A hypermarket (sometimes called a hyperstore, supercentre, or superstore) is a big-box store combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is an expansive retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full grocery lines and general merchandise. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip. The term hypermarket () was coined in 1968 by French trade expert Jacques Pictet.

Hypermarkets, like other big-box stores, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-margin sales. Typically covering an area of , they generally have more than 200,000 different brands of merchandise available at any one time. Because of their large footprints, many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile.

History

Canada
Loblaws established its Real Canadian Superstore chain in 1979. It sells mainly groceries, while also retailing clothing, electronics and housewares. Its largest competitor in Canada is Walmart. These are the two major Canadian hypermarkets.

Europe
The Belgian retailer Grand Bazar opened three hypermarkets in a short span in 1961 under the name SuperBazar after Belgian law restricting the size of department stores was abolished in January 1961. The first SuperBazar, opened in Bruges on 9 September 1961, initially designed to become a non-food department store, however only covered a surface area of , and was later converted into a regular supermarket. The substantially larger store that opened a week later in Auderghem, Brussels, covering , is regarded as a more proper hypermarket that brought the concept to fruition.  It was Belgian market development engineer , who adopted the concept from his frequent trips to the United States, particularly inspired from the Grand Union's "Grand Way" center in Paramus, New Jersey.

Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in 1963, at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France, The co-founders were influenced by the teachings of Colombian-born American marketing executive Bernardo Trujillo, who taught executive education as part of the NCR Corporation's marketing campaign.

In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in shopping centers () outside cities, though some are present in the city center. They are surrounded by extensive car parking facilities, and generally by other specialized superstores that sell clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc.

After the successes of super- and hyper-markets and amid fears that smaller stores would be forced out of business, France enacted laws that made it more difficult to build hypermarkets and also restricted the amount of economic leverage that hypermarket chains can impose upon their suppliers (the Loi Galland).

Japan
The predecessor to Ito Yokado was founded in 1920 selling western goods, went public in 1957, and switched to that name in 1965. Seibu Department Stores was founded in 1956, and opened up its grocery chain Seiyu Group in 1963. Isao Nakauchi founded the first Daiei in Kobe in 1957, selling clothing, electronics, furniture and groceries all in one store. Jusco was created in 1970, and eventually became known as ÆON.

In Japanese, hypermarkets are known as 総合スーパー (Sougou Suupaa, General Merchandise Stores). There is a distinction in Japanese between スーパー (Supers) and デパート (Departs) with the former being discounters, but the latter selling luxury brand clothing and quite often high-end groceries as well.

Hypermarkets may be found in urban areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as mutual investment by financial stocks are a common way to run hypermarkets. Japanese hypermarkets may contain restaurants, manga (Japanese comic) stands, Internet cafes, typical department store merchandise, a full range of groceries, beauty salons and other services all in the same store. A recent trend has been to combine the dollar store concept with the hypermarket blueprint, giving rise to the "hyakkin plaza"—hyakkin (百均) or hyaku en (百円) means 100 yen (roughly 1 US dollar).

United States

Until the 1980s, large stores combining food and non-food items were unusual in the United States, although early predecessors existed since the first half of the 20th century. The term "hypermarket" itself is still rarely used in the US.

The Pacific Northwest chain Fred Meyer, now a division of the Kroger supermarket company, opened the first suburban one-stop shopping center in 1931 in the Hollywood District of Portland, Oregon. The store's innovations included a grocery store alongside a drugstore plus off-street parking and an automobile lubrication and oil service. In 1933, men's and women's wear was added, and automotive department, housewares, and other nonfood products followed in succeeding years. In the mid 1930s, Fred Meyer opened a central bakery, a candy kitchen, an ice cream plant, and a photo-finishing plant, which supplied the company's stores in Portland and neighbouring cities with house brands such as Vita Bee bread, Hocus Pocus desserts, and Fifth Avenue candies. By the 1950s, Fred Meyer began opening stores that were , and the 1960s saw the first modern-sized Fred Meyer hypermarkets.

The Midwest (then grocery) chain Meijer, which today operates about 235 stores in six US states, coined the term "super center", and opened the first of its hypermarket format store in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in June 1962, under the brand name "Thrifty Acres".

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the three major US discount store chains – Walmart, Kmart and Target – started developing similar format chains. Wal-Mart (as it was known before its late-2000s rebranding as Walmart) introduced Hypermart USA in 1987, followed by Wal-Mart Supercenter and Auchan in 1988; Kmart opened its first Super Kmart (originally called Kmart Super Center) in 1991; and Target came with the first Target Greatland stores in 1990, followed by the larger SuperTarget stores in 1995. Most Greatland stores have since been converted to SuperTarget stores, while some have been converted into regular Target stores with the exception of 2 entrances (one example of this is the Antioch, California location).

In the early 1990s, US hypermarkets also began selling fuel. The idea was first introduced in the 1960s, when a number of supermarket chains and retailers like Sears tried to sell fuel, but it didn't generate sufficient consumer interest at the time. Today there are approximately 4,500 hypermarket stores in the US selling fuel, representing an estimated  sold each year.

Australia
In Australia, hypermarkets were at their peak during the 1980's. This was especially prevalent during the era of South African owned Pick n Pay Stores and a now discontinued format of Kmart Australia Stores known as Super Kmart. This trend in the Australian market soon lost its appeal into the 1990's. Super Kmart stores were discontinued and Coles Supermarkets and Kmart Stores opened in the former location. Pick n Pay continued to operate in Australia until the 2000's when their locations at Aspley and Sunnybank Hills were converted into Coles Supermarkets and Kmart Department Stores.

As of 2022, the only hypermarket or Big-Box Store operational in Australia are Costco Wholesale Warehouses with currently thirteen stores in Australia - four stores in Melbourne, three stores in Sydney, two stores in Brisbane and one store each in Newcastle, Canberra, Adelaide and Perth, with construction underway on the fourteenth store in Queensland's Gold Coast. There were plans for German hypermarket company Kaufland to open stores in Australia announced in 2019; these plans were cancelled in 2020.

Iran
Hypermarkets did not exist in Iran until 2009 (1388 ه.ش.). Before that, there were some local hypermarkets, but international branches were nonexistent. Despite their late arrival, hypermarkets in Iran have achieved a significant degree of growth. The first branch was opened in Tehran under the name of Iran Hyperstar through a collaboration between Carrefour and Majid Al Futtaim Group based in The United Arab Emirates. The Emirati holding is the main shareholder with about 75% of the company's shares. New branches were established after Iran Hyperstar's first store found relative success. Now, other branches have been established in Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad, Ahvaz, etc.

Size

The average Walmart Supercenter covers around , with the largest ones covering . A typical Carrefour hypermarket still covers , while the European trend in the 2000s has rather turned towards smaller hypermarkets of . In France, INSEE defines hypermarkets () as non-specialized markets with a minimum size of .

Future
Despite its success, the hypermarket business model may be under threat from online shopping and the shift towards customization according to analysts like Sanjeev Sanyal, Deutsche Bank's Global Strategist, until 2015. Sanyal has argued that some developing countries such as India may omit the hypermarket stage and directly go online.

Warehouse club

Another category of stores sometimes included in the hypermarket category are the membership-based wholesale warehouse clubs that are popular in North America, pioneered by Fedco and today including Sam's Club, a division of Walmart; Costco, in which Carrefour owned some shares from 1985 to 1996; BJ's Wholesale Club on the East Coast; and Clubes City Club in Mexico. In Europe, Makro (owned by METRO AG) leads the market.

However, warehouse clubs differ from hypermarkets in that they have sparse interior decor and require paid membership. In addition, warehouse clubs usually sell bigger packages and have fewer choices in each category of items.

See also

 List of hypermarkets
 Types of retail outlets
Shelf-ready packaging

References

Bibliography

External links

Food retailers

Retail formats

Hypermarket


يوم كندا   هو يوم كندا الوطني وعطلة رسمية في كافة ولايات البلاد. يتم الاحتفال فيه بتاريخ 1 يوليو/تموز من كل عام وهي ذكرى سن قانون أصدر عام 1867م يوم الأول من تموز تم بموجبه توحيد كندا كبلد موحد يتألف من أربع محافظات. يتم الاحتفال بيوم كندا في كافة أرجاء كندا وكذلك دولياً في ممثليات كندا وسفاراتها في أنحاء العالم.

انظر أيضاً
 يوم فكتوريا

مراجع

أحداث سنوية في كندا
أيام وطنية
عطل رسمية في كندا
عطلات رسمية في كندا
مناسبات يوليو
أحداث الصيف في كندا

يوم كندا


Franz Anton Mesmer (23 Mayıs 1734 - 5 Mart 1815) Alman hekim, aynı zamanda mesmerizmin kâşifi. Buluşunu kendisi magnétism animal olarak adlandırmıştır. Mesmer göre gözle görülmeyip,ölçülemeyen hayat enerjisinin (bir çeşit manyetik enerji) çeşitli kanallar ile başka alanlara akışını sağlayarak hastalarını tedavi etmeye çalışmıştır. Mesmer'in bu fikirlerinin ve uygulamalarının evrimi James Braid'in 1842'de hipnozu keşfetmesini sağlamıştır.

1734 doğumlular
1815 yılında ölenler
18. yüzyılda Almanlar
Alman hekimler
18. yüzyıl Alman bilim insanları
19. yüzyıl Alman bilim insanları

Franz Anton Mesmer


رئيس موظفي البيت الأبيض أو كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض (بالإنجليزية: White House Chief of Staff) يعتبر الموظف الأعلى رتبة في البيت الأبيض كما أنه يترأس المكتب التنفيذي لرئيس الولايات المتحدة ويعتبر حامل هذا المنصب أحد كبار مساعدي الرئيس. أقيم المنصب في العام 1946 تحت اسم مساعد الرئيس وغُير اسمه إلى الاسم الحالي في العام 1961. يُعيِّن الرئيس صاحب هذا المنصب ولا يحتاج إلى موافقة مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي.

