Thomas Sturges Watson (born September 4, 1949) is an American retired professional golfer on the PGA Tour Champions, formerly on the PGA Tour.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Watson was one of the leading golf players in the world, winning eight major championships and heading the PGA Tour money list five times. He was the number one player in the world according to McCormack's World Golf Rankings from 1978 until 1982; in both 1983 and 1984, he was ranked second behind Seve Ballesteros. He also spent 32 weeks in the top 10 of the successor Sony Rankings in their debut in 1986.

Watson is also notable for his longevity: at nearly sixty years of age, and 26 years after his last major championship victory, he led after the second and third rounds of The Open Championship in 2009, but lost in a four-hole playoff. With a chance to win the tournament with par on the 72nd hole, he missed an  putt, then lost to Stewart Cink in the playoff.

Several of Watson's major victories came at the expense of Jack Nicklaus, the man he replaced as number one, most notably the 1977 Masters, 1977 Open Championship, and the 1982 U.S. Open. Though his rivalry with Nicklaus was intense, their friendly competitiveness served to increase golf's popularity at the time.

In Watson's illustrious career, his eight major championships include five Open Championships, two Masters titles, and one U.S. Open title. The only major that has eluded him is the PGA Championship; if he had won it would have put him in an elite group of golfing "career grand slam" winners that includes Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus, and Tiger Woods. In all, Watson's eight majors ranks sixth on the list of total major championship victories, behind only Nicklaus, Woods, Walter Hagen, Hogan, and Player.

Watson is also regarded as one of the greatest links players of all time, a claim backed up by his five Open Championship victories, his runner-up finishes at the 1984 Open Championship and 2009 Open Championship, and his three Senior British Open Championship titles in his mid-50s (2003, 2005, and 2007).

Watson played on four Ryder Cup teams and captained the American side to victory in 1993 at The Belfry in England. More than twenty years later, Watson again captained the U.S. Team in 2014 in Scotland, this time in a loss.

Personal life
Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Watson was introduced to the game by his father Ray. His early coach was Stan Thirsk at the Kansas City Country Club. Watson first gained local renown while on his high school team at The Pembroke-Country Day School in Kansas City. Watson won four Missouri State Amateur championships, 1967, 1968, 1970, and 1971. He attended Stanford University, playing on the golf and table tennis teams, joining Alpha Sigma Phi, and graduating with a degree in psychology in 1971. Today he has a home in Overland Park, Kansas, after fighting a prominent legal battle to prevent annexation by the city.

Although he voted for George McGovern in his first presidential election, Watson later became a Republican. He has donated to the National Rifle Association.

Watson was a member of Kansas City Country Club from the beginning of his professional career. However, in 1990 he was unsettled by the idea that the leaders of the club rejected an applicant due to his Jewish faith. Watson, whose wife at the time and two children were Jewish, stated, "It was a very personal decision. I just didn't feel my family was welcome. It was time to say, 'Hey, let's be fair to people. Let's not judge people on the basis of race or faith.'" Watson abruptly resigned in 1990. However the Jewish applicant, H&R Block founder Henry W. Bloch, was ultimately admitted to the club as were other minorities. Disarmed by these overtures, Watson rejoined the club.

After residing for many years in Mission Hills, Kansas, Watson moved to Stilwell, Kansas with his second wife, two children, and three stepchildren. His house has since been annexed by the city of Overland Park. He designed the National Golf Club of Kansas City golf course.

PGA Tour

1970s
Watson joined the PGA Tour in 1971. He hired Bruce Edwards to be his caddie for the first time at the 1973 St. Louis tournament held at Norwood Hills Country Club, and the two connected, with Edwards caddying for Watson at most events after that for a period of many years.

Watson contended in a major championship for the first time at the U.S. Open in 1974 at Winged Foot, but he faded badly in the final round after having the 54-hole lead. Following this disappointment, Watson was approached in the locker room by legendary retired player Byron Nelson, a broadcaster at the event, who offered encouragement, insight and assistance. Nelson and Watson spoke briefly at that time, with Nelson saying he liked Watson's game and aggressiveness, and offered to help him improve. Watson, although disappointed by his weak finish, was flattered to receive Nelson's interest. However, the two men did not manage to get together to work on golf in depth until several months later, when Watson played in the Tour's Byron Nelson Classic in the Dallas area, and visited Nelson's nearby home. The two men would eventually develop a close and productive teacher-student relationship and friendship; Nelson had similarly mentored the young rising star Ken Venturi during the 1950s.

Only two weeks after the Winged Foot collapse in 1974, Watson won his first Tour title at the Western Open near Chicago, coming from six shots back in the final round at Butler National. With Nelson's guidance on swing mechanics and course management, and determined hard work, Watson's game advanced quickly, and he won his first major championship, the 1975 Open Championship, on his first appearance in the event in Britain. Watson holed a 20-foot putt for a birdie on the 72nd hole to tie Jack Newton. The following day Watson won an 18-hole playoff at Carnoustie by a stroke, carding a 71 to Newton's 72. Watson was able to gain the upper hand in the playoff after chipping in for an eagle at the 14th hole. Watson is one of only four players since World War II to have won the Open Championship on their debut, the others being Ben Hogan (1953), Tony Lema (1964) and Ben Curtis (2003).

Watson won his second major championship and his first green jacket as Masters champion in 1977 after a duel with Jack Nicklaus. During the final round, Watson stood on the 17th green tied with Nicklaus for the lead. Watson holed a 20-foot putt for a birdie to go one stroke ahead of Nicklaus. Watson's par on the 18th hole won him the Masters title by two strokes after Nicklaus had a bogey on the 18th.

Watson's 1977 Open Championship victory, at Turnberry in Scotland, was especially memorable, and is considered by many to be the finest tournament played in the second half of the 20th century. After two rounds, he and Jack Nicklaus were one shot out of the lead and paired for the third round. Both shot 65, ending the third round three shots clear of the field. Watson and Nicklaus were again paired for the final round. On the last day, the two were tied after 16 holes. Nicklaus missed a makeable birdie putt on 17, losing his share of the lead to Watson, who birdied 17. On the 18th, Nicklaus drove into the rough, while Watson drove the fairway. Watson's approach landed two feet from the flag, while Nicklaus, after a drive into deep rough and near a gorse plant, managed to get his approach 40 feet away. Nicklaus sank his birdie putt to finish with a 66, but Watson followed suit with his own birdie, finishing with a second straight 65 and his second Open, with a record score of 268 (12 under par). The two players finished well ahead of the other challengers (Hubert Green in third place was ten strokes behind Nicklaus, at 279), and shot the same score every round except for the final day, which was then played on Saturday.

In 1978, as defending Masters champion, Watson needed a par on the 18th hole of his final round to tie over 72 holes with Gary Player, who had shot a record-tying final round of 64. However, Watson missed out on a playoff by sending his approach shot to the 18th into the gallery and missing the 10-foot par putt he needed for a playoff. He finished tied for 2nd place at Augusta, one stroke behind Gary Player. Watson had five PGA Tour victories in 1978, but he also had one of the biggest disappointments of his career in that year's PGA Championship in August at Oakmont. Watson had a five-shot lead after 54 holes, but lost the tournament in a 3-way sudden-death playoff to John Mahaffey. This would be the closest that Watson came to landing the one major title that eluded him.

In 1979, Watson had a further five PGA Tour victories, including a five-shot victory in the Sea Pines Heritage Classic, which he won with a then tournament record 14-under par 270. Watson again finished runner-up at the Masters in 1979, when he lost in a 3-way sudden-death playoff to Fuzzy Zoeller. This was the first sudden-death playoff at the Masters, with the previous playoff at Augusta in 1970 having taken place on Monday under an 18-hole format. Watson also finished 2nd in The Players Championship in 1979.

1980s
Watson had an outstanding year in 1980. A brilliant third round of 64 at Muirfield helped him to win his third Open Championship title in Britain by four strokes. He was the leading money winner on the PGA Tour for the fourth consecutive year, winning six tournaments in America. Watson showed tremendous consistency in 1980, with sixteen top-10 finishes on the PGA Tour that year. In August 1980, after his sixth victory of the year in America, Watson said: "I love this game. I feel that dedication is the only way to improve. I've been more consistent this year than in the previous three years."

In 1981, Watson won his second Masters title at Augusta by two strokes over Jack Nicklaus and Johnny Miller. Watson had a further two Tour victories in 1981 at the USF&G New Orleans Open and the Atlanta Classic.

The U.S. Open was the major that Watson most wanted to win. In 1982 at Pebble Beach, he was able to realize his dream after an engaging duel with Jack Nicklaus in one of the most memorable major championships of all time. Playing three groups ahead of Watson in the final round, Nicklaus charged into a share of the lead with five consecutive birdies. When Watson reached the par-3 17th hole the two were still tied, but with Nicklaus safely in the clubhouse at 4-under par 284. Watson hit his tee shot on the 17th into the rough just off the green, leaving an extremely difficult chip shot downhill on a very fast green. While being interviewed on national television and fully aware of Watson's perilous predicament, Nicklaus appeared confident he was on his way to an unprecedented fifth U.S. Open championship. Watson's chip shot, amazingly, hit the flag stick and fell into the cup, giving him a miraculous birdie and setting the stage for yet another win over Nicklaus. Watson went on to birdie the 18th as well, for a final margin of two shots.

The following month in July 1982 at Royal Troon in Scotland, Watson became only the third golfer since World War II to win the U.S. Open and Open Championship in the same year after Ben Hogan (1953) and Lee Trevino (1971) - a feat later matched by Tiger Woods (2000). After the first two rounds of the 1982 Open Championship, Watson was seven shots behind the leader Bobby Clampett, whose commanding lead was reduced after a third round of 78. During the final round, Nick Price, who was playing in one of the groups behind Watson, gained the lead. Watson stood on the 18th tee of the final round two strokes behind Price. Watson waited patiently after his round as Price's lead evaporated, leaving Watson the Open winner by one stroke.

In 1983, as defending U.S. Open champion at Oakmont, Watson shared the 54-hole lead with Seve Ballesteros. In the final round though, Watson missed a 6-foot putt for par on the 17th and finished in 2nd place, one stroke behind the winner Larry Nelson. The following month in July 1983, Watson won his fifth Open Championship and the last of his eight majors at Royal Birkdale, his only Open victory on English soil. (His four other titles came in Scotland.)

In 1984, Watson finished runner-up for the third time at the Masters, finishing two strokes behind the champion Ben Crenshaw. Watson had three Tour wins in 1984, including his third victory in the Western Open after a playoff against Greg Norman. A fortnight later in the 1984 Open Championship at St Andrews, Watson was in contention during the final holes to win a third consecutive Open and a sixth Open Championship overall to tie the record for the most Open wins by Harry Vardon. However, Watson bogeyed the par-4 "Road Hole" 17th and Seve Ballesteros birdied the 18th, resulting in a victory for Ballesteros and Watson finishing in a tie for 2nd place.

After his runner-up finish in the 1984 British Open, Watson did not manage to win a PGA Tour event for the next three years until the 1987 Nabisco Championship. Watson went from being the PGA Tour money leader in 1984 to finishing 18th on the PGA Tour's money list in 1985. As a result of a decline in form, Watson missed out on a place in the 1985 U.S. Ryder Cup team.

In the 1986 Hawaiian Open, Watson was the third-round leader and was aiming to end his winless streak since July 1984. However, Watson bogeyed the 71st and 72nd holes and finished in a tie for 3rd place, behind the winner Corey Pavin.

In the 1987 U.S. Open, Watson had a one-shot lead going into the final round at the Olympic Club. Watson was a gallery favorite during the tournament. He had strong support from the spectators having played golf for Stanford University, 30 miles south of the Olympic Club in San Francisco. He was aiming to win his ninth major championship, which would have tied him for major wins with Ben Hogan and Gary Player, but Watson lost the tournament by a stroke to Scott Simpson. In the final round, Simpson had three consecutive birdies on the back-nine to take the lead. Watson's 45-foot putt for a birdie on the 72nd hole which would have forced a playoff with Simpson was about two inches short.

Watson's stellar play on the PGA Tour faded in the late 1980s when he began to have problems putting even though his tee-to-green game seemed to improve. During this period he had some near-misses in tournaments. Watson finished 2nd at the 1988 NEC World Series of Golf, missing a 3-foot putt in a playoff against Mike Reid.

In 1989, Watson was in contention during the Open Championship at Royal Troon, but he finished in 4th place, two strokes outside the playoff between Mark Calcavecchia, Wayne Grady and Greg Norman.

1990–2019
At the 1991 Masters Tournament, Watson stood on the 18th tee in the final round at Augusta with a share of the lead but had a double-bogey 6 to finish in a tie for 3rd place, two strokes behind the champion Ian Woosnam. It was Watson's 15th consecutive top-20 finish at The Masters, having finished in the top-10 of The Masters in 13 of the 15 years between 1977 and 1991.

