The police procedural, police show, or police crime drama is a subgenre of procedural drama and detective fiction that emphasizes the investigative procedure of police officers, police detectives, or law enforcement agencies as the protagonists, as contrasted with other genres that focus on non-police investigators such as private investigators.

As its name implies, the defining element of a police procedural is the attempt to accurately depict law enforcement and its procedures, including police-related topics such as forensic science, autopsies, gathering evidence, search warrants, interrogation, and adherence to legal restrictions and procedures.

While many police procedurals conceal the criminal's identity until the crime is solved in the narrative climax (the so-called whodunit), others reveal the perpetrator's identity to the audience early in the narrative, making it an inverted detective story.

The police procedural genre has faced criticism for its inaccurate depictions of policing and crime, depictions of racism and sexism, and allegations that the genre is "copaganda", or promotes a one-sided depiction of police as the "good guys".

Early history
The roots of the police procedural have been traced to at least the mid-1880s. Wilkie Collins's novel The Moonstone (1868), a tale of a Scotland Yard detective investigating the theft of a valuable diamond, has been described as perhaps the earliest clear example of the genre.

As detective fiction rose to worldwide popularity in the late 19th century and early 20th century, many of the pioneering and most popular characters, at least in the English-speaking world, were private investigators or amateurs. See C. Auguste Dupin, Sherlock Holmes, Sam Spade, Miss Marple and others. Hercule Poirot was described as a veteran of the Belgian police, but as a protagonist he worked independently. Only after World War II would police procedural fiction rival the popularity of PIs or amateur sleuths.

Lawrence Treat's 1945 novel V as in Victim is often cited as the first police procedural, by Anthony Boucher (mystery critic for the New York Times Book Review) among others. Another early example is Hillary Waugh's Last Seen Wearing... 1952. Even earlier examples from the 20th Century, predating Treat, include the novels Vultures in the Dark, 1925, and The Borrowed Shield, 1925, by Richard Enright, retired New York City Police Commissioner, Harness Bull, 1937, and Homicide, 1937, by former Southern California police officer Leslie T. White, P.C. Richardson's First Case, 1933, by Sir Basil Thomson, former Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard, and the short story collection Policeman's Lot, 1933, by former Buckinghamshire High Sheriff and Justice of the Peace Henry Wade.

The procedural became more prominent after World War II, and, while the contributions of novelists like Treat were significant, a large part of the impetus for the post-war development of the procedural as a distinct subgenre of the mystery was due, not to prose fiction, but to the popularity of a number of American films which dramatized and fictionalized actual crimes. Dubbed "semidocumentary films" by film critics, these motion pictures, often filmed on location, with the cooperation of the law enforcement agencies involved in the actual case, made a point of authentically depicting police work. Examples include The Naked City (1948), The Street with No Name (1948), T-Men (1947), He Walked by Night (1948), and Border Incident (1949).

Films from other countries soon began following the semi-documentary trend. In France, there was Quai des orfevres (1947), released in the United States as Jenny Lamour. In Japanese cinema, there was Akira Kurosawa's 1949 film Stray Dog, a serious police procedural film noir that was also a precursor to the buddy cop film genre. In the UK, there were films such as The Blue Lamp (1950) and The Long Arm (1956) set in London and depicting the Metropolitan Police.

One semidocumentary,  He Walked By Night (1948), released by Eagle-Lion Films, featured a young radio actor named Jack Webb in a supporting role. The success of the film, along with a suggestion from LAPD Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn, the film's technical advisor, gave Webb an idea for a radio drama that depicted police work in a similarly semi-documentary manner. The resulting series, Dragnet, which debuted on radio in 1949 and made the transition to television in 1951, has been called "the most famous procedural of all time" by mystery novelists William L. DeAndrea, Katherine V. Forrest and Max Allan Collins.

The same year that Dragnet debuted on radio, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Sidney Kingsley's stage play Detective Story opened on Broadway. This frank, carefully researched dramatization of a typical day in an NYPD precinct detective squad became another benchmark in the development of the police procedural.

Dragnet marked a turn in the depiction of the police on screen. Instead of being corrupt laughingstocks, this was the first time police officers represented bravery and heroism. In their quest for authenticity, Dragnet's producers used real police cars and officers in their scenes. However, this also meant that in exchange, the LAPD could vet scripts for authenticity. The LAPD vetted every scene, which would allow them to remove elements they did not agree with or did not wish to draw attention to.

Over the next few years, the number of novelists who picked up on the procedural trend following Dragnet's example grew to include writers like Ben Benson, who wrote carefully researched novels about the Massachusetts State Police, retired police officer Maurice Procter, who wrote a series about North England cop Harry Martineau, and Jonathan Craig, who wrote short stories and novels about New York City police officers. Police novels by writers who would come to virtually define the form, like Hillary Waugh, Ed McBain, and John Creasey started to appear regularly.

In 1956, in his regular New York Times Book Review column, mystery critic Anthony Boucher, noting the growing popularity of crime fiction in which the main emphasis was the realistic depiction of police work, suggested that such stories constituted a distinct subgenre of the mystery, and, crediting the success of Dragnet for the rise of this new form, coined the phrase "police procedural" to describe it.

As police procedurals became increasingly popular, they maintained this image of heroic police officers who are willing to bend the rules to save the day, as well as the use of police consultants. This would allow Hollywood to form a friendly relationship with law enforcement who are also responsible for granting shooting permits. This, however, has garnered criticisms.

Written stories

French roman policier
French roman policier (fr) value induction over deduction, synthesis of character over analysis of crime.
1866: Émile Gaboriau: Monsieur Lecoq
1905: Maurice Leblanc: Arsène Lupin
1908: Gaston Leroux: Joseph Rouletabille
1931: Georges Simenon: Inspector Maigret
1949: Frédéric Dard: "San-Antonio"

1931: Georges Simenon
The Inspector Maigret novels of Georges Simenon feature a strong focus on the lead character, but the novels have always included subordinate members of his staff as supporting characters. Simenon, who had been a journalist covering police investigations before creating Maigret, gave the appearance of an accurate depiction of law enforcement in Paris. Simenon influenced later European procedural writers, such as Sweden's Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö, and Baantjer.

1940: John Creasey/J. J. Marric
Perhaps ranking just behind McBain in importance to the development of the procedural as a distinct mystery subgenre is John Creasey, a prolific writer of many different kinds of crime fiction, from espionage to criminal protagonist. He was inspired to write a more realistic crime novel when his neighbor, a retired Scotland Yard detective, challenged Creasey to "write about us as we are". The result was Inspector West Takes Charge, 1940, the first of more than forty novels to feature Roger West of the London Metropolitan Police. The West novels were, for the era, an unusually realistic look at Scotland Yard operations, but the plots were often wildly melodramatic, and, to get around thorny legal problems, Creasey gave West an "amateur detective" friend who was able to perform the extra-procedural acts that West, as a policeman, could not.

In the mid-1950s, inspired by the success of television's Dragnet and a similar British TV series, Fabian of the Yard, Creasey decided to try a more down-to-earth series of cop stories. Adopting the pseudonym "J.J. Marric", he wrote Gideon's Day, 1955, in which George Gideon, a high-ranking detective at Scotland Yard, spends a busy day supervising his subordinates' investigations into several unrelated crimes. This novel was the first in a series of more than twenty books which brought Creasey his best critical notices. One entry, Gideon's Fire, 1961, won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Mystery Novel. The Gideon series, more than any other source, helped establish the common procedural plot structure of threading several autonomous story lines through a single novel.

1952: Hillary Waugh
Hillary Waugh, in 1952, wrote Last Seen Wearing ..., a commercial and critical success, exploring detailed and relentless police work.

1956: Ed McBain
Ed McBain, the pseudonym of Evan Hunter, wrote dozens of novels in the 87th Precinct series beginning with Cop Hater, published in 1956. Hunter continued to write 87th Precinct novels almost until his death in 2005. Although these novels focus primarily on Detective Steve Carella, they encompass the work of many officers working alone and in teams, and Carella is not always present in any individual book.

As if to illustrate the universality of the police procedural, many of McBain's 87th Precinct novels, despite their being set in a slightly fictionalized New York City, have been filmed in settings outside New York, even outside the US. Akira Kurosawa's 1963 film, High and Low, based on McBain's King's Ransom (1959), is set in Yokohama. Without Apparent Motive (1972), set on the French Riviera, is based on McBain's Ten Plus One (1963). Claude Chabrol's Les Liens de Sang (1978), based on Blood Relatives (1974), is set in Montreal.  Even Fuzz (1972), based on the 1968 novel, though set in the US, moves the action to Boston.  Two episodes of ABC's Columbo, set in Los Angeles, were based on McBain novels.

1960: Elizabeth Linington/Dell Shannon/Lesley Egan
A prolific author of police procedurals, whose work has fallen out of fashion in the years since her death, is Elizabeth Linington writing under her own name, as well as "Dell Shannon" and "Lesley Egan". Linington reserved her Dell Shannon pseudonym primarily for procedurals featuring LAPD Central Homicide Lieutenant Luis Mendoza (1960–86). Under her own name she wrote about Sergeant Ivor Maddox of LAPD's North Hollywood Station, and as Lesley Egan she wrote about suburban cop Vic Varallo. These novels are sometimes considered flawed, partly due to the author's far-right political viewpoint (she was a member of the John Birch Society), but primarily because Miss Linington's books, notwithstanding the frequent comments she made about the depth of her research, were all seriously deficient in the single element most identified with the police procedural, technical accuracy. However, they have a certain charm in their depiction of a kinder, gentler California, where the police were always "good guys" who solved all the crimes and respected the citizenry.

1965: Sjöwall and Wahlöö
Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö planned and wrote the Martin Beck police procedural series of ten books between the 1960s and 1970s, set in Sweden. The series is particularly renowned for its extensive character development throughout the series. Beck himself is gradually promoted from detective in a newly nationalised Swedish police force to Chief Inspector of the National Murder Squad, and the realistic depiction, as well as criticism of the Swedish welfare state at the time whilst the tedium of the police procedural continues in the background, is something still widely used today, with authors such as Jo Nesbø and Stieg Larsson. The books gave rise to the Swedish noir scene, and The Laughing Policeman earned a "Best Novel" Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America in 1971. The books were translated from Swedish into 35 different languages, and have sold roughly ten million copies. Sjöwall and Wahlöö used black humour extensively in the series, and it is widely recognised as one of the finest police procedural series.

1970: Tony Hillerman
Tony Hillerman, the author of 17 novels involving Jim Chee and Joe Leaphorn, wrote procedurals in which the procedures were those of the Navajo Tribal Police.

1971: Joseph Wambaugh
Though not the first police officer to write procedurals, Joseph Wambaugh's success has caused him to become the exemplar of cops who turn their professional experiences into fiction. The son of a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, policeman, Wambaugh joined the Los Angeles Police Department after a stint of military duty.  In 1970, his first novel, The New Centurions, was published. This followed three police officers through their training in the academy, their first few years on the street, culminating in the Watts riots of 1965. It was followed by such novels as The Blue Knight, 1971, The Choirboys, 1975, Hollywood Station, 2006, and acclaimed non-fiction books like The Onion Field, 1973, Lines and Shadows, 1984, and Fire Lover, 2002. Wambaugh has said that his main purpose is less to show how cops work on the job, than how the job works on cops.

Detective novel writers
It is difficult to disentangle the early roots of the procedural from its forebear, the traditional detective novel, which often featured a police officer as protagonist. By and large, the better known novelists such as Ngaio Marsh produced work that falls more squarely into the province of the traditional or "cozy" detective novel. Nevertheless, some of the work of authors less well known today, like Freeman Wills Crofts's novels about Inspector French or some of the work of the prolific team of G.D.H. and Margaret Cole, might be considered as the antecedents of today's police procedural. British mystery novelist and critic Julian Symons, in his 1972 history of crime fiction, Bloody Murder, labeled these proto-procedurals "humdrums", because of their emphasis on the plodding nature of the investigators.

Televised stories

TV creators
 Barbara Avedon, co-creator of Cagney & Lacey.
 Donald P. Bellisario, creator of NCIS, Magnum, P.I. and JAG
 Ann Biderman, creator of Southland.
 Steven Bochco, creator of Hill Street Blues, the experimental musical police procedural Cop Rock, the longer-lived NYPD Blue and short lived Brooklyn South.
 Jon Bokenkamp, creator of The Blacklist.
 Andy Breckman, creator of Monk.
 Shane Brennan, creator of NCIS: Los Angeles.
 Stephen J. Cannell, creator of Silk Stalkings, 21 Jump Street and The Commish.
 Barbara Corday, co-creator of Cagney & Lacey.
 Jeff Davis, creator of Criminal Minds.
 Robert Doherty, creator of Elementary.
 Tom Fontana, creator of Homicide: Life on the Street and The Beat.
 Steve Franks, creator of Psych.
 Leonard Freeman, creator and producer of Hawaii Five-O.
 Anna Fricke, developer of Walker.
 Bryan Fuller, creator of Hannibal.
 Gary Glasberg, creator of NCIS: New Orleans.
 Hart Hanson, creator of Bones.
 Alexi Hawley, creator of The Rookie.
 Bruno Heller, creator of The Mentalist.
 Martin Gero, creator of Blindspot.
 Dan Goor, co-creator of Brooklyn Nine-Nine.
 Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, creator of Blue Bloods.
 Tim Kring, creator of Crossing Jordan.
 Richard Levinson, co-creator of Columbo.
 William Link, co-creator of Columbo.
 Barbara Machin, creator of Waking the Dead.
 Abby Mann, creator of Kojak.
 Andrew W. Marlowe, creator of Castle.
 Quinn Martin, producer of such shows as The Untouchables, The F.B.I. and The Streets of San Francisco.
 Geoff McQueen, creator of The Bill.
 Jed Mercurio, creator of Line of Duty and Bodyguard.
 David Milch, co-creator of NYPD Blue.
 Christopher Murphey, creator of Body of Proof.
 Jonathan Nolan, creator of Person of Interest.
 Shawn Ryan, creator of The Shield.
 Michael Schur, co-creator of Brooklyn Nine-Nine.
 David Simon, co-creator of Homicide: Life on the Street and creator of The Wire.
 Hank Steinberg, creator of Without a Trace.
 Meredith Stiehm, creator of Cold Case.
 Joseph Wambaugh, creator of Police Story.
 Jack Webb, creator, producer, and principal actor in Dragnet, and co-creator of Adam-12.
 Dick Wolf, creator of the Law & Order franchise, Chicago franchise. FBI franchise
 Anthony Yerkovich, creator of Miami Vice.
 Graham Yost, creator of Justified & Boomtown.
 Anthony E. Zuiker, creator of the CSI franchise.

