Albert Louis Hugo Grothe (* 15. August 1869 in Magdeburg; † 28. Dezember 1954 in Starnberg) war ein deutscher Kulturpolitiker, Wissenschaftler, Geograph und Orientalist. Er schrieb unter anderem Reiseberichte von Expeditionen in den Nahen Osten und nach Österreich-Ungarn.

Herkunft
Seine Eltern waren der Bankdirektor Albert Louis Grothe († 1913) und dessen Ehefrau Bertha Oemler († 1913) aus Mansfeld.

Leben und Wirken
Grothes Vater war beim Bau der Bagdadbahn tätig. Hugo Grothe studierte an sechs Universitäten. Er wurde zunächst in Rostock zum Dr. iur. promoviert; 1902 wurde er dann mit einer geographisch-volkskundlichen Arbeit zur Bagdadbahn 1902 in Würzburg zum Dr. phil. promoviert. Von 1896 bis 1912 unternahm er ausgiebig Reisen in die islamische Welt und schrieb darüber ein großes Expeditionswerk, das zu seinen Hauptwerken zählt. 1916 erfolgte zudem die Habilitation für Geographie an der TU Stuttgart.

Er gründete 1900 in München die Orientalische Gesellschaft und baute in Leipzig die Deutsche Kulturpolitische Gesellschaft sowie das Institut für Auslandskunde und Auslandsdeutschtum auf, letzteres eröffnete er im November 1918. Ende der 1920er Jahre und in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus war er immer mehr mit der Erforschung und Unterstützung der deutschen Volksgruppen im Ausland befasst.

Familie
Er heiratete 1923 Charlotte Wunderlich, eine Tochter des Buchdruckereibesitzers Hans Wunderlich aus Leipzig. Das Paar hatte einen Sohn.

Werke (Auswahl)
 1902: Die Bagdadbahn und das Schwäbische Bauernelement in Transkaukasien und Palästina (Doktorarbeit)
 1903: Auf türkischer Erde. Reisebilder und Studien (Digitalisat)
 1909: Geographische Charakterbilder aus der asiatischen Türkei und dem südlichen mesopotamisch-iranischen Randgebirge (Puscht-i-kuh). Eine Darstellung der Oberflächengestalt, Bevölkerung, Siedlung und Wirtschaft. Mit 176 Originalaufnahmen und drei Karten. (Verlag Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig)
 1910: Wanderungen in Persien. Erlebtes und Erschautes
 1911: Meine Vorderasien-Expedition von 1906 und 1907 (Band 1)
 1912: Meine Vorderasien-Expedition von 1906 und 1907 (Band 2)
 1913: Durch Albanien und Montenegro (Digitalisat)
 1913: Die Asiatische Türkei und die Deutschen Interessen
 1914: Deutschland, die Türkei und der Islam
 1915: Die Türken und Ihre Gegner; Kriegsgeographische Betrachtungen
 1916: Türkisch Asien und seine Wirtschaftswerte
 1931: Die deutsche Sprachinsel Gottschee in Slowenien
 1927: 700 Jahre deutschen Lebens in der Zips
 1932: Die Deutschen in Übersee
 1932: Kleines Handwörterbuch des Grenz- und Ausland-Deutschtums (München und Berlin: Oldenbourg).
 1934: Das deutsche Volkstum der Slowakei in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart

Literatur

Weblinks

Quellen

Orientalist
Geograph (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1869
Gestorben 1954
Mann

Hugo Grothe


Atilla Altıkat (d. 1937, İstanbul – ö. 27 Ağustos 1982, Ottava), Kanada'nın başkenti, Ottava'da uğradığı suikast sonucu yaşamını yitiren askerî ataşe.

Yaşamı
1937 yılında İstanbul'da doğdu. Harp Akademisini bitirdikten sonra çeşitli askeri görevlerde bulundu. 1981 yılında Ottava'ya atandı. Atilla Altıkat, burada yalnızca Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanlığını değil Deniz ve Kara Kuvvetleri ile birlikte tüm Genelkurmay'ı temsil etmekteydi. Ottawa'ya atanmadan önce Türk Hava Kuvvetleri'nde görev yaptı.

Öldürülmesi

27 Ağustos 1982 günü, sabah saatlerinde aracıyla yolda olan Albay Altıkat, kırmızı ışıkta durduğu esnada, yanına yaklaşan bir araçta bulunan iki kişiden biri arabadan inerek Altıkat'a aracının sağ ön penceresinden ateş etti. 11 merminin isabet ettiği Altıkat olay yerinde öldü. Saldırganlar arabayla uzaklaştılar.

Suikastin sorumluluğunu Ermeni örgütü ESAK üstlenmiştir. Bu olay, böylesine şiddet olaylarına hiç alışık olmayan Kanadalıları derinden sarsmış ve Başbakanlık tarafından şiddetle kınanmıştır. Vefatından sonra yürüttüğü göreve atanan Coşkun Kırca'da 1985'te Ottawa Büyükelçiliği saldırısına maruz kaldı.

Hatırası

Öldürüldüğü sırada Ayla Altıkat ile evli olan Altıkat'ın, 17 yaşında Zeynep ve 4 yaşında Göker adlarında iki çocuğu vardı.

Adana'nın Seyhan ilçesinde 1984 yılında açılan köprüye adı verildi. Köprü 2011 yılında yıkıldı. Buna rağmen halkın köprü mevkisini ve o çevrede bulunan otobüs yazıhanelerinin yerini tanımlamak için kullandığı "Atilla Altıkat" adlandırması değişmedi. Turhan Cemal Beriker Bulvarına 2013'te köprülü kavşak çalışmaları yapıldı. Atilla Altıkat'ın adı, köprünün olduğu yerde bulunan köprülü kavşağa verildi.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk diplomatlara düzenlenen suikastlar listesi
 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı

1982 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu diplomatlar
Kanada'daki Türk gurbetçiler
Kanada'da cinayet sonucu ölenler
Kanada'da ateşli silahtan ölenler
Suikast sonucu ölen Türk diplomatlar

Atilla Altıkat


A central consonant, also known as a median consonant, is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue. The class contrasts with lateral consonants, in which air flows over the sides of the tongue rather than down its center.

Examples of central consonants are the voiced alveolar fricative (the "z" in the English word "zoo") and the palatal approximant (the "y" in the English word "yes"). Others are the central fricatives , the central approximants , the trills , and the central flaps .

The term is most relevant for approximants and fricatives (for which there are contrasting lateral and central consonants - e.g.  versus  and  versus ). Stops that have "lateral release" can be written in the International Phonetic Alphabet using a superscript symbol, e.g. , or can be implied by a following lateral consonant, e.g. . The labial fricatives  often—perhaps usually—have lateral airflow, as occlusion between the teeth and lips blocks the airflow in the center, but nonetheless they are not considered lateral consonants because no language makes a distinction between the two.

In some languages, the centrality of a phoneme may be indeterminate. In Japanese, for example, there is a liquid phoneme , which may be either central or lateral, resulting in /ro/ produced as either  or .

See also
Manner of articulation
List of phonetics topics

References

Consonants by manner of articulation

Central consonant


Belgia este un stat federal care se compune din comunități și din regiuni.

Comunitățile sunt colectivități politice federate autonome, având competențe în materie de învățământ, cultură, politică sanitară, ajutor social și, cu excepția Bruxelles-ului, în materie de folosire a limbilor oficiale.

Autonomia comunităților, precum și a tuturor celorlalte entități federate belgiene, este foarte extinsă, în virtutea principiului competențelor exclusive care singularizează federalismul belgian prin aceea că prelungește, practic fără rezerve, autonomia entităților federate pe scena internațională.

Comunitățile instituționale
Conform articolului 2 din Constituție, Belgia cuprinde trei comunități":
Comunitatea franceză
Comunitatea flamandă
Comunitatea germanofonă

Această enumerare este confirmată și de legislația privind folosirea limbilor în Belgia, în principal de legea din 30 iulie 1963 privind regimul lingvistic în învățământ și de legile din 18 iulie 1966 referitoare la utilizarea limbilor în materie administrativă.

Populația autohtonă a Regatului Belgiei este compusă din trei grupuri lingvistice a căror pondere reală nu se cunoaște cu exactitate, deoarece recensămintele oficiale pe bază lingvistică sunt abolite în Belgia:
neerlandofonii, comunitate estimată la circa 58% din populația totală, locuind în principal în Regiunea Flamandă. Există minorități neerlandofone mai mult sau mai puțin importante și în comunele Regiunii Capitalei Bruxelles sau în comunele cu facilități din Regiunea Valonă.
francofonii, comunitate estimată la circa 41% din populația totală, locuind în principal în Regiunea Valonă și în comunele cu facilități pentru francofoni din Regiunea Flamandă (circa 80% din totalul francofonilor), respectiv în Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles (circa 20% din totalul francofonilor).
germanofonii, estimați la mai puțin de 1% din populație, sunt în jur de 70 000 de persoane locuind în 9 comune de-a lungul frontierei cu Germania.

Teritorialitatea limbilor
Constituția belgiană, în Articolul 4, a prevăzut patru regiuni lingvistice: regiunea de limbă franceză, regiunea de limbă neerlandeză, regiunea bilingvă a capitalei Bruxelles (franceză-neerlandeză) și regiunea de limbă germană (majoritatea comunelor din Cantoanele de Est). Aceste patru zone delimitează teritoriile unde fiecare limbă este limba oficială, la care se adaugă 30 de comune situate aproape de frontierele lingvistice, unde minoritățile istorice beneficiază de facilități lingvistice.

Comunitățile nu reprezintă, deci, ansamblul persoanelor care vorbesc una din limbile oficiale, ci locuitorii diferitelor regiuni lingvistice.

Instituțiile

Odată cu federalizarea Belgiei, cele trei comunități sunt reprezentate de colectivități politice federate având competențe în patru mari domenii: învățământ, cultură, așa-numitele "materii ce țin de persoană" (legate de viața persoanelor și interacțiunea lor cu anumite servicii publice), precum și folosirea limbilor în învățământ, administrație și relațiile sociale între angajatori și personal (cu excepția comunității germanofone, în cazul căreia folosirea limbilor în materie administrativă și în relațiile sociale rămâne o prerogativă federală).

Aceste instituții au propriul lor parlament și propriul guvern. Regiunea Flamandă reprezintă un caz particular: Regiunea și Comunitatea nu au fuzionat la propriu, altfel spus Regiunea Flamandă nu a fost  cu adevărat "organizată", astfel încât competențele Regiunii sunt exercitate de Comunitatea flamandă.

O altă particularitate este și faptul că Regiunea Valonă ar fi putut fuziona cu Comunitatea franceză, însă acest lucru nu s-a produs din două motive. Pe de o parte, Comunitatea franceză nu este una foarte bogată, iar parlamentarii regionali nu doresc să plătească pentru ea. Pe de altă parte, numărul bruxellezilor aparținând Comunității franceze este mult mai mare decât cel aparținând Comunității flamande. Din acest motiv, valonii s-au opus ca bruxellezii din Comunitatea franceză să poată lua parte la dezbateri privind strict Regiunea Valonă, așa cum ar fi fost cazul dacă Regiunea și Comunitatea fuzionau. Fuziunea nu a avut loc, dar a fost încercată și o cale inversă, Comunitatea franceză transferând unele din competențele sale către Regiunea Valonă și Comisia Comunitară Franceză (COCOF).

Limbile oficiale
În Belgia sunt definite trei limbi oficiale: franceza, neerlandeza și germana. Pe lângă ele, limba engleză este și ea larg utilizată, mai ales în mediul de afaceri, dar și în comunicatele unor instituții publice. În Flandra, engleza este foarte răspândită, devenind o a doua sau a treia limbă de conversație.

Peste jumătate din populație este neerlandofonă, franceza reprezintă a doua limbă oficială ca utilizare, iar germana, vorbită ca limbă maternă de mai puțin de 1% din populație, este a treia limbă oficială după folosință, la mare distanță de celelalte două. Capitala Bruxelles este majoritar francofonă; cu toate acestea, limba istorică a acestei regiuni a fost neerlandeza. Imigrarea, în special dinspre Franța, Italia, Portugalia, Spania, țările Maghrebului sau Turcia, a accentuat francofonizarea populației belgiene din Bruxelles.

Perspective
Belgia se confruntă cu probleme comunitare care au cunoscut cea mai mare intensitate începând din 1960, an în care primarii din comunele Brabantului flamand aflate la periferia capitalei Bruxelles au refuzat organizarea recensămintelor lingvistice decenale, temându-se că acestea ar fi putut duce la schimbarea statului lingvistic al mai multor comune în favoarea francofonilor. Acest eveniment a condus la fixarea cvasi-definitivă a frontière linguistique în 1963, la adoptarea de legi lingvistice care încadrează foarte strict teritorialitatea fiecărei limbi, apoi la federalizarea din ce în ce mai extinsă a statului belgian.

