Kalos kagathos or kalokagathos ( ), of which kalokagathia () is the derived noun, is a phrase used by classical Greek writers to describe an ideal of gentlemanly personal conduct, especially in a military context.

Its use is attested since Herodotus and the classical period.  The phrase is adjectival, composed of two adjectives,  ("beautiful") and  ("good" or "virtuous"), the second of which is combined by crasis with  "and" to form .

Werner Jaeger summarizes it as  "the chivalrous ideal of the complete human personality, harmonious in mind and body, foursquare in battle and speech, song and action".

Uses
The word was a term used in Greek when discussing the concept of aristocracy. It became a fixed phrase by which the Athenian aristocracy referred to itself; in the ethical philosophers, the first of  whom were Athenian gentlemen, the term came to mean the ideal or perfect man.

The phrase could be used both in a generic sense, or with certain specific force. As a generic term, it may have been used as the combination of distinct virtues, which we might translate as "handsome and brave", or the intersection of the two words "good" or "upstanding". Translations such as "gentleman" or "knight" have traditionally been suggested to convey the social aspect of the phrase, while "war hero" or the more cynical "martyr" are more recent versions, and emphasise the military element.

Its recorded usage dates from the second half of the 5th and in the 4th century B.C.. For example, in Plato's Lysis, a young man is described as imbued with kalokagathia.

There is thematic discussion of kalokagathia in Aristotle's Eudemian Ethics, Book VIII, chapter 3 (1248b). And how a kalos kagathos (gentleman) should live is also discussed at length in Xenophon's Socratic dialogues, especially the Oeconomicus.

In Aristotle, the term becomes important as a technical term used in discussions about Ethics.

Kalos
The adjective  means beautiful and encompasses meanings equivalent to English "good", "noble", and "handsome". The form given by convention is the masculine, but it was equally used of women (the feminine form is ) and could also describe animals or inanimate objects.

Plato, in his work Republic, used the term  (the neutral form) in his attempts to define ideals. However, his protagonist in the dialogue, Socrates, states that he did not fully comprehend the nature of this .

Agathos
This second adjective means "good" in a broad and general sense, and had no particular physical or aesthetic connotations, but could describe a person's excellence of character (ethical virtue), for example their bravery. In the 4th century, it often carried implications of dutiful citizenship.

Related terms
Plato coined the term Agathos kai sophos () which literally means "good and wise" in Greek, to avoid association with the belief that external beauty (kalos) was associated with inner beauty, morality and virtue.

In Aristotle's ethical works such as the Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics, the term megalopsuchia ("greatness of soul", magnanimity) has been interpreted as being "large scale kalokagathia" by the scholar Jennifer Whiting (1998). Her interpretation is dependent upon the interpretation that for Aristotle, both kalokagathia and megalopsuchia, are not, in their true forms, virtues that come about only because people want to be honoured for doing good things.

The possession of the beautiful and the good has a correspondent in Latin:  ("a healthy soul in a healthy body"). It is also seen as a target in balanced education of body and spirit.

See also
Arete (excellence)
 Philotimo
De Tranquillitate Animi
Junzi
Male beauty
Mensch

References

Ancient Greek culture
Greek words and phrases
Concepts in ancient Greek ethics

Kalos kagathos


Toledo, officially the City of Toledo (; ), is a 3rd class component city in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 207,314 people.

Toledo City is bordered to the north by the town of Balamban, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east is Cebu City and Naga and the town of Minglanilla, and to the south is the town of Pinamungajan.

On June 18, 1960, Toledo became a chartered city under Republic Act No. 2688.

Its patron saint is John of Sahagun and his feast day is celebrated every June 12.

Toledo is  away from Cebu City and is widely known for its huge mining industry owned by Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corporation, which is the umbrella of Carmen Copper Corporation and its Toledo Mine.

History
It is formerly known as Pueblo Hinulawan.

Second World War
In 1942 the Japanese Imperial forces captured and occupied the town of Toledo.

In 1945, local Filipino forces of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the 8th, 82nd, 83rd, 85th and 86th Infantry Division aided by Cebuano guerrilla resistance fighters, battled against the Japanese Imperial forces and liberated the town of Toledo.

Cityhood

On June 19, 1960, Toledo became a chartered city under Republic Act No. 2688. It was made into a city through the efforts of then Congressman Manuel A. Zosa, representative of the old Sixth District Cebu, who authored Republic Act No. 2688.

Although not as progressive as Cebu's other cities, it is unique in that it is the only city in the province on the western seaboard facing Negros Oriental – and therefore strategically located. (Danao, Mandaue, Lapu-Lapu, Cebu City, Talisay, Naga, and Carcar are on the east. One more city, Bogo, is in the north, on the eastern side.)

Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod
Following the canonization on October 21, 2012, of Visayan teen martyr Pedro Calungsod (1672), the hilltop parish of Cantabaco became the first shrine and church named after the second Filipino saint.

Geography

Malubog Lake
Toledo has been the source of water for Metro Cebu, Cebu City Water District. It uses Vacuum Type Water Systems, the Pipes from this lake go up the mountain and go down to Cebu Proper, Malubog Lake is situated and located more higher than Cebu City Proper.

Barangays
Toledo is politically subdivided into 38 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Climate

Demographics

Economy
Toledo City is known as the "Copper City". Carmen Copper Corporation a subsidiary of Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corporation operates the Toledo Copper mine covering 1,674 hectares. The mine is located in Barangay Don Andres Soriano (Lutopan), Toledo City. The copper concentrate are shipped and delivered mainly to smelting factories in China, India and Japan.

Aside from mining, Toledo City is also known as the "Power City" as a handful of power providers are located in the city. Global Business Power Corporation (GBP) is a holding company that has become the leading energy provider in the Visayas region. It owns Toledo Power Co. (TPC) which owns a 60 MW and 82 MW coal-fired power plants in Barangay Daanlungsod and a 40 MW diesel plant in Carmen; and Cebu Energy Development Corporation (CEDC), a 246 MW clean coal-fired power plant utilizing Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler technology also located in Barangay Daanlungsod. Another coal-fired power plant is AboitizPower subsidiary Therma Visayas, Inc.(TVI) which has a net capacity of 300 MW located in Bato, Toledo City. Aside from coal-fired power plants, a 60 MW solar power plant is located in a 73-hectare property in Barangay Talavera owned by First Toledo Solar Energy Corporation a subsidiary of Citicore Power Inc. a community-focused renewable energy company. The National Grid Corporation (NGCP) currently has two substations in Toledo City located in Barangay Calong-calong and Magdugo.

Other companies in Toledo City include Atlas Fertilizer Corporation and San-Vic Agro-Builders, Inc. to name a few.

Shopping malls are also present in Toledo like Gaisano Grand, Gaisano Metro and Prince Warehouse Club.

Leisure time

The barangays of Cantabaco and Poog  have limestone cliffs that local climbers have developed into popular crags for sport climbing.

Gallery

Notable people

 Anna Fegi – ainger
 Máximo Macapobre was a 19th-century Philippines leader and activist.
 Senator John Henry Osmeña was Mayor of Toledo, 2013–2019.
 Gisele Shaw - professional wrestler
 Jay-R Siaboc – actor, singer and season 1 finalist of Pinoy Dream Academy

References

Sources

External links
 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]

Cities in Cebu
Port cities and towns in the Philippines
Populated places established in 1861
1861 establishments in the Philippines
Component cities in the Philippines

Toledo, Cebu


An Lepanthes ovalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Olof Swartz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni William Fawcett och Alfred Barton Rendle. An Lepanthes ovalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Jamaica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes ovalis


Uakari (, ) is the common name for the New World monkeys of the genus Cacajao. Both the English and scientific names are believed to have originated from indigenous languages.

The uakaris are unusual among New World monkeys in that the tail length (15–18 cm) is substantially less than their head and body length (40–45 cm). Their bodies are covered with long, loose hair but their heads are bald. They have almost no subcutaneous fat, so their bald faces appear almost skull-like. Like their closest relatives the saki monkeys, they have projecting lower incisors. These monkeys have the most striking red facial skin of any primate. Females choose their mates based on how red the male's face is. Evidence suggests that the red facial coloration reflects the health of the primate.

The four species of uakari currently recognized are all found in the north-western Amazon basin. The bald uakari, remarkable for its brilliant scarlet complexion, is found north of the Amazon River, and south of the Japurá River in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve. The black-headed uakari is found north of the Amazon and south of the Rio Negro. The Neblina uakari is found north of the Rio Negro, west of the Rio Marauiá and east of the Casiquiare canal. The Aracá uakari is currently known only from the Rio Curuduri basin.

They have been observed both in small groups and in larger troops of up to 100. When traveling through the forest they move in the lower branches of the trees, though when foraging they also go up to the canopy. They mostly eat fruit, and unlike other Neotropical frugivores will consume a large amount of unripe fruit for which they have specialised dentition. They also eat flowers, seeds, invertebrates, buds and leaves.

Uakari are found in neotropical Amazon flooded or riparian forests, including Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.

