Marcel Chaput (October 14, 1918 – January 19, 1991) was a scientist and a militant for the independence of Quebec from Canada. Along with some 20 other people including André D'Allemagne and Jacques Bellemare, he was a founding member of the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale (RIN).

Biography

Family and education
Marcel Chaput was born in Hull, Quebec on October 14, 1918. His mother was Lucia Nantel, and his father, Narcisse Chaput, was a proofreader at Her Majesty's Printer in Ottawa. He was the youngest child and sole boy in a family of seven children. He did not know three of his sisters, who died at a young age. The three sisters he knew were Rolande, Gabrielle and Madeleine. He was ten years old when his sister Rolande, 16, died of sepsis.

After doing his primary schooling at École Lecomte, he entered the Collège Notre-Dame de Hull. He was enrolled in the cadet corps of his college. One of his teachers, Brother Ernest, led him to an interest in science. From that time he cherished the dream of being a chemist. In 1934, he joined the Groupe Reboul of the Association catholique de la jeunesse canadienne-française.

In September 1933, he left his college in Hull and registered at the High School of the University of Ottawa, an institution which he left only two years later to enter, in September 1935, the École technique de Hull which trained chemistry laboratory technicians at the time. He stayed there until graduation in 1939.

Chaput claims to have become a partisan of the independence of Quebec as part of the Groupe Reboul while preparing for a public debate on the subject of separatism. He and his team member Jacques Boulay had to argue for separatism in a debating contest against two comrades, Roland Dompierre and Réal Denis. His team lost the debate held on December 10, 1937, but the readings he did to learn about the subject (Séparatisme, doctrine constructive by Dostaler O'Leary, old issues of the paper La Nation by Paul Bouchard, history books on the Patriots of the 19th century) convinced him of the merit of the idea in itself. He considered that he and the other pioneers of the contemporary movement for the independence of Quebec did nothing but update an idea that goes back to the British conquest of French Canada in 1760.

Technician
He had been working at the Eddy paper manufacture since May 1939 when the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada granted him a job interview in the month of December of the same year. He was hired as chemistry laboratory aid to doctor Richard Helmuth Fred Manske for a salary of $70 CAD per month. Meanwhile, he was enrolled in the Canadian Army due to conscription. In May 1941, he was mobilized at the Saint-Jérôme military camp. His training as a doughboy was interrupted when the federal government decided to employ all technicians in the war effort. He therefore returned to the NRC labs. He entered the service of the Canadian Army's Chemical Warfare Laboratories in January 1943. When he returned home to Hull at the end of the war, he was a sergeant major.

Marriage
On September 15, 1945, he married Madeleine Dompierre, daughter of Odias Dompierre and Marie-Méa Marquis, at the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Catholic Church in Hull. The couple spent six days cruising on the Saint Lawrence River and Saguenay River. Their first son, Luc, was born in the fall of 1946. Later came Danielle (1949), Sylvie (1952) and Jérôme (1955).

Doctorate
In September 1946, he moved to Peterson Residence, a disaffected aviation camp acquired by McGill University in Lachine. The living conditions in the student's residence for married veterans were poor. After suffering from pleurisy, the doctor ordered his wife to leave the overheated rooms where the Chaput family was living and take some rest. Madeleine packed her things and returned to Marcel's parents in Hull, while he rented a room in Montreal in the neighbourhood of McGill. During his study years, he left Montreal for Hull every weekend to see his wife and children. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from McGill University on October 6, 1952. His doctoral thesis was on calcium and the alpha cells of the pancreas.

Return to NRC
After receiving his Ph.D., he returned to Hull and began working for the NRC in Ottawa again. He initially resumed the same work he had been doing during the war, then transferred to the department of chemical research in Shirley Bay. In 1955, he transferred to the Defence Research Board, where he performed operational research.

In October 1958, he signed a secret study entitled The Proportion of French-Canadian Soldiers in the Canadian Army. This study would have helped General Jean-Victor Allard to convince the federal government to create francophone units in the Canadian Army. He signed another study on the same subject in October 1960

From 1953 to 1959, in parallel to his lab work, he completed the studies of a masters in psychology at the Institute of Psychology of the University of Ottawa.

Foundation of the RIN

After reading "Où va le Canada français? L'exercice de la pleine souveraineté est essentiel à l'épanouissement du Québec" by Raymond Barbeau, interviewed by Jean-Marc Léger in Le Devoir, Chaput was determined to enter into contact with Barbeau, founder of the Alliance laurentienne. Chaput invited Barbeau to hold a conference in Hull on August 28, 1959, in an old parish room of the Notre-Dame Church. Some twenty people were present. Chaput met André D'Allemagne at this time. Barbeau invited Chaput to give a short speech in the Saint-Stanislas room of Montréal on September 13, 1959 as part of a soirée organized to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

During that period, although his patriotic and charitable activities were numerous, his militant activity for independence was limited to writing letters in newspapers on the topic of the hour. He wanted to do much more. He wrote a memoir to the attention of the chancellerie of the Ordre de Jacques Cartier (OJC), a secret organization of which he was a member. In response to Chaput's initiative, Pierre Vigeant, editorialist at Le Devoir and grand chancelier of the OJC, created a study committee on the question of independence of Quebec. Chaput was part of a group of five commissioners who gathered in Montreal in December 1959 and January 1960. As secretary to the commission, Chaput wrote the final report which concluded that French Canadians enjoy the right to self-determination and that members of the OJC should feel free to support independence if such was their political conviction. The direction of the OJC however remained closed to the idea of independence. On March 17, 1961, he was expelled from the secret organization after having insisted on learning the position of the Order on constitutional and political matters.

On May 7, 1960, Chaput presided a meeting that received Raymond Barbeau as speaker at the Le Grenier theatre in Hull. Following the meeting, there were discussions on the possibility to form a Club Laurentie in Hull, but after reflecting on the matter for a while the small group of independence supporters in Hull decided to remain autonomous.

On September 10, 1960, he took part with 20 other people to the foundation of the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale (RIN) which took place at the Auberge Le Châtelet in Morin Heights in the Laurentides. He was elected vice president of the RIN.

After having participated in the organizing of a parade for independence in the streets of Montreal which took place on February 11, 1961, he gave a conference entitled Le Canada français à l'heure de la décision as part of a public meeting held at the Gesù on April 4, 1961, during a Stanley Cup semi-final. The RIN rejoiced at being able to fill up a room under such circumstances. Pierre Bourgault also gave a speech that night.

On May 23, 1961, he again spoke as part of a public meeting organized by the RIN, this time at the Ermitage in Montreal. His conference was entitled Quand deux nationalismes s'affrontent.

Suspension
Chaput's increasingly active involvement in public affairs did not fail to grab the attention of his employer, the federal government in Ottawa. In the House of Commons of the Parliament of Canada, Douglas Fisher, NDP Member of Parliament for Port Arthur in Ontario, asked Minister of National Defense Douglas Harkness about a certain doctor Chaput. Harkness was forced to admit that the Marcel Chaput, public speaker promoting the independence of Quebec was the same Marcel Chaput employed by his department. The Parliament of Canada took interest in his case again after some French-speaking MPs received invitations to attend a public meeting of the RIN announced for May 30, 1961 at the École normale de Hull. The day of the event, Chaput was called in the office of doctor Keyston, vice-president of the Defence Research Board, and was threatened with firing if he gave his talk. Knowing that Keyston did not have the powers to fire him, he decided the give his talk as planned.

He took three weeks of vacation during the summer and dedicated his free time to the writing of a book. On September 18, 1961, he launched the political essay Pourquoi je suis séparatiste at the Cercle universitaire de Montréal. His book was published by Jacques Hébert of Éditions du Jour. It was translated into English as Why I Am a Separatist some months later.

The general student association of Université Laval invited him to participate to the Canadian Affairs Conference, an event conducted under the honorary patronage of the Governor General of Canada. Several political figures gave speeches during the conference, among them Jean Lesage, Davie Fulton and René Lévesque. The talk Chaput was scheduled to give was on Friday November 17, a working day. He asked for a day off without pay, but Keyston, still his superior, refused. He was suspended from his research functions for two weeks – without pay – after he decided to attend the Canadian Affairs Conference anyway. On Monday December 4, 1961, day of his return to work after his suspension, he resigned.

President of the RIN
On October 28, 1961, shortly before he resigned his job, he was elected President General of the RIN during the organization's annual congress in Montreal. Under his presidency, the RIN gave itself an emblem, founded the journal L'indépendance and created a political committee which prepared the programme adopted by members during the annual congress of October 1962.

On January 7, 1962, he quit Hull and settled in Montreal to maintain basic operations for the RIN. He continued to give talks here and there, usually with Pierre Bourgault. Although it never missed a chance to attack Premier Jean Lesage and all federalists in Quebec City or in Ottawa, the RIN adopted resolutions as part of a special congress on June 9 and 10 – to support the government of Quebec in its project to nationalize electricity companies. When during fall Jean Lesage announced there would be general elections on November 14, Chaput thought the time right to present himself as candidate for the RIN in the electoral district of Bourget. On September 30, the RIN took the unanimous decision to support his candidacy, but as an independent candidate, not as candidate of the RIN. The majority of RIN members did not think the time had come to turn their organization into a political party.

On Saturday October 20, during a congress held in the gymnasium of the Collège Mont-Saint-Louis, Guy Pouliot succeeded Chaput in the presidency of the RIN. Chaput remained an executive, but refused one of the two vice-presidencies he was offered.

On November 14, 3,299 voters of Bourget supported Marcel Chaput, who improvised an electoral campaign with $2,500 CAD and dozens of volunteers. He was not elected Member of Parliament,  but judged the experience instructive and useful to the independence movement.

He proposed to the RIN the creation of a position of political organizer, but the council rejected his proposal, still of opinion that the time had not yet come to be active in the political arena. He decided to quit the RIN on December 17, 1962 in order to dedicate all his energies to the foundation of a pro-independence political party.

Foundation of the PRQ

On February 23, 1963, he called a press conference to announce the opening of the office of the Parti républicain du Québec (PRQ). The PRQ gave itself a constitution, a political programme and a journal, Le Républicain. Chaput announced that the first congress of the PRQ would be held on March 16 and 17 at Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal.

On March 3, 1963, the RIN resolved to become a political party.

On May 7, Raymond Barbeau announced in a press conference that he decided to dissolve the Alliance laurentienne to unite the strength of its members to that of the PRQ. In June, the PRQ permanent office moved from the 2nd floor of the old baseball stadium on rue de Lorimier to 4270, rue Papineau.

Hunger strikes
The PRQ rapidly accumulated a debt of $50,000 following the purchase of advertising time on television in April, May and June. To finance the party, Chaput took the decision to go on a hunger strike. He announced it publicly on July 8, 1963.

His first hunger strike lasted 33 days, from Monday July 8 to Saturday August 10, 1963. The PRQ's chest filled up with $100,000 CAD. He started a second fast on November 18, 1963. He interrupted it after 63 days, on January 21, 1964, at the insistence of his entourage and sympathizing journalists. The PRQ however only gained $20,000 with his second fast and consequently he resigned his position as party leader. During the period of his two fasts he often made the headlines and continued to be invited to give talks on the subject of independence for Quebec.

Seeking employment
After the dissolution of the PRQ on January 21, 1964, Chaput dedicated his time to searching for employment to support his family. Since his resignation as a civil servant in December 1961, he had been living on his own savings and an insufficient public service pension to meet the needs of his wife and children. The task of finding a new job turned out to be difficult and he held various non permanent jobs. His label of "separatist" closed many doors to him. Two insurance companies and one mutual fund company, though interested in him because of his notoriety, refused to hire him in the end because, he was told, the direction feared losing the Anglophone clientele. At the end of the March 1964, his friend Jacques Lamarche suggested he apply for a teaching position with the Fédération des collèges classiques. He never received an answer from the federation. Lamarche therefore invited him to join him at the journal Le Laissez Passer published by the Conseil d'expansion économique (CEE), at the time presided by Sarto Marchand and directed by Bernard Tessier. After much negotiation, the direction of the CEE accepted that Chaput collaborates in the journal, but under a pseudonym. Under the name Gilles Côté, he participated to the publication of two economic dossiers during the summer of 1964, the first on general insurance, the second on life insurance. The direction of the CEE eventually came under a new leadership who learned that Chaput was being employed by the organization. He was fired and never paid for the work he had already performed.

A sympathizer of the RIN, José Leroux, principal of the private Collège Valéry, offered him a position as teacher of biology and history. He taught part-time between September 1964 and spring 1965. He continued to search for a more stable employment the whole year but without success.

