Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted. Later, other non-human animals were flown to investigate various biological processes and the effects microgravity and space flight might have on them. Bioastronautics is an area of bioengineering research that spans the study and support of life in space. To date, seven national space programs have flown animals into space: the United States, Soviet Union, France, Argentina, China, Japan and Iran.

A wide variety of animals have been launched into space, including monkeys and apes, dogs, cats, tortoises, mice, rats, rabbits, fish, frogs, spiders, quail eggs (which hatched in 1990 on Mir), and insects. The US launched the first Earthlings into space - fruit flies in 1947 - and flights carrying primates primarily between 1949 and 1961, with one flight in 1969 and one in 1985. France launched two monkey-carrying flights in 1967. The Soviet Union and Russia launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet space program used a number of dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights.

Two tortoises and several varieties of plants were the first inhabitants of Earth to circle the Moon, on the September 1968 Zond 5 mission. Turtles followed on the November 1968 Zond 6 circumlunar mission, and four turtles flew to the Moon on Zond 7 in August 1969. In 1972 five mice, Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey, orbited the Moon a record 75 times in Apollo 17's Command Module America, the last crewed voyage to the Moon.

Background
Animals had been used in aeronautic exploration since 1783 when the Montgolfier brothers sent a sheep, a duck, and a rooster aloft in a hot air balloon to see if ground-dwelling animals can survive (the duck serving as the experimental control). The limited supply of captured German V-2 rockets led to the U.S. use of high-altitude balloon launches carrying fruit flies, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, frogs, goldfish and monkeys to heights of up to . These high-altitude balloon flights from 1947 to 1960 tested radiation exposure, physiological response, life support and recovery systems. The U.S. high-altitude manned balloon flights occurred in the same time frame, one of which also carried fruit flies.

Timeline

1940s
The first animals sent into space were fruit flies aboard a U.S.-launched V-2 rocket on 20 February 1947 from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The purpose of the experiment was to explore the effects of radiation exposure at high altitudes. The rocket reached  in 3 minutes 10 seconds, past both the U.S. Air Force  and the international 100 km definitions of the boundary of space. The Blossom capsule was ejected and successfully deployed its parachute. The fruit flies were recovered alive. Other V-2 missions carried biological samples, including moss.

Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first monkey, first primate, and first mammal in space on 14 June 1949, in a U.S.-launched V-2, after the failure of the original Albert's mission on ascent. Albert I reached only  altitude; Albert II reached about , and died on impact after a parachute failure.

Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were under anesthesia during launch. The death rate among these monkeys was very high: about two-thirds of all monkeys launched in the 1940s and 1950s died on missions or soon after landing.

1950s

On 31 August 1950, the U.S. launched a mouse into space (137 km) aboard a V-2 (the Albert V flight, which, unlike the Albert I-IV flights, did not have a monkey), however the animal died following descent because the parachute system failed. The U.S. launched several other mice in the 1950s.

On 22 July 1951, the Soviet Union launched the R-1 IIIA-1 flight, carrying the dogs Tsygan (, "Gypsy") and Dezik () into space, but not into orbit. These two dogs were the first living higher organisms successfully recovered from a spaceflight. Both space dogs survived the flight, although Dezik would die on a subsequent flight. The U.S. launched mice aboard spacecraft later that year; however, they failed to reach the altitude for true spaceflight.

On 3 November 1957, the second-ever orbiting spacecraft carried the first animal into orbit, the dog Laika, launched aboard the Soviet Sputnik 2 spacecraft (nicknamed 'Muttnik' in the West). Laika died during the flight, as was expected because the technology to return spacecraft from orbit had not yet been developed. At least 10 other dogs were launched into orbit and numerous others on sub-orbital flights before the historic date of 12 April 1961, when Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space.

On 13 December 1958, a Jupiter IRBM, AM-13, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, with a United States Navy-trained South American squirrel monkey named Gordo on board. The nose cone recovery parachute failed to operate and Gordo was lost. Telemetry data sent back during the flight showed that the monkey survived the 10 g of launch, 8 minutes of weightlessness and 40 g of reentry at . The nose cone sank  downrange from Cape Canaveral and was not recovered.

Monkeys Miss Able and Miss Baker became the first monkeys to survive spaceflight after their 1959 flight. On 28 May 1959, aboard Jupiter IRBM AM-18, were a  American-born rhesus monkey, Able, from Independence, Kansas, and a  squirrel monkey from Peru, Baker. The monkeys rode in the nose cone of the missile to an altitude of  and a distance of  down the Atlantic Missile Range from Cape Canaveral, Florida. They withstood forces 38 times the normal pull of gravity and were weightless for about 9 minutes. A top speed of  was reached during their 16-minute flight. The monkeys survived the flight in good condition. Able died four days after the flight from a reaction to anesthesia, while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode. Baker was the center of media attention for the next several months as she was watched closely for any ill-effects from her space flight. She was even mated in an attempt to test her reproductive system. Baker lived until 29 November 1984, at the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

On 2 July 1959, a launch of a Soviet R2 rocket, which reached , carried two space dogs and Marfusha, the first rabbit to go into space.

A 19 September 1959 launch, a Jupiter AM-23, carried two frogs and 12 mice but was destroyed during launch.

On 4 December 1959, a rhesus macaque Sam flew on the Little Joe 2 mission of Project Mercury to an altitude of .

1960s

On 19 August 1960 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 5 (also known as Korabl-Sputnik 2) which carried the dogs Belka and Strelka, along with a gray rabbit, 40 mice, 2 rats, and 15 flasks of fruit flies and plants. It was the first spacecraft to carry animals into orbit and return them alive. One of Strelka's pups, Pushinka, bred and born after her mission, was given as a present to Caroline Kennedy by Nikita Khrushchev in 1961, and many descendants are known to exist.

The US sent three black mice: Sally, Amy and Moe 1,000 km up and 8,000 km distance from Cape Canaveral on 13 October 1960 using an Atlas D 71D launch vehicle.  The mice were retrieved from the nosecone near Ascension Island and were said to be in good condition.

On 31 January 1961, Ham, a chimpanzee, was launched into sub-orbital space in a Mercury capsule aboard a Redstone rocket to become the first great ape in space. Ham's mission was Mercury-Redstone 2. The chimpanzee had been trained to pull levers to receive rewards of banana pellets and avoid electric shocks. His flight demonstrated the ability to perform tasks during spaceflight. A little over three months later the United States sent Alan Shepard into space on a suborbital flight.

Enos became the first and only chimpanzee to reach Earth orbit when, on 29 November 1961, he flew two orbits in a Mercury capsule on the Mercury-Atlas 5 mission.  Two months later Project Mercury pilot John Glenn orbited the Earth.

On 9 March 1961 the Soviet Union launched the Korabl-Sputnik 4 that carried a dog named Chernushka, some mice, frogs and, for the first time into space, a guinea pig. All were successfully recovered.

France flew their first rat (Hector) into space on 22 February 1961. Two more rats were flown in October 1962.

On 18 October 1963, France launched Félicette the cat aboard Veronique AGI sounding rocket No. 47. The launch was directed by the French Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches de Médecine Aéronautique (CERMA). Félicette was recovered alive after a 15-minute flight and a descent by parachute. Félicette had electrodes implanted into her brain, and the recorded neural impulses were transmitted back to Earth. After two months of analysis, she was euthanized so an autopsy could be performed. On 18 December 2019 a bronze statue with the effigy of Félicette was inaugurated at the "Université internationalle de l'espace" in Strasbourg, France. A second cat was sent to space by CERMA on 24 October 1963, but the flight ran into difficulties that prevented recovery. The final French animal launches were of two monkeys in March 1967.

China launched mice and rats in 1964 and 1965, and two dogs in 1966.

During the Voskhod program, two Soviet space dogs, Veterok (Ветерок, Little Wind) and Ugolyok (Уголёк, Blackie), were launched on 22 February 1966, on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March. This spaceflight of record-breaking duration was not surpassed by humans until Soyuz 11 in 1971 and still stands as the longest space flight by dogs.

The US launched Biosatellite I in 1966 and Biosatellite I/II in 1967 with fruit flies, parasitic wasps, flour beetles and frog eggs, along with bacteria, amoebae, plants and fungi.

On 11 April 1967, Argentina also launched the rat Belisario, atop a Yarará rocket, from Cordoba military range, which was recovered successfully. This flight was followed by a series of subsequent flights using rats. It is unclear if any Argentinean biological flights passed the 100 km limit of space.

The first animals in deep space, the first to circle the Moon, and the first two tortoises in space were launched on Zond 5 on 14 September 1968 by the Soviet Union. The Horsfield's tortoises were sent on a circumlunar voyage to the Moon along with wine flies, meal worms, and other biological specimens. These were the first inhabitants of Earth to travel around the Moon. The capsule overshot its terrestrial landing site but was successfully recovered at sea on 21 September. The animals survived but had some weight loss. More turtles followed on the circumlunar Zond 6 mission of November 1968 (ahead of the December U.S. crewed Apollo 8 mission) and four turtles flew on the circumlunar Zond 7 mission which flew around the Moon on August 11, 1969, three weeks after Apollo 11's Moon walk.

On 28 June 1969, the US launched the monkey Bonny, a macaque, on Biosatellite 3 in what was intended to have been a 30-day orbit around the Earth, with the monkey being fed by food pellets from a dispenser that he had been trained to operate.  Bonny's health deteriorated rapidly and he was returned to Earth on 7 July, but died the next day after the Biosatellite capsule was recovered in the Pacific Ocean.

In total in the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union launched missions with passenger slots for at least 57 dogs. The actual number of dogs in space is smaller, because some dogs flew more than once.

On 23 December 1969, as part of the 'Operación Navidad' (Operation Christmas), Argentina launched Juan (a cai monkey, native of Argentina's Misiones Province) using a Canopus II rocket. It ascended 82 kilometers and then was recovered successfully. Later, on 1 February 1970 the experience was repeated with a female monkey of the same species using a X-1 Panther rocket. It reached a higher altitude than its predecessor, but it was lost after the capsule's parachute failed.

1970s

Two bullfrogs were launched on a one-way mission on the Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite on 9 November 1970, to understand more about space motion sickness.

Apollo 16, launched on 16 April 1972, carried nematodes. Apollo 17, launched on 7 December 1972, carried five pocket mice, Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey, who stayed in the command module with astronaut Ronald Evans as it circled the Moon for six days. One of the mice died on the trip.

Skylab 3 (1973) carried pocket mice and the first fish in space (a mummichog), and the first spiders in space (garden spiders named Arabella and Anita). Mummichog were also flown by the U.S. on the Apollo–Soyuz joint mission, launched 15 July 1975.

The Soviets flew several Bion program missions which consisted of satellites with biological cargoes. On these launches they flew tortoises, rats, and mummichog. On Soyuz 20, launched 17 November 1975, tortoises set the duration record for an animal in space when they spent 90.5 days in space. Salyut 5 on 22 June 1976, carried tortoises and a fish (a zebra danio).

1980s

The Soviet Union sent eight monkeys into space in the 1980s on Bion flights. Bion flights also flew zebra danio, fruit flies, rats, stick insect eggs and the first newts in space.

In 1985, the U.S. sent two squirrel monkeys aboard Spacelab 3 on the Space Shuttle with 24 male albino rats and stick insect eggs.

Bion 7 (1985) had 10 newts (Pleurodeles waltl) on board. The newts had part of their front limbs amputated, to study the rate of regeneration in space, knowledge to understand human recovery from space injuries.

After an experiment was lost in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, chicken embryos (fertilized eggs) were sent into space in an experiment on STS-29 in 1989. The experiment was designed for a student contest.

1990s

Four monkeys flew aboard the last Bion flights of the Soviet Union as well as frogs and fruit flies. The Foton program flights carried dormant brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana), newts, fruit flies, and sand desert beetles (Trigonoscelis gigas).

China launched guinea pigs in 1990.

Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese journalist, carried Japanese tree frogs with him during his trip to the Mir space station in December 1990. Other biological experiments aboard Mir involved quail eggs.

Japan launched its first animals, a species of newt, into space on 18 March 1995 aboard the Space Flyer Unit.

During the 1990s the U.S. carried crickets, mice, rats, frogs, newts, fruit flies, snails, carp, medaka (rice fish), oyster toadfish, sea urchins, swordtail fish, spongy moth eggs, stick insect eggs, brine shrimp (Artemia salina), quail eggs, and jellyfish aboard Space Shuttles.

2000s
The last flight of Columbia in 2003 carried silkworms, garden orb spiders, carpenter bees, harvester ants, and Japanese killifish (medaka). Nematodes (C. elegans) from one experiment were found still alive in the debris after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

C. elegans are also part of experiments aboard the International Space Station as well as research using quail eggs.

Earlier Space Shuttle missions included grade school, junior high and high school projects; some of these included ants, stick insect eggs and brine shrimp cysts. Other science missions included spongy moth eggs.

