Limba anglo-normandă era o limbă oïl vorbită în Anglia medievală, la curtea regală, de către aristocrații anglo-normanzi, precum și de alte categorii sociale înstărite, fiind totodată și o limbă de cultură.

Istoric

Limba anglo-normandă era o varietate a unui idiom oïl numit normand, considerat în mod tradițional un dialect al limbii franceze vechi, și care în prezent are statut de limbă regională în Franța, cu denumirea de "limba normandă". Acest idiom a ajuns în Anglia atunci când, în 1066, această țară a fost cucerită de către armata lui William al II-lea, duce de Normandia. Aceasta era compusă în majoritate din normanzi, dar și din oșteni din alte regiuni ale Franței de nord (Picardia, Anjou, Île-de-France), care vorbeau propriile lor idiomuri oïl.

Majoritatea populației din Anglia acelei epoci vorbea limba engleză veche și a continuat să o vorbească și după cucerirea normandă. Anglo-normanda a fost în primul rând limba curții regale și a aristocrației. La curte s-a vorbit până la sfârșitul secolului al XIV-lea. Henric al IV-lea a fost primul rege al Angliei a cărui limbă maternă a fost engleza.

O parte din negustori și meseriași vorbeau și ei anglo-normanda, fiind veniți de pe continent, iar altă parte din ei o vorbeau ca limbă secundă. Negustorii o foloseau în contactele cu continentul, cu celelalte regiuni ale Marii Britanii și chiar cu Irlanda.

Documentele oficiale au fost mai întâi scrise în limba latină, apoi, începând cu secolul al XII-lea și în anglo-normandă, iar ulterior numai în anglo-normandă, până în secolul al XIV-lea, când au apărut primele în engleză. Între timp și limba anglo-normandă a evoluat, pe de o parte sub influența englezei, pe de altă parte sub cea a idiomului devenit pe continent limba franceză propriu-zisă. Ulterior, folosirea francezei a scăzut treptat, dar în justiție s-a păstrat încă multă vreme. Primele lucrări juridice în engleză au fost redactate în secolul al XVI-lea, dar această limbă a devenit obligatorie în tribunale abia începând cu 1731. Și în prezent se mai folosesc în textele legilor unele formule în franceză. Exemple:

Soit baillé aux Communes "A se trimite Camerei Comunelor";
A ceste Bille les Communes sont assentus "Această lege a fost adoptată de Camera Comunelor".

Unii cărturari din Evul Mediu aveau ca limbă maternă anglo-normanda, iar pentru alții era limbă secundă. Cu toții scriau și în aceasta, și în latină.

Ca limbă de cultură, anglo-normanda a fost limba unei literaturi bogate și variate. S-au scris în această limbă cronici, cântece de gestă, scrieri teatrale, didactice, religioase etc. De exemplu, cea mai veche variantă păstrată a Cântecului lui Roland (secolul al XII-lea), una din operele timpurii ale literaturii franceze, a fost scrisă în anglo-normandă.

Influența anglo-normandei asupra limbii engleze

Cuceritorii normanzi nu și-au impus limba populației engleze, dar limba acesteia a evoluat spre engleza medie sub influența anglo-normandei.

Și în engleza actuală s-au păstrat multe cuvinte normande. Acestea se caracterizează prin unele trăsături fonetice, mai ales păstrarea unor consoane care, spre deosebire de franceză, n-au evoluat mai departe. Exemple:

 engleză catch "a prinde" < normandă cachier "a prinde (animale)" < latina populară *captiare > franceză chasser "a vâna" ([k] > [ʃ]);
 engl. garden "grădină" < norm. gardin < lat. pop. (hortus) gardinus "grădină îngrădită" > fr. jardin "grădină" ([g] > [ʒ]);
 engl. war "război" < norm. werre < limba francilor *werra > fr. guerre "război" ([w] > [g]).

Note

Surse bibliografice

  Site-ul Parlamentului Regatului Unit, Glossary (Glosar) (accesat la 6 septembrie 2018)
  Site-ul Parlamentului Regatului Unit, Companion to the Standing Orders, APPENDIX H. ENDORSEMENTS TO BILLS (Anexa H. Note pe texte de lege) (accesat la 6 septembrie 2018)
  Harper, Douglas, Online Etymology Dictionary (Dicționar etimologic online) (Etymonline) (accesat la 6 septembrie 2018)
  Leclerc, Jacques, Histoire de la langue française (Istoria limbii franceze), Agence intergouvernementale de la Francophonie, 2017 (accesat la 6 septembrie 2018)
  Picoche, Jacqueline și Marchello-Nizia, Christiane, Histoire de la langue française (Istoria limbii franceze), ediția a III-a, Paris, Nathan, 1999

Legături externe

  Anglo-Norman Dictionary (accesat la 6 septembrie 2018)
  Anglo-Norman Text Society (accesat la 6 septembrie 2018)
  Psalter of Queen Isabella of England (Psaltirea reginei Isabela a Angliei) (accesat la 6 septembrie 2018)

Limbi oïl
Limba franceză
Lingvistică istorică

Limba anglo-normandă


Fifth Army may refer to:

Germany
 5th Army (German Empire), a World War I field Army
 5th Army (Wehrmacht), a World War II field army
 5th Panzer Army
 5th Army (GDR), a Warsaw Pact field army in the Cold War to be activated in case of a war with NATO

Russia/USSR
 5th Army (Russian Empire)
 5th Army (RSFSR)
 5th Army (Soviet Union)
 5th Combined Arms Army (Russian Federation)

Others
 5th Army (Austria-Hungary)
 Fifth Army (Bulgaria)
 Fifth Army (Nationalist China), see 88th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
 Fifth Army (France)
 Fifth Army (Japan)
 Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire)
 Fifth Army (United Kingdom)
 Fifth United States Army
 Fifth Army (Italy)
5th Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)
 Special Frontier Force of India, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Fifth Army


Kelvinside Academy is an independent day school in Glasgow, Scotland, founded in 1878. It has a capacity of over 600 pupils and spans two years of Nursery, six years of Junior School (primary school), a transition year of Senior Preparatory, and six years of Senior School (secondary school), comprising fifteen years in all. Kelvinside was founded as a private school and remained so until the late 1940s when, like many similar schools, it became 'grant-aided' until 1985 when it reverted to its fully independent roots once more. Formerly for boys only, the school became fully co-educational in 1998.

The School

Kelvinside Academy is in the Kelvinside area of the north of Glasgow, near the Glasgow Botanic Gardens. It has a large main building, which is category A listed and was designed by James Sellars, with some modern additions. The original building was opened on 2 September 1878 and cost £21,698 11s; this included the construction of both roads and sewers.

The School crest shows Minerva with the motto ΑΙΕΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ which translates as "Ever To Be The Best". This has also been given a "modern" translation of "The Best You Can Be". Minerva appears prominently in carved stone above the main entrance, and in a bronze medallion set in the perimeter wall. Unlike many of the surrounding buildings, the School retains much of its original cast iron fences despite the metal shortages during the Second World War.

There is a well-established house system, which divides all the pupils into four different houses, each represented by a colour: red for Stewart House, yellow for Buchanan House, green for MacGregor House and blue for Colquhoun.

The School opened a new Nursery at its Balgray Campus in August 2013.

In 2018, Kelvinside merged with Craigholme School to form the Glasgow Schools Trust, which was created to share resources between both schools and preserve both schools due to falling pupil numbers.

Notable alumni and staff

 John Joy Bell, journalist and author
 Robert Browning, Byzantinist
 Brigadier General John Charteris
 Sir Hugh Fraser, 2nd Baronet, of the House of Fraser department store chain (1936–1987)
 Richie Gray, Scottish International Rugby Union player currently playing for Glasgow Warriors
 Brigadier Alastair Pearson, Parachute Regiment, DSO***, MC
 Air Vice Marshal Sandy Johnstone
 James Broom Millar – first Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (1954–1960)
 Boyd Muir, EVP & CFO, President of Operations, Universal Music Group
 Ian Livingston, Baron Livingston of Parkhead
 Sir George Macdonald, archaeologist, teacher at the school 1887–1892
 Sir Donald MacDougall, economist
 Donald Orr, cricketer
 Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry (1944–2011)
 Craig Wright, cricketer.
 Sandy Wylie, Lord Kinclaven, Judge of the Supreme Courts
 Scott Cummings, Scottish International Rugby Union player currently playing for Glasgow Warriors
 Douglas Gairdner, paediatrician
 Rennie Keith, cricketer
 Lorne Crerar Chair and founding partner Harper Macleod Professor of Banking Law University of Glasgow
 Colin Neill Former President Cricket Scotland, Current Chairman of The Forty Club

Related publications
 Kelvinside Academy, 1878–1978 by Colin Mackay
 Kelvinside Academy, 1878–1923 by William Brodie
 Kelvinside Academy, 1878–1928 by David Morrice Low
 Minerva, termly newsletter

References

External links
 Kelvinside Academy
 ISCis page for Kelvinside Academy
 Friends Reunited page for Kelvinside Academy (registration required)
 Kelvinside Academical Club
 Kelvinside Academy's page on Scottish Schools Online

Sources

 http://pmsa.courtauld.ac.uk/pmsa/GW/KS-002.htm
 https://archive.today/20130421040234/http://www.schoolsguidebook.co.uk/schools/Kelvinside_Academy.html

School buildings completed in 1878
Category A listed buildings in Glasgow
Educational institutions established in 1878
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Private schools in Glasgow
James Sellars buildings

1878 establishments in Scotland

Kelvinside Academy


Energetska bilanca podzemnih voda je bilanca podzemnih voda u smislu dolazne hidraulične energije povezane s protokom koji ulazi u kontrolni volumen i protokom koji izlazi iz kontrolnog volumena. Također ova bilanca obuhvaća promjene mehaničke energije, koja se transformira u toplinsku energiju zbog pojave trenja pri protoku. Isto tako pomoću nje se može pratiti konačna promjena energije podzemne vode te njena razina.

Općenito o podzemnim vodama

Podzemne vode su vode koje se nalaze ispod zemljine površine u šupljinama. Znanost koja se bavi istraživanjem područja podzemnih voda je hidrogeologija.
Podzemna voda je svaka voda koja ispunjava šupljine zemljine kore i kreće se isključivo zbog utjecaja gravitacije.
Podzemne vode su dio hidrološkog ciklusa. Vrijeme ciklusa može (ovisno o zadržavanju) u rasponu biti od manje od jedne godine do nekoloko milijuna godina. Vrlo stare podzemne vode (koje su se, primjerice, pojavile u Sahari) se nazivaju fosilne vode.

Teorija
Množenjem horizontalne komponente brzine podzemnih voda (mjerne jedinice m3 dan po m2 površine poprečnog presjeka) s potencijalom podzemnih voda (mjerne jedinice energije po m3 ili E/m3), dobiva se protok energije (fluks) u mjernoj jedinici E/dan po m2 površine poprečnog presjeka.

Sumom ili integracijom protoka energije u okomitom presjeku širine, recimo jedinične širine (1m), od donje granice protoka (nepropusnog sloja ili baze) do razine vode u nezatvorenom vodonosniku daje energiju protoka kroz poprečni presjek u mjernoj jedinici E/danu po metru širine vodonosnika.

Dok protječu, podzemne vode gube energiju zbog pojave trenja, tj. hidraulička energija se pretvara u toplinsku.  Istovremeno, izgubljena energija se može nadopuniti u vodonosniku putem drugih nadolazećih podzemnih voda. Time se ostvaruje hidraulička energetska bilanca između dva obližnja presjeka. Dakle, vrijedi jednadžba očuvanja količine energije između ulaza i izlaza u našem kontrolnom volumenu.

