Međuopćinska nogometna liga Daruvar – Pakrac – Grubišno Polje je bila liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1981./82.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio klub "Bilogorac" iz Grubišnog Polja.

Sustav natjecanja
12 klubova je igralo dvokružnu ligu (22 kola).

Ljestvica

 Miokovićevo – tadašnji naziv za Đulovac

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Zona ZO Bjelovar 1981./82.
 Općinska A liga Daruvar 1981./82.
 Međuopćinska liga Koprivnica – Križevci 1981./82.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, Pakrački vjesnik (petnaestodnevnik općine Pakrac)
 digi-pakrac.com, Pakrački  vjesnik
 library.foi.hr, Jednota : organ Svazu čechu a Slovaku v SR Horvatsku
  library.foi.hr, "Jednota", br. 24/1982, god. 37, izdano 12. lipnja 1982., str. 17 (22. kolo i ljestvica), preuzeto 16. prosinca 2022.
 library.foi.hr, "Pakrački vjesnik" - petnaestodnevnik OK SSRN Pakrac, br. 211, izdano 24. lipnja 1982., str. 8 (Iz sportskog života;  22. kolo i poredak), preuzeto 16. prosinca 2022.

1981-82 MOL Daruvar - Pakrac - Grubišno Polje
MOL Daruvar - Pakrac - Grubišno Polje
1981-82 Daruvar - Pakrac - Grubišno Polje

Međuopćinska nogometna liga Daruvar – Pakrac – Grubišno Polje 1981./82.


Mellem os er en kortfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Laurits Munch-Petersen efter manuskript af Laurits Munch-Petersen, Jeff Matthews, Ine Urheim. Filmen vandt en Oscar (en Student Academy Award) og blev med sine 14 internationale priser den mest prisvindende afgangsfilm i Den Danske Filmskoles historie.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003

Mellem os


Den Store Havfrue er en 14 ton og 4 meter høj skulptur, bestilt af Peter Bech, udført i Kina i kinesisk granit. Den blev i 2006 rejst over for skulpturen Isbjørn med unger på Langeliniekajen. I 2018 blev skulpturen flyttet til Dragør Fort.

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Den veldrejede havfrue fra Langelinie er blevet sat på porten, b.dk, 4. juni 2018

Skulpturer i Danmark
Monumenter i København

Den Store Havfrue


Pálmar (fræðiheiti: Arecales) eru ættbálkur einkímblöðunga með um tvemur ættum sem skiptast í 188 ættkvíslir sem vaxa aðallega í hitabeltinu. Staðsetning þeirra á ættartrénu hefur verið nokkuð á reiki, frá að vera yfirættbálkur niður í innætt.

Einna þekktastir eru sagópálmi, döðlupálmi og kókospálmi.

Tilvísanir

 NCBI Taxonomy Browser

Pálmar (ættbálkur)


Les terres des Sœurs de la Charité de Québec sont l'une des dernières terres arables enclavées dans la ville de Québec. Depuis 2021, elles font l'objet d'un projet d'agro-parc, « voué à l'agriculture novatrice, durable, garante de l'autonomie alimentaire du Québec ».

Historique

Ferme Saint-Michel-Archange

Les Sœurs de la charité de Québec acquièrent les terres à la fin du 19e siècle. Elles cultivent d'abord la ferme voisine de l'Asile des aliénés, qu'elles administrent à partir de 1893. S'ajoute ensuite une parcelle située le long de l'avenue Saint-David. D'autres terrains s'ajoutent au 20e siècle, dont la terre située le long de l'avenue du Bourg-Royal. Nommée « ferme Saint-Michel-Archange » (plus tard Ferme SMA), les activités agricoles y sont diversifiées : maraîchage, vaches laitières, fromagerie et boucherie. Au début des années 1960, elle est à son apogée nourrissant les 5 200 patients de l'hôpital Saint-Michel-Archange.

À la suite de la désinstitutionnalisation, la Ferme SMA devient déficitaire. Elle ferme ses portes en 2007. Elle comptait 44 employés. La Ville de Québec envisage y créer un parc technologique. L'Union des producteurs agricoles ne s'oppose pas au dézonage en raison du caractère urbain des alentours.

Choix d'une nouvelle vocation
En décembre 2014, la congrégation religieuse cède leurs terres pour 40 millions $ à la Fondation Famille Jules-Dallaire, du nom du fondateur du groupe immobilier Cominar. Le projet prévoit l'urbanisation des terres avec la construction de 6 500 résidences accueillant une nouvelle population estimée entre 15 000 à 20 000 personnes. Les bénéfices du développement, qui pourrait prendre une quinzaine d'années à voir le jour, sont estimés à 150 millions $. Le changement de vocation est appuyé par le maire Régis Labeaume. Le projet est contesté par des citoyens, des élus et des organismes.

À deux reprises, le ministère des Affaires municipales refuse le schéma d'aménagement de l'agglomération de Québec qui vise à faire tomber le zonage agricole du secteur. Entre-temps, les terres continuent d'être louées pour la culture des céréales et du soya.

En septembre 2021, le gouvernement du Québec propose d'acquérir des terres pour créer un agro-parc. Une proposition similaire est aussi reprise par Bruno Marchand, élu maire en novembre de la même année. Le 28 avril 2022, le gouvernement fait une promesse formelle d'achat des terres au coût de l'évaluation municipale, soit 28,7 millions $. Les Sœurs de la Charité défendent cette vente en dessous du prix de marché comme un legs à la société. L'entente spécifie toutefois qu'elles conservent 4% de la superficie du site, essentiellement le terrain de leur maison généralice. L'acquisition des terres est complétée le 30 septembre.

Références

Géographie de la ville de Québec
Agriculture au Québec
Histoire du catholicisme au Québec
Religion à Québec (ville)
Histoire de Québec

Terres des Sœurs de la Charité de Québec


Fortitudini navali  bila je počasna zastava koju je dodjeljivala Austro-Ugarska. Bila je oblika crvene zastavice. Dodjeljivala se pomorcu koji izvede neki veliki podvig u vrijeme rata. Dodijeljena je samo jednom, Hrvatu Antunu Celestinu Ivančiću iz Malog Lošinja, što je u borbi uspio osloboditi brod iz francuskog zarobljeništva u koji je pao u bitci kod Lastova i neoštećena ga dovesti u luku Gruž.

Izvori

Povijest Austrije
Pomorstvo
Nagrade

Fortitudini navali


Raspjevana revolucija (est.: laulev revolutsioon; let.: dziesmotā revolūcija; lit.: dainuojanti revoliucija) je uobičajeni naziv za događaje koji su doveli do obnove suvereniteta Estonije, Latvije i Litve, triju baltičkih država pod sovjetskom kontrolom, usred raspada Sovjetskoga Saveza. Sam pojam skovao je estonski aktivist i umjetnik Heinz Valk u novinskome članku objavljenom tjedan dana nakon spontanih masovnih prosvjeda pjevanjem koje su u 10. i 11. lipnja 1988. godine održane na Pjevačkome polju, mjestu održavanja Estonskoga festivala pjesme. Nedugo nakon ovih događaja, sve su tri republike proglasile i dobile priznanje svoje neovisnosti od Sovjetskoga Saveza.

Pozadina

Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, tri baltičke države okupirane su i pripojene Sovjetskome Savezu za vrijeme Staljina, prvo 1940. godine, a onda ponovo 1944. godine. Situacija se nije značajno mijenjala tijekom desetljeća. Zapad u pravilu nije priznavao sovjetsku okupaciju baltičkih država, dok su sovjetske vlasti sustavno gušile bilo kakve pokrete i ideje o ponovnoj uspostavi suvereniteta triju baltičkih država. Represija je oslabila nakon Staljinove smrti, ali nije potpuno nestala, sve do 1985. godine, kada je tadašnji sovjetski čelnik Mihail Gorbačov predstavio političko-ekonomske mjere glasnost i perestrojku. Cilj ovih mjera bio je stimulirati propadajuće sovjetsko gospodarstvo i potaknuti produktivnost, posebice na području potrošačkih dobara, liberalizacije korporativnoga poslovanja i jačanja uslužne ekonomije. Glasnost je, pak, dokinula državnu cenzuru i političku represiju, što je, jasno, dovelo do "buđenja" u neruskim sovjetskim republikama.

Dotad službeno nepriznati problemi koje je službena Moskva držala tajnima konačno su obznanjeni javnosti, što je dovelo do nezadovoljstva na području Baltika. U kombinaciji s ratom u Afaganistanu i ranijom nuklearnom katastrofom u Černobilu, nezadovoljstvo je izraženo na vrlo javan, eksplozivan i politički eksponiran način. Estonci su se brinuli oko demografske prijetnje svome nacionalnom identitetu koja je došla u obliku velikoga priljeva stranih radnika koji su trebali raditi na velikim sovjetskim razvojnim projektima poput rudarenja fosfata (vidi: Fosforitni rat).

Pristup emigrantskim zajednicama sa Zapada kao i, posebno u Estoniji, jačanje neformalnih odnosa s Finskom te pristup finskoj televiziji (koja je stanovništu Sovjetskoga Saveza pokazala kako izgleda život na Zapadu), dodatno su doprinijele jačanju nezadovoljstva u Sovjetskome Savezu te su dovele do sve češćih demonstracija uslijed popuštanja državne represije u drugoj polovici 1980-ih godina.

Masovne demonstracije protiv Sovjetskoga Saveza započele su nakon što je Moskva odbila uzeti u obzir nacionalnu osjetljivost svojih saveznih republika. Moskva se, naime, nadala da će neruski narodi htjeti ostati u Sovjetskome Savezu unatoč činjenici da su svi njihovi državni i nacionalni simboli sustavno uklanjani, međutim situacija se toliko pogoršala da su već 1989. godine započele kampanje za aktivno odvajanje neruskih država iz Sovjetskoga Saveza.

Estonija

Plan sovjetske vlade da eksploatira fosforit u okrugu Lääne-Viru s potencijalno katastrofalnim učincima za okoliš i društvo obznanjen je u veljači 1987. godine. To je započelo tzv. Fosforitni rat, glasnu kampanju za zaštitu okoliša usmjernu protiv djelovanja sovjetske vlade. Dana 23. kolovoza 1987. godine, aktivistička grupacija MRP-AEG održala je sastanak u Hirveparku u staroj jezgri Tallinna, tražeći javno objavljivanje i osudu tajnoga protokola pakta Ribbentrop-Molotov. Na prosvjedu je bilo između dvije i pet tisuća ljudi.

Serijal "Pet domoljubnih pjesama" Ala Mattiisena premijerno je izveden na Pop festivalu u Tartuu u svibnju 1988. godine. U lipnju iste godine održan je festival u staroj jezgri Tallinna, a nakon službenoga dijela festivala, sudionici su se preselili na Pjevačko polje i spontano počeli pjevati domoljubne pjesme. Mattiisenov serijal pjesama ponovo je javno izveden na ljetnom rock festivalu u Tallinnu, održanom krajem kolovoza 1988. godine. U rujnu iste godine održan je i Estonski festival pjesme, koji je bio kulminacija ovih događanja. U tom je razdoblju Trivimi Velliste, čelnik Društva estonske baštine, prvi javno iskazao težnje ka obnovom estonskoga suvereniteta. U studenome iste godine Vrhovni sovjet Estonske SSR izdao je Deklaraciju suvereniteta Estonske SSR, što je bio prvi formalni čin prema obnovi suvereniteta. Godinu dana kasnije, 23. kolovoza 1989. godine, organiziran je tzv. Baltički put, neprekinuti ljudski lanac koji je išao od Tallinna do Vilniusa.

Tzv. Raspjevana revolucija trajala je ukupno četiri godine, a obilježio ju je niz raznih oblika prosvjeda. Revoluciju su predvodile tri različite skupine: Društvo estonske baštine, Narodni front i Nacionalna stranka neovisnosti. Društvo estonske baštine, osnovano 1987. godine, fokusiralo se na širenje svijesti o estonskoj povijesti kako bi dobilo podršku za stjecanje neovisnosti od Sovjeta. Narodni front, osnovan 1988. godine, želio je reorganizirati Estoniju kao samoupravnu jedinicu u sklopu labave sovjetske konfederacije. Nacionalna stranka neovisnosti, osnovana također 1988. godine, bila je radikalnija i zahtijevala je potpunu neovisnost od Sovjetskoga Saveza.

Tijekom 1991. godine, dok su službena Moskva i sovjetska vojska pokušali zaustaviti estonski napredak, novoizabrane estonske vlasti proglasile su obnovu estonske državnosti i potpunu neovisnost od Sovjetskog Saveza. Velika skupina nenaoružanih prosvjednika okupila se oko zgrade parlamenta, radijskih i televizijskih postaja kako bi ih zaštitila od eventualnoga napada sovjetske vojske. Srećom, do napada nikada nije ni došlo. Ovakvim je djelovanjem Estonija uspjela ostvariti svoju neovisnost bez ijedne prolivene kapi krvi.

Neovisnost je službeno proglašena kasno tijekom poslijepodneva 20. kolovoza 1991. godine, nakon što je postignut dogovor između nekolicine političkih stranaka. Sljedećeg su jutra, prema izvješću estonske televizije, sovjetske trupe pokušale zauzeti tallinnski TV toranj, ali bez uspjeha. Istovremeno, komunistički pokušaj puča u Sovjetskome Savezu propao je usred masovnih prodemokratskih prosvjeda na čijem je čelu bio Boris Jeljcin.