On 12 July 2006, Bigelow Aerospace launched their Genesis I inflatable space module, containing many small items such as toys and simple experiments chosen by company employees that would be observed via camera. These items included insects, perhaps making it the first private flight to launch animals into space. Included were Madagascar hissing cockroaches and Mexican jumping beans — seeds containing live larvae of the moth Cydia saltitans. On 28 June 2007, Bigelow launched Genesis II, a near-twin to Genesis I.  This spacecraft also carried Madagascar hissing cockroaches and added South African flat rock scorpions (Hadogenes troglodytes) and seed-harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex californicus).

In September 2007, during the European Space Agency's FOTON-M3 mission, tardigrades, also known as water-bears, were able to survive 10 days of exposure to open-space with only their natural protection.

On the same mission, a number of cockroaches were carried inside a sealed container and at least one of the females conceived during the mission. After they were returned to Earth, the one named Nadezhda became the first Earth creature to produce young that had been conceived in space.

On 15 March 2009, during the countdown of the STS-119, a free-tailed bat was seen clinging to the fuel tank. NASA observers believed the bat would fly off once the Shuttle started to launch, but it did not. Upon analyzing the images, a wildlife expert who provided support to the center said it likely had a broken left wing and some problem with its right shoulder or wrist. The animal most likely perished quickly during Discoverys climb into orbit.

In November 2009, STS-129 took painted lady and monarch butterfly larvae into space for a school experiment as well as thousands of C. elegans roundworms for long-term weight loss studies.

2010s
In May 2011, the last flight of  (STS-134) carried two golden orb spiders, named Gladys and Esmeralda, as well as a fruit fly colony as their food source in order to study the effects of microgravity on spiders' behavior. Tardigrades and extremophiles were also sent into orbit.

In November 2011, the Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment on the Fobos-Grunt mission planned to carry tardigrades to Mars and back; however, the mission failed to leave Earth orbit.

In October 2012, 32 medaka fish were delivered to the International Space Station by Soyuz TMA-06M for the new Aquatic Habitat in the Kibo module.

On 28 January 2013, Iranian news agencies reported that Iran sent a monkey in a "Pishgam" rocket to a height of  and retrieved a "shipment". Later Iran's space research website uploaded an 18-minute video. The video was uploaded later on YouTube.

On 3 February 2013, on the 31st anniversary of its revolution, Iran became the latest country to launch animals into space. The animals (a mouse, two turtles and some worms) were launched on top of the Kavoshgar 3 rocket and returned alive to Earth.

In January 2014, the search strategies of pavement ants were studied on the ISS.

On 19 July 2014, Russia announced that they launched their Foton-M4 satellite into low Earth orbit (575 kilometers) with one male and four female geckos (possibly gold dust day geckos) as the payload. This was an effort to study the effects of microgravity on reproductive habits of reptiles. On 24 July 2014, it was announced that Russia had lost control of the Foton-M4 satellite, leaving only two months to restore contact before the geckos' food supply was exhausted. Control of the satellite was subsequently restored on 28 July 2014. On 1 September 2014 Russia confirmed the death of all five geckos, stating that their mummified bodies seem to indicate they froze to death. Russia is said to have appointed an emergency commission to investigate the animals' deaths.

On 23 September 2014, SpaceX CRS-4 mission delivered 20 mice to live on the ISS for study of the long-term effects of microgravity on the rodents. This was the first use of the Rodent Research Hardware System.

On 14 April 2015, the SpaceX CRS-6 delivered 20 C57BL/6NTAC mice to live on the ISS for evaluating microgravity as the extreme opposite of a healthy active lifestyle. In the absence of gravity, astronauts are subject to a decrease in muscle, bone, and tendon mass. "Although, we're not out to treat couch potatoes," states head Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR) scientist on the project Dr. Sam Cadena, "we're hoping that these experiments will help us to better understand muscle loss in populations where physical activity in any form is not an option; e.g., in the frail elderly or those subjected to bed rest or immobilization due to surgery or chronic disease."

On 8 April 2016, Rodent Research 3 delivered 20 mice on SpaceX CRS-8. The experiment sponsored by Eli Lilly and Co. was a study of myostatin inhibition for the prevention of skeletal and muscle atrophy and weakness. Mice are known to have  rapid loss of muscle and bone mass after as little as 12 days of space flight exposure. The mice were euthanized and dissected on the station and then frozen for eventual return to Earth for further study.

On 29 June 2018, a SpaceX Dragon spaceship blasted off from Florida carrying 20 mice. The rodent crew arrived at the ISS on 2 July 2018. Their record-breaking journey – this was the longest mice have been off the planet – was part of a study on how Earth-dwellers' physiology and sleep schedules responded to the stress of being in space.

The Chinese lunar lander Chang'e 4 carries a 3 kg sealed container with seeds and insect eggs to test whether plants and insects could hatch and grow together in synergy. The experiment includes six types of organisms: cottonseed, potato, rapeseed, Arabidopsis thaliana (a flowering plant), as well as yeast and fruit fly eggs. If the eggs hatch, the larvae would produce carbon dioxide, while the germinated plants would release oxygen through photosynthesis. A miniature camera is imaging the growth.

On April 11 2019, the Israeli spacecraft Beresheet crashed into the Moon during a failed landing attempt. Its payload included a few thousand tardigrades. They could potentially survive on the lunar surface for some years, although it is unclear if they survived the impact.

2020s
On June 3, 2021, SpaceX CRS-22 launched tardigrades (water bears) and Hawaiian bobtail squid to the ISS. The squid were launched as hatchlings and will be studied to see if they can incorporate their symbiotic bacteria into their light organ while in space.

See also

 Alice King Chatham – American designer who designed equipment for some of the first animals in space

 Félicette, only cat in space
 Félix I, a canceled Brazilian Army project to launch a cat in 1958-59.
 List of microorganisms tested in outer space
 List of species that have landed on the Moon

 One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps, 2008 documentary

 Space Dogs, 2010 film
 Tardigrades on the Moon

References

Further reading

 Caswell, Kurt. 2018. Laika's window: The legacy of a Soviet space dog. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.
 L. W. Fraser and E. H. Siegler, High Altitude Research Using the V-2 Rocket, March 1946 – April 1947 (Johns Hopkins University, Bumblebee Series Report No. 8, July 1948), p. 90.
 Kenneth W. Gatland, Development of the Guided Missile (London and New York, 1952), p. 188
 Capt. David G. Simons, Use of V-2 Rocket to Convey Primate to Upper Atmosphere (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, AF Technical Report 5821, May 1949), p. 1.
 Lloyd Mallan, Men, Rockets, and Space Rats (New York, 1955), pp. 84–93.

External links

 History of chimpanzees in U.S. air and space research
 History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics (NASA)
 One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps. Documentary on History of Primates Used in Space Travel
 Purr 'n' Fur: Felicette and Felix, Space Cats

Animal keeping by humans
Articles containing video clips

Animals in space


Belgia a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro în perioada 5 – 21 august 2016, cu o delegație de 108 de sportivi, care a concurat în 19 de sporturi. Comitetul Olimpic Interfederal Belgian stabilise ca obiectiv obținerea între două și trei medalii. Cu un total de șase medalii, inclusiv două de aur, Belgia și-a repetat performanța de la Atlanta 1996 și s-a aflat pe locul 35 în clasamentul final.

Participanți
Delegația belgiană a cuprins 108 de sportivi: 142 de bărbați și 101 de femei (rezervele la fotbal, handbal, hochei pe iarbă și scrimă nu sunt incluse). Cel mai tânăr atlet din delegație a fost gimnasta Senna Deriks (15 ani), cel mai bătrân a fost călărețul Joris Vanspringel (53 de ani).

Medalii

Medaliați

Medalii după sport

Note

Referințe
 Belgia la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016  pe Rio2016.com

Belgia la Jocurile Olimpice
Țări la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


Return to House on Haunted Hill (conocida en España como Regreso a la Casa de la Colina Encantada, como Regreso a la Casa Embrujada en Argentina y como Regreso a la Residencia del Mal en México) es una película de terror dirigida en 2007 por el director español Víctor García.

Es una secuela de la película House on Haunted Hill, dirigida en 1999 por el director estadounidense William Malone.

Sinopsis

El legado del terror en la Casa de Haunted Hill empezó en 1931 cuando el doctor Richard Vannacutt y su personal murieron en un ardiente infierno causado por una rebelión de los pacientes del hospital psiquiátrico. Los rumores persistieron por décadas acerca de que el edificio estaba embrujado por los espíritus de aquellos quienes murieron allí. El terror continuó cuando el millonario Steven Price y sus invitados fueron grotescamente asesinados en una fiesta en la reformada mansión en 1999. La policía culpaba a Price por los asesinatos. Sin embargo, la superviviente Sara Wolfe afirmaba que los fantasmas eran los responsables por las brutales muertes.

Ocho años más tarde, la hermana de Sara, Ariel Wolfe, es una exitosa editora en una revista de moda para hombres. Su agitada agenda la deja sin tiempo para su vida personal, y menos para su familia. Ariel se inquieta cuando se entera de que Sara se suicidó. No obstante, no todos los hechos encajan y ella empieza a sospechar que hubo algo más en la muerte de Sara y eso que su hermana estuvo intentando contactarla antes que muriera. Los miedos de Ariel son confirmados cuando recibe por correo un extraño libro enviado por su hermana poco antes de su aparente suicidio.

El arqueólogo Richard Hammer revela que el libro es de hecho el diario de Vannacutt, el cruel doctor que hacía marchar el viejo hospital. Sara ha estado ayudando a Richard para decodificar el diario, con la esperanza de que diera con la localización del antiguo ídolo de Baphomet, una oculta estatua demoníaca oculta en algún lugar en el interior de la casa. Sara creía que el ídolo era la fuente del mal de la casa. Richard y su equipo, estudiantes de posgrado Michelle y Kyle, planean entrar a la casa en busca del ídolo.

Ariel no quiere formar parte de su macabra búsqueda del tesoro pero pronto se ve atrapada cuando es secuestrada y llevada a la mansión Vannacutt por Desmond Niles y sus mercenarios, quienes también están en búsqueda del valioso ídolo. Sin embargo, una vez adentro ellos son encerrados, y Ariel y los demás se ven cara a cara con el terror que habita dentro de la Casa.

Argumento
La película comienza con Ariel Wolfe (Amanda Righetti) preparándose para ir al trabajo. En su celular ve que tiene varios mensajes de llamadas perdidas de su hermana Sara, las cuales luego de escuchar  ignora y se dirige a trabajar. Luego cuando llega se encuentra con su secretaria (Tatiana de Marinis) quien le avisa de los acontecimientos de la empresa, las llamadas de su hermana Sara a la empresa y sobre el fotógrafo Paul (Tom Riley) quien espera que Ariel lo acompañe en su sesión de fotos para la empresa.
Mientras tanto en la Universidad Fordman el Dr. Richard Hammer (Steven Pacey) en un discurso sobre historia medieval a los alumnos de dicha Universidad, habla sobre la historia del ídolo al culto Baphomet, un movimiento considerado como una peste negra ante la Iglesia, y forzado a ser ocultado ante el poder que ejercía dicha inquisición, dando a perder dicha estatua durante siglos. Y e Dr. Hammer en su búsqueda de dicha estatua lo ha llevado por décadas en toda Europa, pero sin éxito.
Luego del discurso se dirige a autografiar sus libros, ayudado por su alumno y estudiante de posgrado Kyle (Andrew Lee Pots), en eso se acerca una chica guapísima, quien resulta ser Michelle (Cerina Vincent) otra alumna suya de posgrado con quien sostiene una relación amorosa. Ésta le pregunta al Richard qué tiene que hacer para que le autografíe su libro pero sus intenciones son otras.
Momentos más tarde empieza una escena bastante caliente entre Richard y Michelle pero al poco tiempo son interrumpidos por Kyle, quien entra a la habitación sin previo aviso para darle una noticia a Richard. Dicha noticia que le quiere contar a Richard sobre Sara Wolfe.
Por otro lado se encuentran Ariel y Paul hablando cuando son interrumpidos por una llamada en el celular para Ariel, ésta atiende y quien resulta que le habla es su madre quien le habla de una forma en la que Ariel le tiene que preguntar qué es lo que está le está pasando.
Más tarde vemos a Ariel sentada en una escalera fuera del estudio llorando y se acerca Paul para consolarla, Ariel le cuenta que la razón del llanto por la llamada se debe a que su hermana Sara fue encontrada muerta en la mañana por suicidio según afirmación de la policía, a lo que después se culpa por no contestar sus mensajes al estar pensando siempre en el trabajo.
Paul consolándola le pregunta si quiere algo a lo que Ariel le pregunta si está disponible esa noche para acompañarla a investigar lo sucedido en la casa de su hermana.
En esa misma noche Ariel y Paul entran en el apartamento de Sara, quedan sorprendidos al ver unas de las paredes de la habitación llena de recortes de diarios sobre el incendio de 1931 y los asesinatos de 1999 en el antiguo Instituto psiquiátrico. Paul dice recordar que Steven Price enloqueció y asesinó a sus invitados según se informó, a lo que Ariel le dice que según su hermana los espíritus del lugar fueron los responsables y luego ella misma duda sobre la afirmación de su hermana y agrega que junto con su familia trataron de ignorar y no apoyar dichas afirmaciones de Sara ante las autoridades. Pero luego de eso aparece el fantasma de la misma Sara (Stilyana Mitkova) sentada en un sofá, la cual le explota parte de la cabeza como por un balazo imaginario y parte de sus sesos quedan desparramados en la pared, a lo que luego se levanta y si dirige a Ariel la cual le dice "Tienes que ayudarlos" Ariel da un susto el cual Paul le pregunta que le pasa y al volver a ver no hay nadie más que ellos dos y en la pared un poco de sangre ya seca. Ariel afirma que fue una ilusión y que está perdiendo la cordura. Quien a los pocos segundos le responde Richard Hammer quien acababa de llegar al apartamento y luego les explica que Sara había contactado con él para descifrar el diario de Vannacutt, por parte de Sara para acabar con el mal de la casa y por parte de Richard para conseguir el ídolo.
Luego de eso Paul y Ariel se marchan a lo que Richard les advierte que tengan cuidado, ya que a él también le parece cuestionable el suicidio de Sara y puede que haya algo o alguien más detrás de eso.
A continuación Paul acompaña a Ariel a su casa quien le agradece por su ayuda y se despiden. Ariel recoge un paquete del buzón del correo y se marcha adentro de su casa. Una vez adentro se dispone a abrir el paquete procedente de su hermana Sara, al abrirlo queda asombrada al ver un viejo libro lleno de apuntes al que inmediatamente reconoce, era el diario de Vannacutt del que hablaba Hammer.
Sara se dirige a su puerta que había sido golpeada, pensando que podría ser Paul quien tocaba la puerta, Ariel la abre para contarle la noticia del diario. Pero se encuentra con la desagradable sorpresa de que detrás de ésta, se encontraba un grupo de hombres quien tenían con sigo atrapado a Paul. Uno de los hombres, Samuel (Andrew Pleavin) agarra y lleva por la fuerza a Ariel a la sala de estar, seguido por Warren (Chucky Venn) quien lleva con sigo a Paul, detrás les sigue Harue (Calita Rainford), Norris (Gil Kolirin) y por último, entra Desmond Niles (Erik Palladino) quien es el líder de la banda.

