Halfdan (Alfdeni, født ca. 758, død efter 807) var formentlig en person i den danske kongeslægt.

Der vides kun lidt om ham, da han kun optræder i et par samtidige kilder.

I 782 oplyser de Frankiske rigsannaler, at Halfdan sammen med Osmund og Godfred dukker op som udsendinge fra kong Sigfred ved Karl den Stores rigsdag i Sachsen ved Paderborn, men yderligere oplysninger foreligger ikke.

I 807 oplyser franske annaler, at "Alfdeni" (Halfdan) med et stort følge underkaster sig Karl den Store. Han betegnes som "Northmannorum dux", det vil sige en mindre nordisk fyrste. Med sig havde han sine fire sønner: Anulo, Hemming, Harald Klak og Reginfred. Dette sker på et tidspunkt, da den danske konge hed Godfred. Denne var i 804 indbudt til møde med Karl den Store efter, at denne havde afsluttet underkuelsen af sakserne, og han mødte med en stor flåde, men mødet kom ikke i stand. I 808 foretager Godfred sit angreb på abodritterne, hvorunder handelspladsen Reric afbrændes og købmændene tvangsforflyttes til Hedeby. Det er nærliggende at formode, at Halfdan har været imod den konfrontationspolitik i forhold til Karl den Store, som Godfred stod for, og at dette har ført ham til beslutningen i 807. Der kan også ligge en intern magtkamp bag. Historikerne formoder, at hans valg var påvirket af besøget i 782, selvom dette ikke kan bevises.

Hans senere skæbne kendes ikke, men formodentlig er han blevet vel modtaget og har fået en ærefuld plads ved hoffet, og flere af hans sønner optræder senere som lensmænd for Karl.

Noter

Litteratur
 Peter Sawyer: "Da Danmark blev Danmark. Fra ca. år 700 til ca. 1050" (i: Olaf Olsen (red.): Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie; bind 3; København 1988; )
 Poul Skaaning: Vikingestormen. Togter mod Vesteuropa 793-937; Viborg 2006;

Eksterne henvisninger
 Annales Regni Francorum Frankiske Annaler

Personer fra vikingetiden
Kongelige fra Danmark
Sagnkonger
Danskere i 700-tallet

Halfdan (Alfdeni)


Autun () is a subprefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of central-eastern France. It was founded during the Principate era of the early Roman Empire by Emperor Augustus as Augustodunum to give a Roman capital to the Gallic people Aedui, who had Bibracte as their political centre. In Roman times the city may have been home to 30,000 to 100,000 people, according to different estimates. Nowadays, the commune has a population of about 15,000.

Geography
The commune lies in the northwest of the department.

History

Early history

Augustodunum was founded during the reign of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, after whom it was named. It was the civitas "tribal capital" of the Aedui, Continental Celts who had been allies and "brothers" () of Rome since before Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. Augustodunum was a planned foundation replacing the original oppidum Bibracte, located some  away. Several elements of Roman architecture such as walls, gates, and a Roman theater are still visible in the town.

In AD 356, a force of Alemanni brought the siege of Autun. The disrepair of the walls left the city in danger of falling. Autun was saved by the arrival of the Emperor Julian in one of his early military successes. In Late Antiquity, Autun became famous for its schools of rhetoric. A world map based on the Geography of Ptolemy was famous for its size and was displayed in the portico of one of the schools. It may have survived until early modern times.

In 532 the Merovingian kings Childebert I and Chlothar I in Battle of Autun defeated the Burgundians led by king Godomar and took over the country of Burgundy. In 642 or 643, another battle was fought near Autun between feuding Frankish noblemen.

In 725, the Umayyad general Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi (عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي) marched up the Saône valley to Autun. On 22 August 725 he captured the town after defeating forces led by the local bishop, Émilien of Nantes, who was slain during the course of the battle.

Autun marks the easternmost extent of the Umayyad campaign in Europe. However, the position was never retained, and Anbasa died soon after. The Umayyads are known to have raided the lower Rhone during the next decade, but Uzès was their northernmost stronghold and possibly Marseille the easternmost coastal stronghold. In 880, Count Richard of Autun was made the first Duke of Burgundy.

In 1506, Barthélemy de Chasseneuz made his reputation as an attorney, defending the rats of Autun against the charge of eating the barley crop.

Modern times
In 1788, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord became bishop of Autun. He was elected member of the clergy for the Estates-General of 1789.

The High School plays an important role in the history of the city and even France since Napoleon, who gave it its current name and whose brothers Joseph and Lucien studied there. This school continues to operate today. The decorated wrought iron gates were erected in 1772; the subjects taught in the school are indicated by various representations of objects along the top of these grids.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the leader of the Army of the Vosges, Giuseppe Garibaldi, chose the city as his headquarters.

Population

Sights

The city boasts two ancient Roman gates (Porte Saint-André and Porte d'Arroux) and other ruins dating to the time of Augustus. One of the most impressive remains is that of the ancient theatre, which was one of the largest in the western part of the empire with a 17,000-seat capacity. To the northwest of the city is the so-called Temple of Janus, only two walls (faces) of which remain. To the southeast is the mysterious Pierre de Couhard, a rock pyramid of uncertain function which may date to Roman times.

Autun Cathedral, also known as Saint Lazare Cathedral, dates from the early twelfth century and is a major example of Romanesque architecture. It was formerly the chapel of the Dukes of Burgundy; their palace was the actual episcopal residence. The cathedral was originally built as a pilgrimage church for the veneration of the relic Saint Lazarus, mentioned in the Gospels, and considered the first bishop of Marseille, and who, always according to tradition, arrived in Provence with Mary Magdalen.

Autun's 12th-century bishop, Étienne de Bâgé, probably built the church in response to the construction of Ste. Madeleine at nearby Vézelay, home to the French cult of Mary Magdalene. St. Lazare was only later elevated to the rank of cathedral, replacing the former cathedral dedicated to St. Nazaire.

The Autun Cathedral is famous for its architectural sculpture, particularly the tympanum of The Last Judgment above the west portal, surviving fragments from the lost portal of the north transept, and the capitals in the nave and choir. All of these are traditionally considered the work of Gislebertus, whose name is on the west tympanum. It is uncertain whether Gislebertus is the name of the sculptor or of a patron. If Gislebertus is in fact the artist, he is one of very few medieval artists whose name is known.

Other notable connections
 Bishop and Saint Leodegar (c. 615 – 679)
 Nivelon I (d. 768) was known as Count of Autun
 In the late 9th century, Charles Martel's daughter (name listed as Auda, Alane, or Aldana) married Thierry IV (also called Theoderich or Theoderic), Count of Autun.
 In the late 9th century, the countship was vacant after the death of Robert the Strong, but was returned to Bernard Plantapilosa, son of Bernard of Septimania, and then later to Bernard of Gothia after Bernard fell out of favor.
 In 878, King Louis the Younger took the countship away and gave it to his chamberlain, Theodoric.
 Honorius Augustodunensis (died c. 1151)
 Barthélemy de Chasseneuz practiced law in Autun in 1506, became crown attorney of the Autun bailliage in 1508, where he made his reputation as a criminal lawyer by his eloquent defense of a group of rats who were put on trial for destroying the barley crop of the province.
 Nicolas Rolin, Chancellor of Burgundy under Philip the Good, came from Autun, where several examples of his artistic patronage can be seen. The Rolin Madonna, by Jan van Eyck, in the Louvre, shows what was probably at least intended as a view of Autun in the background.
 In 1837, a commercial mining of oil shale deposit near Autun marked the beginning of the modern oil-shale industry.
 In 1852, the uranium mineral autunite was first discovered near Autun, and named for the town.
Autun is the main setting for James Salter's 1967 novel A Sport and a Pastime.
 The European Triathlon Championships were also held in the town in 2006.
 The Fifth Stage of the 2007 Tour de France ended in the town, with the entrance to Autun being a twisting and winding route down from a nearby mountain.

Tourism

Autun's best-known museum is the Musée Rolin. It houses historical artistic collections.

Near Autun, tourists can also see:
 The Arboretum de Pézanin, one of the richest forest collection in France
 The Rock of Solutré
 Cluny Abbey and its medieval city
 Charolles and the "boeuf charolais"
 Mâcon, Paray-le-Monial

Sister cities
Autun has sister city relationships with the following municipalities.

See also
 Abbey of St Andoche, Autun
 Abbey of Saint-Jean-le-Grand
 Autun Cathedral
 Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
 Morvan Regional Natural Park
 Musée Rolin
 Les Télots Mine
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun

References

Further reading
 Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)

External links

 Official website
 Visiting Autun (tourist map and photos)
 Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace – Autun Cathedral St-Lazare Photo Pages
 The Stevenage-Ingelheim-Autun Association

Archaeological sites in France
Communes of Saône-et-Loire
Romanesque architecture in Burgundy
Subprefectures in France
Aedui
Gallia Lugdunensis
Burgundy

Autun


Olaylar
 İskoçya'nın Vikingler tarafından istilası

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 16 Ağustos - I. Giorgi, Bagrationi Hanedanı üyesi Gürcistan Kralı
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 II. Yezid Mezyed, Şirvanşahlar Devleti şahı

1027


Doris Day (3 Nisan 1922, Cincinnati, Ohio - 13 Mayıs 2019, Kaliforniya), Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı, yapımcı ve hayvan hakları aktivisti.

Yaklaşık 50 yılını eğlence sektörüne verdi. Day, kariyerine 1939'da bir grupta şarkıcı olarak başladı, ancak 1945'te ilk kaydı olan "Sentimental Journey"i kaydettikten sonra tanınmaya başladı. Grubu Brown & His Band of Renown'dan ayrıldıktan sonra Columbia Records'la uzun sürecek olan ortaklığına ve solo kariyerinde denemeler yapmaya başladı. Columbia Records, Doris Day'in anlaşma yaptığı tek etiket şirketidir. Ortaklıkları 1947 yılından 1967'ye kadar sürdü ve Day'i 20. yüzyılın en popüler ve sevilen şarkıcılarından biri olmasını sağlayan 650 kayıttan fazlasını içermektedir.

Yaşamı
Gerçek adı "Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff" olan Doris Day, 1938'de geçirdiği bir kaza sonrasında bir daha dans edemez ve bunun yerine şarkı söylemeyi öğrenir. Daha sonradan aldığı "Doris Day" adı ile müzikhol ve büyük orkestralar ile çalışmaya başlar. 1948'den itibaren, beyazperdede görülür. Kısa bir süre sonrasında da Warner Bros ile kontrat imzalar ve onun için birçok filmde oynar.

Çok sevilen bir komedi sanatçısı olan Doris Day, Rock Hudson'un veya Cary Grant'ın da ortağı olarak, ekranlarda genellikle sağlıklı ve erdemli kadınları canlandırdı. Michael Curtiz, David Butler, Charles Vidor ve Alfred Hitchcock gibi sinema dünyasının en önemli isimleri ile filmler çevirdi. 1968'de beyazperdeden televizyona geçen Doris Day, neslindeki birçok sanatçı gibi kariyerini televizyon ekranlarında devam ettirdi.

Doris Day, 1960 yılında Pillow Talk adlı filmdeki rolüyle En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Oscarı'na aday gösterildi.

1975'te "Doris Day, Her Own Story" adlı otobiyografisini yayımladı.

Doris Day, özellikle de Alfred Hitchcock'un The Man Who Knew Too Much filminde söylediği "Que Sera Sera" adlı şarkıdaki unutulmaz yorumu ile dünya sinema seyircilerinin hafızalarında yer etti.