On February 5, 1965, in a moment of discouragement, he addressed a public letter to the media to lament the fate Quebec society reserved to those who advocated independence. His letter had some effect. Interesting offers were made to him from outside Quebec, but he did not wish to live in exile. The only serious offer than was made to him from Quebec was that made by Doctor Elliot, one of his teachers at McGill University, who had since then become dean of the Department of Biochemistry, who offered him the direction of a research chair. He refused the job on principles, asserting he did not wish to work in English in Quebec, and also for pragmatic reasons, because he wished for a flexible schedule that would allow him to continue his militancy for independence in his spare time.

In 1966, his wife entered the job market while he started studying naturopathy. It is only in 1968 that he found a permanent job through an association with Eugène Caraghiaur, with whom he founded Pétro-Montréal, a company delivering heating oil. He was shareholder, director and seller for this company until he his retirement in 1983.

During the year 1965, he launched J'ai choisi de me battre: petite histoire très personnelle du séparatisme québécois, de Maurice Duplessis à Claude Wagner, a book of 160 pages, published by Club du livre du Québec in Montreal.

Return to RIN
He returned to the RIN in August 1965, at the invitation of Pierre Bourgault, who was president of the party at the time. The RIN presented him as candidate in the electoral district of Papineau for the  Quebec general election of 1966. He came in third behind Roland Théorêt of Union nationale and Bernard Desrosiers of the Parti libéral du Québec, with 2,504 votes (10.32%).

He continued as a simple militant of the party until its dissolution in October 1968.

Parti Québécois

In October 1968, two weeks after the founding congress of the Parti Québécois (PQ), the members of the RIN gathered and voted the dissolution of their party. Most RIN militants became members of the PQ. Marcel Chaput was one of those who made that choice.

He held a weekly editorial column in Le Journal de Montréal from 1968 to 1970.

On December 11, 1969, he took part in the "manif anti-manif" organized by poet Gaston Miron to denounce the municipal regulation forbidding public demonstrations in the streets of Montreal. With several others, he was arrested by the police of Montreal and imprisoned. Regulation 3926, contested in court, was declared unconstitutional by the Quebec Superior Court, before being finally declared constitutional, several years later, by the Supreme Court of Canada.

In the spring of 1970, he presented himself as candidate for nomination by the PQ in the electoral district of Maisonneuve. It was however Robert Burns who won the nomination and was subsequently elected MNA on April 29.

He held a political column entitled "La comédie canadienne" in the weekly Point de mire during the year 1971.

He presented himself as candidate for nomination by the PQ in the electoral district of Terrebonne in 1973, but Guy Mercier was elected. Mercier did not however win a plurality of votes at the election of October 29.

In 1975, he and his wife Madeleine received the first Patriot of the Year award given by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montréal.

He was chief editor ofIci Québec magazine in 1977.

Naturopathy
From 1968 to 1970, after receiving a Ph.D. in naturopathy from the Institut de naturopathie du Québec, he was a consultant at the Clinique naturiste de Montréal. During that period, he published the book L'école de la santé and in collaboration with chemist Tony Le Sauteur, Dossier pollution. He was editor of La Santé, a paper doing popular education on health matters.

Death
He suffered from Parkinson's disease at the end of his life. He died at Hôpital Jean-Talon in Montreal on January 19, 1991. His funeral took place at Église Notre-Dame-du-Rosaire in the Villeray neighbourhood. André D'Allemagne pronounced a funeral oration to his memory on the day of his funeral. He was buried at the Notre-Dame de Hull cemetery on January 25, 1991.

Publications

Essays
 Pourquoi je suis séparatiste (1961)
 Why I Am a Separatist (1962)
 J'ai choisi de me battre: petite histoire très personnelle du séparatisme québécois de Maurice Duplessis à Claude Wagner (1965)
 L'école de la santé (1969)
 Dossier pollution (1971) with Tony LeSauteur
 Les citations de René Lévesque (1977) with Jean Côté
 Référendum de René Lévesque (1979) with Jean Côté

Periodicals
 L'indépendance (1962–1968)
 Le Républicain (1963)
 Ici Québec (1977–1978)

Articles
 "La révolution en marche", in L'Homme nouveau (1964)
 "Les indépendantistes doivent-ils quelque chose à Duplessis?", in Ici Québec (1977)
 "Par son génie musical, cet enfant devrait étonner le monde", in Ici Québec (1978)
 "Référendum. Dossier spécial", in Ici Québec (1978)

Other
 Manifeste du Parti républicain du Québec (1963)
 Mémoire présenté à titre personnel par Marcel Chaput au Comité parlementaire de la constitution (1964)

Distinctions
 1975 – Patriot of the Year award by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal
 1983 – Bronze medal of the Mouvement national des Québécoises et Québécois awarded by the SNQ of Outaouais
 1995 – A street of the former City of Hull (today Gatineau) was baptized in his honour

Reference notes

Explanatory notes

References
 Monographs

 Articles, chapters
 Mathieu Bock-Côté, "Marcel Chaput", in Robert Comeau, Charles-Philippe Courtois, Denis Monière (dir.), Histoire intellectuelle de l'indépendantisme québécois. Tome I. 1834–1968, Montréal: VLB éditeur, 2010, p. 187–197.
 Eve Morin Desrosiers, "Marcel Chaput (1918–1991) Homme de science, homme politique", in Bilan du siècle, Université de Sherbrooke
 Serge Gaudreau, "4 décembre 1961 – Démission de Marcel Chaput du Conseil de recherches pour la défense", in Bilan du siècle, Université de Sherbrooke

 Archive funds
 "Fonds du Parti républicain du Québec. (P65)", Division des archives de l'Université de Montréal
 "Fonds Marcel Chaput. 1959–1974 (P96)", BAnQ
 "Fonds Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale. 1960–1968 (P300)", BAnQ
 Boudreau, Lionel (1981). Répertoire numérique détaillé du Fonds du Parti républicain du Québec (P 65). Montréal: Service des archives, Université de Montréal, 17 p.

 Audio-Video
 "Marcel Chaput, chimiste indépendantiste", in Les Archives de Radio-Canada, Société Radio-Canada. updated September 11, 2008.
 "Marcel Chaput, 1918–1991. Le tout raconté par son petit-fils : Julien Chaput", in the site Harfang Québec

 Web site
 Tony Le Sauteur, "Tout sur Marcel Chaput", in the author's own site

External links
 Excerpt of Why I Am a Separatist by Marcel Chaput (alternative translation)

1918 births
1991 deaths
Quebec political party leaders
Politicians from Gatineau
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Canadian Army soldiers
French Quebecers

Marcel Chaput


A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism and are stored as a "library". cDNA is produced from fully transcribed mRNA found in the nucleus and therefore contains only the expressed genes of an organism. Similarly, tissue-specific cDNA libraries can be produced. In eukaryotic cells the mature mRNA is already spliced, hence the cDNA produced lacks introns and can be readily expressed in a bacterial cell. While information in cDNA libraries is a powerful and useful tool since gene products are easily identified, the libraries lack information about enhancers, introns, and other regulatory elements found in a genomic DNA library.

cDNA Library Construction

cDNA is created from a mature mRNA from a eukaryotic cell with the use of reverse transcriptase. In eukaryotes, a poly-(A) tail (consisting of a long sequence of adenine nucleotides) distinguishes mRNA from tRNA and rRNA and can therefore be used as a primer site for reverse transcription. This has the problem that not all transcripts, such as those for the histone, encode a poly-A tail.

mRNA extraction
Firstly, mRNA template needs to be isolated for the creation of cDNA libraries. Since mRNA only contains exons, the integrity of the isolated mRNA should be considered so that the protein encoded can still be produced. Isolated mRNA should range from 500 bp to 8 kb.  Several methods exist for purifying RNA such as trizol extraction and column purification. Column purification can be done using oligomeric dT nucleotide coated resins, and features of mRNA such as having a poly-A tail can be exploited where only mRNA sequences containing said feature will bind. The desired mRNA bound to the column is then eluted.

cDNA construction
Once mRNA is purified, an oligo-dT primer (a short sequence of deoxy-thymidine nucleotides) is bound to the poly-A tail of the RNA. The primer is required to initiate DNA synthesis by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This results in the creation of RNA-DNA hybrids where a single strand of complementary DNA is bound to a strand of mRNA. To remove the mRNA, the RNAse H enzyme is used to cleave the backbone of the mRNA and generate free 3'-OH groups, which is important for the replacement of mRNA with DNA. DNA polymerase I is then added, the cleaved RNA acts as a primer the DNA polymerase I can identify and initiate replacement of RNA nucleotides with those of DNA. This is provided by the sscDNA itself by coiling on itself at the 3' end, generating a hairpin loop. The polymerase extends the 3'-OH end, and later the loop at 3' end is opened by the scissoring action of S1 nuclease. Restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase are then used to clone the sequences into bacterial plasmids.

The cloned bacteria are then selected, commonly through the use of antibiotic selection. Once selected, stocks of the bacteria are created which can later be grown and sequenced to compile the cDNA library.

cDNA Library uses
cDNA libraries are commonly used when reproducing eukaryotic genomes, as the amount of information is reduced to remove the large numbers of non-coding regions from the library. cDNA libraries are used to express eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have introns in their DNA and therefore do not possess any enzymes that can cut it out during transcription process. cDNA does not have introns and therefore can be expressed in prokaryotic cells. cDNA libraries are most useful in reverse genetics where the additional genomic information is of less use. Additionally, cDNA libraries are frequently used in functional cloning to identify genes based on the encoded protein's function. When studying eukaryotic DNA, expression libraries are constructed using complementary DNA (cDNA) to help ensure the insert is truly a gene.

cDNA Library vs. Genomic DNA Library
cDNA library lacks the non-coding and regulatory elements found in genomic DNA. Genomic DNA libraries provide  more detailed information about the organism, but are more resource-intensive to generate and keep.

Cloning of cDNA
cDNA molecules can be cloned by using restriction site linkers. Linkers are short, double stranded pieces of DNA (oligodeoxyribonucleotide) about 8 to 12 nucleotide pairs long that include a restriction endonuclease cleavage site e.g. BamHI. Both the cDNA and the linker have blunt ends which can be ligated together using a high concentration of T4 DNA ligase. Then sticky ends are produced in the cDNA molecule by cleaving the cDNA ends (which now have linkers with an incorporated site) with the appropriate endonuclease. A cloning vector (plasmid) is then also cleaved with the appropriate endonuclease. Following "sticky end" ligation of the insert into the vector the resulting recombinant DNA molecule is transferred into E. coli host cell for cloning.

See also
 Functional cloning

References

External links
 Functional Annotation of the Mouse database (FANTOM)
 examples of cDNA synthesis and cloning

Molecular biology
DNA

CDNA library


Bekir Öztürk (* 25. Juni 1988 in Bornova, İzmir) ist ein türkischer Fußballtorhüter.

Karriere

Vereinskarriere
Bekir Öztürk begann mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugend von Bergama Belediyespor und wechselte 2006 in die Jugend von Bucaspor. Im Sommer 2008 erhielt er bei Altay Izmir einen Profivertrag und wechselte hierhin.

Nachdem er hier eine Spielzeit aktiv war, trennte er sich ohne ein Spiel für diesen Verein absolviert zu haben und ging zum Drittligisten Akhisar Belediyespor. Hier war er drei Spielzeiten lang überwiegend für die Reservemannschaft aktiv und absolvierte in der ersten Spielzeit lediglich zwei Spiele für die Profis.

Zum Ende seiner ersten Spielzeit wurde man Vizemeister der TFF 2. Lig und stieg in die TFF 1. Lig auf. Die Saison 2011/12 schloss man völlig überraschend mit der Meisterschaft der TFF 1. Lig und dem damit verbundenen Aufstieg in die Süper Lig ab.

In der Süper Lig wurde Öztürk nicht eingesetzt. Um Spielpraxis zu sammeln, wurde er 2012 an seinen ehemaligen Jugendverein und Viertligisten Bergama Belediyespor ausgeliehen.

Erfolge
 Mit Akhisar Belediyespor
 Vizemeister der TFF 2. Lig und Aufstieg in die TFF 1. Lig: 2009/10
 Meisterschaft der TFF 1. Lig und 2011/12 Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2011/12

Weblinks

Fußballtorhüter (Altay Izmir)
Fußballtorhüter (Bergama Belediyespor)
Fußballtorhüter (Tokatspor)
Fußballtorhüter (Batman Petrolspor)
Fußballtorhüter (TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor)
Sportler (Izmir)
Türke
Geboren 1988
Mann
Fußballtorhüter (Akhisarspor)

Bekir Öztürk


Emanuel Alejandro Rodriguez (n. 14 noiembrie 1986) este un wrestler mexican-american care concurează în prezent în WWE în brandul SmackDown, sub numele de Kalisto.

Între realizările sale se numără două titluri de campion al Statelor Unite în WWE. Și în NXT a fost campion în perechi de NXT cu Sin Cara ca Lucha Dragons.