Species
There are four species in this genus:
 Genus Cacajao
 Bald uakari or red uakari, C. calvus
 Cacajao calvus calvus
 Cacajao calvus ucayalii
 Cacajao calvus rubicundus
 Cacajao calvus novaesi
Black-headed uakari species group
 Golden-backed or black-headed uakari, Cacajao melanocephalus
 Aracá uakari, Cacajao ayresi*
 Neblina uakari, Cacajao hosomi*

In 2014 Ferrari et al. proposed an alternative taxonomy for the C. melanocephalus group which recognizes the Aracá uakari as a subspecies of the golden-backed uakari, and also recognized Cacajao ouakary as a separate species, whereas current consensus is that C. ouakary is a junior synonym of C. melanocephalus. This revision is not universally accepted.

References

External links

Primate Info Net Cacajao Factsheet
New Monkey Species Found by a New Zealand primatologist in Brazilian Amazon
The Red Uakari Monkey Project

Sakis and uakaris
Taxa named by René Lesson

Uakari


Alexandra "Aleka" Papariga (née Drosou; ; born 5 November 1945) is a Greek retired politician who served the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) as its General Secretary from 1991 to 2013. She is the first woman to be General Secretary of KKE, and thus the first woman to head a major political party in Greece.

Early years
Papariga was born in Athens in 1945. Her parents, Nikos Drosos and Kiki Drosou were National Resistance fighters and members of Communist Party of Greece (KKE), of Cephalonian origin.

She graduated from the Historical-Archeological Section of the Philosophy Faculty of Athens University and after graduation worked as an employee for eight years in various accounting offices. At the same time, she worked as a private tutor. Since 1976 she has worked exclusively in party and social activities.

Political career
Papariga started out as an activist in the peace movement in 1961 and soon after joined the pupils' organization of the youth section of the United Democratic Left (EDA). She was active in various school and student movements until the military coup in 1967. Throughout this period, she was a member of the Bureau of the EDA youth section pupils' organization and then of the "Lambrakis" Democratic Youth Students' organization Bureau.

Military junta
She joined KKE in 1968, while it was illegal during the Greek military junta and was active in the prisoners' families' movement.

Third Hellenic Republic
After the end of the military junta, she became a member of the Bureau of the City Committee of the Athens Party Organization (KOA), and was also active in the women's movement. A founding member of the Women's Federation of Greece, she participated in the organization of national events for International Women's Day. She was a leading member of the women's movement until 1981, and then active in the Athens Party Organization up to 1991. During her activities in the women's movement, she participated in international congresses of the Women's International Democratic Federation, the United Nations, and many international conferences and symposia.

Papariga has been a member of the Central Committee of KKE since the 10th Congress (May 1978) and of the Politburo of the CC since 1986. On 27 February 1991 at the 13th Party Congress, she was elected as Secretary-General of the KKE. She was unanimously re-elected as Secretary-General on 26 May 1996, at the 15th Party Congress. In February 2009, Papariga was re-elected as Secretary-General at the 18th Party Congress. This re-election made her the longest serving General Secretary of the KKE.

As a KKE candidate in Athens B constituency, Papariga was elected to the Hellenic Parliament in 1993 election. On 12 January 2023, it was announced that she would not be a parliamentary candidate and that she would retire from politics after the 2023 election.

Personal life
She married the journalist Thanasis Paparigas, with whom she had a daughter, Vasileia, and another child who died at the age of three. Her husband died on October 11, 2002, after being seriously injured in a car accident.

References

External links

 Short biographic note website of the Communist Party of Greece

1945 births
Living people
Members of the Lambrakis Democratic Youth
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Stalinism
Anti-revisionists
Greek women writers
Communist women writers
Socialist feminists
General Secretaries of the Communist Party of Greece
Greek MPs 1993–1996
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Greek MPs 2012–2014
Greek MPs 2015 (February–August)
Greek MPs 2015–2019
20th-century Greek politicians
20th-century Greek women politicians
21st-century Greek politicians
21st-century Greek women politicians
Politicians from Athens
Greek MPs 2019–2023

Aleka Papariga


Baron Kenswood, of St Marylebone in the County of London, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1951 for the professional violinist and welfare worker for the blind, Ernest Whitfield.  the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded in 2016.

Barons Kenswood (1951)
Ernest Albert Whitfield, 1st Baron Kenswood (1887–1963)
John Michael Howard Whitfield, 2nd Baron Kenswood (1930–2016)
Michael Christopher Whitfield, 3rd Baron Kenswood (b. 1955)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's younger brother Hon. Anthony John Whitfield (b. 1957)
The heir presumptive's heir, and the next heir-in-line, is his son Peter Daniel Whitfield (b. 1981)

Arms

Notes

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1951

Baron Kenswood


Botánika  es un posiólok del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado 18 km al sureste de Gulkévichi y 144 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 998 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Otrado-Kubánskoye.

Transporte

Al este de la localidad pasa la carretera federal M29 Cáucaso.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Ботаника (Краснодарский край).
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar

Botánika


Abulhasan Banisadr (perz. ابوالحسن بنی‌صدر, Hamadan, 22. ožujka 1933.), iranski političar i prvi predsjednik Islamske Republike Iran.

Životopis
Abulhasan Banisadr je rođen u Hamadanu na zapadu Irana i studirao je na Sveučilištu u Teheranu i Sorboni u Parizu. Iako je sin ajatolaha koji je podržavao puč iz 1953. godine, Banisadr je podržavao ideje svrgnutog premijera Muhameda Mosadeka i bio je aktivan u antimonarhističkim organizacijama kao što su Nacionalni Front i Pokret za oslobođenje. Nakon revolucije, Banisadr je 4. veljače 1980. kao neovisni kandidat izabran za prvog predsjednika Irana. Sredinom sljedeće godine došlo je do unutarnjih političkih sukoba prilikom kojih su marksisti predvođeni Narodnim mudžahedinima Irana (MEK) pokušali srušiti vladu, a Banisadrova podrška neuspješnom puču rezultirala je oduzimanjem predsjedničkih ovlasti od parlamenta i vrhovnog vođe Imama Homeinija. Banisadr potom uz pomoć MEK-a odlazi u Francusku gdje se angažira kao protuvladin aktivist u tzv. Iranskom nacionalnom vijeću otpora. Njegov nasljednik na mjestu predsjednika Muhamed-Ali Radžai ubijen je u terorističkom napadu Narodnih mudžahedina Irana (MEK) niti mjesec dana nakon preuzimanja dužnosti.

Vanjske poveznice
 Abulhasan Banisadr: Obama i Netanjahu dobro znaju da nemamo atomsku bombu. Napast će nas zbog nafte

Iranski predsjednici

Abulhasan Banisadr


Crkva sv. Katarine u Samarici župna je rimokatolička crkva u Samarici u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji.

Jednobrodna je građevina pravokutnog tlocrta, užeg polukružnog svetišta uz koje je sa sjeverne strane smještena sakristija, a na zapadnom pročelju zvonik. Unutrašnjost je svođena bačvastim svodom sa susvodnicama, apsida polukalotom s radijalnim susvodnicama. Pjevalište počiva na dva stuba povezana lukom i ograđeno je drvenom ogradom. Crkva je opremljena bogatim baroknim inventarom. Glavni oltar sv. Katarine, bočni oltari sv. Elizabete i sv. Mihaela te rokoko oltar sv. Obitelji. Crkva je sagrađena 1704. godine na ostacima svetišta nekadašnje srednjovjekovne crkve. Visokim stupnjem očuvanosti izvornog, a naročito inventarom svrstava se među najvrednije sakralne objekte čazmanskog područja.

Kao župnik istaknuo se Josip Đurkovečki, koji je služio 35 godina od 1797. do 1832. godine. Odmah po dolasku u samaričku župu započeo je obnovu tornja i unutrašnjosti župne crkve sv. Katarine, a o svojem je trošku u Mariboru za 500 forinti kupio orgulje. Kada je crkva potpuno uređena i obnovljena, blagoslovio ju je 30. lipnja 1805. zagrebački biskup Maksimilijan Vrhovac, o čemu svjedoči i spomen-ploča u crkvi.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2242 vodi se kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji

Crkva sv. Katarine u Samarici


Bob and George was a sprite-based webcomic which parodied the fictional universe of Mega Man. It was written by David Anez, who at the time was a physics instructor living in the American Midwest. The comic first appeared on April 1, 2000, and ran until July 28, 2007. It was updated daily, with there being only 29 days without a comic in its seven years of production and with 2568 comics being made altogether.

Most Bob and George strips are still images. The initial strips were mostly done in GIF format (occasionally using JPEG for more graphic-intensive comics) before converting to PNG in May 2004. In addition, occasional comics are animated using either animated GIFs or Macromedia Flash. Some of the Flash comics have the characters speaking, voiced by Anez and others (often forum members). Animated comics are generally used for the annual week-long anniversary parties (usually culminating in a brief animated comic that recaps the events of the past year in a matter of seconds), for especially climactic scenes, and for a series of videos depicting an in-comic event known as "the Cataclysm".

The comic's plot is mostly made up of story arcs of varying lengths. Amongst past story arcs there have been retellings of various Mega Man games (which often play out quite differently from the originals), as well as battles against powerful foes. In addition, many of the story arcs involve time travel, dimensional travel, and villains who want to kill all the characters.

