John Glen Sperling (January 9, 1921 – August 22, 2014) was an American billionaire businessman who is credited with having led the contemporary for-profit education movement in the United States The fortune he amassed was based on his founding of the for-profit University of Phoenix for working adults in 1976, which became part of the publicly traded Apollo Group. Sperling brought the business model of higher education to the forefront, a model that employed the scientific management of higher education to the forefront: diminishing the power and importance of labor, increasing the importance of technology, marketing and advertising, and as University of Phoenix cofounder John D. Murphy explained, maximizing profit. For ventures ranging from pet cloning to green energy, he has widely been described as an "eccentric" self-made man by The Washington Post and other media.

Early life and education
Sperling was born to a poor sharecropper family in the Missouri Ozarks. His father worked for the railroad and his mother was a fundamentalist Christian. He spent several years as a sailor in the merchant marine, and even as a wandering 1950s beatnik. He received his undergraduate education at Reed College, Portland, Oregon, a master's degree from the University of California, Berkeley under the G.I. Bill, and then went on to read for a PhD in economic history at King's College, Cambridge. His doctorate thesis examined 18th-century English mercantile history.

Entrepreneurship

Apollo Group

Apollo Group () was an S&P 500 corporation based in the South Phoenix area of Phoenix, Arizona. Apollo Group, Inc., through its subsidiaries, owned several for-profit educational institutions before it was acquired by Apollo Global Management and two other companies.

Apollo was founded by John Sperling in 1973. Sperling founded the University of Phoenix in his 50s with no investors and no track record in businesses while facing what he described in his biography as "mean-spirited" opposition from accreditation agencies, competitors, and the press.

The company owned and operated four higher-learning institutions: the University of Phoenix, Western International University, Axia College, the College for Financial Planning, the Institute for Professional Development. It also owned Insight Schools (Online Public High Schools for Washington, Wisconsin, and other locations), and Olympus High School. As of November 2005, the combined enrollment of the four U.S. domestic universities (UOPX, WIU, Axia, CFFP) was approximately 315,350 students. Of these, nearly 90% attended the University of Phoenix, which Apollo Group described as "the nation's largest regionally accredited private university".

Additionally, Apollo Group, Inc. was the owner of BPP University in the United Kingdom. It joined forces with Carlyle Group to create Apollo Global for investing in education abroad.  Apollo Global also purchased UNIACC college in Santiago, Chile and ULA college in Mexico.

University of Phoenix

The University of Phoenix was a for-profit institution of higher learning. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of Apollo Group Inc. which was a publicly traded () S&P 500 corporation based in Phoenix, Arizona. The University of Phoenix was founded by John Sperling, who felt that "working adult students were often invisible on traditional campuses and treated as second-class citizens." Sperling is also quoted as saying "We are not trying to develop [students'] value systems or go in for that 'expand their minds' bullshit." In 1976, it began in Phoenix, with the first class consisted of eight students. In 1980, the school expanded to San Jose, California, and in 1989, the university launched its online program.

The school formerly had an enrollment of 420,700 undergraduate students and 78,000 graduate students, or 224,880 full-time equivalent students. The university had more than 200 campuses worldwide and conferred degrees in over 100 degree programs at the associate, bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels. University of Phoenix has an open enrollment admission policy, requiring only a high-school diploma, GED, or its equivalent. The school also provides associate or bachelor's degree applicants opportunity for advanced placement through its prior learning assessment, which, aside from previous coursework, college credit can come from experiential learning essays, corporate training, and certificates or licenses.

Activism
Before becoming an entrepreneur at age 53, Sperling was a tenured professor at San Jose State University. He was an activist for several liberal causes during the 1960s, such as building a powerful new California faculty union, and was part of several conflicts with authorities and university leaders regarding his experimental adult education schemes.

John Sperling was also an opponent of drug prohibition and was financing initiatives to decriminalize medical marijuana in the United States. According to Time magazine, Sperling used marijuana to combat pain caused by the cancer he fought during the 1960s. Together with George Soros, and Peter Lewis of Progressive Insurance, Sperling raised considerable amounts of money for drug and other related causes, especially during the 2004 presidential campaign.

Bio-medical projects

Longevity research
Sperling directed significant amounts of his attention and financial resources toward extending the life span of human beings—research into life extension technology or "biological immortality". Wired magazine reported in their February 2004 article "John Sperling Wants You to Live Forever" that his fortune was quickly approaching US$3 billion, and that he had plans to donate it to human biology research if and when he died.  It was to be the biggest private program ever devoted to human biology. Sperling since indicated that his fortune would go primarily to environmental causes.

Cloning
Sperling provided financing to Genetic Savings & Clone (GS&C), of Sausalito, California, which closed in 2006. He spent seven years and $20 million trying to clone a dog named Missy in a project called Missyplicity. Clones of Missy were produced in December 2007.  A subproject of Missyplicity was called Operation CopyCat, which successfully created the first cat clone, named CC.

Writing

For-profit Higher Education
In 1997 Sperling and Robert W Tucker published a book, For-profit Higher Education: Developing a World-class Workforce.

Most of the content of this book was derived from a series of internal position papers written by Sperling & Tucker (Tucker was a Senior Vice President). The papers, some 47 in all, were written from 1992 through 1997 to guide the development of the institution to serve the adult-centered market effectively.

Perhaps the most controversial argument made in this book was its analysis of taxpayer costs associated to the three basic models of higher education: public, private (non-profit), and private (for-profit). By accounting not only for direct taxpayer funding associated to the three models, but also for government support to non-profits and, especially, forgone revenue in the non-profit models (including: taxes on endowments; property, sales, use, taxes; federal and state taxes on profit or surplus revenue), Sperling & Tucker's model showed that taxpayers realized a profit of several hundred dollars per student per year from a successful for-profit university. The model also showed that taxpayers underwrite costs amounting to several thousand dollars per student per year for students attending public and non-profit institutions. Sperling & Tucker's model showed that taxpayers underwrite the highest dollar value for students attending a small number of highly elite institutions, largely because of their very large tax-free endowments.

There are criticisms of Sperling & Tucker's economic and financial arguments. At the time this book was published, the student loan default rate for University of Phoenix students was at or below the average for state 4-year institutions. This parity eliminated loan default costs as a significant factor in the analysis. (Although the model included default rates by institution.) Today, the default rate for-profit institutions is above the average for public and non-profit institutions, leading critics to argue that the difference in the level of taxpayer support required under the three models is not so large and perhaps does not exist. Considerable disagreement centers on this point. Some of the disagreement rests on which economic and financial variables to consider in the taxpayer cost equation; some disagreement rests on uncertainties and disputes surrounding true taxpayer costs in loan defaults.

Other themes in the 1997 book include an argument that regional accrediting bodies play an inconsistent and restrictive role in innovation and an overview of the integrated assessment, academic decision-support, and quality management system developed and implemented by Tucker.

Rebel with a Cause
In 2000, Sperling published an autobiography called Rebel with a Cause.

After reviewing Sperling's autobiography Alex Lightman wrote, "Sperling's unflinching honesty in recounting his childhood of poverty and illiteracy in the Ozarks; his battles over academic accreditation and 'the war on drugs;' his investments in cloning, anti-aging, and in crops that can grow amidst salt and sand; and, especially, his founding of a big, profitable public university that will probably generate more MBA holders than any other, all add up to a CEO whose life will echo, even thunder, for decades to come." Lightman also wrote, "Las Vegas bookies probably would have given Sperling 100-to-1 odds against his business, but he not only survived, he grew the Apollo Group--parent of University of Phoenix and related interests--into a public company with a market capitalization (as of May 2001) of almost $7 billion, making it roughly as successful as many vastly more publicized dot-com champions." Expressing his final opinion of the book Lightman wrote, "A book Like Rebel with a Cause is dangerous, because it sets new CEO standards for both searing self-reflection and for what constitutes success."

The Great Divide: Retro vs. Metro America
In August 2004, he co-authored The Great Divide: Retro vs. Metro America, released by his newly created publishing firm, PoliPoint Press. It was a sociological treatise attempting to explain the Red America/Blue America cultural and political divisions of the United States.

Despite a $2 million advertising campaign, the book was not widely embraced by its intended progressive audience. Thomas Frank, author of What's The Matter With Kansas?, ridiculed Sperling's view of American society:

The book, however, did succeed in causing controversy in conservative media. Gary Gregg of National Review Online called the book the work of a "metropolitan elite who disdain the cultures and values of middle America." R. Albert Mohler, Jr., president of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, called it a work of "hate, cultural condescension, and bizarre proposals backed up with hare-brained analysis."

The Great Divide is a blueprint for the Democratic Party to control the presidency and both houses of congress. Sperling and his co-authors claim that the United States has seldom been truly united and that there currently exists such a wide gap that the country is effectively two nations: "one traditional and rooted in the past, and one modern and focused on the future." Sperling and his co-authors say these two nations are divided along racial, ethnic, religious, cultural, political, and geographic lines. They claim that political conflict in American is not really about left-wing or right-wing ideology but about the differences between what they call Metro America and Retro America; Metro America consists of the two coasts and the Great Lakes states. The authors argue that neither the Republicans nor the Democrats are national parties, so there is no point in behaving as such. They recommend that the Democrats concede the Retro states and focus entirely on the Metro states. This would allow the party to develop a coherent message that would connect with voters and to take advantage of the fact that Metro states account for 65 percent of the population. Then, once a strong base is built, the Democrats can work on unifying America.

Works authored

See also
 Biological immortality
 For-profit higher education in the United States
 Futures studies
 Life extension
 Longevity
 University of Phoenix

References

External links
Executive Officers of Apollo Group
Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People
American's 25 most fascinating entrepreneurs Inc.com magazine
 Fast Company magazine, 'The Hard Life and Restless Mind of America's Education Billionaire'
Utah Initiative B Contribution Details

News articles
 Wired Magazine, 'John Sperling Wants You to Live Forever'
USATODAY.com - Independent voices rising in ads

1921 births
2014 deaths
American billionaires
American cannabis activists
American education businesspeople
Reed College alumni
University and college founders
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Phoenix people
Businesspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Apollo Education Group
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
20th-century American businesspeople
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II

John Sperling


Samuel Knox Skinner (born June 10, 1938) is an American politician, lawyer, and businessman. Skinner served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation and White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush. Prior to the Bush administration, Skinner served as the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois under President Gerald R. Ford from 1975-1977, succeeding James R. Thompson.

Early life
Skinner was born in Chicago, Illinois, on June 10, 1938, the son of Imelda Jane Curran and  Vernon Orlo Skinner.  He grew up in Springfield, Illinois and Wheaton, Illinois, and graduated from Wheaton Community High School in 1956. He graduated from the University of Illinois in 1960 with a Bachelor of Science in accounting. He was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha, Beta Eta chapter at the University of Illinois. Upon graduation, he served as a lieutenant and a tank platoon leader in the United States Army in 1960-1961. He graduated from DePaul University Law School in 1966, where he served on the law review. Skinner has been involved in the Boy Scouts most of his life, earning the Eagle Scout award as a youth in Wheaton's Troop 35, and being honored with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo Award as an adult.

After his military service, Skinner held various sales and management positions with the IBM Corporation from 1960 to 1968. In 1967, IBM selected him Outstanding Salesman of the Year. Although offered position to serve as assistant to the chairman of IBM, Thomas Watson Jr., Skinner decided to enter a career in public service.

Law career

From 1968-75, Skinner served in the office of the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois as an assistant United States attorney (AUSA) and, in 1975, President Gerald Ford appointed the 37-year-old Skinner the United States Attorney. As an AUSA, Skinner fought organized crime and public corruption. In 1974, Skinner and co-counsel, then United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois and future Governor of Illinois James R. Thompson, successfully prosecuted then-U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Otto Kerner, Jr.

This was the first time in U.S. history that a sitting federal court of appeals judge was found guilty of a federal crime. During his tenure at the U.S. Attorney's office, Skinner also worked directly with future U.S. Court of Appeals Judges William J. Bauer, Joel M. Flaum, and Ilana Rovner, U.S. District Court Judge Charles P. Kocoras, future U.S. Attorneys for the Northern District of Illinois Dan K. Webb and Anton R. Valukas, future United States Senator Carol Moseley Braun, and future Illinois Attorney General Tyrone C. Fahner.