În Wrestling

 Manevre de final
 Salida del Sol (Standing sitout shiranui)
 Del Sol Driver (Punte pachet powerbomb)
 Rising Sun (Rampă de lansare inversă frankensteiner)
 Miscari semnatura
 Listo-Kick (Roll-Up kick)
 450° splash
 Handstand headscissors takedown
 Hara-Kiri (în Picioare shiranui)
 Hurricanrana, uneori, în timp ce springboarding
 Leg trap sunset flip powerbomb
 Samuray Kick (Superkick)
 Sinuciderea

Campionate și realizări
 World Wrestling Entertainment
 WWE United States Championship (de 2 ori)
 WWE Cruiserweight Championship ([[WWE Cruiserweight Championship|(1dată)
 Slammy Award for OMG Shocking Moment of the Year (2015)

 NXT Wrestling
 NXT Tag Team Championship (1 data) – cu Sin Cara

 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Situat pe #106 în PWI 500 în 2013
 Situat pe #167 în PWI 500 în 2014
 Situat pe #120 în PWI 500 pentru 2015

Referințe

Nașteri în 1986
Wrestleri americani
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Kalisto


බොහෝ විට රජයේ නිවාඩු දිනයක් වන විමුක්ති දිනය යනු,  නිදහස් දිනයකට සමානකම් දක්වමින්, කිසියම් ස්ථානයක විමුක්තිය සිහි කෙරෙන  දිනයකි. විමුක්තිය යන්නෙන් සනිටුහන් වන්නේ, කියුබාව අරභයා වැනි  විප්ලවයක් සිදුවූ දිනයක් හෝ,  පෘතුගාලය අරභයා වැනි පීඩාකාරී රාජ්‍ය තන්ත්‍රයක නිමාව හෝ, නෙදර්ලන්තය අරභයා වැනි වෙනත් රාජ්‍යයක් වෙතින් වූ හමුදාමය අධිවසනත්වයේ කෙළවර හෝ වන අතර, වෙනත් රටක් විසින් ඉවත්වයෑම වන්නාවූ නිදහස යන්නෙන් වෙනස් වෙයි.

ලැයිස්තුව

විමුක්ති දිනය


نهاد أبو غربية (1913 - 26 أبريل 2009) هو تربويٌ فلسطيني، يُعتبر من أبرز رجالات التربية والتعليم الفلسطينيين في القرن العشرين، وكان قد أسس الكلية الإبراهيمية في القدس عام 1945.

حياته
وُلد نهاد عليان عبد العزيز عليان أبو غربية في مدينة القدس عام 1913 لعائلةٍ تعود أصولها إلى مدينة الخليل. تعلم في مدينة الخليل والمدرسة الإبراهيمية في القدس، وكان قد أنهى دراسته الثانوية عام 1929، ونال إجازةً من الكلية العربية عام 1931. ثم عمل مديرًا للمدرسة الإبراهيمية في القدس من عام 1931 حتى 1945، وأصبح مالكها الوحيد عام 1935، حيث قام بتطويرها من مدرسة إلى كلية عام 1945 وأصبح رئيسها.

كان عضو المجلس البلدي لمدينة القدس من عام 1951 حتى 1967، وحصل على درجة البكالوريوس في التاريخ من جامعة لندن في المملكة المتحدة عام 1955. عملًا مديرًا للمزارع العربية عام 1966، وكان عضوًا في المجلس الإسلامي منذ 1967 حتى 1973، وعضوًا في جمعية الشبان المسلمين من 1967 حتى 1973، ورئيسًا للجنة المدارس الخاصة في القدس منذ عام 1991 حتى وفاته، وعضوًا في مجلس أمناء كلية العلوم والتكنولوجيا في جامعة القدس والكلية المهنية التابعة للجنة اليتيم العربي، وأيضًا كان رئيس مجلس أمناء الكلية الإبراهيمية منذ عام 1983 حتى وفاته.

كان أيضًا قد انتدب من قبل الحكومة الأردنية للعمل مع الصليب الأحمر لمساعدة اللاجئين في مدينة أريحا خلال نكبة 1948 حتى العام 1952 حيث أنهى عمله مع الصليب الأحمر وعاد إلى عمله في الكلية الإبراهيمية.

قام نهاد في عام 2002 بتخصيص جائزة «وجدي نهاد أبو غربية» للإبداع الأدبي وهي جائزة سنوية للإبداع الأدبي بين طلبة مدارس القدس الثانوية، وهي على اسم ابنه وجدي الذي كان قد تُوفي عام 1999 في عمر 38 عامًا.

وفاته
تُوفي في 26 أبريل (نيسان) 2009 ميلاديًا الموافق 2 جمادى الأولى 1430 هجريًا عن عمرٍ ناهز 96 عامًا، ونعاه الرئيس الفلسطيني محمود عباس . كما نعته أسرة التربية والتعليم العالي وعمادات الكليات والمعاهد العليا في فلسطين، ووصفته .

أطلقت الكلية الإبراهيمية في عام 2010 «بطولة الراحل نهاد أبو غربية بكرة القدم».

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الكلية الإبراهيمية بالقدس
 معهد وجدي أبو غربية التكنولوجي

أشخاص من القدس
الكلية الإبراهيمية (القدس)
خريجو الكلية الإبراهيمية (القدس)
تربويون فلسطينيون
خريجو جامعة لندن
مواليد 1913
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
مواليد في القدس
وفيات في رام الله

نهاد أبو غربية


Lipoproteinler, hem protein hem lipitlerden oluşan biyokimyasal bileşimlerdir. Bu proteinler bir bütünün parçası olmalarından dolayı apolipoprotein diye adlandırılırlar.

Kan plazmasındaki lipoproteinler, suda çözünürlüğü düşük olan lipid moleküllerini kan dolaşım sistemi aracılığıyla vücut içinde taşırlar. Taşıyıcı özelliklerinin yanı sıra, lipit metabolizmasında yer alan çeşitli enzimlerin, taşınan lipitleri birbirine dönüştürdüğü kimyasal reaksiyon platformları olarak da işlev görürler. Apolipoproteinlerin yapısal veya katalitik işlevleri olabilir. Bir lipoprotinin üzerindeki apolipoproteinlerin birbirleriyle, başka kan proteinleriyle ve hücre membranlarında bulunan reseptörlerle etkileşimi, belli bir lipit türünün bu lipoproteine eklenmesini ve ondan çıkartılmasını belirler.

Yapı
Lipoproteini oluşturan protein ve lipitlerin suyu seven (hidrofilik) kısımları lipoproteinin dış yüzeyini kaplarken, suyu sevmeyen (hidrofobik), yani yağlı kısımları onun iç kısmında gömülüdürler. Bu yüzden plazma lipoproteinlerinin en dış tabakasında bulunan lipid türleri polar lipitler olarak nitelendirilirler. Polar lipitler arasında başlıca sfingomiyelin türleri, fosfolipitler ve kolesterol gelir, bu moleküllerin her birinin bir ucu sulu ortamda olmaya daha müsaittir. Lipoproteinlerin ortasında ise başlıca, nötral lipitler tabir edilen, kolesterol esterleri ve trigliseritler bulunur.

Fizyoloji
Çeşitli enzim ve taşıma proteinin etkisiyle lipoproteinlerin içerdiği lipitlerin oranları değişebilir. Örneğin, LCAT enzimi dış yüzeyde bulunan bir kolesterolle bir fosfolipidi birleştirip lipoproteinin iç kısmında yer almayı tercih edecek bir kolesteril ester molekülü oluşturur. Bu tür değişiklikler lipoproteinin yüzeyi ile hacmi arasındaki oranın değişmesine yol açarlar. İç kısmında hemen hiç nötral lipid bulundurmayan lipoproteinler bir madeni para gibi yuvarlak ve yassıdırlar; içleri nötral lipit dolu olanlar ise küreseldirler. Başka reaksiyonlar sonucunda lipoprotein büyüyebilir veya küçülebilir, onlara yeni apolipoproteinler eklenebilir veya eksilebilir. Bu süreçler yüzünden lipoproteinlerin boyutları, biçimleri ve içerikleri sürekli değişir. Ayrıntılar aşağıda listelenmiş lipoproteinler hakkındaki maddelerde verilmiştir.

Sınıflandırma

Yoğunluğa göre

Tıpta en yaygın olarak kullanılan gruplandırma, lipoproteinlerin yoğunluğuna göre yapılır. (Ancak yukarıda açıklanan nedenlerden dolayı bu gruplar homojen değildirler.) En hafifinden (yani en cok lipit, en az protein içereninden) en yoğununa doğru sıralama şöyledir:

 Şilomikronlar - İnce bağırsaktan karaciğere trigliseritleri taşırlar.
 Çok düşük yoğunluklu lipoproteinler (İngilizce Very Low Density Lipoproteins, VLDL) - yeni sentezlenmiş trigliseritleri karaciğerden yağ dokularına taşırlar.
 Ara yoğunluklu lipoproteinler (İngilizce Intermediate Density Lipoproteins, IDL) - yoğunluk olarak VLDL ile LDL arasındadırlar. Kanda genelde görülmezler.
 Düşük yoğunluklu lipoproteinler (İngilizce Low Density Lipoproteins, LDL) - karaciğerden diğer dokulara kolesterol taşırlar. Bazen "kötü kolesterol" diye de adlandırılırlar.
 Yüksek yoğunluklu lipoproteinler (İngilizce High Density Lipoproteins, HDL) - diğer dokulardan kolesterol toplayıp karaciğere geri getirirler. Bazen "iyi kolesterol" olarak adlandırılırlar.

Elektrik yüküne göre
Serum protein elektroforez tekniği ile serum proteinlerin sınıflandırılmasında olduğu gibi, lipoproteinler de "alfa" ve "beta" olarak sınıflandırılabilirler. Bazı lipit bozuklukları, abetalipoproteinemia gibi, bu terminolojiye göre adlandırılırlar.

Kaynakça

Lipitler

Lipoproteinler


The Goldendoodle, also known as a Groodle, is a designer dog created by crossbreeding a Golden Retriever and a Poodle. First widely bred in the 1990s, they are bred in three different sizes—each corresponding to the size of Poodle used as a parent.

Goldendoodles often demonstrate Golden Retrievers' intuitive and human-oriented nature in addition to the intelligent personality and "allergy-friendly" coat of a Poodle.

History
In the 1990s designer dog breeders in Australia and the United States (Ryan Harvey) started to widely cross Golden Retrievers and Poodles, adopting the term Goldendoodle to describe the cross. The name Doodle is also used to describe this breed. The name Goldendoodle is derived from "Golden" (from Golden Retriever) and "Labradoodle" (itself a portmanteau of Labrador Retriever and a Poodle). Deliberately breeding Poodles with Golden Retrievers actually preceded the 1990s. An example of this was done by Monica Dickens, the great-granddaughter of Charles Dickens, who crossed the two breeds in 1969. The cross can result in a healthier animal than both parent breeds, but can also produce puppies who are susceptible to health problems from both parents.

The original aim of the Goldendoodle's breeders was to produce an alternative to the popular Labradoodle. Initially Goldendoodles were only bred from standard-sized Poodles, but designer breeders also started using small varieties of Poodles to create a smaller crossbreed.  As they are a hybrid cross, they are not recognized by the AKC or British Kennel Clubs. Goldendoodles have been developed beyond the F1 (Golden Retriever crossed with a Poodle) and are now available in deeper generations created by crossing two Goldendoodles.  These are called multigenerational or multigen Goldendoodles.

Characteristics

Appearance
The appearance, sizes and coat of Goldendoodles can vary considerably according to their breeding generations and what type of Poodle parents they have. While most Goldendoodles share common traits, each Goldendoodle might have its own unique appearance and temperament.

In general, Goldendoodles have round skulls, broad muzzles, heavily feathered tail, drop ears, and oval-shaped eyes. Goldendoodles' retriever parentage makes their body long and muscular, and likely to have a deep chest and wide stance.

Goldendoodle can be bred from any one of the Standard, Miniature or Toy-sized Poodles, the resultant offspring coming in several sizes: the Standard, Medium and Miniature Goldendoodles. The Standard Goldendoodle typically stands  and weighs , the Medium Goldendoodle typically stands  and weighs , and the Miniature Goldendoodle typically stands up to  and weighs

Goldendoodle is a long-haired dog breed and their coat can vary considerably, there are three main coat types: straight, wavy and curly. Wavy coated Goldendoodles are a combination of the Poodle's curly coat and the Golden Retriever's straight coat. Their coat is wavy, with loose, shaggy curls. This type of coat is the most common amongst Goldendoodles. Curly coated Goldendoodles resemble the coat of a Poodle. Their coat is thick and curly. Goldendoodles' coats come in varying colors, with the most common colors being cream, red, black, gold, apricot, brown, or a combination (parti-colored).

