Naşit Özcan (1886, İstanbul - 26 Nisan 1943, İstanbul), Türk tiyatrosunun ünlü tuluat ustası. İbiş tiplemesini en iyi  canlandıran sanatçıların başında gelmektedir.

"Sultan Hamid'i bile güldüren adam" olarak anılır. Başarılarıyla Komik-i Şehir unvanını almış bir sanatçıdır. Tiyatrocu Adile Naşit ve Selim Naşit Özcan'ın babasıdır.

Hayatı
1886'da İstanbul Şehzadebaşı'nda doğdu. Bayezit Rüştiyesi'nden sonra eğitimini Mızıka-ı Hümayun'da tamamladı.

Leman Hanımla evlendi, evli olduğu sırada Kantocu Amelya Hanım'a aşık oldu, bir süre sonra Leman Hanım'dan boşanıp, Emel adını alan Amelya Hanım ile evlenmiştir. Bu evlilikten olan çocukları Adile Naşit ve Selim Naşit Özcan da tiyatrocu olmuşlardır. Sanatçı, büyüdüğü ve tiyatro eğitimini aldığı aynı yerde 26 Nisan 1943'te öldü.

Tarık Buğra'nın İbiş'in Rüyası (1970) adlı romanı, Naşit Özcan'ın hayatını konu edinir.

Tiyatro hayatı

Şehzadebaşı'nda doğan Naşit'in tiyatro ile ilk tanışıklığı doğduğu evin yakınındaki Abdi Efendi tiyatrosu ile oldu. Oyunculuk yaşamı Mızıka-ı Hümayun'u tamamladığı yıllarda Abdürrezzak Efendi'nin yanında başladı.  Meşrutiyetin ilanından iki sene sonra tiyatro topluluğunun dağıtılmasıyla heveskâran cemiyetiyle ilk temsillerine başladı. İlk oyunu "Haremağası Ut Meşkediyor"'du. "Meşrutiyeti Osmaniye" kumpanyasında Nurettin Şefkati, Eliza Binemeciyan, Hekimyan ile birlikte çalıştı. Daha sonra Rıdvan Paşa'nın oğlu Reşat Bey ile "Sahne-i Heves" yaptı. Heveskerân Cemiyeti'nde Büyük Behzat ile sonra Kemal Emin ile Ortaköy tiyatrosunda oynadı.

Kavuklu Hamdi ve Küçük İsmail'in orta oyunu topluluğu, Kel Hasan'ın tuluat topluluğu, Manakyan topluluğu gibi çeşitli topluluklarda uzun sure çalıştı.
Saray tarafından Fransa'ya gönderildi. Dönüşünde sarayda oyunlar sergileyen pandomim topluluğuna katıldı. Kendi adına kurduğu topluluklarda çalışmalarını Cumhuriyet döneminde de sürdürdü. Orta oyunu, kukla ve Karagöz ve Hacivat çalışmaları yaptı.

Tiyatrocu ve özellikle tuluatçı yönüyle tanınan Naşit Bey 14 Ocak 1937 tarihli Tan gazetesine verdiği röportajda sinemadan daha çok hoşlandığını söylemiş ve
sözlerine şöyle devam etmiştir, "...Vakıa sahnede halkla karşı karşıya durmaktan zevk alırım amma, film daha rahat ve halk üzerinde tesiri de daha iyi..."
Dört film yapan Naşit Bey, "Bir Millet Uyanıyor" adlı filmde asker  "İstanbul Sokaklarında" dilenci rollerinde oynamış, "Naşit Dolandırıcı" ve "Düğün Gecesi" adlı iki de komedi yapmıştır.

Sinema, orta oyunu ve melodramlardaki başarısının yanı sıra asıl ününü yeni tipler yarattığı tuluat tiyatrosunda kazandı. Tuluat tarzının en etkili oyuncusu sayıldı. Tuluat oyunlarının İbiş'ine kişilik kazandırdı. Aşçıbaşı Tosun Ağa, Leblebici Horhor, Hoşkadem Kalfa, Surpik Dudu yarattığı ve başarıyla oynadığı en önemli tiplerdir. Bu başarılarıyla Komik-i Şehir (Büyük Komik) unvanını aldı. Oynadığı oyunlardan bazıları şunlardır: Beyimin Tiyatro Merakı, Yahudi Doktorun Metresi, İstanbul Çapkını, Çifte Köy Düğünü.

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 İsmail Biret, Komik-i Şehir Naşit Bey ve Çocukları Doğan Kitap / Anı Dizisi

Kaynakça

Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
1886 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu erkek oyuncular
1943 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler

Naşit Özcan


Cape Breton Regional Municipality (often referred to as simply "CBRM") is the Canadian province of Nova Scotia's second largest municipality and the economic heart of Cape Breton Island. As of 2021 the municipality has a population of 93,694. The municipality was created in 1995 through the amalgamation of eight municipalities located in Cape Breton County.

The region is home to a significant concentration of government services, social enterprise and private sector companies, including the Canadian Coast Guard College, Cape Breton University, NSCC Marconi campus, and New Dawn Enterprises. The rural areas of the municipality continue to host resource industries such as agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry. CBRM is host to many cultural landmarks and institutions such as the historic Savoy Theatre, the Celtic Colours International Festival, the Cape Breton Centre for Craft, the Highland Arts Theatre, and Holy Angels Arts & Cultural centre, currently undergoing a $12-million renovation.

The area hosts one of Nova Scotia's premier tourism destinations, the Fortress of Louisbourg national park site, operated by Parks Canada as a living history museum. The site stands as the largest reconstruction project in North America. The Port of Sydney was projected to welcome a record 135,000 cruise ship visitors in 2017, a 67 per cent increase on 2016. The Trans-Canada Highway terminates in North Sydney where Marine Atlantic ferries connect to both Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador, where the highway starts again, and Argentia.

History

Early history

The glaciers began their retreat from the Maritimes approximately 13,500 years ago, with final deglaciation, post-glacial rebound, and  sea level fluctuation ending and leaving the New England-Maritimes region virtually ice free 11,000 years ago. The earliest evidence of Paleo-Indian settlement in the region follows rapidly after deglaciation. Evidence of settlement found in the Debert Palaeo-Indian Site dates to 10,600 before present, though settlement seems likely to have occurred earlier, following large game animals such as the caribou as they expanded into the land revealed by the retreating glaciers. The record of continuous habitation through the paleo and archaic period over ten thousand years culminated in the development of the culture, traditions, and language of the First Nations people now known as the Mi'kmaq.

Mi'kmaq

The Palaeoindians inhabiting the area prior to European arrival lived a semi-nomadic lifestyle, following the cycle of the seasons in search of food and resources, which required the frequent moving from place to place. The area known as Cape Breton Island has been a part of the territory of the Mi'kmaq nation of Mi'kma'ki. Mi'kma'ki included what is now the Maritimes, parts of Maine, Newfoundland and the Gaspé Peninsula.

French settlement

The French were the first Europeans to claim the region, which was named Acadia.  Control passed back and forth between the English and French throughout the late 17th and early 18th centuries.  Under the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, France retained control of "Île Royale".  In 1719, France began construction on a fortified town located along the sheltered southwestern shore of Havre Louisbourg, naming the settlement Louisbourg.

The fortress was captured by British colonial forces, then returned by the British to France.  It was captured again during the Seven Years' War which saw the inhabitants expelled and the fortress completely destroyed by British Army engineers in 1760.

Post-Acadian settlement
By proclamation of October 17, 1763, after termination of the Seven Years' War, Île Royale was renamed Cape Breton Island and was formally annexed to Nova Scotia. For a time thereafter Cape Breton Island was part of Halifax County. On December 10, 1765, Cape Breton Island was set apart as a separate county.  In 1784, the island was made a separate colony with its capital at Sydney however by 1820 the colony was remerged into Nova Scotia.

Industrial activity

Coal mining began during the 18th century to supply Fortress Louisbourg. Industrial mining began in 1826 under the General Mining Association monopoly, followed in later years by independent American-owned mines south of Sydney Harbour.  Large-scale mining commenced in 1893 under the auspices of the Dominion Coal Company (DOMCO) which merged these independent mines.  Coal production under Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation (DOSCO) peaked in the early 1940s and in 1957 the company became a subsidiary of Hawker Siddeley Group. The company announced in 1965 that it would be exiting the coal mining business within months.

In response to a public outcry, the minority government of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson announced J.R. Donald would head a Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Cape Breton coal industry, with hearings held in 1965 and 1966.  The Donald Commission recommended that a federal Crown corporation be established to acquire and manage DOSCO's coal operations, with the aim being to slowly wean the area economy from its dependence on the coal industry.

On July 7, 1967, the Cape Breton Development Corporation (DEVCO), was established to operate the mines in the interim, while phasing them out throughout the 1970s and, at the same time, develop new economic opportunities for the surrounding communities. At the same time, the provincial government expropriated DOSCO's steel mill in Sydney, creating the Sydney Steel Corporation (SYSCO), while DEVCO would continue to operate the adjacent coke ovens.  By 1992 the Lingan Colliery was closed followed by the Phalen Colliery in 1999 and the Prince Colliery in 2001.  At the same time, the provincial government decided to dismantle and sell SYSCO.

DEVCO ceased to exist on December 31, 2009, with its remaining assets and staff turned over to Enterprise Cape Breton Corporation (ECBC), a federal government economic development initiative, in an attempt to diversify the CBRM economy. On June 19, 2014, the operations of ECBC were transferred to both the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency and the Public Works and Government Services Canada.

Amalgamation

In 1992, the Task Force on Local Government Report (often called the Hayward report) stated that 67 municipalities in Nova Scotia were too many to efficiently and cost effectively provide services in a province having a population of slightly more than 900,000. The report was commissioned for the Progressive Conservative government of Donald Cameron, but was taken up and implemented by the incoming Liberal government of John Savage.

The provincial government subsequently forced the amalgamation of both Halifax and Cape Breton counties and supported the voluntary amalgamation of Queens county.  The Cape Breton Regional Municipality Act was implemented and the CBRM was created on August 1, 1995, whereas the amalgamation in Halifax County didn't take place until April 1, 1996, and Queens County several years later.

The municipalities from which the CBRM was created included the Municipality of the County of Cape Breton, the City of Sydney, the Towns of Glace Bay, Sydney Mines, New Waterford, North Sydney, Dominion and Louisbourg.

Government

The Cape Breton Regional Municipality is governed by Cape Breton Regional Council, which is composed of a mayor elected at-large and 12 councillors each elected to represent a separate district. Regional Council is responsible for all facets of the municipal government, including police, fire, library, transit, and water. The municipality oversaw an operating budget of $146 million and a combined capital and water capital budget of $32.375 million in the 2016/17 fiscal year. The current mayor is Amanda McDougall. Council and its committees meet at least once a month.

Municipal governments in Nova Scotia are elected every four years and the most recent round of elections took place on October 17, 2020. The provincial legislation that creates and empowers the municipality is the Nova Scotia Municipal Government Act. Under former Mayor John Morgan, the council authorized several studies regarding fairness and equity, fighting for a larger share of the federal equalization funding from the province, including an ultimately unsuccessful legal challenge in 2004. Nova Scotians for Equalization Fairness is a citizens group that continues to argue for a greater share of equalization payments paid to CBRM, arguing that CBRM receives $15 million in equalization and should receive $239 million, based on per capita distribution of federal equalization to the province.

In addition to municipal government there are two First Nations in CBRM operating under band government, the Eskasoni First Nation and the Membertou First Nation. CBRM is represented by seven ridings in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The municipality shares representation by two ridings in Canada's House of Commons, as well as by Senator Michael L. MacDonald, who identifies as representing the Senate Division of Cape Breton.

Economy

After a long struggle to recover from the disappearance of coal and steel industries and while continuing to suffer from high annual population loss the economy of Cape Breton is projected to achieve sustainable growth from 2017 to 2021.  Cape Breton Island, of which CBRM is home to over three quarters of the population, has continued economic strength in its fishing and forestry primary sectors and in services (trade, transportation and warehousing, business and other support services), education, health care, and accommodation & food. While the region boasts a diverse industrial economy when compared to other regions in Nova Scotia, the region continues to struggle with an unemployment rate of 13.7% in December 2017, significantly higher than the Nova Scotia and national averages.