History

Bob and George was originally planned to be a hand-drawn webcomic about the college adventures of the two titular brothers. Slated to start on April 1, 2000, the plan fell through because Anez did not have a scanner with which to scan his drawings. He stated "I was hoping to use my friend's scanner, but he was never around." He instead released a sequence of filler comics using Mega Man sprites, which he intended to be a temporary measure until he gained access to a scanner, at which point he would implement his initial plan involving the hand drawn comics. He eventually purchased a scanner, and on June 1 he released the hand-drawn comic.

The hand-drawn comic was to revolve around a group of superheroes attending college. Neither the initial attempt nor a later attempt at it went well, and both times he returned to the Mega Man sprite comic. Anez has stated that he hated the hand-drawn comic. The hand-drawn comic made something of a return in the storyline "All Good Things"—the hand-drawn format is used to represent George's home dimension, though this time drawn by Liss, Dave's wife. Dave stated the reason for this is he realized that he still could not draw, and was not going to get any better.

However, this meant that the comic strip was titled "Bob and George", but did not contain any characters named "Bob" or "George". This was fixed with the introduction of sprite versions of the two characters into the comic. Bob is depicted as a gray Proto Man recolor while George is a Mega Man recolor with blond hair and no helmet.

David planned to end the comic by April 1, 2007, which is the end of the seventh year of the comic's run. However, the story took longer than expected, and the comic ended on Anez's birthday, July 28, 2007. There were a total of 2,658 daily comics produced.

Significance
While not the first webcomic to ever use video game sprites in place of hand-drawn art, Bob and George is noted as being the first sprite comic to gain widespread popularity and the originator of the sprite comic "craze". At the height of its readership in 2004, Bob and George held an Alexa traffic rank of around 20,000. Anez's comic "paved the way" for the creation of numerous other sprite comics, including Oldskooled, Life of Wily, and Brian Clevinger's 8-Bit Theater. Clevinger has called Anez "the Father of Sprite Comics" for his role in popularizing the phenomenon, and directly credits a friend showing him Anez's Bob and George for his inspiration to make his comic. Regarding the use of sprites in a comic, Clevinger has said,

Cast

Bob and George has a large cast of characters consisting of characters from the Mega Man series of games, as well as original characters created by Anez and others.
 Mega Man – the robotic protagonist of the original Mega Man video game series.
 The Author – the (nearly) all-powerful being who creates the comic. He appears as a blue/purple palette swap of Mega Man without his helmet. Alternate versions of The Author, such as "The Helmeted Author" and "The Shadowy Author", appear in Bob and George as antagonists.
 Bob – the younger, evil, and more mature brother of George. His alter-ego is Napalm, a super-powered being with control over fire. He is very adept at programming. He is a grey palette swap of Proto Man, with red hair underneath his helmet. His abilities in combat and his intelligence surpass most of the other characters, to the point he's referred to himself as a Mary Sue.
 George – heroic where his younger brother Bob is villainous. His alter-ego is Blitz, a super hero with control over lightning. George is a light blue and grey palette swap of helmet-less Mega Man with flat, blonde hair.

Other characters featured in Bob and George include Proto Man, Dr. Light, Roll, and Bass. Mega Man characters such as Dr. Wily, X, and Zero are featured in Bob and George as villains and adversaries.

Storyline
The plot of Bob and George involves various re-tellings of the plot from the Mega Man video games, interspersed with the characters interacting and sometimes battling villains of Anez's own creation. Time travel and inter-dimensional travel are common occurrences, with many of the characters hailing from dimensions (or times) other than that of the main continuity. This leads to a number of temporal paradoxes.

Story lines frequently involve breaking the fourth wall, with the strips' author being a regular character. A running theme of the comic is that most, if not all, of the characters are fully aware that they are in a webcomic.

References

External links

 Interview with David Anez
 A history of the comic's production, as described by a short series of comics from March 2005.

2000s webcomics
Sprite webcomics
American comedy webcomics
Mega Man
Video game webcomics
2000 webcomic debuts

Bob and George


Koma er en dansk kortfilm fra 2006 instrueret af Kasper Bisgaard og efter manuskript af Jacob Weinreich.

Handling
Filmen handler om den 16-årige Jonas, som bliver tvunget til at skulle vælge mellem sin gamle ven Mikkel, der har et overfald på samvittigheden, og sin nye kæreste Sofia, hvis bror er offeret for Mikkels overfald.

Medvirkende
 Micky Skeel Hansen
 Jon Bülow Stage
 Cyron Melville
 Mathilde Bang

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

Koma (film)


Dance notation is the symbolic representation of human dance movement and form, using methods such as graphic symbols and figures, path mapping, numerical systems, and letter and word notations. Several dance notation systems have been invented, many of which are designed to document specific types of dance while others have been developed with capturing the broader spectrum of human movement potential. A dance score is a recorded dance notation that describes a particular dance.

Usage

The primary uses of dance notation are historical dance preservation through documentation and analysis (e.g., in ethnochoreology) or reconstruction of choreography, dance forms, and technical exercises. Dance notation systems also allow for dance works to be documented and therefore potentially copyrighted.

Two popular dance notation systems used in Western culture are Labanotation (also known as Kinetography Laban) and Benesh Movement Notation. Others include Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation and DanceWriting.

Many dance notation systems are designed for specific types of dance. Some examples include Shorthand Dance Notation for dances from Israel, Morris Dance Notation for Morris dance, and Beauchamp–Feuillet Notation for Baroque dance. As a result, these systems usually cannot effectively describe other types of dance.

History

In the 1680s, Pierre Beauchamp invented a dance notation system for Baroque dance. His system, known as Beauchamp–Feuillet notation, was published in 1700 by Raoul Auger Feuillet and used to record dances throughout the eighteenth century.

A well-known collection of dance scores is the Sergeyev Collection, recorded using Vladimir Ivanovich Stepanov's notation method (1892). This collection documents the Imperial Ballet's (today the Kirov/Mariinsky Ballet) repertoire from the turn of the 20th century, including Marius Petipa's original choreographic designs for The Sleeping Beauty, Giselle, Le Corsaire, and Swan Lake, as well as Coppélia and the original version of The Nutcracker. It was with this collection that many of these works were first staged outside Russia.

In 1934, the composer Joseph Schillinger created a highly accurate notation system based on the 3D bone rotation and translation of a moving dancer. With motion capture technology half a century in the future, there was no way to effectively measure and record this information at the time.

In 1948, Hanya Holm became the first Broadway choreographer to have her dance scores copyrighted, for her work on Kiss Me, Kate.

In 1951, Stanley D. Kahn published Kahnotation, a dance notation system specific to tap dance.

In 1956, Rudolf and Joan Benesh first published Benesh Movement Notation, a written system for recording human movement. It is most widely used in the recording and restaging of dance works.

In 1958, Eshkol and Wachman published an exposition of their movement notation.

In 1969, Romanian choreographer Theodor Vasilescu published a dance notation system for Romanian folk dances.

In the 1970s, North Korean choreographer U Chang-sop developed a system of dance notation for Korean dance called the Chamo System of Dance Notation, which uses pictorially based symbols.

In 1975, Ann Hutchinson Guest reconstructed choreographer Arthur Saint-Léon's Pas de Six from his 1844 ballet La Vivandière, along with its original music by composer Cesare Pugni, for the Joffrey Ballet. The piece was reconstructed from Saint-Léon's work, which was documented using his own method of dance notation, known as La Sténochorégraphie.

In 1982, the first computerized notation system—the DOM dance notation system—was created by Eddie Dombrower for the Apple II personal computer. The system displayed an animated figure on the screen that performed dance moves specified by the choreographer.

In 2017, Felipe Hsieh created Tango Notation, a dance notation system specific to Argentine tango.

See also
Action stroke dance notation
Motif description, a subset of Labanotation

References

Further reading
 Cage, J. and Knowles, A. (1973) Notations. Reprint Services Corp.
 Drewes, Henner (2003) Transformationen – Bewegung in Notation und digitaler Verarbeitung in Fellsches, J (Ed) Folkwang-Texte Bd. 18. Verlag Die Blaue Eule, Essen.
 Hutchinson Guest, A. (1989) Choreographics: a comparison of dance notation systems from the fifteenth century to the present. Routledge
 Kahn, Stanley D. (1951). "presenting Kahnotation: the K-Symbols for writing Tap Dancing"
 Neagle, R.J. and Ng, K.C. (July 2003) Machine-representation and visualisation of a dance notation in Proceedings of electronic imaging and the visual arts. London

 Felipe Hsieh (May 2018) Initial Tango - INITIAL TANGO: the tango ideogam writing system.
 Felipe Hsieh (July 2020) TANGOBOOK: Dance Notation of The Classic Tango.

External links

 Sutton DanceWriting

zh-yue:舞譜

Notation

Dance notation


Practice or practise may refer to:

Education and learning
 Practice (learning method), a method of learning by repetition
 Phantom practice, phenomenon in which a person's abilities continue to improve, even without practicing
 Practice-based professional learning

Medical and pharmacy

 Medical practice, providing healthcare

Law
 Legal practice
 Practice of law

Art, media, and entertainment
 Practice chanter, a musical instrument used to practice the Great Highland bagpipes
 The Practice, a television series about a legal practice

Other
 Best practice
 Practice theory, a family of theories in sociology
 Spiritual practice
 Standards and Practices, a conventional, traditional, or otherwise standardised method

See also
 The Practice (disambiguation)
 Praxis (disambiguation)

Practice


Fred Rosner, né le 3 octobre 1935 à Berlin, en Allemagne est un médecin américain d'origine allemande, juif orthodoxe, professeur de médecine à Mount Sinai School of Medicine à New York, directeur du départemment de médecine du  Queens Hospital Center. Il est un expert en éthique médicale juive.