In 1994, when The Open Championship returned to Turnberry, the site of his 1977 victory, Watson commented, "Sometimes you lose your desire through the years. Any golfer goes through that. When you play golf for a living, like anything in your life, you are never going to be constantly, at the top". He finished tied for 11th at the Open Championship that year, but he had a revival in the late 1990s, winning the 1996 Memorial Tournament and gaining the last of his 39 wins on the PGA Tour at the 1998 MasterCard Colonial when he was 48 years old.

In 1997, Watson won the Japan Golf Tour's Dunlop Phoenix tournament for the second time. It was the last of his four victories in Japan.

In the 2003 U.S. Open, at age 53, he shared the opening-round lead by shooting a 65 with his long-time caddy Bruce Edwards carrying his clubs and giving advice. Edwards had been diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease earlier in the year, and Watson contributed significant time and money that year with Bruce to raise money for research into finding a cure for motor neuron disease. Edwards died on April 8, 2004.

Watson was one of two players to play with Jack Nicklaus in the final two rounds of golf in Nicklaus' career, which ended at the 2005 Open Championship on the Old Course at St Andrews. Englishman Luke Donald was the third member of the group.

In the first round of the 2009 Open Championship at Turnberry, Watson shot a 5-under 65, one stroke behind the leader Miguel Ángel Jiménez. In the second round, he tied for the lead after making a huge putt on the 18th green. His score for the round was 70, 38 out and 32 back. This made Watson – at 59 years of age – the oldest man to have the lead after any round of a major. In addition, with a relatively low-scoring third round, one-over-par 71, he kept the lead outright by one shot, so also became the oldest player to lead a major going into the last round. He acknowledged after that 3rd round he was thinking of Bruce Edwards as he walked the 18th fairway.

Watson finished regulation 72-hole play in the Open tied for the lead with Stewart Cink, with a cumulative score of −2. He needed a par on the 72nd hole to capture a sixth career Open Championship title, but his second shot on the 72nd hole went over the green. Then, from several yards behind the 18th green, Watson first putted up the slope and past the hole, then missed a second 8-foot putt by about 6 inches to the right of the cup. His bogey led to a four-hole aggregate playoff with Cink, running through the 5th, 6th, 17th, and 18th holes. With several errant shots not typical of the previous 72 holes, he lost the playoff by six strokes.

In an interview in 2012, Watson admitted that he was "distraught" at coming so close to becoming the oldest Major winner at the age of 59 and said that the experience in the 2009 Open Championship "tore his guts out". Watson said of his approach shot to the green at the 72nd hole, when he needed a par to win the Open: "I was going right at the flag but with the uncertainty of links golf, maybe a gust of wind took it a bit further than it was supposed to. I felt extreme disappointment that night but the one good thing that came of that was the response of people around the world."

The following April, Watson competed in the 2010 Masters Tournament. Watson shot an opening-round 67, one shot off the first-round lead held by fellow Champions Tour player Fred Couples. Watson subsequently posted rounds of 74, 73, and 73. His 72-hole, one-under-par total of 287 gave Watson a share of eighteenth place. Due to his performance in 2009 and early 2010, along with his 1982 U.S. Open victory at Pebble Beach, the USGA awarded Watson a special exemption to the 2010 U.S. Open. He finished the tournament tied for 29th.

For the 2015 Open Championship, Watson's exemption for his 2009 finish was extended to give him an opportunity to play at St. Andrews and make one final Open appearance. Watson won Open Championships at five different courses, but St. Andrews was not among them. He missed the cut and made an emotional walk across the Swilcan Bridge at twilight. In April 2016, he played in his final Masters. After saying in the lead up to the event that he 'couldn't compete' anymore, Watson missed the cut by two strokes.

Despite no longer competing at the full Masters, Watson won the 2018 Masters Tournament Par-3 contest at the age of 68, the oldest ever to win the event.

In July 2019, Watson played his final competitive event on British soil, when he played in the Senior British Open for the final time.

Records
Watson set a record for having a round of 65 or less in at least one of the majors in 4 different decades. 1970s: 1977 British Open (65 in rounds 3 and 4), 1980s: 1980 British Open (64 in round 3), 1990s: 1993 PGA Championship (65 in round 2), and 2000s: 2000 PGA Championship (65 in round 3). With his 67 in the first round at the 2010 Masters, he also set a record for having a round of 67 or less in any of the four majors in five different decades (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s).

Watson holds the record for the longest time span between first and last playoffs on the PGA Tour. That time span is 34 years, 6 days. Watson won the 1975 Open Championship in an 18-hole playoff and 34 years later lost a playoff for the 2009 Open Championship.

Watson is only the second player in history, after Sam Snead, to post a top-20 finish in at least one major championship in five different decades.

Champions Tour
Watson joined the Champions Tour in 1999, the same year he earned an honorary membership of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in Scotland. He has 14 wins on the Champions Tour, including six senior majors, while playing a limited schedule of events. Watson shares with Gary Player and Bernhard Langer three victories for each in the Senior Open Championship. Watson revisited his 1977 Open Championship win at Turnberry with another win there in the 2003 Senior Open Championship. He followed this up with victories in 2005 and 2007.

Playing style

Watson has been one of the most complete players ever to play golf, as evidenced by his competitiveness in the 2009 Open Championship at the age of 59. Standing 5 ft 9 in and weighing 160 pounds during his PGA Tour years, he achieved abundant length with accuracy, played aggressively, developed a superlative short game, and in his prime was a very skilled and confident putter. Watson is renowned as an exceptional bad-weather golfer, having displayed this gritty talent best in the difficult and varied conditions of The Open Championship. At the height of his career, he was well known for his excellent recovery skills, especially around the greens. Years later, if a player escaped from trouble and somehow made par, tour players described the escape as a "Watson par".

Watson also developed a reputation for scrupulous honesty, once even calling a penalty stroke on himself for slightly moving a ball that was in deep rough, although no one else had seen it. In 1991, Watson was critical of the heckling of his playing partner Ian Woosnam during the final round of the Masters. Some of the Augusta crowd were vociferous in their support for Watson, in the hope of seeing him win a third Masters title. Watson, however, calmed Woosnam after he was upset at being yelled at by a member of the crowd on the 14th tee. Watson later said: "There's been a breakdown in decorum, and I don't feel good when partisanship spills over."

In 2010, Watson said that he agreed with Lee Westwood's assertion that Tour players who used 20-year-old Ping-Eye 2 wedges to get around new rules prohibiting box grooves (i.e., grooves rectangular [including square] or U-shaped in cross-section) were going against "the spirit of the game." Watson also reprimanded Tiger Woods for his "language and club-throwing" and said that Woods needed to "show humility" to the public.

Watson has been outspoken about the effect that too much prize money can have on some golfers. In an interview in 2010, Watson said: "I do believe that, in certain instances, players can be corrupted by the amount of money they make. I think too much money corrupts the desire and for some players it's about how much money they make rather than just trying to be the best player they can."

Distinctions and honors
 Named PGA Player of the Year 6 times, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982 and 1984, and trails only Tiger Woods, who has been named Player of the Year 11 times.
 Won the Vardon Trophy for lowest scoring average three straight years: 1977, 1978, and 1979.
 Played on four Ryder Cup teams: 1977, 1981, 1983, and 1989 and captained the victorious 1993 team along with the 2014 team. Watson also qualified for the 1979 matches but withdrew from the United States team due to his wife being about to give birth. He was replaced by Mark Hayes.
 Voted the Bob Jones Award in 1987, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf.
 Inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1988.
 Inducted into the Stanford Athletics Hall of Fame
 Won 1992 GCSAA Old Tom Morris Award
 Resigned from the Kansas City Country Club in 1991 in protest to its exclusion of people of Jewish ethnicity. He subsequently rejoined after the club's acceptance of Jewish and minority members.
 Became involved with golf course design in the early 1990s.
 Author or co-authored several books, including Tom Watson's Strategic Golf. His latest, The Timeless Swing, was released by Atria books in March 2011.
 Has written a golf instruction column in Golf Digest magazine since the mid-1970s.
 Was ranked as the 10th greatest golfer of all time in the 2000 Golf Digest magazine list.
 Is, after Sam Snead, only the second Golf Professional Emeritus at The Greenbrier Resort in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia
 Is the oldest player to hold the lead after 54 holes at a major championship (2009 Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland)
 Is the oldest player to lead after any completed round at a major championship (2009 Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland)
 Is the oldest player to shoot under par at the Masters Tournament (2015 Masters Tournament)
 Granted a lifetime membership to the European Tour
 At 68, became the oldest player ever to win the Masters Tournament Par-3 contest
 Named as an Honorary Starter for the Masters Tournament in 2022, becoming the 11th honorary starter in Masters history.

Professional wins (70)

PGA Tour wins (39)

PGA Tour playoff record (9–5)

European Tour wins (8)

European Tour playoff record (1–3)

PGA of Japan Tour wins (4)

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (0–1)

PGA Tour of Australasia wins (1)

Asia Golf Circuit wins (1)

Other wins (2)

Champions Tour wins (14)

Champions Tour playoff record (3–8)

Other senior wins (9)
 1999 Diners Club Matches (with Jack Nicklaus)
 2000 Hyundai Team Matches (with Jack Nicklaus)
 2004 Wendy's Champions Skins Game
 2005 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf – Raphael Division (with Andy North)
 2006 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf – Raphael Division (with Andy North)
 2007 Wendy's Champions Skins Game (with Jack Nicklaus), Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf – Raphael Division (with Andy North)
 2010 Wendy's Champions Skins Game (with Jack Nicklaus)
 2011 Wendy's Champions Skins Game (with Jack Nicklaus)

Major championships

Wins (8)

1Defeated Newton in 18-hole playoff; Watson (71), Newton (72)

Results timeline

CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1976 Open Championship)
"T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 Most consecutive cuts made – 19 (1985 Open Championship – 1990 Masters)
 Longest streak of top-10s – 7 (1982 Masters – 1983 Open Championship)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play

Senior major championships

Wins (6)

1Defeated Mason in a playoff with par at the second extra hole.
2Defeated Smyth in a playoff with par at the third extra hole.
3Defeated Eger in a playoff with birdie at the first extra hole.

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2017.

Note: The Senior British Open was not a Champions Tour major until 2003.

CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place

U.S. national team appearances

Professional
 Ryder Cup: 1977 (winners), 1981 (winners), 1983 (winners), 1989 (tie), 1993 (non-playing captain, winners), 2014 (non-playing captain)
 Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 1999 (winners), 2000, 2001

Golf courses designed

Watson is a member of the American Society of Golf Course Architects and has designed golf courses through his Tom Watson Design company in Johnson County, Kansas.
 Ballybunion Golf Club – County Kerry, Ireland (1995 redesign)
 Cassique Golf Course, Kiawah Island, South Carolina
 National Golf Club of Kansas City, Parkville, Missouri (Route 45 which passes the course is called the "Tom Watson Parkway")
 Independence Course at Reunion Resort & Club, Orlando, Florida
 Phoenix Resort, Miyazaki, Japan
 The Links at Spanish Bay, Pebble Beach, California (with Sandy Tatum and Robert Trent Jones, Jr.)
 Shadow Glen the Golf Club, Olathe, Kansas (with Jay Morrish and Tom Weiskopf)
 Loch Lloyd Country Club, Village of Loch Lloyd, Missouri (Renovation)
 The Conservatory, Hammock Beach resorts, Palm Coast, Florida
 Mozingo Lake Golf Course (Junior 9 course), Maryville, Missouri
 The Manor Golf & Country Club, Milton, Georgia

See also

 1971 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
 List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins
 List of men's major championships winning golfers
 List of golfers with most Champions Tour wins
 List of golfers with most Champions Tour major championship wins
 List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event
 Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame

References

External links

 American Society of Golf Course Architects profile

American male golfers
Stanford Cardinal men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Winners of men's major golf championships
Winners of senior major golf championships
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from Missouri
The Greenbrier people
Pembroke Hill School alumni
Sportspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
People from Mission Hills, Kansas
Sportspeople from Johnson County, Kansas
People from Stilwell, Kansas
1949 births
Living people

Tom Watson (golfer)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Abovce enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Abovce im Okres Rimavská Sobota.

Denkmäler

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Einzelnachweise

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الحمل كوكبة مكونة أساسا من ثلاث نجوم لامعة، على شكل مثلث. الحمل ينتمي إلى دائرة البروج، يتمركز في أول علامة منها. نقطة الاعتدال الربيعي التي فيها يقطع مسار الشمس خط الاستواء توجد في كوكبة الحوت، قبل 2000 سنة كانت في كوكبة الحمل، وقد انتقلت إلى الغرب بفعل تذبب 26000 سنة ل محور الأرض. هذا الكوكبة يحتوي على كثير من النجوم الثنائية والمتعددة. ألمع نجم ألفا هي حمل، وثاني ألمع نجم هي الشرطان بيتا، لكن ثالث ألمع نجم لا يحمل أي حرف يوناني حمل41. العثور على الحمل ليس بالأمر الصعب: النجمين الأساسيين فيه يوجدان في شرق مجموعة الثريا.