TV series

Australia
For details see the PhD dissertation by Antony Stephenson (2019).
 Bellamy (Network Ten 1981)
 Bluey (Seven Network 1976–77)
 Blue Heelers (Seven Network 1994–2006) 510 episodes set in the fictional rural town of Mount Thomas, Victoria, was produced by Southern Star Entertainment for the Seven Network.
 City Homicide (Seven Network 2007–11) Set in Melbourne, Victoria. Follows the investigations of six detectives and their two superior officers in the homicide squad of the Victoria Police.
 Cop Shop (Seven Network, 1977–84)
 Division 4 (Nine Network 1969–75) made by Crawford Productions, ran on the Nine Network for 301 episodes.
 The Feds (Nine Network 1993–96)
 Homicide (Seven Network 1964–76) was an Australian police procedural television series made by Crawford Productions for the Seven Network. One of the first commercial TV series produced especially for Australian TV, and the first to depict the operations of a modern-day Australian police force, its historical significance in Australian television is analogous to the importance of Dragnet in the United States.
 The Link Men (Nine Network 1970)
 The Long Arm (Network Ten 1970)
 Matlock Police (Network Ten 1971–75) was set in a rural town and lasted 229 episodes.
 Murder Call (Nine Network 1997–99)
 Phoenix (ABC 1992–93)
 Police Rescue (ABC 1991–96)
 Rush (Network Ten 2008–11) follows the stories of a tactical police unit in Melbourne, Victoria.
 Skirts (TV series) (Seven Network 1990)
 Small Claims (Network Ten 2005–06)
 Solo One (Seven Network 1976) a short-lived spin-off from Matlock Police
 Special Squad (Network Ten 1984)
 Stingers (Nine Network 1998–2004)
 Water Rats (Nine Network 1996–2001) 177 episodes set in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, focusing on the Sydney Water Police.
 White Collar Blue (Network Ten 2002–03)
 Wildside (ABC 1997–99)
 Young Lions (Nine Network 2002)

Austria
 Inspector Rex (1994–2003) was an Austrian homicide detective series, which aired all over the world and was popular in Australia when broadcast on SBS. It is about a German Shepherd police dog named Rex and his owner, Detective-Inspector Richard Moser of the Vienna Kriminalpolizei. Rex was a bomb squad dog whose handler was killed at a crime scene that Moser was investigating. Moser's team consisted of Ernst Stockinger (seasons 1 and 2), and Peter Hollerer (seasons 1 to 4), and Christian Bock (seasons 3 to 6). Dr Leo Graf served as forensic pathologist/coroner throughout the series, who often described autopsy scenes and procedures much to the disgust of the police staff. Moser was murdered by a psychotic serial killer halfway through season 4. Detective Inspector Alexander Brandtner took over Moser's role after his untimely death.
Rex frequently saved the team's necks during pursuits and catching criminals, sniffing out clues, rescuing child victims, as well as occasionally being a nuisance around the office or while interviewing suspects. The show mixes serious themes with occasional comedy, such as Rex's penchant for ham rolls (wurstsemmeln), demanding to buy many dog toys, and interfering with Moser's and Brandtner's erratic love lives.

France
  (1988–1990) – a French TV series created by Dominique Roulet and Claude Chabrol, broadcast on TF1. It follows the films Cop au Vin (1985) and Inspecteur Lavardin (1986) by Claude Chabrol, who already feature Jean Poiret in the role of Lavardin.
 Monster Buster Club  (TF1: 2008–2009)
 Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie (France Télévisions: 2009–2012; 2013–present) – based on Agatha Christie's detective fiction; Series One is set in France in the 1930s, Series Two in the mid-1950s to 1960s. Series Three, announced in 2019, is to be set in the 1970s.

Germany
 Derrick is a German TV crime series produced between 1974 and 1998.
 Polizeiruf 110 ("Police call 110") is a long-running German-language detective television series.
 Tatort (Crime scene) is a German television series running since 1970 with Austria's and Switzerland's national broadcasters in a joined production pool.
 The Old Fox (original German title "Der Alte", lit. "The Old One") is a German crime drama which premiered on April 11, 1977.

Hong Kong
 Police Cadet trilogy (TVB; 1984–88) consisting of Police Cadet '84, Police Cadet '85 and . Starring Tony Leung Chiu-wai, it center on his character, Cheung Wai Kit, rise from Cadet School to a working detective.

India
 C.I.D. (1995–present) – an Indian crime detective series that airs on Sony TV. It is about a team of detectives belonging to the Criminal Investigation Department in Mumbai. The protagonists of the show are played by Shivaji Satam, Aditya Srivastava, Dayanand Shetty, Dinesh Phadnis, Hrishikesh Pandey, Vivek Mashru, Jasveer Kaur, Ansha Saeed. The forensic experts are played by Narendra Gupta and Shraddha Musale respectively.

Ireland
 The Burke Enigma – RTÉ 1978.
 DDU: District Detective Unit, (1998–99) was made by RTÉ, set in Waterford City and starring Seán McGinley.
 Single-Handed (2007–) is set in the west of Ireland.
 Proof (2003–04) set in Dublin and starring Orla Brady.
  Na Cloigne (The Heads) a 2010 three-part supernatural police procedural produced for TG4.

Italy
 Il commissario Montalbano is an Italian television series produced and broadcast by RAI since 1999, based on the detective novels of Andrea Camilleri.
 Commissario Guido Brunetti is a German television series based on the books of Donna Leon. It has been produced since 2000 by the ARD in Germany. This TV series is also shown in Spain. Music: André Rieu.

Japan
Taiyō ni Hoero! (NTV 1972–1986) The longest series of Japan.
Seibu Keisatsu (TV Asahi 1979–1984)
Patlabor: The TV Series (Nippon TV 1989–1990)
The Mobile Cop Jiban (Nippon TV 1989-1990)
You're Under Arrest (TBS 1996–1997)
Bayside Shakedown (1997)
AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo (TV Asahi 2003–)
Galileo (Fuji TV 2007–2013)

Malaysia
Gerak Khas (RTM; 1999–present)
Roda-Roda Kuala Lumpur (RTM; 1998–99, 2008–13)
Metro Skuad (RTM; 2012–13) similar to Gerak Khas, Metro Skuad centers on various criminal cases including murders, gangsterisms, acid throwing, robberies and others.

The Netherlands
 Baantjer (1996–06) – set in Amsterdam and starring Piet Römer. The series is based on the novels of writer A. C. Baantjer
 Flikken Maastricht (2007–present) – set in Maastricht and starring Angela Schijf and Victor Reinier

New Zealand
 Mortimer's Patch (1980–84) – set in provincial New Zealand and starring Terence Cooper, Sean Duffy, Don Selwyn and Jim Hickey
 Shark in the Park (1989–92) – set in Wellington and starring Jeffrey Thomas
 Duggan (1997–99) – set in New Zealand's Marlborough Sounds and starring John Bach
 Plainclothes (1995) – set in Auckland and starring Alan Dale
 The Brokenwood Mysteries (2014–) – set in a fictional small town in the north of New Zealand and starring Neill Rea

Philippines
 May Bukas Pa (ABS-CBN; 2009–2010)
 Pilyang Kerubin (GMA Network; 2010)
 Noah (ABS-CBN; 2010–2011)
 Ikaw ay Pag-Ibig (ABS-CBN; 2011–2012)
 Aso ni San Roque (GMA Network; 2012–2013)
 Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw (ABS-CBN; 2013)
 Ang Probinsyano (ABS-CBN; 2015–2022) – based on the 1997 film of the same name starring Fernando Poe, Jr.
 Flower of Evil (Kapamilya Channel; 2022) – based on the 2020 South Korean drama series of the same name.
 Mga Lihim ni Urduja (GMA Network; 2023)
 Jack and Jill sa Diamond Hills (TV5; 2023–present)
 Walang Matigas na Pulis sa Matinik na Misis (GMA Network; 2023–present) – based on the 1994 film of the same name.
 Pira-Pirasong Paraiso (TV5/Kapamilya Channel; 2023–present)
 Black Rider (GMA Network; 2023–)

Russia
 Streets of Broken Lights (1995–2017) – Russian criminal drama-detective TV series anthology about police work in Saint-Petersburg.
 Deadly Force (TV series) (2000–2006) – Russian TV series, which first appeared on television in 2000. It was released by Channel One Russia simultaneously as a spin-off series from Streets of Broken Lights and as its direct competitor.
 Investigation Held by ZnaToKi – The popular Soviet detective series from 1971 to 1989 was continued in two Russian TV series (2002 and 2003).
  (2005–2018) – Russian television series based on scripts by retired police colonel Maxim Esaulov and criminal journalist Andrei Romanov.
  (2008–2011) – The series tells about the employees of the fictional police department "Pyatnitsky" in Moscow.
  (2021) – The series tells about a Moscow detective investigating the case of the murder of children in the small mining town of Khrustalny.

Singapore
C.L.I.F. (MediaCorp Singapore 2011–16)
Triple Nine (Television Corporation of Singapore 1995–99)

South Korea
Beyond Evil (2021) –  South Korean television series follows the story of two fearless policemen from the Manyang Police Substation.

The Soviet Union
 Investigation Held by ZnaToKi (1971–1989) – a popular Soviet series, the main characters are investigator Pavel Znamenski, detective Alexandr Tomin and laboratory analyst Zinaida Kibrit, who were acting together under a group name ZnaToKi (translated as "Experts").