Biographie
Fred Rosner est né le 3 octobre 1935 à Berlin, en Allemagne. À l'âge de 3 ans, avec son frère, il quitte l'Allemagne pour le Royaume-Uni par le dernier bateau affrété pour le Kindertransport.

New York
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il immigre aux États-Unis.

Il étudie à l'université Yeshiva de New York. Il finit ses études de médecine (M.D.) au Albert Einstein College of Medicine, avec la première classe terminale de 1959.

Œuvres
  The Existence and Unity of God.
  Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics.
  Medicine in the Mishneh Torah of Maimonides.
  Medicine and the Jewish Law.
  Jewish Bioethics.
  Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Bible and in the Talmud.
  Moses Maimonides' Treatise on Resurrection.
  Medical Encyclopedia of Moses Maimonides.
  Maimonides' Commentary on the Mishnah. Tractate Sanhedrin.
  Sex Ethics in the Writings of Moses Maimonides.
  Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics.
  Contemporary Biomedical Ethical Issues and Jewish Law
  Practical Medical Halachah.
  The Medical Legacy of Moses Maimonides
  Pioneers in Jewish Medical Ethics

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Moïse Maïmonide
 Débat au sujet de l'avortement
 Messie dans le judaïsme
 Histoire de la médecine dentaire
 Doctrine du judaïsme sur l'avortement
 Doctrine catholique sur le Décalogue
 1230 en santé et médecine
 1238
 Moshe David Tendler
 Daniel Béresniak
 Point de vue religieux sur la transidentité
 Samuel S. Kottek

Liens externes

 Fred Rosner. Publications & Citations Over Time.

Naissance en octobre 1935
Naissance à Berlin
Médecin américain du XXe siècle
Bioéthique
Éthique juive
Judaïsme et science
Judaïsme orthodoxe
Naissance dans le Troisième Reich

Fred Rosner


Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mu'azzam Shah (Jawi: ; 24 October 1930 – 22 May 2019) was the fifth modern Sultan of Pahang, and also served as the seventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia from 26 April 1979 to 25 April 1984. His abdication as Sultan was decided by the Royal Council at an extraordinary meeting on 11 January 2019. A special amendment was passed on the state constitution that gave the body more power for this decision, citing the Sultan's incapability to rule due to his failing health. The abdication announced the next day which was retroactively effective on the day of the Royal Council meeting, paving the way to his son, Abdullah to succeed him as Sultan immediately, and subsequently be elected as the next Yang di-Pertuan Agong later the same month.

Biography

Born on at 12:00 pm. Friday 24 October 1930 at Istana Mangga Tunggal, Pekan, Pahang. he was the only son of Sultan Abu Bakar Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mu'azzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdullah Al-Mu'tassim Billah Shah (reigned 1932–died 1974) by his official and royal consort, Tengku Ampuan Besar Raja Fatimah binti Almarhum Sultan Iskandar Shah Kaddasullah (1910–1988), a princess of Perak royal family.

A student of the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, he received diplomas in public administration from Worcester College, Oxford and the University of Exeter.  He succeeded his father as sultan in 1974.

His election as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 1979 was marked with controversy as he was said to be at odds with the incoming prime minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad.  However, the rumours proved to be untrue and he proved to be a keen admirer of the prime minister.  Twenty-two years earlier, his father Abu Bakar had failed five times to be elected as the first Agong.

A controversial, headstrong personality, he has often forced his chief ministers in Pahang to resign over minor differences.

His favourite hobby was playing football, golf, polo, and equestrian activities.

Sultan Ahmad Shah is a keen sportsman and was the President of the Malaysian Football Association (FAM) from 1984 until 2014, the President of Asian Football Confederation (AFC) until 2002 and Asean Football Federation (AFF) 2011 until 2019.

His official and royal consort, Tengku Ampuan Afzan binti Tengku Panglima Perang Muhammad, a member of the Terengganu royal family, served as his Raja Permaisuri Agong but died of cancer on her return to Pahang on 29 June 1988.  Sultan Ahmad Shah's second wife Kalsom binti Abdullah (nee Anita), was designated as the Sultanah of Pahang in 1991. They then both had a child, Tengku Arif Temenggong Pahang Tengku Fahd Mua'adzam.

Abdication and death

After being ill for some time, Sultan Ahmad Shah abdicated with effect from 11 January 2019 (when it was the turn of Pahang to provide the Agong) upon the amendment of the state's constitution. On 22 May 2019, Sultan Ahmad Shah died at 8:50 am at the National Heart Institute, Kuala Lumpur at aged 88.   He was laid to rest next to the grave of his late wife, Tengku Ampuan Afzan at the Pahang Royal Mausoleum near Abu Bakar Royal Mosque in Pekan, Pahang. The state of Pahang observed 40 days of mourning, and Pahang flags across the state were flown at half-mast, while all entertainment events for the next 3 days were cancelled.

Issue

Awards and recognitions

Honours

As the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1979 to 1984, Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah was automatically designated under constitutional provisions as the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, holding the rank of the Field Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Admiral of the Royal Malaysian Navy and Field Marshal of the Army.

Until he stepped down in 2019 he was the RMAF's Colonel in Chief and appeared at official RMAF ceremonies.

He has been awarded :

Honours of Pahang

   :
  Founding Grand Master and Member (DKP) of the Royal Family Order of Pahang (since 24 October 1977)
  Grand Master and Member 1st class (DK I) of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (since 1974)
  Founding Grand Master of the Grand Royal Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SDSA, since 23 October 2010)
  Founding Grand Master and Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP, since 24 October 1977)
  Knight Companion (DIMP), Grand Knight (SIMP) and Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (since 1974)
  Sultan Abu Bakar Silver Jubilee Medal (24 June 1957)

National
  (as Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 29 March 1979 – 25 April 1984) :
  Recipient of Order of the Royal House of Malaysia (DKM)
  Recipient (DMN) and Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
  Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
  Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
  Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of Merit of Malaysia
  Grand Master (1979-1984) of the Order of the Royal Household of Malaysia
  :
  Sultan Ismail Coronation Medal (10 February 1960)
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato' (1972)
  First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I) (1 November 1975)
  Sultan Ibrahim Coronation Medal (23 March 2015)
  :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK)
  :
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK)
  :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan (DKNS)
  :
  Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1970)
 Member of the  Royal Family Order of Perak (DK) (1975)
  :
  Recipient of the Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (DK)
  :
  First Class of the Royal Family Order of Selangor (DK I) (1987)
  :
  Member first class of the Family Order of Terengganu (DK I)

Foreign
  :
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (26 September 2006)
  :
 Recipient of Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (DKMB)
 First Class of the Family Order of Laila Utama (DK) - Dato Laila Utama (1980)
  :
 Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great
  :
 Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania 1st class (25 November 1982)
  :
 Badr Chain (January 1982)
  :
 Grand Order of Mugunghwa
  :
 Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (2 June 1953)

Places named after him

Several places were named after him, including:

 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Campus (Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) branch campus) in Muadzam Shah, Pahang
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Science Secondary School (SEMSAS), a secondary school in Kuantan, Pahang
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Science School Pekan (SHAH Pekan), a secondary school in Pekan, Pahang
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah Vocational College, a vocational college in Kuala Lipis Pahang
 Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang Islamic University College (KUIPSAS)
 Sultan Ahmad Shah Polytechnic (POLISAS), a polytechnic in Kuantan, Pahang
 Ma'ahad As-Sultan Ahmad Shah Ad-Dini, a secondary school in Bandar Tun Razak, Jengka, Pahang
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah Mosque in Temerloh, Pahang
 Sultan Ahmad Shah State Mosque at Kuantan
 Sultan Ahmad Shah Bridge (Temerloh Bridge) on Federal Route 2 at Temerloh
 Sultan Ahmad Shah II Bridge (Semantan Bridge) on East Coast Expressway at Semantan
 Sultan Ahmad Shah III Bridge (Chenor Bridge) at Chenor
 Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah (formerly Northam Road) in George Town, Penang
 Jalan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Kuala Lumpur (formerly Jalan Khidmat Usaha)
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport, an airport in Kuantan, Pahang
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Hospital (formerly Hospital Temerloh) in Temerloh, Pahang
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Cup (Charity Shield Malaysia)
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Mosque, International Islamic University Malaysia Gombak Campus
 Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Mosque, International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan Campus
 Sekolah Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, a primary school in Pekan, Pahang
 SMK Sultan Ahmad Shah, a secondary school in Cameron Highlands, Pahang
 Taman Pertanian Jubli Perak Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah in Kuantan, Pahang
 Pusat Jagaan Taman Pengasih Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah in Kuantan, Pahang
 Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah in Kajang, Selangor
 Pusat Kokurikulum Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Pahang
 Akademi Maritim Sultan Ahmad Shah (AMSAS) in Kuantan, Pahang

Ancestry

Notes

References

 Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia, Muthiah Alagappa, Stanford University Press, 2001,
 Information Malaysia, Published by Berita Publ. Sdn. Bhd., 1989
 The Europa Year Book, Europa Publications Limited, 1984,

External links

 PAHANG, HRH , Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abu Bakar Ri'Ayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah International Who's Who. accessed 1 September 2006.