U stacionarnom stanju, tj. kada nema promjene energije i nema akumulacije ili iscrpljivanja vode pohranjene u našem određenom kontrolnom volumenu, protok energije u prvom dijelu zbrojen s energijom nadolazećih podzemnih voda čemu je oduzet protok energije u drugom dijelu mora biti jednak iznosu gubitka energije zbog pojave trenja. Dakle, promjena energije podzemnih voda u stacionarnom stanju mora biti 0.

U matematičkim terminima ova bilanca može se dobiti diferenciranjem integrala poprečnog presjeka protoka energije u smjeru protoka vode koristeći se Leibnizovim pravilom, uzimajući u obzir da razina vode može utjecati na smjer protoka vode. Također, matematika nam omogućuje jednostavan način rješavanja ovog problema pomoću Dupuit-Forchheimerove pretpostavke uz određena pojednostavljenja.

Jednadžba energetske bilance toka podzemnih voda može se koristiti, na primjer, za izračunavanje oblika podzemne vode na nekom određenom području. Također, jedna od bitnijih jednadžbi koja nam pomaže pri tom izračunu je jednadžba protoka (jednadžba kontinuiteta) koja se rješava pomoću iteracija zato što se hidraulički potencijal gledan od slobodne referentne površine uzima na polovici protoka podzemnih voda. Što znači da slobodna referentna površina nije konstanta te su zbog toga potrebne razne iteracije protoka. Jedno od mogućih rješenja, osim iteracija, je unaprijed određivanje (procjena) slobodne razine i prema tome i polovice protoka.

Postupak pokušaja i pogrešaka (iteracija) je jako numerički zahtjevan posao, stoga se za njihovo rješavanje koriste određeni numerički rješavači (matematički programi, simulatori i sl.)

Poveznica s elektrotehnikom
Može se povući paralela između pojave hidrauličkog trenja i Jouleovog zakona u elektrotehnici, gdje su gubici uzrokovani trenjem proporcionalni kvadratu vrijednosti struje (protoka) i električnog otpora materijala kroz koji se javlja struja. U hidraulici podzemnih voda (dinamici fluida, hidrodinamici) često se radi s hidrauličkom provodljivosti (tj. koliko tlo propušta vodu), koja je obrnuto proporcionalna hidrauličkom otporu.

Primjena

Energetska bilanca podzemnih voda, osim što se može primijeniti na izračunavanje oblika podzemnih voda, može se primijeniti i na protok podzemnih voda u kanalizacijama i raznim cjevovodnim mrežama.  To nam omogućuje jedan od računalnih programa EnDrain, koji uspoređuje rješenje tradicionalne jednadžbe razmaka strujnica, koja se bazira na Darcy-Weisbachovoj jednadžbi i jednadžbi kontinuiteta (npr. jednadžba očuvanja mase, itd.), s rješenjem energetske bilance što se može vidjeti u većim razmacima između strujnica što se one više udaljuju od izvora.

Dodatne poveznice
Članci o energetskoj bilanci mogu se downloadati s linka :  pod brojevima 3 i 4.

Izvori

Energetika

Energetska bilanca podzemnih voda


باولا غروقر  (ولدت في 12 يوليو 1892 في أوبلارن - وماتت في 1 يناير 1984 فيها) هي أديبة نمساوية.

ولدت باولا في أوبلارن في مقاطعة شتايرمارك وكان أبوها فرنتس تاجرا. التحقت بين عامي 1907 و 1912 بمعهد تدريب المعلمات للفتيات الكاثوليك في زالتسبورغ، ثم حصلت على الثانوية بعد اجتيازها امتحان الكفاءة Reifeprüfung. ثم عادت بعد ذلك إلى شتايرمارك وبدأت تدرس حتى عام 1929.

وحققت أولى أعمالها في عام 1929 وهي رواية بوابة جريمنج Das Grimmingtor نجاحا كبيرا. وقد ترجم الكتاب وأعيد طبعه أكثر من مرة.

حصلت في عام 1952 على جائزة بيتر روزيجر Peter-Rosegger-Preis من مقاطعة شتايرمارك. ورشحت لتكون أستاذة جامعية في عام 1966. وفي عام 1980 أنهت نشاطها الأدبي الذي جاوز 88 سنة، وماتت عن عمر يناهز الإحدى والتسعين عاما في منزلها في أوبلارن الذي تحول اليوم إلى متحف.

من أعمالها

 بوابة جريمنج 1926
 أساطير اللصوص 1929 و 1977
 لعبة الشمس والقمر والنجوم 1933
 الزفاف .. مسرحية للأمير يوهان (مسرحية عن الدوق يوهان)
 حدائق الفردوس 1980
 تاريخ الطفولة 1983

روابط خارجية

مراجع

روائيون نمساويون في القرن 20
كاتبات القرن 20
كاتبات نمساويات
كتاب باللغة الألمانية
كتاب نمساويون في القرن 20
كتاب وكاتبات ألمان
مواليد 1892
وفيات 1984

باولا غروقر


Les élections régionales en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie () sont organisées tous les cinq ans dans le Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, sauf en cas de dissolution anticipée, afin de désigner les députés régionaux qui siègent au sein du Landtag.

Résumé

Notes et références

Élections régionales en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie


Armando Do Carmo Araujo (Boa Vista, 27 de abril de 1982), é deputado estadual eleito pelo estado de Roraima, é filiado ao Partido Liberal (PL).

Membros do Partido Liberal (2006)
Deputados estaduais de Roraima
Naturais de Boa Vista (Roraima)

Armando Neto


El húsar de la guardia es una zarzuela en un acto, dividido en tres cuadros, con música de Amadeo Vives y Gerónimo Giménez, con libreto de Guillermo Perrín y Miguel de Palacios. Se estrenó en el Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid, el 1 de octubre de 1904. En Barcelona se estrenó el 12 de noviembre del mismo año, en el Teatre Granvia.

Personajes

Referencias

Historia, análisis y discografía en lazarzuela.webcindario.com

Enlaces externos

Zarzuelas de Amadeo Vives
Zarzuelas de Gerónimo Giménez
Zarzuelas de 1904

El húsar de la guardia


Ercole Graziani l'Aîné, dit Ercolino, né en 1651 à , une frazione de Budrio et mort le  à Bologne, est un peintre et graveur baroque italien.

Biographie
Ercole Graziani naît près de Bologne en 1651, dans le village de Mezzolara. Il devient un peintre de sujets religieux et travaille notamment à Rome, à la basilique Sainte-Marie-Majeure, et à Florence, où il réalise les peintures sur la façade du dôme de la cathédrale Santa Maria del Fiore. À Bologne, il travaille aux palais Pepoli et , tandis qu'il travaille sur le Palazzo Orazio à Venise. Il est connu pour avoir réalisé le blason sur les portiques de nombreux palais.

Il n'est pas un parent ou de la famille d'Ercole Graziani le Jeune, peintre né en 1688 et mort en 1765. Il a comme élève Carlo Giuseppe Carpi.

Œuvres
Avec Giuseppe Maria Mazza, il décore les alcoves du Palazzo Bianconcini en 1704.

La Libération de saint Pierre, huile sur toile, , vendue par Christie's en 2000 pour  (USD).

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste de peintres italiens

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Peintre italien du XVIIIe siècle
Peintre italien du XVIIe siècle
Peintre baroque italien
Graveur italien du XVIIIe siècle
Graveur italien du XVIIe siècle
Graveur baroque
Naissance en 1651
Naissance à Budrio
Naissance dans les États pontificaux
Décès en juin 1726
Décès à Bologne
Décès dans les États pontificaux

Ercole Graziani l'Aîné


An earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected.  Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) which instead detect leakage current directly.

Purpose
The main purpose of Earth leakage protectors is to prevent injury to humans and animals due to electric shock.

History
This is a category of devices, which are used to protect instruments, circuits and operators, while Earth leakage. Early ELCBs were voltage operated devices (VO-ELCB), detecting a voltage rise between installation metalwork, and an external electrode. These have now been replaced by current sensing devices (RCD/RCCB). In modern literature voltage sensing devices are called ELCB or VOELCB and current sensing devices are called RCCB or RCD.

Voltage sensing ELCBs were first introduced about sixty years ago. Current sensing ELCBs were first introduced about forty years ago. For many years, the voltage operated ELCB and the differential current operated ELCB were both referred to as ELCBs because it was a simpler name to remember. But the use of a common name for two different devices gave rise to considerable confusion in the electrical industry.

If the wrong type was used on an installation, the level of protection given could be substantially less than that intended, in particular the voltage operated type can only protect against faults or shocks to metalwork connected to the circuit ground, connected to the VOELCB, it cannot detect current leaving a live wire and running to ground by another path, such as via a person standing on the earth.

To eliminate this confusion, the IEC decided to apply the term residual current device (RCD) to differential-current-operated ELCBs. Residual current refers to any residue when comparing current in the outbound and return currents in the circuit. In a single phase circuit this is simply the live or phase current minus the neutral current. In a 3 phase circuit all current carrying conductors must be sensed.

Operation
An ELCB is a specialised type of latching relay that has a building's incoming mains power connected through its switching contacts so that the ELCB disconnects the power when earth leakage is detected.

The ELCB detects fault currents from live to the Earth (ground) wire within the installation it protects. If sufficient voltage appears across the ELCB's sense coil, it will switch off the power, and remain off until manually reset. A voltage-sensing ELCB does not sense fault currents from live to any other Earthed body.

Types
There are two types of Earth-leakage circuit breaker:
voltage operated (referred as ELCB in this article) and,
current operated (referred to as RCCB in this article).

Voltage-operated (ELCB)

Voltage ELCBs have been in widespread use since then, and many are still in operation but are no longer installed in new construction. A voltage-operated ELCB detects a rise in potential between the protected interconnected metalwork (equipment frames, conduits, enclosures) and a distant isolated Earth reference electrode. They operate at a detected potential of around 50 volts to open a main breaker and isolate the supply from the protected premises.

A voltage-operated ELCB has a second terminal for connecting to the remote reference Earth connection.

The Earth circuit is modified when an ELCB is used; the connection to the Earth rod is passed through the ELCB by connecting to its two Earth terminals. One terminal goes to the installation Earth CPC (circuit protective conductor, aka Earth wire), and the other to the Earth rod (or sometimes other type of Earth connection).

Disadvantages
Compared with a current-sensing system, voltage sensing systems have several disadvantages which include:

 A wire break in the fault to load section, or in the earth to ground section, will disable operation of the ELCB.
 Requirement of an additional third wire from the load to the ELCB.
 Separate devices cannot be grounded individually.
 Any additional connection to Earth on the protected system can disable the detector.
 The ELCB senses equipment faults and cannot detect if a person accidentally touches an energized part of the ELCB.

Current sensing devices (RCD/RCCB)
RCD/RCCB is the commonly used ELCB type. An RCCB typically consists of a current transformer, which has multiple primary windings and one secondary winding. Neutral and line (or lines in multiple phase systems) wires act as the primary windings. A wire wound coil is the secondary winding. The current through the secondary winding is zero at the balanced condition. In the balanced condition, the flux due to the current through the phase wire will be neutralized by the current through the neutral wire, since the current, which flows from the phase will be returned to the neutral. When a fault occurs, a small current will flow to the ground also. This makes an imbalance between line and neutral current creating an unbalanced magnetic field. This induces a current through the secondary winding, which is connected to the sensing circuit. This will sense the leakage and send signal to tripping system.

Voltage Sensing Advantages
Voltage sensing ELCBs have a few advantages over current sensing RCDs:
1) They are less sensitive to fault conditions, and therefore have fewer nuisance trips. (This does not mean they always do, as practical performance depends on installation details and the discrimination enhancing filtering in the ELCB.) Therefore, by electrically separating cable armour from the cable circuit protective conductor, an ELCB can be arranged to protect against cable damage only, and not trip on faults in downline installations.
2) Voltage sensing ELCBs will also trip on DC current faults to ground which a transformer interfaced RCD/RCCB is unable to sense, with similar issues with frequencies significantly above mains frequency. This may lead to ground faults on variable speed drives between the drive electronics and motor not being detected for example.

