Draft evasion is any successful attempt to elude a government-imposed obligation to serve in the military forces of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to comply with the military draft laws of one's nation. Illegal draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries, in which at least one party of such conflict has enforced conscription. Such evasion is generally considered to be a criminal offense, and laws against it go back thousands of years.

There are many draft evasion practices. Those that manage to adhere to or circumvent the law, and those that do not involve taking a public stand, are sometimes referred to as draft avoidance. Draft evaders are sometimes pejoratively referred to as draft dodgers, although in certain contexts that term has also been used non-judgmentally or as an honorific.

Practices that involve lawbreaking or taking a public stand are sometimes referred to as draft resistance. Although draft resistance is discussed below as a form of "draft evasion", draft resisters and scholars of draft resistance reject the categorization of resistance as a form of evasion or avoidance. Draft resisters argue that they seek to confront, not evade or avoid, the draft.

Draft evasion has been a significant phenomenon in nations as different as Colombia, Eritrea, Canada, France, Russia, South Korea, Syria, and the United States. Accounts by scholars and journalists, along with memoiristic writings by draft evaders, indicate that the motives and beliefs of the evaders cannot be usefully stereotyped.

Draft evasion practices

Young people have engaged in a wide variety of draft evasion practices around the world, some of which date back thousands of years. This section aims to delineate a representative sampling of draft evasion practices and support activities as identified by scholars and journalists. Examples of many of these practices and activities can be found in the section on draft evasion in the nations of the world, further down this page.

Draft avoidance
One type of draft avoidance consists of attempts to follow the letter and spirit of the draft laws in order to obtain a legally valid draft deferment or exemption. Sometimes these deferments and exemptions are prompted by political considerations. Another type consists of attempts to circumvent, manipulate, or surreptitiously violate the substance or spirit of the draft laws in order to obtain a deferment or exemption. Nearly all attempts at draft avoidance are private and unpublicized. Examples include:

By adhering to the law

 Claiming conscientious objector status on the basis of sincerely held religious or ethical beliefs.
 Claiming a student deferment, when one is in school primarily in order to study and learn.
 Claiming a medical or psychological problem, if the purported health issue is genuine and serious.
 Claiming to be homosexual, when one is truly so and the military excludes homosexuals.
 Claiming economic hardship, if the hardship is genuine and the law recognizes such a claim.
 Holding a job in what the government considers to be an essential civilian occupation.
 Purchasing exemptions from military service, in nations where such payments are permitted.
 Not being chosen in a draft lottery, where lotteries determine the order of call to military service; or not being in a certain age group, where age determines the order of call.
 Not being able to afford armor or other equipment, in polities where conscripts were required to provide their own.

By circumventing the law

 Obtaining conscientious objector status by professing insincere religious or ethical beliefs.
 Obtaining a student deferment, if the student wishes to attend or remain in school largely to avoid the draft.
 Claiming a medical or psychological problem, if the purported problem is feigned, overstated, or self-inflicted.
 Finding a doctor who would certify a healthy draft-age person as medically unfit, either willingly or for pay.
 Falsely claiming to be homosexual, where the military excludes homosexuals.
 Claiming economic hardship, if the purported hardship is overstated.
 Deliberately failing one's military-related intelligence tests.
 Becoming pregnant primarily in order to evade the draft, in nations where women who are not mothers are drafted.
 Having someone exert personal influence on an officer in charge of the conscription process.
 Successfully bribing an officer in charge of the conscription process.

Draft resistance

Draft evasion that involves overt lawbreaking or that communicates conscious or organized resistance to government policy is sometimes referred to as draft resistance. Examples include:

Actions by resisters
 Declining to register for the draft, in nations where that is required by law.
 Declining to report for one's draft-related physical examination, or for military induction or call-up, in nations where these are required by law.
 Participating in draft card burnings or turn-ins.
 Living "underground" (e.g., living with false identification papers) and working at an unreported job after being indicted for draft evasion.
 Traveling or emigrating to another country, rather than submitting to induction or to trial.
 Going to jail, rather than submitting to induction or to alternative government service.
 Shooting and/or killing draft officers and civil authorities.

Actions by supporters or resisters

 Organizing or participating in a peaceful street assembly or demonstration against the draft.
 Publicly encouraging, aiding, or abetting draft evaders.
 Deliberately disrupting a military draft agency's processes or procedures.
 Destroying a military draft agency's records.
 Organizing or participating in a riot against the draft.
 Building an anti-war movement that treats draft resistance as a vital and integral part of it.

By country
Draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries. Laws against certain draft evasion practices go back at least as far as the ancient Greeks. Examples of draft evasion can be found in many nations over many time periods:

Belgium
Nineteenth century Belgium was one of the few places where most citizens accepted the practice of legally buying one's way out of the military draft, sometimes referred to as the practice of "purchasable military commutation". Even so, some Belgian politicians denounced it as a system that appeared to trade the money of the rich for the lives of the poor.

Britain
In January 1916, during World War I, the British government passed a military conscription bill. By July of that year, 30% of draftees had failed to report for service.

Canada
Canada employed a military draft during World Wars I and II, and some Canadians chose to evade it. According to Canadian historian Jack Granatstein, "no single issue has divided Canadians so sharply" as the military draft. During both World Wars, political parties collapsed or were torn apart over the draft issue, and ethnicity seeped into the equation, with most French Canadians opposing conscription and a majority of English Canadians accepting it. During both wars, riots and draft evasion followed the passage of the draft laws.

World War I

Conscription had been a dividing force in Canadian politics during World War I, and those divisions led to the Conscription Crisis of 1917. Canadians objected to conscription for diverse reasons: some thought it unnecessary, some did not identify with the British, and some felt it imposed unfair burdens on economically struggling segments of society. When the first draft class (single men between 20 and 34 years of age) was called up in 1917, nearly 281,000 of the approximately 404,000 men filed for exemptions. Throughout the war, some Canadians who feared conscription left for the United States or elsewhere.

World War II
Canada introduced an innovative kind of draft law in 1940 with the National Resources Mobilization Act. While the move was not unpopular outside French Canada, controversy arose because under the new law, conscripts were not compelled to serve outside Canada. They could choose simply to defend the country against invasion. By the middle of the war, many Canadians – not least of all, conscripts committed to overseas service – were referring to NRMA men pejoratively as "Zombies", that is, as dead-to-life or utterly useless. Following costly fighting in Italy, Normandy, and the Scheldt, overseas Canadian troops were depleted, and during the Conscription Crisis of 1944 a one-time levy of approximately 17,000 NRMA men was sent to fight abroad. Many NRMA men deserted after the levy rather than fight abroad. One brigade of NRMA men declared itself on "strike" after the levy.

The number of men who actively sought to evade the World War II draft in Canada is not known. Granatstein says the evasion was "widespread". In addition, in 1944 alone approximately 60,000 draftees were serving only as NRMA men, committed to border defense but not to fighting abroad.

Colombia
Colombia maintains a large and well-funded military, often focused on counter-insurgency. There is an obligatory military draft for all young men. Nevertheless, according to Public Radio International, two types of draft evasion are widespread in Colombia; one is prevalent among the relatively well-off, and another is found among the poor.

Young men from the middle-to-upper classes "usually" evade the Colombian draft. They do so by obtaining college or medical deferments, or by paying bribes for a "military ID card" certifying they have served – a card that is often requested by potential employers.

Young men from poorer circumstances sometimes simply avoid showing up for the draft and attempt to function without a military ID card. Besides facing limited employment prospects, these men are vulnerable to being forced into service through periodic army sweeps of poor neighborhoods.

Eritrea
Eritrea instituted a military draft in 1995. Three years later, it became open-ended; everyone under 50 [sic] can be enlisted for an indefinite period of time. According to The Economist, "release can depend on the arbitrary whim of a commander, and usually takes years".

It is illegal for Eritreans to leave the country without government permission. Nevertheless, in the mid-2010s around 2,000 Eritreans were leaving every month, "primarily to avoid the draft", according to The Economist. Human rights groups and the United Nations have also claimed that Eritrea's draft policies are fueling the migration. Most leave for Europe or neighboring countries; in 2015, Eritreans were the fourth largest group illicitly crossing the Mediterranean for Europe.

Mothers are usually excused from the Eritrean draft. The Economist says that, as a result, pregnancies among single women – once a taboo in Eritrea – have increased.

A 2018 article in Bloomberg News reported that Eritrea was considering altering some of its military draft policies.

Finland
During World War II, there was no legal way to avoid the draft, and failure to obey was treated as insubordination or desertion, punished by execution or jail. Draft evaders were forced to escape to the forests and live there as outlaws, in a practice that was facetiously called serving in the käpykaarti (Pine Cone Guard) or metsäkaarti (Forest Guard).

Approximately 1,500 men failed to show up for the draft at the start of the Continuation War (1941–1944, pitting Finland against the Soviet Union), and 32,186 cases of desertion were handled by the courts. There were numerous reasons for draft evasion and desertion during this period: fear or war-weariness, objection to the war as an offensive war, ideological objections or outright support for Communism. Finnish Communists were considered dangerous and could not serve, and were subject to "protective custody" – in practice, detention in a prison for the course of the war – because earlier attempts to conscript them had ended in disaster: one battalion called Pärmin pataljoona assembled from detained Communists suffered a large-scale defection to the Soviet side.

The käpykaarti (forest-dwelling Pine Cone Guard, mentioned above) was a diverse group including draft evaders, deserters, Communists, and Soviet desants (military skydivers). They lived in small groups, sometimes even in military-style dugouts constructed from logs, and often maintained a rotation to guard their camps. They received support from sympathizers who could buy from the black market; failing that, they stole provisions to feed themselves. The Finnish Army and police actively searched for them, and if discovered, a firefight often ensued. The Finnish Communist Party was able to operate among draft evaders. Sixty-three death sentences were handed out to deserters; however, many of them were killed in military or police raids on their camps. Deserters captured near front lines would often be simply returned to the lines, but as the military situation deteriorated towards the end of the war, punishments were harsher: 61 of the death sentences given were in 1944, mostly in June and July during the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, where Finnish forces were forced to retreat.

At the conclusion of the war, the Allied Control Commission immediately demanded an amnesty for draft evaders, and they were not further punished.

As of 2020, deliberate draft evasion is a rare phenomenon, since absence from a drafting event, in most cases, leads to an immediate search warrant. Evaders are taken by police officers to the draft board, or to the regional military office.

France
In France, the right of all draftees to purchase military exemption – introduced after the French Revolution – was abolished in 1870. One scholar refers to the permissible buy-out as a "bastard form of equality" that bore traces of the Ancien Régime.

Israel

There has always been a military draft in Israel. It is universal for all non-Arab Israeli citizens, men and women alike, and can legally be evaded only on physical or psychological grounds or by strictly Orthodox Jews. The draft has become part of the fabric of Israeli society: according to Le Monde senior editor Sylvain Cypel, Israel is a place where military service is seen not just as a duty but a "certificate of entry into active life".

Yet by the middle of the decade of the 2000s, draft evasion (including outright draft refusal) and desertion had reached all-time highs. Fully 5% of young men and 3% of young women were supposedly failing their pre-military psychological tests, both all-time highs. Some popular entertainers, including rock star Aviv Geffen, grand-nephew of military hero Moshe Dayan, have been encouraging draft evasion (Geffen publicly said he would commit suicide if he were taken by the military). In 2007 the Israeli government initiated what some called a "shaming campaign", banning young entertainers from holding concerts and making television appearances if they failed to fulfill their military requirement. By 2008 over 3,000 high school students belonged to "Shministim" (Hebrew for twelfth graders), a group of young people claiming to be conscientiously opposed to military service. American actor Ed Asner wrote a column supporting the group. Another group, New Profile, was started by Israeli peace activists to encourage draft refusal.

