Sex is a 1992 coffee table book written by American entertainer Madonna, with photography by Steven Meisel Studio and Fabien Baron. It was edited by Glenn O'Brien and published by Warner Books, Maverick and Callaway. The book features adult content including softcore pornography and simulations of sexual acts including sadomasochism.

Madonna developed Sex after Judith Regan of Simon & Schuster publishers suggested a book of erotic photographs. She wrote it as a character named "Mistress Dita", inspired by 1930s film actress Dita Parlo. It was influenced by punk rock and fashion figures including Guy Bourdin, Helmut Newton and Robert Mapplethorpe. The photos were shot in early 1992 in New York City and Miami, in locations including hotels, burlesque theaters, and city streets. The book includes cameos by actress Isabella Rossellini, rappers Big Daddy Kane and Vanilla Ice, model Naomi Campbell, gay porn star Joey Stefano, actor Udo Kier, and socialite Princess Tatiana von Fürstenberg. The cover is made of aluminium, spiral bound and wrapped in a Mylar sheet.

Madonna's publishers were apprehensive about the release and the book's commercial potential. It was released on October 21, 1992, the day after Madonna's fifth studio album Erotica. A CD single was also packaged with the book which contained the song "Erotic", a song similar in composition to her similarly-named single "Erotica". It sold over 150,000 copies on its first day in the United States, and topped the New York Times Best Seller list for three weeks. In matters of days, Sex went on to sell more than 1.5 million copies worldwide and remains the best and fastest-selling coffee table book. It also remains as one of the most in-demand out-of-print publications of all time.

Sex attracted extensive media attention and backlash, but Madonna remains unapologetic. Though it initially received negative reviews from fans and critics, who felt she had "gone too far", later reviews have been more positive, with academics deeming it a defining phase in Madonna's career. Sex is noted for its social and cultural impact and is considered a bold post-feminist work.

Background and development
According to Giselle Benatar of Entertainment Weekly, two versions explain how Madonna came up with the idea for the book. One is that she conceived the idea of an erotic photography book during the shooting of the film A League of Their Own in the summer of 1991. The other is that Judith Regan, vice-president and editor-in-chief of Simon & Schuster, armed with a proposal for a collection of photo-erotica, flew to Los Angeles in March 1991 to meet with Madonna and her manager Freddy DeMann. She verified Regan had not approached other celebrities with the concept as she was only interested in the project if it was a unique idea. By the end of the meeting Madonna had agreed "in principle" to do a book titled Madonna's Book of Erotica and Sexual Fantasies. She told Regan that DeMann would call her and work out the book's details. However, Madonna never got back to Regan who assumed she did not want to go ahead with the idea. Madonna's publicist Liz Rosenberg has never confirmed nor denied Regan's claim they had an agreement.

According to Benatar Madonna began working on Sex before wrapping up shooting A League of Their Own. At first Warner Bros. Records and the executive directors of Time Warner were reluctant to allow Madonna to publish such a book but finally agreed. Madonna had to sign a contract that forbade the book from including images of child pornography, bestiality, or religious imagery. Not long after signing the agreement Madonna founded Maverick, a multi-media entertainment company in partnership with Time Warner. Since by contract she had total artistic control over any work released by Maverick, who were now the book's publisher, the agreement she signed with Time Warner over the content in Sex was null and void.

Sexs stylized, sado-masochistic look had a range of influences from punk rock, to early fashion iconoclasts like Guy Bourdin and his surrealism, and Helmut Newton. Photographs from Brassaï's 1933 book Paris de nuit (Paris by Night) also inspired several of the book's series of images. The book was also influenced by Robert Mapplethorpe's infamous three-part XYZ portfolio, particularly the X portfolio. Madonna had considered using X as a title during the formative stages of Sex, but she changed her mind when promotion for Spike Lee's film Malcolm X began. (It was released three weeks after the book). She would go on to tell Vogue magazine: "We were gonna call it X [...] but then the whole thing with the Malcolm X movie started. At first I thought, 'Fuck it, it's a really good symbol and I thought of it first'. But I realized it might be confusing or look like I was copying Spike [Lee]. Besides, Sex is almost as powerful: it's universal, it doesn't need translation – and it's only two letters more than X."

Madonna hired top-notch talent for the book's development, and counted on the help of friends from the music, film and fashion industry. She hired Fabien Baron as the art director, fashion photographer Steven Meisel, editor Glenn O'Brien, make-up artist Francois Nars and hairstylist Paul Cavaco. Madonna originally wanted the book to be an oval shape to simulate a condom, but its printing and manufacturing would have been too expensive. Meisel would later comment: "Madonna and I can keep up with each other", noting "I'm doing things to make people think too. It's not really to antagonize or to push people's buttons. It's really to present another way of seeing things."

During the photo sessions for Sex, photographer Steven Meisel was accompanied by art director Fabion Baron who filmed the shoots on Super 8 film for use in the music video for the song "Erotica". The photo sessions took place in New York City and Miami. Locations in New York City included the Hotel Chelsea and Times Square's all-male burlesque Gaiety Theatre whose dancers participated in one of the book's photo sessions along with porn star Joey Stefano and actor Udo Kier. Many of the Miami photo sessions took place at Madonna's Coconut Grove mansion that she had recently purchased before beginning the Sex book project, while other sessions were done on several beaches and streets close to her home. One morning during the four-day Florida shoot Madonna was prancing naked around her 14-bedroom house in Miami when someone jokingly suggested she go out on the street, which she did on two occasions - topless with Vanilla Ice and completely nude while pretending to hitchhike. According to Baron on the street "cars screeched to a halt, motorists whistled, and one entranced cyclist fell off his bike". During the photo shoots Baron said, "[Madonna]'d do something crazy and then we'd come up with something even crazier". One of the most shocking photographs features two women in post-punk attire flanking Madonna with one of them holding a knife to her crotch. It was considered too violent to be used. While the book was being produced some of the photographs were stolen but were quickly recovered by the FBI. According to New York magazine, there were approximately 80,000 photographs taken for the book; only a handful of them were used. It took 15 days to print the book. The total production process took about eight months. Warner Bros. commented that Sex was very difficult to produce, requiring contributions from many printing companies. They noted that to make a profit the book needed to sell at least 350,000 copies.

Design and content

Wrapped and sealed in a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Mylar bag, Sex has 128 pages and is spiral bound with an aluminium cover that has the word "Sex" stamped in the middle and a warning label. The front page shows Madonna against a sky blue backdrop. Three different types of paper were used for the printing. Madonna and Baron & Baron Inc. (consisting of Fabien Baron and the photographer Siung Fat Tjia), who also collaborated with her designing the cover art for her fifth studio album, Erotica, oversaw the design. As this was Maverick's first project, the packaging was crucial. Madonna had no faith in Warner Book's "mass-market" publication process, however, so Baron suggested they transfer the packaging job to Nicholas Callaway's bespoke Callaway Editions. Charles Melcher, the book's co-publisher with Callaway, said they usually published "exquisite art books, $100 high end, beautiful things". It was a challenge for them to process Madonna's ideas into reality. The artist wanted the packaging to be sealed, so the reader had to tear it open to read the book. They considered various kinds of clasps before deciding on a sealed bag as a reference to a condom package. The metal cover was Madonna's idea. She was inspired by the 1979 album Metal Box by Public Image Ltd. Melcher recalls, "We were talking about materials for the cover, and we went into her kitchen. [Madonna] pointed at the metal plate at the back of her stove and said, 'I want something like this'. I was very impressed with the way she interacted with her world to source things". The company bought about  of aluminium, roughly a pound for each book. The designers oversaw the production of the front and back covers, which were stamped and anodized while the aluminium was rolling on a press.

The book opens with the introduction: "Everything you are about to see and read is a fantasy, a dream, pretend." Throughout Sex, Madonna offers poems, stories, and essays. She used the pseudonym "Mistress Dita" as an homage to German actress Dita Parlo; her friends in the stories are Bunny, Dex, Stella, Chiclet and Stranger. According to biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli, a big part of the book reads like a letter to a pornographic magazine. Madonna wanted to explore the notion of power in Sex. Melcher said she wanted to talk about "gentle and hard, soft and violent [in Sex]. She was playing out all those elements in her book. That was reflected in the materials: uncoated, soft paper on the inside and hard metal coating on the outside".

Like the text—which was mostly printed on the photographs—they are highly sexual and depict nudity, simulations of sexual acts, bondage, homosexuality and analingus, with accessories such as knives, whips, masks and chains; however, intercourse is never shown. Actress Isabella Rossellini, rappers Big Daddy Kane and Madonna's then-boyfriend Vanilla Ice, model Naomi Campbell, gay porn star Joey Stefano, actor Udo Kier, socialite Princess Tatiana von Fürstenberg, and nightclub owner Ingrid Casares and unknown models are featured in the book. Its heterosexual photos involve only Madonna and Vanilla Ice. Madonna herself is featured partially or completely naked. One of the book's most famous photographs shows a naked Madonna hitchhiking in Miami. The book also reflects Dita's perspective towards her own sexuality. She writes that her "pussy" is a temple of learning and exposing it, is really an homage to it. "It's hard to describe it smells like a baby to me fresh and full of life. I love my pussy, it is the complete summation of my life." Sex contains statements like "ass fucking is the most pleasurable way to get fucked and it hurts the most too". "There is something comforting about being tied up. Like when you were a baby and your mother strapped you in the car seat. She wanted you to be safe. It was an act of love". "I wouldn't want a penis. It would be like having a third leg. it seems like a contraption that would get in the way. I think I have a dick in my brain". Dita also points out "A lot of people are afraid to say what they want. That's why they don't get what they want". Since they recovered stolen pictures during the making of Sex, Madonna thanked the FBI for "rescuing photographs that would have made J. Edgar Hoover roll over" in the book's credits.

Publication and promotion
The book's imminent release caused a great deal of controversy. One photo showed a nude Madonna wearing a rabbit's tail, shaving the pubic hair of a naked man, and cavorting outdoors with a dog, suggesting bestiality. The Vatican urged its followers to boycott the book, saying that it was "morally intolerable". Indian customs officials said the book offended the country's public morality. The Press Trust of India (PTI), India's domestic news agency, quoted a top customs official as saying the book would be seized under a section of the Customs Act prohibiting entry of indecent literature. Citizens of Alexandria, Louisiana, filed a complaint with the city's police department on behalf of the Rapides Parish Chapter of the American Family Association, claiming Sex violated Louisiana's anti-obscenity laws. U.S. Southern Baptists did not want their Bibles printed on the same printing presses as Sex and threatened to stop doing business with the printer RR Donnelley. The Nashville-based Baptist Sunday School Board, a division of the Southern Baptist Convention, reviewed their $2.1 million ($ in  dollars) printing contract with Donnelley. Board President James Draper said he was infuriated Donnelley printed "such an obscene book". Entertainment Tonight reported Madonna had initiated the mayhem with the explicit content in the music video for "Erotica", walking bare breasted at designer Jean Paul Gaultier's fashion show and posing nude in Vanity Fair magazine. A writer for The Sacramento Bee said that since the press wanted "controversy", Madonna was willing to give them "fodder" with her "antiques".

Madonna claimed she was publishing Sex "to liberate America — free us all of our hang-ups". She told Spin: "We live in a very repressed society, and I deal with erotic themes. The point I try to make is: Why should we feel ashamed of our sexuality?". She stated later that the book "does not condone unsafe sexual practices". Nicholas Callaway of Callaway Arts & Entertainment said the book was "inevitably going to be controversial. The book explores every aspect of sexual fantasy. It's hard to calculate the effect, [but], Sex should be considered 'art'". It was rumored that Time Warner was nervous about the book's release, however, in an interview with Vanity Fair, William Sarnoff, president of Warner Books, said he felt Madonna "should pursue all avenues of creativity as she defines it". The Warner company said they would make sure Sex reached its target audience. They reminded the public the book was safely wrapped in a Mylar bag to prevent in-store peeping and contained a warning label.