From 1977-89, Skinner practiced law as a senior partner in the Chicago law firm Sidley Austin LLP, where he served on the firm's executive committee and as its second lateral partner in its 100-year-old history. From 1984-88, while practicing law full-time, he also served as chairman of the regional transportation authority of northeastern Illinois, the nation's second-largest mass-transportation district. Also during that time, President Reagan appointed Skinner as vice chairman of the President's Commission on Organized Crime.

George H. W. Bush Administration
After leaving the U.S. Attorney's office for a career in the private sector, Skinner became active in Republican politics in Illinois. Skinner led the Illinois efforts of George H. W. Bush's unsuccessful 1980 presidential campaign and successful 1988 presidential campaign, the last time a Republican candidate for President carried Illinois in the general election.

In December 1988, Skinner was nominated by President Bush to serve as Secretary of Transportation. Skinner was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on January 31, 1989, and assumed the office on February 6, 1989.

As Secretary of Transportation, he served as chief executive officer of a cabinet-level federal department with a budget over $30 billion and a workforce of 105,000 people. During his tenure, Skinner was credited with numerous successes, including the development of the President's National Transportation Policy and the passage of landmark aviation and surface-transportation legislation. He also issued regulations mandating wheelchair lifts on buses. In addition, Skinner was instrumental in developing President Bush's Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, which served as the catalyst for the whole ITS industry.

He also developed the "open skies" policy of the United States that liberalized U.S. international policy and significantly increased the number of international flights to and from the U.S. In addition, Skinner acted as the President's point person in numerous crisis situations, including the Eastern Air Lines strike, the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the northern California earthquake, Hurricane Hugo, and the 1991 national rail strike. Skinner's role in these emergencies earned him the moniker "the Master of Disaster". Washingtonian magazine twice gave Skinner its highest ranking for his performance as Secretary of Transportation.

After Dick Thornburgh resigned as Attorney General in 1991 to run for the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of John Heinz, Skinner was offered the position. However, he turned down the role due to the inability of the Attorney General to engage in election-related political activity per the Hatch Act of 1939. In December 1991, Skinner left his job as Secretary of Transportation to replace John H. Sununu as White House Chief of Staff.

As White House Chief of Staff, Skinner acted as the President's chief surrogate and led the implementation of the President's domestic policy agenda leading into the 1992 general election. Under Sununu, domestic policy initiatives had drifted into the background in favor of foreign policy centered around the Persian Gulf War. Skinner served in the position from December 1991 until August 1992, when he was asked to work on the campaign full-time at the Republican National Committee and was replaced as chief of staff by then-Secretary of State James Baker.

Post-Bush administration career
Upon leaving the White House, Skinner returned to Chicago and became president of Commonwealth Edison and its holding company Unicom Corporation (now Exelon) from 1993 to 1998. In 1998, Skinner left this role to become co-chairman of the Chicago-based law firm Hopkins and Sutter. In July 2000, he was named chairman, president, and CEO of US Freightways, retiring from that role three years later in April 2003.

Skinner is currently on the board of directors of Navigant Consulting, Echo Global Logistics, Virgin America, and the Chicago Board of Options Exchange, and an advisor to Metalmark Capital. He also serves as director emeritus of Express Scripts. In 2015, Skinner was appointed chairman of the Takata Corporation independent quality assurance panel to conduct an internal investigation of the Company's airbag manufacturing process.

Since 2006, Skinner has served as of counsel at the law firm of Greenberg Traurig.  From 2003-2008, Skinner was an adjunct professor of management and strategy at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. He serves on the board of visitors of the Duke University Sanford School of Public Policy. Mayor Lori Lightfoot appointed Skinner to lead the task force to assist the City in its efforts to recover from the economic consequences of COVID-19.

Family
Skinner and his first wife, Susan Ann Thomas, had three children. His eldest son, Thomas Vernon Skinner, is the former head of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's national compliance program, director of the EPA's region 5, and current general counsel of Louisiana State University.  Another son, Steven Knox Skinner, is the CEO of KemperSports, a privately owned company that manages over 100 golf courses across the country. His daughter, Jane Skinner Goodell, is a former news anchor on Fox News Channel's Happening Now and the wife of NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell.

Skinner currently resides in Winnetka, Illinois, with his wife, Honey Jacobs Skinner, a retired partner at the law firm Sidley Austin LLP. Together, they have two sons, Samuel Jacobs Skinner and William Curran Skinner. Actress Gillian Jacobs is his niece through marriage.

Awards
Skinner has been awarded honorary degrees from George Washington University and Lake Forest College.

In 2017, he was inducted as a laureate of the Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the state's highest honor) by the governor of Illinois in the areas of government and law.

References

Further reading

External links

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1938 births
20th-century American politicians
American chief executives
DePaul University College of Law alumni
Exelon people
George H. W. Bush administration cabinet members
IBM employees
Illinois Republicans
Lawyers from Chicago
Living people
Military personnel from Illinois
Northwestern University faculty
People from Wheaton, Illinois
Politicians from Springfield, Illinois
United States Army officers
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Illinois
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Gies College of Business alumni
White House Chiefs of Staff

Samuel K. Skinner


Adolfo J. de Bold OC (* 14. September 1942 in Paraná, Argentinien; † 22. Oktober 2021) war ein argentinisch-kanadischer Pathologe und Physiologe.

Leben
De Bold studierte Medizin an der Universidad Nacional de Córdoba in Argentinien, wo er Physik, Pathologie und Histologie unterrichtete. Seine Facharztausbildung (Residency, Chief Residency) absolvierte er am Hospital Nacional de Clinicas in Córdoba. Ab 1974 war er Wissenschaftler an der Queen´s University (und am Hotel Dieu Hospital) in Kanada, wo er 1971 seinen Master-Abschluss machte und 1973 in Pathologie promoviert wurde. 1982 wurde er Associate Professor und 1985 Professor an der Queen´s University. 1986 wurde er Professor für Pathologie und Physiologie an der University of Ottawa. Er gehörte dem Board of Directors des University of Ottawa Heart Institute an und war dort Direktor des endokrinologischen Labors.

1981 gelang de Bold mit einigen anderen Wissenschaftlern, wie dem Nierenspezialisten Harald Sonnenberg, die Entdeckung eines vom Herzen ausgeschütteten Hormons, Atriales natriuretisches Peptid (ANP, ANF), mit dem der Blutdruck reguliert wird. Er ließ sich das Hormon auch patentieren. Die Entdeckung, dass das Herz Hormone erzeugt, kam damals überraschend, obwohl schon länger bekannt war, dass im Atrium (Vorhof) Granula vorhanden waren, die typisch waren für Gewebe, das Polypeptid-Hormone sezerniert, und dass die Dehnung des Atriums eine vermehrte Sekretion von Wasser und Natriumionen zur Folge hat (was man aber auf einen neuronalen Reflex zurückführte).

1986 erhielt er den Gairdner Foundation International Award und den Science Achievement Award der American Society for Hypertension sowie den Research Achievement Award der Canadian Cardiovascular Society. 1988 erhielt er die Medal of Excellence in Research der Royal Society of Canada, 1994 den Ciba Award der American Heart Association und er erhielt den Research Achievement Award der International Society of Hypertension. 2014 wurde er in die Canadian Medical Hall of Fame aufgenommen. Er war Fellow der Royal Society of Canada und der American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Er war kanadischer Staatsbürger.

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Queen's University, Kingston)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Ottawa)
Mitglied der Royal Society of Canada
Fellow der American Association for the Advancement of Science
Officer of the Order of Canada
Träger des Canada Gairdner International Award
Kanadier
Argentinier
Geboren 1942
Gestorben 2021
Mann

Adolfo J. de Bold


Ferdinand-Jean Darier (* 26. April 1856 in Pest; † 4. Juni 1938 in Longpont-sur-Orge, Département Seine-et-Oise) war ein französischer Dermatologe.

Leben
Darier stammt aus einer Hugenottenfamilie, die im 17. Jahrhundert aus Frankreich emigriert war. Vor seiner Geburt zogen seine Eltern nach Budapest, als er acht Jahre alt war, nach Genf. Schon als Kind sprach Darier fließend Französisch, Deutsch und Ungarisch. Mit fünfzehn begann er in Genf ein Medizinstudium, wechselte aber 1878 nach Paris. Nach seiner Promotion 1885 ging er in das Labor von Louis-Antoine Ranvier. Von 1909 bis 1922 war er Leiter der Medizinabteilung des Hôpital Saint-Louis.

Werk
Darier gehörte neben Ernest Henri Besnier (1831–1909), dem er vor seiner Promotion assistiert hatte, Louis-Anne-Jean Brocq (1856–1928), Raymond Sabouraud (1864–1938), und Jean Alfred Fournier zu den "Big 5" der Pariser Schule. Er gehörte zu den Pionieren der Strahlentherapie, Chemotherapie, Histopathologie und Impfungen.

Nach Darier sind einige Eponyme benannt:
 Darier-Zeichen: klinisches Zeichen bei Mastzelltumoren
 Morbus Darier (Dyskeratosis follicularis)
 Darier-Bowen-Krankheit (Morbus Bowen)
 Darier-Roussy-Sarkoid

Literatur
 Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Darier, Ferdinand-Jean. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin 2007, Bd. 1, S. 286 (online).

Weblinks
 Darier bei whonamedit.com

Einzelnachweise

Dermatologe
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (19. Jahrhundert)
Franzose
Geboren 1856
Gestorben 1938
Mann

Ferdinand-Jean Darier


Paul Testart est un photographe, libraire, imprimeur et éditeur de cartes postales, né à Épinal le  et mort dans la même ville le .

Biographie

Jeunesse et études
Paul Testart naît de Pierre François Testart (1823-1898) et de Anne Louise Gassinger (1841-1930). Il effectue des études au collège d'Épinal à partir de 1887, puis à l'École industrielle dans laquelle il reste quatre ans. Il reste d'ailleurs proche de cette école, puisqu'il devient par la suite secrétaire de l'association des anciens élèves. Il y rencontre Adolphe Weick, un photographe et éditeur actif dans les Vosges, et commence à travailler pour Charles Froereisen, un imprimeur-éditeur de renom à Épinal. Paul Testart se marie d'ailleurs avec la fille de ce dernier, Marguerite Froereisen en 1898, avant de divorcer pour se remarier avec Marguerite Meininger en 1906.

Photographe et éditeur de cartes postales
L'entreprise pour laquelle il travaillait précédemment a été reprise par Homeyer et Ehret en 1900. L'année suivante, Paul Testart décide ainsi d'ouvrir sa propre librairie, 32 rue Léopold-Bourg à Épinal. Il propose en plus de cela, une activité d'imprimerie industrielle et commerciale.
Peu de temps après, il devient aussi éditeur de cartes postales photographiées puisqu'il dispose d'une jumelle de  et d'un magasin de 24 plaques de verre. Il est lui-même passionné de photographie et membre du photo-club spinalien depuis sa fondation en 1906.

De 1890 à 1950, Paul Testart parcourt les Vosges et prend des clichés des nombreux villages, mais aussi des lieux et événements qui font l'actualité de son époque. Il prend par exemple en photo le « Capitaine Ferber », un dirigeable de 1912 fourni par l'état-major, qui effectue sa première sortie le .En éditant un nombre important de cartes postales, il contribue à l'essor touristique du département. En plus des nombreux clichés des sites naturels des Hautes-Vosges (comme le Ballon d'Alsace) ou des lieux de patrimoine des Vosges (comme Domrémy-la-Pucelle), Paul Testart publie plusieurs ouvrages destinés à promouvoir le tourisme dans son département. En 1909, il publie un premier guide destiné aux touristes et visiteurs d'Épinal appelé Épinal, un nid de verdure au milieu des Vosges. Il reçoit même le prix Erckmann-Chatrian en 1958 pour l'un de ses ouvrages, Épinal à travers les siècles, des origines à nos jours. Il s'implique aussi activement dans le tourisme de sa région puisqu'il est secrétaire général du syndicat d'initiative d'Épinal et participe, à ce titre, aux missions de valorisation du territoire des Vosges.