Goldendoodles are often claimed to be 'hypoallergenic' or 'non-shedding', but this depends on how many furnishing genes they carry.  If they inherit just one furnishing gene, their shedding is often in lesser quantities than many other dogs.  If they carry two furnishing genes, they likely will not shed allowing them to be considered hypoallergenic for many allergy sufferers, however some people are allergic to even non-shedding dogs.  Research has shown that hypoallergenicity can not be an official dog breed characteristic. AKC also asserts that "there is no such thing as a completely hypoallergenic dog".

It used to be thought that the higher the percentage of Poodle is in a Goldendoodle's heritage, the less likely it is to shed. It was also thought that curlier coated Goldendoodles tend to shed lighter and produce less dander. However, it has now been determined that the number of furnishing genes a particular dog carries determines the shedding factor.

Behavioural
Similar to most crossbreed dogs, Goldendoodles tend not to have the same predictable temperament or patterning aspects that the constituent breeds have. Based on genetic theory, well-bred Goldendoodle should express behaviours intermediate to their parent breeds.

In general, Goldendoodles tend to take on Golden Retrievers' friendly, affectionate, trustworthy and enthusiastic nature; whilst also demonstrating Poodles' reputable intelligence, sociability and trainability. Goldendoodles predominantly exhibit high energy level, loyalty and playfulness; they are friendly with children and considered a good family pet. Because they are so friendly and loyal, however, they are prone to separation anxiety, especially as puppies. The crossbreed often exhibits strong retriever instincts inherited from its gundog parent breeds, which make them have an active mouth and high tendency to retrieve objects.

A 2019 behavioural study compared Goldendoodles to their parent breeds, on average Goldendoodles displayed greater dog-rivalry, dog-directed aggression, dog-directed fear, and stranger directed fear than purebred Golden Retrievers or Poodles.

Health
Goldendoodles may present a phenotypic advantage over their parent breeds. The pairing of two different breeds can create higher genetic diversity, as well as a lower level of homozygosity. This will minimize the possibility of inheriting undesirable purebred health concerns, and reducing the risks of inbreeding depression. Goldendoodles may avoid inheriting disease or health issues from parents, but may alternatively be susceptible to more health issues if the parents are unhealthy to begin with.

In general, healthy and well-bred Goldendoodles have a lifespan of 10–15 years. As with all breeds, Goldendoodles are still at risk of developing any possible health conditions associated with Golden Retrievers and Poodles. Some of the potential health-related genetic disorders of Goldendoodles include Hip Dysplasia, Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), Von Willebrand disease (vWD), Megaesophagus, canine cancer, skin allergies, and ear infection, and have sensitive stomachs.

Popularity and uses
Primarily bred as companion dogs, Goldendoodles have been successfully trained as therapy dogs, guide dogs, nut-detection dogs detecting nuts in food for people with nut allergies, and other forms of assistance dogs.

In some regions of the United States it has become one of the most popular dog varieties. In Australia, it was named one of the top twenty most popular dog varieties in 2020 where, due to the increased demand for pets during the COVID-19 pandemic, prices for a puppy have risen from around $3,500 AUD pre-pandemic, to as much as $15,000 AUD by September 2020.

In a 2012 charity auction, American musician Usher paid US$12,000 for a Goldendoodle puppy.

See also

 List of dog crossbreeds

References

Dog crossbreeds

Goldendoodle


Dennis Clarke (født 18. januar 1948 i Stockton-on-Tees, England) er en engelsk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

Clarke startede sin karriere hos West Bromwich Albion, som han repræsenterede frem til 1968. Med klubben vandt han FA Cuppen i 1968 efter finalesejr over Everton. Herefter skiftede han til Huddersfield Town, og nåede inden sit karrierestop i 1975 også at repræsentere Birmingham City.

Titler
FA Cup
 1968 med West Bromwich Albion

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra West Bromwich Albion F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Birmingham City F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Huddersfield Town F.C.

Dennis Clarke


Elysée Mercier de Coppet ( 1802 - 1863 ) fue un médico, naturalista, profesor, y botánico suizo; que trabajó académicamente en el "Instituto de Botánica Sistemática de la Universidad de Zúrich".

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1861. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires qui croissent naturellement aux environs de Genève. 2ª edición de J. Kessmann, 300 pp. en línea

Honores

Epónimos
 (Rosaceae) Rubus mercierii Genev.

Véase también
 Anexo:naturalistas y epónimos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Suiza del siglo XIX
Profesores de la Universidad de Zúrich
Escritores en francés del siglo XIX

Elysée Mercier


Viljandi, Estonya'nın güneyinde merkezi Viljandi olan bir ildir. Yüzölçümü 3.422 km² olup, nüfusu 48.401'dir.

Şehir belediyeleri:
 Mõisaküla
 Viljandi
 Võhma

Belde belediyeleri:
 Abja
 Halliste
 Karksi
 Kolga-Jaani
 Kõo
 Kõpu
 Suure-Jaani
 Tarvastu
 Viljandi (commune)

Galeri

Viljandi (il)


Fetisovo é uma vila localizada no Cazaquistão na costa do Mar Cáspio . A rota europeia E121 passa pela a vila.

Referências

Localidades do Cazaquistão

Fetisovo


Bocșa () es una ciudad con estatus de oraș de Rumania en el distrito de Caraș-Severin.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 159  a 518 km de la capital, Bucarest.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 17 462 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades del distrito de Caraș-Severin

Bocșa


Penjajuća paprat (lat. Lygodium), rod Papratnica, jedini u porodici Lygodiaceae. Ime penjajuća paprat dolazi otuda što je penjačica, a od kojih nekoliko desetaka vrsta (29, plus 2 hibrida), poznatija je japanska penjajuća paprat

Biljke su kopnene, rhizomi su dugi, puzeći i dlakavi, bez ljuskica. Stabljike su razgranate, penjući se uz nosače uvijajući rahiju. Rahija je tanka, neograničeno se rasteže, često je duga i do nekoliko metara.

Rod je raširen po svim kontinentima osim u Europi.

Vrste

 Lygodium altum (C. B. Clarke) Alderw.
 Lygodium articulatum A. Rich.
 Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alston
 Lygodium boivinii Kuhn
 Lygodium borneense Alderw.
 Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. fil.) Sw.
 Lygodium cubense Kunth
 Lygodium dimorphum Copel.
 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.
 Lygodium heterodoxum Kunze
 Lygodium hians E. Fourn.
 Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.
 Lygodium kerstenii Kuhn
 Lygodium lanceolatum Desv.
 Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw.
 Lygodium merrillii Copel.
 Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.
 Lygodium oligostachyum (Willd.) Desv.
 Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw.
 Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T. Moore
 Lygodium radiatum Prantl
 Lygodium reticulatum Schkuhr
 Lygodium salicifolium C. Presl
 Lygodium smithianum C. Presl
 Lygodium trifurcatum Baker
 Lygodium venustum Sw.
 Lygodium versteegii Christ
 Lygodium volubile Sw.
 Lygodium yunnanense Ching
 Lygodium × fayae Jermy & T. G. Walker
 Lygodium × lancetillanum L. D. Gómez

Sinonimi
 Cteisium Michx.
 Gisopteris Bernh.
 Hugona Cav. ex Roem.
 Hydroglossum Willd.
 Lygodictyon J.Sm.
 Odontopteris Bernh.
 Ramondia Mirb.
 Ugena Cav.
 Vallifilix Thouars

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Schizaeales

Penjajuća paprat


6667 Sannaimura este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6667 Sannaimura este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Yatsugatake de Yoshio Kushida și Osamu Muramatsu. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,36 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 5,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

6667 Sannaimura


Groom ist eine US-amerikanische Kleinstadt mit 587 Einwohnern (2000) in Carson County des US-Bundesstaats Texas.

Geographie
Der 2,1 km² große Ort liegt an der Interstate 40 zwischen Amarillo und Oklahoma City. Die historische Route 66 führte an Groom vorbei.

Die Stadt wurde nach Colonel B. B. Groom benannt, der hier eine Ranch errichtet hatte.

Wirtschaft
Das Gebiet wird hauptsächlich landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Neben dem Anbau von Weizen- und Maiskulturen wird auch Rinderzucht betrieben.

Giant Cross
Außerhalb Grooms steht ein 58 Meter hohes freistehendes Kreuz, das wegen seiner Lage und Größe weithin sichtbar ist. Die Basis des 1995 von Steve Thomas errichteten Kreuzes ist mit lebensgroßen Kreuzwegstationen ausgestaltet.

In Effingham, Illinois, steht ein ähnliches Kreuz, das acht Fuß höher als jenes in Groom ist, und nach dessen Vorbild gestaltet wurde.

Der schiefe Wasserturm
Östlich von Groom steht ein zur Seite geneigter Wasserturm an der historischen Route 66, der früher in Verwendung war und in der Gegenwart zur Dekoration dient. Er ist ein beliebtes Motiv für Touristen.

Fotogalerie

Persönlichkeiten
 Leland Chapman (* 1976), Kopfgeldjäger

Weblinks

 Groom im Handbook of Texas ()
 Statistiken zu Groom (Texas) (englisch)
 Bilder von Groom und Umgebung auf www.theroadwanderer.net

Carson County
Gemeindegründung 1902

Groom (Texas)


"2. općinska nogometna liga Virovitica" za sezonu 1983./84. je bila liga sedmog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva SFRJ.
Sudjelovalo je 9 klubova, a prvak je bila "Mladost" iz Naudovca.

Ljestvica

 Karađorđevo Gradinsko, također kao Karađorđevo – danas dio naselja Detkovac
 Sokolac Podravski, također kao Podravski Sokolac – tadašnji naziv za Vladimirovac

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Međuopćinska liga – Sjever – Virovitica 1983./84.
 1. općinska liga Virovitica 1983./84.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list
 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list - glasilo Socijalističkog saveza, br. 1363 (23/1984), god. XXXII, izdano 15. lipnja 1984., str. 10 (Sport; završna ljestvica), preuzeto 1. kolovoza 2021.

1983-84 2 OL
Virovitica-2

2. općinska nogometna liga Virovitica 1983./84.


Tavares Montgomery "Monty" Williams, Jr. (* 8. Oktober 1971 in Fredericksburg, Virginia) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballtrainer und ehemaliger -spieler. Seit 2019 ist er der Head Coach des NBA-Teams Phoenix Suns.

Spielerkarriere
Williams spielte in neun NBA-Spielzeiten 1994 bis 2003. Er spielte für die New York Knicks, San Antonio Spurs, Denver Nuggets, Orlando Magic und die Philadelphia 76ers. Trotz seiner bestehenden Herzerkrankung wurde er beim NBA-Draft 1994 als 24. Pick von den Knicks ausgewählt. In seiner NBA-Karriere spielte Williams in 456 Spielen mit und schaffte insgesamt 2.884 Punkte. Am 8. April 1997 erzielte er einen Karrierebestwert von 30 Punkten als Spieler der Spurs gegen die Denver Nuggets.

Trainerkarriere
Im Jahr 2005 wurde Williams von Nate McMillan als Co-Trainer für die Portland Trail Blazers angestellt.

Am 7. Januar 2010 unterschrieb er einen 3-Jahres-Trainer-Vertrag bei den New Orleans Hornets, die inzwischen als New Orleans Pelicans firmieren. Er blieb bis 2015 Trainer der Pelicans, ehe sie Williams aufgrund von Erfolglosigkeit entließen. Kurz darauf wurde er Assistenztrainer bei den Oklahoma City Thunder.

Seit 2019 ist Williams Cheftrainer der Phoenix Suns, mit denen er 2021 die NBA Finals erreichte, die in 6 Spielen gegen die Milwaukee Bucks verloren wurden.
2022 wurde Williams zum Trainer des Jahres in der NBA gewählt.

Weblinks

 Monty Williams – Historisches Spielerprofil auf nba.com
 Kurz-Biographie der NBCA

Einzelnachweise

Basketballspieler (Orlando Magic)
Basketballtrainer (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1971
Mann
Basketballspieler (Philadelphia 76ers)
Phoenix Suns
Person (Phoenix, Arizona)

Monty Williams


Schlaga ist ein Weiler von Probstzella im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Geografie
Unweit der Straße von Großgeschwenda nach Schweinbach liegt die Steinerne Heide in der Höhe von . Der Weiler befindet sich aber in einer kleinen Quellmulde des Tafelbaches.

