The École Supérieure des Sciences Economiques et Commerciales (more commonly ESSEC Business School or ESSEC) is a major French business and management school, with non-profit association status (French association law of 1901) founded in 1907 and whose principal campus is located in Cergy. It also has locations in La Défense, Rabat and Singapore, which are used in particular for the ESSEC Global BBA and ESSEC Executive MBA programs.

Founded by Jesuits in response to the creation of HEC Paris, it remained independent of any chamber of commerce and industry for a long time before passing in 1981 under the control of that of Versailles, which became the CCI of Paris Île-de-France in 2013. Today, ESSEC is a member of the CY Alliance, formerly Université Paris-Seine.

The ESSEC group delivers numerous training courses in administration and management, in particular through its post-preparatory class course called the "Grande École Program" conferring the master's degree. It also delivers a "BBA" (Bachelor in Business Administration), specialized masters (SM), a master's degree in business administration (MBA) and doctorates.

Historical rival of HEC Paris and of ESCP Business School, it forms with the latters the group of "three Parisians", which designates the three most prestigious business schools in France. ESSEC is also regularly cited among the best business schools in France and in Europe.

History

Foundation (1907–1913)
The École Supérieure des Sciences Economiques et Commerciales (ESSEC) was founded in 1907 under the name of Economic Institute by Ferdinand Le Pelletier in Paris.  Its creation followed the movement of other private business schools created under Catholic guardianship in the early twentieth century such as HEC Nord (which later became EDHEC) by the Catholic Institute of Lille or ESSCA by the Institute Catholic of Angers.

The establishment of Falloux Laws in 1854 allowed the development of religious secondary education. In a complex circumstances, marked by the Dreyfus affair (1895) and the law of separation of Church and State (1905), the Church sought to regain influence, in particular by disseminating its moral values in the economic world and by training a new generation of business leaders. ESSEC became the Catholic Church response to the creation of HEC in the context of struggle of religious congregations, especially between Jesuits against the secular and republican ideology of the state. The goal of the new institution was to "train leaders for a commercial and economic career, which requires competent men, imbued with Christian and human values". The school was located at the École Sainte Geneviève (created by Jesuits in 1854) in the Latin Quarter. The first class had seven students and studies lasted two years. In 1909, an optional third year was introduced.

The course did not stand out for its originality as it was structured around general subjects including law, accounting, languages and techniques. It was through the introduction of Christian moral values that ESSEC could stand out: students attended the apologetics conference every week in the chapel of the École Sainte Geneviève. Technical education (calligraphy, shorthand, drafting of commercial documents) was complemented with scientific education (physics, chemistry, factory visits).

1913–1940
With the application of the law of separation of State and Church of 1905, the school premises were confiscated in 1913, obliging ESSEC to be absorbed by Catholic Institute of Paris or ICP. As a consequence, the school resources were significantly reduced. For instance, it only had one amphitheater borrowed from ICP and the elementary section was abolished. During this time, the disciplines taught, which remained almost the same until 1960, include: languages, history of trade, commercial geography, political economy, law and accounting. An emphasize was given to language teaching, with 10 hours per week length (4 hours of English and German, 1 hour of Italian and Spanish).

The school experienced difficulty surviving during the First World War. In 1914, it had only four students in the first year and two in the second year. It temporarily closed doors and only reopened in 1915. The third optional year was dropped and the school did not regain financial stability until 1920 when it welcomed more than 50 students in the first year. In 1923 the students' association was created with a solidarity fund for war widows and orphans. In 1926, the first directory of graduates was published and three years later, the first courses in business ethics were given. By 1930, the number of students increased to 150 people.

Against the crisis of the 1930s, ESSEC had to reduce its tuition fees to attract students who have more preference toward public service or regular law studies. Due to gap year of 1914-1918 and the economic crisis, the situation became even more difficult. The school was forced to accept high school graduates, uncertified examiners, and even freelance auditors who took uncertified courses.

In 1932, the Student Office was created and in 1937 the first scholarships were distributed, marking the start of a social assistance policy

1940–1960
The reform was done under the effort of Camille Donjon from 1939 with the introduction of selection at the school entrance. A preparatory class for the exam was set up in 1941. During this time, ESSEC refused to join the unified system of écoles de commerce established by the decree of 3 December 1947 which mentioned that the State now supports the implementation of preparatory classes on the territory.

As HEC and ESCP joined this system, ESSEC positioned itself as a challenger and kept its own preparatory classes. To level its competition, ESSEC altered its school tenure from two to three years starting from 1947. This situation lasted until 1951, when ESSEC closed its own preparatory classes and opened to candidates of the public preparatory classes. In 1950, the first compulsory internship was set up which last for a period of three months and took place at the end of studies.

1960–1970

In 1960, Gilbert Olivier replaced Father Donjon as the dean of ESSEC. His arrival, coupled with developments linked to competition, would sway the Christian identity of the school. He began the transformation by launching a survey for students on the content of courses and the pedagogy. The result showed that only minority of students were satisfied with the teaching. Teaching was judged "Scholarly, serious and lacking in openness".

Given the results of this survey, a gradual reform was put in place. Technical subjects such as chemistry and physics were abandoned, teaching content adapted to the company demand and the human factor was taken into account with the introduction of courses in sociology and human resources. In 1965, marketing classes was introduced. Method of teaching such as conferences were set up, similar to what HEC Paris and Sciences Po offered. During this time, the school adopted the teaching style of the United States schools. Furthermore, the recruitment was diversified with the introduction of the Admis on Title in 1966 which also marked the opening of the school to women. However, preparatory classes not yet being open to them.

Associative life also began in the early 1960s with the creation of the ESSEC Mardis in 1961 and the Junior Enterprise in 1967. The former is student forum of ESSEC which occasionally invite speakers from French art, sport, politics and economic space every year. It also hosts the debates which led by two students from the association.

The entrance exam was reformatted in 1969 with the elimination of the chemistry and physics test and remodeling of the oral exam which now aimed to test the logical reasoning of the candidates and not only their general knowledge. Psychometric tests and personality interviews were also introduced. Gilbert Olivier also tried to reform the program of preparatory classes to bring them closer to commercial education but gave up due to opposition from HEC and other business schools.

1970–1990

With the reform in place, the number of students grew and the school was starting to run out of space. The school occupied three amphitheaters at the ICP and later, in 1971, administrative services would be moved to Boulevard Raspail. In 1965 a commission was set up to consider on the possibilities of moving the school location. Projects were planned in Bagneux or Gentilly, which ultimately abandoned. On July 5, 1967, a decision was taken by ESSEC to move to a new site in the town of Cergy-Pontoise where the current campus is located.

During this time, ESSEC was able to breaking free from the ICP. In 1968, the latter recognized the financial and administrative independence of the school. In 1969, the ESSEC group was founded, consisting of the school, CERESSEC, a Research Center and ISSEC, an institute for executives. ICP, however, retained one third of the seats of the Board of Directors and the appointment of the director of the school must still be approved by the rector of the ICP.

The acceptance of the move to Cergy-Pontoise by the community was polarized. It was less well received by student due to lack of public transportation to the area. Some teachers fueled the controversy, aware that such a move necessarily entails a potential of replacement of faculty members. The new school extended over and included a large amphitheater of 300 seats, eight small amphitheatres with 80 seats equipped with closed circuit television, a computer center, a large language laboratory, a library, a sports hall, a restaurant university and 48 classrooms. Its reception areas (foyers, cafeterias, chapel) were to be available to the public in Cergy. In exchange, the students could lived in housing around the city.

Before 1971, ESSEC relied mainly on executives working in companies as its teaching staff. However, the school started to setting up its permanent faculty. The grants awarded by FNEGE to finance studies of young professors or executives in the United States, who wished to return to teaching to fill the French "management gap", allowed ESSEC to build a pool of qualified teachers. In 1972, out of 20 professors, there were 9 former ESSECs having completed their training in the United States. The arrival of FNEGE Fellows, who had come back from the United States, would stimulate the reform of the curriculum. A common core curriculum was set up in the first year based on fundamentals while a course à la carte was introduced from the second year. This format is still in effect today. A minimum duration of 12 months of internship was also introduced. Furthermore. the ESSEC selectivity increased significantly with application numbers grew from 700 candidates in 1960 to 2,800 in 1973.

The decision to move to Cergy without support of public funds resulted in heavy debt to the Caisse d'Epargne and ANFESP (National Association for the Financing of Private School Equipment), the Council General of Val d'Oise. This resulted in obligation to repay an amount up to 4-5 million francs a year. These financial expenses represented 11.7% of the ESSEC budget in 1975 (compared to 5% for INSEAD). The operating budget exploded from 6 million francs in 1972 to 28 million in 1979. Tuition fees increased to one point it doubled that of HEC. In 1979, the financial crisis erupted, exacerbated by an environment of high interest rates and an economic slowdown related to the oil shock. Ultimately, the school hit a deficit of 10.4 million francs during this year. The apprenticeship tax, introduction of continuing education and the donation of student's parents were used as sources of funding. The consideration of the nationalization of ESSEC and possible attachment to the larger university were put on the table, with those ideas coming within the field of possibilities with the election of François Mitterrand to the presidency of the Republic.

Gilbert Olivier strongly opposed to the plan, seeing it as a failure of the initial project of the school to emancipate itself from the higher education system. Financial condition ultimately improved permitting the school to operate without taking such decisions. The rescue was made possible by the Versailles Chamber of Commerce, which injected 10 million francs to cover the deficit of ESSEC, bought 51% of ESSEC's ownership for 12 million francs and committed to pay an annual subsidy of 6 millions of francs from 1982 to 1989. In exchange, ESSEC retained its legal autonomy (and did not become a service of the chamber like the case of HEC Paris and ESCP with the Paris Chamber of Commerce) but had a governance system with a management board and supervisory board. This intrusion of a supervision as well as the absence of representation of the students and the professors in the general assembly triggered strikes and the launching of petitions against the plan. The agreement was finally signed on April 6, 1981. The fear of control of the school and its pedagogy would ultimately prove to be unfounded.

2000–present
In 1999, the school decided to change the name of its Grande Ecole program to be an MBA (Master in Business Administration), an Anglo-Saxon standard normally reserved for executives who already have many years of experience. ESSEC intended to highlight its accreditation from the AACSB (American accreditation body) and the mandatory 18 months of internships of its students. The move was followed by other business schools, such as ICN Nancy and ESC Grenoble. ESSEC then reviewed its international agreements to bring the program to the MBA or Master level.

The repositioning of the program was heavily criticized by HEC Paris, EM Lyon and University Paris-Dauphine, so much so that Ali Laïdi in his book Secrets of the economic war (2004) said that HEC Paris would have mounted a destabilization operation toward ESSEC by attacking its MBA position. The case led to an opening of investigation and resolution by the Paris Chamber of Commerce.

In 2005, ESSEC expanded its campus with the inauguration of the Nautile building and further, in 2007, with the multipurpose room, the Dome (of which has 2,700 people capacity) and the Galion. The buildings were designed by Marc Seifert, son of Ivan Seifert who designed the original campus in 1973. In 2008, the library was expanded. Renovation of the restaurant area followed the following year.

In March 2006, ESSEC Business School inaugurated its new campus in Singapore within the National Library, the ESSEC Asian Center.

In 2010, ESSEC presented its strategic plan for 2010–2015. The program portfolio was repositioned: the EPSCI (post-baccalaureate program) became the bachelor of ESSEC, the name of MBA was abandoned and replaced with MSc in Management. The group's communication was unified under the name ESSEC Business School. A fundraising strategy of 150 million euros was announced. The school also aimed to be one of the 20 best Business Schools in the world, to join the 10 best schools in Asia and to make into top 5 in Europe. The abandonment of the name of MBA from its Grand Ecole program was a strategy pushback for the school. As the result, this program did not appear in the Financial Times ranking of Masters in Management since its creation in 2005 nor in the MBA because of its hybrid nature. The dean of the time, Pierre Tapie, however, did not regret this decision, because he believed that the school had gained reputation. In fact, in 2007, the Wall Street Journal ranked ESSEC Grande École program 7th in the world, ahead of HEC and INSEAD.