United Kingdom
 Fabian of the Yard, (1954–55) – possibly the first police drama to be made for British TV, this series, based on the memoirs of real-life Scotland Yard detective Robert Fabian, had a lot in common with Dragnet. Just as Dragnet had been the first network drama series with continuing characters to be shot on film, so Fabian of the Yard was one of the first British series to be filmed. Both shows featured voice-over narration by the main character; both fictionalized stories derived from real-life cases; and both ended with an epilogue that revealed the ultimate fate of the criminals. On Fabian, this took the form of a medium-shot of Bruce Seton, who played Fabian in the series, seated at a desk. The shot slowly dissolved into one of the real-life Fabian in the same pose at the same desk. At that point, the actual Fabian stood up and told the audience what happened to the criminal he'd caught in the real-life case that had just been dramatized.
 Dixon of Dock Green, (1955–76) – Jack Warner reprised the role of Constable George Dixon, the uniformed beat cop he had played in The Blue Lamp, despite the fact that the Dixon character had been tragically murdered in that film. During the course of this somewhat gentle series, Warner's character became, for many, the living embodiment of what every British "bobby" was supposed to be. As the series progressed, Dixon went through several promotions, eventually winding up as the Station Sergeant at his local division. By the final season, with Warner now over 80, Dixon retired and the focus shifted to the younger officers he'd trained up over the years.
 No Hiding Place, (1957–67) – Produced with the cooperation of Scotland Yard, this long-running series featured Raymond Francis as high-ranking Met detective Tom Lockhart. During its run, the series went through several title changes. When it began in 1957, it was known as Murder Bag, referring to the bag of investigative tools that Superintendent Lockhart carried with him whenever he was called to a case. In 1959, with Lockhart promoted to Chief Superintendent, it became Crime Sheet. Later in 1959, the series was given its final and best-remembered title, No Hiding Place, which lasted until the series ended in 1967.
 Z-Cars, (1962–78) – a police drama about two teams of uniformed constables (Brian Blessed, Joseph Brady, James Ellis, and Jeremy Kemp) assigned to "Crime Patrol" duties in a pair of powerful Ford Zephyrs, under the supervision of Detective Sergeant John Watt (Frank Windsor) and Detective Chief Inspector Charlie Barlow (Stratford Johns). A franker, and often less flattering portrait of police work than audience were used to seeing on Dixon of Dock Green, the show was an immediate hit, its popularity generating spin-offs like Softly, Softly (1966–76), Barlow at Large (1971–75), and Second Verdict (1976).
 Gideon's Way, (1965–66) – a crime series produced during 1964/65 and based on the novels by John Creasey (as J. J. Marric). The series was made at Elstree in twin production with The Saint TV series. It starred Liverpudlian John Gregson in the title role as Commander George Gideon of Scotland Yard, with Alexander Davion as his assistant, Detective Chief Inspector David Keen, Reginald Jessup as Det. Superintendent LeMaitre (nicknamed Lemmy), Ian Rossiter as Detective Chief Superintendent Joe Bell and Basil Dignam as Commissioner Scott-Marle.
 New Scotland Yard, (1972–74) – a police drama series produced by London Weekend Television (LWT) for the ITV network between 1972 and 1974. It features the activities of two officers from the Criminal Investigations Department (CID) in the Metropolitan Police force headquarters at New Scotland Yard, as they dealt with the assorted villains of the day.
 The Sweeney, (1975–78) – a drama series focusing on the Flying Squad of the Metropolitan Police and their twenty-four-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week job of catching some of the most dangerous and violent criminals in London. The television program featured Detective Inspector Jack Regan (John Thaw) and other tough-talking hard-drinking members of his elite unit, both on and off duty. With its high level of violence, location filming, bold frankness, and well written scripts, The Sweeney revolutionized the genre. The series was so phenomenally popular that two feature-length movies, Sweeney! (1976) and Sweeney 2 (1978) were released to theatres during the show's original broadcast run.
The Gentle Touch, (1980–84) – a British police drama television series made by London Weekend Television for ITV. Commencing transmission on 11 April 1980, the series is notable for being the first British series to feature a female police detective as its leading character, ahead of the similarly themed BBC series Juliet Bravo by four months.
Juliet Bravo, (1980–85) – a British television series, which ran on BBC1. The theme of the series concerned a female police inspector who took over control of a police station in the fictional town of Hartley in Lancashire.
 Taggart (1983–2010)
 The Bill, (1984–2010) – a drama series focusing on both the uniformed and plain-clothes police officers working out of a fictional inner-London police station. The original conception of this series was as purely procedural, with an almost fly-on-the-wall approach that survived to an extent throughout.
 The Prime Suspect series, (1991–2006) – featuring Helen Mirren as Detective Chief Inspector (later Chief Superintendent) Jane Tennison, which focused on the police investigations and on Tennison's conflicts with her fellow officers as a prominent female detective in a heavily male-dominated work environment, as well as her personal problems concerning her family and after-work life.
 Cracker (1993–95) – hard-hitting drama series following dysfunctional criminal psychologist Dr Edward "Fitz" Fitzgerald, played by Robbie Coltrane
 McCallum (1995–98)
 Hamish Macbeth (1995–97) – police drama-comedy set in the west coast Highlands of Scotland, starring Robert Carlyle
 The Cops (1998–2000) – perhaps the most realistic police drama series yet seen on British TV, noted for its documentary-style camerawork and uncompromising portrayal of the police force.
 Heartbeat (1992–2010) is made by Yorkshire Television at The Leeds Studios for broadcast on ITV. It lasted 18 series. Set in 1960s Yorkshire, in the fictional town of Ashfordly and the nearby village of Aidensfield in the North Riding of Yorkshire, the motorcycle-riding Aidensfield village bobby was originally played by Nick Berry.
 Rebus (2000–2007)
 Inspector George Gently (2007–2017) is an adaptation of Alan Hunter's George Gently series of novels. Starring Martin Shaw as Gently, and set in the 1960s, it is a combination of police procedural and period drama. It was produced by Company Pictures for BBC One.
 Law & Order: UK (2009–2014) is an adaptation of the Law & Order franchise for the British market. The programme is financed by Kudos Film and Television, Wolf Films (a company owned by Dick Wolf, the creator of the franchise) and NBC Universal and airs on ITV. The show is adapted from scripts and episodes of the original U.S. Law & Order.
 Suspects (2014–present) is an East London-based police procedural shot in a stripped-back documentary style using improvised dialogue, and follows DS Jack Weston (Damien Molony), DC Charlie Steele (Claire-Hope Ashitey) and their superior DI Martha Bellamy (Fay Ripley) as they investigate various crimes.
 No Offence (2015–present) is a Manchester-based police procedural created by Paul Abbott. The show follows a team of detectives from Friday Street police station, a division of the Manchester Metropolitan Police (a fictionalised version of Greater Manchester Police), and stars Joanna Scanlan as Detective Inspector Viv Deering.
 The Mallorca Files (2019–present) is set on the Spanish island of Mallorca, starring Elen Rhys and  as English and German detectives investigating crimes for the island's police force.

United States
 Dragnet (1951–59, 1967–70, 1989–91 and 2003–04) was a pioneering police procedural that began on radio in 1949 and then on television in 1951. Dragnet established the tone of many police dramas in subsequent decades, and the rigorously authentic depictions of such elements as organizational structure, professional jargon, legal issues, etc., set the standard for technical accuracy that became the most identifiable element of the police procedural in all media. The show was occasionally accused of presenting an overly idealized portrait of law enforcement in which the police (represented by Sgt. Joe Friday) were invariably presented as "good guys" and the criminals as "bad guys", with little moral flexibility or complexity between the two. However, many episodes depicted sympathetic perpetrators while others depicted unsympathetic or corrupt cops. Further, though Jack Webb may have seemed to go to extremes to depict the Los Angeles Police Department in a favorable light, most depictions of cops at the time of Dragnet'''s debut were both unsympathetic and unrealistic. Webb's depiction was meant to offer balance. Also, the show benefited from the unprecedented technical advice, involvement, and support of the LAPD, a first in TV, which may also have been an incentive to depict the Department favorably. After the success of Dragnet, Webb produced other procedural shows like The DA's Man, about an undercover investigator for the Manhattan District Attorney's Office, Adam-12, about a pair of uniformed LAPD officers patrolling their beat in a radio car, and O'Hara, U.S. Treasury, with David Janssen as a trouble-shooting federal officer.
 Adam-12 (1968–1975) is a television police procedural drama that follows Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers Pete Malloy and Jim Reed as they ride the streets of Los Angeles in their patrol unit, 1-Adam-12. The series was created by Robert A. Cinader and Jack Webb, the latter of whom also created Dragnet. It starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord and purported to realistically capture a typical day in the life of police officers. The show ran from September 21, 1968, through May 20, 1975, and helped to introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States.
 The Untouchables (1959–63) fictionalized real-life Federal Agent Eliot Ness's ongoing fight with prohibition-era gangs in Chicago and elsewhere. Originally a two-part presentation on the anthology series Desilu Playhouse, it made such a splash that a series was launched the following fall. That two-part pilot, later released to theaters under the title The Scarface Mob, stuck comparatively close to the actual events, with Ness, as played by Robert Stack, recruiting a team of incorruptible investigators to help bring down Al Capone. Later episodes showed Ness and his squad, after Capone, going after just about every big name gangster of the era, and when the writers ran out of real-life figures to pit against Ness, they created new ones. Quinn Martin, who would become closely associated with police and crime shows like this, produced the series during its first season, leaving to found his own company, QM Productions, which would go one to produce police procedural shows like The New Breed, The F.B.I., Dan August, and The Streets of San Francisco over the next twenty years. The success of the series led to an Academy Award-winning motion picture in 1987, and a new TV series that was syndicated to local stations in 1993.
 Police Story (1973–78) was an anthology series set in Los Angeles created by LAPD Detective Sergeant Joseph Wambaugh. Hard-hitting and unflinchingly realistic, its anthology format made it possible to look at LAPD police work from many different perspectives, what it was like to be a woman in a male-dominated profession, an honest cop suspected of corruption, a rookie cop, an undercover narc, a veteran facing retirement, or a cop who had to adjust to crippling injuries incurred in the line of duty. Despite its anthology format, there were a number of characters who appeared in more than one episode, including Robbery/Homicide partners Tony Calabrese (Tony Lo Bianco) and Bert Jameson (Don Meredith), vice cop turned homicide detective Charlie Czonka (James Farentino), and stakeout-surveillance specialist Joe LaFrieda (Vic Morrow). Several series were spun off from the show, including Police Woman, Joe Forrester, and Man Undercover. During its last two seasons, the show appeared as an irregular series of two-hour TV movies rather than a weekly one-hour program. The show was revived for a season in 1988, using old scripts reshot with new casts when a writers' strike made new material inaccessible.
 Kojak (1973–78, 1989–90) created by Abby Mann, focused on a veteran New York City detective-lieutenant played by Telly Savalas. Its exteriors were filmed at New York's Ninth Precinct, the same place where NYPD Blue's exteriors would be filmed. In 1989, Savalas returned to the role briefly for five two-hour episodes, in which Kojak had been promoted to inspector and placed in charge of the Major Crimes Squad. It rotated with three other detective shows on ABC. A 2005 remake for the USA Network starred Ving Rhames. Kojak's most memorable character trait was his signature lollipop.
 Hill Street Blues (1981–87) featured a number of intertwined storylines in each episode, and pioneered depiction of the conflicts between the work and private lives of officers and detectives on which the police procedural was centered. The show had a deliberate "documentary" style, depicting officers who were flawed and human, and dealt openly with the gray areas of morality between right and wrong. It was set in an unidentified east coast or Midwestern US city.  The show was written by Steven Bochco and Michael Kozoll.
 Cagney & Lacey (1982–88) revolved around two female NYPD detectives who led very different lives. Christine Cagney, played by Sharon Gless, was a single-minded, witty, brash career woman. Mary Beth Lacey was a resourceful, sensitive working mom. Loretta Swit was the original choice for Cagney [she played the role in a TV movie]; however, she could not get out of her contract on M*A*S*H. During the first season, Meg Foster played the part of Cagney, while Tyne Daly played Lacey, the role she had originated in the pilot. CBS canceled the series claiming low ratings. It was brought back due both to a letter-writing campaign which drew millions of letters nationwide and because the ratings went up during summer reruns. A TV Guide magazine read "Welcome Back". Daly continued as Lacey, but Foster was replaced with Gless, who would become the actress most identified with the part. It had 36 nominations and 14 wins during its run. Four TV movies were broadcast after the series ended.
 Miami Vice (1984–90) and 21 Jump Street (1987–91) showed the MTV style of Police procedurals.
 The Law & Order franchise, which started with the long-running series Law & Order (1990–2010, 2022–present), focuses on the two 'halves' of a criminal proceeding in the New York City criminal justice system: the investigation of the crime by the New York City Police Department homicide detectives and the subsequent prosecution of the criminals by the New York County District Attorney's office. The success of the original Law & Order inspired ten other spin-off series in four different countries:
 Six in the U.S.: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999–present), which focuses on sex crimes such as rape and child molestation, Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2001–11), focusing on major crimes from the point of view of the criminal and capturing them from a psychological side, Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005–06), which focuses more on the trial from both the prosecution and the defense teams' points of view, Conviction (2006), Law & Order: LA (2010–11) and Law & Order: Organized Crime (2021–present). Special Victims Unit, Criminal Intent, LA and Organized Crime series focused more on the police procedurals than Trial by Jury and Conviction.
 Two in Russia: Adaptations of Special Victims Unit (2007) and Criminal Intent (2007), both set in Moscow.
 Paris enquêtes criminelles (2007), a French adaptation of Criminal Intent set in Paris.
 Law & Order: UK (2009–2014), a British adaptation of the original Law & Order set in London.
Aside from being its depiction of police investigation, this program also relates to the legal drama and "forensic pathology" subgenres, and has inspired such other programs as the CSI series.
 Homicide: Life on the Street (1993–99; TV movie in 2000), a police procedural focusing on the homicide unit of the Baltimore city police department. Critically praised (although frequently struggling in the ratings), the show was more of an ensemble piece, focusing on the activities of the unit as a whole (although significant characters such as Detective Frank Pembleton and Detective John Munch, who has also appeared on the various Law & Order shows, among others, became popular with viewers). The show (particularly in its first three seasons) used long-form arcs to depict ongoing criminal investigations, such as the investigation of a murdered child in the first season, which ran through 13 episodes but ended without an arrest or conviction, or even conclusive proof of who committed the crime. The show also heavily featured the complex internal politics of the police department, suggesting that rising through the ranks has more to do with personal connections, favors and opportunism than genuine ability.
 NYPD Blue (1993–2005) explored the internal and external struggles of the assorted investigators of the fictional 15th Precinct of Manhattan. The show gained notoriety for profanity and nudity never previously broadcast on American network television. NYPD Blue was created by genre veteran Steven Bochco and David Milch. The cast of NYPD Blue included actor Dennis Franz, who previously played Detective Buntz on Hill Street Blues, as well as on a spin-off series, Beverly Hills Buntz. Another cast member, David Caruso, would later play Lt. Horatio Caine on CSI: Miami.
 The CSI franchise which started with CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015) and eventually spawned two spin-offs focused on solving ordinary crimes using forensics, CSI: Miami (2002–2012) and CSI: NY (2004–2013).  Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, these three shows focus on three groups of forensic scientists in Las Vegas, Miami and New York City who investigate how and why a person has died and if it is a murder or not by investigating not only whodunit but also howdunit. A third spin-off, CSI: Cyber (2015–2016), focused on cybercrime and its impact on modern society.
 The CSI franchise inspired other forensic shows such as Body of Proof (2011–2013), Bones (2005–2017) and Crossing Jordan (2001–2007).
 The CSI franchise also inspired other crime dramas involving teams solving crimes but not relying on forensics; these include victim and witness memory for cold cases and missing people in Cold Case (2003–2010) and Without a Trace (2002–2009) respectively, psychological profiling in Criminal Minds (2005–2020), using mathematics in Numbers (2005–2010) and using deception in The Mentalist (2008–2015).
 The Shield (2002–08) is about an experimental division of the Los Angeles Police Department set up in the fictional Farmington district ("the Farm") of Los Angeles, using a converted church ("the Barn") as their police station, and featuring a group of detectives called "The Strike Team", who will do anything to bring justice to the streets. Michael Chiklis (Chiklis previously played the title character in the TV series The Commish) has top billing with his portrayal of Strike Team leader Detective Victor "Vic" Mackey. The show has an ensemble cast that will normally run a number of separate story lines through each episode. It was on the FX network and was known for its portrayal of police brutality and its realism. The show inspired other shows similar to The Shield such as Dark Blue and Southland. The Shield was created by writer/producer Shawn Ryan.
 The NCIS franchise which was spun off from the CBS series JAG in 2003. The original series, NCIS (2003–present) follows the Major Case Response Team of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, as they investigate crimes related to the US Navy and Marine Corps. NCIS has been among the top scripted series on U.S. television, and has received three spin-offs; NCIS: Los Angeles (2009–2023) deals with an LA-based branch dealing in special undercover assignments, NCIS: New Orleans (2014–2021) focuses on a small group of agents who handle cases from the Mississippi River to the Texas Panhandle and NCIS: Hawaiʻi (2021–present) which focuses on agents working out of the Pearl Harbor Field Office.
 Castle (2009–2016), The Mentalist (2008–2015), Monk (2002–2009) and Psych (2006–2014) feature quirky investigators with their own distinct methods of solving crimes and are equally comedic shows as they are police procedurals.
 Chicago is a multi-genre franchise that focuses on the Chicago Police Department, the Fire Department and the Medical branch respectively.
 Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2013–2021) is a single-camera police sitcom focusing on Detectives in the 99th precinct in Brooklyn.
 The FBI Franchise (2018–present).

