NGC 5701 est une galaxie lenticulaire située dans la constellation de la Vierge. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5701 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en 1786.

NGC 5701 a été utilisée par Gérard de Vaucouleurs comme une galaxie de type morphologique (R1R2')SB(l)a dans son atlas des galaxies. Tout comme le professeur Seligman, Vaucouleurs classe cette galaxie comme une spirale. Cependant, aucun bras spiral n'est visible sur les images modernes de cette galaxie et la classification de lenticulaire par les autres sources consultées semble mieux décrire la morphologie de NGC 5701.

NGC 5701 présente une large raie HI et c'est une galaxie LINER, c'est-à-dire une galaxie dont le noyau présente un spectre d'émission caractérisé par de larges raies d'atomes faiblement ionisés.

Avec une brillance de surface égale à , on peut qualifier NGC 5701 de galaxie à faible brillance de surface (LSB en anglais pour ). Les galaxies LSB sont des galaxies diffuses (D) avec une brillance de surface inférieure de moins d'une magnitude à celle du ciel nocturne ambiant.

La tache lumineuse floue que l'on voit au sud-ouest de NGC 5701 est la galaxie 2MASX J14390847+0521126dont la distance de Hubble est de  radiale est de  Cette galaxie est donc beaucoup plus éloignée que NGC 5701.

À ce jour, sept mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'extérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble. Puisque cette galaxie est relativement rapprochée du Groupe local, cette distance est peut-être plus près de sa distance réelle que la distance de Hubble. Notons que c'est avec la valeur moyenne des mesures indépendantes, lorsqu'elles existent, que la base de données NASA/IPAC calcule le diamètre d'une galaxie et qu'en conséquence le diamètre de NGC 5701 pourrait être d' si on utilisait la distance de Hubble pour le calculer.

Trou noir supermassif
Selon une étude basée sur les mesures de luminosité de la bande K de l'infrarouge proche du bulbe de NGC 5701, on obtient une valeur de 10  (80 millions de masses solaires) pour le trou noir supermassif qui s'y trouve.

Groupe de NGC 5746
Selon A. M. Garcia, NGC 5701 fait partie du groupe de NGC 5746. Ce groupe de galaxies compte au moins 31 membres dont NGC 5636, NGC 5638, NGC 5658 (=PGC 51957), NGC 5668, NGC 5690, NGC 5692, NGC 5691, NGC 5705, NGC 5713, NGC 5719, NGC 5725, NGC 5740, NGC 5746, NGC 5750, IC 1022, IC 1024 et IC 1048.

Sur le site « Un Atlas de l'Univers », Richard Powell mentionne aussi le groupe de NGC 5746, mais il n'y figure que 14 galaxies, dont NGC 5691. Six autres galaxies du groupe de NGC 5746 de Garcia se trouvent dans un autre groupe mentionné par Powell, soit le groupe de NGC 5638. Selon Powell, la galaxie NGC 5701 ne fait pas partie d'un groupe de galaxies et les autres galaxies de Garcia ne figurent pas dans celles retenues par celui-ci.

Le groupe de NGC 5746 fait partie de l'Amas de la Vierge III, un des amas du superamas de la Vierge.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5701 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5701
Constellation de la Vierge
Galaxie lenticulaire
Galaxie à faible brillance de surface
Galaxie LINER
Objet céleste découvert en 1786
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 5701


زايوكوفو  هي مدينة في جمهورية قبردينو - بلقاريا في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 10167   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن قبردينو - بلقاريا

زايوكوفو (قبردينو - بلقاريا)


Dominik (ime), muško ime
 Dominik (ban), hrvatski ban 1194. – 1195.
 Dominik (zagrebački biskup), zagrebački biskup između 1193. i 1201. godine

Dominik


Prayers To Broken Stone er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Knud Vesterskov, Ulrik Al Brask efter manuskript af Ulrik Al Brask, Knud Vesterskov.

Handling
En video, der afprøver perceptionsevnens grænser. T.S. Eliot er guide på denne bizarre rejse til sansernes ødemark.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1990

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Prayers To Broken Stone


Tonia D. Tisdell (* 20. März 1992 in Monrovia) ist ein liberianischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Tonia Tisdell erlernte das Fußballspielen in seiner Heimat Liberia und wechselte mit 17 Jahren in die Türkei zu Ankaraspor. Ohne ein Spiel für seinen neuen Vertrag zu absolvieren wurde er für die Saison an Karşıyaka SK ausgeliehen.