During this time, the school expanded its double-degree agreements with Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad in 2006, Centrale Paris, University of Keio in 2009, École du Louvre, ENSAE and Saint-Cyr in 2010, ENS in 2011, University of Queensland, three South Korean institutions in 2014 and Bocconi University in 2015.

In 2014, Jean-Michel Blanquer, the new dean of the school, announced the strategic plan "ESSEC 3I 2020" (Internationalisation, Innovation and Involvement). The internationalization went through, a new ESSEC Asia-Pacific campus was established, which opened in 2015, an ESSEC Africa campus was opened in 2017, collaboration through a strategic alliance with CentraleSupélec and involvement of students to create their own courses and mentorship program, among other things. The school also launched its first MOOCs, inaugurated its startup incubator, ESSEC Ventures and established an experimental research laboratory, K-Lab.

Grande école degrees

ESSEC Business School is a grande école, a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and often connected to, the main framework of the French public university system. Grandes écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process, and a significant proportion of their graduates occupy the highest levels of French society. Similar to Ivy League schools in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, graduation from a grande école is considered the prerequisite credential for any top government, administrative and corporate position in France.

The degrees are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France). Higher education business degrees in France are organized into three levels thus facilitating international mobility: the Licence / Bachelor's degrees, and the Master's and Doctorat degrees. The Bachelors and the Masters are organized in semesters: 6 for the Bachelors and 4 for the Masters. Those levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE (Unités d'enseignement or Modules), each worth a defined number of European credits (ECTS). A student accumulates those credits, which are generally transferable between paths. A Bachelors is awarded once 180 ECTS have been obtained (bac + 3); a Masters is awarded once 120 additional credits have been obtained (bac +5). The highly coveted PGE (Grand Ecole Program) ends with the degree of Master's in Management (MiM)

Research

Departments
The School is made up of eight research departments in different fields of human sciences: Accounting and Management Control; Business Law and Environment; Economy; Finance; Management; Operations management; Marketing; Information Systems, Decision Sciences and Statistics.

CERESSEC
The ESSEC research center or Centre de recherche ESSEC business school (CERESSEC) was created in 1969. Supervised by AERES since 2013, the research focus is around a scientific area in partnership with the Ministry of Higher Education and Research.

According to the HCERES report issued on May 13, 2019, CERESSEC is "a leading research laboratory at national and international level, it is a leading French center in the field of management and related disciplines." It supports the school's influence in national and international rankings. The research center brings together 165 professors, on two sites in Cergy and Singapore. The professors work on nine research themes: Accounting and management control; Economy; Finance; Information system ; Law, Negotiation and Consultation; Management; Marketing; Management of Operations; Statistics.

ESSEC Iréné
ESSEC Iréné is the Institute for Research and Education on Negotiation in Europe created in 1996. The research focus is in several topics related to negotiation, mediation, stakeholders dialogue, and conflict resolution. The stakeholder involved in the research include academics, senior civil servants, elected representatives, managers and employees of businesses, trade unionists, social mediators.

ESSEC Behavioral Research Lab
This institute is an interdisciplinary research platform which focus on the study of human behavior in a controlled environment. The study is mainly conducted in the fields such as behavioral marketing, behavioral management, behavioral and experimental economics.

Organization and governance
ESSEC is a nonprofit organization. Its management consists of a Director General (School Dean), assisted by its executive committee, made up in particular of the deans of programs, professors and research body. They reports to the board, which administers the association, and which is made up of two representatives of the Paris Ile-de-France CCI, a representative of the alumni association, and two qualified professionals.

The supervisory board is made up of twenty-eight members, six representatives of the Paris Ile-de-France CCI, two members of the Institut Catholique de Paris, five former students, one member of the Confederation of SMEs, four students, five professors including the dean of the professors, two members of the administrative staff of the school, and three qualified professionals.

The general assembly is the guarantor of the stability of the statutes of the association, and it is composed of the president of the CCI of Paris Île-de-France, a representative of the association of graduates, a representative of the Confederation of SMEs, the dean of professors, and the rector of the Catholic Institute of Paris (ICP).

Deans of ESSEC Business School

Rankings

Campuses

ESSEC has 4 campuses: Cergy, Singapore, La Défense and Rabat. An Africa-Indian Ocean campus project in Mauritius was announced in 2016 but was canceled in 2017.

Cergy campus
The main ESSEC campus is located in Cergy. Inaugurated in 1973, the site is located in the city and open to the public, mixing students and inhabitants in the area.
In 2007, two new buildings were constructed: the Dome and the Galion, both significantly increased area of the Cergy campus. The Dome, which acts as a multipurpose room, can accommodate up to 2,700 people. It is used for business forums (Career Fairs), conferences, exam site and cultural and social activities. The Galion is an administrative and educational building. It houses 54 offices and meeting rooms, 8 amphitheaters, and 12 classrooms as well as open work spaces.
At the end of 2018, the Campus 2020 project was announced, which intends to modernize the Cergy campus by 2023, for a total cost of 35 million euros (private and public funding). Among the main lines of this project are the construction of a sports center of nearly 2,000 m2, the redevelopment of the old gymnasium and the existing administrative building into spaces intended for research activities.

La Defense campus
ESSEC has had premises in the CNIT in La Défense since 1989, mainly used for continuing education and the MBA.

Singapore campus
The ESSEC Asia-Pacific campus in Singapore was announced in October 2012 by Pierre Tapie shortly before his departure. The new campus was inaugurated in May 2015 by Jean-Michel Blanquer. ESSEC has already been present in Asia since 1980 with a permanent office in Japan and in Singapore since 2005 through the ESSEC Asian Centre located in the National Library Building. After considering among Tokyo, Shanghai and Singapore, the school finally chose the latter in 2005, in particular for its position as a gateway to Asia.
Located in Nepal Hill, the campus spans five levels, 6,500 m2, can accommodate 1,500 students per year and cost 24 million euros, fully funded by ESSEC. It was designed by Singaporean architect, Dr. Liu Thai Ker (former architect planning Singapore).

Rabat campus
The creation of this campus was announced in November 2015 by Jean-Michel Blanquer and was inaugurated in April 2017. Morocco was chosen for the already effective presence of ESSEC's partner CentraleSupélec, its proximity to France and the large number of Moroccan alumni.
Located 15 km from Rabat, the campus covers 6,000 m2 and has a capacity of 480 students. The campus is located right in the Casablanca - Rabat - Kenitra axis.
The campus was built specifically for ESSEC by the Addoha real estate group to which the school pays rent (proportional to the number of students hosted during the first three years, then €360,000  / year beyond), with the possibility of to buy back the premises after nine years.
At its first school year, the campus had seventy students, including eighteen Moroccans.

Programs

ESSEC Global BBA
The undergraduate program was initially created in 1975 by ESSEC Group to prepare students to meet the needs of French firms launching operations on the international market. It was formerly known as EPSCI, "École des Practiciens du Commerce International", and is now referred to as "ESSEC Global BBA".

The Global BBA lasts for four years and is designed for candidates graduated from high school (in France "Baccalauréat").

At the end of the program, each student will have completed a minimum of 12 months of coursework abroad (each student will do two exchange programs abroad), a one-month humanitarian project and between 11 and 18 months of professional experience, which may also take place abroad.

Master of Science in Management - Grande École

ESSEC's postgraduate programme is its Master of Science in management, designed for students with no professional experience (instead of managers with 3–5 years of experience like US MBA programs). It is the flagship program of the school.

The ESSEC MSc in management has been historically designed for candidates who have completed French preparatory classes after high school diploma and passed a competitive entrance examination known as the concours, or have a university degree (Bachelor or Master). Application is now also open to non-French students: students with a university degree of three years or more received outside of France can also apply. Students from classe préparatoire will spend two to three years after Baccalauréat only to prepare for the national entrance examination of Grandes Ecoles which includes a written part (lasting three weeks) as well as an oral part (one to four days for each grande école). It is commonly considered the most prestigious path after High School in France (only 5% of a generation will be admitted to a prépa) with Law and Medicine, and consists in intensive courses in Mathematics, History and Geography, Economy, Literature, Philosophy, and two foreign languages. In 2015, among more than 20 000 students enrolled in classe préparatoire (business section), 5 614 applied to ESSEC concours (considered one of the most difficult), only 890 were invited to oral examination and 380 were eventually admitted. This means an acceptance rate of 6.77%.

ESSEC offer an à la carte program – whether following courses at ESSEC or at a partner institution, going abroad or focusing on an associative project etc.

Master in Finance
The Master in Finance replace the old Master Techniques Financières since 2016. The Master in Finance is recognized by the French Higher Education and Research Ministry as master's degree.

There are three specialized tracks:

 Corporate Finance: M&A, Private Equity, ECM, DCM, Equity Research, Leveraged and Project Finance;
 Financial Markets: Sales, Trading, Risk Management and Portfolio Management;
FinTech & Analytics: Quantitative Asset and Risk Management, Data-based Market Making and Trading and Quant Hedge Funds (with a solid Math/Physics degree).

The Master in Finance has a partnership with the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA).

ESSEC M.S. Advanced Masters
The Advanced master's degrees are accredited by the "Conférence des Grandes Ecoles" in France. These programs are specialised to allow students finishing their studies or young professionals to complete their initial training (usually scientific or engineering) by acquiring complementary knowledge.

ESSEC Global MBA
The Global MBA at ESSEC Business School is a 12-month, full-time MBA program with an emphasis on emerging markets and experiential learning. It offers two Majors allowing students to specialise in the following area: Luxury Brand Management, Strategy and Digital Leadership.

PhD in Business Administration
The PhD trains future professors, researchers and consultants. Before starting their dissertation work, students must follow a two-year program of courses and seminars that ends with Preliminary Examinations and a Dissertation Proposal. The curriculum starts with an intensive period of interdisciplinary training common to all students. This is followed by research training for the chosen field of specialization.

ESSEC Executive Education
More than 5,000 managers participate in ESSEC Exec Ed programs every year, primarily at La Défense campus, located in the heart of Paris' financial district and ESSEC's Singapore campus.

ESSEC & Mannheim Executive MBA
ESSEC and Mannheim Business School launched their joint Executive MBA Program in 2004. Building on the first established Executive MBAs in Europe by ESSEC since 1994, several modules are proposed in Mannheim, Paris, Singapore and various other locations worldwide in partner business schools.

International partnerships

ESSEC has developed partnerships with universities all over the world for exchange and double degree programs, including UC Berkeley, University of Chicago, Dartmouth College, Brandeis University, Cornell University, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Seoul National University, Keio University, National University of Singapore, IIM Ahmedabad, IE Business School, University of Mannheim, King's College London, Esic Business & Marketing School, Fundação Getúlio Vargas' EAESP, among many others.

ESSEC alumni
The association of graduates of the ESSEC or ESSEC Alumni group was founded in 1923, with the mission of connecting the 60,000+ graduates of ESSEC. It spans 75 countries and five continents. It organizes more than a thousand events per year through its two hundred volunteers and employees. The network partners with 60 corporations and consists of 17 regional clubs and 73 chapters around the world. The association also publishes the alumni magazine, Reflets, five times a year.

Since 2017, the association has maintained a physical office on the Cergy campus. The same year lifelong ESSEC Alumni membership became included in tuition fees.

