René Donoyan (* 8. April 1940 in La Ciotat; † 30. Oktober 2021) war ein französischer Fußballtorwart. 1964 und 1973 war er französischer Meister und absolvierte 61 Spiele in Frankreichs erster Liga.

Donoyan begann seine Karriere bei der AS Saint-Étienne. Mit dem Gewinn des Meistertitels feierte er dort 1964 seinen ersten großen Erfolg. Allerdings kam er in der Meistersaison lediglich zweimal zum Einsatz. Daraufhin wechselte er den Verein, zunächst zur AS Cherbourg. In den folgenden Jahren spielte er bei mehreren anderen Klubs. Der FC Nantes war seine letzte Karrierestation; dort absolvierte er von 1972 bis 1976 insgesamt 23 Erstliga-Spiele. Dazu kam er einmal im UEFA-Cup zum Einsatz. 1973 wurde er mit Nantes erneut französischer Meister; er absolvierte in dieser Saison vier Spiele. Den größten Teil seiner Karriere verbrachte er in der zweiten Liga. Dort kam er 222 Mal zum Einsatz, gegenüber 61 Spielen in der ersten Liga.

Weblinks

 Daten auf footballdatabase.eu

Fußballtorhüter (AS Saint-Étienne)
Fußballtorhüter (AS Cherbourg)
Fußballtorhüter (FC Sochaux)
Fußballtorhüter (AS Béziers)
Fußballtorhüter (FC Lorient)
Fußballtorhüter (AS Aix)
Fußballtorhüter (FC Bourges)
Fußballtorhüter (FC Nantes)
Franzose
Geboren 1940
Gestorben 2021
Mann

René Donoyan


est le douzième album studio du groupe britannique de rock Slade. Il est sorti en 1985 sur le label RCA Records.

Fiche technique

Chansons

Musiciens

Slade

 Noddy Holder : chant, chœurs
 Dave Hill : guitare solo, chœurs
 Jim Lea : basse, claviers, violon, guitare, chœurs
 Don Powell : batterie

Équipe de production

 Jim Lea : production sur ,  et
 John Punter : production sur le reste de l'album
 Brian Aris Design : photographie
 Estuary English : conception de la pochette

Classements et certifications

Références

Liens externes

Album de Slade
Album musical sorti en 1985
Album publié par RCA Records

Rogues Gallery


Futbolnij klub Kriljâ Sovetov eller engelsk Krylia Sovetov er en russisk fodboldklub fra byen Samara. Klubben spiller i landets bedste liga, den russiske Premier League, og har hjemmebane på Samara Arena. Klubben blev grundlagt i 1942 og rykkede op i den bedste russisk række i 2018.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Kendte spillere
  Nerijus Barasa
  Andrius Jokšas
  Robertas Poškus
  Robertas Ringys
  Vasile Coşelev
  Alexandru Epureanu

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Rusland
Etableret i 1942

FK Krilja Sovetov Samara


Dyrelivet på Campbell-øen 1+2 er en film instrueret af Hakon Mielche.

Handling
Del 1: Søelefanter, pelssæl, søløver (8 minutter). Del 2: Albatrosser, Cambell-skarv, pingviner, hvor vi præsenteres for den sodfarvede albatros, kongealbatros, Cambell-skarven og pingviner som 'klippespringere' (6 minutter).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1954

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Film fra Galathea 2

Dyrelivet på Campbell-øen 1+2


البئر الحلو قرية تقع بمعتمدية الشراردة بولاية القيروان من الوسط التونسي. وهي مركز عمادة.

بئر حلو

البئر الحلو


Johann Andreas Bergmüller (* vor 1715 vermutlich Türkheim; † nach 1738 vermutlich ebenda) war ein deutscher Maler, Bildhauer, Zeichner, Radierer, Plastiker und Graphiker. Er war vermutlich der Bruder von Dominikus Bergmüller und der Sohn des Andreas Bergmüller. Vermutlich arbeitete Johann Andreas Bergmüller in der Werkstatt seines Bruders Dominikus Bergmüller. Er verwendete für seine Arbeiten das Monogramm J:A:B. Zu seinen bedeutendsten Arbeiten gehören die Fresken der Pfarrkirche Mariä Himmelfahrt in Türkheim aus dem Jahre 1732 und das Kuppelgemälde im Chor der Pfarrkirche Sankt Peter und Paul in Oberigling im Jahre 1735. Entwürfe für Altäre, Kanzeln, bauliche Umgestaltungen und Neubauten für Kirchen gab er als Vorlagenserien in Kupferstichfolgen heraus.

Werke

 Sankt Michael in Bertoldshofen, Fresken in der Sakristei, Fassarbeiten an den Altären und der Kanzel um 1737
 Sankt Margareta in Breitenbronn, Deckenfresken um 1730
 Pfarrkirche St. Peter und Paul in Oberigling, Deckengemälde und freskierte Bildmedaillons Chordeckenfresken (monogramme), 1735
 Mariä Himmelfahrt in Türkheim, Chorfresken und Fassung der Blumenranken aus Stuck 1732
 Unserer Lieben Frau in Rammingen, Oberschwaben

Literatur

Weblinks

Maler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren im 18. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 18. Jahrhundert
Mann

Johann Andreas Bergmüller


Agrilus subspinosus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Fisher, 1921.

Referências

subspinosus

Agrilus subspinosus


Alexiu Pocol (n. 1871, Lozna, Sălaj  – d. 1935, Budapesta , Ungaria) a fost delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918.

Date biografice
Înainte de 1918 a fost învățător, dar a dobândit prin căsătorie o importantă avere. A fost membru al P.N.R. și a colaborat activ cu liderii naționali, Gheorghe Pop de Băsești și Vasile Lucaciu. Ca membru al "Astrei", a sprijinit material organizarea adunărilor generale anuale ale acesteia. În anii 1919-1922 a fost ales de două ori senator pe listele P.N.R., iar în anii următori a ocupat în mai multe rânduri funcția de primar al orașului Baia Mare.

Note

Bibliografie
Ioan I. Șerban (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1871
Decese în 1935
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Politicieni ai Marii Uniri
Maramureșeni
Învățători români
Primari din România

Alexiu Pocol


Unter dem Begriff des Lenkbaren Luftzugs stellte der Luftschiffkonstrukteur Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Militärdienst im Jahre 1890 erste konzeptionelle Überlegungen zur Konstruktion von Luftschiffen an. Der Luftzug kam niemals über die Konzeptionsphase hinaus. Die angestellten Überlegungen stellten aber die technischen und dimensionalen Grundlagen für später realisierte Luftschiffe, insbesondere das erste Luftschiff Zeppelin 1.

Geschichte
Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin schied 1890 im Alter von 52 Jahren frühzeitig aus dem Armeedienst aus und wandte sich danach ernsthaft der Entwicklung eines Luftschiffs zu. Zusammen mit Theodor Kober stellte der Graf in den Folgejahren erste Überlegungen für Luftschiffe an, die im Februar 1894 in dem Konzept eines lenkbaren Luftzuges mündeten und in einer "Denkschrift über das lenkbare Luftschiff" veröffentlicht wurden. Am 13. August 1898 erhielt er ein Patent für einen "Lenkbaren Luftfahrzug mit mehreren hintereinander angeordneten Tragkörpern"  (Kaiserliches Patentamt, Patentschrift No. 98580).

Technische Konzeption
Der Entwurf, der über das Patent rückwirkend zum 31. August 1895 geschützt wurde, hatte unter anderem folgende wichtige Merkmale, kam aber über die Konzeptionsphase niemals hinaus, sodass der Luftzug niemals gebaut wurde:
 Gasraum aufgeteilt in mehrere zylindrische Zellen,
 Steuerungsmöglichkeit mit Hilfe von Höhen- und Seitenrudern,
 zwei getrennte, fest mit dem Gerippe verbundene Gondeln,
 Vortrieb durch Propeller, montiert auf Höhe des größten Luftwiderstandes,
 Möglichkeit, mehrere solcher Schiffe wie Zugwaggons aneinander zu koppeln

Das Luftfahrzeug sollte eine Gesamtlänge von 117,5 und einen Durchmesser von 11 m aufweisen und eine Maximalgeschwindigkeit von 32 km/h erreichen.

Einfluss auf die Geschichte der Luftschifffahrt
Der Grundgedanke des lenkbaren Luftzuges wurde in den folgenden Jahrzehnten auch von anderen Erfindern aufgegriffen. Der Krefelder Erfinder Theodor Zorn begann beispielsweise im Jahr 1909 damit, einen dreigliedrigen Luftwurm zu konzipieren. Der mittlere Ballon sollte hierbei eine Länge von 60, die beiden äußeren Ballone jeweils eine Länge von 30 m bei einem Durchmesser von 13,8 m aufweisen. Nachdem das Projekt im Jahr 1909 auf der Internationalen Luftschiffahrt-Ausstellung in Frankfurt vorgestellt wurde und im Sommer 1910 eine Gesellschaft in Hamburg gegründet wurde, holte sich der Erfinder Zorn im Jahr 1911 fachliche Expertise durch den Ingenieur Hugo Kromer. Durch dessen Arbeit entwickelte sich der Entwurf mehr und mehr zu einem Luftschiff konventioneller Bauart, wurde also schlussendlich niemals realisiert.

Jüngere Entwicklungen
Eine Forschergruppe an der Universität Stuttgart entwickelte im Jahr 2001 eine ähnliche Konstruktion und konnte die Flugeigenschaften unter Laboreigenschaften tatsächlich im Einsatz testen. Dieses als "Luftwurm" oder Airworm bezeichnete Projekt soll innerhalb langfristiger Stratosphären-Einsätze beispielsweise zur Luftraumüberwachung eingesetzt werden. Die Firma TAO, eine Ausgründung aus der Universität Stuttgart, wollte dafür diesen Luftwurm herstellen und kommerziell betreiben. Einige Jahre später kooperierte TAO mit dem US-amerikanischen Unternehmen Sanswire, um ein 111 Fuß langes Luftschiff mit dem Namen Sanswire-TAO STS-111 zu konstruieren. Bis Mitte des Jahres 2012 sind keine neueren Informationen zu diesem Projekt verfügbar.

Literatur
 Wolfgang Meighörner: Grundlage des Erfolgs. Der lenkbare Luftzug. In: Ders. (Hrsg.): Luftschiffe die nie gebaut wurden. Verlag Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2002, S. 13–29, ISBN 3-86136-076-4 (Katalog der gleichnamigen Ausstellung, Zeppelin Museum, Friedrichshafen, 21. Juni bis 15. September 2002).

Einzelnachweise

!Lenkbarer Luftzug
Luftschiff
Geschichte der Luftfahrt (Deutschland)

Lenkbarer Luftzug


La gata sobre el tejado de zinc (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, en su título original en inglés, literalmente: Gata sobre un tejado de estaño caliente) es una de las obras de teatro más conocidas de Tennessee Williams. La obra ganó el Premio Pulitzer de Drama en 1955. Esta además desarrolla varios temas recurrentes del autor, como las costumbres sociales, la codicia, la superficialidad, la decadencia, el deseo sexual, y la muerte.

La obra fue adaptada al cine en la película homónima de 1958, protagonizada por Elizabeth Taylor y Paul Newman como Margaret, (Maggie) y Brick, respectivamente.

Argumento
La gata sobre el tejado de zinc es la historia de los Pollitt, quienes se reúnen en casa de los padres en una finca en Misisipi, al sur de Estados Unidos donde manejan una plantación de algodón. El reencuentro familiar se hace con motivo del cumpleaños del patriarca de la familia y para festejar su recuperación de una enfermedad terminal. En realidad, su padre no está recuperado, pero le mintieron para que no se preocupara.

En ese fin de semana que van a pasar juntos Big Daddy y Big Mammy con sus hijos se presentan varias crisis en una familia que aparentemente lo tiene todo para ser feliz. A lo largo de la noche toda la familia se enfrenta a los problemas que han mantenido ocultos hasta el momento.