المهام الوظيفية
يمنح منصب كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض صاحبه مهام كبيره لها دور مؤثر في ديناميكية العمل داخل البيت الأبيض, كما يمنح صاحبه أيضاً أدوراً استشاريه، ويمكن تفصيها كما يلي:

المهام الإدراية
 انتقاء موظفي البيت الأبيض الرئيسيين والإشراف عليهم.
 السيطرة على تدفق الناس إلى المكتب البيضاوي الذي هو مكتب الرئيس داخل البيت الأبيض، وكذلك من يقوم الرئيس بمقابلتهم.
 الإدارة والتحكم في المعلومات الواردة إلى البيت الأبيض.

المهام الاستشارية
 إسداء المشورة والنصح للرئيس بشأن القضايا السياسية الداخلية والخارجية وكذلك المسائل الإدارية.
 حماية مصالح الرئيس.
 التفاوض مع الكونغرس، وأعضاء آخرين في السلطة التنفيذية.

اسم المنصب في البلدان العربية
يقال لصاحب هذا المنصب في بعض البلدان العربية:
 رئيس ديوان الرئاسة (العراق).
 رئيس الديوان الملكي (السعودية والأردن).
 رئيس الديوان الأميري (قطر والكويت).
 وزير ديوان البلاط السلطاني (سلطنة عمان).
 رئيس ديوان رئاسة الجمهورية (مصر).
 مدير الديوان الملكي (المغرب).

مراجع

المكتب التنفيذي لرئيس الولايات المتحدة
مجلس الوزراء الأمريكي
مستشارو الرئاسة الأمريكية
مكتب البيت الأبيض
وظائف في البيت الأبيض
رؤساء موظفي البيت الأبيض

رئيس موظفي البيت الأبيض


Muradin Olmez (n.1949), (en cirílico, Мурадин Ольмезов) escritor kazajo en idioma karachayo-bálkaro.

Vive actualmente en Nálchik.

Obras

 La sangre y la ceniza.

Referencias

Escritores de Kazajistán

Escritores de Rusia del siglo XX
Escritores de Rusia del siglo XXI
Escritores en karachayo-bálkaro
Kazajos del siglo XX
Kazajos del siglo XXI

Muradin Olmez


فارس الدين أقطاي الجمدار النجمي الصالحي، زعيم المماليك البحرية بمصر. توفى بقلعة الجبل في القاهرة في سنة 1254م.

لقبه
لقب «الجمدار» هو لقب وظيفته باللغة التركية:

 giyim: لباس، ثوب، ملبوس، لبس
 dar: لاحقة من أصل فارسي ومعناها: مسئول، مثال: حكمدار، خازندار، دويدار، سلاحدار.

ومعنى المسمى الوظيفي «جيمدار» (giyimdar) هو: مسئول الملابس.

حياته وانجازاته
كان أقطاي  مملوكاً تركي الأصل اشتُريَ بدمشق وألحق بخدمة الملك الصالح نجم الدين أيوب فجعله جمداره (أي الموكل بلباسه) فعُرف بهذا اللقب. وأصبح فيما بعد أمير ومقدم المماليك البحرية بمصر. بعد وفاة السلطان الأيوبي الصالح أيوب أثناء الحملة الصليبية السابعة على مصر، أرسلته شجرة الدر أرملة الصالح إلى حصن كيفا لاستدعاء ابنه توران شاه لتولي زمام الأمور في البلاد. وبعد مصرع الأمير فخر الدين يوسف أتابك الجيش في معسكر جديلة جنوب المنصورة، تسلم أقطاي قيادة الجيش وأصبح القائد العام للجيوش المصرية، واستبسل مع بيبرس البندقداري والمماليك البحرية والجمدارية في الدفاع عن مدينة المنصورة.

في عهد السلطان عز الدين أيبك قاد القوات التي هزمت حاكم دمشق الناصر يوسف عند غزة ولعب دوراً هاماً في هزيمة الناصر يوسف هزيمة أخرى في معركة كورا.

في عام 1251 استولى على جزء من سوريا وفي عام 1252، بالاشتراك مع شبيه اسمه «فارس الدين أقطاي المستعرب» قضى على تمرد قام به العربان في مصر الوسطى والصعيد بقيادة «الشريف حصن الدين ثعلب»، وأضاف مدينة الإسكندرية إلى اقطاعته.

بعد أن أحس السلطان عز الدين أيبك بزيادة نفوذ أقطاي وسيطرة البحرية على البلاد قرر قتله بالتعاون مع مملوكه سيف الدين قطز والمماليك المعزية، فأستدرجه إلى قلعة الجبل واغتاله وألقى برأسه إلى المماليك البحرية الذين تجمعوا تحت القلعة مطالبين بالإفراج عنه.

في ليلة مصرع أقطاي فر المماليك البحرية من مصر إلى سوريا والكرك ودولة سلاجقة الروم وأماكن أخرى، وكان من ضمنهم بيبرس البندقداري وقلاوون الألفي.

طالع أيضاً
 عز الدين أيبك.
 معركة المنصورة.

أقطاي في الأدب والسينما والتلفزيون

في الأدب

 رواية وا إسلاماه، هي رواية تاريخية عربية للكاتب علي أحمد باكثير صدرت عام 1945م، يسرد فيها الكاتب سيرة حياة السلطان قطز منذ ولادته وحتى مماته وأحوال البلاد التي عاش فيها وملوكها وصراعهم مع التتار والصليبيين.

في السينما والتلفزيون

 وا إسلاماه: فيلم سينمائي من إنتاج مشترك بين مصر وإيطاليا، يحكي أحداث معركة عين جالوت، قام بدور أقطاي الممثل المصري محمود المليجي.
 الظاهر بيبرس: مسلسل يحكي قصة حياة بيبرس، وما دار من أحداث في معركة عين جالوت، قام بدور فارس الدين أقطاي الممثل رفيق علي أحمد.
 الفرسان: مسلسل تاريخي تدور أحداثه حول مصر أثناء فترة هجوم التتار عليها، كما يتناول المسلسل هزيمة التتار في عين جالوت، قام بدور فارس الدين أقطاي الممثل غسان مطر.
 على باب مصر: مسلسل تاريخي تدور أحداثه حول مصر أثناء فترة هجوم التتار عليها، كما يتناول المسلسل هزيمة التتار في عين جالوت، قام بدور فارس الدين أقطاي الممثل معتز السويفي.

مراجع

المماليك البحرية
حكام ترك
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
قفجاق
مسلمون عاصروا الحملة الصليبية السابعة
نبلاء مصريون
وفيات 1245
وفيات 1254
وفيات في القاهرة

فارس الدين أقطاي الجمدار


Michael A. Gorman (July 9, 1950 – December 2, 2012) was a  Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's third House district, including constituents in Craven and Pamlico counties, from 2003 to 2004.

Gorman was born in New Jersey, graduated from the United States Naval Academy, served in the United States Navy with service during Vietnam War and retired as Lieutenant Commander after 24 years of service.

Gorman operated a business in Morehead City and then in Trent Woods, North Carolina. He lost a primary challenge in 2004, and lost another primary in 2006. He also served as mayor of Trent Woods.

He died of POEMS syndrome in 2012.

Notes

External links

Mayors of places in North Carolina
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
People from Craven County, North Carolina
People from Morehead City, North Carolina
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Naval Academy alumni
Neurological disease deaths in the United States
2012 deaths
1950 births
21st-century American politicians

Michael A. Gorman


Gustavs Zemgals (12 August 1871 – 6 January 1939) was a Latvian politician and the second President of Latvia. He also was twice the mayor of Riga.

Zemgals was born in Džūkste, Latvia. He attended elementary school in a small parish of Saka, and later continued education in Riga Nikolai Gymnasium. He graduated from Moscow University in 1899 with a degree in law. He then returned to Latvia and was a lawyer, a newspaper editor and a political activist.

In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Zemgals was mobilised and sent to the front, where he spent a year and a half and was promoted to the rank of captain.

After his return to Latvia in 1905, Zemgals became one of the creators of a new liberal newspaper "Jaunā Dienas Lapa" (New Day's Page) and proceeded to become an editor of this paper. He was also an editor in the newspaper that succeeded "Jaunā Dienas Lapa"  -"Mūsu Laiki" (Our Times). In July 1907, the Riga district court sentenced Zemgals to a three months long arrest for his work at "Mūsu Laiki". Soon after that, Zemgals created the Latvian democratic party together with some other political activities. In the time period between 1912 and 1914 Zemgals also worked on a magazine "Domas" (Thoughts).

When World War I began, Zemgals was once again mobilised and initially assigned to an infantry division in the middle part of Latvia, but later he was sent to Finland. After his return to Riga, Zemgals was elected as the chairman of the city on 23 April 1917. In autumn 1917 the Riga Temporary Council repeatedly elected Zemgals as the chairman of the city. At this time, he was active in the Latvian radical-democratic party.

From 1918, Zemgals became active in the Latvian Provisional National Council, where he worked on matters related to occupied Latvian territories. As a member of the Latvian radical-democratic party, he became the second deputy of the chairman of Tautas Padome (People's Council), a representative body (council) of Latvian political parties and organizations. Holding this office, he chaired the 18 November 1918 meeting of Tautas Padome, which declared the independence of Latvia. On 3 December 1918 he was elected as the chair of Riga City Council.

When the bolsheviks were gaining power and approaching Latvia, the Tautas Padome sent Jānis Čakste and Zemgals abroad to represent Latvian interests. Cakste, Zemgals and several other people from the government went to Copenhagen on a British warship, but Zemgals returned to Latvia just two months later, where he tried to restore the Tautas Padome, but Zemgals along with a group of loyal politicians was arrested by the German army.

Later, he was a member of Latvian parliament (Saeima) from the Democratic Centre and a minister in several governments. In 1927, after the death of Jānis Čakste he was elected the president of Latvia. As the president, he interfered very little with the Saeima's work on laws, only returning a law for review to the Saeima once; Zemgals, however, frequently used his rights to grant amnesty. During his time as president, Zemgals granted amnesty to 648 persons, 172 of which received complete amnesty. He served as president until 1930, when his term expired, and he refused to run for a second term, despite having been asked by many to do so.

After his presidency ended, Zemgals continued his political activities and was elected in the fourth Saeima where he was a member of the foreign and finance, trade and industry commissions. From 1931 to 1932 he was also the Minister of Finance.

In 1924, the French government awarded Zemgals the Legion of Honour (the highest French order of merit), Commander cross (Commandeur). In 1926, he was awarded the Three Star Order (the highest Latvian national award), Third or "Commander" class (Fifth class being the lowest and First class the highest). In 1929, he was awarded the Three Star Order, First class with chain or "Commander Grand Cross with chain", a distinction only awarded 14 people in the pre-World War II era.