University of Manchester sociologist Yulia Zemilinskaya has interviewed members of New Profile and Shministim, along with members of two groups of Israeli soldiers and reservists who have expressed an unwillingness to engage in missions they disapprove of – Yesh Gvul and Courage to Refuse. Despite commonalities, she found a difference between the draft refusers and the military selective-refusers:

The analysis of these interviews demonstrated that, in their appeal to [the] Israeli public, members of Yesh Gvul and Courage to Refuse utilized symbolic meanings and codes derived from dominant militarist and nationalist discourses. In contrast, draft-resisters, members of New Profile and Shministim, refusing to manipulate nationalistic and militaristic codes, voice a much more radical and comprehensive critique of the state's war making plans. Invoking feminist, anti-militarist and pacifist ideologies, they openly challenge and criticize dominant militarist and Zionist discourses. While the majority of members of Yesh Gvul and Courage to Refuse choose selective refusal, negotiating conditions of their reserve duty, [the] anti-militarist, pacifist, and feminist ideological stance of members of New Profile and Shministim leads them to absolutist refusal.

Russia/Soviet Union

According to London-based journalist Elisabeth Braw, writing in Foreign Affairs, draft evasion was "endemic" in the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War, which ended with Soviet defeat in 1989. A declassified Central Intelligence Agency report revealed that the Soviet elite routinely bribed its sons' way out of deployment to Afghanistan, or out of military service altogether.

In Russia, all men aged 18 through 27 are subject to the military draft, continuing the Soviet practice. According to a report from the European Parliamentary Research Service, an organ of the Secretariat of the European Parliament, in the mid-2010s fully half of the 150,000 young men called up each year were thought to be evading the draft. During Dmitry Medvedev's presidency, the service duration was reduced from two years to one.

Invasion of Ukraine
In September 2022, during the Russo-Ukrainian War over 600,000 mobilization-eligible citizens have left the country to avoid the draft. Reportedly, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia became primary, visa-free destinations for Russians seeking to avoid President Vladimir Putin's mobilization order.

South Korea
South Korea maintains mandatory military service. According to the Korea JoongAng Daily, since the early 2000s the country has been rocked by scandals involving celebrities who try to use their fame to evade the draft or receive special treatment from the military. South Koreans are reportedly so hostile to draft evasion that one South Korean commentator said it is "almost like suicide" for celebrities to engage in it. Yoo Seung-jun was one of the biggest stars on the South Korean rock scene until 2002, when he chose to evade the draft and become a U.S. citizen.  South Korea subsequently deported him and banned him for life.

Some South Korean draft evaders have been sentenced to prison. In 2014, The Christian Science Monitor ran a headline claiming that South Korea had the "most draft dodgers in prison"  The article, by veteran correspondent Donald Kirk, explained that South Korea's government did not allow for conscientious objection to war; as a result, 669 mostly religiously motivated South Koreans were said to be in jail for draft evasion in 2013. Only 723 draft evaders were said to be in jail worldwide at that time.

According to the South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), in June 2013 Lee Yeda became the first South Korean to be granted asylum specifically because he evaded the South Korean draft. His asylum claim was granted by France. "[In South] Korea, it is ... difficult to find a job for anyone who has not completed their national service", Lee was reported to have said. "Refusing to serve means that, in society, your life is terminated."

Syria

Syria requires men over 18 to serve in the army for two years (except for college graduates, who need serve only 18 months). Draft evasion carries stiff punishments, including fines and years of imprisonment. After the Syrian Civil War broke out in 2011, many draft-age men began fleeing the country, sometimes paying thousands of dollars to be smuggled out. Others paid to have their names expunged from the draft rolls. Meanwhile, the government erected billboards exhorting young people to join the army – and set up road checkpoints to capture draft evaders. By 2016, an estimated 70,000 draft evaders had left Syria, and others remained undetected within its borders.

Observers have identified several motives among the Syrian draft evaders. One is fear of dying in that country's civil war. Others include obeying parental wishes and disgust with the government of Bashar al-Assad. , a professor of migration law at VU University Amsterdam, has argued that Syrian draft evaders motivated by a refusal to participate in violations of international law should be given refugee status by other nations.

In October 2018, the Syrian government announced an amnesty for draft evaders. However, an officer with Syria's "Reconciliation Ministry" told the Los Angeles Times that, while punishment would be canceled, military service would still be required. "Now the war is practically at its end, which means enlisting is no longer such a fearful situation", he said. "We expect we'll have very large numbers taking advantage of the amnesty".

Tunisia
Tunisia has had a draft since gaining its independence in 1956. Most males are required to submit documents to local officials at age 18 and to begin service two years later. However, according to the Lebanon-based Carnegie Middle East Center, the Tunisian draft has long been poorly enforced and draft evasion has long been rampant.

In order to minimize draft evasion, Tunisia began allowing young men to substitute "civilian" service (such as working on rural development projects) or "national" service (such as working as civil servants) for military service. But that has not helped: the defense minister reported that, in 2017, only 506 young men turned up out of an eligibility pool of more than 31,000.

Ukraine
In 2015, responding to perceived threats from pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine, the Ukrainian military instituted a compulsory draft for males between 20 and 27 years of age. However, according to independent journalist Alec Luhn, writing in Foreign Policy magazine, a "huge number" of Ukrainians refused to serve. Luhn gives three reasons for this. One was fear of death. Another was that some young Ukrainians were opposed to war in general. A third was that some were unwilling to take up arms against those whom they perceived to be their countrymen.

The Ukrainian military itself has stated that, during a partial call-up in 2014, over 85,000 men failed to report to their draft offices, and nearly 10,000 of those were eventually declared to be illegal draft evaders.

United States
The United States has employed a draft several times, usually during war but also during the Cold War. Each time the draft has been met with at least some resistance.

In Sketches of America (1818) British author Henry Bradshaw Fearon, who visited the young United States on a fact-finding mission to inform Britons considering emigration, described the New York Guard—although he did not name it—as he found it in New York City in August 1817:

Every male inhabitant can be called out, from the age of 18 to 45, on actual military duty. During a state of peace, there are seven musters annually: the fine for non-attendance is, each time, five dollars. Commanding officers have discretionary power to receive substitutes. An instance of their easiness to be pleased was related to me by Mr. —, a tradesman of this city. He never attends the muster, but, to avoid the fine, sends some of his men, who answer to his name; the same man is not invariably his deputy on parade: in this, Mr. — suits his own convenience; sometimes the collecting clerk, sometimes one of the brewers, at others a drayman: and to finish this military pantomime, a firelock is often dispensed with, for the more convenient wartime weapon—a cudgel. Courts-martial have the power of mitigating the fine, on the assignment of a satisfactory cause of absence, and in cases of poverty. Upon legal exemptions I cannot convey certain information. During a period of three months in the late war, martial law existed, and no substitutes were received. Aliens were not called out.

Civil War

Both the Union (the North) and the Confederacy (the South) instituted drafts during the American Civil War – and both drafts were often evaded. In the North, evaders were most numerous among poor Irish immigrants. In the South, evaders were most numerous in hill country and in certain other parts of Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia.

Resistance to the draft was sometimes violent. In the North, nearly 100 draft enrollment officers were injured in attacks. Anti-draft riots in New York City in 1863 lasted several days and resulted in up to 120 deaths and 2,000 injuries.

According to historian David Williams, by 1864 the Southern draft had become virtually unenforceable. Some believe that draft evasion in the South, where manpower was scarcer than in the North, contributed to the Confederate defeat.

World War I
The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples and by prohibiting all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the overt resistance that characterized the Civil War.

In the United States during World War I, the word "slacker" was commonly used to describe someone who was not participating in the war effort, especially someone who avoided military service, an equivalent of the later term "draft dodger." Attempts to track down such evaders were called "slacker raids." Under the Espionage Act of 1917, activists including Eugene V. Debs and Emma Goldman were arrested for speaking out against the draft.

Despite such circumstances, draft evasion was substantial. According to one scholar, nearly 11 percent of the draft-eligible population refused to register, or to report for induction; according to another, 12 percent of draftees either failed to report to their training camps or deserted from them. A significant amount of draft evasion took place in the South, in part because many impoverished Southerners lacked documentation and in part because many Southerners recalled the "horrible carnage" of the Civil War. In 2017, historian Michael Kazin concluded that a greater percentage of American men evaded the draft during World War I than during the Vietnam War.

World War II
According to scholar Anna Wittmann, about 72,000 young Americans applied for conscientious objector (CO) status during World War II, and many of their applications were rejected. Some COs chose to serve as noncombatants in the military, others chose jail, and a third group – taking a position in between – chose to enter a specially organized domestic Civilian Public Service.

Korean War
The Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, generated 80,000 cases of alleged draft evasion.

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War (1955–1975) was controversial in the US and was accompanied by a significant amount of draft evasion among young Americans, with many managing to remain in the U.S. by various means and some eventually leaving for Canada or elsewhere.

Avoidance and resistance at home
Significant draft avoidance was taking place even before the US became heavily involved in the Vietnam War. The large cohort of Baby Boomers allowed for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college and graduate students. According to peace studies scholar David Cortright, more than half of the 27 million men eligible for the draft during the Vietnam War were deferred, exempted, or disqualified.

The number of draft resisters was also significant. According to Cortright, "Distinct from the millions who [avoided] the draft were the many thousands who resisted the conscription system and actively opposed the war". The head of US President Richard Nixon's task force on the all-volunteer military reported in 1970 that the number of resisters was "expanding at an alarming rate" and that the government was "almost powerless to apprehend and prosecute them". It is now known that, during the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders, and approximately 210,000 were formally accused of draft violations; however, only 8,750 were convicted and only 3,250 were jailed. Some draft eligible men publicly burned their draft cards, but the Justice Department brought charges against only 50, of whom 40 were convicted.

As US troop strength in Vietnam increased, some young men sought to evade the draft by pro-actively enlisting in military forces that were unlikely to see combat in Vietnam. For example, conscription scholars Lawrence Baskir and William Strauss say that the Coast Guard may have served that purpose for some, though they also point out that Coast Guardsmen had to maintain readiness for combat in Vietnam, and that some Coast Guardsmen eventually served and were killed there. Similarly, the Vietnam-era National Guard was seen by some as an avenue for avoiding combat in Vietnam, although that too was less than foolproof: about 15,000 National Guardsmen were sent to Vietnam before the war began winding down.

Other young men sought to evade the draft by avoiding or resisting any military commitment. In this they were bolstered by certain countercultural figures. "Draft Dodger Rag", a 1965 song by Phil Ochs, employed satire to provide a how-to list of available deferments: ruptured spleen, poor eyesight, flat feet, asthma, and many more. Folksinger Arlo Guthrie lampooned the paradox of seeking a deferment by acting crazy in his song "Alice's Restaurant": "I said, 'I wanna kill! Kill! Eat dead burnt bodies!' and the Sergeant said, 'You're our boy'!" The book 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft was co-authored by Tuli Kupferberg, a member of the band The Fugs. It espoused such methods as arriving at the draft board in diapers. Another text pertinent to draft-age men was Jules Feiffer's cartoon novella from the 1950s, Munro, later a short film, in which a four-year-old boy is drafted by mistake.

Draft counseling groups were another source of support for potential draft evaders. Many such groups were active during the war. Some were connected to national groups, such as the American Friends Service Committee and Students for a Democratic Society; others were ad hoc campus or community groups. Many specially trained individuals worked as counselors for such groups.

