Joint Helicopter Command Flying Station Aldergrove, also known as simply JHC FS Aldergrove, is a British military base located  south of Antrim, Northern Ireland and  northwest of Belfast, and adjoins Belfast International Airport.  It is sometimes referred to simply as Aldergrove which is the name of a nearby hamlet.

The military flying units share Aldergrove's runways with Belfast International Airport, but have their own separate facilities and helipad.

The site was formerly RAF Aldergrove, a Royal Air Force station which was in operation between 1918 and 2009.

History

Interwar period
RAF Aldergrove first opened in 1918 but was not designated as an operational RAF station until 1925.

Various squadrons were posted here during this time:
 A detachment of No. 4 Squadron RAF between 30 April 1920 and 26 September 1922 again with the Bristol F2B.
 No. 2 Squadron RAF initially at full strength between 2 June 1922 and 27 September 1922 and then as an detachment until 17 September 1923 flying the Bristol F2B Fighter.
 No. 502 Squadron RAF was formed here on 15 May 1925 and used various aircraft types including Vickers Vimy's, Handley Page Hyderabad's, Virginia X's, Westland Wallace's, Hawker Hind's, Avro Anson I's, Blackburn Botha I's and Armstrong Whitworth Whitley V's until 27 January 1941.
 A detachment of No. 214 Squadron RAF between 15 October 1935 and 1 October 1936 with the Virginia X.
 No. 9 Squadron RAF between 15 January 1936 and 1 October 1936 initially flying the Vickers Virginia X until April 1936 when they started converting to the Handley Page Heyford III.
 No. 85 Squadron RAF with the Hawker Hurricane I between 18 October 1938 and 4 November 1938.

Second World War
Aldergrove's location made it an important station of RAF Coastal Command in the Battle of the Atlantic, during the Second World War. From the base, long-range reconnaissance aircraft were able to patrol the Eastern Atlantic Ocean for U-boats. Some of these patrols ranged as far out as the distant islet of Rockall.

Various squadrons were posted here during this time:
 A detachment of No. 224 Squadron RAF between 1 September 1938 and 15 April 1941 with Lockheed Hudson I and III version's.
 A detachment of No. 235 Squadron RAF with the Bristol Blenheim IVF between 24 June 1940 and 4 June 1941.
 No. 231 Squadron RAF between 1 July 1940 and 15 July 1940 with the Westland Lysander II.
 No. 245 Squadron RAF with Hurricane I between 20 July 1940 and 14 July 1941.
 No. 233 Squadron RAF between 3 August 1940 and 14 September 1940 with the Hudson I.
 No. 102 Squadron RAF with the Whitley V between 1 September 1940 and 10 October 1940.
 No. 272 Squadron RAF reformed here on 18 November 1940 with the Blenheim IVF and stayed until 3 April 1941.
 No. 252 Squadron RAF between 6 April 1941 and 15 June 1941 with Beaufighter IC.
 No. 254 Squadron RAF using Blenheim IVF between 29 May 1941 and 12 December 1941.
 No. 143 Squadron RAF reformed here on 15 June 1941 with the Bristol Beaufighter IC, and stayed here until 24 March 1944.
 A detachment of No. 48 Squadron RAF between 3 August 1941 and 20 October 1941 with the Lockheed Hudson V & III's.
 No. 206 Squadron RAF between 12 August 1941 and 1 July 1942 using various versions of the Hudson including the I/II/III/IV and V.
 No. 311 Squadron RAF between 28 April 1942 and 12 June 1942 with the Vickers Wellington IC.
 A detachment of No. 120 Squadron RAF between 21 July 1942 and 24 March 1944 with the Liberator III.
 No. 220 Squadron RAF with Boeing Fortress II between 14 February 1943 and 30 March 1943.
 No. 86 Squadron RAF between 18 March 1943 and 6 September 1943 using the Liberator IIIA & V versions.
 No. 59 Squadron RAF between 11 May 1943 and 15 September 1943 with the Consolidated Liberator V's.
 A detachment of No. 547 Squadron RAF between 25 October 1943 and 13 June 1944 with Wellington XI and XIII's and Liberator V's.

Post war

Aldergrove was designated as a dispersal airfield for the RAF's V bomber force in the 1950s and was included in a reduced list of 26 airfields in 1962. In 1968 No. 23 Maintenance Unit RAF was responsible for the maintenance of McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs in RAF service, with 116 aircraft passing through on their way to front-line service. Aldergrove was also the main servicing and reconditioning station for the English Electric Canberra from their introduction in 1951. In 1976, the station had a staff of 2,500 RAF personnel and 1,500 civilians.

Various squadrons were posted here between 1945 and 1985:
 No. 518 Squadron RAF operated the Halifax III, Hurricane IIC, Spitfire VII and Halifax VI between 18 September 1945 and 1 October 1946 when the squadron was disbanded here.
 A detachment of No. 280 Squadron RAF between 3 November 1945 and 21 June 1946 when it was disbanded. It operated the Vickers Warwick I.
 No. 502 Squadron RAF reformed here on 10 May 1946 and operated various aircraft types including de Havilland Mosquito B.25 & NF.30's, Supermarine Spitfire F.22's and de Havilland Vampire F.3's, FB.5's and FB.9's until 10 March 1957.
 No. 202 Squadron RAF with the Halifax GR.6, A.9 and Met 1 version's from 1 October 1946 and 28 August 1964 when it was disbanded.
 No. 214 Squadron RAF reformed here on 1 March 1948 and operated the Handley Page Halifax GR.6 until 18 October 1948.
 No. 240 Squadron RAF reformed here on 1 May 1952 with the Avro Shackleton MR.1 and stayed until 27 May 1952.
 A detachment of No. 275 Squadron RAF between 18 November 1954 and 1 September 1959 when it was disbanded. The detachment operated the Hiller HTE-2, Anson T.21, de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk T.10, Sycamore HR.14, Westland Whirlwind HAR.4 & 2.
 No. 1913 Light Liaison Flight of No. 651 Squadron RAF between 1 November 1955 and 4 April 1957 operated the Taylorcraft Auster AOP.6. The flight was renamed 13 Flight No. 651 Squadron AAC on 1 September 1957 and stayed here until November 1952 when it was replaced by 2 Reconnaissance Flight, 2 Royal Tank Regiment.
 No. 118 Squadron RAF reformed here on 1 September 1959 with Bristol Sycamore HR.14 before being disbanded here on 31 August 1962.

Royal Air Force operations

No. 72 Squadron operated Westland Wessex HC.2 helicopters from Aldergrove from 12 November 1981 until its disbandment in 2002.

No. 230 Squadron RAF was re-deployed from Germany to RAF Aldergrove in 1992, where it operated Westland Puma HC.1 helicopters until its relocation to RAF Benson in November 2009.

No. 18 Squadron RAF also operated detachments of Boeing Chinook during the late 80s in support of the British Army in Northern Ireland.

The following units were here at some point:

Army Air Corps operations

The Army Air Corps also operated Westland Lynx and Westland Gazelle helicopters as well as de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver aircraft in its joint operations with the RAF's Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre (Northern Ireland); the Beaver was replaced by the Britten-Norman Islander late in 1988.

The 17/21st Lancers Air Squadron based at RAF Aldergrove from 1969 to 1971 operating with Sioux Helicopters and a Fixed Wing Beaver aircraft.

During 1991, No. 655 Squadron AAC moved from RAF Ballykelly to Aldergrove with the Westland Lynx AH Mk 7 helicopter.

On 1 October 1993, the Northern Ireland Regiment Army Air Corps was retitled 5 Regiment Army Air Corps.

On 4 August 2008, 651 Squadron Army Air Corps moved back to Northern Ireland from RAF Odiham almost 50 years after its first deployment there.

Post Operation BANNER

During the latter years of Operation BANNER, 5 Regiment Army Air Corps and 230 Squadron RAF came under the control of the Joint Helicopter Command (JHC) and formed the Joint Helicopter Force Northern Ireland (JHF(NI)).  As the site was no longer a major RAF establishment it became Joint Helicopter Command Flying Station Aldergrove.

After the end of Operation BANNER, a number of other Army units were relocated to Aldergrove. The base was no longer therefore administered by the JHC and on 1 Apr 2013 became Aldergrove Flying Station under command of 38 (Irish) Brigade.

5 Regiment Army Air Corps continued to operate at Aldergrove, providing Gazelle, Defender and Islander aircraft in support of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) and military units for Operation Helvetic, and for other operations abroad.

Due to the closure of RAF Machrihanish, the base is now used for University Air Squadron and Air Training Corps cadets as a training camp, where cadets from Scotland and Northern Ireland gather for flying experiences, fieldcraft, shooting, first aid and other activities.

In 2003, Air Force One arrived at the airport in support of U.S. presidential visits to Northern Ireland.

Aldergrove officially ceased to be an RAF Station on 20 September 2009 when, after the annual Battle of Britain parade, the RAF ensign was lowered for the last time and the Joint Helicopter Command flag was hoisted in its place.

No. 651 Squadron's Britten-Norman Islander and Defender aircraft were retired from service in June 2021. In August 2021, No. 651 Squadron was transferred to the command of 1 Regiment, AAC.

No. 665 Squadron is currently the only Army Air Corps squadron based at Aldergrove. It formerly operated the Gazelle helicopter in a manned surveillance role, until it was retired from service in October 2023.

Based units
Units based at Aldergrove:

British Army
Joint Helicopter Command / Army Air Corps
 5 Regiment
 No. 665 Squadron
Royal Logistics Corps
 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment
 321 Explosive Ordnance Disposal & Search Squadron

Civilian
Police Service of Northern Ireland
Air Support Unit – Eurocopter EC135 and Eurocopter EC145

Royal Air Force
No. 1 Group (Air Combat)
No. 1 Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Wing
 No. 3 ISR Squadron (Regional Intelligence Geographic Centre-Northern Ireland)
 No. 502 (Ulster) Squadron (Royal Auxiliary Air Force)

No. 22 Group (Training) RAF

 No. 6 Flying Training School
 Northern Ireland Universities Air Squadron – Grob Tutor T1
 No. 13 Air Experience Flight RAF – Grob Tutor T1

See also
 List of former Royal Air Force stations
 RAF Nutts Corner

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Docherty, Tom. Ours to Hold: RAF Aldergrove at War, 1939–1945. Cowbit, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK: Old Forge Publishing, 2008. .

External links

Aldergrove
World War II sites in Northern Ireland
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in County Antrim
Military history of County Antrim
Military of Northern Ireland
1918 establishments in Ireland
2009 disestablishments in Ireland

JHC FS Aldergrove


Juan de la Cerda (* 1327; † 1357 in Sevilla durch Hinrichtung) war Herr von El Puerto de Santa María und Gibraleón sowie Vogt von Sevilla.

Familie
Juan de la Cerda war Sohn von Luis de la Cerda, Graf von Clérmont und Talmont, Herr von Deza und Enciso, und seiner Frau Leonor de Guzmán, Herrin von Huelva und El Puerto de Santa María. Somit war er Enkel von Alfonso de la Cerda und von Mahalda de Brienne-Eu (Mafalda von Narbonne).

Er heiratete María Alfonso Coronel, Herrin von Aguilar, Tochter von Alfonso Fernández Coronel und Elvira Alfón de Biedma. Sie hatten eine Tochter, Leonor de la Cerda, die früh starb und im Kloster Santa Inés in Sevilla bestattet wurde. Vor der Ehe mit María Alfonso Coronel hatte Juan de la Cerda einen Sohn mit Sol Martínez, deren Abstammung unbekannt ist, Martín González de la Cerda (in Portugal: Martim Gonçalves de Lacerda) (* um 1341 in Sevilla; † in Portugal).

Hinrichtung
Er wurde Parteigänger Heinrichs von Trastámara während des Ersten Kastilischen  Bürgerkrieges und wurde deswegen auf Anweisung von Peter dem Grausamen in Sevilla im Torre del Oro hingerichtet und im Kloster Santa Inés bestattet.

Quelle
 David E. Masnata y de Quesada: La Casa Real de la Cerda. In: Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos. Nr. 1, Asociación Española de Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos, Madrid, 1985, ISBN 84-398-3591-4, S. 169–229.