Zum Frühjahr wechselte er zu MKE Ankaragücü, wurde aber wieder ohne ein Spiel zu absolvieren an Mersin İdman Yurdu SK ausgeliehen. Hier wurde er auf Anhieb regelmäßig im Profi-Team eingesetzt. Die Saison 2010/11 schloss er mit seiner Mannschaft als Meister der 1. Lig ab und erreichte so den direkten Aufstieg in die Süper Lig. Zum Saisonende versuchte man Tisdell samt Ablöse zu holen, jedoch scheiterte der Transfer an der zu hohen Ablöse.

Die Saison 2011/12 begann Tisdell dann bei Ankaragücü. Hier kam er zu regelmäßigen Einsätzen. Da sein Verein gegen Saisonmitte die Spielergehälter nicht zahlen konnte, wurde Tisdell per Vertrag freigestellt. Daraufhin wechselte er zu seinem alten Verein Ankaraspor. Weil Ankaraspor wiederum in der Saison 2011/12 nicht an der Liga teilnahm, wurde Tisdell bis Saisonende an Mersin İdman Yurdu ausgeliehen.

Nachdem Ankaraspor sich dazu entschied dem Spielgeschehen auch in der Spielzeit 2012/13 fernzubleiben, wurde Tisdell freigestellt. Daraufhin einigte sich Tisdell mit dem Zweitliganeuling Şanlıurfaspor. Für die Rückrunde der Saison 2015/16 wurde er an den Zweitligisten Karşıyaka SK ausgeliehen.

Für die Saison 2017/18 lieh ihn sein Verein an den Zweitligisten MKE Ankaragücü aus. Dort kam er in acht Spielen zum Einsatz.

Zur Saison 2018/19 unterschrieb Tisdell einen Einjahresvertrag bei Denizlispor. Hier konnte er sich jedoch nicht durchsetzen, sodass er bereits in der Winterpause zu Nea Salamis Famagusta nach Zypern wechselte.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Liberia)
Fußballspieler (Denizlispor)
Fußballspieler (ENPPI SC)
Fußballspieler (Karşıyaka SK)
Fußballspieler (Mersin İdman Yurdu)
Fußballspieler (MKE Ankaragücü)
Fußballspieler (Nea Salamis Famagusta)
Fußballspieler (Osmanlıspor FK)
Fußballspieler (Şanlıurfaspor)
Geboren 1992
Liberianer
Mann

Tonia Tisdell


Ongenþeow también es el nombre anglosajón para Angantyr y Ongendus.
Ongenþeow (del inglés antiguo, también Ongenþio, Ongendþeow; nórdico antiguo: Angantyr)  (n. 530) fue un caudillo vikingo semilegendario de los suiones (suecos), rey de Svealand en la era de Vendel (), de la dinastía de los Ynglings. Ongenþeow aparece en poemas épicos de los anglosajones y diversas fuentes escandinavas de la mitología nórdica. Se identifica con el rey sueco Egill vendilkraka Aunsson que aparece en Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiae y la saga Ynglinga.

Etimología
Los nombres son diferentes y tienen pocos vínculos etimológicos Ongenþeow procede del protonórdico *Anganaþewaz, mientras que Egil procede de *Agilaz. La razón de equiparar ambos con el mismo personaje es porque coinciden en la línea sucesoria de reyes suecos y se describen como padres de Ohthere y abuelos de Eadgils. No obstante, en general los investigadores no son muy propensos a interpretar los personajes de Beowulf y de las sagas nórdicas como referentes históricos.

Fuentes anglosajonas
En el poema épico Beowulf Ongentheow se describe como un temido guerrero, en guerra contra los gautas del rey Hæþcyn que había secuestrado a la reina de los suiones pero Ongentheow la rescató y mató al gauta en el campo de batalla. Hygelac, que heredó el trono de su hermano Hæþcyn, envió a los guerreros Eofor y su hermano Wulf a luchar juntos contra el rey Ongenþeow. En la batalla Wulf asestó un golpeó en la cabeza de Ongenþeow con su espada que hizo sangrar y empapar su cabello, pero el viejo rey respondió e hirió gravemente a su contrincante. Eofor entonces atacó atravesando el escudo y yelmo del rey, y tuvo Ongenþeow un final sangriento. Eofor tomó el yelmo del rey sueco, su espada y protector pectoral y los llevó frente a Hygelac.