التاريخ والأساطير

ذُكر في وصف الأبراج البابلية الواردة في الألواح الطينية المعروفة باسم مول.أبين (نجمة المحراث)، أنَّ الكوكبة كانت، المعروفة الآن باسم برج الحمل، هي المحطة الأخيرة على طول مسار الشمس. كانت مول.أبين MUL.APIN عبارة عن جدول شامل لظهور النجوم وأفولها، والذي من المحتمل أن يكون بمثابة تقويم زراعي. عُرف برج الحمل في العصر الحديث باسم MULL.ḪUN.GÁ أو «العامل الزراعي أو المُزارع» أو «العامل الأجير».

من المحتمل أن يكون التحول في تحديد هوية الكوكبة من كوكبة المُزارع/الفلاح إلى الكبش/الحمل قد حدث في التقاليد البابلية اللاحقة بسبب ارتباطها بدوموزي الراعي. وبحلول الوقت الذي وضعت فيه مول.أبين - في عام 1000 قبل الميلاد - مُثِّل برج الحمل الحديث بكل من كبش دوموزي والعامل الأجير. يصعب تحديد التوقيت الدقيق لهذا التحول بسبب نقص صور برج الحمل أو أشكال الكبش الأخرى.

وفي علم الفلك المصري القديم، ارتبط برج الحمل بالإله آمون رع، الذي صُوِّرَ على أنه رجل برأس كبش ويمثل الخصوبة والإبداعية. ولأنه كان مركز الاعتدال الربيعي، فقد أطلق عليه اسم «إشارة ولادة الشمس الجديدة». خلال أوقات السنة التي كان فيها برج الحمل بارزًا، كان الكهنة ينصبون تماثيل آمون رع في المعابد، وهي ممارسة تم تعديلها من قبل علماء الفلك الفارسيين بعد قرون. حصل برج الحمل على لقب «رب الرأس» في مصر، في إشارة إلى أهميته الرمزية والأسطورية.

لم يُقبل برج الحمل تمامًا ككوكبة حتى العصور الكلاسيكية. ففي ، ترتبط كوكبة الحمل بالكبش الذهبي في الأساطير اليونانية التي أنقذت  وهيله بناءً على أوامر من هرمس، وأخذت فريكسوس إلى أرض كولخيس. فريكسوس وهيله هما ابن وابنة الملك أثاماس وزوجته الأولى نيفيله. شعرت الزوجة الثانية للملك، إينو، بالغيرة ورغبت في قتل أطفاله. ولتحقيق ذلك، تسببت بمجاعة في بيوتيا، ثم زورت رسالة من كاهنة دلفي تقول إنه يجب التضحية بفريكسوس لإنهاء المجاعة. ولمَّا كان أثاماس على وشك التضحية بابنه على قمة جبل لافيستيا أرسل نيفيل الحمل لإيقافه. أثناء رحلة الحمل سقطت هيله من على ظهره وغرقت في الدردنيل، والذي يُسمى أيضًا هيليسبونت (بحر هيله) تكريما لها. بعد وصوله، ضحى فريكسوس بالكبش لزيوس وأعطى الصوف إلى آيتيس من كولخيس، الذي كافأه بخطوبةٍ لابنته . علق آيتيس جلده في مكان مقدس حيث أصبح يعرف باسم الصوف الذهبي وكان يحرسه تنين.
من الناحية التاريخية، صُور برج الحمل على أنه كبش جاثم بلا أجنحة ورأسه متجه نحو برج الثور. أكد بطليموس في كتابه المجسطي أن هيبارخوس صور ألفا أريتيس على أنها خطم الكبش، على الرغم من أن بطليموس لم يدرجها في شكل كوكبة. بدلاً من ذلك، تم إدراجه على أنه «نجم غير مشكَّل»، ويشار إليه على أنه «نجمة أعلى الرأس». وتابع جون فلامستيد، في كتابه الأطلس السماوي، وصف بطليموس من خلال رسم خريطة له أعلى رأس الشكل. واتبع فلامستيد التقليد العام للخرائط بتصوير برج الحمل مستلقيًا. من الناحية الفلكية، ارتبط برج الحمل بالرأس والأخلاط الأربعة. وكان مرتبطًا بقوة بالمريخ، الكوكب والإله. كان يُنظر إليه على أنه يحكم أوروبا الغربية وسوريا، ويشير إلى مزاج قوي في الشخص.

حمل

الناطح نجم برتقالي عملاق، أكثر لمعانا من الشمس ب 90 مرة، لكنه بارد 4590 كلفن، قد استنفد خزانه من الهيدروجين ويحرق حاليا الهليوم في المناطق المحيطة بمركزه. كما أن قطره يفوق قطر الشمس ب 15 مرة. يبعد عنا ب 66 سنة ضوئية. قدرة الظاهري (2.01) والمطلق هو (0.48).

الشرطان

بيتا ثاني ألمع نجم في برج الحمل. البريق الظاهر هو (2.64). بمسافة 60 سنة ضوئية، وبدرجة حرارة 8200 كلفن، تضخ 22 من السطوع الشمسي في الفضاء. وهو نجم أبيض في متوسط عمره، كتلته فقط ضعف كتلة الشمس. وهو في الحقيقة نجم ثنائي: مرافقه نجم من نفس كتلة الشمس، اكتشف بتحليل دوبلر منذ قرن. مساره لا متمركز للغاية (0.88)، النجمين متقاربين بشكل كبير، (0.08) وحدة فلكية في الأقرب (فقط 20 في المئة من المسافة بين عطارد والشمس)، (1.2) وحدة فلكية في الأبعد (20 في المئة من المسافة بين الأرض والشمس)، ويكملان دورتهما حول بعضهما البعض في 107 أيام. النجمين قطعا لا يمكن الفصل بينهما بالمرصد الفضائي والثنائي يستلزم آلة قياس بواسطة التداخل الضوئي للفصل بينهما، وبما أن اللمعان يتأثر بالكتلة، فإن 95 في المئة من الضوء ينتجها النجم الأثقل.

ميشارطين

كاما. اسم هذا النجم هو أيضا مشتق من الشرطان إلا أنه تغير بفعل الترجمات الخاطئة. يلمع بعيدا عنا ب 204 سنة ضوئية، وهو ثنائي تقليدي معروف منذ سنة 1664. النجمان بريقهما تقريبا متساو، ويمكن الفصل بينهما بسهولة. لون النجمين في الحقيقة أبيض، مع أن لون النجم الأضعف يميل بعض الشيء إلى الرمادي. بريقهما الظاهر على التوالي (4.83)و (4.75) وبريق النجمين معا (3.9). كاما1 قزم بدرجة حرارة 11000 كلفن. كاما2 مختلف فيه فمن قائل بأنه قزم ومن قائل بأنه فوق المرحلة الأساسية بدرجة حرارة تتراوح بين 9200 و9800 كلفن. رغم أن كاما1 بريقه الظاهر أقل إلا أنه الأكثر إضاءة، لأن ارتفاع حرارته جعل أشعته فوق بنفسجية غير مرئية. كاما1 حوالي 2.8 كتلة شمسية، ويشع 56 سطوعا شمسيا في الفضاء، في حين أن كاما2 حوالي (2.5) كتلة شمسية، ويشع ما بين 43 و52 سطوعا شمسيا. في حين أن كاما1 نسبيا عادي، فإن كاما2 حالة خاصة فهو ممغنط بقوة، حقله المغناطيسي تقريبا 1000 مرة قوة الأرض. المغناطيسية مركزة في المناطق التي تيسر فصل العناصر الكيميائية فكاما2 يتوفر بكثرة على السليكون. مع دوران النجم هذه المتمركزات تتأرجح داخل وخارج الرؤية، مما أدى إلى معرفة مدة دوران النجم حول نفسه (1.609) يوم ودقة رؤية التغيرات. اختبارات وقياسات طيفية معقدة سمحت للفلكيين بإنشاء صور لسطح النجم، وتمتاز كاما2 على أنها أول نجم درس بهذه الطريقة. يتباعد النجمان بحوالي 500 وحدة فلكية (أكثر من المسافة بين بلوتون والشمس ب 12 مرة)، ويستغرقان على الأقل 5000 سنة ليتما دورتهما حول بعضهما البعض.

NGC 772
من الأجرام المدرجة ضمن السلسلة العامة الجديدة أو NGC وهي مجرة لولبية بريقها الظاهر (11.02). مجرات قزمة مضيئة تظهر في المناطق المحيطة وتؤثر على شكل أذرع NGC 772.

NGC 972
مجرة لولبية أخرى، بريقها الظاهر (12.13).

NGC 1156
مجرة غير منتظمة بريقها الظاهر (12.08).

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة النجوم في كوكبة الحمل

المصادر

 من موقع أسترو سورف

الأبراج الشرقية
الكوكبات الشمالية
الكوكبات المدرجة من قبل بطليموس
الدلو
كوكبة الحمل

الحمل (كوكبة)


Parcul Gulbenkian, cunoscut, de asemenea, sub numele de Grădina Gulbenkian, este situat în Lisabona, Portugalia. El a fost amenajat în 1969 și adăpostește un centru cultural alcătuit din sediul central al Fundației Calouste Gulbenkian, Muzeul Gulbenkian și Centrul de Artă Modernă José de Azeredo Perdigão, care sporește importanța culturală a grădinii.

Parcul se întinde pe o suprafață de 7,5 ha și conține două lacuri, unul mai mare și altul mai mic, pe teritoriul său.

Istoric
Parcul a fost inaugurat în 1969. În acest loc s-a aflat în 1918 parcul fostului Palacio Azambuja sau dos Meninos de Palhava, care a fost folosit ca sediu al Ambasadei Spaniei. Terenul a fost vândut în 1957. Parcul a fost proiectat de arhitecții peisagiști Gonsalo Ribeiro Telles și António Viana Barreiro în strânsă colaborare cu Alberto Pessoa, Pedro Cid și Ruy Athouguia care au fost arhitecții clădirilor Fundației Calouste Gulbenkian construite în parc; magnatul armean al petrolului și colecționarul de artă Calouste Gulbenkian a jucat un rol important în viața culturală postbelică a Lisabonei. Grădinile sale, ce adăpostesc centrul de artă contemporană, sunt un loc plăcut pentru petrecerea timpului liber.

Caracteristici

Pajiștile au fost îngrijite pentru a se potrivi peisajului natural până la lacul central. Cursurile de apă sunt traversate de poduri mici, iar potecile sunt bine amenajate pentru plimbări. Pâraiele și lacurile sunt mărginite de iriși și alte plante de apă.

Suprafața de teren a fost modificată pentru a putea fi construite clădiri, dar și pentru a se crea un mediu natural lacustru care să fie răcoros în zilele de vară. Plantarea florilor în parc s-a făcut selectiv, amenajându-se cărări pe unde să se poată face plimbări.

Vegetația naturală este formată din iarbă de pampas, arbori de piper brazilian (schinnis terrebinthus) cu frunze mici, arbori de gumă, stejari turcești, eucalipți și plopi. Există, de asemenea, o grădină de trandafiri în parc.

Dintre cele două lacuri amenajate în grădină, lacul cel mai mare, situat în centrul parcului, reprezintă un habitat pentru păsări de apă precum rațe mari, găinușe de baltă, papagali cu gât trandafiriu, codobaturi albe, pitulici, mierle, silvii cu cap negru, vrăbii de casa, cănărași și florinți. Datorită existenței unor tufe groase în jurul lacului, parcul este o locație preferată pentru reproducerea găinușelor de baltă. Lacul mic este, de asemenea, un habitat pentru păsările de apă.

Grădina are, de asemenea, un amfiteatru în aer liber ce poate adăposti 1.000 de persoane, având lacul ca fundal. Amfiteatrul este locul unde se desfășoară mai multe programe muzicale, teatrale sau de dans. Spectacole de muzică de jazz au loc în fiecare an în parc, în primele două săptămâni ale lunii august.