CBRM is home to a significant tourism industry.  Nearby attractions such as the Cape Breton Highlands, Bras d'Or Lake and Fortress of Louisbourg have made Cape Breton Island a tourism destination for many years. Visitors can experience the art and history that Sydney and area has to offer, or experience Sydney's surging culinary scene. A growing cruise ship business has been making use of the port of Sydney to give cruise passengers access to the area. The Port of Sydney hosts more than 70 cruise ships per season, most notably the Queen Mary 2, Queen Elizabeth 2, and MS Maasdam. A recent study found that a strong tourism cluster is emerging and will be reinforced with the recent announcement of a second cruise ship dock in Sydney.

Currently, the former Sydney Steel Corporation's site in Sydney has been transformed into the Harbourside Commercial Park focused on office and light industrial use, connected in 2010 by the Sydney Port Access Road to Highway 125. As the province's second largest municipality, recent federal policy of increased infrastructure spending will provide added economic stimulus.

Geography

The boundary of CBRM includes all of Cape Breton County except for the Eskasoni and Membertou First Nations.

Climate
The climate of the CBRM is cool and wet although it is warmer than most other places in Canada. The average annual temperature is close to . The average summer maximum temperature is .

Temperatures rarely rise above . The average winter low is  and temperatures rarely drop below  although strong winter winds can make it seem much colder.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Cape Breton Regional Municipality had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Within the regional municipality there are multiple census population centres (previously known as urban areas). These include Cape Breton-Sydney (population: 30,960,) Glace Bay (population:16,915,) Sydney Mines (population: 12,353,) New Waterford (population: 6,723,)  and Howie Centre (population: 1,106.)

Ethncity

Language
Mother tongue language (2021)

The most reported mother tongues aside from English or French were Punjabi (0.7%), Chinese Languages (0.5%), and Malayalam (0.4%).

Religion
75.6% of Cape Breton residents identify as Christian in 2021, down from 90.5% in 2011. About 21.9% affiliate with no religion, up from 8.5% in 2011. The remaining 2.6% affiliate with another religion, up from 0.9% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religion was Hinduism with 0.7% of the population. In 2011 there were zero recorded Sikh residents, however by 2021 they accounted for 0.6% of the population making Sikhs the second largest non-Christian group.

Transportation

The Port of Sydney Development Corporation was established in 2015. Owned by the municipality, the port corporation  manages and operates the port, including the emerging cruise ship business, the Joan Harriss Cruise Pavilion and Marina. International investors have announced construction of the Novaporte, the deep-water marine container facility able to accommodate ultra-class container ships at the port. Novaporte is proposed to operate as  an officially designated Canadian Foreign Trade Zone. The Port of Sydney was projected to welcome a record 135,000 cruise ship visitors in 2017, a 67% increase on 2016.

J.A. Douglas McCurdy Sydney Airport serves CBRM and Cape Breton Island, providing domestic flight connections via Air Canada and WestJet as well as charter flight service.  The airport is classified as an airport of entry, staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency. The region is served by Maritime Bus, a coach bus service connecting North Sydney and Sydney to the mainland via Whycocomagh and Wagmatcook. The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway provided rail service connecting Cape Breton to the mainland and CN Rail in Truro. Service ended December 30, 2014 though negotiations between the province and the owner to revive the railway are ongoing. Sydney Coal Railway is a short line railway connecting the coaling piers on Sydney Harbour in Sydney to the Lingan Generating Station near New Waterford.

The municipality is the western terminus of the Marine Atlantic ferry services to Newfoundland.  It is also the eastern terminus of two east–west highways in the province:  Highway 105, the Trans-Canada Highway, runs along the north shore of Bras d'Or Lake and accesses the northern part of CBRM, whereas Trunk 4 extends along the southern part of Bras d'Or Lake and accesses the western and eastern part of the municipality.  Within the municipality communities are served by Highway 125, a regional 4-lane arterial limited access highway that circles Sydney Harbour.

Public transit service is delivered by Transit Cape Breton, which offers thirteen bus routes within the municipality, serving the region's larger communities: Sydney, Sydney River, Glace Bay, New Waterford, Dominion, Reserve Mines, North Sydney and Sydney Mines. Handi-Trans paratransit is available for passengers whose disabilities restrict them from using Transit Cape Breton's regular bus service. Fares range from $1.25 to $5, depending on how many zones are travelled.

Education

The regional municipality is home to several institutions of higher learning:
 Cape Breton University
 NSCC Marconi Campus
 Canadian Coast Guard College

English language public schools in CBRM are operated by the Cape Breton – Victoria Regional Centre for Education on behalf of the provincial government's Department of Education. This regional education office provides instruction for grades primary to 12 in CBRM as well as in neighbouring Victoria County.

French language public school education is administered throughout the province by the Conseil Scolaire Acadien Provincial.

Culture
While Cape Breton Island is known for its Scottish Gaelic or Celtic culture and heritage, the industrial strength of Sydney and industrial Cape Breton attracted a diverse community from around the world. CBRM's cultural scene continues to be influenced by a mixture of these other cultures including African Canadian, Jewish, Irish, and a variety of Eastern European countries.

The region is home to several festivals of art and music such as the Celtic Colours International Festival, Lumiere Art at Night, the Cape Breton International Drum Festival, Makin' Waves, and Gobblefest Music Festival. The area is also known for its vibrant music scene, which includes celtic, singer-songwriter, and country artists, as well as underground alternative rock, metal, and punk bands who have played the local circuit since the mid to late 1990s. Among the musicians from CBRM was Canadian country singer Rita MacNeil from the CBRM community of Big Pond, and known for her songs including "Flying On Your Own" and "Working Man." Other notable artists include Tom Fun Orchestra, Slowcoaster, Pretty Archie, Matt Minglewood, Jordan Musycsyn, Carmen Townsend, Morgan Toney, Alicia Penney, and Fire Valley Fire.

CBRM is home to several performance centres, including the Centre 200 sports arena in Sydney, home to the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles (a Quebec Major Junior Hockey League team), the Highland Arts Theatre performing arts centre, also in Sydney, and the historic Savoy Theatre, in Glace Bay.  The Holy Angels Arts & Cultural centre is currently undergoing a $12 million renovation. Glace Bay is also home to the Cape Breton Miners' Museum, the Marconi National Historic Site and the Glace Bay Heritage Museum.  Louisbourg is home to Fortress of Louisbourg, the largest historical reconstruction in North America.

CBRM is home to several media outlets. CBC Radio broadcasts local morning and afternoon broadcasts across Cape Breton Island. Caper Radio, a campus and community radio station, broadcasts local music and college radio from the Student's Union Building in Cape Breton University. There are also five commercial radio stations.  Cape Breton's daily newspaper the Cape Breton Post is a broadsheet focusing on Cape Breton Island. Its editorial style is populist conservative, and it is owned by The Chronicle Herald''.

Protective services

Police
The Cape Breton Regional Police Service provides policing for all areas of CBRM with the exception of the First Nation community of Eskasoni which is policed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The CBRPS operates out of three geographic divisions, Central (Sydney), East (Glace Bay) and North (North Sydney). The CBRPS works towards providing efficient law enforcement and working within the community and has recently cracked down on drug related crime in CBRM. The current Chief of Police is Robert Walsh.

Policing in Cape Breton County prior to amalgamation was delivered by individual police forces in the urban areas and RCMP in the rural county.  In the late 1990s, after a divisive debate, the municipality expanded CBRPS coverage to also cover the rural area of CBRM.

Fire & Emergency
Fire & emergency services for the CBRM are provided by the Cape Breton Regional Fire Service which consists of 36 fire stations dispersed throughout the municipality; two Sydney stations are staffed by career firefighters whereas the remaining 34 stations are staffed by volunteers. CBRFE has divisions for administration, fire departments, training, fire prevention, volunteer coordination, hazardous materials, building services and bylaws.
In addition, paramedic ambulance service in Nova Scotia is provided by the provincial government's Emergency Health Services.

Emergency Measures Organization
The provincial Emergency Measures Act requires each municipality to develop an emergency measures organization. The municipality has an Emergency Measures Coordinator supported by an EMO Advisory Committee and an Emergency Preparedness Planning Committee.

Sister cities
 Dalian, Liaoning, China (2015). The sister city arrangement, the first ever for a Cape Breton community, follows an announcement that China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) has agreed, contingent on a feasibility study, to design and build a deep water container terminal in Sydney.
 Wałbrzych, Poland: On June 26, 2018, the Council of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality passed a resolution to recognize Wałbrzych as a partner city. This followed a resolution in Wałbrzych on June 21, 2018. The CBRM resolution cited commonalities in post-industrial heritage, and potential future collaboration among historic sites, schools, universities and businesses. Also noted was the Cape Breton Regional Municipality's longstanding Polish community. An agreement was formally signed by both mayors on January 11, 2019, during a video-conference session in the presence of students and representatives of organizations, schools, and universities.

Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the county, including external routes that start or finish at the county limits:

Highways

Trunk Routes

Collector Routes:

External Routes:
None

Notable people
Mayann Francis, Fmr Lieutenant Governor - from Whitney Pier
Patriarch Vincent Waterman, Archbishop St. Philip's African Orthodox Church
Rita MacNeil, songwriter, singer
Tracy Dares, pianist

See also
Communities in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality

Notes

References

External links

Cape Breton Regional Municipality – Official Website
Cape Breton Regional Police Services
Photographs of historic monuments in Cape Breton Regional Municipality

Cape Breton County
Port cities and towns on the Canadian Atlantic coast
Populated coastal places in Canada
Regional municipalities in Nova Scotia
States and territories established in 1995
1995 establishments in Nova Scotia

Cape Breton Regional Municipality


Boris Kirilov Hristov (18. svibnja 1914. – 28. srpnja 1993.) bio je bugarski operni pjevač. Smatran je za jednoga od najboljih bas glasova u 20. stoljeću.

Još kao mali dječak počeo je pjevati u zboru u Hramu sv. Aleksandra Nevskog u Sofiji.
Godine 1930. završio je studije prava i počeo baviti advokaturom. U slobodno vrijeme nastavio je pjevati. Zahvaljujući pomoći Vlade, odlazi u Italiju 1942. godine, usavršavati se u pjevanju kod poznatog talijanskog baritona Riccarda Stracciarija.

Imao je nekoliko uspješnih izvedbi pred publikom u Austriji 1944. i 1945. godine. Vratio se u Italiju u prosincu 1945. godine, a već sljedeće godine imao je svoj prvi operni nastup s operom La bohème u gradu Reggio Calabria. Poslije toga je redao nastupe u Milanskoj skali, venecijanskoj i rimskoj opernoj kući kao i u Kraljevskoj operi u Londonu. 1950. godine pozvan je pjevati u Metropolitan Operi međutim tadašnja vlast nije dozvolila ulaz za državljane zemalja Istočnog bloka. Kada su ove sankcije popustile, ipak je nastupio u SAD-u 1956. godine u San Franciscu. Godine 1964. napravio je pauzu, zbog operacije tumora na mozgu. Ipak se vratio sljedeće godine na scenu s nešto sporijim tempom i energijom. 1967. godine dobio je dozvolu, otići nazad za Bugarsku, zbog pokopa njegove majke. To mu je bio prvi povratak poslije 1945. godine. Njegov posljednji nastup bio je u Rimu na Bugarskoj akademiji 22. lipnja 1986. godine.

Boris je imao mračan i dubok glas. Iako nije imao snažan glas, nije imao problema s nastupanjem u velikim dvoranama. Njegove najpoznatije uloge su: car Boris u operi Boris Godunov, Filip II. u operi Don Carlos, Mefistofeles u Faustu, car Ivan u operi Dama Pskova i druge. Snimio je na albumima svojih 8 opera i nekoliko nastupa uživo.