Michael Kilian of the Chicago Tribune published a tongue-in-cheek article on October 7, 1992, about the coming release: "Prepare thyself, [...], The mega-event of the millennium is to occur in precisely two weeks. It's an event far more mega than the November election, the collapse of communism or even the crowning of Leanza Cornett as the new Miss America." Kilian went on to write: "The word on the street (which is precisely where it belongs) is that this is the hottest Truly Twisted personal sexual fantasy picture book in all Christendom, that it goes far beyond all previous Truly Twisted personal sexual fantasy picture books-perhaps beyond all imagining what such a book could be.

On October 15, Madonna threw a pre-release party at New York City's Industria Superstudio having signed all the invitations with "Dita" her Sex alter ego. She dressed as Little Bo Peep carrying a stuffed toy lamb. Madonna's publicist Liz Rosenberg expressed concern at first about "what the parents of America's impressionable teens will soon be thinking" of Madonna, but said that it "all depends on your idea of lovemaking, which in Madonna's case, should give new meaning to the word erotic". Waldenbooks and Barnes & Noble prepared corporate statements store managers could share with customers who were offended by Sex. (Both statements defended the right of bookstores to provide "diversity and choice" to customers, saying censorship is not the role of bookstores.) Many book stores stated the book would not be sold to anyone under 18 and it would only be on display behind the cash register. Bookstore owner David Epstein said, "The feeling of most people who have ordered the book is that Madonna is something special, that this is cutting-edge art [...] they're not the kind of people who are buying it because it's smut and dirty pictures. People are interested in it as art."

Sex was released on October 21, 1992, the day after Madonna's fifth studio album Erotica. A comic book title Dita in The Chelsea Girl and a promotional single titled "Erotic", wrapped in packaging representing a condom wrapper, was included with the book. "Erotic", a stripped-down arrangement of the song "Erotica", offered an alternate vocal take not used on the album version. Upon its release, the book was banned in India, Ireland, Japan and some Australian states.

Given the controversy surrounding the book there was no need for Madonna to promote it. One of the few promotions she did, however, was to appear on the cover of the October edition of Vogue, dressed in "Hippie trip" fashion. These photographs were taken by Meisel. On October 22, 1992, MTV aired a special called The Day in Madonna, hosted by Kurt Loder (a pun on the title of their daily show The Day in Rock). It profiled the release of Madonna's Sex and her album Erotica, even taking the book to the streets to allow people, including a sex therapist and a group of real-life New York City dominatrices, to view it. MTV also interviewed people who had looked at the book on the day of its release at the HMV music store in New York City. To celebrate its release, the store held a Madonna look-alike contest and set up a booth where people could view the book for one dollar a minute, with the proceeds going to Lifebeat, the music industry organization founded to help fund AIDS research.

Critical response

Critics, conservative, feminist and anti-porn groups reacted negatively to the book because of its sexually explicit photographs, which many characterized as hardcore pornography. J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his biography of Madonna, wrote that much of the book appears surprising, not shocking. He derided the concept as childish and impetuous. Though Madonna insisted she was trying to demystify sexuality altogether, he believed she just wanted to publish pornographic text and pictures and get away with it: "She was being a brat, not a revolutionary." Author Lucy O'Brien declared the book a bold, harrowing exercise in frustration, and despite Madonna's attempt at invincibility, it appeared to be "a curious act of self-destruction". Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone said "The overwhelming effect of the book is numbing". Describing the photographs as "derivative", he wrote that "Madonna herself seems far too eager to shock; that, not even prurient arousal, seems the ideal response the book tirelessly seeks. The potency of Sexs subject matter is dissipated by Madonna and Meisel's self-congratulatory – and silly – sense of their own 'bravery,' as if their naughty games were somehow revolutionary."

Roger Catlin of the Hartford Courant said some passages from the book were "too dirty to quote ... even the funny ones". The Daily Beast said "the book is neither groundbreaking (save that it features a major star) nor particularly sexy [...] Sex is convincing only when it's playful, as when she appears nude in a Miami pizzeria, chewing a slice while a baffled customer looks on. Elsewhere, she's simply undressed with no place to go." Richard Harrington of The Washington Post, in a mixed review, wrote: "Is Sex shocking? Not really. Mostly because it's Madonna, and somehow we've come to expect this from her. Is Sex boring? Surprisingly, yes." British author Zoë Heller of The Independent wrote that it was "the women who once saw Madonna as a witty feminist role model who have been most alarmist about her latest pornographic incarnation ... Previously, they say, Madonna played with traditional images of feminine sexuality in a subversive, 'empowering' way. But now, with sado-masochism and rape fantasies, she has gone too far."

Calvin Tomkins, author and art critic for The New Yorker, wrote that "unfortunately, the book is going to be mistaken for pornography". Vanity Fair deemed it "the dirtiest coffee table book to ever be published". Caryn James, in The New York Times, wrote: "There is plenty here to offend the meek (whips and chains), the self-righteous (gay men and lesbians), not to mention the tasteful (a tacky and cluttered art design)". The Times Vicki Goldberg was dismissive, writing, "Unfortunately, not many of the images are very good photographically. Many are just pictures, or just porn." Writing for Spin, Bob Guccione, Jr. gave the book a particularly unfavorable review:

Commercial reception

Pre-release
With Sex, Madonna broke several worldwide records. The retail price of the book was $50 in the United States, or around $ in  dollars. Across Europe, Sex was sold for £25 in the United Kingdom, and for pta 7500 in Spain (an equivalent of $70 at the time or $ in ). The most expensive sales were found in Argentina with a retail price of $89, which is about $ in  dollars.

The initial print run for the first edition was one million copies in five continents and in five languages. It set the record for the largest first printing of an illustrated book in publishing history. Callaway pointed out the book was an "unprecedented hit", because the print run of an average art book ranges between 5,000 and 10,000 units. Hundreds of copies of the book were pre-ordered, prompting book sellers to say that Sex was "shattering their sales records for advance purchases". John Robinson from Santa Cruz Sentinel informed that many booksellers agreed that "Sex sold, like nothing else before" and "they've never seen anything like it, especially for a $50 book". In Canada, H.B. Fenn and Company, distributors of Sex, reported an order for more than 45,000 copies from bookstores across the country by October 22.

Release
In the United States, Sex sold 150,000 copies on its release day, with additional 500,000 units a week later. The book also reached the number one on both The Washington Post and [[The New York Times Best Seller list|The New York Times Best Seller list]], topping the latter for three weeks. By the end of the year, Sex ended among the Top 15 of the best-selling titles in the United States with sales of over 750,000 units. The book became in a "huge bestseller" in Canada after a "careful review" by customs authorities according to Quill & Quire. It sold out 45,000 copies across the country, becoming one of the fastest-selling books in Canadian history. In the United Kingdom, Sex sold 100,000 copies in its first day, including 80,000 units in the first half an hour in London according to Creative Camera. Sex ended as the second best-selling hardcover book of 1992 in the UK, behind Andrew Morton's Diana biography.

In France, Madonna held the record for the highest first-month sales for a book in history, before being surpassed by Thierry Meyssan with L'Effroyable Impasture in 2002. In Paris alone, 23,000 copies were sold in the first hour of release. Sex sold 7,220 units in Spain within its first two days, and 2,000 copies in the first five-hours in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Italy, the book moved 5,000 copies. By October 24, a spokeswoman for Australian distributors, Octopus Publishing, informed thousands of copies of Sex had been sold in Western Australia. Despite the censorship, Sex was able to sell 150,000 units of an edited version of the initial printing in Japan, topping the national best-selling list upon its release. According to the Chinese state newspaper, the book sold 5,000 copies in the first-week in the city of Shanghai alone. Although the book was censored shortly after its publication, several hundred of copies were sold in the Irish capital.

Worldwide, the book sold 700,000 units in its first day. In summary, Sex went on to sell 1.5 million copies worldwide in matters of days, becoming the fastest-selling coffee table book in history. It remains the best-selling coffee table book of all time. In 1999, Ed Brown from Fortune called Sex the best-selling illustrated book in history, further comparing that "for most publishers, selling 20,000 copies of a coffee-table book is a minor miracle".

Reactions and continued interest
By December 1992, Paul Craig from McClatchy called it the biggest wonder of the year in literature. Giselle Benatar described Sex as "the publishing event of the century".

A day prior its release, Tyra Braden of The Morning Call concluded that the book "might become a collector's item a few years down the road". Writing for San Francisco Chronicle in 1999, Joel Selvin noted the prices for the book on the web, ranging from $200 to $500 for sealed copies; ten times the original $50 cover price. According to Barry Walters from Rolling Stone, Sex remains one of the most in-demand out-of-print publications of all time. A long-lasting title at BookFinder.com's lists, Sex featured as the most requested out-of-print publication from 2011 to 2015. In their database, AbeBooks recalls: "The most famous out-of-print book of modern times is Madonna's Sex book, which remains in demand but the pop star refuses to republish it".

 Social impact and aftermath

The book, though widely panned by the press, is regarded as one of the factors that shaped the social reaction and criticism of Madonna during the early 1990s. Her fifth studio album Erotica was affected by the negative press surrounding the book. In March 1993, Spin wrote an article praising the book. Months later in Mexico, social communicologist Nino Canún dedicated an episode of his morning talk show ¿Y usted qué opina? (English: So what's your opinion?), to Madonna. Some members of the audience, among them a priest, presented their arguments why The Girlie Show concert tour by "this morally clueless singer" should not be allowed in Mexico. Later, during the Mexican concert, in response to these comments, Madonna wore a charro sombrero and simulated an orgy with her dancers onstage.

Continuing her provocative work, Madonna starred in the erotic thriller Body of Evidence, which features her fully nude engaging in simulated sexual acts. In March 1994, she was a guest on Late Show with David Letterman, used profanity, and handed Letterman a pair of her underwear asking him to smell it. The release of her sexually explicit works, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman led some critics to see Madonna as a sexual renegade. She also faced a strong negative reaction from critics and fans who commented that "she had gone too far" and that her career was over. Author Lucy O'Brien commented:

Madonna responded to the huge backlash with the song "Human Nature", from her next album Bedtime Stories (1994), with the lyrics "Did I say something wrong? Oops, I didn't know I couldn't talk about sex," while declaring "And I'm not sorry. It's human nature."
She later explained: "I wouldn't say I regret it. I've made mistakes and learned from them. Most people want to hear me say that I regret publishing my Sex book. I don't. The problem was releasing my Erotica album at the same time. I love that album and it got overlooked." In 2003, Madonna said: "I'm not apologizing in any shape or form [...] I was interested in pushing buttons and being rebellious and being mischievous and trying to bend the rules. There was a lot of irony in the Sex book and I am poking fun at a lot of things and I am being kind of silly and adolescent and I am being very f you, if a man can do it, I can do it."

In 2002, Naomi Campbell said she had "a lot of respect for Madonna being bold enough to come out and do a book on sex. I've never reneged on that." In 2009, rapper Vanilla Ice confessed to being unhappy with the book once he saw it. "My friends were like, 'Dude, that's cool man', but I was like, 'I'm dating her, it's not cool to see your girlfriend with all these other people' [...] It kinda ruined the whole thing. I wonder what her kids think of that book? Here she is writing kids' books now but they're going to see it and go, 'Mommy, what were you thinking?'" Another of the book's models, actress Isabella Rossellini, told Out that she regretted her participation: "I don't think the book worked, even though the photos were extraordinary, and some of them quite memorable. I think there was a little bit of a moralistic sort of 'I'll teach you how to be free!' – and that bothered the hell out of me."