Parcul conține statui și sculpturi realizate de artiști naționali și internaționali care sunt amplasate strategic în mai multe locuri.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Lisabona

Parcul Gulbenkian


Aceasta este o listă în ordine alfabetică de autori care au scris lucrări dramatice în limba rusă:

A
 Alexander Ablesimov (1742-1783)
 Aleksandr Afinoghenov (1904-1941)
 Leonid Andreev (1871-1919)
 Maria Arbatova (n. 1957)
 Aleksei Arbuzov (1908-1986)
 Mikhail Artsybashev (1878-1927)
 Arkady Averchenko (1881-1925)

B
Isaac Babel (1894-1940)
 Eduard Bagrițki (1868–1934)
 Vladimir Bill-Beloțerkovski (1885-1970)
 Pyotr Boborykin (1836-1921)
 Oleg Bogayev (n. 1970)
 Mihail Bulgakov (1891-1940)

C
 Anton Cehov (1860-1904)
 Evgeny Chirikov (1864-1932)
 Marele Duce Constantin Constantinovici al Rusiei (1858-1915)
 Ilie Constantinovschi (1913-1955)

D
 Grigoriy Demidovtsev (n. 1960)
 Victor Denisov (n. 1944)

E
 Ecaterina a II-a a Rusiei (1729-1796)
 Nikolai Erdman (1900-1970)
 Nikolai Evreinov (1879-1953)

F
 Denis Ivanovici Fonvizin (1744/45-1792)
 Olga Forsh (1873–1961)

G
 Alexander Galich (1918-1977)
 Zinaida Gippius (1869-1945)
 Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852)
 Dmitry Gorchakov (1758-1824)
 Boris Gorbatov
 Grigori Gorin (1940-2000)
 Maxim Gorky (1868-1936)
 Aleksandr Griboiedov (1795-1829)
 Isabella Grinevskaya (1864-1944)
 Elena Guro (1887-1913)

H
 Daniil Harms  (1905-1942)
 Lev Lunts (1901-1924)

I
 Viaceslav Ivanov (1895-1963)

K
 Vasily Kapnist (1758-1823)
 Valentin Kataev (1897-1986)
 Pavel Katenin (1792-1853)
 Yevgeny Kharitonov (1941-1981)
 Daniil Kharms (1905-1942)
 Mikhail Kheraskov (1733-1807)
 Vladimir Kirshon (1902-1938)
 Iakov Kniajnin (1740/42-1791)
 Ivan Andreevici Krîlov (1769—1844)
 Eugene Kozlovsky (n. 1946)
 Ivan Krylov (1769-1844)
 Wilhelm Küchelbecker (1797-1846)
 Nestor Kukolnik (1809-1868)

L
 Ivan Lazhechnikov (1792–1869)
 Boris Lavreniov (1891-1959)
 Leonid Leonov (1899-1994)
 Dmitri Lipskerov (n. 1964)

M
 Anatoly Marienhof (1897-1962)
 Samuil Marshak (1887-1964)
 Mikhail Matinsky (1760-c1820)
 Vladimir Maiakovski (1893-1930)
 Serghei Mihalkov (1913-2009)

N
 Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977)
 Löb Nevakhovich (1776/78-1831)
 Alexander Neverov (1886-1923)
 Nikolai Nikolev (1758-1815)
 Osip Notovich (1849-1914)

O
 Alexander Ostrovsky (1823-1886)
 Valentin Ovechkin (1904-1968)
 Vladislav Ozerov (1769-1816)

P
 Vera Panova (1905-1973)
 Lyudmila Petrushevskaya (n. 1938)
 Aleksey Pisemsky (1821-1881)
 Andrei Platonov (1899-1951)
 Nikolai Pogodin (1900-1962)
 Mikhail Popov (1742-1790)
 Alexander Preys (1905-1942)
 Iosif Prut (1900-1996)
 Aleksandr Pușkin (1799-1837))

R
 Edvard Radzinsky (n. 1936)
 Vyacheslav Rybakov (n. 1954)

S
 Natalya Sats (1903-1993)
 Shchepkina-Kupernik (1874-1952
 Evgeny Shvarts (1896-1958)
 Vassily Sigarev  (n. 1977)
Anatoli Sofronov (ru) (1911 - 1990)
 Fyodor Sologub (1863-1927)
 Ksenya Stepanycheva (n. 1978)
 Aleksandr Sukhovo-Kobylin (1817-1903)
 Alexander Sumarokov (1717-1777)

T
 Yelizaveta Tarakhovskaya (1891-1968)
 Modest Tchaikovsky (1850-1916)
 Nadezhda Teffi (1872-1952)
 Viktoriya Tokareva (n. 1937)
 Aleksei Konstantinovici Tolstoi (1817-1875)
 Aleksei Nikolaevici Tolstoi (1883-1945)
 Lev Tolstoi (1828-1910)
 Sergei Tretyakov (1892-1937)
 Ivan Turgheniev (1818-1883)

U
 Eduard Uspensky (n. 1937)

V
 Alexander Vampilov (1937-1972)
 Anastasiya Verbitskaya (1861-1928)
 Vsevolod Vișnevski (1900-1951)

Z
 Mark Zakharov (n. 1933)
 Boris Zaytsev (1881-1972)
 Aleksey Zhemchuzhnikov (1821-1908)
 Lydia Zinovieva-Annibal (1866-1907)

Vezi și

 Listă de piese de teatru rusești
 Listă de dramaturgi
 Listă de dramaturgi sovietici
 Listă de scriitori ruși

Dramaturgi

Listă de dramaturgi ruși


La XVIII edición del Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino Sub-18 se realizó en el Coliseo Miguel Grau del  Callao, Perú del 22 al 26 de noviembre de 2012. Los equipos nacionales compitieron por tres cupos para el Campeonato Mundial de Voleibol Femenino Sub-18 de 2013 a realizarse en Tailandia.

Equipos participantes

Grupos

Primera Fase

Grupo A

Clasificación

Resultados

Grupo B

Clasificación

Resultados

Fase Final

Final 1° y 3° puesto

Resultados

Final 5° y 7° puesto

Resultados

Posiciones Finales

Equipo de Oro

Ángela Leyva ,
Rosa Valiente,
Maguilaura Frías,
Yomira Villacorta ,
Hilary Palma,
Shiamara Almeida,
Diana Torres,
Violeta Delgado,
Luciana del Valle,
Cristina Cuba
Bárbara Briceño,
Andrea Urrutia.
Entrenadora:  Natalia Málaga

Clasificados al Mundial 2013

Distinciones individuales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la CSV

2012
Voleibol en 2012
Deporte en Perú en 2012
Eventos de voleibol desarrollados en el Perú

Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino Sub-18 de 2012


10 (on) günlük hayatta kullanılan ana sayı sisteminin temeli olan sayı. Dokuzdan sonra, on birden önce gelir. Roma sayı sisteminde X ile temsil edilir. Neon'un element numarasıdır

10 sayısı bir desteye karşılık gelir.

Tam sayılar

10 (sayı)


Jessica Parratto (Dover, 26 de junho de 1994) é uma saltadora estadunidense, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Parratto conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de plataforma 10 m sincronizado feminino, ao lado de Delaney Schnell, após somarem 310.80 nos cinco saltos.

Saltadores olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Saltadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Jessica Parratto


Beim Eisenbahnunfall von Suffolk stießen am 11. August 1837 bei Suffolk, Virginia, USA zwei Züge frontal zusammen. Es war der erste Frontalzusammenstoß zweier Züge mit Todesopfern in der Eisenbahngeschichte.

Gegebenheiten

Die Strecke war eingleisig. Eine Zugsicherung bestand nicht. Es wurde auf Sicht gefahren und über Kreuzungsgleise entgegenkommenden Zügen ausgewichen. Die Unfallstelle lag auf einem etwa zwölf Meter hohen Damm, der in einen Geländeeinschnitt und zugleich in eine Kurve mündete. Ein aus Portsmouth kommender fahrplanmäßig verkehrender Personenzug, der 13 Personenwagen mit sich führte und mit etwa 200 Reisenden besetzt war, näherte sich über den Damm dem Einschnitt. Zugleich kam aus der Gegenrichtung und aus einem Gefälle ein außerplanmäßig verkehrender Güterzug mit 15 Güterwagen, die mit Holz beladen waren.

Hergang

Während es dem Lokomotivführer des Personenzugs noch gelang, seinen Zug mit einer Notbremsung zum Stehen zu bringen, gelang das dem Güterzug nicht mehr. Einige Reisende, die den Unfall kommen sahen, sprangen noch aus den Wagen, bevor es zum Zusammenstoß kam. Sie stürzten den Damm hinunter. Bei dem Zusammenstoß wurden die drei ersten Wagen des Personenzugs, die hinter dessen Lokomotive liefen, ineinander geschoben und zertrümmert, wobei die Wagen auf dem Damm liegen blieben. Dabei starben drei Reisende und Dutzende Verletzte waren zu beklagen.

Untersuchung

Das Untersuchungsergebnis gab dem Zugpersonal des Güterzugs die Schuld an dem Unfall. Ihm wurde grobe Fahrlässigkeit vorgeworfen. Er sei zu schnell gefahren und habe nicht beachtet, dass der planmäßige Personenzug sich ebenfalls auf der Strecke befand.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Eisenbahnunfällen in den Vereinigten Staaten

Literatur

 Southworth Allen Howland: Steamboat disasters and Railroad accidents in the United States: to which is appended accounts of recent shipwrecks, fires at sea, thrilling incidents, etc. Worcester, Massachusetts 1840, S. 286ff.

Suffolk
Suffolk
Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten (1789–1849)
Suffolk (Virginia)

Eisenbahnunfall von Suffolk


Potters Bar Town F.C. ist ein englischer Fußballverein aus Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England. Der Verein wurde 1960 als Mount Grace Old Scholars gegründet. 1991 wurde der Vereinsname in Potters Bar Town geändert. Seit 2013 spielt der Verein in der Southern League. Die Vereinsfarben sind hellblau und rot.

Erfolge
 Spartan South Midlands League
 Premier Division Meister 1996/97, 2004/05
 Premier Division League Cup Sieger 1997, 2005
 Floodlit Cup Sieger 1998, 2006
 Herts Senior County League
 Premier Division Meister 1990/91
 Herts Charity Shield
 Sieger 2003, 2005, 2007
 Potters Bar Charity Cup
 Sieger 1996, 2004, 2005
 Aubrey Cup
 Meister 1991
 North London Combination
 Premier Division Meister 1967/68

Stadion
Der Verein spielt im Parkfield Stadion, das viele Jahre auch von der Reservemannschaft des Arsenal Ladies FC genutzt wurde.

Weblinks
 Saisonweise Übersicht der Klubplatzierungen

Englischer Fußballverein
Sportverein (Hertfordshire)
Gegründet 1960
Sport (Potters Bar)

Potters Bar Town


Cangrena, denumită și gangrenă, este un tip de necroză cauzată de circulația insuficientă a sângelui. Această situație ce pune în pericol viața poate apărea după un traumatism sau o infecție sau la persoanele care suferă de o problemă cronică de sănătate care afectează circulația sângelui. Cauza principală a cangrenei este reducerea alimentării cu sânge a țesuturilor afectate, ceea ce duce la moartea celulelor. Diabetul zaharat și fumatul pe termen lung crește riscul de cangrenă.

Cangrena nu este o boală transmisibilă; ea nu se transmite de la persoană la persoană, deși infecția asociată cu unele forme se poate transmite. Tipurile de cangrenă diferă după simptome: cangrenă uscată, cangrenă umedă, cangrenă gazoasă, cangrenă internă și fasciită necrozantă. Îndepărtarea chirurgicală a țesutului cangrenat și antibioticele sunt principalele metode de tratament ale cangrenei. După ce cangrena este tratată, cauza principala este înlăturată. Aceasta include modificarea stilului de viață, cum ar fi renunțarea la fumat, un control mai bun al diabetului zaharat, revascularizarea sau, mai rar, tratamentul medical pentru a opri spasmul vascular sau producția de obstrucții vasculare de către crioglobuline.

Cauze
Cangrena este cauzată de întreruperea circulației sangvine (în urma unei boli vasculare periferice) sau de o infecție. Ea este asociată cu diabetul zaharat și cu fumatul pe termen lung. Această situație apare cel mai frecvent la membrele inferioare (picioare).

Istoric

În jurul anului 1028, viermii dipterelor au fost frecvent utilizați pentru a trata rănile cronice sau ulcerele în scopul de a preveni sau opri răspândirea necrozei, deoarece unele specii de viermi consumă doar carne moartă, lăsând țesutul viu din apropiere neafectat. Această practică a încetat, în mare măsură, după introducerea antibioticelor, acetonitrilului și enzimei în gama de tratamente pentru răni. În timpurile recente, cu toate acestea, terapia cu viermi și-a recăpătat credibilitatea și, uneori, este folosită cu mare eficacitate în cazuri de necroză cronică a țesuturilor.

Compozitorul francez de muzică barocă Jean-Baptiste Lully a făcut cangrenă în ianuarie 1687, când, în timp ce dirija o reprezentație muzicală a imnului Te Deum, a înjunghiat propriul său deget de la picior cu un baston ascuțit (pe care îl folosea pe post de baghetă). Boala s-a răspândit la picior, dar compozitorul a refuzat amputarea piciorului, ceea ce a dus în cele din urmă la moartea sa în luna martie a acelui an.

Fostul rege al Franței Ludovic al XIV-lea a murit de cangrenă la picior pe 1 septembrie 1715, chiar înainte de cea de-a 77-a aniversare asa, după o domnie de 72 de ani.