Comic strips and books
The comic strip Dick Tracy is often pointed to as an early procedural. Tracy creator Chester Gould seemed to be trying to reflect the real world. Tracy himself, conceived by Gould as a "modern-day Sherlock Holmes", was partly modeled on real-life law enforcer Eliot Ness, and his first, and most frequently recurring, antagonist, the Big Boy, was based on Ness's real-life nemesis Al Capone. Other members of Tracy's Rogues Gallery, like Boris Arson, Flattop Jones, and Maw Famon, were inspired, respectively, by John Dillinger, Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd, and Kate "Ma" Barker.

Once Tracy was sold to the Chicago Tribune syndicate, Gould enrolled in a criminology class at Northwestern University, met with members of the Chicago Police Department, and did research at the department's crime lab, to make his depiction of law enforcement more authentic. Ultimately, he hired retired Chicago policeman Al Valanis, a pioneering forensic sketch artist, as both an artistic assistant and police technical advisor.

The success of Tracy led to many more police strips.  While some, like Norman Marsh's Dan Dunn were unabashedly slavish imitations of Tracy, others, like Dashiell Hammett's and Alex Raymond's Secret Agent X-9, took a more original approach. Still others, like Eddie Sullivan's and Charlie Schmidt's Radio Patrol and Will Gould's Red Barry, steered a middle course. One of the best post-Tracy procedural comics was Kerry Drake, written and created by Allen Saunders and illustrated by Alfred Andriola. It diverged from the metropolitan settings used in Tracy to tell the story of the titular Chief Investigator for the District Attorney of a small-town jurisdiction. Later, following a personal tragedy, he leaves the DA's Office and joins his small city's police force in order to fight crime closer to the grass roots level. As both a DA's man and a city cop, he fights a string of flamboyant, Gould-ian criminals like "Stitches", "Bottleneck", and "Bulldozer".

Other syndicated police strips include Zane Grey's King of the Royal Mounted, depicting police work in the contemporary Canadian Northwest, Lank Leonard's Mickey Finn, which emphasized the home life of a hard-working cop, and Dragnet, which adapted stories from the pioneering radio-TV series into comics. Early comic books with police themes tended to be reprints of syndicated newspaper strips like Tracy and Drake. Others adapted police stories from other mediums, like the radio-inspired anthology comic Gang Busters, Dell's 87th Precinct issues, which adapted McBain's novels, or The Untouchables, which adapted the fictionalized TV adventures of real-life policeman Eliot Ness.

More recently, there have been attempts to depict police work with the kind of hard-edged realism seen in the novels of writers like Wambaugh, such as Marvel's four-issue mini-series Cops: The Job, in which a rookie police officer learns to cope with the physical, emotional, and mental stresses of law enforcement during her first patrol assignment. With superheroes having long dominated the comic book market, there have been some recent attempts to integrate elements of the police procedural into the universe of costumed crime-fighters. Gotham Central, for example, depicts a group of police detectives operating in Batman's Gotham City, and suggested that the caped crime-fighter is disliked by many Gotham detectives for treading on their toes. Meanwhile, Metropolis SCU tells the story of the Special Crimes Unit, an elite squad of cops in the police force serving Superman's Metropolis.

The use of police procedural elements in superhero comics can partly be attributed to the success of Kurt Busiek's groundbreaking 1994 series Marvels, and his subsequent Astro City work, both of which examine the typical superhero universe from the viewpoint of the common man who witnesses the great dramas from afar, participating in them tangentially at best.

In the wake of Busiek's success, many other writers mimicked his approach, with mixed results – the narrative possibilities of someone who does not get involved in drama are limited. In 2000, however, Image Comics published the first issue of Brian Michael Bendis's comic Powers, which followed the lives of homicide detectives as they investigated superhero-related cases. Bendis's success has led both Marvel Comics and DC Comics to begin their own superhero-themed police procedurals (District X and the aforementioned Gotham Central), which focus on how the job of a police officer is affected by such tropes as secret identities, superhuman abilities, costumes, and the near-constant presence of vigilantes.

While the detectives in Powers were "normal" (unpowered) humans dealing with super-powered crime, Alan Moore and Gene Ha's Top 10 mini-series, published by America's Best Comics in 2000–01, centered around the super-powered police force in a setting where powers are omnipresent. The comic detailed the lives and work of the police force of Neopolis, a city in which everyone, from the police and criminals to civilians, children and even pets, has super-powers, colourful costumes and secret identities.

Criticism

Masculinity and racism
The police procedural is considered to be a male-dominant genre which very often portrays the masculine hero dedicated to the professional realm. The introduction of women as protagonists is commonly attributed to either adding sexual appeal, introducing gendered issues like investigating sex crimes, or delving into the personal relationships of the characters. It also often portrays rape myths, such as that rape is more often committed by strangers rather than a known acquaintance of the victim, that the majority of rape claims are false, and that rapes only happen to "bad girls".

The portrayal of the criminal justice system also under-represents issues of race and institutional racism. A report by Color of Change Hollywood and the USC Annenberg Norman Lear Center identified that in these shows there was a severe lack of portrayal of racial bias in the criminal procedure, discussion about criminal justice reform, and victims who are women of color. There is also little representation of people of color in the creation of these shows.

Biased narratives
The police procedural genre is becoming increasingly popular and has accounted for about 22% of all scripted shows on US broadcast network in the last 10 years. This prevalence implies that viewers are often facing TV series that place police officers at the center of the story, showing exclusively their vision of the world. This approach has been denounced as enforcing the idea that the life and views of policemen are more important than the ones of the communities being policed.

In police procedurals, police officers are universally presented as the "good guys" or even close to superhuman, leading to a potentially biased narrative. Illegal practices are often presented as a necessary decision made in the general interest. A report by Color of Change Hollywood and the USC Annenberg Norman Lear Center revealed that police procedural shows were normalizing unjust practices such as illegal searches, surveillance, coercion, intimidation, violence, abuse, and racism.

Misrepresentation of reality
Criticisms have been raised against the genre for its unrealistic depiction of crime. Particularly, police procedurals have been accused of possessing an unrealistic preoccupation with incidents such as homicide and terrorism. In the United States, plot points involving murder investigations appear at more frequent rates than those involving theft, substance abuse, or domestic violence, which citizens are more likely to personally experience. Police procedurals have additionally portrayed attempted terrorism incidents at unrealistically high rates since the September 11 attacks and the start of the war on terror, prompting accusations of racial profiling and fear-mongering.

The manner in which crime has been portrayed in the media has subsequently been linked with discrepancies both in popular perception of crime rates, as well as sentencing. In a 2005 study conducted on the German public, it was found that despite a decline in total offences between 1992 and 2003, "the German public believes or assumes, on balance, that crime has increased". It has been further posited that the distorted public perception arising from the prevalence of police procedurals has been a factor in influencing sentencing rates. Countries such as the US, UK and Germany—while experiencing declines in crime rates—reported increases in the volume and severity of incarceration.

Recent efforts and developments
Alongside protests against police brutality in the United States and abroad, and debates on the role of entertainment in the portrayal of law enforcement in society, the genre has been facing increased scrutiny. As a result, some television networks have been making an effort to address and correct the aforementioned criticism. In August 2020, it was announced that CBS writing staff would partner with 21CP Solutions, an advisory group on public safety and law enforcement, on the network's legal dramas and police procedurals. CBS producers stated that the team, including civil rights experts, lawyers and police veterans, would fix issues with CBS police procedurals to make them more realistic and accurate. As a result, the main objectives and partnership's attention is supposed to focus on an increase of inclusivity, diversity and authenticity in the production of police procedurals.

See also

 Crime comics
 Crime fiction
 Legal fiction
 List of police television dramas

References

Further reading
 Agger, Gunhild, and Anne Marit Waade. "Melancholy and murder." in European Television Crime Drama and Beyond (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018) pp. 61–82.
 Arntfield, Michael. "TVPD: The generational diegetics of the police procedural on American television." Canadian Review of American Studies 41.1 (2011): 75–95.
 Bolger, P. Colin, and Glenn D. Walters. "The relationship between police procedural justice, police legitimacy, and people's willingness to cooperate with law enforcement: A meta-analysis." Journal of criminal justice (2019).
 Brunsdale, Mitzi M. Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes (2 vol. ABC-CLIO, 2010).
 Cummins, Ian, Marian Foley, and Martin King. ...And After the Break': Police Officers' Views of TV Crime Drama." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 8.2 (2014): 205–211.
 Cummins, Ian, and Martin King. Drowning in here in his bloody sea': exploring TV cop drama's representations of the impact of stress in modern policing." Policing and society 27.8 (2017): 832–846. online
 Davis, J. Madison. "He do the police in different voices: The rise of the police procedural." World Literature Today 86.1 (2012): 9–11.
 García, Alberto N. "Baltimore in The Wire and Los Angeles in The Shield: Urban landscapes in American drama series." Series-International Journal of TV Serial Narratives 3.1 (2017): 51–60 online.
 McGovern, Alyce, and Nickie D. Phillips. "Police, media, and popular culture." in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (2017).
 Primasita, Fitria Akhmerti, and Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra. "An Introduction to the Police Procedural: A Subgenre of Detective Genre." Humaniora 31.1 (2019): 33+
 Roberts, Les. "Landscapes in the frame: Exploring the hinterlands of the British procedural drama." New Review of Film and Television Studies 14.3 (2016): 364–385. online
 Sabin, Roger, with Ronald Wilson, et al. Cop Shows: A Critical History of Police Dramas on Television (McFarland, 2015). viii, pp. 219.
 Saunders, Robert A. Geopolitics, Northern Europe, and Nordic Noir: What Television Series Tell Us about World Politics (Routledge, 2020).
 Scheg, Abigail G. and Tamara Girardi, eds. Hero or Villain?: Essays on Dark Protagonists of Television (2017) excerpt
 Stephenson, Antony. "Kinds of blue: The representation of Australian police and policing in television drama and reality television." (PhD dissertation, Charles Sturt University, Australia, 2019). online
 Stephenson, Antony. "Police as cop show viewers." in Crime, Media, Culture'' (2021): 17416590211005520.

Crime fiction

Genres

Police procedural


Reunion conocido en América Latina como La Reunión y en España como Reunión (sin el artículo femenino la). Es el décimo episodio de la segunda temporada de la serie de televisión estadounidense Ángel. Escrito por Tim Minear en conjunto con Shawn Ryan y dirigido por James A. Contner. El episodio se estrenó originalmente el 19 de diciembre del año 2000 por la WB Network. En este episodio Ángel trata desesperadamente de detener a Drusilla y a una neófita Darla de causar el caos en L.A.

Argumento
Ángel les dice a sus socios que Drusilla ha regresado, y está trabajando con Wolfram & Hart, que por lo tanto ha convertido a Darla en un vampiro otra vez. Wesley y Cordelia investigan los planes que la firma tiene para Drusilla y Darla mientras Ángel se prepara para matarlas. Ángel rastrea a Lindsay, quien ha estado ayudando a Drusilla y a Darla. El vampiro trata de estacar a Darla, pero Drusilla lo ataca. Darla revive inevitablemente mientras Ángel y Drusilla luchan; ella escapa y Drusilla desaparece.

En Wolfram & Hart, Holland y Lindsey están discutiendo de los planes de la fiesta de la tarde cuando Drusilla llega para comentarle de los recientes eventos. Darla aparece y se lleva a Drusilla. Ángel trata de convencer a sus socios de ir de caza. Pero en el progreso Cordelia tiene una visión que los manda a otra parte. Una enfurecida Darla ataca ferozmente a Drusilla hasta que su "nieta" le revela sus motivaciones para resucitarla; Darla, entonces se alimenta de una víctima fresca, y se restaura su vieja personalidad. Darla y Drusilla entonces van de compras.

Ángel de mala gana resuelve rápidamente el problema de la visión de Cordelia, y regresa a Wolfram & Hart. Holland le revela que Darla y Drusilla están sueltas en Los Ángeles; en un centro comercial las vampiresas matan a unas compradoras y reciben una llamada de Holland quien les da permiso para desatar una masacre. Por entrar forzadamente a las oficinas; Ángel es arrestado por Kate. No obstante lo libera con la esperanza de que pueda detener a Darla y a Drusilla.

Holland alfitriona una fiesta de abogados en un su casa en una sala. Mientras da su discurso, Darla y Drusilla aparecen, intentando masacrarlos. Holland trata de convencerlas de que el y los de la firma son sus aliados. En la escena del crimen, Ángel encuentra a una sobreviviente y descubre a donde van Darla y Drusilla. Cuando llega a la casa de Holland encuentra a las vampiresas a punto de matar a todos los presentes incluyendo a Lilah y a Lindsey. No obstante el vampiro con alma rehúsa detener a Darla y a Drusilla, y encierra a todos los presentes en la sala.