Ongentheow también aparece mencionado en el poema Widsith como rey sueco:

Egil
En Íslendingabók de Ari Þorgilsson y en Historia Norvegiæ, se le conoce como Egil Vendelcrow (Vendilcraca/Vendilkráka, un nombre que tradicionalmente se otorgaba a aquellos que vivían en la plaza real de Vendel en Suecia). Pero Snorri Sturluson, dio el nombre Vendelcrow al hijo de Egil, llamado Ottar (Ohthere). En estas fuentes, Egil es hijo de Aun y como su padre, tampoco muy amigo de la guerra. El padre de Egil dio la responsabilidad al thrall Tunni (o Tonne) de la tesorería real, y cuando su hijo subió al trono lo relegó a tareas de esclavo. Tunni se rebeló y tras ocho batallas exitosas que obligaron a Egil a escapar a Dinamarca, según la saga Ynglinga, el rey Fróði ayudó a Egil a derrotar a Tunni, y Egil tuvo que pagarle tributo por ello.

A Egil lo mató un toro durante los sacrificios en Gamla Uppsala:

Historia Norwegiæ presenta un resumen en latín de Ynglingatal, sobre la misma historia.

Una fuente anterior Íslendingabók también coincide con la línea sucesoria de Ynglingatal que cita a Egil como sucesor de Aunn y predecesor de Óttarr: xvi Aun inn gamli. xvii Egill Vendilkráka. xviii Óttarr.

Algunos historiadores sugieren que Ongenþeow es el mismo rey danés Ongendus que cita Willibrord de Utrecht en su obra sobre la vida de Alcuino de York.

Referencias

Personajes de la mitología nórdica
Reyes vikingos de Suecia
Personajes de Beowulf

Ongenþeow


An Polypogon monspeliensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni René Louiche Desfontaines. An Polypogon monspeliensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polypogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Polypogon (Poaceae)

Polypogon monspeliensis


Volturnus, Roma mitolojisinde suların tanrılarından biri. Büyük bir ihtimalle yerel bir Samnit kültünden türemiştir. Adına yapılan bayram, Volturnalia, 27 Ağustos'ta kutlanırdı.

Roma tanrıları

Volturnus


Hermann Carl Vogel (; ; 3 April 1841 – 13 August 1907) was a German astrophysicist. He was born in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony. From 1882 to 1907 he was director of the Astrophysical Observatory, Potsdam. He made extensive discoveries using spectral analysis of the stars.

Life

Vogel was born in 1841 in Leipzig. His father was director of the united Bürgerschulen and founder of the Realschule in Leipzig. His siblings included Eduard Vogel (1829–1856), Africa explorer and astronomer; Elise Polko (1823–1899), poet and singer and Julie Dohmke (1827–1913), writer, publisher, translator. In 1862, Vogel began his studies at the Polytechnikum in Dresden and in 1863 went to University of Leipzig. In Leipzig he was assistant to Karl Christian Bruhns and took part in measurements of double stars carried out by Friedrich Wilhelm Rudolf Engelmann.

Vogel was awarded a doctorate in 1870 from Jena for work on nebulae and star clusters and went in the same year to the Sternwarte Bothkamp of Kammerherrn von Bülow, c. 20 km south of Kiel. Here he undertook his first spectral analyses on celestial bodies. Wilhelm Oswald Lohse became his assistant.

Vogel left the observatory in 1874, in order to work as an employee of the newly founded Astrophysical Observatory in Potsdam (AOP) dealing with the planning and the setting-up of the instruments of the institute. In this connection, he conducted a study trip to Britain in the summer of 1875.

From 1882 till 1907 Vogel was director of the AOP and developed it in this time to a world-leading institute of astrophysics. Hermann Carl Vogel died in Potsdam in 1907.

Areas of work

Vogel pioneered the use of the spectroscope in astronomy.  He applied this instrument to chemically analyze planetary atmospheres and in 1871 he was the first to establish Sun's rotational period using the Doppler effect.

