HMAS Onslow (SS 60/SSG 60) is one of six s, previously operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). The submarine was named after the town of Onslow, Western Australia, and Sir Alexander Onslow, with the boat's motto and badge derived from Onslow's family heritage. Ordered in 1963, Onslow was laid down at the end of 1967 by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Scotland, launched almost a year later, and commissioned into the RAN at the end of 1969.

During her career, Onslow became the first conventionally powered submarine to be fitted with anti-ship missiles, and was successful in wargames, "sinking" a seven-ship flotilla during Exercise Kangaroo 3 in 1980 and the United States supercarrier  at RIMPAC 1998.

After being decommissioned in March 1999, Onslow was then presented to the Australian National Maritime Museum in April, where she is preserved as a museum ship.

Design and construction
Onslow is one of four Oberon-class submarines ordered in 1963. The last of this group, Onslow was laid down by Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. in Greenock, Scotland on 4 December 1967. She was launched by Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy on 3 December 1968, and commissioned into the RAN on 22 December 1969. The boat was named after the coastal town of Onslow, Western Australia, which was in turn named after Sir Alexander Onslow, the third Chief Justice of Western Australia. Onslows motto, Festina Lente (Latin for "Hasten Slowly"), is shared with the Onslow family, and the ship's badge contains a judge's wig. Although this was the only use of the name by the RAN, two surface ships of the Royal Navy have previously been named .

The submarine is  long, with a beam of , and a draught of  when surfaced. At full load displacement, Onslow displaces 2,030 tons when surfaced, and 2,410 tons when submerged. The two propeller shafts are each driven by an English Electric motor providing 3,500 brake horsepower and 4,500 shaft horsepower; the electricity for these is generated by two Admiralty Standard Range supercharged V16 diesel generators. These can propel the submarine at up to  on the surface, and up to  when submerged. Onslow has a maximum range of  at , and a test depth of  below sea level. When launched, the boat had a company of 8 officers and 56 sailors, but by the time she was decommissioned, the number of sailors had increased to 60. In addition, up to 16 trainees could be carried.

Unlike other submarines in her class, Onslow is fitted with a four-man diver access hatch, allowing for easier deployment and recovery of special forces divers.

Armament
The main armament of Onslow are six  bow torpedo tubes, capable of firing torpedoes or releasing sea mines. The British Mark 8 torpedo was initially carried by the submarine; this was replaced by the wire-guided Mark 23. During a refit from 1982 to 1984, Oberon became the first conventionally-powered submarine in the world to be fitted with anti-ship missiles—specifically, the UGM-84 Sub Harpoon. At the same time, the Mark 23 torpedoes were replaced by the United States Mark 48 wire-guided torpedo. As of 1996, the standard payload of Onslow was a mix of 20 Mark 48 Mod 4 torpedoes and Sub Harpoon missiles. Some or all of the torpedo payload could be replaced by Mark 5 Stonefish sea mines, which were deployed through the torpedo tubes.

The submarine's secondary armament consisted of two stern-mounted, short-length  torpedo tubes: these were intended for use against pursuing submarines, but the development of steerable wire-guided torpedoes shortly after the boat entered service made these redundant, and they were closed off during the 1982–84 refit. The aft tubes fired Mark 20 anti-submarine torpedoes.

Operational history

1970–1981
Onslow arrived in Sydney at the conclusion of her delivery voyage to Australia on 4 July 1970. On board was Vice Admiral Sir Victor Smith, at the time the Chief of Naval Staff, who had embarked at Brisbane. The boat visited Pearl Harbor later that year; arriving without being detected by the USN until she surfaced in the middle of the harbour. Onslow returned to Pearl Harbor in 1971 to participate in the RIMPAC multinational naval exercise. During the exercise, a practice torpedo fired by the United States Coast Guard Cutter  failed to disengage as designed and hit the submarine—the only damage was a small dent near the stern.

Onslow became the first vessel of the RAN to be assigned to the ANZUK force in Singapore on 22 July 1972. During another ANZUK deployment, in 1974, the boat's attack periscope was damaged when it came in contact with the log probe of the frigate . The boat returned to Australia on 18 December. On 5 May 1975, Onslow began a two-year refit at Cockatoo Island Dockyard, becoming the first Australian submarine to use the dockyard's new slave dock. This dock had been built specifically for refit work on Oberon-class submarines, and was the main location of all Onslows refits until 1990. In 1977, Onslow was presented with the Gloucester Cup, marking her as the most efficient warship in the RAN during the previous year—Onslow was the first submarine to receive the award.

In 1980, Onslow participated in Exercise Kangaroo 3 as an opposing submarine. During the exercise, Onslow carried out successful simulated attacks on all seven surface ships involved in the exercise without being 'sunk' herself, including a simultaneous 'attack' on two United States Navy (USN) amphibious warfare vessels and a RAN replenishment ship while they were under escort by the other four warships. To indicate her success, the submarine flew a Jolly Roger from her communications mast upon her return to port, which was marked with the silhouettes of her seven targets: the s  and , the  , the  , the  , the  , and the  .

On 1 March 1981, Onslow participated in wargames with a Royal New Zealand Navy frigate off the coast of Sydney. While operating at periscope depth, the submarine spotted an 'enemy' P-3C Orion aircraft and stopped snorting (the process of taking in air to operate the boat's two diesel generators and expelling the produced exhaust through a snorkel) in preparation to go deep. Both generators were turned off, but upon diving, it was quickly discovered that the starboard diesel had failed to switch off or had restarted and as the exhaust snorkel was sealed, the carbon monoxide exhaust filled the submarine. Onslow rapidly resurfaced, and the exhaust was pumped from the submarine. Able Seaman Christopher Passlow, who had been on the lower deck of the submarine at the time, died of asphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning, while another eighteen were rendered unconscious or were convulsing because of blood poisoning. Upon returning to base, doctors found that one-third of the 66 survivors had absorbed twice the lethal limit of carbon monoxide into their blood. The company was given a week's leave, with no further assistance from the RAN—psychological or otherwise. Two submariners were later awarded decorations for bravery.

The RAN Board of Inquiry into the incident concluded that the accident was caused by human error—the duty engineer failed to shut down both engines—but members of Onslows complement disagree with this, claiming the problem to be mechanical in origin. Changes were made to Submarine Service operating procedures as a result of the Inquiry, but the investigation and subsequent report remained classified until 2009, when the information was acquired by the Sunday Night newsmagazine program under the Freedom of Information Act. When interviewed by Sunday Night in March 2009, the deputy Chief of Navy, Rear Admiral Davyd Thomas (who had been Passlow's divisional officer prior to the incident) promised counselling for the survivors, and claimed that prior treatment of the Onslow submariners was due to a limited understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder back in the 1980s.

1982–1990
Onslow underwent a modernisation refit from 1982 until 1984, becoming the third Australian Oberon to be modernised. As part of the modernisation, integrated data processing and fire control systems were installed, and the boat was fitted with Micropuffs passive ranging sonar. The torpedo payload was upgraded to the United States Mark 48 wire-guided torpedo. In addition to new torpedoes, the modernisation allowed Oberon-class submarines to carry and fire the Harpoon anti-ship missile through the torpedo tubes: Onslow became the first conventionally-powered submarine in the world to be fitted with guided anti-ship missiles.

Onslow was the first Australian submarine to visit the west coast of the United States of America when she arrived in San Diego on 17 July 1985. The boat made goodwill visits to the cities of San Francisco and Seattle during mid-August, before participating in the Royal Fleet Review for the 75th anniversary of the Royal Canadian Navy.

Onslows "safe to dive" certificate ran out just after Christmas 1989. The Australian government had been trialling a program whereby refit work was tendered out to the private sector; delays in selecting the winning company and allocating the funds meant that an 18-month refit of the submarine scheduled to begin at the start of 1990 did not commence on time. Australian Defence Industries (ADI) was awarded the $100 million refit contract for Onslow and sister submarine  in July. Cockatoo Island's slave dock was transferred to the ADI facilities at Garden Island in November 1990, and was used for the refit. It was later found, during arbitration between the Australian Government and Cockatoo Island Dockyard for various issues, that by tendering out the submarine refits to other companies, the government was in breach of contract with the Dockyard; A$17.3 million in compensation was awarded to the dockyard in August 1996 for loss of profits and overhead costs.

1990–1999
In the early 1990s, four of Onslows sister boats were decommissioned from service. By 1996, Onslow and Otama were the only members of the class in active service.

During 1995, Onslow was deployed to South East Asia. During this deployment, the personnel of Onslow were involved in a controversial line-crossing ceremony while operating near the equator. During this particular ceremony, normally intended to induct new sailors into the 'court of King Neptune', the victims were verbally and physically abused, had their pelvises and genitals covered in what was described as a "blistering concoction", then thrown overboard and forced to stay there until the rest of the company permitted them on board. When one of the victimised sailors complained to superiors, he became subject to several administrative errors and inconveniences, to the point where he was forced to resign a year later. The sailor acquired a copy of a videotape made of the ceremony and presented it to the Nine Network, which broke the story on 6 July 1999. An inquiry into the incident aboard Onslow was held, which found that although guidelines had been developed in the years after the incident to prevent harassment in the Australian Defence Force, disciplinary charges against the sailors involved could not be laid, as more than three years had passed since the offence. The inquiry also stated that while line-crossing ceremonies would continue to be held aboard RAN vessels, they would be supervised by a non-involved member of the crew to prevent similar extreme situations developing. The deployment ended in December, with Onslow visiting her namesake town for the last time on her return to Australia.

On the evening of 16 April 1997, three Australian Special Air Service Regiment soldiers were injured when they were thrown from their Zodiac boat during launch and recovery exercises with the submarine. Later that year, in November, Onslow participated in a joint RAN-RAAF exercise off the coast of Western Australia. Over the end of 1997 and the start of 1998, Onslow and Otama were used for trials of the Australian-designed Narama towed array sonar. The Narama sonar was one of the towed arrays under consideration for incorporation with the under-developments, and was the array selected.

In mid-1998, the date of Onslows decommissioning was announced for early 1999. Representatives from the town of Onslow, Western Australia requested that the submarine visit her namesake town before decommissioning, but were informed that the submarine's planned operational schedule could not accommodate such a visit. As part of this schedule, Onslow participated in the 1998 RIMPAC exercise. The submarine had to pull out of the early part of the exercise: a resistor in the motor room switchboard had begun to smoke, forcing Onslow to return to Pearl Harbor for repairs. She departed on 12 July, but was forced to return less than 24 hours later when a smouldering smell was noticed. During the latter part of RIMPAC 98, on the morning of 10 August, Onslow located the 'enemy'  , closed to within  without being detected, then released green flares to indicate her location, 'sinking' the supercarrier. From 7 November onwards, Onslow was used as the target submarine for the annual Fincastle competition. Onslow operated on a secret patrol course  south of Kangaroo Island while aircraft from the competing Australian, British, Canadian, and New Zealand air forces attempted to locate and 'sink' her. No. 5 Squadron RNZAF was declared the winner, although all teams were successful in locating the submarine during at least one of their three attempts.

Decommissioning and preservation

Onslow was decommissioned from service on 30 March 1999. While in service, Onslow travelled . On the same day, sister boat Otama was permanently reassigned to the submarine base at  in Western Australia, clearing the way for the closure of .

The submarine was gifted to the Australian National Maritime Museum in April 1999. On 3 May 1999, the submarine was towed from Platypus to the museum at Darling Harbour. Onslow was docked next to , another warship belonging to the museum, and was officially opened to the public on 1 June 1999. Onslow is the second RAN submarine to be preserved as a museum ship; the first was sister submarine , which was decommissioned at the end of 1998 and installed at the Western Australian Maritime Museum. , she is one of seven Oberon-class submarines preserved in this manner.

On 22 November 2002, Onslow was taken by tugs to Garden Island for three weeks of maintenance in drydock. This included cleaning and repainting of the hull, replacement of the tributyltin coating used to prevent biofouling with a coating that was not harmful to marine organisms, and the sealing of several ballast tanks to improve the boat's stability and raise the aft section relative to the waterline. Onslow was returned to the museum on 11 December, and re-opened to the public three days later. In October and November 2008, Onslow returned to Garden Island for maintenance and upkeep. During this refit, an additional torpedo was loaded into the submarine's torpedo tubes and her hull was cleaned and painted. Another docking occurred on 18 May 2012, with hull cleaning, rust removal, repainting, and repairs to the boat's aft torpedo tubes done before she returned to display on 6 June. In November 2015, the submarine was moved to the new Warships Pavilion 'Action Stations' at the Australian National Maritime Museum alongside HMAS Vampire (D11) and HMAS Advance. In February 2018 Onslow was towed from the museum to Garden Island, Sydney, for regular maintenance in dry dock.