Enlaces externos

 Return to House on Haunted Hill (página oficial)
 Return to House on Haunted Hill en Internet Movie Database

Películas de 2007
Películas de terror
Película interactiva

Return to House on Haunted Hill


Dennis Michael Locorriere (* 13. Juni 1949 in Union City, New Jersey) ist ein US-amerikanischer Sänger und Gitarrist.

Leben
Locorriere  gründete 1968 zusammen mit Ray Sawyer die Band Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show. Dr. Hook bezog sich hierbei auf die Figur des Captain Hook aus Peter Pan, der wie Sawyer eine Augenklappe trug. Zwar wurden einige der erfolgreichsten Titel der Band von Shel Silverstein geschrieben, aber auch Locorriere steuerte einige Titel bei.

Nachdem sich die Band 1985 aufgelöst hatte, arbeitete Locorriere zunächst als Studiomusiker und arbeitete unter anderem mit Randy Travis, John Hiatt und Kenny Rogers. Zudem war er 2008 als Mitglied von Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings auf Tour in Großbritannien. Locorrieres Kompositionen wurden unter anderem von Olivia Newton-John, Jerry Lee Lewis und Willie Nelson interpretiert.

Seit 2000 veröffentlichte er drei Soloalben. Daneben erschien 2002 eine Live-DVD, 2004 ein Live-Album und 2008 eine Album-Kompilation.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Homepage (englisch)

Singer-Songwriter
Gitarrist
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1949
Mann

Dennis Locorriere


AfterStep is a stacking window manager for the X Window System. The goal of AfterStep's development is to provide for flexibility of desktop configuration, improved aesthetics and efficient use of system resources, and was used in such distributions as MachTen. AfterStep originally was a variant of FVWM modified to resemble NeXTSTEP, but as the development cycle progressed, it diverged from its FVWM roots. In 2000, Linux website TuxRadar selected AfterStep as one of the year's best window managers, praising it as "fast and reliable, with a huge range of configuration options and the ability to create some spectacular themes".

Features

Features of the AfterStep window manager include:

 Stacking windows
 Written in C
 Window decorations include borders and titlebars
 Titlebars have buttons for menu, minimize, maximize and close
 Active applications can be displayed in a taskbar via the winlist module
 Uses the GTK+ toolkit
 Support for modules
 Support for multiple desktops
 Desktop switching via a pager module
 Dependent on Perl and ImageMagick

Modules

AfterStep includes several modules such as:

 Pager - a visual tool for managing and cycling between multiple desktops
 WinList - a simple Taskbar displaying active applications
 Wharf - docking tool that manages Applets/Dockapps and launches application.

AfterStep also supports virtual screens, and relies on a set of text-based configuration files for customizing its appearance.

AfterStep is maintained by a small community of developers with Sasha Vasko serving as project manager.

See also

 GNUstep
 Window Maker
 OpenStep
 LiteStep

References

External links
Official website

AfterWiki Main Page
AfterStep Applets
Window Manager for X: AfterStep
Rob's AfterStep Page
AfterStep 1.3.1 article by Guylhem Aznar in Linux Journal

Free X window managers
Software using the MIT license
Window managers that use GTK

AfterStep


El Renault Latitude es un automóvil de turismo de lujo del segmento E producido por el fabricante francés de automóviles Renault entre 2010 y 2015. Emplea la plataforma común Renault-Nissan E (proyecto L43). Se comercializa según el mercado como Renault Latitude/Safrane o Samsung SM5. Este vehículo es el reemplazo del Renault Vel Satis. Tiene una longitud de 4,89 metros y una anchura de 1,83 metros, con una distancia entre ejes de 2,76 metros. La capacidad del maletero es de 477 litros.

Producción
Fue presentado por primera vez en el Salón Internacional del Automóvil de Moscú, a finales de agosto de 2010, y sacado al mercado en la primavera de ese mismo año en Europa. En Argentina se comenzó a comerciar en abril de 2011. Este vehículo es producido en la fábrica que Renault posee en Busan Corea del Sur y exportado a múltiples países. Tras un ligero rediseño del frontal y luces posteriores, finalmente deja de producirse en 2015

Motorizaciones

El Latitude está disponible con los siguientes motores: dos de gasolina: (M4R) 2.0L 4 cilindros en línea 16 válvulas y de 143 CV; un 2.5L 6 cilindros en V con 24 válvulas y 180 CV y tres diésel: 2.0L dCi de 150, 175 y un 3.0L dCi V6 de 241 CV.

La caja de cambios es manual de seis velocidades en las versiones de gasolina de 140 CV y diésel de 150, 175 CV. La caja de cambios de la versión diésel de 241 CV y gasolina 2.5L V6 es automática de seis velocidades.

Seguridad
El Latitude ofrece como máximo equipamiento de seguridad:

Como seguridad pasiva: Seis airbags (2 frontales, 2 laterales y 2 de cortina), cinturones inerciales delanteros con pretensor y limitador de esfuerzo, 3 traseros inerciales, 5 apoyacabezas regulables, barras laterales de protección, sujeción trasera para asientos de niños del tipo Isofix.

Como seguridad activa: Frenos de disco delanteros y traseros, ABS con EBD (reparto electrónico de frenada) y asistencia a la frenada de urgencia con encendido automático de intermitentes, control de tracción y de estabilidad, cierre automático de puertas en marcha, proyectores delanteros con lupa e iluminación por faros de xenón y lavafaros, freno de estacionamiento eléctrico.

Festival de Cannes

Desde 1983 como socio oficial, Renault transporta a las estrellas internacionales en el Festival de Cine de Cannes. Después del Renault 25, el Safrane y el Vel Satis, a partir de 2011 una flota de Renault Latitude realizó esta prestigiosa tarea.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Renault.com - Latitude
 Renault Argentina - Latitude

Modelos de automóviles del segmento E
Latitude

Renault Latitude


Hanno ist ein Einschlagkrater im Süden der Mondvorderseite, südwestlich des Mare Australe und des Kraters Lyot, nordöstlich von Pontécoulant.
Der Kraterrand ist stark erodiert, das Innere von kleineren Einschlägen zerfurcht.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem karthagischen Entdecker Hanno der Seefahrer offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Hanno auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Hanno (Mondkrater)


Hans Marius Joensen (født 10. november 1938 i Skopun) er en tidligere færøsk sømand og politiker (T). Han er uddannet skipper fra 1977, og har arbejdet som som fisker og fiskeskipper. Joensen har desuden været bestyrelsesmedlem i Fiskivinnuráðið, og var kommunalbestyrelsesmedlem i Skopunar kommuna 1980–84. Han var 1. suppleant til Lagtinget fra Sandoy 1978–1980, og mødte fast for Heðin M. Klein 1979–1980. I perioden 1980–1984 var Joensen indvalgt på eget mandat.

Noter
Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 299–300. (PDF )

Søfolk fra Færøerne
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Tjóðveldi
Kommunalbestyrelsesmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Sandø

Hans Marius Joensen


Torridincolidae ist eine Familie der Käfer aus der Unterordnung Myxophaga. Die Tiere ernähren sich von Algen und Blaualgen und leben bevorzugt an durch Gischt feuchten Felsen mit Algenbewuchs.

Merkmale

Käfer
Die Käfer haben eine Körperlänge von 1 bis 2,7 Millimeter. Ihr Körper hat eine sehr dunkle oder schwarze Farbe, häufig mit metallischem Schimmer. Der konvexe, auch an den Seiten abgerundete Körper ist verhältnismäßig kurz und breit. Es gibt jedoch auch Arten (die der Unterfamilie Torridincolinae) mit abgeflachten Körpern, die einen deutlichen Winkel zwischen dem Pronotum und den Deckflügel (Eltytren) haben. Die Oberfläche der Tiere ist entweder glatt, oder fein gerunzelt. Manche Arten sind mit aufrechten, feinen Härchen beflaumt. Die Mundwerkzeuge am stark eingezogenen Kopf sind nach vorne gerichtet (prognath). Der distale Teil der Mundwerkzeuge ist fast vollständig zwischen dem Labrum und Mentum verdeckt. Das Labrum liegt frei. Die nierenförmigen Facettenaugen sind groß und treten hervor. Die Fühler sind sehr kurz. Sie sind neunsegmentig, mit Ausnahme der Deleveinae, bei denen sie 11 Segmente haben. Die ersten beiden Fühlerglieder (Scapus und Pedicellus) bilden gemeinsam eine urnenförmige Struktur. Die Segmente der Fühlergeißel sind leicht schräg und vergrößern sich im Durchmesser bis zur Spitze. Das letzte Glied ist keulenförmig verdickt. Das Pronotum ist seitlich abgerundet. Die Deckflügel haben entweder vorne nahezu parallele Seitenränder und deutliche Rillen oder sind seitlich abgerundet und haben eine glatte, beflaumte Oberfläche (Deleveinae). Die Hinterflügel sind gut entwickelt und haben ein langgestrecktes, stark zurückgebildetes Analfeld und einen Saum mit einer spiralförmigen Oberflächenstruktur entlang des gesamten Randes. Nur bei Satonius kurosawai sind die Flügel zurückgebildet. Die Schienen (Tibien) sind lang und schlank, die Tarsen sind viergliedrig, mit Ausnahme der Gattung Delevea, bei der sie fünfgliedrig sind. Die näher am Körper (proximal) liegenden Tarsenglieder sind sehr kurz. Die letzten beiden Tarsenglieder sind stattdessen langgestreckt. Auch die Klauen sind verhältnismäßig lang. Der Hinterleib hat vier oder fünf sichtbare Sternite. Das vierte ist deutlich kürzer als das dritte und ist bei den Gattungen Iapir und Claudiella vollständig verdeckt. Die Ganglien des ersten bis achten Hinterleibssegments befinden sich alle im Thorax und sind dort zu einer einzigen Masse zusammengezogen. Bei manchen Arten, wie etwa bei Iapir britskii unterscheiden sich die Männchen von den Weibchen (Sexualdimorphismus). Die Bestimmung auf Artebene erfolgt bei den meisten Arten anhand der Genitalien der Männchen.