Geschichte
Am 29. Juni 1414 wurde erstmals der Weiler urkundlich genannt. Der Name Schlaga ist vom Holzeinschlag abgeleitet worden. 1426 gehörte der Weiler bis zur Reformation zur wettinischen Herrschaft und zu den Zinsdörfern der Benediktinerabtei Saalfeld, danach zum Amtsbezirk Gräfenthal. Ackerbau und Viehzucht wurde auf den schon besseren Böden intensiver betrieben.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Im Ort befindet sich eine kleine romanische Saalkirche mit eingezogenem Chor aus der Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts. Nach Zerstörungen im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurde sie 1650 wiederhergestellt. Im Jahr 1785 erfolgten diverse Veränderungen: Erhöhung des Kirchenschiffs, Errichtung eines Dachturms über dem Chor und die Barockisierung des Inneren. Darin befinden sich eine Balkendecke und eingeschossige Emporen. Der Kanzelaltar ist vermutlich aus dem 17. Jahrhundert. An der Nordseite des rundbogigen Triumphbogens ist ein Altarschrein mit Figuren des Petrus, der heiligen Barbara und des heiligen Gangolf (Hans Gottwalt von Lohr zugeschrieben).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Probstzella)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ersterwähnung 1414
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1957

Schlaga (Probstzella)


كفير تقع إلى الشرق من قرية صير ، وتبعد عنها 3كم، وتبعد عن مدينة جنين 15 كم وترتفع 426 م عن سطح البحر، تبلغ مساحة أراضيها 4315 دونما يحيط بها أراضي قرى رابا ، وطوباس ، وعقابة ، صير ، تلفيت ، والزبابدة . قدر عدد سكانها في عام 1922 (66) نسمة وعام 1945 قدروا (140) نسمة وعام 1961 (131) نسمة ،وفي عام 1997 بلغوا (48) نسمة .

المصادر
 موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

قرى وبلدات محافظة جنين
مقالات تتضمن معلومات من موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

كفير (جنين)


En forening i modvind er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2006, der er instrueret af Christoffer Dreyer.

Handling
Filmen handler om Dansk-Nordkoreansk venskabsforening og deres utrættelige kamp for et samfund og en ideologi langt fra Danmark. Ført an af formand Anders Kristensen kæmper foreningen en kamp for at informere den danske offentlighed om det sande Nordkorea og tilbagevise de mange løgne, som venskabsforeningen mener, at imperialismen har skabt om landet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 En forening i modvind  på YouTube

Danske film fra 2006

Nordkorea
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

En forening i modvind


LUPCN Vóley Club (ou UPCN San Juan) est un club de volley-ball argentin fondé en 2007 et basé à San Juan.

Le club a remporté cinq championnats nationaux consécutifs entre 2011 et 2015.

Club de volley-ball en Argentine
San Juan (Argentine)

UPCN Vóley Club


Die Phenix Horns waren ein Blechblasensemble aus Chicago, das in den 1970er Jahren als Teil der Band Earth, Wind and Fire bekannt wurde. Die Mitglieder waren Don Myrick (Saxophon), Louis "Lui Lui" Satterfield (Posaune), Rahmlee Michael Davis (Trompete) und Michael Harris (Trompete).

Das Ensemble wurde zunächst als Teil von Earth, Wind and Fire bekannt. Bald nahmen jedoch auch zahlreiche andere Musiker ihre Dienste in Anspruch, unter anderem Genesis bei No Reply At All aus dem Album Abacab und Paperlate aus dem Album Three Sides Live sowie Phil Collins bei Sussudio auf seinem Soloalbum No Jacket Required. Kennzeichnend für den Sound der Gruppe waren scharfe Staccato-Läufe.

Das Ensemble löste sich nach dem Tod von Don Myrick auf, der 1993 bei einer Drogenrazzia erschossen wurde. Die anderen Mitglieder arbeiten seither solo als Jazz- und Studiomusiker. Louis Satterfield starb 2004.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Blechbläserensemble

The Phenix Horns


Die Electric Carriage & Wagon Company war einer der ersten Hersteller von elektrisch betriebenen Taxis. Das Unternehmen bestand von 1896 bis 1897 in New York City (New York).

Beschreibung
Gegründet wurde das Unternehmen im Januar 1896 mit einem Kapital von 10.000 US-Dollar. Treibende Kraft waren Henry G. Morris und Pedro G. Salom, zwei bedeutende Pioniere des Elektroautos in den USA, die mit den Morris & Salom Electrobat Versuchsfahrzeugen wesentlich zur frühen Verbreitung elektrischer Automobile beigetragen hatten.

Geplant war anfangs die Herstellung von offenen und geschlossenen Elektro-Kutschen, Lieferwagen, Bussen und Omnibussen. Salom war davon überzeugt, dass ein ungeschulter Besitzer mit der komplexen Technik nicht zurechtkommen würde, daher hätte mit jedem ausgelieferten Fahrzeug ein geschulter Mechaniker zur Instruktion des Kunden mitreisen müssen. Außerdem wären allfällige Reparaturen großflächig sicherzustellen gewesen. Darauf kamen Morris und Salom von diesem Konzept ab. Stattdessen verlegten sie sich auf die Produktion von Elektro-Taxis, die aber nur in den Städten New York und Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) angeboten wurden. Sie wurden vor allem – aber nicht ausschließlich – an Taxihalter vermietet. In den individuell ausgehandelten Verträgen inbegriffen waren Wartungs- und Ladekosten. Sichergestellt wurde dies durch eigens eingerichtete Stationen, die je 10 bis 15 Fahrzeuge versorgen konnten. Vor allem waren natürlich leere Batterien gegen volle auszutauschen, wodurch angesichts der langen Ladedauer viel Zeit eingespart werden konnte. Die ersten zwölf dieser Taxis verkehrten ab Januar 1897 in New York City. Dies gilt auch als Zeitpunkt der ersten Nutzung motorisierter Fahrzeuge für den kommerziellen Personentransport.

Sehr bald übernahm Isaac Rice die Kontrolle über das Unternehmen, das nun seiner Electric Storage Battery Company (E.S.B.) eingegliedert und vom E.S.B.-Geschäftsführer W.W. Gibbs geführt wurde.

Das E.C.-Taxi war dem Pferdetaxi nachempfunden. Es hatte vorn deutlich größere Drahtspeichenräder als hinten und rundum schmale Luftreifen.

Mitte März 1897 waren die Vorbereitungen für einen Probebetrieb abgeschlossen und ab 27. März 1897 bot das Unternehmen ihren Taxidienst an, vorerst beschränkt auf Manhattan. Der Tarif entsprach jenem der Pferdedroschen: Für 1–2 Personen 1 Dollar für die ersten zwei Meilen und 50 Cent für jede weitere.

1897 übernahm die Electric Vehicle Company das Unternehmen, das nun mit 5 Millionen Dollar kapitalisiert und der E.V.C. als Tochtergesellschaft angegliedert wurde. Darin enthalten waren die Fahrzeugproduktion der E.V.C., die Electric Storage Battery Company mit einem wertvollen Patent auf Batterien, und die Columbia Motor Car Company. Präsident der Gesellschaft wurde George H. Day (1851–1907), Vizepräsident der vormalige Marineoffizier Harold Hayden Eames. Die E.V.C. als Betreiberin der Elektrotaxis kaufte die gesamte entsprechende Produktion der E.C.W.C. auf. Gemäß einer anderen Darstellung war die E.C.W.C. als Holdinggesellschaft organisiert und wurde nach ihrer Übernahme als Electric Vehicle Company neu organisiert. Für diese Sichtweise fanden sich bislang keine weiteren Quellen.

Einzelne Fahrzeuge
Die Fahrzeuge hatten von 1894 bis 1897 den Markennamen Morris & Salom, analog zu den Einzelstücken der Herren Morris und Salom, und Electrobat als Modellnamen. Außerdem wurde laut einer Quelle zwischen 1896 und 1897 der Markenname Electric Carriage verwendet.

Zu drei Fahrzeugen sind Details bekannt:
 Skeleton Bat war ein leichter Zweisitzer ohne Karosserie mit Frontantrieb und nahezu gleich großen Rädern vorne und hinten.
 Fish Wagon hatte im Heck einen geschlossenen Aufbau für vier Personen und ebenfalls Frontantrieb.
 Crawford Wagon war ein offener Zweisitzer mit Antrieb der Hinterräder.

Literatur
 David A. Kirsch: The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick NJ/ London 2000, ISBN 0-8135-2809-7. (englisch)
 Ernest Henry Wakefield: History of the Electric Automobile; Battery-Only Powered Cars. Herausgeber SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), Warrendale PA 1970, ISBN 1-56091-299-5. (englisch)
 William Greenleaf: Monopoly on Wheels: Henry Ford and the Selden Automobile Patent. Great Lakes Books / Wayne State University Press (15. März 2011; Erstauflage 1955); ISBN 0-8143-3512-8. (englisch)

 George Nick Georgano (Hrsg.): Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the Present. 2. Auflage. Dutton Press, New York 1973, ISBN 0-525-08351-0. (englisch)
 Beverly Rae Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels: The Dawn of the Automobile in America. Herausgeber SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Permissions. Warrendale PA 2005, ISBN 0-7680-1431-X. (englisch)
 James J. Flink: America Adopts the Automobile - 1895–1910. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970, ISBN 0-262-06036-1. (englisch)

Weblinks

  (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (New York)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (New York City)
Produzierendes Unternehmen (New York City)
Ehemaliger Elektroautohersteller (Vereinigte Staaten)
Ehemaliger Lkw-Hersteller (Vereinigte Staaten)
Taxi
Gegründet 1896
Aufgelöst 1897

Electric Carriage & Wagon Company


Das Corps Berlin ist eine Berliner Studentenverbindung und Mitglied im Weinheimer Senioren-Convent. Es ist das einzige in Berlin aktive Weinheimer Corps und gehört dem Berliner Waffenring an. Das Corps Berlin entstand am 9. Februar 2009 durch Zusammenschluss der Berliner Corps Cheruscia, Rheno-Guestphalia und Teutonia und wurde am 15. Mai 2010 in das Blaue Kartell aufgenommen.

Couleur

Die Farben des Corps Berlin sind blau-rot-grün. Es sind die Farben für die drei Gründercorps Teutonia (blau), Rheno-Guestphalia (rot) und Cheruscia (grün). Die Reihenfolge ist identisch mit den Gründungsfarben blau-rot-grün von 1859. Das Band hat eine silberne Perkussion. Mitglieder des Corps Berlin tragen eine dunkelblaue Mütze mit silberner Randverzierung und den Farben des Corps. Das Blau ist dunkler als das Kornblumenblau des Corps Teutonia und hat den Farbton eines gesättigten Berliner Blau.

Wappen
Der Wappenschild ist eine viergeteilte Tartsche. Das Feld links oben (aus Sicht des Schildträgers) zeigt die Farben blau-rot-grün des Corps Berlin. Auf den Farben befindet sich der Zirkel des Corps. Der Zirkel ist zusammengesetzt aus den Anfangsbuchstaben der Worte vivat, crescat, floreat Corps Berlin.

Das Feld rechts oben zeigt die berühmte Skizze von Leonardo da Vinci, die den wissenschaftlichen Umgang mit den Proportionen des menschlichen Körpers darstellt. Es ist Sinnbild dafür, dass das Corps Berlin eine akademische, wissenschaftliche Verbindung ist.

Das Feld links unten zeigt den schwarzen Bären als Berliner Stadtwappen.

Im Feld rechts unten befinden sich zwei gekreuzte Glockenschläger und ein Eichenkranz, um dem sich ein Band schlingt. Eingetragen ist das Gründungsdatum "2.12.1859" des ältesten Gründercorps Cheruscia. Die gekreuzten Schläger sind das Symbol, dass das Corps Berlin die Bestimmungsmensur als gemeinschaftsbildendes und persönlichkeitsbildendes Prinzip anerkennt.

Auf dem Wappenschild ruht ein Spangenhelm, versehen mit einer Krone und drei Helmbüschen in den Farben grün, rot, blau. Zwei Helmdecken in Form des barocken Rankenwerks in den Farben grün und blau (jeweils innen weiß) umfassen Helm und Schild. Unterhalb des Wappens steht auf einem Band der Wahlspruch des Corps Berlin "sapere aude!". Über dem Wappen steht der Schriftzug "Corps Berlin im WSC".

Geschichte
Das Corps Berlin entstand am 9. Februar 2009 durch gleichberechtigten Zusammenschluss der Berliner WSC-Corps Cheruscia, Rheno-Guestphalia und Teutonia. Dabei ist der Geschäftsbetrieb des aktiven Corps Cheruscia unter Aufnahme der Mitglieder der anderen Corps weitergeführt worden, so dass das Gründungsdatum 2. Dezember 1859 bestehen geblieben und das Corps Berlin ohne Unterbrechung (anstelle von Cheruscia) im WSC verblieben ist. Das Corps Berlin führt die Traditionen seiner Gründungscorps weiter.

Am 15. Mai 2010 wurde das Corps Berlin in das Blaue Kartell aufgenommen.