During the thirties, Zemgals published articles in the newspaper "Jaunākās Ziņas" (Latest News).

On 6 January 1939 Zemgals died and was buried in Riga. In 1990, a monument to Zemgals was constructed in Džūkste, place of his birth.

References

External links

 Gustavs Zemgals – biography in Latvian

1871 births
1939 deaths
Burials at Forest Cemetery, Riga
People from Tukums Municipality
People from Courland Governorate
Workers' Party (Latvia) politicians
Democratic Centre (Latvia) politicians
Presidents of Latvia
Ministers of Finance of Latvia
Government ministers of Latvia
Members of the People's Council of Latvia
Deputies of the 1st Saeima
Deputies of the 4th Saeima
Lawyers from Riga
Moscow State University alumni
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian military personnel of World War I
Mayors of Riga
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
20th-century Latvian lawyers

Gustavs Zemgals


Lögskýringargögn eru gögn sem dómstólar líta oft til við að álykta um vilja löggjafans sem lá að baki þegar viðkomandi löggjöf var sett. Augljósustu gögnin eru þau sem lögð voru formlega fyrir við lagasetningarferlið, svo sem greinargerð frumvarpsins og framlögð nefndarálit þó einnig sé litið til fluttra ræða við afgreiðslu þingmálsins. Gróflega séð er vægi lögskýringargagns metið í ljósi þess hversu skýrt gagnið er um það hvernig löggjafinn (sem heild) hefði viljað haga afgreiðslu fyrirliggjandi máls. Þeim er almennt séð oft veitt meira vægi þegar lagaákvæðið er ívilnandi gagnvart borgaranum en minna eftir því sem þau eru íþyngjandi, svo sem á sviði refsilöggjafar.

Lögfræði

Lögskýringargögn


MAKRO er en økonomisk model til at beskrive Danmarks økonomi, der siden 2017 har været under opbygning. Den skal ifølge modellens hjemmeside anvendes til fremskrivninger af dansk økonomi på mellem- og lang sigt, samt konsekvensvurderinger af økonomisk-politiske tiltag. Modellen skal blandt andet kunne fremskrive udviklingen i den strukturelle offentlige saldo og beregne Danmarks finanspolitiske holdbarhed. Arbejdet er finansieret af en treårig bevilling fra Finansministeriet og Økonomi- og Indenrigsministeriet. Arbejdet foregår i regi af institutionen bag den eksisterende danske makroøkonomiske model DREAM.

Finansministeriets begrundelse for at udvikle modellen hænger sammen med et ønske om en mere tidssvarende model til især at lave strukturelle forløb for dansk økonomi og beregne konsekvenserne af forskellige former for økonomisk politik end den hidtidige ADAM-model, der er en ældre, keynesiansk inspireret model, der især er udviklet til konjunkturmæssige formål.

På hjemmesiden for MAKRO oplyses løbende om udviklingen i modelarbejdet.

Se også

Økonomisk model

Kilder

Ekstern henvisning

MAKROs hjemmeside
Skifter Finansministeriet til en ny og yngre model? Klumme i Altinget 8. marts 2018 af adjunkt Søren Hove Ravn, Økonomisk Institut ved Københavns Universitet
 Det første årlige seminar om MAKRO. Blogindlæg på altandetlige.dk 7. december 2017 af Nikolaj Mose Dreisig Hansen
 Ny regnemodel i Finansministeriet: Her er kamppladserne. Indlæg i Netavisen Pio 17. februar 2017 af Lars Wernblad Hansen

Danmarks økonomi
Makroøkonomiske modeller
Etableret i 2017
Finansministeriet

MAKRO (økonomisk model)


L'École principale royale prussienne des cadets de Groß-Lichterfelde près de Berlin est l'institut central des cadets de l'armée prussienne de 1882 à 1920.

Histoire

Débuts

Avant que le corps de cadets de Berlin ne déménage à Lichterfelde, il est hébergé de 1717 à 1777 dans l'ancienne maison des cadets sur le site de l'ancien  à Berlin-Mitte (dans le  des ). L'ancien bâtiment y est démoli en 1777 et remplacé par un nouveau bâtiment de la maison des cadets sur le même site.

En 1866,  achète les domaines de Lichterfelde et  pour construire les -Ouest et Est près de Berlin. Il morcelle la zone, trace des avenues et des places et stipule que des villas doivent être construites. Afin de favoriser la vente initialement lente, il donne à l'État prussien environ 21 hectares de terrain à Lichterfelde-Ouest pour la construction d'un nouvel établissement de cadets. Carstenn s'appuie sur le gain d'image grâce à la relocalisation de l'institution très respectée à Lichterfelde ainsi que sur la demande accrue de biens de la part des officiers de l'Empire, qui viennent presque exclusivement de familles aristocratiques. Avec le contrat de donation, il s'engage à développer la caserne et à établir une liaison de transport. À cette fin, en 1881, Siemens & Halske ouvre le premier tramway électrique au monde depuis la gare de Lichterfelde sur la ligne Berlin-Halle, initialement uniquement pour le transport de matériaux vers le chantier de construction de l'établissement principal des cadets. En 1890, le  devient la station Groß-Lichterfelde B. M. sur la ligne Berlin-Magdebourg.

Le concept de Carstenn connaît un tel succès que le quartier des villas de Lichterfelde est encore façonné aujourd'hui par la classe supérieure conservatrice prussienne qui est à l'origine attirée par l'école des cadets. Il perd lui-même sa fortune considérable en raison des obligations financières liées à la construction de l'école des cadets et meurt dans la pauvreté.

1873 à 1920
Le , la première pierre du nouvel établissement principal des cadets fut posée en présence de l'empereur  dans l'ancienne Zehlendorfer Straße (depuis  Finckensteinallee). En 1878, des bâtiments magnifiquement exécutés y sont construits selon les plans de  et de , qui comprennent, entre autres, des bâtiments d'enseignement et de service, deux églises, dont la "cathédrale des cadets" rapidement connue, la prestigieuse salle des maréchaux, le réfectoire, les écuries, le gymnase, l'hôpital militaire ainsi qu'un grand nombre de logements de fonction. En 1878, l'école des cadets quitta les bâtiments exigus de la ville pour s'installer dans les nouveaux bâtiments de Lichterfelde-West, où elle réside dans l'Empire allemand en tant que principale institution de ce type jusqu'à sa dissolution en 1920.

Dans les années qui ont suivi 1878, l'école de cadets de Lichterfelde devient rapidement le principal centre de formation des forces armées allemandes. Plusieurs générations de futurs officiers de haut niveau dans les armées prussienne et wurtembergeoise, de la Reichswehr et de la Wehrmacht reçoivent leur formation sur le vaste terrain de l'institut des cadets. Le terme "Lichterfelder" devient rapidement synonyme d'entraînement militaire d'élite. De même, l'intérêt des familles d'officiers souvent nobles est grand à s'installer ou à entretenir une maison à proximité de l'établissement des cadets afin de pouvoir montrer une adresse à Lichterfelde et ainsi souligner le lien avec l'établissement des cadets. En conséquence, pour la génération suivante, Lichterfelde devient également l'un des lieux de naissance les plus courants des officiers subalternes aristocratiques. Le contenu des cours à l'institut des cadets correspond à la formation dans un lycée. Cependant, le but est de devenir enseigne. Les élèves ou cadets  qui suivent la classe Selekta entrent dans l'armée de terre ou dans la marine impériale après avoir réussi cette formation avec le grade d'officier de lieutenant.

En raison de l'importance de l'école des cadets de Lichterfeld en tant que centre de formation de l'élite militaire, l'Empire allemand est contraint de supprimer l'établissement après la Première Guerre mondiale conformément au traité de Versailles. Les dernières promotions de cadets encore en formation défilent de Lichterfelde jusqu'à la Schloßplatz et remettent les clés de l'établissement au nouveau gouvernement du Reich lors d'une cérémonie.

Entre usage militaire et civil

Pendant la période qui suit la fermeture de la principale institution des cadets, il est envisagé de localiser ici les archives du Reich, fondées en 1919. La municipalité de Lichterfelde préconise cependant la conversion de l'école des cadets en école civile. Cette demande est acceptée et "20 jours après la fermeture de l'établissement principal des cadets, un décret du gouvernement ordonne sa transformation en un établissement d'enseignement public (Stabila). Le programme d'enseignement en tant que Realgymnasium a été maintenu - les anciens cadets peuvent ainsi poursuivre leur formation jusqu'au baccalauréat"

Avec effet au ,  est nommé directeur général de l'établissement d'enseignement public, qui nomme  comme inspecteur des anciens élèves. Fritz Karsen doit transformer l'institution autrefois militaire en une institution civile, ce qui s'avère très difficile. Il existe toujours un groupe d'élèves principalement marqué par le conservatisme militaire, qui s'oppose au style d'éducation démocratique de Karsen.

Après seulement trois mois, Fritz Karsen est contraint de démissionner de son poste de directeur. Son successeur par intérim, le directeur des études, le conseiller privé Hartung, "a retrouvé l'auto-administration précédente des élèves dans l'internat".

En 1922,  prend la direction du lycée, de l'Oberrealschule et de l'internat. Il suit les idées réformatrices de Karsen, mais doit également accepter une forte baisse du nombre d'étudiants. Richert fait « fermer la grande salle à manger et prendre les repas dans des salles à manger plus petites. En 1929, la Stabila est rebaptisée École Hans-Richert, Institut d'enseignement public de Berlin-Lichterfelde, en l'honneur du directeur de l'école. Elle continue d'exister jusqu'en 1934.