En la obra se hace evidente la diferencia en el estilo de vida entre los dos hermanos: Por un lado, Gooper formó una familia numerosa y su esposa está embarazada, por otro, Brick y Maggie no tienen hijos.

Una de las crisis es la relación entre los protagonistas, Maggie y Brick, que llevan adelante un matrimonio en el que no tienen relaciones de pareja desde hace un año, acompañado al problema de alcoholismo de Brick. La familia es consciente de que no duermen juntos desde hace tiempo, lo que provoca enorme tensión en el matrimonio. Maggie, ingeniosa y bella, escapó de una infancia de pobreza para casarse con Brick pero se encuentra conque sus necesidades afectivas no están cubiertas.

Otros dramas familiares son la enfermedad del padre y el futuro de la herencia.

Brick, un héroe del fútbol americano en decadencia, tenía un mejor amigo, Skipper, quien se suicidó hace un año. Él se culpa por su muerte. Piensa que lo podía haber evitado si hubiera atendido una llamada telefónica que su amigo le hizo justo antes de terminar con su vida.

Por otro lado, Big Daddy se entera de la gravedad de su enfermedad cuando le admiten que el informe de la clínica fue falsificado. El padre, furioso, reúne a la familia en el comedor.

Gooper y su esposa Mae quieren hacerse con el control de la fortuna familiar. Comienzan a discutir sobre la división de los bienes de la familia y se enfrentan a Big Mama. Ahí los padres ven cómo su hijo Gooper está interesado en la futura herencia mientras que Brick es indiferente al tema. Maggie teme que la angustia y apatía de Brick garantice que sus cuñados se apoderen de toda la herencia de Big Daddy, ya que le dieron muchos nietos y ellos aún no.

Tanto Big Daddy como Maggie por separado intentan confrontar a Brick con la verdadera naturaleza de su relación con Skipper y lo que realmente pasó.

Brick prácticamente no habla con Maggie pero al ser presionado por su padre cede y le pide que la llame para que su esposa le cuente toda la verdad sobre Skipper. Ella le relata que estaba convencida de que Skipper era homosexual y que albergaba sentimientos inconfesables hacia su marido Brick. Lo había confrontado y le había exigido que se alejara de su marido. Skipper, en un intento por demostrarle que es heterosexual intentó besar a Maggie pero ella se fue corriendo. Luego de esto, Skipper llama a Brick para confesarle su amor pero él no le contesta. Al saber esta situación, Brick comprende que el llamado no fue la causa del suicidio de su amigo y se siente libre de culpa.

Big Daddy reaparece y da a conocer sus planes para morir en paz. Tratando de asegurar la herencia de Brick, Maggie le dice que está embarazada. Gooper y Mae saben que es mentira, pero Big Mama y Big Daddy le creen y están muy felices.

Cuando Maggie y Brick se quedan solos en su dormitorio, ella guarda el alcohol y le promete que va a hacer que la mentira se convierta en realidad, revelando su perdón y su amor por él. Él enfrenta así su decadencia y decide hacer dos cambios en su vida: en la relación con su mujer y con la bebida.

Representaciones destacadas

Representaciones en inglés
 Morosco Theatre, Broadway, 24 de marzo de 1955. Estreno.
 Dirección: Elia Kazan.
 Intérpretes: Barbara Bel Geddes - sustituida luego por Patricia Neal - (Maggie); Ben Gazzara - sustituido luego por Jack Lord - (Brick); Burl Ives (Big Daddy); Mildred Dunnock (Big Mama); Pat Hingle (Gooper); Madeleine Sherwood (Mae).
 Comedy Theatre, Londres, 1958.
 Dirección: Peter Hall.
 Intérpretes: Kim Stanley (Maggie), Leo McKern (Big Daddy), Paul Massie (Brick).
 American Shakespeare Theatre en Stratford (Connecticut), 1974.
Intérpretes: Elizabeth Ashley, Keir Dullea, Fred Gwynne, Kate Reid, Charles Siebert.
 London National Theatre, Londres, 1988.
 Dirección: Howard Davies.
 Intérpretes: Ian Charleson, Lindsay Duncan, Barbara Leigh-Hunt, Eric Porter.
 Broadway, 1990.
 Intérpretes: Kathleen Turner (Maggie), Charles Durning, (Big Daddy), Daniel Hugh Kelly (Brick), Polly Holliday (Big Mama).
 Broadway, 2003.
 Intérpretes: Ashley Judd, Jason Patric, Ned Beatty (Big Daddy), Margo Martindale (Big Mama).
 Broadway, 2008.
 Dirección: Debbie Allen.
 Intérpretes: Terrence Howard (Brick), James Earl Jones (Big Daddy), Phylicia Rashad (Big Mama), Anika Noni Rose (Maggie), Lisa Arrindell Anderson (Mae).
 Broadway, 2013.
 Dirección: Rob Ashford.
 Intérpretes: Benjamin Walker (Brick), Ciarán Hinds (Big Daddy), Debra Monk (Big Mama), Scarlett Johansson (Maggie), Emily Bergl (Mae).

Representaciones en castellano
 Teatro Odeón (Buenos Aires), 1956, Estreno en Argentina.
 Dirección: Francisco Petrone
 Intérpretes: Inda Ledesma, Duilio Marzio.
 Teatro Eslava, Madrid, 30 de septiembre de 1959. Estreno en España.
 Dirección: José Luis Alonso.
 Adaptación: Antonio de Cabo y Luis Sáenz.
 Intérpretes: Aurora Bautista (Margaret), Rafael Arcos (Brick), Antonio Prieto (el abuelo), Ana María Méndez, María Francés, José Miguel Rupert, Emilio Menéndez, María Jesús Lara.
 Teatro Marquina, Madrid, 1979.
 Dirección: José Luis Alonso.
Adaptación: Ana Diosdado.
 Intérpretes: María José Goyanes (Margaret), Carlos Larrañaga (Brick), Montserrat Carulla, Amelia de la Torre (abuela), José Bódalo (abuelo), Jesús Enguita.
 Teatro Reina Victoria, Madrid, 1984.
 Dirección: Carlos Gandolfo.
 Adaptación: Salvador Maldonado.
 Intérpretes: Carme Elías (Margaret), Eusebio Poncela (Brick), Marisa Paredes, Julieta Serrano, Carlos Lemos
 Teatro Español, Madrid, 1996.
 Dirección: Mario Gas.
 Adaptación: Manuel Ángel Conejero (con la colaboración de Consuelo López Reyes)
 Escenografía: Carlos Abad.
 Intérpretes: Aitana Sánchez Gijón (Margaret), Carmelo Gómez  - sustituido luego por Toni Cantó - (Brick), Rosa Renom, Alicia Hermida, Juan Calot, Carlos Ballesteros (abuelo) y Alberto Muyo .
 Teatro Reina Victoria, Madrid, 2016.
 Dirección: Amelia Ochandiano.
 Intérpretes:Maggie Civantos / Begoña Maestre (Maggie), Eloy Azorín / Andreas Muñoz (Brick), Juan Diego (abuelo), Ana Marzoa / Alicia Sánchez (abuela), José Luis Patiño (Gooper), Marta Molina (Mae).

Representaciones en otros idiomas
 Teatro Municipal, Malmö, Suecia, 1955.Versión en sueco, con el título de Katt på hett plåttak. Primera representación en Europa
 Dirección: Ingmar Bergman.
 Intérpretes: Max Von Sydow (Brick), Benkt-Ake Benktsson (Big Daddy).

 Théâtre Antoine, París, 1956.Versión en francés, con el título de La Chatte sur un toit brûlant.
 Dirección: Peter Brook.
 Intérpretes: Jeanne Moreau, Paul Guers, Maurice Dorléac, Monique Mélinand, Jane Marken.

 Teatro Eliseo, Roma, 1958.Versión en italiano, con el título de La gatta sul tetto che scotta.
 Dirección: Peter Brook.
 Intérpretes: Lea Padovani, Gino Cervi, Gabriele Ferzetti .

Adaptaciones
La obra fue llevada al cine (con cambios sustanciales en la trama) en la película homónima de 1958, dirigida por Richard Brooks y protagonizada por Elizabeth Taylor y Paul Newman.

También existe dos versiones para televisión, la primera emitida en 1976, con Natalie Wood (Maggie), Robert Wagner (Brick), Laurence Olivier (Big Daddy) y Maureen Stapleton (Big Mama). La segunda data de 1985 y contó con Jessica Lange (Maggie) Tommy Lee Jones (Brick) y Rip Torn (Big Daddy).

Censura
Tanto la obra como su película homónima fueron censuradas en Argentina durante el régimen militar autodenominado Revolución Libertadora.

Referencias

 Bloom, Harold (Ed.) Tennessee Williams, Modern Critical Views, 80. New York: Chelsea House, 1987.
 Cañadas, Ivan. "The Naming of Straw and Ochello in Tennessee Williams's Cat On a Hot Tin Roof", English Language Notes 42.4 (2005): 57–62.
 Clum, John M. "'Something Cloudy, Something Clear': Homophobic Discourse in Tennessee Williams", South Atlantic Quarterly 88.1 (1989): 161–79.
 Plooster, Nancy. "Silent Partners: Lost Lovers in American Drama". 1995 Queer Frontiers: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual National Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Graduate Student Conference. University of Southern California. March 23–26, 1995, Ed. John Waiblinger. USC.edu
 Shackelford, Dean. "The Truth That Must Be Told: Gay Subjectivity, Homophobia, and Social History in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof." Tennessee Williams Annual Review 1 (1998): 103–118.
 Stanton, Stephen S. (Ed.) Tennessee Williams: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
 Winchell, Mark Royden. "Come Back to the Locker Room Ag'in, Brick Honey!", Mississippi Quarterly: The Journal of Southern Culture 48:4 (1995): 701–12.
 El el Eslava se estrenó "La gata sobre el tejado de cinc", de T.Williams. Diario ABC, 1 de octubre de 1959
 La gata sobre el tejado de cinc caliente, un gran logro teatral. Diario ABC, 19 de abril de 1979
 Gran regreso: Tennessee Williams con "La gata sobre el tejado de zinc caliente". Diario ABC, 4 de marzo de 1996.
 La gata sobre el tejado de zinc. El País, 20 de mayo de 2005
 Hollywood's Tennessee: The Williams Films and Postwar America; R. Barton Palmer & William Robert Bray
 Tennessee Williams: A Guide to Research and Performance, Philip C. Kolin, 1998

Enlaces externos

 WILLIAMS, Tennesse: La gata sobre el tejado de zinc (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, 1955).
 Traducción al español; en PDF.
 Texto en inglés, también en PDF.
 Reproducción en facsímil electrónico, en el Internet Archive.

Obras de teatro de Tennessee Williams
Obras de teatro de 1955
Obras de teatro ambientadas en Estados Unidos
tejado de zinc

La gata sobre el tejado de zinc (obra de teatro)


An Stelis purdiaei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Stelis purdiaei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis purdiaei


Liechtenstein deltog første gang i olympiske lege under Vinter-OL 1936 i Garmisch-Partenkirchen, og har siden deltaget i samtlige efterfølgende vinterlege undtaget under Vinter-OL 1952 i Oslo. De deltog første gang i sommerlege under Sommer-OL 1936 i Berlin, og har med undtaget for Sommer-OL 1956 i Melbourne og Sommer-OL 1980 i Moskva deltaget i alle sommerlege siden. Liechtenstein er den eneste nationen som har vundet alle sine olympiske medaljer under vinterlege.

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Liechtensteins OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

OL

Liechtenstein ved OL


Salvia sclarea, the clary or clary sage (clary deriving from Middle English clarie, from Anglo-Norman sclaree, from Late or Medieval Latin sclarēia), is a biennial or short-lived herbaceous perennial in the genus Salvia. It is native to the northern Mediterranean Basin, along with some areas in north Africa and Central Asia. The plant has a lengthy history as an herb, and is currently grown for its essential oil.