Ölümü
Amerikalı  kadın oyuncu ve şarkıcı Doris Day, 13 Mayıs 2019'da Carmen valley, Kaliforniya'da 97 yaşında yaşama veda etti.

Filmleri

Oyuncu olarak
 Romance on the High Seas (Miss Georgia Garrett rolünde), 1948
 My Dream Is Yours (Martha Gibson), 1949
 It's a Great Feeling (Judy Adams), 1949
 Young Man with a Horn (Jo Jordan), 1950
 The West Point Story (Jan Wilson), 1950
 Tea for Two (Nanette Carter), 1950
 Storm Warning (Lucy Rice), 1951
 Lullaby of Broadway (Melinda Howard), 1951
 On Moonlight Bay (Marjorie 'Marjie' Winfield), 1951
 I'll See You in My Dreams (Grace LeBoy Kahn), 1951
 Starlift, 1951
 The Winning Team (Aimee Alexander), 1952
 April in Paris (Ethel S. 'Dynamite' Jackson), 1952
 By the Light of the Silvery Moon (Marjorie Winfield), 1953
 So You Want a Television Set, 1953
 La Blonde du Far-West(Calamity Jane) (Calamity Jane), 1953
 Lucky Me (Candy Williams), 1954
 Young at Heart (Laurie Tuttle), 1954
 Love Me or Leave Me (Ruth Etting), 1955
 The Man Who Knew Too Much (Jo McKenna), 1956
 Julie (Julie Benton), 1956
 The Pajama Game (Katherine 'Babe' Williams), 1957
 Teacher's Pet (Erica Stone), 1958
 The Tunnel of Love (Isolde Poole), 1958
 It Happened to Jane (Jane Osgood), 1959
 Pillow Talk  (Jan Morrow), 1959
 Please Don't Eat the Daisies (Kate Mackay), 1960
 Midnight Lace (Kit Preston), 1960
 Lover Come Back (Carol Templeton), 1961
 That Touch of Mink (Cathy Timberlake), 1962
 Billy Rose's Jumbo (Kitty Wonder), 1962
 The Thrill of It All (Beverly Boyer), 1963
 Move Over, Darling (Ellen Wagstaff Arden), 1963
 Send Me No Flowers (Judy Kimball), 1964
 Do Not Disturb (Janet Harper), 1965
 The Glass Bottom Boat (Jennifer Nelson), 1966
 Ballad of Josie (Josie Minick), 1967
 Caprice (Patricia Fowler), 1967
 Where Were You When the Lights Went Out? (Margaret Garrison), 1968
 With Six You Get Eggroll (Abby McClure), 1968

Yapımcı olarak
 The Doris Day Show (Doris Martin), 1968 (dizi)

Dış bağlantılar

   www.dorisday.net

1922 doğumlular
Cincinnati, Ohio doğumlular
Ohio doğumlu kadın oyuncular
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı müzisyenleri
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
Başkanlık Özgürlük Madalyası sahipleri
Columbia Records sanatçıları
Carmel-by-the-Sea
2019 yılında ölenler
Cecil B. DeMille Onur Ödülü sahipleri
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
Amerikalı kadın pop şarkıcıları
Grammy Yaşam Boyu Başarı Ödülü sahipleri

Doris Day


Roberto Malenotti (* 6. Juni 1939 in Pisa) ist ein italienischer Regisseur.

Leben
Der Sohn des Filmproduzenten Maleno Malenotti begann 1960 seine Tätigkeit beim Film als Assistent bedeutender Hollywood-Regisseure, die italienische Produktionen realisierten. Dabei arbeitete er für Nicholas Ray, Richard Fleischer und Vincente Minnelli. 1963 drehte er für Folco Quilici im zweiten Stab. Nach Streitigkeiten mit dem Produzenten erhielt Malenotti dann die Credits für Sklaven heute – Geschäft ohne Gnade. 1969 folgte Umarmung nach eigenem Drehbuch. Anschließend wandte sich Malenotti dem Werbefilm zu und war vor allem in den USA tätig, wo er auch mit dem Clio Award ausgezeichnet wurde.

1971 führte Malenotti Regie beim Coca-Cola Werbespot "Hilltop".

Zurück in Italien entstanden einige Dokumentarfilme (so La spirale della paura und Perché paura). Neben gelegentlicher Produktionstätigkeit wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum sein drittes und letztes Kino-Regiewerk Cinderella '80 – unter anderem Vornamen auch geschrieben und produziert – bekannt, bevor er noch einige Male für das Fernsehen inszenierte.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1964: Sklaven heute – Geschäft ohne Gnade (Le schiave esiste ancora)
 1969: Umarmung (Le sorelle)
 1984: Cinderella '80 (Cenerentola '80)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmregisseur
Fernsehregisseur
Dokumentarfilmer
Filmproduzent
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren 1939
Mann

Roberto Malenotti


Kislovodsk (, ) er en by i Stavropol kraj i Rusland. Berezniki ligger i det nordlige Kaukasus omkring 234 kilometer fra den krajens administrative center Stavropol og er et kendt kursted i hele Rusland med mange spabade fra 1800-tallet. Kislovodsk er Stavropol krajs tredjestørste by med  indbyggere.

Historie
Byen blev grundlagt i  som en fæstning. I løbet af 1800-tallet udviklede byen sig på grund af forekomsten af mineralske kilder i stigende grad som en populært kursted for den russiske overklasse. I 1891 var byens befolkning næstendoblet fra 1856.

Byens vigtigste erhverv er kurophold. Kislovodsk, navnet stammer fra det russiske ord for mineralvand, er en af de fire nordkaukasiske mineralske kurbadsbyer, de øvrige er Pjatigorsk, Jessentuki og Zjeleznovodsk, der sammen omtales som Kavminvody (). Derudover er der virksomheder i fødevare- og møbelindustrien i Kislovodsk. I landsbyen er der en overvågningsstation for SDCM-systemet.

Byen har en hovedbanegård med tog til blandt andet Moskva. Den nærmeste lufthavn er Mineralnye Vody, som kan nås via Pjatigorsk med regionaltog.

Relationer til byen
Samuel Rachlins far Israel Rachlin (1906-1998) var på kurophold i byen fra 1916-1918 på grund af polio. I Fortællinger fra vores liv fortæller han bl.a., hvordan løsladte politiske fanger i 1917 ankommer fra Sibirien, medtagne af barske forhold under deres fangenskab.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Stavropol kraj
Etableret i 1803

Kislovodsk


Uno de los logros más notables de la Revolución española de 1936 fue el Consejo Levantino Unificado de la Exportación Agrícola (CLUEA). Fue creado el 7 de octubre de 1936 por representantes de la CNT y la UGT valencianas (el llamado Comité Ejecutivo Popular). Se trataba de un organismo dedicado a gestionar las exportaciones de la naranja a otros países europeos. Entonces la naranja era la principal fuente de divisas de Valencia. Para difundir las actividades del organismo se contó con cartelistas como de Arturo Ballester y con la revista mensual La voz del CLUEA.

Proceso
La naranja era uno de los principales productos de exportación valenciano. En el contexto de la guerra civil, el mercado de la naranja suponía un ingreso de divisas muy importante para quien consiguiera controlarlo. Por ello, el Gobierno central no era partidario de la colectivización, pues suponía dejar en manos de los sindicatos un gran número de divisas, sino de seguir el camino habitual de una exportación controlada por las empresas individuales, coordinado solamente por los mercados internacionales.

Así pues los partidos republicanos, el Gobierno, y el Partido Comunista de España (PCE)  defendían el mantenimiento de la libertad de exportación bajo cierto control gubernamental. En cambio, las centrales sindicales UGT y CNT eran partidarias de colectivizar toda la exportación para evitar la fuga de divisas.

La gestión del CLUEA estuvo siempre rodeada de la polémica y la confrontación, puesto que aunque los militantes de la UGT estaban de acuerdo con la colectivización, los líderes del PSOE no. Y entre los líderes estaba el propio Largo Caballero conocido dirigente sindical de la UGT. La gestión del CLUEA estuvo reñida con la eficacia, debido tanto a la situación de guerra, como al boicot de los propietarios individuales ya simpatizantes del PCE, opuesto a la colectivización.

Resultados
En aquel año sobrevino una crisis de sobre-producción en el mercado europeo. El mercado europeo se vio saturado de naranjas palestinas, y la producción española tuvo competencia extra. Globalmente parece que la campaña cítrica aportó en divisas entre la mitad y los dos tercios de la campaña anterior. Esto en divisas sería unos 200 millones de pesetas por unas 700.000 toneladas exportadas.

Este descenso de ingresos provocó duros ataques de sus detractores el gobierno se impuso y decidió acabar con el CLUEA. Sería sustituido por la Comisión Exportadora de Agrios, dependiente del Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda de España. La comisión fue creada por decreto del Gobierno de Juan Negrín el 6 de septiembre de 1937

Referencias

Bibliografía

Véase también
 Milicias Confederales de la CNT de Levante
 Guerra Civil Española
 Revolución Española de 1936
 CNT

Historia de la CNT
Revolución española
Milicias anarquistas


Başarı, Diyarbakır ilinin Çermik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1917 yılı kayıtlarında Allos, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında ise Alus olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Diyarbakır il merkezine 101 km, Çermik ilçe merkezine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Çermik'in mahalleleri

Başarı, Çermik


Brett Andrew Hull (born August 9, 1964) is a Canadian–American former ice hockey player and general manager, and currently an executive vice president of the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Calgary Flames, St. Louis Blues, Dallas Stars, Detroit Red Wings, and Phoenix Coyotes between 1986 and 2005. His career total of 741 goals is fifth highest in NHL history, and he is one of five players to score 50 goals in 50 games. He was a member of two Stanley Cup winning teams – 1999 with the Dallas Stars and 2002 with the Detroit Red Wings. In 2017 Hull was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

Known as one of the game's greatest snipers, Hull was an elite scorer at all levels of the game. He played college hockey for the University of Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs, where he scored 52 goals in 1985–86. He scored 50 the following year with the Moncton Golden Flames of the American Hockey League (AHL) and had five consecutive NHL seasons of at least 50 goals. His 86 goals in 1990–91 is the third-highest single-season total in NHL history, with the first two being the same person, Wayne Gretzky. Hull won the Hart Memorial Trophy and Lester B. Pearson Award that year as the league's most valuable player. He was named a first team all-star on three occasions and played in eight NHL All-Star Games.

Having dual citizenship in Canada and the United States, Hull was eligible to play for either Canada or the United States internationally and chose to join the American National Team. He was a member of the team that won the 1996 World Cup of Hockey and was a two-time Olympian, winning a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Hull was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009, joining his father Bobby Hull. They are the first father-son combination to each score either of 600 goals or  1,000 career points in the NHL. Hull's nickname, "the Golden Brett" is a reference to his father's nickname of "the Golden Jet". His jersey number 16 was retired by the St. Louis Blues in 2006.

Early life
Hull was born August 9, 1964, in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. His father, Bobby, was a long-time professional hockey player in both the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA). His mother, Joanne (McKay), was an American professional figure skater and taught him how to skate. He has three brothers, Bobby Jr., Blake, and Bart, and a younger sister, Michelle. Bart played professional football in the Canadian Football League (CFL). His uncle Dennis was also a longtime NHL player.