Siehe auch
 Ferdinand de la Cerda
 Ferdinand II. de la Cerda

Person (spanische Geschichte)
Juan
Spanier
Geboren 1327
Gestorben 1357
Mann

Juan de la Cerda


Ingrida Mačernytė-Panomariovienė (* 1971 in der Litauischen SSR) ist litauische Arbeitsrechtlerin, Professorin an der MRU-Universität (seit 2012).

Leben
1994 absolvierte Ingrida das Diplomstudium der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und 1998 der Rechtswissenschaften an der Vilniaus universitetas. Am 16. Dezember 2002 promovierte sie an der Lietuvos teisės universitetas zum Thema "Arbeitnehmergarantien nach der Zahlungsunfähigkeit des Arbeitgebers" (lit. Garantijos darbuotojams darbdaviui tapus nemokiam). Mačernytė ist wissenschaftliche Sekretärin am Institut für Recht Litauens (hier arbeitet seit 2003). Seit 2012 ist sie Professorin am Lehrstuhl für soziale Sicherheit und Arbeitsrecht an der MRU.

Quellen

Weblinks
 Homepage an der MRU

Arbeitsrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Mykolas-Romer-Universität)
Litauer
Geboren 1971
Frau
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Sowjetbürger

Ingrida Mačernytė-Panomariovienė


සරත් කොටගම මහාචාර්යතුමා කොළඹ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ත්ව විද්‍යා අංශයේ පරිසර විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්යවරයෙකි .

මූලාශ්‍ර

සරත් කොටගම


John Jebb (1736-1786) est un théologien anglican Anglais, médecin et réformateur religieux et politique.

Biographie
Jebb est le fils de John Jebb, doyen de Cashel, membre de la branche irlandaise d'une famille distinguée originaire de Mansfield dans le Nottinghamshire : parmi ses cousins irlandais se trouvent , évêque de Limerick et le frère de l'évêque Richard Jebb, juge de la Cour du Banc du Roi (Irlande). Sa mère est Anne Gansel, fille de David Gansel de Donnyland House, Colchester, et sœur du lieutenant-général William Gansel, qui est noté comme le protagoniste dans le cas de Gansel (1774), sur la question de savoir si un locataire a le droit légal de résister à l'expulsion de son logement.

John Jebb fait ses études à Peterhouse, Cambridge, où il est élu membre en 1761  ayant déjà été Second Wrangler à Cambridge en 1757. C'est un homme au jugement indépendant, et lui et sa femme Ann Jebb soutiennent chaleureusement le mouvement de 1771 pour l'abolition de la souscription universitaire et cléricale aux trente-neuf articles. Dans ses conférences sur le Testament grec, il aurait exprimé des vues sociniennes. En 1775, il démissionne de sa charge dans l'église du Suffolk et, deux ans plus tard, obtient son diplôme de docteur en médecine à St Andrews. Il pratique la médecine à Londres et est élu membre de la Royal Society en 1779. Lui et Ann continuent à être impliqués dans la réforme politique.

Comme Edmund Law et Francis Blackburne, il est un défenseur du Sommeil de l'âme .

Références

 Gascoigne, Jean. « Jebb, Jean (1736-1786) ». Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Éd. HCG Matthew et Brian Harrison. Oxford : OUP, 2004. Éd. en ligne. Éd. Laurent Goldman. Octobre 2005. 7 mai 2007.
 Page, Antoine. John Jebb et les origines des Lumières du radicalisme britannique . Éditions Praeger, 2003.

Liens externes

Membre de la Royal Society
Étudiant de l'université de St Andrews
Étudiant de Peterhouse
Décès en mars 1786
Naissance en février 1736
Décès à 50 ans

John Jebb


Katalitik konvertör ya da katalitik dönüştürücü, motorların egzozlarındaki (dışarı verdikleri gaz) çevreye zararlı maddeleri daha az zararlı maddelere dönüştüren aygıt.

En yaygın uygulaması otomobillerdedir. Bir katalitik konvertörün yaptığı, tam olarak yanmamış hidrokarbonlara ikinci bir yanma ve kirletici gazlara bir indirgenme ortamı sağlamaktır. Bu yanma ve indirgenme birtakım katalizörler (platin, paladyum ya da rodyum) kullanılarak yapılır. İkinci yanma işlemi motor dışında gerçekleştiğinden bundan işe dönüştürülebilir enerji elde edilmez.

Kimyasal tepkimeler
Üç yollu bir katalitik konvertörde aşağıdaki üç tepkime eşzamanlı olarak meydana gelir:

 Karbon monoksitin yakılarak karbon dioksite çevrilmesi: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
 Azot oksitlerin azota indirgenmesi: NOx → O2 + N2
 Yanmamış hidrokarbonların (yani yanmamış yakıtın) karbon dioksit ve suya dönüştürülmesi, yani yakılması: CxHy + nO2 → xCO2 + mH2O

Bu üç tepkime, dengeli çalışma noktasında, yani yakıt-hava karışımı ne zengin ne de fakirken dengededir. Fakir karışımla çalışılırken yukarıdaki ilk iki tepkime üçüncüsünden daha çok gerçekleşir. Zengin karışımla çalışılırken ise üçüncü tepkime diğer ikisinden daha çok gerçekleşir, yani karışımın zengin olması nedeniyle tam olarak yanamayan yakıt, katalitik konvertörde yakılır. Katalitik Konvertör kanalları Platin, Paladyum, Rodyum ve Seryum ile kaplanmıştır. Konvertör içindeki Paladyum ve Platin HC ve CO lerin oksitlenmesini, Rodyum ise NOx 'lerin indirgenmesini sağlar. Seryum ise zengin ve fakir çalışma esnasında değişiklik gösteren oksijen miktarını, oksijeni depolayarak gerekli miktarda katalizörde tutmaya yarar.

Konvertör
Egzoz
Taşıt parçaları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri icatları
Otomotiv teknolojisi

Katalitik konvertör


Asleep at the Wheel es un grupo estadounidense de música country formado en Paw Paw (Virginia Occidental), aunque con base actual en Austin (Texas).

Juntos han ganado nueve premios Grammy desde su formación en 1970. Han sacado más de 20 álbumes de estudio y tenido veinte singles en los Billboard de country . Su mayor éxito "The Letter That Johnny Walker Read", fue número 10 en 1975.

Discografía

Álbumes
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"|Año
! rowspan="2"|álbum
! colspan="3"|Posición en la lista
! rowspan="2"|Label
|-
! width="45"| EE.UU. Country
! width="45"| EE.UU.
! width="45"| CAN Country
|-
| 1973
| Comin' Right at Ya
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| EMI
|-
| 1974
| Asleep at the Wheel
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| rowspan="2"| Epic
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1975
| Fathers & Sons [1 Side]
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|-
| Texas Gold
| align="center"| 7
| align="center"| 136
| align="center"| —
| rowspan="5"| Capitol
|-
| 1976
| Wheelin' & Dealin'''
| align="center"| 19
| align="center"| 179
| align="center"| —
|-
| 1977
| The Wheel| align="center"| 31
| align="center"| 162
| align="center"| —
|-
| 1978
| Collision Course| align="center"| 47
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 19
|-
| 1979
| Served Live| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|-
| 1980
| Framed| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 191
| align="center"| —
| rowspan="2"| MCA
|-
| 1985
| Asleep at the Wheel [1985]| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|-
| 1987
| 10| align="center"| 16
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| rowspan="2"| Epic
|-
| 1988
| Western Standard Time| align="center"| 34
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|-
| 1990
| Keepin' Me Up Nights| align="center"| 73
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Arista
|-
| 1992
| Route 66| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| rowspan="2"| Liberty
|-
| 1993
| A Tribute to the Music of Bob Wills & the Texas Playboys| align="center"| 35
| align="center"| 159
| align="center"| 17
|-
| 1995
| The Wheel Keeps on Rollin| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 3
| Capitol
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1997
| Back to the Future Now – Live at Arizona...
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Sony
|-
| Merry Texas Christmas, Y'All
| align="center"| 75
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| High Street
|-
| 1999
| Ride with BobA
| align="center"| 24
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| DreamWorks
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2003
| Take Me Back to Tulsa
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Evangeline
|-
| Wide Awake!: Live in Oklahoma
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Delta
|-
| Live at Billy Bob's Texas
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Smith Music Group
|-
| Remembers the Alamo
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Shout! Factory
|-
| 2006
| Live from Austin, TX
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| New West
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2007
| Reinventing the Wheel
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Mega Force
|-
| Kings of Texas Swing (CD/DVD)
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Cleopatra
|-
| Santa Loves to Boogie
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| MRI
|-
| Asleep at the Wheel with The Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| Independent
|-
| 2009
| Willie and the Wheel (con Willie Nelson)
| align="center"| 13
| align="center"| 90
| align="center"| —
| rowspan="2"| Bismeaux
|-
| 2010
| It's a Good Day
| align="center"| 57
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|}

ARide with Bob'' también llegó al nº15 en "Top Heatseekers".

Singles

Otras canciones en las listas

Vídeos musicales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial  Asleep at the Wheel
 A Ride With Bob
 Ray Benson Site
 Floyd Domino

Grupos de música country
Artistas de DreamWorks Records

Asleep at the Wheel


هذه قائمة بالأفلام المصرية لعام 1982 مرتبة أبجديا

1982
 أشياء ضد القانون
 الطاووس
 الأقدار الدامية
 العار
 العسكري شبراوي
 العوامة 70
 أيوب
 حسن بيه الغلبان
 حدوتة مصرية
 عصابة حمادة وتوتو
 على باب الوزير
 غريب في بيتي
 وكالة البلح

مصر في 1982
قوائم أفلام حسب البلد أو اللغة 1982
8
قوائم أفلام مصرية حسب السنة

قائمة الأفلام المصرية سنة 1982


යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ රින්පා ගුරුකුලයේ ජපන් ශිල්පියකු වන ඔගතා කෝරින් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද පනේල සයකින් යුත් නැමුම් තිරයකි (බ්යෝබු). මෙමගින් නිරූපණය වන්නේ ජලයේ දර්ශනයක් වන අතර ජපන් අයිරිස් (Iris laevigata) මල් එහි පාවී යයි. මෙම කෘතිය බොහෝවිට 1701–05 අතර කාලයේ නිර්මාණය වන්නට ඇත. මෙය එදෝ යුගයේ ගෙන්රොකුබුන්කා නැමැති සුඛෝපභෝගී දර්ශන කාලසීමාවක නිර්මාණය වී ඇත.

මෙම තිර වර්ෂ 200කට අධික කාලයක් කියෝතෝවේ නිෂි හොන්ගන්ජි නම් බෞද්ධ විහාරයේ තැන්පත් කොට තිබිණි. වර්තමානයේ මේවා නේසු කෞතුකාගාරයේ තැන්පත් කොට ඇති අතර, එය ජපානයේ ජාතික වස්තුවක් ද වේ.

මෙයට වසර 5 සිට 12 දක්වා කාලයකට පමණ පසුව ඔගතා කෝරින් විසින් නිර්මාණය කළ අයිරිස් මල් නිරූපිත මෙයට සමාන තිර යුගළක් නිව් යෝක් නගරයේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලා කෞතුකාගාරයේ තැන්පත් කොට ඇත. සියවසකට පමණ පසු ප්‍රථම වරට මෙම අයිරිස් තිර හතරම එකට ප්‍රදර්ශනය කෙරුණේ 2012දී නේසු කෞතුකාගාරයේ පැවති "කොරින්: නේසු කෞතුකාගාරයේ ජාතික වස්තුව අයිරිස් සහ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලා කෞතුකාගාරයේ පාලම්-අට" නම් ප්‍රදර්ශනයේ දී ය.