Larve
Die Larven aller Gattungen, mit Ausnahme von Incoltorrida, sind bekannt. Der Körper der Larven aus der Gattung Delevea hat nahezu parallele Seitenränder und ist fast zylindrisch. Die Larven der Gattung Satonius sind scheibenförmig und stark abgeflacht. Bei manchen Gattungen befinden sich am Seitenrand der Tergite am Thorax lange Haare, die jedoch bei Japir, Claudiella und Torridincola fehlen. Der Kopf ist breiter als lang und trägt an einer auffälligen seitlichen Erhöhung drei oder vier Ocelli. Die Mundwerkzeuge sind nach vorne gerichtet (prognath) oder nahezu nach vorne gerichtet (subprognath). Der Rücken der Larven ist zumindest teilweise mit schuppenartigen Strukturen mit gesägtem Rand versehen. Die Fühler haben ein kurzes Basalglied und ein langgestrecktes distales Segment. Der Bereich mit den Sinneszellen ist stark zurückgebildet und flach, ist jedoch an der Spitze des zweiten Segments noch deutlich erkennbar. Der halbkreisförmige Thorax ist ungefähr gleich lang wie der Hinterleib und stark verbreitert. Die ersten acht Segmente am Hinterleib tragen lange, pseudosegmentierte Tracheenkiemen die entweder seitlich (lateral) oder seitlich vom Rücken (dorsolateral) einlenken. Das neunte Sternit ist bei der Gattung Selevea gut entwickelt, ansonsten zurückgebildet und dreiecksförmig. Das zehnte Segment ist als paarige Analklappe ausgebildet.

Puppe
Die bisher bekannten Puppen sind frei (pupa libra), haben keine Mandibeln und können anhand eines Paars Tracheenkiemen, das auf jeder Seite der ersten beiden Hinterleibstergite mit einem feinen Plastron-Geflecht überzogen ist, erkannt werden. Die Verpuppung erfolgt innerhalb der letzten Larvenhaut, aus der nur die Tracheen-Kiemen hervorstehen.

Vorkommen und Lebensweise
Sowohl die Larven, als auch die Imagines leben vollständig aquatisch und ernähren sich von Algen oder Blaualgen. Den Holotyp und 16 Paratypen der ersten südamerikanischen Art der Familie, Iapir britskii, hat man bei der Untersuchung des Mageninhaltes eines Fisches aus der Familie der Echten Salmler (Characidae) gefunden, den man in einem Bach in Rio de Janeiro (Bundesstaat) gefangen hat. Arten der Gattung Delevea leben in temporären Flüssen, die Arten der Gattung Satonius findet man in hygropetrischen Lebensräumen, wie etwa an Algen, die an aussickerndem Wasser wachsen. Im Allgemeinen findet man die Tiere dort, wo Wasser Steine nur wenige Millimeter, bis maximal zwei oder drei Zentimeter tief benetzt, wie etwa in der Gischtzone von Wasserfällen oder an schnell fließenden Gebirgsbächen. Manchmal kann man die Imagines unter Vegetationsbüscheln oder in Detritus finden. In der Regel bevorzugen die Käfer sehr sauberes Wasser, Iapir britskii hat man jedoch auch in einem stark verschmutzen Fluss nahe einer Kleinstadt im Süden Brasiliens gefunden. Bei den meisten Arten der Torridincolidae atmen die Imagines durch Plastrons, die Larven haben langgestreckte, segmentierte Tracheenkiemen. Die Vermehrung der Käfer ist nur wenig erforscht. Man weiß, dass die Paarung im Wasser stattfindet, dass die Weibchen nur etwa drei bis fünf Eier auf einmal ablegen und dass die Entwicklung vom Ei bis zur Imago bei der Art Ytu zeus etwas weniger als vier Wochen dauert. Die Imagines schwimmen nicht, sondern bewegen sich nur sehr langsam umher. In Zentralafrika bestäuben die Käfer vermutlich die Blüten von Podostemaceaen, die an Felsen in Stromschnellen oder an Wasserfällen wachsen.

Taxonomie und Systematik
Die Gattung Delevea scheint in einem Schwesternverhältnis zu den übrigen Gattungen der Familie zu stehen, die Gattung Satonius steht in einem solchen zur Unterfamilie Torridincolinae. Dies bedeutet, dass die Unterfamilie Deleveinae paraphyletisch ist. Die Gruppe der Familie ohne die Gattung Delevea wird von den übrigen Käferfamilien durch die besonderen Merkmale der Larven unterschieden. Die Monophylie der Unterfamilie Torridincolinae wird durch mehrere Autapomorphien gestützt, wie etwa den breiten dorsomedianen Kiel am Kopf und den deutlichen Winkel zwischen Pronotum und Hinterleib. Die beiden Gattungen Torridincola und Incoltorrida stehen zu den drei brasilianischen Gattungen in einem Schwesterverhältnis.

Es sind bislang etwa 60 Arten in sieben Gattungen und zwei Unterfamilien bekannt:

Deleveinae
Delevea (südliches Afrika)
Satonius (Japan, China)
Torridincolinae
Torridincola (südliches- und Zentralafrika)
Incoltorrida (Madagaskar)
Ytu (Südost-Brasilien)
Claudiella (Südost-Brasilien)
Iapir (Südost-Brasilien)

Belege

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Weblinks
Torridincolidae bei Tree of Life web project (englisch)
Käfer
Coleoptera

Torridincolidae


Adenarake, maleni rod tropskog bilja na zapadu bazena Amazone u Brazilu i Venezueli.

Vrste
 Adenarake macrocarpa C. Sastre
 Adenarake muriculata Maguire & Wurdack

Izvori

Ohnovke

Adenarake


The King County Courthouse is the administrative building housing the judicial branch of King County, Washington's government. It is located in downtown Seattle, just north of Pioneer Square. The 1916 structure houses the King County Prosecuting Attorney, the King County Sheriff's Office (KCSO), the King County Council, the King County Law Library, King County Work and Education Release, and courtrooms for the King County Superior Court and the Seattle District Court. It is located just north of City Hall Park at 516 Third Avenue, between Dilling Way and James Street.

An enclosed skybridge connects the courthouse to the King County Jail; it is used to transfer prisoners between the courthouse and the jail. A pedestrian tunnel connects the courthouse to the King County Administration Building.

History
In 1911, King County voters first turned down, then approved plans to build a new structure for county government. The site settled on had once been owned by city founder Henry Yesler.

Seattle based architect A. Warren Gould proposed a twenty-three story tower to handle anticipated growth in county functions, but the county commissioners preferred a more modest beginning so it was constructed in stages. Starting in 1914, a five-story steel frame and reinforced concrete structure was built, and dedicated May 4, 1916 as the five-story City-County Building. In 1930, six floors were added by architects Henry Bittman and John L. McCauley, and later a three-story 'attic'.

The city government moved their offices from the County–City Building in 1962; the building was renamed the King County Courthouse in August of that year. Modernization efforts in 1967 added air conditioning and heavily modified the appearance of the building. In 1987, the King County Courthouse was registered as a King County landmark, which limits the style of future remodeling of public areas to restoring the original appearance.

After the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, the courthouse was seismically retrofitted. The extensive damage done to older buildings in the area by the 6.8 quake pushed the county to move forward with this project. Upon completion, murals and a treatment of the marble floor on the first floor of the Courthouse were noted decorative touches.

The area around the courthouse is proximate to major homeless service agencies and had seen a rise in crimes committed against jurors and courthouse workers. In December 2019, the King County Superior Court announced that the courthouse entrance facing 3rd Avenue would be closed for security reasons to most people, with limited access for individuals needing accommodation.

References

External links
King County Courthouse History
King County Superior Court

Government buildings in Seattle
County courthouses in Washington (state)
Landmarks in King County, Washington
Downtown Seattle
Government buildings completed in 1916
1916 establishments in Washington (state)

King County Courthouse


Regimentul 3 Vânători a fost o mare unitate de infanterie, de nivel tactic, din Armata României, care a participat la acțiunile militare postbelice, din perioada 1918-1920. Regimentul a făcut parte din compunerea de luptă a Brigadei 3 Vânători, comandată de colonelul C. Paulian, împreună cu Regimentul 2 Vânători

Compunerea de luptă
În perioada campaniei din 1919, regimentul a avut următoarea compunere de luptă:
Regimentul 26 Infanterie
Batalionul 1 - comandant: maior I. Găucă
Compania 1 - comandant: căpitan P. Chiriacescu
Compania 2 - comandant: căpitan Matei Balan
Compania 3 - comandant: căpitan Victor Sârbu
Compania Mitr. - comandant: căpitan V. Paraschivescu
Batalionul 2 - comandant: maior I. Stoenescu
Compania 5 - comandant: căpitan Al. Ivănceanu
Compania 6 - comandant: căpitan P. Vărzaru
Compania 7 - comandant: căpitan Iacob Budescu
Compania Mitr. - comandant: locotenent Al. Canariu

Campania anului 1919
În cadrul acțiunilor militare postbelice,  Regimentul 3 Vânători a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Brigadei 3 Vânători, participând la Operația ofensivă la vest de Tisa. Regimentul 3 Vânători, încoporat în Divizia 2 Vânători intră în luptă odată cu transportarea Diviziei 2 Vânători în Transilvania, acțiune realizată pentru a sprijini ofensiva la vest de Tisa. Marea unitate comandată de generalul de brigadă Gheorghe Dabija s-a concentrat până la 21 decembrie 1918, aproape în întregime, în perimetrul Sibiu—Sebeșul (săsesc) —
Simeria—Petroșani, interzicând continuarea transportului de materiale de război spre Ungaria. Divizia 2 Vânători înainta la începutul anului 1919 pe trei coloane pe văile Mureșului, Crișului Alb și Crișului Negru, având ca obiective Battonya, Mezohegyes (înconjurând Aradul) și Gyula.

Comandanți
 Colonel Traian Constantinescu

Note

Bibliografie
 Drăgănescu Constantin, Campaniile din 1848/1849 și 1919 în Transilvania și Ungaria, Tipografia "Isvorul", București, 1930
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Mărdărescu Gheorghe, Campania pentru desrobirea Ardealului și ocuparea Budapestei (1918-1920), Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1921
 Preda Dumitru; Alexandrescu Vasile; Prodan Costică, În apărarea României Mari. Campania armatei române din 1918-1919, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1994

Vezi și
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României în Transilvania, iulie 1919

Unități militare române participante la operațiile militare postbelice (1918-1920)

Regimentul 3 Vânători (1918-1920)


An Dendrobium vesiculosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mark Alwin Clements ngan David Lloyd Jones. An Dendrobium vesiculosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Papua New Guinea. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium vesiculosum


Radio Rama je lokalna radijska postaja čije je sjedište u Rami-Prozoru. Emitira na hrvatskom jeziku na 88,8 MHz.

Povijest
U veljači ratne 1993. godine Hrvatsko vijeće obrane donijelo je Odluku o osnivanju lokalne radijske postaje. Realizaciju je sproveo općinski Ured za društvene djelatnosti. Projekt je proradio 8. lipnja 1993., a prve riječi kojima se ovaj medij oglasio bile su na 88,8 MHz "Vi slušate Hrvatski radio – Radio postaju Rama". Povijesnu rečenicu izgovorio je Tihomir Begić. Stručnu pomoć kolegama novoosnovane postaje dali su Begić i kolege s Radio Posušja. Prvo je imala trojicu djelatnika, a emitirala je svaki dan dva sata. Glavni i odgovorni urednik bio je Vlado Kudić. Povećanjem broja radnika broj svakodnevno emitiranih sati povećan na pet. Postaja se čula na području cijele ramske općine, ali i u susjednim općinama Jablanici, Uskoplju i Konjicu. Bila je jedini izvor informacija hrvatskim braniteljima konjičke općine i Hrvatima zatočenima u Jablanici.

Zbog ratnih vremena, najviše je bilo posvećena braniteljima i ratnim temama: izvješća i priopćenja s bojišta, emitirale su istinite tragične priče, iskazi prognanika i preživjelih iz zarobljeničkih logora. Novinari Radija Rame gotovo su prošli svaki rov ramske bojišnice. Tad je najpopularnija emisija bila "Pozdravi branitelja i pozdravi braniteljima". Programska shema Radio Rame javnosti je omogućivala obavijesti poduzeća, ustanova i službi HVO-a, zapovjednike brigade i ostale djelatnike. Radio Rama također je emitirala zabavni program, glazbu, nagradne igre, kontakt program te kulturni program s prilozima o kulturnoj baštini, ramskim selima, njihovim specifičnostima, ljudima i običajima. Tu je i emisija "Glas poete" u kojoj su predstavljali mlade hrvatske ramske pjesnike. Radio Rama stekla je ugled, zbog čega su u nju navraćali novinari hrvatskih i svjetskih uredništava koji su u svojim ratnim pričama govorili o značaju Radija i susretljivosti ljudi u Radio Rami.

Danas Radio Rama djeluje kao Javno poduzeće čiji je vlasnik općina Prozor – Rama. Program emitira svakodnevno od 9 do 18 sati, vikendom od 12 do 18 sati na 88,8 MHz. Odašiljač je na Makljenu snage 1 kW i signalom pokriva ramsku i susjednu jablaničku, konjičku i uskopaljsku općinu. Zaposleno je devet djelatnika. Danas je ravnatelj JP Radio-Rama Ante Tadić.