Evoluția instituțională și politică a Belgiei indică o creștere a prerogativelor atribuite regiunilor, în detrimentul celor ale comunităților. Regiunea Flamandă și Comunitatea flamandă formează deja aproape o singură instituție, iar anumite prerogative ale Comunității franceze au fost transferate către Regiunea Valonă, respectiv către Comisia Comunitară Franceză a Regiunii Capitalei Bruxelles. Comunitatea germanofonă revendică și ea un statut care ar transforma-o aproape într-o regiune aparte, precum cea valonă sau flamandă.

Elemente identitare
Sărbători
 11 iulie: sărbătoarea comunității și Regiunii flamande;
 27 septembrie: sărbătoarea comunității franceze;
 15 noiembrie: sărbătoarea comunității germanofone;
Drapele
 Drapelul Comunității flamande
 Drapelul Comunității franceze
 Drapelul Comunității germanofone
Imnuri
"De Vlaamse Leeuw" - imnul comunității flamande;
"Chant des Wallons" (în valonă: Li Tchant dès Walons) - imnul comunității franceze;

Note

Vezi și
 Politica Belgiei
 Subdiviziunile Belgiei
 Regiunile Belgiei
 Demografia Belgiei

Comunități din Belgia

Comunitățile Belgiei


An Festuca talamancensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerrit Davidse. An Festuca talamancensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca talamancensis


فالويسكي (Валуйське) هي مدينة في مقاطعة لوهانسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3682   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

فالويسكي (لوهانسكا)


Der Bulabog-Putian-Nationalpark liegt auf der Insel Panay auf den Philippinen. Er wurde am 14. Juni 1961 mit Inkrafttreten des Erlasses 760 auf einer Fläche von 8,54 km² in der Provinz Iloilo eingerichtet.

Der Nationalpark liegt ca. 40 km nördlich von Iloilo City auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinden Dingle und San Enrique in einem hügeligen Gelände. Die Vegetation wird durch einen immergrünen Regenwald bestimmt, wie er heute in den Flachlandgebieten auf der Insel Panay selten geworden ist.

In dem Nationalpark liegen 37 Höhlen, die in der spanischen Kolonialära den philippinischen Widerstandskämpfern als Zufluchtsort dienten. In einer Höhle wurden Gravuren und ein schriftliches Dokument gefunden, das heute noch besichtigt werden kann.

Siehe auch
Biodiversität der Philippinen
Nationalparks auf den Philippinen

Weblinks
 Der Nationalpark auf Exploreiloilo.com
 Der Nationalpark auf der Seite des PAWB

Nationalpark in Asien
Nationalpark auf den Philippinen
Iloilo

Bulabog-Putian-Nationalpark


Cinachyrella globulosa peut désigner :
 Cinachyrella globulosa (Gray, 1873), originellement décrit comme Psetalia globulosa Gray, 1873 avant son déplacement vers le genre Cinachyrella ;
 Cinachyrella globulosa Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997, homonyme junior remplacé par Cinachyrella desqueyrouxae van Soest & Hooper, 2020.

Homonymie de taxons en biologie

Cinachyrella globulosa (homonymie)


Mount Lyell ist der Name

 folgender Berge:
 Mount Lyell (Kalifornien), der höchste Gipfel im Yosemite-Nationalpark in den USA
 Mount Lyell (Kanada), ein Berg an der Grenze zwischen Alberta und British Columbia
 Mount Lyell (Tasmanien), ein Berg in der West Coast Range, Australien
 Mount Lyell (Western Australia), ein Berg in den Kimberleys

 folgender Firmen:
 Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company, eine Bergbau- und Eisenbahngesellschaft in Tasmanien (Australien) 1897–1994

Mount Lyell


Olaylar
 İngiltere, Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan bağımsız oldu.

Doğumlar

 Petrus Damianus, Kardinal olmuş Camaldolese keşişi - Kilise Doktoru (ö. 1072)

Ölümler
 Uraka Fernández, İspanyol soylu kadın, León ve Pamplona kraliçesi

1007


All Hell Breaks Loose je šesti studijski album njemačkog thrash metal sastava Destruction objavilen 25. travnja 2000. godine.

All Hell Breaks Loose vraća u izvorne thrash metal, no ovaj put uvode i elemente groove metala koji bio je na albuma The Least Successful Human Cannonball. Također to je prvi album s Schmierom od albuma Release from Agony s 1987. godine.

Popis pjesama

 "Intro" - 0:43
 "The Final Curtain" - 4:26
 "Machinery of Lies" - 3:41
 "Tears of Blood" - 4:03
 "Devastation of Your Soul" - 4:09
 "The Butcher Strikes Back" - 3:07
 "World Domination of Pain" - 4:05
 "X-treme Measures" - 4:53
 "All Hell Breaks Loose" - 5:40
 "Total Desaster 2000" - 3:07
 "Visual Prostitution" - 3:50
 "Kingdom of Damnation" - 3:37

Osoblje
Destruction
 Schmier - vokali, bas-gitara
 Mike Sifringer - gitara
 Sven Vormann - bubnjevi

Izvori

Albumi sastava Destruction
Albumi iz 2000.

All Hell Breaks Loose


Fada Vex, nom de scène de Bourbia Malik ou encore Cheikh Malik, est un rappeur algérien, né le  à Moscou, mais qui grandit à Es Senia, à Oran en Algérie. Il est l'un des fondateurs du groupe T.O.X., l'un des premiers groupe de rap algérien.

Biographie

Fada Vex de son vrai nom Bourbia Malik né le 23 mars 1976, a débuté à chanter le rap en 1992. Il intégra plusieurs formations  telles que LOG'z, Too Nice Clique, avant de fonder plus tard le groupe T.O.X vers la fin 1996, Oran qui abritait déjà des groupes comme Ods, Mclb, Talisman, Tox, Perfect G's fin 1999.

Fada : qui veut dire Father/Père en anglais vu qu'il était le plus âgé du groupe et Vex : qui ramène au caractère vexant de ses paroles.

Fada Vex est née à Moscou en Russie, d'un père algérien, d'une mère russe. À l'âge de 2 ans, sa famille s'installe à Oran, en Algérie. Il s'intéresse à la musique dès son plus jeune âge, il intègre une troupe de musique andalouse à la maison de jeunes Maoued Ahmed, d'Oran, pour apprendre la guitare et le chant, mais lassé par la théorie, il abandonne au bout d'un an et demi.

Adolescent, il commence à pratiquer le rap au lycée pendant les cours d'anglais, ou il interprète les chansons qu'il avait apprises par cœur en regardant l'émission RapLine de M6, présentée par Olivier Cachin, et les chansons rap qui passaient sur la radio Los40 tard la nuit. Il commence à griffonner des textes en français et en anglais dans sa chambre, influencé par les rappeurs des années 1990 comme : Mc Solaar, Naughty by Nature, Heavy D, Kool G rap, Mc Hammer, Dr Dre.

Carrière
Membre fondateur de plusieurs groupes de hip-hop underground. C'est à l'université en 1995 qu'il rencontre le rappeur Diggaman et son frère Dj SL pour former le groupe LOG'z, ils participent ensemble plusieurs manifestations estudiantines, le groupe se sépare en 1996.

Après cela, il a formé le groupe TNC (Too Nice Clique) en collaboration avec Jiggy-G et Machine Gun (son frère qui est ensuite devenu Banis). Par la suite, TNC a fusionné avec deux membres d'un autre groupe de rap oranais, Madman et Lil-G. Enfin, Mic Maestro du groupe Vixit a rejoint le groupe, donnant naissance au groupe définitif T.O.X (Theory Of Xsitence) à la fin de l'année 1996. Le groupe a sorti deux albums studio, Meshi Besah en 1998 et Ghir Hak en 2000. Au fil du temps, la carrière du groupe a continué avec seulement trois membres : Fada Vex, Banis et DJ Redha J (qui a rejoint le groupe en tant que DJ en 1999).

Fada Vex a sorti son premier album solo en indépendant en 2004, intitulé El Facteur. En parallèle de son travail avec le groupe T.O.X, il s'investit également dans ses projets en solo. Il anime des ateliers d'écriture de rap en Algérie et en France, tout en travaillant en tant que journaliste à la Voix de l'Oranie. Il réalise plusieurs interviews avec des groupes de rap et publie des articles sur le rap algérien.

Entre 2020 et 2021, il anime un podcast dédié au rap algérien intitulé Wech Ya !, en collaboration avec Banis.

Discographie

Albums studios
 El Facteur, (2004), Senia éditions
  intro — Prod par Dj Nab
  Dir el maken Feat Dj Redha J  - Prod par Dj Redha J
  Respect Feat Rabie & IM One - Prod par DJ Nab
  Skit (Machine Gun) - Prod par Dj Nab
  Clack clack - Prod par Diggaman
  El Bizare !!! - Prod par Dj Redha J
  La vie des jeunes Feat DJ Nab - N.A. Beats
  Kima Dima - Prod par Dj Redha J
  Connection Feat. Sinoue, Machine Gun, Imohar & Dj Rédha J - Prod par DJ Redha J
  S'hab Errap - Prod par Dj Redha J
  Jib dek Feat Machine Gun - Prod par DJ Nab
  Ok! Feat Diggman, Abrazax, Machine Gun, King o, Soldatesk, Smoka, K-Star - Prod par Diggaman
  Skit : Chouia rap - Prod par DJ Redha J
  Aâlache ? - Prod par Toufik Boumellah
  Essah Feat Imohar - Prod par Dj Redha J
  Outro - Prod par Dj Redha J

 El Mou3ahada, (2008)
 Intro - Dj Mourad
  Al Rissala | الرسالة - Fada Vex & Naili - Prod par DJ Redha J & Toufik Boumellah
  Dir El Maken- دير المكان- Fada Vex -Diez remix
  L'homme ou le temps — Naili — Fada Vex Remix
  Hip Hop Intifada - Banis, Fada Vex & Naili
  Hkaya - Naili - Prod par DJ Redha J
  Mel Alif lel Ya - Fada Vex - Prod par  Diez
  Pardon Maman  - Naili - Fada Vex  Remix
  S'hab errap - Banis, Fada Vex ا & Naili- Diez Remix
  Outro - Dj Redha J

 Ramz El Maktoub, (2010), AVM editions
 Intro Radio - Prod par One-Der
 rap Qsayed - Prod par One-Der
 Mazal (Ft. L'Nfect) - Prod par One-Der
 Hadak Li Aandi - Prod par One-Der
 Wah-rani - Prod par One-Der
 Serré - Prod par One-Der
 Chouf eljorh- Prod par One-Der
 Ma tgouloulich (Ft. H-Joe)  - Prod par One-Der
 Loukan 3raft- Prod par One-Der
 Old School- Skit  - Prod par One-Der
 Essem (Ft. Abrasax) - Prod par One-Der
 Ta9afa wel fen (Ft. Banis)  - Prod par One-Der
 Galou - Prod par One-Der
 Met'houm - Prod par One-Der
 R.A.P Skit  - Prod par One-Der
 El Madrassa (Ft. Banis & Dj Redha Jay) - Prod par One-Der
 Ard sahra | أرض الصحراء (Ft. Naili نايلي) - Prod par Nour

 Hibr âala Waraq, (2016), Believe
 Intro -  Prod par Fada Vex
 Erawja Ft Marouane -Prod Toxic Beatz
 Cha3bi Khati Ft Abrasax & Banis - Prod Toxic Beatz
 Chkoupistane -Prod Dr Snake
 rap Jnani - Instru AMP
 Moussiqti Ft Icosium, Abderrahmane, Mc Artisan, Ill-Yes, El Hass, Ramstar, Raouf BKL, Didotchi, Red L'Alerte - Prod Toxic Beatz
 El Ghoula -Instru 4th Disciple
 Wadadaday Ft Xenos & Banis - Prod Lil-G Tunner
 Choukate El Ward - Prod Schnod Beatz
 Yafinayafikom - Instru SammBusy
 #Pec  Ft Fifo - Prod Fifo
 Mchi Ki Mdari - Prod Toxic Beatz
 El Mahraz - Prod Abrasax
 Ana Jazayri Ft. Medium X - Prod Youss Beatz
 Gouli 3lach - Prod Eazy F
 Nebki Ghaza - Prod Abrasax