As his father played for the NHL's Chicago Black Hawks, Hull spent his early life in Illinois, and he first played organized hockey in the Chicago area at age four. He and his brothers often skated with the Black Hawks where they watched their father play. The family moved back to Canada when Bobby signed with the original Winnipeg Jets, then in the WHA, in 1972. As a youth, Brett and teammate Richard Kromm played in the 1977 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Winnipeg South Monarchs minor ice hockey team. He moved to Vancouver with his mother and two youngest siblings shortly before his parents' acrimonious divorce in 1979. Hull was not close to his father following the breakup, though the two spoke periodically.

Playing career

Junior and college
Admitting that he was viewed as a "pudgy, fun-loving, music-crazed bum" in his youth, Hull stated in his autobiography that he was not surprised when he failed to attract the attention of a junior team. He was first eligible for the NHL Entry Draft in 1982, but as he was still playing in a juvenile league, was passed over without interest. He joined the Penticton Knights of the tier-II British Columbia Junior Hockey League (BCJHL) in the 1982–83 season where he scored 48 goals in 50 games. He was again passed over at the 1983 Entry Draft as teams remained unconvinced of his commitment to the game and his conditioning. NHL teams finally took notice of Hull following his 1983–84 season in which he scored 105 goals in 56 games and broke the BCJHL scoring record with 188 points. The Calgary Flames selected him in the sixth round of the 1984 NHL Entry Draft, 117th overall.

Hull accepted a scholarship to play for the University of Minnesota-Duluth (UMD), and in 1984–85, scored 32 goals as a freshman. The power of his shot terrorized opposition goaltenders. He was awarded the Jerry Chumola Award as the school's rookie of the year and received similar honors from the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). His coaches at Minnesota-Duluth impressed on Hull the need to improve his skating, and in 1985–86, he broke the school record of 49 goals in one season, reaching 52 that year. Hull was named the WCHA first-team all-star at right wing and was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award as the top player in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

In his two seasons at UMD, Hull set numerous school scoring records. He holds the records for most goals by a rookie (32) and most goals in one season (52). His 20 power play goals, seven hat tricks, and 13 multiple-goal games in 1985–86 are all records, and he shares the school's single-game playoff record of four goals. The school retired his jersey number 29 in 2006.

Calgary Flames (1986–88)
Choosing to turn professional following his sophomore season, Hull signed a contract with the Calgary Flames and joined the team during the 1986 Stanley Cup Playoffs. He made his NHL debut on May 20, 1986, in Game 3 of the Stanley Cup Finals against the Montreal Canadiens. His best scoring opportunity came when he hit the post in his first shift of the game. He appeared in two games of the Flames' five-game series loss to Montreal.

The Flames assigned Hull to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Moncton Golden Flames, for the majority of the 1986–87 season. He scored 50 goals, tying an AHL rookie record, and his 93 points was third-best in the league. He won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award as the league's Rookie of the Year and was named to the First All-Star Team, earning a brief recall to Calgary during the season. He made his regular-season debut on November 13, 1986, against the Hartford Whalers and scored his first NHL goal against Steve Weeks on a breakaway. It was the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory. Hull appeared in five regular-season games for the Flames and played in four playoff games, where he scored two goals and added an assist.

Hull earned a spot on the Flames for the 1987–88 season, though the team continued to work with him on his conditioning. He appeared in 52 games for the Flames, scoring 26 goals and 50 points. He did not finish the season in Calgary, however. On March 7, 1988, Hull was traded with Steve Bozek to the St. Louis Blues for defenseman Rob Ramage and goaltender Rick Wamsley.

St. Louis Blues (1988–98)

Hull led St. Louis with 41 goals in , but his poor skating and inattention to his defensive responsibilities concerned the club. Head coach Brian Sutter convinced Hull to improve his conditioning over the summer. He arrived to begin the  season in much better shape and showed a marked improvement in his skating. Center Adam Oates, acquired over the summer, joined Hull on the top line. The pair, dubbed "Hull and Oates" as a play on the band Hall and Oates, were prolific scorers with Oates being an excellent passer and Hull being an excellent shooter. Hull scored 228 goals between 1989–90 and , the second-highest three-season total of any player in NHL history, behind only Wayne Gretzky's 250 tallies between  and . He became the fifth player in NHL history to score 50 goals in 50 games in ,—joining Maurice Richard, Mike Bossy, Gretzky, and Mario Lemieux—then repeated the feat in 1991–92.

He led the league in goal scoring all three seasons and was named to the first All-Star team each year. He collected numerous league awards, winning the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy in 1990 as the league's most sportsmanlike player, then in 1991, won the Hart Memorial Trophy and Lester B. Pearson Award as the NHL's most valuable player as selected by the league and his fellow players respectively. His total of 86 goals in 1990–91 is the third highest for a single season in NHL history, after Gretzky's 92 goals in 1981–82 and 87 in 1983–84. Oates left the Blues midway through the 1991–92 season, and while Hull's offensive production dropped, he remained the Blues' top offensive threat. He recorded his fourth and fifth consecutive 50-goal seasons, scoring 54 in  and 57 in .

Hull clashed with head coach Mike Keenan, who joined the team in , primarily over the latter's changes to team personnel. Hull, who had been named team captain in 1992, was stripped of the captaincy. By early 1996, the two were publicly criticizing each other in the media. Forced to choose between the player and coach, the Blues fired Keenan on December 19, 1996. Hull responded three nights later with a hat trick against the Los Angeles Kings to reach 500 goals for his NHL career. He and Bobby are the only father-son pair who both reached that total.

After 43- and 42-goal seasons in  and , Hull scored 27 in . He became an unrestricted free agent following the season after rejecting a three-year, $15 million offer from the Blues because the team refused to include a no-trade clause. He left St. Louis, signing a three-year, $17 million contract with the Dallas Stars on July 2, 1998.

Dallas Stars (1998–2001)
Hull reached 1,000 points in his career when he notched a goal and an assist in a 3–1 victory with the Dallas Stars over the Boston Bruins on November 14, 1998. He then scored his 600th goal on December 31, 1999, in a 5–4 victory over the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. He scored 32 goals in 1998–99 despite struggling with a groin injury for much of the season. The Stars reached the 1999 Stanley Cup Finals, against the Buffalo Sabres. The sixth game of the series went to overtime tied 1–1 while Dallas held a 3–2 series lead. At 14:51 of the third overtime period, Hull collected a rebound in front of the Buffalo net and put the puck past goaltender Dominik Hašek to win the game, and the Stanley Cup, for Dallas.

The Sabres immediately protested the goal, as NHL rules of the time stated that a player could not score a goal if any part of his body was within the goal crease. Replays showed that Hull's skate was within the crease when he scored, however, the NHL ruled that he had possession of the puck prior to entering the crease, making the goal legal. League officials stated that that very scenario was addressed in a memo sent to the league's on-ice officials prior to the start of the playoffs. Hull himself states the goal was legal, supporting the claim that the NHL had altered the rules in a private memo sent to all teams but not released to the public. Media, fans and players across the league remain divided on the goal, some claiming that the league altered the rule after the fact. It remains especially controversial in Buffalo, where fans and former players continue to maintain that the play should have been ruled "no goal". The NHL formally abolished the crease rule prior to the next season, allowing players to score from within the crease freely as long as they did not interfere with the goaltender.

As a member of the Stars in their Stanley Cup winning season, Hull wore number 22, as his customary number 16 was worn by Pat Verbeek. Hull switched back to number 16 the following season after Verbeek left the team as a free agent. Though he appeared in 79 games in 1999–2000, Hull had what coach Ken Hitchcock called "a disappointing season", struggling defensively and scoring only 24 goals. His offensive production improved in the 2000 Stanley Cup Playoffs as he led the league in post-season scoring with 10 goals and 23 points. The Stars again reached the finals, but lost the series in six games to the New Jersey Devils. Hull scored 39 goals in 2000–01, his best total in four years. He surpassed his father's career total when he scored his 611th goal in a 3–1 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs on October 10, 2000. Hull played his 1,000th career game on February 25, 2001, in Calgary.

Detroit Red Wings (2001–04)
The Stars did not exercise their option on Hull's contract that would have paid him $7 million for the 2001–02 NHL season, making him a free agent. Although he received superior financial offers from the Montreal Canadiens and New York Rangers, Hull signled a two-year, $9 million contract with the Detroit Red Wings to pursue a second Stanley Cup championship. He joined an already star-studded team that earlier that offseason had acquired goaltender Dominik Hasek and winger Luc Robitaille.

As a member of the Red Wings, Hull switched to sweater number 17 out of respect for Vladimir Konstantinov, who wore number 16 for the Red Wings before his playing career ended due to a limousine accident a week after Detroit's 1997 Stanley Cup championship. As of 2023, no player has worn the number 16 for the Red Wings since Konstantinov.

Hull subsequently scored 30 goals that season as the Red Wings dominated their opponents, earning the Presidents' Trophy as the NHL's top team. During the regular season, he was put on a line with Boyd Devereaux and rookie Pavel Datsyuk, a combination in which Hull himself referred to as "two kids and a goat".

Hull would then score a league-leading 10 in the 2002 Stanley Cup Playoffs, as the Red Wings defeated the Vancouver Canucks, his former team the St. Louis Blues, and the rival Colorado Avalanche en route to their fourth Finals appearance in eight years. He'd score a hat trick in the deciding sixth game in the opening round against Vancouver, while adding two goals in the second round against the Blues. He then scored three goals in the Western Conference Finals against the Avalanche, including one in Detroit's stunning 7–0 rout of Colorado in the decisive Game 7.

He scored key goals in Detroit's game three and four victories against the Carolina Hurricanes in the Stanley Cup Finals; the latter was the 100th playoff goal of his career. Hull won his second career championship as the Red Wings won the series in five games.

Hull posted a 37-goal, 76-point campaign in 2002–03. He became the sixth player in NHL history to score 700 career goals on February 10, 2003, against the San Jose Sharks. At age 38, Hull signed a one-year, $5 million extension with the Red Wings. After scoring 25 goals in 2003–04, Hull would score three goals during the 2004 Stanley Cup Playoffs for Detroit, who were eliminated by the eventual Western Conference champion Calgary Flames in six games in the second round.

Phoenix Coyotes (2004–05)
The Stars thought they were on the verge of signing Hull to a one-year contract for 2004–05, but he instead accepted a two-year, $4.5 million contract with the Phoenix Coyotes. The first year of the contract was wiped out when the season was cancelled due to a labor stoppage. When play resumed in 2005–06, Hull returned to the ice wearing his father's jersey number 9. The Coyotes franchise, which had relocated from Winnipeg in 1996, continued to honor the Jets' retired numbers, including the elder Hull's. Bobby requested that the team un-retire his uniform and allow his son to wear it. However, after playing just five games and recording one assist, Hull felt that he was no longer able to play at the level he expected of himself. On October 15, 2005, he announced his retirement as a player.

International play
As a dual Canadian and American citizen, Hull was eligible to play for either country internationally. While playing at UMD, he was passed over by Team Canada coach Dave King when selecting the roster for the 1986 World Ice Hockey Championships. However, American national team coach Dave Peterson invited him to join their squad. Hull accepted and led the team in scoring with 7 goals and 11 points for the sixth place Americans. Hull later said the faith shown in him by American officials gave him the confidence to excel in his career. He played with Team USA for the rest of his career, and at the 1986 Calgary Cup tournament, played a pivotal role in a 5–3 upset of Canada by the Americans. Following the game, he said "I don't feel more like an American than a Canadian. I just want to play."

