Richard Timothy Smith (born 25 March 1942), known professionally as Richard O'Brien, is a British-New Zealand actor, writer, musician, and television presenter. He wrote the musical stage show The Rocky Horror Show in 1973, which has remained in continuous production. He also co-wrote the screenplay along with director Jim Sharman for the film adaptation, The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), and appeared on-screen as Riff Raff. The film has received a large cult following and became the longest-running theatrical release in film history. O'Brien co-wrote the musical Shock Treatment (1981) and appeared in the film as Dr. Cosmo McKinley.

O'Brien presented four series of the television game show The Crystal Maze (1990–1993) for Channel 4. He played the voice role of Lawrence Fletcher in the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015), as well as its two films (2011 and 2020). His other acting credits include Flash Gordon (1980), Robin of Sherwood (1985), Dark City (1998), Ever After (1998), Dungeons & Dragons (2000), and Elvira's Haunted Hills (2001).

After a long and successful career based in the United Kingdom, O'Brien gained dual citizenship with New Zealand in 2011, where he resided in Tauranga. O'Brien identifies himself as third gender and uses he/him pronouns.

Early life
O'Brien was born Richard Timothy Smith in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. He emigrated with his family to Tauranga, New Zealand, at the age of 10, where his accountant father had purchased a sheep farm. He went to Tauranga Boys' College. He returned to England in 1964, after having learned how to ride horses (a skill which provided him with his break into the film industry as a stuntman in Carry On Cowboy) and developing a keen interest in comic books and horror films. He launched his acting career using his mother's maiden name, as there was already an actor named Richard Smith.

He says that his upbringing in New Zealand "instilled him with egalitarian ideals that helped him transcend British class restrictions".

Career
To improve his acting skills, O'Brien took method acting classes, and then joined several stage productions as an actor. In 1970, he went into the touring production of Hair for nine months, and spent another nine months in the London production. In the summer of 1972, he met director Jim Sharman who cast him as an Apostle and Leper in the London production of Jesus Christ Superstar. Sharman then cast O'Brien as Willie, the alien in his March 1973 production of Sam Shepard's The Unseen Hand at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs.

Sharman also helped make O'Brien's draft of a gothic-themed, schlock-horror comic-book fantasy romp into a reality. Sharman suggested changing the working title from They Came from Denton High, and The Rocky Horror Show opened at the Theatre Upstairs in June 1973. Within weeks it had become a box-office hit, moving from the Royal Court to the Classic Cinema, a cinema up for demolition on the King's Road, then to the King's Road Theatre (formerly a cinema known as the Essoldo) and eventually into the West End at the Comedy Theatre.

After seeing the second night's performance of The Rocky Horror Show in the Theatre Upstairs, Jonathan King produced the original cast soundtrack in just over 48 hours during an off-stage weekend, and rushed it out on his UK Records label. He also became a 20% backer with producer Michael White, who put up the remaining 80%.

During this period, O'Brien and his wife Kimi Wong recorded and released pop singles under the name Kimi and Ritz.

Later career
O'Brien continued writing musicals with arranger Richard Hartley, including: T. Zee (1976), Disaster (1978), The Stripper (1982 – based on the Carter Brown novel and produced in Australia), and Top People (1984). O'Brien and Hartley also provided three songs for the film The Return of Captain Invincible (1983), starring Alan Arkin. O'Brien wrote his one-man revue Disgracefully Yours (1985) singing as Mephistopheles Smith.

O'Brien has appeared in Jubilee (1977), Flash Gordon (1980), Dark City (1998), Ever After (1998) and Dungeons & Dragons (2000), among others. Additionally he guest starred in five episodes in the third series of the HTV dramatisation of Robin of Sherwood, as the corrupt druid Gulnar. A music CD of the songs from Disgracefully Yours entitled Absolute O'Brien was released in 1998.

He became the presenter of UK Channel 4's game show The Crystal Maze in 1990, specialising in sardonic put-downs, occasional eccentricities and playing his harmonica at random intervals. The show ran from 1990 to 1995, with O'Brien presenting the first four series. It was regularly Channel 4's highest-rated programme, reaching a peak of 7 million viewers for the 1993 Christmas special. O'Brien left The Crystal Maze in 1993 after the fourth series; the show was then taken over by Edward Tudor-Pole. After two series without O'Brien, the show was cancelled.

In other roles, O'Brien has conceptualised and played the role of the Child Catcher in the West End theatre production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. He also occasionally performs cabaret-style music and comedy on stages around the world, singing songs from Rocky Horror among others. In 1995, he performed a select number of shows as the devilish charmer Mephistopheles Smith in a musical/comedy show he wrote entitled Disgracefully Yours, to which he later gave permission to be adapted into a musical, first by Eubank Productions for the Kansas City Fringe Fest in 2006, and more recently by Janus Theatre Company for the Edinburgh Fringe 2007, simply entitled Mephistopheles Smith. In late 2005, he appeared (as the spirit of the mirror) in the pantomime version of Snow White, which played at the Milton Keynes Theatre. In the summer of 2006, he played the Child Catcher in the Queen's 80th birthday celebrations at Buckingham Palace.

O'Brien performed in Thank-You for the Music, a 90-minute ABBA documentary for ITV, directed by Martin Koch, who previously directed the musical Mamma Mia! The documentary included a remake of the mini musical '"The Girl with the Golden Hair" which ABBA performed during their 1977 world tour and featured on ABBA: The Album (also 1977). The musical was performed at the Prince of Wales Theatre and featured O'Brien, Liz McClarnon and the Dynamos. He also hosted the 1993 Brit Awards.

A patron of the Five Stars Scanner Appeal, which benefits the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital. From 2001 to 2006 he hosted the annual Transfandango, gala gathering of Dearhearts and Trans 'n' Gentle People to raise money for the hospital. This has since been superseded by Richard O'Brien's Halloween Party.

A script for another rumoured sequel entitled Revenge of the Old Queen of Rocky Horror, has been circulated on the web and reproduced on various fan sites, although it has been officially denied as O'Brien's work by his representatives. While he has worked on a screenplay by that title, it was never publicly released. He wrote the lyrics for The Stripper (based on the book by Carter Brown), a musical which had its British premiere at the Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch (London) on 28 August 2009.

In 2004, members of the Hamilton City Council in New Zealand honoured O'Brien's contribution to the arts with a statue of Riff Raff, the character he played in The Rocky Horror Show, on the site of the former Embassy Cinema.

In September 2007, he reprised his role as the Child Catcher for the final two weeks of the five year British run of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. He then played the role in its Singapore engagement for the month of November, extended to 9 December. Also in December, he visited Hamilton, New Zealand for An Evening With Richard O'Brien, with presenter Mark Sainsbury and director Fiona Jackson.

In December 2008, O'Brien donated his original script Pig in Boots to the Wireless Theatre Company, who converted it into an audio pantomime. The show was recorded live at the Headliners Comedy Club in front of a studio audience with live FX and music. The production was opened by an original interview with O'Brien. In October 2012, O'Brien judged "Stage Fright" with the Wireless Theatre Company as part of the London Horror Festival and performed an acoustic set of Rocky Horror songs.

In March 2012, he gave a performance of song and autobiographical stories, It's Party Time with Richard O'Brien at the Hamilton Founders Theatre to celebrate his 70th birthday. In June 2012, he returned to Hamilton, New Zealand, to appear on stage as Fagin with the Hamilton Operatic Society's production of Oliver! at the Founders Theatre.

O'Brien appeared in 2015 in The Rocky Horror Show in the West End in a limited 11-performance run.

In September 2016 O'Brien opened the second stage Embassy Park in Hamilton together with Mayor Julie Hardaker. In October 2016, he appeared as the Crystal Maze Computer in a one-off Celebrity Crystal Maze episode for the charity 'Stand Up To Cancer' on Channel 4.

Personal life
In a 2009 interview, O'Brien spoke about an ongoing struggle to reconcile cultural gender roles and described himself as transgender or "of a third gender". O'Brien stated, "There is a continuum between male and female. Some are hard-wired one way or another, I'm in between." He expounded on this in a 2013 interview where he talked about using oestrogen for the previous decade, and that he views himself as 70% male and 30% female. In 2017, O'Brien caused controversy when he said that he supported the statements of Germaine Greer and Barry Humphries that transgender women are not real women. He offered his sympathy to the trans community. In a 2020 interview with The Guardian, O'Brien was reported as stating: "I think anybody who decides to take the huge step with a sex change deserves encouragement and a thumbs-up. As long as they're happy and fulfilled, I applaud them to my very last day. But you can't ever become a natural woman".

In June 2010, the media reported that O'Brien had been denied New Zealand citizenship owing to his being too old under the country's immigration criteria. He commented, "They build a statue of me and celebrate me as a New Zealander, but I have to go on my knees and do all sorts of things, and I'm probably too old." O'Brien's application appeared to garner public support and the decision was later overturned on appeal. In August 2010, New Zealand's Dominion Post reported that O'Brien would be allowed residency and possibly citizenship as an "exceptional" case. According to the Waikato Times, he was officially registered as a New Zealand citizen on 14 December 2011.

On 16 August 2010, he appeared on an episode of Celebrity Cash in the Attic, where he donated the takings from his sale of memorabilia to the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester.

O'Brien has been married three times and has three children. He and actress Kimi Wong were married on 4 December 1971 and had a son Linus in May 1972. He has a son and daughter from his second marriage to designer Jane Moss.

On 7 July 2012, aged 70, he proposed to Sabrina Graf, aged 35, a native of Germany, whom he had been dating for three years. They married on 6 April 2013 at their home in Katikati, Bay of Plenty.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Theatre

Discography

Singles

 "Merry Christmas Baby" (Kimi and Ritz) (1973)
 "Eddie" (Richard O'Brien) (1973)
 "Merry Christmas Baby (DJ version)" (Kimi and Ritz) – Epic Records (1974)
 "I was in love with Danny (but the crowd was in love with Dean)" (Kimi and Ritz) (1974)
 "Pseud's Corner" (Richard O'Brien) (1975)
 "Liebesträume" (Franz Liszt/Richard O'Brien) (performed by Kimi and Ritz) (1975)
 "There's a Light" (Kimi and Ritz) (1975)

Albums

 Absolute O'brien (1999) (Oglio Records)

Soundtracks and cast recordings
 The Rocky Horror Show (Original London cast) (1973)
 The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)
 Shock Treatment (1981)

Awards and nominations

Awards
 1998: Berlin International Film Festival Award - Special Teddy (for The Rocky Horror Picture Show)
 2000: Gaylactic Spectrum Award (for The Rocky Horror Picture Show)

Nominations
 1974: Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album (for The Rocky Horror Show)
 1999: Fangoria Chainsaw Award - Best Supporting Actor (for Dark City)
 2001: Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical (for The Rocky Horror Show)

References

External links

Richard O'Brien at RockyMusic.org

RiffRaffStatue.org, for the tribute statue in Hamilton, New Zealand
Pig In Boots, Richard O'Brien's Pig in Boots – Audio Pantomime produced by The Wireless Theatre Company

1942 births
Living people
British non-binary actors
English emigrants to New Zealand
English LGBT actors
English LGBT singers
English LGBT writers
English LGBT composers
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
English television presenters
English non-binary people
Male actors from Gloucestershire
Male-to-female cross-dressers
Musicians from Gloucestershire
Naturalised citizens of New Zealand
New Zealand non-binary people
Non-binary singers
Non-binary composers
British non-binary writers
Actors from Cheltenham
Writers from Cheltenham
British non-binary musicians

Richard O'Brien


La halle de Salmaise est un édifice remarquable en pierre situé sur la commune de Salmaise, dans le département de la Côte-d'Or, en France.

Localisation
À 400 m d'altitude, la halle se situe au village adossée au cimetière et desservie par la RD 117.

Description
La halle est un édifice en pierre maçonné avec soin, tout en longueur et doté d'une charpente à deux pans, sans support intermédiaire et recouverte de lauze. La façade rectiligne présente 11 piliers carrés. Compensant la pente de la route, le sol est couvert de grandes dalles. Le mur du fond est dénué d'ouverture.