Description
Salvia sclarea reaches  in height, with thick square stems that are covered in hairs. The leaves are approximately  long at the base,  long higher on the plant. The upper leaf surface is rugose, and covered with glandular hairs. The flowers are in verticils, with 2-6 flowers in each verticil, and are held in large colorful bracts that range in color from pale mauve to lilac or white to pink with a pink mark on the edge. The lilac or pale blue corolla is approximately , with the lips held wide open. The cultivar S. sclarea 'Turkestanica' bears pink stems, petiolate leaves, and white, pink-flecked blossoms on spikes to  tall.

History
Descriptions of medicinal use of the plant goes back to the writings of Theophrastus (4th century BCE), Dioscorides (1st century CE), and Pliny the Elder (1st century CE).

Clary seeds have a mucilaginous coat, which is why some old herbals recommended placing a seed into the eye of someone with a foreign object in it so that it could adhere to the object and make it easy to remove. This practice is noted by Nicholas Culpeper in his Complete Herbal (1653), who referred to the plant as "clear-eye".

It was used as an ingredient in wine and beer production. In 16th-century Germany elderflower infused clary was added to Rhine wines to make a more potent varietal known as Muscatel.

Uses

The distilled essential oil is used widely in perfumes and as a muscatel flavoring for vermouths, wines, and liqueurs. It is also used in aromatherapy.

In the United States, large scale production is concentrated in northeastern North Carolina in the counties surrounding Bertie County.

It has been considered that sclareol contained in clary sage oil has estrogen-like effects and is effective for amenorrhea, menstrual irregularities, and hot flashes during menopause.

It has been confirmed in mice that sclareol has a small molecular weight and is absorbed transdermally.In an experiment in which sclareol was dissolved in jojoba oil and applied to mice, (1) it was detected in the blood 30 minutes after application and (2) higher concentrations of sclareol were detected in the liver but did not cause liver dysfunction.

Gallery

References

sclarea
Herbs
Medicinal plants
Essential oils
Flora of Lebanon
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of North Africa
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Salvia sclarea


A steno machine, stenotype machine, shorthand machine, stenograph or steno writer is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225 words per minute (wpm) at very high accuracy in the categories of literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively. Some stenographers can reach 300 words per minute. The website of the California Official Court Reporters Association (COCRA) gives the official record for American English as 375 wpm.

The stenotype keyboard has far fewer keys than a conventional alphanumeric keyboard. Multiple keys are pressed simultaneously (known as "chording" or "stroking") to spell out whole syllables, words, and phrases with a single hand motion. This system makes realtime transcription practical for court reporting and live closed captioning. Because the keyboard does not contain all the letters of the English alphabet, letter combinations are substituted for the missing letters. There are several schools of thought on how to record various sounds, such as the StenEd, Phoenix, and Magnum Steno theories.

History
The first shorthand machine (the word "stenotype" was not used for another 80 years or more) punched a paper strip and was built in 1830 by Karl Drais, a German inventor. The first machine was made in 1863 by the Italian Antonio Michela Zucco and was in actual use from 1880 in the Italian Senate.  In New York City on December 24, 1875,  John Celivergos Zachos invented a stenotype and filed patent number 175892 for type writers and phenotypic notation application.  In 1879, Miles M. Bartholomew invented the shorthand machine. A French version was created by Marc Grandjean in 1909.  The direct ancestor of today's stenotype was created by Ward Stone Ireland in about 1913, and the word "stenotype" was applied to his machine and its descendants sometime thereafter.

Modern hardware

Most modern stenotype keyboards have more in common with computers than they do with typewriters or QWERTY computer keyboards. Most contain microprocessors, and many allow sensitivity adjustments for each individual key. They translate stenotype to the target language internally using user-specific dictionaries, and most have small display screens. They typically store a full day's work in non-volatile memory of some type, such as an SD card. These factors influence the price, along with economies of scale, as only a few thousand stenotype keyboards are sold each year. , student models, such as a Wave writer, sell for about US$1,500 and top-end models sell for approximately US$5,000. Machines that are 10 to 15 years old still resell for upward of $350.

The Open Steno Project has written free open-source software, including Plover, and has developed cheap open-source hardware for stenography. Plover software translates keypresses to Stenotype on any modern keyboard, with a preference given to ortholinear keyboards that have NKRO functionality.

Manufacturers
Stenograph is by far the largest manufacturer of American stenotype keyboards with an estimated market share in excess of 90%. Their top models are the Luminex professional writer and the Wave student writer. The Stentura paper-based writers and the paperless Élan writers preceded the current models. There were two other large manufacturers in the 1980s (Xscribe, with the StenoRAM line and BaronData with the Transcriptor line). Stenograph purchased both companies and discontinued their products. The current manufacturers in the US include:
 Advantage Software (Passport and Passport Touch)
 Neutrino Group (Gemini, Revolution, & Infinity writers)
 ProCAT (Stenopaq, Flash, Stylus, Impression, and Xpression)
 Stenograph (Stentura, élan Mira, Fusion, élan Cybra, Wave, Diamante and Luminex)
 Stenovations (LightSpeed)
 Word Technologies (Tréal)

Hobbyist keyboards
Many steno enthusiasts are making and selling keyboards designed for use with Plover, the open source steno software. Most of these keyboards range from about $100 to $200 and allow the user to use stenography on their computer through Plover. Vendors include:

 g Heavy Industries (Georgi)
 Nolltronics (EcoSteno)
 SOFT/HRUF (Splitography)
 StenoKeyboards (The Uni)
 Stenomod (TinyMod)
 Stenography Store (Starboard)

Keyboard layout

Stenotype keys normally are made of a hard, high-luster acrylic material with no markings. The keyboard layout of the American stenotype machine is shown at the top / right.

In "home position", the fingers of the left hand rest along the gap between the two main rows of keys to the left of the asterisk (little finger on the "S" to forefinger on the "H" and "R"). These fingers are used to generate initial consonants. The fingers of the right hand lie in the corresponding position to the right of the asterisk (forefinger on "FR" to little finger on "TS"), and are used for final consonants. The thumbs produce the vowels.

The system is roughly phonetic; for example the word cat would be written by a single stroke expressing the initial K, the vowel A, and the final T.

To enter a number, a user presses the number bar at the top of the keyboard at the same time as the other keys, much like the Shift key on a QWERTY-based keyboard. The illustration shows which lettered keys correspond to which digits. Numbers can be chorded, just as letters can. They read from left to right across the keyboard. It is possible to write 137 in one stroke by pressing the number bar along with SP P, but it takes three separate strokes to write 731. Many court reporters and stenocaptioners write out numbers phonetically instead of using the number bar.

There are various rule sets, known as theories, to combine letters to make different sounds; different court reporters use different theories in their work. Historically, reporters often created "briefs" (abbreviations) on-the-fly, and sometimes mixed theories, which could make it difficult for one reporter to read another reporter's notes, but current versions of theories are primarily designed for computerized translation using a standardized dictionary provided by the company that promulgates the theory, which forces reporters to stick with one theory and use only the specific combinations in that company's dictionary.  However, it is not uncommon for students and reporters to add a significant number of entries to a stock dictionary, usually when creating briefs of their own.

Some court reporters use scopists to translate and edit their work. A scopist is a person who is trained in the phonetic writing system, English punctuation, and usually in legal formatting.  They are especially helpful when court reporters are working so much that they do not have time to edit their own work.  Both scopists and proofreaders work closely with court reporters to ensure an accurate transcript. The widespread use of realtime translation of the strokes has increased the demand for scopists to work simultaneously with the court reporter.  With transcripts produced on computer-aided transcription (CAT) software, a scopist no longer needs to have any knowledge of shorthand theories, because the software converts shorthand to text in real time via a dictionary.  However, it may still be helpful in some situations while scoping, as misstroked words may not translate and would appear in steno. Depending on availability of scopists and proofreaders, court reporters may use a scopist only to clean up a rough draft of their transcript, then proofread and certify the transcript themselves, or they may use neither and produce a final transcript by themselves, though this is a very time-consuming practice.

Steno paper
Steno paper has become almost obsolete with the advancement in paperless stenotype machines. When it is used, steno paper comes out of a stenotype machine at the rate of one row per chord, with the pressed letters printed out in 22 columns corresponding to the 22 keys, in the following order:

 STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ

Chords
This is a basic chart of the letters of this machine. There are, however, different writing theories that represent some letters or sounds differently (e.g., the *F for final v in the chart below), and each court reporter develops personalized "briefs" and alternate ways of writing things.

Example
The following example shows how steno paper coming out of the machine represents an English sentence. Notice that key combinations can have different meanings depending on context. In the first stroke of the word example, the PL combination refers to m. In the second stroke of the word, that same key combination refers to the two letters pl.

Many words have been abbreviated: this, of and from are chorded as th, f and fr, and machine and shorthand become mn and shand respectively.

Canada
There is one NCRA-approved school in all of Canada that teaches stenotype: the captioning and court reporting program at NAIT (Northern Alberta Institute of Technology). This program uses the STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ keyboard layout. Graduates are trained to be court reporters, broadcast captioners, or CART providers and report a median income of $70,000 CAD between 2017 and 2020.

Other systems

English
In addition to the above American Stenotype layout of STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ used internationally (Ward Stone Ireland 1913), there is also a Possum Palantype system still being used in the UK.

Italian
Two Stenotype layouts are in use for the Italian language: Michela and Melani. The former is in use by the Italian senate.

Korean

The main stenotype systems in Korea are CAS and Sorizava.

Other languages
 The Portuguese language has two stenotype systems. The Brazilian system uses the same layout as the American English one.
 The Japanese language uses a StenoWord system with ten remapped keys or a more conventional Sokutaipu system.
 As with the Korean language, Chinese stenotype layouts depend on the manufacturer, four of which are most commonly encountered in the market. A combination of chording and abbreviation is used.

See also

 Chorded keyboard
 Captioned telephone
 Closed captioning
 Court reporting
 Remote CART
 Shorthand
 Velotype

References

External links

 The Open Steno Project Open source hardware, software, and guides.

Computer keyboard types
Typewriters
Court reporting
Transcription (linguistics)
Articles containing video clips

Stenotype


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 II. Constans, İmparator Honorius'a karşı imparatorluğunu ilan eden gaspçı III. Constantinus'un oğlu ve babası tarafından müşterek imparator ilan eden Romalı
 III. Constantinus, 407 yılında kendini Batı Roma İmparatoru ilan eden ve 411 yılında tahttan feragât etmesinden kısa bir süre sonra öldürülen Romalı general

411


Die folgende Liste gibt einen Überblick zu Feuerwehrmuseen, also zu Museen, die die Geschichte des Feuerlöschwesens präsentieren.

Die Museen sind nach Ländern geordnet, die Sortierung erfolgt innerhalb der einzelnen Länder alphabetisch nach den Ortsnamen.

