humano da visão e da cognição visual. Ela é membro da Academia Britânica (FBA), e da Academia de Ciências Médicas (FMedSci). Atkinson foi Professora de Psicologia na University College London desde 1993: agora ela é Professora Emérita. Ela também foi co-diretora da Unidade de Desenvolvimento Visual (Visual Development Unit) do Departamento de Psicologia da University College London, e do Departamento de Psicologia Experimental da Universidade de Oxford . Ela colabora frequentemente nos escritos acadêmicos de seu marido Oliver Braddick.

Infância e educação
Atkinson estudou psicologia na Universidade de Bristol, graduando-se como Bacharela em Ciências (BSc) em 1965.  Ela realizou seu mestrado na Universidade de Cambridge, e completou seu doutorado em filosofia (PhD) em 1970. Sua tese de doutorado foi intitulada "Um estudo de análise perceptual usando imagens estabilizadas" ("A study of perceptual analysis using stabilized images").

Carreira acadêmica
De 1971 a 1972, Atkinson foi pesquisadora associada do Instituto de Genética Comportamental (Institute for Behavioral Genetics) da Universidade de Colorado em Boulder.  Em 1972, ela foi pesquisadora associada do Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Johns Hopkins, em Maryland. Ela então retornou à Universidade de Cambridge, onde foi pesquisadora associada sênior de 1972 a 1983. Durante este tempo, ela estabeleceu a Unidade de Desenvolvimento Visual na Universidade de Cambridge.   De 1983 a 1993, ela foi classificada como membro do Conselho de Pesquisa Médica (MRC) na função de pesquisadora externa do Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, em Cambridge.

Em 1993, Atkinson mudou-se para a University College London (UCL), onde foi nomeada Professora de Psicologia. Ela levou a Unidade de Desenvolvimento Visual de Cambridge com ela para a UCL.  Uma segunda Unidade de Desenvolvimento Visual foi criada na Universidade de Oxford em 2003. Ela foi co-diretora de ambas as unidades com seu marido Oliver Braddick. Após sua aposentadoria da academia, ela foi nomeada Professora Emérita pela UCL.

Vida pessoal
Em 1979, Atkinson casou-se com Oliver Braddick, um colega psicólogo. Eles têm quatro filhos no total: dois filhos e duas filhas.

Honras
Em 2002, Atkinson foi eleita membro da Academia de Ciências Médicas (FMedSci).  Em 2008, foi eleita Membro da Academia Europaea. Em 2009, ela, junto com seu marido Oliver Braddick, ganhou a Medalha Kurt Koffka. Em 2015, ela foi eleita Membro da Academia Britânica (FBA), a Academia Nacional do Reino Unido para ciências humanas e sociais. Em 2016, ela foi premiada com o Prêmio Davida Teller pela Vision Sciences Society.

Trabalhos selecionados (em inglês)

Referências

Professores da Universidade Johns Hopkins
Professores da Universidade do Colorado em Boulder
Alunos da Universidade de Cambridge
Alunos da Universidade de Bristol
Membros da Academia Europaea
Fellows da Academy of Medical Sciences
Membros da British Academy
Professores da Universidade de Oxford
Psicólogos do Reino Unido
Pessoas vivas

Janette Atkinson


Kadeisha Buchanan (født 5. november 1995), kælenavn Keisha, er en canadisk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Olympique Lyonnais i Division 1 Féminine. Hun er også en del af Canadas landshold. Hun blev født i Toronto og voksede op i Brampton, Ontario. Hun var den yngste af syv piger i et hjem med en enlig forælder. Hun var kun 17 år gammel, da hun fik debut på Canadas landshold den 12. januar 2013.

Ved VM i fodbold for kvinder 2015 vandt Buchanan Young Player Award.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Canada
Fodboldspillere fra Olympique Lyon (kvinder)
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2020
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske mestre fra Canada
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Canada

Kadeisha Buchanan


2006 සැප්තැම්බර් 27 දිනදී මුලින්ම ගන්නා ලද රූප අනුසාරයෙන්  (පූර්වතිසාධන රූප, 2005 සැප්තැම්බර් 13 දින) ස්ලෝන් ඩිජිටල් ස්කයි සර්වේ ඔස්සේ  ඇන්ඩෲ  බෙකර්, ඇන්ඩෲ ඩබ්. පකෙට්, සහ  ජෙරමි මාර්ටින් කුබික්සා විසින් සොයාගත්  යනු කුඩා   නෙප්චූන්-ඔබ්බෙහි පිහිටි  වස්තුවකි.