Alongside the draft counseling groups, a substantial draft resistance movement emerged.  Students for a Democratic Society sought to play a major role in it, as did the War Resisters League, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's "National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union" and other groups. Many say that the draft resistance movement was spearheaded by an organization called The Resistance. It was founded by David Harris and others in the San Francisco Bay Area in March 1967, and quickly spread nationally. The insignia of the organization was the Greek letter omega, Ω, the symbol for ohms—the unit of electrical resistance. Members of The Resistance publicly burned their draft cards or refused to register for the draft. Other members deposited their cards into boxes on selected dates and then mailed them to the government. They were then drafted, refused to be inducted, and fought their cases in the federal courts. These draft resisters hoped that their public civil disobedience would help to bring the war and the draft to an end. Many young men went to federal prison as part of this movement. According to Cortright, the draft resistance movement was the leading edge of the anti-war movement in 1967 and 1968.

After the war, some of the draft evaders who stayed in the U.S. wrote memoirs. These included David Harris's Dreams Die Hard (1982), David Miller's I Didn't Know God Made Honky Tonk Communists (2001), Jerry Elmer's Felon for Peace (2005), and Bruce Dancis's Resister (2014). Harris was an anti-draft organizer who went to jail for his beliefs (and was briefly married to folk singer Joan Baez), Miller was the first Vietnam War refuser to publicly burn his draft card (and later became partner to spiritual teacher Starhawk), Elmer refused to register for the draft and destroyed draft board files in several locations, and Dancis led the largest chapter of Students for a Democratic Society (the one at Cornell University) before being jailed for publicly shredding his draft card and returning it to his draft board. Harris in particular expresses serious second thoughts about aspects of the movement he was part of.

Emigration to Canada and elsewhere
Canadian historian Jessica Squires emphasizes that the number of U.S. draft evaders coming to Canada was "only a fraction" of those who resisted the Vietnam War. According to a 1978 book by former members of President Gerald Ford's Clemency Board, 210,000 Americans were accused of draft offenses and 30,000 left the country. More recently, Cortright estimated that 60,000 to 100,000 left the US, mainly for Canada or Sweden. Others scattered elsewhere; for example, historian Frank Kusch mentions Mexico, scholar Anna Wittmann mentions Britain, and journalist Jan Wong describes one draft evader who sympathized with Mao Zedong's China and found refuge there. Draft evader Ken Kiask spent eight years traveling continuously across the Global South before returning to the US

The number of Vietnam-era draft evaders leaving for Canada is hotly contested; an entire book, by scholar Joseph Jones, has been written on that subject. In 2017, University of Toronto professor Robert McGill cited estimates by four scholars, including Jones, ranging from a floor of 30,000 to a ceiling of 100,000, depending in part on who is being counted as a draft evader.

Though the presence of U.S. draft evaders and deserters in Canada was initially controversial, the Canadian government eventually chose to welcome them. Draft evasion was not a criminal offense under Canadian law. The issue of deserters was more complex. Desertion from the US military was not on the list of crimes for which a person could be extradited under the extradition treaty between Canada and the US; however, desertion was a crime in Canada, and the Canadian military strongly opposed condoning it. In the end, the Canadian government maintained the right to prosecute these deserters, but in practice left them alone and instructed border guards not to ask questions relating to the issue.

In Canada, many American Vietnam War evaders received pre-emigration counseling and post-emigration assistance from locally based groups. Typically these consisted of American emigrants and Canadian supporters. The largest were the Montreal Council to Aid War Resisters, the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme, and the Vancouver Committee to Aid American War Objectors. Journalists often noted their effectiveness. The Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada, published jointly by the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme and the House of Anansi Press, sold nearly 100,000 copies, and one sociologist found that the Manual had been read by over 55% of his data sample of US Vietnam War emigrants either before or after they arrived in Canada. In addition to the counseling groups (and at least formally separate from them) was a Toronto-based political organization, the Union of American Exiles, better known as "Amex." It sought to speak for American draft evaders and deserters in Canada. For example, it lobbied and campaigned for universal, unconditional amnesty, and hosted an international conference in 1974 opposing anything short of that.

Those who went abroad faced imprisonment or forced military service if they returned home. In September 1974, President Gerald Ford offered an amnesty program for draft dodgers that required them to work in alternative service occupations for periods of six to 24 months. In 1977, one day after his inauguration, President Jimmy Carter fulfilled a campaign promise by offering pardons to anyone who had evaded the draft and requested one. It antagonized critics on both sides, with the right complaining that those pardoned paid no penalty and the left complaining that requesting a pardon required the admission of a crime.

It remains a matter of debate whether emigration to Canada and elsewhere during the Vietnam War was an effective, or even a genuine, war resistance strategy. Scholar Michael Foley argues that it was not only relatively ineffective, but that it served to siphon off disaffected young Americans from the larger struggle. Activists Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden reportedly held similar views. By contrast, authors John Hagan and Roger N. Williams recognize the American emigrants as "war resisters" in the subtitles of their books about the emigrants, and Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada author Mark Satin contended that public awareness of tens of thousands of young Americans leaving for Canada would – and eventually did – help end the war.

Some draft evaders returned to the U.S. from Canada after the 1977 pardon, but according to sociologist John Hagan, about half of them stayed on. This young and mostly educated population expanded Canada's arts and academic scenes, and helped push Canadian politics further to the left, though some Canadians, including some principled nationalists, found their presence or impact troubling. American draft evaders who left for Canada and became prominent there include author William Gibson, politician Jim Green, gay rights advocate Michael Hendricks, attorney Jeffry House, author Keith Maillard, playwright John Murrell, television personality Eric Nagler, film critic Jay Scott, and musician Jesse Winchester. Other draft evaders from the Vietnam era remain in Sweden and elsewhere.

Two academic literary critics have written at length about autobiographical novels by draft evaders who went to Canada – Rachel Adams in the Yale Journal of Criticism and Robert McGill in a book from McGill-Queen's University Press. Both critics discuss Morton Redner's Getting Out (1971) and Mark Satin's Confessions of a Young Exile (1976), and Adams also discusses Allen Morgan's Dropping Out in 3/4 Time (1972) and Daniel Peters's Border Crossing (1978). All these books portray their protagonists' views, motives, activities, and relationships in detail. Adams says they contain some surprises:

It is to be expected that the draft dodgers denounce the state as an oppressive bureaucracy, using the vernacular of the time to rail against "the machine" and "the system." What is more surprising is their general resistance to mass movements, a sentiment that contradicts the association of the draft dodger with sixties protest found in more recent work by [Scott] Turow or [Mordecai] Richler. In contrast to stereotypes, the draft dodger in these narratives is neither an unthinking follower of movement ideology nor a radical who attempts to convert others to his cause. ... [Another surprise is that the dodgers] have little interest in romantic love. Their libidinal hyperactivity accords with [Herbert] Marcuse's belief in the liberatory power of eros. They are far less worried about whether particular relationships will survive the flight to Canada than about the gratification of their immediate sexual urges.

Later memoirs by Vietnam-era draft evaders who went to Canada include Donald Simons's I Refuse (1992), George Fetherling's Travels by Night (1994), and Mark Frutkin's Erratic North (2008).

Prominent people arguably manipulating the system
For decades after the Vietnam War ended, prominent Americans were being accused of having manipulated the draft system to their advantage.

According to a column by E. J. Dionne in The Washington Post, by 2006 politicians whom opponents had accused of improperly avoiding the draft included George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Bill Clinton.

In a 1970s High Times article, American singer-songwriter Ted Nugent stated that he took crystal meth, and urinated and defecated in his pants before his physical, in order to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War. In a 1990 interview with a large Detroit newspaper, Nugent made similar statements.

Actor and comedian Chevy Chase also misled his draft board. In 1989, approximately two decades after the fact, Chase revealed on a television talk show that he avoided the Vietnam War by making several false claims to his draft board, including that he harbored homosexual tendencies. He added he was "not very proud" of having done that. Several politically charged books subsequently discussed Chase's behavior.

Radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh  avoided the Vietnam draft because of anal cysts. In a 2011 book critical of Limbaugh, journalist John K. Wilson accused Limbaugh making "hyperbolic attacks on foreign policy".

Former Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney's deferment has been questioned.  The LDS Church eventually agreed to cap the number of missionary deferments it sought for members in any one region. After Romney dropped out of Stanford University and was about to lose his student deferment, he decided to become a missionary; and the LDS Church in his home state of Michigan chose to give him one of that state's missionary deferments. In a Salon article from 2007, journalist Joe Conason noted that Romney's father had been governor of Michigan at the time.

Attention has also been paid to independent Senator Bernie Sanders's failure to serve. In an article in The Atlantic, it was reported that, after graduating from the University of Chicago in 1964, and moving back to New York City, the future candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination applied for conscientious objector status – even though as Sanders acknowledged to the reporter, he was not religious. (Sanders was opposed to the Vietnam War. At the time, however, CO status was granted entirely on the basis of religious opposition to all war.) Sanders's CO status was denied. Nevertheless, a "lengthy series of hearings, an FBI investigation and numerous postponements and delays" took him to age 26 at which point he was no longer eligible for the draft. In a 2015 book critical of Sanders, journalist Harry Jaffe revisited that portion of the Atlantic article, emphasizing that by the time Sanders's "numerous hearings" had run their course he was "too old to be drafted".

Donald Trump, who served as President of the United States from 2017 to 2021, graduated from college in the spring of 1968, and became eligible for military service. Trump however, due to a personal friend of his father's, a medical doctor, was granted a diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels. The diagnosis allowed Trump to receive a medical deferment.

Pardons
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter issued a pardon giving unconditional amnesty to Vietnam war draft resisters.

Larger issues

The phenomenon of draft evasion has raised several major issues among scholars and others.

Effectiveness
One issue is the effectiveness of the various kinds of draft evasion practices with regard to ending a military draft or stopping a war. Historian Michael S. Foley sees many draft evasion practices as merely personally beneficial. In his view, only public anti-draft activity, consciously and collectively engaged in, is relevant to stopping a draft or a war. By contrast, sociologist Todd Gitlin is more generous in his assessment of the effectiveness of the entire gamut of draft evasion practices. Political scientist James C. Scott, although speaking more theoretically, makes a similar point, arguing that the accumulation of thousands upon thousands of "petty" and obscure acts of private resistance can trigger political change.

Social class

Another issue is how best to understand young people's responses to a military call-up. According to historian Charles DeBenedetti, some Vietnam War opponents chose to evaluate people's responses to the war largely in terms of their willingness to take personal responsibility to resist evil, a standard prompted by the Nuremberg doctrine. The Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada urged its readers to make their draft decision with Nuremberg in mind. By contrast, prominent journalist James Fallows is convinced that social class (rather than conscience or political conviction) was the dominant factor in determining who would fight in the war and who would evade their obligation to do so. Fallows writes of the shame he felt – and continued to feel – after he realized that his successful attempt at draft evasion (he brought his body weight below the minimum, and lied about his mental health), an attempt he prepared for with the help of sophisticated draft counselors and classmates at Harvard, meant that working-class kids from Boston would be going to Vietnam in his stead. He referred to this outcome as a matter of class discrimination and passionately argued against it. (It should be added that Fallows indicates that he might have felt differently about his behavior had he chosen public draft resistance, jail, or exile.)

Historian Stanley Karnow has noted that, during the Vietnam War, student deferments themselves helped preserve class privilege: "[President Lyndon] Johnson generously deferred U.S. college students from the draft to avoid alienating the American middle class".