Monarchs of Malaysia
Ahmad Shah
1930 births
2019 deaths
Ahmad Shah
Ahmad Shah
Marshals of the Royal Malaysian Air Force
Presidents of the Asian Football Confederation
Association football executives
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Monarchs who abdicated

Recipients of the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia
First Classes of Royal Family Order of Selangor
First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor
Members of the Royal Family Order of Kedah
First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu

Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
20th-century Malaysian politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Malaysia

Ahmad Shah of Pahang


La bombe GBU-10 Paveway 2 est une bombe américaine non motorisée à viseur laser basée sur la bombe largable Mk-84 mais la GBU-10 s'en distingue par l'adoption d'un viseur laser et de stabilisateur aérodynamique. Elle a été adoptée par l'USAF, l'US Navy, les US Marine Corps, l'armée de l'air australienne ainsi que quelques autres pays de l'OTAN dont la France.

Elle mesure  de long et  de large pour une distance franchissable d'environ .

Description

La GBU-10 a été construit en plus d'une demi-douzaine de variantes avec différentes combinaisons d'ailes et de détonateur. Le poids dépend de la configuration spécifique et varie de 932 à 954 kg. Les bombes GBU-10 (ainsi que le reste de la série des Paveway) sont produites par Lockheed Martin et Raytheon. Raytheon a commencé la production après avoir acheté la ligne de produits à Texas Instruments. Lockheed Martin a obtenu un contrat pour concurrencer Raytheon lorsqu'il y a eu une interruption de la production causée par le transfert de la fabrication hors du Texas.

La Paveway II est produite par Raytheon en l'Arizona, au Texas et au Nouveau-Mexique. La production de Lockheed Martin est en Pennsylvanie.

Les bombes guidées laser sont souvent qualifiées de "bombes intelligentes", bien qu'elles nécessitent un apport externe sous la forme d'une désignation laser de la cible visée. Selon la fiche d'information de Raytheon sur le Paveway 2, 99 largages de munitions guidées produisent une erreur circulaire probable (ECP) de seulement 3,6 pieds (1,1 m), contre une ECP de 310 pieds (94 m) pour 99 bombes non guidées larguées dans des conditions similaires.

Le 14 février 1991, une GBU-10 a permis de tuer en vol un F-15E Strike Eagle du 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron qui a touché un Mi-24 Hind de l'armée de l'air irakienne. 30 secondes après le tir, l'équipage du F-15E pensait que la bombe avait raté sa cible et s'apprêtait à tirer un missile air-air AIM-9 Sidewinder lorsque l'hélicoptère a soudainement explosé.

Lockheed Martin et Raytheon ont tous deux développé des versions de la GBU-10 guidées par GPS. Lockheed Martin appelle sa version DMLGB (Dual-Mode LGB) GPS/INS, et la marine américaine a passé un contrat avec Lockheed Martin en 2005 pour la poursuite du développement du ce système d'arme. La version équipée de GPS/INS de la GBU-10 produite par Raytheon est la GBU-50/B, également connue sous le nom informel d'EGBU-10 (les LGB équipés de GPS/INS sont souvent appelés Enhanced GBUs ou EGBU). Jusqu'à présent, les GBU Paveway II fabriquées par Raytheon n'ont été produites que pour l'exportation et ont été utilisées au combat par la Royal Air Force britannique en Afghanistan et en Irak.

Références

Bombe aérienne des Forces armées des États-Unis
Arme militaire fabriquée aux États-Unis

GBU-10


Timo Aulis Rautiainen (born 25 January 1963, in Sulkava, Finland) is a Finnish heavy metal singer, guitarist and songwriter. He is best known as the singer and songwriter of Timo Rautiainen & Trio Niskalaukaus. He has also sung and played guitar in the bands Lyijykomppania and Aku Ankkuli.

Career
Rautiainen graduated from the University of Jyväskylä as a teacher of special education. In the early stages of Trio Niskalaukaus, Rautiainen was commonly represented in the main media as "The Grim Teacher", because of his strong and rather gloomy lyrics and his occupation. However, in later years he concentrated solely on his musical career, resigning from his educational activities. Despite his earlier and solemn representation in Finnish media, he is actually a man with a good sense of humour, and he is characterized by his laid back nature on stage.

In December 2004, Timo Rautiainen & Trio Niskalaukaus announced that they would be going on break for an indefinite period. While the band was on hiatus, Rautiainen starred on the Finnish talk-show K-Rappu, which concentrated on culture. On 1 November 2006, Trio Niskalaukaus announced that they would be breaking up.

After the breakup, Rautiainen published his first solo album titled Sarvivuori in 2006 with a crew gathered from different bands. The album featured the talents of Nightwish founder Tuomas Holopainen (who also wrote one song) and former Children of Bodom guitarist, Alexander Kuoppala. On drums debuted renowned Finnish actor Jussi Lampi.

Initially Rautiainen was supposed to do only one solo album, but after the album's good reception and the band's highly successful summer tour he changed his mind. In 2007 his second solo album, Loppuun ajettu, was released. The line-up changed a bit, and Jarkko Petosalmi, former Trio Niskalaukaus guitarist, joined Rautiainen's solo band. The album entered the Finnish charts at #5 in its first week.

Discography

Albums
2006: Sarvivuori (The Horn Mountain)
2007: Loppuun ajettu (Used to the End)
2010: En oo keittäny enkä myyny (I Haven't Made, Neither Sold Booze)
2012: Kunnes elämä meidät erottaa (Until Life Do Us Part) (with Neljäs Sektori)

EPs
2006: Uskonnonpastori EP (The Pastor of Religion)

Singles & EPs
2006: "Punainen viiva" (The Red Line)
2006: "Sinulle" (For You)
2007: "Outolintu" (Mockingbird)
2008: "Rööperi"
2010: "Bacchuksen tiellä"

References

External links
 Official homepage

1963 births
Living people
People from Sulkava
Finnish heavy metal singers
20th-century Finnish male singers
21st-century Finnish male singers

Timo Rautiainen (musician)


Luciano Spalletti ()

A mai antrenat echipele Zenit Sankt Petersburg, club pe care l-a antrenat în perioada 2009–2014, Empoli, Sampdoria, Venezia, Ancona, Udinese (în două rânduri), AS Roma și Napoli cu care a devenit campion al Italiei în 2023.

Cu Udinese, Spalletti a reușit să se claseze pe locul patru în sezonul 2004–05 al Serie A. Pe AS Roma a condus-o până în finala Coppa Italia 2005–06 și a câștigat următoarele două ediții. De asemenea, sub conducerea sa, pe 26 februarie 2006, Roma a bătut recordul Serie A pentru cele mai multe victorii consecutive (11). În același an, 2006, Spalletti a fost numit "Antrenorul anului în Serie A". A revenit la AS Roma în perioada 2016–2017, unde a încheiat pentru a patra oară în postura de vicecampion al Italiei

Preluând echipa echipa Zenit Sankt Petersburg în decembrie 2009, Spalletti a condus-o în următorii trei ani spre câștigarea a două titluri de campioană a Rusiei (2010, 2011–12), Cupei Rusiei (2009–10) și a Supercupei Rusiei (2011).

Palmares
Empoli
Accedere în play-off-ul Serie C1 (1): 1995–96
Promovare în Serie B (1): 1996–97

Roma
Coppa Italia (2): 2006–07, 2007–08
Supercoppa Italiana (1): 2007
Vice-Campion Serie A (4): 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08,  2015–16, 2016–17

Zenit St. Petersburg
Campion Liga Rusă (2): 2009–10, 2011–12
Cupa Rusiei (1): 2009–10
Supercupa Rusiei (1): 2010–11

Statistici antrenorat

Referințe

Legături externe
Luciano Spalletti at Goal.com
Luciano Spalletti at Soccerbase.com
Profil pe zenit-history.ru

Nașteri în 1959
Fotbaliști italieni
Fotbaliști ai cluburilor din Italia
Antrenori italieni de fotbal
Antrenori ai cluburilor de fotbal din Italia
Antrenori ai cluburilor de fotbal din Rusia
Antrenori ai lui AS Roma
Mijlocași
Italieni în viață

Luciano Spalletti


O transportador de esteira (também conhecidos como Missile Crawler Transporter Facilities), são um par de veículos de rastros usados para transportar espaçonaves do Edifício de Montagem de Veículos (VAB) da Administração Nacional da Aeronáutica e Espaço (NASA) ao longo da pista Crawlerway até o Complexo 39 de lançamento do Centro Espacial Kennedy. Eles foram originalmente usados para transportar os foguetes Saturn IB e V durante os programas Apollo, Skylab e Apollo–Soyuz. Foram então usados para transportar ônibus espaciais de 1981 a 2011. Os transportadores de esteira transportam veículos nas plataformas de lançamento móvel usadas pela NASA, e após cada lançamento retornam às plataformas ao VAB.