මහත් ලෙසින් උත්කේන්ද්‍රීය කක්ෂයක් සතු එය, නෙප්චූන්ගේ කක්ෂය අපහේලිකය අසලදී හරස් මාරු වෙමින්, විහේලිකය වන විට එය සූර්යයාගේ සිට 1,500 AU ට වඩා ගෙන එයි. සෞර ග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයෙහි ස්කන්ධ කේන්ද්‍රය පරිභ්‍රමණය කිරීමට එය වසර  22,500 පමණ ගනියි. විශාල අඩ-මහා අක්ෂය නිසා එය  සහ 90377 සෙඩ්නා හා සමාන බවක් දක්වයි. 8.1 ක  නිරපේක්ෂ විශාලත්වය (H) නිසා, එහි විෂ්කම්භය 60 සිට 140 කිමී පමණ යැයි ඇස්තමේන්තු කෙරිණි.

මෙම වස්තුව ධූම කේතුවක් විය හැකිව තිබුණි.  සොයාගත් තැනැත්තන් උපකල්පනය  කළේ වස්තුව පැමිණෙන්නට ඇත්තේ  ඕට් වලාවේ කෙළවරෙහි සිට බව වුවද, "නෙප්චූන් ග්‍රහයාට මදක් ඔබ්බෙහි  [ කයිපර් වළල්ල තුල]  සුන්බුන් තුලින් එය තැනී, නෙප්චූන් හෝ යුරේනස් වැනි ග්‍රහයෙකු විසින් ඈත කක්ෂයකට එය  'තල්ලු කිරීමක්'  කළා විය හැකි" බව පළකරමින්    කැලිෆෝර්නියා තාක්ෂණ ආයතනයේ  මයිකල් ඊ. බ්‍රවුන් වැනි අනෙකුත් විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් අනෙකුත් හැකියාවන් සොයාබැලිනි.

කැළඹීම
 අරභයා සිදු කළ සමාවස්ථෝපයෝජන වලින් අඩකට වඩා පෙන්නුම් කරනුයේ, ඉදිරි වසර 180 මිලියන තුලදී එය යුරේනස් හෝ නෙප්චූන් වෙත පමණට වඩා ලං වීම නිසා වර්තමානයේ නොදන්නා දිශාවකට යැවෙනු ඇති බවයි.  මෙම නිසා, මෙම වස්තුව  වර්ගීකරණය කළ යුත්තේ, සෙන්ටෝර් ග්‍රහයෙක් ලෙසින්ද නැතහොත්   විසිරි මණ්ඩල  වස්තුවක් ලෙසින්ද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම අපහසු විය. නෙප්චූන්-ඔබ්බෙහි පිහිටි  සියළු වස්තූන් නිල වශයෙන් නාමාවලීගතකරන ආයතනය වන  සුළු ග්‍රහ කේන්ද්‍රය (MPC), සෙන්ටෝර් ග්‍රහයන් සහ විසිරි මණ්ඩල වස්තූන් එක්ව ගෙන ලැයිස්තු ගත කරයි.   (29981) 1999 TD10 යනු, අයත් වන්නේ  ප්‍රවර්ග දෙකෙන් කුමකටද යන්න අපැහැදිලි තවත් වස්තුවකි.