 Nwajel Etayek, (2019), Believe
 L.I.F.E (El Father Gali) - Prod par Diez
 One Love  - Prod par Lil-G
 LAO TSEU - Prod par Yana Beats
 Tourti - Prod par Dr Snake
 #YFYF (remix) - Prod par Dj ELyes
 J3H | جار عليا الهم  - Prod par Tekniko
 #SIR - Prod par Fada Vex
 Hada Malah  - Prod par Lil-G
 ENAKBA #9 Freestyle - Prod par Lil-G
 Fratene Edijour | فراتن الديجور  - Prod par Toxic Beats
 ENAKBA #3 Freestyle - Prod par Fada Vex

 Dystopia, (2021) Dprod

 V (Ft. DProd)
 Laghrib
 Loom
 Riguel ريـﭭـل
 Dahqani | الدهقاني (Ft. Houari Bouabdellah)
 Mraya | مرايا
 Vayna (Ft. Ill-Yes)
 Sbo3 III
 451 Fahrenheit
 Ksar / قصر (Ft. Largo [MarciMorgue])
 Winston Smith (Ft. Ben Sax)
 Great
 Novalangue (Ft. Adlene)
 Paria (Ft. Youppi x Youppi)

Mixtapes
 Hip Hop Guerilla, 2002
 El Azma Mixtape, 2009
 El Hadra Qlila, 2012
 Archivex: The Black Session 2013

Vidéo-clips
 El Rissala feat Naili (2008)
 El Morr (2009)
 Skit Old School (2010)
 Stora Darb (2011)
 Chouf El Jor7 (2011)
 One Shot 7 (2015)
 Politis feat Azpak (2016)
 Machi Ki Mdari (2016)
 YFYF (remix) feat DJ Elyes (2017)
 Tebghi (2017)
 Enakba (2018)
 Enakba N#5 (2018)
 Fraten Edijour (2018)
 Laghrib (2020)
 Loom (2020)
 Riguel (2020)
 El 3arboune 1 (2020)
 El 3arboune 4 (2020)
 El 3arboune 5 (2020)
 Mraya (2021)
 Vayna feat Ill-Yes (2021)
 SBO3 III (2021)
 EL JEDMA (2021)
 451 Fahrenheit (2021)
 Fada Vex Ft. LARGO - Ksar (2021)

Filmographie
 The Father: portrait of a rapper
 Au rythme du temps

Vie privée
Fada Vex est marié et parent de deux enfants, mais il a également vécu la perte d'un de ses enfants.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 T.O.X.
 rap Algérien

Liens externes

 Genius

Rappeur algérien
Naissance à Moscou
Naissance en mars 1976

Fada Vex


Eliza Parsons (nascida Phelp ) (1739 - 5 de fevereiro de 1811) foi uma romancista gótica inglesa, conhecida pelos trabalhos de The Castle of Wolfenbach (1793) e The Mysterious Warning (1796). Estes dois livros estão incluídos nos sete títulos góticos das leituras recomendados por uma das personagem do romance Northanger Abbey, de Jane Austen .

Vida
A vida de Eliza Parsons tem sido objeto de muita especulação, mas a maioria dos investigadores concorda que ela nasceu em 1739.  A certidão de batismo de Parsons é datada de 4 de abril de 1739. Eliza nasceu em Plymouth, Devon, sendo a única filha de John Phelp, um comerciante de vinhos, e sua esposa Roberta Phelp.  Ela cresceu no seio de uma família próspera e se tornou numa jovem bem educada do século XVIII. Com cerca de 21 anos, Eliza casou-se com James Parsons, um destilador de terebintina, da cidade vizinha de Stonehouse, em 24 de março de 1760. Tiveram três filhos e cinco filhas.

Por volta de 1778-1779, quando o negócio de terebintina de Parsons sofreu um declínio como resultado indireto da Guerra da Independência Americana, a família mudou-se para um subúrbio de Londres. Sr. Parsons investiu todo o seu dinheiro no comércio em declínio de terebintina,  e por cerca de três anos, o padrão de vida da família voltou ao nível pré-Revolução Americana. Em 1782, no entanto, um incêndio veloz e devastador irrompeu num dos seus armazéns e destruiu tudo o que o Sr. Parsons possuía. O que o fez assumir um cargo no escritório do Lord Chamberlain .

Vários meses antes do incêndio no armazém, o filho mais velho dos Parsons morreu na Jamaica, imediatamente após a sua promoção a capitão dos Royal Marines. James Parsons, devido ao luto, aos reveses da sua fortuna nos negócios, assim como à deterioração da sua saúde, sofreu um derrame paralisante. James viveu por mais três anos até sofrer um segundo derrame fatal em 1797. O segundo filho mais velho de Eliza também morreu no exército. Em 1803, uma das suas filhas morreu, e em 1804 morreu também o seu filho mais novo.

Sozinha com uma família para sustentar, Eliza começou a escrever romances para ganhar dinheiro. No decurso da sua carreira que foi de 1790 a 1807, ela escreveu 19 romances e uma peça, num total de 60 volumes. No entanto, ela praticamente não tinha dinheiro. Entre 1793 e 1803 ela recebeu 45 guinéus do Royal Literary Fund e também trabalhou no Royal Wardrobe .  Ela morreu a 5 de fevereiro de 1811, aos 72 anos em Leytonstone em Essex. Sobreviveram-lhe quatro filhas casadas.

Escrita gótica feminina

Parsons dedicou-se à escrita gótica, que era um gênero altamente popular na época.   Os críticos frequentemente afirmavam que suas obras eram mal escritas e desorganizadas. Parsons era uma protestante profundamente religiosa, que acreditava que os bons eram recompensados e os maus punidos, o que transparece em suas obras. Seu primeiro romance, The History of Miss Meredith, foi escrito em 1790, ano da morte de seu marido. O seu trabalho mais conhecido O Castelo de Wolfenbach foi escrito em 1793, num período em que a Inglaterra e a França começavam a se afastar dos casamentos arranjados. O Castelo de Wolfenbach retrata essa ideia, em conjunto com a defesa de uma forte família patriarcal e o respeito pela classe média em vez dos valores  aristocraticos.  Outros romances dela incluem Women as They Are (1797) e The Valley of Saint Gotthard (1799).  Parsons revela características femininas na escrita gótica ao descrever uma heroína a lutar por uma herança, enquanto finge ser vulnerável e inocente.

Dois dos romances de Parsons, The Castle of Wolfenbach e The Mysterious Warning (1796), figuram entre os sete romances horríveis que Catherine Morland recomenda a Isabella Thorpe no capítulo 6 de Northanger Abbey de Jane Austen. Esses títulos foram considerados fictícios até dezembro de 1912.  Os críticos disseram que não é por acaso que as obras de Ann Radcliffe não foram nomeadas e que duas das obras de Parsons foram. Muitos dos romances de Parsons tinham prefácios que pareciam atrair a simpatia dos leitores, pela sua situação infeliz, e faziam-nos desculpar a sua falta de talento. Os críticos consideraram que O Castelo de Wolfenbach e O Aviso Misterioso tiveram desajeitados e demasiado simplistas finais felizes.

Trabalho

Ingleses do século XVIII
Mulheres romancistas da Inglaterra
Mortos em 1811
Nascidos em 1739
Naturais de Plymouth (Devon)

Eliza Parsons


Die Asociación Nacional del Arma de España (dt. etwa Nationale Schusswaffenvereinigung), offizielle Abkürzung ANARMA, ist eine Lobbyorganisation, deren Hauptaufgabe in der Interessenvertretung von Schusswaffenbesitzern sowie -nutzern besteht.

Da in Spanien der Waffenbesitz zur Selbstverteidigung verboten ist, handelt es sich bei besagten Schusswaffennutzern hauptsächlich um Sportschützen, Jägern sowie Sammlern.

Die Gründung erfolgte 2003 zurück. Es folgten erhebliche Umstrukturierung im Jahre 2011t. Des Weiteren ist der Verband Vollmitglied bei FESAC (Foundation for European Societies of Arms Collectors).

Siehe auch
 Forum Waffenrecht e.V. und prolegal (Deutschland)
 Interessengemeinschaft Liberales Waffenrecht Österreich
 National Rifle Association (USA, Großbritannien)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Interessenverband (Waffenbesitz)
Interessenverband
Waffengebrauch
Gegründet 2003
Organisation (Madrid)

Spanische Nationale Schusswaffenvereinigung


Brinklow Castle (kendt som the Tump) var en middeladerborg ved landsbyen Brinklow i grevskabet Warwickshire mellem Coventry og Rugby.

Brinklow var tilsyneladende en forhistorisk gravhøj, hvorfra det har fået det oldengelske hlāw i navnet Brinklow som senere blev modificeret af Earl Alberic, den første normaniske herre over Brinklow, men han forlod sit jarldømme i Northumbria og mistede sin jord i England, inden Domesday Book blev skrevet omkring 1085. Hans land og titel blev dog ikke tabt inden Domesday Book blev skrevet, så der er gode optegnelser over, hvad han havde af land.

Brinklow er en stor motte-and-baileyfæstning: motten er 12 m høj og den oprindelige bailey var 121 m bred og 152 m lang, senere er baileyen blevet formindsket ved at grave en voldgrav og en vold tværs igennem bailyen. Det tyder på, at Brinklow langsomt mistede sin betydning.

Kildehenvisninger

Referencer

Litteratur
 Creighton C, 2002: Castles and Landscapes Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. Equinox, Great Britain
 Chatwin P, 1955: Brandon Castle, Warwickshire, Birmingham and Warwickshire archaeology society, 73, 63-83
 Holt, J. 1972: Politics and Property in Early Medieval England, Past and Present, 57, 3-52
 Williams A (Ed), Martin GH (Ed), 2003: Domesday book, A complete Translation. Penguin books, England

Eksterne henvisninger
 Brinklow Village Website - The Tump
 Brinklow Castle 1
 Brinklow Castle 2
 Fry, Plantagenet Somerset, The David & Charles Book of Castles, David & Charles, 1980.

Slotte i Warwickshire

Brinklow Castle


Henry Fairfax peut désigner :
 Henry Fairfax (1588-1665), prêtre et universitaire anglais ;
 Henry Fairfax (1631-1688),  pair et homme politique écossais ;
 Henry Fairfax (1634-1702), doyen de Norwich et universitaire anglais ;
 Henry Fairfax (1837-1900), amiral britannique.

Henry Fairfax


David Scott Dave Foley (født 4. januar 1963 i Etobicoke, Ontario) er en canadisk skuespiller, instruktør, producent og stand-up komiker. Sammen med Kevin McDonald, Bruce McCulloch, Mark McKinney og Scott Thompson stod han bag en sitcom kaldet Kids in the Hall.

Foley har også medvirket i andre sitcoms som NewsRadio, samt en række film. I 1998, medvirkede han i Pixars anden film Græsrødderne, som hovedperson, Flik, en myre der forsøger at vinde respekt for hans koloni. Hans film arbejde omfatter også Sky High, Stark Raving Mad, California Dreaming og Monsters University.

I 2011 blev Foley citeret for, at han som et resultat af manglende betaling af børnebidrag, kan stå over for fængsel, hvis han vender tilbage til Canada.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Canada
Standupkomikere

Dave Foley


كيمورا ساأوري (木村沙織) (مواليد 19 أغسطس 1986) لاعبة كرة طائرة يابانية تلعب لصالح فريق توراي أروز.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Toray Arrows Women's Volleyvall Team
 FIVB VOLLEYBALL World Cup 2007
 beijing2008 BIO

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
حائزون على ميداليات في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2006
فائزون بميداليات أولمبية في كرة الطائرة
فائزون بميداليات برونزية أولمبية من اليابان
فائزون بميداليات فضية في الألعاب الآسيوية لليابان
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب الآسيوية في كرة الطائرة
لاعبات كرة طائرة دوليات من اليابان
لاعبات كرة طائرة يابانيات
لاعبو كرة طائرة أولمبيون من اليابان
لاعبو كرة طائرة في الألعاب الآسيوية 2006
لاعبو كرة طائرة في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2004
لاعبو كرة طائرة في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008
لاعبو كرة طائرة في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
لاعبو كرة طائرة في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
مواليد 1986
مواليد في ياشيو (سايتاما)
يابانيات في القرن 20
يابانيات في القرن 21
يابانيون مغتربون في تركيا

كيمورا ساأوري


Enterprise er en by i den sydøstlige del af staten Alabama i USA. Byen ligger i Coffee County og Dale County. Byen har  indbyggere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Alabama

Enterprise (Alabama)


José Luis Sanz García (Soria, 11 de marzo de 1948) es un paleontólogo y divulgador científico español especializado en el estudio de los dinosaurios, siendo autor o coautor de ocho nuevos géneros de dinosaurios.

