Leroy Fletcher Prouty (January 24, 1917 – June 5, 2001) served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under President John F. Kennedy. A colonel in the United States Air Force, he retired from military service to become a bank executive. He subsequently became a critic of U.S. foreign policy, particularly the covert activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which he believed was working on behalf of a secret world elite.

Prouty's commentary on the Kennedy assassination circulated widely from the 1970s-90s, as a key source for conspiracy theories about it. He was the inspiration for the character "Mr. X" in Oliver Stone's film JFK.

Early life

Family
Prouty was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on January 24, 1917, to Marie Ozias Desautels, age 32, and Leroy Flecther Prouty, a municipal government employee, age 28. He was the first child in a growing family and would eventually become one of five, with two brothers and two sisters.

His first brother Robert Vincent was born one year later on May 9, 1918, and they were joined by a sister Muriel two years after that on September 28, 1920. Another baby girl joined the family on March 24, 1921, and was named Corinne Marie; she later went by Corinne Toole. The youngest of the Prouty children, a boy named Norman Peter, was born 1926. Corinne was his only sibling to survive him.

Prouty married Elizabeth Ballinger on October 5, 1942, and with her he fathered three children: David Fletcher, Jane Elizabeth, Lauren Michele.

Education
Prouty attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst (then known as Massachusetts State College), and on September 20, 1936, he was elected President of his freshman class, "the Class of 1940," succeeding Daniel G. Lacey. He later pursued his graduate studies in banking at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Graduate School of Banking.

Prouty belonged to a handful of membership organizations: the National Defense Transportation Association, the American Bankers Association, the Tokyo Toastmasters Club, and the Army Navy Club.

Government service

World War II
Prouty was commissioned as a reserve 2nd lieutenant in the cavalry on June 9, 1941, and began his military career with the 4th Armored Division in Pine Camp, New York.  He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on February 1, 1942.  He transferred to the United States Army Air Forces on November 10, 1942, and earned his pilot wings that same month. He arrived in British West Africa (specifically the British Gold Coast colony) in February 1943 as a pilot with Air Transport Command.

In the summer of 1943 he was the personal pilot of General Omar Bradley, General John C. H. Lee and General C. R. Smith (founder and president of American Airlines), among others.  He flew the U.S. Geological Survey Team in Saudi Arabia, October 1943, to confirm oil discoveries in preparation for the Cairo Conference. He was assigned to special duties at the Cairo Conference and the Tehran Conference November–December 1943. He flew Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese delegation (T. V. Soong's delegates) to Tehran.

An important mission he was involved in was the evacuation of the British commandos made famous by the novel Guns of Navarone involved in the Battle of Leros from Leros to Palestine.  He was promoted to captain on February 1, 1944.  In 1945 he was transferred to the Southwest Pacific and flew in New Guinea, Leyte and was on Okinawa at the end of war.  He landed near Tokyo at the time of the surrender with the first three planes carrying General Douglas MacArthur's bodyguard troops. He flew out with American POWs.

Post-war service
After the war, Prouty accepted an assignment from the U.S. Army in September 1945 to inaugurate the ROTC program at Yale University, where he also taught during each scholastic year from 1946 to 1948. This timeline intersects with the years that George Bush and William F. Buckley, Jr. also spent at Yale. Prouty fondly recalled Buckley at that time in his role as editor of the Yale Daily News, and Prouty later told an interviewer in 1989 that he had written for Buckley on several occasions.

In 1950 he transferred to Colorado Springs to build Air Defense Command. From 1952 to 1954 he was assigned to Korean War duties in Japan, where he served as Military Manager for Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) during the post-war U.S. occupation.

In 1955 he was assigned to the coordination of operations between the fledgling U.S. Air Force and the CIA. As a result of a CIA commendation for this work he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the U.S. Air Force, promoted to colonel, and assigned to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

Following the creation of the Defense Intelligence Agency and termination of the OSO by Secretary Robert McNamara, Prouty was transferred to the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and charged with the creation a similar organization on a global scale.

From 1962 to 1963 he served as Chief of Special Operations with the Joint Staff. In an chance encounter with Edward Lansdale in the hallways of the Pentagon, a "month or two before" the assassination (as Prouty tells it), Lansdale informed Prouty he had arranged for him [Prouty] to accompany a group of VIPs to the South Pole from November 10 to 23, in the capacity of Military Escort officer.

The ostensible purpose of the trip was the activation of a nuclear power plant at the United States Navy Base at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to provide heat, light, and sea water desalination. Prouty later described his confusion at the unusual assignment, but he expected the job to be a "paid vacation" and accepted the task.

Prouty retired in 1964 as a colonel in the U.S. Air Force. As recognition of his long and distinguished career in the service of his country, he was awarded one of the first three Joint Service Commendation Medals by General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Post-military

Railroads
He was a senior director of public affairs for Amtrak during the 1970s, and a director of the National Railroad Foundation and Museum. During this period he worked out of the Amtrak Corp. office in Washington, D.C.

Writing
Prouty authored two major books during his life,  The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World in 1973 and JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy in 1992.

He served alongside friend and fellow researcher Eustace Mullins as contributing editor for a conspiracy magazine titled Criminal Politics.

Prouty also published articles in a wide variety of publications, from pornographic magazines to peer-reviewed journals to academic textbooks, illustrating the wide diversity in his intended audiences for different writings. His areas of expertise were cultivated by direct experience as well as research, and they range from railroads to assassinations to transportation to military strategy and logistics.

His writings even include entries on Railroad Engineering and Foreign Railroad Technology for McGraw-Hill's Scientific Encyclopedias and Scientific Yearbooks, as well as contributions to ROTC textbooks.

Church of Scientology
In the early 1980s, Prouty's services as an expert witness were retained by the legal team of the Church of Scientology to act as consultant in the investigation of L. Ron Hubbard's military record.

By early 1985, Hubbard's naval record was again the subject of increasing scrutiny. Julie Christofferson Titchbourne of Portland, Oregon brought her case against the Church at that time, and Scientology's lawyers again turned to Prouty to help them manage the public relations fallout. Prouty was forthcoming with an affidavit on their behalf by February. In it, he stated his belief that the records released by the U.S. Navy documenting Hubbard's service in the armed forces "are incomplete ... those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked."

"...to provide proof of the fact that the records, data and related materials provided by the U.S. Navy (USN) and other government sources, all said to be the complete record and file on the military service, active and inactive, of Mr. L. Ronald Hubbard, formerly Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy Reserve, are incomplete ... [and] to attest to the fact that those materials and records provided give ample evidence that proves the existence of other records that have been concealed, withheld and overlooked."

Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, had said that he sustained combat injuries during his military service in World War II and that he healed himself through measures that would become Dianetics. However, Hubbard's military record does not show that he was wounded in combat. Church officials have stated that those records were incomplete and may have been falsified. Prouty, according to Church of Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis, reported that Hubbard was an intelligence agent, and because of this his military discharge papers were "sheep dipped," meaning two sets of government records were created documenting Hubbard's service.

Prouty's association with Scientology also provided him with a platform for his writing over the following decades, serving as senior editor of Freedom magazine, an official publication of the Church. Between 1985 and 1987, Freedom published a 19-part series by Prouty which it described as having "provided a unique and highly informative view of the events which led up to the Vietnam War." The magazine later covered his perspective on the Jonestown affair. At times, he has described himself as "an editorial adviser to publications of the Church of Scientology."

Oliver Stone's JFK film
Prouty served as a technical adviser to Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK. He was the inspiration for the mysterious "X" (played by Donald Sutherland), who assists Jim Garrison in the movie.

Later life
Colonel Prouty died on June 5, 2001, at the Inova Alexandria Hospital in Alexandria, Virginia.  His funeral service was held the next day at the Fort Myer Chapel, and he was subsequently buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Controversy
As a critic of the CIA, Prouty pointed out its influence in global matters, outside the realm of U.S. congressional and government oversight. His works detailed the formation and development of the CIA, the origins of the Cold War, the U-2 incident, the Vietnam War, and the John F. Kennedy assassination. Prouty wrote that he believed Kennedy's assassination was a coup d'état, and that there is a secret, global "power elite," which operates covertly to protect its interests—and in doing so has frequently subverted democracy around the world.

Alexander Butterfield
On July 12, 1975, prior to closed-door questioning by the staff of the House Select Intelligence Committee, Prouty told reporters that Alexander Butterfield was a contact for the CIA at the White House. He said he had learned the information over four years earlier from E. Howard Hunt while doing work for the National League of Families. Prouty said that most federal government departments, including the Internal Revenue Service and the Treasury Department, had similar CIA contacts and that he assumed that former president Richard Nixon was aware of Butterfield's role. Senator Frank Church said the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities had found no evidence that the CIA planted an undercover agent within the White House or other government agencies.

A few days later, Prouty partially walked back his comments in a telephone interview: "They may have told me the wrong name in order to cover up the real informer." In a telephone statement to UPI that same day, Butterfield called the allegations "wholly false and defamatory" and stated that he had never met nor seen Hunt and had just recently heard of Prouty. In an interview with CBS News from Eglin Air Force Base where he was serving his prison term for his involvement in the Watergate scandal, Hunt denied the allegation calling it an "unfortunate invention on Mr. Prouty's part." Also interviewed by CBS, Prouty again stated it was Hunt who told him about Butterfield.

In a personal letter sent to Roger Feinman at CBS News Radio on July 14, 1975, Harold Weisberg expressed his belief that "the clear inference of the Prouty connection is that as a CIA man Butterfield pulled the plug on Nixon."

On July 19, Church said that his committee found that there was "no scintilla of evidence" to support Prouty's allegations, and that his committee had ruled out the possibility that Butterfield served as a liaison officer for the CIA. Church also stated, "on close interrogation, Mr. Prouty is unable to substantiate his earlier statement and acknowledges this to be the case."

Kennedy assassination
According to Prouty, people within the intelligence and military communities of the United States government conspired to assassinate Kennedy. He maintained that their actions were a coup d'état to stop the President from taking control of the CIA after the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Prouty stated that the assassination was orchestrated by Edward Lansdale ("General Y" in Oliver Stone's film JFK) and that Lansdale appeared in photographs of the "three tramps."

In 1975, Prouty appeared with Richard Sprague at a news conference in New York to present what they believed was photographic evidence of a conspiracy. According to Prouty, the movement of Kennedy after a bullet struck his head was consistent with a shot from the grassy knoll. He also suggested that the actions of a man with an umbrella, the "Umbrella Man", were suspicious.

1960 U-2 incident
In his 1973 book The Secret Team, Prouty provided an alternative view of the 1960 U-2 incident. He charged that the flight was sabotaged in such a way by anticommunist elements in our government as to cause the U-2 to lose altitude mid-flight, allowing the Soviets to shoot it down. Prouty believed the ultimate purpose of the operation was the engineering of the subsequent international incident that put an end to the increasingly amicable U.S.–Soviet relations and doomed any hope for a positive outcome between Khrushchev and Eisenhower at the Four Power Paris Summit set to begin May 16. The summit began as scheduled but quickly collapsed as a result of fallout from the incident.

William Blum made his own case for Prouty's version of events in his own book, Killing Hope, published in 2008.

Prouty's version of events was rejected  by former CIA director Richard Helms, Richard Bissell, Walter Pfoigheimer, and other career officers of the Central Intelligence Agency. Helms commented on Prouty's reframing of the interests and outcomes of the incident, offering the following: "I simply don't believe that Prouty is accurate. There is no substance to the charge." Bissell later claimed that Prouty was not authorized for access to U-2 information and said, "I don't see what information there could have been aboard that aircraft that could have helped the Russians" to bring down Powers' U2.