මෙම වස්තුවෙහි මහත්වූ කක්ෂීය උත්කේන්ද්‍රියතාවය සැලකූ කළ, වෙනස් වූ  කාලාරම්භයන් විසින්, මෙම වස්තුවෙහි විහේලික දුර (උපරිම දුර) කුමක්ද යන ගැටළුවට, බෙහෙවින් වෙනස්වූ සූර්ය කේන්ද්‍රීය  නොකැළඹුනු වස්තූන්-දෙකෙහි හොඳින්ම-අනුසීහුණු විසඳුම් ලබා දෙයි. 2005 කාලාරම්භයක් හා සමගින්, මෙම වස්තුව දළ වශයෙන් වසර 22,000 ක කාලාවර්තයක් හා සමගින් 1557 AU වෙත වූ විහේලිකයක් සහිත විය.  ඒවුවද,  2011 කාලාරම්භයක් දක්වන්නේ  වසර 32,000 ක කාලාවර්තයක් සහ  2006 AU හි යන විහේලිකයකි.  මහත් කක්ෂීය උත්කේන්ද්‍රියතාවයක් සහිත වන මෙවැනි වස්තූන් හට, සූර්ය කේන්ද්‍රීය ඛණ්ඩාංක වලට වඩා, සූර්යයාගේ   ස්කන්ධ කේන්ද්‍රීය ඛණ්ඩාංක වඩාත් ස්ථායි වෙයි.  JPL හොරයිසන්ස් භාවිතයෙන් හා වසර 2.9  පමණක් වන නිරික්ෂිත කක්ෂීය චාපයක් සහිතව, 2008-මැයි-14 කාලාරම්භය සඳහා ස්කන්ධ-කේන්ද්‍රිය කක්ෂීය මුඛ්‍යාංග ජනනය කරනුයේ, 796 AU ක අඩ-මහා අක්ෂයක් සහ වසර  22,466 ක කාලාවර්තයකි.

මෙයද බලන්න

සටහන්
 සෞර ග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයේ  ස්කන්ධ කේන්ද්‍රය භාවිතයෙන් විසඳුම

 ස්කන්ධ කේන්ද්‍රීය නොකැළඹුනු වස්තූන්-දෙකෙහි පැණය පිළිබඳ වඩාත් විස්තර සඳහා අධිස්පර්ශ කක්ෂය කියවන්න

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

විසිරි මණ්ඩල සහ වියුක්ත වස්තූන්
 සෙන්ටෝර් (සුළු ග්‍රහයා)

(308933) 2006 SQ372


José Cándido (n. Cádiz, 1734 - f. El Puerto de Santa María; 23 de junio de 1771) fue un matador de toros español.

Entregado el 30 de noviembre de 1734 en la Casa Cuna de Cádiz, es recogido y adoptado en 1737 por un matrimonio de Chiclana de la Frontera, Melchor Román y Josefa de Olvera. Trabajó de tablajero en el Matadero de Chiclana, oficio que compaginó con su afición por los toros. Ingresó siendo casi niño en la cuadrilla de Lorenzo Manuel y tanto adelantó en su profesión que bien pronto no tuvo rival. Tan valiente como inteligente, practicaba con verdadera maestría las suertes más difíciles y con frecuencia mataba toros valiéndose solo de su sombrero como muleta y de un puñal en lugar del estoque.

Inventó el salto del testuz y acabó sus días en plena juventud por haber resbalado en un charco de sangre ante un toro que le perseguía y que le mató de una cornada en la plaza de toros del Puerto de Santa María.

Fue padre del también matador de toros Jerónimo José Cándido.

Referencias

 Sobre los orígenes de José Cándido, consultar el trabajo realizado por Diego Vidal Pérez y Francisco Salvado Manzorro "Los orígenes de José Cándido"

Cándido
Nacidos en Cádiz

José Cándido Expósito


Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Eng. The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) is a monumental inscription composed by the first Roman emperor, Augustus, giving a first-person record of his life and accomplishments. The Res Gestae is especially significant because it gives an insight into the image Augustus offered to the Roman people. Various portions of the Res Gestae have been found in modern Turkey. The inscription itself is a monument to the establishment of the Julio-Claudian dynasty that was to follow Augustus.

Structure
The text consists of a short introduction, 35 body paragraphs and a posthumous addendum. The paragraphs are conventionally grouped in four sections, political career, public benefactions, military accomplishments and a political statement.

The first section (paragraphs 2–14) is concerned with Augustus' political career; it records the offices and political honours that he held. Augustus also lists numerous offices he refused to take and privileges he refused to be awarded. The second section (paragraphs 15–24) lists Augustus' donations of money, land and grain to the citizens of Italy and his soldiers, as well as the public works and gladiatorial spectacles that he commissioned. The text is careful to point out that all this was paid for out of Augustus' own funds. The third section (paragraphs 25–33) describes his military deeds and how he established alliances with other nations during his reign. Finally the fourth section (paragraphs 34–35) consists of a statement of the Romans' approval for the reign and deeds of Augustus. The appendix is written in the third person and likely not by Augustus himself. It summarizes the entire text, lists various buildings that he renovated or constructed and states that Augustus spent 600 million silver denarii (24 million gold aurei) from his own funds during his reign on public projects. Ancient currencies cannot be reliably converted into modern equivalents, but it is clearly more than anyone else in the empire could afford. Augustus consolidated his hold on power by reversing the prior tax policy beginning with funding the aerarium militare with 170 million sesterces of his own money.