He is also considered the inventor of the photographic-spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of stars. He is possibly best known for discovering that the spectra of certain stars shifted slightly over time, moving toward the red and then later toward the blue.  His interpretation of this result was that the star was moving toward and then away from the Earth, and that the accompanying spectral shifts were the result of the Doppler effect. These stars appeared to be orbiting around a hidden center of mass, and thus they were double-star systems. However, in each case the companion star could not be resolved using a telescope, and so these double-star systems were designated spectroscopic binaries. For instance, by obtaining periodic Doppler shifts in the components of Algol, Vogel proved, in 1889, that it was a binary star; thus, Algol was one of the first known spectroscopic binaries (and it is also known to be an eclipsing binary with a third star now known to rotate around the binary system). In 1892 Vogel produced radial velocity data for 51 stars. Vogel's technique was adopted by the Swiss astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz who announced the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting 51 Pegasi.  Mayor and Queloz shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019 for their discovery.

Vogel had also made use of the Doppler effect on Earth. In 1875, he demonstrated the effect in the acoustic area with a whistle of a German Borsig-Lokomotive. In 1895 Hermann Carl Vogel was awarded the Pour le mérite für Wissenschaft und Künste and was, among others, a member of the following learned societies:

 Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
 Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin
 Royal Astronomical Society, London

Honors

Awards
 Valz Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1890)
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1893)
 Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1893)
 Landskroener Medal of Achievement (1898)
 Richard C. White Purple Honors Medal (1899)
 Bruce Medal (1906)

Named after him

 The crater Vogel on the Moon
 The crater Vogel on Mars
 The asteroid 11762 Vogel.

References

Further reading

External links

Short biography

1841 births
1907 deaths
19th-century German astronomers
German astrophysicists
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Scientists from Leipzig
Scientists from the Kingdom of Saxony
Leipzig University alumni
Recipients of the Bruce Medal
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala

Hermann Carl Vogel

Hermann Carl Vogel


Die Insel Mannar (Tamil:  maṉṉār tīvu, engl. Mannar Island) ist eine Insel im Distrikt Mannar von Sri Lanka. Die Insel ist über einen Damm mit dem Rest von Sri Lanka verbunden. Sie ist etwa 130 km² groß und zum Großteil mit Pflanzen und Sand bedeckt. Die Adamsbrücke ist eine ca. 30 Kilometer lange Kette von Sandbänken, Korallenriffen und Inseln zwischen Indien und Sri Lanka. Sie verläuft von der Insel Pamban, die der Südostküste des indischen Bundesstaates Tamil Nadu vorgelagert ist, und endet in Talaimannar auf der Insel Mannar. Es wird vermutet, dass die Brücke einmal eine Landbrücke zwischen Indien und Sri Lanka war.

Zwischen 1914 und 1964 gab es eine Eisenbahn- und Fährverbindung von Indien über Dhanushkodi und Talaimannar nach Colombo, jedoch wurde diese Verbindung nach den verheerenden Schäden, die durch einen Zyklon im Jahr 1964 verursacht wurden, nicht wieder instand gesetzt.

Da die Insel trocken und unfruchtbar ist, ist die Fischerei wirtschaftlich wichtig.

Die Division Mannar Town des Distrikts Mannar, die außer der Insel auch einen Teil des gegenüberliegenden Festlands umfasst, hatte 2011 eine Bevölkerung von 47.576 Menschen. Davon wohnen die meisten in den Städten Mannar und Erukkulampiddi an der Ostküste und Pesalai an der Nordküste, die alle durch die Straße A14 verbunden sind, welche über die Brücke zum Festland Sri Lankas führt.

Einzelnachweise

Insel (Indischer Ozean)
Insel (Asien)
Insel (Sri Lanka)
Nordprovinz (Sri Lanka)

Mannar (Insel)


كانت كرشنة رموز مندرين الصوتية  بالحروف الأبجدية اللاتينية نظاما رسميا مستعملا في جمهورية الصين، على أن تحل محل رموز مندرين الصوتية الأولى التي كانت مستصعبة آنذاك، ثم تعوضت بنظام تنغينغ بينيين سنة 2002؛ بيد أنها، رغم قلة استعمالها الآن، تظل منشورة في بعض النصوص الحكومية ومستخدمة في قواميس قديمة نسبيا.

