Île Frégate je mali, nenaseljeni otok u Karipskom moru smješten kraj sjeverne obale Saint Barthélemyja, prekomorske zajednice Francuske. Île Frégate nalazi se unutar rezervata prirode Svetog Bartolomeja koji je osnovan 1996. s ciljem očuvanja koraljnih grebena, morske trave i morskog života.

Geografija
Île Frégate je nenaseljeni zaljev na Karibima. Smješten sjeverno od Saint Barthélemyja, jedan je od njegovih satelitskih otoka. Zbog svog oblika, Île Frégate je opisan kao "otočići blizanci". Drugi je najsjeveroistočniji u nizu otoka, a nalazi se između Île Chevreau i Île Toc Vers. Île Fregate nalazi se 1.1 km zapadno od Île Toc Versa, "šiljastog otočića". Prema plovidbenim informacijama, treba izbjegavati plovidbu kroz kanal između dva otočića. Île Frégate nalazi se unutar Réserve naturelle nationale de Saint-Barthélemy, koji također uključuje Gros Îlets i Pain de Sucre; vode koje okružuju otočiće Fourchue i Île Toc Vers; i dio zaljeva Colombier. Smješten na privjetrinoj strani morskog rezervata, poznat je po morskom životu koji se može promatrati tijekom ronjenja.

Flora i fauna

Visoki otočić karakterizira travnata i žbunasta flora. Njegovo zaštićeno područje je 1,200 hektara. Ptičji život na otoku uključuje koloniju fregata, iako je znatno smanjena zbog uklanjanja ptičjih jaja. Prema Međunarodnoj uniji za očuvanje prirode, Iguana delicatissima ili Mala antilska zelena iguana i zapadnoindijska iguana pronađene su na Île Frégate. Sphaerodactylus sputator (Leeward Banded Sphaero) zabilježen je na otoku 2012.

Izvori

Bibliografija

Otoci Svetog Bartolomeja

Île Frégate


أبو شعيب بن عبد الرحمن الدكالي الصديقي، (ولد عام 1295 هـ / 1878م - توفي 1356 هـ / 1937م) فقيه محدث مغربي، من آخر حفاظ المغرب ومحدثيه. تولى وظائف دينية بارزة، كالخطابة في الحرم المكي، والإفتاء في المذاهب الأربعة، وألقى دروسا بالأزهر بمصر وبجامع الزيتونة بتونس، كما تولى وزارة العدل في المغرب. تتلمذ على يديه جيل من العلماء والمفكرين المغاربة الذين أسهموا في بناء المغرب الحديث. نظرا لهذه الدرجة العلمية العالية أحرز الرياسة العلمية في الدروس السلطانية بالقصر الملكي على عهد السلطان عبد الحفيظ بن الحسن، والسلطان يوسف بن الحسن، والعاهل محمد الخامس الذي ظل في كنفه إلى أن وافته المنية.

نشأته
ولد في قرية الصديقات بنواحي منطقة الغربية إحدى بوادي جهة دكالة. من قبيلة أولاد عمرو، إحدى قبائل بني هلال العربية.

مسيرته
تلقى أبو شعيب الدكالي تعليمه الأولي بمسقط رأسه، على يد شيوخ وعلماء القبيلة وعلمائها من أمثال العلامة ابن عزوز، والعلامة محمد الصديقي، ومحمد الطاهر الصديقي وغيرهم. انتقل إلى الريف حيث زاول بها دروس الفقه والحديث والقراءات. وفي سنة 1315 هـ رحل إلى مصر فمكث بها مدة طويلة وأخذ فيها العلم عن علماء الأزهر مثل: شيخ الإسلام سليم البشرى، والعلامة الشيخ محمد بخيت، والشيخ محمد محمود الشنجيطي اللغوي الشهير، والشيخ أحمد الرفاعي وغيرهم كثير. وبعد ذلك قصد مكة المكرمة طلبا للعلم والمعرفة، ودرس على يد جل علمائه، وأجازه عدد كبير من شيوخ العلم من البلاد العربية كاليمن والعراق والشام إضافة إلى بعض علماء الهند. حظي عند أمير مكة، خلال هذه الفترة، بالحظوة الحسنة فأكرمه وبالغ في احترامه وتعظيمه، وقدمه في مجالس العلماء، وولاه بعض الوظائف الدينية، كالخطابة في الحرم المكي، والإفتاء في المذاهب الأربعة.

في سنة 1325 هـ ـ 1907 م عاد إلى أرض الوطن واستقر بمدينة فاس، وقربه السلطان عبد الحفيظ بن الحسن، وتهافت عليه علماء فاس وطلبتها وأعيانها. في هذه الفترة أعلن مواجهته البدع ومقاومة الخرافات ونصر السنة. في سنة 1328 هـ أرسله المولى عبد الحفيظ إلى مكة لاقتناء أملاك تحبس على الحرمين ثم عاد إلى المغرب في السنة الموالية 1329 هـ وقد بزغ نجمه وذاع صيته في كل البلاد العربية، فولاه قضاء مراكش، واشتهر بالنزاهة والعدل. في سنة 1330 هـ تم تعيينه وزيرا للعدل والمعارف. وفي سنة 1342 هـ ـ 1932 م قدم استعفاءه لأسباب صحية فمنح إذ ذاك اعترافا له بالجهود التي بذلها في مهامه؛ لقب «وزير شرفي».

قال عنه ابن سودة : (آخر من رأينا على طريق الحفاظ المتقدمين، الذين بلغنا وصفهم، ولولا أني رأيته يملي، لداخلني الشك في وصفهم)
وكان من كبار دعاة السلفية

تلاميذه
 العلامة المختار السوسي
 الفقيه علال الفاسي
 محمد بن العربي العلوي

المصادر

أعضاء هيئة تدريس المدرسة المولوية
خريجو جامعة الأزهر
سلفيون مغاربة
علماء دين سنة مغاربة
فقهاء مغاربة
مواليد 1295 هـ
مواليد 1878
وزراء عدل مغاربة
وفيات 1354 هـ
وفيات 1356 هـ
وفيات 1937
وفيات بعمر 58

أبو شعيب الدكالي


AN-24 RV Antonov (Çin'de Yunshuji Y-7)(Nato kod adıyla "Coke") Rusya yapısı, iki turboprop motorlu AN-24'ler kabin tazyikli her havada görev yapabilecek tesçhizatla donatılmış, gövdesi metalden yapılmış 52 koltuk kapasiteli bir yolcu/yük ulaştırma uçağıdır.

Genel Bilgi
Uçağın imalatı SSCB'de 1977 senesinde durdurulmuş olmasına rağmen Çin'de Y-7 olarak üretime devam edilmektedir.
Ototpilot-Radar-DME-MARKER-ADF-Radyao Altımetresi gibi seyrüsefer cihazları ile VHF muhabere sistemine ve uçuş rota kaydedicisine sahip uçaklar her türlü hava şartında uçmaktadırlar.

Teknik özellikler

AN-24

 Mürettebat=3-4
 Yolcu kapasite=52
 Uzunluk=23,53 m
 Kanat açıklığı=29,20 m
 Yükseklik=8,32 m
 Yüzey alanı=75 m²
 Boş ağırlık=13,300 kg
 Yüklenmiş ağırlık=18,800 kg
 Azami kalkış ağırlığı=21,000 kg
 Kabin hacmi: 56 m³
 Motor= 2× Ivchenko AI-24A turboprops, 2,820 BG (2,100 kW)
 Azami hız=500 km/s
 Menzil=550 km - 2440 km
 Tavan İrtifası=4000–6000 m
 Kalkış Mezafesi=1248
 Iniş Mesafesi=620

Kullanan ülkeler

Askeri

Nakliye uçakları
Antonov uçakları
Yüksek kanatlı uçaklar
Çift motorlu turboprop hava araçları
Piston motorlu uçaklar
İlk uçuşunu 1959'da yapan hava araçları

Antonov An-24


خضاري عظاءة شائعة بأفريقيا وبخاصة في الحدائق وشواطئ الأنهار، أكثر العظاءات انتشاراً بمصر خضراء، عليها خمسة خطوط صفر، آكلة حشرات. ويطلق اسم الخضاري أيضاً على نوع من البط.

حيوانات إفريقيا

خضاري


Dorit Shiloh (parfois écrit Shilo), née le  à Tel Aviv, est écrivaine, traductrice et critique littéraire franco-israélienne. Le , Dorit Shiloh est naturalisée française par décret « pour son aide au rayonnement de la culture française en Israël ».

Biographie
Dorit Shiloh est née à Tel Aviv. Sa mère est née à Bucarest de parents rescapés de la Shoah. Son père est né à Jérusalem d'une famille d'origine syrienne. De 1996 à 2011, elle a vécu en France où elle rédigeait sa thèse de doctorat et enseignait dans diverses universités, dont l'École normale supérieure de Lyon, Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (Inalco), le Centre national d'enseignement à distance (CNED), où elle a également rédigé des manuels d'enseignements de l'hébreu, et la Sorbonne–Paris I.

Diplômée d'une licence d'histoire de l'université de Tel Aviv, Dorit Shiloh possède également un DEA d'histoire moderne de la Sorbonne-Paris IV. Sa recherche portait sur l'historiographie française au XVIII siècle, notamment sur la contribution de Nicolas Frérét de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. Sa thèse de doctorat de l'Inalco (avec les félicitations du jury) portait également sur l'historiographie, notamment sur l'usage fait de l'histoire par le roman historique écrit pour la jeunesse en tant qu'outil didactique pour la transmission de messages nationalistes.

De nos jours, Dorit Shiloh est traductrice littéraire du français vers l'hébreu. Entre autres œuvres, elle a traduit Gros-Câlin de Romain Gary/Émile Ajar, devenue en Israël un succès de librairie. Elle enseigne la littérature française et la traduction à l'université de Tel Aviv et à Institut français d'Israël. Spécialiste de la traduction de l'hébreu ancien vers le français, elle enseigne également à l'université d'été en langues de l'Orient, organisée par l'université de Lausanne, en partenariat avec Venice International University.

Dorit Shiloh est la traductrice officielle de l'ambassade de France en Israël. Elle habite actuellement à Jaffa.

Activité littéraire
Shiloh publie régulièrement de nombreux essais et critiques littéraires dans le supplément littéraire de Haaretz et de Yediot Aharonot notamment sur des œuvres françaises contemporaines, et mène des interviews avec de nombreuses personnalités littéraires françaises ou étrangères, dans la presse ou lors d'événements culturels internationaux. Parmi les personnalités interviewées : Véronique Olmi, Vanessa Springora, Maylis de Kerangal, Katherine Pancol, Ismaïl Kadaré, Dorit Rabinyan et Eshkol Nevo. Elle est également cofondatrice et éditrice de la revue littéraire numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale d'Israël, Hamoussakh (le Garage), qui, depuis sa création en 2017, est lue chaque mois par plus de vingt-cinq mille personnes.

Son recueil de nouvelles, The Countdown, en partie inspiré par sa vie en France, publié en 2020, lui a valu le Prix du premier livre de la Fondation Goldberg et le soutien de la Fondation Rabinovitch. Selon le journal Haaretz, il compte parmi les 56 titres les plus marquants pour l'année 2020. The Countdown lui a également valu le Prix littéraire Jacqueline Kahanov 2023 de l'Institut de la pensée israélienne.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 (en) Shiloh, Dorit, Short Story: "Merci", Jewish Fiction, 13 septembre 2022.
 Véronique Olmi, en conversation avec Dr. Dorit Shiloh, Festival des écrivains international à Jérusalem, (19 mai 2022).
 Vanessa Springura, en conversation avec Dr. Dorit Shiloh, Festival des écrivains international à Jérusalem, (5 mai 2021). YouTube, Récupéré le 5 mai 2021.
 Shilo, Dorit, Quand Marianne revient en France, elle passe par les cités, tribune, Libération (11.08.2011).
 Shilo, Dorit, The Ben-Yehuda of Aramaic, Haaretz, ( avril 2010) (anglais).

Écrivain israélien
Traductrice israélienne
Traducteur depuis l'hébreu vers le français
Critique littéraire israélien
Essayiste israélien
Militant pacifiste israélien
Naissance en août 1969
Femme de lettres israélienne

Dorit Shiloh


Die Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Psychoanalyse (SGPsa) ist eine schweizerische wissenschaftliche Fachgesellschaft im Bereich Psychoanalyse. Sie wurde 1919 gegründet und betreibt Ausbildungszentren in Basel, Bern, Zürich, Lausanne, Genf und Lugano. Von ihr spaltete sich 1977 das Psychoanalytische Seminar Zürich ab. Sie gehört zur International Psychoanalytical Association.

Präsidenten
 1919–1928: Emil Oberholzer
 1928–1961: Philipp Sarasin
 1961–1967: Raymond de Saussure
 1967–1970: Paul Parin
 1970–1973: Michel Gressot
 1973–1976: Fritz Meerwein
 1976–1979: André Haynal
 um 1984: Peter Dreyfus
 um 1985/1987: Olivier Flournoy
 um 2000: Alexander Moser
 um 2004: Rosmarie Berna-Glantz
 um 2004/2007: Dieter Bürgin
 2009–2012: Nicolas de Coulon
 seit 2012: Renata Sgier

Literatur
 Alexander Moser: Switzerland. In: Peter Kutter (Hrsg.): Psychoanalysis International. A Guide to Psychoanalysis throughout the World. Bd. 1: Europe. Frommann-Holzboog 1992, ISBN 3-7728-1509-X, S. 278–313.
 Hans H. Walser: Psychoanalyse in der Schweiz. In: Dieter Eicke (Hrsg.): Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bd. 2, Kindler, Zürich 1976, S. 1192–1218.
 Kaspar Weber: Aus den Anfängen der Psychoanalyse in Bern. In: Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Psychoanalyse. Heft 32, 1991, S. 67–72.
 Thomas Kurz: La psychanalyse en Suisse, une histoire agitée. In: Le Coq-Héron. Nr. 218 (2014, H. 3), S. 11–103 (online).