John M. Trombold a scris: "Middleton Goldsmith, un chirurg din Armata Uniunii în timpul Războiului Civil American, a studiat cu meticulozitate cangrena în spital și a dezvoltat un regim de tratament revoluționar. Mortalitatea de cangrenă în spital în timpul Războiului Civil era de 45 la sută. Metoda lui Goldsmith, pe care a aplicat-o în peste 330 de cazuri, au dus la o mortalitate sub 3 la sută." Goldsmith a pledat pentru utilizarea debridării și a injectat soluții pe bază de bromură în rănile infectate pentru a reduce incidența și virulența "miasmei ucigătoare". Copii ale cărții sale au fost trimise chirurgilor din Armata Uniunii pentru a încuraja utilizarea metodelor lui.

Etimologie
Etimologia cangrenei derivă din cuvântul latin gangraena și din cuvântul grecesc gangraina (γάγγραινα), care înseamnă "putrefacția țesuturilor".

Referințe

Legături externe

Boli vasculare

Cangrenă


Wilbert Ross Thatcher,  (May 24, 1917 – July 22, 1971) was the ninth premier of Saskatchewan, serving from May 22, 1964 to June 30, 1971. He led the Saskatchewan Liberal Party in four general elections, in 1960,  1964, 1967 and 1971.  Thatcher was defeated in his first election in 1960, but won the next two elections in 1964 and 1967 with majority governments.  Following his defeat in the general election of 1971, he retired from politics and died shortly afterwards.

Early life, family, education, and early business career
Born in Neville, Saskatchewan, Thatcher was a Moose Jaw-based businessman, who developed an interest in politics shortly after the birth of his son, Colin Thatcher. Ross's father, Wilbur, had built a chain of hardware stores across the province, which the son helped to manage.

He graduated from high school at 15, and attended Queen's University, in Kingston, Ontario, where he earned a commerce degree at 18.

Immediately following graduation, Thatcher became executive assistant to the vice-president of Canada Packers, in Toronto, but had to return to Saskatchewan to run the family business after his father had become ill. By this time, the family business included outlets in Regina and Saskatoon as well as the original Moose Jaw store, and was prospering. Thatcher employed his siblings to assist him.

Political career

Federal CCF Member of Parliament
Believing that because of the Great Depression, private business alone could not stimulate economic development in the province, he joined the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and was elected to Moose Jaw City Council on a labour-reform slate in 1942. In 1945, he was elected to Parliament representing Moose Jaw.

Thatcher grew increasingly uncomfortable in the CCF because of his roots in the business world, and he soon found himself on the right wing of the party caucus. He gradually shifted away from the CCF.  In 1955, he left the CCF over the issue of corporate taxation, saying that he was "opposed to Socialism and all it stands for". He sat as an Independent MP for the rest of his term, before running unsuccessfully for the Liberal Party of Canada in the federal elections of  1957 and 1958.

Mossbank debate
During the 1957 federal campaign, Thatcher attacked the provincial CCF government's record on crown corporations by describing them as a dismal failure. Saskatchewan Premier Tommy Douglas challenged Thatcher to a debate in the town of Mossbank, which was broadcast on the radio across the province.

The debate was widely regarded as a draw. However, many observers believed that Thatcher had more than held his own against the formidable Douglas. The debate established Thatcher as the province's main anti-CCF standard bearer.

Defeat in federal politics
Thatcher was defeated by Hazen Argue of the CCF in the 1957 federal election and again in 1958.

Entry to provincial politics
Despite his defeat at the federal level, Thatcher was courted by the provincial Saskatchewan Liberal Party and became its leader in 1959 at the party's leadership convention by defeating three rivals. He led the party into the 1960 provincial election, which was fought over the issue of Medicare. The Liberals increased their level of public support but could not make a significant dent in the Saskatchewan CCF's large majority. The CCF had held power since the 1944 election.

Thatcher himself was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from the rural southern riding of Morse.

Enters ranching business
In the late 1950s, Thatcher transitioned away from hardware, and into farming and cattle ranching, in the Moose Jaw area. He employed his son Colin as a full-time manager of his agricultural businesses, starting in 1962. The younger Thatcher had earned two agricultural degrees at Iowa State University. The new business ventures proved successful.

Premier of Saskatchewan
The Liberals had gained momentum, however, and the anti-CCF opposition coalesced around them, particularly in the face of events such as the Saskatchewan doctors' strike, which had hurt the CCF's popularity. The Liberals won a string of by-elections over the next three years. Douglas, premier since 1944, stepped down as premier in November, 1961, as he had been elected leader of the newly-formed federal New Democratic Party, earlier that year; this step significantly weakened the Saskatchewan CCF-NDP.

In the 1964 provincial election, the Liberals won a narrow victory that ended 20 years of CCF-NDP government. The Liberals were only 0.1% ahead of the CCF in the popular vote. However, a sharp decline in Social Credit support allowed the Liberals to win a six-seat majority.

By now, there was very little left of Thatcher's roots in the CCF. His government sold several crown corporations and declared the province "open for business" by encouraging private investment in the potash and other industries.

On economic issues, Thatcher's government was classically liberal, and Thatcher often clashed with the federal Liberal governments of Lester Pearson and Pierre Trudeau over agricultural policy, social welfare policies (which the federal party supported and Thatcher opposed), and constitutional reform as well as the federal Liberals' attempts to form a federal political organization in the province separate from the provincial party.

Thatcher was re-elected with a slightly-increased majority in 1967. He then introduced an austerity program, which cut government services, increased taxes, and introduced user fees on medical procedures. Reduced government investment hurt both the potash industry and agriculture, and Thatcher's administration became increasingly unpopular.

His government was defeated by the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party, the new name of the Saskatchewan CCF, which was led by Allan Blakeney, in the June 1971 election.

Although the Liberals won roughly the same number of votes as in 1967, a collapse in Progressive Conservative support resulted in the Liberals losing almost half of their seats.

Death
In July 1971, only a few weeks after his defeat in the election, he died in his sleep in Regina, Saskatchewan, apparently as a result of complications from diabetes and a heart condition. His death shocked the Saskatchewan public, and JoAnn Thatcher, who at the time was the wife of the former premier's son Colin Thatcher, later claimed she suspected the death was a suicide. However, it was an open secret that Thatcher had largely refused to deal with his severe diabetes over the years.  A former aide told reporters that Thatcher's health had been so run down that his death from natural causes surprised few insiders.

CTV News journalist Keith Morrison interviewed Thatcher only a few hours before his death and is believed to be the last reporter to speak to him.

Family

Peggy Thatcher
Thatcher's widow, Peggy, was persuaded to run for the federal parliament in support of Trudeau's Liberals in the 1972 federal election but came only a weak third in Regina East.

Colin Thatcher
In the 1975 provincial election Thatcher's son, Colin, won a seat in Thunder Creek, a new constituency that contained parts of the riding that his father had represented. Although he was first elected as a Liberal, he later crossed the floor to the Progressive Conservatives before joining the government after the Blakeney government was swept from power in the 1982 provincial election. Following a brief stint as a cabinet minister in the Progressive Conservative government, he was later charged with murdering his ex-wife, JoAnn Wilson. He was convicted of first degree murder by the jury in the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench.  His appeals to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Canada were dismissed.

Electoral history

Summary
Thatcher ranks eighth out of the fifteen Premiers of Saskatchewan for time in office, from May 22, 1964 to June 30, 1971, for a total of .

He led the Saskatchewan Liberal Party in four general elections, in 1960,  1964, 1967 and 1971.  Thatcher was defeated in his first election in 1960, but won the next two elections in 1964 and 1967 with majority governments.  Following his defeat in the general election of 1971, he was succeeded as Premier by Allan Blakeney, leader of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party (NDP). Thatcher was the sixth and last Liberal premier to date.

Thatcher was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan four times from 1960 to 1971.  He was the Leader of the Opposition from 1960 to 1964.

Prior to entering provincial politics, Thatcher had been involved in federal politics, originally as a member of the CCF, then as an Independent, and finally as a Liberal.

Saskatchewan general elections, 1960 to 1971

Thatcher led the Liberals in four general elections: 1960, 1964, 1967, and 1971.  He won two elections with majority governments, but also lost two, in 1960 and 1971.

1960 General election

In Thatcher's first general election as Liberal leader, Douglas again led the CCF to a majority government.  Thatcher became the Leader of the Opposition.

1 Premier when election was called;  Premier after election.
2 Leader of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party without seat in the Assembly when election called;  Leader of the Opposition after election.

1964 General election

The 1964 election was very close in the popular vote, with a difference of only 660 votes between the Liberals and the CCF.  The distribution of votes in the ridings gave the Liberals a majority, ending the CCF's seventeen year term in office.  Thatcher defeated Premier Woodrow Lloyd and became premier.  Lloyd became Leader of the Opposition.

1 Leader of the Opposition before election was called;  Premier after election.
2 Premier when election was called;  Leader of the Opposition after election.

1967 General election

In the 1967 election, Thatcher led the Liberals to another majority government, the last time the Liberals have formed the government in Saskatchewan.  Thatcher defeated Lloyd for a second time. Lloyd resigned as party leader before the next election, being succeeded by Alan Blakeney.

1 Premier before election was called;  Premier after election.
2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called;  Leader of the Opposition after election.

1971 General election

In the 1971 election, Thatcher again led the Liberals, but was defeated by Allan Blakeney, the new leader of the NDP, who won a majority government.  Thatcher died a month after the election.

1 Leader of the Opposition before election was called;  Premier after election.
2 Premier when election was called; died a month after the election.

Saskatchewan constituency elections

Thatcher stood for election to the Legislative Assembly in four general elections, all in the constituency of Morse.  He was elected in all four elections, from 1960 to 1971.

1960 General election:  Morse

E Elected
1 Rounding error

1964 General election:  Morse

E Elected
X Incumbent

1967 General election:  Morse

E Elected
X Incumbent

1971 General election:  Morse

E Elected
X Incumbent

Federal constituency elections, 1945 to 1958

Thatcher stood for election to the House of Common five times, in three different Saskatchewan ridings.  He was elected three times and defeated twice.
He first stood for election as a member of the CCF, and was elected three times (1945, 1949, 1953).  However, part way through his third term as a Member of Parliament, he left the CCF and sat as an independent, from 1955 to 1957.  He then ran as a Liberal in the general elections of 1957 and 1958, but was defeated both times.

1945 General election:  Moose Jaw

E Elected
X Incumbent

1949 General election:  Moose Jaw

E Elected
X Incumbent

1953 General election:  Moose Jaw—Lake Centre

E Elected
1 Elected as a member of the CCF, but left the CFF caucus in 1955 and sat as an independent for the rest of his term as a Member of Parliament.

1957 General election:  Assiniboia

E Elected
X Incumbent

1958 General election:  Assiniboia

E Elected
X Incumbent

Saskatchewan Liberal leadership

Thatcher won the leadership of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party at a party convention held on September 24, 1959.  The runners-up were Wilf Gardiner, Frank Foley, and Alex Cameron.

References

1917 births
1971 deaths
Premiers of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Leaders of the Opposition
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPs
Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 1957 Canadian federal election
Candidates in the 1958 Canadian federal election
Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLAs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
People from Moose Jaw
Liberal Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Leaders of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party

Ross Thatcher


Nebojša Glogovac (Trebinje,
30. kolovoza 1969. – Beograd, 9. veljače 2018.), bio je srbijanski filmski, kazališni i televizijski glumac.

Privatni život
Rođen je u Trebinju, ali mu se obitelj rano preselila u Pančevo. Do smrti je živio u Beogradu te je bio srpske nacionalnosti. 1996. godine oženio se s Minom Glogovac no, rastavio se 2014. godine. 2016. godine ponovo se oženio, ovoga puta Milicom Šćepanović. S Minom Glogovac imao je dvojicu sinova Miloša i Gavrila, dok je s Milicom Šćepanović imao kćerku Sunčicu.

Školovanje
Upisao je Studij psihologije no, nakon nekoga vremena s time je prekinuo i okrenuo se glumi. U Beogradu je završio Fakultet dramskih umjetnosti.

Smrt
U prosincu 2017. godine dijagnosticiran mu je rak pluća, od kojeg je preminuo dana 9. veljače 2018. godine u 49. godini života.

Glumac je pokopan 12. veljače u Aleji zaslužnih građana na Novom groblju u Beogradu.

Uloge
 Lud, zbunjen, normalan - Grdoba
 72 dana - policajac Dane (2010.)
 Kad svane dan - Mališa (2012.)
 Izvan sezone (kratki film) - Đino (2012.)
 Ustav Republike Hrvatske - Vjeko Kralj (2016.)
 Južni vetar  - Golub (2018.)

Izvori

Srbijanski filmski glumci
Srbijanski televizijski glumci
Životopisi, Trebinje

Nebojša Glogovac


O acidente com o Cessna 172 prefixo N8056L foi um acidente aéreo e um incidente ferroviário ocorrido no dia 9 de janeiro de 2022 na cidade de Los Angeles, nos Estados Unidos. O acidente deixou dois feridos, entre eles o piloto do monomotor (o único a bordo) e um passageiro do trem.