Izvori

Operni pjevači
Bugarski glazbenici

Boris Hristov


Dans l'Égypte antique, le terme maison d'éternité désigne une tombe constituée d'une fosse, d'un puits funéraire ou de briques de boue, qui ont ensuite été taillées dans la roche, ou encore construite sur un terrain ouvert. Les sites funéraires en pierre étaient un signe d'immortalité, en raison de la longue durabilité de la pierre. Il s'agissait d'une méthode de construction idéale que seuls quelques Égyptiens de l'Antiquité pouvaient se permettre, en raison de son coût élevé. Dans la mythologie égyptienne antique, la construction d'un monument de son vivant représentait la relation la plus intense entre la vie terrestre et le concept de vie dans l'au-delà.

La maison d'éternité était un lieu de rencontre avec soi-même pour le propriétaire de la tombe et contenait des décorations représentant le propriétaire et les étapes de sa vie. Le propriétaire s'immortalisait par son portrait sur les murs de la tombe, ainsi que par les inscriptions, pour ressusciter dans une nouvelle vie à une époque ultérieure. Le propriétaire de la tombe dépeignait sa vie achevée en prévision de sa mort, qui, selon ses croyances, devait être retirée de cette forme ; dans la représentation de l'oubli et de la mortalité.

Le propriétaire du tombeau espérait que, grâce à une conduite morale immaculée, il rencontrerait son Ka dans l'au-delà. La maison d'éternité était le lieu qui permettait au propriétaire du tombeau d'être inébranlable, dans la vie éternelle (djet).

Mythologie

Les anciens Égyptiens croyaient que la vie dans le monde des mortels était courte par rapport à l'éternité dans l'au-delà. Ils avaient donc deux concepts du temps pour « le cycle éternel de la vie terrestre » (neheh - nḥḥ) et « la vie dans l'éternité du royaume des morts » (djet - ḏt). Neheh signifie une période de temps pendant laquelle quelque chose existe, se renouvelle et se répète. Djet fait référence au futur dans lequel la vie terrestre aura pris fin et tout ce qui a été accompli dans la vie vit pour une durée indéterminée dans la Douât.

Le dieu soleil Rê était la manifestation du temps appelé neheh, car Rê " se renouvelait chaque nuit et renaissait à l'aube de chaque jour grâce à la déesse du ciel Nout. À l'inverse, Osiris, en tant que dieu des morts, était le synonyme du temps appelé djet. Osiris, qui se présentait sous la forme d'une momie, portait également le nom de « celui qui continue à être parfait ». À cet égard, neheh, le temps de Rê, est la renaissance, et djet, le temps d'Osiris, est le souvenir.

Les objectifs de vie des anciens Égyptiens représentaient la continuation éternelle dans le « Royaume d'Osiris », pour lequel l'embaumement, la momification et la lecture du jugement des morts étaient requis pour ceux qui étaient morts. Une vie vécue dans la perfection morale symbolisait « le bien », qui était autorisé à passer dans l'au-delà et donc, dans le djet après avoir été « vérifié par le jugement des morts ». La maison d'éternité servait également de « tribunal et de salle de momification », construite selon les principes de la déesse Maât.

La maison d'éternité comme « livre de vie »

Les anciens Égyptiens menaient leur vie dès la naissance en vue de leur mort ultérieure. Les fonctionnaires ayant de bons revenus et les personnes travaillant dans les cultes des temples commençaient à planifier leur propre maison d'éternité dès leur entrée dans la vie active. Des fonds de réserve, constitués à partir de leurs revenus, étaient utilisés pour l'agrandissement progressif de leurs tombes. Après la pose de la première pierre, les inscriptions racontant les étapes de la vie suivaient. La tradition de la maison d'éternité de l'Égypte antique plongeait ses racines dans la « pensée orientée vers le résultat », qui était fondée sur la culture du passé et ne laissait aucune place à l'innovation sur le plan religieux.

Contrairement au progrès spirituel innovant, qui prenait en considération les expériences de la vie et la suite de l'adaptation continue aux nouvelles circonstances, les Égyptiens considéraient la vie personnelle jusqu'à la mort comme un résultat parfait pour la préparation de l'au-delà, dans lequel les actions accomplies sur terre seraient répétées. Les actions à répéter avaient leur fondement spirituel dans le culte des morts, qui prescrivait de vivre une vie moralement parfaite. Après avoir accompli avec succès les tâches de la vie, la récompense attendue après la mort était la « traversée de la terre sainte ». Le point de départ de cette traversée dans la Douât était la maison d'éternité. Par conséquent, la construction et l'orientation de la tombe étaient le projet le plus important dans la vie d'un ancien Égyptien.

La maison d'éternité consistait en l'espoir de l'immortalité après la mort. Le propriétaire de la tombe se posait, dans ce contexte, la douloureuse question de savoir s'il menait une vie digne. Le tombeau fonctionnait comme un miroir, qui montrait au propriétaire du tombeau sa vie à la lumière du jour.

Il existe un lien étroit entre la maison d'éternité et les hiéroglyphes. L'aménagement de l'intérieur d'une tombe est devenu un modèle de construction fixe, sur une période de mille ans. Les hiéroglyphes étaient principalement liés à la maison d'éternité et, par conséquent, il n'y avait qu'une différence marginale dans leur apparence. Tout comme la maison d'éternité, les hiéroglyphes étaient conçus pour durer éternellement. Même l'ancien Égyptien instruit de la  devrait être capable de lire et de comprendre les inscriptions funéraires de ses « ancêtres de la ».

La maison d'éternité fonctionnait, selon la compréhension des anciens Égyptiens, comme un « livre de vie », que le propriétaire de la tombe écrivait en tant qu'auteur. La tombe et les hiéroglyphes formaient ensemble une « œuvre d'art », qui servait de modèle aux futures maisons d'éternité, de génération en génération. Les hiéroglyphes et la maison d'éternité reposaient sur les fondements de la « mémoire culturelle ». Les anciens systèmes sont devenus sacrés, ce qui a empêché l'aliénation pour leur propre culture de la tombe. La conservation des anciennes traditions ne peut être comparée à une « incapacité de développement ultérieur », mais elle est l'expression du désir d'immortalité des anciens Égyptiens. Un Livre de Sagesse de la  déclare :

Célébrations dans la maison d'éternité

Les célébrations dans la maison d'éternité étaient déjà organisées à l'époque de l'Ancien Empire, au cours desquelles le propriétaire de la tombe était entouré de ses amis et de sa famille. Le culte des morts qui y est associé s'est pleinement formé à l'époque de la . Des sacrifices et autres offrandes de temple étaient apportés à la maison d'éternité pour les fêtes les plus importantes de l'année. À cette époque, il y avait une fête en l'honneur du propriétaire de la tombe et de diverses divinités, qui était suivie de musique et de danses. L'effondrement de l'Ancien Empire est lié à un ajout religieux au culte des morts dans le Moyen Empire. Avec l'ajout de la Douât, une nouvelle vision du monde à trois niveaux a été créée par écrit, avec « l'accès à l'au-delà des cieux et de la Douât » par la préparation du culte des morts non souverain, entre autres, et les nouveaux textes de cercueils de plus en plus utilisés.

La fête funéraire a commencé à toucher un public plus large avec l'introduction du Livre des morts, au cours du Nouvel Empire. La belle fête de la vallée est particulièrement remarquée à cette époque. Cette fête, qui se déroulait dans la maison d'éternité, s'est développée au cours de la  et est devenue une fête exubérante qui incluait la danse et la boisson. Une statue ou un symbole n'était plus placé au centre pour personnifier la vie ultérieure du propriétaire de la tombe dans la Douât, mais principalement comme « offrande sacrificielle permanente et récipient de consécration dans la vie ». Au début de la , les structures traditionnelles antérieures furent de nouveau à l'honneur, ce qui fit disparaître la splendeur des frivolités de la  pour les remplacer par des rituels sérieux.

Maisons d'éternité

De l'œuvre Aegyptiaca (« Sur les Égyptiens ») de l'historien grec Hécatée d'Abdère, datant de 320-305 av. J.-C., qui rendait compte de la vie des Égyptiens à Alexandrie au début de la période ptolémaïque, il ne reste que des citations. Surtout, la description du pays du Nil dans le premier livre de l'histoire mondiale de Diodore de Sicile se fonde principalement sur Hécatée. L'une de ses citations parle des maisons de l'éternité :

Les observations d'Hécatée d'Abdère reflétaient la situation réelle de l'Égypte antique. Les maisons des Égyptiens, tout comme les palais des rois, étaient construits en briques de terre séchées à l'air, car c'était le matériau de construction le plus facile et le moins cher à travailler. Les maisons d'éternité, quant à elles, étaient construites, comme un temple, avec des dalles de pierre ou étaient des tombes taillées dans la roche.

Mastabas

Le mastaba est un type de structure funéraire dont le nom vient du mot égypto-arabe signifiant « banc de pierre ». En ce qui concerne l'histoire de l'art, les mastabas font partie d'une ligne d'évolution qui a commencé avec les tombes de l'élite dès le début de la période dynastique, ce qui a conduit à la construction de pyramides dans des contextes royaux, et s'est terminée à la fin de la  dans des contextes privés.

Les funérailles avaient lieu sous l'édifice, dans une chambre située au bout d'un puits. Les mastabas des simples courtisans étaient généralement assez simples en comparaison et n'avaient pas de façade à niche. À la fin de l'Ancien Empire, la forme classique du mastaba n'est plus une structure conventionnelle. La décoration est le plus souvent réduite à une simple fausse porte, tandis que la tombe devient progressivement plus décorée.

Pyramides

Les pyramides égyptiennes sont un développement ultérieur que l'on trouve dans les tombes royales d'Abydos. La forme de colline des mastabas de Saqqarah a également été incorporée. À partir de la , les pyramides ont servi de lieu de sépulture du roi, qui s'est développé comme une synthèse des divers composants de la Haute et de la Basse-Égypte. Des éléments des tombes et des installations se retrouvent à Saqqarah. La grande enceinte de Saqqara (Gisr el-Mudir) aurait servi d'équivalent en pierre d'Abydos, de modèle pour l'enceinte du quartier pyramidal, ainsi que pour les tombes à galerie cunéiforme de la , à Saqqarah.

La construction de la pyramide de Djéser a créé un nouvel aspect visuel pour la maison d'éternité, qui aurait permis au roi ou à la reine défunt(e) de s'élever à un « équivalent humain du soleil », un rang égal à celui du dieu Horus. Cette nouvelle philosophie des rois se traduit par l'augmentation de la taille des pyramides plus tardives. Les murs intérieurs de ces constructions comportaient des décorations en relief, comme celles de la pyramide de Djéser, mais restèrent sans décoration jusqu'à la fin de la . Les chemins menant aux chambres funéraires passaient par des tunnels à l'intérieur de la pyramide.

Si les rois se considéraient comme Horus sur Terre jusqu'à la , ils se considéraient comme des « fils de Rê », le lever du soleil étant associé au dieu Rê à partir de l'époque du roi Djédefrê, . Le changement hiérarchique a entraîné une réduction de la taille des pyramides. L'œuvre littéraire, l'Instruction d'Hordjédef, qui désigne les tombes de l'Ancien Empire comme des maisons d'éternité, n'existe plus qu'en fragments. En raison de la langue, l'œuvre peut clairement être datée du Moyen Empire. Elle commence par la citation suivante :

Le reste du texte traite de l'emplacement de la tombe. Ainsi, la maison d'éternité était dans le cas idéal, un terrain permettant de fournir les revenus nécessaires à l'offrande. Dans l'Ancien Empire, il existait la fonction de « surveillant de la maison d'éternité ». Un prêtre funéraire se chargeait d'offrir le « revenu de la maison d'éternité » :

Tombes des temples

Depuis le Moyen Empire, il existe des tombes en forme de temple. Elles ont été trouvées dans toutes les régions d'Égypte et sont attestées à la période tardive. Certaines tombes-temples avaient une chaussée et étaient entourées d'un mur sur le devant, où l'on pouvait trouver des pylônes. Le mausolée avait une cour, éventuellement décorée de colonnes. Derrière, il y avait une salle de culte avec une statue ou une porte.