Dana 22. kolovoza 1991. godine Island je postao prva zemlja koja je priznala neovisnost Estonije. Danas se na zidu zgrade Ministarstva vanjskih poslova nalazi spomen-ploča koja komemorira ovaj događaj, dok se samo Ministarstvo nalazi na adresi Islandski trg 1. Tekst na ploči napisan je na islandskome, estonskome i engleskome. Neke druge zemlje uopće nisu priznale sovjetsku okupaciju Estonije, tako da je proces priznanja bio čisto formalan.

Latvija

Situacija u Latviji bila je vrlo slična kao i u Estoniji, a liberalizacija političke represije u Sovjetskome Savezu dovela je do jačanja trećega latvijskog narodnog preporoda, koji je svoj vrhunac doživio, također, sredinom 1988. godine. Kao i u Estoniji, situacija je prvotno ekskalirala oko ekoloških pitanja, ali već 1986. godine, kada su planovi sovjetske vlade da izgradi još jednu hidroelektranu na najvećoj latvijskoj rijeci Zapadnoj Dvini, te podzemnu željeznicu u Rigi, postali javno poznati. Kako bi oba projekta imala katastrofalne posljedice za okoliš, mediji su pozvali narod na pobunu, što je rezultiralo osnivanjem Kluba za zaštitu okoliša u veljači 1987. godine. Klub će ubrzo prerasti u jedan od najutjecajnijih pokreta na podrčju Latvije, te u glavnog proponenta latvijske neovisnosti.

Dana 14. lipnja 1987. godine, na obljetnicu Lipanjskih deportacija (1941.), udruga za ljudska prava Helsinki-86, osnovana godinu ranije, organizirala je masovno polaganje cvijeća na Spomenik slobodi u Rigi, što se smatra početkom trećega narodnog preporoda. Neki izvori smatraju, ipak, da je preporod započeo već 1985. godine tijekom Festivala pjesme i plesa, kada su zborovi zahtijevali izvođenje domoljubne pjesme "Gaismas pils", čijim je prijenosom uživo na televiziji ravnao Moskvi omraženi dirigent Haralds Mednis. Značajan događaj bio je i kongres Saveza pisaca iz 1988. godine, na kojem su sudionici raspravljali o latvijskom suverenitetu, očivanju latvijskoga jezika, ali i po prvi puta javno obznanili tajni protokol pakta Ribbentrop-Molotov. Kongres je dodatno uzburkao javnost i dao poticaj pokretu za obnovu latvijskoga suvereniteta.

Tijekom ljeta 1988. godine došlo je do osnivanja Latvijskoga narodnog fronta (koji će brojati enormnih 200 000 članova), Latvijskoga nacionalnog pokreta za neovisnost, te radikalnoga Građanskog kongresa, tri ključne udruge koje će predvoditi mirnu borbu za neovisnost Latvije. Prvi masovni prosvjedi u tada još uvijek Latvijskoj SSR održani su 7. listopada 1988. godine, a Latvijci su također sudjelovali i u realizaciji Baltičkoga puta u kolovozu 1989. godine.

Na izborima za Vrhovni sovjet održanima u ožujku 1990. godine, pobornici neovisnosti osvojili su većinu. Dana 4. svibnja iste godine, Vrhovni je sovjet usvojio dokument poznat pod naslovom "O obnovi neovisnosti Republike Latvije", koji je pozivao na obnovu latvijskoga suvereniteta i Ustava iz 1922. godine. Ipak, za razliku od Estonije, situacija u Latviji nije prošla potpuno mirno, s obzirom da su komunisti u siječnju 1991. godine uz pomoć vojske pokušali srušiti zakonito izabrani Vrhovni sovjet. Latvijski prosvjednici uspjeli su zaustaviti sovjetske trupe u preuzimanju strateških položaja, a ovi su sukobi danas znani kao "Barikade". Nakon neuspješnoga komunističkog puča u kolovozu, Latvija je promptno reagirala te je 21. kolovoza 1991. godine proglasila kako je proces obnove neovisnosti započet 4. svibnja 1990. godine dovršen, te je proglašena nezavisna i suverena Republika Latvija.

Litva

Kao i u ostalim baltičkim državama, otvoreni otpor sovjetskoj vlasti bio je rijedak, a iako je kulminirao u istom razdoblju kao i u Estoniji i Latviji, otpor u Litvi započeo je najranije, već početkom 1970-ih godina, kada je došlo do prosvjeda u Kaunasu 1972. godine. Ipak, tek su u drugoj polovici 1980-ih počela aktivnija prosvjedna djelovanja protiv sovjetskih vlasti. Brojni su glazbenici, kao i u ostalim zemljama, izvodili domoljubne pjesme ili su u svoje pjesme ubacivali stihove domoljubih pjesnika poput Bernardasa Brazdžionisa ili Justinasa Marcinkevičiusa. Tijekom 1987., festival Roko maršas također je podizao svijest o nacionalnom pitanju među publikom. Iste godine došlo je i do osnivanja brojnih udruga, dobar dio kojih se bavio zaštitom okoliša.

Dana 3. lipnja 1988. godine osnovan je društveno-politički pokret Sąjūdis. Među pokretačima pokreta bili su mnogi ekološki aktivisti poput Zigmasa Vaišvile i Gintarasa Songaile. Iako je Sąjūdis u početku podržavao režim, već je početkom jeseni 1988. godine postao otvorena oporba partiji. Aktivne suverenističke organizacije ubrzo su počele organizirati prosvjede diljem zemlje. Najpoznatiji među njima dogodio se 28. listopada 1988., a bio je toliko intenzivan da je nasilno prekinut. Narod je bio bijesan na nasilnu reakciju države i naknadna javna reakcija dovela je do niza ostavki u KP Litve, među kojima je bila i ona čelnika Ringaudasa Songaile, tako da su na čelo partije došli umjereniji članovi.

Jedna od prvih odluka nove vlasti bila je ona o povratku Katedrale u Vilniusu Katoličkoj Crkvi koja je dotad bila prenamijenjena u muzej likovne umjetnosti. Himna Litve, kao i nacionalna trobojnica ponovo su legalizirani 18. studenoga 1988. godine, zamijenivši tako zastavu i himnu Litavske SSR. Uslijedilo je i priznanje litavskoga jezika kao službenog, čime je on postao jedini službeni jezik u zemlji. Iako je potonja odluka bila ključna za uklanjanje nekih prosovjetskih čelnika iz vrha partije, izazvala je negodovanje među zajednicama u kojima su se govorili poljski i ruski jezik. Sljedeći potez bilo je obnavljanje brojnih nacionalnih spomenika, koji su ponovno postavljani tijekom 1988. i 1989. godine.

Tijekom 1989. godine, mnoge nacionalne organizacije odvojile su se od središnjih organizacija u sklopu Sovjetskoga Saveza, a partija je do kraja godine pristala organizirati slobodne izbore u Litvi 1990. godine, koje je očekivano izgubila. Posljedično, Litva je 11. ožujka 1990. godine postala prva baltička država koja je proglasila neovisnost od Sovjetskoga Saveza. Istovremeno, Latvija i Estonija tvrdile su kako je sovjetska okupacija od samog početka bila nelegalna te kako je potrebno razdoblje tranzicije prije ostvarivanja pune neovisnosti, što je kulminiralo nakon propasti Kolovoškog puča 1991. godine. Zbog te činjenice, većina zapadnih zemalja, uz izuzetak Islanda, u početku je imala zadrški oko priznanja litavske neovisnosti. Odgovor sovjetske vojske na proglašenje neovisnosti bio je oštar. Dana 13. siječnja 1991. godine, četrnaest mirnih prosvjednika u Vilniusu poginulo je, a na stotine ih je ozlijeđeno prilikom obrane televizijskoga tornja i palače Parlamenta od sovjetskih trupa i tenkova. U suvremenoj litavskoj historiografiji, ovaj se događaj naziva "Krvava nedjelja". Litvanci su uspješno obranili svoju neovisnost, međutim, međunarodna priznanja neovisne Litve uslijedila su tek od kolovoza 1991. godine.

Značajne prosvjedne pjesme

 "Baltik se budi!" (Estonija/Latvija/Litva)
 "Brīvību Baltijai" (Latvija) (hrv. "Sloboda za Baltik")
 "Dzimtā valoda" (Latvija) (hrv. "Materinji jezik")
 Lāčplēsis (Latvija) (hrv. "Ubojica medvjeda")
 "Manai Tautai" (Latvija) (hrv. "Mojoj naciji")
 "Gaismas pils" (Latvija) (hrv. "Dvorac svjetlosti")
 "Pūt, Vējiņi!" – latvijska verzija livonske vjenčane narodne pjesme ("Pūgõ tūļ"), a koja se često koristila kao neslužbena zamjena za državnu himnu u vrijeme sovjetskoga doba. (Latvija) hrv. "Pušite, vjetrovi!")
 "Saule, Pērkons, Daugava" (Latvija) hrv. "Sunce, grom, Daugava")
 "Ei ole üksi ükski maa" (Estonija) (hrv. "Nijedna zemlja nije sama")
 "Eestlane olen ja eestlaseks jään" (Estonija) hrv. "Ja sam Estonac i ostat ću Estonac")
 "Isamaa ilu hoieldes" (Estonija) (hrv. "Ljepota domovine")
 "Sind surmani" (Estonija)
 "Mingem üles mägedele" (Estonija) (sh. "Idemo u planine")
 "Laisvė" (izvorno Eurika Masytė) (Litva) (hrv. "Sloboda")
 "Palaimink Dieve mus" (Litva) (hrv. "Bog nas blagoslovio")
 "Dėl Tos Dainos" (Litva) (hrv. "Za tu pjesmu")
 "Pabudome ir kelkimės" (Litva) hrv. "Probudili smo se, sada ustanimo")
 "Kokia nuostabi, Lietuva esi" (originalni izv. Kipras Mašanauskas) (Litva) (hrv. "Kako si čudesna, Litvo")
 "Šaukiu aš tautą" (originalni izv. Vytautas Kernagis) (Litva) (hrv. "Pozivam naciju")
 "Tėvyne dainų ir artojų" (originalni izv. Rondo) (Litva) (hrv. "Domovine pjesme i sinova zemlje")
 "Mano mylimoji/per pasaulio sniegą ..." (originalni izv. Gintarė Jautakaitė) (Litva) (hrv. "Moja voljena/Kroz svjetski snijeg")
 "Broli, neverk!" (Litva) (hrv. "Brate, ne plači")

Vidi još

 Baltički put
 Raspad Sovjetskoga Saveza

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 A Lithuanian history, including information about Bloody Sunday, pristupljeno 28. rujna 2022.
 Tallinn-Life: A Brief Guide to the Estonian Singing Revolution, pristupljeno 28. rujna 2022.
 Aadu Jogiaas: Disturbing soviet transmissions in August 1991 Museum of Occupations, pristupljeno 28. rujna 2022.
 The Singing Revolution, US documentary film of the Estonian Singing Revolution, pristupljeno 28. rujna 2022.
 General information about The Singing Revolution, pristupljeno 28. rujna 2022.
 Washington Newsletter - When Songs Trumped Rifles, pristupljeno 28. rujna 2022.
 Singing Revolution Cantata performance at UIC pavilion, Chicago, IL, Summer, 2015, pristupljeno 28. rujna 2022.

Raspad SSSR-a
Povijest Estonije
Povijest Latvije
Povijest Litve

Raspjevana revolucija


Lajos Mocsai (født 10. marts 1954) er en ungarsk tidligere håndboldspiller og -træner, som blandt andet har trænet Ungarns håndboldlandshold for kvinder (1998-2004) og mænd (1985-1989, 2010-2014). Klubmæssigt har han trænet flere ungarske og tyske hold. Han er en af mest succesrige ungarske trænere gennem tiden med blandt andet et ungarsk klubmesterskab for kvinder, seks for mænd, en Champions League-sejr for kvinder, to sejre i Cup Winners' Cup for mænd og en sejr i EHF Cup for mænd. Med landsholdet er hans største bedrifter EM-guld 2000 og sølv ved OL samme år for kvinder samt VM-sølv 1986 for mænd.

Håndboldtrænere fra Ungarn

Lajos Mocsai


L'édition 2022 du tournoi de tennis de Tallinn se déroule du  au  sur dur en intérieur. Elle appartient à la catégorie WTA 250.
Il s'agit de la 1ère édition.

Faits marquants

Forfaits
  Anhelina Kalinina, remplacée par  Wang Xiyu
  Elena Rybakina, remplacée par  Mirjam Björklund
  Clara Tauson, remplacée par  Wang Xinyu
  Alison Van Uytvanck, remplacée par  Jaqueline Cristian

Contexte
Après l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie fin février, les instances dirigeantes internationales du tennis autorisent les joueuses de Russie et de Biélorussie à participer aux tournois, mais pas sous le drapeau de leur pays, jusqu'à nouvel ordre.

Lauréates
La Tchèque Barbora Krejčíková remporte son  WTA en dominant en finale l'Estonienne Anett Kontaveit.

La paire ukrainienne Lyudmyla Kichenok / Nadiia Kichenok remporte le double.