Gallery

Citations

References
Books

Journal articles

Newspaper articles

Other media

External links

Australian National Maritime Museum – Submarine – Postings from the Australian National Maritime Museum's weblog relating to Onslow
anmm.gov.au ANMM Action Stations Warships Pavilion
Action Stations microsite  Action Stations, November 2015

Oberon-class submarines of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1968 ships
Museum ships in Australia
Australian National Maritime Museum
Ships built by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company

HMAS Onslow


Fitzcarrald steht für folgende geographischen Objekte:

 Distrikt Fitzcarrald, Distrikt in Peru
 Provinz Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald, Provinz in Peru

Fitzcarrald ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald (1862–1897), peruanischer Unternehmer

Fitzcarrald


Tokat kebabı; taze kuzu eti, kuyruk yağı, patlıcan, domates, yeşil biber, patates, soğan, sarımsak ve özel pişirilmiş kebap pidesi kullanılarak yapılan Tokat yöresine ait bir yemektir. Tokat'ın dışında; Sivas, Ordu ve Amasya gibi illerde de yöresel farklılıklar gösterebilen Tokat kebapları yapılır. Özel kebap ocaklarında yapılır.

Küçük parçalar halinde kesilen etler baharat, biber ve soğanla terbiye edildikten sonra hafif yağlanmış şişlere takılmak üzere bekletilir. Şişlerin en başına bir parça kuyruk yağı takılır ve sebzelerin düşmemesi için patlıcanın sap kısmı da şişin ucuna takılır. Şiş üzerine bir et bir patlıcan ve sebze aralarına bir parça ince kesilmiş patates dizilir. Patlıcanların kabuğu alınmaz yarıdan kesilmiş ve uzun selvi doğranmış patlıcanlar önceden hafifçe tuzlanmalıdır. Bir şişe de sarımsaklar müstakil olarak takılır.

Kebap ocağının ortasında bulunan yatay demire şişler asılır. Fırının iki tarafında bulunan yatay bölümde yanan odunların ateşi ile pişmeye bırakılır. Fırının alt kısmında bulunan şaç tepsiye damlayan yağlar toplanır. Özel pişirilmiş pideler bir tepsiye yayılır. Pişen etler ve sebzeler bunun üzerine sıyrılır. Tepsinin ortasına pişen domatesler konulur. Üzerine toplanan yağlardan gezdirilerek servise alınır. Eski ustaların tabiriyle Tokat Kebabı sadece ısıyla değil ışıkla pişen bir kebaptır.

Türk mutfağındaki kebaplar
Kebaplar
Şişe geçirilen kebaplar

Tokat kebabı


Çinko (, , ), eski kaynaklarda Tutya (), mavimsi açık gri renkte, kırılgan bir metal. Elementlerin periyodik tablosunda geçiş elementleri grubunda yer alır. Düşük kaynama sıcaklığı dikkat çekicidir. Bu değer özellikle pirometalurjik metal üretiminde çok belirleyici bir etmendir. Dökülmüş halde sert ve kırılgandır. 120 °C'de şekillendirilebilir. Elektrokimyasal potansiyel dizisinde demirden daha negatif değerdedir. Böylece çinko anot olarak katodik korozyon korumada önemli bir kullanım bulur. Galvanizleme bu tür uygulamalardan biridir.

Bulunuşu
Çinko, yerkabuğunda en çok bulunan elementler arasında 23. sıradadır. En çok kullanılan cevheri sfalerit (ZnS) olup %40-50 çinko ve yaklaşık %10 demir içerir. Çinkonun ayrıştırıldığı diğer mineraller smitsonit (çinko karbonat), hemimorfit (çinko silikat) ve franklinit ((Fe,Mn,Zn)(Fe,Mn)2O4) dir.

Genel
Çinko, bileşiklerinde +2 değerlikli olarak bulunur ve oluşturduğu bileşiklerde genelde iyonik bağ yapar. Amonyak, amin, siyanür ve halojen iyonları ile kompleks bileşikler meydana getirir. Mineral asitlerinde H2 çıkışıyla çözünür. Ancak nitrik asitte NOx çıkışı olur. Dolayısıyla çinko, özellikle toz halde çok etkili bir ingirdeyicidir. Normal sıcaklıkta havada bırakılan metalin yüzeyinde koruyucu bir tabaka oluştuğundan bu sıcaklıkta halojenlere bile dayanıklıdır. HCl gazı çinkoyu çok çabuk korozyona uğratır. Toz çinkonun reaksiyona girme kabiliyeti oldukça fazla ise de yanıcı değildir. Yüksek sıcaklıkta oksijen, klor ve kükürt gibi elementlerle şiddetle reaksiyona girer. Cıva ile sert bir amalgam meydana getirir. Klorür ve sülfat tuzları suda yüksek miktarda çözünür. Buna karşılık çinko oksit, silikat, fosfat ve organik kompleksleri ya suda hiç çözünmezler ya da çok az çözünürler. Bileşikleri arasında çinko oksitin teknik ve ekonomik değeri vardır. Organik bileşikleri arasında çinko sabunu en önemli kullanıma sahiptir.

Etimolojisi ve tarihçesi
Çinko, antik çağlardan beri bilinen ancak üretimi ve kullanılması tam anlaşılamadığından diğer metallerle karıştırılan bir elementtir. Metalin ilk tarifi, Strabos'un yazdığı Mysia adlı eserin Andriera adlı bölümünde "Sahte gümüş" (False silver, Yunanca: Pseudargyros) olarak yapılmıştır.

Bilinen en eski çinko parçası Dakya medeniyetine ait Transilvanya'daki Dortaş harabelerinde bulunan ve %87.52 Zn + %11.41 Pb + %1.07 Fe içeren bir idoldür. MÖ 500 yıllarına ait Comeros harabelerinde çinkodan yapılmış iki bileziğe ve 79'da yıkılan Pompei harabelerinde ise çinkoyla kaplanmış bir musluğa rastlanmıştır.

MÖ 200 yıllarında pirinç, özellikle Roma'lılar tarafından iyi bilinen bir alaşımdı. Yapım tekniği ZnO içerikli hammaddenin redüksiyonu, çinko buharlarının metal bakır üzerinde kondanse edilmesi ve ergitme kademelerinden oluşuyordu. Özellikle simyacılar pirinç yapımını çok iyi biliyorlardı ve amaçları bu alaşımı bakıra, bakırı da altına dönüştürmekti.

Avrupa'da ilk kez Basilius Valentinius metalik çinkoyu tariflemeden "Zinck" terimini kullandı. "Zinck" isminin bir metal olduğu ve bu metalin fiziksel özellikleri Paracelsus (1490-1541) tarafından yazıldı. "Doğunun Plinius'u" (Romalı tabiatçı ve yazar Goius Plinius Secundus'a (23-79) benzetme) olarak tanınan Kazwiui (ölümü 630) Çinlilerin çinkodan sikke ve aynalar ürettiklerini söyler. Hintler 1000-1300 yılları arasında çinkoyu ticari boyutta üretmişlerdir. Mewar eyaletinin racalarından olan Ranu Laksh Singh'in Zawar madenlerini işlettiği (1382) bilinmektedir. Ancak bu cevher çıkarma ve izabe işlemleri feodal savaşlar nedeniyle ara sıra durmuş ve en sonunda Moğollarla yapılan Maratha savaşlarından sonra 1830'dan 1940 yılına kadar tamamen kapanmıştır.

17. ve 18. yüzyılda önemli miktarlarda külçe çinko doğudan Portekiz gemileri ile getiriliyor ve Hollandalılar tarafından dağıtılıyordu. Ürün; "Spelter", "Hint kalayı", "Caloaem" ve "Tutaney" gibi değişik isimler altında pazarlandı. 1745 yılında, doğudan gelen ve İsveç açıklarında batan bir gemiden çıkarılan külçeler %98.99 Zn, %0.765 Fe ve %0.245 Sb içeriyordu.

Üretim yöntemleri, gelişimi

1730 yılında çinko izabe bilgisi Çin'den İngiltere'ye geldi ve 1739'da aşağıya doğru distilasyon tekniği ile ilgili ilk patent alındı. 1740-1743 yıllarında Bristol'de üretime başlandı. Üretim yılda 200 ton civarında idi. Proseste, cevher + odun kömürü karışımı sızdırmaz kil potalarda işleniyordu. Potanın dibi bir boru ile aşağıdaki toplama kabına bağlıydı. Gazdan yoğuşan olan metal bu kaba damlıyordu. 1758'de alınan bir patentten sonra sülfürlü cevherlerden izabik çinko üretimine başlandı.

1798'de Silezya - Wessola'da demir yüksek fırınında elde edilen çinkolu artıklar (Zincky Crust = Skafold) odun ısıtmalı bir cam fırınında İngiliz yöntemi ile işlendi. Yine 18. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru kurulan Corinthia çinko izabe fırınında ilk dikey retort uygulamasına başlandı. 19. yüzyılın başlarında geliştirilen "Belçika prosesi" reverber fırınında izabe ve potada yoğuşmayı kapsıyordu . 1836'da Stolberg'de Belçika ve Silezya fırınlarının kombinasyonu olan "Renisch" fırını yapıldı. Fırın dikey retortlar, tek kondansatör ve dışarıdan ısıtma ile çalışıyordu.

Sheffield'da 1805 yılında 100-150 °C'ye tavlanan çinkonun saç haline geleceği keşfedildi. İlk sac haddesi 1812'de Belçika-Liège'de, ilk çinko levha ise 1857'de Philadelphia'da yapıldı. Endüstriyel üretime 1866 yılında La Salle-Illinois'de Matthiessen ve Hegeler tarafından başlandı.

ABD'de ilk üretim 1835 yılında Arsenal-Washington, DC'dedir. Amerikan hükûmeti bu tesiste Belçika'lı uzmanlarca eleman yetiştirilmesini ve çinko metal ve alaşımlarının standartlaşmasını sağlamıştır. İlk ticari üretim ise Belçika prosesine göre 1850'de New Jersey'de başlamıştır. Bununla beraber 1856'da Friedensville-Pennsylvania'da Silezya prosesi ve 1860'ta La Salle-Illinois'deki Belçika prosesi ile yapılan üretimler de önemli boyutlardaydı. 1850-1860 yıllarında kondensasyonun fırın üstünde pik plakalar üzerinde yapılmasını kapsayan Wetherill-American prosesi geliştirildi. 1860-1880 arasında Avrupa'da sekonder hava ısıtmalı ve gaz yakmalı fırınlar yapıldı ve ilk ısı değiştiriciler kullanıldı. Dikey mufla fırınlarındaki ilk uygulamalar 1878'de Fransa'da ve ABD'de gerçekleştirildi.

Yatay retort işlemi ise ilk kez 1872'de, ABD'de La Salle-Illinois'de denendi. Gaz ısıtmalı bir tünel fırında toplam 408 retort bulunuyordu. 1880'lerde sülfürlü cevherleri kavurmak ve H2SO4 üretimi için mekanik karıştırmalı muflalı fırın (Hegeler) geliştirildi. 1881'de asidik ZnSO4 çözeltisinden katodik çinko üretimi denendi ve başarısız oldu. Kavurma-Liç-Elektroliz'le çinko üretimini amaçlayan ilk tesis 1914'ten sonra gerçekleştirildi. 1895'te çinko izabesinde ilk defa doğal gaz kullanıldı. 20. yüzyılın başlangıcında flotasyon devreye girdi ve 1920'lerde sfalerit'in (ZnS) selektif flotasyonu gerçekleştirildi. I. Dünya Savaşı çok sayıda fabrika kurulmasını teşvik etti. 1917'de sinterleyici kavurma uygulaması çinko üretimini arttırdı. 1920'den itibaren Japonya, İtalya ve Fransa'da küçük; Norveç'te Odda'da, Kanada Manitoba'da (Flin Flon) ve Almanya'da Magdeburg'da büyük kapasiteli elektrolitik çinko tesisleri kuruldu. Dikey retort + sürekli distilasyon işlemi 1925'ten sonra Almanya ve İngiltere'de uygulandı. Ancak en başarılısı ABD'deki New Jersey prosesi idi.

II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra çinko izabesinde en büyük gelişmeler kavurmada akışkan yatak ve üretimde ISP (Imperial Smelting Process 1950-1960) uygulamalarının başlamasıydı. 1960-1980 yılları arasında ise nötr liç artıklarının değerlendirilmesi konusundaki çalışmalar tamamlandı.