Actividad
Como investigador destaca por el descubrimiento y estudio de las aves primitivas Iberomesornis romerali, Concornis lacustris y Eoalulavis hoyasi y de los dinosaurios Aragosaurus ischiaticus, Pelecanimimus polyodon y Concavenator corcovatus.
Como divulgador ha publicado o colaborado en doce libros, entre los que destacan Mitología de los dinosaurios, Dinosaurios, los señores del pasado y Cazadores de dragones.
Ha sido catedrático de Paleontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid hasta su jubilación en 2018, pero en la que continúa como profesor emérito. Es académico de número de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (medalla 17). Ha sido director del proyecto de excavación del yacimiento de Las Hoyas (Cuenca). Además ostenta el cargo de director técnico de los museos paleontológicos de Elche y Arnedo.

José Luis Sanz aparece entrevistado como especialista en documentales como Los albores del Kaiju Eiga (Bellés, 2019), sobre la historia del cinematográfico Godzilla, o El valle de Concavenator (Matellano, 2022), sobre el dinosaurio conquense.

Obra

Libros
 Sanz, J. L. (1985). «Dinosaurios». En: Melendez, B. (coord.) Paleontología. Paraninfo, 2: 311-392.
 López Martínez, N. y Sanz, J. L. (1986). «Vertebrados». En: López Martínez, N. (Ed.): Guía de Campo de los Fósiles de España. Madrid: Editorial Pirámide: 367-400
 Sanz, J. L., Buscalioni, A. D., Moratalla, J. J., Francés, V. y Antón, M. (1990). Los reptiles mesozoicos del registro español. C.S.I.C. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Monografías, 2. 79 págs. ISBN 84-00-07036-4 [en los ejemplares figura «ISBN 84-7476-133-6»]
 Sanz, J. L. y Buscalioni, A. D. (Coords.) (1992). Los dinosaurios y su entorno biótico. Ayuntamiento de Cuenca, Instituto "Juan de Valdés". Actas académicas, 4. 397 págs. ISBN 84-86788-14-5
 Sanz, J. L. (1999). Los dinosaurios voladores. Historia evolutiva de las aves primitivas. Ediciones Libertarias/Prodhufi, S.A. Mundo Vivo. 239 págs. ISBN 84-7954-493-7
 Sanz, J. L. (1999). Mitología de los dinosaurios. Editorial Taurus. Pensamiento. 206 págs. ISBN 84-306-0348-4
 Sanz, J. L. (2000). Dinosaurios. Los señores del pasado. Ediciones Martínez Roca. El árbol del saber. 306 págs. ISBN 978-84-270-2517-2
 Sanz, J. L. (2002). Starring T. rex!. Dinosaur mythology and popular culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 153 págs. ISBN 0253341531
 Barrett, P. y Sanz, J. L. (2003). Dinosaurier. Giganten der Urzeit. Arena. 191 págs. ISBN 978-3401051345
 Sanz, J. L. (2007). Cazadores de dragones. Historia del descubrimiento e investigación de los dinosaurios. Editorial Ariel. 420 págs. ISBN 978-84-344-5316-6
 Sanz, J. L. (Ed.) (2007). Los dinosaurios en el siglo XXI. Tusquets. Metatemas, 99. 392 págs. ISBN 978-84-8383-030-7
 Sanz, J. L. (2012). Pequeña historia de los dinosaurios. Espasa Libros. 192 págs. ISBN 978-84-670-0889-0

Artículos destacados

 Sanz, J. L., Buscalioni, A. D., Casanovas, M. L. y Santafé, J. V. (1987). «Dinosaurios del Cretácico Inferior de Galve (Teruel, España)». Estudios geológicos, volumen extraordinario Galve-Tremp: 45-64
 Sanz, J. L., Bonaparte, J. F. y Lacasa, A. (1988). «Unusual Early Cretaceous birds from Spain», Nature, 331: 433–435
 Sanz, J. L. y Bonaparte, J. F. (1992). «A New Order of Birds (Class Aves) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain». In Jonathan J. Becker (ed.). Papers in avian paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, 36: 38-49
 Sanz, J. L. y Buscalioni, A. D. (1992). «A new bird from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain, and the early radiation of birds». Palaeontology, 35: 829-845
 Pérez-Moreno, B. P.; Sanz, J. L.; Buscalioni, A. D.; Moratalla, J. J.; Ortega, F. y Raskin-Gutman, D. (1994). «A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain». Nature, 30: 363-367.
 Sanz J. L. y Buscalioni, A. D. (1994). «An isolated bird foot from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Las Hoyas (Cuenca, Spain)». Géobios, Mémoire Spéciale 16: 213-217
 Sanz, J. L., Moratalla, J., Díaz-Molina, M., López-Martínez, N., Kälin, O. y Vianey-Liaud, M. (1995). «Dinosaur nest at the sea shore». Nature, 376: 731-732
 Sanz, J. L.; Chiappe, L. M.; Pérez-Moreno, B. P.; Buscalioni, A. D.; Moratalla, J. J.; Ortega, F. y Poyato-Ariza, F. J. (1996). «An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight». Nature, 382(6590): 442-445.
 Sanz, J. L., Chiappe, L. M., Pérez-Moreno, B. P., Moratalla, J. J., Hernández-Carrasquilla, F., Buscalioni, A. D., Ortega, F., Poyato-Ariza, F. J., Rasskin-Gutman, D. y Martínez-Delclòs, X. (1997) «A nestling bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain: implications for avian skull and neck evolution». Science, 276 (junio, 1997): 1543-1546
 Ortega, F.; Escaso, F. y Sanz, J. L. (2010). «A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain». Nature, 467(7312): 203-206. . ISSN 0028-0836.
 Meseguer, J.; Chiappe, L. M.; Sanz, J. L.; Ortega, F.; Sanz-Andrés, A.; Pérez-Grande, I. y Franchini, S. (2012). «Lift devices in the flight of Archaeopteryx». Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 27(2): 125-130

Artículos de divulgación
 Sanz, J. L. (1988). «Filogenia de las primeras aves». Investigación y Ciencia, 140: 42-43.
 Sanz, J. L. y Pérez-Moreno, B. P. (1995). «Ornitomimosaurio hallado en Cuenca». Investigación y Ciencia, 221: 31-33.
 Sanz, J. L. y Ortega, F. (1998). «Alas en la Iberia del Mesozoico». National Geographic España, 3(1): 100-105
 Sanz, J. L. y Pérez-Moreno, B. P. (1999). «Las aves de Las Hoyas». Investigación y Ciencia, 271: 52-57.

Reconocimientos
 En 2014 fue seleccionado por la revista Quo, en colaboración con el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y el Consejo Superior de Deportes, para la primera «Selección Española de la Ciencia», compuesta por trece científicos españoles destacados a escala internacional.

Taxones dedicados
 Hoyalacerta sanzi, un lagarto del Barremiense de Las Hoyas, Cuenca.
 Tastavinsaurus sanzi, un dinosaurio del Aptiense de Teruel.
 Triangulochrysopa sanzi, un insecto neuróptero del Barremiense de Las Hoyas, Cuenca.

Referencias

 Laursen, L. (2010) Crested dinosaur pushes back dawn of feathers Naturenews, consultado el 16 de septiembre de 2011.

Enlaces externos

 Ficha y perfil del investigador en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
 «Introducción Ilmo. Sr. D. José Luis Sanz García ». Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales.
 Entrevista en El País (17 de septiembre de 2010).
 «La importancia de Darwin» Vídeo (2009), en elmundo.es.
 Savater, Fernando (2008). Doctor «Dino». Investigadores del 2008 con ELPAÍS.com. Los 100 del año. El País Semanal.

Paleontólogos de España
Geólogos de España del siglo XX
Escritores de divulgación científica
Catedráticos de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Científicos de Castilla y León
Académicos numerarios de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales
Geólogos de España del siglo XXI
Selección Española de la Ciencia
Nacidos en Soria

José Luis Sanz


A Diocese de Palayamkottai (Latim:Dioecesis Palayamkottaiensis) é uma diocese localizada no município de Palayamkottai, no estado de Tâmil Nadu, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Madurai na Índia. Foi fundada em 17 de maio de 1973 pelo Papa Paulo VI. Com uma população católica de 135.257 habitantes, sendo 3,9% da população total, possui 56 paróquias com dados de 2020.

História

Em 17 de maio de 1973 o Papa Paulo VI cria a Diocese de Palayamkottai através do território da Arquidiocese de Madurai.

Lista de bispos
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação da diocese em 1973.

Ligações externas

Palayamkottai
Palayamkottai

Diocese de Palayamkottai


Heribert Jone (nascido em 30 de janeiro de 1885 em Schelklingen / Württemberg na Alemanha, falecido em 25 de dezembro de 1967 em Stühlingen) foi um padre católico, canonista e teólogo moral.

Entrou na ordem dos capuchinhos em 1904 e foi ordenado sacerdote em 1910 em Colônia. No ano seguinte iniciou os estudos de direito da igreja na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana de Roma, mas foi interrompido enquanto era missionário nas Carolinas do Pacífico de 1913 a 1919. Depois de voltar para casa, completou seus estudos e em 1922 tornou-se um doutor em direito canônico.

De 1924 a 1949 foi docente na escola religiosa capuchinha de Münster e, a partir de 1925, simultaneamente juiz do tribunal eclesiástico da diocese de Münster.

Ele ganhou grande importância internacional para a Igreja Católica através de suas duas obras principais, um comentário sobre Direito Canônico ao Codex Iuris Canonici e uma obra sobre teologia moral católica.

Referências

Literatura

 Wilhelm Lederer: Pater Dr. Heribert Jone: Ein Leben für Gott und die Wissenschaft 1885-1967. Schelklingen: Stadtarchiv, 1988 (Schelklinger Hefte, 13).
Nascidos em 1885
Mortos em 1967
Padres católicos da Alemanha
Missionários da Alemanha
Missionários católicos
Teólogos da Alemanha
Teologia moral católica
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana

Heribert Jone


Cat Stevens veya Yusuf İslam (doğum adıyla Steven Demetre Georgiou; d. 21 Temmuz 1948, Londra), İngiliz müzisyen, şarkıcı ve şarkı sözü yazarıdır. Müzik tarzı folk, pop, rock ve İslamî müzikten oluşmaktadır. 1977'de Müslüman olmuş ve bundan bir yıl sonra adını "Yusuf İslam" olarak değiştirmiştir. Dünya çapında 100 milyondan fazla plak satmış ve 2 milyardan fazla dinlenmeye sahip olmuştur.

Asıl adı Steven Demetre Georgiou olan sanatçı, çoğu 1960'lı ve 1970'li yıllarda olmak üzere çoğunluğu Cat Stevens mahlasıyla 60 milyondan fazla albüm sattı. "Wild World", "Father and Son", "Morning Has Broken", "Peace Train", "The First Cut Is the Deepest" ve "Lady D'Arbanville" gibi ünlü parçalarıyla hatırlanmaktadır. Sanatçı, 2014 yılında Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (Rock and Roll Efsaneler Müzesi)'ne dâhil edilmiştir.

Çocukluğu ve gençliği

21 Temmuz 1948 tarihinde Londra'da doğdu. Kıbrıslı Rum bir babanın ve İsveçli bir annenin üçüncü çocuğu olan Cat Stevens'ın asıl adı Steven Demetre Georgiou'dur.

Babası Yunan Ortodoksu olmasına rağmen, Steven bir Katolik okuluna gitti. 8 yaşındayken annesi ve babası boşandı. Bir süre beraber yaşadılarsa da, annesi oğlunu alıp İsveç'e döndü. 16 yaşındayken okulu bıraktı, daha sonra Sanat Okulu'na girdi ama oradan da ayrıldı.

Müzik kariyeri
İlk hit parçasını ve albümünü 18 yaşındayken yaptı. "I Love my Dog" şarkısı Cat Stevens'ın doğuşu anlamına geliyordu. 1966 yılında Matthew and Son albümünü piyasaya sürdü. Bu dönemde Cat Stevens ismini aldı. 1967'de yayımlanan New Masters albümü fazla tutulmadı, bu albüm sonradan birçok kişi tarafından yorumlanan The First Cut Is the Deepest parçasıyla hatırlanır.

1968'in başında 19 yaşındayken Stevens tüberküloza yakalandı. Bu süre zarfında içsel bir değişim ve meditasyon sürecine başladı. Aylarca hastanede yattığından müziğe tekrar dönmesi 1970'i buldu.