Notable alumni

Business

 Nicolas Hieronimus, CEO of L'Oréal Group
 Sue Nabi, CEO of Coty Inc.
 Marc Lelandais, Chairman of S. T. Dupont
 Benoît Coquart, CEO of Legrand
 Antoine Bernard de Saint-Affrique, CEO of Danone
 Michel Bon, CEO of Carrefour (1985–1992), CEO of France Telecom (1995–2002)
 Patrick Cescau, Former CEO of Unilever
 Pierre-André de Chalendar, CEO of Saint-Gobain
 Corinne Vigreux, Co-founder of TomTom N.V.
 Nicolas Namias, CEO of Group BPCE
 Jérôme Grivet, Deputy CEO of Crédit Agricole
 Pierre Nanterme, CEO of Accenture
 Yves Perrier, CEO of Amundi, former CFO of Société Générale
 Pierre Denis, former CEO of Jimmy Choo (fashion house)
 Marie-Christine Lombard, former CEO of TNT Express
 Dominique Reiniche, CEO of Coca-Cola Europe
 Gilles Pélisson, CEO of TF1, former CEO of Bouygues Telecom (2004–2006) and of Accor Group (2006–2011)
 Charles Bouaziz, CEO of Monoprix S.A., Former CEO of PepsiCo (Europe)
 Joe Saddi, Chairman of Booz & Company
 Élisabeth Moreno,  President of Hewlett-Packard Africa, Former President of Lenovo France
 Thierry Peugeot, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Peugeot-Citroën
 Jérôme Tafani, CEO of Burger King France

Politics

 Charles Konan Banny, former Prime Minister of Ivory Coast
 Oumar Tatam Ly, former Prime Minister of Mali
 Cécile Duflot, ex-French Minister of Housing in the Ayrault Cabinet, formerly head of the French Green Party and now head of Oxfam France
 Fleur Pellerin, ex-French Minister of Culture in the First Valls government.
 Emmanuelle Mignon, ex-Cabinet secretary of French President Nicolas Sarkozy from 2008 to 2012
 Alexis Kohler, Chief of Staff of President of France Emmanuel Macron

Academics

 D. K. Bandyopadhyay, Indian scientific management researcher

Other well-known alumni

 Marie-José Pérec, former sprinter, three times Olympic champion
 Philippe Sollers, French writer

See also
 Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris
 HEC Paris
 ESCP Business School
 Triple accreditation

References

External links
 Official website

ESSEC Business School
Universities and colleges established in 1907
Business schools in Singapore
Education in Paris
1907 establishments in France

ESSEC Business School


An Rhynchostylis coelestis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adolphus Henry Kent. An Rhynchostylis coelestis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchostylis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Rhynchostylis (Orchidaceae)

Rhynchostylis coelestis


Késia Estácio (Nova Iguaçu, 9 de novembro de 1984) é uma cantora e atriz brasileira.

Ficou conhecida do grande público por participar da primeira edição do The Voice Brasil. Em 2023, protagonizou a telenovela Elas por Elas da TV Globo.

Carreira
Neta de maestro e filha de musicistas, Késia começou sua carreira como cantora gospel aos 15 anos, mas só ganhou notoriedade nacional em 2012, quando participou do programa musical The Voice Brasil. No reality show, a cantora integrou o time de Lulu Santos, chegando a ser uma das finalistas. Em 2013, esteve na trilha sonora da telenovela Amor à Vida, fazendo uma participação na música "As Curvas da Estrada de Santos", de Lulu Santos. Lançou o seu primeiro single em 2014, intitulado "Sou Livre".

Como atriz, deu inicio à sua carreira fazendo parte do grupo Nós do Morro, do Vidigal, em 2009, onde começou a atuar em grandes musicais. Na televisão, faz sua estreia como atriz em 2018 no programa Pais de Primeira.

Em 2023, Késia Estácio foi escalada para ser uma das protagonistas do remake de Elas por Elas ao lado de Deborah Secco, Thalita Carauta, Mariana Santos, Maria Clara Spinelli, Karine Teles e Isabel Teixeira.

Filmografia

Televisão

Cinema

Teatro

Ligações externas

Naturais de Nova Iguaçu
Cantores do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Cantoras afro-brasileiras
Atrizes do Rio de Janeiro (estado)
Atrizes afro-brasileiras
Atrizes de televisão do Brasil
Atrizes de cinema do Brasil
Atrizes de teatro do Brasil
Participantes de The Voice Brasil
Participantes de talent shows do Brasil

Késia Estácio


Andrónico Mariano Lukšić Craig (pronunciado /lúksich creig/ en fonética española; Antofagasta, 16 de abril de 1954) es un empresario chileno de ascendencia croata, presidente de Quiñenco, empresa matriz del Grupo Luksic —uno de los mayores conglomerados de Chile— encargada de las operaciones industriales y financieras de este. Además, ha formado parte de directorios de diversas empresas. Junto al resto de su familia, está clasificado como una de las mayores fortunas del mundo según la revista Forbes.

Biografía
Nació en 1954, siendo el primogénito del matrimonio conformado por Andrónico Lukšić Abaroa y Ena Craig Monett, del cual también nacería Guillermo. Su madre falleció durante una operación al corazón, cuando Andrónico tenía alrededor de cuatro años. En 1961 su padre se casó con Iris Fontbona, unión de la que nacieron tres hijos; María Paola, María Gabriela y Jean-Paul. Andrónico siempre ha tratado como madre a Fontbona.

Andrónico Lukšić Craig pasó su infancia en Antofagasta, donde realizó su educación básica en el Colegio San Luis y en 1967 su familia se trasladó a Santiago, donde vivieron en una casa de calle Alcántara. Realizó sus estudios primarios en The Grange School, en Santiago, y los secundarios en Dublin School, en Nuevo Hampshire (Estados Unidos). Más adelante ingresó al Babson College, una escuela de negocios privada de Massachusetts.

Estuvo casado con la argentina Patricia Lederer Tcherniak, con quien tuvo cinco hijos; Andrónico, Davor, Dax, Maximiliano y Fernanda. El matrimonio se divorció en 2016.

Lukšić practica el montañismo y ha escalado varias de las principales montañas del mundo, incluyendo el Everest y las otras seis que son incluidas en las "Siete Cumbres". En 2007 se graduó como oficial de reserva del Ejército de Chile junto con otros 16 profesionales y empresarios.

Carrera empresarial
Tras el golpe de Estado de 1973, su padre, Andrónico Lukšić Abaroa, partió a Londres tras haber sido acusado de cooperar con el gobierno de la Unidad Popular. Andrónico Lukšić Craig, por su parte, se radicó en la Argentina donde estuvo encargado de administrar los negocios de su familia en ese país, entre los que estaban una distribuidora automotriz, una fábrica cervecera y tierras ganaderas y agrícolas. En su juventud también incursionó en el negocio de los transportes.

En 1978 asumió como director de Quiñenco, que en ese tiempo agrupaba todas las inversiones del grupo Luksic. Quiñenco junto a la alemana Paulaner se convirtieron en accionistas mayoritarios de la Compañía de las Cervecerías Unidas (CCU) en 1986, compra que ha sido atribuida a la gestión de Andrónico Lukšić. Al año siguiente quedó a cargo del sector financiero del grupo. Así posteriormente fue nombrado vicepresidente de Quiñenco y ha integrado los directorios de las empresas que conforman dicha filial, como CCU, Madeco y el Banco de Chile. En este último Lukšić asumió como vicepresidente en el año 2002. También ha integrado los directorios de la Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (Sofofa) y de la Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago.

A mediados de 2010, Lukšić Craig adquirió el 67 % de Canal 13, mediante un acuerdo con la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile para conformar una sociedad administradora del canal. La casa de estudios, por su parte, conservó el 33 % de la propiedad de las acciones. Más tarde, en noviembre de 2017, adquirió el control del 100% del Canal 13 S.A. a través de Inversiones TV Medios Ltda, que incluye a su vez Radiodifusión S.A.

Desde el año 2000 y hasta 2015 integró el Consejo Consultivo Empresarial de APEC (ABAC). En 2011, fue nombrado vicepresidente del Consejo Asesor Internacional de Líderes de Negocios por el alcalde de Shanghái. Asimismo, es miembro de la Comisión Asesora Internacional del Instituto de Brooking y de la Bolsa de Nueva York. Es miembro además del Consejo Asesor de la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá y del Consejo Asesor Comercial del Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico.

Filantropía
Buscando generar vínculos entre académicos y estudiantes de Chile con los de centros más avanzados del mundo, apoya a los centros globales de Harvard, Columbia y MIT en Chile.

También es Trustee Emeritus en Babson College; miembro del Harvard Global Advisory Council; Latin America Advisory Board en la Escuela de negocios Harvard; del Advisory Board de la Escuela de Economía y Administración de la Universidad Tsinghua y de la Escuela de Administración de la Universidad Fudan. Es parte del David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies; del Comité de Asesoría para América Latina de la Escuela de Negocios de Harvard; del International Advisory Board de la Escuela de Gobierno Blavatnik de la Universidad de Oxford, y del Latin America Executive Board de la Escuela de Administración y Dirección de Empresas Sloan del MIT. La Universidad de Harvard otorga la beca Luksic Visiting Scholar.

Es fundador de las organizaciones Fundación Educacional Oportunidad, dedicada al mejoramiento de la educación preescolar en Chile. Lukšić donó 3 mil millones de pesos chilenos (equivalente a 4,6 millones de dólares) a la campaña solidaria Teletón 2007. Andrónico Lukšić se comprometió a reconstruir un jardín infantil de Villa Santa Lucía en la Región de Los Lagos, luego de los deslizamientos de tierra que sepultaron 20 viviendas de 200 del sector, en 16 de diciembre de 2017.

Controversias

Censura de Impunidad diplomática
En 1993 se publicó en Argentina el libro Impunidad diplomática de Francisco Martorell, quien decía que en su libro relataba las circunstancias que llevaron a la exoneración del embajador argentino en Chile, Oscar Spinosa Melo, y su relación con diversas figuras de la política y el empresariado chileno, entre ellos, Guillermo y Andrónico Lukšić. Este último presentó un recurso de protección ante la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago para evitar la circulación del libro en Chile pues consideraba que su contenido era injurioso. El 21 de abril de ese año, la Corte acogió el recurso y el libro nunca fue vendido en Chile.

Tráfico de influencias en Perú
En 2001 fue acusado en el Perú de "instigación al tráfico de influencias" con Vladimiro Montesinos, para evitar el cierre de una industria de Lucchetti, ubicada en un pantano del Departamento de Lima. Finalmente el caso fue declarado prescrito en 2006 por la Corte Suprema de Justicia del Perú. Tras la polémica de Lucchetti Perú, en el que el grupo Lukšić perdió cerca de 200 millones de dólares, se manifestó crítico hacia la política exterior de Chile durante el gobierno de Ricardo Lagos y preocupado por la situación política en Sudamérica, durante reuniones que mantuvo con diplomáticos de Estados Unidos entre 2007 y 2008. Dichas conversaciones fueron divulgadas por el sitio WikiLeaks a fines de 2010.

Parodia en Twitter
En 2011 presentó una denuncia por supuesto robo de identidad contra los responsables de tres cuentas en Twitter que le parodiaban a él y a su familia. En febrero de 2013 se formalizó la investigación contra un abogado, Rodrigo Ferrari Prieto, acusado de crear las cuentas en 2010; según la ONG Derechos Digitales, el caso atentó «contra el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. Hoy cualquier tipo de cuenta en Internet que intenta ser una sátira de una figura pública constituiría un delito de usurpación de identidad». Finalmente el Séptimo Juzgado de Garantía de Santiago sobreseyó al abogado, al considerar que al crear la cuenta @losluksic no hubo ánimo de usurpación sino de sátira, y Lukšić decidió no apelar de dicha sentencia.

Caso Caval

En 2015, se dio a conocer que la sociedad Exportadora y de Gestión Caval Limitada, propiedad de Natalia Compagnon, cónyuge de Sebastián Dávalos y nuera de Michelle Bachelet, obtuvo un crédito por parte del Banco de Chile por más de US$ 10 millones (exactamente CLP$ 6500 millones), el cual fue tratado en una reunión entre Compagnon, acompañada de Dávalos, con Andrónico Lukšić Craig, vicepresidente del banco. El escándalo fue bautizado por la prensa local como «Caso Caval» y «Nueragate».

En una carta enviada a los trabajadores del Banco de Chile, Lukšić asumió su responsabilidad en el encuentro, sintiendo no haber previsto las consecuencias. Tras este escándalo, la prensa ha informado que Lukšić posee diversas conexiones con la Nueva Mayoría, bloque político oficialista de centroizquierda y otras.