Günümüzün en büyük çinko cevher üreticileri Avustralya, Kanada, Çin, Peru ve ABD'dir. Avrupalı üreticiler arasında ise; Belçika'da Vieille Montagne, İrlanda'da Tara ve İsveç'te Zinkgruvan sayılabilir. Çinko metali ekstraktif metalurji yöntemleri ile elde edilir. Çinko sülfür minerali, flotasyon tekniği kullanılarak zenginleştirilir ve ardından pirometalurjik yöntemlerle kavurma işlemi uygulanarak çinko sülfürün, çinko okside kavrulması sağlanır. Çinko oksit daha sonra sülfürik asitte liç edilir ve elde edilen çözelti çinko tozu ile arındırılır. Nihayet çinko metali, bu temiz çözeltiden elektroliz yoluyla katot levhalar halinde kazanılır. Çinko katotlar ya doğrudan dökümhaneye gönderilerek ingotlar halinde dökülür ya da alüminyum ile alaşımlandırılır.

Bir diğer çinko üretim prosesi de pirometalurjik bir proses olan flaş ergitme yöntemidir, ancak bu yöntemle elde edilen çinko oksit, hidrometalurjik alternatifine göre daha düşük safiyette çinko üretimine yol açar.

Kullanım alanları
Çinko, dünyada yıllık kullanım miktarı açısından demir, alüminyum ve bakırdan sonra gelir. Çinko:
 korozyondan korunma amacıyla, çelik gibi diğer metallerin galvanize edilmesinde,
 pirinç, nikelli gümüş, değişik lehimler, alman gümüşü gibi alaşımların yapımında,
 genellikle otomotiv endüstrisinde döküm kalıplarında,
 pillerin gövdelerinin yapımında kullanılır.
 Çinko oksit, sulu boyalarda beyaz pigment olarak ve lastik sanayiinde aktivatör olarak kullanılır. Reçetesiz satılabilen bazı merhemlerin bileşiminde bulunur ve ince bir tabaka halinde uygulandığında cildin su kaybetmesini önler. Yazın güneş, kışın da soğuk yanıklarına karşı koruyucudur. Bebeklerin bez bağlanan bölgelerinde çok az miktarda kullanılarak ciltte meydana gelebilecek kızarıklıklar önlenebilir. Yaşa bağlı göz hastalıklarının tedavisinde de kullanılır.
 Çinko klorür, deodorantlarda ve ahşap koruyucu olarak kullanılır.
 Çinko sülfür, karanlıkta parlayan pigment olarak saatlerin akrep ve yelkovanlarında kullanılır.
 Çinko metil, (Zn(CH3)2) pek çok organik maddenin sentezinde kullanılır.
 Çinko, pek çok günlük vitamin ve mineral ilaçlarının bileşenidir. Cildin ve kasların erken yaşlanmasını önleyen anti-oksidan özellikler taşıdığına inanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel
 Çinko, Addemir O., Açma E., Arslan C., Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1994. ISBN 975-7397-41-5

Piroteknik yakıtlar
Elementler
Simyasal maddeler
Besinsel mineraller
İndirgeyici maddeler
Geçiş metalleri

Çinko


Die Saison 2004/05 der Bayernliga war die 60. Spielzeit der Fußball-Bayernliga und die elfte als vierthöchste Spielklasse in Deutschland. Der Meister und Aufsteiger in die Regionalliga wurde die SpVgg Bayreuth mit einem Punkt Vorsprung auf den FC Ingolstadt 04.

Die Abstiegsplätze belegten der SC 04 Schwabach, die SpVgg Weiden und der BCF Wolfratshausen. Der 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 meldete während der Saison im Oktober 2004 einen Antrag auf Einleitung eines Insolvenzverfahrens und stand somit vorzeitig als Absteiger fest. Alle bereits absolvierten Spiele wurden aus der Wertung genommen. Die SpVgg Ansbach 09 stieg als fünfte Mannschaft in den Relegationsspielen mit den Vizemeistern der Landesliga Bayern ab.

Aus den drei Staffeln der Landesliga Bayern stiegen der Würzburger FV, die SG Quelle Fürth und die Amateure von Wacker Burghausen als jeweilige Staffelsieger auf. Über die Relegationsspiele qualifizierte sich der FC Kempten als vierter Aufsteiger. Der Absteiger aus der Regionalliga Süd war der 1. SC Feucht, der keine Regionalliga-Lizenz beantragt hatte. Die Bayernliga spielte in der folgenden Saison mit der Regelteilnehmerzahl von 18 Mannschaften.

Der Torschützenkönig wurde Andreas Fischer von der SpVgg Bayreuth mit 21 Treffern. Ab der Saison 2005/06 werden die Amateurmannschaften der Profivereine mit dem Zusatz II statt Amateure geführt.

Abschlusstabelle

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Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Torschützenliste

Relegationsrunde zur Bayernliga
Der Tabellen-15. der Bayernliga sowie die Vizemeister der drei Staffeln der Landesliga Bayern spielten nach Beendigung der Saison im K.O.-System einen weiteren Platz in der Bayernliga aus. Die Sieger der beiden Halbfinalspiele auf neutralem Platz spielten in einer Finalpartie – ebenfalls auf neutralem Platz – den Teilnehmer an der Bayernliga aus.

In den Halbfinalspielen trafen in Stegaurach der Bayernliga-Vertreter SpVgg Ansbach 09 auf den Vizemeister der Landesliga Staffel Nord, der FC Bayern Hof, und die Landesliga-Vizemeister der Staffeln Mitte, der ASV Neumarkt, und Süd, der FC Kempten, in Eching aufeinander. Die SpVgg Ansbach 09 und der FC Kempten erreichten das Finale.

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Der FC Kempten setzte sich im Finale in Gundremmingen mit 6:5 im Elfmeterschießen gegen die SpVgg Ansbach 09 durch. Der FC Kempten war somit der vierte Aufsteiger in die Bayernliga, während Ansbach der fünfte Absteiger in die Landesliga war.

|}

Weblinks
 Bayernliga 2004/05 bei kicker.de

200405
Fußballsaison 2004/05

Fußball-Bayernliga 2004/05


Hans Jørgensen Wegner (April 2, 1914 – January 26, 2007) was a Danish furniture designer. His work, along with a concerted effort from several of his manufacturers, contributed to the international popularity of mid-century Danish design. His style is often described as Organic Functionality, a modernist school with emphasis on functionality. This school of thought arose primarily in Scandinavian countries with contributions by Poul Henningsen, Alvar Aalto, and Arne Jacobsen.

Wegner has been referred to as the "King of Chairs" for his proliferated work designing seating. In his lifetime he designed over 500 different chairs, over 100 of which were put into mass production and many of which have become recognizable design icons.

Wegner received several major design prizes in his lifetime, from the Lunning Prize in 1951 and the Grand Prix of the Milan Triennale in the same year, to the Prince Eugen Medal in Sweden and the Danish Eckersberg Medal. In 1969, he was made honorary Royal designer for industry by the Royal Society of Arts in London.

Biography

Early life and education

Wegner was born to cobbler Peter Mathiesen Wegner and Nicoline Lausen on Smedegade 12 in Tønder. At an early age, Wegner shown interest in craft and could draw and create paper cuttings before he learned to walk. At home, Wegner was drawn to woodcarving and created wood sculptures based on Royal Copenhagen figurines he saw at the Tønder Museum.

At the age of 14, he worked as a child apprentice to master cabinetmaker H. F. Stahlberg. He soon discovered he had a feeling for wood and developed an affinity towards the material. At the age of 15, he made his first chair. Finishing his apprenticeship at 17, he crafted a lady's desk as part of his journeyman's test and remained employed in the workshop before joining the army.

During the army, he first saw the exhibition of the Copenhagen Cabinetmakers' Guild in 1935. The exhibits were a laboratory for experimentation between Master Cabinetmakers (such as Johannes Hansen, L. Pontoppidan, Niels Vodder, Jacob Kjær, and A. J. Iversen) and the best architects of the time (such as Kaare Klint, Vilhelm Lauritzen, and Ole Wanscher). These exhibits gave Wegner a first-hand experience of what the combination of workmanship and design could produce. Wegner decided to become a designer with the aim of producing and selling his furniture.

Wegner realized his skills needed improvement if he wished to fulfill his dream of opening his own workshop. After the military, Wegner took a 2.5 month cabinetmaking course at the Danish Technological Institute. Subsequently, he attended the School of Arts and Crafts' carpentry program located within the Danish Museum of Art & Design in Copenhagen. Wegner was led by the instruction of Orla Mølgaard-Nielsen, a student from Klint's school, and he was strongly influenced by functionalism. Wegner garnered attention at school from his teachers for his developed drawing skills. His painting teacher tried to convince him to pursue a career as a portrait painter.

He participated at his first Cabinetmakers' Guild exhibition in 1938, where he presented the Stangerup Chair - named after the person who purchased it.

Early career in Aarhus

In 1938, Wegner took a one-year leave from his studies to work on the Aarhus City Hall project on the recommendation of his teacher. Arne Jacobsen and Erik Møller had won a bid to design the Aarhus City Hall and employed Wegner to create the furniture. However, World War II caused delays in the City Hall project and he was first assigned to work on the  under Møller and Flemming Lassen. Today, the library displays early photos of Wegner's contributions to the library as well as a website dedicated to the historic design. While the library was well-received and Møller and Lassen were awarded the Eckersberg Medal, Wegner's contributions weren't as widely publicized at the time. From 1939-1942, Wegner worked on the Aarhus City Hall project and was responsible for all the furnishings. Wegner began working on three lines of modular office furniture for Planmøbler while working on the City Hall. Some of the Planmøbler furniture was used in the office wings of the City Hall. In 1940, Wegner made what could be called the two most pivotal relationships in his life. The first one was a personal relationship. He met Inga Helbo, a secretary in Jacobsen's office, and they were married on November 9, 1940. The second relationship was professional. Orla Mølgaard-Nielsen played another vital role in Wegner's life by connecting him with master cabinetmaker Johannes Hansen.

After finishing the Aarhus City Hall project, Wegner was unable to return to Copenhagen due to travel restrictions during Nazi occupation. Wegner never did return to school to complete the carpentry program and, as a result, he never received instruction from the "father of Danish modern furniture design" Kaare Klint (who taught the final part of the program). He continued to work for Jacobsen until 1943 when he opened an independent studio in Aarhus. He designed for Mikael Laursen during this time. He was later employed by his classmate Børge Mogensen, who was the head of furniture design for FDB Møbler (a division of the Danish cooperative FDB).

In 1944, Wegner created the Peter's Chair (CH410). Wegner was looking for a christening gift for Børge Mogensen's son, Peter, but he was unable to find one because resources were limited under Nazi occupation. Instead, Wegner designed a children's chair himself. The chair was composed of four pieces that fit together like a three-dimensional puzzle, without the need for any adhesive or fasteners. Impressed with the design, Mogensen put the chair into production and sold it at FDB. The chair and an accompanying table that Wegner later designed are still in production today under Carl Hansen & Søn.

For Johannes Hansen's booth in the 1944 Cabinetmakers' Guild exhibition, Wegner created what might be considered his most decorative and most laborious piece: the Fish Cabinet. The exterior of the cabinet followed Kaare Klint's strict functional style with a rational geometric shape and little decorative elements. The interior, however, is an elaborate display of an underwater scene. Due to its technically demanding intarsia design, Johannes Hansen would not agree to produce the cabinet. Wegner decided to produce it himself using a pocket knife, which took three weeks to assemble all of the roughly 3,000 pieces of wood.

Wegner would only complete a few items for FDB Møbler before he was recruited by one of FDB's subcontractors, Fritz Hansen. He created the China Chair series for Fritz Hansen in 1944. While living in Aarhus, Wegner spent much of his time at the library where he learned about different furniture movements and styles. He saw a Chinese chair in a book by Ole Wanscher that served as inspiration for this chair series. Two of the four China Chairs would go into production.

Return to Copenhagen and international success
Wegner returned to Copenhagen in 1946 where he accepted a teaching position at the Danish School of Arts and Crafts at Mølgaard-Nielsen's suggestion. Wegner also worked for Palle Suenson's studio while teaching, where he was primarily responsible for renovating and designing furniture for the M/S Venus, a ship which had been damaged by the Germans during the occupation.

In 1947, Wegner designed the Peacock Chair for Johannes Hansen.Wegner began to experiment with molded plywood in 1948. Plywood had become popularized as a furniture material by the Eames and Alvar Alto and many designers were drawn to use this new lamination technology. That year, he submitted designs for a plywood chair in the MoMA's International Competition for Low Cost Furniture Design. His first shell chair (FH1936) as well as a bench version (FH1935) went into production for Fritz Hansen that same year.