Il meurt dans sa ville natale, le .

Publications
 Épinal, nid de verdure dans les Vosges ( édition revue et augmentée), Imprimerie Homeyer, décembre 1951
 Guide du touriste et de l'hôtellerie dans le département des Vosges, Épinal, Paul Testart (éd.), s. d.
 Plan-Barême de la ville d'Épinal (disponible sur Gallica), Épinal, Paul Testart (éd.), s. d.
 Ce qu'il faut savoir des origines et du passé de la ville d'Épinal, Nancy, Imprimeries A. Humblot et , 1951
 Épinal à travers les siècles, des origines à 1950 Nancy, Imprimerie Humblot, 1956

Notes et références

Références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Éditeurs français de cartes postales
 Carte postale
 Victor Franck
 Adolphe Weick

Liens externes

 442 cartes postales éditées par Paul Testart sur Limédia galeries
 Notice biographique rédigée par les archives des Vosges
 Généalogie de Paul Testart

Éditeur de cartes postales
Photographe français du XIXe siècle
Photographe français du XXe siècle
Photographe de paysage
Naissance en avril 1872
Naissance à Épinal
Décès en mars 1961
Décès à Épinal
Décès à 88 ans

Paul Testart


Benjamin Diez est un joueur international français de volley-ball, né le  à Nice. Il mesure  et joue au poste de libero.

Carrière
Formé au Centre national de volley-ball (2014-2016), il commence sa carrière professionnelle à l'Association sportive de Cannes (2016-2018). Il reste à Cannes deux saisons malgré la descente en Championnat de Ligue B.

Il confirme ensuite avec le Montpellier Hérault Sport Club (2018-2020), puis il rejoint Paris Volleyentre 2020 et 2022. Dans ce dernier club, il remplace Julien Lavagne en retraite sportive.

En 2021, il est appelé le Chênois Genève comme joker médical, pour remplacer l'argentin Facundo Santucci (blessé à la clavicule), pour disputer la finale du championnat de Suisse masculin de volley-ball qu'il remporte.

Il s'est engagé en 2022 avec le Tours Volley-Ball en remplacement de l'international australien Luke Perry.

Il fait partie des joueurs de l'équipe de France qui participent à la Ligue des nations masculine de volley-ball 2021 et remportent la Ligue des nations masculine de volley-ball 2022.

Lors de sa saison 2022-2023 avec le Tours Volley-Ball, il remporte le doublé Coupe-Championnat.

Après une saison, il rejoint le club polonais de Belchatow.

Il est sélectionné dans la liste des 30 Bleus sélectionnés pour la Ligue des nations et l'Euro 2023.

Palmarès

Compétitions de clubs
 Championnat de France Ligue A (1)
  2023 avec le Tours VB
  Coupe de France (1)
  2023 avec le Tours VB
  Championnat de Suisse
  2021 avec le Chênois Genève
 Coupe de Suisse
 2021 avec le Chênois Genève
  Championnat de Ligue B
  2018 avec l'Association sportive de Cannes

Compétition en équipe nationale
 Ligue des nations :
  2022
  2021

Distinction individuelle

  Meilleur libéro du Championnat de Ligue B
 2018 avec l'Association sportive de Cannes

Liens externes

Notes et références

Naissance en avril 1998
Naissance à Nice
Joueur français de volley-ball
Joueur du Montpellier Université Club (volley-ball)
Joueur du Paris Volley
Joueur du Tours Volley-Ball

Benjamin Diez


ستاب هاب سنتر (هوم ديبت سنتر سابقاً) هو ملعب مخصص لكرة قدم بمدينة لوس أنجلوس افتتح في يناير من عام 2003 كلف بنائه 150 مليون دولار أمريكي ويبعد قرابة 15 كم عن وسط المدينة وكذلك يتسع لجلوس 27,000 متفرج ويقيم عليه نادي لوس أنجلوس جلاكسي جميع مبارياته التي تقام على أرضه.

مراجع

استادات اتحاد الرجبي في كاليفورنيا
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مبان ومنشآت في كارسون (كاليفورنيا)
ملاعب الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2028
ملاعب الدوري الإنجليزي لكرة القدم وطنية سابقة
ملاعب الدوري الوطني لكرة القدم الأمريكية
ملاعب ألعاب القوى (المضمار والميدان) في كاليفورنيا
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ملاعب سلسلة سباعيات الرغبي العالمية
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ملاعب كرة قدم أمريكية في كاليفورنيا
ملاعب كرة مضرب أولمبية
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نادي شيفاز يو إس أي
ملاعب كأس العالم لكرة القدم للسيدات 2003

ستاب هاب سنتر


උච්ඡිෂ්ට ගණපති (, )  යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ හින්දු දෙවි ගනේෂයන්ගේ (ගණපති) තන්ත්‍රික ස්වරූපයකි. මොහු උච්ඡිෂ්ට ගණපත්‍ය නිකායයෙහි ප්‍රධාන දේවතාවා වන අතර, එය ගණපත්‍යයන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන ගුරුකුල සය අතුරින් එකකි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 පංචමාකාර

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ගනේෂගේ ස්වරූප
හින්දු තන්ත්‍රික දෙවිවරු

උච්ඡිෂ්ට ගණපති


Miles was the name used between 1943 and 1947 to market the aircraft of British engineer Frederick George Miles, who, with his wife – aviator and draughtswoman Maxine "Blossom" Miles (née Forbes-Robertson) – and his brother George Herbert Miles, designed numerous light civil and military aircraft and a range of curious prototypes.

History

Phillips and Powis
A company was founded in 1928 by Charles Powis and Jack Phillips as Phillips & Powis Aircraft (Reading) Ltd. In 1929 they opened Woodley Aerodrome, near the town of Reading, Berkshire.

In 1936, Rolls-Royce bought into the company. Although aircraft were produced under the Miles name, it was not until 1943 that the firm became Miles Aircraft Limited when Rolls-Royce's interests were bought out.

The company needed to increase production of the Miles Messenger and to do so it took over a former linen mill in Banbridge, County Down, Northern Ireland for the production of components of the aircraft. A hangar at RAF Long Kesh was used for assembly of the aircraft and flight testing was carried out at the airfield. The company moved to Newtownards following the end of the war in 1946.

The company opened the Miles Aeronautical Technical School in 1943 under the directorship of Maxine (Blossom) Miles The school had a "Headmaster", Walter Evans.

Bankruptcy and Receivership
In 1947, the company entered receivership following bankruptcy proceedings instigated by Titanine Ltd., in the Chancery Division of the High Court. Titanine supplied Miles with aviation coatings used in the production of the Miles Gemini aircraft. Mr. Justice Wynn-Parry adjourned the petition of Titanine Ltd., for the winding up of Miles Aircraft Ltd., until 19 January 1948, on the grounds that the company had showed prima facie reasons for not yet having formulated a reorganization scheme. The petitioners, creditors for £5,837, were supported by other creditors for £62,000 and opposed by creditors for £200,000. An affidavit put into court showed that subject to audit, a loss of £630,000 had been incurred on 31 October 1947, but that a rescue plan could not be drawn up until the audit was completed. The principal trade creditors were: Blackburn Aircraft Ltd., De La Rue Extrusions Ltd., Smiths Aircraft Instruments Ltd. and the Sperry Gyroscope Co. Ltd. Mr. F. G. Miles announced the payment of the 4% per cent preference dividends out of his own resources of £8,600. After Miles Aircraft had been taken over by financiers in 1947, the design and manufacture of aircraft was ended by the new Board. At this time the company had some £5 million worth of business in hand, including substantial orders for the Messenger and the Gemini.

In 1948 an application by the Board of Trade for the appointment of an inspector to investigate the affairs of Miles Aircraft Ltd. was granted by Mr. Justice Roxburgh. The B.O.T. case was that when a prospectus was issued in March, 1947 (before the accounts for 1946 were published), the directors should reasonably have been expected to know that all was not well with the company, and when, in August, 1947, a dividend of 7% per cent and a bonus of 24% were recommended, they should reasonably have been expected to know that a big loss was being suffered by the company.

Charges were brought against Sir William Malcolm Mount and F. G. Miles. There were 24 charges regarding publication of a Miles Aircraft Ltd prospectus with "false and reckless statements". The trial began on 10 May 1950 at the Old Bailey. After 17 days of sitting, the jury stopped the case against Miles and Sir William, and they were discharged. They had appeared on charges of inducing people to acquire shares in the company by making a misleading forecast and dishonestly concealing a material fact in a prospectus. According to Flight, "Twenty of the original 24 counts were thrown out before the defence was reached. The prosecution alleged that the defendants gave a misleading forecast that for 1947 the profit covering the production of aircraft would have been £75,000, whereas there was a substantial loss. It was alleged that they recklessly made the misleading statement that the company had orders on hand which were sufficient to ensure production for the following two years, and that they dishonestly concealed the fact that a profit for the manufacture of aircraft in 1947 was unlikely." Both men said that they believed every word of the prospectus was true. After the acquittal, an application for costs for £20,000 was disallowed.

The aviation assets were purchased by Handley Page as Handley Page Reading Ltd. Handley Page produced the Miles-designed M.60 Marathon as the H.P.R.1 Marathon. The Miles Aeronautical Technical School was taken over by the Reading Technical College. Other products in which Miles had interests included photocopiers; this business became Copycat Ltd, which was acquired by the Nashua Corporation in 1963. The Philidas locking nut unit became an independent company. The bookbinding machinery and actuator production were taken over by a specifically formed company, the Western Manufacturing Estate Ltd, the name "Western" referring to its location on the Woodley aerodrome. This company later merged with the Adamant Engineering Company Ltd. to form the Adwest Group. Miles also manufactured ballpoint pens designed by László Bíró through an associated company, the Miles Martin Pen Co. Ltd.

F. G. Miles Limited

In 1948, F.G. Miles founded F. G. Miles Limited, which continued to produce aircraft under the Miles brand. The company was based on two sites, Redhill Aerodrome and Shoreham Aerodrome. In 1961, the aviation interests were purchased (along with Auster Aircraft Limited) by British Executive and General Aviation Limited (Beagle Aircraft), initially as Beagle-Miles Ltd, with George Herbert Miles as Chief Designer and Technical Director.

The company adopted a group structure with subsidiary companies as follows: Meridian Airmaps Ltd (whose collection of aerial photographs forms part of the English Heritage Archive), Miles Development Products Ltd, Miles Electronics Ltd, Miles Marine & Structural Plastics Ltd and Jet Tanks Ltd. The group was initially based at Redhill, but moved to Shoreham in 1953.

Miles Electronics was involved in the manufacture of flight simulators; this division merged with the UK arm of the Link Trainer flight simulator company and was later acquired by the Singer Corporation. In 1975 Hunting Associated Industries acquired a controlling interest in F. G. Miles Engineering and all its subsidiaries. The company was renamed Hunting Hivolt and Jeremy Miles, the son of Fred Miles (who founded the firm), became a non-executive director on the board. Other companies included Miles HiVolt Ltd and Miles-Dufon Ltd (this company went into administration on 15 April 1980).

Design work between F. G. Miles Ltd and the French company, Hurel-Dubois, resulted in the HDM.105 – a standard Miles Aerovan fitted with an Hurel-Dubois high-aspect-ratio wing. This work led to the Hurel-Dubois HD.34 and the Short Skyvan series of aircraft.

Aircraft designs

The company's earlier aircraft include the Hawk Trainer and its military variant, the Magister, as well as the Messenger and the Gemini. During the Second World War, it produced the Master advanced trainer, as well as the Martinet and Monitor target tugs.

The aircraft designed by Miles were often technologically and aerodynamically advanced for their time; the M.20 emergency production fighter prototype outperformed contemporary Hawker Hurricanes, despite having fixed landing gear. The X Minor was a flying testbed for blended wing-fuselage designs, although the large commercial transport intended to be produced from this research never entered production. The gigantic Miles X Airliner was to seat 55 and have eight engines buried in the wings, driving four sets of contra-rotating props and achieve a range of 3,450 miles.