Hull tied Mike Modano for the American scoring lead at the 1991 Canada Cup with nine points. He led the Americans into the tournament final against Canada, but was held pointless in the decisive game as Canada won the tournament with a 4–2 game. Canadian fans turned on Hull at the inaugural World Cup of Hockey in 1996. In the semifinal against Russia, fans in Ottawa loudly booed Hull and chanted "traitor" towards him as he scored two goals to lead the United States to the final against Canada. In the deciding game of the best-of-three final, Hull scored a key goal as the Americans turned a 2–1 deficit with five minutes to play into a 5–2 victory and captured the championship. Hull led all players with 11 points and was a tournament all-star at forward.

Making his Olympic debut at the 1998 Winter Games, Hull scored two goals in four games. The Americans were quickly eliminated from the tournament and were criticized for their lack of desire and leadership. The team was further embarrassed when it was discovered some members had trashed their hotel room following their elimination. Hull was initially blamed as being a culprit. He angrily denied the accusation and claimed it was an invention of Canadian media upset that he was playing for the United States. Hull, Modano and John LeClair formed the American's top line for the 2002 Olympics. The trio were dominant throughout most of the tournament, leading Team USA to the gold medal game against Canada. Hull and LeClair finished second and third in overall scoring, respectively; however they were held pointless against Team Canada in the final. Hull and the Americans settled for the silver medal following a 5–2 defeat.

Team USA named Hull an alternate captain of its veteran-laden team for the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. However, he was benched by head coach Ron Wilson following two indifferent games in which he did not register a point and never returned to the active lineup.

Playing style
Upon his arrival in the NHL, Hull was considered a "one-dimensional player". He was a natural goal scorer with a reputation for being uninterested in backchecking and playing defense. He was nicknamed "The Incredible Hull" (a reference to Bruce Banner) in college for his scoring exploits and was called "The Golden Brett" in the NHL, a play on his father's nickname of "The Golden Jet".  Brett was often compared to Bobby in his early years, though the two shared few similarities on the ice.  Both were known for their shooting ability, particularly the power of their slapshot, which Terry Crisp – who played against Bobby and coached Brett – described as "explosive", but while Bobby was a left wing known for both his conditioning and skating ability, Brett played right wing, was a poorer skater and lacked his father's physique.

His reputation for defensive indifference persisted through much of his career. In his 72-goal season of 1989–90, Hull's plus-minus (net difference of even strength and shorthanded goals scored for and against while he was on the ice) was −1. He was a −27 four years later despite scoring 54 goals. Hull also carried a reputation as a player who could not win as his Blues' teams rarely achieved success in the playoffs. He shed that reputation after leading his teams to championships at the 1996 World Cup of Hockey and the 1999 Stanley Cup Finals. To win that 1999 championship, Hull also had to fit in with the Dallas Stars' defense-oriented system. He finished that season with a career-best plus-minus of +19.

Known as an outspoken player, Hull earned a reputation on and off the ice for speaking bluntly and without regard for whom it might offend. He chastised his own fans in 1992 – later backtracking – when they booed Adam Oates following Oates' trade request, calling them "losers" and stating he wanted to rip one particular fan's head off. Hull was a consistent critic of the NHL's defensive, "clutch and grab" era of the late 1990s, raising the ire of commissioner Gary Bettman in 1998 when he said "I wouldn't pay to watch. It's boring. The whole style of the game is terrible. There's no flow. When a guy like [Mario] Lemieux leaves the game and tells you why he's leaving, and you don't address it, that's stupid. But the players don't say crap. That's why I always look like the big mouth."

Hull played in eight NHL All-Star Games, and was named the most valuable player of the 1992 game in Philadelphia. As of 2022, his 741 career goals is the fifth highest total in NHL history, and Hull was the third-fastest (behind Wayne Gretzky and Alex Ovechkin) to reach 700 goals, doing so in 1,157 games. He is also second all-time in power play goals with 265 and third in game-winning goals with 110. With 24 career game-winning playoff goals, he is tied with Gretzky for the most all-time. He scored 33 hat tricks in his career, the fourth highest in NHL history. Hull holds numerous St. Louis Blues franchise records, including goals (527), power play goals (195), game-winning goals (70) and hat tricks (27). He also holds the organization's single-season records of goals (86) and points (131). In honor of his achievements with the team, the Blues retired his jersey number 16 in 2006. The team also arranged to have a portion of the street that runs alongside the Scottrade Center renamed "Brett Hull Way". In 2010, the team unveiled a statue of him in front of the arena.  Hull was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2008, and into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009.

Management career
Hull worked two jobs in 2006–07. He served as a special assistant to the team president of the Dallas Stars and provided studio analysis for NHL on NBC telecasts. He left NBC after one season when he was named a special adviser to the team's hockey operations department. Hull was promoted to interim co-general manager of the Stars, sharing the role with Les Jackson after Doug Armstrong was fired on November 13, 2007. ESPN analyst Scott Burnside criticized the promotion of Hull, noting his lack of front office experience and questionable work ethic.

The pair made one of the most prominent trades in the 2007–08 NHL season, acquiring Brad Richards from the Tampa Bay Lightning as part of a five-player trade. The team went on to reach the Western Conference Final of the 2008 Stanley Cup Playoffs, the Stars' deepest playoff run in eight years. Team owner Tom Hicks rewarded the pair with three-year contracts and named them permanent co-general managers. He credited Hull for his positive relationship with the players and his "unconventional wisdom".

The signing of controversial forward Sean Avery prior to the 2008–09 season proved a turning point for Hull and Jackson. Avery's erratic behavior created divisions within the team's locker room, particularly after he made derogatory comments towards another player's girlfriend in the media. The Stars missed the playoffs that season, leading the team to replace Hull and Jackson as general manager with Joe Nieuwendyk. Hull remained with the organization, serving as an adviser to Hicks and team president Jeff Cogen. Hull has since been hired by the St. Louis Blues as their executive vice president for business development.

On May 21, 2019, after the Blues advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 49 years, Hull was not able to control his emotions and cried, saying "I'm in there. I'm not a crier, but I'm crying....I saw Bobby Plager and I'm like 'Holy cow,'... 49 years in the making for this... These guys have played unbelievable."

On Saturday, June 15, 2019, after the St. Louis Blues won their first Stanley Cup, Brett Hull took the stage and led the crowd in a drunken ramble that echoed throughout the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial following the victory parade down Market Street. He coined the iconic phrase, "We went Blues," explaining, "We don't have to go anymore, 'cause we already did it."

Personal life
Hull lived in Dallas, Texas, with his second wife, Darcie. He had three children by his first wife, Alison: son Jude and daughters Jayde and Crosby. Jude also played hockey as a goaltender. He attended St. Olaf College until 2018, but has never played professionally. Jayde attended Colgate University.

In business, Hull was twice involved in the operation of restaurants. He owned two eateries in St. Louis while he was a member of the Blues, and partnered with Mike Modano and others on a Dallas restaurant called "Hully and Mo Restaurant and Tap Room" following his playing career. He lent his name to a 1995 Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game called Brett Hull Hockey. Hull was a co-owner of the St. Louis Bandits, a junior team in the North American Hockey League. In November 2020, Hull returned to restaurant operation in the St. Louis area with the opening of Brett Hull's Junction in Wentzville, Missouri.

Hull was an avid golfer, often stating during his career that he preferred the sport to hockey. He was a frequent participant in the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic and his best finish at the tournament was a tie for fifth in 2008. He competes in several charity and celebrity tournaments, and in 2009 was ranked as the sixth best athlete golfer in North America by Golf Digest.

In other media
Hull was a guest on the Weekend Update segment of the December 11, 2004, episode of Saturday Night Live.

Hull made a special guest appearance as the USA hockey team captain in the What's New, Scooby-Doo? episode, "Diamonds Are a Ghoul's Best Friend".

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

International

Awards and achievements

See also
 List of NHL statistical leaders
 Notable families in the NHL

References

External links

 Brett Hull's profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

1964 births
American men's ice hockey right wingers
American male voice actors
Calgary Flames draft picks
Calgary Flames players
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian male voice actors
Dallas Stars executives
Dallas Stars players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Lester B. Pearson Award winners
Living people
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
Moncton Golden Flames players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey
Penticton Knights players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Ice hockey people from Belleville, Ontario
St. Louis Blues executives
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions

Brett Hull


Cadmium pigments are a class of pigments that contain cadmium. Most of the cadmium produced worldwide has been for use in rechargeable nickel–cadmium batteries, which have been replaced by other rechargeable nickel-chemistry cell varieties such as NiMH cells, but about half of the remaining consumption of cadmium, which is approximately  annually, is used to produce colored cadmium pigments. The principal pigments are a family of yellow, orange and red cadmium sulfides and sulfoselenides, as well as compounds with other metals.

Cadmium is toxic to humans and other animals in very small amounts, especially when it is inhaled,  which often happens when working with powdered pigment or breathing the dust from chalk pastels.  As a result, it is not appropriate for children to use any art supplies that contain cadmium pigments.  However, because the pigments have some desirable qualities, such as resistance to fading, some adult artists continue to use them.

Artists' paints

Brilliantly colored, with good permanence and tinting power, cadmium yellow, cadmium orange and cadmium red are familiar artists' colors, and are frequently employed as architectural paints, as they can add life and vibrancy to renderings. Their greatest use is in the coloring of plastics and specialty paints, which must resist processing or service temperatures up to . The colorfastness or permanence of cadmium requires protection from the element's tendency to slowly form carbonate salts with exposure to air. Most paint vehicles accomplish this, but cadmium colors will fade in fresco or mural painting.

The following are commonly used as pigments in artists' paints:
 Cadmium yellow is cadmium sulfide (CdS), C.I. Pigment Yellow 37.
 Cadmium sulfoselenide is a solid solution of CdS and cadmium selenide; depending on the sulfur-to-selenium ratio, C.I. Pigment Orange 20 or C.I. Pigment Red 108 is obtained.
 Zinc cadmium sulfide is a greenish, solid solution of CdS and zinc sulfide, C.I. Pigment Yellow 35.
 Cadmium yellow is sometimes mixed with viridian to give a bright, pale green mixture called cadmium green.

When first introduced, there were hardly any stable pigments in the yellow-to-red range, with orange and bright red being very troublesome. The cadmium pigments eventually replaced compounds such as mercury(II) sulfide (the original vermilion) with greatly improved lightfastness.

Cadmium pigments are known for excellent lightfastness, although the lighter shades can fade in sunlight. A cadmium yellow paint was frequently used on Bob Ross' TV show The Joy of Painting.

In July 2023, the brilliance of cadmium yellow (especially "Cadmium Yellow Lemon No.1 by Lucien Lefebvre-Foinet") used by some modern artists, was reported to have faded over time due to chemical degradation.

Coloring art glass

Cadmium compounds are utilized in coloring borosilicate glass used by artists in lampworking. The palette is often referred to as "cadmium colors" or "cadmium-based colors" and is marked by uniquely bright and saturated tones not found in other colored glass. Cadmium pigments used in borosilicate have a relatively short history, with the first commercial formulations hitting the market in 2000 under the name Crayon Colors by Henry Grimmett of Glass Alchemy.

Cadmium-compound-containing glass exhibits a characteristically low heat tolerance when melted, and therefore must be treated with caution when lampworking to avoid boiling off of the cadmium sulfide. CdS has a boiling point of , putting its maximum temperature tolerance as a pigment not far above the working temperature range for borosilicate, which has a softening point of approximately .

Safety

Cadmium sulfide is not very toxic ( above 5,000 mg/kg). Cadmium is introduced into the body most commonly through smoking and the diet.  Poisoning by pigments is uncommon but of continuing concern. Acute exposure to cadmium vapors can arise from welding near cadmium pigments.