Dänemark

 Odsherred Brandmuseum Asnæs, Odsherred Kommune

Deutschland

 Feuerwehrmuseum Morschen (Altmorschen)
 Feuerwehrmuseum der Stadt Arnsberg
 Attendorner Feuerwehr-Museum (Attendorn)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Augsburg (Augsburg)
 Feuerwehrmuseum (Bamberg)
 Bayreuther Feuerwehr-Museum (Bayreuth)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Berlin
 Feuerwehr-Museum (Bielefeld)
 Sotzbacher Feuerwehrscheune (Birstein-Untersotzbach)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Bonn-Rhein-Sieg (Bonn)
 Historisches Feuerwehr-Museum (Dannenberg, OT Neu Tramm)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Dietzenbach (Dietzenbach)
 Feuerwehrmuseum (Eisenhüttenstadt)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Ellricher Spritzenhaus (Ellrich)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Emden (siehe Feuerschiff Amrumbank, keine Wehr)
 Rheinisches Feuerwehrmuseum (Erkelenz-Lövenich)
 Feuerwehrobjekte im Vogtländischen Freilichtmuseum Eubabrunn, Sachsen
 Feuerwehrmuseum Finsterwalde (Finsterwalde)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Flamersheim (Euskirchen, Stadtteil Flamersheim)
 Feuerwehrmuseen in Frankfurt am Main (ein private geführtes Museum und eins bei der Feuerwehr Frankfurt angesiedeltes Museum)
 Deutsches Feuerwehr-Museum (Fulda)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Gera
 historisches Feuerwehrhaus Glauchau, geöffnet auf Anfrage
 Feuerwehrmuseum Grethen (Grethen)
 Feuerwehr-Museum (Hannover)
 Westfälisches Feuerwehrmuseum (Hattingen)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Heiligenhaus
 Rheinland-Pfälzisches Feuerwehrmuseum Hermeskeil
 Feuerwehrmuseum Holdenstedt (Landkreis Mansfeld-Südharz)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Isselhorst (Gütersloh-Isselhorst)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Jever
 Feuerwehrmuseum Kaufbeuren-Ostallgäu e.V. (Kaufbeuren)
 Feuerwehrmuseum in Kayna, Sachsen-Anhalt
 Feuerwehrmuseum Kirchheim unter Teck (Kirchheim unter Teck)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Kirchlengern (Kirchlengern)
 Historische Lehrsammlung der BF Köln (Köln)
 Feuerwehrmuseum (Lendersdorf) (Düren, Stadtteil Lendersdorf)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Lengenfeld (Vogtland)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Marxen (Landkreis Harburg)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Mechenried (Mechenried)
 Landesfeuerwehrmuseum Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Meetzen)
 Museum der Freiwilligen Feuerwehr Mühlenberg in Mühlenberg (Holzminden)
 Feuerwehrmuseum München
 Feuerwehrmuseum Nidda
 Feuerwehrmuseum Niederwiesa
 Feuerwehrmuseum Schleswig-Holstein (Norderstedt)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Nüdlingen
 Feuerwehrmuseum Nürnberg
 Feuerwehrmuseum Pasewalk
 Feuerwehrmuseum Riedlingen (Riedlingen)
 Feuerwehrmuseum im Sennhof der Reichsabtei (Salem (Baden))
 Feuerwehrmuseum Salzbergen (Landkreis Emsland)
 Oberfränkisches Feuerwehrmuseum (Schauenstein)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Schröttinghausen (Schröttinghausen (Preußisch Oldendorf))
 Feuerwehrmuseum Schwäbisch Hall (Schwäbisch Hall)
 Internationales Feuerwehrmuseum Schwerin
 Feuerwehrmuseum Soest e.V.
 Landesfeuerwehrmuseum Sachsen-Anhalt in Stendal
 Feuerwehrmuseum Starkenberg, Thüringen
 Feuerwehrmuseum Stuttgart
 Dorfmuseum Münkeboe mit Spritzenhaus Südbrookmerland
 Feuerwehrmuseum Bayern (Waldkraiburg)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Schloss Waldmannshofen (Waldmannshofen)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Welzow e.V. (ehemals Feuerwehrmuseum Haidemühl e.V.) Welzow
 Feuerwehrmuseum Wernigerode (Wernigerode)
 Feuerwehrmuseum Wiesbaden
 Feuerwehrmuseum (Winnenden)
 Sächsisches Feuerwehrmuseum Zeithain (Zeithain)
 Feuerwehrmuseum (Zeven)

Frankreich
 Musée des sapeurs-pompiers de Lyon, Lyon
 Musée du sapeur-pompier d'Alsace, Vieux-Ferrette
 Musée départemental des sapeurs pompiers d'Osny, Osny
 Musée départemental des sapeurs-pompiers de l'Orne, Bagnoles-de-l'Orne

Italien

→ Feuerwehr in Italien#Museen

Niederlande
 Brandweer- en Stormrampenmuseum Borculo, Borculo
 Nationaal Brandweermuseum, Hellevoetsluis

Österreich
 Feuerwehrmuseum Fischamend-Dorf
 Oberösterreichisches Feuerwehrmuseum St. Florian
 Steirisches Feuerwehrmuseum, Groß Sankt Florian
 Vorarlberger Landesfeuerwehrmuseum, Frastanz
 Feuerwehrmuseum Traiskirchen, Traiskirchen

Schweiz
 Schweizerisches Feuerwehrmuseum, Basel

Tschechien
 Hasičské muzeum (Přibyslav)

Vereinigte Staaten
 Denver Firefighters Museum
 New York City Fire Museum
 Fireman's Hall Museum Philadelphia, PA

Siehe auch
 Liste deutscher Museen nach Themen#Feuerwehr

Weblinks

 Feuerwehr-Museen.de
 Feuerwehrmuseen in Deutschland und der Welt in einer Karte
 Feuerwehrsammlungen in Österreich und Südtirol beim ÖBFV

Einzelnachweise

 !
Feuerwehr
Museen

Liste von Feuerwehrmuseen


Im Juridicum ist die Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn angesiedelt. Es ist der Standort der juristischen sowie staatswissenschaftlichen Fachbibliothek.

Geschichte
Die Planungen zum Bau des Juridicums begannen im Jahr 1957.
Vor dem Bezug des Juridicums hat die Juristenausbildung u. a. im Hauptgebäude der Universität am Hofgarten stattgefunden. Jedoch waren dort die räumlichen Möglichkeiten begrenzt. Ein starkes Wachstum der Studierendenzahlen und weitere Berufungen erzeugten eine Raumnot, sodass der Auszug aus dem Hauptgebäude bzw. der Bau des Juridicums geplant wurde.
Das Gebäude wurde vom Staatshochbauamt der Universität Bonn errichtet, mit der Planung der Gartenanlagen war Heinrich Raderschall beauftragt. Die bei Planungsbeginn auf 6,5 Millionen DM angesetzten Baukosten beliefen sich nach dem Bau aufgrund von Planungsänderungen auf etwa 18 Millionen DM. Am 11. Oktober 1963 wurde der Grundstein für den Bau des Juridicums an der Adenauerallee gelegt. Auf der Urkunde unter dem Grundstein steht "Justitia fundamentum regnorum!", was übersetzt etwa "Gerechtigkeit ist die Grundlage der Reiche" bedeutet.

Als am 8. April 1965 der Rohbau abgeschlossen und der Dachstuhl errichtet war, konnte das Richtfest gefeiert werden, ehe am 21. November 1967 die Einweihung stattfand. Anliegend zu den bereits vorhandenen Türmen wurden zwei weitere Türme zur Erweiterung geplant, aus baurechtlichen Hindernissen wurde jedoch keine Baugenehmigung erteilt.

Architektur
Das Juridicum sollte durch seine zurückhaltende Bauweise einen "Repräsentativ-Bau im Grünen" darstellen und dem Stadtbild zusammen mit dem Neubau der gegenüber liegenden Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek im Jahr 1960 dem Stadtbild ein neues Gesicht verleihen.

Der leitende Regierungsdirektor Albert Wernicke übertrug die Planung des neuen Gebäudes dem jungen Architekten Wolfgang Himmel. Als Schüler von Hans Schwippert war er von den Architekten Erich Mendelsohn und Ludwig Mies van der Rohe beeinflusst. Mit der Gartengestaltung hatte man Heinrich Raderschall beauftragt.

Forschung und Lehre wurden baulich getrennt. So befindet sich die Lehre im eigentlichen Juridicum, während die Forschung in die angrenzenden beiden Türme ausgelagert ist. Der Innenhof ist im "Stil der Zeit" gestaltet worden. Der Bau sollte frei von "falscher Repräsentanz" sein und ein wohl strukturiertes Mittel zum Zweck – nämlich dem eigentlichen Studium – darstellen. Die architektonische Strenge und klare Ordnung der Formen soll zum zielstrebigen Studium motivieren.

Die Fassade des Juridicums ist eine Abwandlung des 1956 vom ungarischen Künstler Victor Vasarely gestalteten Werkes "Ríu-Kíu-C" und wurde 1969 am Juridicum fertiggestellt. Die Besonderheit des aus quadratischen Formen abgeleiteten Mosaiks besteht darin, dass jeder Baustein "gedanklich aus dem Werk herausgelöst und an einen anderen Platz eingefügt werden" kann. Dieser Stil steht dafür, sich aus einer festgesetzten Position loslösen und die Situation aus einem alternativen Blickwinkel betrachten zu können und verbindet die Architektur des Juridicums mit den an Juristen gestellten Anforderungen, im Sinne von Audiatur et altera pars.

Literatur
 Nataliya Demir-Karbouskaya, Martin Bredenbeck, u. a.: Juridicum. Dreiviertelhaus, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-96242-206-6.
 Ingeborg Flagge: Architektur in Bonn nach 1945: Bauten in der Bundeshauptstadt und ihrer Umgebung. Röhrscheid, Bonn 1984, ISBN 3-7928-0479-4, S. 69.
 Ernst Friesenhahn: Juristen und Nationalökonomen an der Universität Bonn. Hanstein Verlag, Bonn 1970, ISBN 3-416-09122-1.
 Wilfried Hansmann, Gisbert Knopp: Universitätsbauten in Bonn. Neusser Druckerei und Verlag, Neuss 1987, ISBN 3-88094-568-3.
 Heinrich Lützeler: Die Bonner Universität. Bauten und Bildwerke. Bouvier Verlag, Bonn 1968, ISBN 3-7928-0142-6.
 Janina Morawek, Klaus Winkler: Beck'scher Studienführer Jura. C. H. Beck, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-62700-2.
 Mathias Schmoeckel: Das Juridicum. Das Bekenntnis der Universität zur Bonner Demokratie. Bonn University Press, ISBN 978-3-8471-0554-1.
 Werner Spies, Victor Vasarely: Victor Vasarely. DuMont Schauberg, Köln 1971, ISBN 3-7701-0538-9.
 Steffi Plöger: Das Juridicum. Eine Synthese von Zeitgeist und Funktionalität in: Bonner Geschichtsblätter – Jahrbuch des Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsvereins, Bd. 53/54, Bonn 2004, S. 451–460 = Stätten des Rechts in Bonn, hrsg. von Mathias Schmoeckel, Norbert Schloßmacher, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-922832-35-0, S. 128–133

Weblinks

 Website der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät
 Website des Juristischen Seminars
 Website des Staatswissenschaftlichen Seminars

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkungen

Rechtswissenschaftliches Forschungsinstitut
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
Erbaut in den 1960er Jahren
Adenauerallee (Bonn)
Südstadt (Bonn)
Bibliothek in Bonn

Juridicum (Bonn)


Jarkko Oikarinen (d. 16 Ağustos 1967), metin tabanlı ilk chat programı olan IRC'nin geliştiricisi.

1988 yılında Oulu Üniversitesi'nde ilk IRC programını yarattı. Doktorasını aynı üniversitede tamamlayan Oikarinen, telekomünikasyon dünyasına yaptığı katkılardan ötürü Dvorak Ödülü'ne de değer görülmüştür.

1967 doğumlular
Fin bilgisayar bilimcileri
Programcılar
Nokia kişileri
Oulu Üniversitesi
IRC
Yaşayan insanlar

Jarkko Oikarinen


An Sporadanthus strictus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Barbara Gillian Briggs och Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson. An Sporadanthus strictus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporadanthus, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sporadanthus

Sporadanthus strictus


සර්පණ කෝදුවක් යනු, යාන්ත්‍රික  ඇනලොග් පරිගණකයකි.