Later reviews of Sex have been more positive. The authors of The Porning of America: The Rise of Porn Culture, What It Means, and Where We Go from Here (2008) commented that "the book is particularly interesting in the way that, like many of Madonna's works, it portrays sex in terms of domination and power". Jane Raphaely, editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan (South Africa) praised Madonna's "liberated behavior in Sex [...] the fact that she takes all forms of pornography and systematically demystifies it by putting it under her control", in an article in 1996. Brian McNair, author of Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratisation of Desire (2002) praised this period of Madonna's career, saying she had "porno elegance" and that "Sex is a cultural phenomenon of global proportions" which "established her iconic status and cultural influence". Priya Elan of The Guardian, wrote: "That the Sex book came after a record-breaking album and tour felt like a shrink-wrapped curve ball. But Madge was expressing something unique." Elan felt the book was part of a "slower reveal that began with confessional tracks such as 'Oh Father' (from 1989's Like a Prayer) and continued with the many scenes of narcissism captured in In Bed With Madonna".

 Legacy
Several writers consider Sex a bold, post-feminist work of art besides being labeled a "cultural book". Martin Amis of The Observer wrote an essay discussing the book's cultural meaning. Critical theorist Douglas Kellner affirmed that with Sex "Madonna became herself, an artifact of pop culture". French academic writer Georges-Claude Guilbert described Sex as "one of the most successful publicity stunts in history", whereas Russell W. Belk, author of Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Marketing, feels its success was a product of marketing. Despite the negative feedback, sales of Sex generated more than US$20 million ($ million in  dollars) for Madonna in 1992 from its first print-run. It was deemed as an "unprecedented entrepreneurial coup". Overall, Sex generated US$70 million in sales at retail.

Taraborrelli commented in his book, Madonna: An Intimate Biography, that Madonna's friends knew the book and her behavior were a barrier to shield her from the world. She was tired of the extreme scrutiny from the public and media which she had provoked. Annoyed, Madonna fought back by creating the persona of a renegade, someone so outrageous as to defy explanation, someone found objectionable by most people. Taraborrelli said that in Madonna's view, "she had no other way of fighting back".

According to some writers, Sex also helped Madonna make a name in the porn industry, and earned her the title of S&M's first cultural ambassador earning her praise for recreating "porn-chic". Humberto Quiroga Lavié pointed out because Sex was considered pornographic that helped it to become a bestseller. Steve Bachmann, in his book Simulating Sex: Aesthetic Representations of Erotic Activity pointed out that "perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of Madonna's sexual phenomenon is the extent to which her book marked a new threshold in the pornographic franchise". McNair wrote in his book that, "Sex brought out the personal underground to the surface of pop culture". London art critic Sarah Kent wrote in Time Out that the timing of Sex was "impeccable. Obsession about the human body was in vogue. Along with Madonna's book were artist Andres Serrano's "cumming shots" and Jeff Koons' The Jeff Koons Handbook portraying fairy tale pictures of the artist having sex with his pornographic actor wife, Cicciolina.Sex has also become an important book in the LGBT community. Mark Blankenship, of the LGBT-oriented website New Now Next said that "literature changed forever" with the publishing of Sex. Madonna's portrayal of lesbian love scenes in the book sparked debates about her own sexual orientation. This was an adjunct to her public relationship with comedian Sandra Bernhard with whom she visited lesbian nightclubs and partied. The LGBT community felt it was an important portrayal for them. They debated whether Madonna was "ripping" them off for publicity. Carolin Grace of Diva said: "Madonna became meaningful in the early nineties, when Sex came out, and at that point lesbian culture was really changing." She felt women were coming out about their sexuality and the book's handling of the taboo issue was "a legacy, our contribution to the show", stressing "[t]he lesbian sub-cultural references borrowed by Madonna aren't our only possessions." O'Brien argues in her book Madonna: Like an Icon, the book had a confusing philosophy. According to female critics, who pointed out the vacuousness of Madonna's remarks about porn and abuse, she did not understand that behind the fantasies the "reality is too hard" for a woman to endure, referring to the daily hustles that women have to face in red light districts and brothels. The author felt that despite the courageous premise of genuine exploration of queer sex, the book crossed over into pornography and was a wrong portrayal for the community, while being flippant and commercial. She used the example of the death of pornographic actor Joey Stefano, one of the models in the book, from a drug overdose. Stefano had been thrilled to be a part of the book but was underpaid. Once Madonna and her team were done with the shoot, "they packed up and left the Gaiety... They left behind the mundane reality and the boys who have to deal with it seven days a week".

In 2017, Matthew Jacobs from the HuffPost wrote that it was "an audacious thesis statement, calculated enough to piss people off but seemly enough to maintain artistic integrity. No one today would dare emulate it", calling it "the most radical career move a pop star has ever made".

30th anniversary Art Basel exhibition and Christie's auction
From November 29 to December 4, 2022, Madonna partnered with Yves Saint Laurent for an art pop-up exhibition titled Sex by Madonna, at Art Basel in Miami Beach. Curated by Madonna and Anthony Vaccarello, large format prints from the book were shown in a temporarily constructed art gallery on the beach. 800 copies of the Sex book were re-issued, with a handful personally signed by Madonna. The price ranged from $1500-3000 and the signed copies were held up for auction, to raise proceeds for Raising Malawi. Various celebrities attended the event.

On May 10 2023, Christie's announced a collaborative auction on October 6 2023 with Madonna and Steven Meisel titled Madonna x Meisel - the SEX photographs. The auction will feature over 40 photographs that will go on sale, with proceeds going to Madonna's charity Raising Malawi. Darius Himes, Christie's Deputy Chairman describes the photos as sitting "at a moment in art history of the late 20th century that both summarizes a moment, playful and prescient, and hints at the future of public stardom driven by image-conscious figures. These images are nothing short of brilliant".

 In popular culture Sex has also become an object of modern culture references. American performance artist Ann Magnuson, who worked with Madonna on the 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan, released a parody of the book's photo sessions, where she simulated sex with a giant stuffed bear. In 2010, writer-performer Greg Scarnici released a book titled Sex in Drag, which featured over 70 images parodying photos in Sex. In a deleted scene from a 1993 episode ("Krusty Gets Kancelled") of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, aired as part of "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular", Krusty the Clown attempts to market a book like Sex to resolve his financial woes. He is seen in a suggestive pose on the front cover. Unlike Madonna, however, Krusty apparently never appeared fully nude, as he quickly claimed that he used a body double.

In 2008, People magazine ranked Madonna's look and attire at the Sex pre-release party as one of her 50 Looks We Can't Forget. In April 2012, a nude picture of Madonna taken by Meisel was put up for sale. An outtake from the book, it features a naked Madonna sporting bleach-blonde hair and dark eye make-up; lying on a bed and partially covered by a sheet, she is smoking a cigarette. An unnamed collector purchased it for almost US$24,000 ($ in  dollars). In 2015, Rolling Stone included the book on its list of 20 Great Moments in Rock Star Nudity. Author Keith Harris wrote that "no celebrity had ever commanded control over her own naked image so audaciously".

 Notes

 References

 External links
 Steven Meisel, Madonna, Sex book at Achtung Photography (dead link)
 Miami Photographer Hit Paydirt With Topless Madonna Shots at Adweek''
 full version (pdf) in the Open Source section of the Internet Archive

1992 non-fiction books
1992 controversies
Books by Madonna
Coffee table books
Erotic literature
Obscenity controversies in literature
Books of nude photography
Warner Books books
Censored books

Sex (book)


Les relations entre le Chili et la Palestine désignent les liens, échanges, confrontations, collaborations et rencontres, d'ordre économique, diplomatique, et culturel, qu'ont entretenus hier et entretiennent aujourd'hui le Chili et la Palestine.

Les deux nations entretiennent des relations amicales, dont l'importance est centrée sur l'histoire de la . Il y a une communauté d'environ 400 000 personnes d'origine palestinienne au Chili, ce qui fait du Chili la plus grande communauté palestinienne en dehors du Moyen-Orient.

Historique
À la fin des années 1800, des palestiniens (initialement de jeunes hommes) commencent à arriver au Chili. Beaucoup échappent à la conscription dans l'armée ottomane. Au fil du temps, davantage de palestiniens arriverent au Chili et travaillerent dans diverses industries du pays, en particulier l'industrie textile. En 1947, le Chili s'abstient de voter lors du plan de partage des Nations unies pour la Palestine.

En 1990, l'Organisation de libération de la Palestine (OLP) établit un "Bureau d'information" à Santiago. En 1994, avec la formation de l'Autorité nationale palestinienne, le Bureau d'information change son appellation en "Bureau de représentation de la Palestine au Chili". En avril 1998, le Chili est le premier pays d'Amérique latine à ouvrir un bureau de représentation auprès de l'Autorité nationale palestinienne à Ramallah.

En janvier 2011, le Chili reconnaît la Palestine en tant que nation indépendante. Quelques mois plus tard, en mars 2011, le président chilien Sebastián Piñera effectue une visite en Palestine et se rend à Bethléem et dans la ville de Ramallah où il rencontre le président de l'Autorité nationale palestinienne, Mahmoud Abbas. Lors de sa visite, le président Piñera visite également et dépose une gerbe sur la tombe de Yasser Arafat. En mai 2018, le président Mahmoud Abbas effectue une visite au Chili. Lors de sa visite, le président Abbas et le président Piñera discutent de la solution à deux États au conflit israélo-palestinien.

En juin 2019, le président Piñera effectue une deuxième visite en Palestine et se rend à Jérusalem-Est, Bethléem et Ramallah où il rencontre de nouveau Mahmoud Abbas.

Visites diplomatiques

Visites diplomatiques du Chili en Palestine

 Président Sebastián Piñera (2011, 2019)
 Vice-ministre des Affaires étrangères Edgardo Riveros (2014)

Visites diplomatiques de la Palestine au Chile

 Vice-ministre des Affaires sociales Anwar Hamam (2015)
 Vice-ministre des Affaires étrangères Tayser Farahat (2017)
 Président de l'Autorité nationale palestinienne Mahmoud Abbas (2018)

Accords bilatéraux
Les deux pays signent quelques accords tels que le protocole d'accord pour la coopération scientifique, technique, culturelle et éducative (1996); le mémorandum d'accord entre les ministères de la Santé du Chili et l'Autorité nationale palestinienne, concernant les questions de santé (2008); le mémorandum d'accord sur la coopération économique (2011); l'accord sur l'exemption de visa pour les titulaires de passeports diplomatiques et officiels (2016); et un protocole d'accord sur la coopération culturelle (2017).

Missions diplomatiques résidentes

 Le Chili possède un bureau de représentation à Ramallah.
 La Palestine possède une ambassade à Santiago.

Voir aussi

 Club Deportivo Palestino

Notes et références

Palestine
Chili

Relations entre le Chili et la Palestine


Antas de Ulla, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin kuzeybatı köşesinde bulunan Galiçya otonom bölgesine bağlı dört eyaletten biri olan Lugo'ya bağlı 67 belediyeden biridir. Antas de Ulla belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 2.602 kişidir.

Festivaller
San Xoan (24 Haziran)
San Cristovo (Temmuz ayının üçüncü Pazar günü)
Os Remedios (8 Eylül)

Lugo'daki belediyeler

Antas de Ulla


نيقية   هي مدينة إغريقية قديمة تقع على ساحل الأناضول الغربي عند بحر مرمرة تسمى إزنيق حديثا، اشتهرت بأهميتها في تاريخ المسيحية لانعقاد مجمع نيقية فيها، والذي تنسب إليه معظم العقائد المسيحية مثل قانون الإيمان النيقي.

التاريخ
كان البوثينيون أول من استوطن المدينة وسموها أنكور أو هيليكور، ودمرها الميسينيون فأعاد المقدونيون بناءها وسماها أحد جنرالاتهم أنتيغونيا على اسمه غير أنها تغيرت إلى نيقية نسبة إلى نايكي إلهة النصر لدى الإغريق.

اشتهرت نيقية كإحدى المدن البيزنطية الهامة كما صمدت عدة قرون أمام محاولات السلاجقة ضمها حتى سنة 1078 عندما تمكنوا من دخولها ما دعا الإمبراطور البيزنطي للاستعانة بالأوربيين إلى خلال الحملة الصليبية الأولى في 1095 لمحاربة السلاجقة. أصبحت نيقية مركز إمبراطورية نيقية التي أسسها أباطرة القسطنطينية بعد سقوط عاصمتهم بيد الصليبيين خلال الحملة الصليبية الرابعة.