La remilitarisation entre 1933 et 1945
Peu de temps après l'arrivée au pouvoir des nationaux-socialistes, les bâtiments de l'ancienne école principale des cadets sont à nouveau utilisés à des fins militaires. «En , le 'SS-Sonderkommando Berlin', qui a émergé du 'Stabswache Berlin', et le groupe de police d'État Wecke emménagent dans le bâtiment. Le groupe de la police d'État, rebaptisé plus tard Landespolizeigruppe Hermann Göring, et le garde du personnel SA Hermann Göring, incorporée à l'automne 1933, occupent les deux casernes occidentales jusqu'à leur départ en . Le SS-Sonderkommando Berlin s'installe dans la caserne est, d'où voit le jour le , la Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. À partir de 1934, c'est le seul utilisateur de l'ensemble du complexe de bâtiments. En mémoire du principal établissement de cadets et de ses jeunes diplômés, dont beaucoup sont tombés pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, la Sternstraße menant à l'établissement de cadets est rebaptisée Kadettenweg en 1935 et une pierre commémorative au corps de cadets y est érigée. Le changement de nom est également justifié sur le plan idéologique, car Julius Stern est juif.

En , lors du prétendu putsch de Röhm, des escouades d'exécution SS, en coopération avec le SD et la Gestapo, abattent de nombreuses personnes, en particulier de la direction de la SA.

De 1937 à 1938, Karl Reichle et  réalisent des transformations et de nouveaux bâtiments pour la nouvelle fonction. Des portails, des bâtiments de ferme et des magasins ainsi qu'une  sont construits selon les aspects les plus modernes de l'époque. L'entrée principale est déplacée vers la Finckensteinallee.

Jusqu'en 1945, la cour de l'institut des cadets est le site du . Il est à l'origine basé à Flensbourg, au Danemark jusqu'en 1864. Les forces d'occupation alliées le rendent au Danemark en 1945. Il est de retour à Flensbourg depuis 2011.

De la caserne aux Archives fédérales

Les autres bâtiments du  – y compris le mur d'enceinte – sont détruits lors des raids aériens alliés et des combats autour de Berlin ou démolis par la puissance occupante américaine après 1945. La piscine et des parties de la cour d'entrée de la caserne SS sont conservées.

En , l'armée américaine prend le contrôle de la caserne. Les forces américaines de Berlin lui donnent le nom d'Andrews Barracks. La nouvelle caserne de la Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler est légèrement endommagée pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En 1953, les Américains construisent une église sur le site ; les parties restantes de la cathédrale historique des cadets du  sont démolies. D'autres nouvelles constructions suivent, sans toutefois respecter les anciennes vues et les plans. De l'ensemble de l'installation, qui est à l'origine très étendue, subsistent l'aile sud-est de la caserne, quelques maisons d'habitation et la maison du commandant à l'ouest.

Depuis le départ des Alliés en 1994, les terrains du principal institut des cadets sont utilisés par les Archives fédérales ; les archives centrales du Reich allemand (Empire allemand, République de Weimar, dictature nazie ) et de la RDA y sont aujourd'hui réunies.

En 2010, un nouveau bâtiment de stockage est mis en service au centre de la propriété, dans lequel les fonds des départements berlinois des archives doivent être centralisés. Au total, le bâtiment offre un espace pour 110 kilomètres linéaires d'archives.

Les extensions sud de la zone des casernes, que les troupes américaines ont utilisées pour les ateliers, les garages, etc. dans l'après-guerre, sont construites avec des maisons individuelles.

Bibliographie
 Schenkung des Geländes zum Bau der Zentralkadettenanstalt in Groß Lichterfelde an den preußischen Militärfiskus durch von Carstenn-Lichterfelde, 1888–1896. , 111-1, 4075 (Findbuch Senat 111-1, Bd. 3, S. 360)
 Peter Murr (d. i.: Sven Müller): Hinter den roten Mauern von Lichterfelde. Amalthea, Zürich u. a. 1931.
 Ernst von Salomon: Die Kadetten. Rowohlt, Berlin 1933.
 : Bildung, Ausbildung und Erziehung des Offizierkorps im deutschen Kaiserreich 1871 bis 1918. Eliteideal, Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. (= Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe 3 Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften, Band 416.) Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1990 . (zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Freiburg (Breisgau), 1989).
 A. v. Crousaz: Geschichte des Königlich Preußischen Kadetten-Corps. Schindler, Berlin 1857.
 von Scharfenort (Bearb.): Das Königlich Preußische Kadettenkorps 1839–1892. E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1892.
 , Helmut Eckert: Kadetten. Aus 300 Jahren deutscher Kadettenkorps. Band 1, herausgegeben von der Traditionsgemeinschaft ehemaliger königlich preußischer und königlich sächsischer Kadetten, München 1981 .
 Erwin Heckner, , Karl-Hermann Freiherr von Brand: Kadetten. Aus 300 Jahren deutscher Kadettenkorps. Band 2, herausgegeben von der Traditionsgemeinschaft ehemaliger königlich preußischer und königlich sächsischer Kadetten, München 1989 .
 : Kadetten-Generale 1717–1919. herausgegeben von der Traditionsgemeinschaft ehemaliger königlich preußischer und königlich sächsischer Kadetten im Eigenverlag, Döhle 1979.
 : Architektur in Berlin 1933–1945. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2004 , S. 162–165.
 Marion Papi: Einer aus dem Amt. Walter Staudacher (1900–1968). Eine dokumentierte Biografie. Metropol Verlag. Berlin 2018 . S. 8–30.

Liens externes

 Lieu d'affectation Berlin-Lichterfelde sur le site Internet des Archives fédérales.
 De l'école principale des cadets via STABILA à l'école Hans Richert
 Données clés sur l'école Hans Richert dans la base de données d'archives de la bibliothèque BBF pour la recherche en histoire de l'éducation

Références

Monument historique à Berlin
Berlin-Lichterfelde
Histoire militaire de l'Empire allemand
École militaire en Allemagne

École principale prussienne des cadets


Pantalone este o mască venețiană și probabil cel mai important personaj din commedia dell'arte. Numele său provine de la  San Pantalone, un sfânt popular în Veneția. Numele său complet este  Pantalone de Bisognosi, Bisognosi având sensul de nevoiaș în limba italiană.

Originea personajului
Pantalone s-a născut în Veneția la mijlocul secolului al XVI-lea, ca un negustor bogat tipic, avar și desfrânat: numele său este în mod obișnuit impus bărbaților din familiile bogate din Republica Venețiană. Un personaj similar era deja prezent în comediile renascentiste, dar adevărata sa origine este personajul Magnifico care juca costumat în pătrățele alături de servitorul său Zanni.

Carlo Goldoni
Negustorul venețian, bogat și zgârcit, Pantalone este un personaj care apare în mai multe piese de teatru scrise de Carlo Goldoni: Slugă la doi stăpâni, Văduva isteață, Bolnava prefăcută, Fata cinstită, Familia anticarului, Flecărelile femeilor, Mincinosul sau în Feudalul. Pantalone este bătrân, având același caracter ca strămoșul său Magnifico; el nu are încredere în nimeni; este de obicei soțul încornorat și are mereu o înclinație senilă donjuanescă - lucru care dezvoltă întotdeauna intriga. Un personaj complementar al lui Pantalone  este Doctorul - un bătrân pedant, deși erudit acesta devine la rândul său ridicol datorită situaților în care intră.

Referințe și note

Vezi și
Sganarelle

Personaje fictive

Pantalone


Hanka Schjelderup Petzold (født 27. Juni 1862 i Kristiansand, død 14. august 1937 i Tokyo) var en norsk-tysk sangerinde, pianist og musikpædagog. Hun blev kaldt for "grundlæggeren af japansk vokalmusik".

Referencer

Litteratur
 Aaron M. Cohen: Hanka Schjelderup Petzold (1862–1937). Japan's "Mother of Voice": An Appreciation. In: The Reitaku Journal. Bind 8, 1996.
 Hikari Kobayashi: Grieg's influence on Hanka Schjelderup Petzold. The International Edvard Grieg Society, 2011;
 Detlef Schauwecker: Hanka Schjelderup Petzold (1862‒1937) – Eine norwegische Musikerin im Japan der Taisho-Jahre. Kansai University;
 Harvard-Yenching Library: Treasures of the Yenching. Chinese University Press, 2003, , S. 219

Pianister fra Norge
Pianister fra Tyskland
Sangere fra Norge
Sangere fra Tyskland

Hanka Petzold


بلدية مورثين (بالإسبانية: Morcín) هي بلدية تقع في منطقة أستورياس شمال غرب إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية مورثين 2.870 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية مورثين

بلديات أشتورية

مورثين


Tautiška giesmė, söz ve müziği 1898 yılında Dr. Vincas Kudirka tarafından yazılan, 1905 yılında başkent Vilnüs'te tanıtılan, ve 1919 yılında da Litvanya'nın ulusal marşı olarak kabul edilen marş.

1950 yılında, Litvanya, Sovyetler Birliği'nin bir parçasıyken yerine başka bir marş kullanılmış, fakat Litvanya'nın bağımsızlığını kazanmasıyla milli marş tekrar Tautiška giesmė olmuştur.

Ulusal marşlar
Ulusal marşlar

Tautiška giesmė


An Maxillaria unguiculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Maxillaria unguiculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Maxillaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Maxillaria

Maxillaria unguiculata


Richard Howitt (* 5. April 1961 in Reading, Berkshire) ist ein britischer Politiker der Labour Party.

Leben

Nach dem Besuch einer Gesamtschule studierte Howitt Politikwissenschaften, Philosophie und Wirtschaft an der Universität Oxford. Er schloss sein Studium mit einem BA-Abschluss in diesen Fächern im Jahr 1982 ab. Er besitzt zudem ein Postgraduiertendiplom in Management Studies von der Universität von Hertfordshire. Nach dem Studium arbeitete er vier Jahre lang im Bereich der Verbände und acht Jahren für eine Behindertenorganisation Howitt war Mitglied des Harlow District Council von 1983 bis 1995, davon drei Jahre als Leiter der Versammlung. 1987 war er Kandidat der Labour Party in Billericay bei den allgemeinen Wahlen. Richard Howitt ist ein Mitglied von der Labour-Partei Forums für nationale Politik seit 1994 und  war von 1999  bis 2016 Abgeordneter des Europäischen Parlamentes.

Tätigkeiten als EU-Abgeordneter
Im EU-Parlament war Howitt als Mitglied und Stellvertreter in folgenden Ausschüssen und Delegationen tätig:

Als Mitglied im Ausschuss für auswärtige Angelegenheiten, im Unterausschuss Menschenrechte und in der Delegation im Gemischten Parlamentarischen Ausschuss EU-Türkei.