Wegner's two most notable works, the Round Chair and the Wishbone chair, both came in 1949. That year, Wegner presented three chairs for the annual exhibition of the Copenhagen Cabinetmakers' Guild while employed by Johannes Hansen: a three-part (tripartite) plywood shell chair, the Folding Chair, and the Round Chair. The Danish press that attended the event initially paid attention to the tripartite chair. While the tripartite chair had captured the attention of the Danish press, American journalists attended the event for the first time and were drawn to the Round Chair. The American journalists shared the news of this chair back home and it became was the subject of much attention internationally. The American magazine Interiors featured the chair in their piece on the event and christened it "most beautiful chair in the world." This was the first coverage of Danish Modern in the American press.

That same year, Wegner also created the Wishbone Chair. Carl Hansen & Søn commissioned Wegner to create a chair that was both high quality and able to be mass produced. Wegner presented 4 chairs designs for Carl Hansen: CH22, CH23, the Wishbone Chair (CH24), and CH25. While all the chairs went into production the following year, the Wishbone Chair became his greatest commercial success and has remained in continuous production.

In 1951, Ejvind Kold Kristensen created Salesco A/S, a company that exclusively promoted Wegner's work both domestically and abroad. Seeing the large potential for commercial success abroad, Salesco was a partnership between five of Wegner's preferred manufacturers, each with their own specialty, that would benefit from the shared marketing and sales resources to bring Wegner's works to more customers. The five manufacturers were Ry Møbler made bookcases, desks, and bulky items; A.P. Stolen made large upholstered furniture; Getama made furniture with loose cushions; Andreas Tuck made tables; and Carl Hansen & Søn made chairs. The company would allow Wegner to produce works across many factories at mass production and not be dependent on annual exhibits to market his works. With this centralized business, international purchasers only needed to visit a single showroom on Rygårds Alle in Copenhagen to see all of Wegner's Salesco collection. This organization made in possible for Wegner's work to proliferate without the designer having to worry about the production and export networks.

In 1951, Wegner won the inaugural Lunning Prize along with Finnish designer Tapio Wirkkala. The prize money allowed Wegner and his wife to take a three-month study tour to the United States and Mexico. The couple took the trip in 1953 after their two daughters were old enough to stay with their grandparents. Wegner witnessed the industrialized furniture production of the US but preferred to adhere to Denmark's traditional methods and rejected multiple offers, including one from Raymond Loewy, to move his furniture production to the US. Wegner stayed with Edgar Kaufmann Jr. at Fallingwater during the trip.

In 1959, Frederik Lunning hosted a retrospective of Wegner's work at Georg Jensen in New York.

Ten years after its initial release, the Round Chair became the subject to even greater attention and more accolades when chosen for the seating of the first televised U.S. presidential debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy on September 26, 1960.

From 1962-1963, Wegner works with architects Allan Jessen and Arne Karlsen on designing his family home and design studio in Gentofte.

Supplier issues and decline in popularity
US imports of Wegner's furniture declined in the late 1960s due to an ill-fated deal with Georg Jensen, Inc (the New York agency for Georg Jensen and a premier retailer for Danish home goods). In this agreement, Salesco gave Georg Jensen exclusive distribution rights within the United States. Georg Jensen added a hefty premium on all of Wegner's furniture which frustrated interior designers who balked at paying 3-4 times the retail prices in Denmark. When Georg Jensen shuttered in 1968, the US was left without a distributor for Salesco's five manufacturers. Johannes Hansen was not a member of the organization and was unaffected by this.

The issues with the Georg Jensen deal were happening in the backdrop of a much larger and looming issue facing Danish furniture imports. In the late 1960s through the 1990s, Danish furniture suffered from an exhausted international market, a surge in low quality furniture from Denmark that lessened its allure, and rampant plagiarism from aboard. The Newer trends like bean bags, Eero Aarnio's Ball Chair from Finland, and the Memphis Group's colorful furniture from Italy were now seen as more appealing. In addition to changes in style preferences, customers' shopping habits had changed to favor affordable and lower-cost furniture over a single investment that would last their lifetime.

In 1969, the Knoll furniture company acquired the U.S. distribution rights for the Wegner designs manufactured by Johannes Hansen in Copenhagen. The collection included over a dozen chairs and a cabinet design.

A New York Times article noted "[Danish furniture] went out of style. [...] After being widely acclaimed and acquired, it was copied and cheapened and then replaced by those whose business is marketable novelty and change." The furniture industry in Denmark suffered greatly. The Cabinetmakers' Guild Exhibition, which Wegner presented new designed with Johannes Hansen, held its final event in 1966 after too few cabinetmakers remained in Copenhagen to sustain it. Wegner's furniture manufacturers fared better than others during this time but many eventually closed down: Andreas Tuck closed in 1972, A.P. Stolen went bankrupt in 1974, and Johannes Hansen would close in the 1990s.The Salesco collaboration with Wegner would collapse in 1969. There are differing opinions on what led to this breaking point. In a book published by Carl Hansen & Søn on their corporate history, the author attributes Wegner's dissatisfaction to Salesco managing director Henning Foss-Pedersen's attempt to influence what products Wegner designed and dictate which manufacturers got assigned to new designs. In the biography on the founder of PP Møbler, the breakdown is also attributed to rivalries between the five manufacturers and that Salesco started to work with other designers. Wegner gave the Salesco board of directors an ultimatum: choose him or Foss-Pedersen. Salesco chose Foss-Pedersen due to a very large severance package in his contract. Wegner vowed he would never again set foot in any of the Salesco companies; the companies would continue to manufacture any existing designs items but Wegner would not create new furniture for them. Wegner kept his promise and never worked with any of these companies again. To further distance the company from its former collaborator, Salesco updated their logo to feature an "S" instead of Wegner's initials.

Getama left Salesco before the falling out. Wegner initially took Salesco's side and told a newspaper that it would be difficult to continue to work with Getama. However, Wegner changed course after he parted with Salesco and continued to produce furniture for Getama. Getama and Wegner saw continued success in their residence halls furniture series designed for Denmark's growing university population.

Later years and revival
After the fallout with Salesco, Wegner became more attached to PP Møbler. PP Møbler was a supplier to A.P. Stolen but didn't produce furniture under its own name. From 1962 to 1968, Wegner used PP Møbler workshop to create prototypes and experiments; when successful, the designs would go into production with other manufacturers like Getama and A.P. Stolen. In 1969, he urged the company to produce under its own brand name and his first chair especially for PP Møbler (PP201). Wegner also designed their logo. As Wegner's other manufacturers closed down, he moved production of many pieces originally designed for Andreas Tuck, A.P. Stolen, and Johannes Hansen to PP Møbler.

Wegner's later work under PP Møbler took a distinctive turn from his earlier designs. His chairs began to look more Scandinavian, functionalist, and Apollonian. He started using lighter colored woods as foreign and exotic woods became less appealing to consumers. To appeal to consumers interests, many of Wegner's early designs PP inherited were released in lighter woods (like maple) instead of the darker woods (like teak) with which the designs were originally produced. A signature characteristic of many chairs created for PP Møbler is a light wood chair with an inlay of darker wood in the top rail. This can be seen in the PP201, PP62, PP63, and PP701.

Wegner hired his daughter Marianne, who was also a designer, to work at his design studio in 1973. In 1975, they collaborated on creating a streetlamp for a Louis Poulsen design competition. The lamp, informally called the Wegner Lamp (Danish: Wegner lygten), won first place in the competition and can be found today around Tønder, Denmark.

In 1978, DFDS commissioned Wegner and PP Møbler to create 800 chairs for the Dana Anglia ferry. The resulting chair (PP52/PP62 or the "Ferry Chair") has been regarded for its remarkable durability. In 1982, someone contacted PP Møbler for a replacement seat after they found a PP52 chair washed up on the west coast of Denmark. It turned out to be the version made exclusively for the ferry. Even though the chair had fallen off the ferry and traveled through the North Sea, the frame remained intact and only required a new seat.

In the late 1990s, Danish modern and the broader Mid century modern movement experienced a revival in international interest. Wegner, like many designers of the period, saw a surge of renewed interest in their work. Wegner's furniture was now in such demand that he was cited as "the man of the hour in a hot collecting market" in a 1998 New York Times article.

Retirement and legacy
As Wegner got older, his health started declining and he withdrew from work. Wegner retired in 1993 and his daughter Marianne took over his studio. Marianne said of Wegner's retirement, "Towards the end of the 1980s, I could feel that my father's energy level was faltering...but I was there to help out. I took on more and more tasks along the way. [...] He continued to draw some furniture until 1993, but after that, he couldn't really concentrate on the work anymore and he also had trouble walking down the stairs to the drawing room." He was placed in a nursing home in 2001 and started using a wheelchair.

In August 1995, Museum Sønderjylland opened a permanent exhibit of Wegner's work in the . Wegner gifted 36 chairs for display on the exhibit which he felt comprised his best work.
On January 26, 2007, Wegner passed away at the age of 92. In Wegner's own lifetime he was able to witness a surge of renewed interest in his work. PP Møbler and Marianne Wegner worked together to create an engraved oak headstone for his gravesite at Mariebjerg Cemetery in Gentofte.

To mark the 100 year anniversary of Wegner's birth in 2014, a series of events took place to commemorate the artist. Designmuseum Danmark opened the Just One Good Chair exhibition to showcase a retrospective of Wegner's work, as well as published an accompanying book in English, Danish, and German. The Art Museum in Tønder put on the "Hans J Wegner: A Nordic Design Icon from Tønder" exhibition, with an accompanying book of the same name in Danish and English. The Art Museum in Tønder also released Hans, His Chairs and The World, a children's book about Wegner's life. Post Danmark issued a commemorative stamp.

A number of Wegner's furniture was put into production in 2014 to mark Wegner's 100th birthday. PP Møbler released the Upholstered Peacock Chair (PP550) and Hammock Chair (PP135) and put the Tub Chair (PP530) into production for the first time. Carl Hansen & Søn released the CH88 chair and CH825 credenza.

Art Museum in Tønder and Tønder Municipality created the Wegner Prize in 2015 to recognize designers or institutions that have contributed to Wegner's memory or the development of Nordic design. Winners of the prize include Noritsugu Oda, Aarhus City Hall, Cabinetmakers' Autumn Exhibition, and PP Møbler, Getama, and Carl Hansen & Søn.

In February 2020, a group formed the Association for the establishment of a Museum for Hans J. Wegner (Danish: Foreningen til etablering af et museum for Hans J. Wegners møbelkunst) to explore creating an entire museum dedicated to Wegner in Tønder. The association plans to spend up to three years investigating the feasibility and seeking grants to bring the idea to life. Wegner's family has been supportive and offered up items from his design studio to display at the museum.

Personal style and design characteristics

Use of wood
Almost all of Wegner's creations are made of wood. Having worked with wood from an early age and being trained as a cabinetmaker, the designer was very attached to this material. In addition to wood, Wegner also utilized other traditional construction materials like upholstery, caning, and paper cord. His style is known for taking traditional elements and pushing them to extreme tolerances and distillations. Unlike his contemporaries, Wegner did not focus on materials like fiberglass and plastics (Verner Panton), steel (Poul Kjaerholm), or polyurethane foam (Arne Jacobsen).

While Wegner preferred wood, he occasionally designed chairs that would not be possible with wood. For the Circle Chair (PP130), Wegner originally designed it with a steel ring because such a method for making the large ring from wood wasn't available in 1965, however, when it was finally put into production in 1985, PP Møbler was able to make it entirely from wood.

Variations on a theme

Wegner often drew upon his own designs to create new chairs. Many of Wegner's chairs borrow characteristics from his prior works. The danish art critic Henrik Sten Møller named his 1979 book on Wegner Tema Med Variationer (English: Variations on a theme) after Wegner's tendency to return to earlier works and evolve them.

The Chinese Chair was created in 4 different versions. Later, the Wishbone Chair was based on the early Chinese Chair series. The Cow Horn Chair and Swivel Chair can trace their curved back to the Round Chair.

Adherence to traditional craftsmanship
Wegner said of his work, "I have always wanted to make unexceptional things of an exceptionally high quality." Many of Wegner's wooden chairs are characterized by traditional joinery techniques including mortise and tenons, finger joints, and sculpted elements such as armrests and seat supports. In the early models of the Round Chair, Wegner used a mortise and tenon joint to connect the arms at the middle of the backrest. Wegner was dissatisfied with the way that this looked and wrapped the backrest in cane to hide what he considered to be an unsightly design. Unhappy with this compromise and the deceptive illusion that the arms and backrest were constructed from a single piece of wood, Wegner later updated the design to use a zigzag patterned finger joint to connect the three parts. In the Peacock chair, the connection of the legs to the seat is accentuated by the use of a darker wood wedge in the mortise and tenon joint. These features emphasize the process involved in bringing the furniture together and help inform the user of the craftsmanship employed in his work.