මෙම තිර ද්විත්වයම  තුළ එන කථා පුවතකින් ආභාසය ලබා ඇත. එපමණක් නොව මෙම තිරවල පිටපතක් වින්සන්ට් වැන් ගෝගේ අයිරිස් මල් ඇතුළු උපස්ථිතිවාදී සිතුවම් සඳහා ආබාසය සපයන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

අයිරිස්
බෞද්ධ කලා ශිල්පීන් සඳහා පිදෙන තෙවන ඉහළම පදවි නාමය වූ  (අර්ථය "ධර්මයේ පාලම") හිමිවීමෙන් පසුව  විසින් නිර්මාණය කළ පළමු කෘති අතුරින් එකක් ලෙස මෙම තිරය සැලකේ. මෙමගින් උපස්ථිතිවාදීව නිරූපිත  පිපුණු නිල් ජපන් අයිරිස් පොකුරක් සහ ඒවායේ කොළ පැහැ අතුරිකිලි දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙය පනේල ඔස්සේ රිද්මයානුකූල දර්ශනයක් මවා පායි. ඇතැම් මල් පොහොට්ටුවල ඇති සමානකම් මගින් ස්ටෙන්සිල් අච්චුවක් භාවිතා වූ බැව් පෙනී යයි. මෙම කෘතියේ තවරායා සෝතත්සුගේ ආභාසය දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙය නව ශිල්පී ගුරුකුලයක් වන  සම්ප්‍රදායේ දර්ශීය නිර්මාණයක් වන අතර, එම ගුරුකුලයට මෙම නම ලැබී ඇත්තේ "කෝරින්" යන්නෙහි අවසන් අක්ෂරයෙනි.

කෝරින් ඉතා සීමිත වර්ණ පදාසයක් අනුගමනය කොට ඇති අතර, එය මල්වල අල්ට්‍රාමැරීන් නිල, ඒවායේ පත්‍රවල වූ කොළ පැහැය සහ රන්වන් පසුබිම තුළින් දක්නට ලැබේ. කඩදාසිය මත තීන්ත සහ වර්ණවලින් නිමවූ මෙහි රන් පත්‍රවලින් තැනූ චතුරස්‍ර සිතුවම් කළ ප්‍රදේශ වටා යෙදීමෙන් මෙයට දිදුලක පසුබිමක් ලැබී ඇත. එය ජලයේ ස්වභාවය සිහිගන්වයි. තද නිල් වර්ණය නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත්තේ කුඩු කරන ලද ඇසූරයිට් () භාවිතයෙනි.

සෑම තිර සයේ පනේලයක්ම  යන මිනුම්වලින් යුක්ත ය. මෙම තිර බොහෝවිට නිජෝ පවුල සඳහා නිර්මාණය කොට ඇති බැව් පෙනෙන අතර, ඒවා කියෝතෝවේ නිෂි හොන්ගන්ජි බෞද්ධ විහාරස්ථානයට ප්‍රදානය කොට ඇත. 1913දී විහාරයෙන් මේවා අලෙවි කරන ලදී.

යට්සුහෂිහි අයිරිස්

අවුරුදු 5 සිට 12 දක්වා කාලයකට පසු කෝරින් විසින් මෙයට සමාන තවත් පනේල සයකින් යුත් නිර්මාණයක් සිදුකොට ඇති අතර, එය  ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. මෙම දෙවන තිර යුගල 1953දී නිව් යෝක් නගරයේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලා කෞතුකාගාරයේ ප්‍රදර්ශනයට තබා ඇත. 2013දී ඒවා අවසන් වරට ප්‍රදර්ශනය කෙරිණි.

1710–16 අවට කාලයේ නිමවූ මෙම දෙවන අයිරිස් තිර යුගල ද නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත්තේ රන් පත්‍ර ඇලවූ කඩදාසිය මත තීන්ත සහ වර්ණ යොදාගනිමිනි. මේවා එක එකක් සෙන්ටිමීටර 163.7 × 352.4 (64.4 in × 138.7 in) යන මිනුම්වලින් යුක්ත වේ.

මුල් අයිරිස් තිර යුගල මෙන් නොව, දෙවන අයිරිස් තිර යුගලේ කෝණික පාලමක නිරූපණයක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.

ඉසේහි කථා
මෙම තිර යුගල සඳහාම පෙළඹවීමක් ලැබී ඇත්තේ  තුළ එන කථා පුවතකිනි. කථාවේ එන නමක් නොමැති ප්‍රධාන චරිතය (බොහෝවිට අරිවරා නෝ නරිහිරා) ගඟකට ඉහළින් වූ පුවරු අටකින් යුත් ග්‍රාම්‍ය පාලමක් අසල දී මල් දකියි. එය ප්‍රේමාන්විත පද්‍යයකට පෙරළී ඇත. මෙහි සෑම පේළියකම පළමු අක්ෂරය එක පෙළට ලියුවහොත් අයිරිස් සඳහා යෙදෙන ජපන් වදන ලැබේ. (ක-කි-ත්සු-හ-(බ)-තා). ජපන් අයිරිස් විශේෂය වන Iris laevigata () වැවෙන්නේ වගුරු සහිත තෙත්බිම්වල ය.

බලපෑම
පැහැදිළිවම වින්සන්ට් වැන් ගෝගේ අයිරිස් මල් සිතුවම සඳහා මෙම සිතුවමේ ආභාසය බලපාන්නට ඇත: ඔහුට මෙහි සැබෑ සිතුවම දැකගත නොහැකි විය. තවමත් මෙහි මුල් පිටපත ජපානයේ ඇති අතර, කොරින් හ්‍යකුසු කොහෙන් එකතුවේ දැව කැටයමක් ලෙස එය ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය වී ඇත.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 රතු සහ සුදු ප්ලම් කැකුළු

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්
 Irises, Nezu Museum
 燕子花図 (kakitsubata-zu), Nezu Museum
 八橋図屏風 Irises at Yatsuhashi (Eight Bridges), Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art, John T. Carpenter, Metropolitan Museum of Art p.210
 Irises: Vincent Van Gogh in the Garden, Jennifer Helvey, p.118
 Twenty-Five Words for Iris: Ogata Korin at the Nezu Museum, Alan Gleason, artscape Japan
  Irises (kakitsubata) by Ogata Korn, Columbia University

ජපන් සිතුවම්
ජපානයේ ජාතික වස්තූන්
බ්යෝබු
රින්පා ගුරුකුලය

අයිරිස් තිරය


L'E3 Saxo Bank Classic 2022 (officiellement E3 Saxo Bank Classic World Tour Elite, anciennement Grand Prix E3 Harelbeke) est la  de cette course cycliste masculine sur route. Il a lieu le  en Belgique et fait partie du calendrier UCI World Tour 2022, en catégorie 1.UWT.

Présentation

Équipes
Vingt-cinq équipes participent à la course : les dix-huit équipes UCI WorldTeams et sept équipes UCI ProTeams.

Parcours
Le Grand Prix E3 commence dans le centre de Harelbeke et se déplace à l'Est à son point le plus oriental à Ninove après , avant de tourner à l'Ouest et de parcourir les monts des Ardennes flamandes, avec quinze ascensions classées. Le Tiegemberg, la dernière montée de la journée, est situé à  de l'arrivée. La distance totale est .

Quinze monts sont au programme de cette édition, dont certains recouverts de pavés :

En plus des traditionnels monts, il y a cinq secteurs pavés :

Favoris
Les prétendants à la victoire les plus souvent cités sont le Belge Wout van Aert (Jumbo Visma), vainqueur fin février du Circuit Het Nieuwsblad et l'ancien champion du monde danois Mads Pedersen (Trek Segafredo). Mais d'autres coureurs peuvent aussi faire valoir leur droit à la victoire comme l'Australien Michael Matthews (BikeExchange), les Italiens Matteo Trentin (UAE Emirates) et Alberto Bettiol (EF Education), les Danois Søren Kragh Andersen (Team DSM) et Kasper Asgreen (Quick-Step Alpha Vinyl), le vainqueur de la dernière édition, ainsi que les Belges Jasper Stuyven (Trek Segafredo), Oliver Naesen et Greg Van Avermaet (AG2R Citroën), le Slovène Matej Mohorič (Bahrain-Victorious), sur la lancée de sa victoire à Milan-San Remo, le Français Anthony Turgis (TotalEnergies), deuxième à San Remo et le duo de l'équipe Ineos-Greandiers constitué de Dylan van Baarle et Jhonatan Narvaez.

Déroulement de la course
La course se joue dans l'ascension du mont pavé du Paterberg à 42 kilomètres de l'arrivée lorsque le champion de Belgique Wout van Aert place une accélération. Il est suivi par le seul Christophe Laporte, son équipier français du team Jumbo-Visma. Les deux coureurs creusent régulièrement un écart qui culmine à deux minutes sur un groupe de chasse de huit hommes. À Harelbeke, van Aert s'impose sans sprinter devant son coéquipier.

Classements

Classement final

Classements UCI
La course attribue des points au classement mondial UCI 2022 selon le barème suivant :

Liste des participants

Notes et références

Liens externes

2022
Cyclisme en Belgique en 2022
Cyclisme sur route en 2022
Cyclisme en mars 2022

E3 Saxo Bank Classic 2022


ආසිරි ද සිල්වා (උපත 1983 ජූනි 10) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි. ඔහු 2018 මාර්තු 1 වන දින 2017-18 SLC විස්සයි20 තරඟාවලියේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදා ක්‍රීඩා සමාජය වෙනුවෙන් ඔහුගේ මංගල විස්සයි20 තරඟයට පිවිසියේය.

යොමු කිරීම්

Place of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා
1983 උපත්

ආසිරි ද සිල්වා


Le retable de Stauffenberg ou retable Stauffenberg est un triptyque de la fin du Moyen Âge actuellement conservé au musée Unterlinden à Colmar.

Il a été peint sur panneau de bois (sapin) par Le Maitre du retable de Stauffenberg, qui est le nom de convention d'un peintre anonyme du  de la région d'Alsace ou du nord des actuels Pays-Bas. On reconnait dans son style l'influence de Rogier van der Weyden et des peintres du Nord, particulièrement dans la tête de la Vierge sur le panneau central de l'œuvre ainsi que dans la multitude de plis qui composent le bas de sa robe. Le retable a été peint entre 1454 et 1460 à la demande de Hans Erhard Bock von Stauffenberg (d'où le nom du retable), bailli de Rouffach, et de son épouse Aennelin d'Oberkirch, 1454 étant l'année du mariage du couple et 1460 étant l'année où Aennelin est documenté pour la première fois comme une veuve. Les deux donateurs sont représentés sur les panneaux extérieurs au pied de la croix, et ont été identifiés grâce à leurs armoiries, en bas de ce panneau.

Étude de la peinture

Ouvert

En position ouverte, le retable présente de gauche à droite, une Annonciation (), une Pietà (), et une Nativité ().