Les complexes du Moyen Empire étaient en partie construits à Licht, dans un style grandiose. À Thèbes, il existait des variantes plus petites faites de briques de terre. Au Nouvel Empire, ce type de tombe atteint son apogée, notamment à Saqqarah, où un grand nombre de ces tombes ont été découvertes et fouillées. Les murs étaient souvent décorés de reliefs et rarement de peintures. C'est également à cette époque que les petites pyramides ont été construites.

Tombes à puits et tombes rupestres

La plupart des anciens Égyptiens étaient enterrés dans de simples puits, ou fosses, pour des raisons de coût. La vallée des Rois est le lieu où se trouvent notamment les tombes des rois du Nouvel Empire ( et s). La vallée est située à Thèbes-Ouest, en face de Karnak, en bordure du désert et est entourée de hautes montagnes, notamment de la pyramide rocheuse naturelle La Cime (en arabe Al-Qurn, en égyptien ancien Ta Dehent, littéralement « le sommet » en français). La quasi-totalité de la zone de Thèbes-Ouest forme une vaste nécropole, où, à ce jour, soixante-quatre tombes et autres puits ont été découvertes.

Dans la vallée des Reines, on trouve trois types de tombes. Les structures les plus anciennes sont des tombes à puits simples, non décorées. Elles ne comportent généralement qu'une seule chambre, plus rarement une ou deux chambres auxiliaires. Les tombes standard se composent généralement de deux grandes chambres consécutives. Il y a jusqu'à cinq chambres auxiliaires. Les tombes sont généralement richement décorées.

Aucun des complexes ne présente les vestiges d'une superstructure qui était normalement réservée au culte des morts. Celles-ci se trouvent probablement sur la bordure fertile et ont la forme de petits temples. Vers l'époque de , le texte suivant a été écrit dans la tombe TT131 du vizir Ouseramon, qui exprime en quelques mots une « pensée orientée vers le résultat » :

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Jan Assmann, Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten, Sonderausgabe. Beck, München 2003, .
 Ulrike Fritz, Typologie der Mastabagräber des Alten Reiches. Strukturelle Analyse eines altägyptischen Grabtyps (= Achet – Schriften zur Ägyptologie. A 5), Achet-Verlag, Berlin 2004,  (Zugleich: Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2000).
 Siegfried Schott, Das schöne Fest vom Wüstentale. Festbräuche einer Totenstadt (= Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. Jg. 1952, Nr. 11, ). Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz 1953.
 Rainer Stadelmann, Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt. Bd. 30). 3., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, .
 Kent R. Weeks (Hrsg.), Im Tal der Könige. Von Grabkunst und Totenkult der ägyptischen Herrscher. Fotos von Araldo de Luca, Weltbild, Augsburg 2001, .

Index égyptologique
Tombeau de l'Égypte antique

Maison d'éternité


Olaylar
 Württemberg Dükalığı kuruldu (dağılışı 1803).
 Moskova Kremlini'nin yapımı tamamlandı.

Doğumlar
 26 Ocak - İmparator Go-Nara, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 105. imparatoru (ö. 1557)
 2 Aralık - Taşköprülüzade Ahmed, Osmanlı Devleti'nin ilk bilim tarihçisi ve ilk ansiklopedi yazarı (ö. 1561)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Antonio de Mendoza, Kuzey Amerika'daki Nueva España Genel Valiliği adı verilen İspanyol kolonisinin ilk genel valisi (ö. 1552)
 Cerrahzade, Osmanlı alim, veli (ö. 1571)
 Cuauhtémoc, Meksika'nın son Aztek kralı (ö. 1525)
 Marcin Bielski, Polonyalı tarihçi ve hiciv şairi (ö. 1575)
 Pargalı İbrahim Paşa, Osmanlı Sadrazamı (ö. 1536)
 Yahya Efendi, Osmanlı devrinde yaşamış mutasavvıf, alim ve şair (ö. 1569)

Ölümler
 25 Şubat - Cem Sultan, ya da Şehzade Cem, II. Mehmed'in oğlu II. Bayezid'in kardeşi (d. 1459)
 14 Eylül - Elizabeth Tudor, VII. Henry ve Yorklu Elizabeth'in kızı (d. 1492)
 25 Ekim - II. João, Portekiz kralı (d. 1455)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Kösemihaloğlu Mehmed Paşa, Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Matteo di Giovanni, Sienese okulundan bir italyan Rönesans sanatçısı (d. 1430)
 Molla Abdülkerim Efendi, Osmanlı Devleti şeyhülislamı, müderris, kazasker

1495


Der Schwarze Berg bei Krummasel ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Gemeinde Küsten in der Samtgemeinde Lüchow (Wendland) im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG LÜ 180 ist 3 Hektar groß. Es liegt rund neun Kilometer nordwestlich von Lüchow (Wendland), zwischen den Ortschaften Tüschau und Krummasel, innerhalb des Naturparks Elbhöhen-Wendland im Bereich des Niederen Drawehn.

Es handelt sich um eine aufgelassene Sandgrube am Rande des Schwarzen Berges, einer Grundmoräne der Saalekaltzeit. In der Sandgrube hat sich ein Sandtrockenrasen angesiedelt. Am Rand der Sandgrube ist der Rest eines trockenen Stieleichen-Birkenwaldes erhalten. Daneben stockt Kiefernwald, zum Teil mit Laubwaldbeimischung, in dem Gebiet.

Das Gebiet steht seit dem 2. Mai 1990 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Geographie (Küsten)

Schwarzer Berg bei Krummasel


විශ්වවිද්‍යාල යනු උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ පර්යේෂණය කරන අතර සියලුම ශාස්ත්‍රාලීය උපාධීන් ප්‍රදානය කිරීමට හැකියාව ඇති අධ්‍යයනායතනවේ.

අධ්‍යාපනය

School types
විශ්ව විද්‍යාල

විශ්වවිද්‍යාල


Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District was a local government district and civil parish in north west Kent, England from 1934 to 1965.

It was formed in 1934 from the former area of Chislehurst Urban District, Sidcup Urban District and part of Bromley Rural District.

London Boroughs
In 1965 the parish and urban district were abolished and the settlements split again, roughly by the A20 road. Chislehurst became part of the London Borough of Bromley while Sidcup and North Cray formed part of the London Borough of Bexley in Greater London.

References

External links
Ideal Homes - London Borough of Bexley
Vision of Britain - Historic boundaries

History of the London Borough of Bromley
History of the London Borough of Bexley
Districts abolished by the London Government Act 1963
Urban districts of England
Chislehurst
Sidcup

Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District


Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (abreviado Bull. Herb. Boissier) fue una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas que fue editada en Suiza. Se publicaron 7 volúmenes en los años 1893-1899, posteriormente con el nombre de Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, se publicaron 8 volúmenes en los años 1901-1908.

Fue fundada por William Barbey y editada en Ginebra. Eugene Autran, conservador del Herbario Boissier (en Pregny-Chambésy) llevó a cabo su administración en sus comienzos. Los botánicos más famosos enviaron artículos y detallaron las descripciones de las especies o géneros en francés y latín, a veces en alemán, como Nicholas Mikhailovic Albov, Paul Friedrich August Ascherson, John Briquet, Jules Cardot, François Crépin, Friedrich Fedde, Boris Fedtchenko, Olga Fédchenko, Josef Freyn, Georg Kükenthal, Narcisse Patouillard, George Edward Post, Ferdinand Renauld, Alice Rodrigue, Hans Schinz, Georg Schweinfurth, Camillo Karl Schneider, Adolf Sertorius, Adolphe Tonduz, etc.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas en francés
Revistas científicas de Suiza
Revistas desaparecidas de Suiza
Publicaciones fundadas en 1893
Publicaciones desaparecidas en 1908

Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier


R&F Center es un rascacielos de 54 plantas y 243 metros (797 pies) de altura completado en 2007 y situado en Cantón (Guangzhou), China. Su promotor es R&F Properties, uno de los promotores más importantes de Cantón.

Véase también
 Anexo:Rascacielos en Guangzhou
 Anexo:Rascacielos de China
 Anexo:Rascacielos más altos

Enlaces externos
 Emporis.com – R&F Center
 SkycraperPage.com – R&F Center

Rascacielos de Cantón
Rascacielos de China de los años 2000
Arquitectura de China de 2007

R&F Center


Ludwigstorff war ein österreichisches Hochadelsgeschlecht.

Geschichte
Die Geschichte der Familie reicht bis ins 15. Jahrhundert in Holland zurück, von wo sie stammten. Die Ludwigstorff hießen ursprünglich Katzy. Johann Katzy, latinisiert Katzius, Doktor der Medizin, in kaiserlichen Diensten, wurde 1589 von Kaiser Rudolf II. in den Adelsstand erhoben. Rudolf Katzy, der Großvater von Johann Rudolf, erhielt 1632 von Kaiser Ferdinand II. eine Bestätigung seines Adels und eine Wappenbesserung. Vater Karl Rudolf Katzy und Sohn Johann Rudolf waren beide landesfürstliche Beamte, und zwar als Regimentsräte des Regiments (=Verwaltung) der niederösterreichischen Lande, der späteren Niederösterreichischen Statthalterei.

Karl Rudolf Katzy wurde 1697 von Kaiser Leopold I. in den Reichsritterstand mit dem Prädikat "Edler von Ludwigstorff" erhoben und 1699 unter die neuen Geschlechter des niederösterreichischen Ritterstandes aufgenommen. Von ihm stammt der Rat, die bekannte Wiener Pestsäule auf dem Graben aufzustellen. Johann Rudolph von Ludwigsdorf, der Käufer der Herrschaft Guntersdorf, war ab 1686 als Sekretär im Niederösterreichischen Regiment tätig, wurde 1700 zum Regimentsrat befördert und erhielt mit 16. Jänner 1703 das ungarische Freiherrendiplom. Mit 28. Juni 1710 erlangte er für sich und seine Nachkommen das erblich-österreichische Freiherrendiplom mit dem Prädikat Freiherren von Goldlamp, Herren zu Deutsch-Altenburg, Wankheim, Steinabrunn und Prellenkirchen. 1712 wurde er in die alten Geschlechter des niederösterreichischen Ritterstandes übernommen.

Anton Ludwigstorff, der sich um Deutsch-Altenburg verdient gemacht hat, wurde 1910 in den Grafenstand erhoben. Als eines von 64 gräflichen Geschlechtern hatte die Familie einen erblichen Sitz im Herrenhaus, das Oberhaus des österreichischen Reichsrates. Mit dem Tod von Maria Ludwigstorff ist der Grafenstand ausgestorben, der ebenso wie die weiteren Adelstitel und Adelsprädikate mit dem Adelsaufhebungsgesetz von 1919 obsolet geworden ist.

Nachdem Carl Hugo Ludwigstorff im Jahr 1990 gestorben war, übernahm sein Enkel Dominik Ludwigstorff die Besitzungen und wurde Familienchef. Er ist mit einer geborenen Kinsky verheiratet.

Personen
 Mehrere Mitglieder der Familie waren unter anderem Rektoren der Universität Wien.
 Graf Anton von Ludwigstorff, Freiherr von Goldlamp, (1845–1929), Abgeordneter im Österreichischen Reichsrat (Kurie Großgrundbesitz), Erbliches Mitglied des Reichsrates, Erbliches Mitglied des Herrenhauses, Förderer der archäologischen Sammlungen Carnuntum, Präsident des Vereines "Carnuntum" , Präsident der Versicherungsgesellschaft Der Anker.
 Franziska Gräfin Zichy, geborene Gräfin von Ludwigstorff, Freifrau von Goldlamp (1873–1915). Fiel als Angehöriger der k.u.k. Armee im 1. Weltkrieg im Barackenspital von Munkacs.
 Bailli Fra Carl Freiherr von Ludwigstorff (1880–1955), Fürstgroßprior des Souveränen Malteser Ritterordens ab 1927 von Böhmen und Österreich.

Besitztümer

Otto Christoph Teufel, Freiherr zu Guntersdorf, verkaufte am 1. Juni 1688 die Grundherrschaft Guntersdorf dem Johann Karl Graf von Serenyi für 198.896 Gulden.