Voltage Sensing Disadvantages
Voltage sensing ELCBs have some disadvantages:
 They do not detect faults that do not pass current through the CPC to the Earth rod.
 They do not allow a single building system to be easily split into multiple sections with independent fault protection, because Earthing systems are usually bonded to pipework.
 They may be tripped by external voltages from something connected to the Earthing system such as metal pipes, a TN-S Earth or a TN-C-S combined neutral and Earth.
 As with RCDs, electrically leaky appliances such as some water heaters, washing machines and cookers may cause the ELCB to trip.
 ELCBs introduce additional resistance and an additional point of failure into the Earthing system.

Earth bypassing
It is not unusual for an ELCB protected installation to have a second unintentional connection to Earth somewhere, one that does not pass through the ELCB sense coil. This can occur via metal pipework in contact with the ground, metal structural framework, outdoor home appliances in contact with soil, and so on.

When this occurs, fault current may pass to Earth without being sensed by the ELCB. Despite this, perhaps counterintuitively, the operation of the ELCB is not compromised. The purpose of the ELCB is to prevent Earthed metalwork rising to a dangerous voltage during fault conditions, and the ELCB continues to do this just the same, the ELCB will still cut the power at the same CPC voltage level. (The difference is that higher fault current is then needed to reach this voltage.)

Nuisance trips
While voltage and current on the earth line is usually fault current from a live wire, this is not always the case, thus there are situations in which an ELCB can nuisance trip.

When an installation has two connections to Earth, a nearby high current lightning strike will cause a voltage gradient in the soil, presenting the ELCB sense coil with enough voltage to cause it to trip.

If the installation's Earth rod is placed close to the Earth rod of a neighbouring building, a high Earth leakage current in the other building can raise the local ground potential and cause a voltage difference across the two Earths, again tripping the ELCB. Close Earth rods are unsuitable for ELCB use for this reason, but in real life such installations are sometimes encountered.

Both RCDs and ELCBs are prone to nuisance trips from normal harmless Earth leakage to some degree. On one hand ELCBs are on average older, and hence tend to have less well developed filtering against nuisance trips, and on the other hand ELCBs are inherently immune to some of the causes of false trips RCDs suffer, and are generally less sensitive than RCDs. In practice RCD nuisance trips are much more common.

Another cause of nuisance tripping is due to accumulated or burden currents caused by items with lowered insulation resistance.  This may occur due to older equipment, or equipment with heating elements, or even wiring in buildings in the tropics where prolonged damp and rain conditions can cause the insulation resistance to lower due to moisture tracking. If there is a 30 mA protective device in use and there is a 10 mA burden from various sources then the unit will trip at 20 mA.  The individual items may each be electrically safe but a large number of small burden currents accumulates and reduces the tripping level.  This was more a problem in past installations where multiple circuits were protected by a single ELCB.

Heating elements of the tubular form are filled with a very fine powder that can absorb moisture if the element has not be used for some time.  In the tropics, this may occur, for example if a clothes drier has not been used for a year or a large water boiler used for coffee, etc. has been in storage.  In such cases, if the unit is allowed to power up without RCD protection then it will normally dry out and successfully pass inspection.  This type of problem can be seen even with brand new equipment.

Failure to respond
Some ELCBs do not respond to rectified fault current. This issue is the same in principle with ELCBs and RCDs, but ELCBs are on average much older and specifications have improved considerably over the years, so an old ELCB is more likely to have some fault current waveform that it will not respond to.

With any mechanical device, failures occur, and ELCBs should ideally be tested periodically to ensure they still work.

If either of the Earth wires become disconnected from the ELCB, it will no longer trip and the installation will often no longer be properly Earthed.

See also
Residual-current device
Earthing system

References

Electric power distribution
Electric power systems components

Safety switches

ja:配線用遮断器#漏電遮断器

Earth-leakage circuit breaker


Arı, yan etkiye neden olmayan ve yan etkilerden etkilenmeyen. Bir işlev, çalışması esnasında evrensel değişkenlerin etkisinde kalıyor veya evrensel değişkenleri etkiliyorsa ve dolayısıyla bu işlevin, argumanların değeri aynı kalıyor olmasına rağmen her çağrıldığında farklı sonuçlara neden olma ihtimali varsa arı değildir.

Bir işlevin arı olması, programlama hatalarını azaltır ve hataların yakalanmasını kolaylaştırır.

Haskell gibi arı işlevsel dillerde, dilin kendisi arıdır. Yalnız bir programlama dilinin hiçbir şekilde evrensel değişkenlerle etkileşememesi, dili işlevsiz kılacağı için bu dillerde I/O işlemleri, monadlar ile korumalı alanlarda güvenli bir şekilde yapılır.

Programlama

Arı (programlama)


José A. Lugo Adames (nacido el 10 de abril de 1984 en San Pedro de Macorís) es un lanzador dominicano de ligas menores que se encuentra en la organización de los Bravos de Atlanta.

Lugo firmó con los Atléticos de Oakland el 30 de enero de 2002. Durante cuatro temporadas en su organización, acumuló un récord de 14-6. Los Mellizos de Minnesota seleccionaron a Lugo en el Draft de la Regla 5 después de la temporada 2005. Dividió el 2006 entre los equipos Elizabethton Twins y Beloit Snappers, terminando con récord de 8-4 con una efectividad de 3.56 en 13 aperturas con Elizabethton y 1-4 con una efectividad de 4.45 en 22 apariciones como relevista con Snappers. Con Beloit Snappers de nuevo en 2007, terminó con récord de 5-6 con una efectividad de 4.32 en 40 partidos (siete como abridor). En 2008, lanzó para Fort Myers Miracle, haciendo 51 apariciones como relevista y terminando con récord de 2-6 con una efectividad de 4.04.

El 11 de diciembre de 2008, Lugo fue adquirido por los Reales de Kansas City en el Draft de la Regla 5, y el mismo día fue canjeado a los Marineros de Seattle por dinero en efectivo. Fue enviado a los Mellizos de Minnesota el 1 de abril de 2009 y finalmente a los Bravos en 2011.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Baseball-Reference
Fangraphs
The Baseball Cube

Beisbolistas de República Dominicana
Lanzadores de República Dominicana
Beisbolistas de los Toros del Este
Nacidos en la provincia San Pedro de Macorís

José Lugo


Işık Okulları, Feyziye Mektepleri Vakfı'na bağlı olarak çalışmalarını sürdüren eğitim kurumlarının genel adıdır.

Kampüsler
 Nişantaşı Kampüsü:

Yaklaşık 3,500 m² açık alan toplam 17,500m2 lik kapalı alan üzerine kurulu Nişantaşı Kampüsü, Işık Okulları'nın ilk ve en eski kampüsüdur. Anaokulu, ilköğretim okulu, lise ve Feyziye Mektepleri Vakfı'nı barındıran dört binaya sahiptir. Okulda 2 adet konferans salonu (Muvaffak Benderli ve Sacit Öncel), 2 kapalı spor salonu, teraslarda 2 açık halı saha, 3 bilgisayar laboratuvarı, 5 multimedya derslik ve yemekhane bulunmaktadır. Kütüphanesinde ise 20 bine yakın kitap ve 200'ü aşkın CD bulunduran Nişantaşı Işık Lisesi, girişinde bulunan Galeri Işık Teşvikiye ile önemli sergilere ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.

İstanbul'un en önemli noktalarından birinde bulunan ve 300 metrekarelik bir alana sahip olan Galeri Işık Teşvikiye'de eğitim ve öğretim çerçevesinde, sanat faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra her türlü bilimsel, sosyal ve teknolojik etkinlik, etkileşim ve tanıtım da gerçekleştirilerek değerli projelere ev sahipliği yapılmaktadır.

 Ayazağa Kampüsü:

1986 yılında eğitime başlayan kampüs, Işık Okulları'nın en büyük kampüsü olma niteliğini taşır. Kampüste, anaokulu, ilköğretim, lise ve Işık Üniversitesi'nin Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi'nin kampüsü bulunur. Spor alanları bakımından; kampüs bünyesinde bir kapalı yüzme havuzu, bir kapalı spor salonu ve açık spor alanlarını barındırır. Okulda ayrıca bir de botanik serası bulunur. Işık Lisesi mezunlarını bir araya getiren Işıkev sosyal tesisi yine bu kampüste bulunmaktadır. Sanata büyük önem veren kurumun bir diğer galerisi olan Galeri Işık İstanbul da bu kampüs içerisinde yer almaktadır.

 Erenköy-Güneş Kampüsü:

Yeni oluşturulan bu kampüste, anaokulu, ilköğretim okuluve 2005-2006 yılında eğitime başlayan lise ve fen lisesi yer almaktadır.Kampüsteki sosyal tesisler ve yüzme havuzu 2006-2007 Öğretim Yılında tamamlanarak hizmete girmiştir.

 Şile Kampüsü:

Şehir merkezine yaklaşık 45 dakika mesafede olan kampüste, Işık Üniversitesi öğrencileri için bir "kampüs üniversitesi" oluşturulmuştur.Kampüste, eğitim ve idare binaları dışında çok sayıda sosyal tesis ve yaklaşık 1200 öğrenci kapasiteli yurt bulunmaktadır. Kampüs içerisinde "Galeri Işık Şile" adında bir de sanat galerisi yer almaktadır.

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
Her Okuldan Adam Çıkmaz - Harun Odabaşı (Kaynak Kültür Yayınları) ISBN 9786054770755

Ayrıca bakınız
 Işık Lisesi
 Işık Üniversitesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 FID - Feyziyeliler Işıklılar Derneği
 Feyziye Mektepleri Vakfı Ana Sayfası

Türkiye'deki eğitim kurumları

Işık Okulları


OffTopic es un grupo español de heavy metal y Hard Rock  , formado en 2007, y procedente de Madrid.

Historia
En 2011, Offtopic lanzó su álbum de estudio, Impacto, el cual con 14 canciones tiene influencias de rock, blues y funk, así como también de otros géneros como el hard rock, heavy metal y rock progresivo.

Publicaciones

Álbumes de estudio
 Sin Miedo (2008)
 A Fuego (2009)
 Impacto (2011)

EP
 Backstage

Formación
 Toni Sánchez-Gil - Guitarra desde 2007
 Rosa Ibáñez – Voz  desde 2007
 José Luis López – Bajo desde 2007
 Cristian Millán – Batería  desde 2007

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial
 Myspace oficial
 Twitter oficial
 Facebook oficial
 Perfil Revernation oficial

Grupos de hard rock de España
Grupos de metal alternativo de España
Grupos de metal progresivo de España
Grupos de música de los años 2000
Grupos de power metal de España

pt:OffTopic

OffTopic (banda)


Terrence Louis Henderson Jr., mais conhecido por seu nome artístico Punch, é um rapper, compositor, produtor musical e executivo de gravação americano de Carson, Califórnia. Ele é mais conhecido por ser o presidente da gravadora independente Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE). Ele também foi produtor executivo de vários álbuns de sucesso, incluindo Section.80  de Kendrick Lamar (2011), Habits & Contradictions de Schoolboy Q (2012), 3ChordFold de Terrace Martin (2013) e mais. Além de sua carreira musical solo, Punch é membro do coletivo de hip hop A Room Full of Mirrors, ao lado dos colegas rappers Daylyt, Nick Grant, The Ichiban Don, Lyric Michelle, Hari e muito mais.

Terrence Henderson fundou a gravadora independente Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE) com sede em Carson, Califórnia, em 2004, com Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith e Dave "Miyatola" Free. Ele então começou sua carreira musical em 2007 sob o apelido de Punch. Em março de 2016, Punch revelou planos para lançar seu primeiro álbum de estúdio. Punch disse à Billboard que planeja fazer "um projeto com certeza", embora seu processo artístico geralmente ocorra em surtos: "Acho que finalmente vou terminar porque escrevo muito e gravo de vez em quando. Eu acho que vou em frente e nocautear neste ponto. " Em 5 de dezembro de 2016, Punch lançou um single intitulado "Gold".