مراجع

رومنة الصينية

رموز مندرين صوتية 2


Stipo Pilić (1960.) je hrvatski povjesničar i suosnivač Hrvatske družbe povjesničara "Dr. Rudolf Horvat".

Životopis
Bio je bio polaznik studija povijesti i geografije na Filozofskom i Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu u Zagrebu na kojemu je diplomirao 1984. godine. Poslije završenog studija regulira vojnu obvezu, a 1985. se zapošljava u osnovnoj školi u gradu Rabu na istoimenom otoku. U veljači 1986. zapošljava se u osnovnoj školi kralja Tomislava (tada Bratstvo – jedinstvo) u Zagrebu, gdje i danas radi. Odgojio je brojne generacije učenika na Trešnjevki, a tijekom rada je sudjelovao na gotovo svim županijskim i dva državna natjecanja iz geografije i povijesti.

Tijekom stvaranja Republike Hrvatske 1990. aktivno radi na obrani države u nastajanju, radeći i prateći stvaranje hrvatskih obrambenih snaga. Tijekom ljeta 1991. pomaže u radu policijskih i vojnih postrojbi, a u jesen te godine uključuje se i službeno u postrojbe Narodne zaštite grada Zagreba. Od prosinca 1991. do veljače 1992. pripadnik je 101. brigade Zbora narodne garde (Črnomerec), a od veljače do listopada te godine pripadnik je 124. Vukovarske brigade. Kao hrvatski bojovnik prošao je cijelu bojišnicu u Istočnoj Hrvatskoj – Operativna grupa Osijek i Vukovar – Vinkovci. Poslije demobilizacije određeno vrijeme tijekom 1993. i 1994. radi na zbrinjavanju prognanika iz Bosne i Hercegovine. U kolovozu 1995. sudjeluje u Vojno-redarstvenoj operaciji Oluja na Banovini, u području između Petrinje, Gline i Topuskog. Poslije toga posvetio se obitelji i izgradnji doma.

Godine 2005. vraća se povijesnim istraživanjima i u skladu s tim istražuje Domovinski rat, posebno sporna područja: Istočna Hrvatska, Banovina, Kordun, Lika, Dalmacija, Bosna, Hercegovina. Tijekom tih istraživanja upoznaje se s povjesničarkom Blankom Matković, koja se tada  bavila temama iz Drugoga svjetskog rata i poraća i to s naglaskom na prešućene žrtve toga rata. U ožujku 2008. zajedno osnivaju udrugu Hrvatska družba povjesničara "Dr. Rudolf Horvat" u cilju prezentiranja raznih radova s povijesnom tematikom. U udruzi je dugi niz godina obnašao dužnost tajnika, a od početka 2018. obnaša dužnost dopredsjednika.

Od 2008. do 2011. zajedno s Blankom Matković radi na projektu Hrvatskoga državnog arhiva i DORH-a. Od 2009. do danas objavio je nekoliko znanstvenih članaka i knjiga, u suautorstvu i samostalno. Među njegovim prvim radovima bila je knjiga o žrtvama Drugoga svjetskog rata, poraća i Domovinskog rata na području župa oko Jajca. Osim toga, zajedno s Blankom Matković priredio je veći dio dokumenata koji je objavljen u zbirci dokumenata Hrvatskog instituta za povijest Partizanska i komunistička represija i zločini u Hrvatskoj 1944. – 46., Dokumenti Dalmacija. Među znanstvenim radovima koji su izazvali najveću pozornost znanstvene i pučke javnosti bio je onaj u koautorstvu s Blankom Matković koji je pod naslovom Poslijeratni zarobljenički logor Jasenovac prema svjedočanstvima i novim arhivskim izvorima objavljen u Radovima Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU-a u Zadru u broju 56. Recenzent je i pisac predgovora i pogovora nekoliko knjiga te član Uredničkoga vijeća časopisa Zbornik Janković koji izlazi u Daruvaru.