Aeronave e piloto
A aeronave envolvida no acidente era um Cessna 172 de prefixo N8056L. Seu registro estava ativo na FAA para voos visuais e particulares. No dia do evento, estava sendo pilotada por um aviador experiente, com 70 anos de idade, e as condições climáticas eram favoráveis, possibilitando o voo.

Trem
A locomotiva em questão era um trem da empresa MetroLink, especializada em transporte de passageiros, que estava fazendo uma rota interestadual. Não foi divulgado o número de passageiros a bordo do trem em questão. A locomotiva estava com sua manutenção em dia. mesmo reduzindo a sua velocidade não conseguiu evitar a colisão com o monomotor.

Acidente
O avião efetuou sua decolagem no aeroporto de Whiteman no Vale de São Fernando, na Califórnia. A bordo estava apenas o piloto do monomotor, que momentos após a decolagem, em contato com a torre do aeroporto, emitiu o sinal de "mayday". Devido a uma pane, até o momento desconhecida, o piloto tentou realizar um pouso forçado na cabeceira oposta do aeroporto. Percebendo a sua velocidade em relação à pista, o piloto mudou de ideia, tentando um pouso forçado nos trilhos de trem na região de Pacoima, metros fora dos limites do aeroporto. Com isso, foi evitado o atropelamento de alguém que pudesse estar na via.

Resgate e choque com a locomotiva

Após o pouso forçado, o piloto do monomotor ficou ferido e preso entre as ferragens do avião. Policiais do Departamento de Polícia de Los Angeles (LAPD) que estavam próximos ao local do acidente ordenaram o encerramento do tráfico de locomotivas na região para proporcionar um resgate seguro. Entretanto, um trem já estava em direção ao local do acidente, e não conseguiu receber a comunicação a tempo.

Percebendo um eminente choque, os policiais forçaram a remoção do piloto da aeronave e arrastaram-no para um local seguro segundos antes do choque do trem com a aeronave. Após o choque, uma pessoa ficou levemente ferida no interior da locomotiva e foi levada para o hospital. O piloto foi levado em estado estável para o hospital.

Investigação
Após o acidente, todo o tráfego aéreo e ferroviário da região foi suspenso para a retirada dos destroços dos trilhos. A LAPD e o departamento de bombeiros da cidade asseguraram a cena até que fosse avaliado o melhor procedimento a ser adotado. O Cessna 172 ficou parcialmente destruído e a locomotiva sofreu danos leves e foi encaminhada para uma inspeção e manutenção.

A Administração Federal de Aviação irá iniciar uma investigação para apurar as causas do acidente. Após a limpeza da ferrovia e uma análise técnica, os trilhos foram reabertos.

Acidentes e incidentes aéreos de 2022
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos nos Estados Unidos
Acidentes e incidentes ferroviários de 2022
Acidentes e incidentes ferroviários nos Estados Unidos

Acidente do Cessna 172 prefixo N8056L em 2022


Lavenue Aristide-Briand est une voie de communication d'Antony dans les Hauts-de-Seine qui suit le tracé de l'ancienne route nationale 20.

Situation et accès
Orientée du sud au nord, elle commence au carrefour de la rue Auguste-Mounié et de la rue Jean-Moulin et se termine au carrefour de la Croix-de-Berny.

Elle est desservie par la gare de La Croix de Berny de la ligne B du RER d'Île-de-France.

Du nord au sud, à droite :
 la rue du Nord ;
 la rue du Sud ;
 la rue des Morteaux ;
 la rue Paul-Bourget ;
 l'avenue Jeanne-d'Arc ;
 l'avenue de la Providence ;
 la villa Domas ;
 la rue Auguste-Mounié
et à gauche :
 la rue du Parc qui permet d'accéder au square du Capitaine-Dronne ;
 la rue Voltaire ;
 l'avenue Victor-Hugo ;
 la rue de l'Ancien-Château ;
 la rue Florian ;
 la rue Carnot ;
 l'avenue Fernand-Fenzy ;
 la rue Buffon ;
 la rue Louis-Barthou ;
 l'avenue de la Concorde ;
 la rue Pernoud ;
 la rue Galipeau ;
 la villa Thorain ;
 l'allée Fernand-Braudel ;
 la rue Jean-Moulin.

Origine du nom

Le , le conseil municipal donne le nom d'Aristide-Briand à cette voie en hommage à Aristide Briand, l'homme politique et prix Nobel de la Paix 1926, qui venait de mourir.

Historique

Cette voie a été bordée, dans le quartier du Pont, pendant des siècles par des auberges, une grande ferme jusqu'à la fin du , puis plus au nord par des champs, des prairies et par les jardins du château de Berny. Elle connut un grand développement durant le  à la suite de la création de l'Arpajonnais qui favorisa la construction de lotissements le long de cette voie : habitations, artisans, commerces, cafés et l'usine à gaz Giorgi en 1884 qui fermera en 1923. Initialement nommée « avenue de Paris », le nom d'Aristide-Briand avait été donné à la partie de la N20 qui traverse Antony depuis Bourg-la-Reine jusqu'à l'intersection avec la rue Auguste-Mounié. Le , la partie de cette voie qui va de Bourg-la-Reine au carrefour de la Croix-de-Berny a été renommée avenue Raymond-Aron.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire

Du côté pair
Au , la maison de retraite Korian Florian Carnot.

Du côté impair
Devant l'immeuble du , une construction basse abritait une supérette remplacée en 2000 par un bureau de poste, fermé fin 2021.

Au , Marie-George Buffet vécut dans son enfance au dessus du garage familial « Berny Auto Réparation ». Ce garage existe encore en 2022, sous la marque Citroën..

Au , une maison, œuvre de l'architecte René Gravier, est recensée à l'inventaire général du patrimoine culturel.

Articles connexes
 Dictionnaire des rues d'Antony

Notes et références

Voie à Antony

Avenue Aristide-Briand (Antony)


António Agostinho Neto (17 September 1922 – 10 September 1979) was an Angolan politician and poet. He served as the first president of Angola from 1975 to 1979, having led the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the war for independence (1961–1974). Until his death, he led the MPLA in the civil war (1975–2002). Known also for his literary activities, he is considered Angola's preeminent poet. His birthday is celebrated as National Heroes' Day, a public holiday in Angola.

Early life
Neto was born at Ícolo e Bengo, in Bengo Province, Angola, in 1922. Neto attended high school in the capital city, Luanda; his parents were both school teachers and Methodists; his father, also called Agostinho Neto, was a Methodist pastor. After secondary school he worked in the colonial health services before going on to university. The younger Neto left Angola for Portugal, and studied medicine at the universities of Coimbra and Lisbon. He combined his academic life with covert political activity of a revolutionary sort; and PIDE, the security police force of the Estado Novo regime headed by Portuguese Prime Minister Salazar, arrested him in 1951 for three months for his separatist activism. He was arrested again in 1952 for joining the Portuguese Movement for Democratic Youth Unity. He was arrested again in 1955 and held until 1957. He finished his studies, marrying a 23-year-old Portuguese woman who was born in Trás-os-Montes, Maria Eugénia da Silva, the same day he graduated. He returned to Angola in 1959, was arrested again in 1960, and escaped to assume leadership of the armed struggle against colonial rule. When Angola gained independence in 1975 he became president and held the position until his death in 1979.

Political career
In December 1956, the Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merged with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUAA) to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola with Viriato da Cruz, the President of the PCA, as Secretary General and Neto as president.

The Portuguese authorities in Angola arrested Neto on 8 June 1960. His patients and supporters marched for his release from Bengo to Catete, but were stopped when Portuguese soldiers shot at them, killing 30 and wounding 200 in what became known as the Massacre of Icolo e Bengo. At first Portugal's government exiled Neto to Cape Verde. Then, once more, he was sent to jail in Lisbon. After international protests were made to Salazar's administration urging Neto's release, Neto was freed from prison and put under house arrest. From this he escaped, going first to Morocco and then to Congo-Léopoldville.

In 1962 Neto visited Washington, D.C., and asked the Kennedy administration for aid in his war against Portugal. The U.S. government turned him down, because it had oil interests in colonial Angola, choosing instead to support Holden Roberto's comparatively anti-Communist National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA).

Neto met Che Guevara in 1965 and began receiving support from Cuba. He visited Havana many times, and he and Fidel Castro shared similar ideological views.

Following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal during April 1974 (which deposed Salazar's successor Marcelo Caetano), three political factions vied for Angolan power. One of the three was the MPLA, to which Neto belonged. On 11 November 1975, Angola achieved full independence from the Portuguese, and Neto became the nation's ruler after the MPLA seized Luanda at the expense of the other anti-colonial movements. He established a one-party state and his government developed close links with the Soviet Union and other nations in the Eastern Bloc and other Communist states, particularly Cuba, which aided the MPLA considerably in its war with the FNLA, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and South Africa. Neto made the MPLA declare Marxism-Leninism its official doctrine. As a consequence, he violently repressed a movement later called Fractionism which in 1977 attempted a coup d'état inspired by the Organização dos Comunistas de Angola. In December 1977 at their first congress, they changed their name to MPLA-PT (MPLA Partido do Trabalho) officially adopting the Marxist-Leninist ideology, requested by Nito Alves. Tens of thousands of followers (or alleged followers) of Nito Alves were executed in the aftermath of the attempted coup, over a period that lasted up to two years, although Agostinho Neto only ratified the death sentence of Nito Alves. After corresponding with several relatives of the disappeared, Neto decided to dissolve the Directorate of Information and Security for the "excesses" they had committed.

According to his sons, President Neto never assigned business or privileges to them, suggesting that despite a controversial presidency he never forgot his humble origins.

Neto died in a hospital in Moscow, while undergoing surgery for cancer, shortly before his 57th birthday. José Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him as president. The Angolan Civil War continued to rage for almost a quarter of a century more.

Literary career

Agostinho Neto's poetic works were written chiefly between 1946 and 1960, largely in Portugal. He published three books of poetry during his lifetime. Several of his poems became national anthems. Poems included collections like Sacred Hope, which was published in 1974 (Titled Dry Eyes in the Portuguese Version). Also, he was the first member voted into the Anglo Writers Union and The Center for African Studies in Lisbon. He was later awarded the Lotus Prize presented by the Conference of Afro-Asian Writers'

Death

Agostinho Neto died on Monday, 10 September 1979 in Moscow after travelling to the Soviet Union to undergo surgery for cancer and hepatitis. He was a week shy of his 57th birthday at the time of his death. Neto had a long battle with pancreatic cancer, as well as chronic hepatitis that ultimately took his life. Neto had been to the Soviet Union multiple times for treatment because of the high level of medical professionals there. Few people knew about his failing health because he and his colleagues thought it was better to hide this information, as to not show weakness.

Legacy
The Soviet Union awarded Neto the Lenin Peace Prize for 1975–76.

The public university of Luanda, the Agostinho Neto University, is named after him. A poem by Chinua Achebe entitled Agostinho Neto was written in his honor. An airport in Santo Antão, Cape Verde, is named after him, due to the beloved work he performed there as a doctor. For the same reason, the main hospital of Cape Verde in the capital Praia is named "Hospital Agostinho Neto" (HAN). There is also a morna dedicated to him. A street in New Belgrade in Serbia is named after him, the Dr Agostina Neta street.

A street in Ghana (Agostinho Neto Road), which can be found in Airport City in the capital, is named after him.

In 1973, during one of his few unofficial visits to Bulgaria, Neto met a woman with whom he had a daughter, Mihaela Radkova Marinova, who was raised in orphanages in Bulgaria. Neto's family has not recognised the child. A DNA test performed in 2013 concluded with 95% confidence that she is Neto's daughter.

Foreign honours

  Order of Amílcar Cabral, First Class

 Recipient of the Order of Playa Girón

  Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit

  Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis

  Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, First Class

  Supreme Commander of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo

 Lenin Peace Prize

  Order of the Yugoslav Star

 Recipient of the Royal Order of Munhumutapa

References

External links

Encyclopedia

Angolan revolutionaries
Presidents of Angola
1922 births
1979 deaths
People from Bengo Province
Angolan communists
Angolan escapees
Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize
Angolan writers
Escapees from Portuguese detention
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Portuguese-language writers
MPLA politicians
University of Coimbra alumni
University of Lisbon alumni
Communism in Angola
20th-century Angolan politicians
Angolan independence activists
Angolan expatriates in Portugal
20th-century presidents in Africa

Agostinho Neto


Não confundir com a Igreja Presbiteriana dos Camarões, a denominação presbiteriana de língua francesa dos Camarões

A Igreja Presbiteriana em Camarões ou Igreja Presbiteriana nos Camarões (em francês: Église presbytérienne camerounaise e em Inglês: Presbyterian Church in Cameroon) é uma denominação reformada presbiteriana nos Camarões fundada por missionários da Missão Basel. É a maior denominação de língua inglesa do país. Possui atualmente cerca de  membros,, o que equivale a 10% da população do país.