Querella contra Gaspar Rivas

En abril de 2016, durante una sesión de la Cámara de Diputados sobre el proyecto de ley antidelincuencia, Gaspar Rivas se refirió a Lukšić como «un delincuente» y «un hijo de puta». Andrónico Lukšić respondió al parlamentario mediante un vídeo en YouTube, donde lo emplazó a entregar los antecedentes que tuviera en su contra a tribunales, y analizó la posibilidad de iniciar acciones legales por dichos insultos. Rivas no se retractó de sus dichos, por lo cual Lukšić se querelló por injurias contra el diputado en mayo de ese año, y en julio la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago confirmó el desafuero de Rivas para enfrentar el juicio.

El 19 de diciembre comenzó el juicio oral por la causa en el Centro de Justicia de Santiago, ocasión en que Lukšić fue agredido por manifestantes.  El 28 de diciembre se dictó sentencia, condenando a Rivas a 180 días de pena remitida, y el pago de una multa de 40 UTM, lo cual lo inhabilita a ejercer su cargo parlamentario.

Condecoraciones

Condecoraciones extranjeras

  Comandante de la Orden de Leopoldo II (,2011).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en forbes.com (en inglés)

Nacidos en Antofagasta
Presidentes de CCU
Presidentes de Quiñenco
Empresarios de Chile
Alumnado de The Grange School, Santiago
Montañistas de Chile
Andronico
Canal 13 (Chile)

Andrónico Lukšić Craig


Lasse Møller (født 11. juni 1996) er en dansk håndboldspiller, som spiller for SG Flensburg- og Danmarks herrehåndboldlandshold, som venstre back.

Privatliv
Han er lillebror til SønderjyskE Håndbold's Mikkel Møller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Danmark
Håndboldspillere fra GOG

Lasse Møller


Mustafa Aydın Aysan (1933, Tarsus, Mersin, Türkiye), Türk ekonomist.

Tarsus Amerikan Koleji'nden 1952'de, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi'den 1957'de Lisans derecesi ile mezun olmuştur. 3 Vakıf'ta üyelik ve özel üniversitelerde öğretim çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir.
Yayınlanmış 13 kitabı vardır. İki kız evlat ve iki torun sahibidir.

Kariyer
1957-59 yılları arasında öğrenimini ABD'de sürdüren Aysan, Harvard Üniversitesi İşletme Okulu'ndan yüksek lisans (M.B.A.)  derecesi aldı ve 1959 sonunda İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü'nde öğretim görevlisi olarak Muhasebe ve Denetim Dersleri vermeye başladı. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi'nde 1962'de İşletme Doktoru, 1968'de Doçent ve 1974'te Profesör oldu. 1968'de İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi'nin kuruluşunda görev aldı.

Güney Afrika'nın iki üniversitesinde ve Almanya'nın Hamburg Üniversitesi'nde de Muhasebe, Denetim ve Finansal Yönetim konularında dersler verdi.

1970'ten başlayarak, üniversitedeki akademik çalışmaları yanında İktisadi Devlet Teşekkülleri, bankalar ve özel kuruluşlarda danışmanlıklar ve yönetim kurulu üyeliklerinde bulundu.

1981'de T.C.Danışma Meclisi, Bütçe-Plan Komisyonu Başkanlığı ve 1982-83 döneminde T.C. Ulaştırma Bakanlığı görevlerinde bulundu.

1984'te İstanbul Üniversitesi'ndeki görevlerine geri dönen Aysan 2000 yılında emekli oldu.

2008-2016 yılları arasında  Finansbank Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi ve Denetim Komitesi Başkanı olarak görev yapmış olup hâlen Finansbank Yönetim Kurulu Başkan Danışmanı olarak çalışmalarına devam etmektedir.

Eserleri
   "Maden Kredi Bankası", İstanbul, 1961.
  "Muhasebenin Temelleri", Çeviri. Willam A. Paton ve Robert L. Dixon'un (Mac Millan Co. 1963) "Essentials of Accounting" kitabının Türkçesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İşletme İktisadi Enstitüsü, İstanbul,1964.
 Ticaret, Sanayi ve Madencilik Alanlarında Çalışan Kamu İktisadi Teşebbüsleri için Muhasebe Teklif ve Tavsiyeleri, İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü, 1963.(Ortak yayın)
   "Muhasebe'de Denetleme İlkeleri ve Türkiye'deki Uygulamalar, İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 1971.
   Türkiye'de İşletme Eğitiminin Durumu ve Gelişme İmkanları, Sevk ve İdarecilik Eğitim Vakfı (SIEV), İstanbul, 1973. Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak yayınlanmıştır. (Araştırma Raporu) İngilizcesi: "The Presenet State and Potentials for Future Development of Management Education in Turkey."
  Türkiye'de Devlet İşletmeciliği "İstanbul Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, İstanbul, 1973.
 "Kendi Kendine Muhasebe", Ümit Şenesen ile birlikte, İstanbul, 1973.
 "Maliyetler ve İşletme Kararları", İstanbul Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, İstanbul, 1974.
   "Finansal Tablolar Analizi ve Diğer Muhasebe Konuları", İstanbul Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, İstanbul, 1976.
 KIT- "Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kamu İktisadi Teşebbüsleri, İstanbul, 1981. Selahattin Özmen'le birlikte.
 "Atatürk'ün Ekonomik Politikası" İstanbul Üniversitesi, Atatürk Devrimleri Enstitüsü,1980. 1981'de iki, 1984,1999, 2001 ve 2007'de birer olmak üzere, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yayınlar A.Ş., Mustafa Kemal Derneği, İst. Üni.İşletme Fakültesi, Siyasal ve Sosyal Yayınlar ve Kocaeli Serbest Muhasebeci – Mali Müşavirler Odası tarafından 7 kez yeniden basılmıştır.
 "Türk Ekonomisinde 1994 Bunalımı" Zeyyat Hatipoğlu ile birlikte, İstanbul, 1994.
 "Kurumsal Yönetim ve Risk", İstanbul, 2007.
 "Atatürk Dönemi Ekonomi Politikaları", Minval Yayınları No:17, İstanbul, 2014.

Kaynakça

1933 doğumlular
Türk köşe yazarları
Türk ekonomi akademisyenleri
Tarsus Amerikan Kolejinde öğrenim görenler
Harvard Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM 1981 Danışma Meclisi İstanbul üyesi
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan siyasetçiler

Mustafa Aysan


المفارقة التاريخية هي نوع من الخلط عبر الوقت Anachronism من كلمتين باليونانية  ضد ووقت. مصطلح يشير لخلط أحداث أو أشياء أو أفكار عصر مع آخر بأن يوصف شخص بعبارة بعد عصره مثلا وكذلك يستخدم هذا المصطلح عند إنزال أحكام عصرنا الحالي على عصر أقدم أو العكس مثل أن يقال انه في العصور الوسطى انتشر الطاعون رغم وجود العلاج والمفارقة هنا أنه في العصور الوسطى لم يكن هناك علاج للطاعون

من أمثلته ذكر البطاطس والطماطم والتي كانت معروفة في الأمريكيتين فقط، على أنها موجودة في بقية أنحاء العالم قبل 1492.

أنواع

مفارقة تاريخية ثقافية وسلوكية
قد يُنظر إلى الاستخدام المتعمد لكل ما يتعلق بأشياء ثقافية قديمة على أنه أمر قديم عفا عليه الزمن، فمثلًا يعتبر أي شخص معاصر يرتدي قبعة كلاسيكية كبيرة أو يكتب بريشة أو يتحدث باللاتينية، على أنه يمارس سلوكيات قديمة.

مفارقة تاريخية ذات دوافع سياسية
قد تستخدم الأعمال الفنية والأدبية التي تروج لقضية سياسية أو قومية أو ثورية مفارقة تاريخية لتصوير مؤسسة ما أو تقاليد معينة على أنها أقدم مما هي عليه في الواقع، أو بطريقة أخرى تحاول طمس الفروق بين الماضي والحاضر بشكل متعمد، فمثلًا صور الرسام الروماني قسطنطين ليكا في القرن التاسع عشر اتفاقية السلام بين إيوان بوغدان فوييفود ورادو فوييفود (اثنان من قادة رومانيا في القرن السادس عشر) مع أعلام مولدافيا (زرقاء وحمراء) ولاتفيا (صفراء وزرقاء) في خلفية الصورة، في حين يعود تاريخ هذه الأعلام إلى ثلاثينيات القرن التاسع عشر فقط، هذه المفارقة التاريخية تعزز شرعية توحيد مولدافيا ولاتفيا ضمن مملكة رومانيا في الوقت الذي رسمت فيه اللوحة، ومن الأمثلة الأخرى لوحة رسمها الفنان الروسي فاسيلي فيريشاغين، بعنوان قمع الثورة الهندية (رُسمت حوالي 1884)، تصور هذه اللوحة التمرد الهندي عام 1857، عندما أُعدم المتمردون رميًا بالرصاص، من أجل تقديم تصور مفاده أنَّ أسلوب الإعدام هذا سيستخدم مرة أخرى من قبل البريطانيين إذا اندلع تمرد آخر في الهند، لكن فيريشاغين رسم الجنود البريطانيين الذين ينفذون عمليات الإعدام وهم بزي وبنادق تعود لأواخر القرن التاسع عشر.

الفن والأدب
تستخدم المفارقة التاريخية بشكل خاص في أعمال الخيال التي تستند إلى أساس تاريخي، وقد تهدف هذه المفارقات التاريخية لأمور عديدة منها: تجاهل نمط الحياة والأفكار المختلفة التي تميز فترات أو عصور مختلفة، أو تُظهر جهلًا في تقديم الفنون والعلوم وغيرها من حقائق التاريخ، وتتراوح هذه المفارقات التاريخية من تناقضات صارخة وواضحة إلى تحريف بسيط غير مقصود للتاريخ. قد تكون المفارقات التاريخية غير مقصودة وناتجة عن الجهل بحقائق التاريخ أو قد تكون اختيارًا مقصودًا تجميليًا لأحداث التاريخ.

برَّر السير والتر سكوت استخدام المفارقة التاريخية في الأدب التاريخي بقوله: من الضروري عند كتابة أحداث التاريخ أن نترجم الموضوع المفترض إلى لغة العصر الذي نعيش فيه. أما أنتوني غرافتون فقد أكد أنه لا شيء يصبح أمرًا عفا عليه الزمن مثل تقديم رؤية لفترة تاريخية قديمة.

لقد أدت المفارقات التاريخية منذ بداية القرن التاسع عشر إلى إثارة جدل واسع لدى الرأي العام. كتب سي إس لويس: إن جميع روايات العصور الوسطى عن الماضي، تفتقر إلى الإحساس بروح تلك الفترة، ما جعل الناس الذين يعيشون في العصور الوسطى يتصورون أحداث الماضي وكأنها تحدث في أيامهم، وقد يكون ذلك مبررًا لأن ظروف الحياة العامة في العصور الوسطى لا تختلف بشكل كبير عن ظروف الحياة في العالم القديم، لكن ذلك لم يعد ممكنًا في العصر الحديث مع الاختلافات الجوهرية في نمط الحياة.

تكثر المفارقات التاريخية في أعمال رافائيل وشكسبير، وفي أعمال الرسامين والكتاب المسرحيين الأقل شهرة. تقترح كارول مايرز أنه يمكن استخدام المفارقات التاريخية في النصوص القديمة لفهم القصص بشكل أفضل من خلال طرح السؤال عما تمثله المفارقة التاريخية، إذ يمكن أن تصبح المفارقات التاريخية المتكررة والأخطاء التاريخية جزءًا مقبولًا من الثقافة الشعبية، مثل الاعتقاد الشائع أن الفيلق الروماني كان يرتدي الدروع الجلدية.

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مراجع

تأريخ
خطأ
خيال
زمن
مصطلحات فلسفية
مفارقات

مفارقة تاريخية


Heckler & Koch P30 er en halvautomatisk pistol. P30 er en videreudvikling af teknologien fra de halvautomatiske pistoler Heckler & Koch P2000 og Heckler & Koch USP fra den tyske producent Heckler & Koch (H & K). Tidlige prototyper af P30 blev omtalt som P3000.