Als Stellvertreter war er zusätzlich engagiert im Ausschuss für Beschäftigung und soziale Angelegenheiten, im Unterausschuss für Sicherheit und Verteidigung, in der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu Afghanistan, sowie in der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu den Ländern Südasiens und in der Delegation für die Beziehungen zur Parlamentarischen Versammlung der NATO.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite von Richard Howitt

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für das Vereinigte Königreich
Labour-Mitglied
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Brite
Geboren 1961
Mann

en:Richard Howitt

Richard Howitt (Politiker)


This is a chronological list of military conflicts in which Polish armed forces fought or took place on Polish territory from the reign of Mieszko I (960–992) to the ongoing military operations.

This list does not include peacekeeping operations (such as UNPROFOR, UNTAES or UNMOP), humanitarian missions or training missions supported by the Polish Armed Forces.

The list gives the name, the date, the Polish allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

Piast Poland

During the Middle Ages, Poland sought to incorporate other fellow West Slavic peoples under the rule of the Polan dukes, such as Mieszko I, Boleslaw I Chrobry and their descendants, and then defend the lands conquered in the west from the Holy Roman Empire. In the east and south it struggled with , Bohemia and Tatar raiders. In the north-east, it encountered intermittent Lithuanian and Prussian raids.

Jagiellon Poland

For much of its early history as a Christian state, Poland had to contend with Pomeranians, Prussians, Lithuanians and other Baltic peoples in continuous border wars without clear results or end in sight.  After the Teutonic Order conquered and assimilated the Prussians, it began incursions into both Polish and Lithuanian territories. This represented a far greater threat to both Poland and Lithuania, and the two countries united in a defensive alliance by the crowning of the Lithuanian Duke Jogaila as King of Poland (as Władysław II) which led to a major confrontation at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and subsequent wars until 1525, when the Order became a vassal to the Polish Crown.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The 17th century saw fierce rivalry between the then major Eastern European powers – Sweden, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. At its heyday, the Commonwealth comprised the territories of present-day Poland, and large parts of Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Russia, and represented a major European power. However, by the end of the 18th century a series of internal conflicts and wars with foreign enemies led to the dissolution of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the partitioning of most of its dependent territories among other European powers.

During the 18th century, European powers (most frequently consisting of Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Saxony) fought several wars for the control of the territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.  At the end of the 18th century, some Poles attempted to defend Poland from growing foreign influence in the country's internal affairs.  These late attempts to preserve independence eventually failed, ultimately ending in Poland's partition and the final dissolution of the remains of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

19th century and World War I

Poles unsuccessfully struggled to win back their independence throughout the 19th century. At first, they put their hopes in Napoleon. Later, they tried to ignite national uprisings every now and then – most of them bloodily repressed.

Modern history

In the turmoil of the First World War, Poles managed to regain independence and then to expand their territory in a series of local wars and uprisings; only to be occupied again during the next world war.  The second half of the 20th century was more peaceful, but still tense, as Poland was involved in the Cold War on the Soviet side. Later, at the beginning of the 21st century Poland is involved in the War against terrorism on the NATO side.

See also

 Category:Lists of wars

Notes

Footnotes

References

 Winged Hussars, Radoslaw Sikora, Bartosz Musialowicz, BUM Magazine, 2016.

Further reading

   Return to top of page.

Poland

Wars
Wars
Wars of independence

List of wars involving Poland


Story Tweedie-Yates (* 2. Mai 1983) ist eine ehemalige US-amerikanische Tennisspielerin.

Karriere
Tweedie-Yates, die in Redmond im US-Bundesstaat Washington aufwuchs, studierte von 2001 bis 2005 Psychologie an der Stanford University. Danach konzentrierte sie sich auf eine Karriere als Tennisspielerin.

Insgesamt gewann sie auf ITF-Turnieren zwei Einzel- und acht Doppeltitel. Im August 2011 zog sie sich vom Profisport zurück.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1983
Frau

Story Tweedie-Yates


Hymenocallis harrisiana es una especie de planta bulbosa geófita perteneciente a  la familia de las amarilidáceas. Es originaria del centro y sudoeste de México.

Descripción
Es una especie caducifolia de México. Las hojas en forma de cintas son glaucas, ya que proviene de una zona árida. La flor tiene una pequeña corona perfumada. Cada flor dura sólo una noche.

Taxonomía

Hymenocallis harrisiana fue descrita por Herb. y publicado en Edwards's Botanical Register 26: 35, en el año 1840.

Etimología
Hymenocallis: nombre genérico que proviene del griego y significa "membrana hermosa", aludiendo a la corona estaminal que caracteriza al género.

harrisiana: epíteto.

Sinonimia

 Pancratium harrisianum (Herb.) Matuda, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. México 31: 60. 1961.
 Hymenocallis dillenii M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 174. 1847.
 Hymenocallis milleri M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 177. 1847.
 Nemepiodon mexicanum (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 22. 1838.
 Pancratium mexicanum L., Sp. Pl.: 290. 1753.
 Troxistemon mexicanus (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 123. 1838.

Distribución

Se le encuentra silvestre en los Estados del centro del país como: Tlaxcala, Hidalgo, Puebla y Estado de México.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Edward's Botanical Register; or, Flower Garden and Shrubbery. London 26: misc. 35, no. 63.  1846

 : H. harrisiana.

harrisiana
Plantas bulbosas
Flora de México
Plantas descritas en 1840
Plantas descritas por Herbert

Hymenocallis harrisiana


Das Schloss Guntersdorf befindet sich in Guntersdorf nahe Hollabrunn in Niederösterreich.

Geschichte
Der Ort Guntersdorf war im Besitz des Stifts Melk, kam dann an die Ruckendorffer. Ulrich von Ruckendorff verpfändete 1295 einen Anteil des Hauses zu Guntersdorf an Eberhard IV. von Walsee, der 1317 mit der Herrschaft belehnt wurde. Die Wallseer besaßen diese bis 1476, darauf folgten dann die Rogendorfer. Ab 1538 war es deren freies Eigen, Christoph von Rogendorf musste verkaufen. 1546 erwarb Johann Freiherr von Weißpriach Herrschaft und Burg, über dessen Tochter kam sie dann an Christoph Freiherr von Teufel. Die protestantischen Teuffel mussten 1684 an Johann Karl von Serenyi verkaufen.

Laut Kaufvertrag vom 10. Dezember 1717 verkaufte Karl Anton Graf Serenyi, der Sohn des Johann Karl, die Herrschaft Guntersdorf um 236.000 Gulden an Johann Rudolf Freiherrn von Ludwigsdorf. Seither befindet sich das Schloss im Besitz der Familie Ludwigstorff. Es wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg schwer beschädigt und geplündert. Zum Schloss gehören rund 280 Hektar Ackerflächen und zwanzig Hektar Wald. Gutsinhaber war Carl Hugo Ludwigstorff, sein Enkel Dominik Ludwigstorff übernahm Schloss und Gutsverwaltung im Jahre 1990.

In der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts wurde ein spätmittelalterlicher Gebäudekomplex zu einer ausgedehnten Anlage mit Wassergraben ausgebaut.

Das Schloss und Areal kann heute für Veranstaltungen vermietet werden. Es steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz von Schloss Guntersdorf

Guntersdorf
Guntersdorf
Baudenkmal (Niederösterreich)
Guntersdorf

Schloss Guntersdorf


Valdelarco, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden en çok nüfusa sahip olan, ülkenin güneybatı köşesindeki Endülüs otonom bölgesinin 8 eyaletinden Portekiz ve Atlas Okyanusu'na kıyısı bulunan Huelva eyaletine bağlı belediyesi. Valdelarco belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 241 kişidir.

Huelva'nın belediyeleri

Valdelarco


The Kings of Rhythm are an American music group formed in the late 1940s in Clarksdale, Mississippi and led by Ike Turner through to his death in 2007. Turner would retain the name of the band throughout his career, although the group has undergone considerable line-up changes over time.

The group was an offshoot of a large big band ensemble called the Tophatters. By the late 1940s, Turner had renamed this group the Kings of Rhythm. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popular jukebox hits of the day. In 1951, Turner and his Kings of Rhythm recorded the song "Rocket 88" (credited to Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats), which is a contender for the first rock and roll record. The song is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles.

In the 1960s, the Kings of Rhythm became the band for the "Ike & Tina Turner Revue". For a few years in the early 1970s they were renamed the Family Vibes, and released two albums under that name. After the disbanding of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1976, Turner revived the Kings of Rhythm in 2001 and released the Grammy-nominated album Here And Now. The Kings of Rhythm backed Turner on his Grammy-winning album Risin' with the Blues (2006). After Turner died in 2007, the band for some time was under the leadership of pianist Ernest Lane, who was a childhood friend of Turner's. The Kings of Rhythm continue to perform with vocalist Earl Thomas.

Career

Formation: The Tophatters
As a teenager, Ike Turner joined a large rhythm ensemble in Clarksdale, Mississippi called the Tophatters, which included musicians Raymond Hill, Eugene Fox, and Clayton Love. They performed at local dances, playing big band arrangements from sheet music. At one point the Tophatters had over 30 members, and eventually split into two, with one act who wanted to carry on playing dance band jazz calling themselves the Dukes of Swing and the other, led by Turner, becoming the Kings of Rhythm. A rivalry between the two former factions of the Tophatters lasted for some time, with the two staging an open air 'battle-of-the-bands' where they played from atop two flatbed trucks every fortnight.

1940s: Early years
The Kings of Rhythm had a regular Wednesday night residency at Clarksdale's Harlem Theater. This got them bookings around the Mississippi Delta region. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popular jukebox hits. In March 1951 whilst driving between gigs, the Kings of Rhythm dropped in on a B.B. King club date in Chambers, Mississippi. Turner persuaded King to let the band sit in and play a number with him. King contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who sat in with his band. They were well received and the club owner booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. In the 1950s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-AM, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour.

1951: "Rocket 88"

Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm down to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise an original song at short notice for the session. The saxophonist, Jackie Brenston, suggested a song about the new Rocket 88 Oldsmobile. Turner worked out the arrangement and the piano introduction and the band collaborated on the rest with Brenston on vocals. "Rocket 88" came out with the group erroneously credited as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, instead of Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm featuring Jackie Brenston. The single went on to sell half a million copies, reaching the top of the Billboard R&B charts in June 1951. The success of the record caused divisions within the group, with Brenston believing he was now the star and should front the group, and Turner and Raymond Hill bitter that they had received little recognition or recompense for writing and recording a hit record. Turner and the band were only paid $20 each for the record, with the exception of Brenston, who sold the rights to Phillips for $910.