Corps Cheruscia

Aus einer zuvor losen Vereinigung studierender Pharmazeuten, Chemiker und Mediziner entstand am 2. Dezember 1859 nach vorheriger Genehmigung des Kultusministers der Chemisch-Pharmazeutische Verein, der sich die Vereinsfarben "blau-rot-grün" gab.

Im Wintersemester 1874/75 schloss sich dieser Verein mit dem 1866 gegründeten Akademischen Pharmazeuten-Verein zusammen, wobei man sich von nun an als Korporation verstand. 1876 wurde mit anderen Fachvereinen bzw. -Verbindungen der Kartellverband der akademischen Pharmazeuten – und Chemikervereine (Kösener D.C.) ins Leben gerufen.

Nach der Auflösung des Kösener D.C. im Jahre 1882 nahm die Korporation Akademischer Chemisch-Pharmazeutischer Verein am 5. April 1883 den Namen "Cheruscia" an. Die Folgejahre waren geprägt von der Suche nach dem eigenen Standpunkt in der Korporationswelt. Die "Verbindung Cheruscia" (seit WS 1887/88) ging zeitweilig ein Paukverhältnis mit den Berliner Verbindungen des Goslarer Chargierten-Convent ein (bis zur Auflösung dieses Verbandes im Jahre 1881), hiernach schloss man sich mit anderen Korporationen zum Berliner C.C. zusammen, welcher sich im Wintersemester 1894/95 aber wieder auflöste.

1903 wurde Cheruscia als Landsmannschaft anerkannt, ohne jedoch mit den bestehenden Landsmannschaften des Coburger LC oder anderer Dachverbände nähere Kontakte zu knüpfen. Schließlich entschloss man sich, dem Rudolstädter Senioren-Convent (RSC) beizutreten, wozu die Umwandlung in ein Corps erforderlich war. Die Aufnahme in den RSC erfolgte 1911. In diesem Verbande blieb das Corps bis zur Auflösung des RSC im Jahre 1934 und trat zeitgleich in den WSC (Weinheimer Senioren Convent) ein, dem es bis zuletzt angehörte. Am 30. Juni 1954 übernahm Cheruscia die meisten Mitglieder des Corps Normannia Marburg.

Corps Rheno-Guestphalia

Das WSC-Corps Rheno-Guestphalia ging 1950 aus dem Zusammenschluss der WSC-Corps Guestphalia und Rheno-Guestphalia hervor.

Guestphalia
Am 4. Februar 1870 trug sich der Verein "Cheruskia – Akademische Vereinigung der Westfalen" an der Königlichen Bau- und Gewerbeakademie zu Berlin ein. Am 10. März 1882 wurde Cheruscia als frei schlagende Verbindung genehmigt, 1883 folgte die Umwandlung zum Corps.

Streitigkeiten mit Rektor und Senat führten am 23. Mai 1886 zur zwangsweisen
Auflösung des Corps Cheruskia. Man schloss sich mit der in Hannover
entstandenen Landsmannschaft Guestphalia zusammen. Diese restituierte sich
am 31. Januar 1881 als Corps Guestphalia mit den Farben grün-weiß-schwarz und erhielt auch von der Hochschule die
erforderliche akademische Erlaubnis.

Rheno-Guestphalia
Am 25. Februar 1866 gründeten an der königlichen Bau- und Gewerbeakademie zu Berlin die Studenten Romberg, Schürman, Überfeld und Becker den Verein der Rheinländer und Westfalen zur "Befolgung wissenschaftlicher und geselliger Zwecke".

Am 13. August 1881 stellten die aktiven Mitglieder den Antrag, den Verein in eine freie Verbindung mit unbedingter Satisfaktion und den Farben schwarz-rot-silber und roter Mützenfarbe umzuwandeln. Dies genehmigte am 18. November 1881 der Rektor und Senat der Akademie.

Am 19. November 1882 tat sich Rheno-Guestphalia zum Corps auf und trat mit den übrigen Corps und den freien Verbindungen an der Königlich Technischen Hochschule zu Berlin in ein Paukverhältnis. 1883 konstituierte sich der SC der Kgl. Technischen Hochschule zu Berlin, bestehend aus den Corps Silesia, Rheno-Guestphalia, Saxonia, Cheruscia (der späteren Guestphalia) und Pomerania. 1884 wurde die Hochschule von Berlin nach Charlottenburg verlegt. Rheno-Guestphalia schloss sich dem Umzug an. Im Jahre 1890 trat das Corps Borussia zu Rheno-Guestphalia über.

1891 wurde Rheno-Guestphalia in den WSC aufgenommen.

Zu Beginn des WS 1935/36 erfolgte die Suspension des Corps aufgrund des Ducks der NS-Studentenschaft. Mit der Restitution 1950 erfolgte der Zusammenschluss von Rheno-Guestphalia und Guestphalia mit den Farben grün-rot-silber.

Corps Teutonia

Das Corps Teutonia wurde am 1. Juli 1870 als Landsmannschaft Hercynia an der Militärrossarztschule zu Berlin gegründet. Die Gründungsmitglieder waren sämtlich ehemalige Mitglieder nichtschlagender Verbindungen, die sich zusammentaten, um Mensuren zu fechten.

1872 erfolgt die Umbenennung in Landsmannschaft Feronia, der Schutzgöttin der Freigelassenen. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war es ehemaligen Tierärzten im Militärdienst verwehrt, nach ihrer Dienstzeit als zivile Tierärzte zu arbeiten. Feronia agierte als Interessensvertretung ehemaliger Militärveterinäre.

1874 gründete die Landsmannschaft Feronia zusammen mit der Landsmannschaft Hannoverania das Blaue Kartell und war Mitgründer des Rudolstädter Senioren Convent, welcher 1934 mit dem Weinheimer Senioren Convent fusionierte.

1880 nannte sich Feronia in Teutonia um, da ihr mit dem Namen "Feronia" die Hochschulzulassung als Vereinigung verweigert wurde, offenbar aufgrund der zu progressiven Namensbedeutung.

Ab 1902 wurden die Corps-Prinzipien angenommen, 1910 fiel das tierärztliche Prinzip, was zur Öffnung zu allen wissenschaftlichen Hochschulen in Berlin führte.

Am 1. Juli 1936 erfolgte die Auflösung des Corps unter Druck des Nazi-Regimes.  Die Rekonstitution erfolgte am 10. Oktober 1952 in Berlin. Einer der Restitutionsburschen war Udo Janssen, dem die Immatrikulation an der Freien Universität Berlin verweigert wurde, weil er sich zum Mensurenschlagen bekannte. Diese Entscheidung wurde in einem der bekannten Mensurenprozesse 1958 aufgehoben.

Am 1. Juli 1970 fusionierte das Corps Teutonia mit dem vorwiegend aus Bierbrauern bestehenden Corps Cimbria und nannte sich von dann an "Corps Teutonia, Corps der Cimbern und Teutonen".

Das Corps Cimbria wurde am 10. Mai 1888 als "Brauer-Vereinigung Cerevisia" gegründet. Cerevisia ist das lateinische Wort für Bier. Seine Farben waren grün-weiß-gold, die Fuchsenfarben gold-weiß-gold. Der Wahlspruch lautete "Nec aspera terrent!". Am 10. Mai 1920 nannte sich Cerevisia in Cimbria um. Cimbria gehörte bis 1934 dem Naumburger Senioren-Convent an, bis dieser zusammen mit dem RSC im WSC aufging.

Mitglieder
(alphabetisch)
 Hans Joachim Balcke (1862–1933), Wärmetechniker, Fabrikant von Kühltürmen und Kondensationsanlagen
 Walther Bolz (1901–1970), Veterinärchirurg, Professor der Veterinärmedizin
 Hans Bredow (1879–1959), Begründer des deutschen Schiffs- und Auslandsfunkverkehrs und des deutschen Rundfunks. Ehrendoktor der TH Danzig, Ehrensenator der Technischen Hochschulen Dresden und Stuttgart, Ehrenbürger der Technischen Hochschulen Berlin und Karlsruhe, Senator.
 Friedrich von Bruchhausen (1886–1966), Pharmazeut, Direktor des Instituts für Pharmazeutische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie an der Technischen Hochschule Braunschweig
 Alfred Colsman (1873–1955), Generaldirektor des Zeppelin-Konzerns
 Dietmar von Dippel (1943–2009), Rechtsanwalt und Notar, Hauptgeschäftsführer des Unternehmens- und Arbeitgeberverband für Großhandel und Dienstleistungen in Berlin, Geschäftsführer des Landesverbandes des Groß- und Außenhandels von Berlin und Brandenburg
 Carl Coninx (1865–nach 1930), Generaldirektor der Großkraftwerk Franken AG
 Wilhelm Dominik – Professor für Geologie an der TU Berlin, Geschäftsführender Direktor des Instituts für Angewandte Geowissenschaften
 Max Delbrück (1850–1919), Agrikulturchemiker, Gründer der Versuchs- und Lehranstalt für das Brauereiwesen (VLB) in Berlin.
 Richard Eberlein (1869–1921), Tierarzt, Zoologe, Arzt und Hochschullehrer Begründer der tierärztlichen Röntgenkunde, Gründer und erster Präsident der Deutschen Röntgen-Gesellschaft.
 Guido Fischer (1877–1959), Zahnarzt, Hochschullehrer und Vater der Lokalanästhesie in der Zahnmedizin
 Fritz Goos (1883–1968), Physiker und Astronom
 Otto Hermes (1838–1910), Direktor des Aquariums in Berlin, Mitglied des Reichstages
 Alfred Hövelhaus – ehemaliger Generaldirektor der Schlegel-Scharpenseel-Brauerei in Bochum, Ehrensenator der TU Berlin.
 Johann Hubert Inden (1865–1931), Industrieller, Generaldirektor der Fa. Fittingsfabrik Gebr. Inden
 Emil Jacobsen (1836–1911), Chemiker und Schriftsteller
 Friedrich Jenner (1863–1928), Architekt, Baubeamter und Senator in Göttingen.
 Herbert John, Direktor der Bill-Brauerei (1956 von Holsten übernommen), bis 1973 im Vorstand der Holsten-Brauerei.
 Otto Kauffmann junior (1875–1941), Fabrikant von Schamottewaren und Mosaikplatten
 Gustav Kemmann (1858–1931), Verkehrswissenschaftler
 Richard Klett (1867–1948), Tierarzt, Professor der gerichtlichen Tierheilkunde und Parasitologie, Direktor der inneren Klinik der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Stuttgart
 Ernst Krause (1839–1903), Schriftsteller, Pseudonym Carus Sterne
 Hermann Kunst (1907–1999) erster Bevollmächtigter des Rates der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (EKD) bei der Bundesregierung und evangelischer Militärbischof
 Hans Hermann Lechner (1931–2020) Professor für Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen an der Technischen Universität Berlin
 Edwin Lehnert (1884–1968), Tierarzt, Bakteriologe, Professor, Leiter des Veterinär-bakteriologischen Staatsinstituts in Stockholm
 Karl-Heinz Lesnau (1935–1996), Mitglied des Abgeordnetenhauses von Berlin bis 1996
 Hans-Jürgen Liebscher (1936–2021), Hydrologe, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Kommission Wasserforschung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Internationales Hydrologisches Programm der UNESCO.
 Joachim Lorenz (1937–2022), Direktor a. D. des Zentralbereichs Technik der ThyssenKrupp AG, Träger der Goldenen Ehrenmedaille der TU Berlin
 Friedrich Mauritz – Mitgründer der Dortmunder Actien-Brauerei.
 Joachim Plettner (* 1938), Apotheker, Träger des Verdienstkreuzes am Bande der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 Walter Pröpsting – ehemaliges Vorstandsmitglied der Dortmunder Actien-Brauerei, 1948 Initiator der Rekonstitution des deutschen Braumeister und Malzmeister Bundes (DBMB), ehemaliger Präsident und später Ehrenpräsident des DBMB, Ehrenbürger der TU-München-Weihenstephan.
 Kurt Rupprecht – ehemaliger Präsident der Bundestierärztekammer (1976 bis 1987), danach Ehrenpräsident.
 Johannes Schmidt (1870–1953), Professor für Spezielle Pathologie, Therapie der Haustiere und Gerichtliche Tiermedizin
 Dieter Schmoeckel (1931–2013) – Professor für Maschinenbau, Pionier moderner Umformtechnik, Gründer des Instituts für Umformtechnik an der TU Darmstadt
 Franz Leopold Sonnenschein (1817–1879), Pharmazeut und Chemiker
 Hermann Thoms (1859–1931), Pharmazeut und Hochschullehrer, Begründer der wissenschaftlichen Pharmazie in Deutschland
 Ernst Joachim Trapp (* 1935), Vizepräsident der Deutsch-Arabischen Gesellschaft, Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse, Träger der Goldenen Ehrenmedaille der TU Berlin
 Rolf Ulbrich (1920–2006), Slawist, Professor an der FU Berlin
 Helmut Vent – Begründer des Hopfenanbaus in der DDR (Saalehopfen).
 Gustav von Vaerst (1858–1922), Landestierarzt, Professor für Tierheilkunde

Siehe auch
 Liste Weinheimer Corps
 Liste aktiver Berliner Verbindungen

Literatur
 Hans Schüler: Weinheimer S.C.-Chronik, Darmstadt 1927, S. 456–487
 Michael Doeberl, Otto Scheel, Wilhelm Schlink, Hans Sperl, Eduard Spranger, Hans Bitter und Paul Frank (Hrsg.): Das akademische Deutschland, Bd. 2: Die deutschen Hochschulen und ihre akademischen Bürger, Berlin 1931, S. 620–622.