Brugere
 Det tyske Toldvæsenet
 Bundespolizei og Statspolitiet i Hessen
 Politiet i Norge
 Sikkerhedspolitiet og Nationalgarden
 Politiet i Zürich

Eksterne henvisninger og referencer
Heckler & Koch om P30 (Engelsk)
Heckler & Koch om P30L (Engelsk)

Pistoler
Våben fra Tyskland

Heckler & Koch P30


An Pinalia yunnanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Sing Chi Chen ngan Zhan Huo Tsi, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Sing Chi Chen och Jeffrey James Wood. An Pinalia yunnanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pinalia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pinalia

Pinalia yunnanensis


An Vriesea muelleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez. An Vriesea muelleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea muelleri


Lewis Burwell "Chesty" Puller (26. juni 1898 – 11. oktober 1971) var generalløjtnant i United States Marine Corps som kæmpede mod guerrillaer i Haiti og Nicaragua, og kæmpede i 2. Verdenskrig og Koreakrigen.

Puller er den mest dekorerede marinesoldat i Amerikas historie. Han er en af to amerikanske soldater, som er blevet tildelt fem Navy Cross og et Distinguished Service Cross, tildelt af U.S. Army, hvilket gør ham til den eneste person, som har modtaget seks af nationens højeste militære udmærkelser for tapperhed.

Puller tog sin afsted fra Marinekorpset efter 37 års tjeneste i 1955 og boede i Virginia.

Tidlige år
Puller blev født i West Point, Virginia, søn af Matthew og Martha Puller. Hans far var købmand og døde da Lewis var ti år gammel. Puller voksede op mens han hørte på gamle veteraners fortællinger om den Amerikanske Borgerkrig og idealiserede Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. Han ønskede at indtræde i United States Army for at kæmpe i grænsekrigen med Mexico i 1916, men han var for ung og kunne ikke få sin mors godkendelse.

Det følgende år blev Puller optaget på Virginia Military Institute, men forlod det i august 1918, da 1. Verdenskrig stadig var i gang, og sagde, at "han ville hen hvor kanonerne er!" Inspireret af 5. marine regiment ved Belleau Wood, gik han ind i United States Marine Corps som menig og gennemgik rekrutuddannelsen ved Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina.

Selv om han ikke kom i krig i den krig, var Marinekorpset under udvidelse, og snart efter at han havde afsluttet uddannelsen kom han på deres skole for underofficerer og herefter skolen for officerskandidater i Quantico, Virginia. Han blev færdig på officersskolen den 16. juni 1919. Puller blev udnævnt til sekondløjtnant af reserven, men reduktionen af styrken fra 73.000 til 1.100 officerer og 27.400 mand efter krigen førte til at han blev overført til inaktiv status 10 dage senere og fik rang af korporal.

Mellemkrigsårene

Korporal Puller fik ordre om at gøre tjeneste i Gendarmerie d'Haiti som løjtnant og kom i kamp på Haiti. Mens De Forenede Stater arbejdede på en traktat med Haiti, deltog han i over fyrre kampe i de følgende fem år mod Caco rebeller og forsøgte to gange at genvinde sin officersbestalling. I 1922 gjorde han tjeneste som adjutant for major Alexander Vandegrift, en senere Commandant of the Marine Corps.

Puller vendte tilbage til USA og fik til sidst sin rang som sekondløjtnant tilbage den 6. marts 1924. Herefter gjorde han kassernetjeneste i Norfolk, Virginia, Basic School i Quantico, Virginia, og med 10. marineregiment i Quantico, Virginia. Han blev overført til marinekasernen ved Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, i juli 1926 og i San Diego, California, i 1928.

I december 1928 blev Puller overført til den Nicaraguanske Nationalgarde enhed, hvor han blev tildelt sit første Navy Cross for din indsats fra 16. februar til 19. august 1930, hvor han anførte "fem successive kampe mod overlegne styrker af bevæbnede banditter". Han vendte tilbage til USA i juli 1931 og gennemførte kompagni officersuddannelsen på Fort Benning, Georgia, hvorefter han vendte tilbage til Nicaragua fra 20. september til 1. oktober 1932, og fik sin anden Navy Cross. Puller anførte amerikanske marinesoldater og nicaraguanske nationalgardister i kamp mod Sandinist rebeller i det sidste større slag under Sandinistopstanden nær El Sauce den 26. december 1932.

Efter hans tjenestetid i Nicaragua blev Puller tildelt marineafdelingen på den amerikanske Legation i Beijing, Kina, hvor han havde kommandoen over en enhed Kina-marines. Han gjorde herefter tjeneste ombord på USS Augusta en krydser i den asiatiske flåde, som var under kommando af Chester W. Nimitz, som dengang var kommandør. Puller vendte tilbage til fastlandet i juni 1936 som instruktør på Basic School i Philadelphia.

I maj 1939 vendte han tilbage til Augusta som chef for marineenheden ombord og derpå tilbage til Kina, hvor han gik i land i Shanghai i maj 1940 for at fungere som næstkommanderende og chef for 2. bataljon af 4. marineregiment indtil august 1941. Major Puller kom tilbage til USA den 28. august 1941. Efter en kort orlov fik han kommandoen over 1. bataljon i 7. marineregiment i 1. marinedivision, som var stationeret i New River, North Carolina (senere Camp Lejeune).

2. Verdenskrig

I begyndelsen af Stillehavskrigen dannede 7. marinebataljon kernen i den nye 3. marinebrigade, og ankom for at forsvare Samoa den 8. maj 1942. Senere blev de overført fra brigaden og den 4. september forlod de Samoa og vendte tilbage til 1. division på Guadalcanal den 18. september 1942.

Kort efter ankomsten til Guadalcanal anførte Puller sin bataljon i kampene ved Matanikau, hvor Pullers hurtige reaktion reddede tre af hans kompagnier fra at blive udslettet. I kampene blev disse kompagnier omringet og afskåret af en større japansk styrke. Puller løb til stranden, signalerede til en amerikansk destroyer, USS Monssen, hvorefter han gav den besked på at yde ildstøtte mens landingsfartøjer reddede hans kompagnier fra deres prekære situation. Signalmand i kystvagten Douglas Albert Munro — lederen af gruppen af landgangsfartøjer, blev dræbt mens han gav dækningsild fra sin landgangsfartøj for marinerne mens de forlod stranden, og blev posthumt tildelt Medal of Honor for sin indsats. Han er indtil nu den eneste i kystvagten, der har fået denne udmærkelse. Puller blev tildelt Bronze Star] Medal med Combat "V" for sin indsats.

Senere på Guadalcanal blev Puller tildelt sit tredje Navy Cross, i det der senere blev kendt som "slaget om Henderson Field". Puller ledede 1. bataljon af 7. marineregiment, som var den ene af to amerikanske infanterienheder, der forsvarede flyvepladsen mod en japansk styrke i regimentsstørrelse. 3. bataljon af den amerikanske hærs 164. infanteriregiment kæmpede sammen med marinerne. I en ildkamp som vare omkring tre timer om natten mellem 24.-25. oktober havde de to enheder tab på omkring 70. Den japanske enhed havde over 1.400 dræbte og amerikanerne holdt flyvepladsen. Han foreslog to af sine folk, (den ene var sergent John Basilone) til en Medal of Honor. Han blev selv såret den 9. november.

Puller blev herefter udnævnt til næstkommanderende for 7. marineregiment. Mens han gjorde tjeneste i denne funktion ved Cape Gloucester, blev Puller tildelt sin fjerde Navy Cross for sin samlede indsats mellem 26. december og 19. januar 1944. I den periode, da bataljonscheferne fra 3. bataljon af 7. marineregiment og senere 3. bataljon af 5. marineregiment var under kraftig beskydning fra maskingeværer og morterer, reorganiserede han mesterligt bataljonen og anførte det vellykkede angreb mod stærkt befæstede japanske forsvarsstillinger. Han blev forfremmet til oberst med virkning fra 1. februar 1944 og ved månedens slutning blev han udnævnt til chef for 1. marineregiment. I september og oktober 1944 ledede Puller 1. marineregiment i det langstrakte slag på Peleliu, et af de blodigste slag i marinekorpsets historie, og modtog den første af to Legion of Merit udmærkelser. Under Pullers ledelse mistede 1. marineregiment 1.749 ud af ca. 3.000 mand, ikke at disse tab stoppede Puller fra at give ordre til frontangreb mod den velforskansede fjende. Korpschefen måtte beordre den kommanderende general i 1. marinedivision til at trække det udmarvede 1. marineregiment tilbage fra fronten.

I løbet af sommeren 1944 blev Pullers yngre bror, Samuel D. Puller, næstkommanderende i 4. marineregiment, dræbt af en fjendtlig snigskytte på Guam.

Puller kom tilbage til USA i november 1944, blev udnævnt til næstkommanderende i et infanteritræningsregiment på Camp Lejeune og, to uger senere, udnævnt til chef. Efter krigen blev han udnævnt til Director of the 8th Reserve District i New Orleans, og havde senere kommandoen over marinekaserne i Pearl Harbor.

Koreakrigen

Ved Koreakrigens udbrud blev Puller igen udpeget som chef for 1. Marineregiment. Han deltog i landgangen ved Inchon den 15. september 1950 og blev tildelt Silver Star Medal. For lederskab i perioden 15. september til 2. november fik han tildelt sin anden Legion of Merit. Han blev tildelt Distinguished Service Cross fra U.S. Army for heltemod i kamp fra 29. november til 4. december, og sit femte Navy Cross for heltemod under slaget om Chosin reservoiret mellem 5. og 10. december 1950. Det var under dette slag, at han kom med sin berømte udtalelse: "Vi har ledt efter fjenden i et stykke tid. Vi har endelig fundet ham. Vi er omringede. Det forenkler sagen".

I januar 1951 blev Puller forfremmet til brigadegeneral og blev assisterende divisionschef i 1. marinedivision. Den 24. februar blev hans direkte overordnede generaljor O.P. Smith, i hast overført til at lede 9. korps da dens hærchef generalmajor Bryant Moore, døde. Smiths midlertidige overførsel betød at Puller midlertidigt havde ledelsen af 1. marinedivision indtil en gang i marts. Han fuldførte sin tid som assisterende divisionschef og tog tilbage til USA den 20. maj 1951. Han overtog kommandoen over 3. marinedivision ved Camp Pendleton, California indtil januar 1952, og derefter var han assisterende chef for divisionen indtil juni 1952. Derpå overtog han troppeuddannelsen ved Stillehavet i Coronado, California. I september 1953 blev han forfremmet til generalmajor.

Efter Koreakrigen
I juli 1954 overtog Puller kommandoen over 2. marinedivision i Camp Lejeune, North Carolina indtil februar 1955 hvor han blev assisterende lejrkommandant. Han blev ramt af et slagtilfælde, og blev pensioneret fra marinekorpset med rang af generalløjtnant den 1. november 1955.

Familie
Pullers søn, Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr. (generelt kendt som Lewis Puller), gjorde tjeneste som marineløjtnant i Vietnamkrigen. Mens han gjorde tjeneste i 2. bataljon af 1. marineregiment blev Lewis Jr. alvorligt såret ved en mineeksplosion. Han mistede begge ben og noget af hænderne. Generalløjtnant Puller brød grædende sammen, da han så sin søn første gang på hospitalet.

Puller var svigerfar til oberst William H. Dabney, USMC (Retired), en kandidat fra Virginia Military Institute (VMI), som var kommanderende officer (kaptajn) for to stærkt forstærkede riffelkompagnier i 3. bataljon af 26. marineregiment fra 21. januar til 14. april 1968. I hele perioden forsvarede oberst Dabney's styrke stædigt Hill 881S, en regional forpost, som var af afgørende betydning ved forsvaret af Khe Sanh basen under den 77 dage lange belejring. Efter slaget blev Dabney foreslået til Navy Cross for sin indsats på Hill 881 South, men hans bataljons næstkommanderendes helikopter styrtede ned med papirerne ombord og de gik tabt. Det var først den 15. april 2005, at oberst Dabney fik Navy Cross under en ceremoni på Virginia Military Institute.