1970'te yayımladığı folk müzik temeline oturtulmuş, önceki albümlerinden de biraz farklı sayılan Mona Bone Jakon yayımladı. Bu albümde o dönemki aşkı Patti D'Arbanville için yazılmış (daha sonra bir klasik halini alan) "Lady D'Arbanville" parçası da yer alır. Cat Stevens, 1970'in ikinci yarısında yayımladığı uluslararası bir başarı yakalayan Tea for the Tillerman albümüyle yoluna devam etti. Wild World parçası bu albümdeki en beğenilen ve popüler parça oldu.

Kendine has bir müzik oluşturan Stevens 1971'de çıkardığı Teaser and the Firecat albümüyle başarının tadını çıkarmaya devam etti. Bu albümde "Peace Train", "Morning Has Broken" ve "Moonshadow" gibi birçok hit parça yer alıyordu. 70'li yıllarda yeni albümler yayımlamaya devam etti.

Müslüman oluşu

1976 yılında bir kaza sonrası boğulmak üzere olan ve Tanrı'ya yakaran Cat Stevens, yıllar sonra VH1 kanalında o anda şunları aklından geçirdiğini söylemiştir: ''Oh God! If you save me I will work for you.'' (Tanrım, eğer beni kurtarırsan senin için çalışacağım).

İslami çalışmaları sırasında Cat, Joseph'in hikâyesine güçlü bir yakınlık hissetti ve Arapça karşılığını yeni adı olarak almaya karar verdi ve 1978'de Yusuf İslam oldu. Daha sonra şöhretten ve bir müzik yıldızı olarak kariyerinden uzaklaşarak dünyayı şaşırttı. Bir aile kurdu ve kendini hayır işlerine adayarak sahnelerden uzaklaştı, hatta müzik şirketlerinden artık albümlerinin dağıtılmamasını rica etti fakat bu talebi reddedildi. 1995'te The Life of the Last Prophet ile başlayarak kendi plak şirketi Light of Mountain ile kayıt yapmaya başladı. 2000'den itibaren daha genç bir dinleyici kitlesi için albümler üzerinde yoğunlaştı ve A is for Allah ve I Look I See gibi İslam dünyasındaki çocuklar için en popüler CD'lerden bazılarının prodüktörlüğünü yaptı. 2006 yılında oğlunun evinde eline aldığı gitar ile birlikte bu kararını 28 yıl sonra değiştirdi. Önce kendi eski şarkısı olan Father and Son şarkısını Ronan Keating ile söyledi. Ardından 2006 yılında An Other Cup albümünü çıkardı. Ardından, 5 Mayıs 2009'da olumlu eleştiriler alan albümü Roadsinger piyasaya çıktı. Müzisyen son olarak 2014 yılının sonlarında Tell 'Em I'm Gone isimli son albümünü piyasaya çıkarttı.

Şu an eşi Fauzia Mubarak Ali ve altı çocuğuyla birlikte Londra'da yaşamaktadır.

Hayır İşleri
Evlendikten ve çocuk sahibi olduktan sonra Yusuf, eğitim ve insani yardımla yoğun bir şekilde ilgilenmeye başladı. Muslim Aid hayır kurumunun kurulmasına yardım etti ve Afrika, Asya ve Avrupa'daki ilk girişimlerine doğrudan katıldı. Buna ek olarak, 1983'te Kuzey Londra'da bir Müslüman ilkokulu kurdu. Yıllarca süren aralıksız kampanyalardan sonra, 1998'de okula, Birleşik Krallık'ta tarihi bir ilk olan hibeli statü verildi.

1990'ların sonunda Yusuf ve eşi Fawziah, Balkanlar'daki yıkıcı çatışmalara yanıt olarak Small Kindness hayır kurumunu kurdu. Hayır kurumu, çabalarını yetimlerin, dulların ve ailelerin ihtiyaçlarına odakladı. Small Kindness, insani felaketlerin savunmasız mağdurlarına yardım etmeye devam etmektedir.

11 Eylül'ün trajik olayları, Yusuf'u bir kez daha küresel sahneye çıkmaya motive etti. Medyada vahşete, fanatizme ve savaşa karşı sesini yükseltti, barış ve birlik çağrısında bulundu. Eski repertuarının bir kısmını, özellikle mesajı nedeniyle ''Peace Train''i yeniden dinleyicisine sundu.

2003 yılında Yusuf, "hayatını muhtaçlara ve hastalara yardım etmeye adadığı" için Uluslararası Dünya Ödülleri Jürisinden Almanya'da 'Dünya Sosyal Ödülü' aldı. Ve 2004 yılında, "binlerce çocuğun ve ebeveynlerinin acılarını hafifletmek ve kendini barışı teşvik etmeye, insanları uzlaştırmaya adamaya adadığı için" Nobel barış ödüllülerden oluşan bir komite adına Mihail Gorbaçov tarafından Barış Adamı ödülüne layık görüldü.

Albümler

Cat Stevens adıyla
 Matthew & Son (1966)
 New Masters (1967)
 Mona Bone Jakon (1970)
 Tea for the Tillerman (1970)
 Teaser and the Firecat (1971)
 Catch Bull at Four (1972)
 Foreigner (1973)
 Buddha and the Chocolate Box (1974)
 Saturnight (Live in Tokyo) (1974)
 Numbers (1975)
 Izitso (1977)
 Back to Earth (1978)
 Majikat (2005)
 Gold (2005 derleme)
 My lady d'arbanville
 Birçok derleme ve antoloji

Yusuf İslam adıyla

 The Life of the Last Prophet (1995)
 I Have No Cannons that Roar (1998)
 Prayers of the Last Prophet (1999)
 A is for Allah (2000)
 I Look I See (2003)
 Footsteps In The Light (2006)
 An Other Cup (2006)
 Roadsinger (2009)
 Tell 'Em I'm Gone (2014)

Kaynakça

1948 doğumlular
Londra doğumlu erkek şarkıcılar
1960'ların şarkıcıları
1970'lerin şarkıcıları
1980'lerin şarkıcıları
1990'ların şarkıcıları
2000'lerin şarkıcıları
2010'ların şarkıcıları
2020'lerin şarkıcıları
Britanyalı erkek pop şarkıcıları
Britanyalı söz yazarları
Britanyalı besteciler
İngiliz folk şarkıcılar
Britanyalı vejetaryenler
İsveç asıllı Britanyalılar
Kıbrıs Rumu asıllı Britanyalılar
Ivor Novello Ödülü sahipleri
A&M Records sanatçıları
Müslüman olanlar
Elektropop
Yaşayan insanlar
Island Records sanatçıları
Akustik gitaristler
Atlantic Records sanatçıları
Müslüman olan Hristiyanlar
Decca Records sanatçıları
Deram Records sanatçıları
İngiliz Müslümanlar
İnsani yardımlarda bulunan İngilizler
İngiliz erkek gitaristler
İngiliz erkek şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
İngiliz çok enstrüman çalanlar
Kıbrıs Rumu asıllı İngilizler
İsveç asıllı İngilizler
İngiliz hayırseverler
İngiliz pop şarkıcıları
İngiliz rock gitaristleri
İngiliz rock klavyecileri
İngiliz rock piyanistleri
İngiliz rock şarkıcıları
Synth-pop şarkıcıları

Cat Stevens


Robert Jardine peut faire référence à :

  (1825-1905) homme d'affaires et baronnet écossais
  (1812-1866), homme d'affaires canadien
  (1864-1941), footballeur écossais
  (1862–1932), Néo-Écossais et professeur de sage-femme à Glasgow, Écosse
  (1878–1950), prêtre de l'Église d'Angleterre

Robert Jardine


1864, Sønner af de slagne er en bog skrevet af historikeren Rasmus Glenthøj.

Bogen blev udgivet i 2014 på Gads Forlag.

Bogen tegner en linje fra tabet af Norge i 1814 til nederlaget i 1864. Glenthøj argumenterer for, at slaget på Dybbøl var udtryk for, at Danmark var underlagt europæisk storpolitik og i kraft af tabet af Norge ikke havde styrke til af egen kraft at gennemtvinge de politiske løsninger, som ville kunne have afværget krigen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danmarks historie
Historiebøger

1864, Sønner af de slagne


Juan Carlos Leaño Del Castillo (Guadalajara, 22 de novembro de 1977) é um ex-futebolista mexicano que atuava como zagueiro.

Biografia
Leaño nasceu em Guadalajara e estreou profissionalmente no Tecos Fútbol Club, cujo presidente era seu pai, José Antonio Leaño. Ele fez sua estreia na Primera División Mexicana  em 4 de setembro de 1998 em uma vitória por 4–1 sobre o Puebla. No entanto, ele conquistou uma vaga entre os onze titulares apenas alguns anos depois e foi nomeado capitão da equipe, vestindo a camisa 27 ao longo de sua carreira. Ele marcou seu primeiro gol na liga em 16 de novembro de 2003, no empate de 2 a 2 contra o Pumas UNAM. Apesar de jogar continuamente na primeira divisão, a equipe do Tecos não obteve muito sucesso tanto no cenário nacional quanto no internacional, muito mais frequentemente se defendendo do rebaixamento. Na única grande conquista, o vice-campeonato do México no Clausura 2005, Leaño não participou, nenhuma vez saindo dos gramados do campeonato nessas partidas.   Em 2010, conquistou o vice-campeonato com o Tecos em jogos da InterLiga, graças ao qual pôde disputar o torneio da Copa Libertadores, porém, foi eliminado com sua equipe na fase preliminar, não conseguindo se classificar para a fase de grupos. Encerrou a carreira no futebol aos 34 anos, após o rebaixamento do Tecos para a segunda divisão, tornando-se membro da diretoria do clube.

Veja também

 Lista de futebolistas que defenderam apenas um clube

Referências

Ligações externas

 Juan Carlos Leaño. em Soccerway

Nascidos em 1977
Naturais de Guadalajara (México)
Futebolistas do México

Juan Carlos Leaño


انهيار سوق الأوراق المالية 1973-1974 هو الانهيار لأسواق الأوراق المالية الذي استمر بين يناير 1973 وديسمبر 1974، وأثر على جميع أسواق الأوراق المالية الرئيسية في العالم، ولا سيما المملكة المتحدة ()، كانت واحدة من أسوأ حالات الركود سوق الأوراق المالية في التاريخ الحديث، وجاء الحادث بعد انهيار نظام بريتون وودز على مدى سنتين، وصاحب ذلك 'صدمة نيكسون' في الولايات المتحدة وانخفاض قيمة الدولار في إطار اتفاقية سميثسونيان. وضاعف التأثير اندلاع أزمة النفط عام 1973 في أكتوبر من ذلك العام.

انعكاس المؤشر
في 694 يوما بين 11 يناير 1973 و6 ديسمبر 1974، كان مؤشر داو جونز الصناعي في بورصة نيويورك فقد أكثر من 45% من قيمته، مما جعله يتحمل سابع أسوأ هبوط في تاريخ المؤشر.

1972 كان عاما جيدا ل(DJIA)، مع تحقيق مكاسب بلغت 15 ٪ في اثني عشر شهرا، كان من المتوقع ان يكون عام 1973 أفضل، مع تقرير مجلة التايم، لكن بعدها بثلاثة أيام فقط بدا الانهيار، وفي العامين من 1972 إلى 1974، تباطأ نمو الاقتصاد الأميريكي من نمو الناتج المحلي بقيمة 7.2 ٪ ليتقصل إلي -2.1 ٪، في حين أن التضخم قفز من 3.4 ٪ في عام 1972 إلى 12.3 ٪ في عام 1974.

وكان أسوأ أثر في المملكة المتحدة، وخاصة على بورصة لندن التي فقدت 73% من قيمتها خلال الحادث. من 5.1 ٪ نمو في ناتج المحلي الإجمالي الحقيقي في عام 1972، لينتكس عام 1974 وينخفض الناتج المحلي الإجمالي 1.1 ٪. وفي ذلك الوقت، سوق العقارات في المملكة المتحدة كان يمر بأزمة كبرى، وأزمة مصرفية ثانوية [5]، في المملكة المتحدة، تم رفع تجميد الإيجارات في 19 ديسمبر 1974، وتم السماح بتعديل أسعار العقارات ؛ خلال السنة التالية، أسعار الأسهم ارتفعت بنسبة 150 ٪. [5] ولكن، خلافا للولايات المتحدة، استمرار التضخم في الارتفاع، إلى 25 ٪ في عام 1975، ليفسح المجال لعصر من الركود.

الشفاء من الصدمة
وصلت جميع مؤشرات الأسهم الرئيسية للدول الصناعية السبع الكبرى إلى أدنى مستوياته ما بين سبتمبر وديسمبر 1974، بعد أن فقدت على الأقل 34 ٪ من قيمة الأسهم الاسمية، و 43 ٪ من القيمة الحقيقية.