Historique
La halle est initiée dans la seconde moitié du . Par une charte des libertés octroyée le 12 mai 1265 par Étienne II de Mont-Saint-Jean, les Salmaisiens édifièrent ce marché couvert notamment grâce à la réutilisation de piliers gallo-romains. Sur le dernier pilier se trouve un blason avec un croissant et trois étoiles identifiant possiblement les armoiries de Guillaume II, seigneur de Salmaise, tué à la bataille de Mansourah lors de la Septième croisade en 1250.

Pendant longtemps point de rassemblement et siège des réunions, le maire, les échevins, le recteur d'école, le garde, les pâtres, le marguillier y étaient nommés. Les marchés et cinq grandes foires annuelles s'y tenaient.

La halle est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Galerie

Valorisation du patrimoine
L'étroitesse de la halle et la proximité de la route principale sans aire de déambulation rendent difficile les utilisations.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Halle (construction)
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or
 Château de Salmaise

Liens externes

Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or
Monument historique classé en 1930
Salmaise

Halle de Salmaise


Domagoj Bradarić (Split, 10. prosinca 1999.) hrvatski je nogometaš i reprezentativac koji igra na poziciji lijevog beka. Trenutačno igra za talijanskog prvoligaša Salernitanu.

Klupska karijera
Ponikao u splitskom Hajduku za koji je igrao do 2019. godine. Francuski prvoligaš Lille ga je doveo u svoje redove za 6,5 milijuna eura.

Reprezentativna karijera
Igrao za više hrvatskih mladih izabranih sastava. Igrao na prijateljskim i kvalifikacijskim utakmicama. Prvi je put nastupio 19. prosinca 2015. godine. Dana 7. listopada 2020. godine, Bradarić je debitirao za seniorski sastav u prijateljskom ogledu protiv Švicarske.

Reprezentativna statistika
Zadnji put ažurirano 14. listopada 2020.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometni reprezentativci
Nogometaši Hajduka
Nogometaši Lillea O.S.C.
Životopisi, Split
Aktivni nogometaši

Domagoj Bradarić


Lindera može označavati:
 Lindera (Animalia),  rod leptira iz porodice Tineidae.
 Lindera (Plantae), biljni rod iz porodice Lauraceae.

Lindera


කොමදෝරු ජී. ඊ. එස්. ද සිල්වා, PSV, FCMA, CFA, FCMI, ශ්‍රී ලංකා ස්වේච්ඡා නාවික නිලධාරියෙක්, ගණකාධිකාරීවරයෙක් සහ මලල ක්‍රීඩකයෙක් විය. ඔහු VNF හි හිටපු අණදෙන නිලධාරියා විය.

කීර්තිමත් කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ ඔහු එහිදී විද්‍යාලීය බොක්සිං කණ්ඩායමේ නායකත්වය දැරීය. වෘත්තියෙන් ගණකාධිකාරීවරයෙකු වන ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ස්වේච්ඡා නාවික හමුදාවට සංරක්‍ෂකයෙකු ලෙස සම්බන්ධ වූ අතර අවසානයේ එහි අණදෙන නිලධාරියා බවට පත්විය.

ද සිල්වා වරලත් කළමනාකරණ ආයතනයේ සහ වරලත් මූල්‍ය විශ්ලේෂකයෙකි . එම නිලය දැරූ ලාබාලතමයා ලෙස කොමදෝරු නිලයට ළඟාවීම සහ පසුව ඔහු විශ්‍රාම යන තෙක්ම අධ්‍යක්ෂ නාවික පරිපාලන තනතුර දක්වා උසස්වීම් ලබා ඇත.

කොමදෝරු ද සිල්වා මහතා ප්‍රශංසනීය සේවා විභූෂණ සේවා පදක්කම් සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා සන්නද්ධ සේවා දිගු සේවා පදක්කම්වලින් පිදුම් ලබා ඇත.

රාජකීය විද්‍යාල සංගමයේ හිටපු භාණ්ඩාගාරිකවරයකු වූ ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා හිටපු හමුදා නිලධාරීන්ගේ සංගමයේ මහලේකම්වරයා විය.  ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද හමුදාවේ හිටපු හමුදාපති ජෙනරාල් ජගත් ජයසූරිය ගේ මස්සිනා වේ.

යොමු කිරීම්

Year of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා

ජී. ඊ. එස්. ද සිල්වා


Giovanni Host-Venturi, également connu sous le nom de Nino Host-Venturi (Fiume,  - Buenos Aires, ), est un homme politique et un historien italien. Protagoniste de l'entreprise de Fiume, conçue par Gabriele D'Annunzio, il est ministre des communications.

Biographie
Irrédentiste, son nom de famille d'origine était Host-Ivessich, mais pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, ceux qui sont citoyens de l'Empire austro-hongrois et qui combattent pour le Royaume d'Italie sont immédiatement fusillés comme traîtres et déserteurs, et leurs familles sont sévèrement punies. Host-Venturi décide donc d'utiliser le nom de famille de la famille Venturi qui l'a adoptée en Italie pour lui permettre de combattre aux côtés de l'Italie. Tout au long de sa vie, il n'a plus jamais partagé son nom de famille, qui est resté Host-Venturi à partir de 1915. En 1913, il fonde à Brescia un bataillon d'étudiants volontaires Sursum corda. Au début de la Première Guerre mondiale, le 18 mars 1915, avec Icilio Baccich et Enrico Burich, il rédige un appel à Vittorio Emanuele III pour réclamer l'italianité de l'Istrie et de Fiume.

Sous le nom de guerre Giovanni Venturi, il est volontaire pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, d'abord dans le  régiment alpin, puis dans les Arditi de la  division d'assaut, atteignant le grade de capitaine (Capitano). Pendant le conflit, il obtient trois médailles d'argent pour la valeur militaire.

À Fiume, en avril 1919, Giovanni Host-Venturi crée la Légion de Fiume, composée d'un noyau de volontaires pour défendre la ville contre le contingent français considéré comme pro-yougoslave, envoyant un message à Gabriele D'Annunzio, l'invitant à prendre le patronage de la cause de la Fiume italienne, et quelques mois plus tard, lorsque les négociations s'arrêtent brusquement, le 12 septembre, une force de nationalistes et d'anciens combattants italiens, composée d'environ 2 500 légionnaires sous les ordres de D'Annunzio, part de Ronchi di Monfalcone, rebaptisé par la suite Ronchi dei Legionari, et rejoint la Légion fiumaise de Host Venturi et occupe Fiume, exigeant son annexion à l'Italie. Face aux refus constants du gouvernement italien, D'Annunzio, Host-Venturi et les milliers de volontaires qui affluent dans la ville "libérée" proclament la régence du Carnaro. Giovanni Host-Venturi, Armando Odenigo et Corrado Zoli, animés d'un esprit antislave, imaginent de lancer une grande révolution en Yougoslavie avec les sécessionnistes macédoniens, albanais, monténégrins et croates.

Après la chute de la régence du Carnaro, à laquelle le gouvernement de Giolitti met fin par la force lors du Noël sanglant (Natale di sangue) de 1920, Host-Venturi poursuit son activité politique irrédentiste, se rapprochant de plus en plus du fascisme. Après l'annexion de Fiume au Royaume d'Italie par le traité de Rome le 27 janvier 1924, elle devient la capitale de la province et Host-Venturi poursuit son activité politique en tant que secrétaire provincial de la fédération fasciste de Fiume du 15 novembre 1925 au 24 mai 1928 et en tant que commissaire extraordinaire de Pula du  avril au 24 mai 1926 et est l'un des partisans de l'assimilation forcée des populations étrangères en Vénétie julienne. Son discours anticlérical du 23 mai 1925 au Congrès des fascistes d'Istrie, dans lequel il dénonce l'utilisation des langues slaves par les ecclésiastiques slovènes et croates lorsqu'ils officient à la messe et prêchent, est célèbre. En 1927, lors d'une conférence tenue à Trieste, Host-Venturi, avec Bruno Coceani, Giuseppe Cobolli et d'autres hiérarques juliens et frioulans, définit les lignes directrices pour l'italianisation complète des locuteurs non natifs du Frioul, de la Vénétie Julienne et de Zadar.

Ayant rejoint les rangs des fascistes intransigeants, Host-Venturi, comme Mario Carli, est parfois considéré comme un "fasciste de gauche".

Il poursuit ensuite sa carrière politique à Rome et devient membre de la Chambre des Députés en 1934 et Conseiller national de la Chambre des Faisceaux et des Corporations en 1939. En 1935, il est d'abord sous-secrétaire d'État à la marine marchande, contribuant à la consolidation de Finmare, puis, entre 1939 et février 1943, ministre des communications. Cinq mois avant la chute du fascisme, pour des raisons qui ne nous sont pas connues, il est évincé du gouvernement par Mussolini lui-même, à la suite d'un important remaniement de la structure gouvernementale par le "Duce". Après le 8 septembre 1943, il rejoint la République sociale italienne mais n'occupe pas de poste important.

En 1948, il s'installe en Argentine avec sa famille et continue à s'intéresser à la politique, rencontrant à plusieurs reprises le président Juan Perón et lui suggérant de créer des zones franches industrielles à Bahía Blanca et Rosario pour encourager le développement économique du pays. Le projet rencontre une certaine approbation au sein du gouvernement péroniste, mais n'a jamais été réellement mis en œuvre.

Son fils Franco, né à Rome en 1937, mais qui a émigré avec son père en Argentine et devient un peintre et un dessinateur de renom, est membre de la "Juventud Peronista" depuis son enfance et rejoint ensuite les FAP (Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas), un groupe de guérilla actif au début des années 1970 à Buenos Aires et dans les principales villes d'Argentine. Il est enlevé à Mar del Plata le 24 février 1976 par des paramilitaires et on n'a plus entendu parler de lui. On a d'abord pensé qu'il avait été emmené dans un centre de détention en Patagonie, mais tous les efforts de sa famille pour le retrouver se sont avérés vains et il est officiellement considéré comme "desaparecido" dans les années 1980.

Nino Host-Venturi est mort en 1980 en se suicidant à Buenos Aires.

Décorations honorifiques
 - Médaille d'argent de la valeur militaire
Il s'est porté volontaire pour mener une reconnaissance audacieuse qu'il avait lui-même proposée le long de la voie ferrée Plava-Gorizia et sur les pentes abruptes du mont Sabotino afin d'établir le contact avec les troupes de flanc. Il s'est brillamment acquitté de sa tâche, malgré le terrain difficile et le feu ennemi intense qui a tué un homme, et a réussi à capturer un ennemi. En diverses autres circonstances, il s'est spontanément exposé à de grands dangers pour effectuer des opérations de reconnaissance audacieuses et non moins importantes. Mont Sabotino, 9-10 août 1916

 - Médaille d'argent de la valeur militaire
Volontaire irrédentiste, bien que n'étant pas complètement remis des blessures reçues quelques jours plus tôt au combat, où il s'était distingué, à la tête d'une colonne, dans l'attaque d'une position importante, il a voulu quitter le lieu de traitement malgré l'interdiction du médecin militaire. Il a insisté pour offrir ses services en tant que liaison et éclaireur et a accompli ces tâches avec bravoure et compétence. De sa propre initiative, il a également effectué diverses opérations de reconnaissance audacieuses, réussissant avec de simples patrouilles à infliger des pertes à l'ennemi et à capturer plusieurs prisonniers, jusqu'à ce que, à la suite de la réouverture et de l'infection d'une blessure, il doive être à nouveau hospitalisé. Un bel exemple d'amour élevé pour son pays, d'esprit de sacrifice et de mépris du danger. Secteur de Plava, 14-24 mai 1917.

 - Médaille d'argent de la valeur militaire
Lorsqu'il a atteint la position qui lui était assignée avec sa compagnie, il l'a défendue avec une grande énergie contre les assauts répétés de l'adversaire, qui tentait de le déborder. Blessé le commandant de l'unité, il prend le commandement de l'unité, donnant des preuves admirables de calme, d'énergie et d'intelligence. Falzè di Piave, 27-29 octobre 1918.

 - Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie

 - Médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Fiume

Ouvrages
  La passione di Fiume, Fiume, Urbania, 1928.
  Limpresa fiumana, Rome, G. Volpe, 1976.

Références

Sources

Bibliographie
  Raffaele Rubattino, dans Celebrazioni liguri, partie I, Urbino 1939, pp. 243–274;
  Giacomo Properzj, Natale di sangue: D'Annunzio a Fiume, Mursia, 2010

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Irrédentisme
 Benito Mussolini
 Parti national fasciste (PNF)
 Entreprise de Fiume

Liens externes

  Mauro Canali, HOST VENTURI, Giovanni, dans le Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 61, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2004.
  Giovanni Host Venturi, sur le site storia.camera.it, Chambre des Députés.

Naissance à Fiume
Naissance en juin 1892
Décès à Buenos Aires
Décès en mai 1980
Décès à 87 ans
Suicide par moyen indéterminé
Suicide en Argentine
Personnalité italienne du XXe siècle
Personnalité politique italienne
Ministre des Postes du royaume d'Italie (1861-1946)
Député de la XXIXe législature du royaume d'Italie
Médaille d'argent de la valeur militaire
Commandeur de l'ordre de la Couronne d'Italie
Médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Fiume

Giovanni Host-Venturi


The can-can is a dance.

Can-Can may also refer to:

 Can Can (band), American punk rock band
 Can-Can (musical), a 1953 musical
 Can-Can (film), based on the musical
 Can Can, fragrance designed by Paris Hilton
 "Galop Infernal", a movement of Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld commonly associated with the dance
 "Can Can" (Bad Manners song), 1981 single by the band Bad Manners
 Can Can (album), a 2006 live album by Bad Manners

Can-can (disambiguation)


Liu Cixin () este un scriitor de science-fiction (SF). El este de nouă ori câștigător al Galaxy Award (cea mai prestigioasă distincție pentru SF din China) și câștigător al Premiului Hugo. Opera lui Liu este considerată hard SF. În engleză, traducerile din operele sale sunt date sub numele Cixin Liu (). În română au apărut Problema celor trei corpuri, Pădurea întunecată și Capătul morții - acestea formează trilogia Amintiri din trecutul Terrei.

Viața
Liu Cixin s-a născut la 23 iunie 1963 în Yangquan, Shanxi. Părinții lui Liu  au lucrat într-o mină din Shanxi. Din cauza violențelor din timpul Revoluției Culturale, a fost trimis să locuiască în casa bunicilor din districtul Luoshan, regiunea Henan.

Liu a urmat studii tehnice în China de Nord la Universitatea de Conservare a Apei și a Energiei Electrice, și a absolvit în 1988. El a lucrat ca inginer informatician pentru o centrală electrică situată în Yangquan, Shanxi.

Este căsătorit și are o fiică. Nici soția și nici fiica nu i-au citit aproape niciodată lucrările.

Scrieri
Cel mai faimos roman al lui Liu, Problema celor trei corpuri, a fost publicat în 2007. Acesta a fost tradus în limba engleză de către Ken Liu și publicat de Tor Books, în noiembrie 2014; în 2015 câștigă Premiul Hugo pentru cel Mai bun Roman. El a fost primul scriitor din Asia care a câștigat distincția "Cel mai bun roman". O traducere în limba germană, care a inclus unele porțiuni din textul original care nu a fost inclus în traducerea în limba engleză, a urmat în 2016.

O adaptare filmică a Problemei celor trei corpuri a fost programată pentru a fi lansată în 2017.

Romane
 Cărămizile diavolului  (魔鬼积木) (2002)
 Epoca supernovei (超新星纪元) (2003)
 Fulger globular (球状闪电) (2004)
 Trilogia Amintiri din trecutul Pământului (publicată în limba engleză de Tor Books în 2014):
 Problema celor trei corpuri (三体) (2007)
 Pădurea întunecată (黑暗森林) (2008)
 Capătul morții (死神永生) (2010)

Note

Legături externe
 Blogul lui Liu Cixin
 Intrare în Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 Cărți de Liu Cixin

Nașteri în 1963
Scriitori chinezi din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori chinezi din secolul al XXI-lea
Autori câștigători ai Premiului Hugo
Chinezi în viață

Liu Cixin


This is a list of aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal New Zealand Navy.

Aircraft

Guided missiles of the RNZAF, RNZN and New Zealand Army

Royal New Zealand Air Force

New Zealand Army

Royal New Zealand Navy

Torpedoes

Homing Torpedoes of the Royal New Zealand Air Force

Unguided Torpedeos of the Royal New Zealand Navy

Homing Torpedoes of the Royal New Zealand Navy

Unmanned aerial vehicles

New Zealand Army

Unguided Rocket Weapons

New Zealand Army

Royal New Zealand Air Force

List of Weapons of the Royal New Zealand Air Force

Free-Fall Bombs
 5-lb Mark 106 practice bomb
 25-lb BDU 33 practice bome
 500-lb (227-kg) Mark 82 bomb – Carried by the A-4G and A-4K Skyhawk
 1000-lb (454-kg) Mark 83 bomb – Carried by the A-4G and A-4K Skyhawk, P-3K Orion

Machine Guns
 7.62-mm FN MAG-58 machine-gun – Current
 7.62-mm M60 machine-gun – Fitted to the UH-1H Iroquois, SH-2F Seasprite and SH-2G Super Seasprite

References

 Aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. By David Duxbury, Ross Ewing and Ross MacPherson, published by Heinemann Publishers (NZ), Auckland 1987, .
 The Oxford Companion To New Zealand Military History. Edited by Ian McGibbon, published by Oxford University Press (NZ), Auckland 2000, .

New Zealand
Royal New Zealand Air Force
Royal New Zealand Navy
New Zealand military aircraft
New Zealand military-related lists

List of aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal New Zealand Navy


المديح النبوي، هو عبارة عن الشعر الذي يهتم بمدح رسول الإسلام محمد بن عبد الله بتعداد صفاته الخُلُقية والخَلقية وإظهار الشوق لرؤيته وزيارته والأماكن المقدسة التي ترتبط بحياته، مع ذكر معجزاته الماديّة والمعنويّة ونظم سيرته شعراً والإشادة بغزواته وصفاته والصلاة عليه تقديراً وتعظيماً. وغالبا ما يتداخل المديح النبوي مع قصائد التصوف وقصائد المولد النبوي.

وتعرف المدائح النبوية كما يقول زكي مبارك بأنها: «فن من فنون الشعر التي أذاعها التصوف، فهي لون من التعبير عن العواطف الدينية، وباب من الأدب الرفيع؛ لأنها لا تصدر إلا عن قلوب مفعمة بالصدق والإخلاص».

خصائص المديح النبوي
من أهم مميزات المديح النبوي أنه شعر ديني ينطلق من رؤية إسلامية، تطبعه الروحانية الصوفية من خلال التركيز على الحقيقة المحمدية التي تتجلى في السيادة والأفضلية باعتباره سيد الكون والمخلوقات، وأنه أفضل البشر خِلقة وخُلقاً. ويتميز المديح النبوي أيضاً بصدق المشاعر ونبل الأحاسيس ورقة الوجدان وحب النبي محمد بن عبد الله طمعاً في شفاعته يوم الحساب.

تاريخ المديح النبوي
ظهر المديح النبوي مبكراً مع مولد رسول الإسلام محمد بن عبد الله، وأذيع بعد ذلك مع انطلاق الدعوة الإسلامية وشعر الفتوحات الإسلامية إلى أن ارتبط بالشعر الصوفي مع ابن الفارض وغيره. ولكن هذا المديح النبوي لم ينتعش ويزدهر ويترك بصماته إلا مع الشعراء المتأخرى ن وخاصة مع الشاعر البوصيري في القرن السابع الهجري.

وهناك اختلاف بين الباحثين حول نشأة المديح النبوي، فهناك من يقول بأنه إبداع شعري قديم ظهر مع الدعوة النبوية والفتوحات الإسلامية مع الصحابة حسان بن ثابت الملقب بـ «شاعر الرسول» والذي كان ينصب له منبراً يلقي فيه الشعر والمديح، وكعب بن مالك وكعب بن زهير وعبد الله بن رواحة. وهناك من يذهب إلى أن هذا المديح فن مستحدث لم يظهر إلا في القرن السابع الهجري مع الشاعر البوصيري في قصيدته البردة وابن دقيق العيد.

في حياة النبي محمد بن عبد الله
كان من أوئل من نظم شعر المديح النبوي في حياته ما قاله عمّه العباس بن عبد المطلب، لما قال: يا رسول الله؟ أريد أن أمتدحك. فقال رسول الله: قل لا يفضض الله فاك. فأنشأ يقول:

وكذا عمّه أبو طالب، إذ مدحه قائلاً في لاميته:

ومدحه الصحابي كعب بن زهير في قصيدة مشهورة عرفت بـ «البردة»، لأن النبي محمد بن عبد الله كساه بردته عندما أنشدها، والتي أوّلها:

ولما أنشد كعب قصيدته هذه وبلغ قوله:

أشار صلى الله عليه وآله بكمه إلى الخلق ليسمعوا منه.

وتقول عائشة بنت أبي بكر: كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله يخصف نعله وكنت جالسة أغزل فنظرت إليه فجعل جبينه يعرق وعرقه يتولد نوراً، فبهت، فنظر إلي فقال: مالك بهت؟ فقلت: يا رسول الله، نظرت إليك فجعل جبينك يعرق وعرقك يتولد نوراً، ولو رآك أبو كبير الهذلي لعلم أنك أحق بشعره، قال: وما يقول أبو كبير؟ قلت: يقول:

قالت: فوضع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله ما كان بيده وقام وقبل ما بين عيني وقال: جزاك الله خيرا يا عائشة، ما سررت مني كسروري منك.

بعد وفاة النبي محمد بن عبد الله

وللشاعر العباسي مهيار الديلمي عشرات من القصائد الشعرية في مدح أهل البيت والإشادة بخلال الرسول وصفاته الحميدة. ولكن يبقى البوصيري بحسب كثير من المؤرخين الذي عاش في القرن السابع الهجري من أهم شعراء المديح النبوي كما في قصيدته الميمية المسمى بـ «البردة» أو «الكواكب الدريَّة في مدح خير البرية»، والتي مطلعها:

وقد عورضت هذه القصيدة من قبل الكثير من الشعراء القدامى والمحدثين والمعاصرين، ومن أهم هؤلاء الشعراء ابن جابر الأندلس في ميميته التي استعمل فيها المحسنات البديعية بكثرة في معارضته الشعرية التي مطلعها:

ومن شعراء المديح النبوي المتأخرى ن الذين عارضوا ميمية البوصيري عبد الله الحموي الذي عاش في القرن التاسع وكان مشهورا بميميته:

كتب في المديح النبوي
 المجموعة النبهانية في المدائح النبوية، تأليف: يوسف النبهاني.
 موسوعة المدائح النبوية، تأليف: عبد القادر الشيخ علي أبو المكارم.
 المطالع الشمسية في المدائح النبوية، تأليف: النواجي، المتوفى سنة 859 هـ.
 المدائح النبوية حتى نهاية العصر المملوكي، تأليف: محمود سالم محمد.
 المدائح النبوية في الأدب العربي، تأليف: زكي مبارك.

مداحون
من أشهر المداحين:
 الصحابي حسان بن ثابت.
 الصحابي عبد الله بن رواحة.
 الصحابي كعب بن مالك.
 الصحابي كعب بن زهير.
 الفرزدق، المتوفى سنة 110 هـ.
 شرف الدين البوصيري، المتوفى سنة 695 هـ.
 يوسف النبهاني، المتوفى سنة 1289 هـ.
 أحمد شوقي أمير الشعراء، المتوفى سنة 1350 هـ.

المصادر

انظر أيضًا
 محمد بن عبد الله
 الصلاة على النبي
 نعت (شعر)
 المولد النبوي
 قصيدة البردة (البوصيري)
 قصيدة البردة (كعب بن زهير)
 رقص صوفي

روابط خارجية
 موقع النشيد والمدائح النبوية

الموسيقى في الإسلام
فن إسلامي
مصطلحات إسلامية
موسيقى صوفية

مديح نبوي


La libra neozelandesa (Símbolo: £ o NZ£ para distinguirse) fue la moneda corriente de Nueva Zelanda de 1840 a 1967, cuando fue reemplazada por el dólar neozelandés.