Weblinks
 Website der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Psychoanalyse

Psychoanalyse
Psychotherapeutische Fachgesellschaft
Wissenschaftliche Organisation (Schweiz)
Verein (Schweiz)
Gegründet 1919


En religionskrig er en krig som er begrundet i religiøse forskelle mellem de stridende parter. Da begrebet religion er af nyere dato, kaldtes en sådan krig tidligere for hellig krig (latin: bellum sacrum). Det islamiske begreb jihad (arabisk: جهاد) oversættes ofte fejlagtigt til hellig krig, selvom begrebet (der kan oversættes med at stræbe eller anstrenge sig) dækker en række forskellige religiøse aktiviteter, hvoraf de færreste er voldelige. De religionskrige som kristne i Middelalderen førte mod bl.a. muslimer i Mellemøsten, kaldes korstog.

I tidens løb har mange af de krige, som de stridende hævdede at føre af religiøse årsager, lige så meget handlet om landområder, økonomisk vinding, etniske forskelle og andre ikke-religiøse forhold. Dette gælder også for nogle af vor tids krige, såsom Israels krige med sine arabiske naboer og konflikten i Nordirland.

Religionskrig eller ej?

I dag er historikerne ret enige om, at krige til alle tider er brudt ud af en række forskellige grunde, heriblandt territoriale stridigheder, militære kappestride, etniske konflikter eller bestræbelser for at opnå økonomiske eller erhvervsmæssige fordele, og at krige til alle tider er blevet styret af ting som stolthed, fordomme, tvang, misundelse, grådighed, kappestrid og følelsen af uretfærdighed. Men frem til engang i midten af 1600-tallet blev disse bevæggrunde altid fremstillet som religiøse, mens det først herefter blev anset for legitimt at føre krig af andre grunde end de religiøse, fx ønsket om at styrke en nation i forhold til sine naboer.

I dag er det stadig en almindelige opfattelse, at mange krige føres af religiøse grunde. I deres Encyclopedia of Wars har Axelrod og Phillips beskrevet 1.763 forskellige krige gennem verdenhistorien, men fundet at kun 123 af dem, svarende til 7 %, havde religiøse årsager. I Gordon Martels fembindsværk Encyclopedia of War bruges som kriterie for religionskrig, at åbenlyse religiøse handlinger skal indgå i krigsførelsen, og med dette kriterie er 6 % af krigene omtalt i værket religionskrige.

Litteratur
 James Turner Johnson (1997): The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. Penn State Press, , 9780271042145

Referencer

Krig
Krig

Religionskrig


Riacho Frio es un municipio brasileño del estado del Piauí.

Geografía
Se localiza a una latitud 10º07'31" sur y a una longitud 44º57'09" oeste, estando a una altitud de 400 metros. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 4 461 habitantes.
Posee un área de 2.221,95 km².

Curiosidades
Es el municipio con mayor población negra del Brasil.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Piauí

Riacho Frio


Ergativ je padež imenice koja je u ergativnim jezicima u službi vršioca prijelazne radnje.

Osobine
U ergativnim jezicima ergativ je uglavnom obilježen, dok je apsolutiv neobilježen. Ellen Woolford u znanstvenom je radu iz 2004. godine zaključila da ergativ identificira svjesnog vršioca radnje.

Primjerice, u zapadnom grenlandskom ergativ obilježava vršioce prijelazne radnje i imaoce iskazane imenicama.

Jezik nez perce čine ergativ (-nim) i akuzativ (-ne), ali i apsolutiv, neobilježen padež za neprijelazne subjekte: hipáayna qíiwn 'starac je stigao'; hipáayna wewúkiye 'los je stigao'; wewúkiyene péexne qíiwnim 'starac je ugledao losa'.

U sahaptinu postoji ergativ (uz sufiks -nɨm) koji je ograničen na prijelazne konstrukcije u kojima je izravni objekt u prvom ili drugom licu: iwapáatayaaš łmámanɨm 'starica mi je pomogla; paanáy iwapáataya łmáma 'starica je pomogla njemu/njoj' (izravan); páwapaataya łmámayin 'starica je pomogla njemu/njoj' (obrnuto).

Među ostalim jezicima u kojem se nalazi ergativ su gruzijski, čečenski jezik i ostali jezici Kavkaza, majanski jezici, jezici Mixe–Zoque, Wagiman i ostali australski jezici, ali i baskijski, burushaski i tibetski jezici. Među indoeuropskim jezicima ergativni su jezici yaghnobi, inačice kurdskog jezika (među kojima se nalaze sjevernokurdski jezik, zazaki i centralnokurdski jezik), hindski jezik i urdu.

Ergativ je dio i nekih umjetnih jezika, kao što su na'vi, ithkuil i crni govor.

Vidi i
Morfosintaktički poredak

Izvori

Padeži

Ergativ


The lists and tables below summarize and compare the letter inventories of some of the Latin-script alphabets. In this article, the scope of the word "alphabet" is broadened to include letters with tone marks, and other diacritics used to represent a wide range of orthographic traditions, without regard to whether or how they are sequenced in their alphabet or the table.

Parentheses indicate characters not used in modern standard orthographies of the languages, but used in obsolete and/or dialectal forms.

Letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet

Alphabets that contain only ISO basic Latin letters

Among alphabets for natural languages the English,[36] Indonesian, and Malay alphabets only use the 26 letters in both cases.

Among alphabets for constructed languages the Ido and Interlingua alphabets only use the 26 letters.

Extended by ligatures

 German (ß), French (æ, œ)

Extended by diacritical marks

 Spanish (ñ), German (ä, ö, and ü), Dutch (ij, and ë)

Extended by multigraphs

 Filipino (ng)

Alphabets that contain all ISO basic Latin letters
Among alphabets for natural languages the Afrikaans,[54] Aromanian, Azerbaijani (some dialects)[53], Basque,[4], Celtic British, Catalan,[6] Cornish, Czech,[8] Danish,[9] Dutch,[10] Emilian-Romagnol, Filipino,[11] Finnish, French,[12], German,[13] Greenlandic, Hungarian,[15] Javanese, Karakalpak,[23] Kurdish, Modern Latin, Luxembourgish, Norwegian,[9] Oromo[65], Papiamento[63], Polish[22], Portuguese, Quechua, Rhaeto-Romance, Romanian, Slovak,[24] Spanish,[25] Sundanese, Swedish, Tswana,[52] Uyghur, Venda,[51] Võro, Walloon,[27] West Frisian, Xhosa, Zhuang, Zulu alphabets include all 26 letters, at least in their largest version.

Among alphabets for constructed languages the Interglossa and Occidental alphabets include all 26 letters.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) includes all 26 letters in their lowercase forms, although g is always single-storey (ɡ) in the IPA and never double-storey ().

Alphabets that do not contain all ISO basic Latin letters
This list is based on official definitions of each alphabet. However, excluded letters might occur in non-integrated loan words and place names.

The I is used in two distinct versions in Turkic languages: dotless (I ı) and dotted (İ i). They are considered different letters, and case conversion must take care to preserve the distinction. Irish traditionally does not write the dot, or tittle, over the small letter i, but the language makes no distinction here if a dot is displayed, so no specific encoding and special case conversion rule is needed as it is for Turkic alphabets.

Statistics
The chart above lists a variety of alphabets that do not officially contain all 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In this list, one letter is used by all of them: A. For each of the 26 basic ISO Latin alphabet letters, the number of alphabets in the list above using it is as follows:

Letters not contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet

Some languages have extended the Latin alphabet with ligatures, modified letters, or digraphs. These symbols are listed below.

Additional letters by type

Independent letters and ligatures

Letter–diacritic combinations: connected or overlaid

Other letters in collation order
The tables below are a work in progress. Eventually, table cells with light blue shading will indicate letter forms that do not constitute distinct letters in their associated alphabets. Please help with this task if you have the required linguistic knowledge and technical editing skill.

For the order in which the characters are sorted in each alphabet, see collating sequence.