The Miles Libellula (named after dragonflies) were experimental tandem-wing designs.  A fighter prototype  M.35, designed to give the pilot a better landing view, and to fit on aircraft carriers without a need for folding wings, was funded and built by the company (with wood) in only six weeks but was rejected by the Ministry of Aircraft Production.  A bomber version was designed, and then a prototype ordered for a "high speed bomber" requirement, but that prototype was never built.  Instead, the company built a 5/8th scale version M.39B which was sold to the government for research and testing; it was scrapped after being damaged and the bomber procurement had been cancelled.  Tandem-wing designs, with a wing at both ends of an aircraft, reduce centre of gravity problems due to fuel or ammunition usage.

The Miles M.52 was a turbojet-powered supersonic research aircraft project that was cancelled before completion.

Aircraft
The following table lists the company number, name, year of first flight and number produced of all Miles aircraft.

R.A.E. – Vickers Transonic Research Rocket. The test vehicle was a 3/10-scale model of the Miles E.24/43 design (except for the omission of the distinctive annular air intake of the full-scale aircraft). To maintain the centre of gravity it was necessary to include a large balance weight (almost 1/10 of total all-up weight) in the foremost section of the ogival nose. On 9 October 1948, model A3 (one of three craft built) was successfully launched.[25]

Missiles
 Miles Hoopla – a surface-to-surface missile project, the Miles Hoopla dates from 1941 to 1943. It was a remotely piloted, high wing light aircraft carrying a 1,000 lb bomb. It was powered by a DH Gypsy Queen engine with a wingspan of 14 feet, and an estimated speed of over 300 mph. It was not a "flying bomb" like the V-1, but was intended to drop its load and return for re-use. Accuracy was not a major consideration as its intended target was to be German cities. Only a mock-up was constructed before the project was cancelled.

Legacy

The Miles Aircraft Collection was established in 1993 for anyone interested in Miles aircraft and related subjects and aims to encourage the preservation of all surviving examples worldwide (ideally in flying condition or otherwise in museums and collections open to the public).

See also
 Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Amos, Peter. Miles Aircraft – The Early Years: The Story of F G Miles and his Aeroplanes, 1925–1939. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 2009. .
 Amos, Peter. Miles Aircraft – The Wartime Years, 1939 to 1945. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 2012. .
 Brown, Don Lambert. Miles Aircraft Since 1925. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1970. .
 Brown, Capt. Eric. "Miles M.52 – Gateway to Supersonic Flight". Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press, 2013.
 Buttler, Tony. Secret Projects: British Fighters and Bombers 1935 -1950 (British Secret Projects 3). Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. .
 Temple, Julian C. Wings Over Woodley – The Story of Miles Aircraft and the Adwest Group. Bourne End, Bucks, UK: Aston Publications, 1987. .

External links

Miles Aircraft

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom

Miles Aircraft


ත්‍රිශා ක්‍රිෂ්ණන් (උපත 1983 මැයි 4), හෙවත් ඒකනාමිකව ත්‍රිශා යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට නිළියක සහ නිරූපිකාවකි. වර්තමානයේ ඇය ප්‍රමුඛ නිළියක ලෙසින් සිය ස්ථානය ගොඩනගා ගෙන ඇත. ඇයව ජනයා විසින් හඳුනාගත්තේ මදුරාසි රූ රැජින (1999) වැනි රූමතියන් තේරීමේ තරගවලිනි. අනතුරුව ඇය චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙත දොරටු විවර කරගත්තා ය. දැනට ඇය දෙමළ,තෙලිගු,හින්දි,කන්නඩ හා මලයාලම් භාෂා චිත්‍රපටි රගපා ඇත.

1999 දෙමළ චිත්‍රපටයක් වූ ජෝඩි තුළ සහාය චරිතයක් නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පසු 2002දී ඇය මෞනම් පේසියදේ චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිතයක් නිරූපණය කළා ය. පසුව සාමි (2003) සහ ගිල්ලි (2004) වැනි සාර්ථක චිත්‍රපට තුළින් දෙමළ සිනමාවත්, වර්ෂම් (2004) වැනි චිත්‍රපට තුළින් තෙලිඟු සිනමාවත් ප්‍රවිෂ්ට වූවා ය. . පසුව 2010දී, ඇය සිය බොලිවුඩ් ආගමනය සනිටුහන් කළේ ඛට්ට මීඨා චිත්‍රපටය තුළිනි.2019 මෙවසරේ ඇයගේ සිහින චිත්‍රපටය ලෙස තිරගත වූ පේට්ට චිත්‍රපටයේ සුපිරි නළු රජිනිකාන්ත් සමග ඇය රගපා ඇත.

සම්මානනීය චිත්‍රපට
ඇයගේ හොඳම චිත්‍රපට ලෙස සැලකෙන්නේ අභියුම් නානුම් (2008) සහ වින්නෛතාණ්ඩි වරුවායා (2010) චිත්‍රපටයන් ය. මින් දෙවනුවට සඳහන් චිත්‍රපටය වෙනුවෙන් ඇය ප්‍රියතම වීරවරිය සඳහා විජයි සම්මානය හිමි කරගත් අතර ෆිල්ම්ෆෙයාර් හොඳම දෙමළ නිළිය සම්මානය සඳහා නිර්දේශ වූවා ය. 2016 දී කොඩි දෙමළ චිත්‍රපටයට ඇය siima හොදම ත්‍රාසජනක නිළිය ලෙස සම්මාන ලැබුවාය. නුව්වොස්තනන්ටේ නේනොඩ්ඩාන්ටනා (2005) සහ ආදාවරි මතලකු අර්ධලු වෙරුලේ (2007) වෙනුවෙන් ඇය තවත් දෙවරක් එම සම්මානය සිමිකර ගත්තා ය.වර්ෂම් තෙලිඟු චිත්‍රපටය වෙනුවෙන් ඇය සිය ප්‍රථම දකුණු ෆිල්ම්ෆෙයාර් හොඳම නිළිය සම්මානය හිමි කරගත්තා ය. දෙමළ සිනමාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයෙන් ඉහළ නිළිය ලෙස 2010 වසරේ තමිල්නාඩු රාජ්‍ය සම්මානයද ජූරි සම්මානයක්ද ඇය හිමිකරගත්තාය. නුව්වොස්තනන්ටේ නේනොඩ්ඩාන්ටනා චිත්‍රපටයට හොඳම නිළිය ලෙස 2010 වසරේ ආන්ද්‍රා ප්‍රාන්ත රාජ්‍ය සම්මානයද ඇය හිමිකරගත්තාය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ත්‍රිශා සඳහා රොට්න් ටොමැටෝස්හි ඇති ගිණුම

දෙමළ සිනමාවේ නිළියෝ
ඉන්දියානු නිරූපිකාවෝ
තෙලිඟු සිනමාවේ නිළියෝ
හින්දි සිනමාවේ නිළියෝ
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
1983 උපත්
ෆිල්ම්ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන දකුණ ජයග්‍රාහකයෝ
නන්දි සම්මානලාභියෝ
එතිරාජ් කාන්තා විද්‍යාලයේ ආදිශිෂ්‍යාවෝ
කලෛමාමණි සම්මානලාභියෝ
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට නිළියෝ
21 වන සියවස තුළ ඉන්දියානු නිළියෝ
තමිල් නාඩු ප්‍රාන්ත චිත්‍රපට සම්මාන ජයග්‍රාහකයෝ
චෙන්නායිහි නිළියෝ

ත්‍රිශා (නිළිය)


Tizen  () es  un sistema operativo móvil basado en GNU/Linux, patrocinado por Linux Foundation y la Fundación LiMo. Tizen se construye a partir de la plataforma Linux de Samsung (Samsung Linux Platform - SLP) una implementación de referencia integrada en LiMo. El 1 de enero de 2012, la fundación LiMo  y será diseñado para su uso en tabletas, netbooks, teléfonos inteligentes, televisores inteligentes y sistemas integrados de información y entretenimiento.

El 22 de julio de 2013 fue liberada la versión 2.2. Tizen será compatible con las aplicaciones actuales de Android. Los desarrolladores han hecho hincapié en que no es la única plataforma disponible.

Licencia

Aunque originalmente fue presentado como un sistema operativo de código abierto, Tizen 2 ha complicado su modelo de licencias. Su SDK está construido sobre componentes de código abierto, pero el SDK completo ha sido publicado bajo una licencia de Samsung de código no abierto.

El sistema operativo en sí mismo está compuesto de muchos componentes de código abierto.

Sin embargo, una serie de componentes internos desarrollados por Samsung, como la animación del arranque y las aplicaciones de calendario, gestor de tareas y de reproductor de música se han publicado bajo la licencia Flora License, la cual probablemente es incompatible con los requisitos de la Open Source Initiative.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Observatorio de Sistemas Operativos Móviles Alternativos (OSOMA)
 Sitio web oficial
 Sitio Tizen news

Intel
Samsung
Distribuciones Linux
Teléfonos inteligentes
Sistemas operativos móviles
Sistemas operativos x86

Tizen


An Pitcairnia pseudopungens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Werner Rauh. An Pitcairnia pseudopungens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia pseudopungens


තක්කාලි (), එළවලු වලට යොදන රසකාරකයක් වශයෙන් භාවිතා කරයි. විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය ලයිකොපර්සිකන් එස්කියුලැන්ටම් (Lycopersicon esculentum).

==වර්ග
 ගොරක තක්කාලි

මූලාශ්‍ර

එළවළු

තක්කාලි


Jåttå Station (Jåttå holdeplass) var en midlertidig jernbanestation på Jærbanen, en del af Sørlandsbanen, der lå i bydelen Jåtten i Stavanger i Norge.

Stationen åbnede 1. maj 2004 og blev benyttet i forbindelse med fodboldkampe og andre arrangementer på Viking Stadion for at varetage trafikken til og fra Stavanger og Sandnes. I 2007 begyndte en del af lokaltogene at stoppe fast ved stationen i forbindelse med, at Jåttå videregående skole åbnede i efteråret 2007. Stationen blev taget ud af brug i november 2007 i forbindelse med etableringen af dobbeltspor mellem Stavanger og Sandnes. 6. januar 2008 blev den erstattet af den nye permanente Jåttåvågen Station 200 m længere mod syd.

Noter

Stationer på Jærbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 2004
Ophørt i 2007

Jåttå Station


Johann Gottlieb Graun (28 de octubre de 1703 en Wahrenbrück — 27 de octubre de 1771 en Berlín) fue un compositor y violinista alemán del barroco y el período pre-clásico.

Vida
La educación musical de Johann Gottlieb Graun se inicia en Dresde entre los años 1713 y 1721. Su maestro de violín y composición fue Johann Georg Pisendel. En 1723 viaja a Padua, donde permanece varios meses estudiando con Giuseppe Tartini. Regresa a Dresde y en 1726 consigue el puesto de maestro de capilla en la corte ducal de Merseburg. En 1732 junto con su hermano menor, Carl Heinrich Graun entra al servicio del príncipe heredero, Federico (el futuro Federico el Grande) de Prusia en Ruppin. En 1740 Federico asciende al trono, y Graun permanece en su servicio como concertino y primer violín de la Ópera de Berlín hasta su muerte en 1771.

Su más conocidos alumnos de violín fueron Wilhelm Friedemann Bach y Franz Benda.

Entre sus obras musicales hay óperas, oratorios, cantatas, concertos de violín, clavecín y música de cámara. Fue un compositor muy respetado, y sus obras continuaron tocándose después de su muerte. En la actualidad se realiza un festival anual de la música de Johann Gottlieb Graun y su hermano en la localidad de Bad Liebenwerda en el estado federado de Brandeburgo, Alemania.