Primes et points

Source:

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tournoi de tennis de Tallinn
 Saison 2022 de la WTA

Liens externes
  Site officiel du tournoi

Navigation

WTA 2022
Tallinn
Sport en Estonie en 2022
Tennis en septembre 2022
Tennis en octobre 2022

Tournoi de tennis de Tallinn (WTA 2022)


La gastronomie de la province d'Alicante est l'ensemble des plats et des coutumes culinaires que l'on trouve dans la province valencienne d'Alicante, (Espagne). La province comporte deux zones gastronomiques distinctes : la côte et l'intérieur. Sur la côte, les plats de poissons et de fruits de mer sont plus typiques, tandis que dans les montagnes et à l'intérieur des terres, on trouve des plats plus typiques de ces régions, avec une plus grande influence de la viande et des produits du terroir. Alicante étant un carrefour, elle partage des influences de la cuisine valencienne, murcienne et même de celle de La Manche. En général, on peut dire que les plats à base de riz abondent, avec un large éventail de paellas, et une grande variété de fruits de mer, de ragoûts et de produits du jardin. Alicante dispose également d'une abondance de produits de boulangerie et de confiserie.

Les boissons rafraîchissantes sont très courantes pendant les mois chauds de l'été, et il est facile de trouver des stands vendant de la  de souchet avec des , de l'eau d'orge, de l'eau citronnée Les liqueurs d'anis sont également populaires et font partie de nombreuses festivités d'Alicante. La production et la demande de crème glacée sont importantes. Il convient de mentionner que la production de vin est importante dans la province et qu'elle dispose de sa propre appellation d'origine depuis le milieu du .

Histoire
Si l'Empire romain a introduit le riz dans les terres d'Alicante (qui faisaient partie de la province Tarraconaise), c'est plus tard, en Al-Andalus, qu'avec l'amélioration des systèmes d'irrigation, le riz est devenu un aliment de base pour les habitants d'Alicante. L'influence des musulmans s'est reflétée dans certaines préparations d'Alicante, comme le touron. La production de vin est importante dans la province et a obtenu sa propre appellation d'origine en 1957. L'arrivée du tourisme en Espagne dans les années 1960 a fait que certains plats d'Alicante ont perdu leur personnalité. Un grand promoteur de la cuisine d'Alicante était le politicien José Guardiola y Ortiz, qui a publié plusieurs livres monographiques sur le sujet.

Ingrédients
Les trois cuisines des trois provinces valenciennes s'articulent autour de trois préparations : l de anguilas, les gaspachos et les plats de riz cuisinés. Parfois, les repas sont servis sous forme de tapas ou de montaditos. L'un des plus connus à Elche est le delicias, une entrée composée d'une datte farcie d'une amande et enveloppée de lard frit. À Alcoy et dans d'autres villes d'Alicante, on trouve généralement des rondes de tapas, de toasts et de petits sandwichs appelés , composés de préparations portant des noms tels que , , .

Notes et références

Cuisine d'Alicante


El Parque Nacional Corcovado se encuentra en la Península de Osa al suroeste de Costa Rica, y es parte del Área de Conservación Osa. Fue creado el 24 de octubre de 1975, y comprende una superficie de 42560 hectáreas terrestres y 3354 hectáreas marinas. Es considerado una pieza muy importante en el amplio sistema de parques nacionales y reservas biológicas del país. La diversidad biológica es sorprendente. National Geographic lo ha definido como el lugar más intenso del mundo, biológicamente hablando, en términos de biodiversidad y se estima que ningún lugar en el mundo (que posea una extensión similar) albergue una mayor diversidad biológica.

Descripción
Según el sistema de clasificación de zonas de vida de Leslie Holdridge, la zona de vida en la que se encuentra el parque está formada por un bosque muy húmedo tropical, uno de los escasos bosques de este tipo que aún permanece virgen en el Pacífico americano. Y en la zona más alta, parte de otro ecosistema similar, un bosque tropical húmedo; el único que queda en todo el Pacífico Mesoamericano. Ambos ecosistemas se caracterizan por precipitaciones altas: entre 1800 a 4000 mm en el bosque húmedo y de 4000 a +6000 mm en el muy húmedo (media anual) El conjunto de características de Corcovado: ubicación —como el resto del país, se ubica en un corredor biológico—, topografía, clima, peculiaridad del suelo, han dado lugar a diferentes hábitats terrestres como el bosque de montaña, bosque nuboso, bosque de llanura, bosque pantanoso,  yolillal, pantano herbáceo, manglar; así como acuáticos, tanto marinos como de agua dulce. Todo ello hace posible la gran diversidad de especies biológicas que posee.

Flora y fauna
La vegetación se dispone en hasta cinco estratos con predominio de especies perennifolias, además de diversas especies de palmeras en el sotobosque. El dosel superior lo forman árboles que pueden superar los 50 m de altura. Entre las especies que crecen en estos bosques húmedos se encuentran:
Cordia alliodora (laurel), Carapa guianensis (caobilla), Terminalia amazonia (roble coral), Virola koschnyi (fruta dorada), Brosimum alicastrum (ojoche), Calophyllum brasiliensis (cedro maría), Vochysia ferruginea  (botarrama), Ceiba pentandra (Ceiba), Vochysya guatemalensis (chancho, cebo), Dipteryx panamensis (almendro), Hieronyma alchorneoides (pilón), Hura crepitans (jabillo), Pentaclethra macroloba (javilán).
En el parque habitan alrededor de 500 especies arbóreas, la cuarta parte de las existentes en todo el país. Entre ellas algunas endémicas y otras en peligro de extinción.

Las altas precipitaciones anuales también dan lugar a una gran cantidad de cursos de agua (como los ríos Río Sirena, Llorona, Molina, Madrigal) y zonas lacustres.

En esta diversidad de hábitats se desarrolla también la fauna del parque. Existen 367 especies de aves —algunas endémicas o con distribución limitada. El águila arpía, considerada extinta en la zona desde 1989, ha sido avistada en el parque. 104 especies de mamíferos  —entre los que se encuentran felinos en peligro de extinción—, 117 de anfibios y reptiles y 40 de peces de agua dulce.

Visitando el parque

El parque está abierto al público pero hay que hacer reserva. Esto se puede llevar a cabo en el Puerto Jiménez, en la costa este de la península. Algunos hoteles de la zona cuentan con reservas biológicas privadas dentro de la zona de Corcovado. Entre ellas una de 36.5 hectáreas que colinda con el Parque Nacional Corcovado.

Existen 2 senderos principales, uno que corre a lo largo de la costa, y uno al interior, y 4 estaciones de guardaparques: 3 en las entradas del parque, y 1 donde se cruzan los senderos. Uno de ellos corre de noroeste a sureste junto al océano, con la Estación Sirena aproximadamente a medio camino, desde donde sale el otro sendero hacia la Estación Los Patos, en el extremo este del parque. Actualmente solo se permite acampar en las estaciones de Sirena y San Pedrillo.

Se puede volar al interior del parque (llegando a Estación Sirena), desde donde salen senderos menores. Para caminar en el parque es recomendable una condición física aceptable, disponer de 2 o 3 días (cuando menos), planear de antemano los recorridos, y claro, precaución. Entre julio y noviembre, algunas secciones del parque pueden estar cerradas al público debido a las lluvias.

Además, hay que tener en cuenta que en los ríos existen cocodrilos, y en marea alta incluso hay tiburones, que nadan al estuario en busca de alimento.

La mayoría de avistamientos de animales se dan en el sendero de la playa, donde se pueden observar guacamayas, cangrejo ermitaño, pelícanos pescando en el mar, mono araña, oso hormiguero, monos cariblancos (capuchinos), pájaro carpintero o coatíes.

Amenazas

El apoyo gubernamental ha disminuido drásticamente, de modo que el parque ha pasado de tener 63 guardaparques en 1999 a unos 10 en la actualidad. Estos 10 guardaparques deben patrullar y proteger un área de casi 560km². Esto provoca una gran falta de control que a su vez lleva a una masiva cacería ilegal.

Los científicos están alarmados con esta situación. Eduardo Carrillo, quien ha desarrollado estudios a largo plazo sobre jaguares y otros felinos de la península de Osa, ha advertido que estos animales están en grave peligro de extinción en la región. Aparentemente la caza ilegal de saino (Tayassu pecari) en el parque nacional ha llevado a una reducción crítica de estos animales, que constituyen la principal fuente de alimentación para los jaguares.

La disminución en las poblaciones de chanchos de monte ha provocado que los jaguares abandonen su hábitat natural y se acerquen a zonas pobladas en busca de presas más fáciles como cabras, vacas o perros. Fundación Corcovado reportó un caso reciente, unas personas de una comunidad vecina al parque mataron a dos jaguares, dejando huérfano a un cachorro que probablemente no pudo sobrevivir. Se necesita actuar con rigidez para proteger a la población de jaguares más grande de la costa pacífica de América Central, la población de jaguares en Corcovado se estima en 50 ejemplares.

Otra amenaza es la deforestación en la Reserva forestal Golfo Dulce. Esta reserva forma un corredor que une el Parque Nacional Corcovado con el Parque Nacional Piedras Blancas, asegurando que los animales que necesiten más espacio puedan desplazarse a lo largo del bosque entre ambos parques.

Recientemente y gracias a la ayuda de organizaciones como Bosque Lluvioso de los Niños de Austria o The Nature Conservancy, la Fundación Corcovado ha podido contratar 8 guardaparques de tiempo completo para patrullar y proteger la zona. La cantidad de citaciones entregadas a cazadores se ha triplicado, retando a quienes en el pasado actuaron impunemente.

Importancia del parque

Corcovado tiene un nivel inusual de diversidad biológica que no es excedida por ningún área de similar tamaño en el planeta. El área incluye de 25 a 30 ecosistemas que hospedan a las poblaciones más grandes de especies como el jaguar, el puma, el chancho de monte y el tapir, en Costa Rica.

El parque protege una importante extensión marítima (casi 54km²) en la que se desarrolla una gran variedad de vida marina, se ha descubierto que al este del parque se da un área de crianza de ballenas jorobada que provienen tanto del hemisferio norte como del sur. El parque alberga endemismos de gran importancia, incluidos 12 especies de árboles en peligro de extinción.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial del Área de Conservación de Osa (ACOSA)

Osa
Parques nacionales de Costa Rica en Puntarenas
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1975
Costa Rica en 1975

Parque nacional Corcovado (Costa Rica)


Carnitina (acid β-hidroxi-γ-N-trimetilaminobutiric, 3-hidroxi-4-N,N,N-trimetilaminobutirat) este un compus de amoniu cuaternar implicat în metabolismul majorității mamiferelor, plantelor și al unor specii bacteriene. Carnitina se regăsește sub forma a doi izomeri, D-carnitina și L-carnitina, compuși optic activi. La temperatura camerei, carnitina este întâlnită sub formă de pulbere albă și este un zwitterion solubil în apă, cu toxicitate scăzută. În organismul animal, singura formă regăsită este enantiomerul L, deoarece forma D este toxică prin efectul său de inhibare al formei L.

Cantitatea de carnitină din corp se poate datora aportului exogen, însă organismul are și capacitatea de o biosintetiza pornind de la lizină. Rolul principal al carnitinei este implicarea sa în metabolismul lipidic, în producerea de energie, întrucât aceasta este un transportor al acizilor grași cu catenă lungă prin membrana mitocondrială, în vederea degradării acestora la butiril-CoA și propionil-CoA în matricea mitocondrială. În unele condiții (de exemplu, genetice sau patologice), corpul nu prezintă această capacitate de biosinteză a carnitinei, ceea ce presupune că pentru aceste persoane carnitina este un nutrient condiționat-esențial.

Biosinteză și metabolism
Multe organisme eucariote, inclusiv corpul uman, prezintă abilitatea de biosinteză a carnitinei. În organismul uman, biosinteza carnitinei se face având ca substrat 6-N-trimetillizina (TML), un produs derivat prin metilarea aminoacidului lizină. TML este apoi hidroxilată la hidroximetillizină (HTML) în prezența trimetillizin-dioxigenazei (o enzimă dependentă de prezența de fier și acid ascorbic). HTML este degradată de HTML-aldolază, când se obține 4-trimetilaminobutiraldehida (TMABA) și glicină. TMABA este apoi dehidrogenată la gama-butirobetaină printr-o reacție NAD+-dependentă, catalizată de TMABA-dehidrogenază, care în final este hidroxilată la L-carnitină cu ajutorul gama-butirobetain-hidroxilazei.

Referințe

Aminoacizi
Compuși de amoniu cuaternar

Carnitină


Bionic Commando: Elite Forces es un videojuego lanzado en 1999 o 2000 para la Game Boy Color. A pesar de que toma prestados algunos elementos de sus predecesores, las Fuerzas de Elite es diferente del resto de la serie (ver Bionic Commando). Entre las diferencias es un terreno diferente. Además, los personajes (un hombre sin nombre o comando de las mujeres) tienen un par de movimientos más, como la posibilidad de bajar de las plataformas, y también puede utilizar un rifle de francotirador en algunos segmentos de eliminar enemigos a distancia.

Elite Forces es el único juego de la serie que se publicarán por Nintendo, y fue el primer título que será desarrollado por su estudio de primera parte con sede en Redmond Nintendo Software Technology. Es la secuela de la versión de Game Boy de Bionic Commando, que puso en marcha en todo el mundo en 1992, aunque sólo fue lanzado nunca en América del Norte y Australia; Sin embargo, en noviembre de 2014, el juego lanzado para el servicio de la consola virtual de Nintendo 3DS en Europa, publicado nuevamente por Nintendo.