Antisemitic association
Prouty was a featured speaker at the 1990 convention of the Liberty Lobby. Prouty was also named to the advisory board for the Lobby's Populist Action Committee. Prouty also sold the reprint rights for The Secret Team of the Noontide Press, the publishing arm for the Institute for Historical Review, a holocaust denial organization.

Prouty denied having known of the racist and antisemitic associations of the Lobby, noted that he also spoke at a ceremony at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and assured Oliver Stone "... that he was neither a racist nor an anti-Semite... but merely a writer in need of a platform." In a response to an article about Prouty in Esquire, which he labeled a "character assassination," Stone lamented Prouty's association with the Liberty Lobby but questioned its relevance to Prouty's reliability as a source. In an obituary in The Guardian, Michael Carlson wrote that "[a]lthough Prouty himself never espoused such [anti-semitic] beliefs, the connection enabled critics to dismiss his later writings."

Awards

Prouty was awarded many decorations during his distinguished career in national and public service:
 Command Pilot Wings
 Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge
 Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
 Legion of Merit
 Joint Service Commendation Medal
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal
 Army of Occupation Medal with "Japan" clasp
 Korean Service Medal
 National Defense Service Medal with star
 Air Force Longevity Service Ribbon with four oak leaf clusters
 Philippine Liberation Medal
 United Nations Korea Medal

Bibliography

Books
 The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall (1973). . Full text.
 JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy. Introduction by Oliver Stone. New York: Birch Lane Press (1992). . Full text.

Book contributions
 "Anatomy of Assassination." In: Uncloaking the CIA. Conference on the CIA and World Peace at Yale University (1975).
 "Kennedy's Policy on Vietnam Led to His Murder." In: Assassination of John F. Kennedy. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press (2003). .

Encyclopedic
 "Railroad Engineering." McGraw-Hill Scientific Encyclopedia.
 "Foreign Railroad Technology." In: McGraw-Hill Scientific Yearbook-1982.

Letters to the editor
Letters
 "U-2 Shootdowns." Air Force Magazine, vol. 79, no. 4 (Apr. 1996). Full issue.
 Remarks on the 1960 U-2 incident involving Francis Gary Powers.

Replies
 Prouty's reply to "The Umbrella Man" (letter), by David R. Gallery (May 1976)

Filmography

Documentaries
 World in Action [series] (Jun. 16–30, 1975).
 "The Rise and Fall of the CIA (Part 1)." Season 11, Episode 38. (Jun. 16, 1975).
 "The Rise and Fall of the CIA (Part 3)." Season 11, Episode 40. (Jun. 30, 1975).
 The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis (1987). Special Report by Bill Moyers.
 Who Killed Martin Luther King? (1989). Written and directed by John Edginton for BBC. Emmy-nominated.
 The Men Who Killed Kennedy (1991). Directed by Nigel Turner.
 The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes (1992). Written and directed by John Barbour.
 The JFK Conspiracy (Apr. 15, 1992). Hosted by James Earl Jones. Written and directed by Daniel Helfgott.
 Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992). Directed by Barbara Kopple and Danny Schechter. Features Carl Oglesby.

Media appearances
 Tomorrow with Tom Snyder: JFK Assassination. NBC (April 15, 1975) [56 min.]
 One in this series of late-night topical interview programs hosted by Tom Snyder. This installment, occurring on the 110th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's death, focuses on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the many ongoing questions surrounding his death. Panelists include: forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht, attorney Bernard Fensterwald, and retired Air Force Colonel L. Fletcher Prouty, who served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Kennedy.

Interviews
 "An Interview with Colonel Fletcher Prouty" [audio]. All Things Considered... NPR (March 22, 1973)
 Alan Douglas Show [video]. (April 12, 1973)
 Who's On the Secret Team? [audio]. Interviewed by Paul McIsaac, Nanette Rainone and Carl Oglesby. Pacifica Radio Archives (December 11, 1973). 110 min. catalog.
 Gray, Marvin L. (Jr). "Staff Interview." Counsel for the Presidents Commission on CIA Activities. [print]. Washington, D.C. (May 15, 1975)
 Schorr, Dan. Interview [video]. CBS (July 11, 1975)
 Ratcliffe, David T. "Understanding Special Operations and Their Impact on the Vietnam War Era: 1989 Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty" [audio]. Rat Haus Reality Press (1989)
 The Mind of L. Fletcher Prouty [video] (1992).
 Produced by Jim Grapek for Prevailing Winds Research, this interview was conducted by John Judge and took place in Colonel Prouty's home in Alexandria, Virginia.
 Steinberg, Jeffrey. "'President Kennedy Was Killed by a Murder, Inc.'" [video]. Executive Intelligence Review, vol. 19, no. 6 (February 7, 1992), pp. 34–38.  Full issue.
 James, Gary. "An Interview with 'Mr. X.'" [print]. Table Hoppers, vol. 1, no. 1 (March 30, 1995)
 Wray, Tim, and Jeremy Gunn, Christopher Barger, Joan Zimmerman. Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty. Summary prepared by Christopher Barger on October 23, 1996 [print]. Assassination Records Review Board (September 24, 1996)
 Meet Mr. X: The Personality & Thoughts of Fletcher Prouty [video]. (2001) 11 min.
 This interview session is featured on the 2-disc JFK: Special Edition, released on DVD in 2001.

References

Further reading
McAdams, John. "L. Fletcher Prouty: Fearless Truth Teller, or Crackpot?" John McAdams' The Kennedy Assassination website.
"Coup d'Etat in America: Col. L. Fletcher Prouty" (eulogy).  Criminal Politics (Jun. 30, 1991).

External links

 Leroy Fletcher Prouty, Jr. at ArlingtonCemetery.net (unofficial)

1917 births
2001 deaths
Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
United States Air Force colonels
John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American bankers
United States Army Air Forces officers
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Businesspeople from Springfield, Massachusetts
Military personnel from Massachusetts
American conspiracy theorists
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

L. Fletcher Prouty


දෙව්දහ යනු නේපාලයෙහි අළුතින් පිහිටවුණු නාගරිකයන් 72 අතරින් එකකි.

ඉතිහාසය

දෙව්දහ යනු  කෝලිය රාජධානියට අයත්ව පැවති හා වර්තමානයෙහි  නේපාලයෙහි රුපන්දෙහි දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අයත් නගර ප්‍රදේශයකි. උන්වහන්සේගේ චාරිකා වලදී  බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ මෙහි වැඩ සිටි අතර,  විවිධ කාරණා සම්බන්ධයෙන්  හික්ෂුන් වහන්සේලාට ධර්මය දේශනා කලහ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දෙව්දහ


Astragalus ceramicus es una  especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las leguminosas. Se encuentra en Estados Unidos.

Distribución
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia que se encuentra en Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nuevo México, Dakota del Norte, Oklahoma, Dakota del Sur, Utah y Wyoming.

Taxonomía
Astragalus ceramicus fue descrita por  Edmund Perry Sheldon y publicado en Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(1): 19, en el año 1894.
Etimología
Astragalus: nombre genérico derivado del griego clásico άστράγαλος y luego del Latín astrăgălus aplicado ya en la antigüedad, entre otras cosas, a algunas plantas de la familia Fabaceae, debido a la forma cúbica de sus semillas parecidas a un hueso del pie.

ceramicus: epíteto del latín  que significa  "de cerámica".
Variedades aceptadas
Astragalus ceramicus var. filifolius (A.Gray) F.J.Herm.
Sinonimia
Astragalus angustus var. ceramicus (E.Sheld.) M.E.Jones
Astragalus angustus var. pictus (A.Gray) M.E.Jones
Astragalus ceramicus var. jonesii E.Sheld.
Astragalus pictus (A.Gray) A.Gray
Astragalus pictus var. angustus M.E.Jones
Astragalus pictus var. magnus M.E.Jones
Phaca picta A.Gray
Tragacantha picta (A. Gray) Kuntze

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov).
 Minnesota Botanical Studies 1:19.  1894

ceramicus
Flora de Estados Unidos
Plantas descritas en 1894
Plantas descritas por E.Sheld.

Astragalus ceramicus


Lajos (Ludwig) Tisza von Borosjenő et Szeged () a fost un om politic maghiar, ministru în guvernul Regatului Ungariei. A fost frate al primului ministru Kálmán Tisza și unchi al primului ministru István Tisza.

Biografie

Familia Tisza aparținea micii nobilimi a Transilvania și era inițial de religie reformată. Lajos Tisza era fiul lui Lajos Tisza, comite al comitatului Bihor, și al contesei Júlia Teleki, și frate mai mic al lui Kálmán Tisza, viitor prim-ministru al Regatului Ungariei (1875-1890).

El a studiat la Berlin și a intrat în politică în 1861, odată cu liberalizarea politicii interne a Ungariei prin Patenta din Februarie. Tisza a contribuit, la fel ca și fratele său mai mare, la negocierea și încheierea compromisului austro-ungar. A fost membru al Dietei Ungariei mai întâi pentru partidul Deak și mai târziu pentru succesorul său, Partidul Liberal al fratelui său, Kálmán. El a devenit, la fel ca și tatăl său omonim, comite al comitatului Bihor. În 1871 a fost numit ministru al lucrărilor publice și transporturilor în guvernul condus de Kálmán Tisza, deținând această funcție până în 1873.

După o inundație majoră, Lajos Tisza a fost numit în 1879 în funcția de comisar regal însărcinat cu reconstrucția orașului Szeged, îndeplinind această însărcinare până în 1883. Ca o recunoaștere a efortului depus în acest sens el a primit în 1883 titlul nobiliar de conte. Tisza era considerat un politician loialist puțin popular, dar foarte util.

În 1892, la inițiativa primului ministru Sándor Wekerle, a fost numit Ministru à latere, adică ministru maghiar delegat la curtea regală care trebuia să asigure legătura permanentă între curtea regală de la Viena și ministerele de la Budapesta. În acest proces, el a încercat să întărească influența guvernului ungar asupra împăratului  Franz Joseph I. A fost nevoit să-și părăsească funcția în 1894, din cauza pierderii încrederii împăratului Franz Joseph în membrii familiei Tisza în favoarea lui Gyula Andrássy. Din 1875 și până la moartea sa, în anul 1898, Lajos Tisza a fost președinte al Administrației Pădurilor din Ungaria. Neavând urmași direcți, el l-a desemnat pe nepotul său, István Tisza, ca principal moștenitor al moșiilor sale întinse.

Note

Legături externe
 Nachruf in der New York Times

Nașteri în 1832
Decese în 1898
Politicieni maghiari

Lajos Tisza (ministru)


De to Guldgravere er en dansk stumfilm fra 1909, der er instrueret af Viggo Larsen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1909
Stumfilm fra Danmark

De to Guldgravere


World Youth Day (WYD) is an event for young people organized by the Catholic Church that was initiated by Pope John Paul II in 1985. Its concept has been influenced by the Light-Life Movement that has existed in Poland since the 1960s, where during summer camps Catholic young adults over 13 days of camp celebrated a "day of community". For the first celebration of WYD in 1986, bishops were invited to schedule an annual youth event to be held every Palm Sunday in their dioceses. Nicknamed "The Catholic Woodstock", it is celebrated at the diocesan level annually—in most places on Palm Sunday from 1986 to 2020, and from 2021 on Christ the King Sunday—and at the international level every two to three years at different locations. The 1995 World Youth Day closing Mass in the Philippines set a world record for the largest number of people gathered for a single religious event with 5 million attendees. This record was surpassed when 6 million attended a Mass celebrated by Pope Francis—again in the Philippines—20 years later in 2015.