History
The text was completed just one month before Augustus' death (19 August AD 14), although most of its content was written years earlier and likely went through many revisions. Augustus left the text with his will, which instructed the Senate to set up the inscriptions. The original, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars and placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum.  Many copies of the text were made and carved in stone on monuments or temples throughout the Roman Empire, some of which have survived; most notably, almost a full copy, written in the original Latin and a Greek translation was preserved on a temple to Augustus in Ancyra (the Monumentum Ancyranum of Ankara, Turkey); others have been found at Apollonia and Antioch, both in Pisidia.

Content
The text is not a full account of the years between 44 BC, the assassination of Augustus' adoptive father Julius Caesar, and AD 14, the year in which he died. Instead, it is a personal account of the first Emperor's life and those achievements that he decided to be worth remembering by the Roman people. It is an independent self-depiction that is written in a literary form which is unique to the ancient world, and it must be read as such. This period of history is seen from Augustus' perspective and the author presents facts that relate only to himself. Augustus' enemies are never mentioned by name. Caesar's murderers Brutus and Cassius are called simply "those who killed my father". Mark Antony and Sextus Pompey, Augustus' opponents in the East, remain equally anonymous; the former is "he with whom I fought the war," while the latter is merely a "pirate". One writer, Werner Eck, says that it cannot be stated that Augustus made any false statements. Any comprehensive understanding of this period of Roman history should be supplemented by statements from other ancient sources, archaeology, and inscriptions.

The introduction and first two pararagraphs of the inscription found at the Monumentum Ancyranum of Ankara read as such:

See also
 Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, whose sarcophagus carries a short inscription in Saturnian metre commemorating his deeds
 Behistun Inscription, commissioned by Darius I of Persia
 Res Gestae (disambiguation)

References

Further reading
 Barini, Concetta (1937),  Res Gestae Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano, Antiocheno, Apolloniensi, Rome.
 Cooley, Alison (2009),  Res Gestae divi Augusti: Text, Translation and Commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
 Gagé, Jean (1935), Res gestae divi Augusti ex monumentis Ancyrano et Antiocheno latinis, Paris.
 Mommsen, Theodor (1865). Res gestae Divi Augusti ex monumentis Ancyrano et Apolloniensi. Berolini: Weidmannos, 1865.
 Scheid. John (2007).  Res Gestae Divi Augusti: hauts faits du divin Auguste. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2007.
 Volkmann, Hans (1942), Res gestae Divi Augusti Das Monumentum Ancyranum, Leipzig.

External links

 The Res Gestae at LacusCurtius, in Latin, Greek and English
 The Res Gestae (in Latin) at The Latin Library
 The Res Gestae at the Internet Classics Archive (in English)
 Life and deeds of Augustus (in English)

Augustus
Latin works about history
Roman religion inscriptions
Latin inscriptions
1st-century texts in Latin
1st-century inscriptions
Works about ancient Rome

Res Gestae Divi Augusti


Cet article dresse la liste des ministres italiens du Budget et de la Planification économique entre  et , période d'existence du ministère.

Liste

Chronologie

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des ministres italiens du Trésor
 Liste des ministres italiens du Trésor, du Budget et de la Planification économique

Budget et Planification économique

Liste des ministres italiens du Budget et de la Planification économique


The Douglas AC-47 Spooky (also nicknamed "Puff, the Magic Dragon") was the first in a series of fixed-wing gunships developed by the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War.  It was designed to provide more firepower than light and medium ground-attack aircraft in certain situations when ground forces called for close air support.