وفي جميع الحالات، فإن الانتعاش كان عملية بطيئة، ورغم أن ألمانيا الغربية كان السوق الأسرع استردادا لقيمته، فعاد إلى المستوى الاسمي خلال ثمانية عشر شهرا، لكنه لم يعود إلى نفس المستوى الحقيقي حتى يونيو 1985، المملكة المتحدة لم تعد إلى نفس مستوى السوق حتى مايو 1987 (قبل بضعة أشهر فقط من حادث الاثنين الأسود)، في حين أن الولايات المتحدة لا تعد إلى نفس المستوى من حيث القيمة الحقيقية حتى أغسطس 1993، بعد أكثر من 20 عاما على الانهيار.

انظر أيضا
أزمة النفط (1973)

المراجع

الاقتصاد في 1973
الاقتصاد في 1974
انهيارات أسواق المال

انهيار سوق الأوراق المالية (1973-1974)


Arhavi Kültür ve Sanat Festivali, ilk kez 1973 yılında dönemin Arhavi Kaymakamı Erol Ertuğrul tarafından gündeme getirildi. Belediye başkanı Kazım Kurtoğlu'nun katkıları ile İlçe Turizm yasası gereği kurulan komite ile 1-3 Temmuz 1973 tarihleri arasında, ağırlığı müzik, folklor, spor ve sanatsal etkinliklerin düzenlendiği organizasyon oldu.

Kaymakamlık, Halk Eğitim Müdürlüğü, Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü çalışanları, Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası ile Arhavili gençlerin katılımı ile oluşan komitenin düzenlediği festival, Doğu Karadeniz yöresinin ilk organize şenliğidir. Önceki yıllarda Kabotaj Bayramını da içine alan festival, sonraki yıllarda yörenin en etkin geleneksel sporu olan atmacacılığı da bünyesine katmak isteyen komitenin aldığı karar gereği atmaca mevsiminin başlangıcı olan eylül ayına alındı ve adı da "Altın Atmaca Kültür ve Sanat Festivali" olarak değiştirildi. Sonraları Türkiye'nin Doğal Yaban Hayvanları Koruma Kararı gereği Bern Sözleşmesini imzalaması ile atmacacılık yasaklandı. Bu yasak festivali etkiledi ve Altın Atmaca adının kaldırılarak ilk adı olan "Arhavi Kültür ve Sanat Festivali"'ne dönüştü.

12 Eylül 1980 sonrası 3 yıl kesintiye uğrayan festival, 1985 yılında yeniden düzenlenmeye başladı. İlk günkü heyecan ve şevkle düzenlenen festival, 1991 yılında dönemin Belediye Başkanı Mehmet Çorbacı tarafından davet edilen 17 yabancı ülkenin sanat elçileri ile birlikte organize edildi ve dünyaya barış ve kardeşlik mesajı verildi.

Arhavi Kültür ve Sanat Festivali, festival boyunca yöreye canlılık kazandırarak yörenin ticari ve turizm potansiyelini artırdığı gibi yapılan sportif etkinliklerle birçok sporcuyu Türkiye'ye tanıttı. Boks ve atletizmde birçok birincilikler alan bu sporcular, bu etkinlikler ile adını duyurdu. Müzik yarışmaları da yine çok sayıda sanatçının Türkiye çapında tanınmasında önemli rol oynadı. Ünlü ses sanatçılarından Cengiz Kurtoğlu ve Zihni Cihan bunlardandır. Arhavi Kültür ve Sanat Festivali, diğer ilçelere de örnek oldu ve çeşitli özellikleri ile ilkleri gerçekleştirdi.

40. Uluslararası Arhavi Kültür ve Sanat Festivali
Gündüz etkinliklerinde hamsili ekmek ve laz böreği yapma yarışması, fındık ayıklama yarışması, çay toplama yarışması, aykırı hızarla odun kesme yarışması, dibekle mısır ayıklama yarışması, dik hızarla tahta biçme yarışması gibi yöresel yarışmalar ve birçok sportif yarışma yapıldı.

Gece etkinliklerinde ise Grup Albatros, Grup Oropa, Turan Ustabaş, Tolga Kurdoğlu, Grup Anjiyo, Shurumshine, Karmate, Selçuk Balcı gibi yöresel ve Özgün, Cengiz Kurtoğlu ve Kubat gibi ulusal sanatçılar yer aldı.

Artvin ilinde kültür
Türkiye'deki kültür festivalleri
Uluslararası festivaller
Arhavi
Türkiye'deki sanat festivalleri


Narlı, Sincik, Adıyaman ili Sincik ilçesine bağlı köy
 Narlı,Erdek, Balıkesir ili Erdek ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Narlı, Laçin, Çorum ili Laçin ilçesine bağlı belde
 Narlı, Kale, Denizli ili Kale ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Narlı, Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş ili Pazarcık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Narlı, Eşme, Uşak ili Eşme ilçesine bağlı köy

Narlı


Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single-cell green alga about 10 micrometres in diameter that swims with two flagella. It has a cell wall made of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, a large cup-shaped chloroplast, a large pyrenoid, and an eyespot that senses light.

Chlamydomonas species are widely distributed worldwide in soil and fresh water. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an especially well studied biological model organism, partly due to its ease of culturing and the ability to manipulate its genetics. When illuminated, C. reinhardtii can grow photoautotrophically, but it can also grow in the dark if supplied with organic carbon. Commercially, C. reinhardtii is of interest for producing biopharmaceuticals and biofuel, as well being a valuable research tool in making hydrogen.

History
The C. reinhardtii wild-type laboratory strain c137 (mt+) originates from an isolate collected near Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1945 by Gilbert M. Smith.

The species' name has been spelled several different ways because of different transliterations of the name from Russian:  reinhardi, reinhardii, and reinhardtii all refer to the same species, C. reinhardtii Dangeard.

Model organism

Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for research on fundamental questions in cell and molecular biology such as:

 How do cells move?
 How do cells respond to light?
 How do cells recognize one another?
 How do cells generate regular, repeatable flagellar waveforms?
 How do cells regulate their proteome to control flagellar length?
 How do cells respond to changes in mineral nutrition? (nitrogen, sulfur, etc.)

There are many known mutants of C. reinhardtii. These mutants are useful tools for studying a variety of biological processes, including flagellar motility, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis. Since Chlamydomonas species are normally haploid, the effects of mutations are seen immediately without further crosses.

In 2007, the complete nuclear genome sequence of C. reinhardtii was published.

Channelrhodopsin-1 and Channelrhodopsin-2, proteins that function as light-gated cation channels, were originally isolated from C. reinhardtii. These proteins and others like them are increasingly widely used in the field of optogenetics.

Mitochondrial significance

The genome of C. reinhardtii is significant for mitochondrial study as it is one species where the genes for 6 of the 13 proteins encoded for the mitochondria are found in the nucleus of the cell, leaving 7 in the mitochondria. In all other species these genes are present only in the mitochondria and are unable to be allotopically expressed. This is significant for the testing and development of therapies for genetic mitochondrial diseases.

Reproduction
Vegetative cells of reinhardtii species are haploid with 17 small chromosomes. Under nitrogen starvation, vegetative cells differentiate into haploid gametes. There are two mating types, identical in appearance, thus isogamous, and known as mt(+) and mt(-), which can fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote is not flagellated, and it serves as a dormant form of the species in the soil. In the light, the zygote undergoes meiosis and releases four flagellated haploid cells that resume the vegetative lifecycle.

Under ideal growth conditions, cells may sometimes undergo two or three rounds of mitosis before the daughter cells are released from the old cell wall into the medium. Thus, a single growth step may result in 4 or 8 daughter cells per mother cell.

The cell cycle of this unicellular green algae can be synchronized by alternating periods of light and dark. The growth phase is dependent on light, whereas, after a point designated as the transition or commitment point, processes are light-independent.

Eye spot

C. reinhardtii has an eyespot similar to that of dinoflagellates. The eyespot is located near the cell equator. It is composed of a carotenoid-rich granule layer in the chloroplast which act like a light reflector. The main function of the eyespot is the phototaxis, which consist of the movement (with the flagella) related to a light stimulus. The phototaxis is crucial for the alga and allows for localization of the environment with optimal light conditions for photosynthesis. Phototaxis can be positive or negative depending on the light intensity. The phototactic pathway consists of four steps leading to a change in the beating balance between the two flagella (the cis-flagellum which is the one closest to the eyespot, and the trans-flagellum which is the one farthest from the eyespot).

Genetics
The attractiveness of the algae as a model organism has recently increased with the release of several genomic resources to the public domain. The Chlre3 draft of the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome sequence prepared by Joint Genome Institute of the U.S. Dept of Energy comprises 1557 scaffolds totaling 120 Mb. Roughly half of the genome is contained in 24 scaffolds all at least 1.6 Mb in length. The current assembly of the nuclear genome is available online.

The ~15.8 Kb mitochondrial genome (database accession: NC_001638) is available online at the NCBI database. The complete ~203.8 Kb chloroplast genome (database accession: NC_005353) is available online.

In addition to genomic sequence data, there is a large supply of expression sequence data available as cDNA libraries and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Seven cDNA libraries are available online. A BAC library can be purchased from the Clemson University Genomics Institute. There are also two databases of >50 000 and >160 000 ESTs available online.

A genome-wide collection of mutants with mapped insertion sites covering most nuclear genes is available: https://www.chlamylibrary.org/.

The genome of C. reinhardtii has been shown to contain N6-Methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA), a mark common in prokaryotes but much rarer in eukaryotes. Some research has indicated that 6mA in Chlamydomonas may be involved in nucleosome positioning, as it is present in the linker regions between nucleosomes as well as near the transcription start sites of actively transcribed genes.

C. reinhardtii appears to be capable of several DNA repair processes.  These include recombinational repair, strand break repair and excision repair.

Experimental evolution

Chlamydomonas has been used to study different aspects of evolutionary biology and ecology. It is an organism of choice for many selection experiments because (1) it has a short generation time, (2) it is both an autotroph and a facultative heterotroph, (3) it can reproduce both sexually and asexually, and (4) there is a wealth of genetic information already available.

Some examples (nonexhaustive) of evolutionary work done with Chlamydomonas include the evolution of sexual reproduction, the fitness effect of mutations, and the effect of adaptation to different levels of CO2.

According to one frequently cited theoretical hypothesis, sexual reproduction (in contrast to asexual reproduction) is adaptively maintained in benign environments because it reduces mutational load by combining deleterious mutations from different lines of descent and increases mean fitness.  However, in a long-term experimental study of C. reinhardtii, evidence was obtained that contradicted this hypothesis. In sexual populations, mutation clearance was not found to occur and fitness was not found to increase.

Motion

C. reinhardtii swims thanks to its two flagella, in a movement analogous to human breaststroke. Repeating this elementary movement 50 times per second the algae have a mean velocity of 70 µm/s; the genetic diversity of the different strains results in a huge range of values for this quantity. After few seconds of run, an asynchronous beating of the two flagella leads to a random change of direction, a movement called "run and tumble". At a larger time and space scale, the random movement of the alga can be described as an active diffusion phenomenon.

DNA transformation techniques
Gene transformation occurs mainly by homologous recombination in the chloroplast and heterologous recombination in the nucleus. The C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome can be transformed using microprojectile particle bombardment or glass bead agitation, however this last method is far less efficient. The nuclear genome has been transformed with both glass bead agitation and electroporation. The biolistic procedure appears to be the most efficient way of introducing DNA into the chloroplast genome. This is probably because the chloroplast occupies over half of the volume of the cell providing the microprojectile with a large target. Electroporation has been shown to be the most efficient way of introducing DNA into the nuclear genome with maximum transformation frequencies two orders of magnitude higher than obtained using glass bead method.

Production of biopharmaceuticals
Genetically engineered C. reinhardtii has been used to produce a mammalian serum amyloid protein (needs citation), a human antibody protein (needs citation), human Vascular endothelial growth factor, a potential therapeutic Human Papillomavirus 16 vaccine, a potential malaria vaccine (an edible algae vaccine), and a complex designer drug that could be used to treat cancer.

Alternative protein source
C. reinhardtii is in production as a new algae-based nutritional source. Compared to Chlorella and Spirulina, C. reinhardtii was found to have more Alpha-linolenic acid, and a lower quantity of heavy metals while also containing all the essential amino acids and similar protein content. Triton Algae Innovations is developing a commercial alternative protein product made from C reinhardtii.

Clean source of hydrogen production

In 1939, the German researcher Hans Gaffron (1902–1979), who was at that time attached to the University of Chicago, discovered the hydrogen metabolism of unicellular green algae. C reinhardtii and some other green algae can, under specified circumstances, stop producing oxygen and convert instead to the production of hydrogen. This reaction by hydrogenase, an enzyme active only in the absence of oxygen, is short-lived. Over the next thirty years, Gaffron and his team worked out the basic mechanics of this photosynthetic hydrogen production by algae.