Referencias
 John W. Grubbs: The sacred Choral Music of the Graun Brothers. 1972.
 Carl Heinrich Mennicke: Hasse und die Brüder Graun als Symphoniker. Breitkopf und Härtel, Leipzig 1906, Wiesbaden 1977, Olms, Hildesheim 1977 (Repr.). ISBN 3-487-06307-7
 Matthias Wendt: Die Trios der Brüder Graun. Bonn 1983.
 Monika Willer: Die Konzertform der Brüder Graun. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1995. ISBN 3-631-47014-2
 Christoph Henzel: Graun Werkverzeichnis. 2 Bde. Ortus, Beeskow 2006. ISBN 978-3-937788-02-9

Enlaces externos
 Wikisource en alemán

Compositores del Barroco de Alemania
Violinistas clásicos de Alemania
Compositores de Alemania del siglo XVIII
Músicos de Alemania del siglo XVIII

Johann Gottlieb Graun


جوليا بيتركين  ( 1880 – 1961 ) روائية أمريكية شهرت بقصصها عن الزنوج الذين تعطف عليهم كل العطف أشهر رواياتها «الأخت ماري الخطيرة» 1928 التي نالت جائزة بوليتزر 1929 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من مقاطعة لورنز (كارولاينا الجنوبية)
بنات أعلام الثورة الأمريكية
روائيات أمريكيات
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون من كارولاينا الجنوبية
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 20
مدافن في كارولاينا الجنوبية
مواليد 1880
وفيات 1961

جوليا بيتركين


Claus de Werve (Haarlem, 1380 - Dijon, 8 de outubro de 1439) foi um escultor de origem holandesa que entrou ao serviço dos duques da Borgonha seguindo seu tio Claus Sluter. Várias de suas obras ainda estão preservadas na Borgonha.

Biografia
Ele começou seu trabalho como quarto trabalhador, com salário de dois gros por dia, e aumentou para dois gros e meio em 1400, desta vez como primeiro trabalhador de seu tio. Progredindo constantemente em sua arte, Claus Sluter o associou intimamente com a execução do Poço de Moisés (1405)  . Com a morte de seu tio, em janeiro de 1406, Claus de Werve assumiu seu estúdio e o gozo de sua mansão e, por sua vez, tornou-se trabalhador de imagens e varlet de chambre do duque Jean sem medo, então com sua morte.

Obras

Pela Cartuxa de Champmol

 Poço de Moisés (1396-1405), colaboração com Claus Sluter, Claus de Werve esculpiu particularmente os anjos chorando do monumento
 o túmulo de Philip the Bold (1406-1410), uma obra iniciada por Jean de Marville e Claus Sluter e concluída por Claus de Werve. Este último esculpiu quase todas as estátuas dos enlutados, mas também os anjos e a figura reclinada. Atualmente no Museu de Belas Artes de Dijon.

Outras obras atribuídas
Várias esculturas religiosas anteriormente ou ainda preservadas em edifícios religiosos na Borgonha ou arredores são atribuídas ao escultor ou à sua oficina.

 o Retábulo da Paixão (1430) na igreja Saint-Vincent em Bessey-lès-Cîteaux
 Monumento funerário de Aimé de Chalon, antiga abadia de Saint-Pierre de Baume-les-Messieurs
 Virgem da Anunciação, pedra oolítica macia, anteriormente policromada, 128 x 47 x 31 cm, cinza, museu Baron-Martin
 Virgem e Menino, destinado ao Convento das Clarissas de Poligny, atualmente no Metropolitan Museum of Art de Nova York,
 Cristo no túmulo, Catedral de Saint-Mammès de Langres, restaurado e reinstalado na catedral em 2008,
 grupo esculpido da Anunciação, destinado à abadia beneditina, Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye ( Côte-d'Or )
 Estátuas da Virgem e de São João destinadas a um calvário na Igreja de Saint-Denis em Nuits-Saint-Georges, atualmente na igreja paroquial de Premeaux-Prissey (Côte-d'Or)
 Estátua da Virgem com o Menino, igreja paroquial de Saint-Aignan em Rouvres-sous-Meilly
 A Virgem e o Menino, por volta de 1415 - 1420, calcário, Auxonne, igreja de Notre-Dame

Obras desaparecidas
Muitas obras desapareceram, mas foram registradas nos arquivos do Ducado da Borgonha :

 Santíssima Trindade e Dois Monges (1413), fachada da Maison du Miroir, Dijon. Casa destruída em 1767 ;
 Tabernáculo do altar encimado por estátuas de anjos (1415), igreja Notre-Dame de Dijon ;
 a Virgem e Santo André (1431), às portas de Dijon.

Bibliografia
Arthur Kleinclausz, Claus Sluter e a escultura da Borgonha no século XV, 1905, Paris

Nascidos em 1380
!Artigos que utilizam P937
Escultores da França
Neerlandeses expatriados na França
Mortos em 1439
Naturais de Haarlem

Claus de Werve


මිරිදිය

ගලන ජලය සහිත

ගලන ජලය සහිත - ස්වභාවික
 ගඟ හෙවත් ඔය
 දොල
 දිය ඇල්ල

ගලන ජලය සහිත - මිනිසා නිමැවූ
 ඇල
 කානුව

රැඳුනු ජලය සහිත

රැඳුනු ජලය සහිත - ස්වභාවික
 විල
 විල්ලු
 එබ
 වගුර

රැඳුනු ජලය සහිත - මිනිසා නිමැවූ
 මහ වැව සහ කුලු වැව
 ගම් වැව
 පතහ
 පොකුණ

කරදිය/කිවුල්දිය

ස්වභාවික
 සාගරය
 බොක්ක
 කලපුව
 කොරල් පරය
 කඩොලාන

මිනිසා නිමැවූ
 මුහුදු ඇල
 කෘත්‍රිම වරාය

මේවාත් බලන්න
 ජලාශ්‍රිත පරිසර පද්ධති
 ජල චක්‍රය

ජලය

ජලාශ්‍රිත ව්‍යුහයන් නාමාවලිය


إيغور نيتو ، من مواليد 9 يناير 1930، وتوفي في 30 مارس 1999، لاعب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق. لعب مع منتخب الاتحاد السوفييتي لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب إيغور نيتو خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع نادِ واحدٍ في تسعة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 36 هدفًا ضمن 368 مباراة. حيث فاز في أربعة مواسم بالكأس وفي خمسة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض إيغور نيتو مسيرته مع نادي سبارتاك موسكو في موسم 1948 ليلعب معه تسعة عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 368 مباراة سجل خلالها 36 هدفًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية روس
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1956
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
روس من أصل إستوني
روس من أصل إيطالي
رياضيون سوفيت مغتربون في قبرص
سوفييتيون فازوا بالميدالية الذهبية الأولمبية
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو سبارتاك موسكو
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1960
لاعبو كأس العالم 1958
لاعبو كأس العالم 1962
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من الاتحاد السوفيتي
نيتو
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1952
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1956
لاعبو كرة قدم من موسكو
لاعبو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي لكرة القدم
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مدربو شينيك ياروسلافل
مدربو كرة قدم روس
مدربو كرة قدم روس مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم سوفيت
مدربو كرة قدم سوفيت مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في أذربيجان
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيران
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
مدربو منتخب إيران لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي أومونيا
مدربو نادي نيفتشي باكو
مواليد 1930
مواليد في موسكو
وفيات 1999
وفيات في موسكو
رياضيون سوفيت مغتربون في اليونان

إيغور نيتو


Prema kineskoj mitologiji, Xie (kineski 契) bio je kineski plemić te predak kraljeva Kine iz dinastije Shang.

Njegova je supruga nepoznata, ali je spomenuto da je bio otac Zhao Minga od Shanga te djed Xiang Tua.

Xieov je otac bio car Ku, dok su Xieova braća bila Hou Ji, car Zhi i car Yao. Xieova majka je bila jedna od Kuovih supruga — Jiang Yuan, Jiandi, Qingdu ili Changyi.

Izvori i bilješke

Dinastija Shang
Kineska mitologija

Xie od Shanga


O título de Conde do Juncal foi criado por decreto de 17 de Abril de 1890 do rei Carlos I de Portugal a favor de Carlos Pinto Vieira da Mota, 1.º conde do Juncal.

Titulares
1. Carlos Pinto Vieira da Mota, 1.º conde do Juncal

2. Pedro de Sande Maria Aires de Campos Vieira da Mota, 2.º conde do Juncal

Juncal

Conde do Juncal


Bentley WaterCAD es un software comercial de análisis, modelación y gestión de redes a presión (sistemas de distribución o de riesgo), propiedad de la Empresa de Software Bentley Systems, Incorporated que produce soluciones para el diseño, construcción y operación de infraestructuras en diversos campos.
WaterCAD permite la simulación hidráulica de un modelo computacional representado en este caso por elementos tipo: Línea (tramos de tuberías), Punto (Nodos de Consumo, Tanques, Reservorios, Hidrantes) e Híbridos (Bombas, Válvulas de Control, Regulación, etc.)

Descripción
El software cuyo algoritmo de cálculo se basa en el método del Gradiente Hidráulico, permite el análisis hidráulico de redes de agua (aunque puede usarse para cualquier fluido newtoniano) determinando las presiones en diversos puntos del sistema, así como los caudales, velocidades, pérdidas en las líneas que conforman la red hidráulica; así como otros muchos parámetros operativos derivados de los elementos presentes en el sistema como: Bombas, Válvulas de Control, Tanques, etc. a partir de las características físicas del sistema y unas condiciones de demanda previamente establecidas. WaterCAD además permite extender sus capacidades a temas de gestión a largo plazo de sistemas de abastecimiento incluyendo: análisis de vulnerabilidad, análisis de protección contra incendio, estimación de costos energéticos, calibración hidráulica, optimización, etc.

Este programa adicional a las herramientas convencionales para el análisis y modelación de redes a presión, cuenta con herramientas de productividad en los procesos de gestión de datos, construcción de modelos a partir de archivos externos, extracción de elevaciones, asignación de demandas a partir de técnicas de análisis espacial, preparación y gestión de escenarios, cálculos hidráulicos complementarios, gestión operativa y preparación de reportes y planos. Asimismo el software ofrece diversas opciones para visualización de resultados como reportes tabulares, perfiles, gráficos de variación temporal, anotaciones y codificación por color, etc.

El software además de contar con una interfaz gráfica autónoma (Windows Stand Alone), puede trabajarse de manera integrada entornos CAD como los son AutoCAD y Bentley MicroStation.

Orígenes y Desarrollo
WaterCAD fue originalmente desarrollado por la Empresa Haestad Methods, Inc. con base en Watertown, CT (USA). Esta empresa fue adquirida por Bentley Systems a mediados del año 2004, adquisición a partir de la cual el producto comenzó a denominarse comercialmente como Bentley WaterCAD.

WaterCAD es una evolución de un producto de software lanzado a principios de los 90's por la casa Haestad Methods, llamado CyberNet. Este producto fue quizás uno de los programas pioneros en integrar un modelo hidráulico en un entorno CAD. Lo anterior, considerando que sólo hasta esta década se comenzaban a lanzar al mercado comercial diferentes productós de modelación hidráulica con una interfaz gráfica y que la primera versión de EPANET (producto libre y referencial del mercado) sólo se lanzó hasta el año 1993.

El CyberNet como nombre comercial desapareció a principios del año 2000, y WaterCAD se empezó a comercializarse en dos versiones: WaterCAD Stand-Alone y WaterCAD para AutoCAD. Asimismo, durante los primeros años el software sufrió cambios significativos que no solamente tuvieron que ver con mejoras a la interfaz gráfica y herramientas de entrada de datos sino también con sus métodos de cálculo y algoritmos. En primer lugar en lo que tiene que ver con el método de análisis hidráulico se adaptó el método de gradiente conjugado (con el objeto de mejorar la velocidad de convergencia y uso de memoria). En lo que tiene que ver con el modelo dinámico de calidad de agua se implementó una aproximación o método lagrangiano, que demostró ser más versátil y eficiente que otros modelos de calidad.

En los últimos años el software ha tenido una gran evolución especialmente en características como: interoperabilidad, facilidad de uso, herramientas de productividad, procesos de consulta multi-criterio, operaciones de análisis espacial, posibilidades gráficas, integración con Sistemas de Información Geográfica (GIS), etc. Dentro de los más recientes desarrollos se incluyen las siguientes características:
 Intercambio de Datos con otros Sistemas de Información, Dispositivos Electrónicos y/o otros programas de gestión.
 Uso de Algoritmos Genéticos para procesos de calibración hidráulica automatizada, diseño óptimo y optimización energética.
 Detección Analítica de Fugas
 Planes de Vulnerabilidad ante eventos de Contaminación
 Integración con Sistemas SCADA
 Análisis de Calidad multi-parámetro
 Planificación para Renovación de Redes
 Integración con Análisis de Transientes Hidráulicos y Golpe de Ariete

Tipos de Cálculo y Módulos Complementarios
WaterCAD (descripción basada en versión V8i) posee diferentes herramientas y tipos de cálculo complementarios al análisis hidráulico convencional.

