Lily Aldrin je izmišljeni lik koji se pojavljuje u seriji Kako sam upoznao vašu majku. Glumi ju Alyson Hannigan. Rođena je 1978. godine te je odrasla u Brooklynu, New York.

O Lily Aldrin
Rođena je u Brooklynu 22. ožujka 1978. godine. Njezina majka Janice je radila dva posla kako bi održala obitelj. Lily smatra da je ona feministica. Otac Mickey je opsjednut društvenim igrama te voli izrađivati svoje igre. Lily kaže da je Mickey uništavao njezin život svaki dan 20 godina. Mickey i Lily su imali dobre odnose nakon rođenja sina Marvina. Tijekom srednje škole i fakulteta, Lily je bila članica rokerskog društva te se često oblačila u punk odjeću.
Dobro priča talijanski jezik, te se zna snalaziti u Photoshopu, Quarku i Javi.

Najbolji prijatelji

Ted Mosby
Ted i Lily upoznali su se 1996. na fakultetu Wesleyan University. Nekoliko godina su živjeli zajedno u stanu s Marshallom. Lily štiti Teda; zna razdvojiti žene za koje vjeruje da nisu dovoljno dobre za njega. Ted ju naziva psihopatom.

Marshall Eriksen
Marshall i Lily su se upoznali iste godine kad je Lily upoznala Teda. Marshall i Lily su se zavoljeli na prvi pogled te započeli vezu. Veza je bila prisutna sve do kraja 1. sezone kada Lily napušta Marshalla te odlazi u San Francisco zbog crtanja. Ona se kasnije vrati. Marshall ju ne prihvaća, ali se kasnije pomire i opet zavole. Oženili su se 2007. godine. Dobili su 3 djece (Marvin Waitforit, Daisy, dijete bez imena).
Tijekom fakulteta, Ted, Marshall i Lily su "jeli sendviče". Budući Ted otkriva da je to zapravo bila marihuana.

Barney Stinson
Lily i Barney su dobri prijatelji. U drugoj sezoni Lily zamoli Barneya da ostane u njegovom stanu. Barney to prihvaća uz jedan uvjet: Lily treba tjerati sve Barneyjeve cure. Lily to prihvaća te glumi Barneyjevu ženu te se ljuti na Barneya pred njegovim curama. Od tada su oni vrlo dobri prijatelji.

Robin Scherbatsky
Robin i Lily su postale dobre prijateljice nakon jela u automobilu. Robin i Lily su jele tajlandsku hranu te su mislile da će se Marshall naljutiti. Odlučile su lagati te su Marshallu rekle da je neki pijanac razbio prozor automobila te da se ispovraćao. Robin misli da je Lily biseksualka te se u jednom trenutku "odvoji" od Lily jer ima "čudne snove".

Izvori

 Lily Aldrin Lily Aldrin | How I Met Your Mother (pristupljeno 7. studenoga 2020.)

Likovi iz televizijskih serija

Lily Aldrin


John Howard Yoder (29 de diciembre de 1927 – 30 de diciembre de 1997) fue un teólogo moral menonita estadounidense, y académico biblicista conocido por su pacifismo radical. Su obra maestra es Jesús y la realidad política.

Vida
Yoder inició sus estudios en Goshen College, donde estudió bajo la influencia del teólogo menonita Harold S. Bender. Terminó su doctorado en teología en la Universidad de Basilia, suiza, estudiando con Karl Barth, Oscar Cullman, Walther Eichrodt, y Karl Jaspers. La noche antes de defender su disertación sobre el anabautismo y la reforma en Suiza, Yoder visitó el despacho de Barth para entregar un documento enteramente diferente: una crítica de la postura de Barth sobre la guerra, que había escrito en el mientras.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Yoder viajó en Europa para dirigir esfuerzos de asistencia para el Comité Central Menonita. Yoder fue instrumental en reanimar a los menonitas europeos luego de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Yoder comenzó su carrera docente en el Goshen Biblical Seminatry. Fue profesor de teología en Goshen Biblical Seminary y Mennonite Biblical Seminary (que luego formarían Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary) de 1958 a 1961, y de 1965 a 1984. Mientras enseñaba en Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary, comenzó a enseñar en la Universidad de Notre Dame, donde llegó a ser Profesor de Teología.

Algunas publicaciones
 The Christian and Capital Punishment (1961)
 Christ and the Powers (tradujo Hendrik Berkhof, 1962)
 The Christian Pacifism of Karl Barth (1964)
 The Christian Witness to the State (1964)
 Discipleship as Political Responsibility (1964)
 Reinhold Niebuhr and Christian Pacifism (1968)
 Karl Barth and the Problem of War (1970)
 The Original Revolution: Essays on Christian Pacifism (1971)
 Nevertheless: The Varieties and Shortcomings of Religious Pacifism (1971)
 The Politics of Jesus (1972)
 The Legacy of Michael Sattler, editor y traductor (1973)
 The Schleitheim Confession, editor y traductor (1977)
 Christian Attitudes to War, Peace, and Revolution: A Companion to Bainton (1983)
 What Would You Do? A Serious Answer to a Standard Question (1983)
 God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold, editor (1984)
 The Priestly Kingdom: Social Ethics as Gospel (1984)
 When War Is Unjust: Being Honest In Just-War Thinking (1984)
 He Came Preaching Peace (1985)
 The Fullness of Christ: Paul's Revolutionary Vision of Universal Ministry (1987)
 The Death Penalty Debate: Two Opposing Views of Capitol Punishment (1991)
 A Declaration of Peace: In God's People the World's Renewal Has Begun (con Douglas Gwyn, George Hunsinger, Eugene F. Roop) (1991)
 Body Politics: Five Practices of the Christian Community Before the Watching World (1991)
 The Royal Priesthood: Essays Ecclesiological and Ecumenical (1994)
 Authentic Transformation: A New Vision of Christ and Culture (con Glen Stassen y Diane Yeager) (1996)
 For the Nations: Essays Evangelical and Public (1997)
 To Hear the Word (2001)
 Preface to Theology: Christology and Theological Method (2002)
 Karl Barth and the Problem of War, and Other Essays on Barth (2003)
 The Jewish-Christian Schism Revisited (2003)
 Anabaptism and Reformation in Switzerland: An Historical and Theological Analysis of the Dialogues Between Anabaptists and Reformers (2004)
 The War of the Lamb: The Ethics of Nonviolence and Peacemaking (2009)
 Christian Attitudes to War, Peace and Revolution (2009)
 Nonviolence: A Brief History—The Warsaw Lectures'' (2010)

Artículos y capítulos de libros
 (1988) The Evangelical Round Table: The Sanctity of Life (Volumen 3)
 (1991) Declaration on Peace: In God's People the World's Renewal Has Begun
 (1997) God's Revolution: Justice, Community, and the Coming Kingdom

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Resumen simplificado del libro John H. Yoder: The Politics of Jesus, por Nathan Hobby con James Patton

 Remembering John Howard Yoder, por Stanley Hauerwas, First Things
 Página en el Memorial en FindaGrave
 Artículos y video de John Howard Yoder, artículos nuevos en línea de Yoder, por Jesus Radicals
 John H. Yoder Reading Room, textos en línea por y sobre Yoder (Tyndale Seminary)

Menonita
Activistas de Estados Unidos
Cristianos de Estados Unidos
Pacifistas
Profesores de la Universidad de Notre Dame
Escritores en inglés

John Howard Yoder


Lemmings er et computerspil udviklet af Team17 og udgivet af Sony Computer Entertainment i 2006. Det er et remake af den originale Lemmings udgivet i 1991.

Spillet er blevet udgivet i let forskellige versioner til PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 2 og PlayStation 3.

Gameplay
PSP-versionen indeholder alle 120 niveauer fra det oprindelige spil, 36 helt nye niveauer samt udvidelsespakkeunderstøttelse og en brugerlevel-editor. Hvert niveau i spillet var et præ-renderet 3D-landskab, selvom niveauernes gameplay stadig var 2D og forbliver tro mod det oprindelige spil. Brugerniveauer kunne konstrueres fra præ-renderede objekter og distribueres ved at uploade dem til et PlayStation-specifikt Lemmings online-fællesskab.
I oktober 2006 blev spillet portet af udvikleren Rusty Nutz til PlayStation 2 med brug af EyeToy. Den grundlæggende ændring i konceptet er, at spilleren skal strække og bruge ens lemmer i det optagne billede for at hjælpe sine lemminger. I 2007 producerede Team17 et lignende remake af Lemmings til Sony PlayStation 3 til download via PlayStation Network. Spillet havde lignende grafiske forbedringer som PSP-titlen samt online resultattavler og yderligere niveauer udviklet til high-definitiondisplay, men manglede evnen til at oprette og dele niveauer, en evne, som PSP-versionen havde.

Modtagelse
PSP-versionen modtog generelt positive anmeldelser, mens PS3-versionen af spillet mest modtog blandede anmeldelser. PSP-versionen har en Metacritic-score på 76/100 baseret på 46 kritikere, hvilket indikerer "generelt gunstige anmeldelser". PS3-versionen har en score på 59/100 baseret på 8 kritikere på Metacritic, der indikerer "blandede eller gennemsnitlige anmeldelser".

IGN gav PSP-versionen af spillet 7,8/10. De roste grafikken og den forbedrede levetid givet af editoren, men kritiserer den uspændende lyd. PS3-versionen fik en score på 7,5/10, med kommentaren "Det genopfinder ikke hjulet, men det ruller fint."

GameSpot gav PSP-versionen af spillet 8/10, roste de polerede billeder og lyden, niveaudesignet og online delingsfunktionen. PS3-versionen fik en lidt lavere score på grund af manglende niveau editor og niveaudeling af PSP-versionen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

PlayStation Portable-spil
PlayStation 2-spil
PlayStation 3-spil
Computerspil fra 2006

Lemmings (computerspil fra 2006)


Lise Meitner (d. 7 Kasım 1878 - ö. 27 Ekim 1968), Avusturyalı fizikçi. Nükleer fizik ve radyoaktivite üzerine çalıştı. Fizyon'un teorik yorumunu yaptı.

Hayatı
Avusturya'nın Viyana şehrinde doğan Meitner, o zaman kızlar için mümkün olan tüm eğitimleri aldı. Ardından 14 yaşında üniversiteye girmesinde yardımcı olması için özel matematik ve fizik dersleri aldı.  1901 yılında Viyana Üniversitesi'ne kabul edildi. Burada teorik fizikçi Ludwig Boltzmann ile çalıştı. 1906 yılında fizik üzerine doktorasını aldı.

1907 yılında Max Planck ile çalışmak üzere Berlin'e gitti. Marie Curie'nin çalışmalarından etkilendiğinden, radyoaktivite üzerine çalışmak istiyordu. Kısa süre içinde Otto Hahn ile tanıştı. Otto Hahn'ın kimya bilgisi ile kendisinin fizik ve matematik bilgisini birleştirip beraber çalışma yapmaya karar verdiler.

1918 yılında çalışmalarının ilk ürünü olan, keşfettekleri yeni radyokatif element olan protaktinyumu duyurdular. Bu keşif ikisinin Alman bilim dünyasında ünlerini artırdı. 1918 yılında, Meitner, Kaiser Wilhelm Enstitüsü'nde radyoaktivite fiziği bölüm başkanı oldu. Daha sonra, 1926 yılında, Berlin Üniversitesi'ne ilk kadın profesör olarak atandı. Hahn ile ortak araştırmalarına devam ederken bir taraftan da kendi başına beta parçacıkları üzerine araştırmalarını sürdürmekteydi.

1933 yılında Nazi Partisi, Almanya'daki Yahudi bilim adamlarının hayatını değiştirmişti. Yahudi olmasına rağmen, sahip olduğu Avusturya vatandaşlığı onu korumaktaydı. 1930'ların ortalarında Hahn'ın uranyumu yavaş nötronlarla bombardıman etmesi deneylerine katıldı. Amaçları uranyumumdan başka elementler elde etmekti. Daha evvel Enrico Fermi denemişti fakat sonuçları belirsizdi.

1938'de Almanya Avusturya'yı işgal edince, Meitner'in Avusturya vatandaşlığı kalkanı ortadan kalktı. Çalışmalarını yarıda bırakıp Hollandalı bir meslektaşının yardımı ile yasadışı yollarla Hollanda'ya kaçtı.

Otto Hahn bir deney sırasında elde ettiği baryuma bir anlam verememişti. Ve bunu bir mektupla Meitner'e yazdı. Meitner bu sonuç karşısında uranyum çekirdeğinin parçalandığı kanısına vardı. Bu fikrini yeğeni fizikçi Otto Robert Frisch ile paylaştı. O da bu açıklamayı onaylayınca, 11 Şubat 1939'da dünyayı değiştirecek bir makale yayınladılar. "Uranyumun nötronlarla parçalanması: Yeni tip bir nükleer tepkime" Bu makalelerinde Hahn ve Strassmann'ın deneylerini referans göstererek, çekirdeğin damlacık modeli kullanarak, baryumun uranyumun parçalanmasından ortaya çıktığını önerdiler. Bu olaya biyolojide de kullanılan fizyon ismini koydular ve bir çekirdekte oluşan nükleer fizyon tepkimesinden yaklaşık 200 milyon elektron volt (200 MeV) enerji açığa çıktığını hesapladılar.