Dans la première scène, l'Archange et la Vierge sont très proches étant donné l'exiguïté du panneau. Dans les représentations traditionnelles de l'Annonciation, l'espace de l'Archange et celui de la Vierge sont bien délimités, par exemple, dans celles de Fra Angelico ou de Léonard de Vinci, avec la colonne et le lutrin. Ici, le peintre a dû d'adapter à la taille du panneau. L'Archange, qui vient d'arriver auprès de Marie, s'agenouille devant elle. C'est un moyen pour le peintre de ne pas les mettre à la même hauteur, et donc de montrer la place première de Marie, qui croise ses bras et tient la Bible dans sa main. Dans le coin supérieur gauche, se tient Dieu le Père, dans les nuées et il semble lâcher de ses mains la colombe qui vient vers la Vierge, symbole de l'Esprit Saint par lequel la Vierge a enfanté. Le second panneau, central, représente une Pietà. La Vierge, n'y a pas les mêmes traits que sur les volets latéraux, elle semble plus vieille et elle est couverte d'un voile blanc. Aux extrémités du panneau sont représentés les instruments du supplice du Christ: à gauche on retrouve la colonne sur laquelle il a été flagellé, et à droite l'éponge avec laquelle il a été « abreuvé » et la lance avec laquelle le soldat romain Longinus (Longin en français) a percé son côté droit après sa mort sur la croix. Souvent, ce sont des anges qui portent ces instruments, comme dans le Polyptyque du Jugement Dernier de Van der Weyden à Beaune. Là, le place manque pour figurer ces anges, qui sont délaissés au profit du fond doré, qui rattache ce retable de Stauffenberg à la tradition de la peinture religieuse des siècles précédents, et montre la qualité inférieure de ce retable comparativement aux grandes peintures de ce temps comme celles, plus innovantes des primitifs flamands par exemple, qui ont su remplacer le fond doré par une peinture plus figurative. Néanmoins, cela n'enlève rien à l'indéniable profondeur de cette peinture, toute incarnée dans le visage du Christ mort, empreint de sérénité et de résignation. Son visage est plus sombre que son corps, et fait penser au visage du Maître de la Véronique dans le tableau qui lui a donné son nom, la Sainte Véronique au suaire.  L'artiste qui a peint ce retable, est bien alsacien, car il est à la confluence des styles de l'École de Cologne, et des Primitifs Flamands, particulièrement Van der Weyden, comme le montre l'étude stylistique de ce retable. Sur le sol de ce panneau central, on retrouve quelques plantes, qui sont assez peu reconnaissables. Le visage de la Vierge est couvert de larmes qui font écho aux gouttes de sang qui coulent sur le corps du Christ. Enfin, le dernier panneau représente une Nativité. La Vierge et saint Joseph adorent le Christ, qui a déjà les yeux ouverts, et regarde les yeux de sa mère. On retrouve la figure de Dieu le Père en haut à gauche, qui depuis les nuées regarde son fils. À l'arrière plan, se trouvent l'âne et le bœuf, à leurs places traditionnelles. Cette fois-ci, le sol est parsemé de fleur, nous voyons une évolution entre le sol aride du panneau central, où le Christ est mort, et le sol de ce panneau, abondamment fleuri, où le Christ est vivant.

Fermé
En position fermée, le retable présente une Crucifixion, avec saint Jean et la Vierge à gauche, et le Christ mort avec les commanditaires à ses pieds à droite.

Saint Jean et la Vierge sont debout en prière. Un fond noir parsemé d'étoiles dorées unit les deux panneaux. À droite, les donateurs, représentés dans leurs plus beaux habits, sont aux pieds du Christ mort.

État et provenance

Ce retable, réalisé pour l'église de la Commanderie d'Issenheim, a connu une histoire mouvementée. Décrits séparément dans les inventaires révolutionnaires, la partie centrale et les volets ont à un moment donné été dissociés : la première a été retrouvée dans l'église paroissiale, tandis que les seconds se trouvaient dans la commanderie. Bien qu'ils soient aujourd'hui réunis au musée, l'œuvre n'a pas repris son intégrité originelle puisque les volets ont été sciés dans leur épaisseur vers 1860, dans un souci de présentation simultanée.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Tableau des années 1450
Polyptyque
Retable dans le Haut-Rhin
Œuvre conservée au musée Unterlinden

Retable de Stauffenberg


Safe House ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller des chilenisch-schwedischen Regisseurs Daniél Espinosa aus dem Jahr 2012. Der Film hatte am 7. Februar 2012 seine Uraufführung in den Vereinigten Staaten und kam am 23. Februar 2012 in die deutschen Kinos.

Handlung
Tobin Frost, ein langgesuchter abtrünniger CIA-Agent, der inzwischen Geheimnisse an den Meistbietenden verkauft, sucht, um seinen Verfolgern zu entgehen, im US-Konsulat in Kapstadt Zuflucht. Von dort wird er auf Anweisung des Vizedirektors der CIA, Harlan Whitford, von Agent Daniel Kiefer und seinem Team in das nächstgelegene Safe House in Kapstadt zur Befragung überstellt, das von CIA-Agent Matt Weston unterhalten und bewacht wird. Doch gerade als Kiefer im Safe House mit einer Folterung durch Waterboarding beginnt, wird er durch den Söldner Vargas und weitere Bewaffnete angegriffen. Nur Weston gelingt mit Frost als Gefangenem die Flucht.

Weston kontaktiert während der Verfolgung seinen Vorgesetzten David Barlow. Dieser und die Agentenführerin Catherine Linklater geben ihm die Anweisung, unterzutauchen und später erneut anzurufen. Frost gelingt die Flucht, und Weston erhält den Befehl, sich von nun an aus der Verfolgung herauszuhalten. Er schafft es jedoch, Frost auf eigene Faust beim Fälscher Villar aufzuspüren. Dort werden sie erneut von Vargas und seinem Team angegriffen, der, wie sie herausfinden, für einen Verräter innerhalb der CIA arbeitet. Beiden gelingt erneut die Flucht, und Weston kann Frost wieder gefangen nehmen.

Sie begeben sich zu einem neu eingerichteten Safe House auf dem Land, wo Weston vom dortigen Agenten Keller angegriffen wird und aus dem Kampf schwer verletzt als Sieger hervorgeht. Währenddessen sind Linklater und Barlow in Südafrika eingetroffen. Barlow – wie sich nun herausstellt, der Verräter – ermordet Linklater, bevor er mit Vargas zum Safe House geht. Er verletzt Frost lebensbedrohlich, wobei er jedoch von Weston getötet wird. Frost übergibt im Sterben Weston einen Datenchip mit einer Auflistung von Geheimdienstmitarbeitern mehrerer weltweiter Nachrichtendienste, die in verräterische Machenschaften verstrickt sind, unter anderem auch Barlow.

Zum Ende des Films wird Weston von Whitford aufgefordert, den Bericht über die Geschehnisse in Südafrika zu manipulieren, als Gegenleistung wird ihm eine Beförderung zum Führungsoffizier in Aussicht gestellt. Während des Gesprächs wird er auch auf den Datensatz angesprochen, Weston bestreitet jedoch, davon zu wissen. Im Abspann wird in einer Collage aus verschiedenen Nachrichtensendungen über die Veröffentlichung ebendieses Datensatzes und seine weitreichenden Folgen in aller Welt berichtet.

Kritiken

Sonstiges
Regisseur Daniél Espinosa griff aus dramaturgischen Gründen zu drastischen Mitteln. Die Szene, in der Tobin Frost alias Denzel Washington mittels Waterboarding gefoltert wird, ist nicht gestellt. Washington wurde wirklich dieser Folterart unterzogen. Espinosa gestand im Nachhinein, dass er mit Denzel Washington gelitten habe.

Synchronisation
Die Synchronisation wurde von der Berliner Synchron GmbH unter der Regie von Joachim Tennstedt durchgeführt, wofür Klaus Bickert das Dialogbuch verfasste.

Weblinks

 Offizielle deutsche Internetpräsenz

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
US-amerikanischer Film
Agentenfilm
Actionfilm
Thriller

Safe House


A cram school (colloquially: crammer, test prep, tuition [center], or exam factory) is a specialized school  that trains its students to achieve particular goals, most commonly to pass the entrance examinations of high schools or universities. The English name is derived from the slang term cramming, meaning to study hard or to study a large amount of material in a short period of time. The word "crammer" may be used to refer to the school or to an individual teacher who assists a student in cramming.

Education
Cram schools may specialize in a particular subject or subjects, or may be aligned with particular schools. Special cram schools that prepare students to re-take failed entrance examinations are also common. As the name suggests, the aim of a cram school is generally to impart as much information to its students as possible in the shortest period of time. The goal is to enable the students to obtain a required grade in particular examinations, or to satisfy other entrance requirements such as language skill (e.g.: IELTS). Cram schools are sometimes criticized, along with the countries in which they are prevalent, for a focus on rote learning and a lack of training in critical thinking and analysis.

By region

Australia
Cram schools are referred to largely as "coaching colleges", they are used primarily to achieve the necessary results for the entrance exam for selective schools in New South Wales. They are also used extensively in English, mathematics and science courses for the Higher School Certificate, Victorian Certificate of Education, and other high school leavers exams.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, cram schools are known as "coaching centers" and in some cases, "tutorials". Most cram schools provide help for admission tests of public universities and medical colleges, and public examinations like PSC, JSC, SSC, and HSC. There are also some variants which have entered the market of ever-increasing help seekers. For example, cram schools now also prepare students for language tests like IELTS and TOEFL, aptitude tests like GRE, GMAT, SAT, and so on. In recent years, cram schools have also been extended to the tests for government civil services like BCS Examination.

Brazil

Cram schools are called "Cursinhos" (lit. Little Courses) in Brazil and are attended by students who will be taking a vestibular exam to be admitted into a university.

Chile
Cram schools are called "Preuniversitarios" in Chile, and are attended by students before taking PTU (University Transition Test) in order to get onto undergraduate studies.

China
Buxiban () are cram schools located in China. They are related to the phenomenon of buke, which is extra study for the improvement of students' academic performance in National Higher Education Entrance Examination (commonly known as Gaokao). They exist due to the importance of standardized exams, such as:
 High school entrance exam (after junior high, at 9th year of school).
 The National Higher Education Entrance Examination, or Gaokao, mandatory for college admission.
 English language exams.  Passing the College English Test (CET) band 4 and 6 is sometimes a prerequisite for bachelor's degree, and the certificates are often important to finding employment.  The TOEFL and GRE tests from ETS are required for studying abroad in English-speaking countries.
 Entrance exams to domestic graduate program.  Over recent years the competition has intensified, partially because many new college graduates fail to find satisfactory jobs and seek post-graduate education instead.

China has a test-driven system. Education departments give entrance examinations to sort students into schools of different levels. Examinations like the National Higher Education Entrance Examination (Gaokao) are vital, deciding the academic future of the participants. This education system cultivated the cramming style of teaching. Schools and teachers usually regard grades to be the primary goal. This sometimes leads to teachers imparting exam skills instead of knowledge and inspiration. But as the population of students decreases each year and admission to domestic universities expands, the pressure of the Entrance Exam has been reducing.

France

The national exam (baccalauréat) ending high-school is easy to obtain (the success rate is about 90%), and the grades obtained matter relatively little (most higher education school choose their students before the baccalauréat results, based on grades during high school). Thus, baccalauréat cram schools are rare. Individual tutoring is more common.

After the baccalauréat, about 5% of the French students attend the selective Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles (prep school) or CPGE. These two-year programs are meant to prepare undergrad students to the entrance exams of high-profile graduate schools (Grandes écoles) in science, engineering and business — including École Normale Supérieure, HEC Paris, EDHEC, ESCP, EM Lyon, ESSEC, École polytechnique, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Télécom Paris, École des Ponts, CentraleSupélec, École des Mines, and ISAE-SUPAERO. A large proportion of CPGE are public schools, with very small tuition fees. There are about 400 CPGE schools for 869 classes, including about 58 private schools. They have produced most of France's scientists, intellectuals, and executives during the last two centuries.

French prep schools are characterized by heavy workload and very high demands, varying however between schools. Programs are heavier than the first two years in public universities, covering several majors (for example Maths and Physics). Students in CPGE have between 36 and 40 hours of class a week, as well as one or more weekly 2-to-4 hours written test on each major (often also on Saturday). Students are expected to work on their own at least 2 hours a day, while the most ambitious students can work more than 5 hours every evening after classes, as well as during the weekend and holidays. Moreover, students have to take what is called "colles" (or "khôlles") mainly 2 times a week, which are oral interrogations. For science topics, it consists of an hour-long session where a group of typically 3 students, each on a board, and dealing with a question related to a specific lesson (e.g. a demonstration of a theorem) and/or exercises. The teacher listens to, assists and corrects the students, then grades them. Khôlles on languages (e.g. English) consists in a 30 minutes test: first listening to an audio or studying a newspaper article and summarizing it, and then writing a short essay on the theme. Everything is then presented orally to the teacher. Literacy khôlles often consist in preparing and presenting an essay.

Entrance competitive exams to the "Grandes Ecoles" consist in written and oral exams. For scientific branches, a project involving research-oriented works has to be prepared. Written exams are typically 4h-long sets of exercises and problems built around a specific topic (which often can't be fully treated in the given amount of time), and require both reasoning and raw knowledge. Oral exams are often similar to khôlles.

This is a two-year track. In most schools, only the second year is explicitly focused on entrance exams preparation. If a student could not obtain the school(s) they wanted, they can repeat the second year.