Design and development
The AC-47 was a United States Air Force (USAF) C-47, (the military version of the DC-3) that had been modified by mounting three 7.62 mm General Electric miniguns to fire through two rear window openings and the side cargo door, all on the left (pilot's) side of the aircraft, to provide close air support for ground troops. Other armament configurations could also be found on similar C-47-based aircraft around the world. The guns were actuated by a control on the pilot's yoke whereby he could control the guns either individually or together, although gunners were also among the crew to assist with gun failures and similar issues. It could orbit the target for hours, providing suppressing fire over an elliptical area about 52 yd (47.5 m) in diameter, placing a round every 2.4 yd (2.2 m) during a three-second burst. The aircraft also carried flares it could drop to illuminate the battleground.

The AC-47 had no previous design to gauge how successful it would be, because it was the first of its kind. The USAF found itself in a precarious situation when requests for additional gunships began to come in because it simply lacked miniguns to fit additional aircraft after the first two conversions. The next four aircraft were equipped with ten .30 caliber AN/M2 machine guns. These weapons, using World War II and Korean War ammunition stocks, were quickly discovered to jam easily, produce large amounts of gases from firing, and, even in ten-gun groups, provide the density of fire of only a single minigun. All four of these aircraft were retrofitted to the standard armament configuration when additional miniguns arrived.

The AC-47 initially used SUU-11/A gun pods that were installed on locally fabricated mounts for the gunship application. Emerson Electric eventually developed the MXU-470/A to replace the gun pods, which were also used on later gunships.

Operational history

United States Air Force

In August 1964, years of fixed-wing gunship experimentation reached a new peak with Project Tailchaser under the direction of Captain John C. Simons. This test involved the conversion of a single Convair C-131B to be capable of firing a single GAU-2/A Minigun at a downward angle out of the left side of the aircraft.  Even crude grease pencil crosshairs were quickly discovered to enable a pilot flying in a pylon turn to hit a stationary area target with relative accuracy and ease.  The Armament Development and Test Center tested the craft at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, but lack of funding soon suspended the tests. In 1964, Captain Ron W. Terry returned from temporary duty in South Vietnam as part of an Air Force Systems Command team reviewing all aspects of air operations in counter-insurgency warfare, where he had noted the usefulness of C-47s and C-123s orbiting as flare ships during night attacks on fortified hamlets. He received permission to conduct a live-fire test using the C-131 and revived the side-firing gunship program.

By October, Terry's team under Project Gunship provided a C-47D, which was converted to a similar standard as the Project Tailchaser aircraft and armed with three miniguns, which were initially mounted on locally fabricated mounts—essentially strapped gun pods intended for fixed-wing aircraft (SUU-11/A) onto a mount allowing them to be fired remotely out the port side. Terry and a testing team arrived at Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, on 2 December 1964, with equipment needed to modify two C-47s. The first test aircraft (43-48579, a C-47B-5-DK mail courier converted to C-47D standard by removal of its superchargers) was ready by 11 December, the second by 15 December, and both were allocated to the 1st Air Commando Squadron for combat testing. The newly dubbed "FC-47" often operated under the radio call sign "Puff". Its primary mission involved protecting villages, hamlets, and personnel from mass attacks by Vietcong (VC) guerrilla units.

Puff's first significant success occurred on the night of 23–24 December 1964. An FC-47 arrived over the Special Forces outpost at Tranh Yend in the Mekong Delta just 37 minutes after an air support request, fired 4,500 rounds of ammunition, and broke the VC attack. The FC-47 was then called to support a second outpost at Trung Hung, about  away. The aircraft again blunted the VC attack and forced a retreat. Between 15 and 26 December, all the FC-47's 16 combat sorties were successful. On 8 February 1965, an FC-47 flying over the Bồng Sơn area demonstrated its capabilities in the process of blunting a VC offensive. For over four hours, it fired 20,500 rounds into a VC hilltop position, killing an estimated 300 VC troops.

The early gunship trials were so successful, the second aircraft was returned to the United States early in 1965 to provide crew training. In July 1965, Headquarters USAF ordered TAC to establish an AC-47 squadron. By November 1965, a total of five aircraft were operating with the 4th Air Commando Squadron, activated in August as the first operational unit, and by the end of 1965, a total of 26 had been converted. Training Detachment 8, 1st Air Commando Wing, was subsequently established at Forbes AFB, Kansas. In Operation Big Shoot, the 4th ACS in Vietnam grew to 20 AC-47s (16 aircraft plus four reserves for attrition).