Jugabilidad

A pesar de que toma prestados algunos elementos de sus predecesores, Elite Forces es diferente del resto de la serie Bionic Commando; entre los cambios son una trama diferente, nuevos movimientos de los personajes principales - sin nombre femenino y comandos masculinos - y la capacidad de utilizar un rifle de francotirador en algunos segmentos del juego.

Trama

La tierra pacífica de Karinia está siendo aterrorizada por un hombre malvado llamado Arturus. Él es el líder de un ejército mal llamado Los ávaros. Como las fuerzas de élite combatir los ávaros, que reciben una comunicación fragmentada del Comandante Super Joe, quien se había infiltrado en su territorio. Mensaje de Joe reveló que Arturus estaba planeando poner en marcha el Proyecto Albatros. Después de eso, la comunicación con Joe se había perdido. El Cuerpo de Bionic contacto con las fuerzas de élite para ayudar a detener los ávaros, evitar la caída de Karinia, y rescatar a Super Joe.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Bionic Commando Elite Forces

Videojuegos de 1999
Videojuegos de plataformas
Videojuegos de Nintendo Software Technology
Videojuegos de Nintendo
Videojuegos de Consola Virtual para Nintendo 3DS
Videojuegos exclusivos para Game Boy Color
Videojuegos con protagonistas femeninas
Videojuegos posapocalípticos

Bionic Commando: Elite Forces


فرحة أمة مسرحية كوميدية اجتماعية كويتية عرضت أمام قادة دول الخليج في انعقاد مؤتمر القمة الخليجي سنة 1985، وهي من تأليف
عبدالحسين عبدالرضا وهي مسرحية ساخرة تناقش القضايا الأسرية والترابط الأسري والتطرف الديني.

بطولة

 عبدالحسين عبدالرضا في دور عبد الغفور أبو زيد
 سعاد عبدالله في دور أم سامي
 إبراهيم الصلال في دور الملا المطوع
 عائشة إبراهيم في دور أم علي
 مريم الصالح في دور سليمه
 غانم الصالح في دور زيد
 عبد الرحمن العقل في دور سامي
 داود حسين في دور صالح
 استقلال احمد في دور سارة
 علي جمعة في دور ميادة
 عبد الله السلمان في دور طارق
 أحمد الصالح في دور أبو سامي
 عبير الجندي في دور عميلة أبو سامي

مسرحيات عبير الجندي
مسرحيات 1985
مسرحيات عبد الحسين عبد الرضا
مسرحيات كويتية

فرحة أمة (مسرحية)


Aleksandr Alekseïevitch Moïsseïev (), né le  à Borskoe, dans l'Oblast de Kaliningrad (URSS), est un officier de la marine russe. Il détient actuellement le grade d'amiral et est commandant en chef de la flotte du Nord.

Carrière
Durant sa jeunesse, Moïsseïev effectue son service militaire, avant d'étudier à l'institut technique de la marine. Il rejoint ensuite la flotte du Nord en tant que sous-marinier. Après avoir commencé dans la branche ingénierie, il se spécialise dans le combat et le contrôle de la guerre. Félicité pour son service et promu, il prend le commandement de son propre navire, à partir duquel il effectue le premier lancement spatial commercial de l'histoire de la marine, et le lancement d'une charge utile commerciale envoyée pour la première fois en orbite depuis un sous-marin. Il entreprend des études complémentaires à l'Académie navale de Saint-Pétersbourg et à l'Académie militaire de l'état-major général, entrecoupées de commandement d'escadrilles de sous-marins. Il reçoit les honneurs pour ses rôles de supervision et reçoit le titre de Héros de la fédération de Russie en 2011.

En 2018, il prend le commandement de la flotte de la mer Noire et supervise une période d'expansion au sein de la flotte. Il courtisa également la controverse concernant les relations avec l'Ukraine à la suite de l'intervention militaire russe en Ukraine à partir de 2014 et de l'incident du détroit de Kertch en novembre 2018. En mai 2019, il est nommé commandant du commandement stratégique conjoint de la flotte du Nord.

Notes et références

Naissance en  avril 1962
Naissance dans l'oblast de Kaliningrad
Récipiendaire de la médaille de l'ordre du Mérite pour la Patrie, 2e classe
Militaire russe du XXIe siècle
Héros de la fédération de Russie
Amiral russe

Aleksandr Moïsseïev


An Dendrobium mirbelianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré. An Dendrobium mirbelianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium mirbelianum


Veronica Foster, née le  à Montréal et décédée le  à Toronto, connue sous le nom de « Ronnie, the Bren Gun Girl », était une icône canadienne qui représentait le million de femmes canadiennes qui travaillait dans les usines de production de munitions et de matériel durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Elle peut être considérée comme la précurseure canadienne de Rosie la riveteuse.

Biographie
Foster travaillait pour la compagnie John Inglis Co. Ltd et produisait des fusils-mitrailleurs Bren sur un site de production de l'avenue Strachan de Toronto (Ontario).

Elle devint populaire après la diffusion de posters de propagande. La plupart la représentaient en train de soutenir l'effort de guerre, mais certains la représentaient dans des situations plus informelles, comme en train de danser le jitterbug ou à un dîner.

Après la guerre, elle a été chanteuse du groupe de musique Mart Kenney and His Western Gentlemen, où elle a rencontré le joueur de trombone George Guerrette, qu'elle a épousé.

Elle est morte le 4 mai 2000 à Toronto.

Vie privée
Elle épouse George Guerrette en 1945. Le couple a 5 enfants.

Dans la culture populaire
Elle est citée dans l'ouvrage féministe Toksvig's Almanac de Sandi Toksvig.

Références

Naissance en janvier 1922
Décès en mai 2000
Personnalité féminine canadienne
Décès à 78 ans
Personnalité canadienne de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Veronica Foster


كلية العلوم بصفاقس هي أهم مؤسسة جامعية تابعة لجامعة صفاقس، رغم حداثتها إذ أنها بعثت عام 1987.

هدفها
التكوين في العلوم الأساسية.

أرقام
 تتكون كلية العلوم بصفاقس من 56 قاعة و12 مدرجا و11 مخيرا للإعلامية و12 مخيرا للكيمياء و14 مخبرا للفيزياء و15 مخبرا لعلوم الحياة .
 تعتبر كلية العلوم بصفاقس أهم كلية بصفاقس من حيث أعدد الطلبة ب6530 طالبا خلال العام الدراسي 2007-2008 من بينهم 3370 طالبة.
 تضم الكلية حاليا 7 أقسام وهي :
 قسم الفيزياء
 قسم الإعلامية والاتصالات
 قسم الرياضيات
 قسم الكيمياء
 قسم علوم الحياة
 قسم علوم الأرض
 وحدة اللغات الحية

وصلة خارجية
 موقع كلية العلوم بصفاقس.

مراجع

التعليم في تونس
تعليم عال
جامعة صفاقس
معاهد علمية

كلية العلوم بصفاقس


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Chyžné enthält die neun nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Chyžné im Okres Revúca.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Chyzne


Zanthoxylum melanostictum es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas.

Descripción
Es un árbol que alcanza un tamaño de  8–20 m de alto. Las hojas alternas, trifoliadas o imparipinnadas, de 13-23 cm de largo, con 3 folíolosde 5.5-13 cm de largo y 2.3-5.5 cm de ancho, ápice obtuso, acuminado o redondeado, margen serrulado o entero. Las inflorescencias en panículas axilares o terminales y subterminales, de 4-8 cm de largo. Las semillas de 5-5.5 mm de largo.

Distribución
Se encuentra desde el sur de México a Venezuela y Perú. En Nicaragua crece en la Reserva Natural Cerro Kilambé (Jinotega) a 1200-1700 m de altitud.

Taxonomía
Zanthoxylum melanostictum fue descrita por Schltdl. & Cham. y publicado en Linnaea 5: 231–232, en el año 1830.
Sinonimia
Fagara crassifolia Engl.
Fagara melanosticta (Schltdl. & Cham.) Engl.
Zanthoxylum bijugum (Engl.) P.Wilson
Zanthoxylum chiriquinum Standl.
Zanthoxylum durifoliolum Lundell
Zanthoxylum melanostictum subsp. bijugum (Engl.) Reynel
Zanthoxylum pallidum Steyerm.
Zanthoxylum paucijugum Lundell
Zanthoxylum scheryi Lundell
Zanthoxylum tachirense Steyerm.
Zanthoxylum xicense Miranda

Referencias

melanostictum

Zanthoxylum melanostictum


Petar Perica Vidić (Sarajevo, 7. kolovoza 1938.) hrvatski je franjevac, svećenik, slikar i grafičar iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Životopis
Osnovnu školu završio je u Sarajevu, a klasičnu gimnaziju u Franjevačkoj klasičnoj gimnaziju u Visokom. Studij filozofije i teologije završio je na Franjevačkoj teologiji u Sarajevu. Od 1962. godine radi u atelijeru akademskog slikara Gabrijela Jurkića, a od 1965. do 1966. u atelijeru akademskog slikara Stane Kregara u Ljubljani. Godine 1966. odlazi u Beč i pohađa Akademiju likovnih umjetnosti gdje studira grafiku u klasi profesora Maxa Melchara. Od 1970. godine predavao je likovnu umjetnost, a kasnije povijest umjetnosti na Franjevačkoj klasičnoj gimnaziji u Visokom. U franjevačkoj zajednici Bosne Srebrene, vršio je dužnosti odgojitelja mladih franjevaca. Od 2000. godine predsjednik je Matice hrvatske u Sarajevu. Od 1995. godine član je Akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Izlagao je u Bosni i Hercegovini i inozemstvu. Gvardijan je Franjevačkog samostana sv. Ante na Bistriku. Papa Benedikt XVI. mu je 2011. godine dodijelio odlikovanje Križ za Crkvu i Papu.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Hrvatski slikari iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Bosanskohercegovački franjevci
Grafičari
Akademici AZUBiH

Petar Perica Vidić


This is a list of events that have caused a measurable drop in the total human population. The list covers the name of the event, location and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

There is often large uncertainty about the death tolls. The tables are initially sorted by the geometric mean, meaning the square root of the product of the lowest and highest estimate, of the cumulative number of deaths, for example,  for a lowest estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 dead since the start of the war or disaster.

War

Wars and armed conflicts

This section lists all wars and major conflicts in which the highest estimated casualties exceeds 100,000. This includes deaths of both soldiers, civilians, etc. from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, which includes combat, disease, famine, massacres, suicide, and genocide.

Mistreatment of civilians during war
This section lists non-combatant deaths during wars that were purposefully committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces with the intent of harm (deaths due to wartime shortages, for example, are not included as they are a side effect of war). They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty. See democide.

Political repression

Abuse of workers, forced laborers and slaves
This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations.

Genocides, ethnic cleansing, religious persecution

This section lists events that entail the mass murder (or death caused by the forced eviction) of individuals on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity.

Political leaders and regimes
This section lists deaths attributed to certain political leaders, deaths are from both the conditions within the country due to national policy, and active killings by forces loyal to the leader in question.

Political purges
This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or political persuasion).

See also: Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide.

Prisons, concentration and extermination camps
This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners.

Riots and political unrest

Riots and incidents where at least 100 people died are listed here.

Anthropogenically exacerbated disasters

Disease and famine

This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action.

Note: Some of these famines and diseases were partially caused by nature.

Floods and landslides

These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Other

Human sacrifice and suicide
This section lists deaths from the practice of human sacrifice or suicide.

See also

Other lists organized by death toll
See Lists of death tolls

Other lists with similar topics
 List of unusual deaths
 List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
 Lists of battles
 Lists of disasters
 Lists of earthquakes
 List of epidemics
 List of famines
 List of fires
 List of invasions
 List of events named massacres
 List of tropical cyclone records
 List of riots
 List of terrorist incidents
 List of wars
 Lists of rail accidents

Topics dealing with similar themes
 Anti-communist mass killings
 Casualties of the Iraq War
 Decommunization
 Democide
 Famine
 Genocide
 Genocides in history (before World War I)
 Infectious disease
 Mass killings under communist regimes
 Mass murder
 List of battles by casualties
 United States military casualties of war

References

Footnotes

Citations

Works cited

External links

 Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II
  on AirDisaster.com

Lists of disasters
Lists by death toll
Population

List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll


محمية التليلة وتقع ضمن أراضي الجمهورية العربية السورية تتبع منطقة تدمر في محافظة حمص وقد أعلنت منطقة محمية رعوية منذ  بقرار من وزير الزراعة والإصلاح الزراعي السوري لتكون بذلك أول محمية طبيعية تم إعلانها في سورية

بهدف المحافظة على نباتات البادية الطبيعية والإبقاء على الحيوانات التي تعيش فيها وتكثيرها بشكل يضمن استمرار وجودها وعدم انقراضها وهي تغطي مساحة مقدارها 22000 هكتار.

الموقع

تقع المحمية في قلب البادية السورية على بعد 27 كم جنوب شرق مدينة تدمر الأثرية يمكن الوصول إليها عن طريق منعطف جانبي يبعد نحو 15 كم عن طريق تدمر - دير الزور، وتتوضع المحمية على مساحة 22000 هكتار، يحيط بها خندق بطول 175 كم عمقه 2 م وعرضه 3 م، ويعلو الخندق ساتر ترابي بارتفاع 205 م نتج عن حفر الخندق، وفي داخلها قسم مسور بأسلاك شائكة خاص بالغزلان بطول 15 كم.