Os dois transportadores de esteiras foram projetados e construídos pela Marion Power Shovel Company usando alguns componentes projetados e construídos pela Rockwell International a um custo de 14 milhões de dólares a unidade (128,5 milhões em 2022). Após sua construção, o transportador de esteiras tornou-se o maior veículo terrestre automotor do mundo até ser derrotado em 2013 com a produção do guindaste sobre esteiras ultrapesado XGC88000. Enquanto outros veículos de escavadeiras, como Bagger 288, Big Muskie e Marion 6360 são significativamente maiores, sendo alimentados por fontes externas.

Os dois transportadores de esteiras foram adicionados ao Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos em 21 de janeiro de 2000.

Ligações externas

 Virtual tour of Crawler-Transporter 2 upgrades no Nasatech.net

Veículos da NASA
Programa de ônibus espaciais
Veículos com lagartas
Veículos introduzidos em 1965

Transportador de esteira rolante


Os der valgte Mælkevejen er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2015 instrueret af Eva Marie Rødbro.

Handling
Cremefarvede akrylnegle, lange nylonvipper og hår fra Indien. Hyggesokker og bamsestøvler, solkur og similisten. Alting her er ligeså ægte som de drømme du drømmer med åbne eller lukkede øjne. Et antropologisk besøg hos en hemmelighedsfuld stamme af unge pigebørn på planeten Jorden .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

Os der valgte Mælkevejen


An Chusquea maculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lynn G. Clark. An Chusquea maculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chusquea, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chusquea

Chusquea maculata


El Señor de Sipán a fost un conducător din perioada culturii moche din secolul al treilea, al cărei domeniu cuprindea partea de nord a Peru. Arheologul peruvian Walter Alva, împreună cu echipa sa, a descoperit mormântul acestui Señor de Sipán în 1987. Descoperirea acestor morminte regale a marcat o etapă importantă în arheologia continentului american, pentru că, pentru prima dată, a fost găsit intact și fără urme de jaf, un mormânt regal al unei civilizații peruviene preincase. Sicriul de lemn în care a fost găsit, a fost primul de acest tip care a fost găsit în America și a arătat bogăția și măreția singurului conducător și războinic antic din Peru descoperit până atunci, și care a trăit în jurul anului 250 era noastră.

Situarea geografică
Descoperirea a fost făcută în orașul Sipán în Chiclayo, aparținând districtului de Zaña; a aparținut culturii Mochica, în care era adorat zeul Ai Apaec ca principală divinitate, chiar dacă venerau și Marea și Luna. Cu toate acestea, originea sa este încă în dezbatere, din cauză că istoricul japonez Izumi Shimada îi atribuie o nouă origine, alta decât cultura Mochica; de obicei, este atribuit culturii Lambayeque, diferența între aceste culturi constând în modul rafinat de lucrare a bijuteriilor și a celorlalte artefacte; în plus ar fi vorba de zeul Naylamp.

Descoperirea

Aproximativ 600 de obiecte care au fost recuperate în mormântul  Señorului de Sipán; iese în evidență îmbrăcămintea, care măsoară aproximativ 1.67 m, apoi trei perechi de cercei de aur și turcoaz și un colier format din douăzeci de alune, dintre care zece sunt din argint și zece din aur, referindu-se la dualitatea prezentă în cosmoviziunea mochica. Este un simbol religios principalilor zei, Soarele și Luna, și se referă la vizualizarea ambilor zei pe cer într-un moment al zilei. Adică echilibrul perfect dorit, în conformitate cu mitologia mochica. În plus arahidele, însemnau începutul, renașterea.

Lângă Señor de Sipán au mai fost găsite rămășițele altor opt persoane, trei femei, patru bărbați și un băiat. Se crede că femeile ar fi fost concubine, în timp ce bărbații au fost interpretați ca fiind: un comandant militar, doi paznici și un soldat, aceștia din urmă cu picioarele amputate. În plus, s-au găsit rămășițele a două lame și a unui câine.

Preotul
Sub mormântul Señorului de Sipán, au fost găsit două morminte, acela al unui preot și acela al Bătrânului Señor de Sipán.

În cel al preotului, au fost găsite piese care indicau că acesta ar fi fost unul dintre personajele principale în ierarhia religioasă a Civilizației Mochica. Acest preot, conform analizei ADN efectuate, a fost contemporan cu Señor de Sipán. Între piesele găsite, se disting ca simboluri religioase, soarele și luna, cupa sau bolul pentru sacrificii, o coroană de cupru poleită cu aur și împodobită cu o bufniță cu aripile întinse, și alte obiecte pentru cultul Soarelui și a Lunii. Este limpede că era un teocrat.

Bătrânul Señor de Sipán
Cu toate acestea, prin aceeași analiză a ADN-ului, s-a dovedit că, cu o diferență de patru generații, Bătrânul Señor de Sipána fost un strămoș direct al lui Señor de Sipán, deci se poate presupune că ierarhia era ereditară.

ADN-ul
Bazându-se pe teste de ADN și arheologice s-a putut să se stabilească caracteristicile lui Señor de Sipán cum ar fi culoarea pielii, forma buzelor, culoarea părului, a ochilor și alte trăsături fizionomice. De asemenea, savanții au fost în măsură să stabilească și vârsta, astfel că reconstrucția fizică corespunde întrutotul realității. A avut Rh negativ, ceea ce indică faptul că el a avut un tip de sânge puțin frecvent.

Muzeul

Având în vedere importanța colosală a descoperirii, cercetătorul și savantul Walter Alva a impulsionat construirea unui muzeu numit Mormintele Regale din Sipán, care a fost inaugurat în anul 2002. Acesta este situat în Lambayeque, și a fost inspirat de vechi piramide trunchiate din Civilizația Moche prehispanică, (secolul VII d. Cr.). Muzeul are în custodie mai mult de două mii de piese din aur.

Vezi și
 Peru
 Cultura Nazca

Referințe

Mumii
Istoria statului Peru

Señor de Sipán


Josip Giuseppe Modrić, hrvatski putopisac
Josip Modrić (teolog), hrvatski teolog i glazbenik

Josip Modrić


Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and the principles of formal classical architecture from ancient Greek and Roman traditions. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture developed into the style known as Palladianism.

Palladianism emerged in England in the early 17th century, led by Inigo Jones, whose Queen's House at Greenwich has been described as the first English Palladian building. Its development faltered at the onset of the English Civil War. After the Stuart Restoration, the architectural landscape was dominated by the more flamboyant English Baroque. Palladianism returned to fashion after a reaction against the Baroque in the early 18th century, fuelled by the publication of a number of architectural books, including Palladio's own I quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture) and Colen Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus. Campbell's book included illustrations of Wanstead House, a building he designed on the outskirts of London and one of the largest and most influential of the early neo-Palladian houses. The movement's resurgence was championed by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, whose buildings for himself, such as Chiswick House and Burlington House, became celebrated. Burlington sponsored the career of the artist, architect and landscaper William Kent, and their joint creation, Holkham Hall in Norfolk, has been described as "the most splendid Palladian house in England". By the middle of the century Palladianism had become almost the national architectural style, epitomised by Kent's Horse Guards at the centre of the nation's capital.

The Palladian style was also widely used throughout Europe, often in response to English influences. In Prussia the critic and courtier Francesco Algarotti corresponded with Burlington about his efforts to persuade Frederick the Great of the merits of the style, while Knobelsdorff's opera house in Berlin on the Unter den Linden, begun in 1741, was based on Campbell's Wanstead House. Later in the century, when the style was losing favour in Europe, Palladianism had a surge in popularity throughout the British colonies in North America. Thomas Jefferson sought out Palladian examples, which themselves drew on buildings from the time of the Roman Republic, to develop a new architectural style for the American Republic. Examples include the Hammond–Harwood House in Maryland and Jefferson's own house, Monticello, in Virginia. The Palladian style was also adopted in other British colonies, including those in the Indian subcontinent.

In the 19th century, Palladianism was overtaken in popularity by Neoclassical architecture in both Europe and in North America. By the middle of that century, both were challenged and then superseded by the Gothic Revival in the English-speaking world, whose champions such as Augustus Pugin, remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples, deemed the style too pagan for true Christian worship. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Palladianism has continued to evolve as an architectural style; its pediments, symmetry and proportions are evident in the design of many modern buildings, while its inspirer is regularly cited as having been among the world's most influential architects.

Palladio's architecture

Andrea Palladio was born in Padua in 1508, the son of a stonemason. He was inspired by Roman buildings, the writings of Vitruvius (80 BC), and his immediate predecessors Donato Bramante and Raphael. Palladio aspired to an architectural style that used symmetry and proportion to emulate the grandeur of classical buildings. His surviving buildings are in Venice, the Veneto region, and Vicenza, and include villas and churches such as the Basilica del Redentore in Venice. Palladio's architectural treatises follow the approach defined by Vitruvius and his 15th-century disciple Leon Battista Alberti, who adhered to principles of classical Roman architecture based on mathematical proportions rather than the ornamental style of the Renaissance. Palladio recorded and publicised his work in the 1570 four-volume illustrated study, I quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture).