في عام 1331، فتح أورخان الأول المدينة وضمها إلى الدولة العثمانية ودمرت العديد من مبانيها العامة، واستخدم العثمانيون المواد في إقامة مساجدهم وغيرها من الصروح. مع سقوط القسطنطينية في عام 1453، فقدت المدينة قدرا كبيرا من أهميتها، لكنها أصبحت فيما بعد مركزا رئيسيا مع إنشاء صناعة الفخار المحلية في القرن السابع عشر.

أعلام

 ماريا لاسكارينا
 أبرخش
 روبرت الأول دوق نورماندي
 كاسيوس ديو
 ماريا باليولوجينا

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 كسري كوردون

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة أسست في القرن 4 ق م
أماكن مأهولة في الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
أماكن مأهولة في بيثينيا
إزنيق
بلدات ومدن رومانية في تركيا
مواقع إغريقية في تركيا
مواقع صليبية

نيقية


Un lakh peut désigner :
 un plat sénégalais à base de millet.
 une mesure de 100 000 unités dans le système de numération indien.

Lakh


Hideyuki Ishida (født 15. april 1982) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kataller Toyama.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hideyuki Ishida


Karadere, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Coğrafya
 Karadere - Antik çağlarda Hyssos (Hyssus) olarak bilinen Trabzon'daki nehir.
 Karadere Ormanları

Yerleşim yerleri
 Karadere, Gündoğmuş - Antalya ili Gündoğmuş ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Burhaniye - Balıkesir ili Burhaniye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Tepebaşı - Eskişehir ili Tepebaşı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Görele - Giresun ili Görele ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karadere, Keşap - Giresun ili Keşap ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karadere, Kınık - İzmir ili Kınık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Kırklareli - Kırklareli ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karadere, Hekimhan - Malatya ili Hekimhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Anamur - Mersin ili Anamur ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Aydıncık - Mersin ili Aydıncık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Adapazarı - Sakarya ili Adapazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Hendek - Sakarya ili Hendek ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Salıpazarı - Samsun ili Salıpazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karadere, Almus - Tokat ili Almus ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karadere, Altınova - Yalova ili Altınova ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karadere, Zonguldak - Zonguldak ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Karadere (anlam ayrımı)


Ólafsvík er en lille by i Island på den nordlige side af Snæfellsnes-halvøen. På et tidspunkt i det 17'ende og 18'ende århundrede, sejlede der handelsskibe mellem Ólafsvík og Danmark, og landsbyen var en af de større erhvervshavne i Island. Ólafsvík blev købstad, godkendt af den danske Konge og de danske myndigheder, i 1687.

Den er beliggende i den vestlige ende af Snæfellsnes-halvøen, på den nordlige kyst af halvøen. Den er på rute 54 mellem Grundarfjörður og Hellissandur. Ved 23 grader 42 minutter Vest, det er den vestligste bebyggelse af sin størrelse i Europa.

Den er administrativt placeret i den vestlige region og den er det administrative center for kommunen Hellissandur, som også omfatter de to små landsbyer Rif og Hellissandur.

 havde byen 970 indbyggere.

Oversigt
Måske på grund af sin beliggenhed tæt på bugten i Breiðafjörður, var landsbyen den første i Island der blev gjort til købstad af Kongen af Danmark i det 17. århundrede. Ólafsvíks økonomi er baseret på fiskeri-industri og handel, samt levering af tjenester for landmændene i området.

Ólafsvíks omgivelser byder på mange muligheder for turister, såsom fugletårn, vandrestier, lange sandstrande og snescooterkørsel på Snæfellsjökull gletsjeren, som kun ligger 10 km væk, vejen er dog lukket i en stor del af året.

I nærvedliggende Hellissandur findes den højeste konstruktion i Vesteuropa, radiosenderen i Gufuskálar, der er 412 meter høj.

Se også
 Islands byer og bygder

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Ólafsvík website
 Ólafsvík billeder
 Flere oplysninger og billeder vedr. Ólafsvík på Hit Iceland

Byer på Island

Ólafsvík


Lindegade 1-3 er en fredet dobbelt bindingsværksbygning, der ligger på Lindegade i Kalundborg i Vestsjælland. Den stammer fra 1600-tallet og er den første del af byens centrale gågade, der går over i Kordilgade.

Historie

Bygningen blev opført i 1681, hvilket kan ses inskriptionen over på bjælen over indgangsdøren. Rådmand Jens Nielsen Bittzholdt opførte huset. Han havde allerede i 1670 og 1672 købt de to grunde, som bygningen dækker over. Grundene blev lagt sammen, hvilket fremgår af en auktion fra 1698, hvor der står at den omfattere hele hjørnet mellem Lindegade og Skibbrogade.

Bygningen har tilhørt det bedre borgerskab i byen. I 1773 omdannede apoteker Bech den til kollegium. I 1816 blev den ombygget til skolebygning, hvor der i de nederste etager blev etableret skølstuer, mens der på overetagen og sidelængen var værelser og et kornmagasin. Fra 1816-1876 blev den anvendt af Borger – og friskolen, hvorefter der blev indrettet konditori af Herman Sophus Freckmann. I 1884 blev ejendommen inddelt i to særskilte huse, hvorved Lindegade 1 og Lindegade 3 opstod.

Beskrivelse
Hele bygningen består af 23 fag i to stokværk. Tidligere har det være kalket over stok og sten (dvs. over både tavlerne og bindingsværket), men i dag fremstår begyningen i to farver, såleds at Lindegade 1 er hvid, og Lindegade 3 er gul.

Knægtene langs hele facaden er udskårne.

Der er kælder under hele bygningen, som er sat med kampesten. Den har valmtag i røde teglsten. Der har tidligere været adgang til kælderlokale gennem dør fra Skibbrogade, som stadig ses i eksteriøret.

Se også
 Fredede bygninger i Kalundborg Kommune

Referencer

Fredede bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Kalundborg Kommune
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Kalundborg
Bindingsværksbygninger i Danmark

Lindegade 1-3


!Artigos com hCards
James Edward Rhodes (6 de março de 1975) é um pianista e escritor anglo-espanhol e ativista pela proteção de menores contra o abuso sexual na Espanha.

Vida
James Edward Rhodes nasceu em uma família judia, de classe média, em St John's Wood, norte de Londres. Ele estudou na Arnold House School, uma escola particular preparatória para meninos. Lá, ele sofreu abuso sexual por parte de seu professor de educação física, que morreu antes que pudesse comparecer ao tribunal. Rhodes sofreu mental e fisicamente, incluindo lesões na coluna, distúrbios alimentares e TEPT.

Aos 7 anos, Rhodes encontrou uma fita cassete de Bach (Busoni Chaccone) no acervo musical de seu pai. Isso o motivou porque, "acima de tudo, isso o fez sentir que, mesmo que parecesse que o mundo realmente era um lugar hostil e terrível, não poderia ser tão ruim porque algo tão bonito existia nele." Ele aprendeu piano, mas reprovou a 3ª série.

Mudando-se primeiro para um internato local, ele foi educado na Harrow School, onde também foi professor de piano, desde os 13 anos. Foi durante este período que ele entrou no concurso BBC Young Musician of the Year, mas não conseguiu passar da segunda fase.

Em 1993, foi-lhe oferecida uma bolsa de estudos para a Guildhall School of Music and Drama.

Carreira
Fã do pianista russo Grigory Sokolov, Rhodes escreveu ao agente musical de Sokolov, Franco Panozzo, na Itália, buscando informações de como se tornar um agente musical. Panozzo respondeu o contato, e depois que Rhodes lhe enviou uma garrafa de Champagne Krug, a dupla combinou de se encontrar na Itália. Depois de ouvir Rhodes tocar, Panozzo providenciou para que Rhodes tivesse aulas com o professor de piano Edoardo Strabbioli em Verona.

Em março de 2010, Rhodes se tornou o primeiro pianista clássico a assinar um contrato de gravação com a maior gravadora de rock do mundo, a Warner Bros.

Em 2011, Rhodes tornou-se um blogueiro de cultura no The Telegraph, e teve artigos publicados no The Guardian Music Blog, em 2013.

Produzido pelo seu selo, Signum Classics, Rhodes lançou seu 4º álbum, JIMMY: James Rhodes, gravado ao vivo no The Old Market Brighton, em maio de 2012. Desde então, ele lançou mais três álbuns.

Em 2015, a autobiografia de Rhodes, Instrumental: A Memoir of Madness, Medication and Music, teve a publicação bloqueada por uma liminar judicial temporária solicitada por sua ex-esposa. Ela disse que a publicação do livro, que inclui detalhes de abuso sexual na infância, prejudicaria psicologicamente seus filhos. Em maio de 2015, a Suprema Corte decidiu que o livro se qualifica para proteção da liberdade de expressão, e suspendeu a liminar provisória.

Ele publicou mais três livros desde então: How to Play the Piano, em 2016; Fire on all Sides, em janeiro de 2018; 'James Rhodes' Playlist: The Rebels and Revolutionaries of Sound', em outubro de 2019.

Ligações Externas

  – official site
  – official site
 James Rhodes official Telegraph Blog
 Don't Stop the Music, music education initiative with Channel 4

Pessoas com distúrbio bipolar
Judeus da Inglaterra
Alunos da University College London
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1975
Pianistas da Inglaterra
Escritores da Inglaterra

James Rhodes (pianista)


Con la dimisión de Joaquín María Ferrer, el regente Espartero nombró, tras ser rechazado por varios candidatos de peso, al progresista Antonio González y González Presidente del Consejo de Ministros de España el 20 de mayo de 1841.

El gobierno encaminó su labor a dotar al Estado de un carácter liberal-progresista, así, se suprimió la licencia foral (Ley 20 de septiembre de 1841) y se emitieron leyes que alteraban las relaciones Iglesia-Estado provocando las protestas del Papa Gregorio XVI y tensando las relaciones entre España y la Santa Sede hasta el Concordato de 1851:

 14 de agosto de 1841: Ley de Mantenimiento de Culto y Clero.
 3 de septiembre de 1841: Ley de Renovación de la desamortización, Desamortización de Espartero.
 13 de septiembre de 1841: Ley de Jurisdicción eclesiástica.
 Renovación de la obligatoriedad del juramento de fidelidad al régimen de la regencia por parte del clero.

En materia económica se creó un nuevo arancel en 1841 de marcado carácter proteccionista en un intento de ganarse el apoyo de la burguesía mercantil, sobre todo catalana. Se trató de renegociar la deuda con las entidades financieras británicas, lo que consiguió en parte, y se redujo considerablemente los gastos del ejército, que pasaron de 1.700 millones de reales a 1.100 millones. También se impulsó una reforma tributaria, que incluyó una revisión a fondo del sistema de contribuciones que fue rechazada por las Cortes.

En cuanto a la política exterior el gobierno tuvo un incidente diplomático cuando el embajador del Reino de Francia en Madrid, Conde de Salvandy, intentó presentar sus credenciales a la reina Isabel II, en aquel momento menor de edad. El gobierno se negó  alegando el artículo 59 de la Constitución por la que el Regente ejercía toda la autoridad del rey. Estaba claro que pese al apoyo de las Cortes, la figura del regente estaba debilitada entre los principales aliados de España, Francia y Reino Unido.

Fueron numerosos los problemas a los que se enfrentó el gobierno, no sólo a los elementos ultra conservadores opuestos al sistema liberal sino también a los moderados contrarios al regente y a la política excesivamente progresista del gobierno. La situación se agravó con la aparición de la firma de Espartero en un contrato ajustado para llevar a cabo la capitalización de los intereses de la deuda extranjera que generó intensos debates.
Las debilidades dentro del partido progresista, la oposición general a la política del gobierno y la pérdida de confianza en el regente llevó a muchos sectores moderados junto con elementos conservadores al levantamiento de O'Donnell en 1841 que fue sofocada con dificultad por el gobierno. Poco después estallaba una revuelta en Barcelona (previa a la gran revolución de 1842) también suprimida con dificultad. La represión de Espartero, sobre los cabecillas militares (fusilamiento del general Diego de León y el marino y exministro de Marina Manuel Montes de Oca), le acarreó la pérdida de confianza dentro del ejército.