Istupao je u javnosti u gotovo svim medijima, od manjih web portala do Večernjeg lista i tjednika Globus. Dugi niz godina istražuje zbivanja, osobito stradanja žrtava u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću. Sudjelovao je u istraživanju grobišta žrtava poslijeratnih komunističkih likvidacija u Zagrebu, Maclju i ostalim mjestima Križnoga puta. Trenutačno završava knjigu o prvom šefu Obavještajne službe NDH-a Vladimiru Singeru o kojemu je dana 6. ožujka 2019. izalagao na simpoziju o Holokaustu koji se pod nazivom "Stvari koje nismo smjeli reći" održao na Filozofskom fakultetu u Osijeku. Video snimka spomenutog izlaganja je dostupna na YouTube.

Koautor knjige Jasenovac i poslijeratni jasenovački logori, Geostrateška točka velikosrpske politike i propagandni pokretač njezina širenja prema zapadu  koju je napisao zajedno s Blankom Matković i koju je predstavio u 208. emisiji "Pogled s čuke".

Radovi

Knjige

 Žrtve Drugoga svjetskoga rata, poraća i Domovinskog rata na području župa Dobretići, Jajce, Korićani, Ključ, Liskovica, Podmilačje i Varacar Vakuf – Mrkonjić Grad , Nova Bila, 2009. (priredili Tubanović I., Pilić S., Aščić I., Blažević M., Crnoja M., Žunić Z., Bungić B.)
 Partizanska i komunistička represija i zločini u Hrvatskoj, Dokumenti, Dalmacija, 2011. (priredili Geiger V., Rupić M., Matković B., Pilić S. i drugi)
 Jasenovac i poslijeratni jasenovački logori, Geostrateška točka velikosrpske politike i propagandni pokretač njezina širenja prema zapadu, 2021. (koautorica Blanka Matković)

Znanstveni radovi

 Pilić S., Matković B. (2011.) Borbe za Travnik u listopadu 1944., Bosna Franciscana, Franjevačka teologija, Sarajevo, No.35, str. 133-172.
 Pilić S., Matković B. (2012.) Bitka za Odžak: Rat je završio dvadeset dana kasnije, Bosna Franciscana, Franjevačka teologija, Sarajevo, No.37, str. 109-138.
 Pilić S. (2013.) Korićani u Drugom svjetskom ratu – prešućena stradanja, zločini, žrtve i počinitelji, Bosna Franciscana, god. XXI, br. 39, str. 77-134.
 Pilić S., Matković B. (2014.) Poslijeratni zarobljenički logor Jasenovac prema svjedočanstvima i novim arhivskim izvorima, izvorni znanstveni rad, Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, No. 56, str. 323-408.
 Pilić S. (2014.) Jasenovačka Posavina između dva svjetska rata, Tkalčić, 18, str. 101- 183.
 Pilić S. (2015.) Dr. Alfred Sindik – život i rad prvog specijalista epidemiologa Hrvatske sredinom 20. stoljeća, Acta medico-historica Adriatica, Zagreb, Vol. 13, (Suplement 1), str. 63-78.
 Pilić S. (2016.) Doseljavanje, razvoj, stradanje i nestajanje Židova i njihove najstarije obitelji iz Daruvara – Obitelj Gross u žrvnju dvaju totalitarizama, Zbornik Janković, Daruvar –  Ogranak Matice hrvatske u Daruvaru, str. 123-148.

Izvori

Suvremeni hrvatski povjesničari

Stipo Pilić


In hematology, thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets (also known as thrombocytes) in the blood. Low levels of platelets in turn may lead to prolonged or excessive bleeding.  It is the most common coagulation disorder among intensive care patients and is seen in a fifth of medical patients and a third of surgical patients.

A normal human platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets/microliter (μL) of blood. Values outside this range do not necessarily indicate disease. One common definition of thrombocytopenia requiring emergency treatment is a platelet count below 50,000/μL. Thrombocytopenia can be contrasted with the conditions associated with an abnormally high level of platelets in the blood – thrombocythemia (when the cause is unknown), and thrombocytosis (when the cause is known).

Signs and symptoms

Thrombocytopenia usually has no symptoms and is picked up on a routine complete blood count. Some individuals with thrombocytopenia may experience external bleeding, such as nosebleeds or bleeding gums. Some women may have heavier or longer periods or breakthrough bleeding. Bruising, particularly purpura in the forearms and petechiae in the feet, legs, and mucous membranes, may be caused by spontaneous bleeding under the skin.