To increase the production of hydrogen, several tracks are being followed by the researchers.
 The first track is decoupling hydrogenase from photosynthesis. This way, oxygen accumulation can no longer inhibit the production of hydrogen. And, if one goes one step further by changing the structure of the enzyme hydrogenase, it becomes possible to render hydrogenase insensitive to oxygen. This makes a continuous production of hydrogen possible. In this case, the flux of electrons needed for this production no longer comes from the production of sugars but is drawn from the breakdown of its own stock of starch.
A second track is to interrupt temporarily, through genetic manipulation of hydrogenase, the photosynthesis process. This inhibits oxygen's reaching a level where it is able to stop the production of hydrogen.
The third track, mainly investigated by researchers in the 1950s, is chemical or mechanical methods of removal of O2 produced by the photosynthetic activity of the algal cells. These have included the addition of O2 scavengers, the use of added reductants, and purging the cultures with inert gases. However, these methods are not inherently scalable, and may not be applicable to applied systems. New research has appeared on the subject of removing oxygen from algae cultures, and may eliminate scaling problems.
The fourth track has been investigated, namely using copper salts to decouple hydrogenase action from oxygen production.
The fifth track has been suggested to reroute the photosynthetic electron flow from CO2 fixation in Calvin cycle to hydrogenase by applying short light pulses to anaerobic algae or by depleting the culture of CO2.

See also
 Protist locomotion#Biohybrid microswimmers
 D66 strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

References

Further reading
Aoyama, H., Kuroiwa, T. and Nakamura, S. 2009. The dynamic behaviour of mitochondria in living zygotes during maturation and meiosis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Phycol. 44: 497 - 507.

Jamers, A., Lenjou, M., Deraedt, P., van Bockstaele, D., Blust, R. and de Coen, W. 2009. Flow cytometric analysis of the cadmium-exposed green algae Chlamydomonas reinhadtii (Chlorophyceae). Eur. J. Phycol. 44: 541 - 550.

External links
 The Chlamydomonas Resource Center - "A central repository to receive, catalog, preserve, and distribute high-quality and reliable wild type and mutant cultures of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, as well as useful molecular reagents and kits for education and research."
 Plant Comparative Genomics portal - Chlamydomonas reinhardtii resources from the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute

 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell, life cycle, strains, mating types - archived database.

Chlamydomonadaceae
Plant models
Hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii


بلدية بارومان (بالإسبانية: Barromán) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية بارومان 207 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

بارومان


Letland - frihedens pris er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Jørgen Pedersen, Lisbeth Lyngse efter manuskript af Jørgen Pedersen, Lisbeth Lyngse.

Handling
I september 1991 anerkendte Sovjetunionen de baltiske landes uafhængighed. Estland, Letland og Litauen havde officielt genvundet deres selvstændighed efter halvtreds år som sovjetrepublikker. Og hvordan går det så? I Letland, hvis temperatur denne film tager fire år efter befrielsen, går det ikke så godt. I et land uden de store demokratiske traditioner har nationalister ønsket sig at vende tilbage til tiden før den russiske besættelse i 1940. Det betyder for eksempel, at den store russiske befolkning har fået fjernet alle rettigheder og i dag lever som statsløse. Det gør også ondt i økonomien, fordi tabet af arbejdspladser er enormt, og på landet lever man som i 30'erne. Men måske bliver det bedre om ti år, som en landmand meget forsigtigt håber!

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1995

Frihedens pris
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Letland - frihedens pris


Le drapeau du Territoire sous tutelle des îles du Pacifique (TTIP) est l'emblème de ce Territoire, formé de six districts insulaires du nord-ouest du Pacifique, et placé par l'Organisation des Nations unies sous la tutelle des États-Unis en 1947. Le drapeau fut en usage de 1962 à 1987.

La question d'un drapeau spécifique au TTIP apparaît pour la première fois fin , parce que les bateaux autochtones ne pouvaient légalement arborer le drapeau des États-Unis. En , un premier concours est lancé pour le choix du drapeau, mais il ne rencontre pas de succès. Les habitants craignent que l'adoption d'un drapeau autonome ne serve de prétexte à un affaiblissement des liens économiques avec les Américains, voire qu'il ne devienne un obstacle à une future intégration au sein des États-Unis, souhaitée par les populations des îles Mariannes du Nord.

Un deuxième concours est organisé en  par le Département de l'Intérieur des États-Unis. La proposition gagnante de Gonzalo Santos, est adoptée par le Conseil de Micronésie le , et officialisé par un vote au Congrès de Micronésie et par le haut-commissaire du TTIP en . Le drapeau cesse d'être utilisé le  avec la dissolution du TTIP et l'indépendance ou l'union des anciens districts avec les États-Unis.

Inspiré du drapeau de l'ONU, le drapeau figure sur un champ bleu représentant la liberté et la loyauté, un cercle de six étoiles blanches symbolisant la paix et les six districts du Territoire, les Palaos, les Îles Marshall, les Îles Mariannes du Nord, Yap, Chuuk et Pohnpei. Le drapeau des États fédérés de Micronésie est issu de celui du TTIP.

Historique

De multiples puissances occupantes
Les îles Carolines sont visitées le  par le Portugais Diogo da Rocha mais elles sont revendiquées par l'Espagnol Álvaro de Saavedra le  au nom du roi . Elles sont alors administrées depuis Manille aux Philippines au sein des Indes orientales espagnoles. Après sa défaite lors de la guerre hispano-américaine en 1898, l'Espagne perd sa flotte navale et de larges portions des Indes orientales. N'ayant plus la capacité de gouverner les îles Carolines, elle les vend à l'Allemagne le  pour  de marks. Celle-ci les intègre à la Nouvelle-Guinée allemande. Au début de la Première Guerre mondiale, le Japon les occupe le . Le , la Société des Nations confie les îles au Japon. C'est le début du Mandat des îles du Pacifique qui s'achève dans les faits avec l'occupation américaine commencée le . Le mandat est officiellement révoqué le  par l'Organisation des Nations unies et les îles, devenues le Territoire sous tutelle des îles du Pacifique, sont confiées à la garde des États-Unis.

Avant l'instauration d'un drapeau du Territoire, le drapeau des Nations unies est fréquemment hissé aux côtés du drapeau des États-Unis d'Amérique, d'abord dans une version à  jusqu'au , à  jusqu'au  puis à  jusqu'au , en raison de l'augmentation du nombre d'États américains. La présence du drapeau des Nations unies inquiète, pendant les premières années du TTIP, les populations qui y voient un signe que le Territoire n'est pas une partie des États-Unis. Un effort éducatif pour expliquer la nature du mandat américain est alors entrepris.

Un premier concours au résultat avorté
La question d'un drapeau pour le Territoire sous tutelle des îles du Pacifique (TTIP) apparaît pour la première fois le  quand le Secrétaire de la Navy déclare que les statuts existants du TTIP ne permettent pas aux bateaux opérés ou possédés par des autochtones d'arborer le drapeau des États-Unis. Le , le Haut-Commissaire adjoint du TTIP déclare que la possession d'un drapeau améliorerait le prestige du Territoire et transmet une proposition de dessin à son supérieur. Il y est figuré l'écu du Grand sceau des États-Unis et, comme signes distinctifs des îles, une feuille de cocotier, une pirogue à balancier et une colonne de pierre ancienne. Le Haut-Commissaire DeWitt Clinton Ramsey estime rapidement que le choix d'un drapeau est devenu nécessaire, mais aucune action n'est entreprise avant , lorsque son successeur Arthur W. Radford annonce la création d'un concours pour choisir le drapeau du TTIP et la somme de  pour récompenser l'auteur du dessin gagnant.

Chaque district est chargé de soumettre trois propositions élaborées par des locaux. Tous les districts y participent hormis celui des Îles Marshall qui proteste contre le choix d'un drapeau. Les propositions sont ensuite envoyées à un comité d'étudiants de la  (PITTS) qui doit en sélectionner trois. Peu enthousiastes quant aux dessins reçus, ceux-ci ajoutent à leur sélection un quatrième dessin de leur cru. Ces propositions sont renvoyées aux districts pour que des comités populaires fassent leur choix. Les Îles Marshall acceptent finalement de participer à cette étape du processus mais font part de leur désapprobation.

Les Marshallais craignent que l'adoption d'un drapeau pour le territoire ne signifie la fin de la tutelle américaine ou que leur identité se dissolve dans le TTIP en tant qu'ensemble. Dans leur ethnocentrisme, les Marshallais ont l'habitude de mépriser les autres Micronésiens. La création d'un drapeau est vécue comme un obstacle à l'intégration du TTIP aux États-Unis, qu'ils appellent de leurs vœux. Le sentiment que le choix d'un drapeau est un signe annonciateur d'un affaiblissement des liens avec les Américains est partagé par de nombreux autochtones. Une mission de visite des Nations unies sur place au , au moment même où les résultats sont connus et que deux drapeaux arrivent ex-æquo, s'en fait le réceptacle et reçoit notamment une pétition en ce sens de la communauté de l'île de Rota dans les îles Mariannes du Nord. L'administration n'est pas préparée à cette réaction généralisée contre l'utilisation d'un drapeau territorial. Le Conseil de Tutelle des Nations unies recommande à son retour à New York que le drapeau des Nations Unies, celui des États-Unis et du TTIP s'il existe, flottent à travers tout le Territoire côte à côte. Le problème du drapeau n'est pas résolu en 1951 lorsque le Département de l'Intérieur des États-Unis prend le contrôle du TTIP à la place de la marine américaine.

Un deuxième concours réussi
En , le bureau du secrétaire administratif assistant du Département de l'Intérieur annonce la mise en place d'un concours pour le choix d'un drapeau avec à la clef . La date limite est fixée au . Les deux meilleures propositions de chaque district sont récompensées d'un prix et sont soumises au Conseil de Micronésie. Le dessin gagnant est élaboré par Gonzalo Santos, né dans les îles Yap, mais habitant alors à Saipan dans les îles Mariannes du Nord, qui reçoit un prix de . Un prix de consolation de  est décerné à Enja Enos des îles Marshall, une élève de l'école primaire de Jaluit, qui a proposé un drapeau approchant.

Le drapeau est adopté par le Conseil de Micronésie le  à Koror dans le district des Palaos. Il est hissé pour la première fois le , à la  à Saipan, capitale du TTIP, dans les Îles Mariannes du Nord, à l'occasion de la Journée des Nations unies, au son de Patriots of Micronesia. Il y rejoint le drapeau des États-Unis et le drapeau des Nations unies.

Ce drapeau des TTIP est approuvé en  par le haut-commissaire du TTIP et par un vote au Congrès de Micronésie, et la loi l'instituant est promulguée le .

Le TTIP est dissous le , le drapeau n'est donc plus en usage, et l'ONU acte la fin de la curatelle américaine sur les Palaos, les Îles Marshall et les États fédérés de Micronésie le .

Description

Inspiré du drapeau de l'ONU, le drapeau figure un cercle de six étoiles blanches pointant vers le haut sur un fond bleu clair. Ces six étoiles symbolisent la paix et correspondent aux six districts, les Palaos, les Îles Marshall, les Îles Mariannes du Nord, ainsi que Yap, Truk (maintenant Chuuk) et Ponape (maintenant Pohnpei). Le champ bleu représente la liberté et la loyauté. Le rapport entre la largeur du drapeau et la largeur d'une étoile doit être de 4 pour 1. À un moment indéterminé, avant la fin des , l'orientation des étoiles suit la courbure du cercle. La loi institue le format de 10:19 pour les usages officiels, mais le drapeau est généralement employé au format 3:5.

Du , date où les Îles Mariannes du Nord deviennent un territoire des États-Unis, à , lorsque le nouveau district de Kusaie (aujourd'hui Kosrae) est détaché de Ponape, le nombre de districts est de cinq. Cependant, le drapeau n'est pas modifié.

En , le district de Pohnpei adopte un drapeau qui reprend le symbole des six étoiles en cercle du drapeau des TTIP en l'appliquant au nombre d'îles et d'atolls principaux. Le , les anciens districts de Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei et Kosrae adoptent une constitution commune qui aboutit le  à la création des États fédérés de Micronésie. Auparavant, le , le Congrès de Micronésie intérimaire a adopté pour le futur drapeau des États fédérés de Micronésie une réduction de six à quatre étoiles en prévision des départs du TTIP des Îles Marshall et des Palaos, effectifs le  et le .