Así mismo la oposición al gobierno se gestaba también dentro del partido progresista ante la cada vez más autoritaria política del regente, como se ve en el hecho de que pese a tener mayoría progresista en las Cortes el gobierno tuvo problemas para aprobar los presupuestos para 1841. Sin embargo no pudo superar una moción de censura encabezada por el progresista Salustiano de Olózaga y Antonio González y González dimitió el 17 de junio de 1842.

Notas

Véase también
Presidente del Consejo de Ministros de España

González y González II

II Gobierno de Antonio González y González


An Carex blinii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni H.Lév. ngan Eugène Vaniot. An Carex blinii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. b. blinii
 C. b. shanghaiensis

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex blinii


Eugène-Paul Bénet (Dieppe,  - París, 1942) fue un escultor francés.

Es el autor de la estatua del soldado francés de la Primera Guerra Mundial portando una corona titulada El Poilu victorioso -  victorieuxest que adorna muchos monumentos a los muertos en diferentes comunas francesas. Editada por la fundición Durenne, su tirada se estima que fue de 900 ejemplares, lo que le convierte en la obra de arte público más difundida en Francia. Entre otras muchas localidades se encuentra en Beaumesnil, Randan, Olliergues, Montmédy, Saint-Sauveur-de-Peyre, Dol-de-Bretagne, Andouillé-Neuville, Cavanac, Arzens, Bussière, Senonnes.

Datos biográficos

Su padre fue escultor de marfil en Dieppe, con él inició su formación artística. Con el apoyo familiar se trasladó a París para continuar sus estudios en la Escuela de Bellas Artes, donde tuvo por profesores a Alexandre Falguière y Laurent Marqueste. Comenzó su carrera profesional como escultor de forma brillante, obteniendo muchas medallas en los salones de París, en 1884, 1897 y en 1900, por su grupo El ángel feliz - . En 1906 era profesor de escultura de Frédérick Clasgens en París. En 1914, obtuvo la medalla de oro. Escultor académico de la escuela francesa, consiguió numerosos encargos públicos.

Obras

Entre las obras de Eugène Bénet se incluyen las siguientes:

 El ángel feliz - L'Âge heureux, mármol 1900, un ejemplar, datado en 1914, se encuentra en el Jardin d'Allard de Montbrison (Loire).
 Estatua del Sacré-Cœur-du-Christ en plata, en el interior de la basílica del Sagrado Corazón de Montmartre.
 Estatua de Jehan Ango en Dieppe. El busto del armador Jehan Ango (1480 - 1551), había sido presentado en el Salón de 1887
 Estatua del general Gallieni en Boulogne-Billancourt. Una maqueta de este monumento se conserva en la colección del Museo del muelle Branly de París.
 Estatua de Jean Vauquelin (1930), plaza Vauquelin en Montreal (Canadá). La estatua aparece reproducida en un cartel de Leonard Richmond para la Southern Railway de 1933
El modelo en escayola para esta pieza se conserva en el Castillo-museo de Dieppe.
 Monumento a los Infantes de Dieppe, plaza de los Martyrs de la Résistance, Dieppe.

 Monumento a Mathias Manternach en 	Nogent-sur-Marne, busto sobre columna en la intersección del bulevar Albert  y la avenida Kléber
 Monumento a los muertos de Saint-Benoît-des-Ondes, rue du Bord de Mer
 Estatua de Santa Genoveva infante, mármol, en la rue de l'Eglise de Nanterre
 Monumento a los muertos de Montrouge
 Monumento a Augustin Normand, bronce de 1911 en Le Havre, plaza de la Commune
 Estatua alegórica de la justicia, bronce, figura sentada
 Mausoleo de la familia Lagarde-Gueret, en el cementerio del Pere-Lachaise de París. Puerta de bronce con figura de mujer

El Poilu victorioso: galería de imágenes

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 askart.com: Ficha de Eugène-Paul Benet (1863 - 1937) (en inglés)

Escultores de Francia del siglo XIX
Escultores de Francia del siglo XX
Escultores de Normandía
Fallecidos en París
Nacidos en Dieppe

Eugène Bénet


L'Art de voler est un roman graphique du scénariste Antonio Altarriba et de l'illustrateur Kim, publié pour la première fois en 2009 en espagnol sous le titre El arte de volar et traduit en 2011 en français. Antonio Altariba y narre la vie de son père, républicain espagnol exilé en France après la victoire de Franco, puis revenu en Espagne après la seconde guerre mondiale.

Création et trajectoire éditoriale
En 2001, Antonio Altarriba subit la mort de son père, en s'indignant d'autant plus que la Résidence dans laquelle y avait passé ses dernières années lui a exigé le paiement de 34€ à titre de dette pour les quatre jours qui allaient du 1er mai, au 4 mai, date de son suicide. Il se lance alors dans un procès contre la Communauté Autonome de La Rioja.

Quatre ans après et ayant rejeté l'idée d'écrire un roman, il a accepté la proposition de Paco Camarasa, l'éditeur de Edicions de Ponent, d'exprimer ces sentiments de colère en racontant l'histoire de son père. Pour l'élaborer, il a consulté les 250 carnets dans lesquels son père avait transcrit ses souvenirs au jour le jour, avec l'objectif de pallier la dépression de ses dernières années. Il a proposé le scénario à Kim, lorsque celui-ci présentait un livre à Barcelone. Tous les deux s'étaient connus dans un festival organisé à Vitoria.

Kim a commencé à dessiner "L'art de voler" en 2006, en l'alternant avec son travail dans Le Jeudi. Pour se documenter, il a fait appel à des livres de photographies sur l'époque, notamment de Robert Capa mais aussi certaines photos de famille, et s'est acheté son premier ordinateur pour consulter les bases de données d'Internet.En 2010, après avoir obtenu quelques uns des prix les plus importantes de l'Espagne, les droits de l'œuvre ont été achetés par l'éditeur français Denoël, qui a sorti la version française en mars 2011, avec une édition à 7.000 exemplaires.

Synopsis

Le livre débute avec le suicide d'Antonio Altarriba Lope, qui s'est jeté du 4ème étage le 4 mai 2001, du haut de la résidence geriátrica de Lardero (La Rioja) dans laquelle il résidait. Il continue après avec la narration de sa vie, laquelle se structure en quatre chapitres :

1er étage : 1910-1930 La voiture de bois
Antonio Altarriba Lope est né en 1910 à Peñaflor de Gállego (province de Saragosse), mais ni la vie dans le village, ni les travaux des champs ne l'intéressent. Avec 15 ans il s'échappe à la ville, mais doit revenir au bout de 3 mois à Peñaflor, échouant à gagner sa vie en ville. Au village, il vit son premier amour avec une voisine et son cousin leur apprend les rudiments de l'école, mais avec son ami Basilio, il rêve de posséder une voiture. Lorsque Basilio meurt dans un accident en conduisant le véhicule qui y avait volé au grand propriétaire des lieux, il part une autre fois à Saragosse.

2èle étage 1931-1949 Les espadrilles de Durruti

En ville, il trouve un logement dans la pension de famille de Carlota, mais pas de travail, bien qu'il ait obtenu son permis de conduire le 14 avril  lors de la proclamation de la République. Après avoir effectué son service militaire, il a finalement trouvé un emploi stable en tant que vendeur de machines de coudre.

Mécontent du triomphe du soulèvement militaire dans la ville au début de la Guerre Civile Espagnole, il a décidé de déserter dès qu'il a été mobilisé. Il s'est donc rendu une dernière fois à Peñaflor pour lui faire ses adieux. Le 29 novembre, il marche vers le front, et passe bientôt de l'autre côté, rejoignant la Centuria Francia, une Milice confederale de la CNT composée d'Espagnols de France. Avec trois d'entre eux (Mariano, Pablo et Vicente), il a forgé une "alliance de plomb". Il a travaillé comme chauffeur, d'abord pour livrer des lettres, puis pour transporter des soldats, lors de batailles comme celles de Belchite, Teruel et enfin de l'Èbre, où Vicente a été tué. Finalement, il a traversé la frontière avec des milliers d'autres réfugiés vers la France.

Dans le pays voisin, ils ont été internés dans le camp de concentration de Saint-Cyprien jusqu'à ce que, après neuf mois, Antonio soit envoyé au travail forcé comme bûcheron à Gujan-Mestras, où il a rencontré l'intellectuel Amadeo Martínez García. Les deux hommes s'échappent ensemble et se rendent d'abord à Bordeaux puis à Marseille dans l'espoir d'obtenir des papiers auprès d'une connaissance de Martinez, mais ils sont arrêtés et emmenés au camp d'Agde.

Quelques jours plus tard, il a été transféré dans une ferme près de Guéret, celle de la famille Boyer, qui l'a accueilli dans son foyer affectueux. Il rencontre une jeune femme et le bonheur pour la première fois, mais la gendarmerie française reçoit l'ordre d'arrêter tous les Espagnols, et il est emmené dans une prison à Limoges en attendant d'être déporté en Allemagne pour travailler dans leurs champs. Heureusement, les raids aériens américains lui permettent de s'échapper, et il retourne à la ferme des Boyer, où il rejoint la Résistance avec leur jeune fils. Il retrouve également Pablo, son ancien compagnon de milice, et une fois la guerre terminée, ils retournent à Marseille pour travailler dans le commerce du charbon au marché noir.

Après avoir appris la mort de sa mère par une lettre de sa cousine Elvira, il abandonne un commerce qu'il considère comme sale et rend visite à Mariano, le dernier de ses amis ex-combattants, à Montpellier, qui lui apprend que la CNT a reconnu sa défaite. Antonio choisit alors d'accepter l'offre d'emploi de son cousin et de retourner à Saragosse.

1er étage 1949-1985 Biscuits amers
De nouveau dans la pension de famille tenue par Carlota, dont il épouse la nièce, il travaille comme chauffeur pour Doroteo, le mari de sa cousine Elvira, une crapule phalangiste qui s'est enrichi grâce au marché noir. Il a bientôt un fils avec sa femme Petra, et Antonio scelle une deuxième alliance, celle du sang, en s'engageant à garantir à tout prix l'avenir du nouveau-né. Il conspire ainsi avec son cousin et trois autres employés pour ruiner Doroteo, et reçoit une partie de ses machines en compensation. Il parvient ainsi à créer sa propre entreprise de biscuits avec ses partenaires, mais il est trahi par l'un d'eux et ils font faillite. Lorsque son fils quitte la maison, sa relation avec sa femme se détériore et ils se séparent.

Sol 1985-2001 Le terrier de la taupe
Une fois dans une maison de retraite de Lardero, il se fait de nouveaux amis, mais lorsqu'ils meurent, comme Mariano et Petra, il commence à être angoissé par le sentiment d'avoir gâché sa vie. Après une tentative de suicide ratée, il est admis dans un centre psychiatrique. De retour à la maison et une fois que son traitement t a été arrêté, il essaie à nouveau.

Réception

Réception en Espagne
Pour le théoricien Antonio Martín Martínez, auteur du prologue de la première édition de El arte de volar, cette œuvre reflète la maturité de la bande dessinée espagnole, étant la première qui " s'adresse délibérément et définitivement et exclusivement à un public mentalement mature, à des lecteurs qui ne lisent pas pour se divertir, avec une histoire qui a la dimension et la texture d'un roman ". Malgré cela, il peut être assimilé, en termes d'introspection personnelle, à des œuvres au sujet similaire, tant nationales (Un largo silencio de Miguel Gallardo) qu'étrangères (Maus d'Art Spiegelman, Le Journal de mon père de Jirō Taniguchi et Jimmy Corrigan, de Chris Ware), fournissant, en tout cas, "l'un des récits historiques les plus lucides et les plus enrichissants jamais vus dans la bande dessinée".