The 4th ACS deployed to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Vietnam, on 14 November 1965. Now using the call sign Spooky, each of its three 7.62 mm miniguns could selectively fire either 50 or 100 rounds per second. Cruising in an overhead left-hand orbit at 120 knots air speed at an altitude of , the gunship could put a bullet or glowing red tracer bullet (every fifth round) into every square yard of a football field-sized target in potentially less than 10 seconds. As long as its 45-flare and 24,000-round basic load of ammunition held out, it could do this intermittently while loitering over the target for hours.

In May 1966, the squadron moved north to Nha Trang Air Base to join the newly activated 14th Air Commando Wing. The 3rd Air Commando Squadron was activated at Nha Trang on 5 April 1968 as a second AC-47 squadron, with both squadrons redesignated as Special Operations Squadrons on 1 August 1968. Flights of both squadrons were stationed at bases throughout South Vietnam, and one flight of the 4th SOS served at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base with the 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. The work of the two AC-47 squadrons, each with 16 AC-47s flown by aircrews younger than the aircraft they flew, was undoubtedly a key contributor to the award of the Presidential Unit Citation to the 14th Air Commando Wing in June 1968.

One of the most publicized battles of the Vietnam War was the Battle of Khe Sanh in early 1968. More than 24,000 tactical and 2,700 B-52 strikes dropped 110,000 tons of ordnance in attacks that averaged over 300 sorties per day. During the two and a half months of combat, fighters were in the air day and night. At night, AC-47 gunships kept up constant fire against enemy troops and provided illumination for the base.

The AC-47D gunship should not be confused with a small number of C-47s that were fitted with electronic equipment in the 1950s. Prior to 1962, these aircraft were designated AC-47D. When a new designation system was adopted in 1962, these became EC-47Ds. The original gunships had been designated FC-47D by the USAF, but with protests from fighter pilots, this designation was changed to AC-47D during 1965. Of the 53 aircraft converted to AC-47 configuration, 41 served in Vietnam and 19 were lost to all causes, 12 in combat. Combat reports indicate that no village or hamlet under Spooky protection was ever lost, and a plethora of reports from civilians and military personnel were made about AC-47s coming to the rescue and saving their lives.

As the United States began Project Gunship II and Project Gunship III, many of the remaining AC-47Ds were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force, the Royal Lao Air Force, and Cambodia's Khmer Air Force, after Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed in a coup by General Lon Nol.

Airman First Class John L. Levitow, an AC-47 loadmaster with the 3rd SOS, received the Medal of Honor for saving his aircraft, Spooky 71, from destruction on 24 February 1969 during a fire-support mission at Long Binh.  The aircraft was struck by an 82-mm mortar round that inflicted 3,500 shrapnel holes, wounding Levitow 40 times, but he used his body to jettison an armed magnesium flare, which ignited shortly after Levitow ejected it from the aircraft, allowing the AC-47 to return to base.

Other air forces
By the end of 1969 most AC-47Ds were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. the RVNAF kept using them until 1975. most of them were destroyed or captured by North Vietnam at the end of the war.

In 1969, Laos received its first AC-47 armed with SUU-11/A minigun pods. These pods ended up being unsatisfactory so later RLAF AC-47s were equipped with .50 cal machine guns or the MXU-470/A minigun modules.

The Khmer Air Force received some AC-47Ds from the USAF between 1973 and 1974 and also converted some with .50 cal machine guns. Several of them were given to Thailand after the end of the Cambodian Civil War.

In December 1984 and January 1985, the United States supplied two AC-47D gunships to the El Salvador Air Force (FAS) and trained aircrews to operate the system. The AC-47 gunship carried three .50 cal machine guns and could loiter and provide heavy firepower for army operations. As the FAS had long operated C-47s, training pilots and crew to operate the aircraft as a weapons platform was easy for the United States. By all accounts, the AC-47 soon became probably the most effective weapon in the FAS arsenal.

In 2006, Colombia started operating five armed Basler BT-67 (Colombian Air Force designation : AC-47T), known by civilians as avion fantasma (ghost plane), on counter-insurgency operations in conjunction with Sikorsky AH-60 Arpia armed helicopters and Cessna A-37 Dragonflys against local illegally armed groups. The BT-67s are armed with .50 cal (12.7 mm) GAU-19/A machine guns slaved to a forward looking infrared  system. They also have the ability to carry bombs. At least one has been seen fitted with one GAU-19/A and a 20 mm cannon, most likely a French-made M621. The BT-67s are C-47/DC-3s modified by the Basler Corporation of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, and are not variants of the Douglas AC-47.