Democracy
Historian Howard Zinn and political activist Tom Hayden saw at least some kinds of draft evasion as a positive expression of democracy. By contrast, historian and classical studies scholar Mathew R. Christ says that, in ancient democratic Athens, where draft evasion was ongoing, many of the popular tragic playwrights were deeply concerned about the corrosive effects of draft evasion on democracy and community. According to Christ, while many of these playwrights were sensitive to the moral dilemmas of war and the imperfections of Athenian democracy, most touted "the ethical imperative that a man should support his friends and community. In serving the community, the individual does ... what is right and honorable".

See also
 Australian Freedom League – opposed conscription in Australia during World War I
 Canada and the Vietnam War – includes discussion of U.S. draft evaders
 Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors – provided information and counseling to U.S. war resisters and draft evaders from 1948 to 2011
 Desertion – discusses military desertion generally and in several individual nations
 End Conscription Campaign – opposed conscription of white South Africans in Apartheid-era South Africa
 No-Conscription Fellowship – opposed British conscription during World War I
 No Conscription League – co-founded by Emma Goldman in response to the U.S. draft during World War I
 Pardon – legal relief sometimes offered to draft evaders
 Peace churches – A number of Christian denominations historically and presently opposed to war and the draft
 Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) - Overview of resistance by Israelis to participate in mandatory military service for the IDF
 War resister – discusses variety of types of war refusers, including draft refusers

Notes

References

Further reading
 Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. Lincoln, NE: Bison Books / University of Nebraska Press. 2010.
 Colhoun, Jack. " War Resisters in Exile: The Memoirs of Amex-Canada". Amex-Canada magazine, vol. 6, no. 2 (issue no. 47), pp. 11–78. Account of the political organization created by U.S. draft evaders in Canada.  Reproduced at Vancouver Community Network website.  Retrieved 29 November 2017. Article originally November–December 1977.
 Conway, Daniel. Masculinisation, Militarisation, and the End Conscription Campaign: War Resistance in Apartheid South Africa.  Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. 2012.
 Foley, Michael S. Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance during the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2003.
 Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon. Hell No, We Won't Go: Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War. New York: Viking Press. 1991.
 Hagan, John. Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada. Boston: Harvard University Press. 2001.
 Kasinsky, Renee. Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. 1976.
 Kohn, Stephen M. Jailed for Peace: The History of American Draft Law Violators, 1658–1985. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1987.
Peterson, Carl L. Avoidance and Evasion of Military Service: An American History 1626-1973. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications. 1998.
 Satin, Mark. Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, "A List" reprint edition. New introduction by Canadian historian James Laxer, new afterword by Satin ("Bringing Draft Dodgers to Canada in the 1960s: The Reality Behind the Romance"). 2017.
 Williams, Roger Neville. The New Exiles: American War Resisters in Canada. New York: Liveright. 1970.

External links
 How To Beat the Draft Board – a "tutorial" published in 2017 on Wikibooks, a project of the Wikimedia Foundation
  Hyper Texts – provides information on the Israeli anti-draft group Shministim, mentioned above
  National Resistance Committee – provides information to U.S. citizens who do not wish to register or otherwise cooperate with the draft.  Sponsored by War Resisters League, mentioned above.
  New Profile – English-language website of New Profile, Israeli anti-draft group mentioned above
  Selective Service System – official site of the government agency that registers young male U.S. citizens for the military draft
  Vietnam War: Draft Resistance – historical site for Draft Resistance Seattle, example of the locally based U.S. anti-draft groups mentioned above
  Vietnam War Resisters in Canada – annotated guide to texts and websites from the 1960s to the present.  Compiled by scholar Joseph Jones, mentioned above.
  War Resisters International – based in Britain.  Monitors conscription and conscientious objection in nations around the world.

Draft evasion


Vila Cova adını taşıyan Portekiz'de yerleşim birimleri:

 Vila Cova - Barcelos belediyesinde bucak.
 Vila Cova - Fafe belediyesinde bucak.
 Vila Cova - Penafiel belediyesinde bucak.
 Vila Cova - Vila Real belediyesinde bucak.
 Vila Cova à Coelheira - Seia belediyesinde bucak.
 Vila Cova à Coelheira - Vila Nova de Paiva belediyesinde bucak.

Vila Cova


Opretter Oscar for bedste makeup eller Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling er en filmpris der uddeles årligt af Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Prisen blev uddelt for første gang i 1982, da der blev klaget over at Elefantmanden ikke modtog en æresoscar for makeup-arbejdet, som hidtil var den eneste måde hvorpå makeup-artister kunne modtage en oscar for deres arbejde. Siden 1991 har hårstylister også kunne blive noteret, hvis deres arbejde har bidraget væsentligt effektivt til en karakters udseende.

Vindere og nominerede

1960'erne
Disse to vindere er æresoscar-priser.

1980'erne

1990'erne

2000'erne

2010'erne

Makeup

Oscar for bedste makeup


إدوارد فاتو Edward Fatu (ولد في 28 مارس 1973)و توفي (4 ديسمبر 2009)، مصارع أمريكي محترف ينتمي إلى العائلة السموائية، يشتهر بشكل أكبر باسمه في الحلبات "جمال" Jamal و"إمكو Ekmo، وبعدها أوماجا Umaga، كان مسجلآ لصالح شركة المصارعة العالمية الترفيهية (WWE)، توفي عام 2009 بسبب انسداد قصبة في القلب وهو أخو الأسطورة ريكيشي وهو بطل التاج تيم وبطل القارات وأشهر عداواته مع جون سينا

بداية حياته
ولد فاتو في جزيرة سموا الأمريكية، وهو عضو من عائلة «هكاء» المشهورة للمصارعة،

مسيرته المهنية

المصارعة الترفيهية العالمية / اتحاد المصارعة العالمية (2003-2002)
تدرب فاتو ليصبح مصارعًا محترفًا في مدرسة هكاء سموا، التي كانت تدار بواسطة عمه، في 1995 انتهت فترة تدريبه وبدأ مسيرته في شركة «وورلد إكستريم رسلينع» World Xtreme Wrestling أي (WXW)، وفي السنة الاحقة تم نقل فاتو وقريبه «مات» إلى اتحاد المصارعة العالمية (WWF)، والتقى مع أخيه وكونوا فريقًا تحت اسم «فتيان الجزيرة» Island Boyz وفي سنة 2002 تم تجديد هذا الفريق في شركة المصارعة الترفيهية العالمية (WWE)، ولم يصمد الفريق إلا سنة فانتهى عقد «جمال» في WWE في يوليو 2003.

شركة TNA سنة (2003)
بعد إخراجه من شركة WWE غير فاتو اسمه في الحلبات إلى «إمكو»، وعمل في شركة مصارعة تي إن إيه (TNA) يوليو ونوفمبر 2003 وفي هذا الوقت تشارك في فريق مع «سوني سايكي» Sonny Siaki، وتعادى هذا الفريق مع فريق «أمريكا موست وونتد» America Most Wanted المكون من «جيمس ستورم» James Storm و«كريس هاريس» Chris Harris، انتهى وقت الفريق في هذه الشركة فقرروا السفر والعمل في اليابان.

شركة اليابان للمصارعة الحرة (2003-2004)
غادر فاتو شركة (TNA) إلى شركة «أول جابان برو رسلينغ» All Japan Pro Wrestling وهنا استخدم الاسم «جمال»، ولا زال يلعب بطريقة الفرق فتشارك في البداية في فريق لم يدم طويلاً مع «جستن كردبل» Justin Credible ثم مع «تايو كي» Taiyō Kea، واستطاع مع الأخير الحيازة على البطولة العالمية الموحدة للفرق في هذه الشركة.

العودة إلى WWE الفترة (2005)
في ديسمبر 2005 أعاد فاتو التسجيل مع شركة المصارعة الترفيهية العالمية (WWE) واشترك في فريق مع «مات أنوي» ولكنهم كانوا يصارعون خلف الكواليس في القسم «رو» Raw ولكن شريكه في الفريق خرج من الشركة ولم يستطع الظهور في العرض الرئيسي.

«راو» الفترة (2006-2008)

قام فاتو بأول ظهور له في «رو» بتاريخ 3 أبريل 2006، وفي هذه الفترة بدل اسمه إلى «أوماجا» Umaga وتعني هذه الكلمة بالغة السموائية «النهاية»، وفي هذا الوقت كان يشبه أوماجا بالمدمر الذي لا يمكن السيطرة عليه حتى مدير أعماله «آرماندو أوسترادا» Armando Alejandro Estrada، وبدأت العداوة بينهما وبين «رك فلير» Ric Flair وفي الأسابيع التالية في «رو» قام أوماجا بهجومات عديدة على رك فلير، حتى تواجها في مهرجان «باك لاش» Backlash.

بدأ عداءه التالي في سمر سلام مع «كين» Kane حيث تواجها بعد شهرين في مباراة «الخاسر يغادر رو» وفاز فيها، ولكن حددت مباراة أخيرة بين «أوماجا» و«كين» في مهرجان «سايبر سندي» Cyber Sunday، وفاز أوماجا بالمواجهة.

طوال هذه الفترة لم يستطع أحد تثبيت «أوماجا» وبعدها طلب أن يكون المتنافس الأول لبطولة WWE أي WWE Championship، وهذا سبب بدء العداء بينه وبين البطل في ذلك الوقت «جون سينا» John Cena على البطولة. نجح سينا بالحفاظ على بطولته في «نيو يير رفلوشن» بعدما ثبت أوماجا وأنهى بذلك رصيد عدم انهزامه. وفي أحد الحلقات من «رو» هاجم أوماجا جون سينا مسببًا له إصابة في طحاله، اضطر جون سينا لخسارته لقبه بدون مباراة وثم واجه أوماجا وأجبر على الاستسلام (الإخضاع) بحركته المشهورة STFU.

في يونيو عاد أوماجا لخوض العداء مع «ماريلا» Marella الذي كان في ذلك الوقت صاحب بطولة القارات، وهزمه أوماغا في 2 يوليو للحصول على البطولة. وبعد فترة وجيزة بدأ مشاركة الفريق مع عدوه السابق جون سينا ضد «كارليتو» Carlito وراندي اورتن، بعد أن فاز أوماجا على «مستر كندي» و«كارليتو» في مباراة ثلاثية بمهرجان «سمر سلام»، تدخل أوماجا في مباراة بين كندي و«جف هاردي» فهاجم الأخير وتركه ملقىً على الحلبة، بعد أسبوع في 3 سبتمبر خسر أوماجا لقب القارات لجف هاردي في مباراة فردية. ولاحقًا في تلك الليلة تشارك أوماجا الفريق مع «كارليتو» في مباراة العائق ضد تربل H الذي ضرب اوماجا عدة ضربات بالمطرقة حتى سبب إصابة له. حددت مباراة بينه وبين تربل H في مهرجان «نو ميرسي» وكانت هذه المباراة على بطولة الـ WWE وخسر فاتو في هذه المباراة. في سلسلة «سرفايفور» اشترك اوماجا مع فريقه «مستر كندي» و«بج دادي في» و«فنلي» ولكن خسر فريقه ضد فريق تربل H. وخلال الطريق إلى «رسل مينيا» الرابعة والعشرون بدأ العداء مع «بتيستا» Batista ولكنه خسر المباراة في «رسل مينيا».