Ver também

Compositores dos Estados Unidos
Produtores musicais dos Estados Unidos
Rappers afro-americanos
Empresários dos Estados Unidos

Punch (rapper)


Rafael Sanz Lobato (Sevilla, 5 de agosto de 1932-Madrid, 22 de abril de 2015) fue un fotógrafo español, Premio Nacional de Fotografía en 2011, «por su pericia para mostrar la transformación del mundo rural».

Biografía
Su familia se trasladó a vivir a Madrid en 1941 y en 1956 se compró su primera cámara fotográfica. En 1964 tomó parte en la Real Sociedad Fotográfica de Madrid. En 1965 con otros fotógrafos fundó el grupo La Colmena. Cuando desapareció el grupo, participó en la creación del Grupo 5. Su obra se centra en escenas campestres costumbristas, en imágenes de ciudades provincianas y de sus festejos tradicionales, así como retratos, por lo que se ha considerado como pionero en ese tipo de fotografía antropológica. Otros pioneros de la Escuela de Madrid fueron Carlos Hernández Corcho, Juan Dolcet y Manuel Cruzado Cazador. Era miembro de una generación que está a caballo entre los años 1950 y 1970. En 1971 abandonó la Real Sociedad Fotográfica por diferencias con Gerardo Vielba y poco después se convirtió en fotógrafo profesional.

El Ministerio de Cultura, al concederle el Premio Nacional, destacó la coherencia y solidez de su obra, que "constituye un puente entre la nueva vanguardia neorrealista de la postguerra y los métodos de observación fotográfica posteriores a 1968".

Falleció el 22 de abril de 2015 en Madrid a causa de un cáncer de pulmón.

Premios y distinciones
 Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes (2003)
 Premio de Honor Ciutat de Lleida de Fotografia (2009)
 Premio Nacional de Fotografía (2011)

Referencias

Fotógrafos de Andalucía
Fotógrafos de Madrid
Fotógrafos de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en Sevilla
Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes
Fallecidos en Madrid
Fallecidos por cáncer de pulmón en la Comunidad de Madrid

Rafael Sanz Lobato


Rodolfo Ariel Sandoval (født 4. oktober 1948) er en uruguayansk tidligere fodboldspiller (midtbane).

Sandoval spillede gennem sin karriere tre kampe for Uruguays landshold. Han var en del af landets trup til VM 1970 i Mexico, men var kun på banen i én kamp i turneringen, bronzekampen mod Vesttyskland

På klubplan spillede Sandoval for Montevideo-storklubben Peñarol, og vandt adskillige uruguayanske mesterskaber med klubben.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1970
Fodboldspillere fra Club Atlético Peñarol

Rodolfo Sandoval


An Helictotrichon parlatorei in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Woods, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Pilg.. An Helictotrichon parlatorei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Helictotrichon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Helictotrichon

Helictotrichon parlatorei


Larks' Tongues in Aspic is the fifth studio album by the English progressive rock group King Crimson, released on 23 March 1973 through Island Records in the UK and Atlantic Records in the United States and Canada. This album is the debut of King Crimson's third incarnation, featuring co-founder and guitarist Robert Fripp along with four new members: bass guitarist and vocalist John Wetton, violinist and keyboardist David Cross, percussionist Jamie Muir, and drummer Bill Bruford. It is a key album in the band's evolution, drawing on Eastern European classical music and European free improvisation as central influences.

Background

At the end of the tour to promote King Crimson's previous album, Islands, Fripp had parted company with the three other members of the band (Mel Collins, Boz Burrell and Ian Wallace). Collins has stated that he was asked to stay on with the new lineup of the band, but that he decided not to continue. The previous year had also seen the ousting of the band's lyricist and artistic co-director Peter Sinfield. Fripp had cited a developing musical (and sometimes personal) incompatibility with the other members, and was now writing starker music drawing on influences such as Béla Bartók, Igor Stravinsky, Jimi Hendrix and free improvisation.

In order to pursue these new (for King Crimson) ideas, Fripp first recruited bass guitarist/singer John Wetton (a longstanding friend of the band who had lobbied to join at least once before but had become a member of Family in the meantime). The second recruit was Jamie Muir, an experimental free-improvising percussionist who had previously been performing in the Music Improvisation Company with Derek Bailey and Evan Parker, as well as in Sunship (with Alan Gowen and Allan Holdsworth) and Boris (with Don Weller and Jimmy Roche, both later of jazz-rock band Major Surgery).

On drums (and to be paired with Muir) Fripp recruited original Yes drummer Bill Bruford. Another longstanding King Crimson admirer, Bruford felt that he had done all he could with Yes at that point, and was keen to leave the band before they embarked on their Close to the Edge tour, believing that the experimentation-oriented King Crimson would be a more expansive outlet for his musical ideas. The final member of the new band was David Cross, a violinist, keyboardist and occasional flute player.

Production
Larks' Tongues in Aspic showed several significant changes in King Crimson's sound. Having previously relied on saxophone and flute as significant melodic and textural instruments, the band had replaced them with a single violin. Muir's percussion rig featured eccentric instrumentation including chimes, bells, thumb pianos, a musical saw, shakers, rattles, found objects (such as sheet metal, toys and baking trays), plus miscellaneous drums and chains. The Mellotron (a staple part of King Crimson's instrumentation since their debut album) was retained for this new phase and was played by Fripp and Cross, both of whom also played electric piano. The instrumental pieces on this album have strong jazz fusion and European free-improvisation influences, and some aggressively hard-hitting portions verging on heavy metal.

The band's multi-instrumentalism initially extended to Wetton and Muir playing (respectively) violin and trombone on occasion at early gigs. Wetton and Cross contributed additional piano and flute respectively to the album sessions. Larks' Tongues in Aspic is the only studio album with this particular lineup, since Muir left the group in February 1973, shortly after the album was completed and before they could embark for touring.

"Easy Money" was composed piecemeal, with Fripp writing the verse and Wetton later adding the chorus part.

The album spawned the concert staple "Exiles", whose Mellotron introduction had been adapted from an instrumental piece called "Mantra" which the band's original line up had performed throughout 1969. At that time, as well as in late 1972, the melody was played by Fripp on guitar. In addition, a section of "Larks' Tongues in Aspic, Part One" was reworked from a piece entitled "A Peacemaking Stint Unrolls", which was recorded by the Islands-era band and finally released in 2010 as a bonus track on that album's 40th anniversary edition.

Release and reissues
The album peaked at number 20 on the UK charts and at number 61 in the U.S. In 2012 Larks' Tongues in Aspic was issued as part of the King Crimson 40th Anniversary Series, including the release of an expansive box set subtitled "The Complete Recordings". This CD, DVD-A and Blu-ray set includes every available recording of the short-lived 5-man line-up, through live performances and studio sessions.

Reception and legacy

In his contemporary review, Alan Niester of Rolling Stone summarized the album saying "You can't dance to it, can't keep a beat to it, and it doesn't even make good background music for washing the dishes" and recommended listeners to "approach it with a completely open mind." He described the songs on the album as "a total study in contrasts, especially in moods and tempos – blazing and electric one moment, soft and intricate the next." While not fully appreciative of the music on the record, he complimented the violin playing as "tasteful [...] in the best classical tradition."

Bill Martin wrote in 1998, "[f]or sheer formal inventiveness, the most important progressive rock record of 1973 was... Larks' Tongues in Aspic", adding that listening to this album and Yes's Close to the Edge will demonstrate "what progressive rock is all about".

AllMusic's retrospective review was resoundingly positive, marking every aspect of the band's transition from a jazz-influenced vein to a more experimental one as a complete success. It deemed John Wetton "the group's strongest singer/bassist since Greg Lake's departure," and gave special praise to the remastered edition.

Robert Christgau's retrospective review gave a more ambivalent view, saying of the band's instrumental work, "not only doesn't it cook, which figures, it doesn't quite jell either."

In the Q & Mojo Classic Special Edition Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog Rock, the album came number 22 in its list of "40 Cosmic Rock Albums".

Larks' Tongues in Aspic comes in at #20 in Rolling Stone's "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time" list.

The album is featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

The progressive metal bands Dream Theater and Murmur both covered "Larks' Tongues in Aspic Pt. II". Dream Theater's version is featured on the special edition of their album Black Clouds & Silver Linings.

Track listing

Personnel
King Crimson
Robert Fripp – electric and acoustic guitars, Mellotron, Hohner pianet, devices
John Wetton – bass, vocals, piano on "Exiles"
Bill Bruford – drums, timbales, cowbell, wood block
David Cross – violin, viola, Mellotron, Hohner pianet, flute on "Exiles"
Jamie Muir – percussion, drums, "allsorts" (assorted found items and sundry instruments), autoharp on "Larks' Tongues in Aspic, Part One"

Additional personnel
Richard Palmer-James – lyrics
Nick Ryan – engineering
Tantra Designs – cover design

Charts

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

1973 albums
King Crimson albums
Albums produced by Robert Fripp
Island Records albums
Polydor Records albums
E.G. Records albums
Virgin Records albums
Atlantic Records albums

Larks' Tongues in Aspic


Le Masque de Satan () est un téléfilm d'épouvante  franco-hispano-germano-italien-portugais réalisé par Lamberto Bava et sorti au cinéma en 1990.

En France, il a été diffusé dans la collection Sabbat le  sur France 3.

Le film met en vedette  et Debora Caprioglio, cette dernière étant créditée sous le nom de Debora Kinski, car à l'époque l'actrice était liée à Klaus Kinski.

C'est un remake du film Le Masque du démon () sorti en 1960, qui marqua les débuts du père du réalisateur, Mario Bava. Les deux films sont également basés sur le conte Vij (1835) de l'écrivain russe Nicolas Gogol.

Le Masque de Satan a été distribué dans les cinémas italiens mais il a été commercialisé à l'international dans le cadre d'une collection de téléfilms appelée Sabbat.

Historique
Le Masque de Satan est la conséquence des quotas de production française imposés à la fin des années 1980 et de la volonté de diverses productions européennes de travailler ensemble comme Mediaset et Beta Taurus. Un vestige du Consortium européen pour la télévision commerciale qui réunit la Fininvest, Maxwell, Beta taurus et la SEPC (holding des participations françaises au capital de la Cinq), créé en mars 1986 et dissout début 1989 après le retrait du groupe Chargeurs.

Synopsis
Un groupe d'amis se rend dans une station de ski isolée. Quelques minutes plus tard, alors qu'ils s'attaquent aux sentiers les plus escarpés dans la neige, une grande crevasse s'ouvre soudainement sous eux. La plupart des membres du groupe sont indemnes après la chute, et seule une fille souffre d'une grave fracture de la jambe. Ils se sont tous mis à la recherche d'un moyen de sortir de la crevasse. Mais l'endroit où ils ont sombré cache un terrible secret. La momie de la sorcière Anibas est conservé dans la glace. L'un des jeunes hommes, armé d'un piolet, brise la glace autour de la momie, découvrant ainsi son visage. Il porte le « masque de Satan », un instrument de torture utilisé par les inquisiteurs contre les sorcières. Le jeune homme libère le visage de la momie de son « masque » métallique, libérant ainsi les forces du mal.