Letters derived from A–H

Letters derived from I–O

Letters derived from P–Z

Notes
 ↑↑↑↑ In classical Latin, the digraphs CH, PH, RH, TH were used in loanwords from Greek, but they were not included in the alphabet. The ligatures Æ, Œ and W, as well as lowercase letters, were added to the alphabet only in Middle Ages. The letters J and U were used as typographical variants of I and V, respectively, roughly until the Enlightenment.
 ↑↑↑↑ In Afrikaans, C and Q are only (and X and Z almost only) used in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Albanian officially has the digraphs dh, gj, ll, nj, rr, sh, th, xh, zh, which is sufficient to represent the Tosk dialect.  The Gheg dialect supplements the official alphabet with 6 nasal vowels, namely â, ê, î, ô, û, ŷ.
 ↑↑↑↑ Arbëresh officially has the digraphs dh, gj, hj, ll, nj, rr, sh, th, xh, zh.  Arbëresh has the distinctive hj, which is considered as a letter in its own right.
 ↑↑ Achomi also has the digraph A'.
 ↑↑↑↑ A with diaeresis is used only as a replacement character for schwa if the latter cannot be used (it was replaced by the schwa one year later because it is the most common letter). These cases should be avoided! The letters W, Ð, Ŋ, Q̇, Ć (or the digraph ts), and the digraph dz are only used in certain dialects.
 ↑↑↑↑ Basque has several digraphs: dd, ll, rr, ts, tt, tx, tz.  The ü, which is pronounced as /ø/, is required for various words in its Zuberoan dialect. C, Q, V, W, Y are used in foreign words, but are officially considered part of the alphabet.
 ↑ Bambara also has the digraphs: kh(only present in loanwords), sh (also written as ʃ; only present in some dialects). Historically, è was used instead of ɛ, ny was used instead of ɲ, and ò was used instead of ɔ in Mali.
 ↑↑↑↑ Belarusian also has several digraphs: ch, dz, dź, dž.
 ↑↑↑↑ Bislama also has the digraph ng.
 ↑↑↑↑ Breton also has the digraphs ch, c'h, zh. C, Q, X are used in foreign words or digraphs only.
 ↑↑↑ Catalan also has a large number of digraphs: dj, gu, gü, ig, ix, ll, l·l, ny, qu, qü, rr, ss, tg, tj, ts, tx, tz. The letters K, Q, W, and Y are only used in loanwords or the digraphs mentioned.
 ↑↑ The Alphabet of Chad also uses the unique letters N̰n̰ and R̰r̰.
 ↑↑↑ Chamorro also has the digraphs ch, ng. C used only in digraphs.
 ↑↑↑↑ Corsican has the trigraphs: chj, ghj.
 ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑ Croatian Gaj's alphabet also has the digraphs: dž, lj, nj. There are also four tone markers that are sometimes used on vowels to avoid ambiguity in homophones, but this is generally uncommon. Gaj's alphabet has been adopted by the Serbian and Bosnian standards and that it has complete one-to-one congruence with Serbian Cyrillic, where the three digraphs map to Cyrillic letters џ, љ and њ, respectively. Rarely and non-standardly, digraph dj is used instead of đ (like it was previously) (Cyrillic ђ). Montenegrin variant additionally uses Ś and Ź to indicate dialectal pronunciation.
 ↑↑  Cypriot Arabic also has the letters Θ and Δ.
 ↑↑↑↑ Czech also has the digraph ch, which is considered a separate letter and is sorted between h and i. While á, ď, é, ě, í, ň, ó, ť, ú, ů, and ý are considered separate letters, in collation they are treated merely as letters with diacritics. However, č, ř, š, and ž are actually sorted as separate letters. Q, W, X occur only in loanwords.
 ↑ Dakelh also contains the letter , which represents the glottal stop. The letters F, P, R, and V are only used in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑↑↑ The Norwegian alphabet is currently identical with the Danish alphabet. C is part of both alphabets and is not used in native Danish or Norwegian words (except some proper names), but occurs quite frequently in well-established loanwords in Danish. Norwegian and Danish use é in some words such as én, although é is considered a diacritic mark, while å, æ and ø are letters. Q, W, X, Z are not used except for names and some foreign words.
 ↑ Dinka also has the digraphs: dh, nh, ny, th. H is only present in these digraphs. Dinka also used the letters Ää, Ëë, Ïï, Öö, Ɛ̈ɛ̈, Ɔ̈ɔ̈ (the last two which do not exist as precomposed characters in Unicode)
 ↑↑↑ The status of ij as a letter, ligature or digraph in Dutch is disputed. C (outside the digraph ch) Q, X, and Y occur mostly in foreign words. Letters with grave and letters with circumflex occur only in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑ English generally now uses extended Latin letters only in loan words, such as fiancé, fiancée, and résumé.  Rare publication guides may still use the dieresis on words, such as "coöperate", rather than the now-more-common "co-operate" (UK) or "cooperate" (US).  For a fuller discussion, see articles branching from Lists of English words of international origin, which was used to determine the diacritics needed for more unambiguous English.  However, an é or è is sometimes used in poetry to show that a normally silent vowel is to be pronounced, as in "blessèd".
 ↑↑↑↑ Filipino also known as Tagalog also uses the digraph ng, even originally with a large tilde that spanned both n and g (as in n͠g) when a vowel follows the digraph. (The use of the tilde over the two letters is now rare). Only ñ is required for everyday use (only in loanwords). The accented vowels are used in dictionaries to indicate pronunciation, and g with tilde is only present in older works.
 ↑↑↑ Uppercase diacritics in French are often (incorrectly) thought of as being optional, but the official rules of French orthography designate accents on uppercase letters as obligatory in most cases. Many pairs or triplets are read as digraphs or trigraphs depending on context, but are not treated as such lexicographically: consonants ph, (ng), th, gu/gü, qu, ce, ch/(sh/sch), rh; vocal vowels (ee), ai/ay, ei/ey, eu, au/eau, ou; nasal vowels ain/aim, in/im/ein, un/um/eun, an/am, en/em, om/on; the half-consonant -(i)ll-; half-consonant and vowel pairs oi, oin/ouin, ien, ion. When rules that govern the French orthography are not observed, they are read as separate letters, or using an approximating phonology of a foreign language for loan words, and there are many exceptions. In addition, most final consonants are mute (including those consonants that are part of feminine, plural, and conjugation endings). Y with diaeresis and U with diaeresis are only used in certain geographical names and proper names plus their derivatives, or, in the case of U with diaeresis, newly proposed reforms. E.g. capharnaüm 'shambles' is derived from the proper name Capharnaüm. Æ occurs only in Latin or Greek loanwords.
 ↑ Fula has X as part of the alphabet in all countries except Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (used only in loanwords in these countries). Ɠ, which is used only in loanwords (but still part of the alphabet), is used in Guinea only. Fula also uses the digraphs mb (In Guinea spelled nb), nd, ng, and nj. aa, ee, ii, oo, and uu are part of the alphabet in all countries except Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Ƴ is used in all countries except for Nigeria, where it is written y. Ŋ is used in all countries except for Nigeria. Ɲ is used in Guinea, Mali, and Burkina Faso, Ñ is used in Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, and the digraph ny is used in Niger, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, and Nigeria. The apostrophe is a letter (representing the glottal stop) in Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Q, V, and Z are only used in loanwords, and are not part of the alphabet.
 ↑↑↑↑ Galician. The standard of 1982 set also the digraphs gu, qu (both always before e and i), ch, ll, nh and rr. In addition, the standard of 2003 added the grapheme ao as an alternative writing of ó. Although not marked (or forgotten) in the list of digraphs, they are used to represent the same sound, so the sequence ao should be considered as a digraph. The sequence nh represents a velar nasal (not a palatal as in Portuguese) and is restricted only to three feminine words, being either demonstrative or pronoun: unha ('a' and 'one'), algunha ('some') and ningunha ('not one'). The Galician reintegracionismo movement uses it as in Portuguese. J (outside of the Limia Baixa region), K, W, and Y are only used in loanwords, and are not part of the alphabet.
 ↑↑↑↑ German also retains most original letters in French loan words. Swiss German does not use ß any more. The long s (ſ) was in use until the mid-20th century. Sch is usually not treated like a true trigraph, neither are ch, ck, st, sp, th, (ph, rh) and qu digraphs. Q only appears in the sequence qu and in loanwords, while x and y are found almost only in loan words. The capital ß (ẞ) is almost never used. The accented letters (other than the letters ä, ö, ü, and ß) are used only in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Guaraní also uses digraphs ch, mb, nd, ng, nt, rr and the glottal stop . B, C, and D are only used in these digraphs.
 ↑ Gwich'in also contains the letter , which represents the glottal stop. Gwich'in also uses the letters Ą̀, Ę̀, Į̀, Ǫ̀, and Ų̀, which are not available as precomposed characters in Unicode. Gwich'in also uses the digraphs and trigraphs: aa, ąą, àà, ą̀ą̀, ch, ch', ddh, dh, dl, dr, dz, ee, ęę, èè, ę̀ę̀, gh, ghw, gw, ii, įį, ìì, į̀į̀, kh, kw, k', nd, nh, nj, oo, ǫǫ, òò, ǫ̀ǫ̀, rh, sh, shr, th, tl, tl', tr, tr', ts, ts', tth, tth', t', uu, ųų, ùù, ų̀ų̀, zh, zhr. The letter C is only used the digraphs above. The letters B, F, and M are only used in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Hausa has the digraphs: sh, ts. Vowel length and tone are usually not marked. Textbooks usually use macron or doubled vowel to mark the length, grave to mark the low tone and circumflex to mark the falling tone. Therefore, in some systems, it is possible that macron is used in combination with grave or circumflex over a, e, i, o or u. The letter P is only used in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Hungarian also has the digraphs: cs, dz, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs; and the trigraph: dzs. Letters á, é, í, ó, ő, ú, and ű are considered separate letters, but are collated as variants of a, e, i, o, ö, u, and ü.
 ↑↑↑↑ Irish formerly used the dot diacritic in ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ. These have been replaced by the digraphs: bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th except for in formal instances. V only occurs in onomotopoeia, such as vácarnach, vác, or vrác, or in rare alternative spellings víog and vís (usually spelled bíog and bís), or in loanwords. Z only occurs in the West Muskerry dialect in the digraph zs (a rare eclipsis of s, spelled s in other dialects and the language proper) or in loanwords.
 ↑ Igbo writes Ṅṅ alternatively as N̄n̄. Igbo has the digraphs: ch, gb, gh, gw, kp, kw, nw, ny, sh. C is only used in the digraph before. Also, vowels take a grave accent, an acute accent, or no accent, depending on tone.
 ↑↑↑↑ Italian also has the digraphs: ch, gh, gn, gl, sc. J, K, W, X, Y are used in foreign words, and are not part of the alphabet. X is also used for native words derived from Latin and Greek; J is also used for just a few native words, mainly names of persons (as in Jacopo) or of places (as in Jesolo and Jesi), in which is always pronounced as letter I. While it does not occur in ordinary running texts, geographical names on maps are often written only with acute accents. The circumflex is used on an -i ending that was anciently written -ii (or -ji, -ij, -j, etc.) to distinguish homograph plurals and verb forms: e.g. e.g. principî form principi, genî from geni.
 ↑ Karakalpak also has the digraphs: ch, sh. C, F, V are used in foreign words.
 ↑ Kazakh also has the digraphs: ia, io, iu. F, H, V and the digraph io are used in foreign words.
 ↑↑↑↑ Latvian also has the digraphs: dz, dž, ie. Dz and dž are occasionally considered separate letters of the alphabet in more archaic examples, which have been published as recently as the 1950s; however, modern alphabets and teachings discourage this due to an ongoing effort to set decisive rules for Latvian and eliminate barbaric words accumulated during the Soviet occupation. The digraph "ie" is never considered a separate letter. Ō, Ŗ, and the digraphs CH (only used in loanwords) and UO are no longer part of the alphabet, but are still used in certain dialects and newspapers that use the old orthography. Y is used only in certain dialects and not in the standard language. F and H are only used in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ A nearby language, Pite Sami, uses Lule Sami orthography but also includes the letters Đđ and Ŧŧ, which are not in Lule Sami.
 ↑↑↑↑ Lithuanian also has the digraphs: ch, dz, dž, ie, uo. However, these are not considered separate letters of the alphabet. F, H, and the digraph CH are only used in loanwords. Demanding publications such as dictionaries, maps, schoolbooks etc. need additional diacritical marks to differentiate homographs. Using grave accent on A, E, I, O, U, acute accent on all vowels, and tilde accent on all vowels and on L, M, N and R. Small E and I (also with ogonek) must retain the dot when additional accent mark is added to the character; the use of ì and í (with missing dot) is considered unacceptable.
 ↑↑↑↑ In Livonian, the letters Ö, Ȫ, Y, Ȳ were used by the older generation, but the younger generation merged these sounds; Around the late 1990s, these letters were removed from the alphabet.
 ↑↑↑↑ Marshallese often uses the old orthography (because people did not approve of the new orthography), which writes ļ as l, m̧ as m, ņ as n, p as b, o̧ as o at the ends of words or in the word yokwe (also spelled iakwe under the old orthography; under the new orthography, spelled io̧kwe), but a at other places, and d as dr before vowels, or r after vowels. The old orthography writes ā as e in some words, but ā in others; it also writes ū as i between consonants. The old orthography writes geminates and long vowels as two letters instead. Allophones of , written as only e o ō in the new orthography, are also written as i u and very rarely, ū. The letter Y only occurs in the words yokwe or the phrase yokwe yuk (also spelled iakwe iuk in the old orthography or io̧kwe eok in the new orthography).
 ↑↑↑↑ Maltese also has the digraphs: ie, għ.
 ↑ Māori uses g only in ng digraph. Wh is also a digraph.
 ↑ Some Mohawk speakers use orthographic i in place of the consonant y. The glottal stop is indicated with an apostrophe  and long vowels are written with a colon :.
 ↑ [Na'vi] uses the letter ' and the digraphs aw, ay, ew, ey, kx, ll, ng (sometimes written as G), px, rr, ts (sometimes written as C), tx. G (in standard orthography) and X are used only in digraphs.
 ↑↑↑ Massachusett also uses the digraphs ch, ee, sh, ty and the letter 8 (which was previously written oo). C is only used in the digraph ch.
 ↑ Oromo uses the following digraphs: ch, dh, ny, ph, sh. P is only used in the digraph ph and loanwords. V and Z are only used in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Papiamento also has the digraphs: ch, dj, sh, zj. Q and X are only used in loanwords and proper names. J is only used in digraphs, loanwords, and proper names. Papiamentu in Bonaire and Curaçao is different from Papiamento in Aruba in the following ways: Papiamento in Aruba uses a more etymological spelling, so Papiamento uses C in native words outside of the digraph ch, but Papiamentu in Bonaire and Curaçao does not. Papiamentu in Bonaire and Curaçao uses È, Ò, Ù, and Ü for various sounds and Á, É, Í, Ó, and Ú for stress, but Papiamento in Aruba does not use these letters.
 ↑ Piedmontese also uses the letter n- to indicate a velar nasal N-sound (pronounced as the gerundive termination in going), which usually precedes a vowel, as in lun-a [moon].
 ↑↑↑↑ Pinyin has four tone markers that can go on top of any of the six vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ü); e.g.: macron (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ǖ), acute accent (á, é, í, ó, ú, ǘ), caron (ǎ, ě, ǐ, ǒ, ǔ, ǚ), grave accent (à, è, ì, ò, ù, ǜ). It also uses the digraphs: ch, sh, zh.
 ↑↑↑↑ Polish also has the digraphs: ch, cz, dz, dż, dź, sz, rz. Q, V, X occur only in loanwords, and are sometimes not considered as part of the alphabet.
 ↑↑↑↑ Portuguese also uses the digraphs ch, lh, nh, rr, ss. The trema on ü was used in Brazilian Portuguese before 2009, and in Portuguese in Portugal before 1990. The grave accent was used on e, i, o, and u, until 1973. The letters èand ò are used in geographical names outside Europe and not part of the language proper. The now abandoned practice was to indicate underlying stress in words ending in -mente—sòmente, ùltimamente etc. Neither the digraphs nor accented letters are considered part of the alphabet. K, W, and Y occur only in loanwords, and were not letters of the alphabet until 2009, but these letters were used before 1911.
 ↑ Romanian normally uses a comma diacritic below the letters s and t (ș, ț), but it is frequently replaced with an attached cedilla below these letters (ş, ţ) due to past lack of standardization. K, Q, W, X, and Y occur only in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Romani has the digraphs: čh, dž, kh, ph, th.
 ↑↑↑ Slovak also has the digraphs dz, dž, and ch, which are considered separate letters. While á, ä, ď, é, í, ĺ, ň, ó, ô, ŕ, ť, ú, and ý are considered separate letters, in collation they are treated merely as letters with diacritics. However, č, ľ, š, and ž, as well as the digraphs, are actually sorted as separate letters. Q, W, X, Ö, Ü occur only in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑↑ Sorbian also uses the digraphs: ch, dź. Ř is only used in Upper Sorbian, and Ŕ, Ś, and Ź (outside the digraph dź) are only used in Lower Sorbian.
 ↑↑↑ Spanish uses several digraphs to represent single sounds: ch, gu (preceding e or i), ll, qu, rr; of these, the digraphs ch and ll were traditionally considered individual letters with their own name (che, elle) and place in the alphabet (after c and l, respectively), but in order to facilitate international compatibility the Royal Spanish Academy decided to cease this practice in 1994 and all digraphs are now collated as combinations of two separate characters. While cedilla is etymologically Spanish diminutive of ceda (z) and Sancho Pança is the original form in Cervantes books, C with cedilla ç is now completely displaced by z in contemporary language. In poetry, the diaeresis may be used to break a diphthong into separate vowels. Regarding that usage, Ortografía de la lengua española states that "diaeresis is usually placed over the closed vowel [i.e. 'i' or 'u'] and, when both are closed, generally over the first". In this context, the use of ï is rare, but part of the normative orthography.
 ↑ Swedish uses é in well integrated loan words like idé and armé, although é is considered a modified e, while å, ä, ö are letters. á and à are rarely used words. W and z are used in some integrated words like webb and zon. Q, ü, è, and ë are used for names only, but exist in Swedish names. For foreign names ó, ç, ñ and more are sometimes used, but usually not. Swedish has many digraphs and some trigraphs. ch, dj, lj, rl, rn, rs, sj, sk, si, ti, sch, skj, stj and others are usually pronounced as one sound.
 ↑↑↑↑ Tswana also has the digraphs: kg, kh, ng, ph, th, tl, tlh, ts, tsh, tš, tšh. The letters C, Q, and X only appear in onomotopeia and loanwords. The letters V and Z only appear in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Turkmen had a slightly different alphabet in 1993–1995 (which used some unusual letters) Ýý was written as ¥ÿ, Ňň was written as Ññ, and Şş was written as $¢, and Žž was written £⌠ (so that all characters were available in Code page 437). In the new alphabet, all characters are available in ISO/IEC 8859-2.
 ↑↑↑ Ulithian also has the digraphs: ch, l, mw, ng. C is used only in digraphs.
 ↑ Uzbek also has the digraphs: ch, ng, sh considered as letters. C is used only in digraphs. G, O and apostrophe (') are considered as letters. These letters have preferred typographical variants: Gʻ, Oʻ, and ' respectively.
 ↑↑↑↑ Venda also has the digraphs and trigraphs: bv, bw, dz, dzh, dzw, fh, hw, kh, khw, ng, ny, nz, ṅw, ph, pf, pfh, sh, sw, th, ts, tsh, tsw, ty, ṱh, vh, zh, zw. C, J, Q are used in foreign words.
 ↑↑↑↑ Vietnamese has seven additional base letters: ă â đ ê ô ơ ư. It uses five tone markers that can go on top (or below) any of the 12 vowels (a, ă, â, e, ê, i, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, y); e.g.: grave accent (à, ằ, ầ, è, ề, ì, ò, ồ, ờ, ù, ừ, ỳ), hook above (ả, ẳ, ẩ, ẻ, ể, ỉ, ỏ, ổ, ở, ủ, ử, ỷ), tilde (ã, ẵ, ẫ, ẽ, ễ, ĩ, õ, ỗ, ỡ, ũ, ữ, ỹ), acute accent (á, ắ, ấ, é, ế, í, ó, ố, ớ, ú, ứ, ý), and dot below (ạ, ặ, ậ, ẹ, ệ, ị, ọ, ộ, ợ, ụ, ự, ỵ). It also uses several digraphs and trigraphs ch, gh, gi, kh, ng, ngh, nh, ph, th, tr but they are no longer considered letters.
 ↑↑↑↑ Walloon has the digraphs and trigraphs: ae, ch, dj, ea, jh, oe, oen, oi, sch, sh, tch, xh. The letter X outside the digraph xh is in some orthographies, but not the default two. The letter Q is in some orthographies (including one default orthography), but not in the other default orthography. Also in some orthographies are À, Ì, Ù, Ö, and even E̊ (which is not available as a precomposed character in Unicode, so Ë is used as a substitute)
 ↑↑↑↑ Welsh has the digraphs ch, dd, ff, ng, ll, ph, rh, th. Each of these digraphs is collated as a separate letter, and ng comes immediately after g in the alphabet. It also frequently uses circumflexes, and occasionally uses diaereses, acute accents and grave accents, on its seven vowels (a, e, i, o, u, w, y), but accented characters are not regarded as separate letters of the alphabet.
 ↑↑↑↑ Xhosa has a large number of digraphs, trigraphs, and even one tetragraph are used to represent various phonemes: bh, ch, dl, dy, dz, gc, gq, gr, gx, hh, hl, kh, kr, lh, mb, mf, mh, nc, ndl, ndz, ng, ng', ngc, ngh, ngq, ngx, nh, nkc, nkq, nkx, nq, nx, ntl, ny, nyh, ph, qh, rh, sh, th, ths, thsh, ts, tsh, ty, tyh, wh, xh, yh, zh. It also occasionally uses acute accents, grave accents, circumflexes, and diaereses on its five vowels (a, e, i, o, u), but accented characters are not regarded as separate letters of the alphabet.
 ↑↑↑ Yapese has the digraphs and trigraphs: aa, ae, ch, ea, ee, ii, k', l', m', n', ng, ng', oe, oo, p', t', th, th', uu, w', y. Q, representing the glottal stop, is not always used. Often an apostrophe is used to represent the glottal stop instead. C is used only in digraphs. H is used only in digraphs and loanwords. J is used only in loanwords.
 ↑↑↑↑ Yoruba uses the digraph gb. Also, vowels take a grave accent, an acute accent, or no accent, depending on tone. Although the "dot below" diacritic is widely used, purists prefer a short vertical underbar (Unicode COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW U+0329) - this resembles the IPA notation for a syllabic consonant, attached to the base of the letter (E, O or S). The seven Yoruba vowels (A, E, E underbar, I, O, O underbar, U) can be uttered in three different tones: high (acute accent); middle (no accent) and low (grave accent). The letters M and N, when written without diacritics, indicate nasalisation of the preceding vowel. M and N also occur as syllabics - in these circumstances, they take acute or grave tonal diacritics, like the vowels. Middle tone is marked with a macron to differentiate it from the unmarked nasalising consonants. A tilde was used in older orthography (still occasionally used) to indicate a double vowel. This is tonally ambiguous, and has now been replaced by showing the paired vowels, each marked with the appropriate tones. However, where a double vowel has the tonal sequence high-low or low-high, it may optionally be replaced by a single vowel with a circumflex (high-low) or caron (low-high), e.g. á + à = â; à + á = ǎ.
 ↑↑ Zuni contains the glottal stop  and the digraph: ch; C is only used in that digraph. The other digraphs kw, sh, and ts are not part of the alphabet.