Traditional process
World Youth Day is commonly celebrated in a way similar to many events. The most emphasized and well known traditional theme is the unity and presence of numerous cultures. Flags and other national declarations are displayed among mainly young people to show their attendance at the events and proclaim their own themes of Catholicism. Such is usually done through chants and singing of other national songs involving a Catholic theme.

Over the course of the major events taking place, national objects are traded between pilgrims. Flags, shirts, crosses, and other Catholic icons are carried amongst pilgrims which are later traded as souvenirs to other people from different countries. A unity of acceptance among people is also common, with all cultures coming together to appreciate one another.

Other widely recognized traditions include the Pope's public appearance, commencing with his arrival around the city in the "Popemobile" and then with his final Mass held at the event. A festival in Sydney (2008) recorded an estimated distance of a 10-kilometre walk as roads and other public transport systems were closed off.

Pope Benedict XVI criticized the tendency to view WYD as a kind of rock festival; he stressed that the event should not be considered a "variant of modern youth culture" but as the fruition of a "long exterior and interior path".

History

1987 to 1993
1987 WYD was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1989 WYD took place in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 1991 WYD was held in Częstochowa, Poland. 1993 WYD was celebrated in Denver, Colorado, United States.

1995 to 2005

At WYD 1995, 5 million youths gathered at Luneta Park in Manila, Philippines, an event recognized as the largest crowd ever by the Guinness World Records. In an initial comment immediately following the event, Cardinal Angelo Amato, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, stated that over 4 million people had participated.

1997 WYD was held in Paris. 2000 WYD took place in Rome. 2002 WYD was held in Toronto. 2005 WYD was celebrated in Cologne, Germany. Thomas Gabriel composed for the final Mass on 21 August 2005 the Missa mundi (Mass of the world), representing five continents in style and instrumentation, in a European  influenced by the style of Bach, a South American  with guitars and pan flutes, an Asian  with sitar, an African  with drums, and an Australian  with didgeridoos.

2008

Sydney, Australia, was chosen as the host of the 2008 World Youth Day celebrations. At the time it was announced in 2005, WYD 2008 was commended by the then Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, and the Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal George Pell. World Youth Day 2008 was held in Sydney, with the Papal Mass held on the Sunday at Randwick Racecourse.

The week saw pilgrims from all continents participate in the Days in the Diocese program hosted by Catholic dioceses throughout Australia and New Zealand. Pope Benedict XVI arrived in Sydney on 13 July 2008 at Richmond Air Force Base. Cardinal Pell celebrated the Opening Mass at Barangaroo (East Darling Harbour) with other activities including the re-enactment of Christ's passion during the Stations of the Cross and the Pope's boat cruise through Sydney Harbour. Pilgrims participated in a variety of youth festivities including visits to St Mary's Cathedral, daily catechesis and Mass led by bishops from around the world, concerts, visits to the tomb of Saint Mary MacKillop, the Vocations Expo at Darling Harbour, reception of the Sacrament of Reconciliation,  and praying before the Blessed Sacrament during Adoration. The Mass and concert at Barangaroo saw an estimated crowd of 150,000.

The event attracted 250,000 foreign visiting pilgrims to Sydney, with an estimated 400,000 pilgrims attending Mass celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 20 July.

On 12 June 2008, Xt3.com, a Catholic social online network and news site, was launched as the Official Catholic Social Network of WYD. It was considered to be a direct fruit of WYD08, just as Salt + Light Television was a direct fruit of World Youth Day 2002 in Toronto.
The name was an abbreviation for "Christ in the Third Millennium" and is operated by the Archdiocese of Sydney, with the support of Archbishop Cardinal George Pell. The site was closed in 2019.

In December 2012, the xt3 team produced a 'Gangnam Style' Advent video.

In May 2007, it was reported that Guy Sebastian's song "Receive the Power" had been chosen as official anthem for World Youth Day (WYD08) to be held in Sydney in 2008. The song was co-written by Guy Sebastian and Gary Pinto, with vocals by Paulini.

"Receive the Power" was used extensively throughout the six days of World Youth Day in July 2008 and also in worldwide television coverage.

In November 2008, a 200-page book, Receive the Power, was launched to commemorate World Youth Day 2008.

2011

Following the celebration of Holy Mass at Randwick Racecourse in Sydney on 20 July 2008, Pope Benedict XVI announced that the next International World Youth Day 2011 would be held in Madrid, Spain. This event was held from 16 to 21 August 2011.

There were nine official patron saints for World Youth Day 2011 in addition to Pope John Paul II: Isidore, John of the Cross, María de la Cabeza, John of Ávila, Teresa of Ávila, Rose of Lima, Ignatius of Loyola, Rafael Arnáiz, and Francis Xavier patron of world missions. During his address to seminarians, Benedict announced that the Spanish mystic and patron of Spanish diocesan clerics St. John of Ávila would become a "Doctor of the Church", a designation granted to only 34 saints throughout the twenty centuries of church history.

An estimated 2,000,000 people attended an all-night vigil to complete the week, more than expected.

2013

Since 2002, World Youth Day has been held every three years. After the 2011 event the next World Youth Day was scheduled a year earlier than usual, in 2013 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to avoid any conflict with the 2014 FIFA World Cup being held in 12 host cities throughout Brazil and the 2016 Summer Olympics being held in Rio de Janeiro. More than 3 Million catholic youth had gathered for the event from across the world.

2016

Pope Francis announced at the end of closing Mass for World Youth Day 2013 that Kraków, Poland, would be the venue for World Youth Day 2016. An estimated three million people attended. Young people from many countries took part in the week-long event which began on 25 July 2016, and ended on 31 July 2016 with an open-air mass led by Pope Francis at Campus Misericordiae. The theme for this year's World Youth Day was "Blessed Are The Merciful, For They Shall Obtain Mercy", tying in closely with the Year of Mercy, which was initiated by Pope Francis on 8 December 2015 and concluded 20 November 2016.

2019

At the Concluding Mass for World Youth Day 2016 in Kraków, Pope Francis announced that Panama City would host World Youth Day in 2019. The World Youth Day was held from Tuesday 22 January until Sunday 27 January.

2023

At the concluding mass in Panama City, Cardinal Kevin Farrell announced that the next World Youth Day would be in Lisbon, Portugal.  Originally scheduled to be held in August 2022, the Holy See announced on 20 April 2020 that it was postponed to August 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2027
The 2027 World Youth Day will be in Seoul, South Korea.

Chronology of celebrations

Note 02This lists languages used in the main international version of the anthem. Local versions of the anthem in other languages (and alternate versions) may have also been produced.

Diocesan

Typical schedule of events

International level

Diocesan level
At the diocesan level celebrations are decided by a local team usually appointed by the ordinary.

From 1986 to 2020, these celebrations usually occurred during Palm Sunday. They almost always included the Mass of Passion Sunday – when Jesus' entry to Jerusalem in his final days is commemorated. However, on 22 November 2020, Pope Francis has moved the Diocesan Celebration of World Youth Day from Palm Sunday to the Sunday of the Solemnity of Christ the King starting in 2021. Since then, they almost always includes the Mass of the Solemnity of Christ the King of the Universe - the day of the eschatological importance of Jesus.

Music, prayer, reconciliation opportunities, as well as adoration of the Blessed Sacrament may also be part of the celebrations.

See also
Catholic spirituality
Catholic youth work
Eucharistic Congress
Fellowship of Catholic University Students
International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements (Fimcap)
International Youth Day
International Youth Year
Juventutem
Life Teen
Medjugorje International Youth Festival
Universal call to holiness
Vocational Discernment in the Catholic Church
Youth 2000

Notes

References

Further reading
 Yago de la Cierva, Communication on Church Events. The making of WYD Madrid 2011, Edusc, 2014.
 Juan Narbona, Daniel Arasa, Mass religious events as opportunities for tourism promotion. An analysis of users' visits to the website of World Youth Day 2016 in Krakow, in Church, Communication and Culture 3 (2018), pp. 379–388.

External links

 Official World Youth Day website
 Vatican World Youth Day website
 WYD Lisbon 2023
 WYD Sydney 2008
 WYD Kraków 2016
 WYD Panama 2019
 WYD page from United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
 World Youth Day Photo Slideshows, Themesongs and Small Movie (English/Dutch/German)

Youth events
Catholic youth organizations
Pope John Paul II
Recurring events established in 1984
March observances
April observances
May observances
November observances
Christian festivals and holy days
Holidays and observances by scheduling (varies)

World Youth Day


හල්/අල් ලකුණ, හලන්තය හෝ විරාම ලකුණ (Sanskrit ्) යනු දෙවනාගරී හා නැගෙනහිර නාගරී ඇතුළු බොහෝ බ්‍රාහ්මික සෝඩි/අබුගිඩා වල ලියන්නා වූ ගතකුරුවල නිසඟව එන ස්වර සද නිහඞ කිරීමට යොදා ගන්නා පිල්ලමකි. විරාම යන සකු වදනේ අරුත "වැළැක්ම,කෙළවර, අවසන" යන්න ය. සකු තසමක් ලෙස එය සංස්කෘත ආභාසය ලද වෙනත් භාෂාවල හලන්ත් (Hindi ्), හලන්ත් ( ्), හොෂොන්තො (Bengali  ্), (Assamese  ্),  (Sylheti: ꠢꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠧ, hośonto  ꠆), halantu ( ్), පුළ්ළි ( ்), චන්‍ද්‍රක්කල ( ്), හලන්ත ( ್), හලන්ත (Oriya ୍), හලන්ත් (Punjabi ୍), අ ත(th)ත් (, a.sat ,  "ශුන්‍යතාව" ်), හා කරන් () හෝථන්ථඛත් () වැනි වදන් වෙනුවට යොදා ගැනේ.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 සුකුන්, අරාබි බසෙහි එන සමාන පිල්ලමක්
 සුන් සද ගතකුර

යොමු

External links
 Blog: Sorting it all Out

හල් ලකුණ


Camphorosmeae, tribus štirovki smješten nekad u vlastitu potporodicu Camphorosmoideae, danas u potporodici Chenopodioideae. Najvažniji rod je kafranka (Camphorosma) po kojem su imenovani i tribus i potporodica, a pripada mu pet vrsta trajnica iz Euroazije i sjeverne Afrike.

U Hrvatskoj rastu dvije vrste kafranki, to su primorska (C. monspeliaca) i jednogodišnja kafranka (C. annua), a od drugih rodova pješčana, polegnuta i metlasta metlica iz roda bazija (Bassia).

Postoji 21 rod.

Rodovi
 Eokochia Freitag & G. Kadereit (1 sp.)
 Spirobassia Freitag & G. Kadereit (1 sp.)
 Chenolea Thunb. (2 spp.)
 Neokochia (Ulbr.) G. L. Chu & S. C. Sand. (2 spp.)
 Sclerolaena R. Br. (63 spp.)
 Maireana Moq. (59 spp.)
 Eremophea Paul G. Wilson (2 spp.)
 Enchylaena R. Br. (2 spp.)
 Didymanthus Endl. (1 sp.)
 Neobassia A. J. Scott (2 spp.)
 Malacocera R. H. Anderson (4 spp.)
 Dissocarpus F. Muell. (4 spp.)
 Osteocarpum F. Muell. (5 spp.)
 Threlkeldia R. Br. (2 spp.)
 Stelligera A. J. Scott (1 sp.)
 Roycea C. A. Gardner (3 spp.)
 Sclerochlamys F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Grubovia Freitag & G. Kadereit (5 spp.)
 Camphorosma L. (3 spp.)
 Sedobassia Freitag & G. Kadereit (1 sp.)
 Bassia All. (20 spp.)

Izvori

Lobodovke

Camphorosmeae


John Lohff (født 16. december 1950 i Tirstrup) er oberstløjtnant af reserven og var regionsrådsmedlem i Region Syddanmark for konservative indtil 2018. Han er nu partner og hovedaktionær i et headhunterselskab.