Program emitira i na internetu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice
 Facebook
 Onlineradiobox Radio Rama
 Radio Uživo Radio Rama

Radijske postaje na hrvatskom jeziku u Bosni i Hercegovini
Prozor-Rama

Radio Rama


Mai multe persoană se numesc Gheorghe Ciobanu:
Gheorghe Ciobanu, deputat român
Gheorghe Ciobanu, deputat din Republica Moldova
Gheorghe Ciobanu, etnomuzicolog

Gheorghe Ciobanu (dezambiguizare)


Gabriel Omar Batistuta (d. 1 Şubat 1969), Arjantinli eski futbolcudur.

FIFA tarafından yaşayan en iyi 125 futbolcu arasına seçilmiştir. Serie A'da 1991-2003 yılları arasında oynadığı 318 maçta attığı 184 gol ile ligin kurulduğu tarihten bu yana en fazla gol atan 8. futbolcu unvanına sahiptir. 10 gol ile Dünya Kupalarında en çok gol atan Arjantinli futbolcudur. Onu 8 golle Maradona, Messi ve Guillermo Stabile takip etmektedir.

Kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
Profesyonel futbol hayatına 1988 yılında ülkesinde Newell's Old Boys takımında başlayan Batigol, 1989-1990 sezonunda River Plate, 1990-1991 sezonunda ise Boca Juniors'ta oynadı. 1991 yılında Fiorentina kulübüne geçen Batistuta, 1993'te Fiorentina'nın Serie B'ye düşmesine rağmen takımdan ayrılmadı. Takımının Serie A'ya geri yükselişinde büyük rol oynayarak taraftarlarının sevgilisi haline geldi. 2000'e kadar Fiorentina'da oynayan Batistuta artık Fiorentina'nın sembol futbolcularından biriydi. AS Roma'yla anlaşan Batigol Roma'daki ilk sezonunda Serie A şampiyonluğu yaşadı. Kısa bir süre Internazionale'da oynayıp AS Roma'ya geri dönen Batigol 2003'te Katar'ın El-Arabi takımına transfer oldu ve profesyonel futbolculuk kariyerini 2006 yılında orada noktaladı.

Millî takım kariyeri
Arjantin millî futbol takımı formasını ilk kez 27 Haziran 1991'de Brezilya karşısında giyen Batistuta, millî formayla ilk iki golünü 8 Temmuz 1991'de 3-0 kazanılan Venezuela maçında kaydetti. 78 defa giydiği millî forma altında 56 gole imza atarak Lionel Messi'den sonra millî takımın en golcü 2. futbolcusu unvanını elinde tutan Batistuta, 3 ayrı FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda da gol atmayı başarmış isimlerin arasına girmiştir

Başarıları

Kulüp
Boca Juniors
 Primera División (Arjantin): 1990-91

Fiorentina
 Serie B: 1993-94
 Coppa Italia: 1995-96
 Supercoppa Italiana: 1996

Roma
 Serie A: 2000-01
 Supercoppa Italiana: 2001

Millî takım
Arjantin
 Copa América: 1991, 1993
 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası: 1992

Bireysel
 Copa América gol krallığı: 1991, 1995
 Serie A gol krallığı: 1994-95
 Dûrî Nücûm Katar gol krallığı: 2003-04
 Arjantin'de Yılın Futbolcusu: 1998

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Forvet futbolcular
Serie A futbolcuları
Serie B futbolcuları
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Arjantinli gurbetçi futbolcular
1969 doğumlular
CA Newell's Old Boys futbolcuları
CA River Plate futbolcuları
CA Boca Juniors futbolcuları
ACF Fiorentina futbolcuları
AS Roma futbolcuları
FC Internazionale Milano futbolcuları
Arjantin millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Arjantinli futbolcular
1991 Copa América futbolcuları
1992 Kral Fehd Kupası futbolcuları
1993 Copa América futbolcuları
1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1995 Kral Fehd Kupası futbolcuları
1995 Copa América futbolcuları
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
FIFA 100
FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
İtalya'daki Arjantinli gurbetçiler
Katar'daki Arjantinli gurbetçiler
Katar'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Primera División (Arjantin) futbolcuları
El-Arabi (Katar) futbolcuları
Arjantinli Roma Katolikleri
Arjantinli erkek oyuncular
Bask asıllı Arjantinliler
Copa América kazanan futbolcular
Dûrî Nücûm Katar futbolcuları

Gabriel Batistuta


قائمة بالأبطال في 1942 البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية لكرة المضرب (المعروفة الآن باسم أمريكا المفتوحة):

الكبار

فردي رجال

 تيد شرورد هزم  فرانك باركر 8-6 7-5 3-6 4-6 6-2

فردي سيدات

 باولينا باتز آدي هزم  لويس بروه كلاب 4-6, 6-1, 6-4

مراجع

الرياضة في مدينة نيويورك في 1942
أحداث أغسطس 1942 الرياضية
أحداث سبتمبر 1942 الرياضية
البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1942
كرة مضرب أمريكية في 1942

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية 1942 (كرة مضرب)


Bivouac is a type of camp or shelter. The term may refer to:
 Bivouac Peak, a mountain in the Teton Range, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA
 A military camp, or an army camp
 Bivouac shelter including a "bivy sack" or bivvy bag, an extremely lightweight alternative to traditional tent systems
 Bivouac (ants), an ant nest constructed out of the living ant worker's own bodies
 Bivouac (horse), an Australian thoroughbred racehorse

Music
 Bivouac (band), a UK indie rock band of the 1990s
 Bivouac (album), a 1992 album by the U.S. band Jawbreaker
 Happy Bivouac, a 1999 album, and the title-track, by the Japanese band The Pillows
 Tokyo Bivouac, a 2003 mini-album by Japanese artist Suneohair

Bivouac


Öskjugosið 1875 var eldgos í Öskju sem hófst þann 29. mars árið 1875. Öskjugosið er talið  mesta öskugos á Íslandi á sögulegum tíma og stóð þó ekki aðalgosið nema í nokkra klukkutíma. 17 jarðir á Jökuldal fóru í eyði vegna vikur- og öskufalls og orsakaði harðindakafla á Austurlandi sem varð til þess að fólk fluttist frá Austurlandi til Vesturheims. Svo mjög svarf að fólki í nálægð eldanna að Danir efndu til fjársafnana til þess að koma í veg fyrir alvarlegan skort. Talið er að gosefnin úr Öskjugosinu hafi numið 3—4.000.000.000 teningsmetrum.

Eldgosið í Krakatá var sama eðlis og gosið í Öskju 1875, aðeins stórfelldara og ægilegra. Að Skaftáreldum frátöldum er myndun nornahárs í eldgosi hérlendis ekki getið fyrr en í sambandi við Öskjugosið 1875.

1875
Eldgos á Íslandi

Öskjugosið 1875


Çağla Kubat (d. 16 Kasım 1979, İzmir), Türk manken, fotomodel, oyuncu, profesyonel Rüzgar sörfçüsü ve makine mühendisi.

Hayatı ve kariyeri
16 Kasım 1979 tarihinde İzmir'de doğdu. 1997 yılında İtalyan Lisesinden birincilikle mezun oldu. ÖSYM'nin düzenlediği üniversitelere giriş sınavında ilk 500'e girerek İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Makine Mühendisliği Bölümüne kaydoldu. 2001 yılında bu bölümden mezun oldu. Miss Turkey Türkiye Güzellik Kraliçesi Yarışması'nın 2001 yılı organizasyonunda ikinci seçildi ve ardından Türkiye'yi Miss Universe Kâinat Güzellik Yarışması'nda temsil etti. Aynı zamanda, 2003 yılında Çeşme'de düzenlenmiş olan IFCA Avrupa Slalom Şampiyonası'nı kazanmış başarılı bir sörfçüdür.

Kubat, sörfün yanı sıra snowboarding, wakeboarding, rollerblading, binicilik ve dalgıçlık yapmakta, tenis oynamaktadır. Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü Yelken Şubesi eski sporcusudur. Kendisi, Türkçenin yanı sıra iyi derecede İngilizce, İtalyanca ve Latince bilmektedir.

Eski İçişleri Bakanı Ferit Kubat'ın torunu olan Çağla Kubat, Kanal D'de yayınlanan Arka Sokaklar adlı dizide 2009-2011 yılları arasında başrolde Elif Komiser karakterini canlandırdı. 20 Eylül 2013 tarihinde kendisi gibi sörfçü Amerikalı sevgilisi Jimmy Diaz ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten Selin adında bir kızı doğdu.

Ödülleri ve başarıları
 2000 - Rüzgâr Sörfü Türkiye Üçüncülüğü
 2001 - Rüzgâr Sörfü Türkiye İkinciliği
 2002 - Miss Turkey Türkiye İkinci Güzeli
 2002 - Rüzgâr Sörfü Türkiye İkinciliği
 2004 - Rüzgâr Sörfü Türkiye İkinciliği
 2005 - Türkiye Slalom Rüzgâr Sörfü Şampiyonu
 2005 - Avrupa Slalom Rüzgâr Sörfü Şampiyonu
 2005 - Funboard Sınıfında Türkiye Birinciliği
 2007 - Rüzgâr Sörfü Dünya Dördüncülüğü
 2008 - PWA World Tour - Slalom Women - 8
 2009 - PWA World Tour - Slalom Women - 5
 2010 - PWA World Tour - Slalom Women - 6
 2010 - Türkiye Slalom Rüzgâr Sörfü Şampiyonu
 2011 - PWA World Tour - Slalom Women - 9
 2011 - Türkiye Slalom Rüzgâr Sörfü Şampiyonu
 2012 - IFCA Dünya Şampiyonası Bayanlar 3.sü
 2012 - Türkiye Slalom Rüzgâr Sörfü İkinciliği

Filmografisi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1979 doğumlular
Türk kadın modeller
Türk sörfçüler
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Makina Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Fenerbahçe SK sporcuları
Miss Turkey katılımcıları
Yaşayan insanlar
İtalyan Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
2002 Miss Universe katılımcıları
Türk televizyon sunucuları

Çağla Kubat


La segunda superpotencia (o la otra superpotencia) no se refiere específicamente a una nación en particular ni a un bloque de naciones, sino a un movimiento de la sociedad civil global que llega a conseguir una enorme fuerza política y una muy buena visibilidad en la opinión pública. El término y el concepto tuvo su origen en un artículo publicado en el periódico The New York Times con fecha 17 de febrero de 2003, y con la firma de Patrick E. Tyler; y en el mismo se describía a la  como una de las superpotencias internacionales y fuerza hegemónica de poder a nivel mundial.

Este concepto de segunda superpotencia se sobrepone parcialmente con el llamado quinto poder, el que se refiere a la enorme influencia derivada del intervencionismo económico y de los fenómenos sociales ligados y apoyados en Internet. Naturalmente, el concepto de ciberactivismo también es muy próximo a los dos anteriores, aunque incluido en ellos.

Análisis del poder

El concepto de "segunda superpotencia" o de  ganó preeminencia con los movimientos populares de protesta antiguerra iniciados el 15 de febrero de 2003, y que luego resurgieron con características similares en distintas fechas y a raíz de diferentes enfrentamientos armados; en ciertos casos, estos movimientos de protesta lograron movilizar en una escala sin precedentes a millares de personas y de organizaciones en decenas de países, incluso léase millones de personas.

El movimiento recién aludido del año 2003 realmente estaba compuesto por varios millones de ciudadanos movilizados en varios países alrededor del mundo, preocupados por temas tales como el medio ambiente, la guerra, la salud pública, y los derechos humanos. Este movimiento, así como otros movimientos sociales globales que luego le siguieron, no se encontraba dirigido por un líder definido, ni tampoco tenía un portavoz en particular. En vez de eso, su perfil pretendía reflejar la conciencia colectiva pública más o menos construida por influencia de los medios masivos y de Internet, los que como se sabe, son capaces de difundir noticias y de convocar eventos en tiempo real y prácticamente en cualquier parte del globo.

Los participantes en la "segunda superpotencia" son simplemente personas comunes y corrientes que en forma grupal resuelven, sin el apoyo de una organización bien estructurada, convocar a acciones, transmitir ideas, y criticar medidas gubernamentales o a los mismos gobiernos, de una punta a la otra alrededor del mundo. Estos movimientos hacen sentir su voz y su presencia, a través de protestas públicas, de reiteradas intervenciones en los medios y de noticias varias transmitidas por esta vía, así como a través del ciberactivismo y de otras formas de difusión y de movilización utilizadas por las ONGs que les apoyan.

Las acciones emprendidas y la visibilidad de las mismas son de variado espectro, pues en ciertos casos se limitan a una única ciudad o a un único barrio y a algunos centenares de personas, mientas que en otros casos se generan actos de protesta realmente gigantescos y en varios países a la vez, con repercusiones a escala global o al menos a escala continental.

Obviamente, no todas las ideas inicialmente manejadas y no todos los objetivos puestos de manifiesto, consiguen perdurar en el tiempo y movilizar a una gran masa de personas en favor de una causa cualquiera, pero cuando ello ocurre, generalmente se ejerce una poderosa influencia, logrando así no solamente ser escuchados sino también influenciar en las medidas que en lo sucesivo se adopten en los niveles correspondientes. En ciertos casos los efectos que se provocan son grandes, y capaces de contrabalancear incluso al poder de un gobierno, o incluso a alguna acción internacional emprendida por una superpotencia como los Estados Unidos.