1943 yılında, Frisch'in de katıldığı, ABD'nin yürüttüğü kod adı Manhattan Projesi olan atom bombası projesine gidecek olan İngiliz takımına davet edildi. Lise Meitner, bilimsel katkılarını askeri uygulamalarda kullanmayacağını belirterek, teklifi geri çevirdi ve II. Dünya Savaşı bitinceye kadar İsveç'te kaldı ve 1949 yılında İsveç vatandaşlığına geçti.

1960 yılında Stokholm'den, yeğeni Frisch'in yanına, İngiltere'ye taşındı ve 1968 senesinde Cambridge'te öldü.

Ödülleri

Nobel Kimya Ödülü komitesi, 1944 yılında Lise Meitner'in oynadığı rolü göz ardı ederek, fizyonu keşfetmesinden dolayı ödülü Otto Hahn'a verdi. Otto Hahn,  bu yanlışlıktan ve Meitner'in katkılarından hiç bahsetmedi. Hahn'ın bu sessizliği Meitner'i çok etkiledi ve bir daha ortak çalışma yürütmediler.

Lise Meitner, Nobel ödülünü alamamış olsa da, başka birçok ödül aldı. Bunların içinde en önemlileri, 1949 yılında Almanya'da aldığı Max Planck Ödülü ve 1966 yılında ABD Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu'nun verdiği Enrico Fermi Ödülü'dür. Bu prestijli Fermi ödülünü alan ilk kadın olarak tarihe geçti.

1997 yılında 109 nolu elementin adı onun anısına meitneryum olarak seçildi.

1878 doğumlular
1968 yılında ölenler
Avusturyalı fizikçiler
Yahudi asıllı Avusturyalılar
İsveçli fizikçiler
İsveçli Protestanlar
Viyana Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Nükleer fizikçiler
Hampshire'da defnedilenler
Enrico Fermi Ödülü sahipleri

Lise Meitner


ප්‍රක්‍රිට් සාහිත්‍යය

වඩාත් අවධානයට ලක්වන ප්‍රක්‍රිට් භාෂාව වන්නේ පාලිය. අශ්ඝෝෂගේ බොහොමයක් නාට්‍යය  ශවුර්සෙනි ප්‍රක්‍රිට්  ලියා ඇත. ශවුනි වලින් ලියන ලද තවත් විශාල සාහිත්‍යය අංගයක් වන්නේ කවමංජාරීය. කාලිදාස, හර්ෂ හා හාල් ඔවුන්ගේ සමහරක් නාට්‍යය හා පද්‍යය වලදී මහාරාෂ්ටීය රාකි භාවිතා කරන ලදී. ශෙම්බාර් ජේන්ගේ බොහොමයක් කටයුතුද මහාරාෂ්ට ප්‍රක්‍රිට්වලින් ලියා ඇත. බොහොමයක් නාට්‍ය( අශ්වඝෝෂගේ වැනි ) හා ජේන්ගේ කාර්යන් ආර්ද මගඩි ප්‍රක්‍රිට් මගින් ලියා ඇත.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_literature#Prakrit_literature

ප්‍රක්‍රිට් සාහිත්‍යය


Open House es un EP navideño de la cantante cristiana Jaci Velasquez, lanzado a finales de octubre del 2007. El EP contiene 3 temas de los cuales 2 son tradicionales de la época navideña y una (Quiet Christmas Night) es inédita.

Canciones
It Came Upon A Midnight Clear
Quiet Christmas Night
Auld Lang Syne

Sencillos
Auld Lang Syne

Referencias

Álbumes de 2007
Álbumes de Jaci Velasquez

Open House (Christmas EP)


Calodendrum eickii, es una rara especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es originario de  Tanzania y está estrechamente relacionado con la especie cultivada  Calodendrum capense.

Distribución y hábitat
El árbol es un endemismo de los bosques de Juniperus en las montañas de West Usambara en el que está bajo la amenaza de la expansión comercial de las plantaciones de pino  y el desarrollo de la agricultura.

Taxonomía

Calodendrum eickii fue descrita por Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler y publicado en Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 32: 119, en el año 1902. Descripción original de Engler como Calodendron (sic) eckii .

Referencias

Calodendrum

Calodendrum eickii


Visay Phaphouvanin (Vientián, 12 de junio de 1985) es un futbolista de Laos que juega como delantero. Su equipo actual es el Lao Police.

Trayectoria
Con 17 años a cuestas, hizo su debut en la liga con el Vientiane FC. Sus sobresalientes actuaciones le valieron ser contratado al año siguiente por el club tailandés Udon Thani, en el que estuvo una temporada. Al año siguiente, regresó a su club de origen, en donde permaneció hasta el 2012.

Tras el retiro del Vientiane para la temporada 2013, Phaphouvanin firmó por el Lao Police.

Selección nacional
Jugó su primer partido con la selección el 18 de diciembre de 2002 frente a Tailandia (por la Copa del Tigre) y de inmediato anotó su primer gol (el marcador terminó 5-1 a favor de Tailandia).

Mantuvo una buena racha de jugar sus cinco primeros partidos y en todos ellos anotar un gol.

Ha jugado por su selección en la edición clasificatoria a la Copa Mundial del 2006 y 2014, además de otros partidos, como de la Copa AFF Suzuki.

Es el máximo goleador de su selección al registrar 18 goles en 53 partidos jugados.

Estadísticas

Selección nacional
Goles internacionales

Resumen estadístico

Clubes

Enlaces externos

Personas de Vientián
Delanteros de fútbol
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Laos

Visay Phaphouvanin


La alondra namaqua (Certhilauda subcoronata) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Alaudidae. Es propia de África austral, distribuida por Angola, Namibia y Sudáfrica.

Subespecies
Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:
 Certhilauda subcoronata bradshawi
 Certhilauda subcoronata damarensis
 Certhilauda subcoronata subcoronata
 Certhilauda subcoronata gilli

Referencias

Enlaces externos

subcoronata
Aves de África Austral

Certhilauda subcoronata


نيبيرو  أو كوكب إكس أو  هو اسم جرم سماوي ذكر في الأساطير البابلية باسم نيبور، وهو أيضا الاسم الذي يطلق على كوكب افتراضي اقترحه الباحثون في الأجسام الفلكية المجهولة ومنهم زكريا سيتشين على فكرة أن هنالك حضارات قديمة حصلت على المعرفة والتنمية من خلال اتصالات افتراضية من خارج كوكب الأرض. ومع ذلك، فإن هذه الفكرة غير مقبولة من جانب العلماء والمؤرخين.

ويعتقد في حضارة المايا أن الجرم سوف يقترب من الأرض في عام 2012 مسببا عدة آثار مثل الزلازل والبراكين والأعاصير بحسب اعتقادهم، وما زالت البحوث جارية حول حقيقة هذا الكوكب المجهول.
ولقد لوحظ إن المجالات المغناطيسية للأرض بدأت تتأثر ويتغير موقعها بشكل طفيف متأثرة بقوى خارجية يعتقد إنها من تأثير كوكب خارجي وهو الكوكب المجهول وحصل تسجيل ذلك اعتبارا من عام 2014، ولا يعلم تأثير ذلك على طبيعة الغلاف الجوي والمناخ على سطح الأرض مستقبلا!.

اصطدام نيبيرو

أثيرت مخاوف جديدة حول حقيقة هذا الكوكب واصطدامه بسطح الأرض من قبل جماعات غير علمية أغلبها دينية ومجموعة من المنجمين.

لقد استندت بعض الجهات العلمية الأكاديمية على ماجاء في كتاب (مثير للجدل) صدر في عام 1967 تحت مسمى الكواكب الإثنى عشر، ومؤلفه زكريا سيتشين، حيث فسر بعض نصوص الكتابة المسمارية التي تعود للحضارة السومرية قبل 6000 عام، ذكر فيها: بان كائنات هبطت من السماء عرفت باسم أنوناكي جاءت من على سطح كوكب يعرف باسم نيبيرو ووضع الأنوناكي مصانع جينات على سطح الأرض لتكوين عرق جديد من الخدم، وعندما غادروا كوكب الأرض تركوا هؤلاء البشر (الخدم) يحكمون الكوكب حتى يعودوا إليهِ مرة أخرى.
وكما يبدو إن هذهِ القصة تبدو نوعاً من الخيال، وهي ترجمة لكتابة عمرها 6000 سنة مضت، وعلى ضوء ما جاء في هذا الكتاب أعتقد بعض الناس بصحة هذهِ الخرافة وان الكوكب الدائر حول الشمس في مدار بيضوي تكون الشمس في إحدى بؤرتيه سوف يعود قريباً من الشمس حسب معتقدهم في عام 2012، ويعتقدون انه بعودة كوكب نيبيرو سيحدث الدمار على وجه الأرض.

وفي عام 1993، ظهر كتاب بعنوان (نذر الخراب) وهو أحد أكثر الكتب مبيعاً في العالم، يذكر انه على ضوء هذه الاكتشافات، يثبت بان كوكب نيبيرو، هو في حقيقة الأمر نفسه الكوكب المجهول إكس الذي يبحث عنهُ الفلكيون لمدة تزيد عن القرن، وذكر مؤلف الكتاب: بان الدراسات تثبت بان نيبيرو يتحرك باتجاه كوكب الأرض وبحلول عام 2012 سيصل إلى النظام الداخلي من النظام الشمسي وسيتسبب بأضرار جسيمة. وهذا التلاعب في الدراسات الفلكية كان الهدف منهُ زيادة نسبة مبيعات الكتاب. ونلاحظ بانه لا توجد علاقة بين الكوكبين وان كان هناك خلط بينهما للترويج لشائعة نهاية العالم في عام 2012، فما يسمى بكوكب نيبيرو الذي هو مجرد أسطورة تعود إلى الحضارة السومرية، أما كوكب إكس فهو تسمية لبحث علمي أجري عن جسم فضائي (محتمل) يؤثر في حركة الأجرام في حزام كويبر، ولا يوجد دليل علمي على وجود أيا من هذين الكوكبين وقد أعلن العديد من علماء الفلك نفيهم لوجود ما يسمى بكوكب نيبيرو ولا وجود لما يسمى بكوكب إكس.

ناسا تنفي
نفت وكالة ناسا حدوث أصطدام لهذا الكوكب بالأرض في إحدى تصريحاتها على موقعها في شبكة الإنترنت وتقول ان منشئ هذه الأكاذيب هم رواد فضاء هوليود لاجل صناعة أفلام كاذبة بهدف الربح منها، وان ليس هناك كوكب يسمى نيبيرو وأن اسم هذا الكوكب هو مجرد اسم لإحدى الآلهة السومرية في الأساطير القديمة كما بينت انه لا يمكن أن نشاهد جرما سماويا في النهار - كما تقول الإشاعات - كما انه ليس هنالك في الوقت الراهن أي كوكب معروف - مثل كوكب ايريس - سيقترب من الأرض إلى هذه المسافة ليظهر نهارا ويضيء السماء ليلا أو أن يشاهد بوضوح بالعين المجردة في شرق آسيا كما نشر ذلك عام 2009.

وهذه ليست المرة الأولى التي يتناقل فيها مروجو الأكاذيب والأخبار الملفقة قصصا عن الكون، فلقد تناقلت وسائل الإعلام خبرا يقول أن كوكب المريخ سيقترب من الأرض، وسيظهر في السماء بحجم القمر نهاية عام 2007، وانتهى عام 2019 ولم يظهر المريخ بحجم القمر!.

انظر أيضاً
 اصطدام نيبيرو
 كواكب ما بعد نبتون

المراجع

آلهة بلاد الرافدين
أجرام فلكية افتراضية
أساطير بابلية
إنوما إليش
علم الفلك البابلي

نيبيرو


A bilhética dos transportes da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, apesar do historicamente grande número de operadores distintos, tem convergido em direção a um sistema único que abrange os vários operadores ferroviários, rodoviários e fluviais da região. Caracteriza-se atualmente pela uniformização da tecnologia – cartões sem contacto – e pelos passes intermodais Navegante Municipal e Navegante Metropolitano introduzidos em 2019 no âmbito do Programa de Apoio à Redução do Tarifário dos Transportes Públicos (PART), os quais englobam a generalidade dos operadores e municípios da região.