Igual que la libra esterlina, estaba subdivida en 20 chelines (símbolo s) y cada chelín en 12 peniques (símbolo d). Como resultado de la Gran Depresión de la década de 1930, el mercado de exportación agrícola de Nueva Zelanda hacia el Reino Unido fue gravemente afectado. Los bancos australianos, quienes controlaban los intercambios neozelandeses con Londres, decidieron devaluar la libra neozelandesa en relación con la libra esterlina en el Reino Unido. En 1933, la libra neozelandesa valía solo 16 chelines de la libra esterlina. En 1948 sin embargo, se restauró nuevamente al valor original de la libra esterlina. En 1967 Nueva Zelanda decimalizó su moneda sustituyéndola con el dólar neozelandés al valor de $2 = £1 (ó $1 = 10s). En noviembre de ese año, la libra esterlina se devaluó, y Nueva Zelanda aprovechó esa oportunidad para alinear su nuevo dólar a la paridad con el dólar australiano.

Monedas
Inicialmente, monedas británicas y australianas circulaban en Nueva Zelanda. La devaluación de la libra neozelandesa en relación con la libra esterlina en la década de 1930 dio lugar a la emisión de monedas neozelandesas en 1933, con denominaciones de 3d, 6d, 1s, 2s (un florín) y 2½s (media corona), acuñadas con un 50% de plata hasta 1946 y en cuproníquel desde 1947. En 1940 monedas de bronce de ½d y 1d fueron introducidas. Todas esas monedas tienen el mismo diámetro y peso que sus equivalentes en monedas australianas y británicas (aunque Australia nunca acuñó la media corona).

Billetes
Antes de 1934, bancos de comercio privados emitieron billetes. Los primeros billetes hechos en Nueva Zelanda fueron hechos en 1840 por la New Zealand Bankig Company at Russell seguido, unos meses más tarde por el Union Bank of Australia in Wellington. Estos bancos emitieron billetes en Nueva Zelanda:
 New Zealand Banking Company (1840–1845)
 Union Bank of Australia (1840–1934)
 Otago Banking Company (unsuccessful issuer in 1851)
 Oriental Bank Corporation (1857–1861)
 Bank of New South Wales (1861–1934)
 Bank of New Zealand (1861–1934)
 National Australia Bank (1863–1934)
 Bank of Auckland (1864–1867)
 Bank of Otago (1864–1874)
 Colonial Bank of New Zealand (1873–1895)
 National Bank of New Zealand (1874–1934)
 Bank of Aotearoa (unsuccessful issuer c. 1886)
 Commercial Bank of Australia (1912–1934)

Entre 1852 y 1856, el Colonial Bank of Issue fue el único cuerpo emisor de billetes. La desconfianza pública de estos billetes llevó al banco a rendirse frente a los billetes del Union Bank. El descubrimiento de oro en 1861 alentó a los bancos en Nueva Zelanda a competir dando lugar a una variedad de billetes. En 1924 la demanda pública llevó a los 6 bancos emisores a acordar tamaños y colores para cada billete.

Cuando el Banco de Reserva de Nueva Zelanda fue fundado el 1 de agosto de 1934 bajo la ley del Banco de Reserva de Nueva Zelanda Nº 1933, se convirtió en el único emisor de billetes. Esta agencia gubernamental introdujo billetes de 10s, £1, £5 y £50. En 1940 billetes de £10 fueron introducidos. Solo 2 series de billetes de £1 fueron impresas. La primera (1934-40) con el retrato de Matutaera Te Pukepuke Te Paue Te Karato Te-a-Pōtatau Tāwhiao, y la segunda (1940-67) con el retrato del capitán James Cook.

Situación Actual
Las monedas y billetes no cancelados emitidos por los 6 bancos privados operando en 1934 como el Banco de Reserva de Nueva Zelanda (RBNZ por sus siglas en inglés) son todavía redimibles en sus oficinas de Wellington. El RBNZ tiene la obligación de redimir billetes de bancos privados. Bajo la ley del Banco de Reserva de Nueva Zelanda N.º 1933 el oro que poseía el RBNZ fue confiscado y pagado en billetes.

En todos los casos, el valor para los coleccionistas es más alto que su valor nominal, debido a su rareza. Un buen ejemplo es la primera edición de £1 del Union Bank de la década de 1840 que regresó a Nueva Zelanda en 1934 para su redención al valor nominal, por su dueño en Estados Unidos, hoy en día, un billete como ese puede valer más de £10.000 libras esterlinas. Billetes de £50 son extremadamente raros y tienen un valor muy alto para los coleccionistas. Un billete firmado por el jefe de cajeros T.P. Hanna sin circular puede alcanzar un valor de NZ$25.000 (25.000 dólares neozelandeses) acordando con la lista de valores de monedas y billetes de Nueva Zelanda.

Bibliografía
 Krause, Chester L., and Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
 Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors 7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
 Hawke, G.R., "The Making of New Zealand: an Economic History" (1985).
 Grant. Anthony W., "Premier: the New Zealand Coin and Banknote Catalogue" 2011.

Enlaces externos
 New Zealand: Coins Issued and Used.

Monedas fuera de curso
Monedas de Nueva Zelanda
Libra (moneda)
Imperio británico
Monedas de Reino Unido

Libra neozelandesa


İmirli, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında İmreli olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 95 km, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri

İmirli, Sungurlu


Die Schleuse Wusterwitz bildet die Schleusengruppe der Kanalstufe Wusterwitz am östlichen Ende der Bundeswasserstraße Elbe-Havel-Kanal zwischen der Gemeinde Wusterwitz und dem Dorf Woltersdorf in der Gemeinde Bensdorf im deutschen Bundesland Brandenburg. Die Schleuse liegt anteilig in beiden Gemeinden.

Alte Schleuse (Nordschleuse)
Die erste Schleuse Wusterwitz, früher auch Großwusterwitz genannt, wurde erbaut von 1927 bis Juli 1930. Errichtet wurde eine Schleppzugschleuse mit einer Länge von 225 und einer Breite von 12 Metern. Die Häupter und Kammerwände der Schleuse bestehen aus Stahlbeton. Die Schleusenwände wurden zusätzlich mit roten Klinkern verblendet. Das Oberhaupt der Schleuse wird verschlossen durch ein Klapptor, das Unterhaupt durch ein Stemmtor. Über das Unterhaupt führt eine Brücke. Unter der Brücke ist eine höhenverstellbare Stoßschutzeinrichtung zum Schutz der Tore gegen Schiffsstoß angebracht. Am Unterhaupt befindet sich auch das bisherige Bedienungsgebäude der Schleuse. Die maximale Fallhöhe beträgt 4,75 Meter, die minimale 2,95 Meter. Diese Situation tritt bei dem höchsten möglichen Hochwasserstand der Havel ein. Bei einem höheren Wasserstand ist eine Schleusung nicht möglich. Im Unterwasser der Schleuse liegt der Havelpegel zwischen der Schleuse Brandenburg am Kilometer 55,55 in der Havel und der Schleuse Bahnitz am Kilometer 81,95 der Untere Havel-Wasserstraße an.

Neue Schleuse (Südschleuse)

Im Rahmen des Verkehrsprojekts Deutsche Einheit Nr. 17 wird neben der bereits bestehenden Schleuse Wusterwitz eine neue Schleuse errichtet. Am 27. Oktober 2008 wurde der symbolische erste Spatenstich für den Bau der neuen Südschleuse und des oberen Vorhafens vollzogen. Die 12,50 Meter breite Schleusenkammer hat eine nutzbare Länge von 190 Meter. Die maximale Fallhöhe beträgt ebenfalls 4,75 Meter, die minimale 2,95 Meter. Die Schleuse erhält ein modernes und wirtschaftliches hydraulisches Seitenfüllsystem. Das Oberhaupt und das Unterhaupt werden durch Stemmtore verschlossen und für das Öffnen und Schließen der Längskanäle sind Gleitschütze eingebaut. Alle Betriebsverschlüsse werden durch Elektrohubzylinder angetrieben.

Über das Unterhaupt der Schleuse führt eine Brücke auf den Mitteldamm. An der Ostseite der Schleuse befindet sich das neue Schleusenbetriebsgebäude, von welchem zukünftig beide Schleusen und das Wehr gesteuert werden können. Die südlichen Liegeplatzbereiche in den Vorhäfen sind jeweils 440 Meter lang und durch rückverankerte Spundwände auf einer Breite bis 80 Meter begrenzt. Neben dem Neubau der Südschleuse Wusterwitz wird das bestehende Schützenwehr im Woltersdorfer Altkanal durch ein modernes 5 Meter breites Fischbauchklappenwehr ersetzt. Dieses wird einseitig durch einen Elektrohubzylinder angetrieben.

Die Verkehrsfreigabe der neuen Schleuse (Südkammer) war für 2014 vorgesehen.
Während der Sperrung der Nordkammer im März 2015 wurde für die Schifffahrt die Umfahrung auf der Unteren Havel ermöglicht. Die Bauarbeiten an der neuen Schleuse ruhten wegen Baumängeln seit 2013. Die zweite Schleusenkammer soll saniert werden. Durch Verzögerungen bei den Bauarbeiten und festgestellte Baumängel wurde die Südschleusenkammer erst am 2. August 2022 in Betrieb genommen.

UKW
Anrufkanal für die Schifffahrt ist UKW Kanal 18.

Begleitmaßnahmen
Im Schleusenbereich wurden neue Grünanlagen angelegt und Bäume gesetzt. Die entstandenen Schrägufer wurden begrünt und in Teilbereichen Röhricht angepflanzt. Alte bauliche Anlagen wurden entfernt und der Boden entsiegelt. Amphibienausstiege wurden gebaut.

Siehe auch
 Plauer Kanal
 Ihlekanal

Bilder

Literatur
 Pestalozziverein der Provinz Sachsen Die Provinz Sachsen in Wort und Bild I.Band Verlag von Julius Klinkhardt 1902 Seiten 95 ff
 Hans-J. Uhlemann: Berlin und die Märkischen Wasserstraßen transpress Verlag Berlin div. Jahrgänge ISBN 3-344-00115-9
 Herbert Sterz: Havelschifffahrt unterm Segel Verlag MEDIA@VICE GmbH Pritzwalk 2005 ISBN 3-00-016065-5
 Schriften des Vereins für europäische Binnenschifffahrt und Wasserstraßen e. V. div. Jahrgänge. Westeuropäischer Schifffahrts- und Hafenkalender Binnenschifffahrts-Verlag GmbH Duisburg-Ruhrort. Seite A 633

Karten
 Folke Stender: Redaktion Sportschifffahrtskarten Binnen 1 Nautische Veröffentlichung Verlagsgesellschaft ISBN 3-926376-10-4.
 W. Ciesla, H. Czesienski, W. Schlomm, K. Senzel, D. Weidner: Schiffahrtskarten der Binnenwasserstraßen der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1:10.000. Band 4. Herausgeber: Wasserstraßenaufsichtsamt der DDR, Berlin 1988, .

Weblinks

 ELWIS: Schleusenbetriebszeiten der Schleuse Wusterwitz
 Datenblatt des WSA zur neuen Schleuse

Einzelnachweise

Wusterwitz
Wusterwitz
Bauwerk in Wusterwitz
Bauwerk in Bensdorf
Bundeswasserstraße
Verkehrsbauwerk im Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark
Erbaut in den 1920er Jahren
Erbaut in den 2000er Jahren
Wusterwitz

Schleuse Wusterwitz


Blackadder: Back & Forth is a 1999 British science fiction comedy short film based on the BBC period sitcom Blackadder that marks the end of the Blackadder saga. It was commissioned for showing in the specially built SkyScape cinema erected southeast of the Millennium Dome on the Greenwich peninsula in South London. The film follows Lord Edmund Blackadder and his idiotic servant, Baldrick, on a time travel adventure that brings the characters into contact with several figures significant to British history.