Cuando Ángel les dice a sus socios lo que hizo, se preocupan por él, temiendo que su jefe este descendiendo a la corrupción de la "oscuridad." El vampiro los despide a todos.

Elenco
 David Boreanaz como Ángel.
 Charisma Carpenter como Cordelia Chase.
 Alexis Denisof como Wesley Wyndam Pryce.
 J. Agust Richards como Charles Gunn.

Continuidad
 Ángel vuelve a dejar que vidas humanas sean arrebatadas sin hacer nada al respecto, siendo en este caso en particular, la de los abogados de W&H, incluyendo a Holland Manners. La primera vez fue en un recuerdo de los 50 en el episodio Are You Now or Have You Ever Been.
 Cordelia, Wesley y Gunn son despedidos por Ángel, quien se sume en la oscuridad totalmente.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Episodios de la segunda temporada de Angel

Reunion (Angel)


7/7 ප්‍රහාරයෙන් අනතුරට ලක් වුවන්ගෙන් හදුනාගත් 52 පිළිබදව විස්තර පහත වේ.

(1).	ජේමිස්  ඇඩම්ස් (32) අවමංගල්‍ය තැරැව්කරුවෙක් පීටර්ස්බර්ග් හි පිහිටි තම නිවසේ සිට ලංඩනය දක්වා කිංග්ස් ක්‍රොස් හරහා ගමන් කළේය. එහිදි ඔහු තම මව අමතන ලදී.

(2).	සමන්තා බැඩ්හැම් (36) තම සහකරු වන ලී හැරිස් විසින් දුම්රිය මාර්ගයට ඇරලවන ලදී. මේ යුවළ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් රැකියාව සදහා පිටත්ව ගියත් එදින ඔවුන්ගේ 14වන විවාහා සංවත්සරය  සැමරිමට සැළසුම් කර තිබුණි.

(3).	ලී හැරිස් (30) රාජකීය ලන්ඩන් රෝහලේ ප්‍රතිකාර ලැබීමෙන් පසුව මිය ගියේය. වෘත්තියෙන් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියෙකි. ඔහුගේ සහකාරිය සමන්තා බැඩ්හැම් ද ප්‍රහාරයෙන්මිය ගියාය.

(4).	පිල් බියර්,(22) කොණ්ඩා සැකසුම්කරැවෙක් ඔහුගේ මිතුරා වන පැට්‍රික් බාර්න්ස් සමග නයිටිස්බ්‍රිජ් හි පිහිටි තම රෑපලාවණ්‍යාගාරය වෙත යමින් සිටියදී අනතුරට පත් විය. ඔහුගේ මිතුරා තුවාල ලැබීය.

(5).	ඇනා බ්‍රැන්ට් (42) වූඩ් ග්‍රින් හී වාසය කළ පෝලන්ත ජාතික පිරිසිදු කරන්නියකි.

(6).	සියරන් කැඩ්ඩි (22) උතුරු ලංඩනයේ ඉහළ නොලෝවේ හි ජිවත් විය.

(7).	එලිසබෙත් ඩැප්ලින් (26) ලන්ඩන් හිදි යුනිවර්සිටි කොලේජ් රෝහලේ පරිපාලක නිළධාරිනියකි. නයිගේට් හි පිහිට තම නිවසෙන් තම සහකරු වන රොබ් ට්‍රේනන් සමග  පිකඩ්ලි දුම්රිය බලාපොරොත්තුවෙන් පිට විය.

(8).	ආර්තර් එඩ්ලින් ෆෙඩරික් 60: උතුරු ලංඩනයේ ˝සෙවන් සිස්ටර්හි˝ (Seven Sisters) හිදි පදිංචිව සිටියේය.

(9).	කැරොලිනා ග්ලක් (29) - පොලන්ත ජාතික කාන්තාවකි. තම පෙම්වතා වන රිචර්ඩ් ඩියර්ට සමු දීම සදහා උදෑසන 8.30ට පමණ පැමිණ සිටියාය. ෆින්ස්බරි පාර්ක් සිට රසල් චතුරස්‍රය වෙත ගමන් කරමින් සිටි තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ උපදේශිකාවකි.

(10).	 ගම්සේ ගුනොරල් (24) තුර්කි ජාතික ශිෂ්‍යාවකි. හැමස්මිත් වලපිහිටි භාෂා පාසල වෙත යාම සදහා තම නැන්දනියගේ නිවස පිහිටි උතුරු ලංඩනයෙන් පිටත් විය.

(11).	ඔජාරා ඉකියවු (55) ලුටන්හි දරැ තිදෙනෙකුගේ  මවකි.  සමාජ සේවිකාවක් වන ඈ හන්ස්ලෝ වෙත යමින් සිටියාය.

(12).	එමලි ජෙන්කින් (24) රිච්මවුන් වලින්ය.

(13).	ඇඩ්‍රින් ජොන්සන් (37) දරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකුගේ පියෙකි. දක්ෂ ගෝල්ෆ් හා හොකී ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි. හේමාකටි හී පිහිටි බර්බෙරි විලාසිතාගාරය  වෙත යමින් සිටියේය. ඔහු නිෂ්පාදන තාක්ෂනික කළමණාකරු ලෙස සේවය කරන ලදී.

(14).	 හෙලන් ජෝන්ස් (28) ස්කොට්ලන්ත ගණකාධිකාරිණියකි. 1988 ලෝකර්බිහිදි අනතුරට පත් Pan Am Flight 103 ගුවන් යානා අනතුරින් දිවි ගලවා ගත්තෙකි. ඇයගේ පවුලේ ජිවත් වන ඇනන්, ඩම්ප්‍රි හා ගැලොවේ වන අතර ඔවුන් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ ˝ හෙලන් ඔබ පවුලේ උදවියගේ හා බොහෝ, බොහෝ මිතුරන්ගේ හදවත් තුල සදා ජිවත් වේවි.˝

(15).	සුසාන් ලෙවි (53) හර්ට්ෆොඩ්ෂයර් හි ක‍ෆ්ලිවල ජිවත් විය. ඩැනියෙල් (25) හා ජේමිස් (23) මවයි. ඇය තමාගේ බාල පුතුට සමු දුන්නා පමණි.

(16).	 ෂෙලි මැතර් (26), නවසීලන්තය

(17).	 මයිකල් මත්සුෂිටා (37) තම 28  හැවිරිදි සහකාරිය විසු ඉස්ලිංග්ටන් මහල් නිවාසයෙන් පිටත සංචාරක මග පෙන්වන්නෙකු ලෙස දෙ‍වැනි දවසේ රැකියාවට යාමට පිටත්විය.

(18).	 ජේමිස් මේස් (28) සෞඛ්‍ය කොමිසමේ විශ්ලේෂකයෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරන ලදී. ප්‍රාග් (Prague) වල සිට නිවාඩුවකින් පසුව නැවත පැමිණියා පමණි. බාර්ස්බරි හි තම නිවස සිට ˝ නිදහස් දවසක් ˝ සදහා ලින්කන් නිකේතනය වෙත යමින්සිටි අතර කින්ග්ස් ක්‍රෝස් හරහා ගමන් කිරිමට තීරණය කර තිබුණි.

(19).	 බෙනස් මොසක්කා (47) ජීව වෛද්‍ය වාර්තා නිළධාරිනියකි. ග්‍රේට් ඕමන්ඩ් මාවතේ ළමා රෝහලේ සේවය කරන ලදි.

(20).	 මයිකලා ඔටේ (46) මිචෙල් ලෙස හැදින්විය. උතුරු ලංඩනයේ මිල් හිල් හි දන්ත කාර්මිකයෙක්    ලෙස සේවය කරන ලදී. කිංග්ස් ක්‍රොස් හි දි ජිවිතක්ෂයට පත්විය.

(21).	ඇටික් ෂරිෂි  (24) ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානු ජාතිකයෙකි.  ම්ඩ්ල්සෙක්ස් හි ජිවත් විය.

(22).	ඉහාබ් සිලේමාන් (24) වියැති අවන්හල් සේවකයෙකි. පැරිසියේ උපන්නෙකි. පිකඩිලි වට රවුම අසළ අවන්හලක සේවය කරන ලදී.

(23).	 ක්‍රිස්ටියන් ˝ජෝයා ස්මෝල්˝ (28) නැගෙනහිර ලංඩනයේ වෝල්දම්ස්ටෝ දැන්වීම් විකුණුමකරුවෙකි.

(24).	මොනිකා සුචොකා (23) උතුරැ පෝලන්තයෙනි. බටහිර කිංස්ටන් හි පුහුණු ගණකාධිකාරිවරියක ලෙස සේවය කිරිමට මාස 02කට පෙර ලංඩනය ට පැමිණ ඇත.

(25).	මාලා ත්‍රිවේ දි (51) වෙම්බිල්වල සිට ග්‍රේට් ඕමන්ඩි මාවතේ ළමා රෝහලේ x – ray දෙ‍පාර්තමේන්තුවේ කළමනාකරුවෙකි.

(26).	රැෂල් චුන්ග් ෂෝ යුයෙන් (27) උතුරු ලංඩනයේ මිල් හිල් හි ගණකාධිකාරයෙකි. මොරිෂස් වල උපන්නෙකි.

7/7 ප්‍රහාරයෙන් අනතුරට ලක්වුවන්


Gökçeağaç, Samsun ilinin Bafra ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Bafra-Alaçam yöresinde Aşağı Gökçeağaç olarak da bilinir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 65 km, Bafra ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Bafra'nın mahalleleri

Gökçeağaç, Bafra


Zgrada stare Općine u Tuzli je povijesna građevina čiji je prijedlog za proglašenje nacionalnim spomenikom BiH odbijen. Na popis spomenika nije uvrštena jer navodno nije udovoljavala uvjetima. Rariteni je spomenik kulture.

Povijest
Sagrađena je 1937. godine. U njoj je bila smještena ustanova tuzlanske općine. Bila je dijelom spomeničke cjeline koja je sa sličnim građevinama tvorila pravu prostornu galeriju graditeljskih vrijednosti različitih stilova pozicioniranih na austro-ugarskoj urbanističkoj matrici. Graditeljski stil kojim je građena zgrada osebujan je i rijedak, s obzirom i na vremensko datiranje. Raritetni je spomenik kulture umjetničkog pravca europske moderne. Bila je jednim od rijetkih građevina koja je opstala u izvornom pojavno-gabaritnom stanju. Zgrada je pogođena slijeganjem tla zbog koje je oštećen niz značajnih građevina. Zbog ruševna stanja zgrada je iseljena 2003. godine. Općinska je administracija tad preseljena u bivšu zgradu Zapovjedništva Tuzlanskog korpusa. Nakon toga stara općinska zgrada je bivala sve derutnija, leglom štakora i mjestom okupljanja pijanica i narkomana, svjesno zapuštena da bi se opravdalo buduće rušenje. To je bila izlika gradskim vlastima da ju se ruši i ne zna se šta će se na tom prostoru graditi. Sumnja se u opravdanost rušenja i nemogućnost renoviranja. Upitnim se smatra tvrdnja da je rušenje plod stručne analize i glasni su komentari da je to odluka pojedinaca iz vlasti koji po Tuzli godinama čine čistku objekata koji su vrijedna spomenička i kulturna baština. Stihijske radnje opustošile su kulturni fundus poput nekadašnje Gimnazije, Kamenog suda, Pošte i drugih u središtu grada, zbog čega gubi staru fizionomiju i postaje primjerom svojevrsna urbicida, prekidanje s tradicijom, kao da je cilj da se sruši sve što je starina i sagradi novo kao da povijest Tuzle mora početi s dolaskom recentnih garnitura na vlasti.

Zaštita
Odbijenica je donesena na 65. sjednici Povjerenstva za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika BiH od 3. do 5. ožujka 2015. godine. Odluka o odbijanju donesena jer je navodno ne postoji mogućnost da se građevinu restaurira.

Izvori

Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine
Građevine u Tuzli

Zgrada Općine u Tuzli


Đulio Hrvatin-Peteh (Salakovci na Labinštini, 16. travnja 1910. – Salakovci, 18. studenoga 1983.), hrv. graditelj narodnih glazbala i glazbenik

Životopis
Rođen u Salakovcima na Labinštini. Već je kao dječak izrađivao različite svirale, a poslije je, dobivši pouku od rođaka Ivana Hrvatina, započeo izrađivati mišnice. Čitav je radni vijek proveo službujući u Istarskim ugljenokopima, a nakon umirovljenja u svojoj se radionici u potpunosti posvetio izrađivanju volarica, mišnica i šurli od sušena drva busole i masline. Roženice nije nikada izrađivao. Svirao je na svim glazbalima koje je pravio, a muzicirao je i na velikoj sopeli, najčešće s Josipom Liculom Macarinom, Tonijem Franićem i Matom Martinčićem.

Izvori

Graditelji narodnih glazbala
Životopisi, Hrvatska
Hrvatski glazbenici

Đulio Hrvatin-Peteh


Saverio Bettinelli (født 18. juli 1718, død 13. september 1808) var en italiensk forfatter.