História

Os batistas ingleses se estabeleceram na África Ocidental em 1843 e iniciaram missões entre os nativos. Em 1884, o território ficou sob proteção alemã e foi acordado, em uma conferência das Sociedades Missionárias Europeias, que a Missão Basileia (Missão Basel) deveria assumir o trabalho dos batistas ingleses. Isso foi feito em 1886.

Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, o território passou a ser governado pelos britânicos e os missionários alemães e suíços foram chamados de volta. Isso levou à separações, uma vez que parte os nativos convertidos pelos batistas se recusaram aderir ao pedobatismo, uma prática comum entre os missionários alemães.

Em 1925, missionários europeus começaram a retornar ao país. A Segunda Guerra Mundial novamente interrompeu a vida da igreja, que foi, no entanto, seguida por um período de intensa atividade e crescimento. A igreja tornou-se autônoma em 1957. Uma nova constituição foi elaborada e adotada, marcando a autonomia da igreja nacional.

Atualidade
A igreja administra três hospitais gerais, um centro de reabilitação para pacientes de hanseníase, 18 centros de saúde, dois com unidade oftalmológica e uma farmácia central. Muita ênfase é colocada nos cuidados de saúde primários nas aldeias. No campo educacional, a igreja tem 23 creches, 122 escolas primárias, 14 escolas secundárias/secundárias e uma escola de formação de professores. Existe também um centro de formação agrícola e de emprego e uma universidade administrada pela denominação.

Relações Inter-Eclesiásticas
A igreja é membro do Concílio Mundial das Igrejas  e Comunhão Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas..

Doutrina
A igreja subscreve o Credo dos Apóstolos e o Credo Niceno. Além disso, é conhecida por permitir elementos do pentecostalismo em suas práticas.

Denominações presbiterianas nos Camarões
Membros da Comunhão Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas

Igreja Presbiteriana em Camarões


Ahmet Kaya (28 Ekim 1957, Malatya - 16 Kasım 2000, Paris), Türk protest müzik şarkıcısıdır. Türkiye'de albümleri en çok satan şarkıcılar arasında yer almaktadır.

Hayatı
Ahmet Kaya, 28 Ekim 1957'de Malatya'da dünyaya geldi. Türk kökenli Annesi Erzurum'lu, Kürt kökenli Babası ise Adıyaman'ın Çelikhan ilçesine bağlı Yağızatlı köyündendir. Babası Sümerbank dokuma fabrikasında çalışan bir işçiydi. İlkokulu Malatya'da okudu. Müzikle altı yaşında babasının hediye ettiği bağlama ile tanıştı. Okuldan geri kalan zamanlarında plak ve kaset satan bir dükkânda çalışmaya başladı. Ailesinin geçim sıkıntısı çekmesi nedeniyle 1972'de İstanbul Kocamustafapaşa'ya göç ettiler ve okulu bırakmak zorunda kaldı. İşportacılık ve çeşitli işyerlerinde çıraklık yaptı. Bu dönemde küçük bir yerleşim yerinden büyük bir şehre taşınmanın ve alışmanın sıkıntılarını yaşadı. Bu sıkıntılarını bir belgeselde şöyle dile getirdi: {{quote|Onlarla konuşmuyordum; çünkü onlarla konuşamıyordum. Giyimleri başkaydı, konuşmaları başkaydı. Onlar gibi konuşmaya çalışıyordum. Mesela terziye gidip onlar gibi pantolon diktirmeye filan başlamıştım. Terzinin yaptırdığı pantolonların üzerime uymadığını görüyordum. Onlara yakışıyordu bana yakışmıyordu. Bir kız vardı bizim okulda; herkesin bir ilk aşkı vardır, çocukluk aşkı. Bir gün gittim dedim ki "Biraz seninle konuşak beş dakika, yani kaçıyorsun hep iki tane laf edek." Bana dedi ki "Rica ederim" dedi. Öyle bir ağrıma gitti ki yav dedim "Ben de sana rica ederim." Ben o zaman rica ederim'in anlamını bilmiyordum yani onu bir küfür gibi zannettim biliyor musunuz.}}
On altı yaşında yasadışı afiş basmaktan hapse atıldı. Daha sonra birkaç arkadaşıyla birlikte Halk Birimleri Derneği'nin çalışmalarına katıldı. Bu çalışmaları sırasında çeşitli etkinliklerde bağlama çalmaya devam etti.  Boğaziçi Üniversitesinde yapılan bir etkinlikte Ruhi Su ile tanışma fırsatı buldu ve Mahsus Mahal isimli Ruhi Su türküsünü söyledi. 1978 yılında Gelibolu'da askerlik yaptı, bu arada askeri orkestrada müzik çalışmalarına devam etti. Askerden döndükten sonra Emine adlı ilk eşiyle evlendi ve 1982 yılında kızları Çiğdem doğdu. Ancak bu evlilik uzun sürmedi. Daha sonra Yusuf Hayaloğlu'nun kız kardeşi Gülten Hayaloğlu ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten, 1987 yılında ikinci kızı Melis dünyaya geldi.

 İlk profesyonel çalışmaları
İşsizlik sebebiyle ekonomik zorluklar çekti. Bu sırada eşi kendisinden ayrıldı. Bu ekonomik sorunlarından kurtulmak umuduyla kendi deyimiyle "sistemin tersine hareket" ederek hapse girmeye çalıştı. Nihayetinde uzun uğraşılar sonucu çıkardığı Ağlama Bebeğim albümünü 1984 yılında yayınladı. İstanbul Şan Tiyatrosu'nda küçük bir konser verdi. Yayımlandığı yıl albüm toplatıldı, fakat daha sonra sansürü kaldırıldı. 1985'te ikinci albümü Acılara Tutunmak için birinci albümde olduğu gibi Değişim Stüdyosu'yla anlaştı. Stüdyonun sahibi, o sıralarda Metris Askeri Cezaevi'nde olan Selda Bağcan'ın kardeşi Sezer Bağcan'dı. Cezaevinde tanıştığı 12 Eylül Darbesi mağduru Gülten Hayaloğlu ile Ahmet Kaya'nın tanışmasına aracılık etti. Albüm yayımlandıktan sonra evlendiler. Gülten Hayaloğlu hapishanede idam cezasına mahkûm olan Nevzat Çelik'in Şafak Türküsü şiirini Ahmet Kaya'ya iletti. Böylelikle geniş kitlelerce tanınması sağlanan albüm, 1985 yılında yapılıp 1986'da piyasaya çıkan Şafak Türküsü oldu. Bu albümde aranjör Oğuz Abadan'la çalıştı ve hemen hemen tüm besteleri kendisi yaptı. Aynı yıl An Gelir albümünü yayınladı.

 Yusuf Hayaloğlu ile tanışma
Gülten Hayaloğlu ile tanıştığı dönemde kardeşi Yusuf Hayaloğlu ve şiirleriyle tanıştı. Sözlerinin çoğunluğunun Yusuf Hayaloğlu'na ait olduğu Yorgun Demokrat adlı albümü 1987 yılında yayımlandı. 1988 yılında sadece iki şarkının söz yazarlığını Hayaloğlu'nun yaptığı ve diğer sözlerin tanınmış şairlerin şiirlerinden oluşan Başkaldırıyorum albümü çıktı. Ardından 1989 yılında sadece bağlama ve vokal ile oluşturduğu konserlerinden bir derleme olan Resitaller-1 yayımlandı. Aynı yıl Osman İşmen'in düzenlemesiyle, sözlerinin büyük çoğunluğunu Hayaloğlu'nun yazdığı İyimser Bir Gül albümü çıktı. 1990 yılında Resitaller-1'in devamı niteliğinde olan Resitaller-2 albümü yayımlandı. Aynı yılın Ekim ayında çeşitli şairlerin şiirlerinden oluşan Sevgi Duvarı isimli albümünü çıkarttı.

Şarkılarım Dağlara albümü basılan 2.800.000 bandrolle rekor kırdı. Bu albümde yer alan Özgür Çağrı isimli şarkıda geçen Abin bir gün dağdan döner, sarılırsın yavrucağım gibi sözler nedeniyle albümü toplatıldı, konser vermesi yasaklandı.

1990 yılında Tatar Ramazan ve 1992 yılında Tatar Ramazan Sürgünde filmlerinin müziklerini yaptı. 1994 yılında prodüksiyonunu Gülten Kaya ve Yusuf Hayaloğlu'nun yaptığı, Kanal D'de yayınlanan Ahmet Abi'nin Vapuru programını yaptı. Bu program sadece 13 hafta sürdü. Bu programa Nihat Akgün'ün katılması ve JetPA'nın sponsorluğunu yapması büyük eleştiriler aldı.

 Müzikal tarzı
İlk dönem albümlerinde genel olarak bağlamaya ağırlık verdi. Ahmet Kaya'nın tarzı pop, Türk halk müziği ve arabesk kategorilerine tam olarak dahil edilemediği için özgün müzik denilmeye başlandı. Kendisi müzik tarzının devrimci arabesk veya protest olarak tanımlanmasına karşı çıktı. Sözlerini kendisinin yazdığı bestelerle beraber, Attilâ İlhan, Can Yücel, Nevzat Çelik, Hasan Hüseyin Korkmazgil, Enver Gökçe, Ahmed Arif, Arkadaş Zekai Özger, Ahmet Erhan gibi tanınmış şairlerin şiirlerini de besteledi. Genellikle şarkılarında toplumsal meseleleri işledi. Toplam yirmi iki albümünde sadece bir Kürtçe şarkısı (Karwan) vardır ve bir tane de Kürtçe açılış bulunur.

Boğaziçi Üniversitesi'nde Ruhi Su ile tanışıp Mahsus Mahal isimli türküyü çaldığı zaman, Ruhi Su bağlamanın bu şekilde, at teper gibi çalınmayacağını söyler. Yıllar sonra Ahmet Kaya bir konserinde bağlama çalarken bu olaya nüktedan bir gönderme yaparak "Bağlama böyle de çalınır" der.

 Hakkındaki suçlamalar
10 Şubat 1999'da Magazin Gazetecileri Derneği'nin Princess Otel kongre salonunda düzenlenen ödül töreninde yılın en iyi sanatçısı ödülünü aldı ve ödül konuşmasında: "Ben bu ödül için İnsan Hakları Derneği'ne, Cumartesi Anneleri'ne, tüm basın emekçileri ve tüm Türkiye halkına teşekkür ediyorum. Bir de bir açıklamam var: Şu anda hazırladığım ve önümüzdeki günlerde yayımlayacağım albümde bir Kürtçe şarkı söyleyeceğim ve bu şarkıya bir klip çekeceğim. Aramızda bu klibi yayınlayacak yürekli televizyoncular olduğunu biliyorum, yayınlamazlarsa Türkiye halkıyla nasıl hesaplaşacaklarını biliyorum." dedi. Bu sözleri üzerine davetlilerin bir kısmı tepki gösterip, küfretmeye ve kendisine çeşitli eşyalar fırlatmaya başladılar. Kaya, MGD görevlileri tarafından kongre salonundan olağandışı koşullarda dışarıya çıkartıldı.