وصف منشآت المحمية
يضم الموقع بالإضافة إلى المحمية مركزا للتوعية البيئية

و فيه قاعة العرض وورشة الأطفال ومنفذ بيع منتجات البادية والمعرض ومجموعة من المنشآت الملحقة

 قاعة العرض وهي متخصصة لعرض أفلام الفيديو والشرائح الضوئية وتقديم شرح مفصل عن برنامج الزيارة إلى المحمية والغاية منه وتقدم لمحة عن النشاطات التي يمكن مزاولتها أثناء الزيارة.
 ورشة الأطفال وهي مخصصة للأطفال فيها 28 ملصق معلق على جدرانها ويمارس بها الأطفال بعض الألعاب الهادفة لتعريفهم بعالم البادية الطبيعي، ويمكن للأطفال القيام بجولة في المحمية للتعرف عليها مصطحبين معهم منشور استكشاف محمية التليلة الذي تم إعداده خصيصا لهذه الغاية.
 منفذ بيع منتجات البادية وهو مخصص لبيع المنتجات التقليدية البدوية التي تم إنتاجها من قبل البدو كالصناعات اليدوية من قبيل التطريز والحياكة والنباتات الطبية والأطعمة التقليدية ومواد التجميل.
 قاعة المعرض وهي أكبر قاعة خصصت لعرض طبيعة البادية وذلك ضمن خمسة أقسام تضم عددا كبيرا من اللوحات والمجسمات بحيث يختص كل قسم بعرض جزء من تاريخ البادية وتركز الأقسام الثلاث الأولى على ماضي البادية بينما يبين الرابع حاضرها ويظهر الخامس عن توقعات مستقبلها.

أقسام المعرض
يضم المعرض 5 أقسام:
 القسم الأول  فيه ثلاث لوحات تبين التطور التاريخي للأرض والحياة بالإضافة إلى التاريخ الطبيعي لتطور الحيوانات والنباتات.
 القسم الثاني فيه ست لوحات تبين موقع البادية ضمن سورية والأنظمة البيئية السائدة في البادية واستراتيجيات البقاء لدى النباتات، ومجسم ثلاثي الأبعاد يعرض الأنظمة البيئية الأربعة في حالة توافر التوازن، وهيكل دائري للتنوع الحيوي تعرض فيه أسباب الحفاظ على التنوع الحيوي.
 القسم الثالث يضم مجسمين كبيرين يعرضان طرق إدارة المراعى التقليدية ويسلطان الضوء على نظام الحمى وطريقة البدو في التعامل مع مواردهم الطبيعية، ومجسمين صغيرين يعرضان بعضا من الفعاليات البدوية بما فيها كيفية ركوب الجمل.
 القسم الرابع يتألف من مجسم ثلاثي الأبعاد يعرض حالة البادية والمخاطر التي تعانى منها، وأربع لوحات كبيرة للموارد الطبيعية في البادية توضح أسباب تدهور البادية والواقع البيئي الحالي وأسباب التعرية وانقراض الأنواع في الماضي والحاضر وبعض الأمثلة عن الحيوانات المنقرضة والحيوانات المهددة بالانقراض والتي ما زالت بقاياها موجودة في منطقة تدمر وما يجب إتباعه لتجنب انقراضها نهائيا.
 القسم الخامس يتألف من ثلاث لوحات كبيرة تشرح الهدف من إقامة المحمية التليلة وتعرض بعضا من النباتات الطبية الموجودة فيها وطائر النوق المهدد بالانقراض، وهيكل دائري للمناخ يعرض الظروف المناخية لعشر سنوات مضت في البادية، ومجسم يبين طريق هجرة الطيور وأماكن تكاثرها والأماكن التي تمضى فيها فصل الشتاء، وسجادة تعرض مختلف أنواع نباتات وحيوانات البادية.

الملحقات
و هي أربع:
 المعشبة النباتية الحية التي تضم مختلف أنواع نباتات البادية
 خيمة الاستراحة البدوية تقدم فيها القهوة العربية والشاي وبعض أنواع الحلوى ويسمع فيها صوت الربابة والشعر العربي وقصص وحكايات البدو التقليدية.
 الخيمة البدوية الثانية وتعرض الأدوات التقليدية التي كانت تستعملها البدو في حياتهم.
 الحمام الكبريتي حيث يمكن للزائر أن يستحم ويستريح به لبعض الوقت.
 الطرقات الترابية الأربع التي يمكن للزائر استخدامها أثناء الزيارة.

الأنواع النباتية والحيوانية في المحمية

الأنواع النباتية
يسود في الموقع العديد من الأنواع النباتية يفوق عددها الخمسين نوعا وأهمها:
الروثا  - الخدراف  - الصر  - الرمرام  - الشنان السوري  - القيصوم  -  - الشيح   - الكمأة (الفقع) وغيرها من النباتات العشبية الحولية والمعمرة

الأنواع الحيوانية
يشاهد في الموقع:
 257 نوعاً من الطيور أنواع الطيور وأهمها: الغواص  - الغاق  - مالك الحزين  - اللقلق  - والنسر  - العقاب  كما اكتشف فيه مؤخرا طائر أبو النوق    والذي يعتبر من الأصناف المهددة بالانقراض.
 22 نوعاً من الثدييات مثل ابن آوى - الذئب - الثعلب - الضبع - القط البري - الأرنب البري - الإبل
 21 نوعا من الزواحف، ونوع واحد من البرمائيات وعدد كبير من الحشرات
 الغزلان والمها والتي يتم إكثارها في الموقع بعد أن تم جلبها من الأردن والسعودية.

نظرة على أهم أنواع الحيوانات في المحمية

الغزلان
بدأ مشروع الإكثار من الغزلان من نوع الريم الصحراوي في عام 1996 م حيث قامت المحمية بإدخال 30 غزالا تم تقديمها من المملكة العربية السعودية كهدية للمحمية وتم تلقيحها والاهتمام بصحتها وتربيتها حتى تكاثرت وأصبح عددها حتى تاريخ  يقارب الستمائة غزال
، وقد قامت المحمية بتقديم بعض منها إلى محمية العظامي المحدثة في مدينة حلب والهدف من ذلك إكثارها ونشرها في البادية السورية بعد تأمينها بشكل طبيعي.

المها
بدأ مشروع الإكثار من المها البقر الوحشي في 1996 م حيث قامت المحمية بإدخال 8 رؤوس من المها العربي تم تقديمهم من المملكة العربية الأردنية الهاشمية كهدية للمحمية وتم تلقيح الرؤوس المستوردة والاهتمام بصحتها وتربيتها حتى تكاثرت وأصبح عددها حتى تاريخ

125 رأس. وأيضا تم إعطاء بعض منها إلى محمية العظامي المحدثة في مدينة حلب وبهدف اكثارها ونشرها في البادية السورية بعد تأمينها بشكل طبيعي

أبو النوق/أبو منجل
طائر أبو النوق المسمى أيضا بطائر النوق أو طائر أبو منجل كان المعتقد عن هذا الطائر بأنه قد انقرض من سورية والشرق منذ الثمانينات
، ولم يتبق منه سوى مجموعتين في شمال غرب المغرب، ويبلغ عددها 220 طائرا، ولكن وبعد إنشاء المحمية وتحديدا في نيسان من عام 2002 م، تمكّن فريق صغير بإشراف الخبير الإيطالي جان لوكا سيرا وبمساعدة أهالي المنطقة من رصد وتوثيق اكتشاف مستعمرة مكوّنة من ثلاثة أزواج تحضن البيض وطائر مفرد من نوع أبو منجل الأصلع الشمالي وذلك على جروف الجبل الأبيض على بعد عشرة كيلومترات من بحيرة وادي أبيض شمال مدينة تدمر، وكان هذا الاكتشاف أثار اهتمام الأوساط البيئية العالمية

خاصة وأن هذا النوع من الطيور مُدرج ضمن قائمة الأنواع الحيوانية المهدد بالانقراض وقد وصفت منظمة (حياة الطيور) الحدث بأنه أهم كشف يتعلق بالطيور في الشرق الأوسط منذ أربعين عاما، ويوجد في العالم ما يقارب 30 نوعا من الطيور التي تحمل تسمية أبو منجل ومعظمها يواجه تهديدا بالانقراض أما أكثرها تهديداً فهما نوعان:
 أبو منجل الأبيض الكتفين ويقدر عدد أفراده في العالم بأقل من 250 طائراً ويتواجد في عدد من دول جنوب شرق آسيا
 أبو منجل الأصلع الشمالي ويقدر عدد أفراده بحدود 227 طائراً ويتواجد في الأسر في المغرب وتركيا وكمجموعة صغيرة مهاجرة تعشش في سورية.
و كان الطائر معروفا لدى قدماء المصريين سواء الأصلع الشمالي أو الأبيض الكتفين أو المقدس ذو اللون الأبيض، حيث اكتشفت لطائر أبي منجل الأصلع الشمالي تماثيل في قبور الفراعنة تعود إلى ثلاثة آلاف عام قبل الميلاد كما جرى تحنيطه واستخدام نقشه في الكتابة الهيروغليفية.

المحمية كمشروع سياحي
تتميز المحمية بالإضافة إلى وظيفتها في المحافظة على البيئة بأنها معلم سياحي بيئي أيضا، يمكن زيارته مجانا
، وتفتح المحمية أبوابها للزوار من الساعة السابعة صباحا وحتى الساعة السادسة مساء، يستطيع خلالها الزائر التجول في المحمية والتعرف على نباتاتها وحيواناتها، كما وأنه يستطيع التعرف على المحمية من على برج مخصص للمراقبة علوّه 12 مترا يطل على مسورة الغزلان والمها.

مصادر
 برنامج محطات تقديم ريما المكتبي - تاريخ 08/06/2006 - قناة العربية
 البداية  في سورية - مجتمع وثقافة في سورية - من سورية البادية السورية عنوان السياحة البيئية - دمشق - هشام عدرة - الشرق الأوسط
 المحيمات الطبيعية تعيد التوازن إلى البيئة محمية / التليلة / في تدمر نموذجاً - جريدة العروبة السورية (حمص)
 "محمية التليلة" السورية حيوانات برية في البادية الواسعة - تاريخ 16/10/2008 - جريدة بلدنا السورية

مراجع

محافظة على البيئة
محميات طبيعية في آسيا
سوريا

محمية التليلة


Megan Anna Rapinoe (født 5. juli 1985) er en amerikansk fodboldspiller, midtbanespiller/kantspiller, olympisk guldmedaljevinder, verdensmester i fodbold, der spiller for OL Reign i National Women's Soccer League og for . Som en del af USA's trup, hjalp hun USA med at vinde guld ved VM i fodbold for kvinder 2015, VM i fodbold for kvinder 2019 og OL i London 2012, og sølv ved VM i fodbold for kvinder 2011.

Rapinoe er internationalt kendt for sin kraftfulde spillestil og for hendes præcise aflevering til Abby Wambach i 122. minut af VM-2011 kvartfinalen mod , der førte til en udligning og senere en sejr til amerikanerne efter straffesparkskonkurrance. Målet i sidste minut blev rekord for det seneste scorede mål i en kamp og blev belønnet med ESPN's 2011 ESPY Award for Best Play of the Year. Under OL 2012 i London scorede hun tre mål og lavede fire assists, hvilket var rekord for holdet, hvilket var med til at føre USA til at vinde guldmedaljen. Hun er den første spiller - mand eller kvinde - der har scoret et Goal Olimpico (hjørnespark direkte i mål) ved de olympiske lege.

I 2019, vandt Rapinoe den fornemme og eftertragtede Ballon d'Or Féminin.

Baggrund
Rapinoe voksede op i Redding, Californien med sine forældre, Jim og Denise, og fem søskende, deriblandt hendes tveæggede tvillingesøster, Rachael. Hun tilbragte det meste af sin ungdom med at spille med hold som hendes var træner for, indtil hun skulle i high school. I stedet for at spille fodbold i Foothill High School, spillede Rapinoe for Elk Grove Pride klubhold syd for Sacramento. Rapinoe blev udnævnt som All-American som junior og senior af Parade magasinet og National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA). Hun blev valgt til McDonald's All-American Game i 2004. Rapinoe spillede med i et udviklingsprogram med et hold der kaldtes under-14 Northern California state Olympic Development Program (ODP) i 1999 ligeså vel som det regionale ODP hold i 2002.

Klubkarriere

Olympique Lyonnais, 2013–14
I januar 2013 underskrev Rapinoe en seks måneders kontrakt med Olympique Lyonnais, der, på daværende tidspunkt, havde vundet syv franske mesterskaber på rad og to europæiske titler. Det rapporteredes at hun ville tjene 11.000 euro om måneden. Rapinoe spillede seks regulære kampe for holdet den sæson og scorede to mål. Hun spillede som kantspiller i en 4–3–3 formation.

Privatliv
Den 2. juli 2012 blev det officielt, at Rapinoe var lesbisk. Det kom frem i et interview med hende i magasinet Out, hvor hun fortalte, at hun havde været i et fast forhold med den australske fodboldspiller Sarah Walsh siden 2009. Efter at de havde dannet par i ca. fem år, opløstes forholdet i 2013. Rapinoe datede senere Sub Pop-artisten Sera Cahoone. Rapinoe og Cahoone blev forlovet i august 2015. I januar 2017 sagde Rapinoe at deres bryllupsplaner var blevet udsat. Den 20. juli 2017 bekræftede Seattle Storm spilleren Sue Bird og Rapinoe, at de havde datet siden efteråret 2016.