Bettinelli var jesuit og gav sig væsentlig af med undervisning, således som ordenens medlemmer plejede. Efter ordenens ophævelse (1773) levede han i sin fædrene by. Bettinelli var som forfatter stærkt påvirket af den samtidige franske litteratur, navnlig Voltaire, hvem han besøgte på en rejse. Hans noget nøgterne kunstbetragtning bragte ham til at søge at rokke Dantes berømmelse, i Lettere virgiliane, henvendt til Arkadiernes Akademi; men Gasparo Gozzi tog eftertrykkelig til genmæle i La difesa di Dante (1758). For øvrigt har Bettinelli skrevet digte (Le raccolte), tragedier (Gionata, Serse), afhandlinger i prosa over religiøse, moralske og æstetiske emner samt litteraturhistoriske værker, som Il Risorgimento d'Italia negli studii, nelle arti e ne' costumi dopo il mille (2 bind, 1771). Hans samlede arbejder udkom i Venedig (1802, 24 bind).

Kilder

Jesuitter
Ordensfolk fra Italien
Digtere fra Italien
Dramatikere fra Italien
Italiensksprogede forfattere
Italienere i 1700-tallet

Saverio Bettinelli


تغذية الحيوان يركز على الاحتياجات الغذائية للحيوانات، في المقام الأول في الزراعة وإنتاج الأغذية، ولكن أيضا في حدائق الحيوان وأحواض السمك وإدارة الحياة البرية.

هناك سبع فئات رئيسية من العناصر الغذائية: الكربوهيدرات والدهون والألياف الغذائية والعناصر المعدنية الغذائية والبروتينات والفيتامينات والماء.

مكونات النظام الغذائي
توفر المغذيات الكبيرة (باستثناء الألياف والمياه) مواد هيكلية (الأحماض الأمينية التي تبنى عليها البروتينات، والدهون التي تبنى منها أغشية الخلايا وبعض جزيئات الإشارة) والطاقة. يمكن استخدام بعض المواد الهيكلية لتوليد الطاقة داخليا ، على الرغم من أن الطاقة الصافية تعتمد على عوامل مثل الامتصاص والجهد الهضمي، والتي تختلف بشكل كبير من المثال إلى المثال. لا توفر الفيتامينات والمعادن والألياف والماء الطاقة، ولكنها مطلوبة لأسباب أخرى. يبدو أيضا أن هناك حاجة إلى مادة غذائية من الدرجة الثالثة، الألياف (أي مواد غير قابلة للهضم مثل السليلوز)، لأسباب ميكانيكية وكيميائية على حد سواء، على الرغم من أن الأسباب الدقيقة لا تزال غير واضحة.

تتكون جزيئات الكربوهيدرات والدهون من ذرات الكربون والهيدروجين والأكسجين. وتتراوح الكربوهيدرات من السكريات الأحادية البسيطة (الجلوكوز والفركتوز والجلاكتوز) إلى السكريات المعقدة (النشا). الدهون هي الدهون الثلاثية، المصنوعة من مونومرات الأحماض الدهنية المتنوعة منضمة إلى العمود الفقري الجلسرين. بعض الأحماض الدهنية، ولكن ليس كلها، ضرورية في النظام الغذائي: لا يمكن تركيبها في الجسم. تحتوي جزيئات البروتين على ذرات نيتروجين بالإضافة إلى الكربون والأكسجين والهيدروجين. المكونات الأساسية للبروتين هي الأحماض الأمينية التي تحتوي على النيتروجين. الأحماض الأمينية الأساسية لا يمكن أن تكون مصنوعة من الحيوان. بعض الأحماض الأمينية قابلة للتحويل (مع إنفاق الطاقة) إلى الجلوكوز ويمكن استخدامها لإنتاج الطاقة مثل الجلوكوز العادي. من خلال كسر البروتين الموجود، يمكن إنتاج بعض الجلوكوز داخليا. يتم التخلص من الأحماض الأمينية المتبقية، في المقام الأول مثل اليوريا في البول. هذا يحدث عادة فقط خلال التجويع لفترات طويلة.

لا يتم تحديد المواد الغذائية الأخرى الموجودة في الأطعمة النباتية (المواد الكيميائية النباتية، البوليفينول) كمواد غذائية أساسية ولكن يبدو أنها تؤثر على الصحة بطرق إيجابية وسلبية. تحتوي معظم الأطعمة على مزيج من بعض أو كل طبقات المغذيات مع مواد أخرى. يمكن تخزين بعض العناصر الغذائية داخليا (على سبيل المثال، الفيتامينات القابلة للذوبان في الدهون)، في حين أن البعض الآخر يحتاج إلى أكثر أو أقل باستمرار. يمكن أن يكون سبب سوء الصحة هو نقص المواد الغذائية المطلوبة، أو في الحالات القصوى، الكثير من المغذيات المطلوبة. على سبيل المثال، يوفر كلا الملح الصوديوم والكلوريد، وهما عنصران غذائيان أساسيان، ولكنهما يسببان المرض أو حتى الموت بكميات كبيرة للغاية.

الألياف الغذائية هي الكربوهيدرات (السكاريد أو oligosaccharide) التي يتم امتصاصها بشكل غير كامل في بعض الحيوانات.

بروتين
البروتينات هي أساس العديد من هياكل جسم الحيوان (مثل العضلات والجلد والشعر). كما أنها تشكل الإنزيمات التي تتحكم في التفاعلات الكيميائية في جميع أنحاء الجسم. يتكون كل جزيء من الأحماض الأمينية التي تتميز بإدراج النيتروجين وأحيانا الكبريت. يتطلب الجسم الأحماض الأمينية لإنتاج بروتينات جديدة (الاحتفاظ بالبروتين) واستبدال البروتينات التالفة (الصيانة). بما أنه لا يوجد أي تخزين للبروتين أو الأحماض الأمينية، يجب أن تكون الأحماض الأمينية موجودة في النظام الغذائي. يتم التخلص من الأحماض الأمينية الزائدة، وعادة في البول. بالنسبة لجميع الحيوانات، تعتبر بعض الأحماض الأمينية ضرورية (لا يستطيع الحيوان إنتاجها داخليا) وبعضها غير ضروري (يمكن للحيوان أن ينتجها من مركبات أخرى تحتوي على النيتروجين). النظام الغذائي الذي يحتوي على كميات كافية من الأحماض الأمينية (خاصةً تلك الضرورية) له أهمية خاصة في بعض المواقف: خلال التطور المبكر والنضج، والحمل، والإرضاع، أو الإصابة (الحروق، على سبيل المثال).

يمكن تحويل عدد قليل من الأحماض الأمينية من البروتين إلى الجلوكوز واستخدامها للوقود من خلال عملية تسمى الجلوكوزينيسيس. يتم ذلك بكمية فقط خلال المجاعة.

المعادن
المعادن الغذائية هي العناصر الكيميائية المطلوبة من قبل الكائنات الحية، وغيرها من العناصر الأربعة الكربون، الهيدروجين، النيتروجين، والأكسجين الموجودة في الجزيئات العضوية تقريبا. مصطلح «المعدنية» قديم، لأن القصد منه هو وصف العناصر الأقل شيوعًا في النظام الغذائي.

العديد من العناصر ضرورية في الكمية النسبية؛ يطلق عليهم عادة «المعادن السائبة». بعضها بنيوي، لكن العديد منها يلعب دورًا كالمحركات الكهربائية. وتشمل علي:

• الكالسيوم، المنحل بالكهرباء المشتركة، ولكنه يحتاج أيضاً إلى تركيبة بنيوية (لصحة العضلات والجهاز الهضمي، والعظام، وبعض الأشكال تحييد الحموضة، وقد يساعد على إزالة السموم، وتوفير أيونات إشارات لوظائف الأعصاب والغشاء)

• الكلور مثل أيونات الكلوريد. بالكهرباء شائعة جدا

• المغنيسيوم، المطلوب لمعالجة ATP والتفاعلات ذات الصلة (يبني العظام، يسبب التمعج القوي، يزيد المرونة، يزيد القلوية)

• الفوسفور، عنصر ضروري للعظام؛ ضروري لتجهيز الطاقة

• البوتاسيوم، وهو بالكهرباء شائع جدا (صحة القلب والأعصاب)

• الصوديوم، المنحل بالكهرباء شائع جدا

• الكبريت لثلاثة أحماض أمينية وبالتالي العديد من البروتينات (الجلد والشعر والأظافر والكبد والبنكرياس)

هناك العديد من العناصر المطلوبة بكميات ضئيلة، عادة لأنها تلعب دورًا محفزًا في الإنزيمات

فيتامينات
نقص فيتامين قد يؤدي إلى حالات المرض. كما أن زيادة بعض الفيتامينات يشكل خطراً على الصحة (خاصةً فيتامين أ)، وقد تمكن باحثي التغذية الحيوانية من إنشاء مستويات آمنة لبعض الحيوانات الشريكة. النقص أو الفائض من المعادن يمكن أن يكون له أيضا عواقب صحية خطيرة.

الرماد
على الرغم من عدم وجود المغذيات في الواقع، إلا أنه يمكن العثور على مدخل للرماد في بعض الأحيان على ملصقات التغذية، وخاصة بالنسبة لأغذية الحيوانات الأليفة. يقيس هذا الدخول وزن المواد غير العضوية المتبقية بعد حرق الطعام لمدة ساعتين عند 600 درجة مئوية. وبالتالي، فإنه لا يشمل الماء والألياف والمواد المغذية التي توفر السعرات الحرارية، ولكنها تتضمن بعض العناصر الغذائية، مثل المعادن

كثير من الرماد قد يساهم في متلازمة المسالك البولية للقطط في القطط المنزلية.

الجراثيم البكتيرية المعوية
تحتوي الأمعاء الحيوانية على عدد كبير من جراثيم الأمعاء التي تعتبر ضرورية لعملية الهضم وتتأثر أيضًا بالأطعمة التي يتم تناولها.

المراجع

تغذية الحيوان
تخصصات طبية بيطرية
تغذية
علم الحيوان

تغذية الحيوان


Die Rose Schiaffino war ein Frachtschiff, das während des Zweiten Weltkriegs auf Position  versenkt wurde. Dabei kamen alle 41 Menschen an Bord ums Leben.

Geschichte
Die Kiellegung des Schiffes bei der Werft Blyth Dry Docks & Shipbuilding Company in Blyth erfolgte unter dem Namen War Minaret, vom Stapel lief es 1920 jedoch unter dem Namen Notton. Bis 1923 gehörte das Schiff W.J. Tatem Ltd in Cardiff, dann ging es in den Besitz der Société Algérienne de navigation Charles Schiaffino & Cie. über und wurde in Rose Schiaffino umgetauft. Am 29. Januar 1941 wurde die Rose Schiaffino von der Scottish bei Gibraltar aufgebracht und später vom britischen Ministry of War Transport übernommen und unter die Bereederung von Mark Whitwill & Son aus Bristol gestellt. Am Morgen des 31. Oktober 1941 wurde sie von einem Torpedo, den das von Unno von Fischel kommandierte U 374 abgeschossen hatte, getroffen. Außer dem Kapitän Thomas P. Evans starben noch weitere 36 Besatzungsmitglieder und vier Kanoniere.

Weblinks
 Schiffsdaten

Fußnoten

Frachtschiff (Frankreich)
Frachtschiff (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schiffsverlust im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust 1941
Dampfmaschinenschiff

Rose Schiaffino (Schiff, 1920)


الشفق  فيلم فانتازيا رومانسي أمريكي أُصدر سنة 2008. حيث أخرجته الأمريكية كاثرين هاردويك مأخوذ عن رواية بنفس الاسم للكاتبة الأمريكية ستيفاني ماير. ويُعد الفيلم الأول في سلسلة أفلام ملحمة الشفق. قامت ببطولته الممثلة كريستين ستيوارت في دور بيلا سوان، مراهقة تقع في غرام مصاص دماء يُدعى إدوارد كولن قام بأداء دوره الممثل المشهور روبرت باتينسون. بقي المشروع في حوزة أفلام باراماونت لما يقرب من ثلاث سنوات قبل أن تقوم شركة سمت إنترتاينمنت بإنتاجه. كيفت مليسا روزنبرغ الرواية لتصبح فيلماً في أواخر 2007، قبل إضراب نقابة كتاب أمريكا 2007 - 2008. صُور الفيلم بشكلٍ رئيسي في واشنطن وأوريغون في أوائل 2008، وعُرض في 12 نوفمبر 2008. حصد الفيلم 35.7 مليون دولار في يوم افتتاحه.

في ديسمبر 2009، عرض الفيلم لأول مرة على قناة MBC Max مترجماً بالعربيّة مع حذف بعض الاشياء فيه إذ اختار المشاهد ذلك.

قصة الفيلم
تنتقل بيلا سوان البالغة من العمر 17 سنة إلى مدينة فوركس للعيش مع والدها تشارلي وتلتحق بثانوية البلدة وهناك تتعرف على أبناء عمها هاري وهم ملاك سوان وغريتيل سوان وديفيد سوان وتتعرف على الشاب إدوارد كولن وتقع في حبه لكن يرفض أن يبادلها نفس الشعور لسبب واحد لا يعرفه إلا إدوارد وباقي عائلته ومع ذلك استمر حب بيلا له حتى اكتشفت أنه مصاص دماء وأنه يريدها أن تبتعد عنه خوفا من أن يتسبب في إنهاء حياتها لكن بيلا ترفض أن تفرط في حبها وتختار أن تواجه كل الظروف والمخاطر من أجل أن تبقى مع حبيبها إدوارد وابنة عمها ملاك.