«سماك داون» الفترة (2008)
في 23 يونيو 2008 تم نقل اوماجا إلى قسم «سماك داون» كجزء من الحلقة الخاصة "WWE Draft" وفي 2 أغسطس عانى فاتو من إصابة في مرفقه في مباراة ضد «جف هاردي»

و في 23 يونيو 2008 عاد أوماجا للحلبة وفاز في مباراة ضد «جيمي وانغ يانغ» Jimmy Wang Yang، وخسر في مباراة ضد تربل H وذلك بالاستبعاد بعد أن تدخل راندي اورتن و«كودي رودز» و«تد دبياسي» للهجوم على تربل H. وبعد غيبة قصيرة رجع في 1 مايو وهاجم «سي إم بنك» CM Punk عدة مرات مانعًا إياه أن يستخدم حقيبة «موني إن ذ بانك» Money In The Bank لفرصة مباراة على أي لقب يريده. في مهرجان «ججمنت دي» Judgment Day استطاع اوماجا أن يهزم سي إم بنك CM Punk، وفي 22 مايو «سماك داون» تكلم باللغة الإنجليزية لأول مرة وتحدى سي إم بنك إلى مباراة الأربطة Strap Match (انظر أنواع مباريات المصارعة الحرة). خسر اوماجا في هذه المباراة وقام سي ام بنك باستخدام حقيبتة «موني ان ذ بانك» Money In The Bank ليفوز ببطولة العالم للوزن الثقيل من جف هاردي في نفس الليلة. في 8 يونيو 2009 تم تسريح اوماجا من عقده في الشركة.

وفاته
توفي في بيته في هيوستن تكساس ب سكتة قلبية

معلومات في المصارعة
 ضربات قاضية ومميزة
 ـ Reverse piledriver - استخدمت في اليابان
 ـ Samoan Spike - ضربة سريعة بالإبهام إلى الحنجرة
 ـ Super Samoan drop
 ـ (Wild Samoan Splash (Diving splash ـ السقطة الكبيرة
 ـ Backbreaker rack dropped into a neckbreaker - استخدمت في 2006
 ـ Diving headbutt ـ ضربة الرأس
 ـ Giant swing - عادة في عتبات الحلبة أو سور الحماية
 ـ Nerve hold
 ـ Reverse STO
 ـ Running jumping headbutt drop - على رأس الخصم المعلق بالمقلوب في الزاوية
 ـ Samoan Wrecking Ball - اصطدام المؤخرة بالرأس ويكون الخصم جالسًا في الزاوية
 ـ Samoan drop - أحيانًا بعد رمية في الهواء والتقاط
 ـ Savate kick
 ـ Spinning wheel kick ـ ركلة الكعب الدورانية
 ـ Swinging side slam
 ـ Turnbuckle powerbomb
 ـ Two–handed chokelift
 مـدراء أعــمــال
 «إريك بشوف» Eric Bischoff
 «ريكو» Rico
 «شين مكمان» Shane McMahon
 فنس مكمان

بطولاته وإنجازاته

 شركة اليابان للمصارعة All Japan Pro Wrestling
 بطولة AJPW للفرق الموحدة (مرة واحد) - مع «تايواي كي» Taiyō Kea
 أقوى فريق بالتبادل (2004) مع «تايواي كي»
 شركة Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling / World Entertainment Wrestling
 بطولة الفرق الدموية (مرة واحدة) - مع «مات أناوي» Matt Anoa'i
 شركة Hawai'i Championship Wrestling
 بطولة الفرق (مرة واحدة) - مع تايواي كي
 شركة Heartland Wrestling Association
 بطولة الفرق (مرة واحدة) - مع «كيمو» Kimo
 شركة Memphis Championship Wrestling
 بطولة الفرق (3 مرات) - مع «كيمو»
 شركة Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 عُلم الرقم #22 من أفضل 500 مصارع (2007)
 شركة World Wrestling Entertainment
 بطولة WWE (مرتان)
 شركة Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
 أسوأ فريق في السنة (2002) - مع «روزي» Rosey

انظر أيضاً
 آدم كوبلاند
 تربل اتش

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الملف الشخصي في موقع WWE الرسمي
 الملف الشخصي في موقع أون لاين رسلينع
 الملف الشخصي في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام
 إيدي فاتو في موقع TV.com

أمريكيون من أصل ساموائي
سامويون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مصارعون محترفون أمريكيون من أصل ساموي
مصارعون محترفون سامويون
مصارعون محترفون في القرن 20
مصارعون محترفون في القرن 21
مصارعون ومصارعات
مواليد 1973
مواليد في ساموا الأمريكية
وفيات 2009
وفيات بسبب المتعلقة بالمخدرات في تكساس
وفيات في هيوستن (تكساس)

أوماجا


An Leiothrix tenuifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Silveira. An Leiothrix tenuifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leiothrix, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae)

Leiothrix tenuifolia


San Andrés Chicahuaxtla es un pueblo y agencia municipal habitado por indígenas triquis, ubicado en el municipio de Putla Villa de Guerrero, Oaxaca, México.

Toponimia
La palabra Chicahuaxtla deriva del vocablo náhuatl chica «fuerte» y tlan «lugar», entonces Chicahuaxtla significa «lugar fuerte». En triqui se le denomina Yuman'an «el pueblo» o Yuman' Nìko «el pueblo grande», su nombre coloquial empleado por Santo Domingo del Estado es Ne' Man que significa «por allá».

Véase también
 Pueblo triqui
 Lenguas triquis

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Triquis de Oaxaca

Comunidades triquis
Comunidades de Putla Villa de Guerrero
Localidades del estado de Oaxaca

San Andrés Chicahuaxtla


Autorski alat (eng. authorware, authoring tool) je programska podrška čija je uloga pomoći pri pisanju hipertekstovne ili multimedijske aplikacije. Obično omogućuju stvoriti konačnu aplikaciju tako što jednostavno povezuju objekte kao što su glazbeni zapisi, ilustracije ili odlomci teksta.
Za prikaz autorskog zadatka kod definiranja autorskih alata koristi se i iskočne prozore.

Usporedi
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shareware
demo
abandonware
vaporware
shovelware (crapware, garbageware)
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donationware
otvoreni kod
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Izvori

Računarstvo

Autorski alat


Ludwig Zettl, depuis 1882 Ritter von Zettl, (né le  à Groß Sbosch, mort le  à Vienne) est un architecte autrichien.

Biographie
Ludwig Zettl est le fils de Johann Zettl, fonctionnaire de la ville centrale de Bohême de Poděbrady. Il va d'abord à l'École polytechnique de Prague, puis de 1843 à 1844 l'Institut polytechnique de Vienne. Il est ensuite accepté comme stagiaire au conseil des bâtiments de la cour et étudie parallèlement l'architecture à l'académie des Beaux-Arts de Vienne jusqu'en 1847. Après ses études, Zettl travaille dans le département de la construction de l'État. À partir de 1850, il participe à la planification et à la construction de la plupart des hôpitaux publics et des établissements pénitentiaires. Lorsque le département de la construction est placé sous la tutelle du ministère de l'Intérieur en 1859, Zettl devient ingénieur de première classe. De 1859 à 1865, il est membre de la commission de construction de Vienne et, en tant que représentant technique du ministère, membre de la commission d'expansion de la ville. Zettl devient officier en chef du bâtiment. En 1882, Zettl devient chevalier de  de l'Ordre de la Couronne de fer. À partir de 1863, Zettl est membre de la Künstlerhaus.

Œuvres
En tant que fonctionnaire, Ludwig Zettl réalise de nombreux bâtiments sociaux, tels que des hôpitaux et des prisons, dans toute la monarchie des Habsbourg. Il a un rôle important dans la planification du Ring au sein de la commission d'expansion de la ville, où il présente son propre projet pour la conception de la zone du Ring. L'idée d'une Lastenstrasse parallèle au périphérique vient essentiellement de lui. En plus de son travail dans la fonction publique, Zettl est aussi architecte privé et réalise un certain nombre de bâtiments dans la zone du Ring. La plupart de ses bâtiments peuvent être attribués à l'historicisme primitif, mais il crée des formes néo-Renaissance.

 Morgue du Wiedner Spital, Favoritenstraße 32, Vienne 4 (1859), démoli après 1945
 Clinique Rudolfstiftung, Boerhaavegasse 8, Vienne 3 (1859–1864), maîtrise d'œuvre selon les plans de Josef Horky ; remplacé par un nouveau bâtiment de 1970.
 Institut pathologique de Vienne, Spitalgasse, Vienne 9 (1859–1862)
 Hôpital, Pressburg (1860)
 Établissement psychiatrique, Hermannstadt (1860)
 Immeubles de rapport Güntner, Spindlergasse (aujourd'hui Döblergasse) 1–3, Vienne 7 (1861)
 Chambre des représentants provisoire "Schmerlingtheater", Währinger Straße 2–4, Vienne 9 (1861), démoli
 Adaptation du Landhaus en Herrenhaus, Herrengasse, Vienne 1 (1861)
 Christinenhof, Schubertring 9 / Kantgasse 6 / Christinengasse 2–4 / Pestalozzigasse 1–3, Vienne 1 (1862)
 Immeubles de rapport, Rasumofskygasse 10–14, Vienne 3 (1863), démoli
 Immeuble de rapport, Kleeblattgasse 11, Vienne 1 (1863)
 Immeuble de rapport, Tuchlauben 15 / Kleeblattgasse 13, Vienne 1 (1864)
 Résidence et grand magasin Leitenberger, Franz-Josefs-Kai 51, Vienne 1 (1865), démoli après 1945
 Immeubles de rapport, Pillersdorfgasse 2–6, Vienne 2 (1865), façades simplifiées
 Immeubles de rapport, Pillersdorfgasse 1–5, Vienne 2 (1865), N. 3 démoli après 1945; N. 5 décor conservé
 Immeuble résidentiel et laverie  de l'Académie de la reine Thérèse, Alleegasse, Vienne 4 (1865), aujorud'hui Argentinierstraße; non identifiable
 Institut psychiatrique de Lipótmező, Budapest (1868),
 Immeuble de rapport de l'abbaye de Seitenstetten, Kohlmessergasse 3–5, Vienne 1 (1869), démoli
 Immeuble résidentiel et commercial Mandl, Werdertorgasse 5–7, Vienne 1 (1869–1870)
 Palais Wehli, Elisabethstraße 5 / Operngasse 5, Vienne 1 (1869–1871)
 Immeuble de rapport Proskowetz, Wohllebengasse 6, Vienne 4 (1869), démoli après 1945
 Résidence Proskowetz, Wohllebengasse 4, Vienne 4 (1870), remplacé en 1912 par un nouveau bâtiment par Krauß et Tölk.
 Hôpital, maternité et orphelinat, Cracovie (1870)
 Neuer Schottenhof, Helferstorferstraße 4 / Rockhgasse 2, Vienne 1 (1871–1874)
 Palais Leitenberger, Parkring 16 / Himmelpfortgasse 31–33 / Hegelgasse 3, Vienne 1 (1871–1875)
 Immeuble de rapport Biro, Reisnerstraße 61, Vienne 3 (1873)
 Palais Mayr-Melnhof, Seilerstätte 13 / Johannesgasse 21, Vienne 1 (1874–1875), décor en grande partie supprimé
 Immeuble de rapport, Neubaugasse 65, Vienne 7 (1875)
 Ministère de la Maison Impériale et de l'Extérieur, Ballhausplatz 2, Vienne 1 (1883), transformation et nouvelle construction
 Hôpital, Saint-Pétersbourg

Source, notes et références

Liens externes

Architecte autrichien du XIXe siècle
Naissance en mai 1821
Naissance à Poděbrady
Décès en avril 1891
Décès à 69 ans
Décès à Vienne (Autriche)
Ordre de François-Joseph
Chevalier de 3e classe de l'ordre autrichien de la Couronne de fer

Ludwig Zettl


Aderus ultimus é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1902.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita em Madagascar.