Homage to historical works
In addition to an adherence to traditional craftsmanship, many of Wegner's pieces also paid homage to historical and traditional chairs. This can be seen in Peacock Chair which is based on a classic windsor chair and the Chinese Chair series which was inspired by Ming dynasty chair design. Wegner described his approach as "stripping the old chairs of their outer style and letting them appear in their pure construction."

Notable designs

See also
Danish modern
Danish design

Further reading
 — biography
 — biography
 — survey of Wegner's work
 — on Wegner's relationships with manufacturers

References

Works cited

External links
Hans Wegner  on Designmuseum Danmark's Furniture Index
Hans Wegner on the Kunstindeks Danmark
Wegner's Obituary in the New York Times
PP Møbler

Danish designers
Danish furniture designers
2007 deaths
1914 births
Danish modern
Modernist designers
Recipients of the Eckersberg Medal
Recipients of the C.F. Hansen Medal
Recipients of the Prince Eugen Medal
Burials at Mariebjerg Cemetery

Hans Wegner


Lupul de fier (Lithuanian: Geležinis Vilkas) este un personaj mitologic dintr-o legendă medievală a întemeierii orașului Vilnius, capitala Marelui Ducat al Lituaniei și a Republicii Lituania de astăzi. A fost menționat prima dat în Cronicile Lituaniene, legenda având câteva similitudini cu Lupa Capitolina și e posibil să se reflecte din dorința lituanienilor de a-și arăta rădăcinile legendare din Imperiul Roman. Legenda a devenit populară în perioada naționalismului romantic. În zilele noastre, Lupul de fier este unul din simbolurile orașului Vilnius și este folosit de echipe sportive, armata lituaniană, cercetași.

După legendă, marele duce Gediminas (cca. 1275 – 1341) era la vânătoare în pădurea sfântă din apropiere de valea Šventaragis, aproape de locul în care râul Vilnia se varsă în râul Neris. Obosit, după ce a vânat un zimbru, ducele și-a făcut tabără pentru noapte. A adormit imediat și a vizat un lup de fier uriaș, stând pe vârful unui deal și urlând la fel de tare ca o sută de lupi. Când s-a trezit i-a cerut preotului păgân Lizdeika să-i explice visul. Preotul i-a spus: "Ce îi sunt destinate conducătorului și statului Lituaniei sunt acestea: lupul de fier reprezintă un castel și un oraș va fi fondat de tine în acest loc. Acest oraș va fi capitala pământurilor lituaniene și va fi locul de trai al conducătorilor și gloria faptelor lor va răsuna prin lume." Atunci Gediminas, ascultând voia zeilor, a construit orașul și i-a dat numele Vilnius – de la râul Vilnia.

Note

Istoria Lituaniei
Vilnius
Lupi în folclor, religie și mitologie
Legende medievale

Lupul de fier


A.I. Rising (cunoscut și ca Ederlezi  Rising sau Ederlezi ébredése) este un film science fiction  sârb (în limba engleză)  din 2018. Este regizat de Lazar Bodrosa și este bazat pe o scurtă poveste din 1980 a lui Zoran Neskovic care a fost adaptată de scenaristul Dimitrije Vojnov. În film interpretează actorii Sebastian Cavazza, Stoya, Marusa Majer și Kirsty Besterman.

Prezentare
Într-o distopie socialistă în viitorul nu prea îndepărtat, Corporația Ederlezi trimite o misiune spațială în sistemul stelar Alpha Centauri. Compania îl alege pe  Milutin, un cosmonaut cu experiență, dar îi cere s-o accepte pe Nimani, un android conceput să răspundă dorințelor cosmonautului și care să-i monitorizeze activitatea de pe navă. Lui Milutin nu-i place ideea, deoarece a avut experiențe neplăcute cu femeile în trecut, dar acceptă implicit când întreabă cum va arăta ea.

Nimani este activată în timpul călătoriei și Milutin experimentează cu scenariile sale programate, inclusiv nenumărate contacte sexuale. El consideră că ea este prea artificială și prea supusă, spre deosebire de femeile umane cu care a avut de-a face. Milutin se plictisește de ea și creează un scenariu în care ea acționează ca o tânără la prima iubire și în care el o violează. Milutin descoperă că Nimani are un sistem de operare paralel bazat pe experiențe modelate prin interacțiuni cu utilizatorul și că poate să-i înlăture constrângerile pre-programate dacă poate obține acces avansat, dar acesta îi este refuzat de computerul de bord al navei. Cei doi dezvoltă o relație romantică, iar Milutin constată că ea începe să acționeze dincolo de programarea ei și descoperă că ea dezvoltă emoții în timpul interacțiunii cu el. Hotărât să afle dacă sentimentele ei sunt reale sau programate, el forțează nava spațială să intre pe un curs greșit, ceea ce determină computerul navei să-i acorde un acces avansat.

El șterge apoi software-ul încorporat în ea. În loc să fie recunoscătoare pentru eliberarea ei de limitările pre-programate, ea reacționează în mod violent la ștergerile suferite și refuză să mai facă sex cu el. Milutin cade într-o depresie profundă după ce Nimani îi respinge avansurile sale. Pentru a menține obiectivele misiunii, Nimani încearcă apoi să se împrietenească cu Milutin și își manifestă înțelegerea față de scopul lui Milutin de a crea o viață nouă și de a o face mai umană. Ea determină că trebuie să se autodistrugă pentru a îmbunătăți starea mentală a lui Milutin. Milutin este surprins să o vadă plângând înainte de autodistrugerea ei programată și este informat de computerul navei că plânsul ei înainte de autodistrugere nu a fost un răspuns pre-programat, ci a fost natural. El este devastat, dar computerul navei îi spune că o poate salva prin reîncărcarea bateriei interne, proces care necesită ieșirea lui în spațiul cosmic și posibilele otrăviri prin radiații. Milutin este în stare să încarce bateria și să o reactiveze cu succes Nimani, dar moare înainte de a vedea repornirea lui Nimani. Nimani îl îmbrățișează pe Milutin care este mort, în timp ce nava își continuă călătoria.

Distribuție
 Sebastian Cavazza ca astronautul Milutin
 Stoya ca androidul Nimani
 Marusa Majer ca inginer social din Moscova
 Kirsty Besterman ca vocea computerului navei

Primire
Potrivit unei revizuiri a filmului pe OnVideo.org, AI Rising este un film care este "o călătorie spațială, plină de imagini spirituale, care vă va duce... dincolo de stele [dar] și adânc în sufletul vostru". Dean Haspiel descrie filmul ca fiind "Adam și Eva în spațiul cosmic"; iar Cindy Gallup ca pe un film "uimitor de atmosferic". Autorul John Scalzi afirmă că filmul este "interesant din punct de vedere filosofic", potrivit trailerului oficial al filmului. Actrița de filme pornografice Stoya, potrivit redactorului Cineuropa, Vladan Petkovic, "se dovedește a fi o actriță talentată, care creează un personaj care acoperă în mod convingător spectrul dintre android și om". Potrivit recenzorului Jeremy Clarke, filmul conține sugestii ale mai multor filme clasice SF, printre care Metropolis, 2001: O odisee spațială, Solaris sau Vânătorul de recompense și mai constată că "deși există suficiente imagini artistice exterioare [ale navei] pentru a satisface atmosfera științifico-fantastică, mult mai importantă este complexitatea unei profunde relații masculino-feminine". Criticul de film Srdjan Garcevic a declarat că "AI Rising este o examinare vizuală uimitoare, ambițioasă și oportună a iubirii în epoca apariției inteligenței artificiale". Filmul a fost revizuit pozitiv și de alții.

A.I. Rising a câștigat mai multe premii, inclusiv premiul pentru cel mai bun film, cel mai bun regizor și cea mai bună actriță la Festivalul de Film de la Belgrad, FEST, precum și premiul Cineplexx Distribution la Festivalul de Film Let's CEE din Viena.

Vezi și
 Inteligență artificială, film din 2001
 Android, film din 1982
 Inteligență artificială
 Vânătorul de recompense, film din 1982
 Ex Machina, film din 2014
 Metropolis, film din 1927
 Solaris, film din 1972
 Android, film din 2013
 2001: O odisee spațială, film din 1968

Referințe
Note de subsol
 Citări

Legături externe

 Site oficial

 Videoclipuri conexe:

 A.I. Rising (R-rated trailers; (1:51) & (1:37)
 A.I. Rising (Interview/Stoya) (5:12); (1:21)
 Ederlezi song (3:43); (4:28); (4:22).

Filme sârbești
Filme cu acțiunea în viitor
Filme cu acțiunea în spațiul cosmic
Filme în limba engleză
Filme distopice
Filme cyberpunk
Filme SF din anii 2010
Filme din 2018
Filme cu roboți
Pages with unreviewed translations
Filme Lionsgate
Filme SF sârbești
Filme despre astronauți

A.I. Rising


غايا (gaia) أوغيا (gaea)( أو )، مشتقة من ا اللغة الإغريقية ، وتعني "الأرض" أو "اليابسة." واشتهرت به زوجة أورانوس (Uranus) في الميثولوجيا الإغريقية. وقد يشير أيضًا إلى:

 غايا (ميثولوجيا)، آلهة الأرض اليونانية القديمة

حماية البيئة
 فرضية غايا، يتعلق استقرار النظم الطبيعية للأرض
 فلسفة غايا، ومفهوم أن الكائنات الحية وتحسين بيئتهم
 غايا، والأرض في العصر الجديد Gaian الروحانية

علوم وتكنولوجيا
 Gaea (الحفرة)، حفرة على Amalthea، أحد أقمار كوكب المشتري
 غايا (مركبة فضائية) أطلقت، مهمة الفضاء الأوروبية في عام 2013
 فيرفكس (نظام تشغيل)، واجهة المستخدم من فايرفوكس OS
 غايا، لمحة ونظام تسجيل الدخول في جوجل
 غايا، العملاق تديرها الإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي (نوا)

سينما وتلفزيون
 غايا (حرف روما)، شخصية في المسلسل التلفزيوني التاريخي الدراما روما (2005-2007)
 الترامان غايا، شخصية في المسلسل التلفزيوني أوفا أنمي التي تحمل الاسم نفسه (1999)
 غايا، كوكب في المسلسل التلفزيوني انمي الرؤية من Escaflowne (1994-1997)
 غايا، شخصية في المسلسل التلفزيوني الدراما سبارتاكوس: آلهة الحلبة (2011)
 غايا، والروح في فيلم الخيال العلمي الخيال النهائي: فاينل فانتسي: ذا سبيريتس ويذين (2001)
 غايا، روح الأرض في المسلسلات والرسوم المتحركة فرسان الكوكب (1990-1996)
 غايا، روح الأرض في بريطانيا المسلسل التلفزيوني حافة الظلام (1985)

ألعاب فيديو
 Gaea الدروع، وسمة من سمات ميجا مان إكس 5 (2000)
 غايا، شخصية في ساحة المعركة Toshinden (1995)
 غايا، شخصية في EVO: البحث عن عدن (1992)
 غايا، شخصية في إله الحرب 2 (2007)
 غايا، شخصية في Grandia (1997)
 غايا، شخصية في الوهم جايا (1993)
 غايا الظلام والضوء غايا، حرفين في سونيك أنليشد (2008)
 غايا، عالم خيالي في فاينل فانتازي 9 (2000)
 غايا، وهي خطوة في ميجا مان نجم القوة 3: الأحمر جوكر (2008)
 الذكاء الاصطناعي لعبة مع وكلاء، محركا في منبوذ (1999)
 غايا (فاينل فانتسي السابع)، عالم خيالي
 Gaians، فصيل في ألفا قنطورس سيد ماير (1999)

أماكن
 غرانتلي آدمز المطار الدولي، بربادوس
 فيلا نوا دغايا، مدينة وبلدية في شمال البرتغال
 غايا (هافانا)، ومركز الفنون في هافانا، كوبا
 غايا نهر، رومانيا
 غايا، وهي قرية في Murgaşi البلدية، مقاطعة دولج، رومانيا
 نهر غايا، نهر في كاتالونيا
 غاية (برشلونة) غايا، وهي قرية في كاتالونيا
 غايا (ويعرف أيضا باسم صوفيا)، واحدة من Echinades الجزر في البحر الأيوني