Fiche technique

 Titre français : Le Masque de Satan
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : Lamberto Bava
 Scénario : Lamberto Bava, Massimo De Rita, Giorgio Stegani d'après Vij de Nicolas Gogol
 Photographie : Gianfranco Transunto
 Montage : Piero Bozza
 Musique : Simon Boswell
 Effets spéciaux : Sergio Stivaletti
 Décors :
 Costumes : Katia Dottori
 Maquillage : Franco Casagni, Sara Del Zoppo, Laura Borselli
 Production : Lamberto Bava, Andrea Piazzesi, Renato Camarda, Federico Llano
 Société de production : Silvio Berlusconi Communications
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 1,66:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 86 minutes ()
 Genre : Film d'épouvante
 Date de sortie :
 Italie :  (Fantafestival)

Distribution
 : Davide
Debora Caprioglio (sous le nom de « Debora Kinski ») : Sabina
Eva Grimaldi : Anibas
Stanko Molnar : le prêtre
 : Alessandra
Michele Soavi : Bebo
Alessandra Bonarot
Laura Devoti
Stefano Molinari
Ron Williams

Notes et références

Liens externes

Téléfilm italien des années 1990
Téléfilm espagnol des années 1990
Téléfilm portugais
Téléfilm allemand des années 1990
Téléfilm français des années 1990
Téléfilm diffusé en 1990
Téléfilm d'horreur
Téléfilm fantastique
Film réalisé par Lamberto Bava
Film scénarisé par Massimo De Rita
Film en italien
Adaptation de Vij au cinéma

Remake italien de film italien
Film sur le satanisme
Film fantastique mettant en scène une sorcière

Le Masque de Satan


El XXIV Campeonato Mundial de Triatlón fue una serie de ocho competiciones donde la Gran Final se celebró en Auckland (Nueva Zelanda) del 21 al 22 de octubre de 2012. Fue realizado bajo la organización de la Unión Internacional de Triatlón (ITU).

En la Gran Final, los 1,5 km de natación se efectuaron en las aguas de la bahía de Waitemata (específicamente en la zona del Astillero de la Reina, Queens Wharf), los 40 km de bicicleta y los 10 km de carrera se desarrollaron en un circuito urbano de la ciudad neozelandesa.

Etapas

Resultados

Medallistas

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales .
Ranking oficial .

2012
Triatlón en 2012
Competiciones deportivas mundiales celebradas en Nueva Zelanda

Campeonato Mundial de Triatlón de 2012


Telegeodynamics is an electromechanical earth-resonance concept for underground seismic exploration proposed by Nikola Tesla.

Description
Tesla designed this system for use in prospecting and discerning the location of underground mineral structures through the transmission of mechanical energy through the subsurface.  Data from reflected and refracted signals can be analyzed to deduce the location and characteristics of underground formations.  Additional non-mechanical responses to the initial acoustic impulses may also be detectable using instruments that measure various electrical and magnetic parameters.  Such predicted responses would--at least--take the form of induced electric and magnetic fields, telluric currents, and changes in earth conductivity.

The electromechanical oscillator was originally designed as a source of isochronous (that is to say, frequency stable), alternating electric current used with both wireless transmitting and receiving apparatus.  In dynamical system theory an oscillator is called isochronous if the frequency is independent of its amplitude. An electromechanical device runs at the same rate regardless of changes in its drive force, so it maintains a constant frequency (hz).

See also
 Surface waves and Shear waves
 Seismology

References

Further reading
 Journal Il Nuovo Cimento C, On a new general theory of earthquakes. Italian Physical Society, . Issue Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 1988  Pages 209-217 SpringerLink Date Thursday, February 08, 2007

Inventions by Nikola Tesla

it:Telegeodinamica

Telegeodynamics


Le dichlorure de titanocène est un composé organotitane de formule chimique , couramment abrégée , où Cp représente un ligand cyclopentadiényle . Ce métallocène est un réactif employé en synthèse organique et organométallique. Il se présente comme une poudre rouge vif qui s'hydrolyse lentement au contact de l'air. Il présente également une activité antitumorale et a été le premier complexe non platine à faire l'objet d'un essai clinique en chimiothérapie.

Structure et préparation

Le complexe  adopte une géométrique tétraédrique distordue, si l'on assimile les unités cyclopentadiène à des ligands monodentates — elles sont liées au titane par une liaison haptique . La liaison  a une longueur de , tandis que l'angle  vaut 95°.

Le mode de préparation standard du dichlorure de titanocène part du tétrachlorure de titane . La synthèse à partir de cyclopentadiénure de sodium Na() est encore couramment utilisée :
2 Na() +  ⟶  + 2 NaCl.

Il peut également être obtenu à partir de cyclopentadiène  fraîchement distillé plutôt qu'à partir de son sel de sodium :
2  +  ⟶  + 2 HCl.

Réactions

Remplacement de ligands chlorure

Le dichlorure de titanocène est un réactif efficace comme source d'unités . Les ligands chlorure peuvent être déplacés par une large gamme de nucléophiles. L'hydrogénosulfure de sodium NaSH et les polysulfures donnent respectivement des dérivés  et .

Le réactif de Petasis, ou diméthyltitanocène , est obtenu en faisant réagir du dichlorure de titanocène avec du chlorure de méthylmagnésium  ou du méthyllithium  ; il est utile pour les conversions des esters en éthers d'énol.
 + 2  ⟶  + 2 .

Le réactif de Tebbe  s'obtient en faisant réagir deux équivalents de triméthylaluminium  avec du dichlorure de titanocène :
 + 2  ⟶  +  + .

Remplacement de ligands cyclopentadiényle

Un ligand cyclopentadiényle peut être éliminé du  pour donner du  à géométrie tétraédrique. Cette conversion peut être réalisée à l'aide de tétrachlorure de titane  ou de chlorure de thionyle .

Le composé sandwich (cycloheptatriényl)(cyclopentadiényl)titane  (troticène) peut être obtenu par traitement de dichlorure de titanocène avec du cycloheptatriényllithium.

Le titanocène  est lui-même si réactif qu'il se réarrange en dimère d'hydrures à  qui a fait l'objet de nombreuses études. Ce dimère peut être piégé en conduisant la réduction du dichlorure de titanocène en présence de ligands. Avec du benzène, on peut obtenir un complexe de fulvalène μ(η:η-fulvalène)-di-(μ-hydrido)-bis(η-cyclopentadiényltitane), et le soluté résultant peut être caractérisé par cristallographie aux rayons X.

Le même composé avait été publié plus tôt par une réduction du dichlorure de titanocène par l'aluminohydrure de lithium  et par l'amalgame de sodium Na(Hg) et étudié par RMN du proton avant sa caractérisation définitive.

Réduction

La réduction du dichlorure de titanocène  (ci-dessous  ) donne le chlorure de bis(cyclopentadiényl)titane(III)  (réactif de Nugent-RajanBabu, ci-dessous ) en équilibre chimique avec le solvant :

Le dichlorure de titanocène est précurseur de dérivés de . On a notamment étudié les réductions aux réactifs de Grignard et aux composés alkyllithium. Parmi les réducteurs les plus pratiques, on peut retenir le magnésium, l'aluminium et le zinc. Les exemples suivants illustrent certains des composés qui peuvent être produits par réduction du dichlorure de titanocène en présence de ligands  :
 + 2 CO + Mg ⟶  +  ;
 + 2  + Mg ⟶  + .

On connaît des dérivés alkylés du titanocène de formule  ainsi que les complexes de benzyne correspondants, voire des titanocyclopentadiènes. Le réactif de Rosenthal  peut être obtenu de cette manière ; la réaction ci-dessous illustre les deux mésomères A et B de ce réactif :

La réaction d'équivalents de titanocène réagissent avec des alcénylalcynes suivie d'une carbonylation et d'une hydrolyse peut mener à la formation de cyclopentadiénones bicycliques de manière apparentée à une . La cyclisation réductrice des énones est également susceptible de conduire à l'alcool correspondant de manière stéréosélective.

La réduction du dichlorure de titanocène en présence de diènes conjugués tel quel le  donne des complexes . On observe des réactions apparentées avec des diynes. Le titanocène peut également catalyser la métathèse de liaisons C–C pour former des diynes asymétriques.

Dérivés du dichlorure de décaméthyltitanocène

On connaît de nombreux analogues du dichlorure de titanocène. Les plus emblématiques sont les dérivés méthylés  et . Le complexe d'éthylène  peut être obtenu par réduction au sodium de  en présence d'éthylène. L'analogue non méthylé n'a pas été observée. Ces espèces à pentaméthylcyclopentadiényle, noté Cp*, interviennent dans de nombreuses réactions telles que des cycloadditions d'alcynes.

Notes et références

Réactif pour la chimie organique
Halogénure de métal
Chlorure
Métallocène
Chlorure

Dichlorure de titanocène


Nærverufall (adessivus) er málfræðilegt fall sem finna má í ýmsum tungumálum svo sem finnsku.

Nærverufall í Finnsku
Ending nærverufallsins í finnsku er -lla / llä.

Nærverufallið í finnsku er skilgreint sem eitt af ytri staðarföllunum og í stað þess í íslensku er (að mestu) einfaldlega notað í / á.

ég er í fríi - væri þannig á finnsku -olen (er- persónufornafni sleppt) lomalla (í fríi)

á veginum í finnsku væri eitt orð tiella, á götunni - kadulla, til hægri -oikealla

Föll (málfræði)

Nærverufall


An Fuirena ponmudiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni N. Ravi ngan Anil Kumar. An Fuirena ponmudiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fuirena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fuirena

Fuirena ponmudiensis


වෛරස් නාශක මෘදුකාංග () යනු පරිගණක පද්ධතිවලට වෛරස් අතුළුවීම වළකන සහ එසේ ඇතුළු වී ඇති වෛරස් ඉවත් කිරීම සඳහා භාවිතා වන උපයෝගීතා මෘදුකාංග (Utility software) විශේෂයකි.
මෙම මෘදුකාංග මගින් පරිගණක පද්ධතිය ආරක්ෂා කරයි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 උපයෝගීතා මෘදුකාංග
 පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග
 පරිගණක වෛරස

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:වෛරස් නාශක මෘදුකාංග]ක්]

වෛරස් නාශක මෘදුකාංග


كالاموس (Κάλαμος) هي مدينة في إقليم أتيكا في اليونان. كانت بلدية سابقا قبل أن تدخلها الحكومة اليونانية عام 2011 في بلدية أوروبوس

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2432 نسمة.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في أتيكا الشرقية
مدن اليونان
مقاطعة أتيكا الشرقية

كالاموس (أتيكا)


Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche St. Ottilia in Absberg, einer Gemeinde im mittelfränkischen Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen (Bayern), ist eine im Rokoko-Stil ausgestaltete ehemalige Kapelle des Deutschordensschlosses.

Bau- und Kirchengeschichte

Cyriakus- und Ottilienkirche
Die erste Kirche von Absberg war aus Holz gebaut und zu Ehren der Heiligen Cyriakus und Ottilie geweiht. Sie stand auf dem heutigen Friedhofsgelände. Während der Ungarneinfälle 955 wurde sie niedergebrannt und in den Folgejahrzehnten in Stein neu errichtet. Die Weihe dieser Kirche in "Abbatesberc" vollzog der Eichstätter Bischof Gundekar II. zwischen 1057 und 1075, wie das unter ihm angelegte Pontifikale Gundekarianum berichtet. 1327 wurde Absberg, bisher Filiale von Pfofeld, eine eigene Pfarrei, indem Chunrat von Absberg auf seine Bitte hin von Konrad und Gottfried von Hohenlohe mit der Pfarrei, dem Pfarrwidum und 1/3 des großen und 2/3 des kleinen Zehnt belehnt wurde. In einem Beleg von 1458 ist von einer Pfarrkirche "S. Otilie" und in einem weiteren Schriftstück von 1480 von einer Kirche "S. Ciriaci et Otile" mit Präsentationsrecht der Herren von Absberg die Rede. Außerdem gab es als weiteren vorreformatorischen Sakralraum eine Kapelle, die nach den Quellen 1488 Heinrich IV. von Absberg-Rumburg, Bischof von Regensburg, konsekrieren ließ; auch sie stand wieder im Bereich des heutigen Friedhofs. 1604 wurde sie renoviert und 1805/06, baufällig geworden, abgerissen.