Puller var en fjern slægtning af den berømte amerikanske general George S. Patton.

Dekorationer og priser
Puller modtog den næsthøjeste amerikanske militærorden seks gange (den eneste i historien): fem Navy Cross og en U.S. Army Distinguished Service Cross. Han var den anden af to amerikanske soldater, som fik fem Navy Cross, ubådschefen Roy Milton Davenport var den første.

Pullers militære ordener omfatter:

Første Navy Cross begrundelse
Begrundelse:
"For distinguished service in the line of his profession while commanding a Nicaraguan National Guard patrol. First Lieutenant Lewis B. Puller, United States Marine Corps, successfully led his forces into five successful engagements against superior numbers of armed bandit forces; namely, at LaVirgen on 16 February 1930, at Los Cedros on 6 June 1930, at Moncotal on 22 July 1930, at Guapinol on 25 July 1930, and at Malacate on 19 August 1930, with the result that the bandits were in each engagement completely routed with losses of nine killed and many wounded. By his intelligent and forceful leadership without thought of his own personal safety, by great physical exertion and by suffering many hardships, Lieutenant Puller surmounted all obstacles and dealt five successive and severe blows against organized banditry in the Republic of Nicaragua."

Andet Navy Cross begrundelse
Begrundelse:
"First Lieutenant Lewis B. Puller, United States Marine Corps (Captain, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua) performed exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility while in command of a Guardia Patrol from 20 September to 1 October 1932. Lieutenant Puller and his command of forty Guardia and Gunnery Sergeant William A. Lee, United States Marine Corps, serving as a First Lieutenant in the Guardia, penetrated the isolated mountainous bandit territory for a distance of from eighty to one hundred miles north of Jinotega, his nearest base. This patrol was ambushed on 26 September 1932, at a point northeast of Mount Kilambe by an insurgent force of one hundred fifty in a well-prepared position armed with not less than seven automatic weapons and various classes of small arms and well-supplied with ammunition. Early in the combat, Gunnery Sergeant Lee, the Second in Command, was seriously wounded and reported as dead. The Guardia immediately behind Lieutenant Puller in the point was killed by the first burst of fire, Lieutenant Puller, with great courage, coolness and display of military judgment, so directed the fire and movement of his men that the enemy were driven first from the high ground on the right of his position, and then by a flanking movement forced from the high ground to the left and finally were scattered in confusion with a loss of ten killed and many wounded by the persistent and well-directed attack of the patrol. The numerous casualties suffered by the enemy and the Guardia losses of two killed and four wounded are indicative of the severity of the enemy resistance. This signal victory in jungle country, with no lines of communication and a hundred miles from any supporting force, was largely due to the indomitable courage and persistence of the patrol commander. Returning with the wounded to Jinotega, the patrol was ambushed twice by superior forces on 30 September. On both of the occasions the enemy was dispersed with severe losses."

Tredje Navy Cross begrundelse
Begrundelse:
"For extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the First Battalion, Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, during the action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, on the night of 24 to 25 October 1942. While Lieutenant Colonel Puller's battalion was holding a mile-long front in a heavy downpour of rain, a Japanese force, superior in number, launched a vigorous assault against that position of the line which passed through a dense jungle. Courageously withstanding the enemy's desperate and determined attacks, Lieutenant Colonel Puller not only held his battalion to its position until reinforcements arrived three hours later, but also effectively commanded the augmented force until late in the afternoon of the next day. By his tireless devotion to duty and cool judgment under fire, he prevented a hostile penetration of our lines and was largely responsible for the successful defense of the sector assigned to his troops."

Fjerde Navy Cross begrundelse
Begrundelse:
"For extraordinary heroism as Executive Officer of the Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, serving with the Sixth United States Army, in combat against enemy Japanese forces at Cape Gloucester, New Britain, from 26 December 1943 to 19 January 1944. Assigned temporary command of the Third Battalion, Seventh Marines, from 4 to 9 January, Lieutenant Colonel Puller quickly reorganized and advanced his unit, effecting the seizure of the objective without delay. Assuming additional duty in command of the Third Battalion, Fifth Marines, from 7 to 8 January, after the commanding officer and executive officer had been wounded, Lieutenant Colonel Puller unhesitatingly exposed himself to rifle, machine-gun and mortar fire from strongly entrenched Japanese positions to move from company to company in his front lines, reorganizing and maintaining a critical position along a fire-swept ridge. His forceful leadership and gallant fighting spirit under the most hazardous conditions were contributing factors in the defeat of the enemy during this campaign and in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."

Femte Navy Cross begrundelse
Begrundelse:
"For extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the First Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against aggressor forces in the vicinity of Koto-ri, Korea, from 5 to 10 December 1950. Fighting continuously in sub-zero weather against a vastly outnumbering hostile force, Colonel Puller drove off repeated and fanatical enemy attacks upon his Regimental defense sector and supply points. Although the area was frequently covered by grazing machine-gun fire and intense artillery and mortar fire, he coolly moved along his troops to insure their correct tactical employment, reinforced the lines as the situation demanded, and successfully defended the perimeter, keeping open the main supply routes for the movement of the Division. During the attack from Koto-ri to Hungnam, he expertly utilized his Regiment as the Division rear guard, repelling two fierce enemy assaults which severely threatened the security of the unit, and personally supervised the care and prompt evacuation of all casualties. By his unflagging determination, he served to inspire his men to heroic efforts in defense of their positions and assured the safety of much valuable equipment which would otherwise have been lost to the enemy. His skilled leadership, superb courage and valiant devotion to duty in the face of overwhelming odds reflect the highest credit upon Colonel Puller and the United States Naval Service."

Distinguished Service Cross begrundelse
Begrundelse:
"The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Colonel Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller (MCSN: 0-3158), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer, First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the vicinity of the Chosin Reservoir, Korea, during the period 29 November to 4 December 1950. Colonel Puller's actions contributed materially to the breakthrough of the First Marine Regiment in the Chosin Reservoir area and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service."

Andre æresbevisninger
Udover sine militære udmærkelser har Puller modtaget talrige æresbevisninger på grund af sin tjeneste i Marinekorpset:

 Fregatten USS Lewis B. Puller blev opkaldt efter ham.
 Hovedkvartersbygningen for 2. Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team på Yorktown Naval Weapons Station i Yorktown, Virginia, hedder Puller Hall til ære for ham.
 Route 33 i Middlesex County, Virginia hedder General Puller Highway. Det er det distrikt hvor Puller ligger begravet.
 Den 10. november 2005 udsendte det amerikanske postvæsen sine Distinguished Marines frimærker, hvor Puller blev mindet.
 Marikorpsets maskot hedder altid "Chesty Pullerton." (f.eks. Chesty XIII). Han er altid en ægte britisk Bulldog.
 I 2012 meddelte Military Sealift Command at en Mobile Landing Platform ville blive opkaldt efter Puller, USNS Lewis B. Puller.

Puller i marinekorpsets kultur
Puller er stadig en velkendt person i marinekorpsets folklore, og både sande og overdrevne historier om hans oplevelser mindes blandt marinesoldater.

Et almindeligt udråb i marinekorpsets rekrutlejre er at slutte dagen med udråbet: "Godnat Chesty Puller, hvor end du er!" En anden hyppig opmuntring er "Chesty Puller gav aldrig op!"

Under rekruttræningen og på officersskolen synger marinesoldaterne: "Det var godt nok til Chesty Puller/og det er godt nok til mig" samt "Sig til Chesty Puller, at jeg gjorde mit bedste." — Chesty er symbol på korpsånden blandt marinerne.
Rekrutterne synger også: "Chesty Puller var en god mariner, og en mariner var han."

Når marinesoldater udfører håndstand siger de til hinanden: "lav en for Chesty!"

Puller elskes af menige marinere for sin stadige indsats for at forbedre deres arbejdsbetingelser. Puller insisterede på godt udstyr og disciplin. Da han kom forbi en løjtnant, som havde givet en menig ordre til at salotere ham 100 gange fordi han havde glemt at salutere, sagde Puller til løjtnanten: "De gør fuldstændig ret i at få ham til at salutere Dem 100 gange, løjtnant, men som De ved skal en officer altid salutere tilbage. Nu saluterer de tilbage, og jeg tæller."

Mens han var i tjeneste på Hawaii og inspicerede våbenkammeret, idømte Puller sig selv en bøde på $100 for ved et uheld at affyre en .45 kaliber pistol indendøre, selv om bøden for hans folk kun var $20.

I populær kultur
 I HBO miniserien The Pacific spilles Puller af William Sadler.
 Bogen Marine!: The Life of Chesty Puller, , er om hans liv som marinesoldat.
 Bogen Chesty Puller's Rules of Success, , af Bill Davis, Col, USMC (ret) gennemgår 20 af Puller's "selvpåførte principper om kamp" som han uddrog fra talrige møder med den legendariske general.
 Bogen Chesty: The Story of Lieutenant General Lewis B. Puller, USMC, , af oberst Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR, er en komplet biografi over hans liv, og vinder af Marine Corps Heritage Foundation's 2001 General Wallace M. Greene pris: Årets bedste marinekorps historiebog.
 John Ford instruerede Chesty: A Tribute to a Legend en dokumentarfilm fra 1976.

Henvisninger

Kilder

Eksterne kilder

 Marine Corps History Division LtGen Lewis B. Puller Biography
 Devildog.com Optaget interview med generalløjtnant Lewis Burwell "Chesty" Puller

Generaler i United States Marine Corps
Amerikanere i 2. verdenskrig

Chesty Puller


Knjige u 1848. godini.

Stranica obuhvaća samo važne odnosno značajne umjetničke, znanstvene, kronike, zakonske i sl. knjige.
Obuhvaća i ako je objavljen prijevod i/ili pretisak nakon više desetljeća, stoljeća i tisućljeća.
Može se posebno navesti kad je napisana i kad je objavljena, jer nije rijetko veliko vremensko odstupanje dok je važna knjiga bila samo u rukopisu do vremena tiskane objave.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Svijet
 Dalmatia and Montenegro I - II., Gardner Wilkinson. Izdavač: Murray. Mjesto izdavanja: Engleska. Broj stranica: 564+454+3

Izvori

Godine 19. stoljeća
1848.

Knjige u 1848.


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja

Osnivanja
 IFK Norrköping, švedski nogometni klub
 Juventus F.C., talijanski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1897.


An Gongora aceras in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Gongora aceras in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gongora, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Gongora

Gongora aceras


Portneuf is a regional county municipality (RCM) in the Capitale-Nationale administrative region of Quebec, Canada. RCM of Portneuf has been established on January 1, 1982. It is composed of 21 municipalities: nine cities, seven municipalities, two parishes and three unorganized territories. The county seat is located in Cap-Santé.

History
The Regional County Municipality of Portneuf was constituted as a regional administrative entity on November 25, 1981, by a Provincial decree creating the supralocal Regional County Municipality administration based on the (...) and therefore replacing the previously existing historic Portneuf County Corporation. While the new administrative boundary included most of the communities from its previous historic limits, a few municipalities were merged with bordering entities: St-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Sainte-Catherine-de-Portneuf, Notre-Dame-de-Montauban, Quebec. Those municipalities yet remained within the Electoral Federal Riding of Portneuf District (all but Notre-Dame-de-Mautauban).

The administrative county seat remained in Cap-Santé while moving from the County Corporation building to a newly built one located further east on 185, Route 138 at a slight distance from the historic village of Cap-Santé.