Referências

ultimus
Insetos descritos em 1902
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus ultimus


Tatiana Baramzina (în , ) a fost o femeie lunetist sovietică din Al Doilea Război Mondial. Este creditată cu minim 36 de soldați inamici împușcați mortal. După ce a fost rănită în luptă, a fost capturată, torturată și executată de soldații germani la Smolevici (în ), în Regiunea Minsk. Baramzina a fost identificată ulterior numai după păr și după rămășițele uniformei. A primit postum titlul de erou al Uniunii Sovietice și Ordinul Lenin la 24 martie 1945.

Biografie
Născută în orașul Glazov în Udmurtia, ea a fost a cincea din cei șase copii născuți dintr-o familie de muncitori. Tatăl ei, Nikolai Makarovici, era muncitor la calea ferată, iar mama, Marfa Mitrofanovna, era gospodină. În anii noilor reforme politico-economice (NPE), tatăl ei a început să vândă pâine "în conformitate cu brevetul său din categoria a doua" și a fost lipsit de dreptul la vot. După moartea sa în 1931, Marfa Mitrofanovna a început să vândă în locul lui Nikolai  și s-a ocupat de redobândirea  dreptului la vot. Ea nu a încetat acest comerț și în 1933 casa i-a fost confiscată. Tania a crescut ca o fată curajoasă și puternică din punct de vedere fizic. După absolvirea liceului în 1934, Baramzina a absolvit Institutul Pedagogic de Stat din Glazov și a petrecut doi ani predând la o grădiniță dintr-o școală din Kacikașur. La 2 noiembrie 1937, ea a depus cererea de aderare la Komsomol și a fost acceptată o lună mai târziu. A devenit membru al Societății Crucea Roșie din Rusia și al OSOAVIAIIM (în ) și a învățat să tragă cu pușca. În 1940, s-a înscris la Universitatea din Perm, iar când Germania a invadat Uniunea Sovietică, a început să frecventeze seara cursurile de asistente medicale în perioada în care antrenamentul s-a intensificat.

Marele Război Patriotic
În 1943, ea s-a înscrisă la Școala centrală pentru femei de pregătire a lunetiștilor (în ), după care a fost trimisă în aprilie 1944 pe cel de-al Treilea Front Bielorus. În luptă, ea a ucis 16 soldați inamici  cu o pușcă de lunetist, dar în curând vederea ei a început să scadă. Refuzând demobilizarea, Tatiana s-a reprofilat ca telefonistă.

La 22-23 iunie 1944, în bătăliile din apropierea satului Maloie Morozovo, sub focul artileriei grele, a reparat o linie telefonică distrusă de 14 ori.

La 5 iulie 1944, Tatiana Baramzina (ca parte a Batalionului 3 Infanterie, Regimentul 252 de Infanterie, Divizia 70 Infanterie, Armata a 33-a de pe al Treilea Front Bielorus) a fost parașutată în spatele liniilor inamice pentru a efectua o misiune de luptă - pentru a captura pozițiile din spatele inamicului și pentru a le menține până la sosirea forțelor principale. În marșul de lângă satul Pekalin din districtul Smolevici din regiunea Minsk, batalionul s-a ciocnit cu forțe inamice superioare. În bătălia care a urmat, datorită pregătirii ei medicale, a oferit asistență răniților aflați sub focul inamic. Văzând superioritatea dușmanului, a dat ordin răniților să se retragă în pădure, iar celor care nu au putut să se deplaseze - să se ascundă în fortificațiile subterane. Tatiana Baramzina a tras până la ultimul glonț, împușcând peste 20 de soldați inamici. Prin capturarea fortificațiilor subterane, naziștii au împușcat răniții adăpostiți acolo cu pistoale antitanc Panzerbüchse de mare putere. Tatiana a fost torturată mult timp pentru a divulga informații privind numărul de trupe și regimentul din care fac parte: corpul ei a fost tăiat cu un pumnal, ochii i-au fost scoși, sânii i-au fost tăiați, o baionetă i-a fost înfiptă în stomac. În cele din urmă a fost ucisă cu o lovitură de pistol anti-tanc în cap. A fost identificată numai după rămășițele uniformei și a părului.

Tatiana Baramzina a fost îngropată într-o groapă comună din satul Volma. În 1963 rămășițele au fost transferate într-un mormânt din satul Kalita din districtul Smolevici, regiunea Minsk.

Moștenire

I s-au oferit postum la 24 martie 1945 cele mai înalte distincții ale Uniunii Sovietice: Erou al Uniunii Sovietice și Ordinul Lenin (pentru serviciul militar exemplar). Mai multe monumente în memoria sa au fost ridicate: în Perm, Glazov și Ijevsk. Străzi din Minsk, Glazov, Ijevsk, Perm sau Podolsk au fost numite în memoria Tatianei.

Note

Vezi și
Listă de lunetiști din Al Doilea Război Mondial
Listă de femei Eroi ai Uniunii Sovietice

Nașteri în 1919
Decese în 1944
Lunetiști
Eroi ai Uniunii Sovietice
Femei din Rusia
Femei din secolul al XX-lea
Femei în război
Militari sovietici căzuți în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Lenin

Tatiana Baramzina


Dieser Artikel listet Erfolge und Mannschaft des Radsportteams Team Heizomat in der Saison 2011 auf.

Abgänge – Zugänge

Mannschaft

Platzierungen in UCI-Ranglisten
UCI Europe Tour 2011

Radsportteam 2011

Team Heizomat/Saison 2011


An Festuca trachyphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eduard Hackel. An Festuca trachyphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Festuca

Festuca trachyphylla


Fairacres, Novi Meksiko
Fairacres (Roehampton, London, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo)
Fairacres (Sjeverna svjetla, Alberta, Kanada)
Fairacres (Oxfordshire, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo)
Fair Acres, Indiana

Fairacres


هل تقصد بـ :
 قناع : جزء يركب على الوجه.
 القناع (فيلم) : فيلم أُصدر سنة 1994، من إخراج تشاك راسيل.

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

القناع (توضيح)


Meliceae, tribus jednosupnica u potporodici Pooideae, porodica travovki. Postoji osam rodova, a ime je došlo po rodu Melica.

Rodovi
 Glyceria R. Br. (41 spp.)
 Lycochloa Sam. (1 sp.)
 Melica L. (91 spp.)
 Pleuropogon R. Br. (5 spp.)
 Schizachne Hack. (1 sp.)
 Koordersiochloa Merr. (2 spp.)
 Triniochloa Hitchc. (6 spp.)

Izvori

Pooideae

Meliceae


Allium lojaconoi es una especie de planta bulbosa geófita del género Allium, perteneciente a la familia de las amarilidáceas. Originaria de Malta.

Descripción
Allium lojaconoi es una planta perenne bulbosa. Tiene un tamaño muy pequeño de sólo 5 a 10 centímetros de altura. El período de floración es el verano. La inflorescencia es capitada con once a cincuenta y seis flores son de color marrón y púrpura o de colores rosa, con seis brácteas que tienen una raya oscura en el centro.

Taxonomía

Allium lojaconoi fue descrita por Brullo, Lanfr. & Pavone y publicado en Webbia 35: 296 (1982).
Etimología
Allium: nombre genérico muy antiguo. Las plantas de este género eran conocidos tanto por los romanos como por los griegos. Sin embargo, parece que el término tiene un origen celta y significa "quemar", en referencia al fuerte olor acre de la planta. Uno de los primeros en utilizar este nombre para fines botánicos fue el naturalista francés Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708).

lojaconoi: epíteto

Referencias

Enlaces externos

lojaconoi
Flora de la cuenca mediterránea
Plantas descritas en 1982
Plantas descritas por Brullo
Plantas descritas por Lanfranco
Plantas descritas por Pavone

Allium lojaconoi


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Čierny Brod enthält die neun nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Čierny Brod im Okres Galanta.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Cierny Brod


Ladce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Ilava din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.602 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Ladce este atestată documentar din 1469.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ladce


La statue-menhir des Combarels est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Saint-Salvi-de-Carcavès, dans le département du Tarn en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte par Paul Culié en juin 1980, lors d'un labour au sommet d'une colline dominant la vallée du Dadou à  d'altitude, à environ  de la statue-menhir des Ouvradous. La statue est cassée en cinq morceaux. La statue a été sculptée dans une dalle de grès rose permien dont le site d'extraction le plus proche est situé à . Elle mesure  de hauteur sur  de largeur pour une épaisseur de

Bien que la statue soit superficiellement altérée, les sculptures sont encore bien visibles. Il s'agit d'une statue féminine. Le visage est absent, marqué par une croix et délimité par un collier à cinq rangs. Les bras sont très courts. La main droite comporte six doigts, la gauche est abîmée et en partie manquante, il donc difficile de savoir si elle comporte cinq ou six doigts. Deux cercles de  de diamètre lissés, l'un au-dessus de la main droite et l'autre au-dessous de la main gauche, pourraient représenter les seins. Les jambes sont très courtes, arquées et sans orteils. Elle porte une ceinture en relief visible des deux côtés de la statue. Sur la face postérieure, les crochets-omoplates, les cheveux nattés et une trace en creux imprécise (aiguisoir ou polissoir ?) sont visibles.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Tarn
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir des Combarels (construit par stéréophotogrammétrie)

Combarels
Site mégalithique dans le Tarn

Statue-menhir des Combarels


Çokterimli zamanda indirgeme, bir problemi çokterimli (polinomsal) zamanda başka bir probleme dönüştürme işlemidir. Bu durumda, ikinci problemi çokterimli zamanda çözebilirsek ilk problemi de çokterimli zamanda çözebiliriz.

Örnek

Hamilton Çemberi Problemi, Gezgin Satıcı Problemi'ne aşağıdaki şekilde indirgenebilir.

Karmaşıklık teorisi

Çokterimli zamanda indirgeme


An Eleocharis confervoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean Louis Marie Poiret, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Eleocharis confervoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis confervoides


Regimentul Războieni No. 15 a fost o unitate de infanterie, de nivel tactic, din trupele permanente ale Armatei României. Unitatea a fost înființată la ianuarie 1877 și desființată la 1 decembrie 1951. Pe timp de pace a făcut parte din organica Brigăzii 13 Infanterie, fiind dislocat la pace în garnizoana Piatra Neamț. La mobilizare, regimentul constituia încă o unitate, Regimentul 65 Infanterie, din rezerviști proveniți din Cercul de recrutare "Războieni".

De-a lungul timpului o serie de personalități civile și militare au servit în cadrul regimentului, cei mai cunoscuți fiind generalii Alexandru Anastasiu, Nicolae Rujinschi și Dumitru Coroamă, precum și scriitorii Mihail Sadoveanu și Nicolae Vulovici.

Gara Războieni îi poartă numele.

Înființare și evoluție

Războiul de Independență

Al Doilea Război Balcanic

Primul Război Mondial

Perioada interbelică

Al Doilea Război Mondial

Regimentul 15 Infanterie a fost mobilizat din nou în iunie 1941, participând la acțiunile militare pe toată perioada celui de-Al Doilea Război Mondial, între 22 iunie 1941 - 9 mai 1945, în cadrul Brigăzii 7 Infanterie din Divizia 7 Infanterie.