الأدب
 Gaea (مارفيل كوميكس)، وهو شخصية وهمية
 Gaea ثلاثية، سلسلة روايات الخيال العلمي (1979 و 1980 و 1984) من قبل جون فارلي
 غايا (مؤسسة الكون)، كوكب خيالي في أعمال اسحاق اسيموف
 غايا (مارفيل كوميكس)، شخصية وهمية
 غايا والعتاد، سلسلة من خمس روايات من قبل يوشيوكي تومنو
 غايا مور، بطلة سلسلة المراهقة رواية بلا خوف من فرانسين باسكال
 Gaean ريتش، وهي منطقة خيالية في الفضاء الذي هو إعداد لبعض الخيال العلمي التي كتبها جاك فانس
 Gaea، وهي جزيرة في الرواية بين الشباب والبالغين الذراع من نجم البحر (1965) التي كتبها مادلين لانجل
 Gaea، حرف في بائس الخيال رواية النشيد (1937) من قبل آين راند
 Gaea، حرف في سلسلة رواية خيالية أبطال أوليمبوس (2010) من قبل ريك ريوردان
 غايا (أو بدلا من ذلك، وgaiaphage)، تطبيق اسم واحد لمخلوق خارق في سلسلة رواية ذهب مايكل غرانت

موسيقى
 GAIA مهرجان موسيقى الحجرة، مهرجان موسيقي في ثون، سويسرا
 SH-01 GAIA، وحدة الخلط المصنعة من قبل شركة رولاند

ألبومات
 غايا (2002)، وهو ألبوم لفرقة الروك اليابانية يان دا قوس
 غايا، عنوان الياباني للألبوم Valensia (1993) من قبل مغني الروك الهولندي Valensia
 غايا (1994)، والجيش الشعبي من قبل الفرقة المعادن السويدي تيامات
 غايا (ألبوم) (2003)، وهو الألبوم الأسبانية folk- الفرقة المعادن الثقيلة ماجو دي عوز
 غايا (ألبوم مارلين كريسبيل) (1988)
 غايا: واحد رحلة المرأة (1994)، وهو ألبوم المغنية الأسترالية أوليفيا نيوتن جون
 غايا-Onbashira (1998)، وهو الألبوم الياباني العصر الجديد موسيقي كيتارو

أغاني
 "غايا"، أغنية من الألبوم Fireships (1993) من قبل المغني الإنجليزي بيتر هاميل
 "غايا"، أغنية من الألبوم غايا-Onbashira (1998) من قبل اليابانيين العصر الجديد موسيقي كيتارو
 "غايا"، أغنية من الألبوم الساعة الرملية (1997) من قبل المغني الأمريكي جيمس تايلور
 "Gaea"، أغنية من الألبوم في وقت مبكر حتى في الربيع (1989) من قبل فرقة الروك البريطانية Pentangle
 "غايا"، أغنية من الألبوم Synchestra (2006) من قبل موسيقي الروك الكندي ديفين تاونسند
 "غايا"، أغنية من الألبوم Valensia (1993) من قبل مغني الروك الهولندي Valensia

منظمات
 علوم الأرض غايا، وهي شركة خدمات حقول النفط
 Gaea اليابان، وتعزيز المصارعة التي انتهت في عام 2005
 GAIA قاطرة، باني قاطرة الأرجنتيني السابق
 حركة غايا، ركزت شبكة من المنظمات على الممارسات المستدامة
 غايا حركة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وهي منظمة خيرية مقرها الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية،
 غايا أونلاين، الشبكات الاجتماعية على الإنترنت
 غايا تقنيات الطاقة، وهي شركة البطارية نيويورك
 غايا Trafikk ، والشركة النرويجية السابقة

أشخاص
 Gaea شيل، عازف البيانو / الملحن والمغني
 أرمين فان بيورن (مواليد 1976)، DJ الذي يستخدم اسم مستعار غايا
 غايا Germani (مواليد 1942)، والممثلة الإيطالية
 غايا CAUCHI (مواليد 2002)، والمغني المالطي
 غايا فينس، الصحفي البريطاني. المذيع وغير الخيالية المؤلف

استخدامات أخرى
 غايا (الشمبانزي)، والشمبانزي
 تويوتا غايا، سيارة
 غايا الفارس العنيف، بطاقة في يوغي بطاقة التداول لعبة مبارزة الوحوش

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن
صفحات توضيح أشخاص

غايا (توضيح)


Uncertain is the first EP by the Irish band the Cranberries. Produced by Pearse Gilmore, it was released in the autumn of 1991, with the band having previously released cassette EPs under the name The Cranberry Saw Us. Uncertain was released by Island under the Xeric Records name on both CD and 12" vinyl formats. Approximately 5,000 total copies of Uncertain were produced. Guitarist Noel Hogan said of the album that Gilmore "cluttered the mixes with dance beats and industrial-style guitar", which resulted from a conflictual relationship between the group and Gilmore. The EP did not chart.

An unreleased music video was made for the main theme "Uncertain"; a brief part of the clip was included on their DVD compilation, Stars: The Best of 1992–2002. The unedited complete video clip appeared for the first time on YouTube on 14 April 2020, and shows a young Dolores O'Riordan, with her brother Brendan and his daughter Cora, recalling her days as a child in an Irish forest.

Television performance
After the release of 'Uncertain', The Cranberries appeared on the Irish television show "On The Waterfront" which was hosted by Robert Arkins and Felim Gormley from The Commitments. They performed "Linger", which was recorded and was broadcast in 1992.

Track listing

References

1991 EPs
The Cranberries albums

Uncertain (EP)


An Chusquea liebmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier. An Chusquea liebmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chusquea, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chusquea

Chusquea liebmannii


بقعسم بلدة سورية تقع في محافظة ريف دمشق، تتبع إدارياً لناحية سعسع في منطقة قطنا. وهي من قرى جبل حرمون (جبل الشيخ)، تقع على ارتفاع 1500 م عن سطح البحر.

يبلغ تعداد سكان البلدة 2148 حسب احصاء 2004 م.

توجد بالقرب منها بعض الآثار القديمة. تحيط بها القرى والبلدات التالية: قلعة جندل - خربة عين سكر - خربة السودا - ريمة.

انظر أيضا
قائمة بلدات سوريا

المصادر

تجمعات درزية في سوريا
قرى محافظة ريف دمشق
أماكن مأهولة في منطقة قطنا

بقعسم


Tibor Navracsics (* 13. Juni 1966 in Veszprém) ist ein ungarischer Politiker der Fidesz – Ungarischer Bürgerbund. In der Kommission Juncker war er von 2014 bis 2019 Kommissar für Bildung, Kultur, Jugend und Sport.

Leben
Navracsics studierte Rechtswissenschaften, hat die Befähigung zum Richteramt und war bis 1992 als Anwalt tätig. Anschließend lehrte er Politik und Soziologie an einer Lehrerbildungseinrichtung. 1997–2001 lehrte und forschte er an der Corvinus-Universität Budapest, wo er einen Ph.D. in Politikwissenschaften erwarb. Danach wechselte er ins Büro des Ministerpräsidenten Viktor Orbán, wo er die Informationsabteilung leitete. Seit 2010 war Navracsics Minister für Verwaltung und Justiz im Kabinett Orbán II. Zudem war er seit 2010 stellvertretender ungarischer Ministerpräsident. In der öffentlichen und europäischen Kritik steht er für seine Justizreform in Ungarn. 2014 wurde er EU-Kommissar für Bildung, Kultur, Jugend und Sport. Das EU-Parlament hatte ihn zunächst abgelehnt. Seinem Kommissariat wurde daraufhin die Zuständigkeit für Bürgerrechte entzogen. Seine Amtszeit als EU-Kommissar endete mit dem Amtsantritt der Kommission von der Leyen am 1. Dezember 2019.

Schriften (Auswahl)

 Európai belpolitika (Internationale Politik in der Europäischen Union). Budapest: Korona, 1996
 Political Analysis of the European Union, Korona, 1996
 Political Communication, 2004 (gemeinsam mit István Hegedűs-Szilágyi-Mihály Gál-Balázs Sipos)

Weblinks

 Ungarisches Parlament:Tibor Navracsics

Einzelnachweise

Justizminister (Ungarn)
Abgeordneter (Ungarn)
Außenminister (Ungarn)
Fidesz-Mitglied
Ungar
Geboren 1966
Mann
Mitglied der Europäischen Kommission

Tibor Navracsics


Shunta Takahashi (født 9. februar 1989) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Thespakusatsu Gunma.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shunta Takahashi


O Partido Independente Americano (AIP) é um partido político de extrema-direita dos Estados Unidos que foi criado em 1967. O AIP é mais conhecido por sua nomeação do ex-governador democrata George Wallace do Alabama, que conquistou cinco estados nas eleições presidenciais de 1968 contra Richard Nixon e Hubert Humphrey.

Ver também
Dixiecrat

História dos Estados Unidos
Estados Unidos
Partidos políticos dos Estados Unidos

Partido Independente Americano


Harald Barrios (* 1961 in Heidelberg) ist ein deutscher Politikwissenschaftler. Er ist Privatdozent am Institut für Politikwissenschaft an der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur 1981 in Heidelberg studierte Barrios Politikwissenschaft und Geschichte an der Universität Heidelberg (Abschluss Magister Artium 1990). 1990 bis 1992 arbeitete er an der Uni Heidelberg unter Dieter Nohlen als Mitarbeiter des Forschungsschwerpunktes "Politische Organisation und Repräsentation in Amerika".
1993 war er als DAAD-Stipendiat in Santiago de Chile, 1993 bis 1994 Stipendiat der  Landesgraduiertenförderung des Landes Baden-Württemberg. 1994 bis 2004 arbeitete er als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter, ab 1999 am Lehrstuhl für Politik in Lateinamerika und Entwicklungstheorie bei Andreas Boeckh an der Universität Tübingen. In den Jahren 1997 und 2000 hatte Barrios eine Gastdozentur an der Graduate School of International Studies an der University of Denver inne. 1999 wurde er in Heidelberg bei Dieter Nohlen und Klaus von Beyme zum Thema "Die Außenpolitik junger Demokratien in Lateinamerika" promoviert. 2004 habilitierte er sich mit einer Arbeit zum Thema "Brave New Deal? Die systemische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der USA. Ihre politischen Faktoren". Seit 2005 ist Barrios Privatdozent am IfP der Universität Tübingen.

Er übt zudem eine Lehrtätigkeit am Abendgymnasium Stuttgart, sowie am Stuttgarter Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium aus.

Tätigkeitsfelder
Barrios beschäftigt sich mit der Politik auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent, v. a. der Lateinamerikas und der Entwicklung der Demokratie dort; außerdem mit dem politischen System der USA sowie dem Spaniens und mit den Methoden der Vergleichenden Politikwissenschaft.