Einzelnachweise

Berlin
Berlin
Corps Berlin
Corps im Rudolstädter Senioren-Convent

Corps Berlin


Onthophagus zebra é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Arrow em 1931.

Referências

Ligações externas

zebra
Coleópteros descritos em 1931

Onthophagus zebra


Paramonowo () ist ein Dorf in der Oblast Moskau in Russland, etwa 40 Kilometer Luftlinie nördlich des Stadtrands von Moskau.

Paramonowo gehört mit 88 weiteren Dörfern zur Stadtgemeinde Dmitrow des gleichnamigen Rajons Dmitrow. Es liegt etwa 13 Kilometer südwestlich des Zentrums der Stadt Dmitrow.

Sport
Zwischen Februar und Dezember 2007 wurde in Paramonowo eine Bob-, Rodel- und Skeletonbahn errichtet, die schließlich am 10. März 2008 eröffnet wurde. Im Februar 2011 wurde das erste Rodel-Weltcuprennen auf der Bahn durchgeführt; im Februar 2012 fanden das Weltcupfinale der Saison 2011/2012 sowie die Rennrodel-Europameisterschaften 2012 statt.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Moskau

Paramonowo (Moskau)


Jakob David Applebaum ( - ) est un espérantiste britannique d'origine polonaise.

Biographie
Jakob Applebaum  nait le  à Mszczonów, en Pologne. D'origine juive, il étudie dans une école juive les textes sacrés : la Bible et le Talmud. Il apprend à lire le russe et le polonais grâce à ces livres. Il lit également le yiddish et l'hébreu.

En , il part pour l'Angleterre et devient citoyen britannique. Il apprend l'espéranto en  et commence alors à s'intéresser à la littérature et au mouvement espérantistes. Durant le congrès universel d'espéranto de  à Prague, il fait voter la construction d'un monument sur la tombe de Louis-Lazare Zamenhof. Il est élu secrétaire honoraire de ce projet et réussit à le mener à bout après cinq ans. Le monument est sculpté en Écosse.

Il meurt le .

Œuvres

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1877
Espérantisation en 1909
Décès en janvier 1964
Décès à 86 ans

Jakob David Applebaum


Kin-Dza-Dza (titlu original: Кин-дза-дза!) este un film sovietic din 1986 scris și regizat de Giorgi Danelia. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Stanislav Lyubshin și Evgeni Leonov. Este creat în genurile , distopie, comedie neagră. A devenit un film idol. Filmul a fost lansat la 1 decembrie 1986.

Prezentare

Un extraterestru ciudat încredințează un dispozitiv misterios la doi oameni, Diadia Vova (unchiul Vova) și Skripatch (Violonist).  Ca urmare a manipulării neglijente, cei doi sunt teleportați pe planeta deșert Plouke din galaxia Kin-dza-dza. Populată de telepați umanoizi, pe planetă s-a dezvoltat un paradox curios. Deși are o tehnologie mult înaintea Pământului, Plouke are un sistem social similar barbariei...

Distribuție
{{Coloane-listă|colwidth=30em|
Stanislav Lyubshin ca Vladimir Nikolayevich Mashkov (unchiul Vova (ori "Mister Vova"))
Galina Daneliya-Yurkova ca Lyudmila (Lucya), the Mashkov's wife
Levan Gabriadze ca Gedevan Alexandrovich Alexidze (The Fiddler)
Anatoli Serenko ca the Barefoot Wanderer from Uzm
Yury Yakovlev as Bi the Patsak, a wandering singer
Yevgeny Leonov as Wef the Chatlanian, a wandering singer
? as one-handed smuggler with a mini tranklucator
? (Tatyana Proshina?) as female smuggler with a mini tranklucator, girlfriend of the gang leader
Alexander Litovkin as the gang leader
Valentin Bukin as black-moustached ecilop in an egg-shaped pepelats, demonstrating how a tranklucator works
Irina Shmelyova as Tsan, the cart driver (tachanka-driving woman, a wandering singer and dancer)
Lev Perfilov as Kyrr, the dissident Chatlanian with a tranklucator
Nina Ruslanova as Galina Borisovna, the vice-dean
Yuri Voronkov as bearded Chatlanian, leader of the "Children of the Sun" sect (later seen in the subway train, pretending to be a Patsak)
Olesya Ivanova as cage-banging white sectarian woman
Lyudmila Solodenko as sand-throwing black sectarian girl
Vitali Leonov as Shorty (from the sect)
Nikolai Garo as Lord Pezhe
Igor Bogolyubov as Lord Pezhe's Personal Patsak
Victor Marenkov as Patsak, wearing a coil pipe for a mask and working as watchman
 Aleksandr Gorbachyov as grey-moustached elderly ecilop in an egg-shaped pepelats, who will want "40 chatles" and "immediately press the kappa" in a scene later
Yelena Mashkova-Sulakadze as watchman's wife (redheaded Patsak woman in the trapdoor)
Gennady B.Ivanov as black ecilop, guarding the underground communications
Aleksandra Dorokhina as colossal Chatlanian woman, working as attendant in the subway station
Victor Makhmutov as the red-headed Chatlanian
Vladimir Fyodorov as Mr. Yellow Pants Yelena Antonova as Mr. Yellow Pants' girlfriend
Tatyana Novitskaya as an employee in the planetarium
Yuri Naumtsev as the judge
Gennady Yalovich as secret agent
Veronica Izotova as the gang leader's female Chatlanian slave, wearing a collar
Vladimir Razumovsky as ecilop with muzzles
Nina Ter-Osipian as Lord Pezhe's noble mother
Harri Schweitz as Lord Pezhe's 1st bodyguard (bearded fatman)
Valentin Golubenko as Lord Pezhe's 2nd bodyguard (long-nosed powerman)
Oleg Matveyev as Lord Pezhe's 3rd bodyguard (young man wearing gloves)
Olga Mashnaya as Dekont (from the planet Alpha)
Georgiy Daneliya as Abradox (from the planet Alpha)
 Varvara Vladimirova as young Alphian mother
 Anya Andriyanova as little blonde Alphian girl
 }}
Producție
Filmările au avut loc în perioada . Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la ___ $.

Primire

Note

Legături externe

 Vezi și Ku! Kin-dza-dza'' (2013)
 Listă de filme distopice
 Listă de filme științifico-fantastice din anii 1980
 Listă de filme științifico-fantastice est-europene
 Listă de filme SF de comedie
 Listă de filme sovietice din 1980–1991

Filme din 1986
Filme sovietice
Filme în limba rusă
Filme regizate de Giorgi Danelia
Filme SF sovietice
Filme SF din anii 1980
Filme Mosfilm
Filme idol
Filme distopice
1986 în științifico-fantastic

Kin-Dza-Dza


Marcel Johannes Kits, né le  en Estonie, est un violoncelliste estonien.

Biographie

Marcel Johannes Kits commence ses études de violoncelle à l'âge de cinq ans avec  et Reet Metsa. En 2002, il entre dans la classe de violoncelle de Laine Leichter à la  (École de musique de Tallinn) et continue dans la classe de violoncelle de Mart Laas à la même école en 2011. À partir de 2014, il étudie avec le professeur Francis Gouton à l'Université de musique de Trossingen, en Allemagne. À partir de 2018, il poursuit ses études à l'Université des Arts de Berlin, en Allemagne, dans la classe de Jens Peter Maintz.

Instrument
Marcel Johannes Kits joue sur un violoncelle de 1674 de Francesco Ruggeri, de Crémone. L'instrument, ainsi qu'un archet conçu vers 1900 par le Français Victor Fetique, est mis à sa disposition par la fondation allemande Deutsche Stiftung Musikleben.

Récompenses et distinctions

En 2022, Marcel Johannes Kits est troisième lauréat du Concours musical international Reine Élisabeth de Belgique.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 « Marcel Johannes Kits », site du Concours musical international Reine Élisabeth de Belgique

Violoncelliste estonien
Naissance en mai 1995
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Violoncelliste
Violoncelliste classique
Naissance en Estonie
Lauréat du Concours musical international Reine Élisabeth

Marcel Johannes Kits


To nije tajna, hrvatski glazbeni album iz 1969. godine VIS-a Žeteoca. Antologijski je album hrvatske duhovne glazbe. Objavljen na LP-u. Drugi je objavljeni rock LP uopće snimljen na hrvatskome. Objavio ga je Glas Koncila na prešama Jugotona, u produkciji maestra Gotovca. Album je bio ukorak sa svjetskim glazbenim tijekovima. Karakterizira ga kršćanska hipijevština. Poput ostatka domaćega rocka 1960-ih, pun je prerada i prepjeva. Postigao je potpun uspjeh. Jugoton ga je pet puta reizdao, jedno je izdanje bilo u Švedskoj. Zadnje reizdanje bilo je Croatia Recordsa 2009. godine. Na albumu su izveli skladbe Stuarta Hamblena, Aiméa Duvala,  Alfreda Fluryja, Mije Bergovca, Arsena Dedića,  Marijana Makara.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 (eng.) Žeteoci Discogs

Hrvatski glazbeni albumi

To nije tajna


Choke point er et engelsk militærbegreb for et lille eller smalt område, som en større mængde soldater ikke kan passere samtidig. De har derved sværere ved at angribe og kan lettere nedkæmpes af en mindre talstærk fjende.

Militærstrategi
Militære udtryk

Choke point


NGC 361 este un roi deschis situat în Micul Nor al lui Magellan, în constelația Tucanul. A fost descoperit în 6 septembrie 1826 de către James Dunlop. De asemenea, a fost observat încă o dată în 11 aprilie 1834 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și

 NGC 360
 NGC 362

Legături externe

 NGC 361 pe WikiSky
 NGC 361 pe spider.seds.org

Roiuri deschise
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Tucanul
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1826
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de James Dunlop

NGC 361


Die Ittefaq-Gruppe ist ein pakistanischer Stahlkonzern und das größte Industriekonglomerat im Punjab. Der Konzern umfasst auch Aktivitäten in der Papier- und Textilindustrie und betreibt unter anderem die größte Zuckermühle des Landes.

Geschichte
Muhammad Sharif, der spätere Industrie-Tycoon und Vater der Politiker Nawaz und Shahbaz Sharif, gründete 1939 im indischen Punjab zusammen mit seinen sechs Brüdern eine Gießerei, die nach dem Unabhängigkeitskrieg 1947 nach Pakistan übersiedelte. Unter Premierminister Ali Bhutto wurde 1972 die Stahlindustrie verstaatlicht und der Familienbetrieb zum Kern der Ittefaq Group. Nach dem Militärputsch von General Zia-ul-Haq, welcher der Sharif-Familie politisch nahestand, wurden die Betriebe 1980 an sie zurückgegeben.

In den 1980er- und 1990er-Jahren expandierte Ittefaq stark und umfasst derzeit neben Gießereien weitere 30 Unternehmen, die Stahl auch Zucker, Papier und Textilien produzieren. Der Konzerngewinn wird auf etwa 400 Millionen Dollar geschätzt.

Einzelnachweise

Lahore
Stahlhersteller
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Pakistan)

Ittefaq-Gruppe


Aguateca é um sítio arqueológico Maia localizado próximo Laguna Petexbatún, no departamento de El Petén, no norte da Guatemala. Os primeiros assentamentos em Aguateca datam do período Pré-clássico tardio ( - ). O centro do local foi ocupado aproximadamente em  até aproximadamente , quando a cidade foi atacada e saqueada. A escavação horizontal das residências reservadas a elite revelou atividades antigas dessa elite no local e áreas de produção de artesanato a nível doméstico. Aguateca fica em cima de uma alta falésia de calcário de 90 metros de altura, criando uma posição altamente defensável. Há um extenso sistema de muros defensivos que circunda a cidade, atingindo mais de 4,8 km de comprimento. Seu centro consistia no Grupo Palaciano, que provavelmente era o complexo residencial real, e na Praça Principal. Esses complexos monumentais eram conectados por uma calçada, ao longo da qual existia uma área residencial densamente ocupada pela elite. Durante o reinado de Tan Te' K'inich a cidade foi invadida e queimada. A cidade foi completamente abandonada por volta das . Um templo de 6 metros de altura no local foi deixado inacabado, o centro da cidade foi destruído pelo fogo, objetos de valor foram deixados espalhados em residências de elite, e cerâmicas foram deixadas em suas posições domésticas originais, que demonstram o súbito abandono da cidade. As ruínas de Aguateca são consideradas uma das mais bem preservadas da Guatemala.