Rol de los medios

El papel de los medios de comunicación sin duda debería circunscribirse a informar a los ciudadanos sobre eventos y propuestas en la forma más imparcial posible, para que así cada cual pueda formarse opinión sobre los asuntos de su interés.

Pero para eso lograr, es necesario que todo se canalice en un contexto democrático, capaz de interpretar con independencia las informaciones que se reciben. Esto es generalmente sentido como importante por muchos sectores populares, aunque con frecuencia también se habla y se opina de un cierto control de los medios de comunicación más importantes, por parte de ciertos sectores públicos o privados, o mismo de simple falta de objetividad de ciertos medios de masas por descuidos o desprolijidades.

Métodos de acción

Los métodos de acción más frecuente del segundo poder o segundo superpoder son las concentraciones populares, las acampadas ciudadanas, y las marchas, en pro de alguna causa común más o menos definida y más o menos detallada.

Limitaciones

La opinión pública global, por su carácter difuso debido a las muchas diferentes culturas involucradas, y también debido a las asimetrías que son de esperar en diferentes pueblos del mundo en cuanto a madurez de análisis y a velocidad de reacción, es considerada históricamente contradictoria, y en ciertos casos, demasiado lenta o ineficaz en cuanto a la reacción generada ante algún suceso o hecho grave.

Noam Chomsky señaló un ejemplo de lentitud analizando la guerra de Vietnam, cuando la opinión pública estadounidense solamente pasó a presionar al gobierno americano ya hacia el fin de la confrontación, aunque hoy día muchos son los que consideran que esa fue una guerra bárbara y brutal ya desde su inicio. Este destacado lingüista y analista internacional, piensa sin embargo que la situación fue muy otra frente a la guerra de Irak, no solamente porque se reaccionó y se protestó más rápido, sino también porque se lo hizo aún antes que ese conflicto pasara a ser importante en cuanto a las consecuencias y hechos bélicos que generaba.

El tratamiento de Polonia después de finalizada la segunda guerra mundial, es considerada por muchos un ejemplo de incoherencia de la opinión pública, ya que en un principio y cuando dicho país fue invadido por la Alemania nazi, la opinión pública mundial apoyó fuertemente la generalización del conflicto y el inicio de la segunda guerra mundial, aunque unos pocos años después y ya iniciada la posguerra, no se consideró tan negativo que Polonia quedara bajo control de la entonces poderosa Unión Soviética de Iósif Stalin, que también provocó grandes atrocidades en ese país, aunque sin generar una crítica importante por parte de la opinión pública internacional.

Véase también
 Cuarto poder
 Quinto poder
 Gobierno electrónico
 Ciberactivismo
 Peace movement
 Superpotencias emergentes

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful Head
 New York Times: "A New Power in the Streets"
 Greenpeace: "The Second Superpower"
 Joi Ito's "Emergent Democracy"
 Andrew Orlowski's "Anti-war slogan coined, repurposed and Googlewashed… in 42 days"
 Greenpeace Weblog: "If you tolerate this"
 Kevin Marks' rebuttal to Orlowski
 Professor Geoffrey Nunberg's New York Times feature, As Google Goes, So Goes the Nation, reprinted in Going Nucular (Public Affairs, 2004)
 Pierre Lazuly's "Telling Google What To Think, Le Monde Diplomatique

Geopolítica
Terminología política
Ciudadanía

Segunda superpotencia


Pedro Alexandre es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Se localiza a una latitud de 10°00′49″ sur, y a una longitud de 37°53′39″ oeste, a una altitud de  (metros sobre el nivel del mar). Su población estimada en 2004 era de 18057 habitantes.

Posee un área de 1146,32km² (kilómetros cuadrados).

El municipio obtuvo este nombre en homenaje a uno de sus principales personajes: Pedro Alexandre Órfão, quien implantó la cultura del algodón.

Hidrografía
El municipio es cortado por arroyos, que presentan naciente al pie de la sierra, y desembocan en ríos como el vasa-barris.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Pedro Alexandre


American Library Association (ALA) este o organizație non-profit din Statele Unite ale Americii care promovează bibliotecile și educația bibliotecară pe plan internațional. Este cea mai veche și cea mai mare asociație bibliotecară din lume, cu peste 62.000 de membri.

Istoric
Asociația a fost fondată de Justin Winsor, Charles Ammi Cutter, Samuel S. Green, James L. Whitney, Melvil Dewey (Melvil Dui), Fred B. Perkins, Charles Evans și Thomas W. Almond în 1876 în Philadelphia și acreditată în 1879 în Massachusetts; sediul ei social se află acum în Chicago.

Activiștii bibliotecari au presat American Library Association în anii 1930 să fie mari receptivă la chestiunile prezentate de membrii tineri cu privire la pace, segregare, sindicate și libertate intelectuală. În 1931 a fost înființată Junior Members Round Table (JMRT) ca o organizație a membrilor mai tineri ai ALA, dar mai mult din ceea ce au avut de spus reapărut în responsabilitatea socială mișcarea să vină de ani mai târziu. În această perioadă a fost elaborat primul Library Bill of Rights (LBR) de către Forrest Spaulding, stabilind un standard împotriva cenzurii, care a fost adoptat de ALA în 1939. Acesta a fost recunoscut ca un moment definitoriu al biblioteconomiei moderne ca o profesie angajată în promovarea libertății intelectuale. ALA a înființat Staff Organization's Round Table în 1936 și Library Unions Round Table în 1940.

În 1961, ALA a luat o poziție cu privire la serviciul desfășurat în favoarea afro-americanilor și a altor grupuri discriminate, pledând pentru un serviciu bibliotecar egal pentru toți. Un amendament a fost adoptat de LBR în 1961, care a precizat faptul că frecventarea bibliotecii de către un individ nu ar trebui să fie refuzată sau restrânsă din motive de rasă, religie, origine națională sau opinii politice. Unele biblioteci au decis mai degrabă să-și închidă porțile decât să practice o politică de segregare. În 1963, ALA a comandat un studiu, Access to Public Libraries, care a constatat discriminarea directă și indirectă existentă în bibliotecile americane.

Arhivele ALA, inclusiv documente istorice și înregistrări digitale, sunt deținute în prezent în arhivele Universității din Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Membri
Calitatea de membru al ALA este deschisă pentru orice persoană sau organizație, deși cei mai mulți dintre membrii săi sunt biblioteci sau bibliotecari. Majoritatea membrilor trăiesc și lucrează în Statele Unite ale Americii, dar există și membri internaționali care reprezintă 3,5% din totalul membrilor.

Referințe

Legături externe

 About Charles Ammi Cutter

Fondări în 1876
Organizații din Statele Unite ale Americii

American Library Association


يقوم العدوان الثلاثي على مصر، وفي الإسكندرية يتولى الضابط جلال دسوقي تدريب مجموعة من الجنود والضباط على وحدة قاذفات الطوربيدات الصغيرة، ومن بين هؤلاء الطالب السوري جول جمال، يقوم الطلاب العسكريين برحلة إلى سوريا، وفي اللاذقية يلتقون بخطيبة جول جمال ويبدو مدى الحب الذي يربط بينهما، عندما يقوم العدوان الثلاثي يصدر الأمر لجول جمال لقيادة قاذفة طوربيد ومعه زملاء آخرين من بينهم ياقوت وبيومي، بينما يوكل لجلال دسوقي مهمة استطلاع موقع القوات المعادية، تتم المهمة بنجاح لكن عند العودة إلى الوحدة البحرية يحدث اشتباك بين الرجال وبحرية العدو يسقط الضحايا ويموت جول جمال وجلال دسوقي، ويتم تدمير وحدات الأعداء. بينما تهاجم القوات الجوية المصرية وتحقق نصرًا ملحوظًا.

الممثلون

فريق العمل

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 عمالقة البحار في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1960
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1956
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الإسكندرية
أفلام أحمد مظهر
أفلام نادية لطفي
أفلام عبد الرحمن أبو زهرة

عمالقة البحار (فيلم)


Arzachena (galurski: Alzachèna, sardinski: Altzaghèna) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 85 metara i ima 13 650 stanovnika. Prostire se na 230,85 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 59 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Luogosanto, Luras, Olbia, Palau, Tempio Pausania i Sant'Antonio di Gallura.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Sassari

Arzachena


101960 Molau este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
101960 Molau este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Drebach de André Knöfel. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,31 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 0,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 101001-102000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

101960 Molau


Frink ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Frink (Florida)
 Frink (Kalifornien)
 Frink (Oklahoma)

Frink ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Aline Huke Frink (1904–2000), US-amerikanische Mathematikerin und Hochschullehrerin
 Elisabeth Frink (1930–1993), britische Bildhauerin
 Horace Westlake Frink (1883–1936), US-amerikanischer Psychiater und Psychoanalytiker

 Laurie Frink (1951–2013), US-amerikanische Trompeterin
 Orrin Frink (1901–1988), US-amerikanischer Mathematiker
 Pat Frink (1945–2012), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler
 Stephen Frink, US-amerikanischer Fotograf

Zeichentrick:

 Die Simpsons: Prof. Frink

Siehe auch:
 Fring

Frink


All of Us Are Dead () é uma série de televisão sul-coreana estrelada por Yoon Chan-young, Park Ji-hoo, Cho Yi-hyun, Park Solomon e Yoo In-soo. Baseado no webtoon da Naver Now at Our School de Joo Dong-geun, que foi publicado entre 2009 e 2011, a série estreou na Netflix em 28 de janeiro de 2022.

Sinopse
Uma epidemia mortal surge em uma escola. Encurralados, os alunos só tem uma opção: lutar com todas as forças para não virarem zumbis.

Elenco e personagens

Elenco principal

 Park Ji-hu como Nam On-jo,  uma aluna da Classe 2-5, ela é vizinha e amiga de infância de Cheong-san. Ela tem uma grande quantidade de conhecimento sobre habilidades de sobrevivência, devido ao trabalho de bombeiro de seu pai.
 Yoon Chan-young como Lee Cheong-san,  um estudante da Classe 2-5, ele é vizinho e amigo de infância de On-jo. Ele é um garoto altruísta que muitas vezes coloca o bem-estar dos outros antes de si mesmo, especialmente On-jo, por quem está apaixonado.
 Cho Yi-hyun como Choi Nam-ra,  a presidente da classe 2-5, ela é estudiosa e é conhecida por sua atitude fria. Ela secretamente gosta de Su-hyeok.
 Lomon como Lee Su-hyeok,  apelidado de "Bare-su", um estudante da Classe 2-5, um ex-membro do grupo delinquente e um lutador habilidoso que aspira a se juntar ao exército. Ele secretamente gosta de Nam-ra.
 Yoo In-soo como Yoon Gwi-nam,  um estudante violento que intimida outros estudantes e serve como principal antagonista da série.
 Lee Yoo-mi como Lee Na-yeon,  uma estudante rica, mas arrogante da Classe 2-5 que se considera melhor do que os outros, e muitas vezes despreza Gyeong-su.
 Kim Byung-chul como Lee Byeong-chan,  um professor de ciências da vida e criador do vírus, servindo como antagonista abrangente da série.
 Lee Kyu-hyung como Song Jae-ik,  um detetive da Delegacia de Polícia de Hyosan.
 Jeon Bae-soo como Nam So-ju,  capitão da equipe de resgate 1 do Corpo de Bombeiros de Hyosan e pai de On-jo.

Suporte
 Bae Hae-sun como Park Eui-won
 Ahn Seung-gyun

 Shin Jae-hwi as Chang-hoon
 Kim Byung-chul como Lee Byung-chan

  como Jo Dal-ho
 Son Sang-yeon
 Lee Yoo-mi como Lee Na-Yeon
 Yang Han-yeol

Produção

Desenvolvimento
Em 12 de abril de 2020, a Netflix anunciou através de um comunicado de imprensa que a JTBC Studios e a Film Monster produziriam uma série chamada All of Us Are Dead baseada no popular webtoon Now at Our School.

Escolha de elenco
Em 19 de abril de 2020, Yoon Chan-young foi confirmado para estrelar a série como um dos alunos. Park Ji-hoo juntou-se ao elenco principal em 22 de abril. Em 1 de julho, Cho Yi-hyun, Park Solomon e Yoo In-soo juntaram-se oficialmente ao elenco.

Filmagens
A produção foi temporariamente suspensa em agosto de 2020 devido à nova disseminação do COVID-19 na Coreia do Sul.