Christuskirche
Nachdem die Herren von Absberg bereits 1523 die Reformation für ihr Herrschaftsgebiet angenommen hatten, bauten sie 1597 bis 1598 in Absberg eine neue Kirche. Diese spätgotische Christus-Kirche war die erste Kirche im weiteren Umfeld, die als rein evangelische Kirche geplant und gebaut wurde. Als am 11. Juli 1652, fünf Jahre nach dem Aussterben der Herren von Absberg, der Deutsche Orden im Tauschweg die Herrschaft Absberg übernahm, kamen wieder Katholiken nach Absberg, die im Dienste des Deutschen Ordens standen. Der Orden erzwang um etwa 1660, dass die Christus-Kirche auch für katholische Kultushandlungen genutzt werden konnte, und zwar mit Unterbrechung bis 1834. Diese simultane Kirchennutzung war "eine Quelle zahlloser Streitigkeiten".

St. Ottilia
Nach Abbruch des für die Deutschherren zu kleinen Schlosses der absbergischen Herrschaft, erbaut 1593/95, wurde 1723 bis 1726 unter dem baufreudigen Landkomtur Karl Heinrich von Hornstein († 1745 in Ellingen) von einem in den Quellen nicht genannten Baumeister, ausweislich des Stiles und gestützt durch biographische Bezüge vielleicht von Gabriel de Gabrieli, ein dreiflügeliges Barockschloss errichtet, das auch eine Kapelle beinhaltete, die am 7. September 1727 der Eichstätter Weihbischof Johann Adam Nieberlein konsekrierte. Für 1732 erfährt man, dass von den Untertanen des Deutschen Ordens in Absberg 24 lutherisch und 31 katholisch sind.

Nachdem im Zuge der Säkularisation das Schloss 1809 vom Königreich Bayern an Privatleute veräußert und im gleichen Jahr die katholische Gemeinde Absberg zur Pfarrei erhoben worden war, mietete diese 1812 die Schlosskapelle für ihre Gottesdienste an. Als 1826 die Christus-Kirche einer "gründlichen Reparatur" unterzogen wurde, konnte die evangelische Pfarrei wie noch einmal bei der Kirchenrenovierung von 1851 die katholische Schlosskapelle mitbenutzen. 1834 kaufte die katholische Pfarrei die Schlosskapelle mit den darüber liegenden Stockwerken und mit dem Rittersaal und beendete am 14. August des gleichen Jahres das Simultaneum mit einem gütlichen Vergleich. 1835 ging die Christus-Kirche mit einer feierlichen Schlüsselübergabe wieder zur Gänze an die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche über. Ebenfalls 1835 vergrößerte die katholische Pfarrei die ehemalige Schlosskapelle nach Westen; zuvor reichte sie nur bis zum Kirchenportal. Die feierliche Einweihung mitsamt der Bestimmung zur Pfarrkirche mit dem früheren Patronat "St. Ottilia" erfolgte am 22. November 1835.

1927 überließ die Pfarrei die Stockwerke über der Pfarrkirche den Schwestern vom Orden der Dillinger Franziskanerinnen, die das 1910 zum "Ottilienheim" zur Betreuung geistig behinderter Mädchen und Frauen umfunktionierte ehemalige Schloss betreuten und auch die Betreuung der Pfarrkirche übernahmen. Als 1969 bei einem durch eine Heimbewohnerin verursachten Brand in den Dachgeschossen über der Pfarrkirche der Sakralraum vor allem durch Löschwasser schwer in Mitleidenschaft gezogen wurde, konnten die Katholiken während der Renovierung die Christus-Kirche wieder mitbenutzen. Die vom Einsturz bedrohte Stuckdecke konnte gerettet werden; die Renovierungsarbeiten dauerten bis in den Herbst 1972.

Baubeschreibung
Die Kirche liegt in der östlichen Hälfte des Südflügels des ehemaligen Deutschordensschlosses, wo sie das Erdgeschoss und das erste Obergeschoss einnimmt. Auf dem Dach des Obergeschosses sitzt, um wenige Meter nach Norden verschoben, ein vom Schlosshof aus gut sichtbarer sechseckiger Dachreiter mit Kuppel über halb ausgeführtem Spitzdach mit Geläute. Außen ist die Kirche wie die gesamte Schlossanlage durch Horizontal- und Vertikalputzbänder gegliedert. Die Fenster sind rechteckig und von gleicher Größe wie im übrigen Flügel. Der Zugang zur Kirche erfolgt über den Schlosshof, das Kirchenportal befindet sich am Ende des Südflügels.

Der Sakralraum ist eine rechteckige, sechsachsige Saalanlage mit flacher Spiegeldecke mit Stichkappen und mit einer Empore im Westen; die Kirchenerweiterung hinter der Emporenseite ist durch gegliederte Glaswände abgetrennt. Die Wände weisen eine korinthische Pilastergliederung auf.

Bauseitige Ausstattung
Von den beiden Deckenmedaillons, die bei einer Restaurierung 1887 der Deininger Kunstmaler Lang schuf, hat sich nur noch eines erhalten, das das Sterben der Kirchenpatronin zeigt. Das zweite wurde beim Brand 1969 zerstört; es stellte die Taufe der hl. Ottilia dar. Die Rahmen sind aus Stuck von Akanthusranken mit Bandelwerk, Blumenvasen und musizierenden Puttengruppen, geschaffen vom Deutschordensbruder und -künstler Franz Joseph Roth.

Bewegliche Ausstattung
 Der Hochaltar, der aus der alten katholischen Kirche von Ansbach, der "Karlshalle" stammt, ist eine Stuckmarmoranlage des Klassizismus von 1777 mit Rokoko-Tabernakel; an ihm ist in einer Kartusche über dem Altarbild das Wappen des Fürstbischofs Franz Ludwig von Erthal zu Bamberg und Würzburg zu sehen. Das zwischen vier ionischen Säulen wohl um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts eingefügte Altarblatt zeigt die hl. Ottilia, einen Blinden heilend. Die Assistenzfiguren stellen den hl. Franz von Assisi und den hl. Ludwig, König von Frankreich, dar.
 Die Spätrokoko-Kanzel an der Südwand, ein geschweifter Rechteckkorpus mit Eckpilastern und Muschelwerkschnitzereien, trägt auf dem Schalldeckel das Wappen des Landkomturs Friedrich Karl von Eyb (1748–1764) und entstand wohl 1760. Die Kanzel und die an der Ostwand stehenden Seitenaltäre waren vermutlich schon zur Zeit der Deutschherren-Ordenskapelle vorhanden.
 Der in Holz geschnitzte, marmorierte Taufstein stammt ebenfalls aus der Ansbacher Karlshalle. Er wird dem Klassizismus zugerechnet (um 1800) und steht an der Nordwand.
 Der geschnitzte barocke Beichtstuhl, "eine gute Frührokokoanlage in Eichenholz", entstand um 1725. Er steht in der Mitte unterhalb der Empore.
 Über der Sakristeitür sieht man das Wappen des Würzburger Bischofs Matthias Ehrenfried, der 1871 in einem heute nicht mehr existierenden Teil des Absberger Schlosses geboren wurde.
 An der nördlichen Seitenwand steht eine bekrönte Madonna in einer Nische unter einem Rokokobaldachin; der marmorierte Rahmen mit Muschelwerk wird von zwei Engeln begleitet. An der südlichen Seitenwand ist neben der Kanzel eine Kreuzigungsgruppe angebracht; unter dem Kreuz zwischen zwei Pilastern erinnert eine Tafel an die im Zweiten Weltkrieg gefallenen Pfarreiangehörigen.
 An der Emporenstirnseite ist das Wappen des Schlosserbauers, des Landkomturs Karl Heinrich von Hornstein angebracht.
 Die Orgel ist ein Werk der Firma Stellmacher in Nürnberg von 1975. Sie ersetzte die Steinmeyer-Orgel, die dem Brand von 1969 zum Opfer fiel.
 Die Kreuzwegbilder wurden 1858 im Nazarener-Stil gemalt.
 Die beiden Glocken im Dachreiter stammen von 1780 und 1790 und wurden 1884 umgegossen.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio: Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Bayern I: Franken. Die Regierungsbezirke Oberfranken, Mittelfranken und Unterfranken. Bearbeitet von Tilmann Breuer und anderen. 2., durchgesehene und ergänzte Auflage, München/Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag 1999, S. 4.

 Kurzer geschichtlicher Abriss über die kath. Pfarrgemeinde Absberg und kleiner Kirchenführer durch die Pfarrkirche St. Ottilia. [Faltblatt], o. J. [nach 1999].
 Gerhard Nierlich: Die evangelisch-lutherische Kirchengemeinde Absberg. In: Festschrift der Marktgemeinde Absberg aus Anlaß der 1000-Jahr-Feier am 5. und 6. Juli 1958. Absberg 1958, S. 12.
 René Richter (verantw.): 400 Jahre Christus-Kirche Absberg 1598–1998. [Absberg: Evang. Kirchengemeinde 1998].
 Alfred Schnek: Die katholische Kirchengemeinde Absberg. In: Festschrift der Marktgemeinde Absberg aus Anlaß der 1000-Jahr-Feier am 5. und 6. Juli 1958. Absberg 1958, S. 10f.
 Johann Schrenk und Karl Friedrich Zink: GottesHäuser. Kirchenführer Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen. Treuchtlingen/Berlin: wek-Verlag 2008, S. 7f.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude in Absberg
Ottilie
Absberg, Ottilie
Absberg
Absberg, Ottilie
Absberg, Ottilie
Absberg
Deutschordenskirche
Barockbauwerk im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Absberg
Kirchengebäude in Europa

St. Ottilia (Absberg)


The Lingones (Gaulish: 'the jumpers') were a Gallic tribe of the Iron Age and Roman periods. They dwelled in the region surrounding the present-day city of Langres, between the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica.

Name

Attestations
They are mentioned as Língōnes (Λίγγωνες) by Polybius (2nd c. BC), Lingones by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Pliny (1st c. AD) and Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD), Díngones (Δίγγονες) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), and as Lóngōnes (Λόγγωνες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).

Etymology
The Gaulish ethnonym Lingones literally means 'the jumpers'. It derives from the stem ling- ('to jump'), itself from the Proto-Celtic verbal base *leng- ('to jump'; cf. Old Irish lingid 'he jumps'), extended by the suffix -on-es. The name could be interpreted as 'good at jumping (on horseback)', or else as 'the dancers'.

The city of Langres, attested ca. 400 AD as civitas Lingonum, is named after the Gallic tribe.

Geography
The territory of the Lingones was situated on the border separating Gallia Lugdunensis from Gallia Belgica, between the Senones and the Sequani.

Settlement
Their capital Andematunnum (present-day Langres, Haute-Marne) is attested from 43 AD on boundary markers (abbreviated as AND). It was built on a Bajocian limestone promontory, overlooking the Marne valley to the east and north, and the Bonnelle valley to the west. Only the southern part, open to the Langres plateau, did not possess natural defences. Archeological evidence have demonstrated a continuity between the La Tène and Roman periods on the site of Langres, and the city of Andematunnum appears to have been built at the turn of the 1st century BC on a previous Gallic settlement. The Roman-era civitas of the Lingones was located at the crossroad of the modern départments of Aube, Haute-Marne, Côte d'Or and Yonne.

The Cathedral St-Mammes, built in the Burgundian Romanesque style for the ancient diocese that was referred to as Lingonae ("of the Lingones") and rivalled Dijon. Three of its early bishops were martyred by the invasion of the Vandals, about 407.

History
Some of the Lingones migrated across the Alps and settled near the mouth of the Po River in Cisalpine Gaul of northern Italy around 400 BC. These Lingones were part of a wave of Celtic tribes that included the Boii and Senones (Polybius, Histories ii.17). The Lingones may have helped sack Rome in 390 BC.