Área de abrangência

O atual sistema de bilhética da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa funciona de forma integrada em todos os seus 18 municípios, havendo também alguns casos onde a sua abrangência se estende para a Comunidade Intermunicipal do Oeste e para Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alentejo Central, fruto das ligações rodoviárias e ferroviárias existentes entre a duas Comunidades Intermunicipais e a Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Esta extensão da abrangência implica no entanto um acréscimo ao custo regular dos títulos de transporte, valor alcançado após negociações entre as várias partes.

Sistema VIVA
O primeiro sistema de bilhética integrada da região de Lisboa foi o sistema Viva. Através deste sistema, cartões sem contacto de papel ou plástico permitiam o carregamento de títulos de transporte em vários operadores de transportes públicos.

Cartões 7 Colinas e VIVA Viagem
O primeiro cartão sem contacto utilizável para carregamento de títulos ocasionais das empresas transportadoras aderentes da região de Lisboa foi o 7 Colinas. Era maioritariamente construído em papel, apresentava uma coloração maioritariamente azul e tinha um custo de aquisição de 0,50€. Para a sua utilização, os passageiros, tinham de carregar este cartão com o título de transporte pretendido, em qualquer ponto de venda aderente. Este cartão podia ser utilizado para carregar títulos da Carris, Metropolitano de Lisboa, Fertagus, CP, Transtejo e Soflusa. Os títulos que podiam ser carregados neste cartão, tanto podiam ser abranger mais do que uma operadora, como a modalidade Zapping (no qual é carregado um valor monetário em Euros), como podiam ser exclusivos, como era o caso de um bilhete simples Carris / Metropolitano de Lisboa. Este cartão tinha a validade de um ano após o carregamento do primeiro título de transporte, e deixava de poder ser carregado findo este prazo. Os títulos de transporte que se encontravam já carregados no cartão podiam ser transferidos para um novo cartão sem prejuízo para o passageiro.

O cartão VIVA Viagem foi o sucessor do cartão 7 Colinas. Era igualmente construído em papel, apresentava uma coloração maioritariamente verde e tinha também um custo de aquisição de 0,50€. Durante o seu período de utilização a maioria dos operadores de transporte público da região de Lisboa já tinham adaptado os seus sistemas de forma a torná-los compatíveis com este tipo de cartão, não estando por isso limitado aos operadores válidos durante a era do cartão 7 Colinas. Os títulos de transporte possíveis de carregar neste cartão, assim como a validade e possibilidade de transferência do título de transporte carregado após o fim desta, eram os mesmos que os que já existiam no cartão 7 Colinas.

Cartão Lisboa VIVA
O cartão Lisboa VIVA era um smart card sem contacto destinado ao carregamento de títulos de transporte para utilização frequente, apesar de ser também utilizável com a modalidade Zapping. Devido à personalização do cartão, este era pessoal e intransmissível, constando do mesmo uma fotografia do proprietário e o seu nome. Contrariamente aos cartões 7 Colinas e VIVA Viagem, o cartão Lisboa VIVA era construído em plástico, mais resistente, e tinha uma validade de 4 anos. A sua emissão tinha um custo de 7€ nos casos normais, com recolha no local de entrega da documentação em 11 dias úteis, ou de 12€ nos casos urgentes, com recolha no local de entrega da documentação em 1 dias útil. No caso de clientes com acesso aos descontos 4_18 e Sub23 o custo de emissão era de 3,50€ nos casos normais e de 6€ nos casos urgentes.

Navegante

Cartões Navegante
No dia 8 de Setembro de 2021 foram lançados os cartões Navegante, um na modalidade ocasional, para utilização pontual dos transportes públicos, e outro na modalidade personalizado, para utilização frequente. Ambos apresentam uma nova imagem e serviram como o derradeiro passo para que a marca Navegante estivesse presente em todos os meios, passando a ser o nome e marca gráfica de tudo o que fosse associado à bilhética da região de Lisboa.

Navegante Ocasional
O cartão Navegante Ocasional é o sucessor do cartão VIVA Viagem. É igualmente construído em papel, apresenta uma coloração maioritariamente amarela e tem também um custo de aquisição de 0,50€ e uma validade de 1 ano após o carregamento do primeiro título de transporte. Podem ser carregados neste todos os títulos de transporte válidos para os seus antecessores, sendo na mesma possível a transferência do título de transporte carregado após o fim da data de validade do cartão.

Navegante Personalizado
O cartão Navegante Personalizado é o sucessor do cartão Lisboa VIVA. É igualmente construído em plástico, apresenta uma coloração maioritariamente preta e amarela e tem também uma validade de 4 anos. Tal como o seu antecessor, é um cartão pessoal e intransmissível e conta, no seu verso, com uma fotografia do proprietário e o seu nome.

Passes Navegante
No dia 1 de abril de 2019 entraram em vigor os passes Navegante Municipal e Navegante Metropolitano, os quais possibilitavam a viagem em todos os operadores de transporte público dentro de cada município da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa por apenas 30€ ou entre todos os municípios da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa por apenas 40€, respetivamente. Simultaneamente com a entrada em vigor destes novos passes, foram removidos todos os passes de igual abrangência e com valor superior, resultando numa redução drástica do número de títulos de transporte existentes e numa dramática simplificação dos tarifários. Ao contrário de alguns dos passes anteriores, os dois passes Navegante têm uma validade mensal, ou seja, são válidos do primeiro ao último dia do mês para o qual foram carregados. O seu carregamento tem também algumas especificidades, nomeadamente a data limite de carregamento do passe para o respetivo mês ser o dia 25, de dia 26 em diante o passe carregado é apenas válido no mês seguinte.

Mais tarde, a 22 de junho de 2019, entraram em vigor os passes Navegante Municipal Família e Navegante Metropolitano Família, com início do período de carregamento dos mesmos a 26 de julho de 2019. Estes passes, destinados a uso familiar, permitem que 3 ou mais elementos dum mesmo agregado familiar, residentes na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, possam adquirir um passe para cada elemento com um custo máximo de 2 passes, respetivamente 60€ e 80€, independentemente do número de passes adquiridos. O seu carregamento segue as mesmas restrições que as versões individuais, sendo no entanto necessária a entrega de requerimentos adicionais e validação de dados.

Atendimento ao cliente
O atendimento ao cliente de assuntos relacionados com os cartões e passes Navegante passa pela utilização dos Espaços Navegante, para além da possibilidade de contacto telefónico e por email, complementados com os Pontos Navegante, com a rede de agentes navegante e outros pontos de venda para carregamento dos passes.

Espaços Navegante
Nos Espaços Navegante é possível a apresentação de reclamações ou sugestões, pedir informação sobre o serviço da Carris Metropolitana, adquirir e carregar títulos de transporte assim como os respetivos cartões, trocar ou devolver os passes e bilhetes, resolver falhas que os cartões possam apresentar durante a sua utilização, recuperar ou anular cartões, atualizar os dados que constam do cartão, pedir informações sobre objetos que tenham sido perdidos ou entregar objetos achados. Na fase inicial da Carris Metropolitana vão existir 26 destes espaços espalhados por 15 municípios da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa:

 Alcochete: Rua Ruy Sousa Vinagre, Loja 3
 Almada:
 Terminal Fluvial de Cacilhas (Largo Alfredo Dinis) - Almada
 Rua Ercília Costa, nº6 - Costa da Caparica
 Amadora:
 Avenida Santos Mattos, nº8A
 Rua Elias Garcia, nº182B
 Loures:
 Instalações da Rodoviária de Lisboa (Rua Marquês de Pombal, nº8) - Bucelas
 LoureShopping (Avenida das Descobertas, nº90) - Loures
 Atendimento Municipal de Sacavém e Espaço Cidadão (Largo 1º de Maio, nº1) - Sacavém
 Mafra: Parque Intermodal de Mafra (Rua da Santa Casa da Misericórdia, nº8)
 Moita: Praça da República, nº24
 Montijo: Praça Gomes Freire de Andrade, Loja 18
 Odivelas:
 Instalações da Rodoviária de Lisboa (Largo Manuel de Arriaga, nº6) - Caneças
 Centro Comercial Oceano (Avenida Dom Dinis, nº68A) - Odivelas
 Oeiras:
 Rua Fernão Lopes, nº6A - Carnaxide
 Rua Ernesto Veiga de Oliveira, nº14A - Oeiras
 Palmela: Estação Rodoviária da Avenida 25 de Abril
 Seixal:
 Rua Joaquim Valentim Correia, nº7 - Amora
 Avenida 25 de Abril, nº9A, R/C Esq. - Corroios
 Sesimbra: Terminal Rodoviário de Sesimbra (Avenida da Liberdade, nº49A)
 Setúbal:
 Interface de Transportes de Setúbal (Praça do Brasil) - Setúbal
 Rua de Lisboa, nº281 - Vila Nogueira de Azeitão
 Sintra:
 Rua Elias Garcia, nº71 - Queluz
 Mercado Municipal de Rio de Mouro, loja 14 (Avenida Gil Eanes, nº5) - Rio de Mouro
 Avenida Desidério Cambournac, nº3A - Sintra
 Vila Franca de Xira:
 Centro Comercial Avenida (Avenida Capitão João de Almeida Meleças, nº35) - Alverca do Ribatejo
 Rua Almeida Garrett, nº74 - Vila Franca de Xira

Pontos Navegante
Nos Pontos Navegante é possível a aquisição de novos cartões no momento assim como o carregamento de títulos de transporte. Existem 18 destes pontos, 1 por cada município da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa:

 Alcochete: Biblioteca Municipal (Rua Professor Leite da Cunha)
 Almada: Estação Ferroviária do Pragal e Terminal Fluvial de Cacilhas (Largo Alfredo Dinis)
 Amadora: Edifício dos Paços do Concelho (Avenida do Movimento das Forças Armadas, nº 1)
 Barreiro: Mercado Municipal 1º de Maio (Rua Eça de Queiroz)
 Cascais: Loja de Cidadão (Rua Manuel Joaquim de Avelar, nº118)
 Lisboa: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa - Edifício Central do Campo Grande (Campo Grande, nº25)
 Loures: LoureShopping (Avenida das Descobertas, nº90)
 Mafra: Loja de Cidadão (Avenida 25 de Abril, nº5)
 Moita: Balcão do Munícipe da Baixa da Banheira (Avenida Humberto Delgado, nº7A)
 Montijo: Mercado Municipal (Praça Gomes Freire de Andrade, nº29)
 Odivelas: Centro Comercial Strada (Casal do Troca, Estrada da Paiã)
 Oeiras: Centro Comercial Oeiras Parque (Avenida António Bernardo Cabral de Macedo, Piso 0)
 Palmela: Mercado Municipal de Pinhal Novo (Praça da Independência)
 Seixal: Loja do Munícipe no RioSul Shopping (Avenida Libertadores de Timor Loro Sae)
 Sesimbra: Balcão único de serviços no Edifício da Presidência (Rua da República, nº3)
 Setúbal: Centro Comercial Alegro Setúbal (Avenida Antero de Quental, nº2)
 Sintra: Junta de Freguesia de Rio de Mouro (Rua de Oscar Monteiro Torres, nº19, R/C A)
 Vila Franca de Xira: Biblioteca Municipal de Alverca do Ribatejo (Rua Brigadeiro Fernando Alberto de Oliveira, Centro Comercial Parque, Piso 1)

Rede de vendas
Para além da rede Multibanco, das máquinas de venda automática de títulos de transporte e dos postos de venda dos vários operadores e do Portal VIVA os passes navegante também podem ser carregados nos agentes Payshop que existem nos municípios abrangidos.

Tarifas
A Transportes Metropolitanos de Lisboa é o órgão encarregado de planificar as tarifas dos distintos meios de transporte intermunicipais dos municípios associados da entidade intermunicipal Área Metropolitana de Lisboa e dos meios de transporte municipais dos municípios delegantes das suas funções de Autoridade de Transportes na entidade intermunicipal, e de estabelecer diversos títulos de transporte.

A quantidade de pessoas que podem usar um mesmo título dependerá de se o cartão é multipessoal, unipessoal ou pessoal. Se é multipessoal permite múltiplas validações na estação de início da viagem, descontando-se uma viagem por cada pessoa que faça uma validação. Os unipessoais só podem ser usados por uma pessoa anonimamente. Os pessoais e os de família requerem a identificação e acreditação que corrobore que se é o beneficiário da bonificação do título.

Passes
A Área Metropolitana de Lisboa estabeleceu uma série de zonas tarifárias correspondentes aos limites dos concelhos e válidas em todos os transportes, e um passe mensal que permite um número ilimitado de viagens em qualquer transporte. Adicionalmente, o município de Cascais, que optou por não delegar as suas competências municipais próprias de Autoridade de Transportes estabeleceu, na zona tarifária correspondente aos limites do concelho, um passe mensal que permite um número ilimitado de viagens em qualquer transporte.