Distincții și recunoașteri
  Crucea "Trecerea Dunării", (1878)
  Ordinul "Steaua României", (1918)

Personalități legate de regiment
 Generalul Ernest Broșteanu, fost ofițer al regimentului, mai târziu comandant al Diviziei 11 infanterie
 Locotenentul Mihail Sadoveanu (concentrat anterior în regiment în anii 1913-1914)
 Poetul căpitan Nicolae Vulovici, căzut la datorie pe 8 septembrie 1916, la Miercurea Ciuc.
 Colonelul Gheorghe Ante, publicist și poet.
 Golonelul Gheorghe Răscănescu

Comandanți
Regimentul a avut următorii comandanți:
 Colonel Emil Romanescu, 1 aprilie 1911 - 30 noiembrie 1914
 Colonel Alexandru Anastasiu, 1 decembrie 1914 - 31 martie 1915
 Colonel Nicolae Rujinschi, 1 aprilie 1915 - 14 august 1916
 Locotenent-colonel Teodor Pirici, 31 martie 1916 – 1 iunie 1918
 Colonel Alexandru Calmuschi, 1 iunie 1918 - 1 aprilie 1919
 Colonel Gheorghe Iordănescu, 1 aprilie 1919 - 16 noiembrie 1920

Note

Bibliografie
 Ciobanu, Sorin Ioan; REGIMENTUL 15 INFANTERIE 100 DE ANI DE LA EROICELE LUPTE DE LA MĂRĂȘTI-MĂRĂȘEȘTI-OITUZ
 Dabija, Gheorghe(general), Armata română în răsboiul mondial (1916-1918), vol.I-IV, Tipografia "Lupta" N. Stroilă, București, 1932-1936
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Otu, Petre; Regimentul 15 Războieni - File dintr-o istorie eroică; Ed. A92; Iasi; 1996;
 Otu, Petre; De o vârstă cu independența. De la Regimentul 15 "Războieni" la Brigada 15 Mecanizată "Podu Înalt"; Editura Militară; București; 2011; ISBN: 978-973-32-0884-6
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Unități militare din Armata României (1860-1945)
Unități militare din Piatra Neamț
Unități militare din România cu monografii

Regimentul Războieni No. 15


Kivi, asma benzeri odunsu bir tırmanıcı bitki türü olan Actinidia deliciosadan ve A. deliciosa ile diğer Actinidia türleri arası melezlerden elde edilen kültivar grubundaki bitkiler ile bu bitkilere ait yenilebilir meyvelerin ortak adıdır. Kivinin ifade ettiği kültivar grubu ve bu grup içinde yer alan ticari açıdan en önemli kültivarların tam adları şöyledir:
 Kültivar grubu: Actinidia deliciosa Kiwifruit Grubu
 Kültivar: Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward'
 Kültivar: Actinidia deliciosa 'Chico'
 Kültivar: Actinidia deliciosa 'Saanichton 12'

Kökeni Doğu Asya (esasen Çin) olan kiviler çok yıllık bitkilerdir ve meyveleri bol miktarda C vitamini içerir.

Tarihçe
Kivi meyvesi, Çin'in güneyindeki Yangtse Vadisine özgü bir bitkidir. Avrupalılar tarafından 1850'li yıllarda keşfedilen bitkinin birkaç türü 1900'lü yılların başında Yeni Zelanda, İngiltere ve Amerika'ya yayıldı.

Kivi meyvesi, Yeni Zelanda'ya ilk kez 1904 yılında geldi. 25 yıl süresince bahçıvanlar tarafından geliştirildi, yetiştirildi ve bazı büyük meyveli cinsler seçildi. 1935 yılında, büyük meyveli cinsler Kaliforniya, Chico'daki "Plant Introduction Station"'a gönderildi. 1960'ta, araştırmacılar Kaliforniya'da uygulanabilir metotlar geliştirmeye başlayarak, çiftçileri bu yeni ürünü ekmeleri için cesaretlendirdiler. Böylece 70'li yılların başında yeni bir endüstri doğdu.

Dünyadaki üretimi

Yetiştirilmesi
Kivi, üzüm gibi büyük ve odunsu bir gövdeye sahip ve yapraklarını her yıl döken bir asmadır. Kivi asmaları 4–5 m ara ile ekilir. 1,8–2 m yüksekliğinde güçlü sırıklarla desteklenir. Güçlü asmalar; sürülmüş toprağa, sık sulamaya ve rüzgardan korunmaya ihtiyaç duyar. Bitki sağlıklı bir şekilde büyümek için ılıman iklime gerek duysa da filizlerin büyümesi için kış soğuğuna ihtiyacı vardır. Bitki Mayıs ayında çiçek açmaya başlar ve ürün ekim ayı ortası ile kasım aylarında hasat edilir.Karadeniz bölgesinde yağiş fazlalığı nedeniyle sıcaklık düşük olur. Bu nedenle olgunlaşma aralık ayına da uzanır.

Kaynakça

Actinidia
Meyve
Yenilebilir bitkiler kültivarları

Kivi (bitki)


Iljinskaea, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice kupusovki (Cruciferae). Jedina vrsta je I. planisiliqua jednogodišnja biljka koja raste prvenstveno u umjerenom biomu, od Mongolije na istoku do Grčke i Bugarske na zapadu .

Prvi puta opisana je kao Conringia planisiliqua'' Fisch. & C.A.Mey., kao predstavnik roda Conringia, a 2021 smještena je u vlastiti rod
 Sinonimi
 Conringia planisiliqua Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 3: 32 (1837). Bazionim.
 Erysimum patisiliquosum Wender. in Index Seminum (MB, Marburgensis) 1853: 4 (1853)
 Erysimum patisiliquum Wender. in Index Seminum (MB, Marburgensis) 1856: 3 (1856)
 Erysimum planisiliquum Steud. ex Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 1: 192 (1841)
 Sisymbrium planisiliquum'' Hook.f. & Thomson in J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 159 (1861)

Izvori

Brassicodae

Iljinskaea


Por qué Obama ganará en 2008 y en 2012 (en inglés Why Obama Will Win in 2008 & 2012) es un trabajo académico escrito en 2007 por el analista financiero e inventor estadounidense Daniel Bruno  (utilizaba el seudónimo Daniel Bruno Sanz hasta 2010) y publicado ese mismo año por Booksurge, una división de Amazon, en Charleston, Carolina del Sur, EE.UU.

El libro de Bruno es una tesis abstracta que utiliza el análisis técnico de los mercados financieros, la econometría y teorías de la conducta de los votantes desarrolladas por Ray Fair de Yale y Allan Lichtman de la Universidad Americana para predecir la inevitabilidad de dos mandatos consecutivos de Barack Obama en la  presidencia de los Estados Unidos, incluso antes de que hubiera ganado la nominación del Partido Demócrata en el 2008. Se trata de un estudio de los negocios y los ciclos políticos en los Estados Unidos. Como Sylvan Feldstein, Ph.D., escribió en su respaldo a la obra: "Su tesis es que los realineamientos electorales (grandes cambios en la política) se producen cuando hay deflación (caída de los precios de activos como acciones y bienes raíces) y que la deflación se produce en ciclos predecibles".

Contenido

La obra es notable por ser el primer libro publicado, documento académico o artículo de revista en predecir con certeza la ascendencia de Obama a la Casa Blanca en 2008. La creencia general era que sería imposible para Obama llegar a ser presidente de los Estados Unidos por causa de su ascendencia africana y su nombre musulmán. Otros, especialmente los afroamericanos, estaban convencidos de que si su candidatura se veía prometedora sería asesinado y por lo tanto sería mejor no votar por él.

En el momento de la publicación del libro en 2007, Obama aún no había ganado la nominación del Partido Demócrata y se encontraba veinte puntos porcentuales detrás de Hillary Clinton, la probable candidata de acuerdo a las encuestas de opinión de los votantes demócratas registrados. Bruno, un Analista de Mercados Certificado (Chartered Market Technician) y graduado de la Escuela de Negocios de la Universidad de Oxford, pronosticó la caída de las bolsas y la recesión de 2008, dieciséis meses antes de que ocurriera, e identificó una relación causal entre la caída inminente, la histórica elección de Obama y la renovación de la política progresista en los Estados Unidos tres años antes del movimiento Occupy Wall Street. El libro predijo también la victoria de Obama en las siguientes elecciones de 2012.

Bruno es el primer autor publicado en identificar ciclos económicos previsibles y vincular las caídas en los precios de los activos (deflación) con la agitación política en los Estados Unidos y la intervención militar en el extranjero. Bruno utilizó la econometría y se basó en las teorías de la conducta de los votantes desarrolladas por el economista Ray Fair de la Universidad de Yale y el politólogo Allan Lichtman de la Universidad Americana. El asistente personal de Obama recibió una copia de bolsillo en un evento de recaudación de fondos en Nueva York y se distribuyeron ejemplares de tapa dura en la Convención Nacional Demócrata celebrada en Denver en agosto de 2008.

El 10 de diciembre de 2008, Bruno fue citado en The Village Voice diciendo que "cuando ciertas variables económicas cambian drásticamente, se puede pronosticar si el partido en el poder se mantendrá en la presidencia, sobre todo cuando el presidente en ejercicio se encuentra en su segundo mandato".

Publicación

El libro fue lanzado en 2007, y se puede descargar de forma gratuita.

Daniel Bruno es también el autor del libro Cuba en una Encrucijada, la Nueva Estrategia Estadounidense.

Enlaces externos
 http://hpub.org/why-obama-will-win-in-2012-by-daniel-bruno/

Referencias

Libros de política
Crisis económica y financiera de 2008
Econometría
Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2008
Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012
Obras sobre Barack Obama

Por qué Obama ganará en 2008 y en 2012


Abbas Kiarostami (; 22 iunie 1940 – 4 iulie 2016) a fost regizor, scenarist, fotograf și producător de filme iranian.

Regizor activ din 1970, Kiarostami a fost implicat în peste patruzeci de filme, inclusiv scurtmetraje și documentare. Kiarostami a atins aprecierea criticilor pentru regia Trilogia Koker (1987-1994), Close-Up (1990), Taste of Cherry (1997) - care a primit Palme d'Or la Festivalul de Film de la Cannes din acel an - și The Wind Will Carry Us (1999). În lucrările sale mai târzii, Certified Copy (2010) și Like Someone in Love (2012), el a filmat pentru prima dată în afara Iranului: respectiv în Italia și Japonia.

Biografie
Kiarostami s-a născut la Teheran. Prima sa experiență artistică a fost pictura, pe care a continuat-o până în adolescența târzie, câștigând un concurs de pictură, la vârsta de 18 ani, cu puțin timp înainte de a pleca de acasă pentru a studia la Universitatea de Arte Plastice din Teheran. S-a specializat în pictură și grafică și și-a susținut studiile lucrând ca agent de circulație.

Ca pictor, designer și ilustrator, Kiarostami a lucrat în publicitate în anii 1960, unde a proiectat postere și a creat filme publicitare. Între 1962 și 1966, el a lucrat în jur de 150 de reclame pentru televiziunea iraniană. La sfârșitul anilor 1960, el a început să creeze generice pentru filme (inclusiv Qeysar de Massoud Kimiaei) și să ilustreze cărți pentru copii.

Note

Nașteri în 1940
Decese în 2016
Premiul Akira Kurosawa
Graficieni
Regizori de film iranieni
Oameni din Teheran
Ofițeri ai Legiunii de onoare
Laureați ai Premiului FIPRESCI

Abbas Kiarostami


La U.S. Route 6 o Ruta Federal 6 (abreviada US 6) es una autopista federal ubicada en el estado de Rhode Island. La autopista inicia en el Oeste desde la  hacia el Este en la . La autopista tiene una longitud de 42,6 km (26.5 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras interestatales, y el resto de rutas federales, la U.S. Route 6 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Rhode Island por sus siglas en inglés RIDOT.

Cruces
La U.S. Route 6 es atravesada principalmente por la  y se encuentra en su totalidad en el condado de Providence.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del RIDOT
 Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas federales}
 Lista de Autopistas por estado en AARoads.com

Carreteras federales de Rhode Island
Providence
Johnston (Rhode Island)
Woonsocket (Rhode Island)
Warwick (Rhode Island)

U.S. Route 6 (Rhode Island)


Finland is divided into 69 sub-regional units (, ). The sub-regions are formed by groups of municipalities within the 19 regions of Finland. The sub-regions represent a LAU 1 level of division used in conjunction with the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics.