Bu olayın hemen sonrasında Ahmet Kaya'nın 1993 yılında Berlin'de Kürt İş Adamları Derneği'nin düzenlediği bir gecede verdiği iddia edilen bir konsere ilişkin fotoğrafların Hürriyet Gazetesi'nde yayınlanması üzerine "Bölücü PKK terör örgütüne yardım ve yataklık yaptığı ve halkı ırk farklılığı gözeterek kin ve düşmanlığa tahrik ettiği" iddiasıyla hakkında İstanbul Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi'nde toplam 10.5 yıl ağır hapis istemiyle iki ayrı dava açıldı. Ahmet Kaya 1999 yılında mahkemeye yaptığı savunmada bu iddialara yönelik olarak "İddianamenin suçlamaya esas aldığı, Hürriyet Gazetesi'nin 14 Şubat 1999 tarihli sayısında yer alan "Ayıp Ettin Gözüm" başlıklı haber gerçekleri yansıtmamaktadır. Yukarıda da belirttiğim gibi, 1993 yılı sonbaharında sanatçı arkadaşım Zuhal Olcay'ın da olduğunu hatırladığım bir Avrupa turnesine orkestramla birlikte katıldım. Berlin dahil Avrupa'nın birçok kentinde bu arkadaşlarımla birlikte konserler verdim. Bu konserler arasında Almanya'da sadece PKK'nın katıldığı ve 'Kürt İşadamları Derneği' adlı bir kuruluşun düzenlediği ileri sürülen bir konsere katılmadım. Böyle bir derneğin gerçekte var olup olmadığını dahi bilmiyorum. Söz konusu gazete haberi üzerine yaptığım araştırmada 1994 yılı başlarında Berlin'de 'Demokratik Esnaflar Birliği' adlı bir kuruluş tarafından düzenlenen bir geceye katıldığımı tespit ettim. Geceyi düzenleyen 'Demokratik Esnaflar Birliği' tarafından gönderilen yazıda da belirtildiği üzere, bu gecenin hiçbir örgüt ya da başka bir kuruluşla ilgisi bulunmamaktadır. Bu kuruluş, hatırladığım kadarıyla Berlin'deki tüm yabancı esnafların bir araya gelip oluşturduğu bir meslekî kuruluştur. Savcılık ifademde de belirttiğim gibi, sahne sıram gelinceye kadar sahneyi daha önceden görme şansım yoktu. Sahneye çıktıktan sonra fotoğrafta yer alan pankartı görsem dahi hiçbir şey yapamazdım. Konseri iptal etmem halinde salonu dolduran ve benim şarkılarımı dinlemek için gelmiş binlerce dinleyicinin haklı tepkisini alacak ve gecenin o atmosferinde, o salondan rahatlıkla ayrılabilmem bile mümkün olmayacaktı; ama sahneden fark ettiğim kadarıyla salonun çeşitli yerlerinde asılı başka pankartlar da vardı; fakat sahne ışıkları ve yüksek spotlardan dolayı benim onların içeriğini de görebilme şansım yoktu. Her zaman olduğu gibi kendi şarkılarımı söyledim ve sahneden ayrıldım. Bütün titizliğime rağmen bu konser sırasında çekilmiş olması mümkün olan fotoğrafın yıllar sonra ve tamamen gerçek dışı bir haberle birlikte kullanılması beni üzdü. Böyle bir fotoğrafın varlığı ve bunun bugüne kadar yayımlanmaması hiçbir ciddi habercilik anlayışıyla bağdaşmaz ve haberin gerçek dışı oluşunu ve başka amaçlara yönelik bir yayıncılık anlayışı olduğunu açıkça ortaya koyar. Bununla ilgili takdiri Sayın Mahkemenize bırakıyorum." demiştir. 16 Haziran 1999'da Türkiye'den ayrıldı. Yargılamaların sonucunda gıyabında toplam 3 yıl 9 ay ağır hapis cezasına çarptırıldı.

Ayrıca, Ahmet Kaya hakkında konserlerinde şarkılarının sözlerini Türkiye Cumhuriyeti anayasasına aykırı olarak değiştirdiği gerekçesiyle birçok dava açıldı. Ahmet Kaya bu suçlamalara yönelik olarak ise 1999 yılında mahkemede yaptığı savunmada şöyle demiştir:

"İddianamenin ikinci sayfa, dokuzuncu paragrafında yer alan şarkı sözlerini, Türkiye'deki birçok konserimde de bu şekilde değiştirerek söyledim. Bu küçük değişiklikten başka anlamlar çıkarılmasına sadece çok şaşırıyorum. Bütün samimiyetimle şunun bilinmesini isterim ki bunu yaparken başka bazı şeyler hedefliyor olsam, benim kadar sözünü sakınmadan söyleyen bir insan -takdir edersiniz ki- bu kadar dolaylı bir yola başvurmaz, "şimdilik hoşça kal yaban çiçeğim, yasal mermisiyle bir komiser yaklaşmakta" biçimindeki orijinal sözleri, "şimdilik hoşça kal yaban çiçeğim, yasal mermisiyle bir TC yaklaşmakta" şeklinde söylemem, kanımca iddianamedeki gibi yorumlanamaz. En yalın haliyle; mermiyi polis kullanır, polis Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin polisidir ve devletin polisini şarkının sözel kalıbı içerisinde bu şekilde ifade etmemden nasıl farklı bir sonuç çıkarılabilir? Çünkü şarkıdaki sözün özü şudur: 'Yasal mermisi ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin bir komiseri yaklaşmakta'. 'Başım Belada' adlı bu şarkımın bir başka yerinde; "üstelik göğsümde, yani tam şuramda, kirli sakalıyla bir eşkıya gezinmekte" yerine, "üstelik göğsümde, yani tam şuramda, kirli sakalıyla bir gerilla gezinmekte" dersem, bunun sakıncası ne olabilir? Her ikisi de dağlarda yaşar ve sakalları kirlidir. Kaldı ki şarkının bütünü dikkate alındığında, şarkıdaki mizah ve ironi zaten görülecektir. Sevgili Can Yücel'in 'Sevgi Duvarı' adlı şiirinde, 'sidikli kontes' diye bir nitelemesi vardır. Yıllar önce ben bu şiiri bestelediğimde denetimden geçirilmemiş ve onu 'pasaklı kontes' biçiminde değiştirdiğimizde bu çok önemli (!) sakıncayı ortadan kaldırmıştık. Bu örneği, hukuk tarihi kendi komedisini yazdığında malzeme olması açısından verdim. Dünyanın uğraştığı ve çözüm bulmaya çalıştığı hayatî konularla bizim mahkemelerimizin gündemini işgal eden konular karşı karşıya getirildiğinde, ülke olarak dünyanın gidişatını neden çok geriden takip ettiğimiz daha iyi anlaşılsın ve sıradan bir şarkı sözüyle bir ülkenin bölünebileceği kompleksinden artık herkes kurtulabilsin diye verdim. Bu durumdan benim çıkardığım sonuç şu: Demek ki bundan böyle sahne şovlarımda bunun bir parçası olarak, kendime ait şarkıları biraz değiştirip söylerken ciddi bir çekince yaşayacağım. Örneğin bir şarkımda "örselendi aşklarım, üstelik çok uzak bir diyardayım" sözlerini, konser verdiğim yere göre "Hamburg'tayım" ya da "Bayburt'tayım" şeklinde yorumlamaktaydım. Bir başka şarkımda; "O mahur beste çalar, müjganla ben ağlaşırız." (ki müjgan burada kirpik anlamında kullanılmıştır) biçimindeki sözleri "Ayten'le ben ağlaşırız." biçiminde değiştirerek söyleyebiliyorken bundan böyle söyleyemeyeceğim anlaşılıyor. Peki, size göre kendimi böyle daha mı özgür hissedeceğim?"

1999 yılında Münih'te PKK yanlıları tarafından düzenlenen konserde ''Arabamı o şerefsizlerin memleketinde bıraktım'' dediğini iddia eden Hürriyet Gazetesi haberi için hakkında DGM tarafından bir kez daha soruşturma başlatıldı. 9 Şubat 2000 yılında Zaman Gazetesi'ne yaptığı röportajda "Ben 3 tane şerefsizin yüzünden ülkemde arabama bile binemedim dedim" diyerek yalanladı. 1999'da Almanya'nın Münih şehrindeki Barış, Demokrasi ve Özgürlük Festivali isimli organizasyonda söylediği ve içinde "Kürdüz Ölene Kadar, Vallahi biz dostu özledik, Kürdüz sonuna kadar, Vallahi Apo'yu özledik" sözleri geçen şarkısı nedeniyle eleştirildi. 1999 Mart ayında Ordu Valiliği, Ahmet Kaya'nın kasetlerinin kentte satılmasını ve bulundurulmasını yasakladı.

Ahmet Kaya, yasal suçlamaların yanı sıra çeşitli kesimlerce lüks içinde yaşarken yoksulluk edebiyatı yapmakla suçlandı. Bu eleştirilerle ilgili olarak yöneltilen bir soruya şu şekilde yanıt verdi:

Medyanın büyük kesimi tarafından tepki gören Ahmet Kaya, bunun yanında bu tepkileri hak etmediği düşünüldüğü için kimi köşe yazarları tarafından da destek görmüştür. Bunlara örnek olarak 21 Şubat 1999 tarihli Radikal gazetesinde, Yıldırım Türker'in "Ne Yapmalı" başlıklı yazısı, 18-24 Şubat 1999 tarihli Aktüel dergisinde Defne Asal imzası ile yayımlanan "Sen Demirel misin be Ahmet" başlıklı yazı, Şubat 1999 tarihli Radikal gazetesinde, Arda Uskan imzalı "Ayıptır Ayıp" başlıklı yazı verilebilir.

 Ölümü

16 Kasım 2000'de, Hoşçakalın Gözüm İsimli Albümünün Kayıtlarını Yaparken, Paris'in Porte de Versailles semtindeki evinde bir gece kalp krizi sonucu hayatını kaybetti. 17 Kasım 2000'de 30.000'in üzerinde kişinin katıldığı törenle Paris'in Père Lachaise Mezarlığı 71. bölüme defnedildi.

 Ölümünden sonra
Her fırsatta "Öldüğümde değil yaşarken anlayın beni" diyen Ahmet Kaya hakkında ölene kadar bir linç kampanyası yürütülmüştür.

2002 yılında Ahmet Kaya'nın şarkılarını 20 ünlü sanatçının söylediği Dinle Sevgili Ülkem isimli bir albüm yapılmış, Magazin Gazetecileri Derneği'nin gecesinde duyurduğu Kürtçe Karwan (Kervan) parçasının ve klibinin de bulunduğu Hoşçakalın Gözüm, Biraz da Sen Ağla albümü yayımlandı. Père Lachaise Mezarlığı 71. bölümde bulunan mezarı 2003 yılında tekrar düzenlendi. Ağırlığı 3.5 tonu bulan mezarının üzerinde kardelen motifleri, enstrümanlar, Kastamonu yazması deseni, İstanbul silueti, şarkı sözleri ve büstü bulunmaktadır. Kalsın Benim Davam ve Gözlerim Bin Yaşında (Aralık 2006) adlarında dört albümü daha yayınlanmıştır.

4 Eylül 2007'de Türkiye'de kendi ismine açılan tek yer olan Ahmet Kaya Halk Evi, Batman'da açıldı. 2009 yılında AK Parti hükûmetince mezarının Paris'ten Türkiye'ye taşınması konusunda fikirler ortaya atıldı. Ahmet Kaya'nın kabri hâlen Paris'in Père Lachaise Mezarlığı'nda yer almaktadır.

Ölümünün onuncu yılına denk gelen 2010 yılında Ümit Kıvanç tarafından hazırlanan Uçurtmam Tellere Takıldı isimli belgesel gösterime girdi.

Haziran 2012'de Magazin Gazetecileri Derneği tarafından Ahmet Kaya Özel Ödülü verileceği açıklandı. İlk ödülü Kaya'nın bağlamacısı Ümit Yılmaz'ın alacağı söylendi.

28 Ekim 2013'te 2013 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kültür ve Sanat Büyük Ödülleri'nde 'müzik' alanındaki ödül Ahmet Kaya'ya verildi.

1 Eylül 2020 tarihinde İzmir'ın Menemen ilçesinin Asarlık Irmak Mahallesi'nde anısına Dünya Barış Günü'nde denk getirilerek kendi adını taşıdığı bir parkın açılışı yapılmıştır.

 Diskografi

 Kitaplar
 Ahmet Kaya resimli biyografi kitabı- Yağmurlu Ülkenin Sürgün Konuğu (Gam Yayınları)
 Ferzende Kaya - Başım Belada (Gam Yayınları)
 Ferzende Kaya - Serê min Ketiye Belayê'' (Kürtçe), Weşanên Gam / Gam Yayınları, İstanbul, Mayıs 2003. ISBN 975-98900-1-1
 Ahmet Kaya şarkılarının nota ve gitar akorları - Ahmet Kaya Nota Kitabı 1 (Gam Yayınları)
 Ahmet Kaya şarkılarının nota ve gitar akorları - Ahmet Kaya Nota Kitabı 2 (Gam Yayınları) ISBN 975-98900-3-8
 Ahmet Kaya şarkılarının nota ve gitar akorları - Ahmet Kaya Nota Kitabı 3 (Gam Yayınları)
 Ahmet Kaya şarkılarının nota ve gitar akorları - Ahmet Kaya Nota Kitabı 4 (Gam Yayınları)
 Açık Yaranın Sesi - İlkay Kara (İletişim Yayınları)

Galeri

Ödüller
 2013: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kültür ve Sanat Büyük Ödülü

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Ahmet Kaya İnternet Sayfası

 Ahmet Kaya Facebook Sayfası
 Ahmet Kaya Twitter Hesabı
 Ahmet Kaya Youtube Kanalı
 Ahmet Kaya, 1996 BBC Türkçe

1957 doğumlular
Malatya doğumlu sanatçılar
1980'lerin şarkıcıları
1990'ların şarkıcıları
20. yüzyılda Türk erkek şarkıcılar
Türk erkek şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
Türk protest müzik şarkıcıları
Türk sosyalistler
Kürt asıllı Türkler
Kral TV Video Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Raks Müzik sanatçıları
Gam Müzik sanatçıları
Barış Müzik sanatçıları
Taç Plak sanatçıları
Türk tutuklular ve hükümlüler
2000 yılında ölenler
Paris'te kalp krizinden ölenler
Père Lachaise Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türkiye tarafından tutuklanan kişiler

Ahmet Kaya