In a 1999 interview, Richard Curtis described it as "an irreverent trek through British history – a time travel adventure story consisting entirely of people who are either rude or stupid." Rowan Atkinson and Tony Robinson reprised their roles as the series' core characters Blackadder and Baldrick, respectively. In an interview, Atkinson stated that making a Blackadder film had always been an ambition. Joining Atkinson and Robinson are other main cast members from the last three series, Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, Tim McInnerny and Miranda Richardson.

Plot
At Blackadder Hall in 1999, Lord Blackadder (Rowan Atkinson) is entertaining four guests on New Year's Eve. He informs them he has built a time machine using plans drawn by Leonardo da Vinci and wagers £10,000 each that he can bring back any item from history they request. Archbishop Melchett (Stephen Fry), Archdeacon Kevin Darling (Tim McInnerny), Major George (Hugh Laurie), and Lady Elizabeth (Miranda Richardson) agree to this and challenge him to bring back a Roman centurion's helmet, wellingtons worn by the Duke of Wellington on the day of the Battle of Waterloo, and an ancient pair of 200-year-old underpants. The whole voyage is actually a scam, as Blackadder has, in fact, had Baldrick (Tony Robinson) retrieve the items from his storage, and the time machine is a prop. Blackadder stages the time machine travelling through time for his guests, with himself and Baldrick hiding inside, but when he opens the door, he finds it has actually worked.

They are now in the Cretaceous Period, where they are confronted by a Tyrannosaurus. They throw away their wager items but are eventually able to defeat it using the underpants. Baldrick admits that, as he never got round to writing the dates on the dials, they cannot return to the present.

Blackadder and Baldrick return to Blackadder Hall but during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (Miranda Richardson) who, mistaking him for his ancestor, orders his beheading unless he has a present for her. While rummaging through his pockets, Blackadder drops some Polo mints onto the floor which he then offers to the Queen. She loves them, rewards him with her crown and orders him to go forth and bring back lots more "minty things". On his way back to the time machine, Blackadder meets William Shakespeare (Colin Firth). He gets his autograph before hitting him saying "that is for every schoolboy and schoolgirl for the next four hundred years" and leaves.

Blackadder tries to remember how the dials were set. They eventually land in Sherwood Forest and are captured by Robin Hood (Rik Mayall). Blackadder asks the Merry Men why they steal from the rich, facing certain death if caught, live in the forest with no toilet facilities, and yet give all they steal to the poor who, must accordingly view it as a reason not to work. Realizing Blackadder is right, the outraged Merry Men shoot Robin. After first having sex with Maid Marian (Kate Moss), Blackadder leaves, taking Robin's hat as a souvenir.

Next, the time machine lands upon the Duke of Wellington (just before he announces his plan to defeat Napoleon's forces) at the Battle of Waterloo in the process. Blackadder steps out to steal the Duke's boots, feeling he may as well try to win his wager. This is followed by them landing at Hadrian's Wall in Roman Britain, where they spy their Roman ancestors. After stealing a helmet, Blackadder and Baldrick escape from a charging group of Picts.

Baldrick mentions that dying people have their lives flash before them and that if Blackadder was about to drown, he might see how the dials were originally set. Blackadder agrees with this and shoves Baldrick's head into the time machine toilet. The plan succeeds and Baldrick remembers how to set the dials to return home. On the way back, Baldrick suggests that anyone can change the world for the better, though Blackadder argues that all most people can do is make money.

Returning to 1999, the party guests are impressed by what Blackadder has returned with, but due to his interference with history, Robin Hood is unknown, Shakespeare is only known as the inventor of the ballpoint pen (which he had left with him after punching him), and Britain has been ruled by the French since Napoleon's victory at Waterloo. Realising that he is to blame, Blackadder runs back into the time machine to, "save Britain!" He praises Shakespeare, charms Robin Hood, and saves the Duke of Wellington.

They return home to ensure that the original timeline has been restored and to collect Blackadder's winnings from his guests. He tells them to go upstairs and watch the New Year's festivities on television, assuring them he will soon return. He informs Baldrick he has a "very, very, very cunning plan", and they set off again in the time machine. The guests watch the broadcast of the British royal family and the prime minister arriving at the Millennium Dome. Blackadder is shown to now be the absolute monarch, King Edmund III, who is married to Queen Marian of Sherwood (Kate Moss), and is joined by figurehead Prime Minister Baldrick.

Cast

The cast reunited most of the regulars of series two to four of the television series, who each played a variety of different incarnations of themselves, in a similar fashion to Blackadder's Christmas Carol. The cast also included a number of cameos from British actors and celebrities.

 Rowan Atkinson as Lord Blackadder, King Edmund III and Centurion Blaccadius
 Tony Robinson as Baldrick, Prime Minister and Legionary Baldricus
 Stephen Fry as Archbishop Melchett, General Flavius Melchius, Lord Melchett and the Duke of Wellington
 Hugh Laurie as Major George and Consul Georgius
 Tim McInnerny as Archdeacon Darling, Duke of Darling and Duc de Darling
 Miranda Richardson as Lady Elizabeth and her relative Queen Elizabeth I
 Patsy Byrne as Nursie
 Colin Firth as William Shakespeare
 Rik Mayall as Robin Hood (aka Lord Flashheart)
 Kate Moss as Maid Marian
 Simon Russell Beale as Napoleon
 Jennie Bond as Royal Reporter
 Sacha Bennett as Will Scarlet (uncredited)
 Crispin Harris as Friar Tuck (uncredited)

Production
Blackadder: Back & Forth was produced almost 10 years after the final episode of the Blackadder television series, but reunited almost the entire cast and writers of series 2–4 of the television programme, with the exception of the original series producer, John Lloyd. Due to the increased budget, it is the only Blackadder story to be shot entirely on film and with no laugh track, although one was added for the BBC One broadcast in 2002. It is also the only Blackadder to be filmed in widescreen; 2.20:1 aspect ratio for cinema showings, and 16:9 (1.77:1) for the DVD and television screenings.

The film was co-financed by Sky and the BBC, with sponsorship from, among others, Tesco, with Blackadder trying to offer his loyalty card to Queenie.

The opening sequence features various depictions and photographs of historical scenes, edited to contain a Blackadder, accompanied by a full orchestral version of the Howard Goodall's Blackadder theme. The closing theme is a reprisal of the heroic version of the first series, with new lyrics sung by Giles Underwood; the lyrics appear onscreen with Blackadder's head as a bouncing ball.

Screening rights dispute
In 1999, before Back & Forth had premiered at the Millennium Dome, a dispute broke out between Sky and the BBC over who had the right to broadcast the one-off special after the Millennium year. Sky claimed that they had paid £4 million for exclusive rights while the BBC argued that it was absurd that the channel from which the programme originated would not be screening it and that "[t]he stars agreed to do it on the basis that it would be on BBC One."

The film was shown at the 'SkyScape' cinema eight times a day throughout the celebratory year 2000. It was also aired on television, first on Sky One on 1 October 2000, and then on BBC One, where it was scheduled to be shown on Easter Sunday in 2002, but was postponed until 21 April because of the death of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

Rating, awards, and home media release
Because of the film's intended audience (it is rated PG rather than 15) a number of scenes were cut from the final edit.

The short was released onto VHS in 2000 and onto DVD in October 2001 by Video Collection International. The DVD release includes a corresponding "making of" documentary called Baldrick's Video Diary which contains select scenes cut out of the special, as well as the Comic Relief special Blackadder: The Cavalier Years.

All of this material, together with Blackadder's Christmas Carol, was later included on Disc 5 of the Blackadder Remastered: The Ultimate Edition DVD box set. The DVD release does not include the laugh track.

The film was nominated for "Best Situation Comedy" at the British Academy Television Awards 2001.

See also
List of fictional prime ministers of the United Kingdom

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Richard Curtis and Ben Elton. Blackadder: Back & Forth. Penguin Books, 2000.

External links

 Blackadder: Back and Forth at Blackadderhall.com

Blackadder
1999 films
Films about time travel
1990s science fiction comedy films
Fiction set in Roman Britain
British science fiction comedy films
Films with screenplays by Ben Elton
Robin Hood films
Robin Hood parodies
Films about William Shakespeare
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
Cultural depictions of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Films with screenplays by Richard Curtis
Depictions of Napoleon on film
Works about the Battle of Waterloo
Films set around New Year
Films set in 1815
Films set in 1999
Films directed by Paul Weiland
Television episodes about time travel
Fiction featuring the turn of the third millennium
1999 comedy films
1990s British films
British comedy television films

Blackadder: Back & Forth


San Sebastian de La Gomera, İspanya'da otonom Kanarya Adaları'nda Santa Cruz de Tenerife ili'nde ve La Gomera adasında bulunan ve bu adanın merkezi olan bir kasabadır.

Tarih

Kanarya Adaları'nın İspanya tarafından işgal edilip bu mevkide bir kasaba ve bir belediye kurulmadan önce burada Guançeler adlı yerliler yaşamaktaydı. Bu mevki ve La Gomera 1440 adası 1440'ta Hernan Peraza tarafından İspanya adına fethedildi. 6 Eylül 1492'de Hindistan'ı bulma hedefiyle yola çıkmış olan Kristof Kolumb'un küçük filosu bu kasabanın limanında demir atıp ve ondan sonra bilinmeyen Atlas Okyanusu'na açılarak sefer sonunda Amerika kıtasını bulmuştur.

1447-1450 döneminde kasabada Gomera Kontu için "Torre de Conde" adli bir kule yapılmıştır. Yerli Guançe halkının 15. yüzyıl isyanlarında bu kule İspanyol'ları tutanlar tarafından bir savunma korunağı olarak kullanılmıştır.

1599'da adayı işgal için karaya çıkan bir Hollandalı askeri birliğine karşı olarak adanın valisi komutası altında bu kasaba halkı direnişe geçmiş ve Hollandalı'ların bu fetihten vazgeçmelerine neden olmuştur.

Coğrafi konum

Kasaba deniz kenarından başlayıp hemen evler hemen kasabanın içinden geçen derelerin vadilerinden tepelere doğru konumlamıştır. Evler ve kasaba merkezi güneydoğu kuzeybatı yönlü yokuş sokaklar kenarındadırlar. Ortalama rakım 128 metre olmaktadır. Kasabanın limanı doğudadır ve bu liman ve etrafı bir plajdır. Limandan Tenerife, La Palma ve Hiero adalarına düzenli feri seferleri yapılmaktadır. Kasabanın etrafındaki tepeler tümüyle kesilmiş ormanlardan oluşmaktadır. Kasabanın tarım alanları vadilerde olup kuzeydoğusundadır. Kuzeybatıda yüksek tepelik dağlık araziler bulunur.

Demografi

Kasabanın nüfusu (2011 itibarıyla) 9.120 kişi olup kasaba alanı 113,59 km² ve nüfus yoğunluğu 80.29 kişi/km² olur. Kasaba nüfusu 2000'li yıllarda turizm sektörü gelişmesiyle hızla büyümüştür.

Ekonomi

Adanın ana iktisadi sektörü etraftaki vadilerde yapılan tarım idi. Fakat Kanarya Adalarına 1960'li yıllarda başlayan turizm akımı 1990'lı yıllardan sonra La Gomera adası ve San Sebastián de La Gomera kasabasını da etkilemiştir. Turistik tesisler kurulmasından sonra kasabanın ana plajı olan liman etrafı yazları turist çekmeye başlamıştır.

Görülecek yerler

 Torre del Conde - tarihi bir savunma kulesi
  Casa del Colón - Kristof Kolomb'un kasabada kaldığı ev ve bu evdeki Kristof Kolomb müzesi
 Casa de los Peraza - Eski bir ev
 Pozo de La Aguada
 La Asunción Kilisesi ve San Sebastián Manastır Kilisesi
 Doğal güzellikler
 Barranco del Cabrito
 Los Roques kayaları
 Puntallana
 Majona Doga Parki

Resimler

San Sebastian de La Gomora

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 La Gomera
 Santo Cruz de Tenerife ili
 Kanarya Adaları

Dış bağlantılar

 San Sebastián de La Gomera belediyesi resmi websitesi

San Sebastián de La Gomera


Onfly é uma startup brasileira de viagens corporativas criada em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. A empresa começou suas operações em outubro de 2018 pelos sócios Marcelo Linhares e Elvis Soares, dentro do ecossistema de inovação San Pedro Valley.