John Lohff er uddannet officer (A-linjen, Hærens Officersskole 1975) og exam.art.psych. (Aalborg Universitet 1993). Han blev i 2009 ridder af Dannebrogordenen.

Referencer

Officerer fra Danmark
Regionsrådsmedlemmer fra Det Konservative Folkeparti
Politikere fra Det Konservative Folkeparti
Riddere af Dannebrog

John Lohff


බුදශිරි (මොංගෝලියානු:  ᠪᠤᠳᠢᠰᠢᠷᠢ , බුදශ්‍රි), හෝ චීනකරණය කළ ස්වරූපයෙන් පුතශලි (卜答失里; උපත 1307 පමණ – මරණය 1340 ප.) ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 1332 සහ 1333 අතර කාලයේ යුවාන් රාජවංශයේ විසූ රාජ්‍යාධිකාරිණියකි. ජයාතු ඛාන් ටුඝ් තෙමූර්ගේ භාර්යාව වූ ඇය, ඛොන්ගිරාඩ් වංශයට අයත් වූවා ය. ඇගේ පියා ලූහි කුමාර දිවබාලා වල්ලභ කුමරුන් වූ අතර, මව ලූහි සෙංගේ රාගි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ කුමරිය විය.

යුවාන්හි අධිරාජිනිය
බුදශිරි ටුඝ් තෙමූර්ගේ භාර්යාව බවට පත්වූයේ කුමන කාලයේදැයි අවිනිශ්චිත ය. නමුත් 1328දී ඇගේ සැමියා ප්‍රථම වරට සිහසුනට පත්වීමත් සමග ඇය අධිරාජිනිය බවට පත් වූවා ය. 1329 මුල් භාගයේ ඇය අධිරාජ මුද්‍රාව ලැබුවා ය. ඔහුට දාව ඇයට අවම වශයෙන් පුතුන් තිදෙනකුවත් සිටින්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ඔවුන් මෙසේ ය: ඔහුගේ උරුමකරු ලෙස නම්කළ අරද්නදාරා (මරණය 1332); එල් තෙගූස් (1329 – 1340 පමණ); සහ තයිපිංනා (කුඩා කල මියගියේ ය). ඇයට දියණියන් වූ බවට සාක්ෂ්‍ය හමු නොවේ.

ඇගේ සැමියාගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ, ලාබාල තොඝොන් තෙමූර් ගොර්යෝව වෙතත්, අනතුරුව හෙනාන් වෙතත් පිටුවහල් කිරීමට මුල් වූයේ ඇයයි. ඇගේ තර්කය වූයේ ඔහු ටුඝ් තෙමූර්ගේ වැඩිමහල් සොයුරා වූ ඛුටුඝ්ටු ඛාන් කුසලාගේ (මිංෂොං අධිරාජයා) සැබෑ පුත්‍රයා නොවේය යන්නයි. තොඝොන් තෙමූර් පිටුවහල් කළ සමයේම, බුදශිරි විසින් ඔහුගේ සුළු මෑණියන් වූ බාබුෂාට මරණ දඬුවම ලබාදීමට කටයුතු යෙදූයේ ඇගේ සැමියාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් දියත් කළ බවට චෝදනා නගමිනි.

රාජ්‍යාධිකාරීත්වය
1332දී ටුඝ් තෙමූර් මියයාමත් සමග, බුදශිරි අනුරාජයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළා ය. මෙය සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුකූල වූයේ ටුඝ් තෙමූර් විසින් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයකු නම් කොට නොතිබීම නිසායි. සිය මරණ මංචකයේ දී ටුඝ් තෙමූර් තමන් සිය වැඩිමහල් සොයුරාට සිදුකළ දෑ පිළිබඳ පසුතැවුණු බවත් සිහසුන සිය සොහොයුරාගේ වැඩිමහල්ම පුත්‍රයා වූ තොඝොන් තෙමූර්ට ලබාදීමට ඔහු අදහස් කළ බවත් පැවසේ. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, බුදශිරි සිය පුත්‍රයා වූ එල් තෙගූස් සිහසුනට නම් කළේ නැත. එසේම තොඝොන් තෙමූර්ව ද නම් කළේ නැත. 1332 ඔක්තෝබර් 13 දින, කුසලාගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයා වූ සය වියැති රින්චින්බාල් අධිරාජයා ලෙස පත්කෙරිණි. අධිරාජිනියට මෙය ඉටු කරන්නට සිදුවූයේ ප්‍රධාන උපදේශක එල් තෙමූර්ගේ පීඩනය හමුවේයි. ඔහු තොඝොන් තෙමූර් සිහසුනට පත්වීමට විරෝධය පෑවේ ඔහු සිය පියාට වස ලබාදුන්නේ යැයි සැක කෙරුණු හෙයිනි. ඇය විසින් රින්චින්බාල්ව පත්කොට මසකට පසු, බුදශිරිට වැන්දඹු අධිරාජිනිය පදවිය පිරිනැමුණු අතර, අනුරාජ පදවියේ කටයුතු ද භාර විය. කෙසේනමුත්, මාස දෙකකට (දින පනස් තුනකට) පසුව මෙම ලාබාල අධිරාජයා මියගියේ ය.

එල් තෙමූර් චෝදනා නගන්නට වූයේ ඇය විසින් එල් තෙගූස් සිහසුනට පත් කරන බවයි. නමුත් අධිරාජිනිය විසින් එය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළේ තමන් සිය හිටපු සැමියාගේ අදහස්වලට තවමත් ගරු කරන බවත්, එල් තෙගූස් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය මෙහෙයවීමට ලාබාල වැඩි බවත් ය. ඒ වෙනුවට, ඇය විසින් දහතුන් වියැති තොඝොන් තෙමූර් නැවත කැඳවා 1333දී ඔහුව අධිරාජයා ලෙස පත්කරන ලදී. 1336දී ඇයව මහා වැන්දඹු අධිරාජිනිය ධුරයට උස්ස කෙරිණි.

බුදශිරි අවුරුදු හතකට වැඩි කාලයක් රාජ්‍යාධිකාරිණිය ලෙස කටයුතු කරමින් සැබැවින්ම අධිරාජ්‍යය මෙහෙයවූවා ය. කෙසේනමුත්, 1340දී අධිරාජයා තමන්ට මෙම කටයුතු මෙහෙයවිය හැකි යැයි විශ්වාසයක් ඇතිවූ අවස්ථාවේ ඔහු විසින් සිය මියගිය පියාණන් සහ සුළු මෑණියන්ට සිදුවූ අසාධාරණයන් පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනයක් දියත් කරන ලදී. එසේම ඔහු විසින් මහා වැන්දඹු අධිරාජිනියගේ අයුක්ති සහගත ක්‍රියා ගණනාවක් සොයාගන්නා ලදී. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, 1340 මැද කාලයේ ඔහු විසින් නියෝග කළේ බුදශිරි ඇගේ සියලු පදවි නාමවලින් ඉවත්කොට දොං'අන් ප්‍රාන්තය (වර්තමාන හෙබෙයි පළාතේ ලැංෆැං) වෙත පිටුවහල් කරන ලදී. එහි දී ඇය මරණයට පත්වූවා ය. තමන් පිටුවහල් කොට සිටි සමයේ මුහුණපෑ දුෂකරතාවන්ට පලිගැනීමක් වශයෙන් තොඝොන් තෙමූර් විසින් එල් තෙගූස්ව ද පිටුවහල් කරන ලදී. ඉන් මඳ කලකට පසු එල් තෙගූස් මරාදැමිණි.

මියයන විට බුදශිරිගේ වයස අවුරුදු තිස් තුනක් පමණ විය.

කලාව තුළ
බාබුෂා අධිරාජිනිය සමග බුදශිරි අධිරාජිනියගේ ආලේඛය සිතුවමක් යමන්තක-වජ්‍රභෛරව මණ්ඩලවලින් හමුවේ. අධිරාජිනියන් දෙදෙනාට සම්මුඛව ටුඝ් තෙමූර් සහ කුසලා අධිරාජවරුන්ගේ රූ ද දැකගත හැක.

ජනප්‍රිය සංස්කෘතිය තුළ
 2013-14 MBC රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වූ එම්ප්‍රස් කි තුළ කිම් සෝ-හ්‍යුං විසින් ඇගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන ලදී.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 නායිකාවන් සඳහා මාර්ගෝපදේශකය

13වන සියවසේ රාජ්‍ය පාලිකාවන්
යුවාන් රාජවංශයේ අධිරාජිනියන්
ජෙංඝිස් ඛාන්ගෙන් පැවතෙන්නන්
1307 උපත්
1340 මරණ
එම්ප්‍රස් කි (රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව)

බුදශිරි


An Prescottia polyphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Porsch. An Prescottia polyphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Prescottia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Prescottia (Orchidaceae)

Prescottia polyphylla


An Cladoraphis spinosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné d.y., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Sylvia Mabel Phillips. An Cladoraphis spinosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cladoraphis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cladoraphis

Cladoraphis spinosa


Ethereum je platforma i operacijski sustav. Platforma i operacijski sustav su otvorena koda, javni, zasnovani na blok-lancima i raspodijeljena izračuna s funkcionalnošću pametna ugovora (skriptiranja). Podržava modificiranu inačicu Nakamotova konsenzusa putem tranzicija stanja zasnovanih na transakcijama.

Ether je kriptovaluta čiji blok-lanac generira platforma Ethereum. Ether se može transferirati između računa i koristiti za kompenziranje sudjelujućih rudarskih čvorišta radi izvedenih izračuna. Ethereum proviđuje decentralizirani Turingovom potpunošću virtualni stroj, Ethereum Virtual Machine (Ethereumov virtualni stroj, EVM), koji može izvršiti skripte služeći se međunarodnom mrežom javnih čvorišta. "Gas", unutarnji transakcijski uređaj cjenovanja rabi se radi mitigacije spama i alociranja resursa u mreži.

Softverske licencije pod kojima je su GPLv3, LGPLv3, MIT. Napisan je u programima Gou, C++-u i Rustu. Klijenti su dostupni za operacijske sustave Linux, Windows, macOS, POSIX i Raspbian. Ethereum je pušten u optjecaj 30. srpnja 2015., a zadnje izdanje bilo je 16. listopada 2017.

Istraživač i programer kriptovaluta Vitalik Buterin predložio je ethereum kasne 2013. godine. Razvitak je financirao preko skupne prodaje koja se održala između srpnja i kolovoza 2014. godine. Sustav je pušten u optjecaj 30. srpnja 2015. s 11,9 milijuna novčića "predrudarenih" za skupnu prodaju. Ovo predstavlja približno 13% ukupne ponude u optjecaju. U 2016, kao posljedica greške u The DAO smart contractu, hackeri su ukrali Ethera u vrijednosti 50 milijuna USD, te je kao rezultat toga, Ethereum hard forkao u dva zasebna blockchaina - nova verzija postala je Ethereum (ETH), gdje je krađa anulirana, a originalni Ethereum nastavio je pod imenom Ethereum Classic (ETC).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(eng.) Službene stranice
(eng.) Repozitorij

Kriptovalute

Ethereum


Arosvallen İsveç'in Vasteras şehrinde 1932 yılında çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum.

Çoğunlukla futbol müsabakalarının yapıldığı stadyum, 10.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.
1958 FIFA Dünya Kupası sırasında Yugoslavya - İskoçya ve Yugoslavya - Fransa maçları bu stadyumda oynandı.