Eliciting a full medical history is vital to ensure the low platelet count is not secondary to another disorder. Ensuring that the other blood cell types, such as red blood cells and white blood cells, are not also suppressed, is also important.
Painless, round, and pinpoint (1 to 3 mm in diameter) petechiae usually appear and fade, and sometimes group to form ecchymoses. Larger than petechiae, ecchymoses are purple, blue, or yellow-green areas of skin that vary in size and shape. They can occur anywhere on the body.

A person with this disease may also complain of malaise, fatigue, and general weakness (with or without accompanying blood loss). Acquired thrombocytopenia may be associated with the use of certain drugs. Inspection typically reveals evidence of bleeding (petechiae or ecchymoses), along with slow, continuous bleeding from any injuries or wounds. Adults may have large, blood-filled bullae in the mouth. If the person's platelet count is between 30,000 and 50,000/μL, bruising with minor trauma may be expected; if it is between 15,000 and 30,000/μL, spontaneous bruising will be seen (mostly on the arms and legs).

Causes

Thrombocytopenia can be inherited or acquired.

Decreased production
Abnormally low platelet production may be caused by:
 Dehydration, vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
 Leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, or aplastic anemia
 Decreased production of thrombopoietin by the liver in liver failure
 Sepsis, systemic viral or bacterial infection
 Leptospirosis
 Hereditary syndromes
 ACTN1-related thrombocytopenia
 Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia with radio-ulnar synostosis
 ANKRD26 related thrombocytopenia
 Autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia
 Bernard–Soulier syndrome (associated with giant platelet disorder)
 Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
 Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and radioulnar synostosis
 CYCS-related thrombocytopenia
 Epstein syndrome (associated with giant platelet disorder)
 ETV6 related thrombocytopenia
 Fanconi anemia
 Filaminopathies A
 FYB related thrombocytopenia
 Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
 GNE myopathy with congenital thrombocytopenia
 Gray platelet syndrome (associated with giant platelet disorder)
 Harris platelet syndrome (associated with giant platelet disorder)
 Macrothrombocytopenia and hearing loss
 May–Hegglin anomaly (associated with giant platelet disorder)
 MYH9-related disease (associated with giant platelet disorder)
 PRKACG-related thrombocytopenia
 Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia/Jacobsen syndrome
 Sebastian syndrome
 SLFN14-related thrombocytopenia
 Stormorken syndrome
 TRPM7-related thrombocytopenia
 Thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome
 Tropomyosin 4-related thrombocytopenia
 TUBB1-related thrombocytopenia
 Upshaw–Schulman syndrome
 Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
 X-linked thrombocytopenia
 X-linked thrombocytopenia with thalassemia

Increased destruction

Abnormally high rates of platelet destruction may be due to immune or nonimmune conditions, including:
 Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
 Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
 Disseminated intravascular coagulation
 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
 Antiphospholipid syndrome
 Systemic lupus erythematosus
 Post-transfusion purpura
 Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
 Hypersplenism
 Dengue fever
 Gaucher's disease
 Zika virus

Medication-induced

These medications can induce thrombocytopenia through direct myelosuppression:
 Valproic acid
 Methotrexate
 Carboplatin
 Interferon
 Isotretinoin
 Panobinostat
 H2 blockers and proton-pump inhibitors

Other causes
 Laboratory error, possibly due to the anticoagulant EDTA in CBC specimen tubes; a citrated platelet count is a useful follow-up study
 Snakebite
 Lyme disease
 Thrombocytapheresis (also called plateletpheresis)
 Niemann–Pick disease

Diagnosis

Laboratory tests for thrombocytopenia might include full blood count, liver enzymes, kidney function, vitamin B12 levels, folic acid levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and peripheral blood smear. If the cause for the low platelet count remains unclear, a bone marrow biopsy is usually recommended to differentiate cases of decreased platelet production from cases of peripheral platelet destruction.

Thrombocytopenia in hospitalized alcoholics may be caused by spleen enlargement, folate deficiency, and most frequently, the direct toxic effect of alcohol on production, survival time, and function of platelets. Platelet count begins to rise after 2 to 5 days' abstinence from alcohol. The condition is generally benign, and clinically significant hemorrhage is rare.