The cadmium pigments have been partially replaced by azo pigments, which have significantly inferior lightfastness.

In December 2013, the Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI) proposed a case to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) in favor of restricting or banning cadmium use in artists' paints, as cadmium in pigments used in other types of paints was already restricted and regulated via TARIC codes and REACH Annex XVII. This proposal stated that cadmium in the body leads to increased risk of bone fractures and breast cancer as well as an array of environmental impacts, and that paint washed down the drain is absorbed by crops that are then consumed, increasing the average dietary cadmium intake. This can cause an array of health effects, including kidney and liver damage, skeletal damage, several types of cancers and death. KEMI's proposal was ultimately declined.

In a June 2015 article of Just Paint, published by Golden Artist Colors, the company argued against KEMI's proposal, offering that "There are no alternatives that match all of the characteristics of cadmium pigments." This statement was also included in Golden's response to KEMI's request for information on cadmium-pigmented artists' paints while the agency was composing its ban proposal. The article also stated that a ban would be technically feasible for some artists, but not all, and that "cadmium colors are not for use by children, should not be spray applied or sanded, and unless one is properly protected from exposure and in a non-household setting, use of dry cadmium pigment should be avoided."

Inhalation poses the greatest risk from cadmium pigments, though the chemical is very low-risk when sealed within a pigment particle because of its insolubility. The use of chalk pastels containing cadmium colors is among the highest risks for artists, as these pastels create a dust that can be inhaled.

Examples of cadmium pigments in art

See also
 List of inorganic pigments
 Red pigments

References

Further reading

External links

 Cadmium yellow, ColourLex
 Cadmium orange, ColourLex
 Cadmium red, ColourLex

Pigments
Inorganic pigments
Cadmium compounds
Sulfides
Shades of red
Shades of orange
Shades of green
Shades of yellow

Cadmium pigments


El fosfato de aluminio (AlPO4)  es una sal del ácido fosfórico (o fosfato) de aluminio. Su forma mineral cuando aparece hidratado es la variscita (AlPO4·2 H2O). Se emplea en mezclas para mejorador del pan que funciona como las levaduras. En medicina se emplea como un absorbente de tóxicos.

Referencias

Compuestos de aluminio
Antiácido
Fosfatos

Fosfato de aluminio


Manchild 3: The Making Love Demos es un álbum recopilatorio de Melvins que a la vez incluye el tercer libro de cómics de Brian Walsby quien hacia ilustraciones para revistas de los años 1980, fue lanzado el 7 de octubre de 2009 por la discográfica Bifocal Media. El CD contiene un Demo de Melvins de 1987.

Declaración de la discográfica
"Manchild 3: The Making Love Demos es una colección de ocho temas inéditos grabados en 1987. Si bien las cintas máster originales han desaparecido con el correr del tiempo, el Sr. Walsby recibió una copia de esta grabación en 1988 y la tuvo en su dominio hasta ahora. Es así que lo hemos masterizado y ajustado para una placentera escucha/colección. Aun así es crudo como el infierno, pero nos gusta de esa manera. Cuatro de estas canciones fueron re-trabajadas y grabadas para el álbum Ozma. Las otras cuatro son excusivas en este CD."

Lista de canciones
 "Creepy Smell" – 1:23
 "My Small % Shows Most" – 1:17
 "Dime Lined Divide" – 1:00
 "Excess Pool" – 1:47
 "Vile Vermillion Vacancy" – 5:44
 "We Got Worries Here" – 2:55
 "Let God Be Your Gardener" – 1:47
 "Repulsion" – 5:42

Personal
Buzz Osborne - Guitarra/voz
Dale Crover - Batería
Matt Lukin - Bajo
Brian Walsby - Todo el arte
Grabado en 1987 por Melvins
Nick Petersen - Mastering, 2007

Véase también
 Discografía de Melvins

Referencias

Melvins
Álbumes de 2007
Álbumes en inglés

Manchild 3: The Making Love Demos


رحلتي الفكرية ـ في البذور والجذور والثمار هي سيرة ذاتية تصف المشوار الفكري للكاتب والمفكر عبد الوهاب المسيري، لم يلتزم فيها الكاتب في سردها بالتسلسل الزمني لأحداث حياته.

تقسيم الكتاب
يقع الكتاب في جزئين: "التكوين" و"عالم الفكر"

الجزء الأول: التكوين
الفصل الأول: البذور الأولي فيه تكلم المسيري عن نشأته في دمنهور لأسرة برجوازية، يحوي تأريخا بسيطا لبعض مظاهر الحياة في ما أسماه بالمجتمع التراحمي حيث تعلوا العلاقات الإنسانية بين الأفراد علي المصالح والمكاسب المادية.

الفصل الثاني: بدايات الهوية ويتحدث عن انتقال الكاتب إلي الإسكندرية للالتحاق بالدراسة الجامعية بجامعة الإسكندرية، ويسرد توجهاته الماركسية في تلك الحقبة.

الفصل الثالث: في الولايات المتحدة
يتحدث عن بعثته للولايات المتحدة وبعض مظهر الحياة الأكاديمية هناك، وبعض الشخصيات التي تعرف إليها، وتوجهاتهم الفكرية آنذاك.

الفصل الرابع: من بساطة المادية إلي رحابة الإنسانية والإيمان

الجزء الثاني: عالم الفكر

الفصل الأول: النماذج الإدراكية والتحليلية

الفصل الثاني: بعض الثمرات الأولي

الفصل الثالث: الصهيونية

الفصل الرابع: الموسوعة - تاريخها

الفصل الخامس: في عالم الأدب والفن

وصلات خارجية
 آراء القراء حول كتاب رحلتي الفكرية على  موقع أبجد
 فهرس كتاب رحلتي الفكرية على  موقع فكرة

كتب 2005
كتب سيرة ذاتية
كتب عبد الوهاب المسيري

رحلتي الفكرية في البذور والجذور والثمار


W32 peut faire référence à :
 Décharge d'arme de poing, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 W32, la trente-deuxième semaine du calendrier.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

W32


DIN 1440 er en DIN-Standart for en jernskive.

Kilde
http://bolte.dk/jernskiver-din-1440/
DIN-standarder

DIN 1440


Vriesea pabstii é uma espécie de planta do gênero Vriesea e da família Bromeliaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1970 por Edward Lacaze McWilliams e Lyman Bradford Smith.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo  e São Paulo. A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Ligações externas

 Vriesea pabstii no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Vriesea
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Vriesea pabstii


بيستروغورسكيي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة روستوف أوبلاست في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3743 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة روستوف

بيستروغورسكيي


Xtort (stylized as XTOЯT) is the ninth studio album by German industrial band KMFDM, released on June 25, 1996, by Wax Trax! Records. It was recorded from the end of 1995 through early 1996, shortly after the death of Wax Trax! co-founder and band friend Jim Nash. Xtort features a variety of guest artists from the industrial music scene and studio musicians from other genres, but includes limited participation from core member En Esch.

The album was massively promoted by KMFDM's American label TVT Records, which pressed tens of thousands of copies of its lead single "Power". Frontman Sascha Konietzko created his own form of promotion, issuing a press release that both disparaged and lauded the coming set. Xtort was generally well-received by critics, with many calling it superlative, and is the highest-charting KMFDM album to date. After the original release went out of print, a remastered version was released in 2007.

Background
In late 1995, KMFDM had completed the "Beat by Beat" and "In Your Face" tours in support of their last album, Nihil. KMFDM frontman and founder Sascha Konietzko described Nihil as "the crown", and said the band had come as close to mainstream popularity as he wanted. He felt the band needed to move away from its success. In 2007, Konietzko recalled that he had "hated all the attention, interviews, photo shoots, etc.". After the tours, Konietzko returned to Chicago in order to be with his friend Jim Nash, co-founder of Wax Trax! Records, who was dying from AIDS. Konietzko referred to the death of Nash that October as "the end of an era".

En Esch, one of the longtime core members of KMFDM, had almost nothing to do with Xtort, contributing to just two songs. With regard to Esch's lack of participation, Konietzko said, "En Esch is just En Esch. He never made himself available to do this album, and so it's always my belief that the thing must keep moving; I had to do it without him." He also said the two were not in communication around the time of the album's release.

Production
Xtort was pre-produced and tracked in Seattle at Hole in the Wall Studio, and recorded and mixed in Chicago at Chicago Recording Company.  Konietzko contacted F. M. Einheit and had him come to Chicago in January 1996 to work on some tracks together.  Konietzko also brought in a number of Wax Trax! alumni, such as Chris Connelly of Revolting Cocks and Bill Rieflin of Ministry, to help with the album's creation, along with assistance from more than a dozen studio musicians. Konietzko required all the album's contributors to be on call thirteen hours a day during production, saying "I don't care what they do on their own time, but when they do KMFDM, if they don't comply with the schedule, they're out."

Konietzko said the ideas for songs began with individual sounds, which he then modified until he created a looped rhythm.  "Craze", for example, Konietzko called "an homage to Atari Teenage Riot, a band with two guys, one girl, a couple TR90S drum machines and a bass machine." He said he was inspired by touring with the band in Europe in support of Nihil in 1995. After creating the base tunes, the songs went to Günter Schulz, another longtime member, to add guitars. With the completed songs, Konietzko then allowed guest artists, such as Connelly, to pick songs they wanted to contribute to, and added their vocals or other instrumentation.  For Xtort, Konietzko used Macintosh products to do all the synchronization.

Connelly contributed to four tracks, including "Blame", which also featured the horn section from the Oakland, California, based group Tower of Power.  Nicole Blackman, KMFDM's publicist at the time, contributed spoken word vocals to the track "Dogma", which was adapted from the ten-minute live performance she provided while touring with the band.  "Power", meanwhile, was made to fulfill a request by the band's label, Wax Trax!, for a radio promo song.  Konietzko said he'd heard "radio didn't like big female choruses", so he got voiceover commercial singer Cheryl Wilson to help with the song, which he called "dumb and catchy".  The hidden track of the album, "Fairy", is a story narrated by Jr. Blackmail, who had worked with the band previously in the 1980s.  Konietzko said it was inspired by Blackmail's "dirty fantasies".  He also said it was not a serious track: "it was more like kids at play".  For the background sounds, the group did things like roll screws on the floor while Schulz played piano.

Release
The first track on the album, "Power", was featured on the "Wax Trax! Summer Swindle", a cassette sampler included with 45,000 issues of the July 1996 issue of Alternative Press. Another 50,000 copies of the sampler were to be handed out at summer college and beach events and given away at radio stations. 90,000 pre-release posters and information sheets were mailed out to fans.

Blackman wrote the promotional piece for the album's press kit, and at Konietzko's request, wrote the first half of the promo as an insulting take down of the album rather than as a standard promo. The first letter of each line of the first section of the promo spelled out the phrase "April Fools Day Fucker" and included lines such as "It's been 100 years and fifty albums for the German/American rock squad—are they running out of gas or what?" and "KMFDM can't suck hard enough", a quote from the track "Inane".  The second half of the promo included phrases such as "XTORT is a supersonic soundtrack" and "The new album is the sound of a band at the height of their powers."  Carrie Borzillo of Billboard stated KMFDM was "poised to make a significant commercial breakthrough."  Konietzko said at the time there were no plans to tour in support of the album's release.  He later said this was due to the fact that the band as a touring unit had ceased to exist.