The Gaulish Lingones did not participate in the battles of the Gauls against Caesar. They gained Roman citizenship at the end of the first century AD. They were caught up in the Batavian rebellion (69 AD) described by Tacitus.

The strategist Sextus Julius Frontinus, author of the Strategemata, the earliest surviving Roman military textbook, mentions the Lingones among his examples of successful military tactics:

In Roman Britain, at least three named cohorts of Lingones, probably subscripted from among the Lingones who had remained in the area of Langres and Dijon are attested in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, from dedicatory inscriptions and stamped tiles. The 1st cohort of Lingones (part-mounted ) is attested at Bremenium, the 2nd cohort of Lingones is attested at Ilkley Roman Fort by their Prefect, and the fourth cohort built part of Hadrian's Wall near Carlisle.

Religion
During the Roman period, Mars Cicolluis was the main god of the Lingones.

See also
Ancient peoples of Italy
Celts in the Alps and Po Valley
Mont Lassois
Lepontii
Prehistoric Italy

References

Bibliography

External links
Livius.org: Lingones
Livius.org: Lingones in the Batavian revolt
Second Cohort of Lingones in Roman Britain
 Lingones in Italy

Historical Celtic peoples
Gauls
Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul
Auxiliary infantry units of ancient Rome

Lingones


Brevikbanen er en ca. 10 km lang jernbane, der går fra Eidanger til Brevik i Telemark i Norge. Banen åbnede 15. oktober 1895 med sporvidden 1067 mm men blev ombygget til normalspor (1435 mm) i 1921. Den blev elektrificeret 19. juli 1949. Persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 26. maj 1968.

Efter at persontogene forsvandt, har banen kun været trafikeret af kalktog til Norcems cementanlæg ved Ørvik og andre godstog. Kalktogene har kørt siden 1970'erne. Da det daglige antal kørte kilometer er beskeden, kan der gå længere tid end normalt mellem, at lokomotiverne skal til eftersyn. I tidens løb har ellokomotiver af typerne El. 8, El. 11 og El. 13 været fast trækkraft på banen, hvor der kørtes med et lokomotiv i hver ende af togene. I 2001's benyttede CargoNet en El. 14 i Brevikenden og et rangerlokomotiv, Skd 224 eller Skd 226, i Porsgrunnenden. I 2014 overtog Grenland Rail kørslen med kalktogene. De benytter brugte svenske rangerlokomotiver af typen V4 i hver ende.

I 1993 anlagdes kajanlægget Grenlandsterminalen med et sidespor fra Brevikbanen. Trafikken på dette spor har været meget beskeden med brug en kort overgang i 2000. I 2009 foretog selskabet NorthSea Terminal prøvekørsler med tomme containere til terminalen. Der er også blevet importeret nye lokomotiver via terminalen. I 2015 begyndte CargoNet faste drift med containertog mellem Grenlandsterminalen og Bergen/Alnabru.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1895

Brevikbanen


TECH est un groupe éducatif international privé qui dispense un enseignement en ligne. Le groupe éducatif a été fondé en 2015 et a commencé son activité en Amérique Latine, où il possède sa principale université: TECH Mexique.

Aujourd'hui, le groupe éducatif propose plus de 10.000 parcours universitaires différents en ligne/au format numérique.

Histoire
La TECH Education group a été fondée en 2015 par la société espagnole Tech Education Rights & Technologies SL, organisée comme un ensemble international d'universités privées qui, à l'origine, opéraient principalement dans les pays hispanophones.

Le groupe, en raison de son caractère éminemment en ligne et numérique, prend le nom de TECH, avec pour objectif de garantir l'accès à l'enseignement supérieur à toute personne, quelle que soit la zone géographique dans laquelle elle réside.

À ses débuts, l'offre éducative de l'institution était principalement axée sur les Sciences de la Santé. Par la suite, grâce à la croissance économique de l'entreprise entre 2017 et 2018, Par la suite, grâce à la croissance économique de l'entreprise entre 2017 et 2018, le groupe éducatif s'est engagé à étendre ses domaines de connaissance aux sciences Technologiques et aux Sciences Sociales et Commerciales, en ouvrant de nouvelles facultés et écoles.

En 2019, TECH Université Technologique Mexique a été officiellement reconnue comme un établissement d'enseignement supérieur, avec l'incorporation des premières Licences, Masters et Doctorats.

En février 2019, TECH a conclu un accord stratégique avec Harvard Business Publishing, ce qui en fait la première université en ligne à mettre en œuvre les Études de Cas de la Harvard Business School.

À partir de 2020, dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19, l'enseignement à distance est considéré comme une alternative efficace aux méthodes traditionnelles. En conséquence, on assiste à une augmentation exponentielle du taux d'inscription, ainsi que de l'équipe enseignante, totalisant plus de 6.000 professeurs.

En 2022, le groupe éducatif étend ses frontières aux pays anglophones, intégrant les premières études en anglais.

En février 2022, TECH signe un accord pluriannuel avec la National Basketball Association (NBA), ce qui en fait l'université en ligne officielle de la NBA en Amérique Latine.

Académique
Actuellement, le groupe éducatif opère dans les pays Hispanophones et Anglophones. Le corps étudiant actuel est composé de plus de 100.000 étudiants de 112 pays différents. Plus de 500.000 diplômés dans le monde.

Le groupe éducatif se concentre sur l'enseignement post-universitaire et la formation continue. Les programmes d'études comprennent des Masters et des Diplômes de spécialisation en collaboration avec l'Université CEU Cardinal Herrera, située à Valence (Espagne), ainsi que des programmes de formation continue en collaboration avec l'Université Panamericaine (Mexique).

Le groupe éducatif propose également des programmes universitaires avec reconnaissance de la validité officielle des études (RVOE par son acronyme en espagnol) du Secrétariat Mexicain de l'Éducation Publique. Plus précisément, 18 licences, 67 Masters et 3 Doctorats.

Méthodologie
Le groupe éducatif utilise une méthodologie d'apprentissage spécifique, connue sous le nom de système de Relearning. Cette méthodologie est basée sur la réitération guidée, dans le but d'aider l'élève à surmonter la "Courbe d'Oubli" hypothèse émise par le psychologue Allemand Hermann Ebbinghaus.

Ce système est combiné aux études de cas de la Harvard Business School grâce à un accord avec Harvard Business Publishing.

Rectorat

Notes et références

Éducation

TECH université technologique


An Neoglaziovia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Neoglaziovia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Bromeliaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Neoglaziovia

Neoglaziovia


سعود شجاع العتيبي لاعب كرة قدم كويتي من مواليد أكتوبر عام 1987م لعب لنادي الكويت قبل أن ينتقل إلى نادي الساحل في عام 2009م وهو شقيق لاعب نادي الساحل السابق نايف شجاع.

مراجع

مواليد 1987
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
لاعبو كرة قدم كويتيون
لاعبو نادي الكويت
لاعبو نادي الساحل (الكويت)

سعود شجاع العتيبي


පසුබිම
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතවාදි පාලකයින් විසින් ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ පාලන කටයුතුවලදී මෙන්ම අධ්‍යාපනික, ආර්ථික පාලනය වැනි කටයුතුවලදී ද දෙමළ ජනතාවට වැඩි සැලකිල්ලක් දැක්වූහ. මෙසේ කිරිමට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන්ගේ බෙදා වෙන් කොට පාලනය කිරිමේ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය මුල් විය. දෙමළ සුළු ජනතාව සහ සිංහල මහ ජාතිය අතර ප්‍රචණ්ඩකාරි අර්බුදයක් ඉක්මණින් ඇති වීමට හේතු වුයේ එයයි. 1956 දි ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද සිංහල පමණයි පනත මගින් ඉංග්‍රිසි සහ දෙමළ භාෂාව පාවිච්චි කිරිමේ සාධාරණ අයිතියට සීමාවන් පන වන ලදි. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලියට එරෙහිව දෙමළ ජනතාව දැක්වූ විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩකාරි පිරිස්වලින් පහර ඵල්ල විය. මෙවැනි සිද්ධීන් ක්‍රම ක්‍රමයෙන් වැඩි වී 1958 දී ඇති වූ කැරැල්ලක් දක්වා එම තත්ත්වය වර්ධනය විය.

1960 දශකය පුරා පැවති විරෝධතා ව්‍යාපාර සහ ඒවා වැළැක්විමට රජය ගත් ක්‍රියා මාර්ගද දෙපාර්ශවය අතර ද්වේශය වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය. 1971 දි දෙමළ සිසුන් ඉලක්ක කර ගත් ප්‍රමිතිකරණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සහ වෙනත් සීමාකිරිම් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදි. එයින් වඩාත් තහවුරු කරන ලද්දේ සිංහල සහ මුස්ලිම් සිසුන්ට පමණක් ඉඩදෙන ක්‍රියා පිළිවෙලකි. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වූයේ දෙමළ සිසුන් වැඩි පිරිසක් සන්නද්ධ කණ්ඩායම් කරා යොමු විමයි. මෙම නැගී ගෙන එන අංකුර තත්ත්වයන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පොලීසිය ගත් ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයන්හි ප්‍රතිඵලය වූයේ දෙමළ ජනතාව සහ රජය අතර විරසකය තව තවත් වැඩි වීමයි.

ඉන්පසුව 1977 දී එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය බලයට පැමිණිමෙන් පසු "1977 කැරලි" යන නමින් හැඳින්වෙන කැරළි කීපයක් ඇති වුනි. 1981 දි ප්‍රචණ්ඩකාරි පිරිසක් විසින් ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධියක් ඉසිලු යාපනය පුස්තකාලය ගිනි තබන ලදි. 1983 දක්වා ඒ හා සමාන කුඩා පරිමාණයේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩකාරි ක්‍රියාවන් රජයත් හතු පිපෙන්නාක් මෙන් බිහිවු දෙමළ සන්නද්ධ කණ්ඩායම් අතරත් ඇතිවුණි. සැළකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් වූ මිනිමැරුම්, පැහැරගෙන යාම්, හිරිහැර කිරිම්, අතුරුදන් කිරිම් පිළිබඳව එම දෙපාර්ශවයට චෝදනා ඵල්ල විය.

කළු ජුලියේ සිදුවීම්

කළු ජුලිය ආරම්භ වුයේ එල්.ටී.ටී.ඊ සංවිධානය විසින් 1982 ජුලි 23 වන දින උතුරේදී හමුදා රථ පෙළකට සැඟවී කරන ලද පහරදීම මුල් කරගෙනය. මෙය දෙමළ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් පොලිස් නිලධාරීන් හට කරන ලද පහරදීම් පෙළක එක් පහරදීමක් පමණක් විය. මුලින්ම රථ පෙලේ ඉදිරියෙන් ගමන් කරන ලද ජීප් රිය ඉලක්ක කරගෙන බිම් බෝම්බයක් පුපුරවන ලද අතර එයින් අඩුම වශයෙන් සොල්දාදුවන් දෙදෙනෙක් තුවාල ලබන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ජීප් රියට පසු පසින් පැමිණි ට්‍රක් රථයේ සිටි සෙබළුන් ජීප් රිය තුළ සිටි පිරිසට ආධාර පිණිස එළියට පැමිණි විගස ඔවුන්ට ස්වයංක්‍රීය ගිනි අවි හා ග්‍රෙනේඩ්වලින් පහර දෙන ලදී. මෙහිදී එක් නිලධාරියෙක් හා සෙසු නිල 12 ක් මරණයට පත් වූ අතර , තවත් දෙදෙනෙක් බරපතල ලෙස තුවාල ලදහ. මුළු මරණ ගණන 15 ක් වූ අතර , එල්.ටී.ටී.ඊ ප්‍රාදේශීය නායකයෙක් වූ කිට්ටු  විසින් සැගවී සිට කරන ලද මෙම පහරදීම සංවිධානය කිරීම හා ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ වගකීම භාර ගන්නා ලදී.