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
සාමාන්‍ය තොරතුරු, ඉතිහාසය
ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් ස්ලයිඩ් රූල් මියුසියම්
ද හිස්ට්‍රි, තියරි ඇන්ඩ් යූස් ඔෆ් දි ඉන්ජිනියරිං ස්ලයිඩ් රූල් — ආචාර්ය ජේම්ස් බී. කැල්වර්ට්, ඩෙන්වර් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයය විසින්
Oughtred Society Slide Rule Home Page — Dedicated to the preservation and history of slide rules

Derek's virtual slide rule gallery — Javascript simulations of historical slide rules
Reglas de Cálculo — A very big Faber Castell collection
Collection of slide rules  — French Slide Rules (Graphoplex, Tavernier-Gravet and others)
Eric's Slide Rule Site — History and use

Mathematical tools
Mechanical calculators
Logarithms
ඉංග්‍රීසි නව නිපැයුම්
1620 introductions
Analog computers
Historical scientific instruments
Obsolete technologies

සර්පණ කෝදුව


මෙය සිංහල ආහාර නාමාවලියකි.

ප්‍රධාන ආහාර

බත් වර්ග

අල සහ ගෙඩි

අනෙකුත්

අනෙකුත් ආහාර

ව්‍යංජන

කැඳ

සලාද, සම්බෝල සහ මැල්ලුම්s

තෙල් දැමූ ආහාර (Fried and stir-fried)

ගැඹුරු තෙලේ බැදුම් (Deep-fried dishes)

පිලිස්සූ ආහාර (Grilled dishes)

Steamed dishes

Dipping sauces and pastes

කට ගැස්ම (Savoury snacks)

පැණි රස ආහාර

පාන (Drinks)

තවද බලන්න
 සිංහල ආහාර
 List of Thai ingredients

References

 Bhumichitr, Vatcharin. The Essential Thai Cookbook, 192 pages, New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc., 1994

External links

සිංහල ආහාර
Thailand-related lists
Thai dishes

තාවකාලික ලිපිය සිංහල ආහාර නාමාවලිය


Rešetasta zečina (hrv. Rešetasta zečina, velika zečina, lat. Centaurea scabiosa) biljka iz porodice glavočika koja je sa svojih 13 podvrsta raširena po velikim dijellovima Euroazije,, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Ova vrsta prvi puta opisana je u Species Plantarum 2 1753.

Podvrste
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. adpressa (Ledeb.) Gugler
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. alpestris (Hegetschw.) Nyman
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. apiculata (Ledeb.) Mikheev
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. badensis (Tratt.) Gugler
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. cephalariifolia (Willk.) Greuter
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii (Hayek) Hayek
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. grinensis (Reut.) Nyman
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. integra Greuter
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. menteyerica (Chaix) Nyman
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. sadleriana (Janka) Asch. & Graebn.
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. scabiosa L.
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. spinulosa (Spreng.) Arcang.
 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. tematinensis (Domin) Domin

Izvori

Zečina
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Srednje Europe
Flora Jugozapadne Europe
Flora Jugoistočne Europe
Flora Istočne Europe
Flora Sjeverne Europe
Flora Sibira
Flora Ruskog dalekog istoka
Flora Europske Rusije
Flora Lihtenštajna
Flora San Marina
Flora Moldavije

Rešetasta zečina


අෂ්ට-නායිකාවෝ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ භරත මුණිවරයා විසින් අභිවාහ්‍ය කලා පිළිබඳ සංස්කෘත බසින් රචිත නාට්‍ය ශාස්ත්‍ර ග්‍රන්ථයෙහි එන අෂ්ටවිධ වූ නායිකා හෙවත් කථා නායිකා ප්‍රභේද හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා වන සමූහ නාමයකි. මෙම අෂ්ට නායිකාවෝ සිය නායකයන් සමඟ පවත්වන සම්බන්ධතාවෙහි අවස්ථාවන් අටක් නියෝජනය කරති. ප්‍රේමාව්න්විත වීරවරියකගේ දර්ශීය අවස්ථා ලෙසින්, මෙම තේමාවන් ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍ර කලාව, සාහිත්‍යය, ප්‍රතිමා කලාව මෙන්ම ඉන්දියානු සම්භාව්‍ය නර්තනය සහ සංගීතය තුළ ද භාවිතා වී ඇත.

නායිකාවෝ
අෂ්ට නායිකා යන වදනෙන්ම හැඟවෙන පරිදි නායිකාවෝ ප්‍රභේද අටක් සිටිති.

ඉතිහාසය සහ සංස්කෘතික නිරූපණයන්

අෂ්ට-නායිකා වර්ගීකරණය (නායිකා-භේද) ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ භරත විසින් අභිවාහ්‍ය කලා පිළිබඳ සංස්කෘත බසින් ලියූ ග්‍රන්ථයක් වන නාට්‍ය ශාස්ත්‍ර (24.210-11) තුළ ය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2වන සියවස අතර කාලයේ). මෙම වර්ගීකරණය පසුකාලීන කෘතීන් වන දසරූපක (10වන සියවස), සාහිත්‍යදර්පණ (14වන සියවස) සහ අනෙකුත් කාව්‍ය ග්‍රන්ථ තුළ මෙන්ම, අභිසරුලියන් පාදක කොට ලියූ කුට්ටනීමත (8වන-9වන සියවස), පංචසායක, අනංගරංග සහ ස්මරදීපිකා ශෘංගාරාත්මක කාමශාස්ත්‍ර ග්‍රන්ථයන් තුළ වඩාත් විස්තර කොට දක්වා තිබේ. කේශ්වදාසයන්ගේ රසිකප්‍රිය (16වන සියවස) තුළින් ද අෂ්ට-නායිකා සංකල්පය විස්තීර්ණ කොට තිබේ.

අෂ්ට-නායිකාවන් ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍ර කලාව, සාහිත්‍යය, ප්‍රතිමා කලාව මෙන්ම කථක් ආදී ඉන්දියානු සම්භාව්‍ය නර්තනයන් හි නිරූපිත ය. අෂ්ට නායිකාවන් නිරූපිත මධ්‍යකාලීන බුන්දි ගුරුකුලයේ රාගමාලා සිතුවම් වැනි සිතුවම් සඳහා වස්තු විෂය වී ඇත.

A famous example in Indian literature is Jayadeva's Gita Govinda (12th century) as well as in the Vaishnava poet Banamali's compositions, Radha dons the roles of the various nayikas while with her nayaka is the god Krishna.

The Ashta-Nayika is a central theme in Pahari embroidery used to decorate the Chamba Rumal, especially produced in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. The Ashta Nayika are usually portrayed in eight panels on the Rumal.

In Indian (Hindustani) classical music, the eternal love between Radha and Krishna is represented through the consciousness of Radha as the leitmotif that dominates the lyrics. Especially the semi-classical genre of Thumri imbibes the myriad moods of Radha as Ashta Nayika consumed by passionate love for Krishna.

වර්ගීකරණය
නාට්‍ය ශාස්ත්‍රය තුළ නායිකාවන් පහත පිළිවෙලින් සඳහන් වේ: වාසකසජ්ජා, විරහෝත්කණ්ඨිතා, ස්වාධීනභාර්තෘකා, කලහාන්තරිතා, ඛණ්ඩිතා, විප්‍රලබ්ධා, ප්‍රෝෂිතභාර්තෘකා සහ අභිසාරිකා ලෙස ය. මෙම නායිකාවන් ශෘංගාර රසය යටතේ තවත් ප්‍රභේද දෙකකට වර්ගීකරණය කෙරේ. එනම්, සම්භෝග (හමුවීමේ ප්‍රේමය) සහ විප්‍රලම්භය (වෙන්වීමේ ප්‍රේමය) ලෙස ය. මෙහි දී වාසකසජ්ජා, ස්වාධීනභාර්තෘකා සහ අභිසාරිකා නායිකාවන් සම්භෝගය හ සම්බන්ධ වන අතර, සෙසු නායිකාවෝ විප්‍රලම්භය හා සම්බන්ධ වෙත්.

ශෘංගාර ප්‍රකාශ ග්‍රන්ථය තුළ, භෝජයන් විවිධ නායක සහ නායිකාවන් සංගීත රාග සහ රාගිනී (ස්ත්‍රී රාග) සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කොට දක්වා ඇත. සෝමනාථයන්ගේ රාගවිබෝධ (1609) සහ දාමෝදරයන්ගේ සංගීතදර්පණ (1625 පමණ) තුළ ද මෙම ප්‍රවණතාව දක්නට ලැබේ.

වාසකසජ්ජා

Vasakasajja ("one dressed up for union") or Vasakasajjika is waiting for her lover returning from a long journey. She is depicted in her bed-chamber filled with lotus leaves and garlands. She is dressing herself for the union with her lover and "eager with expectation of love's pleasure". Her beauty is compared by Kesavadasa to Rati - the Hindu love goddess, waiting for her husband, the love god Kamadeva. A Vasakasajja sculpture is found in the Lakshmana Temple in Khajuraho and the National Museum, Delhi.

The Ragavibodha associates the raginis Bhupali and Todi with Vasakasajja.

විරහෝත්කණ්ඨිතා

Virahotkanthita ("One distressed by separation") or Utka (as described by Keshavadasa) is the distressed heroine pining for her lover, who, due to his preoccupation, fails to return home. She is depicted waiting for him, sitting or standing on a bed or out in the pavilion.

The Ragavibodha identifies the raginis Mukhari, Pauravi and Turushkatodi with the Virahotkanthita, while the Sangitadarpana names Patamanjari in this category.

ස්වාධීනභාර්තෘකා

Svadhinabhartruka ("one having her husband in subjection") or Svadhinapatika(as named by Keshavadasa) is the woman who is loved by her husband and controls him. He is subjugated by her intense love and pleasing qualities. He is devoted and faithful to her
 In paintings, this nayika is depicted with a nayaka, who applies mahawar on her feet or a vermilion tilak (mark) on her forehead. In Jayadeva's Gita Govinda as well as in the poem Kuru Yadunandana, Radha is portrayed as a Svadhinabhartruka. In the latter, Radha commands her lover, the god Krishna, to rearrange her makeup which is in disarray.

Many raginis like Malashri, Travanika, Ramakriti, Jaitashri and Purvi  are associated with Svadhinabhartruka.

කලහාන්තරිතා

Kalahantarita ("one separated by quarrel") or Abhisandhita (as named by Keshavadasa) is a heroine separated from her lover due to a fight or jealousy or her own arrogance. Her lover is usually depicted leaving her apartment disheartened, while she too becomes heartsick and repentant without him. In other portrayals, she is depicted refusing the advances of her lover or refusing a wine cup from him. In Gita Govinda, Radha is also portrayed as Kalahantarita in an instance.

ඛණ්ඩිතා

Khandita ("one enraged with her lover") is an enraged heroine, whose lover had promised her to spend the night with her, but instead comes to her house the next morning after spending the night with another woman. She is depicted offended, rebuking her lover for his infidelity.

In the Sangitadarpana, the ragini Varati represents the Khandita Nayika.

විප්‍රලබ්ධා

Vipralabdha ("one deceived by her lover"), is a deceived heroine, who waited for her lover the whole night. She is depicted throwing away her jewellery as her lover did not keep his promise. This happens when a lover meets a Khandita and promises a tryst and breaks his promise.

The Sangitadarpana associates Vipralabdha with the ragini Bhupali. However, the Ragavibodha presents the raginis Varati and Velavati as Vipralabdhas.

Proshitabhartruka

Proshitabhartruka ("one with a sojourning husband") or Proshitapatika (as named by Keshavadasa) is the woman whose husband has gone away from her for some business and does not return on the appointed day. She is depicted seated mourning, surrounded by her maids, but refusing to be consoled.

The Ragavibodha describes the raginis Dhanashri and Kamodi as Proshitabhartrukas.

Abhisarika

Abhisarika ("one who moves") is a heroine, who sets aside her modesty and moves out of her home to secretly meet her lover. She is depicted at the door of her house and on her way to the tryst, defying all kinds of difficulties like the storm, snakes and dangers of the forest. In art, Abhisarika is portrayed often in hurry towards her destination.

The raginis Bahuli and Saurashtri are described having the traits of the daring Abhisarika.