Miscellanea
Africa Alphabet
African reference alphabet
Beghilos
Dinka alphabet
Gaj's Latin alphabet, is the only script of the Croatian and Bosnian standard languages in current use, and one of the two scripts of the Serbian standard language.
Hawaiian alphabet
Initial Teaching Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet
Łatynka for Ukrainian
Leet (1337 alphabet)
Romanization schemes
Romani alphabet for most Romani languages
Sámi Latin alphabet
Standard Alphabet by Lepsius
Tatar alphabet, similar to Turkish alphabet and Jaꞑalif as a part of Uniform Turkic alphabet
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet

See also
Diacritic
Latin-script alphabet
Latin-script multigraph
Latin script in Unicode
Ligature
List of Latin-script letters
List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
Romanization
Writing systems of Africa
Categories

Footnotes

External links
Michael Everson's Alphabets of Europe
Typo.cz Information on Central European typography and typesetting
Letter database of the Institute of Estonian Language
Unicode language coverage tables
Diacritics Project – All you need to design a font with correct accents

Collation

Writing-related lists
Letters with diacritics

List of Latin-script alphabets


was a village located in Minamiuwa District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.  Pearl culturing flourishes here, as Uchiumi produces the highest pearl output in Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,351 and a density of 119.10 per km2. The total area was 19.74 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Uchiumi, along with the towns of Ipponmatsu, Jōhen, Mishō and Nishiumi (all from Minamiuwa District), was merged to create the town of Ainan.

External links
Official website of Ainan in Japanese

Dissolved municipalities of Ehime Prefecture
Ainan, Ehime

Uchiumi, Ehime


Marco Evaristti (born 1963) is a Chilean artist who has lived in Denmark since the 1980s. While a trained and practicing architect, he is best known for hosting a dinner party where the main course was agnolotti pasta that was topped with a meatball made with his own fat, removed earlier in the year in a liposuction operation.

Early life
Though raised a Catholic, in his teenage years Evaristti found out he was born to a Jewish mother, which some account for the philosophical and religious themes in his work. Evaristti holds a master's degree in architecture from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where he was a student of architect Henning Larsen. Through the years, he has continued working on private architectural projects as well as larger commission projects.

Architecture
His architecture works contain a blend of Scandinavian, Asian and Latin American approaches. He travels to other countries and embellishes the natural environment with coloured dye as part of an ongoing project he calls "Pink State". Evaristti sometimes uses materials taken from nature, such as diamonds, gold, semen and blood, to create a psychological reaction in the viewer.

Pink State
Evaristti describes Pink State as his own independent state, a state of mind with passport and constitution, but without government control. Although imaginary, he will materialize it from time to time in his transitory landscape works. Pink State is Evaristti's, but without controlled or controlling borders. Manifestations of Pink State have included 2004's The Ice Cube Project off Greenland, 2007's attempted painting of the summit of Mont Blanc (The Mont Rouge Project) in France, and 2008's Arido Rosso Project in the Sahara. All these projects, at their core, deal with issues of territorial power and brotherhood.

Works
In 1995, Evaristti was a visiting professor in Bangkok at the Silipakorn Fine Arts University. While in Bangkok, he witnessed over thirty road casualties every day, and accompanied investigators to several accidents. Here he acquired blood and other materials from some of the scenes, and used them with ink to paint on canvases. In this way, he was trying to create an image of what disaster might look like. The most important element was the use of real blood. Evaristti quoted Picasso that art is a representation of reality expressed through a lie. However, in these paintings the blood is real and thus not a lie. He titled the piece "Crash".

After studying at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Evaristti gained notoriety for a museum display entitled Helena in 2000 that featured ten functional blenders containing live goldfish. The display, at the Trapholt Art Museum in Kolding, Denmark, invited guests to turn on the blenders. This led to museum director Peter Meyers being charged with and, later, acquitted of animal cruelty.

In 2001, Evaristti worked on his project "Terrorialista", which is a silver-patina bronze sculpture made up of twenty-eight parts that together form a complete human body. The pieces are all based on photographic images of human bodies that were blown apart by acts of terror by both sides of the conflict. The allegiances, gender, nationality, religion and every other feature that had identified the people in those photographs was now eradicated. Parts of this work are further explained in the Pink State.

Evaristti's next major work, in 2004, entitled Ice Cube Project, was to paint the exposed tip of a small iceberg red. This took place on March 24, in Kangia fjord near Ilullissat, Greenland. With two icebreakers and a twenty-man crew, Evaristti used three fire hoses and 3,000 litres (790 US gallons) of paint to color the iceberg blood-red.  The artist commented that, "We all have a need to decorate Mother Nature because it belongs to all of us."

On January 13, 2007, Evaristti hosted a dinner party where the main course was agnolotti pasta that was topped with a meatball made with his own fat, removed earlier in the year in a liposuction operation.

On June 8, 2007, Evaristti draped the peak of Mont Blanc in France with red fabric, along with a 20-foot pole with a flag reading "Pink State". He had been arrested and detained on June 6 for attempting to paint the peak red. He has stated that his aim is to raise awareness of environmental degradation.

In 2009, Evaristti exhibited his "Body Bags" project. This consisted of three body bags cast in bronze, each in a different color, to symbolize the three main monotheistic religions. He claimed the body bags were like the modern-day image of the skull and reminded people how fragile human life was. By making each resemble a different religion, he was trying to enforce the idea that no matter what ideas you believe in, your life will still end in death.

On January 27, 2010, Evaristti exhibited his artwork "Rolexgate" which is a model of the entrance gate to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. 80% of the model is made up of gold which comes from the teeth of Jews who died in the concentration camps. The model had been briefly exhibited in Berlin, but was removed because of the audience reaction.

In 2010, Evaristti created his "Boxing Bag" project, in which he replaced boxing bags' sand stuffing with hair cut from Christians, Jews, and Muslims. He invited viewers to nudge certain bags aside to get through the pathway. He suggested that a viewer who hit certain bags had a vendetta against that religion.

In March 2013, Evaristti painted a frozen waterfall in Hovden, Aust-Agder, Norway red with fruit juice.

In November 2022, Evaristti had his first solo show in Thailand at West Eden in conjunction with a concurrent show in Copenhagen with Galleri Christoffer Egelund.

See also
 Shock art

References

External links

1963 births
Chilean Jews
Danish contemporary artists
Living people
Naturalised citizens of Denmark
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Chilean artists
Danish performance artists
20th-century Chilean painters
Chilean male artists
21st-century Chilean painters
21st-century male artists
20th-century Danish painters
21st-century Danish painters
Chilean male painters
Male painters
20th-century Chilean male artists

Marco Evaristti


Estellencs, Batı Akdeniz'de, İspanya'nın doğu sahiline yakın, İspanya'nın özerk bölgesi olan Balear Takımadaları'na ait bir belediye. Mayorka Adası'nda olup nüfusu; 376'dır. (2002)

Dış bağlantılar
 Estellencs bilgiler ve fotğrafları - İngilizce
 Belediye resmi sitesi
 Fotoğraf galerisi

Estellencs


The University of Greenwich is a public university located in London and Kent, United Kingdom. Previous names include Woolwich Polytechnic and Thames Polytechnic.

The university's main campus is at the Old Royal Naval College, which along with its Avery Hill campus, is located in the Royal Borough of Greenwich. Greenwich also has a campus in Medway, Kent, as part of a shared campus. The university's range of subjects includes architecture, business, computing, mathematics, education, engineering, humanities, maritime studies, natural sciences, pharmacy and social sciences. Greenwich's alumni include two Nobel laureates: Abiy Ahmed and Charles K. Kao. It received a Silver rating in the UK government's Teaching Excellence Framework.