The group's regular singer, Johnny O'Neal, had left prior to the recording of "Rocket 88" to sign a contract with King Records, but Turner still refused to allow Brenston to take over as singer. Following the success of the record, Brenston was convinced he was the star of the group and left to pursue a solo career. This caused the group to fall apart with some members backing Brenston on the road. However, Turner held onto the name and soon reformed the Kings of Rhythm with a new line-up.

1952–1954: Sun/Modern Records
Between 1952 and 1954, Turner became a session musician and production assistant for Sam Philips at Sun Records and the Bihari brothers at Modern/RPM Records. Turner was also a freelance talent scout, and used the Kings of Rhythm as session musicians. They played on many recording for the Biharis' Modern, RPM, and Flair labels.

Turner's wife Bonnie Turner was a pianist and vocalist in his new line-up. They released the record "My Heart Belongs To You" / "Looking for My Baby" from RPM in 1952. The Kings of Rhythm which included Bonnie Turner, Raymond Hill, Billy "The Kid" Emerson and Johnny O'Neal recorded for Sun in 1953 and 1954. Some of the recordings remained unissued until Charly Records released of Sun: The Roots Of Rock: Volume 3: Delta Rhythm Kings in 1976. Turner and the Kings of Rhythm last recorded for Sun in 1958 with Tommy Hodge; by then, Phillips had shifted his focus onto rockabilly music and wasn't recording many black musicians anymore.

1954–1962: St. Louis
In late 1954, Turner took the reformed version of Kings of Rhythm north to East St. Louis, which included Kizart, Sims, O'Neal, Jesse Knight Jr. and Turner's then wife Annie Mae Wilson on piano and vocals. Around this time, Turner moved over to playing guitar to accommodate Wilson, taking lessons from Willie Kizart to improve.

Turner maintained strict discipline over the band, insisting they lived in a large house with him so he could conduct early morning rehearsals at a moment's notice. He would fire anyone he suspected of drinking or taking drugs, and would fine band members if they played a wrong note. He controlled everything from the arrangements down to the suits the band wore onstage. Starting off playing at a club called Kingsbury's in Madison, Illinois, within a year Turner had built up a full gig schedule, establishing his group as one of the most highly rated on the St. Louis club circuit, vying for popularity with their only real competition, Sir John's Trio featuring Chuck Berry. The bands would play all-nighters in St. Louis, then cross the river to the clubs of East St. Louis, and continue playing until dawn. In St. Louis for the first time Turner and the band were exposed to a developing white teenage audience who were excited by rhythm and blues. Clubs they played in St. Louis included Club Imperial, which was popular with white teenagers, The Dynaflow, The Moonlight Lounge, Club Riviera and the West End Walters. In East St. Louis, the group would play at Kingsbury's, Manhattan Club and The Sportsman.

Between live dates, Turner took the band to Cincinnati to record for Federal in 1956. The session produced the regional hit "I'm Tore Up," featuring lead vocalist Billy Gayles. In 1958, the band recorded for Cobra/Artistic in Chicago, serving as the house band for Buddy Guy, Otis Rush, and Betty Everett. Turner befriended St. Louis R&B fan Bill Stevens, who in 1959 set up the short-lived record label Stevens Records, which was financed by his father, Fred Stevens. Turner and the Kings of Rhythm recorded for Stevens, of which seven singles were released and later included on the Red Lightnin' compilation Hey Hey (1984).

1960–1976: The Ike & Tina Turner Revue

After the addition of his future wife Little Ann (Tina Turner) as lead singer, Turner formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. The creation of the revue was in a large part the birth of the soul revues of the 1960s. The Kings of Rhythm and Tina were joined on stage by the Ikettes, who contributed backing vocals and choreographed dance moves. As backing band to the duo, the band played on many substantial soul hits, including the million sellers "A Fool In Love" (1960) and "It's Gonna Work Out Fine"(1961) both for Sue Records. Also included in the revue were male singers Stacy Johnson, Vernon Guy, Jimmy Thomas and Bobby John. Turner moved the revue to California in 1962.

In the mid-1960s Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band. Turner fired him because his guitar solos became "so elaborate they overstepped the bounds." In 1964, the band released the single "Getting Nasty" / "Nutting Up" under the alias Nasty Minds on Turner's Sonja label. In addition the band appeared on local television shows and toured the Chitlin' Circuit. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue was featured in the 1966 concert film The Big T.N.T. Show. The lineup for that performance was Turner and Herb Sadler on guitar, James Norwood on drums, Sam Rhodes on bass and Ernest Lane on piano. In the fall of 1966, the Ike Tina Turner Reve joined the Rolling Stones in their British Tour. They also joined the Rolling Stones for their American Tour in 1969.

By 1970, Ike & Tina Turner had a resurgence on the charts with their rock covers. Following the success of their single "Proud Mary" in 1971, the Kings of Rhythm were renamed the Family Vibes. They released two albums as the Family Vibes, Strange Fruit (1972) and Confined to Soul (1973), both produced by Turner. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue disbanded in 1976.

1986–1987: St. Louis Kings of Rhythm
In 1986, a revival of the King of Rhythm consisting of several veteran members toured Europe as the St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm. The tour extended into 1987, and an album titled St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm was released on Timeless Records in Europe. Mayor Vincent Schoemehl officially appointed the St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm ambassadors for the City of St. Louis.

2001–present: Reformation
In the late 1990s Turner toured with Joe Louis Walker. The positive response to the tour encouraged him to reform the Kings of Rhythm. The Kings of Rhythm toured the U.S. in 2001 and headlined a showcase at South by Southwest, where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the conference. This led to the recording and release of the Grammy-nominated album Here And Now (2001) by Turner and the Kings of Rhythm. The album won two W.C. Handy Awards, the Blues Foundation's equivalent of the Grammy Awards, for Best Traditional Blues Album and Comeback Album of the Year in 2002. They received positive reviews for their performances at various music festivals, including Montreux Jazz Festival (2002), North Sea Jazz Festival (2002), and Jazz à Vienne (2004).

The Kings of Rhythm backed Turner on his Grammy-winning album Risin' With The Blues (2006). After Turner died in December 2007, the band was temporarily under the leadership of pianist Ernest Lane (1931–2012), a childhood friend of Turner's. The band performed Turner's classic songs at his funeral. Since 2008, the band has performed with vocalist Earl Thomas. Thomas became a fan of Ike & Tina Turner after watching the film Soul To Soul (1971) as a child. He met Turner in 2004 and remained in contact with him until his death.

Legacy
By some accounts, "Rocket 88" is considered the first rock and roll record.

Speaking on "Rocket 88" being a contender for the first rock 'n' roll record, broadcaster Paul Gambaccini said:In musical terms [he was] very important. "Rocket 88" is one of the two records that can claim to be the first rock 'n' roll record, the other being "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino from 1949. But "Rocket 88" does have a couple of elements which "The Fat Man" did not. The wailing saxophone and that distorted electric guitar. It was number one in the rhythm and blues chart for five weeks, it's in the Grammy Hall of Fame and it was an indisputable claim to fame for Ike Turner, even though his lead singer and saxophonist, Jackie Brenston, got the label credit.

Awards
"Rocket 88" was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1991, the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles in 2018.

Band members

1951 Rocket 88 recording band (Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats)
 Ike Turner – Piano
 Jackie Brenston – Saxophone, vocals
Willie Kizart – Guitar
 Raymond Hill – Saxophone
 Willie "Bad Boy" Sims – Drums

1950s–1960s members

 Ike Turner – Piano
 Jackie Brenston – Saxophone, vocals
Billy Gayles – Vocals, drums
 Johnny O'Neal – Vocals
 Willie "Bad Boy" Sims – Drums
 Raymond Hill – Saxophone
 Bobby Fields
Vernon Guy – Vocals
 Bob Prindall – Drums
 Edward Nash
 Eugene Washington – Drums
 Al St. James – Drums
 Eddie Jones – Tenor saxophone
 Eugene Fox – alto saxophone, vocals
Clifford Solomon
 Clayton Love – Vocals
Carlson Oliver – Vocals
Jimmy Thomas – Vocals
Bobby John – Vocals
Stacy Johnson – Vocals
 Jimi Hendrix – Guitar
Ernest Lane (early 60s and 1999–2009)
Larry Lynch – Bass
Al McKay – Guitar
 Leon Blue – Piano
James "Bubba" Norwood – Drums
 Willie Kizart – Guitar
 C. V. Veal (Ike's cousin)
 Jesse Knight Jr. (Ike's nephew) – Bass
Sam Rhodes – Bass
Herb Sadler – Guitar
 Bonnie Turner (Ike's ex-wife) – Piano, vocals
 Little Ann (Tina Turner) – Vocals
 Annie Mae Wilson (Ike's ex-wife) – Piano
Johnny Wright – Guitar, Vocals

Studio lineup for A Black Man's Soul (1969)
Jesse Knight – Bass
McKinley "Mack" Johnson – Drums
Ike Turner – Guitar
Teasky Tribble – Percussion
Fred Sample, Ike Turner, Billy Preston on "Getting Nasty" – Piano
Washee – Saxophone
Jesse Heron – Trombone
Tina Turner – Vocals

1970s members
 Ike Turner – Guitar, Organ
Leon Blue – Piano
Edward Burks – Trombone
 Jackie Clark – Guitar
Warren Dawson – Bass
Patrick Gammon – Piano
 McKinley "Mack" Johnson – Trumpet
 Mark Landon – Guitar
 John Leland – Bass
 Mary Reed – Tenor saxophone
 Jimmie Smith – Tenor saxophone
 J.D. Reed – Baritone saxophone
 Soko Richardson – Drums
Larry Reed – Tenor Saxophone
Claude Williams – Trumpet

St. Louis Kings of Rhythm lineup (1986–1987)
 Clayton Love – Keyboard
 Billy Gayles – Drummer, vocals
Robbie Montgomery – Vocalist
 Stacy Johnson – Vocalist
Oliver Sain – Saxophone
 Jimmy Hinds – Bass
 Darrel Darden – Guitar (1986)
 Marvin "Buzzy" Morton – Guitar (1987)