Xtort was released on June 25, 1996 on Wax Trax!/TVT on cassette, CD, and vinyl.  The album was also released in CD format in Europe and Japan.  In addition to being the first KMFDM album to chart in the Billboard 200, staying there for three weeks and peaking at No. 92 the week of July 13, 1996, Xtort sold over 200,000 copies, making it one of the band's best-selling albums. The song "Son of a Gun" was made into an animated video by visual artist Aidan "Brute!" Hughes, who also did the album's cover artwork.  On March 6, 2007, Metropolis Records released a digitally remastered version of the album on CD and MP3.  Looking back on the album at the time of its re-release, Konietzko said it was his favorite album of the 1990s.

Critical reception

Reviews for Xtort were almost universally positive. Jon Wiederhorn of Entertainment Weekly called it "the heaviest and most danceable disc in [KMFDM's] 12-year career" while giving it an A−. Heidi MacDonald of CMJ New Music Monthly compared Xtort to getting hit with a wrecking ball, saying, "When KMFDM does what it does best, it is the best at what it does, namely jack-hammer industrial anthems that hit with stunning precision and power." Sandy Masuo of Rolling Stone called the album "the product of a first-rate lineup," and praised the album's diversity, saying, "The 10 tracks on Xtort are grounded in KMFDM's smart synthesis of metallic crunch, swiveling rhythms and sophisticated electronics, but it's the organic elements that give the album a zesty twist." Kevin M. Williams of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the album an "essential" rating, and said, "KMFDM has some major mojo working with Xtort". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic was less enthusiastic, saying, "it would be nice to hear [KMFDM] branch out and start to experiment a little bit more", and commenting that while Xtort did not sound much different from previous releases, "KMFDM sounds as good as they ever have, and several tracks rank among their best."  Liz Armstrong of the Daily Herald thought the guest contributors added significant differences to their individual songs.

Larry Flick of Billboard said "Power", the opening track, "finds front man Sascha Konietzko snarling and growling with palpable force, while Cheryl Wilson softens the edges with splashes of soul-mama vamping during the chorus." Williams called the song "irresistible". Masuo noted in particular the use of horns and the Hammond B3 organ, and concluded by stating, "In their insidiously arty and intellectually sassy music, KMFDM continue to bring diverse elements together to create a unified whole."  Armstrong called "Dogma" a song that crossed over from being industrial to "frightening", while MacDonald described it as "blistering" and Williams said it was "captivating". Armstrong said "Son of a Gun" was the album's "truly explosive track", but Williams thought "Inane" was the best song.

Track listing
All information from 2007 release CD booklet.

Personnel
All information from 2007 release CD booklet except where noted.

Musicians
 Mark Durante – guitar (2, 3, 6)
 Sascha Konietzko – vocals, bass (1-6, 8-10), synthesizers, programming, drums (1-3, 10), production, mixing
 Bill Rieflin – drums (5-10)
 Günter Schulz – bass (7), guitar, piano (11), mixing, photography

Additional personnel
 Dorona Alberti – vocals (4, 8, 9)
 Bruce Bendinger – voice (6)
 Bruce Breckenfeld – Hammond B3 organ (3)
 Jr Blackmail – narration (11)
 Nicole Blackman – vocals (5), spoken word (10)
 Michael Cichowicz – trumpet (7)
 Chris Connelly – vocals (3, 4, 7, 9)
 F. M. Einheit – whipping, banging, and breaking stuff (5), lawnchairs, rubble, rocks and dirt (9)
 En Esch – voice (1), guitar solo (6)
 Steve Finkel – saxophone (7)
 Jennifer Ginsberg – background vocals (7)
 Jack Kramer – trumpet (7)
 Ron Lowe – drill and vacuum cleaner (8)
 Bob Samborski – trombone (7)
 Jon Van Eaton – noise (10)
 Cheryl Wilson – vocals (1, 3, 6)

Production
 Chris Shepard – production, engineering, mixing
 Jon Van Eaton – assistant production
 Rob Lowe – assistant engineering
 Claudine Pontier – assistant engineering
 Konrad Strauss – mastering
 Brian Gardner – remastering
 Paul Elledge – photography
 Justin Gammon – photography
 Brute! – cover art

References

1996 albums
KMFDM albums
Metropolis Records albums
German-language albums
Albums produced by Sascha Konietzko

Xtort


Der Karolineprisen ist eine norwegische Auszeichnung und gilt als renommiertester Nachwuchspreis des Landes. Geehrt werden Schüler weiterführender Schulen, die sich entweder im Sport, in der Musik oder in der Kunst außergewöhnlich hervorgetan haben und gleichzeitig sehr gute schulische Leistungen vorweisen können.

Der Preis war anfänglich mit 15.000 Norwegischen Kronen dotiert und wurde von der Gymnasial- und Handelsschulsektion der Osloer Privatschule Wang videregående skole vergeben. Mittlerweile verleiht ihn die Sportschulsektion und das Preisgeld wurde auf 20.000 Kronen erhöht. Die Auszeichnung ist nach der ersten Laureatin benannt.

Preisträger
 1988: Karoline Krüger (Sängerin und Komponistin)
 1989: Cathrine Zaborowski (Fußballspielerin)
 1990: Annbjørg Lien und Elise Båtnes (Violinistinnen)
 1991: Siw Vestengen (behinderte Skilangläuferin)
 1992: Monica Røtvold (Tänzerin)
 1993: Bertil Martinius Grov (Bogenschütze)
 1994: Cecilie Leganger (Handballspielerin)
 1995: Jan Werner Danielsen (Sänger)
 1996: Jannicke Abrahamsen (Sängerin)
 1997: Stefan Kofod Hansen (Fußballspieler) und Anne Cecilie Ore (blinde Dressurreiterin)
 1998: Marie Theisen (Schauspielerin)
 1999: Lene Marlin (Sängerin) und John Carew (Fußballspieler)
 2000: Jon Lech Johansen (IT-Programmierer)
 2001: Lisa Mari Kvalvik (Modedesignerin)
 2002: Inger Anne Himle Halrynjo (Ruderin)
 2003: Christine Guldbrandsen (Sängerin) und Catharina Chen (Violinistin)
 2004: David Pedersen (Sänger)
 2005: Wanlapa Konkai (Repräsentantin für das Internationale Rote Kreuz)
 2006: Ragnhild Hemsing (Violinistin)
 2007: Helene Olafsen (Snowboarderin) und Sara Chen (Violinistin)
 2008: Katharina Stiberg (Schwimmerin)
 2009: Marie Haagenrud (Schauspielerin)
 2010: Isabelle Pedersen (Sprinterin)
 2011: Guro Kleven Hagen (Violinistin) und Sverre Lunde Pedersen (Eisschnellläufer)
 2012: Johannes Thingnes Bø (Biathlet)
 2013: Eivind Holtsmark Ringstad (Violinist)
 2014: Henrik Christiansen (Schwimmer)
 2015: Martin Ødegaard (Fußballspieler)
 2016: Grace Bullen (Ringerin)
 2017: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (Leichtathlet)
 2018: Vegard Dragsund Nilsen (Para-Leichtathlet)
 2019: Birk Ruud (Freestyle-Skier)
 2020: Helene Marie Fossesholm (Skilangläuferin)

Weblinks
 www.wang.no – Offizielle Homepage der den Preis vergebenden Wang videregående skole

Norwegische Auszeichnung
Bildung in Norwegen
Erstverleihung 1988

Karolineprisen


La estela de Ezana (o estela del rey Ezana) es el obelisco central aún en pie en el Parque de Estelas del norte (que contiene cientos de estelas más pequeñas y menos decoradas) en la antigua ciudad de Aksum, en la actual Etiopía. Esta estela fue probablemente la última erigida y la mayor de las que permanecen enteras. La estela de Ezana se alza a 21 m de altura, más pequeña que la caída Gran Estela de 33 m y que el más conocido obelisco de Aksum de 24 m (reensamblado y desvelado el 4 de septiembre de 2008). Su base está decorada con una puerta falsa y ambos lados presentan huecos que parecen ventanas.

Historia

Este obelisco, denominado más correctamente como "estela" o con el nombre nativo de "hawilt/hawilti" (dado que no terminan con una pirámide en su cumbre) fue tallado y erigido en el  por súbditos del reino de Aksum, una antigua civilización etíope. Se supone que la función de estas estelas era la de ser "indicadores" para cámaras funerarias subterráneas. Los mayores de estos indicadores de tumbas se usaban para las cámaras funerarias reales y estaban decoradas con ventanas falsas de varios pisos y puertas también falsas, mientras que la nobleza disponía de estelas más pequeñas y menos decoradas. La estela del rey Ezana es, probablemente, el último ejemplo de esta práctica, obsoleta tras la conversión de los Axumitas al cristianismo. Debe su nombre al rey Ezana (aprox. 300-350 d. C.), el primer monarca de Aksum que adoptó el cristianismo siguiendo el ejemplo y las enseñanzas de Frumencio de Aksum, su tutor de la infancia. La estela es un bloque de granito sólido grabado, con una puerta y nueve ventanas falsas (se cree que simbolizan la puerta y las nueve cámaras de la tumba del rey), que fue trasladado desde una cantera a cuatro kilómetros, probablemente arrastrada por elefantes.

La estela de Ezana es, además, el único de los tres obeliscos reales mayores (los otros son la Gran Estela y el Obelisco de Aksum) que nunca llegó a partirse. Los italianos dañaron severamente uno de ellos al dividirlo en tres partes y embarcarlo hacia Roma en uno de los más extraños casos de expolio durante el saqueo colonial. La estela de Ezana fue afianzada en 2007-2008 por un equipo dirigido por el ingeniero Giorgio Croci, durante el reensamblaje del obelisco de Aksum. Tras décadas de peticiones para que les fuera devuelto su monumento, los etíopes finalmente recuperaron su tesoro histórico nacional.

Véase también
Piedra de Ezana

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Arquitectura del siglo IV
Estelas
Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Etiopía
África en el siglo IV
Obeliscos de Etiopía
Civilización aksumita
Axum

Estela de Ezana


Esra Kızıldoğan (d. 1980, İzmir), Türk tiyatro, sinema ve televizyon oyuncusu.

2001 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı Tiyatro Bölümü'nü bitirdi. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi İleri Oyunculuk Bölümü'nde yüksek lisansını tamamladı.