الأبطال

 بيلا سوان وتلعب دورها الفنانة كريستين ستيوارت فتاة تبلغ سبعة عشر عاما انتقلت من مدينة صغيرة في فوركس إلى فينيكس، أريزونا، ووقعت في حب إدوارد كولن مصاص الدماء ولكن حياتها تقع في خطر من مصاص دماء آخر يحاول قتلها.
 إدوارد كولن ويلعب دوره الفنان روبرت باتينسون وهو مصاص دماء يبلغ من العمر 108 عاما والذي تحول في عام 1918 ولكن يظل في عمر سبعة عشر عاما وهو الذي يقع في حب بيلا سوان وعنده قدرة قراءه العقول هذا بالإضافة إلى سرعته الغير أدميه وقوته الخارقه.
 جاكوب بلاك ويلعب دوره الفنان تايلور لوتنر هو صديق طفولة قديم لبيلا سوان

الإنتاج

تطور المشروع
تم اختيار الرواية الرومانسية الخارقة، الشفق لستيفيني ماير في الأصل من قبل شركة أفلام ام تي في التابعة لشركة باراماونت بيكتشرز في أبريل 2004، لكن السيناريو الذي تم تطويره لاحقًا كان مختلفًا تمامًا عن مصدره الأصلي. عندما أعادت شركة سمت إنترتاينمنت تعريف نفسها كاستوديو كامل الخدمات في أبريل 2007، بدأت في تطوير الفيلم المقتبس من جديد، بعد أن حصلت على حقوق باراماونت (التي صنعت فيلمًا غير ذي صلة بنفس العنوان في عام 1998). اعتبرت الشركة الفيلم فرصة لإطلاق امتياز تجاري على أساس نجاح سلسلة كتب ماير. تم التعاقد مع كاثرين هاردويك لتوجيه الفيلم وتم التعاقد مع ميليسا روزنبرغ لكتابة السيناريو في منتصف عام 2007.

طورت روزنبرغ مخططًا بحلول نهاية أغسطس، وتعاونت مع هاردويك في كتابة السيناريو خلال الشهر التالي. قالت روزنبرغ إن هاردويك «كانت شخصًا رائعًا ولديها كل أنواع الأفكار المميزة.... كنت أنهي المشاهد وأرسلها إليها، وأقوم بتطبيق ملاحظاتها.»بسبب إضراب نقابة الكتاب الأمريكية 2007-2008، عملت روزنبرغ بدوام كامل لإنهاء السيناريو قبل 31 أكتوبر. صرحت روزنبرغ قائلة عن تكييف الرواية من أجل الفيلم أنه كان لديها الكثير من أعمال التكثيف للقيام بها، حيث لم تظهر بعض الشخصيات من الرواية في السيناريو، بينما تم دمج بعض الشخصيات في شخصيات أخرى. أوضحت روزنبرغ: «كان هدفي طوال الوقت هو أن أظل صادقة مع الكتاب، ومع ذلك لم يكن من الممكن تكييفه كلمة لكلمة. لكن الأمر الأهم كان التأكد من أن شخصيات القصة ورحلاتها العاطفية هي نفسها.» اقترحت هاردويك استخدام تعليق صوتي للتعبير عن حوار بيلا الداخلي - حيث يتم سرد الرواية من وجهة نظرها - ورسمت بعض القصص المصورة أثناء مرحلة ما قبل الإنتاج.

التكيف مع الرواية
عمل صانعو فيلم الشفق على إنشاء فيلم  مخلص للرواية حتى وإن لم يكن تحويل القصة إلى وسيلة أخرى بالأمر السهل. قال المنتج جريج موراديان، «من المهم جدًا معرفة أننا نصنع قطعة فنية منفصلة، من الواضح أن هذه القطعة ستبقى مخلصة للكتاب.... ولكن في نفس الوقت، لدينا مسؤولية أخرى تجاه صنع أفضل فيلم يمكنك صنعه». لضمان التكيف المخلص، ظلت ماير منخرطة للغاية في عملية الإنتاج، بعد أن تمت دعوتها لزيارة الموقع أثناء التصوير، بل وطُلب منها تقديم ملاحظات حول السيناريو وعلى مقطع تقريبي من الفيلم. قالت ماير عن هذه العملية، «لقد كان تبادلًا لطيفًا حقًا [بيني وبين المخرجين] منذ البداية، والذي أعتقد أنه ليس نموذجيًا للغاية. لقد كانوا مهتمين حقًا بأفكاري»، و «...لقد جعلوني أرى الحلقة والنص، وقالوا،» ماهو رأيك؟ وما هي أفكارك؟"... سمحوا لي بالتدخل في ذلك وأعتقد أنهم أخذوا 90 بالمائة مما قلته ودمجوه في النص. "أصرت ماير بشدة من أجل الإبقاء على سطر واحد على وجه الخصوص، وهو أحد أكثر السطور شهرة في الكتاب حول «الأسد والحمل»، ليتم الاحتفاظ به حرفيًا في الفيلم، وقد قالت ماير: «أعتقد في الواقع أن الطريقة التي كتبت بها ميليسا روزنبرغ السيناريو تبدو أفضل للفيلم [...] ولكن المشكلة هي أن هذا السطر راسخ في عقول الناس [...] لكنني قلت لها» كما تعلمين، إذا أخذت هذا الأمر وقمت بتغييره، فمن المحتمل جدًا أن يكون هناك رد فعل عنيف من الجمهور حوله". "تمت دعوة ماير لإنشاء قائمة مكتوبة بالأشياء التي لا يمكن تغييرها في الفيلم مثل إعطاء أنياب مصاصي الدماء أو قتل الشخصيات التي لا تموت في الكتاب، وقد وافق الأستوديو على اتباعها، واتفق النقاد على أن صانعي الفيلم نجحوا في صنع فيلم مخلص لمصدره، وقد أشار أحد المراجعين واحد مشيرًا إلى أنه، ومع بعض الإستثنائات القليلة، يعتبر «الشفق فيلمًا مخلصًا تمامًا لمصدره، رغم أن ذلك لم يعقه في تميزه».

ومع ذلك، كما هو الحال في أغلب الأحيان مع الأفلام المقتبسة، توجد اختلافات بين الفيلم ومواد المصدر. تم اقتطاع مشاهد معينة للكتاب من الفيلم، مثل مشهد في غرفة علم الأحياء حيث يقوم فصل بيلا بالكتابة بالدم. يوضح هاردويك، "حسنًا، يحتوي يحتوي الكتاب على ما يقرب من 500 صفحة - ععلينا فعلا استخراج اللب المحلى من كل ذلك... ولدينا بالفعل مشهدان في قاعة علم الأحياء: حيث يتواجدون هناك لأول مرة، ثم في الوقت الذي يتم فيه الاتصال.بالنسبة للفيلم، لا نريد أن تتكثف المَشَاهد، لدرجة أن يمل المُشَاِهُد من تكرار نفس اللقطات." تم أيضًا تغيير إعدادات محادثات معينة في الكتاب لجعل المشاهد أكثر "ديناميكية بصريًا" على الشاشة، مثل كشف بيلا أنها تعرف أن إدوارد مصاص دماء - يحدث هذا في مرج في الفيلم بدلاً من سيارة إدوارد في الرواية. تمت إضافة مشهد رحلة ميدانية في علم الأحياء إلى الفيلم لتكثيف لحظات إحباط بيلا من محاولة شرح كيف أنقذها إدوارد من سحقها بواسطة شاحنة. تم تقديم مصاصي الدماء الأشرار في الفيلم في وقت مبكر عن الرواية. قالت روزنبرغ "إنك لا ترى جيمس والأشرار الآخرين حتى الربع الأخير من الكتاب، وهو الأمر الذي لن ينجح حقًا في فيلم. أنت بحاجة إلى هذا التوتر المشؤوم فورًا. كنا بحاجة إلى رؤيتهم وهذا الخطر الوشيك من البداية. ولذا كان عليّ إنشاء قصة لهم، وما الذي كانوا على وشك فعله، لتجسيدهم قليلاً كشخصيات ". جمعت روزنبرغ أيضًا بعضًا من طلاب المدارس الثانوية البشرية، مع لورين مالوري وجيسيكا ستانلي في الرواية ليصبحوا شخصية جيسيكا في الفيلم، و"تم تجميع اثنين من الشخصيات البشرية المختلفة" ليصبحا إيريك يوركي. قال موراديان حول هذه الاختلافات عن الكتاب"أعتقد أننا قمنا بعمل حكيم حقًا في تقطير [الكتاب]. يحب أكبر ناقد لنا، ستيفاني ماير، السيناريو، وهذا يخبرني أننا اتخذنا جميع الخيارات الصحيحة حول ما يجب الاحتفاظ به وما يجب إلغائه.

طاقم التمثيل
كانت كريستين ستيوارت في موقع تمثيل أدفنتورلاند عندما زارتها هاردويك لإجراء اختبار شاشة غير رسمي، وقد لاقى هذا الاختبار إعجابها. واجهت هاردويك صعوبة في العثور على ممثل من عالم آخر يستطيع لعب دور مصاص الدماء إدوارد كولين بشكل مقنع. ثم تلقت مكالمة بخصوص شاب يصلح للدور في لندن. صرحت هاردويك: نظرت إلى الصورة التي تم تقديمها لي وقلت«لست متأكدة من الأمر»  لقد تم فصل هذا الممثل من وظيفته الأخيرة، بالإضافة إلى أنه كان مديونا وعاطلا عن العمل. سافر باتينسون إلى لوس أنجلوس بمفرده للقراءة مع ستيوارت. شيلوه فرنانديز، جاكسون راثبون، بن بارنز وروبرت باتينسون كانوا آخر أربع ممثلين محتملين لدور إدوارد. تخيلت ماير أن يقوم هنري كافيل بالدور أثناء تأليفها للكتاب، لكنه كان يعتبر كبيرًا في السن بحلول الوقت الذي بدأ فيه الإنتاج. لم تختر هاردويك في البداية روبرت باتينسون لدور إدوارد كولين، ولكن بعد اختبار في منزلها مع حضور ستيوارت، تم اختياره.

قالت هاردويك، «صاحت كريستين مخاطبة إياها» يجب أن تختاري روب! «، لقد شعرت بالتواصل معه منذ اللحظة الأولى. تلك الكهرباء، أو الحب من النظرة الأولى، أو أيًا كان.» أعطت هاردويك الدور لروبرت باتينسون، لكن كان عليه أن يقطع وعدًا. قالت له هاردويك: «عليك أن تدرك أن كريستين تبلغ من العمر 17 عامًا»، «إنها قاصر. عليك التركيز، يا صاح، أو سيتم القبض عليك. وقد جعلته يقسم على كومة من الأناجيل». لم يكن باتينسون على دراية بسلسلة الروايات قبل اختبار أدائه. ولكنه قرأ الكتب لاحقًا. سمحت له ماير بمشاهدة مخطوطة من منتصف الليل غير المكتمل، والتي تؤرخ الأحداث في الشفق من وجهة نظر إدوارد. رد فعل المعجبين على اختيار باتينسون باعتباره إدوارد كان سلبياً في البداية؛ لاحظت راشيل لوفيفر أن "لكان على النساء رفض إدواردد قبل أن يتمكنوا من الانفتاح عليه، وتقبله ". كانت ماير «متحمسة» و «في قمة السعادة» بعد اختيار الشخصيتين الرئيسيتين. كانت قد أعربت عن رغبتها في تمثيل إيميلي براوننغ وهنري كافيل في دور بيلا وإدوارد، على التوالي، قبل الإنتاج.

رفض هنري كافيل، اختيار ماير الأصلي لإدوارد، دور كارلايل كولين. لم يكن بيتر فانسيلي في الأصل سيُمثل دور كولين. قال فانسيلي: «أحبتني هاردويك، لكن كان هناك ممثل آخر كان الاستوديو يود اختياره». لأسباب غير معروفة، لم يكن هذا الممثل قادرًا على لعب الدور وتم اختيار فانسيلي مكانه. كان اختيار آشلي غرين لتصوير أليس كولين موضوع انتقادات المعجبين لأن غرين أطول بـ 7 بوصات (18 سم) من شخصيتها كما هو موضح في الرواية. ذكرت ماير أيضًا أن راشيل لي كوك تشبه أكثر رؤيتها لأليس. عملت نيكي ريد سابقًا مع هاردويك في فيلم ثلاثه عشر، والتي كتبوها معًا، وكذلك أسياد دوغتاون. علق ريد قائلاً: «لا أريد أن أقول إنها مصادفة، لأننا نعمل معًا بشكل جيد، ولدينا تاريخ رائع. أعتقد أننا نقوم بعمل جيد، ولكن الأشخاص الذين وظفوا هاردويك لتوجيه الفيلم من المرجح أن يكونوا قد شاهدوا أعمالها لسابقة الأخرى».

كان كيلان لوتز في إفريقيا يصور مسلسل ايتش بي او القصير جيل قتل، عندما أجريت اختبارات أداء شخصية ايمات كولن. كان الدور قد تم بالفعل في الوقت الذي انتهى فيه الإنتاج في ديسمبر 2007، لكن الممثل الذي تم اختياره «فشل في تأدية الدور»؛ تم اختبار لوتز لاحقًا وتم نقله إلى ولاية أوريغون، حيث اختارته هاردويك شخصيًا. كانت راشيل لوفيفر مهتمة بمتابعة دور في الفيلم لأن هاردويك كان مرتبطًا بالمشروع كمخرج؛ كانت هناك أيضًا «إمكانية استكشاف شخصية، ونأمل أن تكون أكثر من ثلاثة أفلام»؛ وأرادت تصوير مصاص دماء. لقد اعتقدت أن مصاصي الدماء هم في الأساس أفضل استعارة لقلق الإنسان والأسئلة المتعلقة بالبقاء على قيد الحياة. خضعت كريستيان سيراتوس للاختبار في البداية لصالح جسيكا ستانلي، لكنها «وقعت تمامًا في حب أنجيلا» بعد قراءة الروايات ونجحت في الاستفادة من فرصة لاحقة لاختبار أداء أنجيلا ويبر. ذهب دور جيسيكا ستانلي إلى آنا كندريك، التي حصلت على الدور بعد تجربتين مختلطتين مع ممثلين مختلفين.