Os empreendedores brasileiros que identificaram uma lacuna no mercado de gestão de viagens corporativas. A solução proposta foi pensada para que empresas superassem desafios no gerenciamento de suas viagens de negócios. Um dos sócios explica que a empresa é como se fosse a Decolar.com para empresas.

Com a pandemia do Sars-Cov-2 no ano de 2022, a empresa quase encerrou suas atividades. Apesar da redução de deslocamento, empresas de setores como da construção civil e agronegócio continuaram realizando viagens, o que manteve a startup em funcionamento.

Ainda em 2021, um aporte financeiro da Cedro Capital impulsionou a startup. No mesmo ano, a empresa triplicou o número de funcionários e, em 2022, dobrou a quantidade novamente.

Também em 2022, a startup mineira foi reconhecida em diferentes premiações: foi considerada uma das 150 melhores empresas para trabalhar no Brasil pela GPTW, a melhor Travel Tech do Brasil pelo ranking da 100OpenStartups, entre outros.

A empresa tambem foi selecionada pela Endeavor, em 2022, para um programa de mentoria .

Em 2023, a empresa expandiu as operações em Belo Horizonte com mais um escritório na região da Savassi e em São Paulo, com novo escritório na Vila Olímpia.

Referências

Startups do Brasil
Startups
Belo Horizonte

Onfly


عسلوج، قرية فلسطينية مهجرة، تقع على مسافة نحو 30 كم جنوبًا من بئر السبع. احتلها الصهيونيون في 15/12/1948، وانطلقوا منها لاحتلال النقب الجنوبي. هدمها اليهود، أقاموا على أراضيها مستعمرة "ريفيفيم" بين الخلصة وعسلوج، كما أقاموا عام 1950 في بقعة عسلوج نفسها وأراضيها مستعمرة "مشابي سده".

أهمية موقع القرية
كان لهذه القرية أهمية خاصةً لوقوعها على طريق بئر السبع- العوجا، تلك الطريق الرئيسية المعبّدة التي تربط سيناء بالنقب. كما ساهمت هذه الطريق في خدمة البدو المتجوّلين داخل المنطقة، حيث كانت القوافل التجارية تسلكها في الماضي، مما دفع بقوات الكيان الصهيوني إلى احتلال القرية للسيطرة على هذه الطريق والتحكم في حركة المرور فيها.

نبذة تاريخية
قام الإنجليز عام 1917 بتدمير جسر سكة الحديد في عسلوج عند دخولهم فلسطين، وهو لقبيلة العزازمة ويقع في النقب، كما حرّف اسمه ليصبح «زوخروت».

تمثّل عسلوج التي أنشئت فوق رقعة أرضية متموّجة في النقب الأوسط، خط تقسيم مياه بين وادي عربة شرقًا والبحر المتوسط غربًا. تألفت من مضارب وبيوت لأفراد قبيلة العزازمة الذين استقروا بضفة وادي عسلوج. بالإضافة لذلك، بنى العثمانيون فيها مسجدًا. أمّا المياه الجوفية في المنطقة، ففي عسلوج نفسها ثلاث آبار ذات مياه عذبة، وفي بطن ولد جنوب غرب عسلوج بئر الثميلة، حيث يقال: إنّ مسقط رأس إسماعيل بن إبراهيم الخليل كان قُربها.

اشتملت عسلوج، إضافةً إلى مسجدها، على بعض الدكاكين لبيع المواد التموينية والأقمشة للبدو المجاورين للقرية، أمثال عرب العصيات والمحمديين وغيرهم ممن كانوا يفدون على القرية لبيع بعض منتجاتهم الحيوانية، وشراء ما يلزمهم من حاجات.

تأسّست مدرسة عسلوج الابتدائية عام 1946، على الطريق العام بين بئر السبع والعوجا. بالنسبة للزراعة، كانت قليلة حول عسلوج، تعتمد على الأمطار التي يبلغ متوسطها السنوي نحو 70 ملم. أهم الغلات الزراعية الشعير الذي يتحمل الجفاف. كما كان يربي السكان أعدادًا من الحيوانات كالإبل، الأغنام والمعز، تعتمد في غذائها على المراعي الطبيعية المنتشرة حول عسلوج. وبعد عام 1948 هاجر معظم أفراد قبيلة العزازمة من ديارهم إلى الأردن.

احتلال القرية
في 10/6/1948 تعرضت عسلوج لاعتداء صهيوني آثم؛ دافعت عنها حاميتها التي تألفت من بدو المنطقة، ومن متطوّعين ليبيين ومصريين. لكنّ القوة الصهيونية المهاجمة تغلّبت، واحتلت القرية زمنًا قصيرًا إلى أن استردها الجيش المصري. ظلّت بأيدي المصريين حتى احتلها الصهيونيون ثانية في 15/12/1948، وانطلقوا منها لاحتلال النقب الجنوبي. هدمها اليهود، أقاموا على أراضيها مستعمرة "ريفيفيم" بين الخلصة وعسلوج، كما أقاموا عام 1950 في بقعة عسلوج نفسها وأراضيها مستعمرة "مشابي سده".

مراجع

قرى فلسطين

عسلوج (بئر السبع)


Mosteiro de São João de Dailam ou Dayra d'Mar Yoḥannan Daylamáyá, também conhecido como Naqortaya e Muqurtaya (em siríaco: ܕܝܪܐ ܢܩܘܪܬܝܐ dayrá naqortáyá, literalmente "mosteiro esculpido"), é um mosteiro siríaco ortodoxo que fica a 3 km ao norte de Bakhdida, no norte Iraque.

Ver também

 Igreja Siríaca Ortodoxa de Antioquia

Referências

Edifícios religiosos
Edifícios religiosos do Iraque
Cristianismo siríaco
Igreja Ortodoxa Síria
Cristianismo no Iraque
Edifícios monásticos da Igreja Ortodoxa Síria

Mosteiro de São João de Dailam


Nurri (sardinski: Nurri) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 612 metara i ima 2 164 stanovnika. Prostire se na 73,67 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 29 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Esterzili, Isili, Mandas, Orroli, Sadali, Serri, Siurgus Donigala i Villanova Tulo.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Nurri


Asylum Records er bandarísk tónlistarútgáfa stofnuð árið 1971 af David Geffen og Elliot Roberts. Hún var sett undir Warner Communications (nú Warner Music Group) árið 1972 og síðar sameinuð Elektra Records sem að lokum varð Elektra/Asylum Records. Helstu stefnur útgáfunnar eru hipphopp tónlist, rokk og ról og jaðarþungarokk.

Tenglar

Bandarískar tónlistarútgáfur

Asylum Records


Pedro María de la Arriagada Argomedo (San Fernando, 1791 – Santiago, 3 de junio de 1837), fue un político chileno, Licenciado en derecho, hacendado y diputado por Colchagua.

Vida
Fue hijo del curicano Félix José de la Arriagada y Maturana y de María Mercedes Argomedo y Montero. Nació en San Fernando, corregimiento de Colchagua, el año 1791, fue colegial del seminario de los Santos Ángeles Custodios en 1810. Licenciado en derecho en 1820. Fue dueño de la hacienda Roma, imponiendo una capellanía de ocho mil pesos en beneficio de su alma. Tuvo cuatro hijos naturales: Mercedes, María, Ignacio y Dolores. Sin embargo, se mantuvo soltero.

Fue diputado propietario por Colchagua, en el Congreso Nacional Constituyente de 1826. Encabezó la representación de Colchagua, por renuncia, fundada en enfermedad de José Gregorio Argomedo, propietario electo en primer lugar. Falleció en Santiago el 3 de junio de 1837.

Referencias y Notas

(1)Retamal Faverau, Julio et al. Familias fundadoras de Chile 1540-1600.  Empresa Editora Zig-Zag, S.A. Santiago de Chile, 2000. p. 588.
(2)Lira Montt, Luis. Los colegios reales de Santiago de Chile. Revista de Estudios Históricos. Santiago de Chile, 1976, N.º 21. p. 41.
(3)Op. Cit. N.º 1.
(4)Valencia Avaria, Luis. Anales de la República. Editorial Andrés Bello. Santiago de Chile, 1986. Vol. 2. p. 63.
(5)Op. Cit. N.º 1.

Bibliografía
Lira Montt, Luis. Los colegios reales de Santiago de Chile. Revista de Estudios Históricos. Santiago de Chile, 1976, N.º 21.
Retamal Faverau, Julio et al. Familias fundadoras de Chile 1540-1600.  Empresa Editora Zig-Zag, S.A. Santiago de Chile, 2000.
Valencia Avaria, Luis. Anales de la República. Editorial Andrés Bello. Santiago de Chile, 1986. Vol. 2.

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en San Fernando (Chile)
Fallecidos en Santiago de Chile
Abogados de Chile
Abogados del siglo XIX
Políticos del siglo XIX
Diputados de Chile en el siglo XIX
Diputados por Colchagua

Pedro María de la Arriagada


Italian Somaliland (; ; ) was a protectorate and later colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day Somalia. Ruled in the 19th century by the Somali Sultanates of Hobyo and Majeerteen in the north, and in the south by political entities such as the Hiraab Imamate and Geledi Sultanate.

Italy gradually secured much of the territory in the 1880s through a series of protection treaties. Starting in the 1890s, the Bimaal and Wa'dan revolts near Merca marked the beginning of Somali resistance to Italian expansion, coinciding with the rise of the anti-colonial Dervish movement in the north. By the end of 1927, following a two year military campaign against Somali rebels, Rome finally asserted authority over the entirety of Italian Somaliland.

In 1936, the region was integrated into Italian East Africa as the Somalia Governorate. This would last until Italy's loss of the region in 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II. Italian Somalia then came under British military administration until 1950, when it became a United Nations trusteeship, the Trust Territory of Somalia under Italian administration. On 1 July 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia united with the former British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic.

History
The late 19th century had a huge impact in the Horn of Africa. The Somali Sultans that then controlled the region, such as Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Boqor Osman Mahamuud, Ahmed Yusuf, and Olol Dinle entered into treaties with one of the European colonial powers Great Britain and France, or Abyssinia.

First settlement

At the end of the 19th century, a growing social-political movement developed within Italy to start expanding its influence, since many other European countries had already been doing so, which was effectively leaving Italy behind.  Italy also had serious economic problems. It is also argued by some historians that Italy had a minor interest in the mutton and livestock that were then plentiful in Somalia, though whatever designs Italy may have had on the resource-challenged Somali landscape were undoubtedly subordinate to its interest in the region's ports and the waters and lands to which they provided access.

Cesare Correnti organized an expedition under the Società Geografica Italiana in 1876. The next year, the travel journal L'Esploratore was established by Manfredo Camperio. The "Società di Esplorazioni Commerciali in Africa" was created in 1879, with the Italian industrial establishment involved as well. The "Club Africano", which three years later became the "Società Africana D'Italia", was also established in Somalia in 1880. The first recorded act of Somali resistance began in October 1893, when Vincenzo Filonardi disembarked at the city of Merca to create a colonial outpost. During the visit a captain of one of the Italian vessels, Lieutenant Maurizio Talmone, was assassinated.

Majeerteen-Italian treaties

In late 1888, Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid sent a treaty request to Italy to make his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian protectorate. His rival Boqor Osman Mahamuud was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate (Majeerteenia) the following year. Both rulers had entered into the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist goals, with Sultan Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Boqor Osman over the Majeerteen Sultanate, as well as in a separate conflict with the Hiraab Sultanate over an area to the south of Hobyo. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories. The Italians, for their part, were interested in the largely arid territory mainly because of its ports, which could grant them access to the strategically important Suez Canal and the Gulf of Aden.

The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the Sultanates' respective administrations. In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions. The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few ambassadors to promote both the Sultanates' and their own interests. The new protectorates were thereafter managed by Vincenzo Filonardi through a chartered company. An Anglo-Italian border protocol was later signed on 5 May 1894, followed by an agreement in 1906 between Cavalier Pestalozza and General Swaine acknowledging that Baran fell under the Majeerteen Sultanate's administration.