Palladio's villas are designed to fit with their setting. If on a hill, such as Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana (Villa Capra, or La Rotonda), façades were of equal value so that occupants could enjoy views in all directions. Porticos were built on all sides to enable the residents to appreciate the countryside while remaining protected from the sun. Palladio sometimes used a loggia as an alternative to the portico. This is most simply described as a recessed portico, or an internal single storey room with pierced walls that are open to the elements. Occasionally a loggia would be placed at second floor level over the top of another loggia, creating what was known as a double loggia. Loggias were sometimes given significance in a façade by being surmounted by a pediment. Villa Godi's focal point is a loggia rather than a portico, with loggias terminating each end of the main building.

Palladio would often model his villa elevations on Roman temple façades. The temple influence, often in a cruciform design, later became a trademark of his work. Palladian villas are usually built with three floors: a rusticated basement or ground floor, containing the service and minor rooms; above this, the piano nobile (noble level), accessed through a portico reached by a flight of external steps, containing the principal reception and bedrooms; and lastly a low mezzanine floor with secondary bedrooms and accommodation. The proportions of each room (for example, height and width) within the villa were calculated on simple mathematical ratios like 3:4 and 4:5. The arrangement of the different rooms within the house, and the external façades, were similarly determined. Earlier architects had used these formulas for balancing a single symmetrical façade; however, Palladio's designs related to the entire structure. Palladio set out his views in I quattro libri dell'architettura: "beauty will result from the form and correspondence of the whole, with respect to the several parts, of the parts with regard to each other, and of these again to the whole; that the structure may appear an entire and complete body, wherein each member agrees with the other, and all necessary to compose what you intend to form."

Palladio considered the dual purpose of his villas as the centres of farming estates and weekend retreats. These symmetrical temple-like houses often have equally symmetrical, but low, wings, or barchessas, sweeping away from them to accommodate horses, farm animals, and agricultural stores. The wings, sometimes detached and connected to the villa by colonnades, were designed not only to be functional but also to complement and accentuate the villa. Palladio did not intend them to be part of the main house, but the development of the wings to become integral parts of the main building – undertaken by Palladio's followers in the 18th century – became one of the defining characteristics of Palladianism.

Venetian and Palladian windows

Palladian, Serlian, or Venetian windows are a trademark of Palladio's early career. There are two different versions of the motif: the simpler one is called a Venetian window, and the more elaborate a Palladian window or "Palladian motif", although this distinction is not always observed.

The Venetian window has three parts: a central high round-arched opening, and two smaller rectangular openings to the sides. The side windows are topped by lintels and supported by columns. This is derived from the ancient Roman triumphal arch, and was first used outside Venice by Donato Bramante and later mentioned by Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) in his seven-volume architectural book Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva (All the Works of Architecture and Perspective) expounding the ideals of Vitruvius and Roman architecture. It can be used in series, but is often only used once in a façade, as at New Wardour Castle, or once at each end, as on the inner façade of Burlington House (true Palladian windows).

Palladio's elaboration of this, normally used in a series, places a larger or giant order in between each window, and doubles the small columns supporting the side lintels, placing the second column behind rather than beside the first. This was introduced in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice by Jacopo Sansovino (1537), and heavily adopted by Palladio in the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza, where it is used on both storeys; this feature was less often copied. The openings in this elaboration are not strictly windows, as they enclose a loggia. Pilasters might replace columns, as in other contexts. Sir John Summerson suggests that the omission of the doubled columns may be allowed, but the term "Palladian motif" should be confined to cases where the larger order is present.

Palladio used these elements extensively, for example in very simple form in his entrance to Villa Forni Cerato. It is perhaps this extensive use of the motif in the Veneto that has given the window its alternative name of the Venetian window. Whatever the name or the origin, this form of window has become one of the most enduring features of Palladio's work seen in the later architectural styles evolved from Palladianism. According to James Lees-Milne, its first appearance in Britain was in the remodelled wings of Burlington House, London, where the immediate source was in the English court architect Inigo Jones's designs for Whitehall Palace rather than drawn from Palladio himself. Lees-Milne describes the Burlington window as "the earliest example of the revived Venetian window in England".

A variant, in which the motif is enclosed within a relieving blind arch that unifies the motif, is not Palladian, though Richard Boyle seems to have assumed it was so, in using a drawing in his possession showing three such features in a plain wall. Modern scholarship attributes the drawing to Vincenzo Scamozzi. Burlington employed the motif in 1721 for an elevation of Tottenham Park in Savernake Forest for his brother-in-law Lord Bruce (since remodelled). William Kent used it in his designs for the Houses of Parliament, and it appears in his executed designs for the north front of Holkham Hall. Another example is Claydon House, in Buckinghamshire; the remaining fragment is one wing of what was intended to be one of two flanking wings to a vast Palladian house. The scheme was never completed and parts of what was built have since been demolished.

Early Palladianism

During the 17th century, many architects studying in Italy learned of Palladio's work, and on returning home adopted his style, leading to its widespread use across Europe and North America. Isolated forms of Palladianism throughout the world were brought about in this way, although the style did not reach the zenith of its popularity until the 18th century. An early reaction to the excesses of Baroque architecture in Venice manifested itself as a return to Palladian principles. The earliest neo-Palladians there were the exact contemporaries Domenico Rossi (1657–1737) and Andrea Tirali (1657–1737). Their biographer, Tommaso Temanza, proved to be the movement's most able proponent; in his writings, Palladio's visual inheritance became increasingly codified and moved towards neoclassicism.

The most influential follower of Palladio was Inigo Jones, who travelled throughout Italy with the art collector Earl of Arundel in 1613–1614, annotating his copy of Palladio's treatise. The "Palladianism" of Jones and his contemporaries and later followers was a style largely of façades, with the mathematical formulae dictating layout not strictly applied. A handful of country houses in England built between 1640 and 1680 are in this style. These follow the success of Jones's Palladian designs for the Queen's House at Greenwich, the first English Palladian house, and the Banqueting House at Whitehall, the uncompleted royal palace in London of Charles I.

Palladian designs advocated by Jones were too closely associated with the court of Charles I to survive the turmoil of the English Civil War. Following the Stuart restoration, Jones's Palladianism was eclipsed by the Baroque designs of such architects as William Talman, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, and Jones's pupil John Webb.

Neo-Palladianism

English Palladian architecture

The Baroque style proved highly popular in continental Europe, but was often viewed with suspicion in England, where it was considered "theatrical, exuberant and Catholic." It was superseded in Britain in the first quarter of the 18th century when four books highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture. These were:
 Vitruvius Britannicus (The British Architect), published by Colen Campbell in 1715 (of which supplemental volumes appeared through the century);
 I quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture), by Palladio himself, translated by Giacomo Leoni and published from 1715 onwards;
  (On the Art of Building), by Leon Battista Alberti, translated by Giacomo Leoni and published in 1726; and
 The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs, published by William Kent in two volumes in 1727. A further volume, Some Designs of Mr. Inigo Jones and Mr. William Kent was published in 1744 by the architect John Vardy, an associate of Kent.

The most favoured among patrons was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Campbell, The series contains architectural prints of British buildings inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio; at first mainly those of Inigo Jones, but the later works contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. These four books greatly contributed to Palladian architecture becoming established in 18th-century Britain. Campbell and Kent became the most fashionable and sought-after architects of the era. Campbell had placed his 1715 designs for the colossal Wanstead House near to the front of Vitruvius Britannicus, immediately following the engravings of buildings by Jones and Webb, "as an exemplar of what new architecture should be". On the strength of the book, Campbell was chosen as the architect for Henry Hoare I's Stourhead house. Hoare's brother-in-law, William Benson, had designed Wilbury House, the earliest 18th-century Palladian house in Wiltshire, which Campbell had also illustrated in Vitruvius Britannicus.

At the forefront of the new school of design was the "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, according to Dan Cruikshank the "man responsible for this curious elevation of Palladianism to the rank of a quasi-religion". In 1729 he and Kent designed Chiswick House. This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of English Palladianism.

In 1734 Kent and Burlington designed Holkham Hall in Norfolk. James Stevens Curl considers it "the most splendid Palladian house in England". The main block of the house followed Palladio's dictates, but his low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. Kent attached them to the design, banished the farm animals, and elevated the wings to almost the same importance as the house itself. It was the development of the flanking wings that was to cause English Palladianism to evolve from being a pastiche of Palladio's original work. Wings were frequently adorned with porticos and pediments, often resembling, as at the much later Kedleston Hall, small country houses in their own right.

Architectural styles evolve and change to suit the requirements of each individual client. When in 1746 the Duke of Bedford decided to rebuild Woburn Abbey, he chose the fashionable Palladian style, and selected the architect Henry Flitcroft, a protégé of Burlington. Flitcroft's designs, while Palladian in nature, had to comply with the Duke's determination that the plan and footprint of the earlier house, originally a Cistercian monastery, be retained. The central block is small, has only three bays, while the temple-like portico is merely suggested, and is closed. Two great flanking wings containing a vast suite of state rooms replace the walls or colonnades which should have connected to the farm buildings; the farm buildings terminating the structure are elevated in height to match the central block and given Palladian windows, to ensure they are seen as of Palladian design. This development of the style was to be repeated in many houses and town halls in Britain over one hundred years. Often the terminating blocks would have blind porticos and pilasters themselves, competing for attention with, or complementing the central block. This was all very far removed from the designs of Palladio two hundred years earlier. Falling from favour during the Victorian era, the approach was revived by Sir Aston Webb for his refacing of Buckingham Palace in 1913.