Desenvolvimento inicial
Aguateca e a cidade vizinha Dos Pilas eram as capitais gêmeas de uma poderosa dinastia que alegava descender dos governantes de Tikal. Por volta de , o 3º e o 4 º governantes de Dos Pilas resolveram por mudar a capital da dinastia de Dos Pilas para Aguateca, como pode ser determinado a partir de estelas e monumentos. Em , os governantes de Dos Pilas concluíram a mudança para Aguateca, abandonando sua cidade. Aguateca tornou-se uma cidade grande e densamente povoada, com maior densidade de estruturas do que a maioria dos outros locais da planície maia. É possível que a população de Aguateca tenha migrado da região do Rio La Pasión, mas é provável que também tenha havido um grande afluxo de população de outras regiões. O afluxo de pessoas foi provavelmente resultado da influência política da dinastia. O desenvolvimento de um novo centro requer uma força de trabalho substancial para construir templos, palácios e calçadas. Para a família real e as elites, era essencial garantir uma população controlável.

Estruturas e sociedade
Os complexos estruturais deste antigo sítio maia forneceram aos arqueólogos informações valiosas sobre a composição social de Aguateca. Isso inclui o significado e o papel das diferentes classes sociais, sua colocação na sociedade e suas rotinas diárias. Além disso, as famílias, como unidades socioeconômicas mais básicas, interagiam dinamicamente com instituições sociais, econômicas e políticas maiores. O exame desses aspectos em Aguateca é fundamental para a compreensão de vários aspectos das sociedades e do comportamento humano.

As Famílias de elite e seu estilo de vida
Na maioria das sociedades tradicionais, como a de Aguateca, o que chamamos de privado e público se fundem inseparavelmente, em contraste com as sociedades modernas, nas quais a divisão entre "casa" e "trabalho" é relativamente comum. As casas na área residencial de elite de Aguateca geralmente consistiam de três cômodos principais e anexos menores. Estes incluíam vários objetos domésticos, como vasos de servir, pedras de amolar e uma variedade de ferramentas de pedra. Lâminas de obsidiana, provavelmente usadas para sangrias, também foram encontradas, bem como argamassas de pedra para reparação de pigmentos. As salas centrais parecem ter servido como locais para receber visitantes, realizar trabalhos de escriba e armazenar objetos rituais, bem como alimentos. A presença de mão de mó e pedra de moer em uma das principais salas desses complexos também indica que a preparação de alimentos ocorria ali. Além disso, encontraram sete agulhas de osso e sete espirais de fuso em uma das salas. Isso sugere que a produção têxtil ocorria dentro ou em frente a esta sala, provavelmente uma tarefa realizada por mulheres. Os moradores de uma estrutura de elite conduziam claramente uma ampla gama de atividades mundanas, incluindo o armazenamento, preparação e consumo de alimentos. Como observado, essas residências também eram espaços para encontros políticos e produção artística. Um residente do sexo masculino pode ter usado a sala central para reuniões e uma das salas laterais para trabalhos artísticos e de escribas, enquanto a outra sala provavelmente estava associada à mulher. Cada residência era multifuncional e não foram encontradas estruturas dedicadas exclusivamente ao armazenamento de alimentos nos grupos residenciais de elite ou no palácio real. Isso indica que o armazenamento de alimentos não era centralizado ou controlado. Por causa disso, as diferenças na capacidade de armazenamento de alimentos e no processamento de alimentos podem refletir diferenças no tamanho da família ou mesmo diferenças na situação econômica e no acesso às fontes. Um homem da elite maia poderia ter realizado várias atividades, como rachar pedras, esculpir madeira, concha ou osso, bem como deveres administrativos, diplomáticos e rituais dentro e fora da residência. Uma mulher maia de elite poderia se engajadar em diferentes tipos de criação artística e produção artesanal, além de outras atividades domésticas. Homens e mulheres da elite clássica possuíam múltiplas identidades e papéis sociais.

Praça principal

No período Clássico maia enfatizava fortemente a performance teatral e a visibilidade dos governantes. A grande praça de Aguateca, como a de outros centros maias clássicos, foi projetada para acomodar um grande número de pessoas. Essas praças abrigavam a maioria dos membros da comunidade em ocasiões cerimoniais. Os moradores fizeram um esforço significativo para garantir espaços para espetáculos de massa, criando praças fora das áreas centrais e construindo grandes calçadas. Representações proeminentes de governantes em monumentos de pedra também foram colocadas nas praças. Eventos teatrais provavelmente reuniam uma comunidade maia em torno do governante e da corte real. A presença de praças de tamanhos variados sugere que os eventos teatrais também dividiam a comunidade, separando aqueles que tinham permissão para participar de performances exclusivas dos mais privilegiados.

Construção do templo e plebeus
Uma estrutura descoberta foi identificada como um templo inacabado. Acredita-se que ainda estava em construção quando foi atacada e abandonada no início do . Sua descoberta forneceu informações valiosas sobre os métodos e processos de construção Maia, bem como a probabilidade de especialização. É possível que a mão-de-obra da construção tenha se organizado em diferentes grupos, como trabalhadores carregando pedras para o local, pedreiros extraindo blocos para pedra lavrada, pedreiros ou estucadores pondo pedras com argamassa e escultores de pedra esculpindo monumentos. Todas essas pessoas trabalhavam lado a lado, e arquitetos ou supervisores de elite provavelmente coordenavam as tarefas de vários trabalhadores.

Rituais no abismo principal

O Abismo Principal é um carste de calcário no formato de uma profunda fratura naturalmente formada que corre de nordeste para sudoeste no sítio de Aguateca. Mede aproximadamente 850 m de comprimento, 10 a 70 m de profundidade e 1,5 a 15 m de largura. Incorporando a concepção maia de caverna na montanha, tem fortes evidências de uma variedade de práticas rituais. Isso sugere que abismos, assim como cavernas, representam lugares cosmológicos e religiosos potentes onde espíritos ancestrais e sobrenaturais podem ser alcançados. As feições e fenômenos naturais observados no Abismo Principal de Aguateca fornecem uma janela para a complexa manipulação das propriedades transformadoras dos elementos e seu significado. Em Aguateca, no interior da terra onde o vento sopra nuvens sobre o morro das profundezas do abismo, tocavam-se instrumentos de sopro e queimavam-se fogueiras. É possível que nessas fogueiras contivessem incenso de copal que formaria uma fumaça preta que lembraria nuvens de chuva, com a esperança de trazer chuva. Notavelmente, dois dos elementos ar (vento) e água (chuva) estão intrinsecamente ligados de acordo com as crenças maias. A água, como um elemento duradouro da vida, materializou-se na forma de cerimônias de chuva, repletas de significados que variavam de chuva suficiente a prosperidade e poder dinásticos. O glifo toponímico de Aguateca representa o abismo.

Destruição e abandono
Embora conflitos entre grupos, mudanças climáticas e degradação ambiental tenham começado a causar agitação social no final do reinado de Aguateca, a destruição final do centro foi resultado da guerra. Por volta de  Aguateca parece ter sido atacada por inimigos. Uma série de muralhas defensivas que foram construídas às pressas no final do período clássico tardio. Essa foi provavelmente uma resposta à escalada da guerra na região. A área residencial de elite perto do palácio real foi incendiada e os moradores fugiram ou foram levados, deixando a maior parte de seus pertences para trás. O exército atacante não se estabeleceu no palácio e logo toda a cidade foi abandonada. Estruturas elaboradamente construídas, como o Grupo do Palácio, continham bens altamente valiosos, como contas de jade, alabastro esculpido e ornamentação de conchas. Isso reforça ainda mais a conclusão de que a cidade foi abandonada rapidamente. Escavações no Grupo do Palácio sugerem que a família real evacuou o centro antes do ataque e previa o retorno, mas parece que membros da elite permaneceram. Áreas fora do centro foram abandonadas gradativamente, provavelmente logo após a destruição da cidade. Os habitantes dessas áreas levaram a maior parte de seus pertences para suas próximas residências. Por causa do padrão de destruição e abandono, é provável que a elite governante de Aguateca tenha sido o foco principal da batalha. Os inimigos pretendiam acabar com Aguateca como potência política e econômica e conseguiram. Momentos da vida clássica dos maias foram congelados nos ricos conjuntos de objetos deixados em estruturas queimadas. Isso fornece informações sobre atividades domésticas, organização doméstica e interações políticas dos Maias Clássicos em Aguateca.

Maia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Povos Originários)
Sítios arqueológicos da Guatemala

Aguateca


Las mediciones EMF (Electromagnetic Field) o de campo electromagnético CEM son medidas realizadas con sondas y sensores. Estas sondas pueden ser consideradas como si fueran antenas aunque sean proyectadas con características diferentes. Para obtener una medición precisa y fiable las sondas tienen que construirse de manera que no perturben el CEM evitando cualquier tipo de acoplamiento y de reflexión.
Las mediciones EMF o CEM son cada vez más importantes y vienen utilizadas para determinar constantemente la exposición humana y ambiental a las radiaciones no ionizantes.
La mediciones EMF o CEM se pueden clasificar en dos tipos:
 medida de banda ancha (broadband), se utilizan equipos de medida de banda ancha capaces de relevar cada señal dentro de una amplia gama de frecuencia. Se utiliza una sonda isotrópica.
 medidas selectivas en frecuencia, para este sistema de medición se utiliza analizadores de espectro o receptores de banda ancha selectivos en frecuencia.
Para hacer estos tipos de mediciones se usan diferente tipos de sondas.

Medición isotrópica ideal

La medición isotrópica ideal de EMF o CEM se obtienen con el uso de un sensor de campo eléctrico (E) o uno de campo magnético (H) el cual puede ser isotrópico o mono-axial, pasivo o activo.
Con un sensor mono-axial la medida depende de la posición del sensor, por tanto, se requerirán tres situados en direcciones ortogonales en el mismo punto del espacio.
Ejemplo clásico es la utilización de una sonda que tome la componente del campo eléctrico (E) paralelo a la dirección en su eje simétrico, donde (E) es la amplitud del campo eléctrico incidente y θ el ángulo entre la directivo del campo eléctrico y el eje simétrico del sensor.
En este caso la señal detectada es del tipo |E| cos θ (derecha). Esto permite de obtener la amplitud total del campo:

o, en el caso del campo magnético

Si se utiliza una sonda isotrópica (tri-axial) el procedimiento de medición es más sencillo, porque el valor total del campo eléctrico se toma con único sensor sin tener necesidad de cambiar posición del sensor, esto se obtiene porque el sensor tri-axial incorpora tres dipolos ortogonales que permiten la realización espacial de la medida.
Esto permite de adquirir cada uno de los valores tomando tres intervalos de tiempo con el supuesto de tiempo fijo en los componentes del campo

Sensores activos y pasivos
Los sensores activos incorporan componentes activos que permiten ejecutar mediciones más precisas a lo de los sensores pasivos.
De hecho un sensor o antena pasiva capta la energía de un campo electromagnético y lo envía a un conector de cable RF. La señal se dirige a un analizador de espectro, la señal puede ser modificada en especiales condiciones de campo, para evitar que la señal venga modificado se puede usar un portador óptico para transferir la señal.

Los componentes básicos del sistema son antena de captación electro-ópticos para enviar la señal, un portador óptico de señal electromagnética y un convertidor optoelectrónico. A través de un enlace de fibra óptica la señal se convierte en señal eléctrica. La señal eléctrica de esto modo se va a un analizador de espectro con cable común RF a 50 Ω.

Desviación isotrópica

La desviación isotrópica en las mediciones EMF o CEM es un dato que muestra la precisión de la capacidad de medición independiente de la posición de sensores o sondas. Si la medición está tomada con una configuración ortogonal X,Y,Z,:

Para que la expresión sea verdadera es necesario que la sonda tiene un esquema similar a dipolos-cortos sin(θ)

A es función de frecuencia. La diferencia entre los datos de radiación ideal del dipolos y lo de la sonda se llama desviación isotrópica.

Véase también
 Antena

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Clampco Sistemi  AT3000
 Clampco Sistemi Sonda de campo eléctrico FP2000
 Clampco Sistemi Antenne EMC/EMI
 EMC Zurich

Contaminación electromagnética
Ingeniería ambiental

Mediciones EMF