Velgørenhed
Rapinoe har lavet velgørenhedsarbejde for Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN) i United States Olympic Committee. I 2013 blev hun ambassadør for Athlete Ally, en nonprofit organisation, der fokuserer på at komme af med homofobi og transfobi indenfor sport.

I september 2017 blev Rapinoe og hendes holdkammerat fra USAs kvindelandshold en del af en gruppe af fodboldspillere, der blev en del af "Common Goal" kampagnen, der startedes af Juan Mata fra Manchester United. Som deltagere i kampagnen, skulle spillerne donere 1% af deres individuelle løn som støtte til andre velgørenheds formål indenfor fodbold. Rapinoe og Morgan blev de første kvindelige fodboldspillere, der blev en del af kampagnen.

Sponsoraftaler
Rapinoe har underskrevet sponsoraftaler med Nike og Samsung. Hun har medvirket i adskillige reklamer for Nike. I 2013 medvirkede hun i reklamer for tøjselskabet Wildfang og indgik et partnerskab med selskabet DJO Global, der producerer medicinsk udstyr. I 2016 har hun medvirket i tv-reklamer og i printede reklamer for Vitamin Water. Samme år medvirkede hun i en Nike reklame sammen med Cristiano Ronaldo.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra USA
Fodboldspillere fra OL Reign
Verdensmestre i fodbold
Olympiske mestre fra USA
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra USA
Olympiske medaljevindere i fodbold
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2012
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2020
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Megan Rapinoe


The Twelfth Air Force (12 AF; Air Forces Southern, (AFSOUTH)) is a Numbered Air Force of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC). It is headquartered at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.

The command is the air component to United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) conducting security cooperation and providing air, space, and cyberspace capabilities throughout Latin America and the Caribbean.

Established on 20 August 1942 at Bolling Field, District of Columbia, 12th Air Force was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of World War II.  It engaged in operations in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Western Europe.
During the Cold War, 12 AF was one of the Numbered Air Forces of the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and later Tactical Air Command (TAC), Its units engaged in combat operations during the Vietnam War, as well as Operation Desert Storm.  As a result of the War on Terror, most Twelfth Air Force units have operated in the United States Central Command AOR.

Since 1987, Twelfth Air Force (Air Forces Southern) trains, equips, and prepares assigned units from Air Combat Command and also serves as the air and space component to United States Southern Command.

Mission
The Twelfth Air Force (Air Forces Southern) headquarters is located at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona. It reports to Air Combat Command, a major command of the US Air Force.

As the air and space component to US Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), Air Forces Southern conducts security cooperation and provides air, space, and cyberspace capabilities throughout its area of responsibility, covering Latin America and the Caribbean.

To fulfil these responsibilities it employs a range of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR), intra-theatre airlift and information assets. In addition the 612th Air Operations Center (612th AOC) is responsible for developing strategy and plans to execute air operations in support of US Southern Command objectives. The 612th AOC also provides command and control of all Air Forces Southern assets in its area of responsibility.

Air Forces Southern does not have its own assets, but draws on forces provided to it by US Southern Command. Currently, AFSOUTH manages four rotational Air Force Reserve Command and Air National Guard C-130s based out of Muñiz Air National Guard Base, Puerto Rico.

Component units
The following units are subordinate to the Twelfth Air Force.

Direct Reporting Units

612th Air Communications Squadron (Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona)
612th Air Operations Center (Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona)
612th Theater Operations Group (Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona)

Organizations

System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces () (Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona)
Inter-American Air Forces Academy (Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas)

History
Established in the United States during World War II to be the Army Air Forces air component of Operation Torch in 1942, Twelfth Air Force initially moved to England for training, then participated in the invasion of North Africa. It engaged in tactical operations for the remainder of the war in the Mediterranean.

Since World War II, Twelfth Air Force has subsequently served both in Europe and later the United States. The Twelfth Air Force serves as the Air Force component to the United States Southern Command.

Lineage
 Established as Twelfth Air Force, and activated, on 20 August 1942
 Inactivated on 31 August 1945
 Activated on 17 May 1946
 Discontinued on 1 July 1950
 Organized and activated on 21 January 1951
 Redesignated as Twelfth Air Force (Air Forces Southern) on 29 February 2008

Assignments
 Army Air Forces, 20 August 1942 – 31 August 1945
 Tactical Air Command, 17 May 1946 – 1 December 1948
 Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948 – 1 July 1950
 United States Air Forces in Europe, 21 January 1951 – 1 January 1958
 Tactical Air Command, 1 January 1958 – 1 June 1992
 Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – present

Major components

World War Two Units

USAF Air Divisions

 42d Air Division, 1–8 January 1958
 44th Air Division, 12 January – 27 June 1949
 307th Air Division, 12 January – 27 June 1949
 309th Air Division, 12 January – 27 June 1949
 310th Air Division, 12 January – 27 June 1949
 USAF Southern Air Division, 1 January 1976 – 1 January 1989
 Redesignated: 830th Air Division, 1 January 1989 – 15 February 1991
 Redesignated: Air Forces Panama, 15 February 1991 – 11 February 1992

 831st Air Division, 1 January 1958 – 20 April 1971; 1 December 1980 – 31 March 1991
 832d Air Division, 1 January 1958 – 20 April 1971; 1 December 1980 – 31 March 1991
 833d Air Division, 1 December 1980 – 15 November 1991
 834th Air Division, 1 January 1958 – 1 April 1959; 31 January 1972 – 1 December 1974
 835th Air Division, 23 July 1964 – 30 June 1971
 836th Air Division, 1 January 1981 – 1 May 1992
 838th Air Division, 1 July 1963 – 24 December 1969
 839th Air Division, 1 July 1963 – 9 November 1964

Stations
 Bolling Field, Washington, D.C., 20–28 August 1942
 England, 12 September – 22 October 1942
 Algeria, 9 November 1942
 Tunisia, 10 August 1943
 Italy, 5 December 1943 – 31 August 1945
 March Field, California, 17 May 1946
 Brooks AFB, San Antonio, Texas, 1 January 1949 – 1 July 1950
 Wiesbaden AB, West Germany, 21 January 1951
 Ramstein AB, West Germany, 27 April 1953
 Connally AFB, Waco, Texas, 1 January 1958
 Bergstrom AFB, Austin, Texas August 1968
 Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona, 1 October 1992 – present

World War II

The origins of Twelfth Air Force are traced back to a series of mid-1942 Allied planners' meetings to develop a strategy for the North African invasion or "Operation TORCH". Because this extensive operation required a new organization to provide enough manpower and equipment, activation plans were prepared simultaneously with the invasion strategy.

On 20 August 1942, Twelfth Air Force was activated at Bolling AAF, Maryland. On 23 September 1942, Brigadier General Jimmy Doolittle formally assumed 12th AF command with Colonel Hoyt S. Vandenberg as chief of staff. Barely four months after it was conceived, 12th AF made its first contributions to World War II. When D-Day for the invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) arrived on 8 November 1942, 12th AF was organized as shown in the table below:

Initially, 12th AF was a composite organization containing both strategic heavy bombardment groups; and tactical light and medium bombardment, fighter-bomber, and fighter groups. Based in French Morocco and Algeria after Operation Torch, it became very important for 12th AF to coordinate and cooperate with the Royal Air Force which had been fighting in North Africa for two years. Such Allied cooperation was a major concern of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and their staffs at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943 where they created the Mediterranean Air Command (MAC) with Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder as Air Commander-in-Chief. For planning of the Tunisian campaign, Tedder's MAC headquarters were adjacent to those of his immediate superior, the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower at Algiers, Algeria soon after the new Allied air force reorganization took effect on 18 February 1943.

The Northwest African Air Forces (NAAF) under Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz was the largest component of MAC and its organization was based on the tri-force model (No. 205 Group  strategic, No. 201 Group coastal, and Air Headquarters Western Desert tactical) indicated above. Thus the three major combat commands of NAAF were:
Northwest African Strategic Air Force (NASAF) under former 12th AF Commander Major General James Doolittle
Northwest African Coastal Air Force (NACAF) under Air Vice-Marshal Hugh Lloyd
Northwest African Tactical Air Force (NATAF) under Arthur Coningham.

In keeping with the MAC priority of encouraging USAAF-RAF cooperation, Air Vice-Marshal James Robb was named Spaatz's deputy commander of NAAF and he handled operations.

Additionally, the following new units were assigned to NAAF:
Northwest African Air Service Command (NAASC) under Major General Delmar H. Dunton
Northwest African Training Command (NATC) under Brigadier General John K. Cannon
Northwest African Photographic Reconnaissance Wing (NAPRW) under the president's son, Colonel Elliott Roosevelt
Northwest African Troop Carrier Command (NATCC) initially under Colonel Ray Dunn and later under Brigadier General Paul Williams.

Lieutenant General Lewis Brereton's 9th Air Force was assigned to RAF Middle East although its 12th Bombardment (B-25Cs) and 57th Fighter (P-40Fs) Groups formed a Desert Air Task Force detached to NATAF's Western Desert Air Force under Air Vice-Marshal Harry Broadhurst who replaced Coningham when he was promoted to NATAF commander.

The 12th AF, the largest air force ever assembled soon after its inception several months earlier, ceased to exist in the new MAC organizational structure. As an operational organization, the 12th AF simply disappeared when its groups were distributed among the various new NAAF commands listed above. The only remaining reference to the 12th AF among these commands was Major General Edwin House's XII Air Support Command which along with Broadhurst's Western Desert Air Force, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Laurence Sinclair's Tactical Bomber Force, and Air Vice-Marshal Sir Kenneth Cross' No. 242 Group, became part of Coningham's NATAF. Later, XII Air Support Command became even less obvious when it was detached to No. 242 Group.  The curious status of the 12th AF in February 1943 is illustrated by the quotation below taken from Craven and Cate, Eds., The United States Army Air Forces in WWII, Volume 2, Europe: Torch to Pointblank, Chapter 6, Climax in Tunisia, p 167, 1949.
"One of the admittedly minor problems of the reorganization concerned the status of the Twelfth Air Force. Its units, personnel, and equipment having been transferred entirely to NAAF on February 18, both on paper and in actuality the Twelfth seemed to have vanished. At his last staff meeting, on February 22, Doolittle expressed the opinion that once such matters as courts-martial had been wound up, the "skeleton" of the Twelfth--"the name only"--would have either to be returned to the States for a reincarnation or be decently interred by War Department order. Spaatz put the question to Eisenhower and, receiving answer that Headquarters, Twelfth Air Force, would be continued as the administrative headquarters for the U.S. Army elements of NAAF, he took command of the Twelfth on March 1. As commander, however, he had no staff as such, it being assumed that AAF officers named to the NAAF staff had been automatically placed in equivalent positions in the Twelfth. Actually, all administrative functions were carried on by NAAF and the half-existence of the Twelfth served mainly to mystify all but a few headquarters experts."

Although the 12th AF was essentially unrecognized in the official Allied air force organization (MAC), it was of course, still a major entity in the USAAF. But even the U.S. Army Air Forces World War II Combat Chronology 1941–1945, recorded its daily chronology entries under "NAAF" rather than "12th AF" between 1 March and 1 September 1943. Ironically, the U.S. Ninth Air Force retained its identity in MAC (and in the USAAF Combat Chronology) even though it was officially a sub-command of RAF Middle East Command and most of its groups were assigned to other operational commands such as NATAF after the February reorganization of the Allied air forces.

On 22 August 1943, the Ninth Air Force's 12th and 340th Bombardment Groups, and its 57th, 79th, and 324th Fighter Groups were transferred to the 12th AF. This change coincided with the transfer of the 9th AF from the MTO to the European Theater of Operations (ETO).

On 1 September 1943 all administrative functions of USAAF elements of NAAF were transferred to the appropriate Twelfth AF organizations: HQ NAAF to HQ Twelfth AF, NASAF to XII Bomber Command, NATAF to XII Air Support Command, NACAF to XII Fighter Command, NAASC to XII AFSC, NAAF TCC to XII Troop Carrier Command (Provisional), NWPRW to Photographic Reconnaissance Wing (Provisional), and NATC to XII Training Command (Provisional) but operational control remained with NAAF.

On 10 December 1943 MAC was disbanded and reorganized as the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces (MAAF) with Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder as Air Commander-in-Chief. In mid-January 1944, Lieutenant General Ira Eaker took over MAAF when Eisenhower chose Tedder to oversee air operations and planning for the Normandy Landings. The new MAAF organization retained the original tri-force model adopted by the Casablanca Conference in creating MAC nearly one year earlier:
Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Force (MASAF) under Major General Nathan Twining
Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force (MACAF) under Air Vice-Marshal Hugh Lloyd
Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force (MATAF) under Major General John K. Cannon.

Components of the 12th AF, also under Cannon, were assigned to his various MATAF sub-commands after the 12th's heavy bomb groups (and three B-26 medium bomb groups that were eventually returned to the 12th) were transferred to the newly created Fifteenth Air Force (1 November 1943; briefly under Doolittle and then Twining) as part of MASAF. In January 1944, Doolittle took over the 8th AF in England which along with the 15th AF in Italy, formed the United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF) under former 12th AF, NAAF, and 8th AF commander Spaatz.