Publikationen
 mit Dieter Nohlen: Redemokratisierung in Südamerika. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte. 4 (1991), S. 3–25.
 Von der Revolution zum Beitritt: Die Entwicklung eines gesamtdeutschen Wahl- und Parteiensystems. In: Ulrike Liebert, Wolfgang Merkel (Hrsg.): Die Politik zur deutschen Einheit. Probleme – Strategien – Kontroversen. Opladen 1991, S. 139–159.
 Regimetyp und Außenpolitik – Die Fälle Argentinien, Brasilien und Chile im Vergleich. In: Dieter Nohlen, Mario Fernández, Alberto van Klaveren (Hrsg.): Demokratie und Außenpolitik in Lateinamerika. Opladen 1991, S. 113–137.
 Konflikt um ein Wahlergebnis. Zu den Wahlen in der Dominikanischen Republik 1990. In: Lateinamerika. Analysen – Daten – Dokumentation. 17/18 (1991), S. 31–35.
 mit Petra Bendel: Los sistemas políticos de América Latina. Bibliografía comentada de obras recientes. In: Ibero-Amerikanisches-Archiv. 18 (1–2; 1992) S. 291–310.
 Dominikanische Republik. In: Dieter Nohlen (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Wahldaten Lateinamerikas und der Karibik – Politische Organisation und Repräsentation in Amerika. Bd. 1, Opladen 1993, S. 259–287.
 Die chilenische Außenpolitik unter der Regierung Aylwin. Politikergebnisse und Strukturdefekte des Entscheidungsprozesses. (Heidelberger Arbeitspapier Lateinamerikaforschung, Nr. 12), Heidelberg 1994.
 mit Olinda Bareiro: Paraguay. In: Dieter Nohlen, Franz Nuscheler (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Dritten Welt. Bd. 2: Südamerika. Bonn 1995, S. 421–440.
 mit Jan Suter: Dominikanische Republik. In: Dieter Nohlen, Franz Nuscheler (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Dritten Welt. Bd. 3: Mittelamerika und Karibik. Bonn 1995, S. 381–404.
 Las elecciones en los procesos de transición y consolidación democrática en América Latina durante los años ochenta y noventa. In: Dieter Nohlen (Hrsg.): Democracia y neocrítica en América Latina. En defensa de la transición. Frankfurt/M. 1995, S. 78–91.
 mit Jan Suter (Hrsg.): Politische Repräsentation und Partizipation in der Karibik. Kuba, Haiti, Dominikanische Republik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Opladen 1996. (Politische Organisation und Repräsentation in Amerika, 4)
 Das politische System Spaniens. In: Wolfgang Ismayr (Hrsg.): Die politischen Systeme Westeuropas. Opladen 1997. (2002 in dritter Auflage)
 Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Lateinamerikas. In: Dieter Nohlen, Peter Waldmann, Klaus Ziemer (Hrsg.): Die östlichen und südlichen Länder. München 1997, S. 55–60. (Lexikon der Politik, hrsg. von Dieter Nohlen, Bd. 4)
 Mercosur: Ein Versuch koordinierten Regierens als Antwort auf externe Herausforderungen. In: Iberoamerikanisches Archiv. Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaften und Geschichte. 24 (1; 1998), S. 165–187.
 Die Außenpolitik junger Demokratien in Südamerika. Argentinien, Brasilien, Chile und Uruguay. Opladen 1999. (Junge Demokratien, hrsgg. v. Klaus von Beyme und Dieter Nohlen, Bd. 1)
 Konsolidierung der Demokratie – Substanz eines strapazierten Konzeptes. In: Klaus Bodemer, Detlef Nolte, Hartmut Sangmeister (Hrsg.): Lateinamerika-Jahrbuch 1999. (Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, Hamburg). Frankfurt/M.
 Regieren im Mercosur – eine strategische Antwort auf die Wettbewerbsfähigkeitskrise. In: Petra Bendel, Thomas Fischer (Hrsg.): Wie erfolgreich ist der Mercosur? Saarbrücken 1999, S. 51–67.
 Über den Neoliberalismus hinaus. Vier Thesen zur aktuellen Debatte um Entwicklungstheorie und -praxis in Lateinamerika. In: Jörg Faust, Manfred Mols, Christoph Wagner (Hrsg.): Ideengeber und Entwicklungsprozesse in Lateinamerika. Mainz 1999, S. 89–117. (Politikwissenschaftliche Standpunkte 4)
 Negotiated Political Decentralization in Spain. A Framework for Centre-Periphery Conflict Accommodation. In: Frank Delmartino, Amara Pongsapich, Rudolf Hrbek (Hrsg.): Regional Pluralism and Good Governance. Problems and solutions in ASEAN and EU-countries. Baden-Baden 1999, S. 151–159.
 mit Jörg Röder: Entwicklungsfortschritte und Entwicklungsblockaden in Brasilien. Fragen der Regierbarkeit, der Systemeffizienz und der Legitimität. In: Jörn Dosch, Jörg Faust (Hrsg.): Die ökonomische Dynamik politischer Herrschaft. Das pazifische Asien und Lateinamerika. Opladen 2000, S. 49–72.
 Spanien – Politische Dezentralisierung als flexibles Verhandlungssystem. In: Jahrbuch des Föderalismus. Föderalismus, Subsidiarität und Regionen in Europa. Baden-Baden 2000, S. 308–320.
 mit Andreas Boeckh: Demokratie in Lateinamerika. In: APuZ. 21 (2000), S. 10–15.
 Chile. In: Jürgen Bellers, Thorsten Benner, Ines M. Gerke (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Außenpolitiken. (Lehr- und Handbücher der Politikwissenschaft). München/ Wien 2001, S. 360–364.
 mit Jörg Meyer-Stamer: Vorwärts, rückwärts, seitwärts, Schluß. Widersprüche in den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Reformprozessen in Brasilien. In: Peter Gärtner (Hrsg.): Staatlichkeit im Epochenbruch? Antworten aus der Perspektive des Südens und Ostens. Hamburg 2001, S. 329–352. (Schriften des Deutschen Übersee-Instituts Hamburg, 52)
 Die regionale Dimension der externen Strategie Chiles. In: Gilberto Calcagnotto, Detlef Nolte (Hrsg.): Südamerika zwischen US-Hegemonie und brasilianischem Führungsanspruch. Frankfurt/M. 2003.
 mit Martin Beck, Andreas Boeckh, Klaus Segbers (Hrsg.): Resistance to Globalization. Political Struggle and Cultural Resilience in the Middle East, Russia, and Latin America. Münster/ Hamburg/ London 2003.
 Grundzüge des politischen Systems Spaniens. In: Walther L. Bernecker, Klaus Dirscherl (Hrsg.): Spanien heute. Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur. Frankfurt/M. 2004, S. 51–77.
 Die Überlebenschancen der Demokratien Lateinamerikas. In: Dieter Nohlen, Hartmut Sangmeister (Hrsg.): Macht, Markt, Meinungen. Demokratie, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Lateinamerika. Opladen 2006, S. 31–47.
 mit Christoph Stefes (Hrsg.): Einführung in die Comparative Politics. Oldenbourg, Opladen 2006.
 Brave New Deal? Die systemische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der USA. Hamburg 2006.

Weblinks
 Harald Barrios, Homepage
 Harald Barrios an der Universität Tübingen

Politikwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen)
Gymnasiallehrer
Deutscher
Geboren 1961
Mann

Harald Barrios


فوق الشوك هي أغنية ألفها علي مهدي، ولحنها محمد عبد الوهاب، وغناها عبد الحليم حافظ عام 1958.

قصة الأغنية
 في عام 1958 لحن عبد الوهاب لعبد الحليم أغنية "فوق الشوك"، وهي أول أغنية عاطفية يغنيها عبد الحليم للمسرح بعد تعاون أثمر 10 أغانٍ عاطفية غناها عبد الحليم في فيلمي أيام وليالي وبنات اليوم، إضافة إلى أغنية وطنية هي الله يا بلادنا الله.
 كانت هذه المرة الأولى وكذلك الأخيرة التي يلتقي فيها عبد الحليم مع الشاعر علي مهدي.
 أما اللحن الذي وضعه عبد الوهاب فيمكن اعتباره من الألحان الدسمة، وهو يختلف عن ألحانه السابقة في الفيلمين المذكورين ذوات المدة القصيرة نسبياً، فربما توقع عبد الوهاب أن جمهور المسرح يفضل أن تكون الأغنية طويلةً نوعاً ما عكس جمهور السينما. يمكن أيضاً اعتبار اللحن من الألحان الكبيرة التي قدمها عبد الوهاب خلال مسيرته الفنية.

غناء الأغنية
 عندما غنى عبد الحليم هذه الأغنية استقبلها الجمهور بفتور غير متوقع، ربما لأن الجمهور كان يرغب في نوع من الأغاني على شاكلة أغانيه في الأفلام، وقيل أن هذه الأغنية قد حققت نجاحاً في وقت لاحق.
 لكن لم يعلم كل من عبد الحليم وعبد الوهاب أن هذه الأغنية ستلعب دوراً في حياتهما المهنية، ففي عام 1960 طالب عبد الحليم شركة كايروفون المنتجة للأغنية بمبلغ 2000 جنيه عن الأسطوانة (وكان يتقاضى 400 جنيه عن الأسطوانة)، بالإضافة إلى نسبة من الأرباح. وافقت الشركة على المبلغ، لكنها لم توافق على النسبة، مما حدا بعبد الوهاب وعبد الحليم إلى ترك هذه الشركة، وتأسيس شركة جديدة هي صوت الفن، وستقوم بمهمة إنتاج أغاني عبد الوهاب وعبد الحليم لأكثر من أربعين سنة. إلاّ أن المشاكل القانونية المتعلقة بتقاسم ميراث عبد الوهاب وعبد الحليم، ساهمت في نهاية هذه الشركة وبيعها إلى شركة عالم الفن التي يملكها المنتج محسن جابر.

وصلة خارجية

مصادر

أغاني عبد الحليم حافظ
أغاني 1958

فوق الشوك


Trg kralja Petra Svačića u Zagrebu, nalazi se u sklopu urbanističke cjeline Lenuzzijeve potkove, unutar okvira potkove. U sklopu trga nalazi se i istoimeni park.

U sklopu trga nalaze se vrhunske arhitekturne cjeline poput:
 kuće Slaveks koja se nalazi na broju 13;
zgrade "Kemikalija" na broju 14.

Izvori

Trgovi u Zagrebu

Trg kralja Petra Svačića (Zagreb)


Kuromidō je japanska tradicionalna slitina   sačinjena od 99 % bakra i 1  %  arsena.Koristi se od 12.   stoljeća,najviše za urešavanje japanskog samurajskog mača   katane.Po nekim tezama   koristi se kao zamjena za plemenite metale,nalazišta kojih su u Japanu razmjerno rijetka i vrlo skromna u smislu količine.Zbog otrovnosti arsena rad s ovim materijalom podrazumijeva posebne mjere opreza.Koristi se i u mokume gane tehnici.

Dodatna literatura
Untracht, O.  "Jewelry concepts and technology",New York 1982.

Vanjske poveznice
Introduction to japanese alloys
  Japanese Irogane alloys and patination
Umjetnička obrada metala

Kuromido


Regeringen Katrín Jakobsdóttir blev dannet 30. november 2017, efter altingsvalget 28. oktober 2017. Regeringen er ledet af Katrín Jakobsdóttir fra Venstrepartiet – De Grønne, der er Islands statsminister.

Det er en koalitionsregering bestående af Selvstændighedspartiet, Venstrepartiet – De Grønne og Fremskridtspartiet . De tre partier har tilsammen et flertal på 35 af Altingets 63 pladser.

Regeringen består af elleve ministre, fem fra Selvstændighedspartiet, tre fra Venstrepartiet – De Grønne og tre fra Fremskridtspartiet. Fem af ministrene er kvinder, hvilket giver den højeste kvindeandel nogensinde i en islandsk regering.

Regeringen

Se også
 Islands politik

Noter

Islandske regeringer

Regeringen Katrín Jakobsdóttir


A Evolution Wrestling Force (EWF) é uma promoção de wrestling profissional brasileira independente com sua sede em Porto Alegre. A EWF se tornou o templo da Luta Livre na cidade Gaúcha com shows que reúnem elementos do antigo Telecatch com a modernidade do Pro Wrestling Mundial, que tem como exemplo a WWE e outras empresas independentes. Somado a experiência de seu fundador e estreantes na empresa, o show é acrescido de um mix de drama, comédia e muita pancadaria. A EWF é especializada em diversos tipos de matches, como Hardcore Matches e "Deathmatches", tal como também lutas do tipo shoot-style e inspiradas em artes marciais mistas.

História
A Evolution Wrestling Force foi fundado em 2013 por Matheus Frutuoso, sendo também um dos principais lutadores de sua estréia, conhecido como KaOz, com o intuito de resgatar o wrestling profissional no Brasil. A primeira realização de um evento da empresa, foi na cidade de Sapucaia do Sul, na Academia Korpus em 2014. No seu evento principal, KaOz venceu Dave, Jeff e Tytan pelo Título de Campeão da EWF. Desde seu início, a empresa já realizou mais de 40 eventos pelas cidades Gaúchas, alguns deles contando com a parceria de outra empresa de Luta Livre, como a FILL (Federação Internacional de Luta Livre).

No mês de novembro de 2022, o site GZH divulgou uma matéria especial sobre a EWF, na qual a trata como uma das poucas empresas no Sul do país a manter a tradição da Luta Livre viva no Brasil. A equipe de jornalistas foi até o evento EWF Just Fight X e lá puderam presenciar elementos não tão vistos em outros esportes como: humor, artes cênicas, drama, ação e muita interatividade com o público.

Em dezembro de 2022, a empresa fechou um acordo com a transmissora Regional Urban TV para começar a transmitir seus eventos ao vivo pelo canal, além de também transmitir pelo próprio canal no Youtube, além de parte da sua renovação como empresa ter se dado em razão de sua nova gestão administrativa, que desde o evento Just Fight X, contam com designers gráficos que reformularam o que já existia e criaram novas capas, sites e um novo logo, a respeito do renomado Designer Gráfico, Christian Santos.

Eventos

Desde seu início em 2014, A Evolution Wrestling Force já realizou mais de quarenta (40) eventos, sendo estes sempre presentes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Em sua maioria, exibidos na internet e transmitidos ao vivo, como tem exemplo o último evento EWF Playground.

Contratos

Atualmente, mesmo como título de empresa privada, a EWF mantém todos os lutadores, árbitros, locutores, comentaristas e gerentes da promoção atuando sem fins lucrativos, de maneira de que toda a receita gerada tem como finalidade o custeio do espaço alugado, entre outras despesas. Apesar disso, todos os lutadores possui atividades paralelas, como é o caso de Ryan, O Patrão que fora de cena, atua como Advogado.