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão da Coreia do Sul que estrearam em 2022
Programas da Netflix
Produções televisivas suspensas devido à pandemia de COVID-19

All of Us Are Dead


József Bozsó (* 8. Juli 1960 in Szolnok) ist ein ungarischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
József Bozsó feierte seinen größten sportlichen Erfolg, als er mit dem Team von Honvéd Zrínyi SE im Jahr 1982 ungarischer Mannschaftsmeister wurde. Bei den Einzelmeisterschaften blieb er dagegen ohne nationalen Titel, konnte jedoch einige zweite und dritte Plätze erkämpfen. Bereits 1976 war er in Ungarn Juniorenmeister im Herrendoppel mit Lajos Busi geworden.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? Band 1 (A–H). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1994. ISBN 963-7806-90-3

Badmintonspieler (Ungarn)
Ungar
Geboren 1960
Mann

József Bozsó


A conlanger  is a person who invents constructed languages (aka conlangs).

Professional conlangers
Individuals who have been hired to create languages.
 Victoria Fromkin - Paku (a.k.a. Pakuni)
 Paul Frommer - Na'vi, Barsoomian
 Madhan Karky - Kiliki
 Marc Okrand - Klingon, Vulcan, Atlantean

 Matt Pearson - Thhtmaa
 David J. Peterson - Dothraki, Valyrian, Kastithanu (Castithan), L'Irathi (Irathient), Indojisnen, Sondiv, Shiväisith, Lishepus, Trigedasleng, Noalath, Inha, Munja'kin
 Wolf Wikeley - Tho Fan

Published international-auxiliary conlangers
Conlangers who have created languages intended for international communication.
 Louis de Beaufront
 Léon Bollack
 James Cooke Brown
 Louis Couturat: Ido language
 George Boeree
 Alexander Gode
 Ján Herkeľ
 Lancelot Hogben
 Alex G. Igbineweka
 Otto Jespersen
 Francis Lodwick: Common Writing
 Juraj Križanić
 Matija Majar
 Vojtěch Merunka
 Jackson Moore
 Charles Kay Ogden
 Giuseppe Peano: Latino sine flexione
 Kenneth L. Pike
 Waldemar Rosenberger
 Johann Martin Schleyer: Volapük
 Kenneth Searight: Sona
 Jan van Steenbergen
 Edgar de Wahl: Interlingue
 John Wilkins: unnamed universal language
 L. L. Zamenhof: Esperanto

Published fictional conlangers
Conlangers whose work has been published in books or other media that they created:
 Richard Adams: Lapine, in Watership Down
 M.A.R. Barker: Tsolyáni for Tékumel
 Hector Berlioz
 Marion Zimmer Bradley
 Anthony Burgess: Nadsat in A Clockwork Orange and a prehistoric language in Quest for Fire.
 Samuel R. Delany
 Suzette Doctolero: Enchanta from the Encantadia Saga.
 Diane Duane
 Suzette Haden Elgin: Láadan, in the Native Tongue series
 Václav Havel
 Frank Herbert
 Hergé
 Robert Jordan: The Old Tongue in The Wheel of Time
 Ursula K. Le Guin
 Barry B. Longyear
 George Orwell: Newspeak, in Nineteen Eighty-Four
 Christopher Paolini: The Ancient Language in the Inheritance Cycle (Eragon and its sequels)
 Lynne Sharon Schwartz: in The Writing on the Wall
 J. R. R. Tolkien: more than twenty languages including Quenya, Sindarin, Khuzdul; see Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien
 Karen Traviss: Mando'a in the Star Wars expanded universe
 Christian Vander
 Tad Williams: Higher Singing in Tailchaser's Song
 Gene Wolfe: Ascian in The Book of the New Sun

Other notable conlangers
Conlangers whose languages are neither international auxiliary languages nor part of popular media, but are nonetheless significant among enthusiasts, have amassed a notable amount of speakers, or do not fit in other categories:
Sonja Lang: Toki Pona, a minimalist language which has gained a large following and several publications over the years since its creation in 2001.

References

Linguists

Lists of inventors
Language creators

List of language creators


The Gare Saint-Lazare (), officially Paris-Saint-Lazare, is one of the seven large mainline railway station terminals in Paris, France. It was the first train station built in Paris, opening in 1837. It mostly serves train services to western suburbs, as well as intercity services toward Normandy using the Paris–Le Havre railway. Saint-Lazare is the third busiest station in France, after the Gare du Nord and Gare de Lyon. It handles 290,000 passengers each day. The current station building opened in 1889 and was designed by architect Juste Lisch; the maître d'œuvre (general contractor) was Eugène Flachat.

History

The first station at Saint Lazare was  northwest of its current position, called Embarcadère des Batignolles. The station was opened by Marie-Amélie (wife of Louis-Philippe of France) on 24 August 1837. The first line served was the single track line to Le Pecq. In 1843 St-Lazare was the terminus for three lines; by 1900 this number had tripled. The station had 14 platforms in 1854 after several enlargements, and now has 27 platforms sorted in six destination groups.

On 27 April 1924 the inner suburban lines were electrified with  third rail. The same lines were re-electrified at  overhead wires in the 1960s.

On 21 March 2012, a new three-level shopping mall with 80 shops opened inside the passenger hall.

Geography
The Gare Saint-Lazare is situated in the 8th arrondissement, in a very dense business and shopping area of Paris.

Gare Saint-Lazare in art and literature

The Gare Saint-Lazare has been represented in a number of artworks. It attracted artists during the Impressionist period and many of them lived very close to the Gare St-Lazare during the 1870s and 1880s.

Édouard Manet lived close by, at 4 rue de Saint-Pétersbourg. Two years after moving to the area he showed his painting The Railway, (also known as Gare Saint-Lazare) at the Paris Salon in 1874.  Painted from the backyard of a friend's house on the nearby rue de Rome, this canvas, now in the National Gallery of Art at Washington D.C., portrays a woman with a small dog and a book as she sits facing us in front of an iron fence; a young girl to her left views the railroad track and steam beyond it. At the time of its first exhibition it was caricatured and the subject of ridicule.

Gustave Caillebotte also lived just a short walk away from the station. He painted Le Pont de l'Europe (The Bridge of Europe) in 1876 (now in the Petit Palais, Musée d'Art Moderne in Geneva, Switzerland) and On the Pont de l'Europe in 1876-80 (Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth). While the former picture looks across the bridge with the ironworks diagonally crossing the picture to the right, with a scene of partially interacting figures on the bridge to the left, the latter depicts the iron structure of the bridge face-on in a strong close-up of its industrial geometry, with three male figures to the left side of the painting all looking in different directions (the Pont de l'Europe is a massive bridge spanning the railyard of the newly expanded station, which at that time had an iron-work trellis).

In 1877, painter Claude Monet rented a studio near the Gare Saint Lazare. That same year he exhibited seven paintings of the railway station in an impressionist painting exhibition. He completed 12 paintings of this subject. Oscar-Claude Monet's series of the Gare Saint-Lazare train station was one of his most famous series in his lifetime. Monet was one of the most important and influential painters in the Impressionist movement in the 19th century. He was a strong proponent of plein-air landscape painting. Artists such as Gustave Caillebotte, Edgar Degas and Berthe Morisot, do this in order to accurately portray the scene in the moment instead of creating the painting from what they could remember. Monet and others who followed the Impressionism Movement were not accepted in the Salon de Paris, because of their rejection of the academies' teachings of form, style, subject matter etc., so instead they decided to open a new exhibition on their own Impressionist Exhibition in April 1874.

Claude Monet's depiction of this train station is an astonishing composition in which the hard-edged discs of the railroad signals hover above a rapidly scribbled swirl of blue and rose clouds of steam, with scrolled white edges, while the sketchy, angular drawing of the tracks and buildings provides contrast. The flat, opaque circle of the largest signal, placed dead center and thickly painted, is so insistent that it turns the picture into a near-abstraction. The Gare Saint-Lazare piece was shown at the Third Impressionist Exhibition. The Gare Saint-Lazare is very different from Monet's previous paintings of harbors, boats and oceans that viewers had seen before. The Gare Saint-Lazare series of paintings lead the viewers through a tour of the train station in different points of the day. "Monet exemplifies the modern life, in all its chaos and instability", The steam coming from the trains creates a way of dissolving the train and showing the impressionistic style of blending colors and light. Everything dissipates with the steam of the train and turns into a flurry of blended colors. As said by Émile Zola, "Monet is able to turn a normally dirty and gritty place into a peaceful and beautiful scene…You can hear the trains rumbling in, see the smoke billow up under the huge roofs…that is where painting is today…our artists have to find the poetry in train station, the way their fathers found the poetry in forests and rivers". "Monet's work on the Gare Saint-Lazare is unparalleled in its evocation of steam and the smoke-filled station. In spite of the impressionist style, the work reproduces accurately the topography of the area, even allowing one to deduce the precise point where the artist was standing while painting. This is the first time an artist had showed a single theme through a series of variations"

The Gare Saint-Lazare itself, a monument to the last word in state-of-the-art transportation, the railroad. Le Quartier de l'Europe, where artists like Claude Monet and Gustave Caillebotte spent a lot of time and painted was, in short, a paradigm of modern Paris; the forward-looking young artists who called it home, and who had consciously dedicated themselves to the interpretation of modern life, included in their work recognizable references to their neighborhood as a sign of both their commitment to the present, with all its irregularities and "unaesthetic" components, and their rejection of the past, with its Academy-sanctioned conventions.

Lesser-known artists who depicted the Gare Saint Lazare were Jean Béraud, who painted The Place and Pont de l'Europe in 1876-78 and Norbert Goeneutte (1854–1894), with a studio providing a very good view of the Pont de l'Europe, who painted this scene many times in the late 1880s. One of these is The Pont de l'Europe and Gare Saint-Lazare from circa 1888 (in the Baltimore Museum).

An engraving showing the Place de l'Europe bridge at the time of its opening in 1868 was made by Auguste Lamy.

In 1932, the wasteland behind the station became the subject of one of the most celebrated photographs of all time, Henri Cartier-Bresson's Derrière la gare de Saint-Lazare. In Raymond Queneau's 1947 book Exercises in Style, the Gare Saint-Lazare serves as the backdrop to much of the story's action. In 1998 the Musée d'Orsay and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., put on an exhibition called "Manet, Monet, and the Gare Saint-Lazare".

The Gare Saint-Lazare is mentioned or plays a role in Émile Zola's La Bête humaine and Roland Sadaune's Terminus St-Lazare.

The Gare Saint-Lazare is seen in the 1995 film French Kiss with Kevin Kline and Meg Ryan. It is the last scene in Paris where Kevin Kline's character is being chased by Police Inspector Jean-Paul Cardon (Jean Reno) while trying to board a train south to Cannes (which is an inaccuracy since the Gare Saint-Lazare serves the North-West of France; trains for Cannes depart from the Gare de Lyon).

Services

The Gare Saint-Lazare is served by regional TER Normandie trains toward Normandy, as well as regional Transilien trains to the western suburbs of Paris.

1,600 trains serve Gare Saint-Lazare every day.

TER Normandie

The following regional train services operate out of Saint-Lazare:

 Paris – Vernon – Rouen – Le Havre
 Paris – Évreux – Lisieux – Caen – Cherbourg
 Paris – Évreux – Lisieux – Trouville-Deauville

Suburban (Transilien)

The following Transilien lines depart from Saint-Lazare:
J
Saint-Lazare – Conflans – Gisors
Saint-Lazare – Ermont-Eaubonne
Saint-Lazare – Conflans – Mantes-la-Jolie
Saint-Lazare – Poissy – Mantes-la-Jolie – Vernon
L
Saint-Lazare – Cergy-le-Haut
Saint-Lazare – Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche
Saint-Lazare – Versailles-Rive-Droite

See also
 List of Paris railway stations
 List of RER stations
 List of Paris Métro stations

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Railway termini in Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1837
SNCF
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris

Gare Saint-Lazare


2022 අයි.සී.සී පිරිමි විස්සයි20 ලෝක කුසලානය අටවන ICC පිරිමි ව්20 ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලිය වේ. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් 16 සිට නොවැම්බර් 13 දක්වා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ පැවැත්වෙ. මුලදී, තරඟාවලිය 2020 දී පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබුණද, 2020 ජූලි මාසයේදී, කොවිඩ්-19 වසංගතය හේතුවෙන් තරඟාවලිය කල් දැමූ බව ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලය (ICC) තහවුරු කළේය. 2020 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී, අයිසීසී විසින් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව 2022 දී නැවත සකස් කරන ලද තරඟාවලියට සත්කාරකත්වය සපයනු ඇති බව තහවුරු කරන ලදී. වි20 ලෝක කුසලානය මුලින් සැලසුම් කළ පරිදි 2021 දී ඉන්දියාවේ පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව ඇත. නමුත් පසුව එය එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් සහ ඕමානය වෙත ගෙන යන ලදී. 2022 ජනවාරි 21 දින, අයිසීසී විසින් තරඟාවලිය සඳහා සියලුම තරග කාලසටහන් තහවුරු කරන ලදී. සත්කාරක ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව වත්මන් ශූරයන් වේ.