Laut Kaufvertrag vom 10. Dezember 1717 veräußerte Karl Anton Graf von Serenyi die Herrschaft wiederum an Johann Rudolf Freiherrn von Ludwigsdorff um 236.000 Gulden, mit Schloss Guntersdorf (nahe Hollabrunn), Maierhof, Brauhaus, dazu Zier- und Obstgärten, Ackerland – 620 Joch –, Wiesen, Weingärten und Wälder, weiters die Zahl der Untertanen der Herrschaft in den Ämtern Guntersdorf, Schöngrabern, Großnondorf, Grund, Watzelsdorf, Kalladorf, Obersteinabrunn und Wullersdorf mit allen ihren Abgaben, wie Haus- und Überländdienste, Wein- und Körnerzehent, Taz und Ungeld, sowie die Einkünfte aus dem Landgericht, das die Gerichtsbarkeit über 850 Häuser ausübte.

Das Herrenhaus (Schloss) wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg schwer beschädigt und geplündert und wurde vor allem auf Betreiben von Maria Ludwigstorff, Großmutter des derzeitigen Eigentümers Dominik, wieder aufgebaut. Zum Schloss gehören rund 280 Hektar Ackerflächen und zwanzig Hektar Wald.

Außerdem besaß die Familie den 280 Hektar großen Guntersdorfer Hauswald, der durch das kinderlose Ehepaar Baron Kaspar von Kellersperg und Marie, geborene Gräfin von Spangen Uyternesse (1866–1948), deren Mutter eine geborene Ludwigstorff war, über Vererbung an einen Neffen namens Leopold (Freiherr von) Ludwigstorff gelangte. Durch Helene Possanner, geborene Ludwigstorff († 18. Oktober 2015;), ging der Wald in weiterer Folge in das Eigentum der Familie Possanner über. Heute ist der Wald im Besitz ihres und Hans-Georg Possanners Sohnes Nikolaus Possanner.

Literatur
  Ernst Heinrich Kneschke (Hrsg.): Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexikon. Band 6, Loewenthal – Osorowski. Friedrich Voigt's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1859, S. 33f. (Volltext Online, S. 38).
  Das Schloss. In: Gertrude Geng-Sesztak, Walter Krems, Herbert Lachmayer (Hrsg.): Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Bild einer Gegend. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag, Wien 2013, ISBN 978-3-99012-037-8, ohne Paginierung. (.)

Weblinks
 Geschichte. Über 900 Jahre Vergangenheit. In: Website Schloss Guntersdorf (Hrsg. Dominik Ludwigstorff).

Einzelnachweise

Österreichisches Adelsgeschlecht (Hochadel)

Ludwigstorff


එල්විස් ආරොන් ප්‍රෙස්ලි (1935 ජනවාරි 8 - 1977 අගෝස්තු 16) ඇමෙරිකානු සංගීතඥයෙකු සහ නළුවෙකු වේ. "රොක් ඇන්ඩ් රෝල් රජු" හෝ සරලව "the King" ලෙස නිතර හඳුන්වනු ලබන ඔහුව 20 වන සියවසේ ඉතා වැදගත් සංස්කෘතික සලකුණක් ලෙස සළකනු ලබයි.

ප්‍රෙස්ලි ටුපෙලෝ, මිසිසිපි හි දී උපත ලැබීය. ඔහුට වයස අවුරුදු 13ක් ව තිබියදී ඔහුගේ පවුල ටෙනිස් හි මෙම්ෆිස් වෙත පදිංචියට ගියහ. ඔහුගේ සංගීත වෘත්තීය ආරම්භ වූයේ එහි දී ය. ඒ 1954 දී ඔහු Sun Records හි නිෂ්පාදක සෑම් ෆිලිප්ස් සමඟ ගීතයක් පටිගත කිරීමෙනි. ප්‍රෙස්ලි ගේ පළමු RCA ගීතය වූ "Heartbreak Hotel" 1956 ජනවාරි මාසයේ දී නිකුත් වූ අතර එය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ අංක එකේ ජනප්‍රිය ගීතයක් බවට පත් විය. රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් ගණනාවක පෙනී සිටීම් සහ ගීත දර්ශක වල පළමු ස්ථාන වාර්තා නිසා රොක් ඇන්ඩ් රෝල් කලාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ පුද්ගලයා වශයෙන් ඔහු සැලකුම් ලැබීය. සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් ව්‍යාපාරයේ පිබිදීමත් සමඟම ඇති වූ සුවිශේෂී ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සමඟ එකතුව, ඔහුගේ ජවයෙන් පිරි ගීත ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම් සහ ලිංගික පෙලඹවීමක් ඇති කරන සුළු ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමේ කලාව, ඔහුව අති මහත් ජනප්‍රියත්වයකට පත් කරන ලදී.

අපරදිග ගායකයෝ
ගායකයෝ

එල්විස් ප්‍රෙස්ලි


Shadowbane was a free-to-play fantasy role-playing video game (MMORPG) created by Wolfpack Studios and published on March 25, 2003 by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X platforms. Originally commercial and subscription-driven, Shadowbane was launched in March 2003, and was the creation of text-MUD veterans J. Todd Coleman, James Nance, Josef Hall, Patrick Blanton and Robert Marsa and a team of 45 programmers, designers and artists. It closed on July 1, 2009.

Shadowbane was a top-10 best selling PC game at launch, and had two noteworthy aspects. First, the majority of the game world allowed for open player versus player combat, making it an early pioneer title in the PvP MMO genre.  Second, it was the first major MMO to offer dynamic world content as a primary feature of the game. Most MMOs are static, meaning the world itself does not change based on player actions. Dynamic worlds allow player to change the game world itself; morphing terrain, building and destroying buildings and fortifications, and setting up patrol paths for player-hired AI combatants. The game was considered a "cult hit" and sustained a small base of followers, but technical issues plagued the game at launch and failed to retain much of the early fanbase shortly afterward.

After the sale of Wolfpack Studios to Ubisoft in March 2004, the live service was transitioned to a new management and (largely new) development team, led by Frank Lucero and Ala Diaz. This team later splintered off to become Stray Bullet Games in June 2006, and Mark Nuasha was brought in to run the organization. On March 15, 2006 the game was made free-to-play. A system of short ads was introduced on March 6, 2007 to fund operating costs, which are displayed when the game is opened or closed and when a character dies (with at least 10 minutes between death ads). On March 19, 2008, all servers were closed to prepare for the "Shadowbane Reboot," a relaunching of the game to capitalize on stability and performance gains hindered by previously existing data. All player characters and cities were deleted in this reboot. On March 25, 2008, the fifth anniversary of the game's launch, two servers were brought online followed by a third due to overpopulation. The game was closed the following July.

The regular game took place in a dark fantasy world called Aerynth (the world will sometimes depend on the servers, many of which have unique world maps). Gameplay features many aspects typical of role-playing video games, such as experience points, character classes, and fantasy races. Character creation was fairly extensive, allowing for detailed, differentiable characters to be created.

Gameplay
Shadowbane was notable for emphasizing player-versus-player combat, implementing non-conventional races and specializing in siege warfare (players building cities and trying to raze enemy players' cities) whereas a significant number of MMORPGs released since Ultima Online usually restrict player killing to certain areas of the game or special dedicated PvP servers. The game also featured a seamless world map, and made no use of instancing.

Players were also allowed to own cities and capitals and most of the property and cities in Shadowbane were player owned.  In effect, Shadowbane's war status was decided by the players rather than the game company.  Whether a guild city went to war with another guild city was entirely up to the leaders.  A government system was also implemented in the game.  It ensured players were in total control of the Shadowbane world.

Though there were no quests in the game, Shadowbane featured PvP, Nation, and Siege Warfare systems, which offered players a wide range of in-game opportunities. There were twelve races available in the game. There were four basic classes; Fighter, Healer, Mage and Rogue. Not all races could use every class. At 10th level, each character had to choose to promote to a specific profession, such as a Ranger or Assassin. Two classes, Fury and Huntress, were for female characters only whilst the Warlock was for male characters only. Which professions were available was dependent on the race, gender and base class of the character. In addition, each character could take up to four disciplines, from a list of over thirty, though as with Professions, access was limited by race, class and current profession. The level hard cap was level 75, and until level 70 the fourth discipline slot was locked.

After shifting to free to play system, Ubisoft used an ad-based revenue generation system consisting of short ad videos at game start, game close and character death.  Ads played on character death were limited to no more than one instance in ten minutes.

Closure
On April 17, 2009, it was announced that Shadowbane would shut down its servers on May 1, 2009.  Shadowbane fans petitioned against the announced shutdown, and obtained a reprieve when, on April 29, 2009, the planned shutdown was postponed to July 1, 2009.  There was no further postponement.

On April 13, 2012, Chinese gaming company Changyou announced it had acquired the intellectual property rights and source code to Shadowbane with the intent of developing a new version of the game, which would be titled World of Shadowbane.

Announcement of re-opening

Around April 20, 2020 Changyou announced that Shadowbane is going to re-launch. Currently the game is in server testing phase, first two-week test server opening on April 29, 2020 and second month-long test server opening on May 20, 2020.

Reception

The original Shadowbane received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
The game sold over 120,000 units by the end of March 2003.

The Rise of Chaos

The Rise of Chaos received "mixed" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

References

External links

Inactive massively multiplayer online games
2003 video games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
MacOS games
Ubisoft games
Video games scored by George Sanger
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games

Shadowbane


Afroeurydemus bimaculatus é uma espécie de escaravelho da Costa do Marfim, Gabão, República do Congo e República Democrática do Congo, observada por Édouard Lefèvre em 1877 .

Eumolpinae
Coleópteros descritos em 1877
Coleópteros da República Democrática do Congo
Insetos da Repúlica do Congo
Insetos do Gabão
Coleópteros da África
Espécies descritas por Édouard Lefèvre

Afroeurydemus bimaculatus


L'Apple M1 Ultra est un système sur une puce ARM 64 bits (SoC) pour ordinateur de bureau conçu par Apple Inc. Il est annoncé le , et est la troisième puce à utiliser une architecture ARM sur des Macintosh. Il est composé de 2 puces M1 Max a l'intérieur pour obtenir 8 fois plus de puissance que la puce M1.

Conception

CPU
La puce M1 Ultra embarque un CPU big.LITTLE de 20
cœurs avec 16 cœurs à hautes performances et 4 cœurs à haute efficacité énergétique

GPU
La puce M1 Ultra possède un GPU de 48 ou 64 cœurs (selon les versions) à

Taille de la puce
La taille de la puce M1 Ultra est 3 fois plus grande que la puce RTX 3090

Mémoire vive
L'Apple M1 Ultra est configurable avec  de mémoire soudée ou .

Produits
La puce M1 ultra va dans le Mac Studio

Notes et références

M1 Ultra
Matériel Apple

Apple M1 Ultra


هذه تصفيات بطولة أمم أوروبا لكرة القدم للسيدات 1991 أقيمت في الفترة من 9 سبتمبر 1989 إلى 12 ديسمبر 1990.

المجموعة 1

المجموعة 2

المجموعة 3

المجموعة 4

المجموعة 5

ربع النهائي

روابط إضافية
 Tables & results at RSSSF.com

كرة القدم للسيدات في 1989
كرة القدم للسيدات في 1990
تصفيات بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات
تصفيات كأس العالم للسيدات 1991
بطولة أمم أوروبا لكرة القدم للسيدات 1991

تصفيات بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1991


An Aristida diminuta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Aristida diminuta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aristida

Aristida diminuta


Le dème d'Ándros, en  / Dímos Ándrou, est un dème d'Égée-Méridionale, en Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème s'élève à .