Current members
 Paul Smith – Keyboards, Organ
 Leo Dombecki – Keyboards, Saxophone
 Bill Ray – Drums
 Armando Cepeda – Bass
 Kevin Cooper – Bass
 Ryan Montana – Saxophone
 Seth Blumberg – Guitar

Partial discography

Studio albums
1962: Ike & Tina Turner's Kings of Rhythm Dance
1963: Rocks the Blues
1969: A Black Man's Soul
1972: Strange Fruit
1972: Blues Roots
1973: Confined to Soul
1973: Bad Dreams
2001: Here And Now
2006: Risin' With The Blues

Live albums
 2002: Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm – The Resurrection: Live Montreux Jazz Festival, Isabel IS 640202
 2006: Ike Turner & The Kings Of Rhythm – Live In Concert, Charly Films CHF-F1014LF [DVD/2CD]

Compilations
1976: Sun – The Roots Of Rock, Volume 3: Delta Rhythm Kings (Charly CR-30103)
1976: Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm –  I'm Tore Up (Red Lightnin' RL-0016)
1984: The Legendary Ike Turner and The Kings of Rhythm –  Hey Hey (Red Lightnin' RL-0047)
1990: Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm – Cobra Sessions 1958 (P-Vine PCD-2161)
2001: The Kings Of Rhythm Featuring Ike Turner – The Sun Sessions (Varèse Sarabande 302 066 232 2)
2004: Ike Turner And The Kings Of Rhythm – King Cobra: The Chicago Sessions (Fuel 2000/Varese 302 061 390 2)
2017: Ike Turner And The Kings Of Rhythm – She Made My Blood Run Cold (Southern Routes SR-CD-3502)

Singles
 1951: "Heartbroken and Worried" / "I'm Lonesome Baby" (Chess 1459) – Ike Turner And His Kings of Rhythm,
 1952: "My Heart Belongs To You" / "Looking for My Baby"(RPM 362) – Bonnie and Ike Turner With Orchestra Acc.
 1954: "Sinners Dream" / "Stay At Home" (Checker 792) – Eugene Fox
1954: "Wicked Little Baby" / "Why Don't You Believe In Me" (Modern 929) – Clayton Love
1954: "I Miss You So" / "Early Times" (Modern 930) – Dennis Binder & His Orchestra
1954: "The Snuggle"/ "Bourbon Street Jump" (Sun 204) – Raymond Hill
1954: "Baby Please" / "Gypsy Blues" (Flair 1037) – Matt Cockrell
1954: "The Drean (Part 1)" / "The Dream (Part 2) (RPM 420) – The Fox
1956: "As Long As I Have You" / "I Wanna Make Love To You" (RPM 446) – The Trojans
1956: "What Am I To Do" / "I'll Die In Love With You" (Federal 12267) – The Rockers
1956: "My Baby's Tops" / "Flaming Tops" (Federal 12284)  –  The Gardenias
1956: "I'm Tore Up" / "If I Never Had Known You" (Federal 12265) – Billy Gayles with Ike Turner's Rhythm Rockers
 1956: "Do Right Baby" / "No Coming Back" (Federal 12282) – Billy Gayles With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
 1957: "Much Later" / "The Mistreater" (Federal 12291) – Jackie Brenston With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
 1957: "What Can It Be" / "Gonna Wait For My Chance" (Federal 12283) – Jackie Brenston With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
 1957: "Do You Mean It" / "She Made My Blood Run Cold" (Federal 12297) – Ike Turner And His Orchestra
 1958: "Boxtop" / "Chalypso Love Cry" (Tune Town 501) – Ike Turner, Carlson Oliver, Little Ann
 1959: "Box Top" / "Walking Down The Aisle" (Cobra 5033) – Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm
 1959: "(I Know) You Don't Love Me" / "Down & Out" (Artistic 1504) – Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm, vocal by Tommy Hodge
 1961: "Crackerjack" / "Gettin' Late" (Crackerjack 4000) – Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm
 1962: "Prancing" / "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (Sue 760) – Ike & Tina's Kings of Rhythm
 1962: "Drifting" / "Love You Baby" (Kent 45x378) – Ike Turner And His Orchestra, vocal by Bobby "Blue" Bland
1963: "Lonely Soldier" / "The Bad Man" (Sony 111) – Bobby John
1963: "Remove My Doubts" / "Don't Believe 'Em" (Sony 113) – Stacy Johnson
1963: "What's That You've Got" / "Need My Help" (Sony 114) – Ernest Lane
1964: "Anything - To Make It With You" / "Walking Down The Isle" (Sonja 2007) – Vernon Guy
1964: "Getting Nasty" / "Nutting Up" (Sonja 5001) – Nasty Minds
 1965: "The New Breed (Pt. 1)" / "The New Breed (Pt. 2)" (Sue 138) – Ike Turner & His Kings of Rhythm
 1968: "You Got What You Wanted" / "Too Hot To Hold" (Pompeii 66682)  – Tina Turner With Ike Turner & The Kings of Rhythm
 1972: "Soppin' Molasses" / "Bootie Lip" (United Artists 50901) – Family Vibes
 1973: "Garbage Man" / "El Burrito" (United Artists XW278) – Family Vibes

Uncredited recordings
 1951: "Rocket 88" / "Come Back To Where You Belong" (Chess 1458) – recorded at Sam Phillips' studio in Memphis, Tennessee, on March 3 or 5, 1951 by Ike Turner and his band, The Kings of Rhythm (with his saxophonist and occasional singer Jackie Brenston, being credited on the record's label [Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats] as the writer/performer).
 1951: "My Real Gone Rocket" / "Tuckered Out" (Chess 1469) – credited as Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats

References

African-American rock musical groups
American funk musical groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
American soul musical groups
Rock and roll music groups
Rock music groups from Mississippi
Ike & Tina Turner members
Musical groups established in 1947
Musical groups from St. Louis
1947 establishments in Mississippi
Nightclub performers
Chess Records artists
RPM Records (United States) artists
Modern Records artists
Federal Records artists
Cobra Records artists
Sonja Records artists
Pompeii Records artists
United Artists Records artists
Musical backing groups

Kings of Rhythm


Curtis Charles Flood Sr. (January 18, 1938 – January 20, 1997) was an American professional baseball player and activist. He was a center fielder who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Redlegs, St. Louis Cardinals, and Washington Senators.

Flood was a three-time All-Star, a Gold Glove winner for seven consecutive seasons, and batted over .300 in six seasons. He led the National League (NL) in hits (211) in 1964 and in singles, 1963, 1964, and 1968. Flood also led the National League in putouts as center fielder four times and in fielding percentage as center fielder three times. He retired with the third most games in center field (1683) in NL history, trailing Willie Mays and Richie Ashburn.

Flood became one of the pivotal figures in the sport's labor history when he refused to accept a trade following the 1969 season, ultimately appealing his case to the U.S. Supreme Court. Although his legal challenge was unsuccessful, it brought about additional solidarity among players as they fought against baseball's reserve clause and sought free agency.

Early years
Born in Houston, Texas, and raised in Oakland, California, Flood played in the same outfield in West Oakland's McClymonds High School as Vada Pinson and Frank Robinson.   All three would eventually sign professional contracts with the Cincinnati Reds. Flood transferred to Oakland Technical High School, from which he graduated.

MLB career
Flood signed with the Cincinnati Redlegs in 1956 and made a handful of appearances for the team in 1956–57. However, Flood was deemed expendable with future star centerfielder Vada Pinson preparing to be promoted to the majors. He was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in December 1957.

For the next 12 seasons, he became a fixture in center field for St. Louis; although he struggled at the plate from 1958 to 1960, his defensive skill was apparent. He had his breakthrough year at the plate after Johnny Keane took over as manager in 1961: he batted .322, followed by .296 in 1962 with 11 home runs. He continued to improve offensively in 1963, hitting .302 and scoring a career-high 112 runs, third-most in the NL; he also had career bests in doubles (34), triples (9) and stolen bases (17) and collected 200 hits in an NL-leading 662 at bats. In that year he received the first of his seven consecutive Gold Gloves.

He earned his first All-Star selection in 1964.  He batted .311. His 679 at-bats led the NL again and were the fifth-highest total in league history to that point, setting a team record by surpassing Taylor Douthit's 1930 total of 664; Lou Brock broke the team record three years later with 689. He tied for tops in hits with The Pittsburgh Pirates' Roberto Clemente with 211. Batting leadoff in the World Series against the New York Yankees, he hit only .200 but scored in three of the Cardinal victories as the team won in seven games for its first championship since 1946. In 1965, Flood had his greatest power output with 11 home runs and 83 runs batted in while he was hitting .310. He made the All-Star team again in 1966, a season in which he did not commit a single error in the outfield; his record errorless streak of 226 games (NL record for an outfielder) and 568 total chances (major league record) ran from September 3, 1965, to June 4, 1967.

In 1967, he had his highest batting mark with a .335 average (though his other batting totals fell off from previous years), helping the Cardinals to another championship. In the World Series against the Boston Red Sox, he hit a woeful .179 but made some crucial contributions. In game 1, he advanced Brock to third base twice, putting him in position to score both runs in a 2–1 victory; in game 3, he drove Brock in with the first run of a 5–2 win. As team co-captain (with Tim McCarver) in 1968 he had perhaps his best year, earning his third All-Star selection and finishing fourth in the MVP balloting (won by teammate Bob Gibson) on the strength of a .301 batting average and 186 base hits. Against the San Francisco Giants that year, Flood was involved in the final outs of the first back-to-back no-hitters in major league history. On September 17, he struck out for the final out of Gaylord Perry's 1–0 gem. The next day, he caught Willie McCovey's fly ball for the final out of Ray Washburn's 2–0 no-hitter.

Torrential rains the night before had soaked the Busch Stadium field, and had he not momentarily lost his footing chasing a Jim Northrup fly ball (ruled a triple) with two out in the seventh inning of game 7 of the World Series against the Detroit Tigers, the Cardinals might have won their third championship of the decade; Detroit scored twice on the play, with Northrup later coming in for a 3–0 lead, and won the game, 4–1. Up to that point, Flood had been enjoying the best series of his career despite dealing with personal problems at home, hitting .286 with three steals.