Passes intermodais
Operadores como a Carris, Carris Metropolitana, Comboios de Portugal, Fertagus, Metropolitano de Lisboa, Metro Transportes do Sul e Transtejo e Soflusa permitem a utilização de passes intermodais, com os quais é possível viajar de forma contínua entre vários meios de transporte a um custo bastante reduzido face à utilização de bilhetes ocasionais exclusivos de cada operador.

Passes combinados
Tanto a Carris como o Metropolitano de Lisboa oferecem ainda passes combinados, nomeadamente para indivíduos de 3ª idade, reformados e pensionistas, assim como para utilização de parques de estacionamento.

Passes próprios
Apesar de a grande maioria dos passes previamente existentes terem sido extintos devido ao surgimento dos passes Navegante, ainda existem na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa alguns passes próprios com utilização exclusiva de um único operador, nomeadamente na Carris, CP - Comboios de Portugal, Metropolitano de Lisboa, Metro Transportes do Sul, Transtejo e Soflusa, MobiCascais e Transportes Coletivos do Barreiro.

Bilhetes Ocasionais
Para além dos passes, existe também a possibilidade de optar por um título de transporte válido para apenas uma viagem ou para um conjunto reduzido de viagens. Estes títulos de transporte são, geralmente, utilizáveis em apenas um operador de transportes públicos, havendo no entanto casos em que funcionam como um bilhete combinado entre vários operadores de transportes públicos com duração limitada.

Zapping
O Zapping é um título pré-pago multioperador e que pode ser usado nas redes de vários operadores. Cada deslocação no Zapping só permite a utilização de um único operador. A mudança de operador implica um novo desconto ao saldo, de acordo com as condições desse operador. O valor da deslocação efetuada é descontado ao saldo remanescente, consoante a tarifa e as condições de utilização em cada operador.

Programa de Apoio à Redução do Tarifário dos Transportes Públicos
O Programa de Apoio à Redução do Tarifário dos Transportes Públicos, vulgarmente conhecido como PART, é um programa de financiamento público com o objetivo de combater situações que levem à exclusão social, emissão de gases poluentes, poluição da atmosfera, congestionamento rodoviário, ruído e consumo excessivo de energia, através da promoção do uso do transporte público. O financiamento inicial deste programa foi de 104 milhões de euros, provenientes do Fundo Ambiental, dos quais beneficiaram diretamente a Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, a Área Metropolitana o Porto e as 21 Comunidades Intermunicipais. As autoridades de transporte são assim financiadas com uma verbal anual que lhes permite ajustar o seu tarifário, introduzindo títulos de transporte mais baratos ou até mesmo gratuitos, ou aumentar o parque de veículos das suas empresas de transporte público, aumentando assim a oferta disponível.

No caso da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, foram disponibilizados inicialmente 74,8 milhões de euros por via do PART, os quais permitiram a criação dos 18 passes Navegante Municipal, um para cada concelho, e do passe Navegante Metropolitano e o seu financiamento a médio prazo através da Transportes Metropolitanos de Lisboa. Em contrapartida, a Área Metropolitana de Lisboa comparticipou o programa com uma tranche de 25 milhões de euros.

Ligações externas

 Site oficial do cartão Navegante
 Site oficial da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa
 Portal VIVA
 Rede de agentes navegante
 Site oficial da Carris (tarifário de viagens frequentes)
 Site oficial da Carris (tarifário de viagens ocasionais)
 Site oficial da Carris Metropolitana
 Site oficial da CP - Comboios de Portugal (preços dos bilhetes, assinaturas e passes)
 Site oficial da Fertagus (tarifário)
 Site oficial do Metropolitano de Lisboa (tarifário)
 Site oficial da Metro Transportes do Sul (tarifário)
 Site oficial da Transtejo e Soflusa (tarifário)
 Site oficial da MobiCascais (tarifário e informações)
 Site oficial da Transportes Coletivos do Barreiro (tarifário e informações)

Transportes da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa
Bilhetagem eletrônica

Bilhética na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa


Erkki Tapani Lehtonen (* 9. Januar 1957 in Tampere) ist ein ehemaliger finnischer Eishockeyspieler. Sein Bruder Antero Lehtonen war ebenfalls ein professioneller Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Erkki Lehtonen begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt in der Nachwuchsabteilung von Tappara Tampere, in der er bis 1976 aktiv war. Anschließend verbrachte er ein Jahr bei den Bellingham Ice Hawks aus der kanadischen Juniorenliga British Columbia Hockey League, ehe er zur Saison 1977/78 zu Tappara zurückkehrte. Mit der Profimannschaft von Tappara Tampere aus der SM-liiga gewann er in den Jahren 1979, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1987 und 1988 jeweils den finnischen Meistertitel. Die Saison 1988/89 verbrachte der Center beim BSC Preussen in der Eishockey-Bundesliga. Für die Berliner erzielte er in 27 Spielen acht Tore und 25 Vorlagen. Anschließend kehrte er für zwei weitere Spielzeiten zu Tappara Tampere zurück, bei dem er 1991 seine Karriere im Alter von 34 Jahren beendete. Im Jahr 1997 wurde er mit der Aufnahme in die Finnische Eishockey-Ruhmeshalle geehrt.

International
Für Finnland nahm Lehtonen an der Weltmeisterschaft 1986 sowie den Olympischen Winterspielen 1988 in Calgary teil. Bei den Winterspielen gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft die Silbermedaille.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen

International
 1988 Silbermedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

SM-liiga-Statistik

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Finnland)
Olympiateilnehmer (Finnland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1988
Finnischer Meister (Eishockey)
Mitglied der Finnischen Eishockey-Ruhmeshalle
Geboren 1957
Mann
Finne
Eishockeyspieler (Tappara)
Eishockeyspieler (BSC Preussen)

Erkki Lehtonen


Demonomanija, praznovjerni strah od demona, paklenih sila i opsjednuća. Ponekad se javlja kao psihopatski poremećaj, primjerice kod shizofrenije.

U prošlosti su ljudi stvorili čitav niz obreda i talismana kojima su se branili od tobožnjeg utjecaja demonskih sila, što je bilo karakteristično ne samo za narodna vjerovanja, već i za kršćansku crkvu koja se služila križem, svetom vodom, blagoslovom i egzorcizmom kako bi se borila protiv zlih duhova.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Demonomanija - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Demonomanija - Proleksis enciklopedija

Psihologija
Religija
Demonologija

Demonomanija


Pimelodella kronei est une espèce de poissons-chats de la famille des Heptapteridae, endémique du Brésil. Découvert par le naturaliste allemand , ce fut le premier  décrit au Brésil, mais plusieurs autres poissons de cette nature ont été décrits plus tard.

Description
La Pimelodella kronei est une espèce troglobitique endémique, donc exclusivement souterraine, trouvée dans les ruisseaux des grottes le long du bassin de la rivière Betari, un affluent de la . L'espèce est adaptée à la rareté alimentaire typique du sous-sol et semble être au milieu d'un processus de perte d'habitudes cryptobiotiques - les poissons-chats aveugles sont peu ou pas photophobes et passent beaucoup de temps à explorer activement l'ensemble de l'environnement, pas seulement le fond mais aussi la colonne d'eau et la surface, et comme d'autres poissons troglobitiques, ils s'orientent vers n'importe quel stimulus, les interprétant potentiellement comme un signe de présence de nourriture.

Il est très sensible aux fluctuations environnementales, et dépend notamment de la stabilité du sous-sol, et avec de faibles taux de reproduction et de croissance (il pousse moins de 1 mm par mois, mais a une longévité élevée de 15 à 20 ans). Il présente donc une faible capacité à remplacer les pertes de population dues à des causes naturelles ou anthropiques. L'augmentation de son activité et la perte de ces mécanismes de défense en font une espèce très vulnérable. Ce poisson atteint une longueur de 20,2 cm.

Systématique
Le nom scientifique complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Pimelodella kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907).

L'espèce a été initialement classée dans le genre Typhlobagrus sous le protonyme Typhlobagrus kronei Miranda Ribeiro, 1907.

Pimelodella kronei a pour synonymes :
 Caecorhamdella brasiliensis Borodin, 1927
 Pimelodella lateristriga subsp. kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)
 Typhlobagrus kronei Miranda Ribeiro, 1907

Références

Références biologiques

Heptapteridae
Poisson (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Brésil

Pimelodella kronei


Joan Baptista Germain (en francés : Jean-Baptiste Germain ; Marsella 1701 y 1781) fue un escritor provenza autor, entre otras cosa, de La Borrida dei Dieu ; fue también diplomático en Argelia al servicio de la Compagnie Royale d'Afrique.

Obras
Fuera de La Borrida dei Dieus (<la Bourrido deis Dieoux>) imprimida en 1760 y que se volvió a editar en la antología Lo Boquet provençau, el escritor occitano Glaudi Barsotti menciona :
 La Matrona d'Efeba
 La Barbariá d'un Anglés sus sa Mestressa
 Òda au Rei de Prussa
 Lo Trionfe de Marselha
 Lei Delicis dau Terrador
 Parafrasa dau Saume de Dàvid 108
 L'Apologia de la Borrida dei Dieu

Bibliografía
 Lou Bouquet Prouvençaou. Marsella : Achard, 1820.

Enlaces externos
 Artículo en occitano del escritor Glaudi Barsotti en el sitio internet de Leis Amics de Mesclum
 Edición Google book de Lo Boquet Provençaou
 Edición Google book de la Revista Africana donde se habla de las actividades diplomáticas en Argelia de Germain

Escritores en occitano del siglo XVIII
Nacidos en Marsella

Joan Baptista Germain


An Rhynchostele hortensiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni R.L.Rodr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Soto Arenas och Gerardo A. Salazar. An Rhynchostele hortensiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchostele, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchostele

Rhynchostele hortensiae


Bizerte ( ) is a city of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia. It is the northernmost city in Africa, located 65 km (40mil) north of the capital Tunis. It is also known as the last town to remain under French control after the rest of the country won its independence from France. The city had 142,966 inhabitants in 2014.

Names
The classical name of Bizerte, Hippo, is the latinization of a Punic name (, ), probably related to the word ûbôn, meaning "harbor". To distinguish it from Hippo Regius (the modern Annaba, in Algeria), the Greeks and Romans used several epithets. Scylax of Caryanda mentions it as  and  ("Hippo the City"). Polybius mentions it as  (, Hippōn Diárrhytos), "Hippo Divided-by-the-Water", in reference to the town's prominent canal. It also appears in Roman, Vandal, and Byzantine sources as . Its Arabic name Banzart () and the French and English forms derived from it all represent phonetic developments of its ancient name.

History

Later history
Arab armies took Bizerte in 647 in their first invasion of the area, but the city reverted to control from Constantinople until the Byzantines were defeated and finally driven from North Africa in 695–98. The troops of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire captured the city in 1535; the Turks took it in 1574. The city then became a corsair harbour and struggled against the French and the Venetians.

With its occupation of Tunisia in 1881, France gained control of Bizerte and built a large naval harbour in the city.

In 1924, after the French government officially recognized the Soviet Union (USSR), the western military fleet of White Russia that had been kept in the port of Bizerte was returned to the Soviet government. The ships were never moved from the port and finally were sold there as scrap metal.

In March 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War, Spanish Republican Navy Commander Miguel Buiza ordered the evacuation of the bulk of the Republican fleet. Three cruisers, eight destroyers and two submarines left Cartagena harbor and reached Bizerte, where the French authorities impounded them.

During the Second World War, the German and Italian armies occupied Bizerte until Allied troops defeated them on 7 May 1943. During the fighting between the Allied forces and the German Army, many of the city's inhabitants fled to the countryside or to Tunis. The city suffered significant damage during the battle.

Due to Bizerte's strategic location on the Mediterranean, France retained control of the city and her naval base after Tunisian independence in 1956.
In 1961 Tunisian forces blockaded the area of Bizerte and demanded French withdrawal. The face-off escalated when a French helicopter took off and drew fire.  The French brought in reinforcements; when these were fired upon, France took decisive military action against the Tunisian forces. Using superior weapons and decisive force the French took Bizerte and Menzel Bourguiba.  During three days in July 1961, 700 Tunisians died (1200 wounded); the French lost 24 dead (100 wounded).

Meetings at the UN Security Council and other international pressure moved France to agreement; the French military finally abandoned Bizerte on 15 October 1963.

Geography

Location
Bizerte is on a section of widened inlet and east-facing coast of the north coast of Tunisia, 15 kilometres from Ras ben Sakka (the northernmost point in Africa on the Mediterranean Sea), 20 kilometers northeast of the Ichkeul lake (a World Heritage Site), 30 kilometers (18 miles) north of the archaeological site of Utica and 65 kilometers north of Tunis.

West of the city there are coastal hills forming an outcrop of the Tell Atlas with well-conserved woods and vantage points.  Its associated beaches include Sidi Salem, La Grotte, Rasenjela, and Al Rimel.  It is on a section of Mediterranean climate coastline, close to Sardinia and Sicily, as opposed to coasts in the south of the country which have a year-round dry desert climate.