The villa tradition continued throughout the late 18th century, particularly in the suburbs around London. Sir William Chambers built many examples, such as Parkstead House. But the grander English Palladian houses were no longer the small but exquisite weekend retreats that their Italian counterparts were intended as. They had become "power houses", in Sir John Summerson's words, the symbolic centres of the triumph and dominance of the Whig Oligarchy who ruled Britain unchallenged for some fifty years after the death of Queen Anne. Summerson thought Kent's Horse Guards on Whitehall epitomised "the establishment of Palladianism as the official style of Great Britain". As the style peaked, thoughts of mathematical proportion were swept away. Rather than square houses with supporting wings, these buildings had the length of the façade as their major consideration: long houses often only one room deep were deliberately deceitful in giving a false impression of size.

Irish Palladian architecture

During the Palladian revival period in Ireland, even modest mansions were cast in a neo-Palladian mould. Irish Palladian architecture subtly differs from the England style. While adhering as in other countries to the basic ideals of Palladio, it is often truer to them. In Ireland, Palladianism became political; both the original and the present Irish parliaments in Dublin occupy Palladian buildings.

The Irish architect Sir Edward Lovett Pearce (1699–1733) became a leading advocate. He was a cousin of Sir John Vanbrugh, and originally one of his pupils. He rejected the Baroque style, and spent three years studying architecture in France and Italy before returning to Ireland. His most important Palladian work is the former Irish Houses of Parliament in Dublin. Christine Casey, in her 2005 volume Dublin, in the Pevsner Buildings of Ireland series, considers the building, "arguably the most accomplished public set-piece of the Palladian style in [Britain]". Pearce was a prolific architect who went on to design the southern façade of Drumcondra House in 1725 and Summerhill House in 1731, which was completed after his death by Richard Cassels. Pearce also oversaw the building of Castletown House near Dublin, designed by the Italian architect Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737). It is perhaps the only Palladian house in Ireland built with Palladio's mathematical ratios, and one of a number of Irish mansions which inspired the design of the White House in Washington, D.C.

Other examples include Russborough, designed by Richard Cassels, who also designed the Palladian Rotunda Hospital in Dublin and Florence Court in County Fermanagh. Irish Palladian country houses often feature robust Rococo plasterwork – an Irish specialty which was frequently executed by the Lafranchini brothers and far more flamboyant than the interiors of their contemporaries in England. In the 20th century, during and following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent civil war, large numbers of Irish country houses, including some fine Palladian examples such as Woodstock House, were abandoned to ruin or destroyed.

North American Palladian architecture

Palladio's influence in North America is evident almost from its first architect-designed buildings. The Irish philosopher George Berkeley, who may be America's first recorded Palladian, bought a large farmhouse in Middletown, Rhode Island, in the late 1720s, and added a Palladian doorcase derived from Kent's Designs of Inigo Jones (1727), which he may have brought with him from London. Palladio's work was included in the library of a thousand volumes amassed for Yale College. Peter Harrison's 1749 designs for the Redwood Library in Newport, Rhode Island, borrow directly from Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura, while his plan for the Newport Brick Market, conceived a decade later, is also Palladian.

Two colonial period houses that can be definitively attributed to designs from I quattro libri dell'architettura are the Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, and Thomas Jefferson's first Monticello (1770). Hammond-Harwood was designed by the architect William Buckland in 1773–1774 for the wealthy farmer Matthias Hammond of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The design source is the Villa Pisani, and that for the first Monticello, the Villa Cornaro at Piombino Dese. Both are taken from Book II, Chapter XIV of I quattro libri dell'architettura. Jefferson later made substantial alterations to Monticello, known as the second Monticello (1802–1809), making the Hammond-Harwood House the only remaining house in North America modelled directly on a Palladian design.

Jefferson referred to I quattro libri dell'architettura as his bible. Although a statesman, his passion was architecture, and he developed an intense appreciation of Palladio's architectural concepts; his designs for the James Barbour Barboursville estate, the Virginia State Capitol, and the University of Virginia campus were all based on illustrations from Palladio's book. Realising the political significance of ancient Roman architecture to the fledgling American Republic, Jefferson designed his civic buildings, such as The Rotunda, in the Palladian style, echoing in his buildings for the new republic examples from the old.

In Virginia and Carolina, the Palladian style is found in numerous plantation houses, such as Stratford Hall, Westover Plantation and Drayton Hall. Westover's north and south entrances, made of imported English Portland stone, were patterned after a plate in William Salmon's Palladio Londinensis (1734). The distinctive feature of Drayton Hall, its two-storey portico, was derived from Palladio, as was Mount Airy, in Richmond County, Virginia, built in 1758–1762. A particular feature of American Palladianism was the re-emergence of the great portico which, as in Italy, fulfilled the need of protection from the sun; the portico in various forms and size became a dominant feature of American colonial architecture. In the north European countries the portico had become a mere symbol, often closed, or merely hinted at in the design by pilasters, and sometimes in very late examples of English Palladianism adapted to become a porte-cochère; in America, the Palladian portico regained its full glory.

The White House in Washington, D.C., was inspired by Irish Palladianism. Its architect James Hoban, who built the executive mansion between 1792 and 1800, was born in Callan, County Kilkenny, in 1762, the son of tenant farmers on the estate of Desart Court, a Palladian House designed by Pearce. He studied architecture in Dublin, where Leinster House (built ) was one of the finest Palladian buildings of the time. Both Cassel's Leinster House and James Wyatt's Castle Coole have been cited as Hoban's inspirations for the White House but the more neoclassical design of that building, particularly of the South façade which closely resembles Wyatt's 1790 design for Castle Coole, suggests that Coole is perhaps the more direct progenitor. The architectural historian Gervase Jackson-Stops describes Castle Coole as "a culmination of the Palladian traditions, yet strictly neoclassical in its chaste ornament and noble austerity", while Alistair Rowan, in his 1979 volume, North West Ulster, of the Buildings of Ireland series, suggests that, at Coole, Wyatt designed a building, "more massy, more masculine and more totally liberated from Palladian practice than anything he had done before."

Because of its later development, Palladian architecture in Canada is rarer. In her 1984 study, Palladian Style in Canadian Architecture, Nathalie Clerk notes its particular impact on public architecture, as opposed to the private houses in the United States. One example of historical note is the Nova Scotia Legislature building, completed in 1819. Another example is Government House in St. John's, Newfoundland.

Palladianism elsewhere

The rise of neo-Palladianism in England contributed to its adoption in Prussia. Count Francesco Algarotti wrote to Lord Burlington to inform him that he was recommending to Frederick the Great the adoption in his own country of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in England. By 1741, Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff had already begun construction of the Berlin Opera House on the Unter den Linden, based on Campbell's Wanstead House.

Palladianism was particularly adopted in areas under British colonial rule. Examples can be seen in the Indian subcontinent; the Raj Bhavan, Kolkata (formerly Government House) was modelled on Kedleston Hall, while the architectural historian Pilar Maria Guerrieri identifies its influences in Lutyens' Delhi. In South Africa, Federico Freschi notes the "Tuscan colonnades and Palladian windows" of Herbert Baker's Union Buildings.

Legacy

By the 1770s, British architects such as Robert Adam and William Chambers were in high demand, but were now drawing on a wide variety of classical sources, including from ancient Greece, so much so that their forms of architecture became defined as neoclassical rather than Palladian. In Europe, the Palladian revival ended by the close of the 18th century. In the 19th century, proponents of the Gothic Revival such as Augustus Pugin, remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples, considered it pagan, and unsuited to Anglican and Anglo-Catholic worship. In North America, Palladianism lingered a little longer; Thomas Jefferson's floor plans and elevations owe a great deal to Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura.

The term Palladian is often misused in modern discourse and tends to be used to describe buildings with any classical pretensions. There was a revival of a more serious Palladian approach in the 20th century when Colin Rowe, an influential architectural theorist, published his essay, The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa, (1947), in which he drew links between the compositional "rules" in Palladio's villas and Le Corbusier's villas at Poissy and Garches. Suzanne Walters' article The Two Faces of Modernism suggests a continuing influence of Palladio's ideas on architects of the 20th century. In the 21st century Palladio's name regularly appears among the world's most influential architects. In England, Raymond Erith (1904–1973) drew on Palladian inspirations, and was followed in this by his pupil, subsequently partner, Quinlan Terry. Their work, and that of others, led the architectural historian John Martin Robinson to suggest that "the Quattro Libri continues as the fountainhead of at least one strand in the English country house tradition."

See also

 City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
 New Classical architecture
 Giacomo Quarenghi
 Riviera del Brenta

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Center for Palladian Studies in America
 Inigo Jones document collection at Worcester College, Oxford
 International centre for the study of the architecture of Andrea Palladio (CISA)
 Thomas Jefferson's architecture
 Article on Palladian architecture in colonial Singapore, published by the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning

Architectural history
Architectural styles
Architectural design
British architectural styles
House styles

Palladian architecture