In 1970, the Indonesian Air Force converted a former civilian DC-3. The converted aircraft was armed with three .50 cal machine guns. During 1975, the Indonesian Air Force used its "AC-47" in the Indonesian invasion of East Timor to attack the city of Dili. Later, the aircraft was used in Indonesian military close air support missions in East Timor. Its retirement date is unknown.

South Africa converted some C-47s to gunships by installing gun mounts on a rotating platform on the rear of the aircraft and used them similarly to a helicopter gunner. South African "Dragon Daks" were known to fit 20 mm cannons

Between 1980 and 1981 Uruguay converted C-47 T-508 into a gunship for COIN missions by installing three .50 cal machine guns to the last two rear windows.

The Philippines also converted some C-47s by mounting .50 cal machine guns and used them against Muslim guerrillas in the Battle of Jolo in 1974

In 1967, Thailand converted its first AC-47D installing it the SUU-11/A minigun pods. It kept converting a few more airframes and also received some former Khmer Air Force AC-47Ds from Cambodia in late 1975. Thai AC-47s also were equipped with a combination of two .50 cal machine guns and an M197 20mm Electric cannon.

Variants

 FC-47 Early version with 10 .30 cal machine guns (later replaced by minigun modules)
AC-47D US conversion of C-47 with M134 7.62-mm minigun
 AC-47T Colombian military conversion of civilian DC-3 by Basler Turbo with infrared sensor pod with upgrade PT-6A engines and GAU-19 .50 caliber triple Gatling guns (replacing .50 cal machine guns)
AC-47 with 3 AN-M2 .50 cal machine guns (used by most operators)
AC-47 Thai variant with 2 .50 cal machine guns and an M197 20mm Electric cannon
AC-47TP (Salvadorian BT-67 conversion with 3 .50 cal machine guns)

Operators

Current

Colombian Air Force
214th Tactical Air Support Squadron

Former

Khmer Air Force
 Kingdom of Laos
Royal Lao Air Force

Republic of Vietnam Air Force

Air Force of El Salvador

 Royal Thai Air Force

 Philippine Air Force

 Indonesian Air Force

 South African Air Force

 Uruguayan Air Force

United States Air Force – Tactical Air Command
14th Special Operations Wing – Nha Trang Air Base, Vietnam (detachments at Danang, Pleiku, Bien Hoa and Binh Thuy)
3rd Air Commando Squadron  1968–69
4th Air Commando Squadron  1964–69

Aircraft on display
Aircraft painted to represent AC-47s are on static display at the Air Commando Park at Hurlburt Field and the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin Air Force Base. These airframes never were AC-47s and were actually regular unarmed C-47s.

Specifications (AC-47D)

See also

References
13. On their 1989 album "Agent Orange", Thrash metal band Sodom made a song about the AC-47 called "Magic Dragon". The album's cover art shows the inside of an AC-47, and the inner sleeve shows AC-47's encircling a VC camp.

Further reading
 Corum, James S. and Johnson, Wray R. "Airpower in Small Wars: Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists" University Press of Kansas: 2003. .
 Donald, David. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1997. .
 Flintham, Victor. Air Wars and Aircraft: A Detailed Record of Air Combat, 1945 to the Present. New York: Facts on File, 1990. .
 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. .
 Gradidge, Jennifer M. The Douglas DC-1, DC-2, DC-3 – The First Seventy Years (two volumes). Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2006. .
 Project CHECO. Contemporary Historical Evaluation of Combat Operations: Fixed Wing Gunships in Southeast Asia, Retrieved: 22 November 2012.
 Thigpen, Jerry L. The Praetorian STARShip: The untold story of the Combat Talon

External links

USAF museum Douglas AC-47D "Spooky"
AC-47 at Theaviationzone.com
AC-47 at dc3history.org
AC-47 at petester.com

C-047 Spooky
1960s United States attack aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Douglas DC-3
Aircraft first flown in 1964
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Gunships

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Douglas AC-47 Spooky