The city is centered on the north shore of the canal of Bizerte linking the Mediterranean Sea to a tidal lake, the Lac de Bizerte which is larger than all parts of the town combined, to the immediate south.  Built-up areas are in three directions:
South-west along the widening canal with jetties at Pecherie and Jarrouba, the latter associated with Bizerte-Sidi Ahmed Air Base adjoining the opening of the lake and military/rescue heliport.
North are Sidi Salam and Corniche. They are within meters of the coast and on coast-facing slopes of the Ain Berda, a range of hills toward Cap Blanc, a small headland in the Ain Damou Plage natural conservation area.
Zarzouna, Menzel Jemil and Menzel Abderrahmane are on the south shore of the canal, formed by the locality of Zarzouna and the towns of Menzel Jemil and Menzel Abderrahmane, by a moveable bridge and both Menzels face the lake itself.  The rest of the isthmus on which they stand is the gently rising Foret de Remel, reaching a high point east of its forest area at Cap Zebib.

Transport

The bridge leads to the motorway A4 leading to Tunis–Carthage International Airport and the capital. On the town side the P11 passes semi-rural Louata, hugs Ichkeul Lake and branches into a western route, the P7, leading directly to Tabarka on the coast next to the Algerian border.  The P11 leads south-west to Béja, a governorate center, in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, forks into several roads at Bou Salem, a small town in a broad fertile plain, and climbs to Firnanah passing two high-altitude lakes and also approaching the north-west border with Algeria.

Climate
Bizerte enjoys a hot-summer mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The Mediterranean Sea breeze makes summers cooler and more humid than in the interior of Tunisia.

Demography
In 2020 the estimated population of Bizerte was 182,662, with a density of 392.4/km2.

Population structure
In 2014 the Males represented 50.3% of the population and the Females 49.7%.
The population aged 60 years and over represented 12.4% and the urban population represented 60.4% of the population.

Demographic evolution

Architecture and landscape

Vieux Port
Le vieux port (the old port) of Bizerte is a port with its small pool surrounded by white houses, cafes and large boats in bright colors. The old port is the most charming place in Bizerte. The quay stretches in an arc along the Siena earth ramparts of the Kasbah and the low white houses. A modest boat painted in red and green slices through the calm water, a fisherman unloads his fish for the nearby market, another weighs anchor... Bizerte presents the familiar spectacle of a small Provençal or Spanish port which would have traded its bell tower for a minaret. The old port of Bizerte comes alive particularly at the end of the day, when the terraces of the bistros invade the quays.

Medina

The medina corresponds to the old town of Bizerte. It stretches north of the modern city, above Avenue Bourguiba, and runs along the old port to the Kasbah (the fortress). Once protected by a rampart facing inland, it was brought down during the French protectorate to assert its power over the city. The medina is a sort of labyrinth of narrow streets that intersect in all directions. In the souks, the smells change from one alley to another, according to the shops of craftsmen and their products. The names of the streets correspond to the old corporations present here: rue des armuriers, rue des carpenters, weavers, jewelers ... In narrow stalls you can see a craftsman at work. The tall octagonal-shaped minaret of the Great Mosque (dating from the 17th century) rises above the medina. At his side, the zaouïa of Sidi Mokhtar Dey, boss of Bizerte.

The Medina of Bizerte is an old town that surrounds the picturesque Old Port district. It is a bustling center of traditional crafts. In its winding labyrinth of narrow alleys and covered souks are the workshops of metalworkers and carpenters, and butchers and grocery stores. The streets are named after the artisans who live and work there: the blacksmiths on rue des Forgerons, the gunsmiths on rue des Armuriers, carpenters on rue des Menuisiers and butchers on rue des bouchers. It is a very atmospheric place to walk, and unlike the Medinas of Hammamet and Monastir, it has not been restored so it oozes with all the exotic charm of the Orient.

Kasbah

The Kasbah is located in north of the old port, it has a single entrance from the West side. It has small dimensions: approximately 175m by 120m and has 8 towers and a walkway. It was built in the 17th century.
On the other side of the canal, the kasbah rises its ramparts above the medina: it is accessed for the beautiful view of the city, the port, the lake and the sea. The origins of this fortress go back to the time of the Byzantine occupation: rectangular in shape, a tower occupies each corner. The entrance to the kasbah is a narrow arched passageway designed to slow down any invaders attempting to enter it at the time. The interior of the fortress is a maze of small alleys lined with houses. At the foot of the north-west rampart, the market place comes alive with the cry of the merchants, and the stalls give the impression of an organized jumble. Beyond stretches the Andalusian quarter, where the Moors from Spain took refuge in the 17th century. Further along, linked by a rampart of the kasbah, we can see the silhouette of the fort of Spain, which overlooks Bizerte at an altitude of about 40 meters on a height to the north. This fort dates from 1573, built during the Turkish domination by the Pasha of Algiers. It is built so as to be able to face the artillery, composed of thirteen sides with re-entrant angles. Now far from any threat, the fort has since been redeveloped into an open-air theater, which notably hosts the Bizerte International Festival (music, dance, film).

Education

Bizerte is served by the ISG (Institut Supérieur de Gestion)

Health

There is in Bizerte a large hospital Hôpital Régional de Bizerte, one of the biggest in the region.

Economy
Bizerte's economy is very diverse. There are several military bases and year-round tourism. As a tourist centre the region is however not as popular as the eastern coast of Tunisia. There is manufacturing (textile, auto parts, cookware), fishing, fruits and vegetables, and wheat.

Miscellaneous

 The port of Bizerte is being developed into a significant Mediterranean yachting marina that was scheduled to open in May 2012. The superyacht section of the marina will be called Goga Superyacht Marina, and will have berths for yachts of up to 110m in length. It is expected that this will give a significant boost to the local economy as the yacht owners and also the hundreds of professional crew will become year-round consumers. The service industries supplying the yachts will gradually develop and bring additional employment.
 The actor Abdelmajid Lakhal was born in Bizerte.
 The Teapacks song "Lo haya lano klum" is about how bandleader Kobi Oz' family were expelled from Bizerte by the Nazis in 1942.

Titular see
Hippo Diarrhytus is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1989–2002 it was held by Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, then by Jose Paala Salazar, O.P. in 2002–2004 and by Manfred Grothe since 14 October 2004. The city and see of Hippo Diarrhytus should not be confused with those of Hippo Regius where Saint Augustine of Hippo was the bishop.

Serbian Army in Bizerte 1915–1919

Army

After the Serbian army's retreat through Albania in 1915, during World War I, part of the army was transported by the French navy to their naval base in Bizerte. Serbian soldiers, and a small number of civilians, arrived in Bizerte on three occasions. In December 1915 and early 1916, after the Albanian Golgotha, then later in 1916 after the first clashes on the Salonica front in Greece and in the early 1917 when Serbian volunteers began to gather in Bizerte. During the entire war, the soldiers were transported to the Salonica front while the wounded were transported back to Tunisia. It is estimated that over 60,000 Serbian soldiers passed through the camp. The training of the volunteers was organized in the camp, education of the disabled but also the cultural events. French-Serbian dictionary was compiled and published by Veselin Čajkanović in Bizerte. Out of 7,000 copies, 5,000 and 1,000 were distributed to Serbian and French soldiers, respectively, while the remaining 1,000 copies were sold, with money being donated to the war invalids.

Serbian wounded soldiers were originally placed in the Lambert barrack. Few days later they were relocated to the  away camp Lazouaz. Almost 200 barracks were built in the camp complex. Citizens of Bizerte, French soldiers and administration were highly obliging to the Serbs, especially the Bizerte governor, admiral Émile Guépratte. He was involved in the care of the soldiers on daily basis and organized ceremonial greetings for every ship upon arrival. The last Serbian soldiers left Bizerte on 18 August 1919. Admiral Guépratte directly disobeyed the order from the French High Command by which he was ordered to dislocate Serbs into the Sahara's hinterland. When Guépratte visited Belgrade for the first time in 1930, he was awaited by the crowd which carried the admiral on their shoulders from the Belgrade Main railway station to the Slavija Square. The street where the admiral was carried, today bears his name ().

 Hospitals

In Northern Africa, Serbian wounded soldiers were treated in the hospitals in Bizerte, Tunis, Sousse, Sidi Abdala, Algiers, Oran and Annaba. From December 1915 to August 1919, a total of 41,153 Serbian soldiers were treated. In Tunisian hospitals, 833 soldiers died (typhus, malaria, wounds, hunger and frostbites). In Sidi Abdala, local population helped the Serbs providing food, medicines and nurture. A total of 1,722 people died there.

 Cemeteries
The dead in Bizerte, Sousse and Tunis were buried in the memorial ossuary on the Christian cemetery in Bizerte. Those who died in Sidi Abdala were interred on the joint French-Serbian military cemetery. Those two cemeteries are the largest of all in Northern Africa where Serbian soldiers were buried – a total of 24 cemeteries in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, with 3,005 buried soldiers.

Notable residents
Georges Madon (1892–1924), ace pilot
Claude Pujade-Renaud (born 1932), writer
Maurice Poli (born 1933), actor
Abdelmajid Lakhal (1939–2014), actor and theatre director
Nikita Mandryka (1940–2021), cartoonist
Lionel Duroy (born 1949), writer
Pierre Cohen (born 1950), politician
Jean-Marc Luisada (born 1958), pianist
Nabil Karoui (born 1963), politician and businessman
Mondher Kebaier (born 1970), football coach
Hassen Bejaoui, (born 1975), former footballer
Malek Jaziri (born 1984), tennis player
Hamdi Harbaoui (born 1985), footballer
Souheïl Ben Radhia (born 1985), footballer
Farouk Ben Mustapha (born 1989), footballer
Hamza Mathlouthi (born 1992), footballer
Bilel Saidani (born 1993), footballer

International relations

Sister cities
Bizerte is twinned with:

Cooperation agreement
  Clermont-Ferrand, France, (a program of rehabilitation of historic centers)
  Dunkerque, France,

 Gallery

See also

 European enclaves in North Africa before 1830

 Notes

References

Bibliography
 .
 .

External links
 "Bizerte" in the Encyclopedia of the Orient''

2nd-millennium BC establishments
Catholic titular sees in Africa
Cities in Tunisia
Communes of Tunisia
Populated coastal places in Tunisia
Phoenician colonies in Tunisia
Populated places in Bizerte Governorate
Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC
Ports and harbours of the Arab League
Transport in the Arab League

Bizerte


Hrana verde  (titlu original: Soylent Green) este un film SF thriller postapocaliptic american din 1973 regizat de Richard Fleischer. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Charlton Heston și Leigh Taylor-Young. Scenariul este bazat pe romanul Make Room! Make Room! din 1966 de Harry Harrison.

Filmul combină genurile polițist cu science fiction; prezintă investigația uciderii unui bogat om de afaceri într-o distopie din viitor în care apa și oceanele sunt pe cale de dispariție pe tot parcursul anului datorită efectului de seră, ceea ce a dus la poluare, sărăcie, suprapopulație, eutanasie și epuizarea resurselor.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Charlton Heston - Detectivul Frank Thorn
 Leigh Taylor-Young - Shirl
 Chuck Connors - Tab Fielding
 Joseph Cotten - William R. Simonson
 Brock Peters - Chief Hatcher
 Paula Kelly - Martha
 Edward G. Robinson - Sol Roth
 Stephen Young - Gilbert
 Mike Henry - Kulozik
 Lincoln Kilpatrick - the priest
 Roy Jenson - Donovan
 Leonard Stone - Charles
 Whit Bissell - Gov. Santini
 Celia Lovsky - the exchange leader
 Dick Van Patten - usher #1

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Lista ficțiunilor apocaliptice și post-apocaliptice
Listă de filme SF thriller
Listă de filme distopice
Listă de filme produse de Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Listă de filme cu acțiunea în viitor
Film despre supraviețuire
Filmografia lui Edward G. Robinson
Listă de filme științifico-fantastice din anii 1970
Listă de filme noir din anii 1970

Filme din 1973Filme distopice
Filme americaneFilme cu acțiunea în viitor
Filme în limba englezăFilme noir
Filme regizate de Richard FleischerFilme de supraviețuire
Filme SF din anii 1970Filme polițiste
Filme thriller din anii 1970
Filme SF thriller
Filme postapocaliptice
Filme MGM

Hrana verde


Steppenwolf je kanadski hard rock sastav iz 1960-ih i 1970-ih godina 20. stoljeća koji se proslavio pjesmama "Born to Be Wild" i "Magic Carpet Ride". Sastav je dobio ime po romanu "Stepski vuk" njemačkog književnika Hermana Hessea i to zahvaljujući činjenici da je frontmen skupine, John Kay, bio njemačkog podrijetla.