Tipos de Cálculo (Régimen Permanente):
 Análisis Hidráulico en Periodo Estático (también Conocido como Análisis Steady State o SS por su Siglas en inglés)
 Análisis Hidráulico en Periodo Extendido o Cuasi-Estático (también Conocido como Análisis EPS por su Siglas en inglés)
 Análisis de Calidad de Agua (Análisis de tipo EPS con tres variantes: Edad del Agua, Rastreo de Fuente o Constituyente)
 Análisis de Protección contra Incendio (Análisis de Tipo SS para análizar la capacidad de respuesta de la Red ante un evento de Incendio)
 Análisis de Costos de Energía (Determinación de la Energía Consumida y Costos en las Estaciones de Bombeo)
 Análisis de Segmentos Críticos o de Vulnerabilidad del Sistema ante cortes de servicio (Criticality Analysis)
 Análisis y Proyección de Roturas de Tuberías (Pipe Break Analysis)
 Análisis de Lavado de Tuberías por estrategias de Vaciado (Flushing Analysis)

Módulos o Herramientas Complementarias incluidas:
 Centro de Control de Demandas (Demand Control Center)
 Administrador de Escenarios y Comparación (Scenario Management & Scenario Comparison)
 Construcción Inteligente de Modelos a partir de archivos externos (ModelBuilder)
 Asignación Automática de Elevaciones a partir de Modelos Digitales de Terreno (Trex)
 Asignación Automática de Demandas basada en Análisis Espacial (LoadBuilder)
 Generador de Polígonos de Thiessen

Módulos Adicionales - No Incluidos*:
*Módulos que se pueden adquirir separadamente para complementar la funcionalidad de WaterCAD
 Skelebrator: Simplificación o Esqueletización Inteligente de Redes
 Darwin Designer: Optimización de Diseño de Sistemas basado en Algoritmos Genéticos y según criterios económicos y restricciones hidráulicas
 Darwin Calibrator: Calibración Hidráulica de Redes basada en Algoritmos Genéticos y según correlación estadística con datos de campo
 Darwin Scheduler: Optimización Energética para Programación de Ciclos de Bombeos basado en Algoritmos Genéticos
 Pipe Renewal Planner: Planeación para la Renovación de Redes basada en Análisis Multi-Criterio
 SCADAConnect: Conexión en tiempo real del Modelo Hidráulico con Sistemas SCADA

Adicional a los módulos anteriores, el usuario puede personalizar el Software WaterCAD a través de la utilidad WaterObjects, que a través de aplicaciones y rutinas tipo VBA permite adicionar nuevas herramientas de cálculo y de visualización de resultados, extendiendo y personalizando las capacidades del software a proyectos o usos específicos.

Enlaces externos
 Página web Bentley Systems, Inc
 WaterCAD HomePage
 Diferencias entre versiones WaterCAD Stand Alone y AutoCAD

Software de gráficos

WaterCAD


Dianella amoena es una planta perenne perteneciente a la familia Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamilia Hemerocallidoideae, que se encuentra en los estados del este de Australia y Tasmania.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea caducifolia que alcanza un tamaño de 45 cm de altura y 5 m de ancho con hojas de color gris-verdosas, estrechas de 40–45 cm de longitud y  4–12 mm de ancho. Las flores son suavemente aromáticas. Tienen seis tépalos de 8–10 mm de longitud, de color pálido a azul oscuro.

Taxonomía
Dianella amoena fue descrita por G.W.Carr & P.F.Horsfall y publicado en  Muelleria 8(3): 369, en el año 1995.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

amoena

Dianella amoena


Leuci steht für:
 Leuker, lateinische Bezeichnung Leuci

Leuci ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Antonio Leuci (* 1960), deutscher Kampfsportler
 Robert Leuci († 2015), US-amerikanischer Kriminalbeamter

Leuci


Emma Laine (* 26. März 1986 in Karlstad, Schweden) ist eine ehemalige finnische Tennisspielerin.

Karriere
Emma Laine ist die Tochter des Eishockeyspielers Erkki Laine. Ihre ältere Schwester Essi Laine war ebenfalls Tennisprofi.

Sie gewann bei ITF-Turnieren bislang elf Einzel- und 44 Doppeltitel. Ihre erfolgreichste Saison hatte sie im Jahr 2006, als sie bei den Australian Open, den French Open und den US Open jeweils in die zweite Runde vordringen konnte und Platz 50 der Weltrangliste belegte.

Ab November 2014, als sie bei einem ITF-Turnier in Helsinki ihren 36. Doppeltitel gewann, spielte Emma Laine zehn Monate lang kein Turnier auf der Damentour und wurde zwischenzeitlich in den Weltranglisten nicht mehr geführt. Beim ersten Turnier nach ihrer Pause im September in Bangkok erreichte sie auf Anhieb das Viertelfinale. Im Dezember 2015 konnte sie mit Partnerin Yukina Saigō ihren 37. Doppeltitel feiern.

Seit 2012 spielt sie für den Dinslakener TG Blau-Weiß in der deutschen Regionalliga.

Zwischen 2001 und 2018 spielte sie 77 Partien für die finnische Fed-Cup-Mannschaft, von denen sie 56 gewonnen hat.

Im April 2019 beendete sie ihre Karriere.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Billie-Jean-King-Cup-Spielerin (Finnland)
Finne
Geboren 1986
Frau

Emma Laine


Seneghe (sardisk: Sèneghe) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Oristano i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 305 meters højde og har 1.772 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 57,85 km² og grænser til kommunerne Bonarcado, Cuglieri, Milis, Narbolia og Santu Lussurgiu.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Oristano

Seneghe


Duell im Eis ist ein US-amerikanischer Agententhriller aus dem Jahr 1992.

Handlung
Der Agent Jeffrey West wird in Moskau zu Beginn des Wandels dort 1990 wegen Waffenhandels verhaftet und durch Verrat seines Auftraggebers CIA, um einen peinlichen internationalen Zwischenfall zu vermeiden, zu 15 Jahren Arbeitslager verurteilt. Bei einem schweren Unfall des Gefangenentransportes wechselt er seine Identität mit der eines dabei umgekommenen Russen, der in ein einfacheres Lager in einem Dorf in der Wildnis kommen sollte. Im Lager angekommen gerät er wegen seiner Identität ständig mit dem wachsamen, brutalen und misstrauischen Stalinisten und Kommandanten Kolya aneinander, er gewinnt aber auch Freunde, z. B. im inhaftierten und unterweisenden alten Fyodor und mit dem offenen Vollzug wegen der undurchdringlichen Peripherie kann er sich sogar eine Geliebte erlauben. Als die beiden im Zeichen des Glasnost in die Eiswüste in der Nähe der Grenze versetzt werden, ergreift West die Flucht, verfolgt vom auf ihn schießenden Widersacher.

Kritik
Cinema.de urteilt: "Obskurer Streifen, der an Kalte-Kriegs-Zeiten erinnert. Recht spannend, aber auch einige Hänger."

Hintergrund

Der Film wurde an Originalschauplätzen, u. a. Moskau, Sibirien und in der Arktis gedreht. Dies war offenbar der erste amerikanische Film nach der Zeit des Beginns von Glasnost, der mit einer authentischen russischsprachigen Besetzung gedreht wurde. Die Dreharbeiten wurden sogar vom Putschversuch gegen Gorbatschow und der daraufhin zerbröckelnden Regierung unterbrochen, so dass die amerikanische Besetzung und Crew an dieser Stelle evakuiert werden musste, um dann zehn Tage später wieder eingeflogen zu werden, im Gepäck dabei ein überarbeitetes Skript, den neuen politischen Gegebenheiten angepasst. Produzent Sneller selbst blieb vor Ort zurück, um das Set vor der Zerstörung zu bewahren, weil man sonst die Produktion nicht hätte fortsetzen können.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1992
US-amerikanischer Film
Agentenfilm

Duell im Eis


The Verdet constant is an optical property named after the French physicist Émile Verdet. It describes the strength of the Faraday effect for a particular material. For a constant magnetic field parallel to the path of the light, it can be calculated by:

Where  is the angle between the starting and ending polarizations,  is the Verdet constant,  is the strength of the magnetic flux density, and  is the path length in the material.

The Verdet constant of a material is wavelength dependent and for most materials is extremely small.  It is strongest in substances containing paramagnetic ions such as terbium. The highest Verdet constants in bulk media are found in terbium doped dense flint glasses or in crystals of terbium gallium garnet (TGG). These materials have excellent transparency properties and high damage thresholds for laser radiation. Atomic vapours, however, can have Verdet constants which are orders of magnitude larger than TGG, but only over a very narrow wavelength range. Alkali vapours can therefore be used as an optical isolator or as an extremely sensitive magnetometer.

The Faraday effect is chromatic (i.e. it depends on wavelength) and therefore the Verdet constant is quite a strong function of wavelength. At 632.8 nm, the Verdet constant for TGG is reported to be , whereas at 1064 nm it falls to .  This behavior means that the devices manufactured with a certain degree of rotation at one wavelength, will produce much less rotation at longer wavelengths.  Many Faraday rotators and isolators are adjustable by varying the degree to which the active TGG rod is inserted into the magnetic field of the device.  In this way, the device can be tuned for use with a range of lasers within the design range of the device. Truly broadband sources (such as ultrashort-pulse lasers and the tunable vibronic lasers) will not see the same rotation across the whole wavelength band.

References

Magneto-optic effects

Verdet constant


Rose Mumbe Mutiso, née en 1986, est une militante kényane et une physicienne, spécialiste des matériaux. Après un parcours universitaire, et un travail de recherche scientifique et de conseil aux Etats-Unis, elle est revenue s'installer au Kenya. Son action militante dans son pays natal  porte notamment sur la place des femmes dans la science, d'une part, et l'amélioration de l'accès à l'énergie en Afrique d'autre part.

Biographie

Née en 1986 à Nairobi, Rose Mutiso étudie l'ingénierie et les matériaux au Dartmouth College, dans le nord-est des États-Unis, avant de passer son doctorat en science des matériaux à l'université de Pennsylvanie. Sa thèse en physique appliquée porte sur les propriétés des matériaux pour la nanoélectronique. Elle effectue son postdoctorat en tant que boursière scientifique du Congrès, en 2013-2014, auprès de l'American Institute of Physics et du sénateur démocrate Christopher Coons, un expert des questions africaines. Elle cherche sa voie, et s'éloigne progressivement de la recherche scientifique : . Elle travaille pour Christopher Coons, comme chargée de mission sur l'énergie et l'innovation, et rédige plusieurs propositions de loi promulguées par le président Barack Obama. Mais Donald Trump succède à Barck Obama début 2017. Souhaitent travailler sur le continent africain pour le continent africain, elle revient à Nairobi.

L'action militante de Mutiso porte notamment sur la place des femmes dans la science, d'une part, et l'amélioration de l'accès à l'énergie en Afrique d'autre part : les faiblesses du réseau de production et distribution d'électricité, par exemple, empêche le Kenya de mettre en œuvre des initiatives d'apprentissage à distance, tandis que les professionnels télétravaillant à domicile sont confrontés à de fréquentes interruptions des accès à l'internet. Elle fonde en 2017 l'institut Mawazo. Grâce à cet institut, elle espère former davantage de femmes aux compétences en recherche et en ingénierie nécessaires pour développer le secteur énergétique kenyan. Elle est désignée également en 2018, pour deux ans, ambassadrice du Next Einstein forum. En 2019, elle devient de plus Directrice de recherche au Energy Growth Hub, un réseau de recherche qui apporte son éclairage aux leaders politiques  autour des questions énergétiques et participe à divers événements. Elle donne également des conférences TED sur les sujets liés à l'énergie. En 2020, elle a été nominée pour le prix Pritzker 2020 du génie environnemental émergent.