There are three main branches :
 Scientific branch study mainly math, physics and chemistry, IT, industrial sciences, biology and earth sciences. Sub-branches are : math-physics, physics-chemistry, physics-industrial sciences, and biology-earth sciences. Many French research scientists went through scientific CPGE.
 Economics/business branch (often called "Prépa HEC") study mainly social sciences, economy, math and languages. Many important French public figures and politicians went through this way. Sub-branches specialize in  math/economics, economics/social sciences, or management.
 Humanities branch (called Khâgne) study mainly philosophy, literature, foreign and ancient languages, history. Sub-branches specialize in social sciences or literature.

The tracks and schools are known for their folklore (slang terms, songs and hymns, anecdotes), and often inherited from early 19th-century generations of students.

Greece

Φροντιστήρια (from φροντίζω, to take care of) have been a permanent fixture of the Greek educational system for several decades. They are considered the norm for learning foreign languages (English language learning usually starts during the elementary school years) and for having a chance to pass the university entrance examinations. The preparation for the country-wide university entrance examinations practically takes up the two last years of upper high school, and the general view is that the amount of relevant school hours is insufficient for the hard competition, regardless of the teachers' abilities. This leads to students taking state school lessons from 08.15 to 14.00 at school, going home for lunch, continue for two or three hours in the cramming school and returning to prepare the homework both for state school and "frontistirio". In the weekend, the students usually have lessons in the cramming school on Saturday morning and on Sunday morning revision tests. Unhired teachers by the state find a way to employment through these private businesses.

These two popular views pave the ground for the abundant number of cram schools, also attended by numerous high school students for general support of their performance.

Hong Kong

Cram schools in Hong Kong are called tutorial schools. These cram schools put focus on the major public examinations in Hong Kong, namely HKDSE, and teach students on techniques on answering questions in the examinations. They also provide students tips on which topics may appear on the coming examination (called "question tipping"), and provide students some sample questions that are similar to those that appear in the examinations. Some cram school teachers in Hong Kong have become idolized and attract many students to take their lessons. These teachers are called "King of tutors (補習天王)".  English and math are the most common subjects taught in Hong Kong cram schools.

Cram schools in Hong Kong are famous because of the stresses from Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE). These cram school teaching includes practicing exam questions and grammar drills. Moreover, they provide model essays for English language exam. However, some schools are not licensed, and few educators have teaching qualifications. Their education is fun and appealing to the students but may be of little use in actually passing exams.

India

Numerous cram schools—referred to as coaching centers/institutes, tutorials/tuitions, dummy schools or classes in India—have sprung up all over the nation. These tutorials have become a parallel education system and it is very common and almost mandatory for the students to go to cram schools. They aim to tutor students to pass schools and college exams and getting their clients through various competitive exams to enter prestigious institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology for engineering courses the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences for medical courses at the undergraduate & postgraduate levels and the National Law Universities for legal and judicial courses.

Many such schools prepare students to crack prestigious national entrance/scholarship exams at the high school level such as JEE (Joint Entrance Examination) Main & Advanced to enter prestigious engineering colleges like the IITs, NEET-UG (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test – Undergraduate level) for entrance into major medical science undergraduate programs and Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) for entering into premier law schools of the country.

Various such exams are held for entering fields such as scientific research, engineering, medicine, management, accountancy, law and also into India's premier central and state government services organized by UPSC, SSC etc.

Indonesia
Cram schools in Indonesia are called bimbingan belajar (learning assistance), often shortened into bimbel, and accepts students preparing for National Examinations before passing elementary school, junior high school, high school and college entrance exams. These cram schools teach students with exam simulations and problem-solving tutorials. Usually, these cram schools teach students by past exam questions. Bimbels in Indonesia offer lessons after school hours, weekends or public holidays.

Ireland
"Grind schools", as they are known in the Republic of Ireland, prepare students for the Leaving Certificate examination. Competition for university places (the "points race") has intensified with recent years: students wishing to study medicine, law or veterinary science in particular aim to achieve high points (up to 625) to be accepted. Some grind schools, such as The Institute of Education, Ashfield College, Leinster Senior College, The Dublin Academy of Education and Bruce College, teach full-time. Many others offer weekend or evening classes for students in subjects in which they struggle.

Japan

Cram schools, called juku, are special private schools common in Japan that offer lessons conducted after regular school hours, on weekends, and during school vacations.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, it is considered a norm for parents, especially those from the middle and upper class, to send schoolchildren for private tuition. Such services are often provided by tuition centers and/or private tutors. These tutors may be full-time tutors, schoolteachers, retirees, or even senior students. Many concerned parents choose to send their children to different tuition classes or schedules based on the child's entrance examination subjects. Some students may go to tuition for their weaker subjects, while many schoolchildren are increasingly known to attend at least 10 hours of private tuition every week. Correspondingly, the reputation and business of a tuition center often depends on venue, schedule, number of top-scoring clients, and advertizing by word of mouth. It is not uncommon for private tutors to offer exclusive pre-examination seminars, to the extent where some tutors entice schoolchildren to attend such seminars with the promise of examination tips, or even supposedly leaked examination questions.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, it has become very common for parents to send their children to such institutions, popularly known as "academies", after school for further private coaching. It has become prevalent in almost all levels of education, from junior classes to colleges and, to a lesser extent, universities. Due to the near-universality of this system, it has become very difficult to compete successfully in almost any level of exams without them, despite the added burden on the students.

Peru
In Peru, cram schools, known as "Academias", are institutions which intensively prepare, in about a year, high school graduates to gain admission to either University ("Academia Pre Universitaria"), or Military Schools ("Academia Pre-Militar").
Cram Schools in Peru are not an admission requirement to enter any tertiary institution; however, due to fierce competition, preparation in a cram school allows the candidate to achieve the highest grade possible in the entry exam and so gain entry to their desired Tertiary Institution.
Cram Schools are independent of universities, however, of recent a post-high-school, pre-university school has started at some public and private universities in Peru. Under the name of CEntro PREuniversitario (name or acronym of university, for instance CEPREUNI or CEPREPUCP, after Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria or Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, commonly referred to as "the CEPRE" or "the PRE"). Some of these CEPREs offer automatic admission to their university to their students who reach a set level of achievement

Philippines
In the Philippines, cram schools are usually called "review centers" or "review schools". They are often attended by students in order to study for and pass college and university entrance examinations, or to pass licensure examinations such as the Philippine Bar Examination, the Philippine Physician Licensure Examination, or the Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination.

Singapore

In Singapore, it is very common for students in the local education system to be enrolled in cram schools, better known locally as tuition centers. Enrollment in these after-school tuition centers is extremely high, especially for students bound for national exams, such as the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), GCE O Levels, or the GCE A Levels. Students attending tuition centers on a daily basis is not unheard of in Singapore.

South Korea

Although the South Korean educational system has been criticized internationally for its stress and competitiveness, it remains common for South Korean students to attend one or more cram schools ("hagwons") after their school-day is finished, most students studying there until 10 P.M. Some types of cram schools include math, science, art, and English. English language institutes along with math are particularly popular. Certain places, such as Gangnam in Seoul, are well known for having a lot of hagwons. Because of hagwons, many Koreans have voiced complaints about how public education is falling behind in terms of quality compared to private education, creating a gap between students who can afford the expensive hagwon tuition fee and those who cannot. Today, it is almost mandatory for Korean students to attend one or more hagwons in order to achieve high results on a test.

South Korean students have two big tests per semester: midterms and finals. They just have written tests in those subjects. A distinct feature of the cramming teaching method in Korea is extra preparation for these tests, ranging from tests from previous years and other schools to various prep books made by different education companies. These test preparation periods normally start a month before the test date. After school, generally, most students go to hagwons to supplement what they learned from the teachers who provide knowledge to the students. Students memorize for tests, and go to hagwons for high grades.

The Korean College Scholastic Ability Test, the standardized college entrance examination commonly referred to as the suneung, also plays a large part in why so many students attend hagwons. However, unlike midterms and finals, many high school students also prepare for the suneung through online video lessons on websites that specialize in suneung preparation.

Taiwan

Cram schools in Taiwan are called supplementary classes (補習班), and are not necessarily cram schools in the traditional sense.  Almost any kind of extracurricular academic lesson  such as music, art, math, and physics can be termed as such, even if students do not attend these classes specifically in order to pass an examination. It's a traditional belief that parents should send their children to all kinds of cram schools in order to compete against other talented children. Therefore, most children in Taiwan have a schedule packed with all sorts of cram school lessons. But when they study English, often with a "Native Speaker Teacher",  they are actually studying at a private language school. Furthermore,  since this study is ongoing,  they are not "cramming" in the traditional sense of the word, and therefore, these language schools are not cram schools by strict definition.

Taiwan is well known for its cram schools. Nearly all students have some kinds of cram school to improve their skills. The meritocratic culture, which requires some skills testing for passports to college, graduate school, and even government service, is dominant on Taiwan's policy.

Thailand

Cram schooling in Thailand has become almost mandatory to succeed in high school or in the entrance examinations of universities. Cram schools in Thailand, which are called tutoring institutes, tutoring schools, special tutoring, or special classes for example, are widespread throughout the country. Some of them do not have instructors in class rooms in a traditional sense; students receive their tuition via television network, which can either relay a live session from another branch or replay a pre-recorded session. Parents generally encourage their children to attend these schools and they sometimes can be perceived as pushy. The system of cram school is currently blamed for discouraging pupils from independent studies.

The main reason given by attending students is to increase understanding in their lessons. The secondary reason of junior high school students is to want to know faster techniques whereas the reason of senior ones is to prepare for exam. The most attended subjects are mathematics for juniors and English language for seniors. Average expense per course is about 2,001–3,000 baht.

Most of the students in the top universities of Thailand have attended at least one cram class, especially in science-based faculties such as science, engineering, medicine, and pharmacy.

Dek siw, those who failed in their first year, spend the whole following year studying at home or at a cram school for a better chance of going to a top university like Chulalongkorn University, Thammasart University, Kasetsart University, Mahidol University, or King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi.

Turkey
The dershane (plural, dershaneler) system is the Turkish counterpart of cram schools. The Turkish dershane system resembles Indian and Japanese systems. Students, typically after school and on weekends (especially during the last year), are drilled on various aspects of the  (YKS). This is cheaper than private tutoring.

United Kingdom
Crammers first appeared in Britain after 1855 when the Civil Service Commission created the Administrative class of government employees, selected by examination and interview rather than patronage. Crammers offered to prepare men of 18 to 25 years old for these examinations, mainly in classics, economics and foreign languages, which would provide entry to civil service or diplomatic careers. The opening scenes of Benjamin Britten's 1971 television opera Owen Wingrave, and the 1892 novella by Henry James on which it is based, are set in a military crammer; its master plays an important role in both. Terence Rattigan's 1936 play French Without Tears is set in a language crammer typical of the period. These civil service crammers did not survive the Second World War.

Tutorial colleges in the United Kingdom are also called "crammers", and are attended by some who want to attend the most prestigious universities. They have been around since the early 20th century.

United States
A number of businesses, called "tutoring services" or "test preparation centers", are colloquially known as cram schools. They are used by some GED candidates, and by many upperclassmen in high schools to prepare for the SAT, ACT, and/or Advanced Placement exams for college admission. Their curriculum is geared more towards vocabulary drills, problem sets, practicing essay composition, and learning effective test-taking strategies. College graduates and undergraduates near graduation will sometimes attend such classes to prepare for entrance exams necessary for graduate level education (i.e. LSAT, DAT, MCAT, GRE).

Review courses for the CPA examination (e.g., Becker Conviser, part of Devry University) and the bar examination (e.g., Barbri) are often taken by undergraduate and graduate students in accountancy and law.

See also
Storefront school

References

External links
 "School Daze", Time Asia

School types

fr:Liste des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles

Cram school


المقيطع هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى السهل في عكار.

المقيطع تبعد عن بيروت ما يقارب ال 100 كم

المراجع

سهل عكار
قرى لبنان

المقيطع


جينجيتسو أو يوم الإنسان  هو أحد المهرجانات الفصلية الخمسة (五節句 غو سيكّو) في اليابان. يحتفل به في 7 يناير ويعرف أيضاً باسم ناناكوسا نو سيكو (مهرجان العشبات السبعة).