Subdivisions
There are 21 subdivisions within the RCM:

Cities & Towns (9)
 Cap-Santé
 Donnacona
 Lac-Sergent
 Neuville
 Pont-Rouge
 Portneuf
 Saint-Basile
 Saint-Marc-des-Carrières
 Saint-Raymond

Municipalities (7)
 Deschambault-Grondines
 Rivière-à-Pierre
 Saint-Alban
 Saint-Casimir
 Sainte-Christine-d'Auvergne
 Saint-Léonard-de-Portneuf
 Saint-Ubalde

Parishes (2)
 Saint-Gilbert
 Saint-Thuribe

Unorganized Territory (3)
 Lac-Blanc
 Lac-Lapeyrère
 Linton

Transportation

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 Autoroutes

 Principal Highways

 Secondary Highways

 External Routes
 None

See also
 List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec
 Portneuf County, Quebec

References

Portneuf Regional County Municipality


نطنز وتلفظ نتنز أو ناتنز هي مدينة إيرانية تقع في محافظة أصفهان وسط إيران تبعد حوالي 70كم جنوب شرق مدينة كاشان. بلغ تعداد سكانها عام 1999 حوالي 39 ألف نسمة. تشتهر المناطق المحيطة بنطنز بالزراعة وخصوصاً زراعة الإجاص كما تطل على الدينة سلسة جبال كركس. تتميز نطنز بوجود العديد من المزارات الدينية ومن أشهرها مزار الشيخ عبد الصمد الأصفهاني أحد شيوخ الصوفية في القرن الرابع عشر. ذاع صيت المدينة مؤخراً بعد إنشاء منشأة نطنز النووية وهو أحد أهم منشآت إيران النووية والذي يبعد حوالي 30 كم عن المدينة.

معرض صور

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة نطنز
برنامج إيران النووي
مدن إيران
مدن محافظة أصفهان

نطنز


HMS Grafton is a Type 23 frigate formerly in service with the Royal Navy. She was the ninth vessel to bear the name, and is named after the Duke of Grafton. Ordered in January 1992, Grafton was laid down on 13 May 1993 by Yarrow Shipbuilders. The frigate was launched on 5 November 1994 and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 29 May 1997 with the pennant number F80. In 2007 the ship was transferred to Chile as Almirante Lynch and, having undergone a significant upgrade from 2019 to 2020, remains in service with the Chilean Navy.

Design
Designed to replace the , the Type 23 frigate's operational role as an anti-submarine warfare platform. They are  long with a beam of , a draught of  and displaces 4,900 tonnes.

They are propelled by a combined diesel-electric and gas (CODLAG) system with two Rolls-Royce Spey boost gas turbines and four Paxman Valenta diesel engines. They are also equipped with two GEC electric motors. This gives the ships a maximum speed of  and  on diesel-electric. The vessels have an effective range of  at 15 knots.

Armament
Designed to replace the Leander class, the Type 23 frigate's operational role as an anti-submarine warfare platform. The design grew to encompass the Sea Wolf and Harpoon missile systems for air defence and anti-ship purposes respectively. They were also equipped with one BAE 4.5-inch (113 mm) Mk 8 gun.

For anti-submarine purposes they have four Sting Ray torpedo tubes. For anti-missile defence they have Seagnat and DFL3 decoy launchers.

Service history

Royal Navy service
On 23 September 1998, while operating off the coast of Malaysia, Graftons Lynx helicopter crashed into the sea during a night exercise, one crew member was killed.

In 2003, the ship was used in the ITV drama series Making Waves as the fictional Royal Navy warship Suffolk. In early 2004 the ship was deployed in the Persian Gulf. In July 2004, it was announced that Grafton would be one of three Type 23 frigates to be decommissioned by the end of 2006.

In June 2005, it was announced that Grafton would be sold to the Chilean Navy . During her service in the Royal Navy, her crew were awarded the freedom of the Borough of Ipswich, due to their frequent visits to the Suffolk town. On her last visit to Ipswich in 2006, the ship's bell was presented to the town as a permanent reminder of the links between Grafton and Ipswich. The bell is now on display in the reception area of the Ipswich Borough Council offices at Grafton House, named for the connection to the warship. She was decommissioned on 31 March 2006.

Chilean naval service

The frigate was delivered to Chilean Navy on 28 March 2007 at Portsmouth and renamed Almirante Lynch (FF-07) after Patricio Lynch.

Along with other Chilean vessels of her class, Almirante Lynch underwent a significant upgrade from June 2019 to December 2020. The CMS 330 combat management architecture was installed along TRS-4D G-Band active scanning radars and 32 CAMM Sea Ceptor vertical-launch surface-to-air missile silos to replace the previous Sea Wolf SAM system.

Almirante Lynch participated in the multinational military exercise RIMPAC 2022.

References

Publications

Ships built on the River Clyde
1994 ships
Type 23 frigates of the Royal Navy
Type 23 frigates of the Chilean Navy

HMS Grafton (F80)


Kancellisnit er traditionelt betegnelsen for det karaktergennemsnit på Jurastudiet, som kræves eller krævedes for at blive ansat i centraladministrationen (Justitsministeriet).

Under den tidligere 13-skala lå snittet sædvanligvis på 9,3, men kunne afvige fra år til år alt efter efterspørgslen på jurister.

Den nye 7-trins skala (12-skalaen), som blev indført på Universiteterne fra 1. august 2007, skærer den gamle skala omkring 9,3 (Karakter (bedømmelse)).

Et fast kancellisnit er i nyere tid af mere teoretisk end praktisk art, da jurauddannelsen er differentieret med grunduddannelse (bachelor) og overbygning (kandidat) samt med en række individuelle valgfag, hvorefter det samlede karaktergennemsnit ikke længere er helt så afgørende.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Bekendtgørelse af 2007-03-15 nr. 250 om karakterskala og anden bedømmelse ved universitetsuddannelser (karakterbekendtgørelsen)
 Styrelsen for Forskning og Udvikling - https://www.optagelse.dk/vejledninger/pdf/Fra-13-skalaen-til-7.pdf

Se også
 Kancelli

Jura

Kancellisnit


Ana Ularu () este o actriță română de scenă, voce, televiziune și film.

Biografie
Și-a început cariera de actriță la vârsta de nouă ani. A debutat pe micile ecrane în două coproducții româno-franceze Meuetres par procuration și Passion mortelle, filme în care s-a descurcat de minune și a fost admirată de toți actorii din echipa. La vârsta de 17 ani, Ana a jucat rolul Lolitei în filmul cu același nume, film românesc, în care a jucat alături de marele Ștefan Iordache, în regia faimoasei Cătălina Buzoianu. În anul 2002 Ana Ularu a jucat în filmul Maria, film în care a interpretat rolul Ioanei. A devenit cunoscută pentru marele public datorită rolului din Italiencele.

Probabil că cel mai mare impuls pentru viața profesională a Anei sunt părinții săi, Mihaela și Nicolae Ularu, ambii scenografi. Ei i-au insuflat pasiunea pentru teatru, film, actorie, au inițiat-o în tainele muncii de zi cu zi, transformând, atât scenă cât și culisele, în locuri familiale și familiare. De-a lungul întregii sale cariere, părinții au reprezentat un ajutor de nădejde. "Mama e primul și cel mai important critic al meu. E la examene, vede prima filmele. E și cel mai temut critic. Nu am să uit niciodată senzația de a ști că e în sala la premieră de la Lolita. Partea haioasă a venit când la un spectacol cu Hamlet, mama nu a mai putut întră în sala și, atunci, a intrat în spatele scenei, lângă culise și a văzut tot spectacolul de lângă scară de incendiu. Ne-am amuzat, toată distribuția, să o avem partener din umbră, de fapt, din contre jour. E de-ai casei.", povestește Ana intr-unul dintre interviurile acordate. Deși pare a se fi specializat pe film, experiență de teatru a însemnat una dintre cele mai importante provocări în carieră ei extrem de precoce. Ea a apărut în 2002 pe coperta unui album OCS, Mâinile sus!. În afară actoriei, mai este pasionată de desen  și jazz. Este vocalistă formației electro-rock a fraților Hassan și Sultan Nasser, "Sunday People".

Filmografie

Film

Televiziune

Premii și nominalizări, recunoaștere

La gala Gopo 2012, Ana Ularu a primit premiul pentru cea mai bună actriță pentru rolul Matilda din filmul Periferic.

Referințe

Legături externe

 CineMagia — Ana Ularu
 Ana Ularu, "Gândește-te în fiecare clipă ce spui și de ce spui" - Interviu în Cotidianul, 11 ianuarie 2017

Nașteri în 1985
Nașteri pe 26 iunie
Actrițe române
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de teatru române
Actrițe de televiziune române
Bucureșteni
Câștigători ai Premiului Berlinale Shooting Stars
Premiul Gopo pentru cea mai bună actriță
Premiul Gopo pentru cea mai bună actriță (rol secundar)
Premiul UNITER pentru cea mai bună actriță
Români în viață
Absolvenți ai Universității Naționale de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "Ion Luca Caragiale" din București

Ana Ularu


Ranchería je rijeka u Kolumbiji. Izvire na padinama planine Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a ulijeva se u Karipsko more.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Vanjske poveznice

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Karipski slijev (Južna Amerika)

Ranchería


Emma Sjöberg (13 de septiembre de 1968 en Estocolmo, Suecia) es una modelo y actriz sueca.

Sjöberg nació y creció en Estocolmo en 1968 y ha desfilado para Thierry Mugler, Christian Lacroix y Lanvin. Actualmente tiene firmado un contrato con Elite Model Managemet y ha aparecido en el videoclip de George Michael: Too Funky junto con otras modelos como Linda Evangelista.

En 1995 comenzó su carrera como actriz y participó en las cuatro entregas de la película Taxi (desde 1998 a 2007), con las que ha ganado reconocimiento en Francia. En cambio, en Suecia es más conocida por presentar un programa de moda en televisión y ser una modelo a nivel mundial.

En 2003 contrajo matrimonio con Hans Wiklund del que adoptó su apellido y con quien tiene una hija y un hijo.

Desde 2007 forma parte de la junta de la cadena de moda sueca Lindex en donde también aparece en sus anuncios.

Filmografía
2007 - Taxi 4
2004 - Big Kiss
2003 - Taxi 3
2000 - Taxi 2
2000 - Petite copine (cortometraje)
1999 - Rescate explosivo
1998 - Taxi
1995 - Inferno
1992 - Inferno (TV movie)

Enlaces externos

Emma Sjöberg's profile in the FMD-database

Modelos femeninas de Suecia
Actrices de Suecia
Nacidos en Estocolmo

Emma Wiklund


إن شركة كومودور  كانت شركة إلكترونيات أمريكية يقع مقرها في وست تشستر (West Chester) في ولاية بنسيلفانيا. وكانت من أهم الشركات في مجال الحاسوب المنزلي والشخصي في الثمانينات. وتعرف الشركة باسم (Commodore Business Machines CBM) في نطاق البحث والتطوير. وإن الشركة أنتجت وسوقت الحاسوب الأكثر مبيعًا في عام 1982 وهو حاسوب كومودور 64. وأعلنت الشركة عام 1994 إفلاسها، ولكن تم العديد من محولة إعادة نظامها أميغا إلى الأسواق. وتم إعادة تشغيل الشركة في منتصف عقد 2000 بعد عدة دُموج ضمة شركات يهرونيمو ميديا فنتورس (Yeahronimo Media Ventures) وٍساتكس كوميونكيشون بي في (SATXS Communications BV) وتوليب كومبيوتر (Tulip Computers) ليصبح اسم الشركة كومودور إنترناشونال كوربوريشون (Commodore International Corporation) والتي تقع في هولندا.

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 1994 في بنسيلفانيا
تأسيسات سنة 1954 في أونتاريو
شركات أجهزة الحاسوب المنزلية
شركات أمريكية انحلت في 1994
شركات أمريكية أسست في 1954
شركات إلكترونيات أسست في 1954
شركات إلكترونية مقرها في كندا
شركات أسست في 2005
شركات تكنولوجيا انحلت في 1994
شركات تكنولوجيا أسست في 1954
شركات حاسوب منحلة في الولايات المتحدة
شركات حوسبة انحلت في 1994
شركات حوسبة أسست في 1954
شركات حوسبة أسست في 2005
شركات عتاد الحاسوب المنحلة
شركات كندية أسست في 1954
شركات منحلة مقرها في بنسلفانيا
شركات أعيد تأسيسها
كومودور الدولية
وست تشستر

كومودور إنترناشونال


Francis Lombardi SaS war ein in Vercelli ansässiger italienischer Automobilhersteller, der in erster Linie Großserienfahrzeuge von Fiat abwandelte. Neben diesen Sonderaufbauten entstanden bei Lombardi auch einzelne Modelle mit vollständig eigenständiger Karosserie. Lombardi produzierte zwischen 1947 und 1974 mehr als 47.000 Fahrzeuge.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Automobilbauunternehmen Francis Lombardi wurde 1947 von Carlo Francesco "Francis" Lombardi (* 21. Januar 1897 in Genua; † 8. März 1983 in Vercelli) gegründet.