Il résulte de la fusion, en 2010 des anciens districts d'Ándros, de Kórthi et d'Ydroúsa.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème d'Ándros


An Guzmania alcantareoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Edmund Luther. An Guzmania alcantareoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guzmania, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Guzmania

Guzmania alcantareoides


Mato (rijeka), rijeka u Venezueli
 Mato (jezik), iz porodice Austronezijskih jezika
 Mató, sir iz Katalonije

Mato


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Horné Chlebany enthält die drei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Horné Chlebany im Okres Topoľčany.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Horne Chlebany


Fabio Paiva Reis (Vitória, 3 de fevereiro de 1986) é um historiador e escritor brasileiro. Em 2017, publicou o livro Beije-me em Barcelona, premiado pela Secretaria de Cultura do Estado do Espírito Santo (Secult-ES).

Biografia
Fabio nasceu em Vitória, Espírito Santo. Se formou em Licenciatura em História na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, tendo depois feito seu mestrado em História Social na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e o doutorado em História dos Descobrimentos e da Expansão Portuguesa na Universidade do Minho, em Portugal.

Literatura
Filho do também escritor Jonas Reis, Fabio começou a escrever seu primeiro romance, Beije-me em Barcelona, em 2016. Seu título original era O Reencontro e foi com este título que o livro foi premiado pela Secult-ES, o que permitiu que ele fosse publicado em 2017. O livro conta a história de um estudante que reencontra sua ex-namorada ao mudar-se para Portugal. Lá, ele "se vê dividido entre Luisa e sua namorada atual, entre aproveitar a oportunidade e o medo de machucá-la novamente, entre ser feliz e se sentir sozinho."

O autor descreve o livro como uma história de perdão inspirada em acontecimentos de sua própria vida, que seria "digna de um livro", além de um passeio inspirador pelas ruas de Barcelona, na Espanha.

O livro foi bem recebido por resenhistas, que dizem que o Beije-me em Barcelona se destaca por ser "uma história simples, envolvendo seres humanos comuns e uma realidade totalmente possível", pela "riqueza de detalhes com que Fabio conta todas as suas experiências", e por fazer o leitor se sentir "um quarto membro, me juntando ao trio inicial que vai passar a virada de ano em Barcelona".

O autor foi convidado a falar do seu livro em alguns eventos, como o Painel Literário do Serviço Social do Comércio (Sesc Espírito Santo) e pelo Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (Ifes), em 2017.

Academia

No mundo acadêmico, Fabio Reis se especializou em História do Espírito Santo, tendo publicado diversos livros e artigos sobre o tema. Em 2015, deu início ao projeto Spirito Sancto, hoje chamado História Capixaba, que compartilha documentos históricos do Espírito Santo e que foi premiado em edital de Educação Patrimonial da Secult-ES de 2017.

No ano seguinte, um desdobramento do projeto levou à criação da exposição Mapas do Espírito Santo Colonial, que foi exposta no Arquivo Público do Espírito Santo, na Assembleia Legislativa do Espírito Santo e também no Ifes. A exposição foi realizada através de financiamento coletivo, tendo alcançado 179% da meta estabelecida em sua campanha no Catarse.

A exposição reuniu cerca de 40 dos mapas mais antigos do Espírito Santo, feitos entre 1590 e 1690. Eles foram pesquisados e digitalizados pelo autor, que depois cuidou de toda a organização da exposição. A ideia veio do fato de Fabio não concordar em guardar essas digitalizações só para ele mesmo, acreditando que era essencial que a comunidade tivesse acesso a esses documentos. "Não via sentido em guardar documentos só comigo, pensei em compartilhar para que quem viesse estudar o tema encontrasse de forma mais fácil, sem ter que recorrer a longas pesquisas na internet ou tendo que ir à Biblioteca Nacional no Rio de Janeiro ou até a outros países"O Arquivo Público destacou que os mapas pesquisados pelo autor eram inéditos: "Isso proporciona uma oportunidade única para entender melhor os primeiros séculos da colonização portuguesa no Espírito Santo". Já para a Assembleia Legislativa, o autor lembrou que este é "um trabalho que oferece a possibilidade de nos aprofundarmos nos estudos sobre os primeiros séculos da presença principalmente dos portugueses na então capitania do Espírito Santo".

Bibliografia

Fabio Paiva Reis


An Satyrium afromontanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni La Croix ngan Phillip James Cribb. An Satyrium afromontanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Satyrium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Satyrium (Orchidaceae)

Satyrium afromontanum


Sands End is an area of the ancient parish of Fulham, formerly in the County of Middlesex, which is now the southernmost part of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, England. In a deep loop of the River Thames, between the tidal Chelsea Creek and the old Peterborough estate, west of Wandsworth Bridge, its northern edge is New King's Road. While wharves, industrial acres and workers' cottages gave way to intensive re-development such as Chelsea Harbour and Imperial Wharf in the last quarter of the 20th-century, it still contains some 300-year-old cottages and 19th century streets.

The area is popular with families, and is noted for its many independent shops, cafes, riverside eateries and new property redevelopments. House prices in the area exceed UK and London averages, ranging from approximately £750,000 - £7,000,000.

History

For centuries, this swampy place was a rural backwater, cut off from other villages and the main thoroughfares into the City of London. Its earliest recorded landowner was John de Saundeford in the reign of Edward I. Barbara Denny, a contemporary historian, wrote that King Henry VIII granted the manor of Sandford to the Abbot of Westminster, but that in 1549 it returned to the Crown.

Ten years later, Queen Mary sold it to a mercer from London, William Maynard. Although the estate had a manor house, for centuries the land was used mainly for pasture. Singing nightingales in the 17th-century are said to have arrested the attention of essayist and politician, Joseph Addison (1672–1719), who came to live in his 'retreat' hereabouts, but probably not in Sandford Manor House, which is in present-day Rewell Street, and Grade II* listed. Another reputed resident was Nell Gwyn.

Origins
The historian of Fulham, Charles Féret (1852-1921), devotes several chapters of his 3 volume work to the origins of Sands End. As distinct from ownership, settlement of the area did not begin till the Elizabethan era, as can be inferred from this extract from Féret:A small volume might, indeed, be filled by citations of similar entries referring to lands which had belonged to Goldhawk 'at the Sand.' In the earlier Court Rolls one or two other persons are described as 'atte Sonde'. In 1454 we hear of a 'John Burton atte Sonde.' In a presentment of 1569 there is mentioned a 'Thomas Burton of Sandes.' It is not till the time of the Virgin Queen that we hear of the 'End,' from which we may infer that the nucleus of a tiny village was only then in course of formation. The earliest instance of the name is in 1566, when mention is made of the 'bridge at Sandeande.' In 1575 John Powell, gent, was required to make his fence between 'Gill Hale' and the premises of John Burton at 'Sands Ende.' Two years later this John Burton was ordered to scour his ditches (foveas) at 'Sand End', between 'Gilhalle' and 'Peasecroft' (see vol. ii. p. 83)

Industrialisation

In spite of its rural charms, the area was affected by flooding, dampness and the effluent descending from Counter's Creek, sometimes referred to as a sewer, so by the early 19th-century, the estate was in decline. Dr Barton MD, author of 'the Lost Rivers of London', quotes a colleague from the West London Medical Journal, who had observed that rheumatism was unusually common on both sides of Counter's Creek from Shepherd's Bush to Chelsea.

In 1824, twenty acres of the estate were bought by the Imperial Gas Light and Coke Company, the first public utility enterprise in the world. So began almost two centuries of industrialisation and manufacturing. Craftsmen and artists were still attracted to its fringes, most notably, William De Morgan, a friend of William Morris and a member of the Arts and Crafts movement.

The growth of the Temperance movement produced yet another brewery in Fulham, only without any alcohol content. On an eight-acre site in Sands End, just east of Wandsworth Bridge, the Polish-born entrepreneur, Henry Lowenfeld built the Kops Brewery that started production in 1890. It lasted to the dawn of World War I when it was turned into a margarine factory and later turned to food logistics.

In 1901, Fulham Council built its gasworks here, while MacFarlane Lang had established its biscuit factory nearby. Sands End became noted as a close knit working class community in the industrial heartland of Fulham with its gas works, power station and petrol depot providing work for generations of local families.

21st-century
A property boom begun in the 1970s coupled with the advent of oil-fuelled processing of North Sea oil led to a process of Gentrification with offices and studio businesses and flats on the market for prices more customary in the centre of the capital.
On the northern bank of the Thames there is Hurlingham Retail Park, which includes an electrical retailer and tile stores. There is also a business enterprise centre in the Sulivan district. Across the other side of Townmead Road there is a very large food and home wares supermarket, and Imperial Wharf, a brownfield development of the former Imperial Gasworks which is growing to include a mixture of affordable housing, both private and public, shops, a park and a new railway station.

Also in this part of Fulham is South Park. Wandsworth Bridge Road runs through Sands End and has restaurants, tile and pine furniture shops, the Church of England parish church of Saint Matthew.

Transport

Because of the notoriously poor transport links for the area (including Chelsea Harbour), including the absence of tube stations due to the many medieval plague pits which deterred their building in Victorian times, the nearby Imperial Wharf station was opened on 27 September 2009, providing direct rail links with Clapham Junction and Willesden Junction via Kensington (Olympia). Southern also provides direct train services from Imperial Wharf to  and East Croydon. It is hoped that the area will be re-vitalized by the new station and transport links in the areas which were previously served only by bus routes 391 and C3.

River bus services are provided at peak hours by London River Services from Chelsea Harbour Pier, and offer transport to Putney and Blackfriars Millennium Pier.

References

External links
 Fulham Power Station, Sands End (1937), BritainfromAbove.org.uk; retrieved 29 July 2017
 Fulham Power Station, rbkclocalstudies.wordpress.com; retrieved 29 July 2017
 A history project by Langford Primary School; retrieved 29 July 2017
 Sands End; retrieved 28 October 2016

In October 2008 an interactive local history website, Sands End Revisited, was published with photos and memories from residents closed in 2015, but e-mail contact available.

Areas of London
Districts of London on the River Thames
Fulham
Districts of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham

Sands End


ට්‍රන්ක් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ලිහිල්ව-සිරවන හෝ ඇඟතදවන කෙටි කලිසම් වශේෂයකි. මේවා බොක්සිං, පිහිනීම සහ ධාවන ක්‍රීඩා වැනි ක්‍රීඩාවල දී භාවිතා වේ.

පිහිනුම් වස්ත්‍රයක් ලෙස හැඳි විට ට්‍රන්ක්, බොහෝ අවස්ථාවල පිහිනුම් ට්‍රන්ක් හෝ නානා ට්‍රන්ක් (හෝ වඩාත් ආචාරශීලී යෙදුමක් අනුව නාන ඇඳුම් කට්ටලය වැනි) ලෙස හඳුන්වන අතර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මේවා දණහිස තෙක් දිවෙන බෝඩ් කොට කලිසම්වලට වඩා කෙටි ය. ට්‍රන්ක් උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ පිරිමන් අතර වඩාත් ජනප්‍රියම පිහිනුම් ඇඳුම් ප්‍රභේදය වේ. මේවා මෝස්තරය සහ ශෛලිය අනුව විවිධත්වයක් ගන්නා අතර බොහෝවිට වියළීමේ පහසුව පිණිස ආස්තරණය කළ නයිලෝන්වලින් තනා ඇත.

වෙනත් භාවිතා
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසියේ දී ට්‍රන්ක් යන යෙදුම ඉහත විස්තර කළ පරිදිම ඇමරිකන් ඉංග්‍රීසි යෙදුම ලෙසම යෙදේ. නමුත් එය කලවාවල මැදි ප්‍රදේශය තෙක් විහිදෙන පිරිමි යට කලිසම් ප්‍රභේදයක් වන බොක්සර් කොට කලිසම් හැඳින්වීම සඳහා ද භාවිතා කළ හැක.

ඇමරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසියේ දී, මෙම යෙදුම ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල ට්‍රන්ක් හෝස් සඳහා ද භාවිතා වූ බැව් කොලින්ස් ඇමරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයේ දැක්වේ. එහි පැවසෙන්නේ "16වන සහ 17වන සියවස්වල පැළඳි ජංඝා පෙදෙසෙන් අර්ධයක් පමණ පහළට විහිදුණු සම්පූර්ණ, එල්ලා වැටෙන සරුවාලයක් බවයි."