Članovi

Sadašnji članovi
John Kay – vokal, gitara (1967. – 1972.; 1974. – 1976.; 1980.–danas)
Michael Wilk – klavijature (1982.–danas)
Gary Link – bas (1982. – 1984.; 2009.–danas)
Ron Hurst – bubnjevi (1984.–danas)
Danny Johnson – gitara, prateći vokal (1996.–danas)

Diskografija

Studijski albumi

Steppenwolf
Steppenwolf (1968)
The Second (1968)
At Your Birthday Party (1969)
Monster (1969)
Steppenwolf 7 (1970)
 For Ladies Only (1971)
 Slow Flux (1974)
 Hour of the Wolf (1975)
 Skullduggery (1976)

John Kay and Steppenwolf
 Wolftracks (1982)
 Paradox (1984)
 Rock & Roll Rebels (1987)
 Rise & Shine (1990)

Izvori

Američki rock-sastavi
Kanadski glazbenici

Steppenwolf


USS Flint (CL-97) was a modified  light cruiser, sometimes referred to as an "Oakland-class". She was named after the city of Flint, Michigan. She was launched on 25 January 1944 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation of San Francisco, California, sponsored by Mrs. R. A. Pitcher. She was and commissioned on 31 August 1944. She was reclassified CLAA-97 on 18 March 1949.

Service history
Flint reported to the 3rd Fleet for duty at Ulithi on 27 December 1944, and six days later, sailed with Task Force 38 (TF 38) for a month-long cruise in support of the invasion of Luzon. She screened aircraft carriers as they launched strikes on Luzon, Taiwan, and the China coast, and fired protective anti-aircraft cover during a Japanese kamikaze attack on 21 January 1945. Replenishing at Ulithi from 26 January to 10 February, Flint then sailed with newly designated TF 38 for air strikes on Tokyo preceding the attack on Iwo Jima. Her force arrived off Iwo Jima on 21 February to provide anti-aircraft cover for the Marines who had landed two days previously, and Flint returned to Ulithi 12 March for a brief 2 days of replenishment.

Putting to sea with TF 58 for strikes against Kyūshū in preparation for the invasion of Okinawa, Flint aided in bringing down several airplanes in heavy attacks on the task force from 18 to 22 March. The task force then closed Okinawa, and Flint with other cruisers bombarded beach installations in preparation for the landings on 1 April. Aside from the period of 14–24 May, when she was at Ulithi for upkeep, Flint operated off Okinawa until 13 June, when she anchored in Leyte Gulf.

Flint sortied from Leyte on 1 July to screen the final air attacks on the Japanese home islands and to join the bombardment of the east coast of Honshū until the cessation of hostilities. On 24 August, she took station off Nii Shima to serve as rescue ship and homing station for transport planes carrying occupation troops to Japan. From 10 to 15 September, she lay in Tokyo Bay, then sailed with a carrier task force to provide air and sea surveillance of Central Honshū until 21 September.

The cruiser made a voyage from Japan to Eniwetok, then loaded homeward bound servicemen at Yokosuka on 13 October, bringing them into San Francisco Bay on 28 November. After sailing to Kwajalein to bring home more servicemen eligible for discharge, Flint reported at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, on 11 January 1946, and there was placed out of commission in reserve at Bremerton on 6 May 1947. Her dedication plaque currently rests in the Sloan Museum, in the city she is named after.

Awards
Flint received four battle stars for World War II service.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Atlanta-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
Ships built in San Francisco
1944 ships

USS Flint (CL-97)


Danaea, rod papratnjače iz porodice Marattiaceae čijih je šezdesetak vrsta (62; ovu bazu podataka revidirao H. Tuomisto, 2021) rašireno po vlažnim tropskim šumama u Americi od razine mora do oko 2500 m nadmorske visine.

Godine 2022., još su četiri vrste uključene u ovaj rod.

Vrste

 Danaea acuminata Tuomisto & R. C. Moran
 Danaea alansmithii Tuomisto & Keskiniva, 2022
 Danaea alata Sm.
 Danaea antillensis Christenh.
 Danaea arbuscula Christenh. & Tuomisto
 Danaea atlantica Christenh., E. M. Almeida & L. P. Félix
 Danaea betancurii A. Rojas
 Danaea bicolor Tuomisto & R. C. Moran
 Danaea bipinnata Tuomisto
 Danaea carillensis Christ
 Danaea cartilaginea Christenh. & Tuomisto
 Danaea chococola Christenh.
 Danaea crispa Endrés
 Danaea danaepinna Christenh.
 Danaea draco Christenh.
 Danaea epilithica A. Rojas
 Danaea epiphytica Christenh.
 Danaea erecta Tuomisto & R. C. Moran
 Danaea excurrens Rosenst.
 Danaea falcata Tuomisto & R. C. Moran
 Danaea geniculata Raddi
 Danaea gracilis Tuomisto & Keskiniva, 2022
 Danaea grandifolia Underw.
 Danaea humilis T. Moore
 Danaea imbricata Tuomisto & R. C. Moran
 Danaea inaequilatera A. Rojas
 Danaea jenmanii Underw.
 Danaea kalevala Christenh.
 Danaea lanceolata Tuomisto & Keskiniva, 2022
 Danaea latipinna Tuomisto & R. C. Moran
 Danaea leprieurii Kunze
 Danaea leussinkiana Christenh.
 Danaea lingua-cervina Christenh. & Tuomisto
 Danaea longicaudata Tuomisto
 Danaea lucens A. Rojas
 Danaea mazeana Underw.
 Danaea megaphylla A. Rojas
 Danaea moralesiana A. Rojas
 Danaea moritziana C. Presl
 Danaea nigrescens Jenman
 Danaea nodosa (L.) Sm.
 Danaea oblanceolata Stolze
 Danaea plicata Christ
 Danaea polymorpha Lepr.
 Danaea riparia Christenh. & Tuomisto
 Danaea simplicifolia Rudge
 Danaea stricta Tuomisto & Keskiniva, 2022
 Danaea tenera Morton
 Danaea tenuicaulis Tuomisto & Keskiniva, 2022
 Danaea trichomanoides Spruce ex T. Moore
 Danaea trifoliata Rchb. ex Kunze
 Danaea trinitatensis Christenh. & Tuomisto
 Danaea tuomistoana A. Rojas
 Danaea ulei Christ
 Danaea urbanii Maxon
 Danaea ushana Christenh.
 Danaea vanderwerffii Tuomisto & Keskiniva, 2022
 Danaea vivax Christenh. & Tuomisto
 Danaea wendlandii Reichb
 Danaea xenium Christenh. & Tuomisto
 Danaea ypori Christenh.
 Danaea zamiopsis Christenh. & Tuomisto

Sinonimi
 Heterodanaea C.Presl
 Arthrodanaea C.Presl
 Danaeopsis C.Presl

Izvori

Marattiopsida

Danaea


أفاست للبرمجيات  هي شركة برمجيات مقرها في براغ، الجمهورية التشيكية، التي تنتج مضاد الفيروسات أفاست، الموصوف كبرنامج مضاد الفيروسات. يأتي البرنامج على شكل إصداربرامج مجانية لمستخدمي الحاسب بالمنزل وإصدارات برامج تجريبية التي لديها العديد من الميزات الإضافية.
آخر إصدار من أفاست! يتضمن العديد من العناصر / الوحدات هدفها حماية مستخدمي الحاسب بشكل عام مثل برامج المراسلة الفورية وتشارك الملفات / مشاركة الملفات، وفحص بروتوكول مكتب البريد بالبريد الإلكتروني دون الحاجة إلى إعداد خاص من برامج مزودي البريد الإلكتروني (عندما يتم تركيبها على أحد الأنظمة التي تستند على نظام التقنيات الحديثة (ويندوز إن تي)).

تتم المصادقة على مضاد الفيروسات أفاست! كمكتشف للفيروسات من قبل مختبرات الرابطة الدولية لأمن الحواسب / ICSA Labs، وليست باعتبارها منظف فيروسات فقط كما كان الوضع قبل تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر 2003.

كما يمر أفاست! بالعديد من الاختبارات الصارمة للغاية التي تعدها مجلة نشرة الفيروسات /  (لمعرفة المزيد انظر الروابط أدناه لو تكرمت)، وحاز على أفضل معدل نجاح في هذه التجارب مقارنة بالبرامج المدفوعة الأجر الأخرى.

اعتباراً من 1/1/2007 فإن الاسم الرسمي الجديد للشركة هو شركة الوِل المساهمة للبرمجيات حيث أنه تم تشكيل ائتلاف من الشركات المستقلة وضمت على أساس شركة مساهمة / شركة مساهمة.

الأمر الذي يميز أفاست! عن برامج مضادات الفيروسات الأخرى هي عالميته، حيث أنه متوفّر في أكثر من 27 لغة عالمية مثل العربية، الإنكليزية، الألمانية... إلخ

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

الاكتتابات العامة الأولية 2018
برمجيات مجانية
برمجيات أمن الحاسوب
برمجيات أندرويد
برمجيات مضادة للفيروسات
تأسيسات سنة 1988 في تشيكوسلوفاكيا
شركات البرمجيات
شركات برمجيات أمن الحاسوب
شركات برمجيات أسست في 1988
شركات برمجيات في التشيك
شركات أسست في 1988
شركات كانت مدرجة في سوق لندن للأوراق المالية
شركات متعددة الجنسيات مقرها الرئيسي في التشيك
شركات مدرجة في بورصة لندن
شركات مقرها في براغ
علامات تجارية تشيكية
عمليات الدمج والاستحواذ 2022

أفاست


Die Saison 1920/21 war die sechste reguläre Austragung der Internationalen Schweizer Eishockeymeisterschaft. Meister wurde der HC Rosey Gstaad.

Meisterschaft

Halbfinal
 HC Rosey Gstaad – EHC St. Moritz 6:1
 HC Bellerive Vevey – HC Château-d'Oex 3:1

Final
 HC Rosey Gstaad – HC Bellerive Vevey 8:1

Weblinks
  (PDF; 547 kB)

1920
Eishockeysaison 1920/21

Internationale Schweizer Eishockeymeisterschaft 1920/21


Miladi 6. yüzyıl, 501'den 600'e kadar sürmüş yüzyıldır.

Olaylar

 511: Frank Kralı olan I. Clovis'in ölümü.
 1 Ağustos 527: Doğu Roma imparatoru I. Justinianus tahta çıktı.
 533: Vandallar, Bizans İmparatorluğu tarafından yıkıldı.
 537: Camlann Savaşı'nda Kral Arthur zafer kazandı.
 550 - 558: Prokopius (tarihçi) tarafından Gizli Tarih yazıldı.
 552: Kök Türk Devleti'nin Bumin Kağan tarafından kurulması.
 14 Kasım 565: Doğu Roma imparatoru I. Justinianus'un imparatorluğu sona erdi.
 568: Lombardlar, İtalya'yı ele geçirdi.
 571: Muhammed'in doğumu.
 580: Slavlar, Tuna'nın güneyine yerleşmeye başladı.
 582: Kök Türklerin doğu ve batı şeklinde ikiye bölünmesi.
 589: Vizigot Kralı I. Recaredo, Katolik oldu.
 Glendalough manastırı, Kevin tarafından kurulmuştur.
 Zen Budistleri Vietnam'a Çin'den giriş yaparlar.
 Budist Jataka hikâyeleri Zerdüşti kral Khosrau'nun emriyle Farsça'ya çevrilmiştir.
 Budizm Japonya'ya giriş yaptı.

İcat ve Keşifler
 Dionysius Exiguus Anno Domini sistemini geliştirir.
 Tavla (nard), İran'da Burzoe tarafından icat edilir.
 Satranç, İran'a Hindistan'dan giriş yapar ve değiştirilir.

6. yüzyıl


Neotrichocoleaceae, porodica jetrenjarki, dio je reda Ptilidiales. Sastoji se od dva roda

Rodovi
 Neotrichocolea S. Hatt.
 Trichocoleopsis S. Okamura

Izvori

Ptilidiales

Neotrichocoleaceae


Alfred «Fredy» Bieler (* 18. April 1923 in St. Moritz; † 24. April 2013 in Zürich) war ein Schweizer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Fredy Bieler nahm für die Schweizer Nationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1948 in St. Moritz teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille gewann. Im Turnierverlauf erzielte er in fünf Spielen fünf Tore und drei Vorlagen. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1950 und 1951, bei denen er ebenfalls jeweils die Bronzemedaille gewann. Als bestes europäisches Team wurde die Schweiz 1950 Europameister. Für die Schweiz absolvierte Fredy Bieler 53 Länderspiele und schoss dabei 60 Tore. Auf Vereinsebene spielte er von 1942 bis 1953 für den Zürcher SC, mit dem er 1949 Schweizer Meister wurde. Er gehörte in den Vierziger- und Fünfzigerjahren zu den wechselnden Formationen des berühmten Zürcher «er-Sturm».

Mit seinem Sturmkollegen Heini Lohrer des Zürcher SC wechselte er später in die Geschäftsleitung der Rechenmaschinenfabrik Precisa AG.