History

The university dates back to 1891, when Woolwich Polytechnic, the second-oldest polytechnic in the United Kingdom, opened in Woolwich. It was founded by Frank Didden, supported by and following the principles of Quintin Hogg, and opened to students in October 1891. Like Hogg's pioneering venture in London's Regent Street, it initially combined education with social and religious functions.

In 1894 it focused on an educational role, concentrating on higher technical education appropriate to its location close to Woolwich Dockyard and the Royal Arsenal; William Anderson, director-general of the Ordnance Factories, was a trustee and later a member of the board of governors. Its premises were also used for day schools – the first Woolwich Polytechnic School was established in 1897.

In 1970, Woolwich Polytechnic merged with part of Hammersmith College of Art and Building to form Thames Polytechnic. In the following years, Dartford College (1976), Avery Hill College of Education (1985), Garnett College (1987) and parts of Goldsmiths College and the City of London College (1988) were incorporated.

In 1992, Thames Polytechnic was granted university status by the Major government (together with various other polytechnics) and renamed the University of Greenwich in 1993. On 1 January 1993, the Thames College of Health Care Studies, itself a merger of three local nursing and midwifery training schools, officially merged with the newly designated University of Greenwich, becoming a full faculty of the university.

Formerly a UK government research agency, the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) was incorporated into the university in 1996.

In 2001, the university gave up its historic main campus in the Bathway Quarter in Woolwich, relocating to its current main campus in Greenwich.

Campuses

Greenwich Campus

Greenwich Campus is located mainly in the Old Royal Naval College, into which it moved in the 1990s when the premises were sold by the Royal Navy.

The campus is home to the Business School and the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences. The campus also includes university's Greenwich Maritime Institute, a specialist maritime management, policy and history teaching and research institute. The Old Royal Naval College also hosts "The Painted Hall", which was painted in the 18th century by Sir James Thornhill, which covers over 40,000 square feet of surface in 200 painting of kings, queens and mythological creatures.

The campus has a large library at Stockwell Street which houses an extensive collection of books and journals, language labs and a 300-PC computing facility. Other facilities include specialist computer laboratories, including one at Dreadnought centre, a TV studio and editing suites. The Stephen Lawrence Gallery, in the Stockwell Street building, showcases the work of contemporary artists and is linked to the School of Design.

Avery Hill Campus

The Avery Hill Campus comprises two sites, Mansion and Southwood. Both are situated in the 86-acre Avery Hill Park in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, south-east London.

The campus is home to the Faculty of Education & Health. Facilities include computer laboratories, a library and a TV studio, as well as a sports and teaching centre with a sports hall and 220-seat lecture theatre. Southwood site also has clinical skills laboratories. These replicate NHS wards, enabling trainee health professionals to gain hands-on experience. The village complex provides student accommodation, a general shop and a launderette. The Dome, in the centre of the complex, houses a food outlet and gym. Rugby, football, indoor pitches, netball and tennis courts, and a dance studio are on Avery Hill campus.

The facility, which was built by Wimpey Construction under a PFI contract, was completed in 1996.

The Winter Garden, the centrepiece of the Mansion site, has fallen into neglect and is on Historic England's 'At Risk' Register. A campaign to restore the Winter Garden is putting pressure on the university and Greenwich Council to ensure its future.

Medway Campus

The Medway Campus is located on a former Royal Navy shorebase (called HMS Pembroke) opened in 1903 at Chatham Maritime, Kent.

The Faculty of Engineering and Science is based here, as is the Natural Resources Institute, a centre for research, consultancy and education in natural and human resources. It is also the home of Medway School of Pharmacy, a joint school operated by the Universities of Greenwich and Kent. The Faculty of Education & Health offers a number of its programmes at Medway. Facilities include laboratories, workshops, a computer-aided design studio and a training dispensary.

The Drill Hall Library has computers, study areas and teaching rooms. Social facilities include a sports hall, bar, gym and outdoor tennis courts. The university is a member of Universities at Medway, a partnership of educational establishments at Chatham Maritime that is developing the area as a major higher education centre in the Medway region.

Organisation
Greenwich has four faculties:
 Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences
 Business School
 Faculty of Education and Health
 Faculty of Engineering and Science

Student life
Greenwich Campus is near 74-hectare Greenwich Park, home to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The Stockwell Street Building opened in 2014 and is now home to the campus library, film and TV studios, and editing suites. In 2015, it was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize for architecture.

The Dreadnought Building is a central hub for the Greenwich Campus, with further teaching and social spaces.

The Student Village at Avery Hill Campus provides accommodation for around 1,000 students. On-site facilities include a café, canteen, shop, launderette, bicycle parking, and a gym.

Medway Campus has 350 rooms across five halls of residence dedicated to student accommodation.

Students' Union

Greenwich Students' Union is the university's students' union. In October 2019, the GSU Student Assembly voted to ask the university to declare a climate emergency and for the university and union sustainability strategies to consult with students in creating them. This call to action aimed to speed up the university's efforts at becoming carbon neutral.

At the Medway campus in Kent there is a partnership between the University of Greenwich Students' Union, Canterbury Christ Church and University of Kent Union on the Medway campus. Greenwich Students' Union has been leading the partnership since July 2021 and manages The Hub space, previously The Student Hub when it was looked after by GK Unions – the Greenwich & Kent Students' Unions Together (once the Universities at Medway Students Association, UMSA). Greenwich Students' Union has a mascot called The Cutty Shark and a presence at Avery Hill, Greenwich and Medway campus.

Research

Greenwich research seeks to influence and enhance health, education, science, engineering, computing and social policy, and attracts international agencies, government departments and global corporations (for example, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, BAE Systems, Airbus, GE Aviation and Merck Consumer Health) from over 50 countries. Significant areas of research and consultancy include landscape architecture, employment relations, fire safety, natural resources, tourism and hospitality, social network analysis, education, training, educational leadership and public services.

Examples of research
 The university's Natural Resources Institute has developed an artificial cow that attracts and kills the tsetse fly. This was recognised by a Universities UK survey in 2009 as one of the ten most important discoveries to be made in a UK university over the past 60 years.
 The Fire Safety Engineering Group, part of the School of Computing & Mathematical Sciences, is a world leader in computational fire engineering, including expertise in aircraft, building, ship and rail evacuation and fire modelling. It has developed airEXODUS, a leading evacuation model in the aviation industry.
 A University of Greenwich research team helped restore the Cutty Sark after it was badly damaged by fire.
 Researchers working on 19 sustainable development and agriculture projects in India helped the university to win the 2010 Times Higher Education Award for Outstanding International Strategy.
 Two University of Greenwich scientists have developed a technology which converts contaminated land and industrial waste into harmless pebbles, capturing large amounts of carbon dioxide at the same time.
 The Greenwich Maritime Institute makes internationally recognised contributions to research in maritime history and economics, such as its exploration of the governance of the River Thames since the 1960s and the effects this has had on the economic development of adjacent communities.

Rankings

The university was ranked 94 out of 121 UK institutions according to The Guardian University Guide 2022 league table. For 2023, the University of Greenwich was ranked 60 according to Times Higher education (THE). Moreover, University of Greenwich ranked first in London for Events, Tourism and Hospitality by the Guardian's 2023 university rankings.Subjects taught at Greenwich have seen rises in the Guardian university league tables for 2022: Chemistry was at 10, up 10 places since 2021. Forensic Science (9), Criminology (10), Mechanical Engineering (12), and Education (48) also moved up significantly.

In Center for World University Rankings World University Rankings 2020–21 – University of Greenwich was ranked 76 in the UK. In 2022, University of Greenwich was ranked in the 750-800 range globally by QS World University Rankings.

In the Times Higher Education (THE) Impact Rankings 2020, Greenwich performed well in several categories:
 Responsible Consumption and Production (24th)
 Life on Land (66th)
 Reduced Inequalities (68th)
 Climate Action (75th)
 Partnership for the Goals (77th)

Awards
In 2012, the university was rated as the greenest in the UK by People & Planet Green League Table. In 2019, it was ranked 14 in UK, and third in London.

In 2019, the university's Natural Resources Institute was awarded a Queen's Anniversary Prize for its research in pest management and control to combat human and animal diseases in the UK and internationally; in 2015 it won a prize for work on the cassava crop in Africa.

Since 2014, the university has been classified as Silver in Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) of Higher Education.

Cafeteria workers' dispute
In 2019, the university's main cafeteria was operated by BaxterStorey, which paid its workers £9.25 per hour without contractual sick pay. After a chef had collapsed on his way home from a shift during a typical 80-hour week, all workers joined UVW union. After four strike days in October 2019, and protests disrupting the annual graduation ceremony and a board meeting, Greenwich University announced in early January 2020 that all outsourced cafe workers, cleaners and security guards would receive the London living wage of £10.55, in addition to the same sick pay and annual leave as university staff.

Partnership with Charlton Athletic
In 2018, the University of Greenwich started a partnership with Charlton Athletic F.C.

Notable alumni

Prominent alumni of the university and its predecessor organisations include Nobel Laureate Charles Kao, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009 for his work on transmission of light in fibre optics, and Abiy Ahmed, who won the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize. In June 2021, representatives from multiple countries called for the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Abiy to be re-considered because of the war crimes committed in Tigray. Two British government ministers, Richard Marsh and Gareth Thomas, are also graduates. A more extensive list is given below.

 Abiy Ahmed, Prime Minister of Ethiopia and Nobel Peace prize winner
 Jamie 'JME' Adenuga, MC
 Bola Agbaje, playwright
 Helen Bailey, writer
 Natasha Bedingfield, pop singer (did not graduate)
 John Behr, theologian
 Malorie Blackman, children's author
Demitu Hambisa Bonsa, Ethiopian government minister
 John Boyega, actor, best known for Star Wars: The Force Awakens
 Sheila Bromberg, musician
 Liam Brown, author
 Campbell Christie, chairman of Falkirk F.C.
 Terry Christian, radio and television presenter
 Mark Daly, Irish senator
 Siobhan Dowd, writer (A Swift Pure Cry)
 Sarah Eberle, garden designer
 Jenni Fagan, author
 Leo Fortune-West, professional footballer
 Sarah Gillespie, singer-songwriter
 Pippa Guard, actress
 Andrey Guryev (born 1982), Russian entrepreneur
 Gareth Hale, comedian
 Patrick Harrington, politician in the National Front (1979–1989) and currently Third Way (UK) think tank; general secretary of Solidarity – The Union for British Workers
 Rachael Heyhoe-Flint, cricketer
 Dermot Hudson, left-wing political activist
 Brian Jacks, 1972 Summer Olympics bronze medallist in Judo
 Mark Jackson, musician (VNV Nation)
 Charles K. Kao, Nobel Prize winning scientist
 Graham Kendrick, Christian worship leader
 Sammy Lee, IVF specialist
 Pablo Daniel Magee, writer, journalist and playwright
 Richard Marsh, Baron Marsh, politician
 Rui Moreira, Portuguese politician and businessman; mayor of Porto
 Chinenye Ochuba, former Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria
 Sarah Ockwell-Smith, childcare author
 Joy Onumajuru, model and philanthropist
 Norman Pace, comedian
 Ann Packer, 1964 Summer Olympics gold medallist
 Lara Pulver, Olivier Award-nominated dancer and actress
 Richard Pybus, cricket coach
 George Rose, businessman
 Dave Rowntree, musician (Blur)
 Etienne Schneider, Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg
 Peter Skinner, MEP
 Aramazd Stepanian, playwright
 William G. Stewart, TV presenter (Fifteen to One)
 Nina Stibbe, author
 Adelle Stripe, author
 Gareth Thomas, politician
 Ewen Whitaker, lunar astronomer (alumnus of Woolwich Polytechnic)
 Joel Willans, author and copywriter of works in Finland.

Coat of arms

See also
 Armorial of UK universities
 Baron Boateng
 List of universities in the United Kingdom
 Post-1992 universities

References

Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in England
Greenwich
Buildings and structures in Eltham
Greenwich

University of Greenwich


Die Fränkische Alb stellt innerhalb des Südwestdeutschen Schichtstufenlandes die naturräumliche Haupteinheitengruppe 08 dar und gliedert sich in die Haupteinheiten Nördliche (080), Mittlere (081) und Südliche (082) Frankenalb. Dabei verlängert die Südliche Frankenalb die in ostnordöstliche Richtung verlaufende Schwäbischen Alb nach Osten, während Mittlere und Nördliche Frankenalb in Richtung Nordnordwesten weisen. Schwäbische und Fränkische Alb bilden zusammen eine naturräumliche Großregion 3. Ordnung.

Die Untergliederung des Ostteils der Nördlichen Frankenalb, die eigentlich auf dem nie erschienenen Blatt 154 Bayreuth der Einzelblätter 1:200.000 erfolgen sollte, findet sich auf dem westlich benachbarten, erst im Jahr 2004 erschienenen Blatt 153 Bamberg.