Tiyatro oyunları
 Yüzleşme : Graham Farrow - Duru Tiyatro - 2019
 Hamlet : William Shakespeare - Moda Sahnesi - 2013
 Macbeth : William Shakespeare - Oyun Atölyesi - 2010
 Jeanne D'arc'ın Öteki Ölümü : Stefan Tsanev - Oyun Atölyesi - 2006
 Othello : William Shakespeare - Oyun Atölyesi - 2004
 Aşk Çemberi : David Hare - Kent Oyuncuları - 2003
 Çözüm : David Auburn - Kent Oyuncuları - 2001
 Nükte : Marget Edson - Kent Oyuncuları - 1999

Filmografisi

Sinema filmleri
 Hacivat Karagöz Neden Öldürüldü (2006)

TV dizileri
 Ya Çok Seversen (2023)
 Tetikçinin Oğlu (2023)
 Alparslan: Büyük Selçuklu (2021-2023)
 Sefirin Kızı (2019-2021)
 Sevda'nın Bahçesi (2017)
 Bir Deli Sevda (2017)
 Hayat Şarkısı (2016)
 Ah Neriman (2014)
 Sultan (2012)
 Leyla ile Mecnun (2011)
 Bu Kalp Seni Unutur mu? (2010)
 Zoraki Başkan (2009)
 Beyaz Gelincik (2005)
 Kadir Şinas (2004)
 Sevdim Seni Bir Kere (2002)

İnternet
 Ölüm Kime Yakışır (TV+, Yakında)
 #adaleTT (tabii, 2023)
 Deneme Çekimi (BluTV, 2023)
 Ayak İşleri (GAİN, 2022)
 Bozkır (BluTV, 2018-2019)
 Masum (BluTV, 2017)

Ödülleri
 2004: 10. Sadri Alışık Tiyatro ve Sinema Oyuncu Ödülleri - Yardımcı Rolde Yılın En Başarılı Kadın Oyuncusu - Othello

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1980 doğumlular
İzmir doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Türk kadın sinema oyuncuları
Türk kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları

Esra Kızıldoğan


විකියක් යනු, විකි නම් මෘදුකාංගය භාවිතා කරගෙන නිර්මාණය කරණු ලබන වෙබ් අඩවියකි. මෙමගින් වෙබ් බ්‍රවුසරය තුළ ඉතා පහසුවෙන් WYSIWYG පෙළ සකසුවක හෝ මාර්ක්අප් භාෂාවක් උපයෝගී කරගෙන වෙබ් පිටු තැනීම, සංස්කරණය කිරීමේ හැකියාව සහ පිටු අතර සබැඳිමේ හැකියාවක් ඇත.විකි බොහෝ විට භාවිතා කරනුයේ සහයෝගීව වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය කිරීමට සහ ප්‍රජා වෙබ් අඩවි බලාත්මක කිරීමටය.විකිපීඩියා විශ්වකෝෂය යනු එවැනි සහයෝගීව නිර්මාණය වන වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචලිත විකියක්ය.තවද ව්‍යාපාරමය කටයුතු වලදී දැනුම් කළමණාකරණ පද්ධතියක් (knowledge management systems) ලෙසත් ඉන්ට්‍රානෙට් (intranet) පහසුකමක් ලෙසද විකී භාවිතා කරයි.විකි මෘදුකාංගයේ ප්‍රථම නිමැවුම් කරුව වන්නේ වර්ඩ් කනින්හම් (Ward Cunningham) නැමැත්තාය.

ගුණාංග
වෝඩ් කනිංහැම් සහ තවත් සමකර්තෘවරයෙකු වන Bo Leuf  සිය The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web නැමති පොතේ විකි සංකල්පයේ මූලික ස්වභාවය පහත පරිදි විස්තර කර ඇත.

 විකියක් ඕනෑම පිටුවක් සංස්කරණය කිරීමට සහ විකි වෙබ් අඩවිය තුළ නව පිටු තැනීමට හුදෙක් විශේෂඥයන්ගේ පමණක් නොව සෑම තරාතිරමක පරිශීලකයන්ගේ සහභාගීත්වය අපේක්ෂා කරන අතර වෙනත් කිසිදු බාහිර මෙවලමක සහායෙන් තොර ව හුදෙක් සාමාන්‍ය වෙබ් බ්‍රවුසරයක් හරහා එය ඉටු කිරීමට ඉඩ සලසා දෙයි.
 විකියක් පිටු සබැඳීම ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය ලෙස සරල කිරීමෙන් සහ සබැඳියකින් ඉලක්කගත පිටුවක් විකිය තුළ පවතින්නේද නොපවතින්නේද යන්න දැක්වීම තුළින් විවිධ පිටු අතර අර්ථාන්විත තේමාත්මක සබඳතාවන් ගොඩනංවයි.
 විකියක් යනු කිසිදු සංස්කාරක මණ්ඩලයක හෝ විශේෂඥ පිරිසක සංස්කරණයට හෝ පරීක්ෂාවට ලක් වූවක් නොවේ. එය සාම්ප්‍රදායික පරිශීලනයට ඔබ්බට ගොස් අඩවියේ දියුණුව පිණිස පාඨක  සහභාගීත්වයද අපේක්ෂා කරයි. ඒ අනුව එය පරිශීලකයන්ගේ දායකත්වයන් මත නිරන්තර ව යාවත්කාලීන වෙමින් පවතී.

විකියක් සිය සංස්කාරක ප්‍රජාවට සාමූහික ව ලේඛනයේ යෙදීමට අවස්ථාව සලසා දෙයි. ඒ සදහා පරිගණකයක්, අන්තර්ජාල සබදතාවක්, එච්. ටී. එම්. එල්. වලට සමාන සරළ සළකුණු භාෂාවක් පිළිබද ව මූලික අවබෝධයක් තිබීම පමණක් සෑහෙයි. විකියක ඇති තනි පිටුවක් විකි පිටුවක් යනුවෙන් හැදින්වෙන අතර විකිය යනුවෙන් හැදින්වෙන්නේ අධිසන්ධාන වලින් සබැදුණු සමස්ත පිටු එකතුවයි. විකියක් යනු ඇත්ත වශයෙන් ම පිටු සැකසීමට, කියැවීමට, තොරතුරු සෙවුම් කිරීමට හැකි පිණිස නිමැවුණු දත්ත පාදකයකි. විකියක් ඒකරේඛීය නොවූ සංකීර්ණ, පරිණාමය වෙමින් පවතින, ජාලගත තොරතුරු සංග්‍රහයක් සපයන අතර එහි දී තොරතුරු සහ හැඩසවීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් සංස්කාරකවරුන්ට සංවාදයේ නිරත වෙමින් ප්‍රජාවක් ලෙස කටයුතු කිරීමටද ඉඩ සලසයි.

විකි ක්‍රමවේදයේ අනන්‍ය ලක්ෂණය වන්නේ පිටු සැකසීමට සහ යාවත්කාලීන කිරීමට ඇති විවෘත ඉඩ හසර යි. බොහෝවිට වෙබ් අඩවියට සිදුකරන වෙනස්කම් කිසිදු මණ්ඩලයකගේ පරීක්ෂාවට ලක් වීමෙන් තොර ව එසැණින් දිස් වේ. බොහෝ විකි ගිණුමක් රහිත ව වුව පැමිණෙන ඕනෑම පුද්ගලයෙකුට වෙනස්කම් කිරීමට ඉඩකඩ ලබා දේ. මේ තත්ත්වය විසින් ඇතැම්විට විකි අඩවි අනිසි සංස්කරණවලට ලක්වීමටද ඉඩ සලසා දී ඇත.

විකි


جبل صايد هو أحد الجبال البازلتية المشهورة التي لم تجرفها سيول العصر الجليدي في رمان الأسمر جنوب هضبة الديرع ويقع في قرية مكظم الشبيكة جنوب مدينة حائل 55 كم

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 قائمة جبال السعودية

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جبل صايد (حائل)


Baron Strange is a title which has been created four times in the Peerage of England. Two creations, one in 1295 and another in 1326, had only one holder each, upon whose deaths they became extinct. Two of the creations, that of 1299 and that of 1628, are extant. The surname Le Strange was Latinized as Extraneus (i.e. "Foreigner, Stranger"). The arms of Le Strange of Knockin Castle in Shropshire were: Gules, two lions passant argent.

All four baronies of Strange were created by writ, which means that they can also pass through female lines.
Following  the passing of the  Peerage Act 1963, Elizabeth Frances Philipps, 14th Baroness Strange (of the 1299 creation), became the first female to take her seat in the House of Lords by virtue of an hereditary peerage.

1295 creation
The first creation came in 1295 when Roger le Strange "of Salop." (i.e. Shropshire) was summoned to the Model Parliament by writ addressed to Rogero Extraneo, by which he is deemed to have become Lord Strange. He was a younger son of John le Strange III of Knockin Castle in Shropshire, Sheriff of Shropshire and Staffordshire in 1236. On his death in 1311 the title became extinct.

1299 creation
The second creation came in 1299 when John le Strange V was summoned to the House of Lords by a writ directed to Johanni Lestraunge de Knokyn, by which he is deemed to have become Lord Strange. This creation is referred to as Baron Strange de Knokyn or Baron Strange of Knokyn (aliter Knokin or Knockin, etc.), named after his seat of Knockin Castle in Shropshire, which thus distinguishes it from the earlier 1295 barony, which was still extant on its creation. He was the eldest son and heir of John le Strange IV of Knockin, the eldest son of John le Strange III of Knockin, and was therefore the nephew of the baron of the 1295 creation. Hamon Le Strange, younger brother of the 2nd Baron, founded the family of Le Strange of Hunstanton, Norfolk (which ancestral manor was given to him by the 2nd Baron in 1309), and bore his paternal arms differenced by a bendlet sable. (See L'Estrange baronets of Hunstanton, created in 1629, which male line continued until 1762)). Joan le Strange, suo jure 9th Baroness, daughter and heiress of the 8th Baron who died without male issue, married George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange, son of Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, who was summoned to Parliament as Lord Strange in her right. Her son Thomas Stanley succeeded as both 2nd Earl of Derby and 10th Baron Strange.

The titles remained united until the death of his great-grandson, the fifth Earl and 13th Baron, in 1594. The earldom was inherited by his younger brother, the sixth Earl, while the barony of Strange (as well as the baronies of Mohun of Dunster and Stanley, also held by the Earl) fell into abeyance between the late Earl's three daughters Lady Anne, Lady Frances and Lady Elizabeth (however, the sixth Earl of Derby erroneously assumed the barony of Strange - see below). The barony of Strange remained in abeyance for the next 327 years.

However, the abeyance was terminated in 1921 in favour of Elizabeth Frances Philipps, Viscountess St Davids, who became the fourteenth Baroness. She was the second wife of John Philipps, 1st Viscount St Davids. The abeyance of the ancient baronies of Hungerford and de Moleyns was terminated at the same time in her favour. On 31 July 1963, the Peerage Act 1963 came into effect, which, among other things, enabled women to sit and vote in the House of Lords by virtue of an hereditary peerage. Following the passage of the Act, Lady St Davids applied for a writ of summons to the House of Lords in right of her Strange barony, which was subsequently issued to her, and she took her seat in the House on 19 November 1963 as the first female peer to do so under the provision of the Peerage Act 1963. On her death in 1974 the titles were inherited by her son, the fifteenth Baron Strange, who had already succeeded his father as second Viscount St Davids. As of 2013 the titles are held by the second Viscount's grandson, the fourth Viscount and seventeenth Baron Strange.

1326 creation
The third creation came in 1326 when Sir Eubulus le Strange was summoned to Parliament as Lord Strange. However, the title became extinct on his death in 1335. His nephew Roger le Strange, 4th Baron Strange of Knockyn, was his heir.

1628 creation
In 1594 William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby (1561-1642), following the death of his elder brother the 5th Earl of Derby, incorrectly assumed the title Baron Strange (created in 1299) (see above). In 1628 his son and heir apparent, James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration as Lord Strange. When it was discovered that his father's assumption of the barony was erroneous, it was deemed that there were two baronies of Strange, one created in 1299 then in abeyance, and another created "accidentally" in 1628. James Stanley later succeeded his father as 7th Earl of Derby.

The titles remained united until the death of his grandson, the ninth Earl and third Baron, in 1702. The earldom was inherited by the late Earl's younger brother, the tenth Earl, while the barony fell into abeyance between the Earl's two daughters, Lady Henrietta and Lady Elizabeth. On Lady Elizabeth's death in 1714 the abeyance was terminated in favour of Henrietta, who became the fourth Baroness. She married, firstly, John Annesley, 4th Earl of Anglesey, and after his death, secondly, John Ashburnham, 1st Earl of Ashburnham. Lady Strange was succeeded by her daughter from her second marriage, Henrietta Bridget, the fifth Baroness. However, she died unmarried at an early age and was succeeded by her aforementioned great-uncle, the tenth Earl of Derby, who became the sixth Baron Strange.