Fredy Bieler verstarb wenige Tage nach seinem 90. Geburtstag nach langer und schwerer Krankheit am 24. April 2013.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1948 Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen
 1949 Schweizer Meister mit dem Zürcher SC
 1950 Bronzemedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft
 1951 Bronzemedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeynationalspieler (Schweiz)
Eishockeyspieler (ZSC Lions)
Olympiateilnehmer (Schweiz)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1948
Europameister (Eishockey)
Schweizer
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 2013
Mann

Fredy Bieler


نيشا سافيلييتش ( في تيتوغراد) (سريلية:Ниша Савељић) لاعب كرة قدم مونتينيغري معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الدفاع .

لعب سافيلييتش في أندية تيتوغراد ، بودوتشنوست (1988-1993) هايدوك كولا (1993-1995) بارتيزان (1995-1997) بوردو (1997-2001) بارتيزان مجددا (2001) سوشو (2001-2003) باستيا (2003-2004) غينغان (2004) إستر (2004-2005) بارتيزان مجددا (2005-2006) .

ساهم سافيلييتش في تتويج نادي بوردو ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى موسم 1998/1999 .

شارك سافيلييتش مع منتخب يوغوسلافيا في 32 مباراة دولية مسجلا هدف واحد في الفترة من 1995 إلى 2000 .

تم استدعاء سافيلييتش للمشاركة في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1998 التي أقيمت في فرنسا . غاب اللاعب عن جميع مباريات الدور الأول أمام منتخبات إيران ، ألمانيا ، والولايات المتحدة ولكنه شارك بديلا في الدقيقة 78 أمام منتخب هولندا بالدور الثمن النهائي والتي انتهت بالخسارة 1/2 .

تم استدعائه مجددا للمشاركة في بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 2000 التي أقيمت في هولندا وبلجيكا معا . استطاع منتخب يوغوسلافيا الفوز على منتخب النرويج 1/0 والتعادل مع منتخب سلوفينيا 3/3 والخسارة من منتخب إسبانيا 3/4 وفي الدور الربع النهائي خسر من منتخب هولندا 1/6 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مونتينيغريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من بودغوريتسا
فرنسيون من أصل مونتينيغري
قلوب دفاع كرة قدم
لاعبو الدوري الصربي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري اليوغوسلافي الأول
لاعبو إستر
لاعبو بارتيزان بلغراد
لاعبو باستيا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2000
لاعبو بودوتشنوست بودغوريتسا
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو دوري صربيا والجبل الأسود الممتاز
لاعبو سوشو
لاعبو صربيا والجبل الأسود
لاعبو غينغان
لاعبو كأس العالم 1998
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مونتينيغريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مونتينيغريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو منتخب صربيا والجبل الأسود لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب يوغوسلافيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو هايدوك كولا
مواليد 1970
مواليد في بودغوريتسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من بودغوريتسا

نيشا سافيلييتش


منطقة طارق إحدى مناطق أمانة عمان الكبرى التي تشكل لواء ماركا التابع لمحافظة العاصمة في المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية. تقع في الجزء الشمال الشرقي للعاصمة الأردنية عمّان وتتكون من عشر أحياء أو تجمعات سكنية.

مساحتها
تبلغ مساحتها (26 كم²) وبعدد سكان (1,000,000 نسمة) , ويوجد بها عدد من الأحياء السكنية التي تمتاز بالهدوء والعمران الجميل والرقي ويغلب عليها طابع عمان الغربية... تقع شمال عمان وتمتاز بطقسها الجميل صيفا لكونها منطقة جبلية ويحد بها من الشمال أبو نصير وشفا بدران ومن الشرق بسمان ومن الغرب المدينة الرياضية ومن الجنوب الشرقي عين غزال وضاحية الأميرة سلمى, وتمتد طارق من مدارس إكسفورد إلى حدود عين غزال " حدود ماركا التي تقع في عمان الشرقية"

الحدود التنظيمية
تحدها تنظيميا عدد من المناطق عددها (4).

مراجع

مناطق مدينة عمان
محافظة عمان
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء ماركا
مديريات مدينة عمان

طارق (عمان)


An Luisia brachystachys in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ludwig von Blume. An Luisia brachystachys in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luisia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Luisia

Luisia brachystachys


محافظة دونغ ناي  ( بالفيتنامية : Đồng Nai ) هي إحدى محافظات فيتنام. وتقع في جنوب شرق.

أعلام
 فنسنت لونغ فان نجوين

المصدر

روابط إضافية
 Dong Nai Provincial People's Council & People's Committee
 List of Đồng Nai links provided by a Vietnamese government entity

جنوب شرق (فيتنام)
محافظات فيتنام
مقاطعة دونج ناي

محافظة دونغ ناي


Caparo je rijeka u Venezueli. Pritoka je rijeke Apure i pripada porječju rijeke Orinoco.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Venezueli
Pritoke Apure

Caparo (rijeka u Venezueli)


Galeusca TV fue un canal de televisión internacional por satélite dirigido a la comunidad emigrante española en América, que emitió desde el 31 de diciembre de 1996 hasta septiembre de 1998. El nombre hace referencia tanto a un pacto político histórico como a las tres comunidades autónomas que participaron en el proyecto a través de sus grupos de radiodifusión: Galicia (Televisión de Galicia, TVG), País Vasco (Euskal Telebista, ETB) y Cataluña (Televisió de Catalunya, TVC).

Historia
El proyecto comenzó en verano de 1995, cuando el gobierno de España modificó la Ley del Tercer Canal de Televisión para que las radiodifusoras autonómicas pudieran emitir vía satélite. Aunque algunas ya habían iniciado emisiones en pruebas a nivel europeo, caso de TV3 con Televisió de Catalunya Internacional, algunas cadenas de la FORTA con lengua propia crearon un canal común para llevar la señal autonómica a América.

De este modo, TVG, ETB y TVC fundaron Galeusca TV, dirigida a la diáspora inmigrante de sus comunidades que residía en países americanos, a través del satélite PanAmSat. El canal buscaba reflejar las particularidades de las comunidades gallega, vasca y catalana. La programación de Galeusca TV era en castellano, si bien había espacios que se emitían en lenguas autonómicas. En sus primeros meses, la empresa firmó acuerdos con operadores satelitales de México, Perú, Argentina y Venezuela. Su intención era llegar a más de seis millones de hogares en el primer año.

A los tres meses, Televisión de Galicia abandonó el proyecto para iniciar su propio canal de televisión internacional, Galicia TV, que se puso en marcha el 1 de abril de 1997 para Europa y América. Euskal Telebista y Televisió de Catalunya continuaron en el proyecto un año más, aunque éste quedó descolgado en favor de sus propios canales internacionales, ETB Sat y TVCi. Finalmente, Galeusca TV desapareció en la última semana de septiembre de 1998.

Referencias

Canales de televisión desaparecidos

Galeusca TV


Nimtofte-Tøstrup Sogn er et sogn i Syddjurs Provsti (Århus Stift). Sognet ligger i Syddjurs Kommune.

I Nimtofte-Tøstrup Sogn ligger Nimtofte Kirke og Tøstrup Kirke

Sogne i Syddjurs Kommune
Sogne i Århus Stift
Sogne i Djurs Nørre Herred
Etableret i 2012

Nimtofte-Tøstrup Sogn


الشعر الصيني هو من أهم الآداب الصينية. تقليدياً، الشعر الصيني يتقسم إلى عدة أقسام منها، شي (詩)shi، تسي ci(詞)، وجو ju(曲). وهنالك أيضاً نوع من الشعر النثري يدعى فو (賦)fu. خلال الفترة الحديثة، طورت الصين نوعا جديدا من الشعر الحر على غرار النموذج الغربي، كافة الأشكال الشعرية الصينية التقليدية تأتي مسجوعة، ولكن ليست جميعها تصنف شعراً، ومثال على ذلك، نصوص يي جنغ غالباً ما هي مقفاة، ولكنها لا تعتبر شعراًَ.

شعراء
 لي باي
 دو فو

مصادر

 Stephen Owen (1996). An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911.
 J. Gill Holland (1986). Keep an Eye on South Mountain: Translations of Chinese Poetry.
 James J.Y. Liu (1966). The Art of Chinese Poetry.
 Wai-lim Yip (1997). Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres .

أدب صيني
تاريخ الصين

شعر حسب الأمم أو اللغات

شعر صيني


An Pitcairnia minicorallina in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Hans Edmund Luther, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jason Randall Grant. An Pitcairnia minicorallina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia minicorallina


iPlanet was a product brand that was used jointly by Sun Microsystems and Netscape Communications Corporation when delivering software and services as part of a non-exclusive cross marketing deal that was also known as "A Sun|Netscape Alliance".

History
After AOL merged with Netscape, technology analysts speculated that AOL's major interest was the netscape.com website (specifically the millions of registered users thereof ), and to a lesser extent the Netscape Communicator suite, which some considered would be used to replace the Internet Explorer browser which AOL licensed from Microsoft and included as part of their software suite.

AOL entered into an agreement with systems and software company Sun Microsystems whereby engineers from both companies would work together on software development, marketing, sales, installation and support. Part of the deal was that Sun agreed to pay Netscape a fixed amount for each year of the deal regardless of whether any software was actually sold by the alliance. The code was written after the best parts of the Netscape Enterprise Server and the Sun Java System Web Server had been merged.

The iPlanet brand was already owned by Sun following the acquisition of i-Planet, Inc. in October 1998 (i-Planet was founded just two years before in January 1996).

In 2001, the three year alliance came to an end, at which point, under the terms of the deal, both AOL and Sun retained equal rights to the code that had been jointly developed. Toward the end of August 2001 many of the remaining Netscape employees were either laid off or transferred to Sun (mostly at its campuses in Santa Clara, California and Bangalore). During the period of the alliance, Netscape had hired very few people, most staff coming under the Sun umbrella.

AOL had continued to market the directory and certificate server products under the Netscape brand. But in 2004 AOL sold the directory and certificate server products to Red Hat, which open-sourced them and integrated both into its Red Hat Enterprise Server product portfolio (Red Hat Directory Server and Certificate System).

Most of the other iPlanet products were moved to the Sun ONE brand and then the Sun Java System brand.

After the Oracle acquisition of Sun, some of the former iPlanet products returned to be sold under the iPlanet brand, specifically Oracle iPlanet Web Server and Oracle iPlanet Web Proxy Server.

Products
The suite of iPlanet offerings included:
 iPlanet Application Server (a Java EE application server system, based on the Netscape Application Server and NetDynamics Application Server)
 iPlanet Calendar Server
 iPlanet Directory Server (an LDAP server), renamed to Sun Java System Directory Server
 iPlanet Instant Messaging Server
 iPlanet Messaging Server (a SMTP, IMAP, POP3 and webmail mail server)
 iPlanet Meta Directory
 iPlanet Portal Search (formerly Netscape Compass)
 iPlanet Portal Server
 iPlanet Web Server (an HTTP and HTTPS web server), renamed to Sun Java System Web Server
 iPlanet Web Proxy Server, renamed to Sun Java System Web Proxy Server

The suite also included a number of server-side infrastructure components, including distributed event management and tools for managing large populations of iPlanet server instances.

Additionally, iPlanet sold "iPlanet E-Commerce Applications", a suite of software tools intended for building e-commerce websites:

 iPlanet BillerXpert (for handling billing and related financial processing activities)
 iPlanet BuyerXpert (for business-to-business procurement software)
 iPlanet ECXpert
 iPlanet MerchantXpert
 iPlanet SellerXpert (for implementing b2b and b2c sales websites)
 iPlanet TradingXpert
 Netscape PublishingXpert

References

Sun Microsystems software

IPlanet


Taşucu, Mersin'in Silifke ilçesine bağlı bir mahalle. 2018 verilerine göre 9.593 kişilik nüfusu bulunan Taşucu 1955 Türkiye yerel seçimleri ile birlikte belde statüsü kazanmış ve belediye olmuştur. Ancak 2014 yerel seçimleri ile birlikte yürürlüğe giren yeni büyükşehir belediyesi yasası ile birlikte belde tüzel kişiliği kaldırılarak mahalleye dönüştürülmüştür. Bu nedenle 29 Ekim 1994 tarihinde Bergkamen ile yapılan kardeş şehir anlaşması da geçerliliğini kaybetmiştir.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk dört kez ziyaret ettiği Taşucu'nu doğum yeri olan Selanik'e benzetmekteydi. Buna istinaden Taşucu'nda Taşucu Atatürk Evi inşa edilmiş ve 12 Mayıs 2005'te açılmıştır.