Références

Liens

Naissance en 1986
Naissance à Nairobi
Étudiant du Dartmouth College
Docteur de l'université de Pennsylvanie
Scientifique kényan
Personnalité féminine kényane
Personnalité liée à l'énergie

Rose Mutiso


Futbolo klubas Sveikata er en litauisk fodboldklub fra Kybartai. Klubben har hjemmebane på Kybartų central stadion (kapacitet 1.000).

Historie
Klubben blev stiftet i 1919.

Historiske navne
 1919 – Banga
 1920 – Sveikata
 1949 – Žalgiris
 1952 – GSK
 1973 – Sveikata

Titler

Nationalt

 Antra lyga (D3)
 Andenplads (2): 2000, 2016

Historiske slutplaceringer

Siden 1990

Klub farver

Nuværende trup
Pr. 8. april 2021.

 (k.)

Trænere
  Henrikas Katilius, (20?? – 2020)
  Naglis Miknevičius, (2020 – 2022)
  Šarųnas Litvinas, (siden januari 2022)

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Facebook Offisielt
 lietuvosfutbolas.lt

Fodboldklubber i Litauen
Etableret i 1919

FK Sveikata Kybartai


Ernst Otto Friedrich Hermann Blau (Nordhausen, Njemačka, 21. travnja 1828. – Odesa, Ukrajina, 26. veljače 1879.), njemački orijentalist.

Životopis
Od 1852. bio je ataše pruskog poslanstva u Carigradu. 1870. imenovan je za njemačkog generalnog konzula za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Jedan ishod tog položaja je bilo djelo Reisen in Bosnien und der Herzegowina (hr. putovanje u Bosni i Hercegovini). 1873. imenovan je za generalnog konzula u Odesi, gdje je počinio samoubojstvo.

Djela
Chronik der Sultâne von Bornu. In: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Band 6, 1852, str. 305–330.
De numis Achaemenidarum aramaeo-persicis. Leipzig 1855.
Kommerzielle Zustände Persiens. Berlin 1858.
Schreiben des Dr. O. Blau an den geschäftsführenden Vorstand der D. Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. In: Zeitschrift der Deutschen *Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Band 13, 1859, str. 256–260.
Bosnisch-türkische Sprachdenkmäler. Leipzig 1868.
Reisen in Bosnien und der Herzegowina. Berlin 1877, urn: (archive.org)
Nachlese orientalischer Münzen I. In: Numismatische Zeitschrift. Band 6–7 (1874–1875), 1876, str. 1–21 (archive.org).

Bibliografija
 Helge Dvorak: Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft. Band I: Politiker. Teilband 7: Supplement A–K. Winter, Heidelberg 2013, , S. 96–97.
 Carl Ernst: Dr. Otto Blau †. In: Numismatische Zeitschrift. Band 11, 1879, S. 443–446 (Archive.org).
 Paul Blau: Leben und Wirken eines Auslanddeutschen im vorigen Jahrhundert. Erinnerungen an Dr. Otto Blau. Leipzig 1928.
 Viktor Hantzsch: Blau, Otto. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 47, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1903, str. 12–14.
 Stefan Heidemann: Die orientalischen Münzen der Universitätsbibliothek in Leipzig - Eine Wiederentdeckung für die Forschung. In: Reiner Cunz (Hrsg.) in Verbindung mit Rainer Polley und Andreas Röpcke: Fundamenta Historiae. Geschichte im Spiegel der Numismatik und ihrer Nachbarwissenschaften. Festschrift für Niklot Klüßendorf zum 60. Geburtstag am 10. Februar 2004 (= Veröffentlichungen der urgeschichtlichen Sammlungen des Landesmuseums zu Hannover. 51), Hannover, S. 339–352.
 Stefan Heidemann, Christoph Mackert: Staatsbulletins auf Münzen – Numismatische Dokumente aus dem Orient stehen nach 60 Jahren wieder der Forschung zur Verfügung. In: Journal - Universität Leipzig. 7, 2003, , S. 39–41 [mit Biografie Otto Blaus] (Volltext; PDF; 113 kB).

Drugi projekti
Otto Blau na njemačkom Wikizvorniku

Normativni podatci
 GND: 116200790 LCCN: nb2015000960 VIAF: 8133299

Izvori

Njemački etnolozi

Otto Blau (orijentalist)


Thomas Edward Mann (* 10. September 1944 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler. Er forscht an der Brookings Institution hauptsächlich zum US-Wahlsystem, insbesondere zur Finanzierung von Wahlkampagnen. Darrell M. West nannte Mann den "König der Experten" wegen seiner zahlreichen Auftritte auf CNN und in renommierten Zeitungen wie der Washington Post.

Mann erhielt 1966 an der University of Florida einen B.A. in Politikwissenschaft und 1968 bzw. 1977 einen M.A. und Ph.D. an der University of Michigan. 1969 kam er als Congressional Fellow erstmals nach Washington, D.C., wo er für Senator Philip Hart und den Abgeordneten James G. O'Hara tätig war. Mann war geschäftsführender Leiter der American Political Science Association. Von 1987 bis 1999 leitete er den Bereich Governmental Studies an der Brookings Institution. 2009 war er als Gastwissenschaftler an der University of Melbourne. Weitere Lehraufträge hatte er an der Princeton University, Johns Hopkins University, Georgetown University, University of Virginia und der American University.

Mann ist Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences, des Council on Foreign Relations und des Beirates der Stiftung Future of American Democracy. Er hat zwei Kinder und lebt mit seiner Frau in Bethesda (Maryland).

Werke
 Unsafe at Any Margin: Interpreting Congressional Elections (1978)
 Media Polls in American Politics, Hg. mit Gary R. Orren (1992)
 Renewing Congress, mit Norman J. Ornstein (1992, 1993)
 Values and Public Policy, Hg. mit Henry Jacob Aaron und Timothy Taylor (1994)
 Congress, the Press, and the Public, Hg. mit Norman J. Ornstein (1994)
 Intensive Care: How Congress Shapes Health Policy, Hg. mit Norman J. Ornstein (1995)
 Campaign Finance Reform: A Sourcebook, mit Anthony Corrado, Daniel R. Ortiz, Trevor Potter und Frank J. Sorauf, Hg. (1997)
 Vital Statistics on Congress, 1999–2000, mit Norman J. Ornstein und Michael Malbin (1999)
 The Permanent Campaign and Its Future, Hg. mit Norman J. Ornstein (2000)
 Governance for a New Century: Japanese Challenges, American Experience, Hg. mit Sasaki Takeshi
 Vital Statistics on Congress, mit Norman J. Ornstein und Michael J. Malbin (2002)
 Inside the Campaign Finance Battle: Court Testimony on the New Reforms, Hg. mit Anthony Corrado und Trevor Potter (2003)
 The New Campaign Finance Sourcebook, Hg. mit Anthony Corrado, Daniel R. Ortiz und Trevor Potter (2003)

Weblinks
 Thomas Mann bei Brookings

 Video eines Gespräches mit Lawrence Lessig auf Bloggingheads.tv

Einzelnachweise

Politikwissenschaftler
Sachbuchautor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Hochschullehrer (Princeton University)
Hochschullehrer (Johns Hopkins University)
Hochschullehrer (Georgetown University)
Hochschullehrer (University of Virginia)
Hochschullehrer (American University)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied im Council on Foreign Relations
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1944
Mann

Thomas E. Mann


Podsused je zagrebačko gradsko naselje (kvart) na najzapadnijem dijelu grada. Najveća je četvrt gradskog kotara Podsused – Vrapče, te je njegovo sjedište. Glavni je dio Susedgrada. Stanovnika je oko 4600 u više od 1800 domaćinstava. Na sjeveru graniči sa zaprešićkim selom Ivancem Bistranskim, na sjeverozapadu sa Zaprešićem, na zapadu sa Svetom Nedeljom, na istoku s Gajnicama, na sjeveroistoku s Bizekom i Gornjim Stenjevcem te na jugu s Jankomirom. Upravno mu pripadaju tri okolna sela. To su Podsusedsko Dolje, Bizek i Jarek Podsusedski, sva su na obroncima Medvednice. U prošlosti je Podsused bio selo i do 1950. godine samostalno gradsko naselje, a od 1950. godine do dan danas je dio grada, zapadna su vrata Grada Zagreba. Gradska uprava zabranila je da se Podsused uvede pod stambeno naselje tj. nije dozvolila da se u Podsusedu grade neboderi i ostale stambene zgrade kao što ih npr. ima u Gajnicama. Gradska uprava odredila je da se ne smiju graditi neboderi i stambene zgrade, nego luksuzne urbane vile od 400 − 500 četvornih metara, stambene trokatnice, kuće itd. Zbog mnoštva luksuznih obiteljskih vila, prirodnim bogatstvom najbolji je za život u jednom gradu. U Podsusedu prevladavaju ruralna obilježja tj. dio je poljoprivrednog zemljišta. Ima i uzgoja domaćih životinja. Prometnice povezuju u smjeru istok − zapad, k središtu grada Alejom grada Bologne i Samoborskom cestom. Južna je međa rijeka Sava, a sjeverna obronci Medvednice.

Paleontologija
U Podsusedu pronanđeni su ostatci neidentificirane vrste roda Champsodelphis kao i ostatci ovdje novootkrivenih vrsta Heterodelphis croatica i Mesocetus agrami od kojih je potonji još poznat i pod nazivom zagrebački kit. Godine 2001. postavljena je rekonstrukcija zagrebačkog kita Zdenka Šlibara s uklopljenim odljevcima prvotno otkrivenih kostiju koje je napravio restaurator Slavimir Slaviček u blizini područja gdje je zagrebački kit bio prvotno otkriven.

Izvori

Naselja u Gradu Zagrebu

Podsused


Hrvatsko-japanski odnosi (na japanskom jeziku 日本とクロアチアの関係) odnose se na bilateralne međunarodne odnose između Hrvatske i Japana.

Povijest
Dvije zemlje uspostavile su diplomatske odnose 5. ožujka 1993. Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Tokiju otvoreno je u rujnu iste godine. S druge strane, Veleposlanstvo Japana u Zagrebu otvoreno je u veljači 1998. Povijesno gledano, za vrijeme drugog svjetskog rata Japan je sklopio savez s Nezavisnom Državom Hrvatskom, nacističkom Njemačkom i fašističkom Italijom.

Kultura

Gradovi prijatelji
  Rijeka –  Kawasaki (od 23. lipnja 1977.)
  Zagreb –  Kyoto (od 22. listopada 1981.)
  Pula –  Hekinan (od 5. travnja 2007.)

Haiku u Hrvatskoj

Vladimir Devidé, rođen 1925. godine u Zagrebu, bio je matematičar i akademik koja učio je elektronike i inženjeringa na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu. A osim toga, u isto vrijeme on bio je japanolog i književnik, bio je osobito zainteresiran za haiku koja je tradicionalan japanski oblik poezije sa sedamnaest slogova. U godini 1970. objavio je knjigu pod nazivom Japanska haiku poezija i njen kulturnopovijesni okvir.

Nogomet
Hrvatska nogometna reprezentacija je pobijedila Japan u Svjetskom nogometnom prvenstvu u Francuskoj 1998. godine, i kao što znate, Hrvatska su osvojili trećeplasirani.

U godini 1999. japanski nogometaš Kazuyoshi Miura bivši Dinamov igrač, ali nije ništa posebno postigao i brzo ponovno se vratio u Japan. Od 2011. do 2012. godine, Masahiko Inoha bivši Hajdukov igrač na položaju sredine terena ili obrane.