The last piece of land acquired by Italy in Somalia in order to form Italian Somaliland was the Jubaland region. Britain ceded the territory in 1925 as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I. The British retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD).

Italo-Abyssinian campaign

In January 1887 Italian troops from Somalia fought a battle against Ras Alula Engida's militia in Dogali, Eritrea, where they lost 500 troops. The Prime Minister, Agostino Depretis, died shortly after this defeat in July 1887. Francesco Crispi replaced him as Prime Minister. On 2 May 1889, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II and Italy signed a peace treaty.

Coastal settlement

Italy gained control of the ports of the Benadir coastal area with the concession of a small strip of land on the coast from the Sultan of Zanzibar, and over the following decades, Italian settlement was encouraged. In 1905, Italy assumed the responsibility of creating a colony in southern Somalia, after several failed attempts. This followed revelations that the Benadir Company had tolerated or collaborated in the perpetuation of the slave trade. The administrative regulator was Governor Mercantelli, with the six subdivisions of Brava, Merca, Lugh, Itala, Bardera, and Jumbo. Following the assassination of an Italian Lieutenant by anti-colonial Somali rebels, Italian troops razed all villages east of the river Shabeelle in a nearly hundred-kilometre range in reprisal, while seizing livestock and killing Somali residents in the area.

On 5 April 1908, the Italian Parliament enacted a basic law to unite all of the parts of southern Somalia into an area called "Somalia Italiana". The colonial power was then divided between the Parliament, the metropolitan government, and the colonial government. The power of the colonial government was the only power that was changed. The civil governor controlled export rights, regulated the rate of exchange, raised or lowered native taxes, and administered all civil services and matters relating to hunting, fishing, and conservation. The governor was in control of the police force, while nominating local residents and military arrangements.

From 5 April 1908 to 5 May 1936, the Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops (Regio corpo truppe coloniali della Somalia Italiana), originally called the "Guard Corps of Benadir", served as the territory's formal military corps. At the start of its establishment, the force had 2,600 Italian officers. Between 1911 and 1912, over 1,000 Somalis from Mogadishu served as combat units along with Eritrean and Italian soldiers in the Italo-Turkish War. Most of the troops stationed never returned home until they were transferred back to Italian Somaliland in preparation for the invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.

Effective Italian control remained largely limited to the coastal areas until the early 1920s. After the collapse of the Dervish movement, wherein Diiriye Guure was sultan and wherein Mohammed Abdullah Hassan' was emir, rebellion and revolt occurred, with disputes arising between different clans in the colony. The government of the time served as a mediator while maintaining close control over the military.

Colonial development and fascist era

In 1920, a member of the Italian royal family, The Duca degli Abruzzi, who was also a famous explorer, would establish the Società Agricola Italo-Somala (SAIS) in order to explore the agricultural potential of the territory. That same year, the Duca founded the Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi ("Villabruzzi"; Jowhar) as an agricultural settlement in Italian Somaliland. The area produced sugar, bananas and cotton. On 5 December 1923, Cesare Maria De Vecchi di Val Cismon was named Governor in charge of the new colonial administration.

In November 1920, the Banca d'Italia, the first modern bank in Italian Somaliland, was established in Mogadishu.

After World War I in 1925, Trans-Juba, which was then a part of British East Africa, was ceded to Italy. This concession was purportedly a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I.

Following an examination of the layout of the land, the Italians began new local infrastructure projects, including the construction of hospitals, farms and schools.

The relationship between the Sultanate of Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against the Somali religious and nationalist leader Muhammad Abdullah Hassan's Dervish forces. Viewed as too much of a threat, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea. His son Ali Yusuf Kenadid succeeded him on the throne. In 1924, Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi adopted a policy of disarmentation of the northern Somali sultanates. Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenadid was thereafter in turn exiled. The Dubats colonial troops and the Zaptié gendarmerie were extensively used by De Vecchi during these military campaigns. However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.

In 1926, the agricultural colony of Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi comprised 16 villages, with some 3,000 Somali and 200 Italian inhabitants, and was connected by a 114 km new railway to Mogadishu. Italian colonial policy followed two principles in Italian Somaliland: preservation of the dominant clan and ethnic configurations and respect for Islam as the territory's religion.

In 1928, the Italian authorities built the Mogadishu Cathedral (Cattedrale di Mogadiscio). It was constructed in a Norman Gothic style, based on the Cefalù Cathedral in Cefalù, Sicily. Following its establishment, Crown Prince Umberto II made his first publicized visit to Mogadishu. To commemorate the visit, the Arch of Umberto was constructed. The arch was built at the center of Mogadishu Garden. The Mogadishu International Airport was constructed that same year. The facility was regarded as one of the finest in the region.

Following a two year long Somali resistance, in late 1927 Italy finally extended authority across the entire territory. In the early 1930s, the new Italian Governors, Guido Corni and Maurizio Rava, started a policy of assimilation of the Somalis. Many Somalis were enrolled in the Italian colonial troops, and thousands of Italian colonists moved to live in Mogadishu. The city grew in size and some small manufacturing companies opened up. The Italians also settled in agricultural areas around the capital, such as Jowhar and Janale (Genale).

In 1930, there were 22,000 Italians living in Italian Somaliland, representing 2% of the territory's population. The majority resided in the capital Mogadishu, with other Italian communities concentrated in Jowhar, Adale (Itala), Janale, Jamame and Kismayo.

In October 1934, Crown Prince Umberto II made his second publicized visit to Italian Somaliland. King Victor Emmanuel III would also travel to the territory, arriving on 3 November that same year, accompanied by Emilio de Bono, after a non-stop flight from Rome. They were welcomed by the Governor Maurizio Rava and other colonial administrators. The King then traveled to Villabruzzi on 5 November and then returned to Mogadishu, where he celebrated his 65th birthday on 11 November. Following his visit to Italian Somaliland, new maps and 14 stamps were published. To commemorate his visit, an Arch of Triumph was constructed in Mogadishu in 1934.

Italian East Africa (1936–1941)

By 1935, Mogadishu began to serve as a major naval base and port for the Italians. Then Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini regarded Greater Somalia (La Grande Somalia) as the crown jewel in Italy's colonial empire on the continent. He viewed himself less as an invader than as a liberator of the occupied Somali territories, including the Ogaden region, to which the Ethiopian Empire laid claim. On this basis, he justified his plan to invade Ethiopia. In October 1935, the southern front of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War was launched into Ethiopia from Italian Somaliland. The Italian General Rodolfo Graziani commanded the invasion forces in the south. Over 40,000 Somali troops served in the war, mostly as combat units. They backed up the over 80,000 Italians serving alongside them at the start of the offensive. Many of the Somalis were veterans from serving in Italian Libya. During the invasion of Ethiopia, Mogadishu served as a chief supply base.

In June 1936, after the war ended, Italian Somaliland became part of Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) forming the Somalia Governorate. The new colony of the Italian Empire also included Ethiopia and Eritrea. To commemorate the victory, an Arch of Triumph was constructed in Mogadishu.

From 1936 to 1940, new roads were constructed in the region, such as the "Imperial Road" from Mogadishu to Addis Ababa. New railways (114 km from Mogadishu to Jowhar) and many schools, hospitals, ports and bridges were also built.

Since the start of the colony, many Somali troops fought in the so-called Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali. The soldiers were enrolled as Dubats, Zaptié and Bande irregolari. During World War II, these troops were regarded as a wing of the Italian Army's Infantry Division, as was the case in Libya and Eritrea. The Zaptié were considered the best: they provided a ceremonial escort for the Italian Viceroy (Governor) as well as the territorial police. There were already more than one thousand such soldiers in 1922. In 1941, in Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia, 2,186 Zaptìé plus an additional 500 recruits under training officially constituted a part of the Carabinieri. They were organised into a battalion commanded by Major Alfredo Serranti that defended Culqualber (Ethiopia) for three months until this military unit was destroyed by the Allies. After heavy fighting, all the Italian Carabinieri, including the Somali troops, received full military honors from the British.

In 1935, there were over 50,000 Italians settlers living in Italian Somaliland, constituting 5% of the territory's population. Of those, 20,000 resided in Mogadishu (Mogadiscio), representing around 40% of the city's 50,000 residents.  Mogadishu was an administrative capital of Italian East Africa, and new buildings were erected in the Italian architectural tradition. Other Italian settler communities were concentrated in Jowhar, Adale (Itala), Janale, Jamame, and Kismayo. These figures do not include the more than 220,000 Italian soldiers stationed throughout Italian Somaliland during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.

The colony was also one of the most developed in Africa in terms of the standard of living of the colonists and of the local inhabitants, mainly in the urban areas. By 1940, the Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi ("Villabruzzi"; Jowhar) had a population of 12,000 people, of whom nearly 3,000 were Italian Somalis, and enjoyed a notable level of development with a small manufacturing area with agricultural industries (sugar mills, etc.).

In the second half of 1940, Italian troops invaded British Somaliland, and ejected the British. The Italians also occupied Kenyan areas bordering Jubaland around the villages of Moyale and Buna. Although the Italian leadership believed were unsure where the British army would land first, Operation Canvas, to capture southern Somalia occurred first in January 1941, whereas the subsequent attempt to capture British Somaliland happened two months later in Operation Appearance.

In the spring of 1941, Britain regained control of British Somaliland and conquered Italian Somaliland with the Ogaden. However, until the summer of 1943, there was an Italian guerrilla war in all the areas of the former Italian East Africa.

British Military Administration (1941–1950)

British forces occupied Italian Somaliland and militarily administered the territory as well as British Somaliland. Faced with growing Italian political pressure inimical to continued British tenure and Somali aspirations for independence, the Somalis and the British came to see each other as allies. The first modern Somali political party, the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was subsequently established in Mogadishu in 1943; it was later renamed the Somali Youth League (SYL). The SYL evolved into the dominant party and had a moderate ideology. Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) party served as the principal opposition to the right, although its platform was generally in agreement with that of the SYL.

In November 1949, the United Nations finally opted to grant Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (later Hizbia Dastur Mustaqbal Somali, or HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL), that were then agitating for independence — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.

Trust Territory of Somalia (1950–1960)

In 1949, when the British military administration ended, Italian Somaliland became a United Nations trusteeship known as the Trust Territory of Somaliland. Under Italian administration, this trust territory lasted ten years, from 1950 to 1960, with legislative elections held in 1956 and 1959.

On 1 April 1950, the Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia (AFIS) began its rule. A deployment of 6,500 troops landed in Somalia to assist the establishment of AFIS under the leadership of Giovanni Fornari. Fornari's three year tenure would mark the most difficult years of the Trusteeship. The first half of AFIS's decade long rule would be marked by animosity and conflict between the Italian authorities and the Somali Youth League. Numerous SYL officials who had gained positions of prominence during the era of British Military Administration were either demoted, removed from their positions or imprisoned by Italians officials. These attempts to marginalize the league would lead to demonstrations across the country which were strongly repressed by the government, who had at the time come to decision not cooperate or concede to the SYL's plans for independence. In the 1956 parliamentary election, the Somali Youth League would win 54.29% of votes versus 26.01% for the nearest party, the Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali. The growing power of the SYL would lead Italian officials to take a more conciliatory stance towards the organization. The SYL would also earn 416 of the 663 seats in the 1958 municipal election, with the HDMS securing 175 seats. By the 1959 parliamentary election, SYL would capture an even greater share of votes by winning 75.58% of the total ballot.

Italian was an official language in Italian Somaliland during the Fiduciary Mandate, as well as in the first years of independence. By 1952, the majority of Somalis had some understanding of the language.

Independence (1960)
On 1 July 1960, the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) and the former British Somaliland united to form the Somali Republic, with Mogadishu as the nation's capital. This day is celebrated as Somalia's Independence Day.

A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister. On 20 July 1961, through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960.

Governors

See also
 Italian Somalis
 Italian Eritrea
 Italian Libya
 Fourth Shore
 Villabruzzi

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Antonicelli, Franco. Trent'anni di storia italiana 1915 - 1945. Mondadori Editore. Torino, 1961.