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

පිහිනුම් ඇඳුම්
කලිසම් සහ කෙටි කලිසම්

ට්‍රන්ක් (ඇඳුම්)


Stressless er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Jessica Nilsson efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Ung, moden og single? Bor du alene med din hund? Livstilsguruen Lulu fortæller i denne film om, hvordan man håndterer emotionel stress i hverdagen, når man lige er blevet skilt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Stressless


The Coral İngiltere, Liverpool yakınlarında 1996'da bir deniz kasabası olan Hoylake'de kurulmuş bir indie rock grubudur.

İlk albumleri The Coralı 2001 yılında çıkarmış, kendine özgü, dinamik ve eklektik müzikleriyle aynı dönemde ortaya çıkan birçok genç rock grubu arasından sıyrılmışlardır. Grubun ilk albümünde bir araya gelmesi zor tarzlar (60'lar psychedelic rock, Doğu Avrupa ve Balkan müziklerindeki teatrallik, Spagetti Western müzikleri, The Clash'in pozitif punk rockı, iyi bir folk blues, skiffle tedrisatı..) uyum içinde hissedilir. The Coral'ın müziği bu açıdan kendine özgü, maceraperest ve yenidir. Single'ları listelere girmiş ve grup müzik dergileri tarafından "yılın grubu" olarak lanse edilmiştir. Mercury Ödülü'ne aday olmuşlardır. Özgün müzikal tarzları Liverpool çevresinden gelen, aralarında The Zutons, The Dead 60s ve The Basement'ın bulunduğu diğer indie rock gruplarını büyük oranda etkilemiştir.

Grup, akraba ve yakın arkadaş çevresinden gençler tarafından kurulmuştur.
 James Skelly - vokal & akustik gitar
 Ian Skelly - davul
 Bill Ryder-Jones - ritim gitar, bas gitar & trampet
 Nick Power - keyboard, org & vokal
 Lee Southall - lead gitar & vokal
 Paul Duffy - bas gitar & saksafon
 John Duffy - perküsyon

 Diskografi Albümler Haz 2002 The Coral - #5 UK
 Haz 2003 Magic and Medicine - #1 UK
 Oca 2004 Nightfreak and the Sons of Becker (mini-album) - #5 UK
 May 2005 The Invisible Invasion - #3 UK
    2007 Roots and echoesSingle'lar'
 Haz 2001 Shadows Fall (EP) - Limited edition EP, not eligible
 Ara 2001 The Oldest Path (EP) - Limited edition EP, not eligible
 Nis 2002 Skeleton Key (EP) - EP, not eligible
 Haz 2002 "Goodbye" - #21 UK
 Kas 2002 "Dreaming of You" - #13 UK
 Mar 2003 "Don't Think You're the First" - #10 UK
 Haz 2003 "Pass It On" - #5 UK
 Kas 2003 "Secret Kiss" - #25 UK
 Eki 2003 "Bill McCai" - #23 UK
 May 2005 "In the Morning" - #6 UK
 Ağu 2005 "Something Inside of Me" - #41 UK

Dış bağlantılar
 The Coral resmi web sitesi

İngiliz indie rock grupları
İngiliz alternatif rock grupları
1996'da kurulan müzik grupları
Müzikal beşliler
Deltasonic Records sanatçıları

The Coral


El distrito de Kemin (en kirguís: Кемин району) es uno de los rayones (distrito) de la provincia de Chuy en Kirguistán. Tiene como capital la ciudad de Kemin.

En 2009 tenía 44 118 habitantes, de los cuales el 85,5% eran kirguises, el 10,8% rusos y el 1,2% kazajos.

Subdivisiones
Comprende las ciudades de Kemin (la capital) y Orlovka y las siguientes 11 comunidades rurales (aiyl okmotu):
 Ak-Tüz
 Almaluu
 Boroldoy
 Jangy-Alysh
 Kichi-Kemin
 Ilyich
 Kara-Bulak
 Kayyngdy
 Kyzyl-Oktiabr
 Shabdan
 Chym-Korgon

Referencias

K
Provincia de Chuy

Distrito de Kemin


Dismorfofobia este definită ca fiind obsesia sau preocuparea exagerată pentru un defect fizic minor. Persoana afectată arată normal pentru cei din jur, însă nu și în viziunea ei. În literatura de specialitate dismorfofobia se regăsește și sub denumirea de tulburare dismorfică corporală. Este o tulburare de natură psihologică care apare îndeosebi în adolescență și poate avea o evoluție cronică. În majoritatea cazurilor, conștientizarea bolii este absentă și se asociază cu incapacitatea de a funcționa normal din punct de vedere social. Toți cei afectați dezvoltă un delir de referință, se retrag din activitățile sociale, limitează contactul cu alte persoane, considerând că toți le observă defectul comentând la adresa lor, evaluându-i cât mai negativ cu putință. Viziunea deformată asupra corpului lor transformă gândurile în obsesii, iar suferința emoțională este îngrozitoare.

În limba engleză termenul pentru dismorfofobie este "body dysmorphic disorder". Boala a fost inclusă în DSM (Manualul de Diagnostic și Statistică a Tulburărilor Mentale) în cadrul tulburărilor somatoforme. Este considerată o afecțiune destul de gravă, asociată cu depresie majoră și cu o rată mare de suicid.

Preocuparea celor afectați vizează, în special, pielea (acnee, cicatrici, riduri etc.), nasul, părul, sânii, buzele, urechile, organele genitale. Incidența bărbați–femei este egală, iar prevalența ar fi cam de 1–2%, ceva mai crescută la adolescenți.

Etimologie
Cuvântul este de origine greacă și este compus din dys = diform, morphe = aspect exterior, phobios = fobie, așadar frica de diformitate.

Istoric

Termenul de dismorfofobie a fost introdus de Enrico Morselli în 1886 pentru a descrie "o senzație subiectivă de urâțenie sau deficiență psihică, pe care pacienții o percep în comparație cu ceilalți, cu toate că înfățișarea lor este în limite normale". Ea este inclusă în tulburările conștiinței corporalității și în grupul tulburărilor de somatizare. Cu toate că, într-un sens restrâns, nu există o deficiență psihică în dismorfofobie, acest termen este de asemenea folosit la pacienții care au o urâțenie minimă și o reacție disproporționată la ea.

Termenul de dismorfofobie a fost folosit în sens larg în Europa. Ben-Ami Finkelstein a prezentat pentru prima dată termenul în SUA, dar acesta a fost neglijat până de curând când Nancy Coover Andreasen și Janusz Bardach l-au reintrodus. Pacienții dismorfofobici au fost descriși în această țară (SUA) fără a utiliza acest termen.

Patogenie și cauze
Factorii care determină tulburarea dismorfică a corpului pot fi psihologici, biologici sau de mediu. Abuzul sau neglijența trebuie luate și ele în considerare. Debutul bolii are loc în perioada adolescentă când se manifestă cel mai intens criticismul față de aspectul propriului corp. Tulburarea dismorfică a corpului afectează în mod egal atât femeile cât și bărbații.

Factori biochimici/genetici
 Dezechilibrele chimice din creier

Un nivel insuficient de serotonină în creier, unul dintre neurotransmițătorii creierului implicați în durere și afectivitate, poate contribui la această tulburare. Deși un astfel de dezechilibru în creier este inexplicabil, poate fi ereditar. Serotonina este considerată a avea rol în reglarea anxietății, dar și în procesul de somn și memorizare.

Serotonina aparține unei clase de neurotransmițători care transferă semnale chimice între celulele nervoase. La un anumit declanșator, neurotransmițătorul este eliberat în sinapsa neurală și se va lega de receptorul localizat pe celula nervoasă de alături. Se crede că cei care suferă de această boala au receptorii blocați sau alterați, prevenind legarea serotoninei. Această teorie este susținută de faptul că pacienții răspund pozitiv la medicația antidepresivă care generează nivele ridicate de serotonină.
 Predispoziția genetică
S-a sugerat că anumite gene pot predispune un individ la dezvoltarea bolii. Această teorie este susținută de faptul că aproximativ 20% dintre bolnavi au cel puțin o rudă de gradul I, cum ar fi un părinte, un frate sau copil care este afectat. Nu este clar însă dacă este genetică sau datorată unor factori de mediu.
 Procesarea vizuală
În timp ce unii cred că boala este determinată de percepția distorsionată a imaginii proprii, alții susțin ipoteza că persoanele cu această boala au o problemă în procesarea informațiilor vizuale. Această teorie este susținută de faptul că indivizii care sunt tratați cu inhibitori ai recaptării de serotonină raportează că defectul lor a dispărut, că nu se mai vede. Totuși, acest fapt se poate datora unei coincidențe în percepția individului, mai degrabă decât procesării vizuale.
 Tulburarea obsesiv-compulsivă
Tulburarea dismorfică apare frecvent alături de tulburarea compulsiv-obsesivă în care pacientul incontrolabil practică ritualuri de comportament anormale. Un istoric de predispoziție genetică pentru tulburarea compulsiv-obsesivă fac oamenii mai susceptibili de a dezvolta sindromul dismorfic.
 Anxietatea generală
Sindromul dismorfic poate coexista cu anxietatea generalizată. Această condiție implică îngrijorarea extremă care tulbură viața de zi cu zi a pacientului, cauzând anxietate exagerată și nerealistică asupra circumstanțelor vieții, cum este perceperea unui defect în sindromul dismorfic.

Factori psihologici
 Criticismul
S-a sugerat că criticismul față de aspectul fizic poate juca un rol semnificativ în debutul bolii. Deși este improbabil ca boala să fie cauzată de criticism, acesta poate acționa ca un factor declanșator la indivizii care sunt expuși la abuz în copilărie, tortură psihologică. Aproximativ 60% dintre bolnavi raportează tachinare în perioada copilăriei.
 Stilul parental
Similar tachinării, stilul parental poate contribui la debutul bolii. De exemplu, părinții care pun un preț mare pe aspectul fizic sau care arată nepăsare totală față de acesta pot acționa ca declanșatori la persoanele predispuse genetic.

Factori externi
 Media

S-a presupus că presiunea media poate contribui la debutul bolii (de exemplu modelele din modă și necesitatea de frumusețe estetică). Totuși, boala apare la toți pacienții în toate părțile lumii, incluzând zonele izolate unde accesul la media este limitat. Presiunea media este astfel o cauză improbabilă a bolii, deși poate acționa ca declanșator la cei deja predispuși genetic sau poate agrava simptomele.

Personalitatea
Anumite modele de personalitate pot face unele persoane mai susceptibile de a dezvolta boala. Personalitățile propuse drept factori declanșatori cuprind:
 perfecționistul, nevroticul;
 introvertitul, sensibilul la critici;
 personalitatea evitantă;
 personalitatea schizoidă.

Simptome
Principalele simptome ale acestei afecțiuni sunt anxietatea, atacurile de panică, diminuarea stimei de sine, sentimente de rușine. Gândurile obsesive legate de un aspect al corpului perceput ca fiind diform, abuzul de alcool sau droguri sunt întâlnite în cadrul dismorfofobiei. Scăderea performanței academice, dar și comportamentul repetitiv de tipul verificării corpului în oglindă pot fi semne ale dismorfofobiei. Unii pacienți pot prezenta fobie socială, izolare socială și familială, o dietă și program fizic excesiv, autovătămare, dar și obsesia pentru chirurgia plastică sau proceduri dermatologice care nu au însă rezultatele scontate.

Cei afectați au impresia că înfățișarea corporală prezintă o diformitate care nu poate fi observată de restul. Ca urmare a fricii de care suferă cei afectați, un pacient își petrece circa o oră pe zi verificând defectul de care are impresia că suferă. 35% dintre cei afectați petrec circa opt ore pe zi gândindu-se la diformitatea închipuită. Se controlează mereu în oglindă, au impresia că sunt urmăriți constant și sunt mereu îngrijorați de modul în care sunt receptați de cei din jur sau de ce sunt ei singurii care suferă de diformitatea respectivă. Întreaga rutină se concentrează în jurul aspectului pe care îl consideră diform, iar comportamentul obsesiv iese în cele din urmă la iveală.