Sub-regions grouped by regions

Lapland (1)

Eastern Lapland
Kemi-Tornio sub-region
Northern Lapland
Rovaniemi sub-region
Torne Valley
Tunturi Lapland, i.e. Fell Lapland

North Ostrobothnia (2)

Koillismaa
Nivala-Haapajärvi sub-region
Oulu sub-region
Oulunkaari
Raahe sub-region
Siikalatva sub-region
Ylivieska sub-region

Kainuu (3)

Kajaani sub-region
Kehys-Kainuu

North Karelia (4)

Central Karelia
Joensuu sub-region
Pielinen Karelia

Pohjois-Savo or North Savo (5)

Inner Savonia
Kuopio sub-region
North Eastern Savonia
Upper Savonia
Varkaus sub-region

Etelä-Savo (6)

Mikkeli sub-region
Pieksämäki sub-region
Savonlinna sub-region

South Ostrobothnia (7)

Järviseutu
Kuusiokunnat
Seinäjoki sub-region
Suupohja

Ostrobothnia (8)

Sydösterbotten
Jakobstad sub-region
Vaasa sub-region

Former sub-regions
Kyrönmaa

Pirkanmaa (9)

North Western Pirkanmaa
South Western Pirkanmaa
Southern Pirkanmaa
Tampere sub-region
Upper Pirkanmaa

Former sub-regions
 South Eastern Pirkanmaa

Satakunta (10)

Northern Satakunta
Pori sub-region
Rauma sub-region

Central Ostrobothnia (11)

Kaustinen sub-region
Kokkola sub-region

Central Finland (12)

Äänekoski sub-region
Jämsä sub-region
Joutsa sub-region
Jyväskylä sub-region
Keuruu sub-region
Saarijärvi-Viitasaari sub-region

Southwest Finland (13)

Loimaa sub-region
Salo sub-region
Turku sub-region
Vakka-Suomi
Åboland

South Karelia (14)

Imatra sub-region
Lappeenranta sub-region

Päijät-Häme (15)

Lahti sub-region

Former sub-regions
 Heinola sub-region

Kanta-Häme (16)

Forssa sub-region
Hämeenlinna sub-region
Riihimäki sub-region

Uusimaa (17 and 18)

Helsinki sub-region (Greater Helsinki)
Loviisa sub-region
Porvoo sub-region
Raseborg sub-region

Former sub-regions
 Lohja sub-region

Kymenlaakso (19)

Kotka-Hamina sub-region
Kouvola sub-region

Åland (20)
Archipelago (Åland)
Countryside (Åland)
Mariehamn sub-region

References

External links

Subdivisions of Finland
Subregions
Finland 2
Subregions, Finland

Sub-regions of Finland


U matematici, binomni koeficijent je pozitivni cijeli broj, koji se pojavljuje kao koeficijent binomnog poučka. Indeksira se dvama ne-negativnim cijelim brojevima; binomni koeficijent s indeksima n i k obično se zapisuje kao:

i čita se n iznad ili povrh k. To je koeficijent člana  polinomne ekspanzije binomne potencije oblika . Pod odgovarajućim okolnostima vrijednost koeficijenta definirana je izrazom:

Organizacija binomnih koeficijenata u redove uzastopnih vrijednosti n, u kojem k ima vrijednosti od 0 do n, daje Pascalov trokut.

Binomni koeficijenti su važan dio mnogih područja matematike, posebno u području kombinatorike.

Neka svojstva binomnih koeficijenata i dokazi

Svojstvo simetrije:

Kombinatorni dokaz.

Oznaka  predstavlja broj -članih podskupova -članog skupa, uz napomenu da, prema definiciji skupa, nikoja dva elementa nekog skupa nisu jednaka. Kako za svaki podskup od  elemenata postoji točno jedan poskup od preostalih  elemenata slijedi da vrijedi bijekcija između ova dva skupa odnosno da su oni ekvipotentni ili jednakobrojni.

Osnovna relacija iz Pascalovog trokuta ili tzv. Pascalovo pravilo:

Kombinatorni dokaz.

Neka tražimo broj -članih skupova od prvih  prirodnih brojeva ().

Neka je  skup svih takvih -članih podskupova -članog skupa. Vrijedi .

Izaberimo neki element  iz . Neka je  skup podskupova iz  koji sadrže . Njih ima  jer preostalih  brojeva iz  (ne možemo opet birati  jer je očito već sadržan u tim podskupovima) raspoređujemo na preostalih  mjesto. Neka je pak s druge strane  skup podskupova iz  koji ne sadrže . Ima ih  jer sada raspoređujemo sve elemente iz  osim elementa , njih , na svih  mjesta jer na nijednom mjestu nije element

Očito je , čime je tvrdnja dokazana.

Binomni koeficijent u matematičkoj analizi

Za proizvoljan realni broj  binomni koeficijent se definira formulama:

gdje je u nazivniku razlomka funkcija faktorijel.

Dano proširenje binomnog koeficijenta na realne brojeve nam omogućuje da npr. izračunamo izraze poput  ili, između ostalog, da se  razvije u red za .

Izvori

Matematika

Binomni koeficijent


Plus−minus (+/−,  ±, plus/minus) is a sports statistic used to measure a player's impact, represented by the difference between their team's total scoring versus their opponent's when the player is in the game.

Ice hockey
In ice hockey, the plus–minus measures a player's goal differential. When an even-strength or shorthanded goal is scored, the plus–minus statistic is increased by one ("plus") for those players on the ice for the team scoring the goal but decreased by one ("minus") for those players on the ice for the team allowing the goal.  Power play or penalty shot goals are excluded. Empty net situations are treated the same, unless a power play is involved.

A player's plus−minus statistic is calculated for each game played. The statistic is directly affected by overall team performance, influenced by both the offensive and defensive performance of the team as a whole.

History
The plus/minus statistic was first used in the 1950s by the Montreal Canadiens. This NHL team used this ranking system for evaluating its own players. By the 1960s, other teams were also using this system. During the 1967-68 season, the NHL officially started using the plus/minus statistic.

Situational plus–minus
There are some drawbacks to the traditional calculation of the plus–minus statistic in ice hockey.  Not all types of goals are included, specifically power play goals.  Every goal included in the calculation is weighted the same regardless of the situation - even strength, power play, short-handed or empty net.  Also, traditional plus–minus is not applied to goaltenders.

Situational plus–minus (Sit +/−) is an alternative calculation that takes into account all types of "team-based" goals, which excludes only penalty shot and shootout goals.  Each goal is weighted based on the number of skaters (i.e. not goaltenders) on the ice.  The plus–minus rating is calculated by dividing the number of skaters on the ice for the team scored upon by the number of skaters on the ice for the scoring team, applied as a plus to all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the scoring team and as a minus for all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the team scored upon.

Awards
The NHL introduced an award for the Plus-Minus Award in the 1983 season which rewarded the top plus player for that season provided they played in at least 60 games. The award was named the Emery Edge Award and was won in the inaugural season by Charlie Huddie of the Edmonton Oilers.

The award stopped being rewarded at the conclusion of the 2008-09 season. At this point the award was named "Bud Light Plus-Minus Award" and was won by Pavel Datsyuk of the Detroit Red Wings.

Basketball
Although the statistic was pioneered in the sport of hockey, it has found its way into use in other sports and areas of life. For instance, the NBA's Houston Rockets first utilized a modified version of the stat, which helped reveal the unheralded effectiveness of light-scoring Shane Battier.

Football
A plus−minus statistic has been used in sports economics to analyze the degree of competitive balance over time in association football.

References

Ice hockey statistics
Ice hockey terminology

Plus–minus


Provstegårdskolen er en folkeskole beliggende i det vestlige Odense. Skolen har 628 elever.  Den blev opført i 1967, som en del af bygningskomplekset, der også omfatter Odense Seminarium og en svømmehal. Indtil 1994 var det en øvelsesskole. I 2016 blev skolen af Søndagsavisen og CEPOS kåret til den syvendebedste i Danmark til at "løfte elevernes faglige niveau" ud fra en række kriterier.

Skoleinspektør er Annemette Hovmand Petersen, der overtog skolen fra Christian Holm i 2016.

Referencer

Folkeskoler i Odense Kommune
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Odense
Etableret i 1967
Uddannelse i Odense

Provstegaardskolen


මරීටා කොවරූබියස් යනු ඇමරිකානු විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වන ද එක්ස්-ෆයිල්ස්හි එන ප්‍රබන්ධ චරිතයකි. මුලින්ම ඇයව හඳුන්වා දුන්නේ එෆ්බීඅයි විශේෂ නියෝජිත ෆොක්ස් මෝල්ඩර් හට ඔහුගේ අස්වාභාවික විමර්ශන හෙවත් එක්ස්-ෆයිල් සඳහා රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික තොරතුරු සපයන්නියක ලෙසයි. කෙසේනමුත් ඇය රහසිගත සින්ඩිකේට් සාමාජිකාවක බැව් හෙළිවේ. නමුත් ඇය විවිධ අවස්ථාවන්හි එම සංවිධානයට ද්‍රෝහී වන්නී ය. ඇයව හඳුන්වා දෙන්නේ සිව්වන කථාවාරයේ ආරම්භක කථාංගය වන "හෙරෙන්වෝක්" හි ය. මෙම චරිතය කතාමාලාවේ අවසන් කථාංගය වන "ද ටෘත්" දක්වාම වරින්වර හමුවේ.

පාදක සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

1996දී හඳුන්වා දුන් ප්‍රබන්ධ චරිත
ද එක්ස්-ෆයිල්ස් චරිත
ප්‍රබන්ධ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රිකයෝ
ප්‍රබන්ධ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ නිලධාරියෝ

මරීටා කොවරූබියස්


Legtaifiya () est une station sur la Ligne Rouge du Métro de Doha. Elle est ouverte en 2020.

Histoire
La station est mise en service le .

Intermodalité
 Metrolink : M110 (Porto Arabia, Medina Centrale, Qanat Quartier)
 Metroexpress : West Bay Lagoon, Doha Golf Club, Lusail Marina District. (The Pearl Qatar, Lagoona Mall, Ritz Carlton, Mondrian Doha, Grand Hyatt)
 Métro léger de Lusail

Notes et Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Doha
 Métro léger de Lusail

Liens externes
 Doha metro - Lusail Tram - Qatar Rail
 Network map - metro tram Qatar Rail
 Qatar Rail Retail

Station du métro de Doha
Station de métro mise en service en 2020

Legtaifiya (métro de Doha)


Traces of an Elephant () ist ein deutsch-britischer Kurzfilm von Vanessa Nica Mueller aus dem Jahr 2011. In Deutschland feierte der Film am 7. Mai 2011 bei den Internationalen Kurzfilmtagen in Oberhausen Premiere.

Handlung
Der Film handelt von der Rückkehr an Drehorte in Belfast des Kurzfilms Elephant von Alan Clarke aus dem Jahr 1989. 22 Jahre sind seit Clarks Dreh vergangen. Mueller geht an die Drehorte zurück und versucht die Veränderungen, die Belfast in mehr als zwei Jahrzehnten erfahren hat, darzustellen. Die Reise in die Vergangenheit wird somit zu einer Erfahrung der Veränderung.

Kritiken

Auszeichnungen
Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen 2011
 Preis für den besten Beitrag des Deutschen Wettbewerbs

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Filmtitel 2011
Deutscher Film
Britischer Film
Kurzfilm

Traces of an Elephant