References

Literary concepts
Dance in India
Indian painting
Performing arts in India
Aesthetics

අෂ්ට නායිකාවෝ


Meiosis (von altgr. μείωσις, meíōsis, "Verminderung") bezeichnet:
 in der Biologie eine Form der Zellkernteilung, siehe Meiose
 in der Rhetorik eine Stilfigur, siehe Meiosis (Stilfigur)

Meiosis


Richard Timothy Morgan (July 12, 1952 – October 10, 2018) was a Republican member of the North Carolina House of Representatives representing the state's thirty-first and later fifty-second districts, including constituents in Moore County, for eight terms.

Biography
Morgan was born in Southern Pines, North Carolina. He graduated from Pinecrest High School and received his associate in arts degree from Sandhills Community College. In 1974, Morgan received his bachelor's degree in political science from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Morgan was an insurance broker and cattle farmer from Pinehurst, North Carolina.
Morgan died on October 10, 2018, at the age of 66, at Duke University Medical Center, in Durham, North Carolina.

Political career
Richard Morgan first ran as a Republican for the General Assembly in 1976 and 1980 and lost.  Morgan next ran as a Republican for state insurance commissioner in 1984 and lost. Morgan was elected as a Republican to the North Carolina House of Representatives, representing Moore County, in 1990, and was re-elected from 1992 through 2004.

In the 2002 elections, Republican won a 61- to 59-seat majority in the North Carolina House of Representatives, and the Republican caucus nominated Rep. Leo Daughtry to be Speaker of the state House. Richard Morgan, a member of the Republican caucus, announced he would oppose Daughtry and run for Speaker of the House himself. After another Republican, Rep. Michael Decker later switched to the Democratic Party, creating a 60–60 tie. Morgan  then led a Republican faction that agreed to form a coalition with the Democrats.  The coalition elected two "co-speakers" of the House for the first time in state history, for the North Carolina General Assembly of 2003-2004.  Speaker Jim Black, a Democrat, was called the "Democratic Speaker," and Morgan was called the "Republican Speaker."  A number of Republicans—but less than a majority of the Republican caucus—considered Morgan's actions tantamount to betraying his party.

Rep. Morgan was removed from the North Carolina Republican Party's executive committee in May 2004 for "party disloyalty." In the 2006 election he was defeated by a Republican opponent in the primary.

In 2008, Morgan ran for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction, losing to June Atkinson. In 2010, he ran for the State Senate but lost in the Republican primary to incumbent Harris Blake.

Electoral history

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

References

External links

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1952 births
2018 deaths
People from Pinehurst, North Carolina
People from Southern Pines, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Farmers from North Carolina
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Speakers of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives

Richard T. Morgan


Tresmonte steht für Ortsnamen in Spanien:
 den asturischen Namen von Trasmonte, eines Parroquia in der Gemeinde Las Regueras, siehe Trasmonte (Las Regueras)
 einen Weiler im Parroquia Tresona der Gemeinde Corvera

Tresmonte


Thomas Cave,  baronnet ( - ) de Stanford Hall, Leicestershire est un homme politique conservateur britannique qui siège à la Chambre des communes de 1711 à 1719.

Biographie

Cave est le fils aîné de Roger Cave,  baronnet et de sa première épouse Martha Browne, fille de John Browne d'Eydon, Northamptonshire. Il fait ses études à la Rugby School et s'inscrit à Christ Church, Oxford le 27 janvier 1699, à l'âge de 16 ans. Le 20 février 1703, Cave épouse Margaret Verney, fille cadette de John Verney (1er vicomte Fermanagh) à l'église St Giles's-in-the-Fields. Il succède à son père comme baronnet le 11 octobre 1703.

Cave est nommé sous-lieutenant du Northamptonshire en 1705. Il se présente avec succès dans le Leicestershire lors d'une élection partielle le 20 février 1711 et y est réélu sans opposition aux élections générales de 1713. Aux élections générales de 1715, il y a un scrutin pour le Leicestershire, mais le shérif refuse de faire un retour, affirmant qu'il y a eu une émeute. Deux mois plus tard, une nouvelle élection a lieu au cours de laquelle Cave est réélu dans un scrutin. Il représente la circonscription jusqu'à sa mort en 1719.

Cave meurt le 21 avril 1719 à l'âge de 38 ans, laissant de lourdes dettes et est enterré à Stanford, Northamptonshire. Il a deux fils et deux filles. Il est remplacé comme baronnet par ses fils Verney et Thomas Cave (5e baronnet) successivement.

Références

Deputy Lieutenant du Northamptonshire
Étudiant de Christ Church (Oxford)
Baronnet
Décès en avril 1719
Naissance en avril 1681

Thomas Cave (3e baronnet)


«Se me olvidó otra vez» es una canción y un sencillo de Juan Gabriel, de su cuarto álbum de estudio Juan Gabriel con el Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán en 1974. Maná lanzó la canción como sencillo y ganó un Grammy Latino. El 19 de junio de 1999 la canción debutó en el número 18 de los U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Tracks y después de 4 semanas el 17 de julio de 1999 alcanzó el número 5. Se mantuvo un total de 19 semanas.

Posiciones en la lista

Referencias

Sencillos de 1999
Canciones de Juan Gabriel
Canciones de Maná
Juan Gabriel
Canciones de 1974
Sencillos de 1975
Canciones en español
Canciones interpretadas por Chavela Vargas

Se me olvidó otra vez


بلدية سانتا يوفيميا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قرطبة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 982 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات قرطبة

سانتا يوفيميا (إسبانيا)


Charálambos Ánninos (en ), surnommé Bábis Ánninos, né à Argostóli le 6 septembre 1852 et mort le 23 mai 1934 à Athènes, est un journaliste, poète et auteur de théâtre grec.

Biographie
Il nait et grandit à Argostóli, sur l'île de Céphalonie. Il travaille d'abord comme commis à la douane jusqu'en 1870 puis déménage à Athènes pour travailler comme commis au bureau du procureur d'Athènes.

Il étudie en parallèle la littérature et reçoit une mention honorable au concours Voutsinéo pour son premier recueil de poésie « Aube » ().

Il devint plus tard greffier aux consulats de Rome et de Naples. Finalement, il retourne définitivement à Athènes et décide de devenir journaliste à temps plein en 1878. Il écrit ensuite dans plusieurs journaux (, ) et collabore avec des revues (forme littéraire du Parnasse, , Mensuel Illustré Iris) de l'époque. Il prend divers surnoms dont Habacuc, Hérode Atticus ou encore Strepsiade. Il est l'un des fondateurs et rédacteurs permanents du journal  et rédacteur en chef de I Kathimeriní.

En même temps, il est poète en vers et en proses. Il travaille également dans la traduction ou l'historiographie et écrit des essais. Il est majoritairement célèbre pour ses comédies au théâtre, tandis qu'il devient largement connu pour ses œuvres théâtrales joyeuses, comme « Un serviteur est recherché » ().

En 1897, il cosigne le rapport officiel des premiers Jeux olympiques modernes, les Jeux olympiques de 1896, avec Pierre de Coubertin,  et .

Charálambos Ánninos est un membre fondateur de l'Académie d'Athènes, cofondateur de la Société historique et ethnologique, président de la Société des écrivains dramatiques grecs et auteur de pièces populaires.

Selon les archives de la Grande Stoa des francs-maçons d'Athènes, Ánninos était membre de la Stoa de Pythagore.

Il est honoré pour sa contribution au domaine des lettres avec des prix et des distinctions telles que l'Ordre du Sauveur (1889), l'Excellence d'Or en Lettres et Arts (1914) et le Prix de l'Académie d'Athènes (1925).

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Anninos G., "Un centenaire (1852-1952) • Babis Anninos • Sa jeunesse", Nea Estia 52, année KSTI, 15/10/1952, n°607, p.1353-1356.
 Apostolopoulos NP, "Babis Anninos", Patris, 25/5/1934.
 Vellianitis Th., "Anninos Babis", Grande Encyclopédie grecque. Athènes, Torche, 1928.
 Kostiou Katerina, « Babis Anninos », (1880-1900), pp.176-192. Athènes, Sokolis, 1997.
 Nirvana Pavlos, "Babis Anninos", Estia, 24/5/1934.
 Xenopoulos Grigorios, "Babis Anninos", Nea Estia15, année HD, 1er/6/1934, n°179, p.514-515.
 Xenopoulos Grigorios, "Charalampis Anninos", Nea Estia15, volume 15/6/1934, n° 180, pp.
 Polemis Ioannis, "Nos auteurs : Babis Anninos", Panathinaikos, volume 15/05/1908, pp.69-70.
 Politis Fotos, "Babis Anninos", Proia, 25/5/1934 (maintenant également dans le volume Fotos * Politis • Sélection de son travail • Vingt ans de critiqueBD • 1927-1934. Athènes, Estia, 1938.
 Skipis Sotiris, "O Babis Anninos", Vradyni, 24/5/1934.
 Stamelos Dim., "Anninos Babis", Grande Encyclopédie de la littérature grecque moderne2. Athènes, Haris Patsis, ch. χ.
 Stergiopoulos Costas, "Anninos Babis", Encyclopédie Papyrus - Larus - Britannica9. Athènes, 1981.
 "Anninos Babis", Dictionnaire biographique mondial. Athènes, Maison d'édition d'Athènes, 1983.
 Kyriaki Petrakou, "Babis Anninos as a dramaturge", Kefallinian Chronicles 9 (1999-2002), Argostoli 2003, pp. 343-356 et dans le volume Theatrological Miscellanea, Diavlos, Athènes 2004, pp. 49-70.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance à Céphalonie
Naissance en septembre 1852
Décès en mai 1934
Décès à 81 ans
Décès à Athènes
Dramaturge grec moderne
Journaliste grec du XIXe siècle
Journaliste grec du XXe siècle

Charálambos Ánninos


PJSC Sberbank (, initially a contraction of ) is a Russian majority state-owned banking and financial services company headquartered in Moscow. It was called Sberbank of Russia until 2015 (currently: Sber). Sberbank has operations in several European nations, primarily post-Soviet countries.

By 2022, the bank accounted for about a third of all bank assets in Russia. The bank's rise since 1990s is in part due to its close connections to the Russian government. Sberbank has 87 branches and 1 representative office in 79 regions of Russia and 2 foreign countries.  it was the largest bank in Russia and Eastern Europe, and the third largest in Europe, ranked 60th in the world and first in central and Eastern Europe in The Bankers Top 1000 World Banks ranking. In the world ranking of public companies Forbes "Global 2000" Sberbank takes 51st place.

History

Early history
Sberbank's history goes back to Cancrin's financial reform of 1841, when a network of the first state-owned savings banks was created in Russian Empire. By the end of the 19th century, the network reached almost 4 thousand outlets with over 2 million depositors.

Since 1905, savings bank outlets became authorised to sell insurance. After 1910, savings banks started subsidising credit cooperation institutions and extending loans to small lenders. In 1915, savings bank outlets started accepting government securities for depositing.

1917 - 1991: Soviet savings banks system
After the October Revolution of 1917, the state savings banks system continued its activity and growth under the management of the Finance Ministry of the USSR as the State Labour Savings Banks System. From 1926, the saving bank outlets were used to pay wages to blue- and white-collar workers. The savings banks were used to distribute state lottery tickets and for the placement of state bonds with the population. The savings banks introduced wider services such as money transfers.

By late 1980s, the Soviet savings bank system had almost 80 thousand branches. As part of Perestroika reforms, in 1987 the savings bank outlets are reorganised into the Savings Bank of the USSR. Within the Savings bank of the USSR, separate savings banks were created in the Soviet Republics. Following the dissolution of the USSR, the former republican savings banks became state savings banks of the newly independent post-Soviet states.

In 1991, the Savings bank of the RSFSR has been reorganised into the Joint-Stock Commercial Savings Bank of the Russian Federation (Sberbank of Russia).