Réception en France

 4 sur 4 pour PlanetBD
 3,4 sur 5 sur BDthèque
 4,5 sur 5 sur bedetheque
 4,15 sur 5 sur Babelio

Récompenses
L'œuvre a reçu les prix les plus importants du panorama espagnol:

 #Prix Cálamo 2009,
 #Prix Nationale de la Catalogne dans sa modalité de bande dessinée
 Les prix à la meilleure oeuvre, meilleur scénario et meilleur dessin d'auteur espagnol dans la 28ª édition du Salon de la Bande dessinée de Barcelone.
 #Prix au meilleur scénario  lors des XXXIII #Prix Quotidien d'Avis (2009).
 Les #Prix de la Critique au meilleur scénariste national et à la meilleure oeuvre nationale, faits connaître dans les Journées d'Avilés.
 #Prix Nationale de Bande dessinée 2010.

Œuvre liée
En 2016, Altarriba a publié le roman graphique L'aile brisée, dans lequel il explore la vie de sa mère.

Références

Roman graphique
Bande dessinée espagnole
Nazisme dans la fiction
Bande dessinée autobiographique
Bande dessinée documentaire
Bande dessinée en noir et blanc
Bande dessinée biographique

L'Art de voler


Kıkırdaklı balıklar (), karmaşık yapılı çiftleşme organları ve pulları olan balıklardır.

İskelet birbiriyle birleşmiş omurlara sahiptir. Vücutları su damlası/füze (fusiform) şeklinde ya da yanlardan basık (dorso-ventral) şekilde yassılaşmış balıklardır. Vücut sıcaklıkları çevreye bağlı olarak değişen (poikloterm) canlılardır. Deri sert,  plakoid pullarla kaplı ve bol miktarda mukus bezi içermektedir. Tek ve çift yüzgeçleri var olup, ventral yüzgeçler erkeklerde değişikliğe uğrayarak, kopulasyon organına dönüşmüştür. Kuyruk (kaudal) yüzgeci çatallı biçimdedir. Kalpleri bir kulakçık ve karıncık olmak üzere iki gözlüdür. Alyuvarları çekirdekli ve oval yapıdadır. Solungaçları 5-7 çifttir. Hava keseleri bulunmaz. Ağızlarında çok sayıda diş vardır.

Üreme
Ayrı eşeylidirler. Döllenme vücut içerisinde gerçekleşir. Çiftleşme sırasında erkekler spermaların bir kopulasyon organı yardımıyla dişinin kloakına verir. Büyük yapılı yumurtalar segmentasyondan sonra yavaş yavaş gelişir. Bu gelişme süresi 9-25 ay arasında değişir. Bazıları yumurtalarını suya bırakırken bazıları yavrularını doğurur.

Sınıflandırma

 Alt sınıf Elasmobranchii - Yassısolungaçlılar
 Üst takım Batoidea - Vatozlar ve tırpana balıkları
 Takım : Myliobatiformes -
 Takım : Pristiformes -
 Takım : Rajiformes -
 Takım : Torpediniformes
 Üst takım Selachimorpha - Köpekbalıkları
 Takım : Hexanchiformes -
 Takım : Squaliformes -
 Takım : Pristiophoriformes -
 Takım : Squatiniformes -
 Takım : Heterodontiformes -
 Takım : Orectolobiformes -
 Takım : Carcharhiniformes -
 Takım : Lamniformes -
 Takım : †Xenacanthida -
 Takım : †Symmoriida -
 Takım : †Cladoselachiformes -
 Takım : †Eugeneodontida
 Alt sınıf Holocephali - Tümbaşlılar
 Takım : Chimaeriformes -
 Familya: Chimaeridae - Denizkedisigiller.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Haichance, Kıkırdaklıbalıkların koruması
 Köpekbalığı resimleri

Thomas Henry Huxley tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kıkırdaklı balıklar


Lithothamniaceae, nekadašnja porodica crvenih algi, dio reda Corallinales. Sastojala se od dva tribusa, svaki s jednim rodom i preko 100 vrsta

Njezini rodovi uključeni su u porodicu Hapalidiaceae.

Tribusi
 Lithothamnieae Foslie
 Phymatolitheae Adey & H.W.Johansen

Izvori

Corallinales

Lithothamniaceae


Hrvatski branik je bio hrvatski tjednik iz Vinkovaca. Izlazio je subotom.

Povijest
Prvi je broj izašao 16. studenoga 1935. Predstavljao se kao nezavisni tjedni informativni list. Nastavak je Vinkovačkog branika, zbog čega je imao dvostruku numeraciju, od čega je druga od početka izlaženja lista. Obje prate dvostruku numeraciju prethodnog naslova, Vinkovačkog branika, pa je 1. broj u drugoj numeraciji br. 10. Tiskan je u Građanskoj tiskari u Vinkovcima. Izdavači su bili Konzorcij za izdavanje Hrvatskog branika, od 1941. Hrvatski ustaški stan Vinkovci te potom od iste godine Hrvatski ustaški logor Vinkovci. Glavni i odgovornici urednici bili su Antun Mihaljević, Josip Landruk, Ante Manojlović, Viktor Magdić, Gjuro Baloković, Dragutin Tepeš, Mato Subotić, Aleksa Budaj, i Ivan Grubiša. U prilogu je od 29. studenoga 1941. do 24. prosinca 1941. izlazio tjednik Ustaške mladeži Rakovica. Zadnji broj izašao je a zadnji 6. lipnja 1942. godine. Cijena je bila jedan dinar odnosno dvije kune.

Izvori

Hrvatski tjednici
Povijest Vinkovaca

Hrvatski branik (Vinkovci)


Gurjit Kaur (en , et en ) est une joueuse indienne de hockey sur gazon. Elle joue le rôle de défenseur et est également la drag flicker désignée de l'équipe. Elle a représenté l'Inde sur la scène internationale, plus récemment à la Coupe du monde de hockey 2018. Elle a été la meilleure buteuse lors du triomphe de l'Inde en Coupe d'Asie avec 8 buts. Elle a disputé 53 matches internationaux, en juillet 2018. Elle a été nommée "Joueuse de l'année" féminine aux FIH Player of the Year Awards pour l'année 2020-21.

Vie première
Gurjit Kaur est né le 25 octobre 1995, dans le village de Miadi Kalan à Amritsar, Pendjab. Elle est née dans une famille d'agriculteurs de parents Satnam Singh et Harjinder Kaur. Elle a une sœur aînée, Pradeep Kaur. Il était important pour ses parents de lui donner, à elle et à sa sœur, une éducation de qualité. Ils ont donc choisi d'envoyer leurs deux filles dans une école privée à Ajnala, à plus de 13 km, au lieu de l'école publique locale du village. Le père de Gurjit, Satnam Singh, faisait monter ses filles dans son vélo et les conduisait à l'école, et attendait toute la journée jusqu'à ce que leur école passe pour les ramener.

Comme ce n'était pas une solution pratique, ses parents ont finalement décidé d'envoyer leurs deux filles dans un internat à plus de 70 km de là à Kairon dans le district de Tarn Taran au Pendjab en 2006. Kairon était l'une des pépinières de hockey féminin les plus anciennes et les plus célèbres, et c'est là que les deux sœurs ont découvert leur passion pour le sport. Leur excellence au hockey leur a valu une place dans l'aile gouvernementale de l'école, leur accordant une éducation et des repas gratuits, ce qui a soulagé les parents à court d'argent des sœurs.

Gurjit Kaur a poursuivi ses études à Kairon jusqu'en 2011, après quoi elle a déménagé au Lyallpur Khalsa College for Women de Jalandhar pour poursuivre ses études et sa formation - c'est là qu'elle a pris au sérieux le drag-flicking. Après cela, elle a été placée dans les Chemins de fer indiens en tant que commis subalterne à Allahabad.

Carrière
Gurjit Kaur a eu sa première chance de jouer pour le pays lorsqu'elle a été appelée pour le camp national senior en 2014. Cependant, elle n'a pas pu obtenir une place dans l'équipe. Ce n'est qu'en 2017 qu'elle est devenue membre permanent de l'Inde. Gurjit Kaur a ensuite joué dans la série Test au Canada en mars 2017, la ronde 2 de la Ligue mondiale de hockey en avril 2017 et les demi-finales de la Ligue mondiale de hockey en juillet 2017.

L'entraîneur-chef néerlandais de l'Inde, Sjoerd Marijne, l'a encouragée à changer de bâton pour améliorer le drag flicking, ce qui a amélioré son jeu. ''"Le bâton que j'utilisais plus tôt était léger et je n'avais pas assez de puissance. Alors, quand nous sommes allés en Hollande, Marijne m'a demandé d'essayer le drag-flicking avec un autre bâton. C'était beaucoup mieux et je me sentais plus puissant. Le changement m'a aidé », a déclaré Gurjit dans une interview à The Tribune. Marijne s'est également arrangée pour qu'elle s'entraîne avec l'entraîneur néerlandais Toon Siepman, qui l'a aidée à travailler sur ses bases comme sa posture et son jeu de jambes pendant le processus de drag-flicking.

Le temps de Gurjit Kaur sous les projecteurs est survenu lors de la Coupe d'Asie 2017, au cours de laquelle l'équipe indienne est devenue championne continentale et s'est par conséquent qualifiée pour une place à la Coupe du monde féminine de hockey sur gazon à Londres en 2018. Gurjit Kaur a terminé le tournoi en tant que troisième meilleur buteur en inscrivant huit buts, et a également été le meilleur buteur de l'équipe indienne. Elle a converti sept corners de pénalité, dont un triplé contre le Kazakhstan en quart de finale. En demi-finale, elle a marqué deux fois contre le Japon, champion en titre.

Gurjit Kaur a également réalisé une performance impressionnante aux Jeux du Commonwealth de 2018, qui se sont tenus en Australie. Bien que l'Inde n'ait pas obtenu de podium, arrivant à la quatrième place, Gurjit Kaur a attiré l'attention pour ses deux buts de conversion de corner contre la Malaisie lors de son deuxième match de la poule A du tournoi, aidant l'Inde à remporter une victoire 4-1.

Dans la perspective de la Coupe du monde de hockey 2018, l'équipe indienne a disputé une série de cinq matchs contre l'équipe nationale espagnole surnommée le Tour d'Espagne, qu'elle a remporté 4-1. Dans le match final, Gurjit Kaur a marqué deux buts aux côtés du skipper Rani Rampal qui a également marqué deux buts, portant le score final à 4-1.

Gurjit Kaur fait également partie de l'équipe de la Coupe du monde de hockey en tant que défenseur indien et drag flicker.

Gurjit Kaur a également réalisé une autre performance impressionnante en marquant le seul but contre l'Australie aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020. Cela a aidé l'Inde à atteindre les demi-finales du hockey féminin olympique pour la toute première fois.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse indienne de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en octobre 1995
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance au Pendjab indien

Gurjit Kaur


حصار الجزيرة الخضراء في 1278 حملة عسكرية فاشلة قام بها ألفونسو العاشر صاحب مملكة قشتالة بهدف تجريد مدينة الجزيرة الخضراء من بنو مرين حكام الدولة المرينية بسبب كونها معقلهم الرئيسي في شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية و طريقهم لدخول قواتهم من شمال أفريقيا. قشتالة، التي كانت تتمتع باسطول قوي في خليج الجزيرة الخضراء وقوات كبيرة حول المدينة، انهزمت بعد أن احرقت سفنها من قبل قوات أبو يوسف يعقوب بن عبد الحق.

انظر أيضا
 معركة الدونونية
 معركة الجزيرة الخضراء (1278)
 حصار الجزيرة الخضراء (1309)
 حصار الجزيرة الخضراء (1342)
 حصار الجزيرة الخضراء (1369)

مراجع

أوروبا في 1278
أوروبا في 1279
الأندلس في القرن 13
تاريخ الأندلس
حصارات
معارك الاسترداد
معارك إسبانيا البحرية
معارك بني مرين
معارك في منطقة أندلوسيا
نزاعات في 1278
نزاعات في 1279
قشتالة في القرن 13
حصارات مملكة قشتالة
حصارات إمارة غرناطة

حصار الجزيرة الخضراء (1278)


(4359) McCoy ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 16. September 1988 von Schelte John Bus vom Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory aus entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid ist nach Timothy J. McCoy benannt, dem Kurator der nationalen Meteoritensammlung im Washingtoner National Museum of Natural History.