İsveç'teki stadyumlar
1958 FIFA Dünya Kupası stadyumları

Arosvallen


La statue-menhir du Plo du Roi est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Laval-Roquecezière, dans le département de l'Aveyron en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 1965 au lieu-dit Plo du Roi. La statue est très incomplète, le fragment découvert ( de hauteur sur  de largeur) correspond uniquement à la partie supérieure dorsale d'une statue plus grande. Elle a été sculptée sur une dalle de grès dont le site d'extraction le plus proche est situé à environ  de distance.

Les caractères anthropomorphes visibles sont les terminaisons dorsales des bras et la chevelure. C'est une statue-féminine.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Aveyron
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Plo du Roi
Site mégalithique dans l'Aveyron

Statue-menhir du Plo du Roi


Zapotitlán es una de las estaciones que forman parte del Metro de Ciudad de México, perteneciente a la Línea 12. Se ubica al oriente de la Ciudad de México, en la alcaldía Tláhuac.

Información general
El nombre se debe a que la estación se ubica en las cercanías al pueblo de Santiago Zapotitlán. La palabra se compone como Tzapotl, abreviación de Cuatzapotl (árbol de zapote) y de Titlán que significa Entre árboles de zapote.

El logotipo actual representa un árbol que muestra los zapotes en sus tres ramales, y en el tronco unos dientes Tlantli que representan la terminación "tlan".

Orígenes
En 1898 fue autorizada la construcción del ferrocarril San Rafael-Atlixco que correría de México a Puebla, cuya construcción comenzó en 1899.
El 2 de abril de 1913 se inauguró una línea ferroviaria que vinculaba a los poblados de Zapotitlán y  Mexicaltzingo. Se realizó un recorrido por los diferentes pueblos, tales como Culhuacán, Tomatlán, y San Lorenzo. La construcción estuvo a cargo de Manuel Stampa.

Afluencia
Así se ha visto la afluencia de la estación en sus primero 10 años de existencia:

En 2021, Zapotitlán se convirtió en la 17° estación menos utilizada de la red, al registrar una afluencia de tan solo 8,686 pasajeros que utilizaron esta estación a diario. Un factor importante a su baja afluencia en Línea 12, se debe al cierre (que todavía sigue de manera parcial) de la Línea Dorada, debido al desplome entre la interestación Olivos-Tezonco que ocurrió el 3 de mayo de 2021, cerrando por seguridad toda la línea. Razón por la cual los números de pasajeros en el 2021, solo se contabilizaron hasta 3 de mayo de 2021.

Incidencias

La línea 12 se mantuvo fuera de servicio desde el 12 de marzo de 2014 hasta el 28 de noviembre de 2015, debido a trabajos de mantenimiento mayor que se realizaron entre estas fechas.

La estación estuvo fuera de servicio desde el 20 de septiembre de 2017 debido a trabajos de mantenimiento preventivo que se realizan desde la fecha mencionada, a causa del terremoto con epicentro en Puebla ocurrido el 19 de septiembre de 2017. La estación, así como la totalidad de la línea fueron reabiertas el lunes 30 de octubre del mismo año.

Referencias

Véase también
 Metro de la Ciudad de México

Estaciones de la línea 12 del Metro de la Ciudad de México
Estaciones de Metro de México inauguradas en 2012

Zapotitlán (estación)


Motičnjak je umjetno jezero u Hrvatskoj. Nalazi se u Varaždinskoj županiji, u blizini Trnovca Bartolovečkog, Varaždina i Varaždinskog jezera. Ima površinu 0,376 km². Nastalo je eksploatacijom aluvijalnih nanosa šljunka. U jezeru nalazi se športsko-rekreacijski centar Aquacity. U ljetu je jezero poznato za rekreaciji, turizam i ribolov, u zimi je prebivalište ptica selica.

Izvori

Umjetna jezera u Hrvatskoj

Motičnjak


İbrahim Camii Katliamı, 25 Şubat 1994 günü, Batı Şeria'nın güneyindeki El Halil şehrinde meydana gelmiştir. "El Halil katliamı" adıyla da anılır.

Arka plan
Yahudilerin ve müslümanların dini bayramlarının (Purim ve Ramazan) çakıştığı bir günde gerçekleşen bu olayda, radikal görüşlere sahip Kahanist akımının üyesi Baruch Goldstein adlı bir Yahudi, otomatik silahıyla açtığı ateş sonuncu 29 Filistinliyi öldürmüş, 125'ini de yaralamıştır. Goldstein, olay sonrasında öfkeli kalabalık tarafından linç edilmiştir. Daha sonra düzenlenen gösterilerde çıkan olaylarda da 26 Filistinli ve 9 İsrailli ölmüştür.

Dış bağlantılar
 Katliam: Sözlük (İbranice)
 The Background and Consequences of the Massacre in Hebron  (by Israel Shahak in Middle East Policy), 1994

İsrail-Filistin çatışması
Filistin'deki katliamlar
Yahudilik ve şiddet
Silahlı saldırılar
Ateşli silahtan ölenler
El-Halil
1994'te İsrail
1994'te suçlar
1994'teki afetler

İbrahim Camii Katliamı


Testarea produselor, numită și testare de către consumatori sau testare comparativă, este un proces de determinare a proprietăților sau a funcționării produselor.

Odată cu apariția producției în masă, producătorii au început să dezvolte produse de marcă despre care afirmă că respectă un anumit nivel tehnic.
Articole care necesită citări suplimentare

Prin testarea produsului se urmărește înțelegerea de către consumatori a beneficiilor produsului și care dintre acestea  sunt de cea mai bună calitate. Această testare este o strategie care vizează creșterea protecției consumatorilor prin verificarea afirmațiilor făcute prin intermediul strategiilor de marketing, precum publicitatea, care, prin natura lor, servesc interesele distribuitorilor de servicii și nu neapărat interesele consumatorului. Începutul procesului de  testare a produselor a marcat începutul mișcării consumatoriste.

Testarea de produse poate fi realizată de către un producător, un laborator independent, o agenție guvernamentală etc. Adesea, o metodă  de testare formală este utilizată ca bază pentru testare. În alte situații, inginerii dezvoltă metode de testare care sunt potrivite pentru un anumit scop. Testele comparative supun mai multe eșantioane reproduse de produse similare la condiții de testare identice..

Scopuri
Testarea produselor poate avea o varietate de scopuri, cum ar fi:

 să stabilească sau să verifice dacă cerințele dintr-un caiet de sarcini, regulamentul de funcționare sau contractul sunt respectate
 să decidă dacă programul de dezvoltare a unui nou produs este pe drumul cel bun: să valideze fezabilitatea unei machete sau schițe
 să ofere date standard pentru alte obiective științifice, inginerești sau de asigurare a calității
 să valideze adecvarea pentru utilizarea finală
 să ofere o bază pentru comunicarea tehnică
 să ofere un mijloc tehnic de a compara mai multe opțiuni
 să furnizeze dovezi în cadrul procedurilor judiciare: răspunderea pentru produse, brevete, revendicări de produse etc.
 să ajute la rezolvarea problemelor în legătură cu produsul actual
 să ajute la identificarea posibilelor modalități de a face economie la costurile de producție

Testarea de produse poate fi folosită pentru:

 a supune produsele la forța și dinamica în condițiile utilizării
a reproduce tipurile de daune care ar putea fi provocate de utilizarea consumatorului
 a controla omogenitatea fabricării produselor sau componentelor

Definirea termenului
Testarea de produs se referă la orice proces prin intermediul căruia un cercetător măsoară performanța, siguranța, calitatea și conformitatea produsului cu standardele stabilite. Partea esențială care definește un obiectiv în privința programului de testare comparativă este partea în care cercetătorii implicați pot efectua teste independente de cele ale producătorilor, furnizorilor și comercianților de produse.
Articole care necesită citări suplimentare

Istoric
Odată cu răspândirea industrializării, diferiți producători au început să exploreze concepte din domeniul așa-numitei "producții de tipul lean" pentru a-și maximiza eficiența industrială. Aceasta a inclus spre orientarea producerii de bunuri cu anumite specificații în conformitate cu standardele de producție.  Agențiile guvernamentale, mai ales dindin Statele Unite, au început să ceară producătorilor care licitează contracte guvernamentale să își desfășoare activitatea conform standardelor predefinite.  Filozofii străvechi din acest domeniu, precum Frederick J. Schlink, au început să își imagineze un sistem de aplicare a unor așteptări similare în ceea ce privește standardele consumatorilor, pentru a le permite oamenilor să facă achiziții  în funcție de calitatea produsului, nu în funcție de reclamele rivalilor sau a propagandei de marketing. Schlink a publicat împreună cu Stuart Chase cartea "Your Money's Worth" care a devenit un adevărat ghid care demasca mijloacele de fraudare și manipulare folosite pe piața americană, posibile din cauză că în procesul de reglementare consumatorii nu erau deloc reprezentați. La sfârșitul acestei cărți autorii au prezentat ideea unui "club al consumatorilor", care ar fi testat produsele și ar fi servit doar interesele acestora. Succesul cărții a dus la înființarea unui centru de cercetare al consumatorilor, care a devenit prima organizație a consumatorilor din lume. Astfel,s-au pus bazele mișcării consumatoriste.

Roluri

Rolul guvernului
De obicei, guvernul participă la testarea produselor prin crearea unor legi privind producția, cu scopul de a se asigura că producătorii descriu cu exactitate produsele pe care le vând și că produsele sunt sigure pentru a fi utilizate de către consumatori. Parlamentarii introduc reguli guvernamentale atunci când sistemul voluntar al industriei nu dorește sau nu poate să rezolve o problemă gravă. Standardele guvernamentale sunt aproape întotdeauna mai stricte decât standardele voluntare și au scopul de a reduce pericolele la care sunt expuși consumatorii. Majoritatea guvernelor le impun producătorilor să își testeze propriile produse.

Rolul industriei
Cea mai simplă funcție a industriei este furnizarea de produse și servicii în conformitate cu standardele industriale. În orice industrie, unele standarde vor fi voluntare (ceea ce înseamnă că industria practică autoreglementarea) sau obligatorii (ceea ce înseamnă că reglementările sunt impuse de guvern).

Fiecare industrie din domeniul bunurilor de larg consum are o asociație comercială asociată, ale cărei atribuții includ dezvoltarea standardelor voluntare și promovarea industriei. O asociație comercială poate facilita, de asemenea, testarea conformității sau certificarea conform căreia produsele unui anumit producător îndeplinesc anumite standarde. Standardele "voluntare" pot părea fie opționale, fie obligatorii din perspectiva unui producător și, în multe cazuri, atunci când o industrie adoptă un standard, aceasta pune presiune asupra tuturor producătorilor pentru a se conforma. Standardele voluntare impun, de obicei, criterii minime de performanță fără referire la calitate.

Un exemplu de reglementare din interiorul industriei este înființarea "Underwriters Laboratories" din Statele Unite în 1894; "Codul Electric Național", publicat în 1897, este un exemplu de reglementare guvernamentală. Underwriters Laboratories publică și aplică sute de standarde de siguranță, dar nu impune standarde de calitate.

Un exemplu de industrie care testează produsele propriilor membri și furnizează informații imparțiale privind testele comparative este greu de găsit, chiar imposibil de identificat. Asociațiile comerciale există pentru a servi intereselor membrilor, iar dacă informațiile dorite de consumatori sunt contrare nevoilor membrilor, distribuirea acestora poate dăuna industriei. Informațiile furnizate de industrie sunt o parte integrantă a pieței, dar, prin natura lor, nu pot fi echilibrate, obiective, complete și imparțiale.

Rolul organizațiilor de consumatori

Rolul asociațiilor de consumatori este de a  reprezenta interesul consumatorilor individuali în fața industriei și a administrației. În timp ce nici guvernul, nici industria, nu reglementează calitatea produselor și a serviciilor, din perspectiva consumatorului, calitatea produselor este o preocupare principală.