Lombardi war im Ersten Weltkrieg ein Kampfflieger. 1938 gründete er in Piemonter Stadt Vercelli das Unternehmen Azionaria Vercellese Industrie Aeronautiche (AVIA), das sich mit der Konstruktion und dem Bau von Flugzeugen beschäftigte. Dort entstand unter anderem die AVIA L3, ein kleines zweisitziges Flugzeug, das in kleiner Serie produziert und unter anderem zu Trainingszwecken eingesetzt wurde.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wandte sich Lombardi dem Bau von Automobilkarosserien zu. Anfänglich entstanden einige Sonderaufbauten für große Fiat-Limousinen; mit diesen hochpreisigen Fahrzeugen erreichte Lombardi aber in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit keine Stückzahlen, die einen rentablen Betrieb des Unternehmens sichern konnten. Ab 1949 konzentrierte sich Lombardi auf Abwandlungen kleinerer Fiat-Modelle.

In den 1960er-Jahren produzierte Lombardi bis zu 6000 Autos jährlich. Zu Beginn der 1970er-Jahre aber geriet Lombardi in wirtschaftliche Schwierigkeiten. Der Absatz der von Lombardi modifizierten Modelle geriet ins Stocken; ein Grund dafür war die Ausweitung der Modellpalette Fiats, die nun immer mehr Nischen selbst abdeckte und damit den Bedarf für individuelle Konversionen beschränkte. Im Dezember 1974 stellte Lombardi den Betrieb ein.

Modelle von Lombardi

Umbauten

In den 1950er- und 1960er-Jahren entstanden bei Lombardi zahlreiche Modelle auf der Basis des Topolino, des Nuova 500, des 600 und des 850. Für diese Fahrzeuge produzierte Lombardi sowohl Kombiwagen als auch Pick-ups und Cabriolets. Bei ihnen wurde üblicherweise die serienmäßige Frontpartie einschließlich der A-Säule beibehalten; die Umbauten beschränkten sich im Regelfall auf die Fahrgastzelle und gegebenenfalls auch auf die Heckpartie.

Zu den erfolgreichsten Umbauten Lombardis gehörte die Baureihe Lucciola. Unter dieser Bezeichnung wurden verschiedene viertürige Versionen gängiger Fiat-Kleinwagen angeboten. Der erste Lucciola beruhte auf dem Fiat 600. Nach Verlängerung des Radstands wurden hintere Türen eingefügt, die an der C-Säule angeschlagen waren. Durch diese Selbstmördertüren erreichte Lombardi bei gleichzeitigem Verzicht auf die B-Säule eine größtmögliche Einstiegsöffnung. Ähnliche Umbauten entstanden später auf der Basis des Fiat 850, wobei Lombardi diesem Modell konventionell angeschlagene Hecktüren, einen eigenständigen Dachabschluss und ein Stufenheck mit langem "Kofferraum" gab. In den frühen 1970er Jahren konstruierte Lombardi auch eine viertürige Version des Fiat 127.

Ein weiteres Standbein des Unternehmens war die Herstellung verlängerter Repräsentationslimousinen auf der Basis des Fiat 2100 oder der Lancia Flavia. Die Fahrzeuge wurden zumeist als Sechs- oder Siebensitzer ausgeführt, einige von ihnen erhielten ein Klappverdeck oder Glasdach im Fahrgastbereich.

Eine weitere erfolgreiche Konversion war eine als Coupé Smart bezeichnete zweitürige Variante des Fiat 1300 (1962), die später in Serie bei Seat realisiert wurde.

Eigene Modelle

Neben den Umbauten von Fiat- und Lancia-Modellen stellte Lombardi seit den 1960er-Jahren regelmäßig Fahrzeuge vor, die über eine gänzlich selbst entworfene Karosserie verfügten.

Zu ihnen gehörte der Lombardi Grand Prix, ein zweisitziger Sportwagen mit einer von Giuseppe Rinaldi entworfenen Karosserie, der die Technik des Fiat 850 verwendete. Besondere Merkmale des Wagens waren seine niedrige Nase und die bei späteren Modellen verstellbaren Lamellen auf der Motorhaube. Das 150 km/h schnelle, zumeist in auffälligen Farben lackierte Auto wurde von 1968 bis 1972 verkauft. Es gab den Grand Prix als Coupé und – ab 1969 – als Spyder mit Überrollbügel. Der Grand Prix war eng mit dem Abarth Scorpione verwandt; er wurde außerdem in einer leicht abgewandelten Version von Otas angeboten.

Eine weitere Eigenkonstruktion Lombardis war der FL1, ein flacher Sportwagen mit der Technik des Lancia 2000. Das 1972 vorgestellte Fahrzeug war als Mittelmotorsportwagen konzipiert; neben dem Lancia-Motor sollte auch ein 3,0 Liter großer Sechszylindermotor von Ford verfügbar sein. Aufgrund wirtschaftlicher Schwierigkeiten kam eine Serienproduktion des FL1 nicht zustande. Der FL1 war der letzte Wagen, den Lombardi neu vorstellte.

Literatur
 Halwart Schrader, Georg Amtmann: Italienische Sportwagen. Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-613-01988-4.

Weblinks

 Private Webseite über Francis Lombardi
 Unternehmensgeschichte mit zahlreichen Abbildungen von Lombardi-Modellen auf der Internetseite www.autopuzzles.com (abgerufen am 18. Februar 2012)

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Piemont)
Vercelli

Francis Lombardi


ESS France est la chambre française de l'économie sociale et solidaire, elle représente, auprès des pouvoirs publics nationaux, les intérêts de l'économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) au niveau national.

Elle est reconnue par la loi comme organisation de promotion de l'ESS en France avec le Conseil supérieur de l'économie sociale et solidaire, les Chambres régionales de l'économie sociale et solidaire (CRESS) et les politiques territoriales de l'économie sociale et solidaire.

Histoire
La chambre française de l'économie sociale et solidaire est fondée le  dans le 8e arrondissement de Paris.

L'association prend le nom d'ESS France le , à la suite de la transformation du Conseil national des chambres régionales de l'économie sociale et solidaire (CNCRESS), sous la forme d'une association reconnue d'utilité publique.

En , en partenariat avec l'ADEME et Agence nationale de la cohésion des territoires, l'association met en ligne une carte collaborative des acteurs de l'ESS actifs en France. Celle-ci est nommée Cartéco, elle recense 1 500 acteurs de l'économie circulaire.

En , lors du mois de l'ESS, ESS France organise avec les CRESS, la première semaine des achats socialement et écologiquement responsables.

Fin 2021, ESS France lance une plateforme nommée La république de l'ESS qui avec le congrès de l'ESS vise à produire un manifeste politique pour l'Élection présidentielle française de 2022.

Missions
Les missions d'ESS France sont définies à l'article 5 de la Loi sur l'économie sociale et solidaire. Son action est complémentaire de celle des organisations professionnelles ou interprofessionnelles du secteur.

ESS France soutient, anime et coordonne le réseau des CRESS et consolide, au niveau national, les données économiques et sociales et les données qualitatives recueillies par celles-ci.

Elle est chargée de la promotion de l'ESS lors du Mois de l'ESS en novembre de chaque année. À cette occasion, un prix est décerné à deux structures de l'ESS dans la catégorie "utilité sociale" et transition écologique". Les gagnants perçoivent une dotation de  ainsi qu'une vidéo de promotion de leur projet.

Elle organise également le Matrimoine de l'ESS, en partenariat avec la chercheuse Scarlett Wilson-Courvoisier et Benjamin Roger, responsable de l'Observatoire national de l'ESS ; un événement de visibilisation de la contribution des femmes au développement de l'économie sociale et solidaire. Un ouvrage sur les figures féminines de l'ESS de 1840 à 2000, devra voir le jour de ce travail en 2022.

Membres
L'association ESS France est composée de l'ensemble des organisations nationales représentant les différentes formes statutaires de l'ESS, associations, coopératives, mutuelles, fondations et les sociétés commerciales de l'ESS.

Elle compte parmi ses membres :

 le Centre français des fonds et fondations ;
 le Centre des jeunes, des dirigeants, des acteurs de l'économie sociale et solidaire (CJDES) ;
 le CNCRES, pour les CRESS ;
 Coop FR, représentant nationale des coopératives françaises ;
 la Fédération nationale de la mutualité française (FNMF), pour les mutuelles relevant du code de la mutualité ;
 le Groupement des entreprises mutuelles d'assurance (GEMA), pour les mutuelles relevant du code des assurances ;
 Le Mouvement Associatif, représentant nationale des associations françaises ;
 Le Mouvement Impact France, anciennement Mouvement des entrepreneurs Sociaux (Mouves) ;
 L'Économie sociale partenaire de l'école de la république (L'ESPER) ;
 Le Mouvement pour l'économie solidaire (MES) ;
 Fair, anciennement Finansol, association de promotion de la finance solidaire ;
 la Fédération des établissements hospitaliers et d'aide à la personne privés non lucratifs (FEHAP) ;
 L'Union des employeurs de l'économie sociale et solidaire (UDES), organisation patronale multiprofessionnelle.

Conseil d'administration

Présidence

 2015 : Jérôme Saddier

Trésorier

 2015 : Denis Philippe

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Pôle territorial de coopération économique
 Réseau des collectivités territoriales pour une économie solidaire

Liens externes

Économie sociale et solidaire

ESS France


Fundació puntCat (katalonski za Zaklada točkaCat ) je katalonska privatna neprofitna zaklada uspostavljena 28. prosinca 2004. i registrirana pod brojem 2100 u Registru zaklada i fundacija Vlada Katalonije (Generalitat de Catalunya).

Misija Zaklade je promicati sve vrste aktivnosti koje se odnose na stvaranje, upravljanje i nadzor domenskog imena .cat i općenito promicati katalonski jezik i kulturu na području interneta, informatičkih i komunikacijskih tehnologija.

Uredi Fundació puntCAT pretrpili su upad španjolske policije. Referendum o neovisnosti Katalonije, Španjolska ustavna kriza 2017., proglašenje neovisnosti Katalonije, nasilna suspenzija katalonske autonomije od strane Vlade Španjolske značilo je i reakciju središnje španjolske policije koja je djelovala prije samog referenduma. Već 20. rujna 2017. policija je upala u prostore Zaklade.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Fundacio.cat
 Službene stranice

Katalonija
Internet

Fundació puntCat


Katolička Crkva u Azerbajdžanu je kršćanska vjerska zajednica u Azerbajdžanu u punom zajedništvu s papom, trenutno Franjom (stanje 17. listopada 2016.).

Povijest
Kršćanstvo u Azerbajdžanu datira gotovo od apostolskih vremena ranog kršćanstva. Počeci katoličanstva u Albaniji sežu još od prije velike podjele.

Rimokatolička Crkva u Azerbajdžanu djeluje od polovice srednjeg vijeka.

Broj vjernika
Procjene koje navodi CIA za 2010. godinu govore o manje od 3% kršćana u Azerbajdžanu, a rimokatolika je još manje od 1%. Azerbajdžanska apostolska prefektura navodi za 2014. 540 katolika.

Crkvena upravna organizacija
Azerbajdžanska apostolska prefektura , izravno podređena Svetoj Stolici. Do 2000. ovo je područje pokrivala Kavkaska apostolska administracija koja je te godine izdignuta na misiju u Bakuu "sui iuris". 2011. je ta misija izdignuta na razinu današnje azerbajdžanske apostolske prefekture.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(rus., aze., eng.) Katolička Crkva u Azerbajdžanu

Azerbajdžan

Katolička Crkva u Azerbajdžanu