Folgende Naturräume sind ausgewiesen:
 08 (=D61) Fränkische Alb
 080 Nördliche Frankenalb
 080.0 Weismain-Alb
 080.01 Ziegenfelder Alb
 080.02 Staffelsteiner Alb
 080.1 Wiesent-Alb ("Fränkische Schweiz")
 080.2 Gräfenberger Flächenalb
 080.3 Heiligenstädter Flächenalb
 080.4 Hollfelder Mulde
 080.5 Doggersandstein-Alb
 080.6 Pegnitz-Kuppenalb
 080.7 Veldensteiner Forst
 081 Mittlere Frankenalb (Oberpfälzer Alb)
 081.0 Westliche Flächenalb ("Neumarkter Flächenalb")
 081.00 Eismannsberg-Püscheldorfer Flächenalb
 081.01 Südteil der westlichen Flächenalb (zwischen Pelchenhofen, Döllwang, Ober- und Unterbuchfeld, Batzhausen)
 081.02 Oberes Tal der Schwarzen Laaber
 081.03 Oberes Tal der Weißen Laaber
 081.1 Kuppenalb ("Lauterach-Kuppenalb")
 081.11 Neukirchen-Königsteiner Kuppenalb
 081.12 Unteres Högenbachtal
 081.13 Arzberg-Poppberger Kuppenalb
 081.14 Kastl-Hohenburger Kuppenalb
 081.15 Oberes Tal der Lauterach (bis zur Einmündung des Mühlhausener Tales)
 081.16 Tal der Schwarzen Laaber bei Parsberg und Lupburg
 081.2 Östliche Flächenalb
 081.20 Westliche Vilsplatte
 081.21 Östliche Vilsplatte
 081.22 Südliche Vilsplatte
 081.23 Naabplatte (zwischen Beratzhausen-Kallmünz und Etterzhausen)
 081.24 Unteres Tal der Lauterach
 081.25 Oberes Vilstal
 081.26 Unteres Vilstal
 081.27 Beratzhausen-Deuerlinger Tal der Schwarzen Laaber
 081.28 Burglengenfelder Naabtal
 081.29 Pielenhofener Naabtal
 082 Südliche Frankenalb
 082.0 Riesnahe Frankenalb
 082.00 östliche Riesvorhöhen
 082.01 Wörnitzdurchbruch
 082.02 Flotzheimer Hochfläche
 082.03 Döckinger Hochfläche
 082.1 Donauseitige Frankenalb
 082.1(10) Hienheimer Alb
 082.1(11) Köschinger Forst
 082.10 Tagmersheimer Hochfläche
 082.11 Kaisheimer Alb
 082.12 Adelschlager Hochfläche (Beschreibung Blatt 172 Nördlingen)
 082.13 Hainbergalb
 082.14 Schutterniederung
 082.15 Nassenfelser Molassealb (Beschreibung Blatt 172 Nördlingen)
 082.16 Rennertshofener Terrassenbucht
 082.17 Neuburger Donauenge
 082.18 Köschinger Molassealb
 082.19 Theisinger Kuppenland
 082.2 Altmühlalb (Westliche Altmühlalb)
 082.20 Hahnenkammalb
 082.21 Treuchtlinger Pforte
 082.22 Obere Altmühlalb
 082.23 Mittlere Altmühlalb (Beschreibung Blatt 172 Nördlingen)
 082.24 Mittleres Altmühltal
 082.25 Wellheimer Tal
 082.26 Weißenburger Alb
 082.27 Anlauteralb (Beschreibung Blatt 172 Nördlingen und 163 Nürnberg)
 082.28 Anlauter-Braunjuratrichter
 082.29 Gredinger Schwarzachtal (Schwarzach-Thalach-Taltrichter)
 082.3 Nordteil der südlichen Frankenalb (Östliche Altmühlalb)
 082.30 Westliche Sulzplatte (zwischen Sulz und Gredinger Schwarzach)
 082.31 Sulztal (zwischen Rappersdorf und Beilngries)
 082.32 Östliche Sulzplatte (zwischen Sulz und Weißer Laaber)
 082.33 Unteres Tal der Weißen Laaber (= Untersburger Laabertal)
 082.34 Gumpertshausener Platte (zwischen Weißer und Wissinger Laaber)
 082.35 Tal der Wissinger Laaber
 082.36 Hemauer Hochfläche
 082.37 Beilngries – Dietfurter Tälerzone
 082.38 Arzberg
 082.39 Wolfsberg
 082.4 Südliche Altmühlalb
 082.40 Paulushofen-Wolfsbucher Altmühlplatte
 082.41 Schambachalb
 082.42 Unteres Altmühltal
 082.43 Hienheimer Forst mit Weltenburger Donauenge
 082.44 Staubinger Köpfe
 082.5 Riedenburg-Paintener Altmühlalb
 082.50 Aichkirchener Landstufe und Paintener Hochfläche
 082.51 Schönhofen-Sinzinger Tal der Schwarzen Laaber
 082.52 Eilsbrunn – Nittendorfer Hochfläche
 082.53 Allinger Albrand
 082.54 Abbacher Kreidestufe
 082.55 Kelheim-Sinzinger Donautal
 082.56 Baiersdorfer Riedel
 082.57 Viehhausener Kuppenland

Einzelnachweise

Naturräumliche Gliederung der Fränkischen Alb


Wikipedia වෙබ් අඩවියේ වාර්තා වලට අනුව 2013 වර්ෂය වන විට ලොව පුරා ජංගම දුරකථන බිලියන 6.08 කටත් වැඩි ප්‍රමණයක් ඇති බව සඳහන් වේ.එම වෙබ් අඩවියේම සඳහන් වන ලෙස ලෝක ජනගහණය වන්නේ බිලියන 7.01 පමණය.මෙයින් පැහැදිලි වන ලෙස ලෝක ජනගහණයට සාපේක්ෂව ජංගම දුරකථනවල ප්‍රතිශතය වන්නේ 87 %  යි.

මෙම වාර්තා වලට අනුව තව කෙටි කාලයකින් ලෝක ජනගහණයට වඩා ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රමාණය ඉහළ යයි ද? යන්නෙන් සැකයක්ද ඇතිවීම සාධාරණය.එසේ පැවසීමට හේතුව වන්නේ දැනටමත් සමහර රටවල් තුල ජනගහණයට වඩා ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රමාණය වැඩිවී ඇති නිසාය.උදාහරණ ලෙස රුසියාව , ඇමරිකාව , බ්‍රසීලය වැනි රටවල් දැක්විය හැක.
ලෝකයේ වැඩිම ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති රටවල් 10 පහත දැක්වේ.

         රට	ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රමාණය
1	     චීනය	1,150,000,000
2	     ඉන්දියාව	   867,800,000
3	     ඇමරිකාව	   327,577,529
4	     බ්‍රසීලය	   265,741,000
5	     රුසියාව	   256,117,000
6	     ඉන්දුනීසියාව	   236,800,000
7	     පාකිස්ථානය	   125,012,860
8	     ජපානය	   121,246,700
9	     ජර්මනිය	   107,000,000
10	     පිලිපීනය	   106,987,098

මෙහිදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට හිමි වී ඇත්තේ 44 වන ස්ථානයයි.
රටවල් කීපයක ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සංඛ්‍යා දත්ත ඉදිරි පිටුවේ දක්වා ඇත.
රටෙහි/රාජ්‍යයෙහි නම	ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රමාණය	ජනගහණය	ජනගහණයට සාපේක්ෂව ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රතිශතය (%)
චීනය	1,150,000,000	1,349,585,838	85.21
ඉන්දියාව	867,800,000	1,220,800,359	70.72
ඇමරිකා එ. ජනපදය	327,577,529	310,866,000		          103.9

      බ්‍රසීලය	265,741,000	192,379,287	134.2
රුසියාව	256,117,000	142,905,200		         155.5

ජපානය	121,246,700	127,628,095	95.1
ඉතාලිය	       88,580,000
	60,090,400		         147.4

එක්සත් රාජධානිය	75,750,000	61,612,300		         122.9

ප්‍රංශය	72,180,000	63,573,842	114.2
දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව	      59,474,500
	50,586,757	117.6
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව	      21,260,000
	21,179,211	100.4
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව	17,359,312	      21,000,000
	80.95
එක්සත් අරාබිය	11,540,040	8,264,070	139.6
කියුබාව	         1,300,000
	11,200,000	11.6
උතුරු කොරියාව	 2,000,000	24,451,285	8.3

2013 වර්ෂය වන විට ලෝකයේ ජංගම දුරකථන ප්‍රමාණය


රසල්ගේ තේ පෝච්චිය යනු බර්ට්‍රන්ඩ් රසල් (1872–1970) නම් දාර්ශනිකයා විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද සාදෘශ්‍යය කි. ආනුභවිකව අසත්‍යේක්ෂණය කළ නොහැකි ප්‍රකාශයක් සත්‍ය යැයි ඔප්පු කිරීමේ (සාධනය කිරීමේ) වගකීම හෙවත් සාධන භාරය ඇත්තේ එම ප්‍රකාශය ඉදිරිපත් කරන තැනැත්තාට මිසක්, එය විසාධනය කිරීමේ වගකීම අනෙක් අයට පැටවීම කළ නොහැකි බව මෙහිදී නිදර්ශනය කෙරේ.

රසල්ගේ සාදෘශ්‍යය මෙසේය. ඔප්පු කිරීමට කිසිම සාක්ෂියක් ඉදිරිපත් නොකරමින්, දුරේක්ෂ වලට නොපෙනෙන තරම් කුඩා තේ පෝච්චියක්, පෘථිවිය සහ අඟහරු අතර අවකාශයේ හිරු වටා කක්ෂගත වී ඇති බව කිසිවෙක් පවසයි. එම ප්‍රකාශය බොරු යැයි ඔප්පු කළ නොහැකි නිසාම එය පිළිගත යුතු නැති බව රසල් පවසයි.

රසල්ගේ තේ පෝච්චිය තර්කය වර්තමානයේද දෙවියන්ගෙ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ සංවාද වලදී ඉදිරිපත් කෙරේ.

විස්තරය
Illustrated නම් සඟරාවට රසල් 1952 දී ලියූ (එහෙත් පළ නොවූ) "දෙවි කෙනෙකු ඇත්ද?" යනුවෙන් මාතෘකාව යෙදු ලිපියක් පහත දැක්වේ:යම් කිසි ලබ්ධියක් නිවැරදි යැයි ඔප්පු කිරීම එම ලබ්ධිකයාගේ කාර්‍යයක් නොවන බවත්, එය වැරදි යැයි ඔප්පු කිරීම සංශයවාදීන්ගේ කාර්‍යයක් බවත් ඇතැම් සාම්ප්‍රදායික මිනිසුන් පවසයි. මෙය ඇත්තෙන්ම වැරදිය. අප සතු බලගතුම දුරේක්ෂයට වුවද දැකිය නොහැකි තරම් කුඩා වූ, චීන තේ පෝච්චියක් හිරු වටා ඉලිප්සාකාර කක්ෂයක පරිභ්‍රමණය වන බව මා පැවසුවහොත්, කිසිවෙකුට එය බොරු යැයි ඔප්පු කළ නොහැකි වනු ඇත. එහෙත් එය බොරු යැයි ඔප්පු කළ නොහැකි නිසාම, ඒ ගැන සැක කිරීම වැරදි යැයි මා පැවසුවහොත්, මා විකාර පවසන බවට ඔබ සිතීම සාධාරණ ය. එහෙත්, එම තේ පොච්චිය සත්‍යයක් යැයි පෞරාණික පොත් වල පවසා තිබුනේ නම්, ඒවා ඉරිදා පාසල්වල ශුද්ධ වූ සත්‍යය ලෙස උගන්වූයේනම්, පාසල්වලදී දරුවන්ගේ මනස් තුල ස්ථාපිත කරවූයේ නම්, එය පිළි නොගන්නා තැනැත්තා අසාමාන්‍ය පුද්ගලයෙකු ලෙස සළකනු ඇත.
දර්ශනය
දාර්ශනික සංකල්ප

රසල්ගේ තේ පෝච්චිය


دانية الخطيب (13 فبراير 1973 -)، مغنية ومذيعة لبنانية. بدأت حياتها المهنية كمقدمة برامج تليفزيونية بأحد المحطات المحلية بلبنان ثم انضمت للعمل في قناة (V) عام 1995 لتصبح أول عربية تعمل في قناة تليفزيونية دولية وفي 1998 تركت القناة لتلتحق بقناة أبوظبي حيث قدمت برنامج ترفيهي باسم زووم وحصلت من خلاله على جائزة في مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون كذلك قدمت برنامج القافلة على تليفزيون أبوظبي، وحاليا تقدم ثلاث برامج مطبخيه على قناة فتافيت من مطابخ العالم الشرق آسيويه والافريقيه ودول أمريكا الجنوبية في الهواء الطلق وداخل المطابخ.وتتميز بخفة الظل والابتسامة الساحرة وحب الناس وهنالك رابط بين برنامجها على قناة أبوظبي وقناة فتافيت وهو حب السفر والسياحة وزيارة الكثير من البلدان والتعرف على العدات والتقاليد.
ولدت دانيا الخطيب وترعرعت في لبنان في عصر الموضة وأحبت الموسيقى منذ نعومة أظافرها وظهرت موهبتها في الغناء منذ السنوات الأولى في عمرها حيث كانت تغني بغرفتها وتسجل ما تغنيه وتسمعه مرة أخرى.

بدأت مشوارها المهني كمذيعة تلفزيونية بإحدى المحطات المحلية في لبنان وذاعت شهرتها، الشيء الذي لم تتوقعه وقت تخرجها من كلية الفنون الجميلة. وفي إحدى حلقات برنامجها اكتشف مسئولي قناة الموسيقية العالمية، قناة V من مجموعة ستار التي تغطي آسيا والشرق الأوسط، موهبتها الفنية. والتحقت للعمل بهذه القناة في عام 1995 لتصبح أول مذيعة أغاني عربية في قناة عالمية حيث ذاع صيتها في المنطقة العربية.