Istoria asociaților de consumatori la nivel internațional este strâns legată de istoria mișcării consumatoriste din Statele Unite, care a stabilit precedentul și modelul pentru testarea de produse în întreaga lume. Întrucât inițial, în cadrul mișcării consumatoriste, asociațiile de consumatori au căutat doar să respecte standardele minime de siguranță, consumatorii au început rapid să ceară informații comparative despre produse similare din cadrul unei categorii. Informațiile comparative urmăresc să afirme că produsele similare sunt comparabile, în timp ce, din perspectiva unui sector de marketing, interesul principal al producătorului este diferențierea produselor, pentru a susține că marca proprie este dezirabilă din motive independente de valoarea obiectivă pe care aceasta o are pentru consumatori.

Accesul la rezultate cuprinzătoare și obiective furnizate prin testarea de produse este principalul instrument pe care consumatorii îl pot utiliza pentru a lua o decizie în cunoștință de cauză atunci când trebuie să aleagă între mai multe produse.

Note

Bibliografie

Protecția consumatorului

Testare de produse


Zar'it (en hebreo: זַרְעִית) es un moshav en el norte de Israel. Situado en la Alta Galilea, cerca de la frontera con el Líbano, que está bajo la jurisdicción del Consejo Regional Ma'ale Yosef. En 2006 tenía una población de 250 habitantes.

El moshav fue establecido en 1967 por los residentes del moshav en la Galilea, en el marco de la Operación Sof Sof, diseñado para fortalecer la presencia judía en la Galilea. Fue nombrado inicialmente Kfar Rosenfeld (Pueblo de Rosenfeld) en honor al filántropo estadounidense William Rosenfeld. Sin embargo, el nombre extranjero de la aldea no cayó bien a sus residentes. Así, como un compromiso, Yehuda Ziv, jefe de la comunidad, sugiere un acrónimo que incorpora el nombre de Rosenfeld dentro de la palabra hebrea Zar'it (Zekher Rosenfeld imanu Yisha 'er Tamid, el recuerdo de Rosenfeld siempre estará con nosotros).

El pueblo fue el sitio del ataque inicial de Hezbolá en la guerra del Líbano de 2006, y fue objeto de varios ataques con cohetes.

Referencias

Moshavim

Zar'it


Kvalifikacije za Slavonsku nogometnu zonu
 NK Grafičar Osijek - NK Slatina Podravska Slatina 4:2
 NK Slatina Podravska Slatina - NK Grafičar Osijek 4:2 (nakon jedanaesteraca 8:3)

U Slavonsku nogometnu zonu Podravska skupina se kvalificirala NK Slatina Podravska Slatina.

Izvori

 Sportsko društvo GRAFIČAR Osijek 1926. – 1981., monografija NK Grafičar Osijek

1974-75
1974-75
Osijek

Područna nogometna liga NSP Osijek 1974./75.


Janus August Garde (12. december 1823 i Farum - 23. maj 1893 i København) var en dansk søofficer, som i 1869 blev udnævnt til kaptajn. Han er bedst kendt som dansk Generalguvernør på De vestindiske øer fra 1872-1881. Han er især kendt for sin håndtering af oprørene under Den store ildebrand i Frederiksted, hvor han beordrede militære styrker fra Christiansted til Frederiksted for at drive oprørske arbejdere ud af byen, hvor de havde antændt flere brande. Det retslige efterspil ved lokale standretter førte til, at 12 oprørere henrettedes øjeblikkeligt til skræk og advarsel..". Garde beordrede herefter alle de strejkende arbejdere tilbage til deres arbejde på plantagerne. De, der nægtede, blev officielt erklæret som rebeller. Desuden blev det for alle arbejdere på øen forbudt at forlade deres plantager uden skriftlig tilladelse fra ejeren.

Garde blev fra dansk side kritiseret for sin hårdhændede håndtering af konflikten, men forsvarede sig med:

"Efter hvad der er oplyst, er det mindre Bander, der hurtigt ere voxende i Antal – det antages at der til Slutning var 7 á 8 forskellige Bander – som underforskellige Förere droge om fra Plantage til Plantage og under Feltraabet "our side" bevægede Arbeiderbefolkningen, hyppigt ved Tvang til at stifte Brand. Selve Brandstiftelserne ere blevne foretaget med en forbausende Hurtighed og Færdighed Fruentimmer og Börn deltog virksomt deri.".

Garde modsatte sig den danske regerings ønske om større selvstyre for øerne. Han blev bevilget sin afsked i 1881, og som anerkendelse for sin embedsførelse udnævnt til kammerherre i 1883.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dansk Vestindiens guvernører

Janus August Garde


El brillante gorgirrosado, , brillante gorjirrosado, colibrí de garganta rosada o diamante de Napo (Heliodoxa gularis) es una especie de ave apodiforme de la familia de los colibrís (Trochilidae), que se encuentra en Colombia, Ecuador y Perú.

Hábitat
Habita en los bosques de hojas perennes y en el borde de los bosques, entre los 250 y 1.050 m, aunque la mayoría de los registros de las zonas más altas dentro de este rango altitudinal. Ha llegado a ser raro debido a la pérdida de hábitat.

Descripción
Mide 11,4 cm de longitud. Plumaje principalmente verde brillante, con una franja resplandeciente en la coronala corona; presenta un característico parche violeta resplandeciente en la garganta; tiene mechones blancos sobre las patas y cola larga color verde bronceado con puntas blancas, bifurcada. El pico es casi recto.

Referencias

gularis
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por John Gould
Animales descritos en 1860

Heliodoxa gularis


Radošovce (deutsch Radoschotz, ungarisch Felsőrados – bis 1907 Radosóc) ist eine Gemeinde im Westen der Slowakei mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) und liegt im Okres Skalica, einem Landkreis des Trnavský kraj.

Geographie

Die Gemeinde liegt in der traditionellen Landschaft Záhorie, geomorphologisch im Hügelland Chvojnická pahorkatina. Am Ort vorbei fließt der Bach Chvojnica, ein linksseitiger Zufluss von March (slowakisch Morava). Radošovce liegt an der Hauptstraße 51 und ist 10 Kilometer von Holíč und Skalica sowie 13 Kilometer von Senica entfernt.

Neben dem Hauptort Radošovce gehört zur Gemeinde auch der Ortsteil Vieska (seit 1976).

Geschichte
Der ursprüngliche Ort wurde zum ersten Mal 1297 als Rasolyz schriftlich erwähnt. Diese ging jedoch im 15. Jahrhundert nach einem verheerenden Hussiten-Angriff nieder. Die neue Ortschaft taucht als Städtchen Rassich in einer Urkunde von 1473 auf. Das Marktrecht wurde 1554 zugewiesen. Im späten Mittelalter und Neuzeit gehörte der Ort weitgehend zum Herrschaftsburg der Burg, später Schlosses Holíč, außer in Jahren 1730–1776 (Verpfändung an die Jesuiten von Skalica). 1828 sind 137 Häuser und 965 Einwohner verzeichnet. Die Bevölkerung lebte vor allem von Landwirtschaft, Weberei und Ölpressung.

Bevölkerung
Ergebnisse nach der Volkszählung 2001 (1800 Einwohner):

Bauwerke
 römisch-katholische Jungfrau-Maria-Kirche

Persönlichkeiten
 Ludmila Pajdušáková (1916–1979), slowakische Astronomin

Weblinks

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1297

Radošovce (Skalica)


Duckeella, rod orhideja iz tribusa Pogonieae, dio potporodice Vanilloideae. Sastoji se od 8 vrsta na sjeveru Južne Amerike

Vrste
 Duckeella adolphii Porto & Brade
 Duckeella alticola C.Schweinf.
 Duckeella caquetana Szlach. & Kolan.
 Duckeella fernandezii Szlach., Kolan. & Baranow
 Duckeella garayi Szlach., Kolan. & Baranow
 Duckeella humboldtii Kolan. & Szlach.
 Duckeella linearilabia Szlach., Kolan. & Baranow
 Duckeella pauciflora Garay

Izvori

Vanilloideae

Duckeella


Prokop Miroslav Haškovec  (* 1. Februar 1876 in Bechyně; † 20. Dezember 1935 in Brünn) war ein tschechischer Romanist und Literaturwissenschaftler.

Leben und Werk

Haškovec  studierte in Prag, Paris und Heidelberg. Er war zuerst Gymnasiallehrer, promovierte bei Jan Urban Jarník mit der Arbeit Rabelais Studie literárně-historick (Prag 1907) und lehrte ab 1908  an der Karls-Universität Prag, ab 1920 als Professor an der Masaryk-Universität in Brünn (dort 1925–1926 auch Dekan).
Haškovec war Ritter der Ehrenlegion.
Prokop Miroslav Haškovec war der Bruder von Ladislav Haškovec.

Weitere Werke

Stati literární. R̆ada 1., Prag 1913
V dvojím zrcadle. Literární stati, Prag 1916
Počátky novodobého románu francouzského, Prag 1917
Proudy. Stati z dejin literárních, Prag 1921
Jihočeská čítanka. Sborník poučných statí o povaze a rázu krajův i životě v jižních Čechách. I, Prag 1921
Byla George Sand v Čechách?, Brünn 1925
Francouzské kapitoly, Prag 1930
(Hrsg.) Život Gargantuův a Pantagruelův, Prag 1930
Některé úkoly české romanistiky, o. O. 1930

Literatur

Melanges dédiés à la mémoire de Prokop M. Haškovec par ses amis et ses élèves, hrsg. von   Antonín Šesták  und Antonín Dokoupil, Brünn 1936
Josef Kopal, Prokop Miroslav Haškovec, Prag 1939

Weblinks

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (Masaryk-Universität)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)
Tschechoslowake
Person (Königreich Böhmen)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Geboren 1876
Gestorben 1935
Mann

Prokop Miroslav Haškovec


La Privatbrauerei Hösl est une brasserie à Mitterteich, dans le Land de Bavière.

Histoire
Le , Michael Hösl senior reprend la Gambrinusbrauerei à Mitterteich, fondée à l'origine en 1870. En raison de conflits de nom avec la Gambrinusbrauerei à Weiden, la brasserie est rebaptisée Hösl-Bräu en 1930. En 1947, son fils Hans Hösl reprend l'entreprise. Le , ses fils Michael et Maximilian Hösl reprennent la brasserie, alors connue sous le nom de Höslbräu OHG. Après la faillite de l'Offene Handelsgesellschaft en 1993, Michael Hösl continue à diriger l'entreprise en tant que Privatbrauerei Hösl.

Au cours de l'histoire, un certain nombre de transformations, d'extensions et de nouveaux bâtiments ont lieu. Par exemple, en 1967, un puits de  de profondeur est foré pour fournir de l'eau de brassage.

Production
La gamme de produits comprend les types de bière Edelhell, Edel Pilsener, Hösl Urstoff, Oberpfälzer Landgold, Zünftiges Wirtshausbier, Tandem Radler, Märzen, Abt Andreas et Communbräu-Zoigl.

Les Weizenbier sont les "Weissbier Resi" Helles Weissbier, "Weissbier Resi" Leichtes Weissbier, "Weissbier Resi" Dunkles Weissbier, "Weissbier Resi" Hochzeitsweissbier et Wiskey-Weisse.

Les Süffikus Starkbier et Communbräu Winterzoigl sont produits de façon saisonnière.

La bière est embouteillée dans des bouteilles avec une capsule et des bouteilles avec un bouchon mécanique.

Les ventes sont essentiellement régionales. Des livraisons sont également effectuées en Italie, en Pologne et en France.