සටහන්

ඊලාම් යුද්ධයේදී සිවිල් ජනතාව ඝාතනය කිරීම


Reacția Wurtz-Fittig sau sinteza Fittig-Wurtz este o reacție chimică dintre un compus halogenat alifatic, unul aromatic și sodiu metalic în prezența eterului, cu obținerea de compuși aromatici substituiți.
Reacția a fost denumită după Charles-Adolphe Wurtz, care a descoperit în 1855 reacția Wurtz, și după Rudolph Fittig, care a observat faptul că și halogenurile de aril dau această reacție.

Exemple
În cadrul acestei sinteze se formează ca și intermediar de reacție un compus organometalic aromatic care va reacționa apoi cu derivatul halogenat al alcanului. În exemplul următor, bromobenzenul reacționează cu sodiu și cu bromură de etil (bromoetan) cu formarea de etilbenzen.

Mecanism

Vezi și
 Reacție Wurtz

Referințe

W
Wurtz-Fittig

Reacție Wurtz-Fittig


Termalni izvor Slavinovići je izvorište termalne mineralne vode na području Grada Tuzle, u Slavinovićima. Spada u prirodnu baštinu ruralnog dijela općine Tuzle. Pod zaštitom je države. Zaštićen je kao zaštićeni krajobraz.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
YouTube Amir H: Prirodni izvor, sumporna mineralna voda, Slavinovići Tuzla

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كول  هو باحوث (محرك بحث) تم إطلاقه في 28 يوليو 2008. يدعي القائمون على الباحوث (Search Engine) أن لديهم أضخم فهرس بين البواحيث (محركات البحث)الأخرى، حيث يقولون أنه قد تمت فهرسة أكثر من 120 مليار صفحة ويب. المحرك مطور ومشغل من قبل موضفين سابقين في شركة جوجل.

على ما جاء في سياسة الخصوصية التي يقدمها الموقع فإن الموقع لا يحتفظ بسجلات لعمليات البحث التي يجريها المستخدمون بعكس ما تفعل محركات البحث الأخرى.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 كول.كوم

محركات بحث
مواصفات إنترنت انحلت في 2010
مواقع ويب أسست في 2008
مواقع ويب أمريكية سابقة

كول (محرك بحث)


Balegaši (balegari, lat. Geotrupidae), porodica kornjaša koja čini dio natporodice Scarabaeoidea. Ime je došlo po rodu Geotrupes, a najpoznatij imu je predstavnik obični zujak (Geotrupes stercorarius).

Balegaši su koprofagi, nekada uključivani u porodicu Scarabaeidae, iz koje su kasnije izdvojeni rodovi koji čine danas porodice Trogidae i Geotrupidae. O vrstama ovih i srodnih pordica govori se kao o balegarima ili balegašima na nivou natporodice Scarabaeoidea. Premda nisu fitofagi, balegaši mogu napraviti štete na poljoprivrednim usjevima, gdje se koristi stajsko gnojivo. Predstavnike porodica Geotrupidae i Aphodiidae mogu se često sresti na leševima, dok se Trogidae koriste za čišćenje skeleta u muzejima.

Rodovi

 Genus Allotrupes • 1 spp
 Genus Anoplotrupes • 3 spp
 Genus Ceratophyus • 13 spp
 Genus Ceratotrupes • 3 spp
 Genus Chelotrupes • 9 spp
 Genus Cnemotrupes • 9 spp
 Genus †Cretogeotrupes • 1 †spp
 Genus Enoplotrupes • 20 spp
 Genus Epigeotrupes • 3 spp
 Genus Geohowdenius • 2 spp
 Genus Geotrupes • 16 spp; 5 †spp
 Genus †Geotrupoides • 2 †spp
 Genus Glyptogeotrupes • 3 spp
 Genus Halffterius • 1 spp
 Genus Haplogeotrupes • 2 spp
 Genus Jekelius • 18 spp
 Genus Lethrus • 124 spp
 Genus †Lithogeotrupes • 1 †spp
 Genus Megatrupes • 2 spp
 Genus Mycotrupes • 5 spp
 Genus Odontotrypes • 78 spp
 Genus Onthotrupes • 8 spp
 Genus †Parageotrupes • 1 †spp
 Genus Peltotrupes • 2 spp
 Genus Phelotrupes • 62 spp
 Genus Pseudotrypocopris • 1 spp
 Genus Sericotrupes • 1 spp
 Genus Silphotrupes • 3 spp
 Genus Thorectes • 22 spp
 Genus Trypocopris • 8 spp
 Genus Typhaeus • 4 spp
 Genus Zuninoeus • 1 spp

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kornjaši

Balegaši


Plotz steht für:
 eine veraltete Bezeichnung des Ortes Plozk
 Jürgen Plotz (1916–1990), deutscher Gynäkologe

Plotz


Andrés Guillermo Rodríguez Fernández (n. San Juan, Puerto Rico; 27 de febrero de 1981), es un jugador de baloncesto puertorriqueño. Con 1.84 de estatura, juega en la posición de base. Ha alternado su carrera en Europa con participaciones en la competición nacional puertorriqueña.

Trayectoria Deportiva
Universidad de Louisville (1999-2000)
American University (2001-2004)
Criollos de Caguas (1999-2004)
KK Union Olimpija (2004-2006)
Criollos de Caguas (2006)
Turów Zgorzelec (2006-2007)
Criollos de Caguas (2007)
Turów Zgorzelec (2007-2008)
BC Donetsk (2008-2009)
Saski Baskonia (2009)
Obradoiro (2009-2010)
Capitanes de Arecibo (2010)
Obradoiro (2010-2011)
Capitanes de Arecibo (2011)
Obradoiro (2011-2013)
Cangrejeros de Santurce (2014)
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada (2014-2015)
Vaqueros de Bayamon (2015-)

Palmarés
2004-05. KK Union Olimpija  (Eslovenia). Liga eslovena.
2004-05. KK Union Olimpija (Eslovenia). Copa.
2006-07. Criollos de Caguas. Liga Puertorriqueña.
2010-11. Copa del Príncipe de Asturias de Baloncesto con el  Obradoiro .
2010-11. Logra el ascenso desde la liga LEB a la Liga ACB con el  Obradoiro .

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en ACB.COM

Baloncestistas de Puerto Rico
Baloncestistas de la selección de Puerto Rico
Baloncestistas de los Louisville Cardinals
Baloncestistas de los American Eagles
Baloncestistas del KK Union Olimpija
Baloncestistas del Obradoiro Club Amigos del Baloncesto
Baloncestistas de la Liga ACB
Baloncestistas de la Liga LEB
Baloncestistas del Saski-Baskonia
Baloncestistas de los Capitanes de Arecibo
Baloncestistas de los Criollos de Caguas
Baloncestistas del BC Donetsk
Baloncestistas del Turów Zgorzelec
Baloncestistas del Baloncesto Fuenlabrada
Nacidos en San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Andrés Rodríguez (baloncestista)


I Love a Mystery é um filme de mistério estadunidense de 1945 dirigido por Henry Levin e estrelado por Jim Bannon, Nina Foch, George Macready e Barton Yarborough. Baseado na popular série de rádio de mesmo nome de Carlton E. Morse, I Love a Mystery é o primeiro de três filmes da Columbia Pictures inspirados no programa de rádio.

Enredo
Em San Francisco, os detetives Jack Packard e Doc Long são contratados pelo socialite Jefferson Monk, que acredita que alguém o está seguindo com o objetivo de matá-lo.

Elenco

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1945
Filmes dirigidos por Henry Levin
Filmes de mistério dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de suspense dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes baseados em programas de rádio
Filmes em língua inglesa

I Love a Mystery


El guardabosques rojizo  (Lipaugus unirufus), también denominado guardabosques rufo (en Colombia), piha o pía rojiza (en Costa Rica, Honduras y Nicaragua), pía guardabosques o piha rufa (en México) o minero castaño, es una especie de ave paseriforme perteneciente al género Lipaugus de la familia Cotingidae. Es nativo de América Central y del noroeste de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye desde el sur de México hacia el este, por Guatemala, Belice hasta el norte de Honduras y este de Nicaragua, y hacia el sur por Costa Rica, Panamá y oeste de Colombia; y en el extremo suroeste de Colombia y noroeste de Ecuador.

Esta especie es considerada bastante común en su hábitat natural, el estrato medio y bajo de bosques tropicales o subtropicales húmedos de tierras bajas, principalmente por debajo de los 700 m de altitud.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie L. unirufus fue descrita por primera vez por el zoólogo británico Philip Lutley Sclater en 1860 bajo el mismo nombre científico; localidad tipo «Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, México».

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Lipaugus» deriva del griego «lipaugēs»: oscuro, abandonado por la luz; y el nombre de la especie «unirufus», proviene del latín «uni»: singular, único y «rufus»: rufo; significando «de color rufo uniforme».

Taxonomía
La ligera variación geográfica del color a lo largo de la mayoría de su rango no merece reconocimiento taxonómico; la subespecie propuesta clarus (de Panamá) se incluye en la nominal.

Subespecies
Según la clasificación del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist v.2018, se reconocen dos subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Lipaugus unirufus unirufus , 1859 – desde el sur de México (hacia el este desde el sur de Veracruz y norte de Oaxaca), hacia el este, por Guatemala, Belice hasta el norte de Honduras y este de Nicaragua, y hacia el sur por Costa Rica, Panamá y oeste de Colombia (al este hasta la sección central del valle del río Magdalena).
 Lipaugus unirufus castaneotinctus (, 1902) – extremo suroeste de Colombia (Cauca) y noroeste de Ecuador (Esmeraldas).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Lipaugus unirufus en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Lipaugus unirufus en xeno-canto.

unirufus
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1859
Taxones descritos por Philip Lutley Sclater

Lipaugus unirufus


منطقة بانياس منطقة سورية إدارية تتبع محافظة طرطوس  ومركزها مدينة بانياس، بلغ تعداد سكان المنطقة 174,233 نسمة حسب التعداد السكاني لعام 2004.

نواحي منطقة  بانياس
ناحية مركز بانياس
ناحية الروضة
ناحية العنازة
ناحية القدموس
ناحية حمام واصل
ناحية الطواحين
ناحية تالين

المراجع

منطقة بانياس

منطقة بانياس


Daniel Greaves (* 1959 in Woburn, England) ist ein britischer Drehbuchautor, Regisseur, Filmproduzent und Animator.

Leben
Greaves studierte zwischen 1977 und 1980 Animation am West Surrey College of Art. Nach seinem Abschluss arbeitete er zunächst für verschiedene Filmstudios in London, 1986 gründete er mit Nigel Pay die Filmproduktionsgesellschaft Tandem Films. Ihre erste Produktion, der Kurzfilm Manipulation aus dem Jahr 1991 wurde mit dem Oscar ausgezeichnet. Flatworld und Little Things wurden jeweils für den BAFTA Film Award nominiert.

Greaves ist daneben auch als Regisseur von Fernsehwerbespots tätig und arbeitete unter anderem für Schweppes, British Airways und Expedia.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1985: Rupert and the Frog Song
 1991: Manipulation
 1997: Flatworld
 2001: Rockin' & Rollin'
 2004: Little Things

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 1992: Oscar für Manipulation
 1998: BAFTA-Film-Award-Nominierung für Flatworld
 2005: BAFTA-Film-Award-Nominierung für Little Things

Literatur
 Greaves, Daniel. In: Jeff Lenburg: Who's who in animated cartoons. Applause, New York 2006, S. 114.

Weblinks

  (englisch)

Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Filmproduzent
Oscarpreisträger
Brite
Geboren 1959
Mann

Daniel Greaves