As the U.S. tactical air force in the Mediterranean, the 12th AF primarily provided close tactical support to U.S. ground forces in Italy and Southern France and targeted lines of transportation and communication, particularly roads, railroads, and bridges until the end of the war.

12th AF operated in the Mediterranean, French Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Italy, Southern France, Yugoslavia, Albania, Romania, and Austria. By V-E Day, 12th AF had flown 430,681 sorties, dropped 217,156 tons of bombs, claimed destruction of 2,857 enemy aircraft, and lost 2,667 of its own aircraft.

When hostilities ended, Twelfth Air Force was inactivated at Florence, Italy, on 31 August 1945.

12th Air Force Stations:
Bolling Field, D.C., 20 to 28 August 1942
England, 12 September to 22 October 1942
Algeria, 9 November 1942
Tunisia, 10 August 1943
Italy, 5 December 1943 to 31 August 1945.

12th Air Force Commanders:
Lt. Col. Roger J. Browne, 26 August 1942
Lt. Col. Harold L. Neely, 28 August 1942
Maj. Gen. James H. Doolittle, 23 September 1942
Lt. Gen. Carl Spaatz, 1 March 1943
Lt. Gen. John K. Cannon, 21 December 1943
Maj. Gen. Benjamin W. Chidlaw, 2 April 1945
Brig. Gen. Charles T. Myers, 26 May to 31 August 1945.

12th Air Force Campaigns: Air Combat, EAME Theater; Algeria-French Morocco; Tunisia; Sicily; Naples-Foggia; Anzio; Rome-Arno; southern France; North Apennines; Po Valley.

Commands

XII Tactical Air Command
XII Tactical Air Command was constituted as XII Ground Air Support Command on 10 September 1942 and activated on 17 September. It was assigned to Twelfth Air Force and redesignated as XII Air Support Command, and later redesignated as XII Tactical Air Command in April 1944. The command was moved to French Morocco on 9 November 1942 as part of the Operation Torch landings in North Africa.

XII Tactical Air Command served in combat in the Mediterranean and European theaters until May 1945. Known units were:

 5th Bombardment Wing (1942)
 (Groups transferred to XII Bomber Command)

 64th Fighter Wing (1943–1945)Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, Italy
 27th Fighter Group (June 1943 – May 1945) (A-36)
 31st Fighter Group (November 1942 – April 1944) (Spitfire)
 33d Fighter Group (November 1942 – February 1944) (P-39)
 86th Fighter Group (July 1943 – April 1945) (A-36, P-40, P-47)
 324th Fighter Group (October 1943 – May 1945) (P-47)

 57th Bombardment Wing (1943)
 Transferred from 9th Air Force
 (Groups transferred to XII Bomber Command)

 87th Fighter Wing (April–September 1944)Algeria, Italy, Corsica
 57th Fighter Group (1944) (P-47)
 86th Fighter Group (1944) (P-47)

Colonel Demas T. Craw and Major Pierpont M. Hamilton were awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism during the invasion of Algeria-French Morocco (Operation Torch).  When the Allies landed at Mehdia, French Morocco on 8 November 1942, both men volunteered to go behind enemy lines and meet with the French commander near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, to broker a cease fire.

After landing on the beach under hostile fire, Craw, his interpreter Major Pierpont M. Hamilton, and their driver Private Orris Correy approached the French headquarters in a light truck. They came under machine gun fire, leaving Craw dead. Hamilton and Correy were captured. Although imprisoned, Major Hamilton succeeded in persuading the French to surrender and was awarded the Medal of Honor on 19 February 1943. Private Correy was promoted to Sergeant and Pierpont Hamilton, a descendant of Alexander Hamilton, became an intelligence officer in the Northwest African Tactical Air Force a subordinate command of the newly created Northwest African Air Forces under Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz who also assumed administrative command of the Twelfth Air Force on 1 March 1943.

Colonel Demas Craw was awarded his Medal of Honor posthumously on 4 March 1943 and the United States Navy named their air base at Port Lyautey, French Morocco Craw Field in his honor on 12 January 1944. The only member of the Twelfth Air Force to be awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism in the air was Lt. Raymond L. Knight of the 350th Fighter Group.

XII Bomber Command

XII Bomber Command was constituted on 26 February 1942 and activated on 13 March at MacDill AAF Florida.  It was assigned to Twelfth Air Force in August and transferred, without personnel and equipment, to High Wycombe England where the command was re-formed. XII Bomber Command was moved to Tafaraoui, Algeria on 22 November 1942 as part of the Operation Torch landings in North Africa.

XII Bomber Command served in combat in the Mediterranean theater until 1 November 1943 when most of the personnel were withdrawn.  The command was restaffed in January 1944 and served in combat until 1 March.  It was disbanded in Corsica on 10 June 1944.

Known XII Bomber Command units were:

 5th Bombardment Wing (November 1942 – November 1943)
 Units transferred from XII Tactical Air Command
 Reassigned to Fifteenth Air Force, November 1943
 Located in: French Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Italy

 2d Bombardment Group (March–November 1943) (B-17)
 47th Bombardment Group (November 1942 – November 1943) (A-20, A-26)
 15th Bombardment Squadron (Light) (November 1942) (RAF Douglas A-20C Havoc Boston III)**
 97th Bombardment Group (November 1942 – November 1943) (B-17)
 Transferred from Eighth Air Force
 98th Bombardment Group (September–November 1943) (B-24)
 Transferred from Ninth Air Force
 99th Bombardment Group (February–November 1943) (B-17)
 301st Bombardment Group (December 1942 – November 1943) (B-17)
 Transferred from Eighth Air Force
 376th Bombardment Group (September–November 1943) (B-24)
 Transferred from Ninth Air Force
 1st Fighter Group (November 1942 – November 1943) (P-38)
 14th Fighter Group (November 1942 – November 1943) (P-38)
 Transferred from Eighth Air Force
 325th Fighter Group (February–November 1943) (P-40)
 68th Reconnaissance Group (November 1942 – November 1943)
 (P-38, P-39, P-40, P-51, A-20, A-36, B-17, B-24)

.** Survivors of Australian-based 27th Bomb Group transferred to 12th AF.Absorbed into 47th BG

 42d Bombardment Wing (July 1943 – October 1945)
 Reassigned to XII Tactical Air Command May 1945
 Located in: Tunisia, Sardinia, Corsica, France

 17th Bombardment Group (January 1944 – October 1945) (B-26)
 319th Bombardment Group (July 1943 – January 1945) (B-25, B-26)
 320th Bombardment Group (July 1943 – July 1945) (B-26)
 1st Fighter Group (July–November 1943) (P-38)
 325th Fighter Group (July–December 1943) (P-40)

 47th Bombardment Wing (November 1942 – November 1943)
 Reassigned to 15th Air Force November 1943
 Located in: French Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia

 17th Bombardment Group (December 1942 – November 1943) (B-26)
 98th Bombardment Group (September–November 1943) (B-24)
 Transferred from Ninth Air Force
 310th Bombardment Group (December 1942 – November 1943) (B-25)
 319th Bombardment Group (December 1942 – November 1943) (B-26)
 320th Bombardment Group (December 1942 – November 1943) (B-26)
 321st Bombardment Group (December 1942 – November 1943) (B-25)
 376th Bombardment Group (September–November 1943) (B-24)
 Transferred from Ninth Air Force
 33d Fighter Group (November 1942 – November 1943) (P-40)
 81st Fighter Group (January–November 1943) (P-40)
 82d Fighter Group (November 1942 – November 1943) (P-38)
 325th Fighter Group (January–November 1943) (P-40)

 57th Bombardment Wing (August 1943 – September 1945)
 Units transferred from XII Tactical Air Command
 Inactivated in Italy September 1945
 Located in: Tunisia, Sicily, Italy, Corsica

 12th Bombardment Group (August 1943 – February 1944) (B-25)
 Transferred to Tenth Air Force
 47th Bombardment Group (1943–1944) (A-20, A-26)
 310th Bombardment Group (1944) (B-25)
 319th Bombardment Group (1944) (B-25)
 321st Bombardment Group (1943–1944) (B-25)
 340th Bombardment Group (1943–1944) (B-25)
 57th Fighter Group (August 1943 – September 1945) (P-40, P-47)
 79th Fighter Group (August 1943 – September 1945) (P-40, P-47)

XXII Tactical Air Command

XXII Tactical Air Command was constituted on 26 February 1942 and activated on 5 March.  It was redesignated as XII Fighter Command in May 1942, and XXII Tactical Air Command in November 1944.

The command was assigned to Twelfth Air Force in August 1942 and was moved to RAF Wattisham England in September, then on to Tafaraoui, Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of the Operation Torch landings in North Africa.

XXII Tactical Air Command served in combat in the Mediterranean theater until the end of the war. It was inactivated at Pomigliano Italy on 4 October 1945.

Known XXII Tactical Air Command units were:

 63d Fighter Wing (July 1943 – November 1944)
 Located in: Algeria, Corsica, Italy, France

 52d Fighter Group (Spitfire) (1943–1944)
 350th Fighter Group (P-38, P-39, P-47, P-400) (1943–1944)
 412th Night Fighter Squadron (January 1943 – October 1945) (P-61)

 87th Fighter Wing (April–September 1944)
 Located in: Algeria, Italy, Corsica

 57th Fighter Group (P-47) (1944)
 79th Fighter Group (P-47) (1944)
 86th Fighter Group (P-47, A-36) (1944)

 64th Fighter Wing (July 1943 – November 1944)
 Located in: Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, Italy, France

 27th Fighter Group (A-36) (1943)
 31st Fighter Group (P-51, Spitfire) (1943)
 33d Fighter Group (P-38) (1943)
 86th Fighter Group (P-47, A-36) (1943)
 324th Fighter Group (P-40) (1943)
 415th Night Fighter Squadron (February 1943 – October 1945) (P-61)

XII Troop Carrier Command (Provisional)

 51st Troop Carrier Wing (C-47) (November 1942 – May 1945)Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, Italy
 60th Troop Carrier Group
 62d Troop Carrier Group
 64th Troop Carrier Group

 52d Troop Carrier Wing (C-47) (April 1943 – February 1944)French Morocco, Tunisia, Sicily
 313th Troop Carrier Group
 314th Troop Carrier Group
 316th Troop Carrier Group

Postwar era
With the end of combat in the Mediterranean and European theaters in 1945, Twelfth Air Force was inactivated.  However XII Tactical Air Command was reassigned as part of the occupation force in Germany of the United States Air Forces in Europe.  The groups operated P-47 or P-51 aircraft. Units assigned for occupation duty were:

 27th Fighter Group (1945)Inactivated on 7 November 1945.
 36th Fighter Group (1945–1946)Transferred to the United States in February 1946.
 86th Fighter Group (1945–1946)Transferred to the United States in February 1946.
 324th Fighter Group (1945)Inactivated October 1945.

 406th Fighter-Bomber Group (1945–1946)Inactivated 20 August 1946.
 52d Fighter Group (1945)Inactivated 7 November 1945.
 354th Fighter Group (1945–1946)Inactivated 31 March 1946.
 355th Fighter Group (1945–1946)Transferred to the United States on 1 August 1946.

XII Tactical Air Command was inactivated at Bad Kissingen, Germany, on 10 November 1947.

Cold War
Twelfth Air Force was reactivated at March Field, California, on 17 May 1946, and assigned to Tactical Air Command with training responsibilities.

In the late 1940s, following several assignments and inactivations, 12 AF reactivated on 21 January 1951 at Wiesbaden AB, West Germany, assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. Twelfth Air Force became the first USAFE formation to be declared available to NATO. Along with French and Canadian air units, 12 AF was part of the Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force, itself part of NATO's Allied Air Forces Central Europe. It included the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing, located in France, and the 85th Air Depot Wing at Erding in Germany.

On 1 January 1958, Twelfth Air Force relocated to Waco, Texas adjacent to James Connally Air Force Base, Texas, and assigned to Tactical Air Command. During its 10 years at Connally AFB its mission began to focus on training tactical air crews to a state of combat readiness capable of conducting joint air operations.

In September 1968, Twelfth Air Force moved to Bergstrom AFB, Texas. During the Vietnam War, the Twelfth was a primary source for tactical fighter, reconnaissance, and airlift forces deployed to the war zone in Southeast Asia.

In 1987, the Twelfth Air Force commander took on the United States Air Force Southern Command responsibility. As such, 12 AF manages all Air Force personnel and assets in the United States Southern Command area of responsibility--Central and South America. During the United States invasion of Panama in 1989, for example, 12 AF and other Air Force units deployed in support of U.S. forces, returning democracy to Panama. In 1994, 12 AF managed and orchestrated Operation Uphold Democracy's air operations, the mission to restore Haitian democracy while at the same time supporting U.S. Southern Command's Operation Safe Haven for Cuban refugees.

Post Cold War
On 13 July 1993, Headquarters Twelfth Air Force officially moved from Bergstrom AFB to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. Since then, 12 AF personnel and units have participated in operations in many other parts of the world: SOUTHERN WATCH, PROVIDE COMFORT, DENY FLIGHT, PROVIDE PROMISE, RESTORE HOPE, and JOINT ENDEAVOR. During Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM 12 AF provided fighter and reconnaissance aircraft to support U.S. Central Command Air Forces.