 Fitzgerald, Nina J. Somalia. Nova Science, Inc. New York, 2002.
 Hess, Robert L. Italian Colonialism in Somalia. University of Chicago P. Chicago, 1966.
 Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. St. Martin's P Inc. New York, 1999.

External links

 "La Somalia Italiana", written in 1925 by Romolo Onor (in Italian).
 "Atlante delle colonie italiane". Detailed Atlas of Italian colonies, written by Baratta Mario and Visintin Luigi in 1928 (in Italian).
 Border changes between Ethiopia and "Somalia Italiana"in the 1930s
 Collection of photos of "Somalia italiana" (1885-1960)
 Rivista Militare: Maps of Italian control of Somalia

Somaliland
1941 disestablishments in Africa
Former Italian-speaking countries
Former colonies in Africa
Somaliland
Italy–Somalia relations
States and territories established in 1889
1889 establishments in Somalia
1889 establishments in the Italian Empire
1936 disestablishments in the Italian Empire
Former countries of the interwar period
States and territories disestablished in 1936

Italian Somaliland


මාස්ටර් නන්ද සිරිවර්ධන (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Nanda Siriwardene) යනු කලු පටි ශූරී කියොකුෂින් කරාතේ ක්‍රීඩාවේ සහ යෝගා කලාවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා පුරෝගාමී සහ ප්‍රවීණ උපදේශකයායි.

ජීවන සටහන්

නන්ද සිරිවර්ධන  නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹහි ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 සටන් ගුරු නන්ද සිරිවර්ධන

 මම අදටත් ඕනෑ කෙනෙකුට චැලෙන්ජ් කරනවා

 Nanda Sri Hatha Yoga Institute

 KYOKUSHIN KAI KAN - Sri Lanka

කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු ක්‍රීඩකයින්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ

නන්ද සිරිවර්ධන


Paleosen, günümüzden 66.043 milyon yıl önce başlayıp 55.8 milyon yıl önce sona eren jeolojik zaman dilimidir. Kuş olmayan dinozorların yok olması (Kretase-Tersiyer yok oluşu) ile başlar. Paleosen devrinin başlaması ile memeliler geniş topraklara yayılmaya başlamıştır (Bkz.Memelilerin evrimi). Kretase döneminin sonunda bugünküne benzeyen Türkiye belirmeye başlamıştır.

Kaynakça

Paleosen
Senozoik jeokronolojisi

Paleosen


Olimpia Cavalli (* 30. August 1930 in Cadeo; † 29. März 2012 in Rom) war eine italienische Schauspielerin.

Leben
Cavalli spielte auf der Bühne im Teatro Ambra Jovinelli neben Erminio Macario und erhielt ihre erste Filmrolle 1958. Sie trat hauptsächlich in Komödien neben Stars wie Totò, Vittorio De Sica und Walter Chiari auf. Als große Hoffnung der Filmindustrie der beginnenden 1960er Jahre spielte die mit herausragendem Temperament in glutvollen und aggressiven Frauenrollen eingesetzte dunkelhaarige Cavalli unter Mauro Bolognini, Luchino Visconti und Roberto Rossellini, schaffte den Durchbruch jedoch nicht und verließ nach einigen Rollen, die sie völlig unter Wert besetzten, und knapp zwanzig Filmen 1965 nach ihrer Hochzeit die Branche, um sich der Familie zu widmen. 1999 kehrte sie für einen nicht veröffentlichten Film zurück.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1959: Und zu leicht befunden (Morte di un amico)
 1960: Das Haus in der Via Roma (La viaccia)
 1961: Der furchtlose Rebell (Vanina Vanini)
 1963: Der Leopard (Il gattopardo)
 1963: Achteinhalb (Otto e mezzo)
 1964: Der Donnerstag (Il giovedì)
 1964: Due mafiosi nel Far West

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Italiener
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2012
Frau

Olimpia Cavalli


Le touchtennis est une version modifiée du tennis joué sur un court compact avec des balles en mousse et des raquettes plus courtes (21 pouces ou 53 centimètres).

Les joueurs ATP anciens et actuels incluent Fernando Gonzalez, Marcus Willis, Jeff Tarango et Chris Eaton.

Histoire
Le touchtennis a été créé en 2002 par un homme d'affaires, Rashid Ahmad, pour divertir sa fille et Aurélien Guyot. Quelques années plus tard, des tournois, des événements et un classement ont été développés.

Équipement

Raquettes
Les raquettes de touchtennis officielles ne doivent pas mesurer moins de 20,9 pouces (53,1 cm) et pas plus de 21,1 pouces (53,6 cm). La taille du tamis de la raquette ne doit pas dépasser 107 pouces carrés (690 cm2).

Balles
Des balles en mousse spéciales ont été développées pour résister aux coups violents. La balle officielle de touchtennis mesure 8 cm (3,1 pouces) de diamètre et est fabriquée en mousse blanche découpée. Par rapport au tennis, la balle va 75% moins vite. Ces balles sont plus légères et plus molles qu'au tennis, avec un impact plus doux.

Terrain
Les dimensions d'un court de touchtennis officiel sont de 12 m × 5 m pour les simples et de 12 m × 6 m pour les doubles. Cependant, des écarts allant jusqu'à 25 cm sont tolérés sur toutes les lignes afin de rendre le jeu plus accessible et varié. Les joueurs peuvent également utiliser un terrain de badminton en abaissant le filet et en collant une nouvelle ligne de service à 1 mètre de distance de la ligne de service de badminton vers la ligne de fond.

Joueurs marquants
 Rashid Ahmad (fondateur) : 42 titres en simple (20 Slams et 22 Masters) et 10 titres en double (dont 3 Masters).
 Adam Hassan : 11 titres en simple (dont 4 Masters) et 32 titres en double (dont 4 Slams et 7 Masters).
 Matt Golledge : 9 titres en simple (dont 1 Masters) et 32 titres en double (dont 6 Slams et 8 Masters).
 Simon Roberts : 37 titres en simple (dont 5 Grands Chelems, 11 Masters et 3 Masters cups) et 1 titres en double (dont 1 Slam et 2 Masters).
 Alex Miotto : 11 titres en simple (dont 3 Slams, 2 Masters et 1 Master Cup) et 7 titres en double (dont 2 Slams et 2 Masters).

Références

Voir aussi
 Paddle-tennis

Liens externes
 Site officiel
 https://www.youtube.com/touchtennis

Sport dérivé du tennis

Touchtennis


Androstephium,  biljni trod u porodici šparogovki (Asparagaceae) i redu šparogolike (Asparagales), dio je potporodice Brodiaeoideae.

Postoje dvije priznate vrste lukovičastih geofita koje rastu po središnjim i zapadnim dijelovima SAD-a, od Kalifornije na zapadu do Kansasa, Oklahome i Teksasa na istoku.

Vrste
 Androstephium breviflorum S.Watson
 Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) Greene; Kansas, Oklahoma, Teksas.

Izvori

Brodiaeoideae

Androstephium


Sid Meier (d. 1954), Kanadalı bilgisayar programcısı. Bilgisayar dünyasında efsane haline gelmesini yarattığı strateji tarzı oyunlara borçludur. Halen ticari bilgisayar oyunu endüstrisinin devlerinden biri sayılmaktadır.

İlk olarak 1982 yılında Bill Stealey ile MicroProse şirketini kurmuştur. Daha sonra seri halini alacak olan Civilization oyunu burada doğmuştur. 1999 yılında bu şirketi bırakan Meier, Jeff Briggs ile beraber Firaxis Games şirketini kurmuştur.

Ancak Sid adı geçen her oyunda temel programcı veya tasarımcı da değildir. Mesela Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri ve Sid Meier's Colonization oyunlarının tasarımcısı Brian Reynoldsdır. Meier hedeflerinden birinin de dinozor temalı bir oyun gerçekleştirmek olduğunu söylemektedir.

1999 yılında AIAS Hall of Fame ödülüne layık görülmüştür.

Oyunları

 Spitfire Ace (1982)
 HellCat Ace (1982)
 Floyd of the Jungle (1982)
 NATO Commander (1984)
 Solo Flight (1984)
 Kennedy Approach (1985)
 F-15 Strike Eagle (1985)
 Silent Service (1985)
 Sid Meier's Pirates! (1987)
 F-19 Stealth Fighter (1988)
 F-15 Strike Eagle II (1989)
 Covert Action (1990)
 Railroad Tycoon (1990)
 Civilization (1991)

 Pirates! Gold (1993)
 Colonization (1994)
 Civilization II (1996)
 Sid Meier's Gettysburg! (1997)
 Sid Meier's Antietam! (1998)
 Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri (1999)
 Civilization III (2001)
 SimGolf (2002)
 Sid Meier's Pirates! (2004)
 Civilization IV (2005)
 Sid Meier's Railroads! (2006)
 Civilization V (2010)
 Civilization: Beyond Earth (2014)
 Civilization VI (2016)

1954 doğumlular
Sarnia doğumlular
Kanadalı bilgisayar bilimcileri
20. yüzyıl Kanadalı iş insanları
21. yüzyıl Kanadalı iş insanları
Amerikalı video oyunu tasarımcıları
Amerikalı video oyunu programcıları
Amerikalı Lüterciler
Hollanda asıllı Amerikalılar
Michigan Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Video oyunu yapımcıları
MicroProse
Yaşayan insanlar

Sid Meier


Mefentermina é um estimulante cardíaco usado em tratamento em tratamento de hipotensão arterial (pressão baixa) e, anteriormente, em preparações de descongestionantes nasais.

A mefentermina pertence à classe dos estimulantes cardíacos adrenérgicos e dopaminérgicos que não fazem parte dos glicosídeos. Também é utilizado no tratamento de insuficiência cardíaca.

Mecanismo de ação
A mefentermina parece agir por estimulação indireta dos receptores β-adrenérgicos, provocando a liberação de noradrenalina de seus locais de armazenamento. É um agente com efeito inotrópico positivo no miocárdio. Com o aumento da velocidade de condução, o tempo de condução e o período refratário do nó AV diminuem, ao passo que ocorre dilatação artérias e arteríolas no músculo esquelético e leitos vasculares mesentéricos, levando a um aumento do volume de sangue proveniente do retorno venoso.

Seu início de ação é de 5 a 15 minutos por administração intramuscular e imediato com administração intravenosa. A duração de ação é de quatro horas com administração intramuscular e 30 minutos com administração intravenosa.

Indicação e dosagem
Para redução e manutenção da pressão arterial em estados hipotensivos pessoas adultas, a dosagem costuma ser de 30-45 mg em dose única, repetida conforme necessário ou seguida de infusão intravenosa de mefentermina a 0,1% em solução injetável de dextrose a 5%, com a velocidade e a duração da administração dependendo da resposta sintomática.

Para hipotensão materna após raquianestesia, a dose para adultos é de 15 mg em dose única, repetida se necessário.

Interações medicamentosas
A mefentermina antagoniza o efeito de agentes que reduzem a pressão arterial. Hipertensão grave pode ocorrer com inibidores da monoaminoxidase e possivelmente antidepressivos tricíclicos . Efeitos vasoconstritores podem aumentar quando administrada junto a alcalóides de ergot e ocitocina.

As interações medicamentosas potencialmente fatais são o risco de arritmia cardíaca em pessoas submetidas à anestesia com ciclopropano e halotano.

Contraindicações
É contraindicada em casos de pressão arterial baixa causada por fenotiazinas, hipertensão e feocromocitoma.

Descongestionantes
Agentes de liberação de noradrenalina
Cardiotônicos
Anfetaminas substituídas

Mefentermina


Isla Palma es el nombre que recibe una isla en la costa este del país centroamericano de Costa Rica, que posee una superficie de 20,5 kilómetros cuadrados, no posee población permanente y se ubica entre el Mar Caribe y un caño llamada "La Palma". Administrativamente depende del Cantón de Pococí, al norte de la  Provincia de Limón. Su superficie es pantanosa.

Véase también
 Anexo:Islas de Costa Rica
 Geografía de Costa Rica
 Geografía de América

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas del mar Caribe de Costa Rica

Isla Palma