පසුබිම
2018 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී අයිසී නිවේදනය කළේ මෙම තරඟාවලිය 2021 අයිසීසි ශූරයන්ගේ කුසලානය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන බවයි. ඒ, 2019 ජනවාරි 1 සිට සාමාජික කණ්ඩායම් අතර පැවැත්වෙන වි20ජා තරඟ සඳහා ICC විසින් පූර්ණ ජාත්‍යන්තර තත්ත්වය ලබා දීමෙන් පසුවය.

2019 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී, අයිසීසී විසින් වි20 ලෝක කුසලාන සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟය ඉවත් කළ හැකි බව වාර්තා විය, එය වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයට සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ මාර්ගයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරනු ඇත. එබැවින්, 2020 අයිසීසී වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයෙන් කණ්ඩායම් 12 ක් සහ සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ ඉසව් වලින් කණ්ඩායම් හතරක් වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයට පිවිසෙනු ඇත. 2020 ජනවාරි 23 දින, අයිසීසී විසින් තරඟාවලිය සඳහා සුදුසුකම් පිළිබඳ සම්පූර්ණ තොරතුරු තහවුරු කරන ලදී. 2020 මැයි මාසයේදී, අයිසීසී විසින් ඉන්දීය ක්‍රිකට් පාලක මණ්ඩලයට (BCCI) ප්‍රකාශ කළේ තරඟාවලිය සඳහා ඉන්දීය ක්‍රිකට් පාලක මණ්ඩලය විසින් ඉන්දීය රජයෙන් බදු නිදහස් කිරීමක් ලබා නොගැනීමෙන් පසුව, සත්කාරක අයිතිය ඉන්දියාවෙන් ලබා ගැනීමේ අයිතිය ඔවුන් රඳවාගෙන සිටින බවයි.

2020 ජූලි මාසයේදී, කොවිඩ්-19 වසංගතය හේතුවෙන් තරඟාවලියේ පෙර සංස්කරණය සමාලෝචනය කරන විට, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ක්‍රිකට් සභාපති අර්ල් එඩින්ග්ස්, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට එම තරඟාවලිය 2021 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී සත්කාරකත්වය දිය හැකි බවට යෝජනා කළ අතර, වසරකට පසුව මෙම තරඟාවලිය ඉන්දියාව විසින් පවත්වනු ලැබේ. පිළිවෙළින් 2020 සහ 2021 දී පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබූ තරඟාවලි සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය දරන ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව හෝ ඉන්දියාව මෙම තරඟාවලියට සත්කාරකත්වය දක්වන බව අයිසීසී ද තහවුරු කළේය.

කණ්ඩායම් සහ සුදුසුකම්
2021 අයිසීසී පිරිමි වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයේ සුපිරි 12 අදියරට පැමිණි කණ්ඩායම් දොළහ 2022 තරඟාවලිය සඳහා ස්වයංක්‍රීයව සුදුසුකම් ලබා ගත්හ. ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, බංගලාදේශය, එංගලන්තය, ඉන්දියාව, පකිස්ථානය, නවසීලන්තය සහ දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව 2021 තරඟාවලියේ ඔවුන්ගේ දක්ෂතා සහ 2021 නොවැම්බර් වන විට ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් මත පදනම්ව මෙම තරඟාවලියේ සුපිරි 12 අදියර සඳහා සෘජුවම සුදුසුකම් ලබා ඇත. නැමීබියාව, ස්කොට්ලන්තය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් යන රටවල් සියල්ලම තරගාවලියේ කාණ්ඩ වටයට ඇතුළත් විය.

ඉතිරි ස්ථාන හතර පැමිණියේ ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරගාවලි දෙකෙන් පළමු කණ්ඩායම් දෙකෙනි. ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟවලට කණ්ඩායම් දහසයක් තිබුණි. ඒ 2021 අයිසී පිරිමි වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයේ පහළ කණ්ඩායම් හතර ( අයර්ලන්තය, නෙදර්ලන්තය, ඕමානය සහ පැපුවා නිව්ගිනියාව ), ඊළඟ ඉහළම වි20ජා කණ්ඩායම් හතර ( සිම්බාබ්වේ, නේපාලය, එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය සහ සිංගප්පූරුව), සහ කලාපීය අවසන් තරඟ වලින් ඉදිරියට ගිය කණ්ඩායම් අට ලෙසය. ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් A තරගාවලියෙන් අයර්ලන්තය සහ එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය වි20 ලෝක කුසලානය දක්වා ඉදිරියට ගියේය. එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයේ A කාණ්ඩයට ඇතුළත් වූ අතර, අයර්ලන්තය B කාණ්ඩයට ඇතුළත් විය. ලෝක සුදුසුකම් B තරඟාවලියේ සිටි, නෙදර්ලන්තය සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ වි20 ලෝක කුසලානය සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලැබූ අවසන් කණ්ඩායම් දෙක බවට පත්විය. සිම්බාබ්වේ වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයේ B කාණ්ඩයට ඇතුළත්  වූ අතර නෙදර්ලන්තය B කාණ්ඩයට ඇතුලත් විය.

ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම්
ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් තරගාවලිය සමන්විත වූයේ 2021 අයිසීසී වි20 ලෝක කුසලානයේ සිටි පහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම් හතර, ලෝක කුසලානයට හෝ සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟ සඳහා දැනටමත් සුදුසුකම් ලබා නොමැති හොඳම ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම් හතර සහ කලාපීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟ වලින් කණ්ඩායම් අටක්ය. කොවිඩ්-19 වසංගතය හේතුවෙන් 2020 ජුනි 30 ට පෙර පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබූ සියලුම අයිසීසී සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ ඉසව් කල් දමා ඇති බව 2020 මාර්තු 24 වන දින ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලය (ICC) තහවුරු කළේය. 2020 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, වසංගතයෙන් ඇති වූ බාධාවෙන් පසුව අයිසීසී විසින් සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ මාර්ගය යාවත්කාලීන කරන ලදී.

2021 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී, කොවිඩ්-19 වසංගතය හේතුවෙන් නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු හා ෆැසිපික් සුදුසුකම් ලැබීම අවලංගු කර ඇති බව අයිසීසී විසින් තහවුරු කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන්, පිලිපීනය නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු හා ෆැසිපික් කලාපයේ ඉහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ වටයට පිවිසියේය. 2021 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී, වසංගතය හේතුවෙන් ආසියානු සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ B කාණ්ඩය ද අවලංගු කරන ලද අතර, හොංකොං ඉහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස ඉදිරියට ගියේය. යුරෝපීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ කලාපීය අවසන් මහා තරඟයේදී, ජර්සි ඔවුන්ගේ පළමු තරඟ හතර ජයග්‍රහණය කළේ ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟ සඳහා ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රගතිය තහවුරු කිරීම සඳහා ය. ජර්මනිය දෙවන ස්ථානයට පත් වූ අතර ශුද්ධ ලකුණු අනුපාතය අනුව ඉතාලියට වඩා ඉදිරියෙන් සිටි අතර යුරෝපීය කණ්ඩායමෙන් ද ඉදිරියට ගියේය. ශුද්ධ ලකුණු අනුපාතය අනුව කටාර්ට වඩා මඳක් ඉදිරියෙන් සිටි බහරේනය ආසියානු සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරගයේ A කාණ්ඩය දිනා ගත්තේය. ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරගයේදී, ඔවුන්ගේ පළමු තරග පහ ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසුව, එම කාණ්ඩයෙන් ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ වටයට පැමිණි පළමු කණ්ඩායම බවට එක්සත් ජනපදය පත් විය. ඔවුන් ඇමරිකා සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ කාණ්ඩයේ දෙවන ස්ථානයට පත් වූ කැනඩාව ද එක් විය. අප්‍රිකානු සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟාවලියේ කලාපීය අවසන් තරඟය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු උගන්ඩාව ගෝලීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟාවලියේ අවසන් ස්ථානයට හිමිකම් කීවේය.

තරඟ නිලධාරීන්
2022 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින, ICC විසින් තරඟ තීරකයින් සහ තරඟාවලිය සඳහා පිටියේ විනිසුරුවන් නම් කරන ලදී.

තරග තීරකවරු
  ඩේවිඩ් බූන්
  ක්‍රිස් බ්‍රෝඩ්
  රන්ජන් මඩුගල්ල
  ඇන්ඩි පයික්‍රොෆ්ට්

විනිසුරුවන්

  ක්‍රිස් බ්‍රවුන්
  අලීම් ඩාර්
  කුමාර ධර්මසේන
  මාරයිස් ඉරැස්මස්
  ක්‍රිස් ගෆනි
  මයිකල් ගොෆ්
  ඒඩ්‍රියන් හෝල්ඩ්ස්ටොක්
  රිචඩ් ඉලින්වර්ත්
  රිචඩ් කෙට්ල්බරෝ
  නිතින් මෙනන්
  අහ්සන් රාසා
  පෝල් රීෆල්
  ලැන්ග්ටන් රුසේරේ
  රොඩ් ටකර්
  ජොයෙල් විල්සන්
  පෝල් විල්සන්

සංචිත

2022 සැප්තැම්බර් 1 වන දින, තරඟාවලිය සඳහා ඔවුන්ගේ සංචිතය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පළමු කණ්ඩායම ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවයි. සියලුම කණ්ඩායම් 2022 සැප්තැම්බර් 22 වන විට ඔවුන්ගේ මූලික සංචිත ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

ක්‍රීඩාංගන
2021 නොවැම්බර් 15 දින, අයිසී විසින් තරඟාවලිය පුරා තරඟ පවත්වන ස්ථාන තහවුරු කරන ලදී. සත්කාරක නගර වන්නේ ඇඩිලේඩ්, බ්‍රිස්බන්, ගීලොන්, හෝබාර්ට්, මෙල්බන්, පර්ත් සහ සිඩ්නි වේ. අවසන් පූර්ව වටය සිඩ්නි ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේ සහ ඇඩිලේඩ් ඕවල් ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේදී පැවැත්වෙන අතර, අවසන් මහා තරගය මෙල්බර්න් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේදී පැවැත්වේ.

ත්‍යාග මුදල්
2022 සැප්තැම්බර් 30 දින අයිසීසී විසින් තරඟාවලිය සඳහා ත්‍යාග මුදල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

පුහුණු තරඟ

පළමු වටය
2022 මාර්තු 21 වන දින, අයිසීසී විසින් පළමු වටය සඳහා සවි කිරීම් තහවුරු කරන ලදී.

ඒ කාණ්ඩය

බී කාණ්ඩය

සුපිරි 12

1 වන කාණ්ඩය

2 වන කාණ්ඩය

පිළිමළුන් පිටුදැකීමේ අදියර

අවසන් පූර්ව තරග

අවසාන තරගය

සංඛ්‍යා දත්ත
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වැඩිම දවාගැනීම් (කඩුළු රැකීම)

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වැඩිම ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් සහභාගී වූ තරග

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2022

2022 වි20 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය


Yunus Suresi (Arapça: سورة يونس) Kur'an'ın onuncu suresidir. Sure 109 ayetten oluşur.

Sure, adını ayrıntıları Saffat Suresi 139-148. ayetlerinde ve bazı hadislerde anlatılan Yunus kıssasından almıştır. 40, 94, 95 ve 96. ayetler Medine döneminde, diğerleri Mekke döneminde indirildiğine inanılmaktadır.

Konuları
Sure bunlar hikmet dolu bir kitabın ayetleridir ifadesi ile başlar. Daha sonraki ayetlerde içlerinden birinin Allah'ın elçisi olarak görevlendirilmesini inanmayanların şaşkınlıkla karşıladığı ifade edilir. Allah'ın yer ve göğü yarattığı, işleri düzene koyduğu, güneşi ışıklı, ayı aydınlık kıldığı, inanan bir toplum için bunların birer delil olduğu hatırlatılır. Surede ayrıca Allah'ın rahmetinin gazabına üstün olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Surede, Yunus, Nuh ve Musa peygamberler ile bunların kavimlerinin kıssalarına yer verilmektedir.

Yunus kıssası

Kıssaya göre Ninova halkına peygamber olarak gönderilen Yunus, Tanrı'nın izni olmadan Ninova'dan ayrılıp Akdeniz kenarına kadar giderek bir gemiye binmiş, ancak gemi denizin ortasına geldiğinde bir fırtına çıkmış, gemidekiler orada uğursuz birinin olduğunu, O'nu denize atarak fırtınadan kurtulacaklarını düşünmüşler. Çekilen kur'a Yunus peygambere çıkmış ve Onu denize atmışlar. Hadislerde onu yutan balığın Yunus'la birlikte önce Nil nehri, sonra Fars denizi, sonra da Betaik denizine gittiği, sonra da Dicle'ye götürüp sahile fırlattığı, burada üzerine bitirilen yaktin ağacının dibinde gölgelenip dinlendiği, bu mucizeyi gören Ninova halkının imana gelişi anlatılır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Saffat Suresi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sureler

Yunus Suresi