1992 - 2013: Sberbank of Russia
In post-Soviet Russia, Sberbank is the largest universal bank despite growing competition from private and other state-owned commercial banks. The bank has gradually expanded its international presence.

Since 2007, Sberbank is led by former economy minister Herman Gref who is a very close friend of Vladimir Putin.

 2011 Volksbank International acquisition
In 2011, Sberbank acquired Volksbank International AG from its shareholders Österreichische Volksbanken AG, BPCE, DZ Bank and WGZ Bank. The deal included all Volksbank assets - banks in Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Ukraine, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, except for Volksbank Romania. The agreed price was €585 to €645 million, depending on Volksbank business performance in 2011. Volksbank's total assets excluding Romania was €9.4 billion in June 2011. On 16 December 2013, Volksbank (Ukraine), which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Sberbank, changed its name to  ().

 2012 Denizbank acquisition
In June 2012 Sberbank bought the Turkish DenizBank for Turkish lira 6,469 billion (about EUR 2,821 billion or US$3.504 billion) from the lender Dexia, which in 2011 was "partly nationalized by the governments of France, Belgium and Luxembourg". The deal included DenizBank subsidiaries in Turkey, Austria and Russia.

2014 - 2017 sanctions
After the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by Russia in 2014, the Obama administration imposed targeted sanctions on 12 September 2014, through the US Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) by adding Sberbank and other entities to the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI) List. This was done in concert with 31 July 2014 addition of Sberbank to the European Union sanctions list. Sanctions consist of access restriction to the EU and US capital markets. After announcement of the sanctions, and by the end of July, Sberbank's market value had dropped the most market value among the world's major lenders plus investors moved $22 billion from Sberbank's market capitalization. Still, during the following year Sberbank's share price grew back 89%. Sberbank together with other Russian banks filed claims with the highest EU court to lift the punitive economic measures.

On 27 August 2014, Switzerland imposed sanctions on Sberbank and other Russian financial institutions.

On 22 December 2015, the United States imposed additional sanctions on Sberbank and its subsidiaries.

On 17 October 2016, Ukraine imposed sanctions against Sberbank Russia, Sberbank Leasing, and their payment systems Kolibri (Hummingbird), formerly Blitz ().

On 15 March 2017, the president of Ukraine imposed sanctions on Sberbank (and other Russian state-owned banks operating in Ukraine: VTB Bank, BM Bank, Prominvestbank, and VS Bank ()) as part of its continued sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea and involvement in the war in Donbas.

2016 - 2021

 Credit cards - both issuer and payment
As of May 2016, Sberbank dominated the card payments business in Russia with over 61% of the market. Sberbank's competitors in the card business are VTB Bank, Alfa-Bank, Tinkoff Bank, and Gazprombank which combined only had a 29% of the card business market.

 2017 Sale of VS Bank to Tihipko
In December 2017, due to sanctions, Sberbank sold its Ukrainian subsidiary, VS Bank () to Ukrainian businessman Serhiy Tihipko.

2022 - 2023 sanctions
On 24 February 2022, as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, US president Joe Biden announced sanctions against additional Russian individuals and companies, including new restrictions on Sberbank's operations, after which Sberbank's stock lost more than half of its value.

On 25 February 2022 the banking licence of Sberbank in Ukraine was revoked.

On 28 February 2022, Sberbank Europe was facing bankruptcy as a consequence of the sanctions. Deutsche Börse suspended trading of Sberbank stock. Two days later, Sberbank Europe declared that it was leaving the European market.

Visa and Mastercard suspended their activities in Russia at the beginning of March 2022. Cards of these systems issued by Russian banks no longer worked outside of Russia, and all Visa cards issued outside of Russia no longer work within Russia.

On 1 April 2022 Sberbank CIB (UK) Limited went into Administration. The affairs of Sberbank CIB USA, Inc were also placed into wound down from April 2022.

In April 2022, Apple and Google removed Sberbank mobile apps from their stores. The Android application can be downloaded from the bank's website, but iPhone users did not have this option. In August, the SBOL application appeared in the App Store. It does not formally belong to Sber, but it fully reproduces the functionality of the removed application. A week later, this app was also removed from App Store. Deputy Chairman of the Board of Sberbank Stanislav Kuznetsov, speaking at the Eastern Economic Forum, spoke about new applications allegedly distributed on behalf of Sberbank. According to him, all new applications on the AppStore hosted by Sberbank have nothing in common with it. Kuznetsov noted that these are programs for fraudsters to remotely access a smartphone to steal passwords and bank card numbers.

In July 2022 the EU imposed sanctions on Sberbank in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Sberbank Switzerland was sold in September 2022 to m3 Groupe Holding SA and will trade as TradeXBank AG in future.

On 15 December 2022 Sberbank Europe AG banking licence lapsed and can no longer trade. On 29 December 2022 Sberbank CIB (UK) Ltd and SIB (Cyprus) Limited were removed as member firms of the London Stock Exchange

Sberbank will be closing its office in the UAE in 2023 as a result of sanctions pressure.

Sanctioned by New Zealand in 2022.

On June 16, 2023, Sberbank announced that it had sold the Austrian bank Sber Vermögensverwaltungs AG in Abwicklung (formerly Sberbank Europe AG) to an unnamed Austrian company. It was the last subsidiary of Sberbank in Europe.

On August 23, 2023 Kazakh financial holding Baiterek announced buying of Kazakhstani Sberbank subsidiary.

Rebranding 2020 and "ecosystem"
In 2020, Sberbank undertook a rebranding. In addition to changing the logo and legalizing the reduction "Sber", the company announced the transformation of the bank into an "ecosystem".
Sberbank decided to become "more than a bank" and began to develop various services, mainly digital: online cinema (Okko), music (SberSound), food delivery (SberMarket), cloud storage (SberDisk), taxi (Citymobil).

Initially, the "ecosystem" was built in partnership with the large Internet holding Mail.ru Group, for which a joint venture O2O (online-to-offline) Holding was created with a capital of about 100 billion rubles. However, in the spring of 2021, the parties decided to end cooperation due to disagreements over management methods and corporate culture.

Another component of the "ecosystem" is pharmacies. Having launched an online service, Sber Eapteka (e-drugstore), Sber soon decided to expand the business and open pharmacies in its own branches. It is assumed that purchases there will be more profitable due to targeted packaging of drugs, as well as the production of its own generics.

In the summer of 2021, Sberbank announced the implementation of the Sabbatical practice. Employees are allowed to take unpaid leave of up to a year - with the retention of their jobs (although this requires the consent of the immediate supervisor). It is also allowed to work remotely for three months a year.

Ownership
The majority shareholder of Sberbank is the Russian National Wealth Fund managed by the Government of Russia (until 2020 the Central Bank of the Russian Federation), owning 50%+1 voting share of Sberbank's voting shares. The rest of the shares are dispersed among portfolio, private and other investors.

Russia's central bank cannot sell its stake without a change in Russia's laws.

Management
The president and chief executive officer is Herman Gref, confirmed by the board of directors on 16 October 2007.

Sergei Gorkov joined Sberbank in November 2008 eventually becoming the head of the international operations and the senior vice chairman of the board from 10 October 2010, until 26 February 2016, when he left Sberbank to become the Chairman of Vnesheconombank (VEB). He greatly expanded Sberbank from operations in only two foreign countries, Kazakhstan (2006) and Ukraine (December 2007), to over twenty countries including Belarus (2009), Germany (2009), China (2010), India (September 2010), Switzerland (31 December 2011), Austria (acquisition of Volksbank International AG on 15 February 2012; changed name to Sberbank Europe AG on 1 November 2012, with locations in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia, Ukraine, and Germany), Bosnia-Herzegovina (20 February 2013), Hungary (31 December 2011; 1 November 2013, as Sberbank Hungary Ltd), Croatia (February 2012), Czech Republic (20 February 2013), Slovenia (28 January 2013), Serbia (24 December 2012), Slovakia (15 February 2013), and Turkey (acquisition of DenizBank in September 2012). Following Gorkov's departure, Svetlana Alekseyevna Sagaydak () became the new Senior Vice Chairman of the Board.

The chairman of the supervisory board of Sberbank (since April 2021) is Anton Siluanov, Minister of Finance of Russia.

Formerly from 2003 to 2013 the head of RIA Novosti and from 2006 to 2016 its editor in chief, Svetlana Mironyuk is a vice-president and the head of marketing and communications since 1 February 2016.

In February 2022, Sverbank announced foundation of its own e-commerce holding, headed by its former top-manager Lev Khasis but in a week on Feb 22,2022 he left Sberbank.

Operations

As of 2015 the bank had about 16,500 offices with over 250,000 employees. According to own estimates, the bank had over 137 million retail clients and over 1.1 million corporate clients in its 22 countries of presence.

As of August 2015 it accounted for 28.6% of aggregate banking assets, calling itself "the circulatory system of the Russian economy","key lender to the Russian economy and the biggest receiver of deposits".

Within Russia, Sberbank is structured into several regional divisions (territorial banks):

International presence

The 19 August 2021 Supreme Court of Ukraine ruling forbids the daughter of the Russian Sberbank in Ukraine to use the trademark "Sberbank" since it ruled that Oschadbank is the sole legal owner of the trademark "Sberbank" in Ukraine.

In November 2021, aiming to focus on priority markets, Sberbank Europe AG sold associated banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sberbank a.d. Banja LuKa and Sberbank BH d.d. Sarajevo), in Croatia (Sberbank d.d.), in Hungary (Sberbank Magyarorszag Zrt.), in Serbia (Sberbank Srbija a.d. Beograd) and in Slovenia (Sberbank banka d.d.) to Serbian MK Group for about 500 million Euros.

In the fall of 2023, Sberbank announced the opening of a branch in China. Also, to work with Chinese clients in the Russian border territories, the bank registered the trademark Сбер银行.

In October 2023, Sberbank launched a line of Islamic finance products: the Adafa interest-free card and the Amana account, which complies with the AAOIFI standard. Products are available in nine regions of Russia, including Moscow, Tatarstan and Chechnya.

Sponsorship

Sberbank sponsors sports and charity events in various regions of Russia, as well as educational projects including projects developing financial literacy.

Controversies

Savings freezing

Sberbank is the successor of Soviet Saving Banks (as it name implies), whose assets belonged to the state. During Russia's transition to a market economy in the 1990s, in which these assets were sold, Sberbank provided no guarantee for citizens' deposits. This resulted in a landslide depreciation, which in turn led to severe discontent among the Russian population. Since 1996, partial compensation for investors' losses has been offered. However, until 2003 this only applied to state-owned banks such as Sberbank, giving them an unfair advantage over fully private banks.

The law of 1995 assumed that in 2003 the repayment of debts to the population would begin, taking into account the real value of the ruble at the current moment. However, for 20 years, the start of payments was regularly postponed. As of 2022, the full repayment of the debt would cost the state almost 200 trillion rubles. In the fall of 2022, the government introduced a bill on a new delay - until 2026.

Low level of service in the early 2000s
In the early 2000s, Sberbank was repeatedly blamed for poor service. In subsequent years, Sberbank introduced new services and improved the quality of some of its existing ones. By the mid-2010s, the bank was reportedly among the market leaders with regards to quality of client services, such as services for retail depositors, premium services and several others.

Laundering stolen money accusations, Prevezon Holdings

Sergei Leonidovich Magnitsky accused numerous persons and entities of laundering stolen money in tax fraud in a  in Russia. Owned by Denis Katsyv, Prevezon Holdings, represented by Natalia Vladimirovna Veselnitskaya and Louis Freeh, paid $6 million to resolve the claim without admitting any crime which subsequently led to all charges being dropped by the Justice Department in the summer of 2017.