Diplomatski predstavnici

Veleposlanici Hrvatske u Tokiju

 Midhat Arslanagić (od 1993. do 1994.)
 Anđelko Šimić (od 1995. do 1997.)
 Davorin Mlakar (od 1998. do 2000.)
 Drago Buvač (od 2001. do 2005.)
 Drago Štambuk (od 2005. do 2010.)
 Mira Martinec (od 2011. do 2015.)
 Dražen Hrastić (od 2015. do danas)

Veleposlanici Japana u Zagrebu

 Kazuichi Miura (otpravnik poslova, od 1943. do 1945.)
 Nema veleposlanika od 1945. do 1958.
 Veleposlanici Japana u Beogradu od 1958. do 1991.
 Nema veleposlanika od 1991. do 1993.
 Veleposlanici Japana u Beču od 1993. do 1998.
 Keisuke Oba (od 1998. do 2001.)
 Shojiro Imanishi (od 2001. do 2003.)
 Kaname Ikeda (od 2003. do 2006.)
 Tesuhisa Shirakawa (od 2006. do 2009.)
 Yoshio Tamura (od 2009. do 2012.)
 Masaru Tsuji (od 2012. do 2013.)
 Keiji Ide (od 2013. do 2016.)
 Keiji Takiguchi (od 2016. do danas)

Izvori

Povezani članci
 Veleposlanstvo Japana u Zagrebu

Vanjske poveznice
 Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Japanu
 Veleposlanstvo Japana u Republici Hrvatskoj

Japan
Bilateralni odnosi Japana

Hrvatsko-japanski odnosi


Der Verband Volkssport (tschechisch selten Svaz Lidového sportu) war eine paramilitärische nationalsozialistische Organisation der DNSAP in der Tschechoslowakei. Er wurde 1929 unter dem Deckmantel eines deutschen Volkssportverbandes gegründet und 1932 verboten.

Geschichte
Der Verband Volkssport wurde am 15. Mai 1929 nach dem Vorbild der SA auf Initiative von Hans Krebs und Paul Illing unter dem Anschein eines Volksportverbandes gegründet. Zum Führer des 5000 Mitglieder umfassenden Verbandes wurde der Fulneker Bürgermeister Leo Schubert gewählt. Seine Stellvertreter wurden Krebs, dem die politische Führung oblag, und Illing, der für die Organisation zuständig war. Die im Untergrund wirkende Schaltzentrale des Verbandes, der als Schutztruppe die Veranstaltungen der DNSAP absicherte, befand sich in Leitmeritz.

Während der Völkischen Tage von Sternberg und Gablonz kam es noch im selben Jahre zu größeren Aufmärschen in einer an die Uniformierung der SA angelehnten "Braunhemden"-Uniform. Im August 1929 reiste eine 300 Mann starke Delegation des Volkssportverbandes zum Reichsparteitag der NSDAP nach Nürnberg und präsentierte sich dort mit einem großen Transparent "Sudetenland treu zu Hitler". Während des Parteitages schloss sich der Volkssport als Untergruppe der Münchner SA an und vereinbarte zugleich mit der SA-Standarte 100 in Dresden die Mitbenutzung ihres Platzes in Koppelsdorf als Übungsgelände.

Nachdem 1930 insbesondere die Bezirksbehörden Wagstadt und Hohenstadt bei weiteren Aufmärschen das Treiben nach der österreichischen Ministerialverordnung über das Tragen von Uniformen vom 26. Februar 1917 durch Bestrafungen wegen Tragens verbotener Uniformen zu unterbinden suchten, legten die deutschnationalen Abgeordneten Ernst Teschner und Genossen 1930 im Senat eine Interpellation an den Minister des Innern wegen der Verfolgung der Träger einheitlicher Tracht, insbesondere Braunhemden ein. Im Jahre 1931 untersagte die Regierung das öffentliche Tragen von "Braunhemden" und SA-Mützen. An deren Stelle führte der Volkssport eine andersfarbene Uniformierung mit weißen Hemden und blauen Mützen ein.

Mit der SA fanden gemeinsame Übungen statt, darunter im Jänner 1931 eine im Grenzgebiet, bei der die SA-Angehörigen über die Grenze auf tschechoslowakisches Gebiet vordrangen. Die zunehmenden Aufmärsche des bis 1932 auf 40.000 Mitglieder angewachsenen Verbandes, bei denen wie z. B. in Buchau öffentlich "der Kampf zur Befreiung der Heimat aus dem slawischen und jüdischen Joch" propagiert wurde, veranlassten die Regierung am 1. März 1932, den Volkssport wegen staatsfeindlicher Aktivitäten aufzulösen und zu verbieten.

Volkssportprozess 1932
Nach dem Verbot begannen die Ermittlungen gegen die den Behörden zunächst unbekannten Führungskräfte des Volkssport. Bereits am 2. März wurde der Egerer Sportlehrer Alexander Petermichel in Prag verhaftet. Dort erfolgte am nächsten Tag auch die Inhaftierung des Medizinstudenten Anton Schwabe. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse aus den Verhören wurden kurz darauf Rudolf Heider, Adolf Metzner, Peter Donnhäuser, Fritz Paliega und Paul Illing verhaftet. Diese gehörten jedoch mit Ausnahme von Illing nicht zur Führungsriege des Verbandes.
Die Ermittlungen  richteten sich auch gegen weitere Personen aus der Führung des Volkssport, die jedoch als parlamentarische Mandatsträger Immunität genossen. Bis Ende März erfolgte im gesamten Grenzgebiet die Festnahme von 81 Funktionären des Volkssport, nach weiteren 167 wurde gefahndet.

Am 8. August wurde in Brünn der später als Volkssportprozess bekannte Strafprozess gegen die Führung des Verbandes eröffnet, der bis zum 24. September andauerte. Im Laufe des Prozesses wurden die DNSAP-Abgeordneten Hans Krebs, Leo Schubert, Rudolf Jung und Rudolf Kasper als zusammen mit Illing die Führungsriege bildenden Personen schwer belastet. Der Prozess endete für alle der Angeklagten mit Haftstrafen zwischen ein bis vier Jahren.

Im November 1932 stellte das Gericht Anträge auf strafrechtliche Verfolgung gegen die o. g. DNSAP-Abgeordneten. Nachdem deren Immunität aufgehoben worden war, erfolgten Ende Februar 1933 die Verhaftungen. Unmittelbar nach der Machtübergabe an die Nationalsozialisten intervenierte Adolf Hitler in seiner ersten Audienz beim tschechoslowakischen Botschafter Vojtěch Mastný gegen die Verhaftungen. Daraufhin erfolgte deren Freilassung gegen Kaution. Die Fortsetzung des Verfahrens war nicht möglich, da sämtliche Angeklagten nach ihrer Freilassung in das Deutsche Reich geflohen waren, wo sie als Helden gefeiert wurden und ihrem Immunitätsverlust durch die Selbstauflösung der Partei am 4. Oktober 1933 zuvorkamen.

Literatur
 Josef Mikš: Proces s Volkssportem Publikace KSH č. 67
 Der Volkssport-Prozeß. Ein Tatsachenbericht nach den stenographischen Protokollen und den Zeitungsmeldungen über die Brünner Gerichtsverhandlungen vom 8. August bis 14. Sept. 1932, Aussig 1932 (Darstellung aus der Sicht der DNSAP)

Einzelnachweise

Paramilitärische Organisation (Nationalsozialismus)
Sport (Tschechoslowakei)

Verband Volkssport


A buffer zone is a neutral zonal area that lies between two or more bodies of land, usually pertaining to countries. Depending on the type of buffer zone, it may serve to separate regions or conjoin them.
Common types of buffer zones are demilitarized zones, border zones and certain restrictive easement zones and green belts. Such zones may be comprised by a sovereign state, forming a buffer state.

Buffer zones have various purposes, politically or otherwise. They can be set up for a multitude of reasons, such as to prevent violence, protect the environment, shield residential and commercial zones from industrial accidents or natural disasters, or even isolate prisons. Buffer zones often result in large uninhabited regions that are themselves noteworthy in many increasingly developed or crowded parts of the world.

Conservation

For use in nature conservation, a buffer zone is often created to enhance the protection of areas under management for their biodiversity importance. The buffer zone of a protected area may be situated around the periphery of the region or may be a connecting zone within it that links two or more protected areas, therefore increasing their dynamics and conservation productivity. A buffer zone can also be one of the protected area categories (e.g. category V or VI of IUCN Protected Area) or a classification scheme (e.g. NATURA 2000) depending on the conservation objective. The term 'buffer zone' initially gained prominence in the conservation of natural and cultural heritage through its usage in the establishment of UNESCO's World Heritage Convention, and the term was intended to be used as follows:

—World Heritage Convention

The buffer zone is one of the Best Management Practices (BMPs). A buffer zone is intended to avert the effect of negative environmental or human influences, whether or not it embodies natural or cultural value itself. The importance and function of a buffer zone and the necessary protective measures derived thereof is a relatively new concept in conservation science and can differ greatly for each site.

Ecological functions of conservation

Water quality improvement
The quality of surface water in many countries is getting worse due to the misuse of land. Although the buffer zone occupies a small area, it greatly improves the quality of water in the agricultural watershed due to its filtering effect on nutrients in the underground water and surface water.

Because farmland is sprayed with large amounts of pesticides, some of which can seep into surface water, fish and other aquatic life can be negatively affected, which in turn can lead to environmental damage. Vegetation buffer has been proved to be an effective filter for sediment, especially for sediment-bound pesticides. When pesticides are sprayed in excess, a vegetation buffer can be built to reduce the penetration of pesticides into surface water. The buffer zone also prevents heavy metals or toxins from spreading to protected areas.

Riverbank stabilization
When riverbanks are low due to plant roots entering the interior of the riverbank vertically, the sediment of riverbank is affected by the action of said plant roots, and the ability to resist erosion is higher than that without plant roots. But when the riverbanks are higher, the roots of the plants do not penetrate deeply into the soil, and the lakeshore soil is not very strong. Herbaceous plants can play a role to some extent, but in the long term, vegetation buffer zone can effectively solve the problem of water level rise and water erosion.

The adsorption capacity of a buffer zone can reduce the speed of surface runoff and increase the effective water content of soil. Through increasing soil organic matter content and improving soil structure, a buffer zone can have a positive effect on soil water storage performance. In addition, plant roots make the soil stronger, withstand waves and rainstorm, mitigate the erosion of riverbanks by floods, and effectively control the erosion of the beach.

Wildlife food and habitat

Riparian buffer zones have been used in many areas to protect the habitats of many animals which are being devastated by increased human activity. The areas around the buffer zone can form the habitat of many animals, and plants can become food for small aquatic animals. The buffer zone itself can also support the life activities of various amphibians and birds. Plants and animals can migrate or spread in response to these buffer zones, thus increasing the biodiversity in the area.

A 1998 study shows that the species and number of animals and plants in riparian zones are higher than in other ecosystems. Because of their ability to provide abundant water, soft soil and stable climate, small animals such as Myotis and Martes prefer to live along riverbanks rather than in hilly areas. The buffer zone can also provide a good environment for upland habitat, which is in line with the living conditions of freshwater turtles, making them more dependent on the wetland environment. The protection level of the buffer zones will affect the habitat range of amphibians and reptiles, and the environmental management of the wetland habitat around buffer zone is extremely important.

Providing aesthetic value
As an important part of riparian zone, the vegetation buffer zones form a variety of landscape, and the landscape pattern of combining land and water improves the aesthetic value of river basin landscape. The riparian buffer is rich in plant resources, and the wetland, grassland and forest ecosystem make the landscape more beautiful. In addition, some recreational facilities can be built in the buffer zone to provide better living conditions for residents or tourists and improve people's quality of life.

In the buffer zone, trees up to 6 meters tall greatly enhance the aesthetic value of the landscape. These tall trees have luxuriant branches and leaves, especially their upright posture, making them of higher ornamental value. Some colorful landscape tree species can be planted on both sides of rivers with tourism and sightseeing value to improve the aesthetic value of the place. The establishment of vegetation in the buffer zone can increase green land, improve forest coverage, beautify the environment and visual effect, improve people's living environment, enrich humanistic landscape, and enhance aesthetic value. By emphasizing the importance of the buffer zone, local residents can be encouraged to participate in the protection and management of the buffer zone, and set up checkpoints around the buffer zone to make it more secure and effective.

See also
 Buffer state
 Buffer strip
 Demilitarized zone (DMZ)
 European Green Belt
 March
 Seam Zone
 Shatter belt (geopolitics)
 United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus

References

External links

Political terminology
Environmental conservation
Borders

Buffer zone