يأتي اسم هذا المهرجان من الصينية حيث يدعى رينري وهو أحد الأيام الافتتاحية في أول شهر قمري والذي يكون مخصصاً لأحد المخلوقات التي يحرم قتلها في ذلك اليوم، وهذه الأيام السبعة هي: يوم الدجاجة، يوم الكلب، يوم ، يوم الخروف، يوم البقرة، يوم الحصان، ويوم الإنسان، وفي اليوم السابع لم يكن يجرى أي عقاب للمجرمين. حيث يعتقد في الأسطورة الصينية بأن الإلاهة نووا (女媧) التي خلقت العالم وخلقت الحيوانات بأيام مختلفة وكان خلق الإنسان في اليوم السابع بعد خلق العالم.

انتقل الاحتفال بهذا المهرجان في اليابان من اليوم السابع في التقويم القمري إلى اليوم السابع من يناير أثناء فترة مييجي، عندما بدأت اليابان باستعمال التقويم الشمسي. يتم الاحتفال بهذا اليوم بما يعرف عادة باسم مهرجان العشبات السبعة حيث في صباح 7 يناير أو عشية ذلك اليوم يتناول الناس في اليابان سبع أنواع من الأعشاب أو الخضار مع عصيدة الرز ويغنون «قبل أن تأتي طيور الصين إلى أرض اليابان، لنأكل العشبات السبعة».

انظر أيضا
 رينري
 مهرجان العشبات السبعة

رأس السنة في اليابان
مهرجانات الشتاء في اليابان
مهرجانات في اليابان

جينجيتسو


Crack eller crack-kokain er kokain, der er forarbejdet, så det kan ryges.

I det verdensanerkendte medicinske tidsskrift The Lancet fremsatte  et al i 2007 et system til vurdering af misbrugsstoffers skadevirkning, ikke overraskende er kokain at finde i toppen af listen kun overgået af heroin.

Kokain hydroklorid er den mest udbredte og kendte af kokainens tilstandsformer, og misbruges af en bred demografi. Den mest almindelig indtagelsesform er optagelse gennem næseslimhinderne ved snifning. En dansk undersøgelse foretaget i efteråret og vinteren 2008-2009 blandt unge danske natklubgæster (n = 1489) fastslår at sandsynligheden er 48% for, at en arbejdende mand på 25 år som har indtaget otte genstande alkohol, har erfaring med kokain. (Gennemsnitlig indtagelse af alkohol per person på danske natklubber var otte genstande på tidspunktet for undersøgelsen.)

Sandsynligheden for at have erfaring med kokain stiger til 57% for en arbejdende mand på 20 år, som har indtaget 14 genstande alkohol.

Kokain hydroklorid kan ikke benyttes til rygning, da stoffet ved opvarmningen spaltes til inaktive pyrolyseprodukter.

Stofbrugere fremstiller derfor selv crack via , hvor kokainhydroklorid vaskes med en vandig basisk opløsning f.eks. natriumbikarbonat og udskilles som fri kokain base. Processen er velkendt i rusmiddelmiljøet hvor detaljeret information og vejledning på videoer deles mellem brugerne på internettet.

Crack ryges som oftest i selvfremstillede glaspiber. Center for opsøgende Indsats og  Brugerforeningen for aktive stofbrugere gennemførte fra 2009 forsøg med udvikling og uddeling af crack-rygesæt.

Hastigheden hvorved kokain optages og kan detekteres i blodet, varierer som forventet med indtagelsesmåden. Ved rygning ses høje plasmakoncentrationer næsten momentant.

Wallace beskriver det i 1991 som; "…even an intravenous user of cocaine would be impressed with the much more rapid and intense effects from the smoking route, using crack."

I artiklen "Drug users' perceptions of 'controlled' and 'uncontrolled' Use" beskriver Tom Decorte det som følgende:

Fourteen (13.7% of the 102 who replied to this question) believed that uncontrolled users are unable to stop using (the binge pattern).

It is of interest that many refer to
this binge pattern when talking about freebasing:

They all base too, and when it's gone, they start looking for lumps on the carpet, anything. Or they see white lumps everywhere…..

Risici og konsekvenser
Der er i litteraturen enighed om at rygning af crack fører til en stærk marginalisering af brugeren og øger en lang række sundhedsmæssige
og sociale risikofaktorer. Se nedenstående liste:

 Højere frekvens for stofbrug (herunder )
 Risiko for involvering i prostitution
 Højere risiko for afhængighed
 Forværret sundhedstilstand (risiko for hjertesygdomme)
 Risiko for skift til kokain injektion og injektion af andre misbrugsstoffer
 Akutte respirationsproblemer (øget risiko for lungesygdomme)
 Forhøjet risiko for flerstof-misbrug og afhængighed
 Højere selvmordsrate
 Forøget risiko for at droppe behandlingstilbud
 Højere dødelighed
 Højere prævalens for rygning hos visse etniske minoriteter (observeres f.eks. i USA)
 Udvikling af psykiske sygdomme (herunder paranoia) Øget risiko for involvering i kriminalitet
 Risiko for seksualoverførte sygdomme og infektioner, herunder HIV og hepatitis C
 Højere økonomisk belastning til indkøb af stoffer

Crackepidemi
Fænomenet omkring rygning af crack startede i USA og udbredelsen blev her betegnet som nærmest epidemisk. Året 1984 er udpeget som året for påbegyndelsen af den . I dag er lande som Brasilien, USA, England og Spanien hårdt ramte af kokain og crack-misbrug.

Europa
Selvom crack er efterspurgt på gadeplan i EU, afspejles dette ikke i de konfiskerede mængder, f.eks. i 2011 hvor under 0,2% af den totale beslaglagte
kokain var i form af crack.

 (EMCDDA) estimerer at 26% af kokainbrugere i behandling, er brugere af crack. EMCDDA udtrykker endvidere stor bekymring for denne gruppe af marginaliserede borgere, som udgør en betydelig samfundsopgave for sociale myndigheder, kriminalforsorgen og misbrugsbehandlingen.

Danmark
Nyeste rapport (2014) fra Sundhedsstyrelsen omhandlende narkosituationen i Danmark beskriver unges syn på kokain som et stof der ikke har betydning for ens øvrige liv og tilmed nærmest kan være  præstationsfremmende. Desværre differentierer rapporten ikke mellem de forskellige indtagelsesformer af kokain, men udtrykker bekymring for unges omgang med kokain.

"Risikoforståelserne er væsentlige for de uerfarne unges villighed til at eksperimentere med stoffer, og kokainens ambivalente position betyder, at det må formodes at flere unge derfor kan være villige til at eksperimentere med kokain."

Indtil nu har estimeringen af crack-forbruget i Danmark været baseret på selvrapportering og observationer. Sådanne oplysninger er desværre ofte forbundet med stor usikkerhed og kan derfor ikke give et retvisende billede af den pågældende situation i Danmark.

Laboratorieanalyse
Laboratorieanalyser kan skelne rygning af kokainbase (=crack) fra andre indtagelsesformer af kokain. Simulering af crackrygning i videnskabelige forsøg har påvist sammensætningen af forskellige kemiske stoffer der indåndes gennem crackpiben.

Temperatur og flow i piben har stor indflydelse på mængden af fordampet kokain, der hurtigt når lungerne og udløser en intens eufori.

Pyrolytiske biomarkører for rygning af crack
Stoffet  (MED) er et specifikt pyrolyseprodukt og en biomarkør, som dannes under eliminering af benzoesyre i gasfase, optages i blodet og kan måles i relativt høje koncentrationer i både blod og urin hos crackrygere.

MED er ikke stabilt i biologiske prøver, men nedbrydes både in vivo og in vitro (i basisk urin) til  (ED)

Laboratoriestudie udført i Danmark
I Danmark findes der, så vidt vides, ikke nogen publicerede undersøgelser af prævalensen for crack-rygning, ej heller i form af kvalitative undersøgelser. Man skønner, at knap 1% af den samlede voksne befolkning i EU mindst én gang har indtaget kokain. EMCDDA har estimeret, at ca. 23% af kokainbrugere i behandling er crack-rygere . Samtidig har EMCDDA udtrykt stor bekymring for netop denne gruppe af stærkt marginaliserede personer, som udgør en betydelig samfundsopgave for de sociale myndigheder, kriminalforsorgen og misbrugsbehandlingen.

I 2014 gennemførtes det første laboratoriestudie i Danmark af crack-kokain. Studiet inkluderede analyser af 110 urinprøver fra brugere af kokain, anonymt indsamlet fra misbrugslaboratorier ved Bispebjerg Hospital, Aarhus Universitetshospital (Skejby), Psykiatrisk Center Sct. Hans, Vestre Fængsel Hospital og Sygehus Vendsyssel. Resultaterne er publiceret i Journal of Analytical Toxicology .

Samlet viste undersøgelsen, at 76% af prøverne indeholdt ED og/eller MED, som er helt specifikke biomarkører for rygning af crack-kokain. Prævalensen for rygning var størst (92%) i urinprøver fra de danske fængsler. Nedbrydningsprodukter fra kokain kan påvises i dage efter indtagelse, og det kan derfor ikke fortælle noget om fordelingen af indtagelsesformer hos en enkelt person ud fra én prøve. Finder man ED og/eller MED i prøven, kan det tolkes som en sikker indikation for rygning af crack-kokain inden for de sidste 1-2 dage.

Undersøgelsen viser klart, at når brugen af kokain er blevet problematisk (og der har været behov for laboratorieanalyser), ses en markant høj prævalens for crack-rygning.
Det er også bemærkelsesværdigt, at undersøgelsen viser over tre gange højere estimat for crack-rygning end EMCDDA's skøn over crack-rygere blandt kokain-brugere i behandling.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kokain
Rygning

Crack (kokain)


Hemoglobin, solunum organından dokulara oksijen, dokulardan solunum organına ise karbondioksit ve proton taşıyan protein. Eritrositlerin içerisinde bulunur. Oksijeni +2 değerlikli demir içeren hem molekülleri ile bağlar. Başlıca sentez yeri eritrosit üretimi sırasında kemik iliğidir. Yaş, cinsiyet ve türe göre küçük farklılıklarla da olsa kanda belli bir değerin altında bulunmasına Anemi, yüksek miktarda bulunmasına ise polisitemi denir. Hemoglobinin prostetik grubu hem, proteiniyse globulindir.

Kimyasal özellikleri

Hemoglobin, bir oligometaloproteindir. Yapısında 4 hem halkası olduğundan (4 tane) demir atomu bulunur. Bu demir miktarı hemoglobinin %0,33'üne karşılık gelir ama yine de bu oran az olsa da fark edebilir. Yapısında bazik aminoasitler -özellikle histidin- bulunur. Hemoglobin; α (alfa), β (beta), ɣ (gama) ve δ (delta) olmak üzere birbirine kovalent olmayan bağlarla bir arada tutunmuş 4 polipeptid zinciri içerir. Yetişkin bir insanın hemoglobini, hemoglobin A olarak adlandırılır ve %97,5 (α2β2), %2,5 (α2δ2)'den ibaret bir polipeptid zinciridir. α zinciri 141, β, ɣ ve δ zincirleri 146 aminoasidden oluşmuştur. Fetustaki hemoglobin olan hemoglobin F ise α2ɣ2 zincirlerinden oluşur. α ve β zincirlerindeki hatalı bir sentez çeşitli hastalıklara neden olur. Örneğin; β zincirinin altıncı durumundaki glutamik asit yerine valinin geçmesiyle hücreler orak şeklinde kıvrılır ve oksijeni yeterli miktarda bağlayamaz. Böylece hemoglobinin dalakta çok hızlı olarak yıkılmasıyla Anemizma oluşur. Fetus hemoglobinindeki ɣ zincirinin doğumdan sonra β zinciri şekline dönüşmesi gerekir. ɣ zincirinin β zinciri şekline dönüşememesi Akdeniz anemisi (β-talasemi) meydana getirir.