Pavlovgranite case
In United States court, Sergey P. Poymanov (), a Voronezh-based businessman, sued Sberbank, several of its subsidiaries and executives, and a business rival for $750 million, claiming that a valuable granite gravel quarry he owned was illegally bankrupted and seized by the bank in a corporate raid in 2012. Sberbank says it took the quarry as collateral after Mr. Poymanov failed to repay a loan. Sberbank is retaining Marc Kasowitz for this court case.

In January 2017 Herman Gref, a bank chief executive, has personally commented on Poymanov case, referring to the latter as a "fraudster" and accusing him of not paying loands and debts, and that Poymanov is charged with a felony. He said that Poymanov "extracted" a lot of money out of the company and that he was offered with a restructuring of his loans but allegedly refused.

Poymanov was subsequently charged with a bunch of misdemeanors and arrested on May 24, 2017, by Russian police who then subjected him to harsh pretrial detention at a notoriously rough Moscow jail, Matrosskaya Tishina, which is the same jail where Magnitsky died. He was charged with alleged embezzlement of company's money amounting to almost 1 billion rubles (about $13 billion) as a part of Bankruptcy fraud.

Ukrainian sanctions and vandalism of Sberbank property

In April 2014, several Ukrainian officials accused Sberbank of funding the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, including alleged terrorism. The bank denied any involvement in the financing of illegal activities on Ukrainian territory, which was later confirmed by an examination carried out by the National Bank of Ukraine.

"It is another instance of aggressive nationalism of neo-Nazi dogma that is gathering momentum in Ukraine and obviously enjoys support of official authorities of the country," the Russian foreign ministry stated.

15 March 2017, the president of Ukraine imposed sanctions on Sberbank (and other Russian state-owned banks operating in Ukraine: VTB Bank, BM Bank, Prominvestbank, and  ()) as part of its continued sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea and involvement in the war in Donbas. Since then, Sberbank's Ukrainian subsidiary, VS Bank (), has been put on sale. But  it has been unsuccessfully trying to sell the asset after the National Bank of Ukraine blocked the sale of the bank due to a "failure to provide the necessary and sufficient documents to carry out checks on the investors in compliance with Ukrainian law." In 2017 Sberbank was reported to be waiting for approval from the National Bank of Ukraine to sell its Ukrainian subsidiaries. "Everything is prepared on our side. The question is whether we will be given a permission to sell or not by Ukrainian authorities," Herman Gref who is the chairman of Sberbank said on the World Economic Forum held in Davos in January 2018. On 13 December 2017, Sberbank sold another subsidiary, VS Bank (), to a Ukrainian banker, former PrivatBank chairman Serhiy Tihipko.

Troika Laundromat accusation in Lithuania

In March 2019, the Troika Laundromat was exposed as an international money laundering network involving the Troika Dialog which is an investment bank that has been merged with the Sberbank's subsidiary Sberbank CIB.

2019 data breach
In October 2019, it was revealed that analysts from cybersecurity firm DeviceLock had shared information about a large Sberbank data breach with the newspaper, the Kommersant. The personal information of up to 60 million Sberbank credit cards had been offered for sale on the black market. It was the largest data breach to have taken place in Russian banking.

See also

 Banking in Russia
 Sberkassa
 VTB Bank

Explanatory notes

References

External links

 Sberbank BIC Codes

1841 establishments in the Russian Empire
Banks established in 1841
Banks of Russia
Banks of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow
Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange
Government-owned banks
Government-owned companies of Russia
Russian brands
Russian entities subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Soviet brands

Sberbank


Mozzarella de búfala campana es un queso mozzarella, elaborado a base de leche de la hembra del búfalo de agua (Bubalus bubalis), con Denominación de Origen Protegida de la región italiana de Campania.

Áreas de producción
Adicionalmente a Italia, país de su nacimiento, el mozzarella di bufala campana (en italiano) se elabora en muchas otras naciones. Existen productores de este queso en Argentina, Suiza, Estados Unidos, Australia, México, Chile, Brasil, Canadá, Venezuela, Reino Unido, Colombia, Tailandia, Egipto, India y Sudáfrica, donde todos usan leche de rebaños –propios– de estos bóvidos.

Algunos científicos creen que en Italia y en Bulgaria existen los mejores especímenes de las búfalas lecheras mencionadas.

En Italia, el queso se produce en regiones en un rango desde Roma (en Lazio), hasta Paestum, (cerca de Salerno) (en Campania). Además existe un área de producción cerca de Foggia, Puglia.
Mozzarella di bufala es una industria muy importante en Italia.

"Italia… es la casa de una industria de 300 millones de euros al año… Italia produce alrededor de 33 000 toneladas de su marca registrada Mozzarella di bufala campana cada año, con 16% de ventas en el extranjero, principalmente en la Unión Europea. Francia y Alemania son los principales importadores, pero las ventas se han expandido a Japón y Rusia."

Mozzarella di búfala campana
El mozzarella de búfala de Campania está garantizado por la marca registrada "Mozzarella di bufala campana". En 1993 le fue concedida la denominación de origen controlada (DOC, por sus siglas del italiano Denominazione di origine controllata). En 1996 la marca recibió el número de registro 1107/96, y en 2008 la Unión Europea le otorgó el status de Estado Geográfico Protegido e indicador DOP (denominación de origen protegida). A nivel internacional, cuenta con registro como denominación de origen, conforme al Sistema de Lisboa, ante la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual, desde el 5 de mayo de 2014. Su principal característica es que se realiza íntegramente con leche de búfala de la Campania y la zona del bajo Lazio.

El Consorzio per la Tutela del Chezzo di Bufala Campana (Consorcio de la Protección del Queso de Búfala de Campania) es una organización de aproximadamente 200 productores, que, bajo la ley italiana, es responsable de "protección, vigilancia, promoción y mercadeo" del producto referido.

Entre los tantos quesos italianos dotados de estatus DOP, figuran el gorgonzola, el parmigiano-reggiano y el asiago.

Historia en Italia
La historia del búfalo de agua en Italia no está claramente establecida. Una teoría es que, durante las migraciones a principios del periodo medieval, lo introdujeron godos provenientes de Asia. Sin embargo, según el Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Mozzarella di Bufala Campana, la "hipótesis más aceptada" es que, el año 1000 d. C., normandos de Sicilia lo llevaron a Italia, donde árabes lo habrían introducido.

Como posible surgimiento de esta especie en Italia, el Consorzio per la Tutela… también se refiere a descubrimiento de fósiles del búfalo de agua prehistórico Bubalus murrensis. Adicionalmente, en una cuarta teoría se establece que árabes introdujeron estos grandes bóvidos, desde Mesopotamia hacia el noreste y, posteriormente, peregrinos y cruzados los llevaron a Europa.

"En tiempos antiguos, el búfalo era visiblemente normal en el campo, pues era de gran uso como animal de tiro en el arado de terrenos compactos y acuosos, esto gracias a su fuerza y el tamaño de sus pezuñas, las cuales no se hundían demasiado en tierra húmeda."

Al inicio del siglo XII comenzaron a surgir por primera vez referencias de productos hechos de leche de búfala de agua. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, la producción del mozzarella de búfala comenzó a expandirse por todo el sur de Italia, siendo que antes se producía en muy pequeñas cantidades.

"La producción en Nápoles y en sus pueblos cercanos fue brevemente interrumpida durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando los nazis de repliegue arruinaron el área de los rebaños, pero se reanudó unos años después de la firma del armisticio."

Etapas de producción

"La riqueza de la leche de búfala hace su procedimiento demasiado conveniente. Para producir un kilogramo de queso, un procesador de lácteos necesita de 8 kg de leche de vaca, pero sólo 5 kg de leche de búfala. La producción de un kilogramo de mantequilla requiere 14 kg de leche de vaca, mas sólo 10 kg de leche de búfala. Gracias a estos altos rendimientos, procesadores de lácteos aprecian el valor de la leche de búfala."

Los pasos requeridos para producir mozzarella de búfala campana son los siguientes:

 Almacenamiento de la leche, sin pasteurizar, en contenedores grandes de acero
 Calefacción de la leche: tratamiento térmico a la leche, después vertido en un separador de crema
 Coagulación, mediante inducción de suero natural de la leche
 Maduración de la nata. Esta reposa en tinas, de tal modo que se reduzca el proceso de acidificación y alcance un pH de 4.95
 Centrifugación. En la nata se vierte agua caliente, para suavizarla y obtener la pasta filata
 Configuración, con máquinas moldeadoras especiales
 Enfriamiento, mediante inmersión en agua fría
 Encurtido, por inmersión en tinas encurtidoras que contienen el suero original
 Embalaje

Nutrición
El sistema digestivo de los búfalos de agua les permite convertir una baja cantidad de vegetación en leche de buena calidad, la cual, gracias a su elevado porcentaje de sólidos, le provee más altos niveles de proteína, grasa y minerales que la leche de vaca.

Contenidos por cada 100 g:

 Proteínas: 3.72 a 4.2%1
 Grasa: 7.5%1
 Vitamina A: 0.15 mg
 Vitamina B: 0.003 mg
 Vitamina B1:  0.3 mg
 Calcio: 169 mg1
 Fósforo: 380 mg
 Sodio: 0.4 mg
 Hierro: 0.7 mg
 Energéticos: 270 kcal

1Fuente: National Dairy Council, 1993.

Maridaje
Generalmente, el queso de búfala se disfruta con pasta, calzone (masa de pan rellena de huevo revuelto, jamón y queso, al horno), vegetales, ensaladas, en pizza (de preferencia con queso de búfala de consistencia menos húmeda), en pan asado a la parrilla, o simplemente acompañado con aceite de oliva.

Véase también
 Fior di latte
Mozzarella

Notas y referencias

Quesos con denominación de origen de Italia
Gastronomía de Campania

Mozzarella de búfala campana


Ammerud Station (Ammerud stasjon) er en metrostation på Grorudbanen på T-banen i Oslo. Vest for stationen går banen i tunnel under stationsbygningen og Ammerudveien i retning mod Kalbakken, mens den mod øst i retning mod Grorud går over jorden.

Stationen er en de klassiske i funkisstil. I lighed med en række andre stationer er stationsbygningen blevet benyttet som kiosk. Umiddelbart ved stationen ligger der stoppesteder for flere buslinjer. 200 meter derfra ligger Groruds bydelsadministration og flere fødevarebutikker. Stationen ligger 900 meter fra parkeringspladsen for Lillomarka og skovvej/skiløjpe til Lilloseter. 300 meter mod vest ligger Rødtvedt kirke. Videre mod vest, ved Lillomarka, ligger Apalløkka skole, og 500 meter mod nord ad Ammerudveien ligger Ammerud skole.

Eksterne henvisninger

T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1966

Ammerud Station


Als Nordheide werden – in unterschiedlichen Zusammenhängen verschiedene – Landschaftsteile im Norden der Lüneburger Heide bezeichnet.

Allgemein wird die Region im Nordwesten der Lüneburger Heide südlich von Hamburg als Nordheide bezeichnet. Dazu gehören unter anderem auch nördlich gelegene Teile des Naturraums Hohe Heide.

In der Touristikbranche wird der Landkreis Harburg in der Metropolregion Hamburg, der größtenteils in dieser Region liegt, als Nordheide vermarktet. Seine größte Stadt Buchholz in der Nordheide gehört ebenfalls zur Hohen Heide.

In der naturräumlichen Gliederung werden die Haupteinheiten 643 (Uelzener und Bevenser Becken mit 716 km²) und 644 (Luheheide mit 653 km²) zusammenfassend als Nordheide benannt.

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Lüneburger Heide)

Nordheide


Drummond-Hay ist ein englischer Familienname.

Namensträger
 Anneli Drummond-Hay, (* 1937) schottische Reiterin und Trainerin
 Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay (1895–1946), britische Journalistin und die erste Frau, die in einem Luftschiff die Erde umrundete
 Henry Maurice Drummond-Hay (1814–1896), schottischer Vogelkundler und Ichthyologe

Familienname
Englischer Personenname

Drummond-Hay