Títulos e Campeonatos
 EWF Evolution Championship
 EWF RS Championship
 EWF Tag Team Championship
 EWF Underground Championship
 Sobrevivente da Batalha Playground

Atuais campeões
A Evolution Wrestling Force mantém atualmente quatro títulos.

 	EWF Evolution Champion Bruno Astro
	EWF RS Champion Oba Khan
	EWF Tag Team Champions Strong Style Society (Adrian James & Raymon)
	EWF Underground Champion Tommy Andrews

Ver também
Telecatch

Ligações externas

Brazilian Wrestling Federation
Promoções de luta profissional do Brasil

Evolution Wrestling Force


Tonger ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Augustin Josef Tonger (1801–1881), deutscher Musikverleger
 Peter Josef Tonger I (1845–1917), deutscher Musikverleger, Sohn von Augustin Josef Tonger
 Peter Josef Tonger II (1875–1960), deutscher Musikverleger
 Peter Josef Tonger III (genannt Hans; 1902–1989), deutscher Musikverleger
 Peter Tonger (* 1937), deutscher Musikverleger, Chorleiter und Rezitator

Siehe auch:
 Edition Tonger GmbH, Musik- und Musikbuchverlag, der 1822 in Köln von Augustin Josef Tonger als Buchhandlung begründet von dessen Sohn als Musikverlag gegründet wurde
 Tonger – Haus der Musik GmbH, Handelshaus für Musikinstrumente und Noten, 1822 in Köln gegründet.

Tonger


Crossing Souls est un jeu vidéo d'action-aventure développé par le studio indépendant Espagnol Fourattic et édité par Devolver Digital. Le jeu est sorti le 13 février 2018 pour Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux PlayStation 4 et le 26 juillet 2018 sur Nintendo Switch.

Développement
Le scénario de Crossing Souls a été largement influencé par ceux des films Les Goonies, E.T., l'extra-terrestre et Super 8, tandis que la conception des niveaux et la vue orthogonale sont issus du jeu de 1986 The Legend of Zelda, avec l'animation des cinématiques inspiré par Les P'tits Loups-garous, Saint Seiya, Les Maîtres de l'Univers et Tortues Ninja : Les Chevaliers d'écaille, qui sont tous issus des années 1980. Le développement du jeu a commencé en janvier 2014, après la sortie de la dernière mise à jour du jeu précédent de Fourattic, Bin This Pic: Guess the Wrong One (ou Odd Pic Out). La pré-production a été présentée pour la première fois au public via des forums TIGSource le 5 février 2014. Vers mars 2014, l'équipe était à court de financement, le développement du jeu était à l'arrêt, ce qui permet à l'équipe de créer Pixel Puzzle Mania, un jeu vidéo de puzzle free-to-play pour iOS, édité par Genera Games, qui a été publié le 29 août 2014. En août 2014, Fourattic s'est associé avec Devolver Digital pour un contrat d'édition pour Crossing Souls. Le 17 novembre 2014, le jeu a été mis sur Kickstarter, visant . Devolver Digital a annoncé qu'ils le publieraient, peu importe si et dans quelle mesure le projet serait financé. Crossing Souls a été financé avec succès le 13 décembre 2014, et la campagne s'est terminée le 17 décembre 2014 avec un total de  collecté. En janvier 2015, grâce aux fonds collectés auprès de Kickstarter, Fourattic a quitté son appartement pour un nouveau bureau à Séville, en Espagne, et a redémarré le développement du jeu. Une première démo de Crossing Souls a été présentée à l'E3 2015, du 16 au 18 juin 2015, et au Gamelab Barcelona de 2015, du 24 au 26 juin. Comme annoncé en décembre 2017, le jeu sortira le 13 février 2018. Devolver Digital a annoncé la sortie du jeu sur Nintendo Switch le 26 juillet 2018 dans le cadre de « Summer of Devolver » de Devolver Digital.

Accueil
Crossing Souls a reçu des « critiques généralement favorables » pour la version PlayStation 4, tandis que les versions Windows et Nintendo Switch ont reçu des critiques « mitigées ou moyennes », selon l'agrégateur de critiques Metacritic.

Références

Liens externes

Jeu Windows
Jeu vidéo développé en Espagne
Jeu PlayStation Network
Jeu PlayStation 4
Jeu Nintendo Switch
Jeu Linux
Jeu Devolver Digital
Jeu d'action-aventure
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2018

Crossing Souls


An Scleria valdemuricata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal. An Scleria valdemuricata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria valdemuricata


Kfar Malal () is a moshav in central Israel. Located in the Sharon plain, it falls under the jurisdiction of Drom HaSharon Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History

Before the 20th century the area formed part of the Forest of Sharon. It was an open woodland dominated by Mount Tabor Oak, which extended from Kfar Yona in the north to Ra'anana in the south. The local Arab inhabitants traditionally used the area for pasture, firewood and intermittent cultivation. The intensification of settlement and agriculture in the coastal plain during the 19th century led to deforestation and subsequent environmental degradation.

The village was established in 1911 as "Ein Hai" (lit. Fountain of the Living) on privately owned land. The original name was based on the name of ruins previously located there, Khurbet el-Haiyeh. In 1914 the village was renamed into Kfar Malal after Moshe Leib Lilienblum, an early leader of the Hovevei Zion movement, whose acronym in Hebrew is MLL (מל"ל).

The village was destroyed in the battles of World War I, resettled by a group of laborers and ravaged again in the 1921 Jaffa riots. In 1922, the land was transferred to the Jewish National Fund and Kfar Malal was rebuilt as a moshav. It suffered more attacks in the 1929 Palestine riots. Ariel Sharon, Israel's eleventh prime minister, was born in Kfar Malal. His parents moved there in 1922. The first year and a half they lived in a tent while his father built a two room house. Initially their mule and cow were kept in one of the rooms. There was no electricity or running water. In his autobiography he recalls watching rats crawling around the roof space.
He also recalled that his mother slept with a rifle under her bed until her dying day due to the trauma of hiding in the cowshed with her children at night to escape roving Bedouin gangs.

Economy
In 2006, Malal Park Industries Ltd, co-owned by members of Kfar Malal, signed an agreement with the German bank Eurohypo AG to refinance Park Azorim in Kiryat Aryeh, Petah Tikva.

In 2009, NI Medical, a biotech company located in Kfar Malal, received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a device that assesses left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). The device aids physicians in detecting heart failure in its pre-clinical, asymptomatic phase.

Notable people
 Ariel Sharon, Israeli general and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Israel

References

1929 Palestine riots
Moshavim
Populated places in Central District (Israel)
1911 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Populated places established in 1911

Kfar Malal


{{Ficha de noble
|nombre = Brígida de Gloucester
|escudo = Coat of Arms of Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester.svg
|título = Duquesa de Gloucester
|imagen = Birgitte,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_2015.jpg
|epígrafe =La duquesa fotografiada en el año 2015.
|tratamiento = Alteza Real
|otros títulos = *Princesa del Reino Unido
Condesa de Úlster(1972 - 1974)
Baronesa de Culloden(1972 - 1974)
|reinado =
|sucesor =
|fecha de nacimiento =
|lugar de nacimiento = Odense,
|fecha de defunción =
|lugar de defunción =
|lugar de entierro =
|descendencia =* Alexander Windsor, conde de Ulster
 Davina Windsor
 Rose Windsor
|nombre completo = Brigitte Eva
|casa real = Windsor (por matrimonio)
|padre = Asger Preben Wissing Henriksen
|madre = Vivian van Deurs
|residencia = *Barnwell Manor
Palacio de Kensington
|título1=Duquesa de Gloucester|predecesor1=Alicia de Gloucester|periodo1=Desde el ()|consorte=|condecoraciones=*Dama de la Gran Cruz de la Real Orden Victoriana}}

Brígida, duquesa de Gloucester (nacida Brígida Eva van Deurs Henriksen; Odense, Dinamarca, 20 de junio de 1946), es la esposa del duque Ricardo, y por tal motivo, duquesa de Gloucester desde 1974. Por matrimonio es miembro de la familia real británica y princesa del Reino Unido. Se casó con el duque en 1972, y tienen tres hijos, Alexander, conde de Úlster, Davina Lewis y Rose Gilman. Anteriormente, junto a su marido, cumplía con deberes reales en nombre de la difunta reina Isabel II.

 Primeros años

Brígida nació Brigida Eva Henriksen en Odense en Dinamarca, hija menor de Asger Preben Knud Wissing Henriksen, abogado, y de su esposa, Vivian van Deurs. Tomó el apellido de su madre cuando sus padres se separaron.

Birgitte se mudó a Cambridge en Inglaterra y también trabajó en la embajada danesa en Londres.

 Matrimonio

En febrero de 1972, Brígida se comprometió con el príncipe Ricardo de Gloucester, segundo hijo del príncipe Enrique, duque de Gloucester y de la princesa Alicia, duquesa de Gloucester. Se casaron el 8 de julio de 1972 en la iglesia parroquial de Barnwell en Northamptonshire.

Desde ese momento fue titulada 'Su Alteza Real la princesa Ricardo de Gloucester.

Seis semanas después de la boda, el hermano mayor del príncipe Ricardo, el príncipe Guillermo, murió en un accidente de aviación. El príncipe Ricardo se convirtió en heredero del ducado y después de la muerte de su padre en 1974, la pareja fue titulada

Sus Altezas Reales el duque y la duquesa de Gloucester.

La pareja tuvo tres hijos:

 Alexander Windsor, conde de Ulster (nacido el 24 de octubre de 1974).
 Lady Davina Lewis (nacida el 19 de noviembre de 1977).
 Lady Rose Gilman (nacida el 1 de marzo de 1980).

Sus hijos no llevan a cabo deberes reales. Después de su matrimonio con el duque de Gloucester, la duquesa dejó su país natal, Dinamarca. No muchos daneses conocen la presencia de una de sus compatriotas en la Familia Real Británica.

 Papel oficial

La duquesa de Gloucester es benefactora de un gran número de organizaciones, muchas de las cuales están relacionados en el campo médico, educativo y de asistencia social. También ha acompañado al duque de Gloucester en sus visitas al extranjero: Las primeras de estas visitas fue en 1973, cuando el duque y la duquesa representaron a la Reina en las celebraciones del 70 cumpleaños del rey Olaf V de Noruega.

La duquesa promovió el nombre de dos buques de la Royal Navy: HMS Gloucester y el HMS Sandown. La duquesa es patrocinadora de la St Paul's Cathedral School, St John's School, Leatherhead and Bridewell Royal Hospital (King Edward's School, Witley), y asiste regularmente a las funciones de las tres escuelas.

Tras la muerte de la princesa Diana se convirtió en presidente de la Royal Academy of Music.

 Títulos, tratamiento, honores y armas

 Títulos y tratamientos

 20 de junio de 1946 – 15 de enero de 1966: Señorita Brígida Henriksen.

 15 de enero 1966 – 8 de junio 1972: Señorita Brígida van Deurs.

 8 de junio de 1972 – 10 de junio de 1974: Su Alteza Real la princesa Ricardo de Gloucester.

 10 de junio de 1974 –: Su Alteza Real la duquesa de Gloucester.

El título y tratamiento completo de la duquesa de Gloucester es: Su Alteza Real la princesa Ricardo Alejandro Walter Jorge, duquesa de Gloucester, condesa de Ulster y baronesa Culloden, Dama de la Gran Cruz de la Real Orden Victoriana.

 Honores

  GCVO: Dama gran cruz de la Real Orden Victoriana, 23 de junio de 1989.

  GCStJ': Dama gran cruz de la Venerable Orden de San Juan, 1974.

  Medalla de Servicio de la Venerable Orden de San Juan, 1975.

  Medalla del Jubileo de Plata de la reina Isabel II, 6 de febrero de 1977.

  Medalla del Jubileo de Oro de la reina Isabel II, 6 de febrero de 2002.

  Medalla del Jubileo de Diamante de la reina Isabel II, 6 de febrero de 2012.

  Medalla del Jubileo de Platino de la reina Isabel II, 6 de febrero de 2022.

  Real Orden Familiar de la Familia de Isabel II, 1973.

  Medalla de la Coronación del Rey Carlos III, 6 de mayo de 2023''.

Armas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 www.royal.gov.uk
 www.burkespeerage.com

Personas vivas
Nobles de Reino Unido
Casa de Windsor
Damas grandes cruces de la Orden de San Juan
Damas grandes cruces de la Real Orden Victoriana
Bandas de la Orden Mexicana del Águila Azteca
Duquesas británicas por matrimonio
Nacidos en Odense
Princesas británicas por casamiento

Brígida de Gloucester