Références

Mitterteich
Brasserie ayant son siège en Allemagne
Entreprise ayant son siège en Bavière
Entreprise fondée en 1906

Privatbrauerei Hösl


Canteloup may refer to communes in France:

 Canteloup, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 Canteloup, Manche, in the Manche département

See also
Cantaloupe (disambiguation)

Canteloup


Aşağıkayalıdere, Zonguldak ilinin Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Akıllı, Aşağıkayalı ve Yukarıkayalı mahalleleri daha önceleri İskenderli köyüne bağlı iken, 16 Ağustos 1957'de birleşerek Aşağıkayalıdere adıyla bağımsız bir köy haline geldi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 96 km, Karadeniz Ereğli ilçe merkezine 46 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Karadeniz Ereğli belde ve köyleri

Aşağıkayalıdere, Karadeniz Ereğli


ඍජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක් යනු එක් කෝණයක් ඍජුකෝණයක් හෙවත් අංශක 90ක් වන ත්‍රිකෝණයකි. අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම අනෙක් කෝණ දෙක සුළු කෝණ විය යුතුය.සියළු  ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික අනුපාත හෙවත් ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික ශ්‍රිත තේරුම් ගැනීම හෝ අර්ථ දැක්වීම සඳහා ඍජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක් යොදා ගත යුතුය.

ඉහත දැක්වෙන ත්‍රිකෝණයේ CAB කෝණය  ඍජු කෝණයකි.

සබැඳි පිටු
 සුළුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණය
 මහාකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණය

ඍජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණය


An Andropogon selloanus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eduard Hackel. An Andropogon selloanus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Andropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Andropogon

Andropogon selloanus


Sýslur í Nevada eru 16 talsins. Það er ennfremur ein sjálfstæð borg.

Listi

Sýslur

Sjálfstæðar borgir

Nevada

Nevada

Sýslur í Nevada


Grieskirchen es un distrito del estado de Alta Austria (Austria).

División administrativa

Localidades con población (año 2018)

El distrito de Grieskirchen se divide en 34 municipios.

Municipios

Aistersheim (786)
Bad Schallerbach (3287)
Bruck-Waasen (2302)
Eschenau im Hausruckkreis (1176)
Gallspach (2575)
Gaspoltshofen (3609)
Geboltskirchen (1412)
Grieskirchen (4807)
Haag am Hausruck (2047)
Heiligenberg (710)
Hofkirchen an der Trattnach (1510)
Kallham (2543)
Kematen am Innbach (1262)
Meggenhofen (1236)
Michaelnbach (1232)
Natternbach (2338)
Neukirchen am Walde (1686)
Neumarkt im Hausruckkreis (1447)
Peuerbach (2234)
Pollham (915)
Pötting (541)
Pram (1840)
Rottenbach (1009)
Schlüßlberg (2998)
Sankt Agatha (2119)
Sankt Georgen bei Grieskirchen (967)
Sankt Thomas (460)
Steegen (1124)
Taufkirchen an der Trattnach (2093)
Tollet (871)
Waizenkirchen (3660)
Wallern an der Trattnach (2874)
Weibern (1587)
Wendling (833)

(Entre paréntesis, número de habitantes)

Enlaces externos

Distritos de Alta Austria

Distrito de Grieskirchen


Shigeru Sakurai (født 29. juni 1979) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Montedio Yamagata, Ventforet Kofu, Vegalta Sendai og Tochigi SC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shigeru Sakurai


Lipnic este un sector reprezentativ cu vegetație silvică în raionul Ocnița, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat în ocolul silvic Ocnița, Lipnic, parcela 23, subparcela 13. Are o suprafață de 1,6 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Gospodăria Silvică de Stat Edineț.

Referințe

Lipnic
Raionul Ocnița

Pădurea Lipnic (arie protejată)


Die Märzenbecherwiesen im Polenztal im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge sind für das massenhafte Auftreten der Frühlingsknotenblume (Leucojum vernum) bekannt, das als eines der größten Wildvorkommen dieser Art in Sachsen gilt. Sie wurden nach dieser auch als Märzenbecher bezeichneten vorsommergrünen Pflanze benannt. Als NSG Märzenbecherwiese bilden sie seit 1967 größtenteils ein Naturschutzgebiet. Dessen Zweck ist die Erhaltung und Pflege bachbegleitender Feuchtwiesen aus landeskundlichen, ästhetischen und floristischen Gründen.

Geographie

Die Märzenbecherwiesen liegen auf beiden Seiten der Polenz, eines der beiden Quellflüsse des in die Elbe mündenden Lachsbachs. Da entlang der Polenz eine Stadtgrenze verläuft, gehört der orographisch linksseitige, etwas größere Teil des Naturschutzgebietes zur Gemarkung Cunnersdorf der Stadt Hohnstein und der andere am rechten Ufer zur Gemarkung Langenwolmsdorf, Stadt Stolpen. Nächster Ort in westlicher Richtung ist Heeselicht, talaufwärts benachbart ist Polenz, ein Ortsteil von Neustadt in Sachsen. Die Märzenbecherwiesen erstrecken sich über einen rund einen Kilometer langen Abschnitt der Sohle des Polenztals, eines Kerbsohlentals. Der geschützte Bereich der Talwiesen mit einer Fläche von 7,89 Hektar liegt auf einer Höhe von 268 bis . Er besteht aus zwei Teilen, von denen der wesentlich größere unmittelbar unterhalb der Kreisstraße von Cunnersdorf nach Langenwolmsdorf (K 8725) beginnt, die das Tal bei der Bockmühle durchquert. Der andere Teil liegt rund 400 Meter oberhalb der Bockmühle, die sich als Startpunkt für die Durchwanderung des Naturschutzgebietes anbietet. Der Polenztalweg erschließt das Gebiet.

Das Naturschutzgebiet gehört zum 371 Hektar großen FFH-Gebiet 163 Polenztal, in dem es vorrangig dem Schutz des Lebensraumtyps der Flachland-Mähwiesen dient, sowie zum Landschaftsschutzgebiet d 77 Oberes Polenztal und Hohes Birkigt. Es liegt nördlich der Lausitzer Verwerfung und zählt deshalb aus naturräumlicher Sicht bereits zum Westlausitzer Hügel- und Bergland und nicht etwa zum Sächsisch-Böhmischen Kreidesandsteingebiet mit der Sächsischen Schweiz. Den Untergrund bildet somit kein Elbsandstein, sondern ein Zweiglimmer-Granodiorit unmittelbar am Kontakt mit dem Stolpener Leukogranit. Darüber lagern mächtige Fluss- und Auensedimente aus dem Quartär. Die oberste Schicht besteht dabei aus Gleyen und Vegen, die auf wechselnd sandigen Auelehm-Schluffen auftreten. Kennzeichnend ist ein sehr hoher Grundwasserspiegel. Die stark mäandrierende Polenz, die in ihrem natürlichen Lauf belassen wurde, überflutet die Wiesen von Zeit zu Zeit. Das teilweise an die Oberfläche gelangende Druckwasser von den Hängen ist ebenfalls wichtig für die Befeuchtung der Wiesen. An der Grenzlinie zwischen Hangwald und Wiese verlaufen vor mehreren Jahrhunderten künstlich angelegte Bewässerungsgräben, von denen aus das Wasser die flach zur Polenz geneigten Talwiesen durchsickert. Für das Mikroklima ist die nebelreiche Tallage von besonderer Bedeutung.

Flora und Fauna

Der namensgebende Märzenbecher, eine süd-mitteleuropäische Art der feuchten Laubwälder, tritt in dem Gebiet mit einem Massenvorkommen nahe seiner nördlichen Verbreitungsgrenze auf. Diese Pflanzen können mit einigen Abweichungen von Jahr zu Jahr zwischen Anfang März und Anfang April blühen. Auf den aus Erlen-Eschen-Auenwäldern hervorgegangenen Talwiesen des Naturschutzgebietes finden sich jedoch auch zahlreiche andere Arten. Bemerkenswert sind Kohldistel, Magerwiesen-Margerite, Schlangen-Knöterich, Wiesen-Glockenblume, Gewöhnlicher Rot-Schwingel, Sumpf-Schafgarbe und Kuckucks-Lichtnelke, auch Rohrglanzgras, Kriechender Hahnenfuß und Wiesen-Fuchsschwanz kommen häufig vor. Staudenfluren, Röhricht und Gewöhnliche Pestwurz begleiten das Ufer der Polenz, an manchen Stellen entwickelten sich Weiden-Gebüsche. In der Polenz selbst gibt es viele flutende Wasserpflanzen und artenreiche Moosgesellschaften.

In der fischreichen Polenz leben gefährdete Arten wie die Groppe. Auch der Fischotter wurde nachgewiesen. Vorkommende Vögel sind Wasseramsel, Eisvogel, Gebirgsstelze und Schwarzstorch. Außerdem gibt es Nachweise für acht Fledermausarten sowie 22 Tagfalterarten, unter ihnen der Trauermantel.

Geschichte
Historische Aufzeichnungen belegen das Mähen der Wiesen im Polenztal als bäuerliche Bewirtschaftung zur Ernte von Heu bereits für die Zeit um 1500. Der regelmäßige späte erste Schnitt um den Johannistag (Ende Juni) begünstigte das 1821 erstmals erwähnte Märzenbechervorkommen, das sich um 1900 zu einer Touristenattraktion entwickelte. Der Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz erwarb 1928 rund 2 Hektar Wiesen und 1 Hektar Wald unterhalb der Bockmühle und leitete erste Schutzmaßnahmen ein. Die Enteignung des Vereins am 31. Dezember 1948 führte zur Überführung der Wiesen in Volkseigentum. In der Zeit der DDR wurden die Wiesen 1961 als Naturschutzgebiet gesichert, am 11. September 1967 erfolgte die Festsetzung des zunächst 6,5 Hektar großen Gebietes. Die Vertiefung des Bachbettes der Polenz in den 1970er Jahren hatte eine Absenkung des Grundwasserspiegels zur Folge, wodurch sich die Durchfeuchtung der Talaue verschlechterte. Weitere Schäden entstanden in dieser Zeit durch den Einsatz zu schwerer Mähtechnik. Der Landesverein kaufte von 1990 bis 1993 knapp 12 Hektar Wiesen und pachtete weitere 5,5 Hektar. Am 29. März 2014 veranstaltete die Stadt Hohnstein an der Bockmühle das 1. Märzenbecher-Wiesenfest.

Aktueller Zustand

Der Zustand des Naturschutzgebietes wurde 2008 als "noch gut" eingeschätzt. Die Wiesen werden seit mehreren Jahrhunderten regelmäßig gemäht. Die Fortführung dieser Praxis mit Abtransport des Schnittgutes ist eine Voraussetzung für die Erhaltung und Förderung der leicht zurückgehenden Märzenbecherbestände. Damit die Fruchtstände ausreifen können, darf die erste Mahd frühestens Ende Juni geschehen. Die zweite wichtige Voraussetzung ist die Durchfeuchtung und Nährstoffversorgung durch die Polenz, weshalb auch das System aus Bewässerungsgräben erhalten bleiben soll. Die Ausbreitung von Neophyten wird bekämpft. Um weitere Talwiesen zu schützen, soll das Naturschutzgebiet im Norden bis zur Gemarkungsgrenze Polenz und nach Süden bis zur Grenze des Nationalparks Sächsische Schweiz bei Zeschnig erweitert werden. Während der Blütezeit der Märzenbecher ist das Polenztal ein beliebtes Ausflugsziel in der Region Dresden.

Literatur
 Friedemann Klenke: Naturschutzgebiete in Sachsen. Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft, Dresden 2008. S. 374 f.