In severe thrombocytopenia, a bone marrow study can determine the number, size, and maturity of the megakaryocytes. This information may identify ineffective platelet production as the cause of thrombocytopenia and rule out a malignant disease process at the same time.

Treatment

Treatment is guided by the severity and specific cause of the disease. Treatment focuses on eliminating the underlying problem, whether that means discontinuing drugs suspected to cause it or treating underlying sepsis.  Diagnosis and treatment of serious thrombocytopenia is usually directed by a hematologist. Corticosteroids may be used to increase platelet production. Lithium carbonate or folate may also be used to stimulate platelet production in the bone marrow.

Platelet transfusions
Platelet transfusions may be suggested for people who have a low platelet count due to thrombocytopenia.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a medical emergency, since the associated hemolytic anemia and platelet activation can lead to kidney failure and changes in the level of consciousness.  Treatment of TTP was revolutionized in the 1980s with the application of plasmapheresis.  According to the Furlan–Tsai hypothesis, this treatment works by removing antibodies against the von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease ADAMTS-13. The plasmapheresis procedure also adds active ADAMTS-13 protease proteins to the patient, restoring a normal level of von Willebrand factor multimers.  Patients with persistent antibodies against ADAMTS-13 do not always manifest TTP, and these antibodies alone are not sufficient to explain how plasmapheresis treats TTP.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Many cases of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, can be left untreated, and spontaneous remission (especially in children) is not uncommon. However, counts under 50,000/μL are usually monitored with regular blood tests, and those with counts under 10,000/μL are usually treated, as the risk of serious spontaneous bleeding is high with such low platelet counts. Any patient experiencing severe bleeding symptoms is also usually treated. The threshold for treating ITP has decreased since the 1990s; hematologists recognize that patients rarely spontaneously bleed with platelet counts greater than 10,000/μL, although exceptions to this observation have been documented.

Thrombopoetin analogues have been tested extensively for the treatment of ITP.  These agents had previously shown promise, but had been found to stimulate antibodies against endogenous thrombopoietin or lead to thrombosis. Romiplostim (trade name Nplate, formerly AMG 531) was found to be safe and effective for the treatment of ITP in refractory patients, especially those who relapsed following splenectomy.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Discontinuation of heparin is critical in a case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Beyond that, however, clinicians generally treat to avoid thrombosis. Treatment may include a direct thrombin inhibitor, such as lepirudin or argatroban. Other "blood thinners" sometimes used in this setting include bivalirudin and fondaparinux. Platelet transfusions are not routinely used to treat HIT because thrombosis, not bleeding, is the primary problem. Warfarin is not recommended until platelets have normalized.

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
Bone marrow/stem cell transplants are the only known cures for this genetic disease. Frequent platelet transfusions are required to keep the patient from bleeding to death before the transplant can be performed, although this is not always the case.

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived platelets
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived platelets is a technology currently being researched by the private sector, in association with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority  and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, that would create platelets outside the human body.

Neonatal thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia affects a few newborns, and its prevalence in neonatal intensive care units  is high. Normally, it is mild and resolves without consequences. Most cases affect preterm birth infants and result from placental insufficiency and/or fetal hypoxia. Other causes, such as alloimmunity, genetics, autoimmunity, and infection, are less frequent.

Thrombocytopenia that starts after the first 72 hours, since birth is often the result of underlying sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis. In the case of infection, polymerase chain reaction tests may be useful for rapid pathogen identification and detection of antibiotic-resistance genes.  Possible pathogens include viruses (e.g. cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, HIV), bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica), fungi (e.g. Candida spp.), and Toxoplasma gondii. The severity of thrombocytopenia may be correlated with pathogen type; some research indicates that the most severe cases are related to fungal or Gram-negative bacterial infection. The pathogen may be transmitted during or before birth, by breast feeding, or during transfusion. Interleukin-11 is being investigated as a drug for managing thrombocytopenia, especially in cases of sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis.

References

External links

Coagulopathies
Medical signs
Hematopathology

Thrombocytopenia


An Mesadenella angustisegmenta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Mesadenella angustisegmenta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mesadenella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mesadenella

Mesadenella angustisegmenta