Lord Derby was childless and was succeeded in the barony by his first cousin once removed James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl, who became the seventh Baron Strange as well. He was the grandson of Lady Amelia Anne Sophia Stanley, daughter of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby. On his death the dukedom and barony separated. He was succeeded in the dukedom by his nephew John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl, while the barony passed to his daughter Charlotte, the eighth Baroness. She married her first cousin, the third Duke of Atholl. They were both succeeded by their son, the fourth Duke and ninth Baron. In 1786 he was created Earl Strange and Baron Murray of Stanley in the Peerage of Great Britain. The dukedom and barony remained united until the death of his great-great-grandson, the ninth Duke and fourteenth Baron, in 1957 (see the Duke of Atholl for more detailed information on the holders during this period and for later history of the title).

The barony of Strange fell into abeyance between the representatives of the three daughters of the fourth Duke of Atholl, Lady Charlotte, Lady Amelia Sophia and Lady Elizabeth. The abeyance was terminated by the Queen in 1965 in favour of John Drummond of Megginch, who became the fifteenth Baron. He was the great-grandson of Lady Charlotte and her second husband Admiral Sir Adam Drummond of Megginch. However, on his death in 1982 the peerage once again fell into abeyance, this time between his three daughters. It was called out of abeyance in 1986 in favour of the eldest daughter, Cherry, who became the sixteenth Baroness. She was the wife of Captain Humphrey ap Evans (1922–2009), who along with his wife assumed the name of Drummond of Megginch by decree of the Lord Lyon in 1965. Lady Strange was one of the ninety hereditary peers that were allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. On her death in 2005 the title was inherited by her eldest son, the seventeenth and () present holder of the title.

The family seat was Megginch Castle, near Errol, Perthshire.

Barons Strange, First Creation (1295)
Roger le Strange, Baron Strange (d. 1311)

Barons Strange (de/of Knockin), Second Creation (1299)

John le Strange V, 1st Baron Strange (c. 1254–1309)
John le Strange VI, 2nd Baron Strange (c. 1282–1311)
John le Strange, 3rd Baron Strange (c. 1297–1323)
Roger le Strange, 4th Baron Strange (1301–1349), son of the 2nd Baron
Roger le Strange, 5th Baron Strange (c. 1327–1382)
John le Strange, 6th Baron Strange (c. 1350–1397)
Richard le Strange, 7th Baron Strange (1381–1449), who married Elizabeth Cobham, sister of Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester
John le Strange, 8th Baron Strange (c. 1440–1477), who married Jacquetta Woodville, the sister of Elizabeth Woodville, queen consort of England
Joan le Strange, 9th Baroness Strange (c. 1460–1514)
George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange (jure uxoris) (1460–1503)

Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby, 10th Baron Strange (d. 1521)
Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, 11th Baron Strange (c. 1508–1572)
Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, 12th Baron Strange (1531–1593)
Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, 13th Baron Strange (1559–1594) (abeyant 1594)
Elizabeth Frances Philipps, 14th Baroness Strange (1884–1974) (abeyance terminated 1921)
Jestyn Reginald Austen Plantagenet Philipps, 2nd Viscount St Davids, 15th Baron Strange (1917–1991)
Colwyn Jestyn John Philipps, 3rd Viscount St Davids, 16th Baron Strange (1939–2009)
Rhodri Colwyn Philipps, 4th Viscount St Davids, 17th Baron Strange (b. 1966)

Barons Strange, Third Creation (1326)
Eubulus le Strange, 1st Baron Strange (died 1335)

Barons Strange, Fourth Creation (1628)
This barony was created by clerical error in 1628, confusing Lord Derby with the claimant of the older Barony Strange of Knockin (created in 1299). See Baronies created by error for details.
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, 1st Baron Strange (1607–1651)
Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, 2nd Baron Strange (1628–1672)
William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby, 3rd Baron Strange (1655–1702) (abeyant 1702)
Henrietta Stanley, 4th Baroness Strange (d. 1718) (became sole heir 1714)
Henrietta Ashburnham, 5th Baroness Strange (d. 1732)
James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby, 6th Baron Strange (1664–1736)
James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl, 7th Baron Strange (1690–1764)
Charlotte Murray, 8th Baroness Strange, Duchess consort of Atholl (c. 1731–1805)
John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl, 9th Baron Strange (1755–1830)
John Murray, 5th Duke of Atholl, 10th Baron Strange (1778–1846)
George Augustus Frederick John Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl, 11th Baron Strange (1814–1864)
John James Hugh Henry Stewart-Murray, 7th Duke of Atholl, 12th Baron Strange (1840–1917)
John George Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, 13th Baron Strange (1871–1942)
James Thomas Stewart-Murray, 9th Duke of Atholl, 14th Baron Strange (1879–1957) (abeyant 1957)
John Drummond, 15th Baron Strange (1900–1982) (abeyance terminated 1965; abeyant 1982)
(Jean) Cherry Drummond of Megginch, 16th Baroness Strange (1928–2005) (abeyance terminated 1986)
Adam Humphrey Drummond of Megginch, 17th Baron Strange (b. 1953)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. John Adam Humphrey Drummond (b. 1992).

The style Lord Strange was used as a courtesy title by the Earls of Derby until James Stanley, Lord Strange (1716–1771), Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster;  he was the son of Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby, who (unlike his 6th cousin, the 10th Earl) did not hold the barony of Strange (it having passed to the Murray family). Nowadays the Earls of Derby use the courtesy title of Lord Stanley for heirs apparent.

Partial family tree

See also
Earl of Derby
Viscount St Davids
Duke of Atholl
Baron Strange de Blackmere

Notes

References

External links
 Captain Humphrey Drummond of Megginch - Daily Telegraph obituary

Baronies in the Peerage of England
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of England
Baronies created by error
Baronies by writ
Stanley family
1295 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1295
Noble titles created in 1299
Noble titles created in 1325
Noble titles created in 1628
Peerages created for eldest sons of peers

Le Strange family

Baron Strange


سيركويت سيتي  كانت شركة أمريكية لمبيعات الأجهزة الإلكترونية بالتجزئة وكانت تمتلك أكثر من 670 متجر كبير وحوالي 13 متجر آخر في مناطق مختلفة من الولايات المتحدة وبورتوريكو بالإضافة إلى 800 متجر في كندا. تم حلّ الشركة بعد إفلاسها في 2009.

تاريخها

تأسست الشركة سنة 1949 تحت اسم (واردز كومباني) في مدينة ريتشموند بولاية فيرجينيا لكن في عام 1984 سميت الشركة سيركويت سيتي وأدرجت في بورصة نيويورك. وفي عام 1991 استحوذت الشركة على لافييت راديو وبذلك أصبحت واحدة من كبرى الشركات الأمريكية.

الأزمة المالية العالمية 2008

أثرت الازمة المالية العالمية على قطاع البيع بالتجزئة بشكل كبير جدا وبالتالي فقد أثر سلبًا على الشركة حيث دخلت الشركة في ازمة مالية وتعرضت لخسائر حادة مما أدى إلى اقفال 155 متجر لها وفصل ما يقدر ب17% من قوتها العاملة في 3 نوفمبر 2008، وفي 7 نوفمبر من نفس السنة قررت الشركة فصل ما بين 500 إلى 800 موظف من مقرها الرئيسي.

الانهيار والإفلاس

في 10 نوفمبر 2008 أعلنت شركة سيركويت سيتي إفلاسها ووضعها تحت قانون الإفلاس للمؤسسات (chapter 11) وذلك بسبب ما عانت منه الشركة من خسائر حادة وانهيار سعر سهمها وهبوطه بنسبة 92% من 0.23 $ إلى 0.02 $ مما أدى إلى خروجها من البورصة.

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 2009 في فرجينيا
تأسيسات سنة 1949 في فرجينيا
تجار تجزئة عبر الإنترنت في أمريكا
شركات أدرجت سابقا في بورصة نيويورك
شركات أمريكية
شركات أمريكية انحلت في 2009
شركات أمريكية أسست في 1949
شركات أمريكية أسست في 2018
شركات تجارة التجزئة أسست في 1949
شركات تجارة التجزئة أسست في 2018
شركات تجارة التجزئة سابقة في الولايات المتحدة
شركات مقرها مدينة نيويورك
شركات أعيد تأسيسها
مواصفات إنترنت أسست في 2018

سيركويت سيتي


Badendorf er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Nordstormarn under Kreis Stormarn. Kreis Stormarn ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Badendorf ligger ca. seks kilometer vest for Lübeck. Motorvejen A20 løber gennem kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Stormarn

Badendorf


Alvan Clark (March 8, 1804 – August 19, 1887), born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, was an American astronomer and telescope maker. He was the descendant of a Cape Cod whaling family of English ancestry.

Biography
He started as a portrait painter and engraver (c.1830s–1850s), and at the age of 40 became involved in telescope making. Using glass blanks made by Chance Brothers of Birmingham, England, and Feil-Mantois of Paris, France, his firm Alvan Clark & Sons ground lenses for refracting telescopes. Their lenses included the largest in the world at the time: the  at Dearborn Observatory at the Old University of Chicago (the lens originally intended for Ole Miss); also the two  telescopes at the United States Naval Observatory and McCormick Observatory, the  at Pulkovo Observatory, which was destroyed in the Siege of Leningrad (only the lens survives), the  telescope at Lick Observatory (still the third-largest), and later the  at Yerkes Observatory, which remains the largest successful refracting telescope in the world.

Although not specifically searching for double stars, he did make a number of discoveries while testing his completed telescope objectives, including Mu Herculis, 8 Sextantis, and 95 Ceti. One of Clark's sons, Alvan Graham Clark, discovered the dim companion of Sirius. Two craters bear Clark Sr.'s name. The crater Clark on the Moon is jointly named for him and his son, Alvan Graham Clark, and one on Mars is named in his honour. His other son was George Bassett Clark; both sons were partners in the firm.

Clark was also competitive in target shooting and received a patent for his device to allow bullets to be seated into a muzzle-loading rifle without damage to either the bullet or the rifle's muzzle. Exclusive license to this patent (1,565 of April 24, 1840) was made to Edwin Wesson, brother of Daniel B. Wesson.

In 1880, Clark was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

See also
List of astronomical instrument makers
List of largest optical refracting telescopes

Image gallery
Portraits by Clark

References

Further reading
 "Recent Deaths. Alvan Clark." Boston Daily Evening Transcript, 19 August 1887.
 "Autobiography of Alvan Clark." New-England Historical and Genealogical Register 43 (January 1889): 52-58.

 Warner, Deborah Jean. Alvan Clark & Sons, Artists in Optics. Washington, 1968.

External links

 National Gallery of Art has works by Clark

1804 births
1887 deaths
American astronomers
Telescope manufacturers
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
People from Ashfield, Massachusetts
Recipients of the Lalande Prize

Alvan Clark


Adrasan, eskiden Çavuşköy, 2 kilometre uzunluğundaki kumsalıyla Kumluca'ya yakın doğal güzelliklere sahip bir yerleşim birimidir.

Tarihçe
17 Kasım 1995 tarihinde "Çavuşköy" adıyla belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Kaynakça

 https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Genel Mahalle Listesi, T.C.İçişleri Bakanlığı, Mart 2020.

Kumluca'nın mahalleleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Adrasan