Weblinks

 Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz: Märzenbecher locken ins Polenztal
 touristiklounge.de: Polenztal lockt mit Naturspektakel – Millionen der vom Aussterben bedrohten Märzenbecher blühen wieder
 Tagebuch: Märzenbecher im Polenztal, privater Blog

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Geographie (Hohnstein, Sächsische Schweiz)
Stolpen

Märzenbecherwiesen im Polenztal


BBC Essex is the BBC's local radio station serving the county of Essex.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from studios on New London Road in Chelmsford.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 160,000 listeners and a 6.4% share as of June 2023.

History
BBC Essex launched on 5 November 1986. It broke from the naming convention of "BBC Radio (county name)" so as to avoid confusion with Essex Radio (later Essex FM, now Heart Essex). There was also a pirate station called Radio Essex in the 1960s, and currently, there is an independent commercial station called Radio Essex.

BBC Essex set out to be different from existing BBC local stations, which were often perceived as rather "stuffy" and "worthy". It launched with a more upbeat sound, an almost "tabloid" news style and younger presenters than most stations; the BBC Essex symbol also did not feature the traditional BBC logo. However, in more recent years, the style has been toned down and the format is now more in line with the rest of the BBC local radio network.

The station has also employed a number of high-profile presenters including Alex Lester, James Whale, Jonathan Overend (BBC Radio 5 Live), Tim 'Timbo' Lloyd (twice winner of Best Local DJ at the Sony Radio Awards), Mark Pougatch (ITV Sport), Dermot O'Leary (National radio & TV presenter) and music promoter Eric 'Monster' Hall.

A revised programme schedule at the station was launched in September 2015 following the appointment of Louise Birt as Managing Editor in April 2015, following the departure of predecessor Gerald Main, who held the role from 2007 until February 2015.

Technical
The strongest signal is 103.5 FM, which comes from the Great Braxted transmitter between Witham and Tiptree. It reaches into Hertfordshire. It also transmits the Essex DAB mux. The 95.3 FM signal from South Benfleet is heard in most of the southern Thames Estuary.

There are no longer any AM transmitters broadcasting BBC Essex, the last two being closed in May 2021. The 500 ft Manningtree tower, which formerly transmitted BBC Essex on 729 kHz, also has Essex DAB.

The Bakers Wood (Chelmsford) transmitter, which formerly transmitted BBC Essex on 765 kHz, is another of the DAB transmitters. Local DAB signals, since 20 May 2002, are the Essex 12D multiplex, which has further transmitters at Maitland House (Southend-on-Sea town centre), Colchester, Sudbury (in Suffolk), and Rye Hill (south of Harlow - on a water tower). BBC Essex also used to transmit on 1530 kHz from Rayleigh (Southend) until it ceased broadcasting in January 2018 as a cost saving measure.

The station also broadcasts on Freeview TV channel 734 across the BBC East, BBC London and BBC South East regions and streams online via BBC Sounds.

Pirate BBC Essex
From 10 to 17 April 2004, BBC Essex marked the fortieth anniversary of offshore radio in Britain by launching their own ship-based radio station, Pirate BBC Essex. Broadcasting from an old light vessel, the station transmitted sixties music and memories twenty-four hours a day all week. This was followed in August 2007 by another broadcast marking the anniversary of the closing of the pirate stations by the Marine Offences Act.

Over the Easter Weekend in April 2009, the popular Pirate Radio Essex programme was resurrected by popular demand from listeners, occurring five days after the release of the comedy movie The Boat that Rocked. This was broadcast on the AM frequencies, as well as on the Internet, which resulted in many calls from as far away as New Zealand. Presenters included Johnnie Walker, Tony Blackburn, Dave Cash and Keith Skues as well as three of the station's presenters: Steve Scruton; Ian Wyatt & Ray Clark.

BBC Essex presenter Ray Clark authored a book called 'Radio Caroline: The True Story of The Boat That Rocked' which was published in early 2014. Clark retired from BBC Essex on 20 June 2014 after leaving his award-winning breakfast show in February that year. Clark returned to BBC Essex in September 2015 to present a new, regular, Saturday morning show.

Pirate BBC Essex took to the airwaves for one final time on 13 and 14 August 2017.
Starting at 10 pm on 13 August 2017 Keith Skues presented his regular, 3-hour regional Sunday night show from the LV18 studio, and on 14 August 2017 programmes were broadcast commencing at 9 am, with the eventual closure at 3 pm, marking the 50th anniversary of the Marine Offences Act which closed most pirate radio stations.
Guest presenters included Johnnie Walker, Roger 'Twiggy' Day, Tom Edwards and Norman St John.

Programming
Local programming is produced and broadcast from the BBC's Chelmsford studios from 6 am to 10 pm on Sundays to Fridays and from 6 am to 6 pm and 8 pm to 10 pm on Saturdays. The station's Sunday evening output is simulcast with other stations in the BBC East region.

Off-peak programming, including the late show from 10 pm to 1 am, originates from BBC Radio Norfolk, BBC Three Counties Radio and BBC Radio Northampton.

During the station's downtime, BBC Essex simulcasts overnight programming from BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio London.

Presenters

Notable current presenters
Liana Bridges (Sundays 10 am to 2 pm, co-presenter of the Essex Quest)

References

External links

 Offshore Radio - Pirate BBC Essex

Essex
Radio stations in Essex

BBC Essex


Ivan Alerić (Drinovci, 6. listopada 1961. – Zagreb, 14. travnja 1992.), hrvatski tiskovni i televizijski novinar, urednik, dokumentarist, sveučilišni profesor, vojnik Hrvatske vojske

Životopis
Rodio se 6. listopada 1961. u hercegovačkom selu Drinovcima, kao jedanaesto od četrnaestero djece oca Jure i majke Mile. Nakon završene osnovne škole u rodnom mjestu i gimnazije u Posušju odlazi na studij u Zadar, gdje je s najvišim ocjenama diplomirao francuski jezik i književnost i njemački jezik i književnost. Budući da u Zadru nije mogao, u Sarajevu je istovremeno studirao i povijest.

Nakon studija zaposlio se na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru kao asistent iz znanstvenoag područja filologije na katedri za francusku književnost. Prije rata živio je i radio u Zagrebu, a početkom demokratskih promjena aktivno se uključio u borbu za hrvatsku neovisnost. Radio je kao novinar i urednik te ratni izvjestitelj "Glasnika HDZ" pišući članke o hrvatskoj povijesti, a na HRT-u je radio u dokumentarnom programu i programu za inozemstvo te sudjelovao u izradi dvije dokumentarne emisije "Podrijetlo Hrvata" i "Kraljevska kravata".

U jesen 1991. godine odlazi u Domovinski rat kao dobrovoljac, te sudjeluje u borbama na dubrovačkom ratištu.
Nekolicina studenata pozvala je koncem rujna '91. preko radija ljude koji bi se htjeli uključiti u obranu hrvatskoga juga. Okupila se dragovoljačka skupina koja je 3. listopada ujutro krenula prema Dubrovniku, a među njima je bio i Ivan Alerić. S dragovoljačkom postrojbom nazvanom "SRĐ" Ivan je sudjelovao u bitkama za Dubrovnik.

Neki dovršeni članci posmrtno su objavljeni u "Glasniku HDZ": "Hrvati u Tridesetogodišnjem ratu", "Hrvati na arapskom dvoru u Španjolskoj", "Hrvati i srednjovjekovno Pariško sveučilište". Lobirao je za međunarodno priznanje Hrvatske kod francuskih sveučilišnih profesora i intelektualaca poput Alaina Finkelkrauta, jednoga od zapadnih intelektualaca koji su progovorili protiv velikosrpske agresije.

Nakon sudjelovanja u uspješnoj obrani Dubrovnika vraća se u Zagreb, a jačanjem ratnih aktivnosti u BiH odlazi tamo kao dobrovoljac. Pri ukrcavanju naoružanja i vojne opreme na zagrebačkom Velesajmu, neposredno prije polaska u Hercegovinu, poginuo je 14. travnja 1992. godine, u Zagrebu, prilikom prijevoza naoružanja i vojne opreme za južno bojište. Pokopan je u rodnim Drinovcima.

Odličja
Spomenica Domovinskog rata
Odličje Zrinskih i Frankopana
 Posmrtno je promaknut u čin bojnika.

Izvori

Hrvatski novinari
Životopisi, Drinovci
Hrvatski televizijski novinari
Hrvatski urednici

Ivan Alerić (novinar)


Gaínza (Gaintza en euskera y de forma oficial Gaintza) es un concejo de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra perteneciente al municipio de Araiz.

Está situado en la Merindad de Pamplona, en la comarca de Norte de Aralar, y a 47,5 km de la capital de la comunidad, Pamplona. Su población en  fue de  habitantes (INE), su superficie es de  km² y su densidad de población de  hab/km².

Geografía física

Situación
La localidad de Gaínza está situada en la parte Suroeste del municipio de Araiz a una altitud de 500  Su término concejil tiene una superficie de  km² y limita al norte con el concejo de Uztegui; al este con el de Inza y el municipio de Betelu; al sur con la Sierra de Aralar y al oeste con la Comunidad e Amézqueta y Ordicia en la provincia de Guipúzcoa y la comunidad autónoma del País Vasco.

Demografía

Evolución de la población

Véase también
 Araiz
 Lista de concejos de Navarra

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Datos del Concejo de Gaínza - Gobierno de Navarra - Información y datos de entidades locales de Navarra.
  - Gran Enciclopedia Navarra.

Concejos de Araiz
Localidades de Araiz
Municipios desaparecidos de Navarra

Gaínza (Navarra)


An Jumellea brevifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie. An Jumellea brevifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Jumellea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Jumellea

Jumellea brevifolia


Giovanna Epis (née à Venise le ) est une coureuse de fond italienne, qui a participé aux Championnats du monde de semi-marathon de l'IAAF 2018 . Elle a été médaillée de bronze avec l' équipe italienne lors de la Coupe d'Europe du 10 000 m à Londres en 2019. En 2019, elle a participé au marathon féminin aux Championnats du monde d'athlétisme 2019 qui se sont tenus à Doha, au Qatar. Elle n'a pas terminé sa course. Elle a participé aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020 sur l'épreuve du marathon.

Biographie
Le , établissant son record personnel au marathon de Rotterdam avec un temps de 2:29:11, elle a atteint la limite  pour les Jeux olympiques de Tokyo 2020, qui a été fixée à 2:29:30.

Progression
 Marathon
En 2015, Giovanna Epis  a disputé son premier marathon, réussissant à s'améliorer par la suite six fois de suite.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Venise
Naissance en octobre 1988
Athlète (femme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Coureuse de fond italienne
Coureuse de 10 000 mètres
Marathonienne

Giovanna Epis


O specie chimică este o substanță chimică sau ansamblu compus din entități moleculare identice din punct de vedere chimic, care pot explora același set de niveluri de energie într-o anumită perioadă de timp, caracteristică au definită. Termenul se poate aplica în același timp unui set de unități structurale atomice sau moleculare identice din punct de vedere chimic, într-o dispoziție solidă.

Tipuri de specii chimice
Câteva exemple de specii chimice (după tip) sunt:
 specia chimică argon este o specie atomică ; formula sa chimică este Ar ;
 specia chimică diazot este o specie moleculară ; formulă sa chimică este cea a unei moelcule diatomice, adică N2;
 specia chimică clorură este o specie ionică; formulă sa chimică este Cl ;
 specia chimică azotat (nitrat) este o specie moleculară sau ionică; formulă sa chimică este  ;
 specia chimică metil este o specie radicalică ; formulă sa chimică este CH3.

Vezi și
 Ion
 Particulă
 Compus chimic

Referințe

Substanțe chimice

Specie chimică