Réglementation

L'acte du Congrès de Micronésie fixe que le drapeau ne doit être arboré, en plein air, que du lever au coucher du soleil, uniquement sur les bâtiments, les hampes ou les drisses. Il est levé rapidement mais baissé cérémonieusement.

Lorsque le drapeau du TTIP est affiché avec le drapeau des États-Unis sur des mâts ou des hampes séparées, il doit être disposé à peu près au même niveau que ce dernier, à condition que le drapeau du TTIP occupe une position à gauche du drapeau des États-Unis, en regardant depuis le bâtiment ou la plate-forme. Lorsqu'il s'y ajoute le Drapeau des Nations unies, celui-ci doit occuper la position de gauche et celui du TTIP la position centrale. Si le drapeau des États-Unis est affiché plus haut que celui du TTIP et des Nations unies, le drapeau du TTIP doit occuper la position à droite du drapeau américain. Lorsque le drapeau du TTIP est arboré avec le drapeau américain sur un seul support, le drapeau du TTIP doit être disposé au-dessous. Le drapeau des Nations unies ne doit jamais être au-dessus du drapeau du TTIP. Lorsque le drapeau américain est mis en berne, celui du TTIP, même seul, doit être mis en berne.

Perception du drapeau

L'organisation du premier concours en 1950 est mal perçue par de nombreux habitants du TTIP qui craignent qu'elle n'augure de la fin de la tutelle américaine et des avantages qu'elle procure. Pour les Marshallais, en outre, un drapeau est un obstacle à l'intégration désirée du TTIP avec les États-Unis, perçue comme un élément unificateur des Micronésiens.  proclament-ils.

La loi décrivant le drapeau  et la manière de le déployer est la première votée par le Congrès de Micronésie en . Elle témoigne d'un revirement dans les mentalités des peuples du TTIP. Lors de sa première session, le Congrès de Micronésie s'est avant tout intéressé à des problématiques concernant l'ensemble du Territoire, témoignant d'un intérêt non pas seulement restreint au territoire d'origine des sénateurs.

Au début de l', l'absence temporaire du drapeau du TTIP sur le podium du président du Congrès de Micronésie Tosiwo Nakayama, en raison d'une erreur lors du réaménagement de l'ameublement, est le prétexte à une violente intervention de son adversaire politique le sénateur Nick Bossy. Ce dernier, ignorant la non intentionnalité, juge que cette absence est un choix, laisse entendre que le drapeau est un rappel important de ce que cela signifie d'être Micronésien et fait allusion à la couleur de peau plus claire de Tosiwo Nakayama, résultat d'origines étrangères, par rapport à la sienne.

Références

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Autres références :

Articles connexes

 Conseil de tutelle des Nations unies
 États fédérés de Micronésie
 Îles Mariannes du Nord
 Îles Marshall
 Palaos

Territoire sous tutelle des îles du Pacifique
Micronésie
Étoile (symbole)

Drapeau du Territoire sous tutelle des îles du Pacifique


O Aberto do País de Gales de 2023 ou Welsh Open de 2023 foi um torneio de snooker profissional que aconteceu de 13 a 19 de fevereiro de 2023 no Venue Cymru em Llandudno, no País de Gales, a primeira vez desde o início do torneio em 1992 que foi realizado fora de Newport ou Cardiff. O 11º evento do ranking da temporada de snooker de 2022–23, foi o quarto e último torneio da "Home Nations Series" da temporada, após o Aberto da Irlanda do Norte (Northern Ireland Open), o Aberto da Escócia (Scottish Open) e o Aberto da Inglaterra (English Open). Também foi a oitava e última prova da Série Europeia (European Series) da temporada. Os jogos da fase de qualificação aconteceram de 11 a 13 de janeiro de 2023 no Metrodome em Barnsley, na Inglaterra, no entanto, as partidas envolvendo os jogadores do top-16 do ranking mundial, bem como as partidas envolvendo os dois galeses convidados (wild-card), foram adiadas e disputadas no mesmo local dos jogos da fase final. Organizado pela World Snooker Tour e patrocinado pela BetVictor, o torneio foi transmitido pela BBC Cymru e pela BBC Red Button no Reino Unido, e pela Eurosport no Reino Unido e na Europa. O vencedor recebeu 80 mil libras esterlinas de uma premiação global de 427 mil.

O defensor do título foi Joe Perry, que derrotou Judd Trump por 9–5 na final de 2022, mas perdeu por 1–4 para Robbie Williams na segunda rodada da fase final. Robert Milkins derrotou Shaun Murphy por 9–7 na final para ganhar seu segundo título em provas do ranking. Milkins também garantiu o bônus da BetVictor Series. Ele avançou da 27ª para a 16ª colocação no ranking mundial após o evento.

Na fase principal da competição foram marcados um tota de 48 century breaks. Murphy fez o maior break do torneio, seu sétimo break máximo em competição profissional, durante sua partida das oitavas de final contra Daniel Wells.

Premiação
O evento teve um premiação total de 427 mil libras esterlinas, sendo 80 mil libras esterlinas a parte dedicada ao campeão. A distribuição dos prêmios (prize money) para o evento é mostrada abaixo:

Qualificação
A qualificação para o torneio ocorreu de 11 a 13 de janeiro de 2023 no no Metrodome em Barnsley, na Inglaterra.

Qualificação principal

Fase final

Rodada 1 (Partidas adiadas da qualificação)

Rodada 2

Rodada 3

Rodada 4

Quartas de final

Semifinal

Final

Century breaks

Centuries fa fase final
Um total de 48 century breaks foram alcançados durante a fase final da competição.

 147, 145, 134, 114, 102, 100  Shaun Murphy
 142, 113, 110  David Gilbert
 138  Jack Lisowski
 137, 115, 109  Robert Milkins
 135, 112, 101  John Higgins
 134, 114  David Lilley
 133, 102, 100  Hossein Vafaei
 133  Marco Fu
 131, 105  Jackson Page
 130  Ben Mertens
 129  Neil Robertson
 125, 116  Robbie Williams
 124, 124  Mark Selby
 124  Ali Carter
 124  Pang Junxu
 122  Mark Williams
 122  Liam Davies
 114  Sanderson Lam
 108, 100  Ronnie O'Sullivan
 108  Joe O'Connor
 107  Joe Perry
 105, 101  Mark Allen
 105  Si Jiahui
 104  Asjad Iqbal
 102  Andy Lee
 102  Wu Yize
 101  Daniel Wells
 100  Luca Brecel
 100  Yuan Sijun

Centuries da fase de qualificação
Um total de 14 century breaks foram alcançados durante a qualificação.

 142  Elliot Slessor
 139  Stephen Maguire
 138, 108  Ricky Walden
 136  Ben Woollaston
 127  Sam Craigie
 117  Martin Gould
 112  Scott Donaldson
 105  Jak Jones
 104  Andrew Pagett
 102  Mitchell Mann
 102  Daniel Wells
 100  Steven Hallworth
 100  Fergal O'Brien

Ligações externas
 Resultados Ao Vivo do BetVictor Welsh Open de 2023
 Jogos do BetVictor Welsh Open de 2023
 Sessões do BetVictor Welsh Open de 2023
 Jogadores do BetVictor Welsh Open de 2023
 Tabela e Premiação do BetVictor Welsh Open de 2023
 Century Breaks do BetVictor Welsh Open de 2023

2023 no snooker

Aberto do País de Gales de Snooker de 2023


مركز ناشونال إنترست  هو خلية تفكير سياسية عامة في واشنطن العاصمة. أسس المركز رئيس الولايات المتحدة السابق ريتشارد نيكسون يوم 20 يناير 1994 تحت اسم مركز نيكسون للسلام والحرية . تغير اسم المجموعة عام 1998 إلى ذا نيكسون سنتر أو مركز نيكسون . وفي عام 2001، حازت مجلة ناشيونال إنترست على المركز. أعيد تسمية المركز في مارس 2011 إلى مركز ناشونال إنترست .

مراجع

مصادر
 Abelson, Donald E. (2006). A Capitol Idea: Think Tanks and US Foreign Policy. Montreal & Kingston : McGill-Queen's University Press.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
الموقع الرسمي لمركز نيكسون

التدخل الروسي في انتخابات الولايات المتحدة 2016
تأسيسات سنة 1994 في واشنطن العاصمة
ريتشارد نيكسون
مؤسسات فكر ورأي سياسية خارجية وإستراتيجية في الولايات المتحدة
مؤسسات فكر ورأي واقعية
منظمات غير ربحية مقرها في واشنطن العاصمة
منظمات محافظة في الولايات المتحدة

مركز ناشونال إنترست


Riex is a former municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron.

The municipalities of Cully, Epesses, Grandvaux, Riex and Villette (Lavaux) merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Bourg-en-Lavaux.

History
Riex is first mentioned in 1184 as Ruez.

Geography

Riex has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 75.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 9.5% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 10.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and  or 0.7% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.8%.  Out of the forested land, 5.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 6.6% is used for growing crops and 35.0% is pastures, while 34.3% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Lavaux District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Riex became part of the new district of Lavaux-Oron.

The municipality is located in the Lavaux vineyards.  It consists of the haufendorf village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Riex and the Tower of Gourze.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per bend Gules and Argent, overall from a Base irregular Vert issuant a vine tree of the same fructed counterchanged.

Demographics
Riex has a population () of 290.  , 14.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 3.6%.  It has changed at a rate of -2.1% due to migration and at a rate of 5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (259 or 86.3%), with German being second most common (21 or 7.0%) and Portuguese being third (7 or 2.3%).  There are 2 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 78 or about 26.0% were born in Riex and lived there in 2000.  There were 111 or 37.0% who were born in the same canton, while 50 or 16.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 51 or 17.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 2 live births to Swiss citizens and were 3 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population decreased by 1.  There was 1 Swiss man who immigrated back to Switzerland and 11 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 2 non-Swiss men who immigrated from another country to Switzerland and 2 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 9 and the non-Swiss population remained the same.  This represents a population growth rate of 3.3%.

The age distribution, , in Riex is; 31 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 34 teenagers or 11.7% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 31 people or 10.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.  42 people or 14.5% are between 30 and 39, 47 people or 16.2% are between 40 and 49, and 35 people or 12.1% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 35 people or 12.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 28 people or 9.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 7 people or 2.4% who are between 80 and 89.

, there were 103 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 160 married individuals, 21 widows or widowers and 16 individuals who are divorced.

 the average number of residents per living room was 0.54 which is fewer people per room than the cantonal average of 0.61 per room.  In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least  as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.  About 53.1% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 140 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household.  There were 49 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 147 households that answered this question, 33.3% were households made up of just one person.  Of the rest of the households, there are 45 married couples without children, 37 married couples with children  There were 6 single parents with a child or children.  There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 7 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 52 single family homes (or 53.1% of the total) out of a total of 98 inhabited buildings.  There were 23 multi-family buildings (23.5%), along with 20 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (20.4%) and 3 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.1%).  Of the single family homes 31 were built before 1919, while 1 was built between 1990 and 2000.  The most multi-family homes (20) were built before 1919 and the next most (1) were built between 1946 and 1960.

 there were 151 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 46.  There were 11 single room apartments and 35 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 128 apartments (84.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 21 apartments (13.9%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (1.3%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance

The municipality includes part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site: Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces which is also listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.  The entire village of Riex is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 22.3% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.35%), the Green Party (17.67%) and the LPS Party (14.93%).  In the federal election, a total of 115 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 60.8%.

Economy

, Riex had an unemployment rate of 1.7%.  , there were 39 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector.  6 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector.  38 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 8 businesses in this sector.  There were 154 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.3% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 61.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 23, all of which were in agriculture.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 5 of which 2 or (40.0%) were in manufacturing and 3 (60.0%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 33.  In the tertiary sector; 3 or 9.1% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 6 or 18.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 9.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 1 was in education.

, there were 40 workers who commuted into the municipality and 106 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  Of the working population, 8.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 65.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 69 or 23.0% were Roman Catholic, while 170 or 56.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.00% of the population), and there were 10 individuals (or about 3.33% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  45 (or about 15.00% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 8 individuals (or about 2.67% of the population) did not answer the question.

Weather
Riex has an average of 125.6 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives  of precipitation.  The wettest month is June during which time Riex receives an average of  of rain or snow.  During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.4 days.  The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 12.3, but with only  of rain or snow.  The driest month of the year is February with an average of  of precipitation over 10.1 days.

Education
In Riex about 113 or (37.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 58 or (19.3%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 58 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.3% were Swiss men, 27.6% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 32 students in the Riex school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.  During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 665 children of which 232 children (34.9%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 16 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 16 students in those schools.

, there was one student in Riex who came from another municipality, while 45 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

References

External links

Official website

Former municipalities of the canton of Vaud

Riex