Tarihçe
Taşucu'nda tespit edilen en eski yerleşim MÖ 7. yüzyılda buraya yerleşen Greklere aittir ve yerleşim yeri bu dönemde Holmi olarak adlandırılmıştır. Sürekli gerçekleşen korsan baskınları dolayısıyla zor zamanlar yaşayan şehir MÖ 4. yüzyıldan itibaren çöküş dönemine girmiş, Holmi'nin bu zayıf durumunda yararlanan I. Seleukos şehri ele geçirerek  Seleukos İmparatorluğu topraklarına katmıştır. I. Selevkos Nikator şehri ele geçirdikten sonra halkı günümüzde Silifke'nin bulunduğu yere göç ettirmiş ve Seleukeia ad Kalykadnos kentini kurmuştur. Bu dönemden sonra MÖ 1. yüzyılda Roma, 7. yüzyılda Emevî ve Abbâsî, 13. yüzyılda Selçuklu Hanedanı, 14. yüzyılda Karamanoğullarının eline geçen Taşucu 1471 yılında Gedik Ahmed Paşa tarafından Osmanlı topraklarına katılmıştır. 1923 yılında Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin ilan edilmesi ile birlikte de Mersin'e bağlı bir birim olarak tanımlanmıştır.

Ekonomi
Taşucu ekonomisini turizm, tarım, ticaret ve balıkçılık oluşturmaktadır. Portakal, mandalina, limon ve çilek yörede en çok yetiştirilen tarım ürünleridir. Ayrıca Mersin Limanı'ndan sonra ilin en büyük ikinci limanı olan Taşucu Limanı'ndan Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nin Girne Limanı'na düzenli olarak deniz otobüsü seferleri yapılmaktadır.  Bölgenin yılın 300 günü güneş alması, plaj ve denizinin temiz olması gibi nedenlerle Taşucu, Mersin'in gözde tatil yörelerindendir.

İklim
Taşucu'nda yalnızca Türkiye'nin değil, dünyanın bu enlemde görülen en endemik iklim türü olan subtropikal iklim görülmektedir. Akdeniz kıyısında olmasına karşın çevresindeki Orta Toroslar nedeniyle sıcaklık yıl boyunca yüksek ve sıcaklık farkı son derece azdır. Yıllık ortalaması ise 24 derece ile dünyanın tüm 36. enlemlerinde görülen ortalamaların en yükseğidir. Dünyadaki tüm tropikal bitkiler, burada rahatça yetiştirilebilmektedir.

Eğitim
Mahallede Taşucu Anadolu Lisesi, Taşucu Prof. Dr. Durmuş Tezcan Denizcilik Anadolu Meslek Lisesi, Taşucu İlkokulu, Taşucu Ortaokulu ve Taşucu Seyfettin Tatoğlu Ortaokulu olmak üzere Millî Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı dört okul bulunmakla birlikte Selçuk Üniversitesi Taşucu-Silifke Meslek Yüksekokulu da yine bu mahallede yer almaktadır.

Sosyal hayat

1968 yılında Taşucu Balıkçılık Festivali adıyla düzenlenmeye başlanan ve 1994'te Taşucu Çevre Festivali adını alan festival her yıl Taşucu Festival Alanı'nda düzenlenmektedir. Yine her yıl yaz aylarında yapılan Taşucu Belediyesi Plaj Voleybolu Turnuvası, yerli sporcuların yanı sıra eski kardeş şehir Bergkamen'den gelen sporcularla birlikte düzenlenmektedir.

Ayrıca 3 Eylül 1970 yılında kurulan mavi-beyaz renklere sahip Taşucuspor ise Taşucu'nu futbol branşında Mersin 1. Amatör Küme Büyükler Ligi'nde temsil etmekte ve Akdeniz Şeytanları olarak anılmaktadır.

Taşucu'ndaki bulunan Taşucu Aslan Eyce Amfora Müzesi türünün tek örneğidir.

Yöneticiler

Belediye başkanları
Taşucu'nun ilk belde belediye başkanı Sinan Tokmar, son belde belediye başkanı ise 2009 Türkiye yerel seçimlerinde seçilen Yaşar Açıkbaş olmuştur. 2014 yerel seçimleri ile birlikte Taşucu'nun belde tüzel kişiliği sonlandırıldığından dolayı sonraki dönemlerde belediye başkanı seçilememiştir.

Muhtarlar
2014 yerel seçimleri ile birlikte mahalle olan Taşucu'nun ilk muhtarı Mehmet Köylü olmuştur.

Galeri

Notlar

Kaynakça

Silifke'nin mahalleleri
Türkiye'deki kıyı yerleşim birimleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Taşucu


هذه قائمة بالأفلام المصرية لسنة 1997 مرتبة أبجديا

1997
 استقالة ضابط شرطة
 إسماعيلية رايح جاي
 القبطان
 المرأة والساطور
 المصير
 امرأة فوق القمة
 امراة وخمس رجال
 بخيت وعديلة 2
 تفاحة
 حتحب وتقب
 حسن اللول
 حلق حوش
 سمكة وأربع قروش
 عفريت النهار
 عيش الغراب

مصر في 1997
أفلام إنتاج 1997
9
قوائم أفلام مصرية حسب السنة
قوائم أفلام حسب البلد أو اللغة 1997

قائمة الأفلام المصرية سنة 1997


The year 650 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 104 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 650 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events
 A climate change occurs in Europe, affecting all the Bronze Age cultures with colder and wetter climate, and tribes from Scandinavia migrate south into the European continent.
 Wine pitcher (oenochoe) from Rhodes is begun, finished in 625 BC. It is now at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
 The city of Ancient Carthage acquires independence from Tyre.
Thales discovered the first theorems related to circles.

Births

Deaths
 Mentuemhat, Theban Egyptian official

References

650 BC


Rudi Murmann (* 31. Januar 1947 in Karlsruhe) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler und Fußballtrainer. Der Defensivspieler hat in der Fußball-Regionalliga Südwest beziehungsweise Regionalliga Süd von 1966 bis 1973 für die Vereine FK Pirmasens und SSV Reutlingen insgesamt 159 Ligaspiele absolviert und vier Tore erzielt. In der Saison 1974/75 kamen in der 2. Fußball-Bundesliga mit dem Aufsteiger Reutlingen noch 37 Ligaeinsätze hinzu.

Laufbahn

Anfänge, Pirmasens und Forst, bis 1969

Aufgewachsen ist Rudi Murmann in Blankenloch, nicht weit von Karlsruhe gelegen, wo er schon mit sechs Jahren dem Sportverein Blankenloch beitrat – beim SV Blankenloch begann auch die Karriere von Kurt Sommerlatt – und dort bis zu seinem 18. Lebensjahr kickte. Schon bald wurden größere Vereine auf den spritzigen, schnellen Defensivspieler aufmerksam, der sich wie ein Terrier in seine Aufgaben verbeißen konnte. Der FK Pirmasens holte ihn in seine Amateurmannschaft, in der er ein Jahr spielte um dann zur Saison 1966/67 in den Vertragsspielerkader der Regionalligaelf des FKP aufgenommen zu werden. Der gelernte Starkstromelektriker gab beim amtierenden Südwestmeister am 7. November 1966, bei einer 0:1-Auswärtsniederlage bei Röchling Völklingen, unter Trainer Kurt Sommerlatt sein Debüt in der Regionalliga Südwest. Er lief in Völklingen an der Seite von Mitspielern wie Torhüter Peter Jann, Abwehrchef Alois Herbrik und der gleichaltrigen Offensivhoffnung Dieter Weinkauff auf. Der ebenfalls aus dem Karlsruher Umfeld stammende Mittelfeldspieler Roland Weida pausierte an diesem Spieltag. Am Rundenende hatte Murmann elf Ligaspiele bestritten und der Titelverteidiger hatte den 6. Rang belegt. Unter Sommerlatt-Nachfolger Helmut Schneider kamen 1967/68 weitere elf Regionalligaspiele hinzu, dann unterbrach aber sein Einzug zur Bundeswehr seine Vertragsspielerlaufbahn. Durch seinen Standort in Bruchsal, nah bei Blankenloch gelegen, fand er zum FC Germania Forst, welcher in der 1. Amateurliga Nordbaden spielte. Er gehörte sofort zu den Leistungsträgern neben der Germania-Legende Adolf Luft und gewann mit Forst die Meisterschaft in der Saison 1968/69. An den Spielen in der Aufstiegsrunde zur Regionalliga Süd gegen den VfR Heilbronn, VfB Friedrichshafen und SV Waldkirch konnte er aber aus vertragsrechtlichen Gründen nicht teilnehmen. Im Februar 1969 hatte er noch mit der Auswahl von Baden unter Trainer Herbert Widmayer im Länderpokalwettbewerb beim 2:0-Erfolg gegen die favorisierte Auswahl von Mittelrhein mitgewirkt, wo in der Offensive mit Helmut Bergfelder, Willi Zander, Franz-Josef Nacken, Werner Thelen und Paul Alger bekannte Angreifer im Einsatz gewesen waren. Zur Saison 1969/70 hatte er einen Vertrag beim Süd-Regionalligisten SSV Reutlingen unterschrieben und kehrte damit wieder in das Vertragsspielerlager zurück.

Reutlingen, ab 1969 bis 1976
Murmanns große Stärke war in Reutlingen sein blitzschneller Vorstoß aus dem Verteidigungsraum bis in den Sturm und da funkte es dann, wenn er vor dem gegnerischen Strafraum auftauchte. Er war vier Jahre durchgehend Stammspieler in der Mannschaft vom Stadion an der Kreuzeiche, und das unter vier verschiedenen Trainern. Er begann 1969/70 – wie auch der weitere Neuzugang Hans Eippert – unter Werner Roth, der wurde von Pál Csernai abgelöst, dieser von Willibald Hahn und in der vierten Saison, 1972/73, setzte sich Murmann mit Milovan Beljin auseinander.

Sportlich kam Murmann mit dem SSV nicht über den 10. Rang in der Saison 1971/72 hinaus, in seiner vierten Runde ging es sogar runter auf den 17. Rang und damit zum Abstieg in die Amateurklasse. Unter Trainer Beljin konnte er mit Mitspielern wie Wolfgang Haug, Hans Hauser, Günther Kasperski, Rolf Thommes, Bernd Dirscherl, Robert Lühr, Heinz Schimmel, Klaus Vöhringer und Franz Wolny den Abstieg nicht verhindern.

Murmann ging mit Reutlingen runter in die Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee und erreichte mit dem Absteiger in der Saison 1973/74 die Vizemeisterschaft. Er konnte mit seinen Reutlingern an der Endrunde um die Deutsche Amateurmeisterschaft 1974 teilnehmen und zog in das Endspiel ein. Im Wiederholungsspiel des Endspiels gegen den VfB 06/08 Remscheid verwandelte der zurückgekehrte Hans Eippert den entscheidenden Elfmeter zum 2:1-Endstand, durch den der SSV Reutlingen erstmals Deutscher Amateurmeister wurde. In der Abwehr agierte der SSV zumeist in der Besetzung mit Torhüter Rolf Kirsch und den Defensivakteuren Werner Strunk, Murmann, Hans Düren und Bernd Dirscherl. In der anschließenden Saison qualifizierte sich Murmann mit dem SSV Reutlingen als Meister der 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee für die Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga. Dort sicherte er sich durch fünf Siege in sechs Gruppenspielen mit Reutlingen den Aufstieg in den Profifußball.

In der Saison 1975/76 waren Murmann und Kollegen aber nicht konkurrenzfähig: Nach 38 Rundenspielen stieg Reutlingen mit 13:63-Punkten umgehend wieder in das Amateurlager ab. Indiskutable 6:32-Heimpunkte mit einem negativen Torverhältnis von 18:48 zeigten die eindeutige Überforderung an. Murmann hatte unter den Trainern Rudolf Schießl (bis Oktober 1975) und Fred Hoffmann nur in einem der 38 Rundenspiele gefehlt. Nachdem der SSV abgestiegen war beendete er nach dem erneuten Gewinn der Schwarzwald-Bodensee-Meisterschaft in der Saison 1976/77 und der folgenden erfolglosen Aufstiegsrunde seine Spielerkarriere.

Nach seiner aktiven Karriere war Murmann für den TSV Pliezhausen und den FC Reutlingen als Trainer tätig. Danach wurde er in der Saison 1983/84 Interimstrainer der ersten Mannschaft des SSV Reutlingen 05, der damals nach dem Abstieg aus der Oberliga in der vorigen Saison in der Verbandsliga Württemberg antrat.

Literatur
 Christian Karn, Reinhard Rehberg: Spielerlexikon 1963 bis 1994. Agon Sportverlag. Kassel 2012. ISBN 978-3-89784-214-4. S. 352.
 Der Fußball-Trainer. Fachzeitschrift für alle Trainings- und Wettkampffragen. Achalm-Verlag. Reutlingen 1971. Heft 1/1971, S. 32.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (FK Pirmasens)
Fußballspieler (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Fußballtrainer (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Deutscher
Geboren 1947
Mann

Rudi Murmann


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