Weblinks

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser

(4259) McCoy


Tissa was king of Upathissa Nuwara (Sri Lanka) during 454 BC - 437 BC. He was appointed the regent by his eight younger brothers after the deposition of the oldest brother, King Abhaya, from the throne. Tissa claimed that he would be consecrated king only after he had finally defeated his nephew Pandukhabaya. This, however, was not to be as Pandukabhaya swept on triumphantly. Tissa was slain in battle along with all his eight younger brothers. Abhaya was spared. Pandukabhaya, the undisputed victor, called upon his uncle Abhaya to take up the throne again. Abhaya declined.

See also
List of monarchs of Sri Lanka
Mahavamsa
History of Sri Lanka
Place names in Sri Lanka

External links
 History of Sri Lankan Kings
 Codrington's Short History of Ceylon

සිංහල ජනයා
ක්‍රි.පූ. 437
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
රාජ්‍ය නායකයන් - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
රජ නොවුනු රාජකීයයන් - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

තිස්ස කුමරු


Chandel es un distrito de la India en el estado de Manipur. Código ISO: IN.MA.CD.

Comprende una superficie de 3 317 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Chandel.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 144 028 habitantes, de los cuales 69 485 eran mujeres y 74 543 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Chandel

Distrito de Chandel


Óscar Rodríguez Bonache (Madrid, 17 de febrero de 1974) es un exjugador profesional de baloncesto de nacionalidad española.

Con 2,04 metros de estatura alternaba las posiciones de alero y de ala-pívot. En sus inicios fue internacional con las categorías inferiores de la Selección española de baloncesto, con la que conquistó la medalla de plata del Eurobasket sub 22 de 1996, disputado en Estambul.

Trayectoria
Categorías inferiores del CB Móstoles.
1991-93. Categorías inferiores del Real Madrid.
1993-95. Primera División y EBA. CB Guadalajara.
1995. EBA. CP Doncel La Serena.
1996-97. ACB. Cáceres CB.
1997-98. LEB. Breogán Lugo.
1998-00. LEB. Cabitel Gijón.
2000-03. LEB. CB Ciudad de Huelva.
2003-04. LEB. Cáceres Destino Turístico.
2004-05. LEB 2. Donosti Gipuzkoa Basket 2001 SKE.
2005-06. LEB. CB Inca.
2006-08. EBA. Doncel Aguas Fontedal.
2008-09. EBA. Almendralejo Ciudad del Cava.

Enlaces externos
ACB.com Ficha del jugador
FEB.es Ficha del jugador

Baloncestistas de España
Baloncestistas de la Liga ACB
Baloncestistas de la Liga LEB
Baloncestistas del Cáceres Club Baloncesto
Baloncestistas del Gijón Baloncesto
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Breogán
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Guadalajara
Baloncestistas del San Sebastián Gipuzkoa Basket Club
Baloncestistas del Club Basquet Inca
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Ciudad de Huelva
Deportistas de la Comunidad de Madrid
Nacidos en Madrid

Óscar Rodríguez Bonache


Laila Ligita Freivalds (born 22 June 1942) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician who served as Minister for Justice from 1988 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 2000, as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2006 and as Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden briefly in 2004.

Freivalds was born in Riga, Latvia, during World War II, and escaped to Sweden with her family. She graduated with a Candidate of Law (juris kandidat) from Uppsala University in 1970, after which she served in the Swedish Court System until 1976. From 1976 onwards she held senior posts at the Swedish Consumer Agency, before being appointed Minister for Justice in 1988. With the exception of the years 1991–1994, when her party was in opposition, she continued to hold that office until she resigned in 2000 over a controversy in which she was criticised, as a private individual, for trying to convert her tenancy into a condominium, circumventing a controversial housing tenure law that she was responsible for introducing and advocating in her public role as Minister of Justice. Since this scandal, her relations with the press have been strained.

Following the assassination of Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh on 11 September 2003, Freivalds was asked to succeed her as Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Events leading to the resignation in 2006

Laila Freivalds was severely criticised in the Swedish press for the way the Swedish Government handled the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Asia, and has admitted that her ministry "Ought to have reacted much more strongly as early as Boxing Day instead of waiting for more information." In addition, she was heavily criticised for going to the theatre on 26 December 2004, the day of the tsunami disaster, and for stating that she does not listen to the news when she is not working.

On 21 March 2006, she resigned from her office as minister of foreign affairs, after it was confirmed that she lied to media about her involvement in the closing of a website belonging to the Sweden Democrats, in the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. During the controversy the Sweden Democrats published a similar cartoon on their web pages, only to be shut down shortly after by their internet service provider. It was initially discovered that the government had been in contact with the provider and suggested to them the closure, but Freivalds maintained to the media that a subordinate had done so without her knowledge.

Offentlighetsprincipen (The Principle of Public Access) – a freedom of information provision enshrined in the Swedish constitution – made it possible to show that this was false. Since all documents in the Swedish state are in principle accessible to the public, internal documents in four places were found that made it clear that she had been fully informed of the event. This information was therefore published in "Riksdag & Department", an intra-governmental newspaper. The potential involvement in closing the website was seen by many as a violation against that part of the Swedish constitution dealing with freedom of the press.

Most journalists suggest that the turning point came after Göran Persson, the Prime Minister of Sweden during this time, publicly criticized the civil servant who suggested to the Internet host that they close the website, only to find out later that he had acted with the approval of Freivalds. It is theorised but not confirmed that the prime minister privately suggested that she resign, which she subsequently did.

Bo Ringholm was Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs until 27 March, when Jan Eliasson was appointed to the post.

References

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1942 births
Living people
Latvian emigrants to Sweden
Latvian World War II refugees
Female foreign ministers
Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs
Swedish Ministers for Justice
Swedish Social Democratic Party politicians
Women government ministers of Sweden
Uppsala University alumni
Deputy Prime Ministers of Sweden
21st-century Swedish women politicians
Female justice ministers
Swedish women diplomats
20th-century Swedish women politicians
20th-century Swedish politicians
Controversies in Sweden

Laila Freivalds


Ardeşen (Lazca: Art̆aşeni / არტაშენი), Rize'nin il merkezine 45 km mesafede bir ilçesidir. 743 km² yüz ölçümüne sahip ilçe, 1 belde, 42 köy ve yedisi Tunca Beldesi'ne bağlı 28 mahalleden oluşmaktadır. Doğusunda Fındıklı, batısında Pazar, güneyinde Altıparmak Dağları ve kuzeyinde Karadeniz ile çevrilmiş olup, kıyı uzunluğu 10 km'dir.

Genel olarak ılıman, dört mevsim yağışlı bir iklime sahip olan ilçenin ortalama sıcaklığı 15 derece civarındadır. İç kısımlarına gidildikçe iklimi biraz daha sertleşmektedir.

Ardeşen'in sarp ve engebeli arazisinin neredeyse dörtte biri ormanlık alandır. %10 civarındaki tarıma elverişli arazisinde yetiştirilen başlıca tarım ürünü çaydır. Çay dışında yetişen fındık, kivi, mısır gibi ürünler çoğunlukla ilçe içerisinde tüketilmektedir. İlçede yapılan hayvancılığın da bu faaliyetle uğraşan ailelerin ihtiyacına yönelik olduğu söylenebilir.

İlçede süregelen silah üretimini yasal bir çerçeveye oturtmak amacıyla 1993 yılında kurulan ASİLSAN, Türkiye'nin ilk özel silah fabrikası olma özelliği taşımaktadır.

En büyük akarsuyu olan Fırtına Deresi'nde, elverişli pek çok parkur bulunduğundan rafting yapılabilmektedir. Tabrika Yaylası'nın da içinde olduğu çok sayıda yaylası bulunmaktadır.

Tarih
Ardeşen yerleşiminden ilk kez 1846 tarihli bir belgede "Ardaşen" () olarak bahsedilmiştir. Ardeşen 1916 ve 1918 yılları arasında Ruslar tarafından yönetilmiştir. Daha önce Pazar'a bağlı olan Ardeşen 1 Mart 1953'te ilçe olmuştur.
Ardeşen'de tarihi eser olarak cami, kilise, kemer köprü ve ev örnekleri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Seslikaya Köyü'nde bulunan Hasan Dede (Efendi) Türbesi de (1890) önemli tarihi eserlerdendir.

Nüfus

Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi'nin 2019 verilerine göre ilçe merkez nüfusu bakımından Rize'nin, merkez ve Çayeli ilçesinin ardından 3. en kalabalık ilçesidir. İlçede yaşayan etnik gruplardan bahsederken ilçe nüfusunun çoğunluğunu oluşturan Lazların dışında Hemşinlilerden de bahsetmek gerekir.

İklim
Ardeşen'de okyanusal iklim (Köppen: Cfb) görülmektedir.

Eğitim ve sağlık
İlçede Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlı 1 halk eğitim merkezi, 1 öğretmen evi ve akşam sanat okulu, 1 mesleki ve teknik eğitim merkezi, 2 anaokulu, 10 ilkokul, 7 ortaokul, 8 lise bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi'nin Turizm Fakültesi'yle Meslek Yüksekokulu'nun bulunduğu bir yerleşkesi bulunmaktadır.

Özel sağlık merkezleri dışında üç adet aile sağlığı merkezi bulunan ilçede vatandaşlar, Ardeşen ve Pazar'da bulunan devlet hastanelerinin birleştirilmesiyle 2011 yılında hizmete giren Kaçkar Devlet Hastanesi'nden de sağlık hizmeti almaktadır.

Politika

Yerel seçimler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ardeşen Kaymakamlığı
 Ardeşen Belediyesi
 Ardeşen Şehir Portalı

Ardeşen


Nostis et nobiscum es una encíclica del papa Pío IX publicada el 8 de diciembre de 1849; y está dirigida a la jerarquías de la Iglesia católica en Italia.

En este documento el papa distingue entre socialismo y comunismo y denuncia sus respectivos «errores» para la convivencia social, enmarcándose por cierto en una línea argumental que ya había tratado en sus encíclicas Qui pluribus (1846) y en su discurso con ocasión del consistorio (20 de abril de 1849). En particular, menciona la «naturaleza diabólica» de las iniciativas que tienden a negar la fe católica de su predominio social, instando a los obispos a buscar soluciones lo antes posible; adicionalmente, el pontífice entrega un apoyo explícito al episcopado, conminándolos a defender sus iglesias de las autoridades políticas.

Referencias

Encíclicas de Pío IX
Iglesia católica en 1849

Nostis et nobiscum


Araucariaceae, Pinales takımına bağlı ağaçların bilinen en eski familyalarındandır.

Taksonomi
Araucariaceae familyasına bağlı cinsler:
 Agathis - Salisb.
 Araucaria -  Juss.

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Pinales
Johann Baptist Henkel tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
1865'te tanımlanan taksonlar

Araucariaceae


Dalibor Grubačević performed by the Zagreb Soloists (Live at Tuškanac Summer Stage)  naziv je petoga autorskog albuma hrvatskoga skladatelja i glazbenika Dalibora Grubačevića u izvedbi Zagrebačkih solista snimljenog uživo 13. lipnja 2020. na Ljetnoj pozornici Tuškanac. Album obuhvaća glazbu iz igranih filmova Zbog tebe, Duh u močvari (2006.) i Most na kraju svijeta, te dokumentarnih filmova Zajedno, Album i mini serije Hebrang. Objavljen je digitalno i u obliku LP vinila 1. ožujka 2021., a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Aquarius Records. Kao bonus track albumu je dodana suita iz filma Duh u močvari u izvedbi Zagrebačke filharmonije: ta je izvedba snimljena uživo u Koncertnoj dvorani Vatroslava Lisinskog 8. travnja 2016. godine.