İşlev mekanizması ve çeşitleri
Hemoglobin O2 taşınmasında görevlidir ve vücudun en önemli tamponudur. Hemoglobindeki Fe2+'in koordinasyon sayısı 6 olup bu koordinasyon yerlerinden dördüne pirol halkasının azotu, beşincisine globin molekülünün histidininin imidozol grubunun azotu, altıncısına ise su molekülü bağlanarak hemoglobin teşekkül eder. Suyun yerine O2 geçerse bu hemoglobine oksihemoglobin adı verilir. Hemoglobin molekülünde dört hem grubu bulunduğuna göre oksijen için dört birleşme yeri vardır. Hemoglobinin oksijen yerine CO2 ile birleşmesine karbaminohemoglobin (karbhemoglobin) adı verilir. Dayanıksız bir bileşiktir. Hemoglobinin altıncı koordinasyon yerine CO gelirse buna da karboksihemoglobin adı verilir. Hemoglobinin CO'e ilgisi O2'den daha fazladır. Hemoglobindeki demirin Fe3+ haline yükseltgenmesiyle elde edilen maddeye hemin adı verilir ve bu hemoglobin çeşidine de methemoglobin adı verilir. Hemoglobindeki altıncı koordinasyon yerine CN- bağlanırsa buna da siyanohemoglobin adı verilir ve bu tür zehirlenme gören kimselere sodyum tiyosülfat acil olarak verilmelidir.

Sentezi

Vücutta her gün yıkıma uğrayan hemoglobin miktarını yerine koymak üzere yaklaşık 5-6 gram kadar hemoglobin sentez edilir. Hemoglobin sentezi hücrenin mitokondri ve sitoplazmasında olur. Hemoglobin sentezi için protoporfirin IX, Fe2+ ve globuline ihtiyaç vardır. Pantotenik asit, piridoksal fosfat, B12 vitamini ve intrinsik faktör bu sentez için gereklidir. Proeritroblastlar hemoglobin sentezinin önemli kısmını gerçekleştirirler; retikülositte hemoglobin sentez etme oldukça düşmüştür. Olgun Eritrositler, hemoglobin sentez edemezler. Hemoglobin sentezi için protoporfirin IX endojen olarak vücutta sentez edilir. Eğer organizmaya protoporfirin şırınga edilirse veya besinlerle eksojen olarak verilirse organizma bundan yararlanamaz. Dışkı ve idrarla dışarı atar. Hemoglobin retiküloendeteryal sistemin ribozomlarında sentez edilir.

Yıkımı

Hemoglobin Eritrositlerin kemik iliğinden dolaşıma geçişinin 120-130. günü retiküloendeteryal sistem hücrelerini ihtiva eden dalak, karaciğer ve kemik iliğinde yıkılıma uğrar. Hemoglobinin iki yolla yıkıma uğradığı düşünülmektedir.

 Hem + globin
 Verdoglobin

Fetus hemoglobini
Fetus hemoglobini erişkin insan hemoglobininden farklıdır. Fetusta hemoglobin sentezi proeritroblast, normoblast ve retikülositlerde olur. 12. haftadan önceki hemoglobin gower tip 1 ve gower tip 2 ve Hb Portland'dır. 2. ve 3. trimestır boyunca fetuste ana hemoglobinolarak HbF bulunurur. HbF iki alfa ve iki gama alt zincirinden oluşur. HbF'in oksijene aflinitesi erişkin tip hemoglobinden yani HbA'dan %50 daha fazladır.

Hemoglobin


W51 peut faire référence à :
 Collision entre deux personnes, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 W51, la cinquante-et-unième semaine du calendrier.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

W51


Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential blood-clotting protein, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF). In humans, factor VIII is encoded by the F8 gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked coagulation disorder. Factor VIII is produced in liver sinusoidal cells and endothelial cells outside the liver throughout the body. This protein circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form, bound to another molecule called von Willebrand factor, until an injury that damages blood vessels occurs. In response to injury, coagulation factor VIII is activated and separates from von Willebrand factor. The active protein (sometimes written as coagulation factor VIIIa) interacts with another coagulation factor called factor IX. This interaction sets off a chain of additional chemical reactions that form a blood clot.

Factor VIII participates in blood coagulation; it is a cofactor for factor IXa, which, in the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipids, forms a complex that converts factor X to the activated form Xa. The factor VIII gene produces two alternatively spliced transcripts. Transcript variant 1 encodes a large glycoprotein, isoform a, which circulates in plasma and associates with von Willebrand factor in a noncovalent complex. This protein undergoes multiple cleavage events. Transcript variant 2 encodes a putative small protein, isoform b, which consists primarily of the phospholipid binding domain of factor VIIIc. This binding domain is essential for coagulant activity.

People with high levels of factor VIII are at increased risk for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Copper is a required cofactor for factor VIII and copper deficiency is known to increase the activity of factor VIII.

There is a formulation as a medication that is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.

Genetics

Factor VIII was first characterized in 1984 by scientists at Genentech. The gene for factor VIII is located on the X chromosome (Xq28). The gene for factor VIII presents an interesting primary structure, as another gene (F8A1) is embedded in one of its introns.

Structure
Factor VIII protein consists of six domains: A1-A2-B-A3-C1-C2, and is homologous to factor V.

The A domains are homologous to the A domains of the copper-binding protein ceruloplasmin.  The C domains belong to the  phospholipid-binding discoidin domain family, and the C2 domain mediate membrane binding.

Activation of factor VIII to factor VIIIa is done by cleavage and release of the B domain. The protein is now divided to a heavy chain, consisting of the A1-A2 domains, and a light chain, consisting of the A3-C1-C2 domains. Both form non-covalently a complex in a calcium-dependent manner. This complex is the pro-coagulant factor VIIIa.

Physiology
FVIII is a glycoprotein procofactor.  Although the primary site of release in humans is ambiguous, it is synthesized and released into the bloodstream by the vascular, glomerular, and tubular endothelium, and the sinusoidal cells of the liver. Hemophilia A has been corrected by liver transplantation. Transplanting hepatocytes was ineffective, but liver endothelial cells were effective.

In the blood, it mainly circulates in a stable noncovalent complex with von Willebrand factor. Upon activation by thrombin (factor IIa), it dissociates from the complex to interact with factor IXa in the coagulation cascade. It is a cofactor to factor IXa in the activation of factor X, which, in turn, with its cofactor factor Va, activates more thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin which polymerizes and crosslinks (using factor XIII) into a blood clot.

The factor VIII protein has a half-life of 12 hours in the blood stream when stabilized by the von Willebrand factor.

No longer protected by vWF, activated FVIII is proteolytically inactivated in the process (most prominently by activated protein C and factor IXa) and quickly cleared from the blood stream.

Factor VIII is not affected by liver disease. In fact, levels usually are elevated in such instances.

Medical use

FVIII concentrated from donated blood plasma, or alternatively recombinant FVIIa can be given to hemophiliacs to restore hemostasis.

Antibody formation to factor VIII can also be a major concern for patients receiving therapy against bleeding; the incidence of these inhibitors is dependent of various factors, including the factor VIII product itself.

Immunostain target
Factor VIII related antigen is used as a target for immunohistochemistry, where endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, platelets and mast cells normally stain positive.

Contamination scandal
In the 1980s, some pharmaceutical companies such as Baxter International and Bayer sparked controversy by continuing to sell contaminated factor VIII after new heat-treated versions were available. Under FDA pressure, unheated product was pulled from US markets, but was sold to Asian, Latin American, and some European countries. The product was tainted with HIV, a concern that had been discussed by Bayer and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

In the early 1990s, pharmaceutical companies began to produce recombinant synthesized factor products, which now prevent nearly all forms of disease transmission during replacement therapy.

History
Factor VIII  was first discovered in 1937, but it was not until 1979 that its purification by Edward Tuddenham, Frances Rotblat and coworkers led to the molecular identification of the protein.

See also
 Ralph Kekwick
 Frances Rotblat
 Edward Shanbrom
 Edward Tuddenham
 Ryan White

References

Further reading

External links
  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Hemophilia A
 The Coagulation Factor VIII Protein

Acute-phase proteins
Recombinant proteins
Coagulation system
Wyeth brands
Pfizer brands
Cofactors

Factor VIII


Asarönü, Antalya ilinin Finike ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 123 km, Finike ilçesine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Finike'nin mahalleleri

Asarönü, Finike


Televiziunea prin satelit (în engleză: satellite television) este televiziunea ce transmite prin intermediul sateliților aflați în orbită geostaționară, programe de radio și de televiziune, analogice și digitale.

Transmisia televiziunii digitale prin intermediul sateliților se face utilizând sistemul DVB-S (direct broadcast satellite - standard), dezvoltat în 1993 și adoptat în 1994.

Programele TV transmise prin satelit sunt recepționate de stații aflate la sol și distribuite prin emițătoare și translatoare pentru acoperirea unui anumit teritoriu sau sunt recepționate direct de către receptori aflați la utilizator, (direct-to-home television - DTH) folosind antene individuale. Televiziunea prin satelit este uneori cunoscută doar cu denumirea DTH.

Scurt istoric
Primul semnal de televiziune prin satelit a fost transmis în anul 1962 din Europa către America de Nord prin satelitul Telstar.

Syncom 3, primul satelit geostaționar de comunicații, a fost lansat în 1964.

Pentru coordonarea activităților de comunicații prin satelit, în anul 1964 a luat ființă în S.U.A firma COMSAT, iar pe plan internațional consorțiul Intelsat, cu rol în proiectarea, dezvoltarea, construirea, întreținerea și operarea rețelei de sateliți comerciali.

Primul satelit comercial de comunicații, Intelsat I (Early Bird), a fost lansat pe o orbită sincronă la data de 6 aprilie 1965.

În anul 1967 a fost creată în U.R.S.S., prima rețea națională de televiziune prin satelit, Orbita, folosind satelitul Molnya pentru retransmisie și furnizarea de semnal TV către stații de la sol care emiteau apoi programul TV.

Primul satelit nord-american pentru semnal de televiziune a fost Anik 1, satelit canadian geostaționar lansat în 1972.

În anul 1974, a fost lansat ATS-6, primul experiment de învățământ cu transmisie directă prin satelit.

Satelitul geostaționar Ekran, capabil să transmită semnal de televiziune DTH, a fost lansat în 1976 în U.R.S.S.

În jurul anilor 1980, dezvoltarea televiziunii prin satelit a fost posibilă datorită tehnicii avansate din domeniul sateliților și a recepției datelor transmise prin sateliți. Industria s-a dezvoltat mai întâi în Statele Unite ale Americii, unde în numeroase cămine au fost instalate antene parabolice de dimensiuni mari.

Primul serviciu DVB-S a fost oferit pe piață în 1995 de operatorul cu plată Canalplus din Franța.

Funcționare

Semnalele transmisiilor de televiziunea prin satelit, se fac de la sol prin intermediul unei stații (uplink). Stațiile de sol folosesc emițătoare cu putere de cca 5-10 kW, antene parabolice de cca 20-25 m diametru și sunt dotate cu aparatura necesară de urmărire a evoluției sateliților. Antena de la sol este îndreptată spre un anumit satelit (downlink), iar semnalele sunt transmise într-un anumit interval de frecvențe, care sunt primite de către transponder-ul satelitului.Transponder-ul de pe satelit efectuează retransmiterea semnalelor TV înapoi la utilizator, dar la o altă bandă de frecvență, de obicei în banda C (4 ... 8 GHz), sau banda Ku (12 ... 18 GHz), sau ambele.

Transmisie în semnal analogic
Semnalul analogic de televiziune prin satelit este trimis într-un pachet care cuprinde semnal video și audio în standard NTSC, PAL, sau  SECAM. În Europa, transmisia prin semnal analogic este în prezent înlocuită în totalitate de cea digitală.

Transmisie în semnal digital
Semnalul digital de televiziune prin satelit are ca particularități specifice:
 Utilizează modulația QPSK (8-PSK sau 16-QAM).
 Lărgimea canalului este de 33 MHz.
 Debitul total de informație este de 38 Mbit/s, transmisie de 4 ... 10 programe TV în cadrul unei benzi de 7 ... 8 MHz.