After the season ended, Flood was upset when Cardinals' president Gussie Busch, and CEO of team owner Anheuser-Busch, offered him only a $5,000 raise, far short of the $90,000 salary he believed he deserved after his stellar regular season. He believed Busch, with whom he had previously enjoyed a close personal friendship, was expressing his displeasure over the error that had likely cost the team the Series. While Busch eventually relented, Flood took it personally when Busch publicly chewed the team out after most players boycotted spring training before the 1969 season for a week, accusing players of forgetting that fans were what kept the sport going (although he did not mention any player by name).

In 1969, despite the lower pitching mound instituted that season, which saw a general rise in batting average league-wide, Flood's batting average slipped to .285. His brother was arrested during the season. Late in the season, he publicly criticized the team for reorganizing before they were officially eliminated. He received his seventh Gold Glove that season just as other events in his career began to affect the entire sport. Flood collected the first hit in a major league regular-season game in Canada. He doubled off Montreal Expos pitcher Larry Jaster in the first inning of the Expos' inaugural home game on April 14 at Jarry Park. (Jaster, a Cardinal teammate of Flood's the year before, had been selected by the Expos in the expansion draft.)

Challenging the reserve clause

Despite his outstanding playing career, Flood's principal legacy developed off the field. He believed that Major League Baseball's decades-old reserve clause was unfair in that it kept players beholden for life to the team with which they originally signed, even when they had satisfied the terms and conditions of those contracts.

On October 7, 1969, the Cardinals traded Flood, Tim McCarver, Byron Browne, and Joe Hoerner to the Philadelphia Phillies for Dick Allen, Cookie Rojas, and Jerry Johnson. Flood refused to report to the moribund Phillies, citing the team's poor record and dilapidated Connie Mack Stadium, and for what he alleged were belligerent—and racist—fans. Flood said, "That I didn't think that I was going to report to Philadelphia, mainly because I didn't want to pick up twelve years of my life and move to another city." Some reports say he was also irritated that he had learned of the trade from a reporter; but Flood wrote in his autobiography that he was told by midlevel Cardinals management and was angry that the call did not come from the general manager, further alienating him from Busch. He met with Phillies' general manager John Quinn, who left the meeting believing that he had persuaded Flood to report to the team. Flood stood to forfeit a lucrative $100,000 () contract if he did not report; but after a meeting with players' union head Marvin Miller, who informed him that the union was prepared to fund a lawsuit, he decided to pursue his legal options.

In a letter to Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, Flood demanded that the commissioner declare him a free agent:
December 24, 1969
After twelve years in the major leagues, I do not feel I am a piece of property to be bought and sold irrespective of my wishes. I believe that any system which produces that result violates my basic rights as a citizen and is inconsistent with the laws of the United States and of the several States.

It is my desire to play baseball in 1970, and I am capable of playing. I have received a contract offer from the Philadelphia club, but I believe I have the right to consider offers from other clubs before making any decision. I, therefore, request that you make known to all Major League clubs my feelings in this matter, and advise them of my availability for the 1970 season.

Flood was influenced by the events of the 1960s that took place in the United States. According to Marvin Miller, Flood told the executive board of the players' union, "I think the change in black consciousness in recent years has made me more sensitive to injustice in every area of my life." However, he added that he was challenging the reserve clause primarily as a major league ballplayer.

Flood v. Kuhn

Commissioner Kuhn denied Flood's request for free agency, citing the propriety of the reserve clause and its inclusion in Flood's 1969 contract. On January 16, 1970, Flood filed a $1 million lawsuit against Kuhn and Major League Baseball, alleging violation of federal antitrust laws. Flood likened the reserve clause to slavery. Among those testifying on his behalf were former players Jackie Robinson and Hank Greenberg, and former owner Bill Veeck; no active players testified, nor did any attend the trial. Although players' union representatives had voted unanimously to support Flood, rank-and-file players were divided, with many players believing that eliminating the reserve clause would hurt the game.

Flood v. Kuhn (407 U.S. 258) was argued before the Supreme Court on March 20, 1972. Flood's attorney, former Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg, asserted that the reserve clause depressed wages and limited players to one team for life. Major League Baseball's counsel, Louis Hoynes, countered that if Flood won his case, "it would be a shambles." On June 19, 1972, the Supreme Court, invoking the principle of stare decisis ("to stand by things decided"), ruled 5–3 in favor of Major League Baseball, citing as precedent a 1922 ruling in Federal Baseball Club v. National League (259 U.S. 200). Justice Lewis Powell recused himself owing to his ownership of stock in Anheuser-Busch, which owned the Cardinals.

Later legal developments
Despite the loss in the Supreme Court, the baseball player's union continued to push to eliminate the reserve clause. It was finally struck down in December 1975 in a case involving players Dave McNally and Andy Messersmith.  In July 1976, the union and the baseball team owners agreed to a contract that included free agency.

In 1998, the federal government passed the Curt Flood Act of 1998.   The act, passed by the 105th Congress and signed into law by President Clinton, revokes baseball's antitrust status (save for expansion, minor leagues, and franchise relocation), a status that major league baseball had enjoyed for seventy-five years after the Supreme Court had ruled that baseball was eligible for the status under interstate commerce.   This act did exactly what Flood wanted; it stopped owners from controlling the players' contracts and careers.

Flood also helped bring about the 10/5 Rule, also known as the Curt Flood Rule. The rule states that when a player has played for a team for five straight years and played in MLB for a total of ten years, they have to give the club their consent to be traded.

Aftermath

Final years in baseball
After Flood's lawsuit failed, Flood was blackballed from baseball. There were questions similar to "Do you realize you won't be able to play in MLB ever again?" or "You realize you are going to lose your job?" Everyone Flood consulted was convinced he would be blackballed from baseball. Flood soon realized that his career was over as he later said,It would be difficult to come back. And besides, I don't think I'll be getting the opportunity to play again. As big as it is, baseball is a closely-knit unit. I doubt even one of the 24 men controlling the game would touch me with a ten-foot pole. You can't buck the Establishment.

Flood sat out the entire 1970 season. During this period he was bombarded with hate mail from fans, who accused him of trying to destroy baseball; his teammate Bob Gibson estimated "He got four or five death threats a day."  The Cardinals sent two minor leaguers to the Phillies as compensation for Flood's refusal to report. One of them—centerfielder Willie Montañez—went on to a 14-year major league career. In November 1970, the Phillies traded Flood and four other players to the Washington Senators. He signed a $110,000 contract with Washington but played only thirteen games of the 1971 season, with a .200 batting average and lackluster play in center field. Despite manager Ted Williams's vote of confidence, Flood left the team in late April and retired. He had a lifetime batting average of .293 with 1,861 hits, 85 home runs, 851 runs, and 636 RBI. Defensively, Flood posted a .987 fielding percentage in his major-league career. Later that year Flood published a memoir entitled The Way It Is in which he spelled out in detail his argument against the reserve clause.

Retirement
After his retirement, Flood purchased a bar in the resort town of Palma on the island of Majorca, where he had moved in the wake of the bankruptcy of his Curt Flood Associates business, two lawsuits, and an IRS lien on a home he bought for his mother. He returned to baseball as a member of the Oakland Athletics broadcasting team in 1978. In 1988 he was named commissioner of the short-lived Senior Professional Baseball Association. In the mid-1990s, he joined the management group of the United Baseball League (UBL), which was envisioned as a smaller alternative to MLB. While the group negotiated a long-term TV contract with Liberty Media, the deal (and the UBL) failed when Liberty was absorbed by MLB contractor Fox Sports. In his spare time, he painted; his 1989 oil portrait of Joe DiMaggio sold at auction for $9,500 in 2006.

Personal life and health

Flood was married twice and had five children. His first marriage was to Beverly Collins (C) from 1959 until 1966, and together they had five children; Debbie (R), Gary (Standing), Shelly (Lower R), Scott (Lower L), and Curt Flood Jr (L). Flood later married actress Judy Pace in 1986, whom he had met in the 1960s (Pace, recently divorced, had been married to actor Don Mitchell for the previous 13 years). They remained married until Flood's death (10 years). Diagnosed with throat cancer in 1995, Flood was initially given a 90–95 percent chance of survival. He underwent radiation treatments, chemotherapy, and throat surgery, which left him unable to speak.

Death and legacy
On January 20, 1997, just two days after his 59th birthday, Flood died at UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, after developing pneumonia, and was interred in Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood.

Just before his death, Flood's legacy was acknowledged in Congress in 1997 via the Baseball Fans and Communities Protection Act of 1997. Numbered HR 21 (Flood's Cardinals uniform number) and introduced in the House of Representatives on the first day of the 105th Congress by Rep. John Conyers Jr. (D–Michigan), the legislation established federal antitrust law protection for major league baseball players to the same extent as provided for other professional athletes.

Curt Flood is a nonparticipating but pivotal character in the book Our Gang by Philip Roth.

Flood's struggle for free agency was featured in Ken Burns' documentary series Baseball in 1994. He was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 1999.

In 2020, 102 members of the U.S. Congress wrote a letter to the Baseball Hall of Fame, co-signed by Players' unions from the NFL, NHL, NBA, and MLS, asking the Hall of Fame to admit Flood.

See also
 List of St. Louis Cardinals team records

References

Further reading

External links

1938 births
1997 deaths
20th-century African-American sportspeople
African-American baseball players
African-American trade unionists
Activists for African-American civil rights
Baseball players from Houston
Baseball players from Oakland, California
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
Cincinnati Redlegs players
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Gold Glove Award winners
High Point-Thomasville Hi-Toms players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball labor relations
McClymonds High School alumni
National League All-Stars
Oakland Athletics announcers
Oakland Technical High School alumni
Omaha Cardinals players
Savannah Redlegs players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players

Curt Flood


Die Hampton-Familie war eine politisch einflussreiche Familie in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts in South Carolina. Zu ihr gehörten:

 Wade Hampton I. (1754–1835), Soldat, Großgrundbesitzer und Politiker
 Wade Hampton II. (1791–1858), einer der reichsten Sklavenbesitzer in South Carolina. Sohn von Wade Hampton I und Vater von Wade Hampton III
 Wade Hampton III. (1818–1902), US-Senator und Gouverneur von South Carolina. Sohn von Wade Hampton II und Enkel von Wade Hampton I

Individuelle Familie

Hampton (Familie)