Popis glazbenih brojeva

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Filmusicsite.com: Live at Tuškanac Summer Stage
Dopmagazin.com Netipičan live soundtrack albuma: Dalibor Grubačević i njegova filmska glazba
Mixer.hr Parangall/ Dalibor Grubačević performed by The Zagreb Solist
music-box.hr Filmska glazba Dalibora Grubačevića na vinilu – poticaj drugima za objavljivanjem više glazbeno-filmskih izdanja

Hrvatski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2021.
Filmska glazba

Dalibor Grubačević performed by the Zagreb Soloists – Live at Tuškanac Summer Stage


CLDC (Connected Limited Devices Configuration) bir J2ME konfigurasyonu olup, cep telefonları ve ilkel PDA ları içermektedir. Bu konfigurasyonun altında aslında bir JVM olan KVM bulunur. Üstünde ise MIDP yer alır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Sun CLDC Sayfası

CLDC


Ostatci novovjekovnog brodoloma manjeg ratnog broda nalaze se kod otočića Grebena, jugoistočno od otoka Visa, na području Grada Visa.

Opis
Ostaci manjeg ratnog broda iz 18./19. stoljeća pokrivaju površinu od cca 15 x 30 m na dubini 48-56 m kod otočića Greben jugoistočno od otoka Visa. Na površini su vidljiva željezna sidra i topovi, te raznoliki sitni materijal kao keramičko posuđe, komadi metala, drveta i sl. Pod pijeskom je dio opreme broda, kao i drveni ostaci broda.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - arheologija, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "podvodna arheološka zona/nalazište".

Izvori

Viško otočje
Ostatci novovjekih brodoloma u Hrvatskoj
Zaštićene podvodne arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Novovjekovni brodolom kod Grebena


කෘතීම චන්ද්‍රික‍ාවක් යනු මිනිසා විසින් කක්ෂ ගතකරන ලද යම් වස්තුවකි. මේව‍ා "කෘතීම" යන විශේෂන ප‍දයෙන් වෙන් කර දැක්වීමට හේතුව කෘතීම නොවන චන්ද්‍රිකා ද පැවතීමයි. පෘථිවිය වටා කක්ෂ ගතව ඇති චන්ද්‍රයා නැතිනම් හඳ මීට හොඳ උදාහරණයකි.

කෘතීම චන්ද්‍රිකා සංකල්පය හා චන්ද්‍රිකාවේ ආරම්භය

සංකල්පයේ ඉතිහාසය
කෘතීම චන්ද්‍රිකා පිලිබඳ සෛද්ධාන්තික මුල්ම ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම ලෙස දැක්වෙන්නේ Treatise of the System of the World ග්‍රන්ථයෙ "Newton's cannonball" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අයිසැක් නිවුටන් සිය න්‍යාය මගින් ග්‍රහලෝක වල චලිතය පැහැදිලි කිරීමට දැක්වූ ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමයි. සරලව මෙ‍ම සිද්ධාන්තය මෙසේ දැක්විය හැක.වායු ප්‍රතිරෝධය ආදී භාහිර බලපෑම් න‍ැතිව පෘථිවි ගුරුත්වය පමනක් හමුවේ යම් නිශ්චිත උසකදී න‍ිශ්චි‍ත ප්‍රවේගයකින් පිටකරන කාලතුවක්කු උන්ඩයක් ප‍ෘථිවිය මතට නොවැටී ඒ වටා වෘත්තාකාර පථයක ගමන් කල හැකිය.රොක‍ට් භාවිතය, අභ්‍යාවකාශ ගමන් පිලිබඳ විවිධ මත විවිධාකාරයෙන් ඉදිරිපත් වුවත් 1945 වසරේ දී ගත්කතු ආතර් සී ක්ලාක් විසින් "Wireless World" සඟරාවට පලකල ලිපිය මගින් කෘතීම චන්ද්‍රිකා තාක්ෂණය හා එහි ඇති වැදගත් කම ලොව ප‍ුරා රැගෙන යාමට සමත් විය.

අභ්‍යාවකාශ තරගය
1957 වසරේ ඔක්තෝබර් 4 වැනි දින අභ්‍යාවකාශ තරඟය ආරම්භ කරමින් සෝවියට් සංගමය විසින් ස්පුට්නික් 1 යානය සාර්ථකව ගුවන් ගත කළ අතර එය පෘථිවිය වටා කක්ෂ ගත වූ ප්‍රථම චන්ද්‍රිකාව බවට පත් විය. මෙම යානයත් සමඟ ඇති වූ යුදමය සහ ආර්ථිකමය වාතාවරණය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය තුළ බියක් හටගත් අතර දේශපාලනික මත ගැටුම් ද ආරම්භ විය. මේ හේතුවෙන් එවකට පාලනයේ යෙදුණු අයිසන් හවර් පාලන යාන්ත්‍රණයට නාසා ආයතනය ආරම්භ කිරීම ඇතුළු පියවර කිහිපයක් ක්‍රියාවේ යෙදවීමට සිදු විය. ඒත් සමඟම සිය විද්‍යාත්මක සහ ඉංජිනේරුමය හැකියාවන්ගේ සලකුණක් ලෙස සෝවියට් සංගමය විසින් ස්පුට්නික් යානයේ ගුවන්ගත කිරීම සලකන ලදී.

එවකට යුද්ධය නිසා දැඩි හානිවලට ලක්ව සිටි සෝවියට් සංගමය ස්පුට්නික් යානය ගුවන්ගත කිරීම සහ එතැන් සිට ආරම්භ කළ අභ්‍යාවකාශ ගවේෂණ වැඩසටහන හේතුවෙන් එහි ජනතාව ප්‍රමෝදයට පත් විය. තවද මෙම වැඩ සටහන නව යුගයක තාක්ෂණික හැකියාවන් සෝවියට් සංගමයේ රටවැසියන්ට ඔප්පු කෙරෙන සාධකයක් වූ අතර එය ඉතා වැදගත් මෙන්ම ධෛර්ය නංවන ක්‍රියාවලියක් ද විය.

ස්පුට්නික් 1 යානය ගුවන්ගත කිරීමට පළමුව සාමාන්‍ය ඇමරිකානුවන්ගේ අදහස වූයේ සියළු තාක්ෂණික ක්ෂේත්‍ර තුළ එක්සත් ජනපදය ඉදිරියෙන්ම සිටින බවයි. ස්පුට්නික් වැඩසටහනට ප්‍රතිචාරයක් ලෙස පාසල් විෂය නිර්දේශය පවා වෙනස් කරමින් තාක්ෂ‍ණයෙහි පෙර ගමන්කරුවා වීමේ දැවැන්ත වැඩ සටහනක් එක්සත් ජනපදය විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. මින් වසරක් ගතවීමට ද ප්‍රථම එක්සත් ජනපද කොංග්‍රස් මණ්ඩලය විසින් ජාතික ආරක්ෂක අධ්‍යාපන පනත නීතිගත කළ අතර එය එක්සත් ජනපද ඉතිහාසය තුළ ඉදිරිපත් වූ ෆෙඩරල් අනුග්‍රහය සහිත වඩාත් විශාලතම අධ්‍යාපනික වැඩසටහන විය. මෙම පනත මඟින් විශාල පරාසයක ක්‍රියාවලීන් සමූහයක් සඳහා ඩොලර් බිලියන 1කට වැඩි මුදලක් වෙන් කරන ලදී. මේ අතරට නව පාසල් ඉදි කිරීම, දක්ෂ සිසුන්ට උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීම සඳහා ණය ආධාර ලබා දීම සහ අධි ශිෂ්‍යත්ව සැපයීම, ආරක්ෂක කර්මාන්ත තුළ පැවති මිනිස් බල හිඟය පියවීම සඳහා නව වෘත්තීය පුහුණ වැඩසටහන් ආරම්භ කිරීම ඇතුළු වැඩසටහන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් අයත් විය. මෙම ප්‍රතිචාරය වර්තමානයේ දී ස්පුට්නික් අර්බුදය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

සෝවියට් සංගමයේ වැසියන් මෙන්ම එක්සත් ජනපදවාසීන් ද ගුවන් ගත කිරීම් සමූහය පිළිබඳ අවධානයෙන් සිටි අතර රොකට්වල අනුරූ තැනීම ප්‍රචලිත විනෝදාංශයක් බවට පත් විය.

ස්පුට්නික් 1 යානය ගුවන් ගත කිරීමෙන් මාස 4ක් ගෙවීමට ආසන්න වත්ම එක්සත් ජනපදය විසින් සිය ප්‍රථම චන්ද්‍රිකාව වූ එක්ස්ප්ලෝරර් 1 යානය ගුවන්ගත කරන ලදී. කෙසේ නමුත් මේ අතරතුර කේප් කැනවරල් හි දී ලැජ්ජා සහගත අසාර්ථක ගුවන් ගත කිරීමේ උත්සාහයන් කිහිපයක් ද සිදු විය.

ආරම්භක චන්ද්‍රිකා පවා විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා භාවිතා විය. ස්පුට්නික් යානය ඉහල වායු ගෝලයේ ඝනත්වය නිර්ණය කර ගැනීම සඳහා ආධාර විය. එසේම Explorer 1 යානයේ ගුවන්ගත කිරීම් දත්ත ජේම්ස් වෑන් ඇලන් හට වෑන් ඇලන් විකිරණශීලී පටිය සොයා ගැනීමට ආධාර විය.

චන්ද්‍රිකා සන්නිවේදනය
පළමු ඇමරිකානු සන්නිවේදන චන්ද්‍රිකාව වූ Project SCORE යානය 1958 වසරේ දෙසැම්බර් 18 වැනි දින ගුවන්ගත කරන ලදී. එමගින් ජනාධිපති ඩිවයිට් ඩී. අයිස්න්හවර්ගේ නත්තල් පණිවුඩයක් ලොව පුරා විකාශය කරන ලදී. චන්ද්‍රිකා සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණයට සම්බන්ධ අභ්‍යාවකාශ තරඟය හේතුවෙන් හටගත්, නැතහොත් ඒ කාලය තුළ ළඟා කර ගන්නා ලද අනෙකුත් විශේ‍ෂිත ඉලක්කයන් පහත දැක්වේ.

1962 – Telstar - ප්‍රථම සක්‍රිය සන්නිවේදන චන්ද්‍රිකාව වේ. (පර්යේෂණ මට්ටමේ සාගර හරහා සන්නිවේදක චන්ද්‍රිකාවක් ද විය.)
1972 – Anik 1 - ප්‍රථම දේශීය සන්නිවේදන චන්ද්‍රිකාව (කැනඩාව)
1974 – Westar - ප්‍රථම ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපද දේශීය සන්නිවේදන චන්ද්‍රිකාව
1976 – Marisat - ප්‍රථම ජංගම සන්නිවේදන චන්ද්‍රිකාව

එක්සත් ජනපදය විසින් ලොව ප්‍රථම භූ සමමුහුර්ත චන්ද්‍රිකාව වූ Syncom 2 යානය 1963 වසරේ ජුලි 26 වන දින අභ්‍යාවකාශ ගත කරන ලදී. මෙම චන්ද්‍රිකාවෙහි සාර්ථකත්වය හේතුවෙන් තවදුරටත් චන්ද්‍රිකා ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහක තැටි චන්ද්‍රිකාවක ගමන්මගට අනුරූපව චලනය වීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවක් නොවීය. ඊට හේතුව වූයේ මෙම චන්ද්‍රිකා භූ ස්ථායී කක්ෂයක පිහිටීමයි. මෙතැන් පටන් සාමාන්‍ය ජනතාවට එක්වරක් සකස් කිරීමකින් අනතුරුව මෙම තාක්ෂණය ඔස්සේ රූපවාහිනී සඳහා චන්ද්‍රිකාවලින් විකාශය කෙරෙන සන්නිවේදන තොරතුරු භාවිතා කිරීමේ හැකියාව හිමි විය.

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