Metode de recepție
 DBSTV (Direct-broadcast satellite television), cunoscut și sub denumirea de "Direct-to-home television" (DTHTV), care permite receptia cu antene parabolice.
 DVB-S (direct broadcast satelitte - standard), reprezintă sistemul standard de transmitere și este folosit de cei mai mulți provideri de programe TV transmise prin satelit.
 CAM (Conditional-access module) sub forma unei cartele inteligente; accesul la aceste programe se face prin achiziționarea unui abonament, de obicei o cartelă de acces care se introduce în receptorul de satelit și care decodează programul recepționat.
 FTA (free-to-air) sunt acele programe transmise liber, necodate, a căror recepție nu necesită decodare. În România, canale free-to-air sunt: PRO TV Internațional, Prima TV, TVR Internațional, Realitatea TV, B1 TV, România TV etc.

Criptarea/codarea semnalelor de televiziune transmise prin satelit se face prin sistemele de criptare a semnalelor de televiziune cum ar fi acces condiționat (CA) sau sistem de acces condiționat (CAS). Printre cele mai cunoscute astfel de sisteme se numă BISS, Conax, Digicipher, Irdeto, Nagravision, Viacces, SECA  Mediaguard, Cryptoworks, PowerVu, Viaccess, Videocipher, VideoGuard etc.

Accesul la aceste programe se face prin achiziționarea unui abonament, care este de obicei o cartelă de acces ce se introduce în receptor și care decodează, programul recepționat.

Echipament
Instalația de recepție prin satelit este compusă din:
 antenă parabolică
 sateliți (sistemul de poziționare)
 receptor

Antenă parabolică

Semnalul de la satelit este un semnal slab, de la mare distanță, care poate fi recepționat cu o antenă parabolică. Antena reflectă semnalul în punctul focal în care este montat un dispozitiv numit "feedhorn" (ghid de undă) care conduce semnalul către elementul de recepție,  numit "convertor de zgomot redus" (engleză: low-noise block - LNB sau low noise-converter LNC). Sunt două tipuri de antene parabolice, numite "offset" și "prime focus" (prim focar).

 antene offset: au elementul de recepție LNB situat excentric față de centrul antenei, într-un focar secundar; au în general diametrul de până la 1,8m.
 antene prime focus: la care LNB-ul este situat în centrul antenei în focarul principal; sunt de dimensiuni mai mari, 3m, sau chiar 3,5m în diametru.

Convertorul de zgomot redus LNB, este dispozitivul principal care efectuează recepția și conversia frecventei semnalelor provenite de la satelit.  Actualele LNB-uri au raport semnal/zgomot de 0,2 - 0,4 dB.

Sateliți (sistemul de poziționare)
Sateliții utilizați pentru transmisia semnalelor de televiziune, sunt plasați pe orbită geostationară ecuatorială, la înălțimea de 36 000 km.

Principalele benzi de frecvență pe care funcționează sateliții pentru televiziune sunt banda C (4 ... 8 GHz) și banda Ku (12 ... 14 GHz).

Pentru evitarea interferenței, sateliții trebuie să aibă o distanță între ei de 2° pentru cei cu banda C, și de 1° pentru banda Ku.

Sateliții destinați în special televiziunii, sunt de două categorii:
 sateliți DBS (Direct-broadcast satellite) - funcționează în banda Ku, și sunt utilizati în servicii de tip DTH (Direct To Home), transmisiunea se face direct către utilizator prin antena parabolică. Sateliții in banda Ku folosesc antene parabolice mici, cu diametre de 0,4-0,6 m, și polarizare circulară și au până la 32 de canale receptare-emitere.

Companii furnizoare de servicii DTH sunt: Eutelsat (Franța), Deutsche Telekom (Germania), Intelsat (Luxemburg), Inmarsat (Marea Britanie), Lamit Company (Romania), Hispasat (Spania), Turksat (Turcia) și DirecTV (SUA) etc.

În România, primul sistem DTH lansat a fost Focus Sat (Freesat), urmat la scurt timp de Digi TV (RCS & RDS), Max TV (AKTA ), Boom TV (DTH Television Grup), Orange Home TV (Orange TV) și Telekom TV (Telekom).

 sateliți FSS (Fixed-satellite service) - operează în banda C și porțiunile joase ale benzii Ku și folosesc antene parabolice mai mari, cu polarizare lineară, dar cu putere mai mică. Sateliții care folosesc banda C au 24 de canale de receptare-emitere, cu o lățime de bandă de 36-50 Mbit/s.

Sateliții FSS acoperă aproape toate tipurile de servicii de telecomunicații: transmisiuni către stații de radio sau televiziune, transmisiuni telefonice sau de date, transmisiuni video în direct, videoconferințe, învățământ la distanță, transmisiuni către furnizorii de televiziune prin cablu. Prin serviciul TVRO (Television Receive Only), sateliții FSS furnizează și servicii DTH, la un preț mai scăzut decât cele ale sateliților DBS.

Sateliți de televiziune mai importanți sunt: Hot Bird, Astra, Hispasat, Hellas-Sat, Badr, Thor,  Amos, Intelsat, Sirius, Spaceway, DirectTV, Americom, PanAmSat, Arabsat etc.

Receptor

Receptorul, receiver sau decodor uneori denumit și set-top box, este aparatul cu care se recepționează semnalele transmise codat sau necodat, în diverse standarde și le decodează pentru a putea fi interpretate de aparatul TV. Receiver-ul se conectează la televizor prin intermediul unei mufe SCART, Conector RCA sau S/PDIF. Receptorul poate fi și încorporat în aparatul TV.

Avantaje
Televiziunea prin satelit are mai multe avantaje față de televiziunea digitală terestră, cum ar fi:
 calitate digitală HD a imaginilor
 ușurință în utilizare
 legătură directă cu satelitul, fără a depinde de rețelele de cablu
 posibilitatea de a selecta tipul de subtitrare, pentru canalele și programele transmise în limbi străine
 recepționare de mesaje de la compania furnizoare de televiziune prin satelit
 filtrarea unor anumite canale
 gruparea canalelor pe categorii

Dezavantaje
 satelitul poate fi orientat doar către anumite puncte cardinale.
 cost inițial ridicat de dotare și instalare
 număr relativ limitat de canale free-to-air
 semnalul poate dispărea în cazul fenomenelor meteorologice severe.

DVB-S2
Standardul DVB-S2 este proiectat ca succesor al standardului DVB-S.

DVB-SH
Televiziune digitală prin satelit pentru utilizatori mobili.

Note

Bibliografie
 Dan Comșa, Marius V. Comșa: Sateliții Europei - Programe TV și Radio, Editura Tehnică,  București 1991

Vezi și

Legături externe

 Infosatelit - magazinul recepției TV a sateliților
 Lista sateliților ce pot fi receptionați din România
 ETSI.org: technologies-satellite-DVB-S
 Sateliții SES transmit, în prezent, 7.269 de posturi TV la nivel mondial; aproape o treime sunt canale HDTV
 Flysat.com
 LyngSat

Televiziune
Televiziune prin satelit
Televiziune digitală
Terminologie din televiziune
 Sisteme de comunicație prin satelit

Televiziune prin satelit


La Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA 2013 fue la décima edición de dicho torneo, el más importante, a nivel de clubes, del mundo. El evento se disputó en Marruecos y participaron los campeones de las distintas confederaciones más el campeón local, por ser país organizador.

Participaron por primera vez los equipos de Bayern Múnich, primer club alemán que disputó el torneo, y el Atlético Mineiro, cuarto participante brasileño consecutivo tras Internacional de Porto Alegre en 2010, Santos FC en 2011 y Corinthians en 2012. Mientras tanto, fue la tercera participación consecutiva para el Monterrey y el Auckland City.

El Bayern Múnich se coronó campeón tras ganarle 2-0 en la final al Raja Casablanca. Esta fue la tercera vez en que la final no se jugó entre un club europeo y uno sudamericano.

Sedes
Las ciudades que fueron designadas sedes para albergar la Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA 2013 fueron Marrakech y Agadir.

Clubes clasificados

Los equipos participantes se fueron clasificando a lo largo del año a través de las seis mayores competiciones continentales y la primera división del país anfitrión. En cursiva, los equipos debutantes en la competición.

Distribución geográfica de los clubes

Árbitros
Lista de árbitros y asistentes para el torneo

Partidos

Cuadro de desarrollo
Fuente: página oficial.

Eliminación preliminar

{{Partidos
|local = Raja Casablanca
|paíslocal = MAR
|resultado = 2:1 (1:0)
|visita = Auckland City
|paísvisita = NZL
|fecha = , 19:30 UTC ±0
|estadio = Estadio de Agadir
|ciudad = Agadir
|refe =  Bakary Gassama
|asistencia = 34.875
|goleslocal = Iajour Hafidi
|golesvisita = Krishna
|reporte = http://es.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=259711/match=300260482/index.html
}}

 Cuartos de final

 Quinto lugar

 Final

 Estadísticas

 Tabla de rendimiento
En negrita el equipo campeón.
{| cellspacing="0" style="background: #E6EEE6; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" width=85%
|- bgcolor=#CCDDCC style="color:black;"
! width="3" | Pos
! width="180" | Club
! width="40" | Puntos
! width="30" | PJ
! width="30" | PG
! width="30" | PE
! width="30" | PP
! width="30" | GF
! width="30" | GC
! width="30" | Dif.
! width="40" |
|-align=center bgcolor=#e6eee6
|width=7%|1
|align=left| Bayern Múnich
|6||2||2||0||0||5||0||+5|| 100%
|-align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9 style="border-bottom:1px solid #222;"
|width=7%|2
|width=44% align=left| Raja Casablanca
|9'''||4||3||0||1||7||5||+2|| 67%
|-align=center bgcolor=#e6eee6
|width=7%|3
|align=left| Atlético Mineiro
|3||2||1||0||1||4||5||-1|| 50%
|-align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9 style="border-bottom:1px solid #222;"
|width=7%|4
|align=left| Guangzhou Evergrande
|3'''||3||1||0||2||4||6||-2|| 33%
|-align=center bgcolor=#e6eee6
|width=7%|5
|align=left| Monterrey
|3||2||1||0||1||6||3||+3|| 50%
|-align=center bgcolor=#f9f9f9 style="border-bottom:1px solid #222;"
|width=7%|6
|align=left| Al-Ahly
|0'''||2||0||0||2||1||7||-6|| 0%
|-align=center bgcolor=#e6eee6
|width=7%|7
|align=left| Auckland City
|0'||1||0||0||1||1||2||-1|| 0%
|}

Tabla de goleadores
Al goleador le corresponde la Bota de oro del campeonato, al segundo goleador la Bota de plata y al tercero la Bota de bronce.

Premio Fair Play
El premio Fair Play de la FIFA se lo otorga al equipo participante que haya logrado el juego más limpio en el campeonato.

Premio Toyota
El Premio Toyota es entregado al mejor jugador de la final.

Balones de Oro, Plata y Bronce Adidas
El Balón de Oro Adidas es un reconocimiento entregado por la firma alemana de indumentaria patrocinante del Mundial de Clubes, para el mejor jugador de la final. Asimismo, también son entregados los Balones de Plata y Bronce para los considerados segundo y tercero mejores jugadores de la final, respectivamente.

Véase también
 Liga de Campeones de la UEFA 2012-13
 Copa Libertadores 2013
 Concacaf Liga Campeones 2012-13
 Liga de Campeones de la AFC 2013
 Liga de Campeones de la CAF 2013
 Liga de Campeones de la OFC 2013

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA Marruecos 2013 - FIFA.com
 Calendario de partidos - FIFA.COM

Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA 2013

Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA 2013


Juazeirinho es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraíba, localizado en la región del Seridó Oriental Paraibano. De acuerdo con el censo realizado por el IBGE (Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística) en el año de 2006, su población es de 15.727 habitantes.

Geografía

El municipio está incluido en el área geográfica de cobertura del semiárido brasileño, definida por el Ministerio de la Integración Nacional en 2005. Esta delimitación tiene como criterios el índice pluviométrico, el índice de aridez y el riesgo de sequía.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Federación de los Municipios de Paraíba
 Datos municipales y mapa de alta resolución en PDF

Localidades de Paraíba

Juazeirinho