Persoanele care suferă de dismorfofobie se consideră foarte neatractivi, chiar respingători. Cheful de viață dispare încet, lăsând locul altor temeri, cum ar fi cea de a intra într-o relație. Pacienții ajung să sufere de depresie, nu mai au curaj să iasă din casă și se retrag din viața socială. Pentru celelalte persoane, aceste comportamente sunt inexplicabile deoarece nu cunosc motivele care se ascund în spatele acestora.

Adesea pacienții cu dismorfofobie dezvoltă depresie majoră și ajung la tentative de suicid.

Cele mai frecvente zone de interes pentru persoanele care suferă de tulburare dismorfică a corpului includ:
 imperfecțiuni ale pielii – riduri, cicatrici, acnee, pete și linii faciale, vergeturi, paloarea pielii, subțierea firului de păr, păr excesiv pe corp, nas mare sau nas coroiat;
 imperfecțiuni ale părului – capul, păr corporal sau chiar absența părului;
 trăsături faciale – foarte des este vorba despre nas dar ar putea fi implicată orice formă și dimensiune a corpului;
 greutate corporală – poate fi prezentă obsesia legată de greutatea corporală sau tonusul muscular.
Alte zone de interes includ mărimea penisului, mușchii, sânii, coapsele, fesele și prezența anumitor mirosuri ale corpului.

Diagnostic
Pentru diagnosticarea tulburării dismorfice a corpului se realizează un chestionar multidimensional care să scoată la iveală relația pacientului cu propriul său corp. Totodată, se face o evaluare și a statusului mental al pacientului.

Diagnosticul este diferențial în funcție de prezența și altor tulburări psihice de tipul anorexiei nervoase, depresiei, tulburării obsesiv-compulsive, tulburărilor de identitate sexuală sau personalitatea narcisistică.

Tratament
Deși tulburarea este de natură psihologică, majoritatea pacienților refuză tratamentul psihologic, considerând că problema este de fapt una de natură fizică. Din acest motiv mulți recurg la operații estetice. Însă de cele mai multe ori intervenția chirurgicală nu duce la îmbunătățirea simptomelor dismorfofobiei, persoana continuând să perceapă defecte (aceleași sau altele) și să simtă anxietate și jenă.

Recomandarea generală este ca tratamentul să includă atât intervenția cognitiv-comportamentală, cât și medicație pentru rezultate optime, însă se poate începe cu psihoterapia și pe măsura progresului se poate lua decizia de a adăuga sau nu tratamentul medicamentos. Psihoterapia poate dura mai multe luni. Tratamentul medicamentos poate fi de lungă durată deoarece există riscul revenirii simptomelor dacă acesta este terminat.

Terapia cognitiv-comportamentală presupune disputarea convingerilor eronate (fericirea derivă din aspectul fizic, perfecțiunea fizică este un obiectiv necesar și realizabil în viață, sunt de neiubit) și schimbare comportamentală prin expunerea la situațiile evitate (mers la cumpărături la ore de vârf, implicarea în activități sociale) și eliminarea comportamentelor de siguranță (uitatul frecvent în oglindă, camuflarea prin utilizarea machiajului, șepcilor, ochelarilor de soare sau a hainelor largi).

Familia și prietenii apropiați pot fi educați pentru a nu întări comportamentele disfuncționale ale persoanei afectate.

Note

Legături externe

 Chestionare online pentru diagnosticarea dismorfofobiei  (Body Dysmorphic Disorder Foundation)

Aspectul uman
Tulburări psihice

Dismorfofobie


Le Männlichen est une montagne de  d'altitude dans les Alpes suisses, située dans le canton de Berne.

On peut y accéder depuis Wengen par le  ou, depuis décembre 2019, par la station Grindelwald Terminal en utilisant les . Il faut ensuite 15 minutes de marche pour atteindre le sommet.

C'est un point de vue populaire sur la vallée de Lauterbrunnen et un lieu de départ apprécié des randonneurs et des skieurs. En effet, le Männlichen offre une excellente vue sur la triade Eiger, Mönch et Jungfrau.

En hiver, 20 téléphériques et remontées mécaniques desservent le domaine skiable de Kleine Scheidegg-Männlichen, qui compte plus de 100 km de pistes.

Le départ des pistes de ski et de randonnée du Männlichen, ainsi que les infrastructures de loisir, se trouvent à environ  d'altitude, sur une arête plus plate, au sud du sommet. De là, le sommet à proprement dit de la montagne peut être atteint en 30 minutes environ par la « Royal Walk ».

Lors de son ouverture en 1978, la télécabine Grindelwald-Männlichen était la plus longue télécabine de montagne du monde.

Outre le téléphérique, le Männlichen est accessible à pied depuis Grindelwald par une route en quatre heures de marche environ, ou depuis Wengen en trois heures environ par un étroit sentier pédestre avec un dénivelé de plus de 950 mètres pour une distance de 1,8 kilomètre à vol d'oiseau.

Bien que le Männlichen soit plus bas que le  ( d'altitude) et le Lauberhorn ( d'altitude), le chaînon comprenant ces trois montagnes est nommée d'après le Männlichen. Männlichen signifie en langue allemande « masculin ».

Références

Annexe

Articles connexes
 Alpes suisses Jungfrau-Aletsch

Liens externes

 Site officiel

Sommet des Alpes suisses
Sommet des Alpes bernoises
Montagne dans le canton de Berne
Oberland bernois

Männlichen


Gustave Charpentier (; 25 June 1860 – 18 February 1956) was a French composer, best known for his opera Louise.

Life and career
Charpentier was born in Dieuze, Moselle, the son of a baker, and with the assistance of a rich benefactor he studied violin at the conservatoire in Lille before entering the Paris Conservatoire in 1881. There he took lessons in composition under Jules Massenet (from 1885) and had a reputation of wanting to shock his professors. In 1887 he won the Prix de Rome for his cantata Didon. During the time in Rome that the prize gave him, he wrote the orchestral suite Impressions d'Italie and began work on the libretto and music for what would become his best-known work, the opera Louise.

Charpentier returned to Paris, settling in Montmartre, and continued to compose, including songs on texts by Charles Baudelaire and Voltaire. He eventually completed Louise, and it was accepted for production by the Opéra-Comique. A realistic portrait of Parisian working-class life, it is sometimes considered a French example of verismo opera.

The premiere of Louise on 2 February 1900 under the baton of André Messager was an immediate success. Soon this work was being performed all over Europe and America, and it brought Charpentier much acclaim. It also launched the career of the Scottish soprano Mary Garden, who took over the title role during an early performance. In late 1935 the composer supervised the abridged score used in a studio recording of around 70 minutes of the opera, conducted by Eugène Bigot. A film adaptation of the work followed in 1939 with Grace Moore in the title role. At the revival of Louise at the Opéra-Comique on 28 February 1950, celebrating the 50th anniversary of its creation and the 90th birthday of its composer, it was hoped that Charpentier himself might conduct the performance, but André Cluytens did so, with the composer conducting the "Chant de l'apothéose" after the third act.

Louise is still occasionally performed today, with the soprano aria "Depuis le jour" a popular recital piece.

In 1902, Charpentier founded the Conservatoire Populaire Mimi Pinson, intended to provide a free artistic education to Paris's working girls. However, he became unproductive as a composer. He worked on a sequel to Louise, Julien, ou la vie du poète, but it was quickly forgotten after its tepidly received 1913 premiere. Thereafter, Charpentier wrote very little.

He was, nevertheless, no recluse. During World War I, he started the Œuvre de Mimi Pinson and Cocarde de Mimi Pinson to aid wounded soldiers. He was awarded the Légion d'honneur in 1900, became a Commandeur in 1930, and a Grand Officier in 1950.
In 1934, he conducted a recording of his Impressions d'Italie with a Paris symphony orchestra. He died, aged 95, in Paris.

Charpentier's brother Victor (also born in Dieuze, on 23 July 1867) was a cellist in the orchestra of the Paris Opera and later a conductor of popular symphony concerts in Paris. In 1931 Marc Delmas published a biography of Charpentier entitled Gustave Charpentier et le Lyrisme Francais.

Compositions

Didon, Scène dramatique – 1887
Impressions d'Italie – 1892
La vie du poète – symphonie-drame – 1892
Sérénade à Watteau (words by Verlaine) – 1896
La couronnement de la muse – spectacle – 1897
Louise – 1900
Munich – symphonic poem – 1911
Julien, ou La vie du poète – 1913
L'amour au faubourg – 1913 (unperformed)
Orphée – 1931 (unfinished)
Songs

References

External links

1860 births
1956 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century French composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century French conductors (music)
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French male classical composers
French male conductors (music)
French opera composers
French Romantic composers
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Male opera composers
People from Dieuze
Prix de Rome for composition
Pupils of Jules Massenet

Gustave Charpentier


312 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 924 و925.

وفيات

 الحسن الطوسي

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 312 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 312 هـ

مراجع

تقويم هجري

312 هـ


ගැස්ට්‍රොපති සහ ගැස්ට්‍රයිටිස් යනු ආමාශය හා සම්බන්ධ සුලබ රෝග දෙකකකි. රෝග ලක්‍ෂණ අතින් තරමක් සමාන බැවින්ද වෙන්කර හඳුනාගැනීම තරමක් අපහසු බැවින්ද ප්‍රතිකාර වල සමානතා ඇති බැවින්ද බොහෝ විට මෙම රෝග දෙක පිලිබඳ පොදුවේ සාකච්චා කෙරේ.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
ගැස්ට්‍රොපති සහ ගැස්ට්‍රයිටිස් රෝග දෙකම වර්තමානයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල සුලබ අතර ක්‍රමයෙන් රෝගීන් වාර්ථාවීමේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.

රෝග ලක්‍ෂණ

හේතු1.නියමිත වෙලාවට ආහාර නොගැනීම.
2.අම්ල,මිරිස් හා තෙල් අධික ආහාර ගැනීම.
3.අධික ලෙස මධ්‍යසාර හා දුම්වැටි භාවිතය.
4.මානසික ආතතිය.

වලකිවාගැනීම

රෝග නිශ්චය

ප්‍රතිකාර

සංකූලතා

වෛද්‍යවේදය

ගැස්ට්‍රොපති සහ ගැස්ට්‍රයිටිස්


Guram I. Mchedlidze (Georgian: გურამ ი. მჭედლიძე) (September 27, 1931, Tbilisi – 2009, Tbilisi) was a Georgian Palaeobiologist, Corresponding Member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS), Doctor of Biological Sciences (Dr. Habil.), Professor.

Education and career
In 1954 he graduated from the Faculty of Biology of the Tbilisi State University (TSU). Since 1973 he was Professor of this Faculty.

In 1962 Mchedlidze received a PhD degree in Biology, in 1973 a degree of the Doctor of Biological Sciences. In 1983 he was elected as Corresponding Member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS).

In 1979-1989 he was a Deputy Director of the L. Davitashvili Institute of Palaeobiology, in 1989-2009 a Director of this Institute.

In 1971 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Society of Paleontology.

Main fields of scientific activity of Guram Mchedlidze were: a fossil dolphin, Tertiary cetaceans, phylogenesis of cetaceans, ancient mammals, etc. He was author of more than 100 scientific-research works (among them 5 monographs).

Mchedlidze was organizer and participant of many important scientific events in Georgia and abroad.

Some of main scientific works of Guram Mchedlidze
 "Fossil Cetacea of the Caucasus" (a monograph), Publishing House "Metsniereba", Tbilisi, 1964, 145 pp. (in Russian, Georgian and English summaries)
 "Some general features of the historic development of cetaceans" (a monograph), Publishing House "Metsniereba", 1970, 112 pp. (in Russian, Georgian and English summaries)
 "General features of the brain evolution of some groups of ancient mammals" (a monograph), Publishing House "Metsniereba", Tbilisi, 1986, 130 pp. (in Russian. Co-author: L.K. Gabunia)

See also
 List of Georgians

1931 births
2009 deaths
Scientists from Georgia (country)
Academic staff of Tbilisi State University
Soviet paleontologists
Soviet biologists

Guram Mchedlidze