Since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, Twelfth Air Force (Air Forces Southern) has worked closely with Caribbean, Central, and South American countries in the Global War on Terrorism. The command has supported efforts to stem the flow of illegal drugs into the U.S. and neighboring countries. 12 AF has also provided forces to Operations ENDURING FREEDOM in Afghanistan, IRAQI FREEDOM, and NOBLE GUARDIAN in the U.S. Today 12 AF directs six combat wings, five Direct Reporting Units, as well as 12 AF gained Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units.

The Twelfth Air Force served as a USAF headquarters responsible for the combat readiness of six active-duty wings and one direct reporting unit for contingency operations, and oversaw 21 gained units from Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, totalling more than 630 aircraft with more than 42,000 personnel.

On 20 August 2020, Twelfth Air Force's fighter jets, battle management aircraft, strike drones, and combat search-and-rescue forces were transferred to the newly reformed Fifteenth Air Force. The change is expected to allow Twelfth Air Force to better focus on its mission as air component to US Southern Command. The following units were subordinate to the Twelfth Air Force prior to their transfer to the Fifteenth Air Force.

Active Duty
355th Wing (Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona) – A-10C Thunderbolt II, HC-130J Combat King II, HH-60G Pave Hawk
366th Fighter Wing (Mountain Home AFB, Idaho) – F-15E Strike Eagle
388th Fighter Wing (Hill AFB, Utah) – F-35A Lighting II
432nd Air Expeditionary Wing (Creech AFB, Nevada) – MQ-9A Reaper, RQ-170A Sentinel
474th Air Expeditionary Group (Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona)
552nd Air Control Wing (Tinker AFB, Oklahoma) – E-3B/C/G Sentry
Air Force Reserve
301st Fighter Wing (NAS Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Texas) – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
419th Fighter Wing (Hill AFB, Utah) – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
Air National Guard
114th Fighter Wing (Joe Foss Field ANGS, South Dakota) – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
115th Fighter Wing (Truax Field ANGB, Wisconsin) – F-16C Fighting Falcon and RC-26B Condor
124th Fighter Wing (Gowen Field ANGB, Idaho) – A-10C Thunderbolt II
129th Rescue Wing (Moffett Federal Airfield, California) – HC-130J Combat King II and HH-60G Pave Hawk
132nd Wing (Des Moines ANGB, Iowa) – MQ-9A Reaper
138th Fighter Wing (Tulsa ANGB, Oklahoma) – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
140th Wing (Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado) – F-16C Fighting Falcon
142nd Fighter Wing (Portland ANGB, Oregon) – F-15C/D Eagle
144th Fighter Wing (Fresno ANGB, California) – F-15C/D Eagle
148th Fighter Wing (Duluth ANGB, Minnesota) – F-16C Fighting Falcon
163rd Attack Wing (March ARB, California) – MQ-9A Reaper
183rd Fighter Wing (Capital Airport ANGS), Illinois)
Direct Reporting Units
820th RED HORSE Squadron (Nellis AFB, Nevada)

List of commanders

References

Notes

Bibliography

 This article includes content from United States Twelfth Air Force (Air Forces Southern) website, a work of the U.S. Government in the public domain.

 Coles, Harry C. Participation of the Ninth and Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign (USAAF Historical Study, No. 37). Air Force Historical Research Agency, 1945.

 Craven, Wesley F. and James L. Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II, Vols. 2–3. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press, 1948/51 (Reprinted 1983, ).
 Larson, John W. History of the Twelfth Air Force. Kaiserslautern, West-Germany: Heinz Rohr Verlag, 1956.
 MacCloskey, Brig. Gen. Monro. 'Torch and the Twelfth Air Force. New York: Richard Rosen Press, 1971. .

 Mayock, Thomas J. The Twelfth AIr Force in the North African Winter Campaign, 11 November to the Reorganization of 11 February 1943 (USAAF Historical Study No.114). Air Force Historical Research Agency, 1946.

 Richardson, Harold W. A New Home for the Twelfth Air Force. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1955.
 Rust, Kenn C. Twelfth Air Force Story...in World War II. Temple City, California: Historical Aviation Album, 1975 (republishished in 1992 by Sunshine House of Terre Haute, Indiana). .
 Weatherill, David. Aces, Pilots & Aircraft of the 9th, 12th & 15th USAAF. Melbourne, Australia: Kookaburra Technical Publications Pty Ltd., 1978. .

External links
 Twelfth Air Force History

 Twelfth Air Force Command and Organizational Structure

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12
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations in Arizona
European theatre of World War II

Twelfth Air Force


කාලගුණ සිතියමේ රේඛාවකින් විස්තර කෙරෙන ආකාරයට, මෝසම් දෙකිඳ යනු, මුහුදු මට්ටම්  පීඩනය අවම ස්ථාන දක්වමින්, උතුරු හා දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයන්හි සුළං රටා අතර පිහිටි, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසරණ කලාපයෙහි කොටසකි. දෙකිඳහි සමකය දෙසට වූ කොටසෙහි බටහිර මෝසම් සුළං පවතින අතර එහි ධ්‍රැවය දෙසට නැගෙනහිර වෙළඳ සුළං පවතී. එහි අක්ෂය ඔස්සේ තද වැසි දැකගත හැක. වැසි සමයන්හිදී අදාළ ස්ථානවල මුදුන්වල එම වැසි තත්ත්ව පවතී. එය යම්කිසි ස්ථානයක ධ්‍රැවය පසු කර යන විට එම ස්ථානයේ උණුසුම් සහ වියලි තත්වයක් වර්ධනය වේ. ලෝකයේ වැසි වනාන්තර බොහෝමයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙහිලා මෝසම් දෙකිඳ විශේෂ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.

"මෝසම් දෙකිඳ" යන පදය බහුලව භාවිතා වන්නේ බටහිර ශාන්තිකරයේ පිහිටි ආසියාව සහ ඔස්ට්‍රලියාව වැනි මෝසම් කලාපයන්හිය.  අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසරණ කලාපය/මෝසම් දෙකිඳ භූ ස්කන්ධයන්ට සංක්‍රමණය වීමත් සමගම ග්‍රීෂ්ම සෘතු මාස තුල වාර්ෂික වැසි සමය ආරම්භ වනු ඇත. මෝසම් දෙකිඳ ආසන්න ප්‍රදේශයෙහි නිරන්තරයෙන්, හුදෙක් වර්ෂ ගණනාවක වර්ෂාපතනයට සමාන වර්ශාපතනයක්, සාපේක්ෂව කුඩා කාල රාමුවක් තුල ඇති කිරීමට තරම් සමත් වූ අවපාතන සහ නිවර්තන වාසුළි ඇති විය හැක.

සංචලනය සහ ප්‍රබලතාව

ග්‍රීෂ්ම සෘතුව අවසාන භාගයෙහි ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ අර්ධගොලයෙහි සීත සෘතුව ඉස්මතුවෙනවාත් සමගම බටහිර ශාන්තිකාරයෙහි ඇති වන මෝසම් දෙකිඳ, ඒවායෙහි උපරිම අක්ශාශයට ලඟා වෙමින් උපරිම ප්‍රබලතාවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි. මෙය අගෝස්තු මාසය තුලදී නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවේ 40 වන සමාන්තරානිකය දක්වාත්, පෙබරවාරි මාසය තුලදී ඔස්ට්‍රලියාවේ 20 වන සමාතරානිකය දක්වාත් ලඟා වේ. විවිධ මහාද්වීපවල උන්සුම්ම කොටස් ආශ්‍රිතව අඩු වායු ප්‍රතිරෝධ වර්ධනය වීම විදහා දක්වන ග්‍රීෂ්ම මෝසම ආක්‍රමණය කරනවාත් සමගම මේවායෙහි ධ්‍රැවය ඔස්සේ ප්‍රගමනය ත්වරිත වනු ඇත. පෙබරවාරි මාසය තුලදී, දකුණු අර්ධගොලයෙහි, ඔස්ට්‍රලියානු මෝසමේ සහයද සමග මෝසම් දෙකිඳ, බටහිර-වයඹ/නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දිශානතිය ඔස්සේ, එහි උපරිම දකුණුදිග අක්ෂාංශයට ලඟා වේ.

සැඩ සුළං පහරෙහි බලපෑම
අභිසරණ කලාපය තුල මෝසම් දෙකිඳහි සාපේක්ෂ ප්‍රවේගය හෝ භ්‍රමණය ඉහලයාම, සුළං සන්නිපාතය උත්සන්නවීමේ සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රතිපලයකි. සැඩ සුළං පහර සන්නිපාතය ඉහල නැංවීමට මග පෙන්වීමක් විය හැක. සවිගන්වමින් හෝ නිරක්ෂය ඔස්සේ ගමන්කරන අර්ධ නිවර්තන වැටිය, සැඩ සුළඟ මෝසම් දෙකිඳ පිහිටි ස්ථානයට ඇදී එන බැවින්, මෝසම් දෙකිඳ සවිගැන්වීමට රුකුලක් විය හැක. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අභිමුඛය, යම්කිසි අර්ධගොලයක උප නිවර්තන හා නිවර්තන හරහා, ඔවුන්ගේ සීත සෘතුවල ගමන් කරන විට, විරූපන රේඛා ඔවුන්ගේ උෂ්ණත්ව අනුක්‍රමණයවල අවම අගයන් පෙන්වන අවස්ථාවල දී, සැඩ සුළං පහරට සමක රේඛාව හරහා සාගරික කලාපවලට ගොස් අනෙක් අර්ධගොලයන්හි ග්‍රීෂ්ම සෘතුවෙහි පවතින  මෝසම් දෙනිඳහි තත්වය ඉහල නැංවීමට හැකි වනු ඇත. මෝසම් දෙකිඳ තුල අකුණු කුනාටු නිපාතයක් නිර්මාණය වී තිබීම, සැඩ සුළං පහරක් මෝසම් දෙකිඳට ලඟා වී ඇත්දැයි අනාවරණය කරගැනීමේ ප්‍රදාන ආකාරයකි.

එබ්බුනු අවපාතන

මෝසම් දෙකිඳ තුල සංසරණයක් නිර්මාණය වුවහොත්, එයට මහාද්වීපය හරහා වූ අසල්වැසි තාපජ පාතනය සමග තරංග කිරීමට හැකියාව ලැබෙන අතර එහි පර්යන්තයෙහි සැඩ සුළං දක්නට ලැබිය හැක. මෝසම් දෙකිඳ තුල පවතින එවැනි පුළුල් ස්වභාවයකින් යුත් සංසරණයක් මෝසම් අවපාතයක් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. උතුරු අර්ධගොලයෙහි මෝසම් අවපාත සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අසමමිතික ස්වරූපයක් පෙන්නුම් කරන අතර ඒවායේ ප්‍රබලතම සුළං නැගෙනහිරදිග පර්යන්තයෙහි පවත්වා ගැනීමට නැඹුරුතාවක් දක්වයි. ඒවා මධ්‍යයේ විශාල ප්‍රදේශයක් ලිහිල් සහ විචල්‍ය සුළංවලින් ආවරණය වන අතර සංසරණ ප්‍රදේශය තුල වැසි සහ අකුණු කුනාටු වර්ධනය විය හැක.

මෝසම් අවපාතයට ඉහල වාතය අපසරණය වීම වැඩිවීමත් සමගම ඉහල ස්තරයන්හි ඉතා වේගයෙන් හමායන සිහින් වාත ධාරා හමුවේ, පද්ධතියෙහි වර්ධනය, ධ්‍රැවය ඔස්සේ සහ බටහිරින් ඉහල නැංවීමට හැකිවන අතර එමනිසා මතුපිට පීඩනයෙහි අනුරූප පහත වැටීමක් දැකගත හැක. මෙවැනි පද්ධති භූමිය ඉහලින් ද වර්ධනය විය හැකි අතර මෝසම්  අවපතයයෙහි බාහිර කොටස නිවර්තන සුළිසුළඟට සමානත්වයක් පෙන්වයි. උදාහරණයක් හැටියට ජූලි සහ අගෝස්තු මාස තුල සිදුවන එල් නිනෝ සිද්ධීන් නිසා බෙන්ගාල බොක්කෙහි මෝසම් අවපාත සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහල බැවින් ඉන්දියාව හරහා වාර්ෂිකව මෝසම් අවපාත 7ත් 6ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් ගමන් කරයි. මෝසම් අවපාත යනු ඉතා කාර්යක්‍ෂම වර්ෂාපතන ඇතිකරන්නන් වන අතර මේවා ඔස්ට්‍රලියානු ශුෂ්ක කලාප වැනි ශුෂ්ක කලාප හරහා ගමන් කිරීමේදී අවරුදු ගනනාවක වර්ෂාපතනයන්ට සමාන වර්ශාපතනයක් ඇති විය හැක.

References

මෝසම් දෙකිඳ


Den Californiske grizzlybjørn (Ursus arctos californicus) er en underart af den brune bjørn der levede i Californien men nu er uddød. Efter sigende blev den sidste bjørn set i 1924, hvorefter der ikke er fundet flere spor af bjørnen.

Bjørnen er stadig Californien officielle statsdyr, hvilket gør at bjørnen stadig ofte ses på frimærker. Også på Californiens flag er der et billede af denne bjørneart.

I Californien forekommer stadig amerikanske sortbjørne.

Bjørne
IUCN Rødliste - uddøde arter

Californisk grizzlybjørn