وفي بدايات عام 1998 تركت دانية قناة V لتلتحق بتليفزيون أبوظبي لتقدم أنجح برنامج منوعات عربي في هذا الوقت والذي كان يحمل اسم «زووم». وحاز هذا البرنامج على أعلى نسبة مشاهدة لبرنامج عربي خلال عام 1998 ومن ثم رشحت دانية للحصول على الجائزة الفضية لـ«أحسن برنامج منوعات عربي» في مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون عام 1998.

وبعد نجاح برنامجها «زووم» قدمت دانية البرنامج السياحي الشهير «القافلة» على المحطة ذاتها وهو البرنامج الأول من نوعه في العالم العربي حيث جابت أنحاء العالم. كما قدمت العديد من البرامج الناجحة الأخرى وحافظت على مكانتها بين مشاهير الغناء في الشرق الأوسط.

وبدأت دانية مشوارها الفني في مجال الغناء عندما كانت في قناة V حين أصدرت أغنية «يلا بينا» في أكتوبر 1996 حيث لاقت نجاحاً ضخماً وكانت الأغنية الرئيسية في ألبومها الرائع الذي حمل عنوان «ذا بست أريبيان نايتس بارتي» الذي احتل المراكز الأولى في المبيعات. وبعد هذا النجاح قررت شركة EMI Music Arabia إبرام عقد مع دانية لإنتاج أربعة ألبومات وأصدرت الشركة أول ألبومات دانية معها في سبتمبر 1997 تحت عنوان «دانية» الذي تضمن 9 أغنيات. أما عن أغنيتها الفردية «فيستا» التي أعقبت أغنية «يلا بينا» فقد حققت نجاحاً هائلاً بعد تصويرها في فيديو كليب. وبهذا فقد فرضت دانية نفسها في المنطقة ورسخت صورتها كأحد النجوم الشابة في مجال الغناء.
ويذكر أن هذا الألبوم وصل إلى المرتبة البلاتينية في أقل من 6 أشهر.

أما عن ألبومها الثاني «دانية 2» فقد أثبتت قدراتها الصوتية حيث كان ألبوماً مميزاً يمزج بين الموسيقى الإنجليزية والإسبانية واليونانية. وقد حاز هذا الألبوم على إعجاب الجماهير العربية وغير العربية وتضمن أغنية «ليلي» التي قد تم تصويرها بالفيديو كليب. وقامت فرقة «ترانس جلوبال اندر جرواند» بإعادة توزيع أغنية «ليلي» التي تعاملت مع أسطورتي الروك جيمي بيدج وروبرت بلانت وأعادت توزيع أغنية الفنانة الأسطورية صباح «يا دالة» بطريقة
عصرية. وقامت دانية بغناء دويتو«برايفت نامبر» مع أحد أعضاء الفريق الإنجليزي الشهير 911 والتي احتلت المركز الثاني بإنجلترا في هذا الوقت. وقام شيكو أحد أعضاء فريق الـ «جيبسي كينجس» المشهورين بتلحين أغنية لدانية تحت اسم «السلام».
وقد لاقى الطابع الشرقي لأغنية «ليلي» قبولاً لدى كافة جنسيات العالم حيث تم إصدارها في عدة ألبومات حول العالم من ضمنها ألبوم «اريبيان نايتس» الذي بيعت منه 500,000 نسخة في البرازيل وصار عليها طلب من محطات تلفزيونية عديدة مثل قناة "MTV" وغيرها من القنوات.

وسجلت دانية ألبومها الثالث ما بين دبي وبيروت مع المنتج والموزع جان ماري رياشي وكعادتها فقد تضمن ألبومها مختلف أنواع الموسيقى وتضمن أيضاً إعادة توزيع عصرية لأغاني فلكلورية مثل «الحلوة دي» (أغنية «كوكو كوكو») وأغنية «لا تحتار» و«بحبها» و«أنا بدي» و«مشتاقة لعيونك» التي قام بتلحينها النجم اللبناني يوري مرقدي وكذلك دويتو «بارا نو فيرتى ماس» مع المغني الأرجنتيني الشهير موسكا. وصدر هذا الألبوم على شرائط كاسيت واسطوانات من إنتاج شركة EMI Music Arabia ولاقت أغنية «الحلوة دي» من هذا الألبوم التي تم تصويرها في كوبا شهرة منقطعة النظير جماهرياً وتسويقياً.

وبهذه الأغنية أثنى الكثير والكثير على موهبتها وصوتها وما تتمتع به من حضور طبيعي أمام الكاميرا وتشجعت الشركة المنتجة وأصدرت نسخة إنجليزية وأخرى فرنسية من نفس الأغنية التي تم تسجيلها في استديوهات باريس وطرحت في إنجلترا كأغنية فردية.

وظهر نجاح الألبوم الباهر في فرعي الشركة في تشيلي واليونان حيث لاقت أغنية «لا تحتار» قبولاً لدى الجماهير هناك ومن ثم تم دعوة دانية للقيام بجولة ترويجية في البلدين حيث ظهرت في معظم برامج التلفزيون الموسيقية وكانت محط أنظار الصحف والمجلات الشهيرة.

وبعد النجاح الباهر لألبومات دانية، قررت الشركة المنتجة إصدار ألبوم لأحلى ما غنت دانية الذي تضمن أغان مثل «يلا بينا» و«فيستا» و«ليلي» و«الحلوة دي» و«لا تحتار» و«فرحوا غنوا» وغيرها. ولإضفاء لمسة جديدة على هذا الألبوم سجلت دانية أغنية جميلة من الفلكلور العراقي بعنوان «فوق النخيل» والتي تم تصويرها بمدينة صيدا في لبنان. ومثل جميع أغنان دانية لاقت هذه الأغنية الجديدة نجاحاً كبيراً على جميع المستويات جماهرياً وإعلامياً وموسيقياً. وقام بإعادة توزيع هذه الأغنية الدي جي الشهير سعيد مراد حيث جسدت فيها دانية قدرتها على الغناء بشكل مختلف فهي دائماً جذابة وصوتها عذب.

ومؤخراً قامت دانية بتسجيل أغنية جديدة بعنوان «ريح قلبك» في لبنان التي يتوقع أن تحقق نجاحاً كبيراً أيضاً وهي أغنية تشبه دانية في نواح كثيرة ولها شكل جديد يتيح لها الفرصة لتصبح علامة موسيقية في الوطن العربي.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مغنيات لبنانيات في القرن 20
مغنيات لبنانيات في القرن 21
مقدمو برامج
ممثلات أفلام لبنانيات
ممثلات تلفزيون لبنانيات
مواليد 1393 هـ
مواليد 1973

دانية الخطيب


Hawerkamp ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Laurien Hawerkamp (* 1998), deutsche Reiterin

Hawerkamp steht außerdem für:
 ein Ortsteil von Münster, siehe Münster-Hansaviertel#Am Hawerkamp
 Zeche Hawerkamp, ehemaliges Steinkohlenbergwerk in Sprockhövel

Siehe auch
 Haverkamp

Hawerkamp


This table lists aircraft production during World War II for the major allied and axis powers:

See also
Air warfare of World War II
List of military aircraft operational during World War II
German aircraft production during World War II
United States aircraft production during World War II
List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Angelucci, Enzo. Complete Book of World War II Combat Aircraft (1988) 414pp
 Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia Of Military Aircraft, 1914-1980 (1988) 546pp; includes production data
 Harrison, Mark, ed. The economics of World War II: six great powers in international comparison (Cambridge University Press, 2000)

 Wilson, Stewart. Aircraft of World War II (Aerospace Publications, 1988), with photos, production data, service histories, countries of origin, and specifications for most World War II fighters, bombers and cargo planes.

Production
Economic history of World War II

World War II aircraft production


Planetes (japoneză: プラネテス) este un serial de anime japonez regizat de Gorō Taniguchi și produs de Sunrise. Are 26 episoade. A avut premiera la 4 octombrie 2003. A primit Premiul Seiun pentru cel mai bun serial SF.

Prezentare

Povestea are loc în anul 2075 și urmărește un grup de astronauți de la Stația Spațială Tecnora din secția deșeurilor cunoscută ca "Semi" (fiindcă este un grup cu jumătate de personal din cauza reducerii bugetului). Misiunea acestui grup este de a colecta deșeurile spațiale care interferează cu activitățile aeronautice de pe Pământ.

După accidentul navei de pasageri Alnail-8 în anul 2068, problema gunoiului spațial a devenit de o mare importanță; sateliți artificiali de doi bani, rezervoare abandonate de navete, deșeuri provenite de la construcția stațiilor spațiale. Toate aceste deșeuri se rotesc în jurul Pământului la viteze de aproximativ 8 km/s. Impactul dintre aceste obiecte cu o navă spațială ar putea provoca un accident grav. Pentru a preveni o nouă tragedie s-a considerat necesară supravegherea și strângerea deșeurilor.

În viitorul în care are loc acest serial, oamenii au colonizat Luna și au ajuns pe Marte în anul 2058. Din această cauză a apărut o organizație teroristă denumită "Frontul de apărare spațială" care se opune ca omul să colonizeze și să contamineze alte planete. În multe episoade apar mulți antagoniști membri ai acestei organizații.

Personaje
 : cu porecla "Hachimaki" (în japoneză "bandă pentru păr", fiindcă el mereu poartă pe cap o bandă în misiunile sale spațiale, aceasta îl ajută să se concentreze) este unul dintre protagoniști. Lucrează la strângerea gunoiului de 4 ani, împreună cu tovarășii săi Fee Carmichael și Yuri Mihairokoh, dar el mereu a visat să aibă propria sa navă spațială. Curând va descoperi că așa  ceva nu este posibil și că lucrurile le obțin doar cei care pot. Mai târziu, Hachimaki se va simți foarte atașat de nava care îl va duce la Jupiter, Wernher Von Braun, numită de el "nava mea". Aceasta se exprimă fatal în afacerile sentimentale, dar Tanabe îl înțelege perfect.

 : este o fată care se alătură Secției Deșeurilor. La început Hachimaki i se pare antipatic, deoarece acesta nu este de acord în nimic, dar la urmă vor simți o mare afecțiune reciprocă. Inițial este rezervată, prudentă și timidă, dar sfârșește prin a fi foarte hotărâtă pentru a efectua ceea ce se propune, utilizându-și ideea că dragostea aranjează totul, și fără dragoste nimeni nu ar putea să existe, și nimeni nu vrea să trăiască nici să moară singur. La sfârșitul istoriei, când nava Von Braun este atacată de teroriști numiți "Frontul Apărării Spațiului", Tanabe suferă o hipoxie din cauza lipsei de aer în costumul său și funcțiile sale motorii sunt foarte afectate, dar poate să se recupereze. Jucând un joc de cuvinte cu Hachimaki, el trebuie să înceapă un cuvânt cu "cas-", și ea răspunde "hai să ne căsătorim".

 Fee Carmichael: căpitanul navei DS-12 Toy Box, nava secțiunii Semi-ului. S-a născut în Richmond, Virginia, Statele Unite ale Americii. Este o femeie foarte protectoare cu membrii grupului său. La birou mereu fumează într-o cabină. Este foarte calculatoară, inteligentă, dar cu un defect, este o fumătoare iremediabilă, și după ce ea a combătut împotriva unei nave a teroriștilor, reușește să fumeze o țigară după 4 zile fără să fumeze. În navele spațiale există foarte puține locuri pentru a fuma, care o scoate pe Fee din țâțâni.

 Yuri Mihairokoh (Юрий Михалков): este un astronaut rus care s-a convertit în recuperator de deșeuri doar pentru a recupera busola soției sale, decedată în accidentul navei Alnail 8. Când în sfârșit găsește busola, și cu ajutorul fratelui mic al lui Hachimaki și după 6 ani de căutări, reflexionează serios despre demisia sa, fiindcă misiunea sa este îndeplinită. Până la urmă rămâne în grup pentru că gândește că deja nu este legat cu trecutul său și poate să-și decidă viața, orbită de durerea morții soției sale. Este responsabil pentru îngrijirea și pentru întreținerea animalelor care se situează pe "seven" (ISPV 7), stația spațială dinspre unde încep misiunile lor de recuperatori

Episoade
Episoadele serialului Planetes sunt numiți "faze".

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial al serialului Planetes
 Wiki despre Planetes în limba română

Seriale Anime
Serii anime și manga
Seriale de televiziune din 2003
Seriale japoneze

Planetes


Most Wanted Christmas 2016 er et dansk opsamlingsalbum med julemusik udgivet den 4. november 2016 på Universal Music. Coveret er det karakteristiske  blå snelandskab og Tuborg-julemand (med en selfie-stang i hånden), designet af Wibroe, Duckert & Partners.

I serien medvirker følgende sange for første gang: "Der' noget i december" (2015) med Rasmus Seebach, "Endelig jul" (2015) med Morten Remar, og "Sommersne" (2015) med Kaae + Petersen. Robbie Williams' "Walk This Sleigh" medvirker for første gang siden Absolute Christmas 2001 og NOW Christmas 2004.

Spor

CD 1
John Lennon & Yoko Ono with The Harlem Community Choir - "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)"
Rasmus Seebach - "Der' noget i december"
Mariah Carey feat. Justin Bieber - "All I Want for Christmas Is You"
Drengene Fra Angora - "Jul i Angora"
Band Aid - "Do They Know It's Christmas?"
Anden - "Jul på Vesterbro"
Ariana Grande - "Last Christmas"
Diskofil - "Til julebal i Nisseland"
Mel & Kim - "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
Sukkerchok - "Hele julenat, hele juledag"
Elton John - "Step into Christmas"
Martin Brygmann & Maria Lucia - "Julen rammer som en lammer"
Bryan Adams - "Merry Christmas"
Caroline Henderson - "Vil du være min i nat"
Robbie Williams - "Walk This Sleigh"
Michael Falch - "Tænd december
Bill Haley & His Comets - "Jingle Bell Rock"
You Know Who - "Finally It's Christmas Again"
Toni Braxton & Babyface - "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
Jackson 5 - "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
Morten Remar - "Endelig jul"
Dean Martin - "White Christmas"
Tuborg Juleband  - "Tuborg Julebryg Jingle"(skjult spor)

CD 2
Slade - "Merry X-Mas Everybody"
De Nattergale - "The Støvledance (The Phony Remix)"
George Michael - "December Song (I Dreamed of Christmas)"
D-A-D - "Sad Sad X-Mas"
Paul McCartney - "Wonderful Christmastime"
Sys Bjerre - "Det'cember" (Rap-version)
Michael Ball - "Driving Home For Christmas"
Shu-Bi-Dua - "Den himmelblå"
The Pussycat Dolls - "Santa Baby"
Alphabeat - "X-Mas (Let's Do It Again)
Billy Mack (Bill Nighy) - "Christmas Is All Around"
Rod Stewart feat. Trombone Shorty - "Red-Suited Super Man"
Me & My - "Too Much Christmas"
Tom Jones & Cerys Matthews - "Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Aqua - "Spin Me a Christmas"
Girls Aloud - "Not Tonight Santa"
Joss Stone - "All I Want for Christmas"
Kaae + Petersen - "Sommersne" (fra filmen Emma og Julemanden - Jagten på Elverdronningens hjerte)
Lady Gaga feat. Space Cowboy - "Christmas Tree"
The Beach Boys - "Little Saint Nick"
John Mogensen - "Bjældeklang" / "Kender I den om Rudolf"
Sheryl Crow - "Merry Christmas, Baby"
ABBA - "Happy New Year (bonus spor)

Hitlister og certificeringer

Hitlister

Certificeringer

Kilder

Musik i 2016
Musik fra Danmark
Julealbum

Most Wanted Christmas 2016


වර්තමාන බුදුදහම

බුදුදහම ඉන්දියාවෙන් සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම පරිහානියට පත් වු අතර එහි අවට රවල් වල බුදුදහම පැවතුනද බුදුදහමේ ව්‍යාප්තියක් සිදු නොවීය. නමුත් වර්තමානයේ එය  නැවත ශක්තිමත් වෙමින් පවතී. බුදුදහම අදහන්නන්මිලියන 230 සිට 500 දක්වා ප්‍රමාණයක් ලොව පුරා පැරි සිටින අතර සමහරකන් අස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව එය මිලියන 310 පමණ වේ. නමුත් මෙම ප්‍රමාණය නියත නොවේ. එයට හේතු,

·බෞද්ධයන් යන ගණයට අයත්වන්නන් නිර්වචනය අපහසු වීම

·චිනය, වියෙට්නාමය හා උතුරැ කොරියාව යන රටවල් තත්තවය

එකී විමර්ශනයකින් හෙළිවුයේ බුදුදහමට ලෝකයේ 4 වනුව වැඩිම පිරිසක් අදහන ආගම වන අතර ඉදිරියෙන්ම ඇත්තේ ක්‍රිස්තියාන, ඉස්ලාම් හා හින්දු ආගම්ය. බුදුරජාණන්වහන්සේගේ ජීවන කාලයේදී ආරම්භ වු සංඝ ශාසනයේ ලෝකයේ පැරණිතම සංවිධාන වලින් එකකි.

·පාලි ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ අසුරැ කරන තේරවාදී බුදුදහ‍ම කාම්බෝජය, ලාඕස්, තායිලන්තය, ශ්‍රීලාකාව හා බුරැමයේ ප්‍රධානම බුදුදහමයි. ඉන්දියාවේ දාලිත් බෞද්ධ සංගමයද අනුගමනය කරන්නේ තේරවාදි බුදුදහමය.

·චීනය, ජපානය, කොරියාව, තියිලන්තය සිගප්පුරැව හා වියෙට්නාමයේ පවතින්නේ චීන බසින් ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ ලියවුණු මහායාන බුදුදහමයි.

·ටිබෙට් භාෂාවෙන් ලියවුනු ටිබෙට් බුදුදහම ටිබෙටයේ, ඉන්දියාව, භූතානය, මොංගෝලියාව, නේපාලය හා රැසියානු සමුහාණ්ඩුවේ දක්නට ලැබේ.

ආගමික සංඛ්‍යාණ සම්බන්ධ වෙඩ් අඩවියකින් පවත්වන ලද සංගණනයතින් හෙලි වුයේ ඉහත සදහන් ප්‍රධාන සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුනකට පිළිවෙයලින් මිලියන 124,185 හා 20 පමණ බැතිමතුන් සිටින බවයි.

වර්තමානයේ බුද්ධධර්මයේ ලොවපුරා වයාප්තව ඇති අතර බෞද්ධ ග්‍රන්ථ විවිධ භාෂාවලට පරිවර්තනය වී ඇත. බටහිර රටවල් වලදී බුදුදහම විදේශීය හා ප්‍රගතිශීලි ලෙස සලකන අතර නැ‍ගෙනහිර දී එය සංස්කෘතියේම කොටසකි. ආසියාවේ බුදුදහම මනා සංවිධානයකින් යුක්තවන අතර ඉතා ඉහළ අනුග්‍රහයක් ලැබෙයි. සමහර රටවල එය නිලවශයෙන් පිළිගත් ආගමක් වන අතර රාජ්‍යය අනුග්‍රමයක් ලැබේ. බටහිර එය වර්ධනය වන අධ්‍යාත්මකි දර්ශනයකි.

වර්තමාන බුදුදහම


خليج توبلي هو خليج في شرق البحرين ما بين جزيرة البحرين وجزيرة سترة. الجزء الجنوبي مرتبط بشبه جزيرة المنامة. توجد جزيرة النبيه صالح في الخليج.

كانت المنطقة معروفة بالحياة البحرية الغنية والطيور وأشجار الأيكة الساحلية. ازدهرت أشجار الأيكة الساحلية بفضل ينابيع المياه العذبة. الخليج أرض خصبة لتربية الروبيان والأسماك. بل أن المنطقة مستوطنة من قبل العديد من الطيور المهاجرة.

يعاني اليوم خليج توبلي من استصلاح الأراضي بشكل غير قانوني    والتلوث البيئي وتناقص إمدادات المياه العذبة من الينابيع. خفض استصلاح الأراضي حجم الخليج من 25 كيلومتر مربع في عقد 1960 إلى 11 كيلومتر مربع فقط. تم تخفيض أشجار القرم التي كانت موجودة على امتداد جزء كبير من الساحل لبضعة بقع صغيرة في رأس سند ورأس توبلي.

في عام 1997 أضيف خليج توبلي إلى قائمة رامسار للأراضي الرطبة ذات الأهمية الدولية.

تم تنفيذ كورنيش خليج توبلي على مساحة تبلغ 15,000 متر مربع يتضمن واجهات بحرية ومسحطات خضراء واستراحات عائلية ومرافق عامة وخدمات بحيث يكون مشروعا عائليا ترفيهيا يمثل المرحلة الأولى من تطوير الخليج في عام 2014.

مصادر

مسطحات مائية في البحرين
مواقع رامسار في البحرين

خليج توبلي


B hücresi, humoral bağışıklık yanıtında büyük bir rol oynayan lenfositlerdir. Bu hücreler ilk defa 1960'larda kuşlarda tespit edilmiştir. 'B' kısaltması, kuşlarda bu hücrelerin olgunlaştığı organ olan Bursa Fabricius'tan gelmektedir. Öte yandan Bursa Fabricus kuşlara ait bir organdır ve memelilerde bulunmaz.

İnsan vücudu her gün milyonlarca farklı B hücresi tipi üretir ve her tipin zarında belirli bir antijene bağlanabilecek özel (özgün) bir reseptör proteini vardır. İnsan vücudunda kan ve lenfte milyonlarca B hücresi antikor üretmeden dolaşır. Herhangi bir B hücresi antijen ile karşılaştığında ve bir yardımcı T hücresinden ilave sinyal aldığında; aşağıda tanımlanan iki farklı B hücresi tipinden birine farklılaşır. B hücreleri doğrudan bu hücre tiplerinden birine dönüşebilecekleri gibi, bir ara adımdan sonra da dönüşebilirler.

 Plazma B hücreleri, antikor üretirler ki bu antikorlar antijenlerin yıkımına, antijenlere bağlanarak ve böylece bağlandıkları antijenleri fagositler için daha kolay hedefler hâline getirerek yardımcı olurlar.
 Bellek B hücreleri, ilk bağışıklık yanıtında karşılaşılan antijenlere özel olarak oluşurlar ve uzun süre canlı kalırlar. Bu hücreler ilgili oldukları antijenin tekrar görülmesi hâlinde hızlı yanıt verebilirler.

Lenfositler

B hücresi


Clasa Palatină a fost o clasă specială de elevi formată începând cu anul 1932 (inaugurată oficial la data de 30 ianuarie 1933) la cererea Regelui Carol al II-lea al României pentru educația fiului său, Voievodul Mihai (mai târziu Majestatea Sa Regele Mihai I al României).

Elevii clasei au fost atent aleși, astfel încât viitorul rege să fie pus în contact cu colegi din clase sociale cât mai diverse (copii de funcționari, țărani, industriași, intelectuali etc.)

În 2017, după decesul Majestății Sale Regelui Mihai I al României, singurul supraviețuitor al Clasei Palatine a rămas Lascăr Zamfirescu, până la moartea sa în 27 mai 2020.

Programa școlară
Programa Clasei Palatine era asemănătoare cu cea a altor licee din România. Diferența față de alte școli, consta în faptul că în această instituție își urma cursurile principele moștenitor Mihai I. Animați de participarea la cursuri a viitorului rege, profesorii erau conștienți de marea responsabilitatea care le revenea. Era acordată o atenție specială orelor de sport, exista o logistică superioară și înzestrarea tehnico-materială era o prioritate. A fost aplicată ca metodă de studiu așa zisele lecții de sinteză prin țară, care erau la acea vreme o premieră în învățământul românesc. La elaborarea acestui concept și-a adus aportul și regele Carol al II-lea al României. Lecțiile de sinteză presupuneau efectuarea de călătorii. Profesorul Ion Conea a făcut cuvenitele precizări în explicarea metodei:

"...Creatorul Clasei Regale, Majestatea Sa Regele, a înțeles din capul locului că simpla înregistrare teoretică a cunoștințelor prevăzute în program și predate la fiecare obiect în parte nu poate atinge scopul ce trebuie urmărit, mai ales într-o astfel de școală., și că munca profesorilor, ca și efortul elevilor, nu pot da finalmente tot randamentul necesar, dacă elevului nu i se creează ocazia și nu i se dă posibilitatea de a utiliza — de a practiciza, dacă e permis să spunem astfel, acele cunoștințe și de a le lega între ele, a le mânui și a elabora și el, la rândul lui, sprijinit pe ele, o sinteză după puterea minții sale. ... "

Profesori
 Muzică: Nicolae Saxu (I-IV, 1932-1936), Ion Chires-cu (V-VIII, 1936-1940), Florica Musicescu (pian);
 Desen: Nicolae Saxu (I-IV, 1932-1936), Dimitrie Știubei (V-VIII, 1936-1940);
 Caligrafie: Nicolae Saxu (I-II, 1932-1933);
 Lucru manual: Mr. Macavei (I-IV, 1932-1936), M. Ionescu (V-VI, 1936-1938);
 Educație fizică Emil Pălăngeanu (I-IV, 1932-1936), Virgil Roșală (V-VIII, 1936-1940);
 Fizică și chimie: Cristian Musceleanu (III-VI, 1935-1938), Dr. C. Ionescu (VII-VIII, 1938-1940);
 Limba latină: profesor academician Nicolae Popescu (III-VII, 1935-1939), Nicolae Herescu (VIII, 1939-1940) Psihologie Vasile Băncilă (VI, 1937-1938);
 Drept: Ion V. Gruia (VII, 1938-1939);
 Economie politică: Eugen Demetrescu (VII, 1938-1939);
 Filosofie: Ion Zamfirescu (VII-VIII, 1938-1940);
 Limba elină: Pr. acad. Nicolae Popescu (VII, 1938-1939);
 Educație morală: Cpt. Mircea Tomescu (VII, 1938-1939) Igienă Ion Bratu (VIII, 1939-1940);

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Tudor Vișan-Miu, La școală cu Regele Mihai. Povestea Clasei Palatine, Editura Corint, 2016, ISBN 9786067930559

Legături externe
O școală pentru un singur copil  în revista Historia
Un blog dedicat Clasei Palatine

Monarhia în România
Școli din România

Clasa Palatină