استقبال نقدي
استنادًا إلى 219 تعليقًا تم جمعها بواسطة روتن توميتوز، حصل الفيلم على تصنيف 49٪ ومتوسط 5.41 من أصل 10. يقول الإجماع النقدي للموقع: «بعد أن فقد الكثير من قضيته في الانتقال إلى الشاشة الكبيرة، سوف يرضي توايلايت معجبيه المخلصين، ولكنه لن يفعل الكثير لارضاء المعجبين الجدد.» امافي ميتاكريتيك، لديها متوسط موزون قدره 56 بناءً على 38 مراجعة من نقاد الفيلم، مما يشير إلى «مراجعات مختلطة أو متوسطة». ووصف الناقد في نيويورك برس أرموند وايت الفيلم بأنه «كلاسيكي أصيل للبوب»، وأثنى على هاردويك لتحويله «سلسلة كتب ماير إلى رؤية برونتي». أعطى روجر إيبرت الفيلم نجمتين ونصف من أصل أربعة وكتب، «رأيته في معاينة سريعة. آخر مرة شاهدت فيها فيلمًا في نفس المسرح، رحب به الجمهور كفرصة لمتابعة الثرثرة والرسائل النصية والضحك على النكات الخاصة.اما هذه المرة كان الجمهور مفعمًا بالاهتمام». في مراجعته لصحيفة لوس أنجلوس تايمز، كتب كينيث توران، "الشفق بلا خجل هو قصة حب. وبغض النظر عن سخافة القصة المتأصلة جانبًا، فإنها تهدف إلى نقل سحر مقابلة ذلك الشخص المميز الذي كنت تنتظره. ربما يكون الأمر كذلك من الممكن أن تكون 13 سنة وأنثى لبضع ساعات بعد كل شيء " قدمت يو إس إيه توداي لفيلم اثنين من أصل أربعة نجوم وكتبت كلوديا بويج، «يقال إن ماير شاركت في إنتاج توايلايت، لكن روايتها كانت أكثر تشويقًا من الفيلم المضحك عن غير قصد والذي يُنسى بسرعة». منحت مجلة انترتينمنت ويكلي الفيلم تصنيف «ب» وأشاد أوين جليبرمان بإخراج هاردويك: «لقد أعادت تأمل رواية ماير كقطعة مزاجية مليئة بالسماء العاصفة والهرمونات المتموجة والتأثيرات المرئية الباهتة».

وسائل الإعلام المنزلية
تم إصدار الفيلم على قرص دي في دي في أمريكا الشمالية في 21 مارس 2009، خلال حفلات إصدار منتصف الليل، وتم بيع أكثر من 3 ملايين قرص في اليوم الأول. وقد اصدر في 6 أبريل 2009 في المملكة المتحدة. وتضمن ميزات المكافأة حوالي 10 إلى 12 مشهدًا موسعًا أو محذوفًا، مونتاج ومقاطع فيديو موسيقية، مقابلات من وراء الكواليس، وقسم «صنع»، وتعليق يضم هاردويك وستيوارت وباتينسون. تم إصدار قرص بلوراي للفيلم في 21 مارس 2009، في مواقع محددة، ولكن تم توفيره على نطاق واسع في تجار التجزئة الآخرين في 5 مايو 2009. اعتبارًا من يوليو 2012، باع الفيلم 11242.519 قرص، وكسب 201,190,019 دولارًا.

تمت إعادة إصدار الفيلم والقطعتين التاليتين من الشفق كميزة ثلاثية مع تخفيضات ممتدة في 13 يناير 2015.

وتم إصدار الشفق على بلوراي في 23 أكتوبر 2018.

لعبة فيديو
تم إصدار لعبة فيديو تريفيا للأفلام قامت بتطويرها سكرين لايف ونشرتها كونامي لأجهزة وي ونينتندو دي أس وحاسوب شخصي وآيفون جنبًا إلى جنب مع الفيلم الثاني.

الجوائز
منذ صدوره، تلقى الشفق العديد من الترشيحات والجوائز. في يناير 2009، تم ترشيح كارتر بورول لجائزة أفضل مؤلف أفلام لهذا العام من قبل الرابطة الدولية لنقاد الموسيقى السينمائية. فاز روبرت باتينسون بجائزة برافو عن فئة الأفضل. في حفل توزيع جوائز ام تي في موفي اواردس لعام 2009، فاز باتينسون، الذي تم ترشيحه جنبًا إلى جنب مع تايلور لوتنر، بجائزة الأداء المتميز للذكور، ورُشح فيلم «فك الشفرة» لأفضل أغنية من فيلم، وفاز توايلايت بجائزة أفضل فيلم، وفازت كريستين ستيوارت بجائزة أفضل فيلم. وحصلت ستيوارت وباتينسون على جائزة أفضل قبلة، وفاز باتينسون وكام جيجانديت بجائزة أفضل قتال. فازت كريستيان سيراتوس بجائزة الفنان الصغير لأفضل أداء في فيلم روائي طويل: دعم الممثلة الشابة. بالنسبة جائزة اختيار المراهقين لعام 2009، التي عقدت في 9 أغسطس، تلقى الفيلم وممثلوه مجموعة من 12 ترشيحًا، فاز تسعة منها بالفيلم. في حفل توزيع جوائز الصرخة لعام 2009، تم ترشيح الفيلم لتسع جوائز، فاز أربع منها. حصل الفيلم على جائزتي ألما للماكياج وتصفيف الشعر. كما فاز بجائزة الاختيار العام في حفل توزيع جوائز الموسيقى التصويرية العالمية، حيث تم ترشيح كارتر بورويل أيضًا لجائزة ملحن العام. حصلت كاثرين هاردويك على جوائز هوليوود الشبابية عن إخراجها. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم ترشيح الفيلم لجائزة أفضل فيلم خيالي في حفل توزيع جوائز ساتورن الخامس والثلاثين  وجائزتي جرامي.

طبعة موسعة
في عام 2015، أصدرت ليونزجيت إصدارًا ممتدًا يزيد قليلاً عن 4 دقائق. يتم تحريره في مشاهد الفيلم التي تم إصدارها بالفعل باسم «المشاهد المحذوفة» في إصدارات دي في دي السابقة.

روابط خارجية

المراجع
 قصة الفيلم على فاصل إعلاني

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية عن المدرسة الثانوية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2008
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في فينيكس (أريزونا)
أفلام تقع أحداثها في واشنطن
أفلام حركة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام خيال رومانسية عقد 2000
أفلام دراما
أفلام دراما خوارق
أفلام رومانسية مراهقة عقد 2000
أفلام سجلها كارتر بورول
أفلام سمت إنترتاينمنت
أفلام فانتازيا رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام كتب نصها السينمائي مليسا روزنبرغ
أفلام مبنية على روايات
أفلام متممة
أفلام مدارس ثانوية عقد 2000
أفلام مراهقة رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام مراهقة فانتازيا في عقد 2000
أفلام مصاصي الدماء
أفلام مصاصي دماء أمريكية
أفلام مصورة في أوريغن
أفلام مصورة في مقاطعة لوس أنجلوس
أفلام مصورة في واشنطن (ولاية)
أفلام مغامرات فانتازيا أمريكية
أفلام مغامرات مراهقة
أفلام مغامرة إنتاج عقد 2000
الشفق (سلسلة أفلام)

الشفق (فيلم)


Edward Goldschmidt (eller Eduard Goldschmidt, 1901–1950) var en dansk virksomhedsleder, der sammen med Hans Lundbeck var hovedmanden bag det, der skulle blive til medicinalfirmaet H. Lundbeck A/S.

Da Goldschmidt i 1924 blev ansat hos Lundbeck, var firmaet en handelsvirksomhed, der solgte varer inden for et ret bredt spektrum, lige fra kiks til maskiner og kameraer. Goldschmidt kom fra kemi- og farmaceutbranchen og skaffede Lundbeck en række nye agentkontakter inden for lægemidler og kosmetik. Snart efter anskaffede virksomheden sin første pillepresse. Goldschmidt blev derpå gjort til 50 % partner i H. Lundbeck & Co., der ændrede sig fra at være en salgsvirksomhed til at være et medicinfirma.

Referencer

Erhvervsfolk fra Danmark

Edward Goldschmidt


O Veículo de Mobilidade Protegido Bushmaster é um veículo blindado 4x4 fabricado na Austrália. Foi projetado principalmente pela então estatal Australian Defense Industries (ADI), atualmente é produzido pela Thales Australia após aquisição da ADI. O Bushmaster está atualmente em serviço no Exército Australiano e na Força Aérea Real Australiana, também foi exportado para o Exército Britânico, Exército Holandês,  Força Terrestre de Autodefesa do Japão, Exército Indonésio, Exército da Nova Zelândia e Forças Armadas da Ucrânia.

Design
O Bushmaster é capaz de transportar até 9 soldados e seus equipamentos, combustível e suprimentos por 3 dias, dependendo do tipo de variante. O veículo está equipado com ar condicionado. Tem uma velocidade de cruzeiro na estrada de 100 km/h e um alcance operacional de 800 km.

É um veículo protegido contra IEDs e oferece um alto grau de proteção contra minas terrestres, usando seu monocoque de casco em V para desviar a explosão do veículo e de seus ocupantes. A blindagem do veículo fornece proteção contra armas pequenas de munição de até 7,62 mm, fragmentos de morteiro de 81 mm e minas Claymore.

O Bushmaster é transportável por via aérea pelas aeronaves C-130 Hercules e C-17 Globemaster III, bem como pelo helicóptero de carga Mil Mi-26. É o primeiro veículo blindado a ser projetado e totalmente fabricado na Austrália desde o tanque Sentinel durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Variantes
Várias variantes do Bushmaster foram produzidas para o Exército Australiano e a Real Força Aérea Australiana, são elas:

 Transporte de Tropas
 Comando e Controle
 Defesa Aérea
 Variante com Morteiro
 Ambulância

Operadores
  – Exército Australiano e Real Força Aérea Australiana
 1 052 veículos.

 10 veículos.

 53 veículos.

 18 veículos.

 8 veículos.

 98 veículos.

 48 veículos.
  – Forças Armadas da Ucrânia
 90 veículos foram doados à Ucrânia em 2022 pelo governo australiano para o Exército Ucraniano. Em 15 de setembro de 2022, 40 dos 90 veículos foram entregues à Ucrânia.
  Reino Unido – Exército Britânico
 24 veículos.

Ver também
Lista de veículos blindados de combate por país

Ligações externas
Bushmaster – Página da Thales sobre o veículo

Veículos blindados de combate da Austrália
Veículos militares de 1990-1999
Veículos todo-o-terreno
Veículos blindados de combate do pós-Guerra Fria

Bushmaster


Uglješa Šajtinac (Zrenjanin, 1. listopada 1971.)  je srpski pisac i dramatičar. Jedan je od dobitnika nagrade Europske unije za književnost za 2014. godinu.

Životopis i rad
Šajtinac, rođen i odrastao u Zrenjaninu, dolazi iz umjetničke obitelji (majka je glumica u Narodnom kazalištu u Zrenjaninu, otac je pjesnik). Studirao je dramaturgiju na Fakultetu dramskih umjetnosti Sveučilišta umjetnosti u Beogradu, i diplomirao 1999. godine. Radio je kao dramaturg u Srpskom narodnom kazalištu u Novom Sadu od 2003. do 2005., i zatim postao profesor dramaturgije na Akademiji umjetnosti Sveučilišta u Novom Sadu. Zbog direktnog, sočnog, grubog, politički nekorektnog, ponegdje i uvredljivog, crnohumornog i sarkastičnog pisanja o postsocijalističkoj zbilji na Balkanu nazvali su ga istinskim punkerom srpske književnosti. U razgovoru za dnevniku Večernje novosti, kao autor generacije kojoj je na početku raspada Jugoslavije bilo jedva dvadeset godina, rekao je: Ne mislim da je teret koji svaka generacija ima na sebi naročito drugačiji, lakši ili teži, tegobniji ili da se nosi s lakoćom. Ljudski vek je ono što određuje trenutak u kojem ljudi osete da nešto moraju da učine ili se nikada više neće ponoviti taj trenutak. Ponavljajuća tema u njegovim djelima je pitanje iseljavanja, potrage za sretnijim životom koji se može naći drugdje, ako ne i kod kuće, ali na koje pitanje nije odgovoreno klišejsko, nego samo u umjetničkoj raspravi za dodatna pitanja koja nadilaze političke slogane.

Autor je u jednom pogledu već napisao povijest kazališta: on je prvi srpski dramatičar čije je drama Huddersfield premijerno prikazano u Engleskoj. Engleska inačica premijerno je izvedena u Leedsu 2004. godine, a srpska premijera 2005. godine u Jugoslovenskom dramskom kazalištu u Beogradu, premijera na njemačkom jeziku u Volksbühne Berlinu iste godine, i američka premijera 2006. godine u Chicagu. Drama je nagrađena Sterijinom nagradom za najbolji suvremeni dramski tekst na festivalu Sterijino pozorje 2005. godine, i dramski pisac sudjelovao je u stvaranju scenarija za istoimeni film iz 2007. godine. Beogradska pozornica odigrala je predstavu uspješno deset godina, s brojnim gostovanjima, između ostalog i 2007. u Zagrebačkom kazalištu mladih.

Godine 2018. na istoj zagrebačkoj pozornici nastala je uspješna nova hrvatska produkcija u adaptaciji Tomislava Zajeca i režiji Renea Medvešeka.

Međunarodna omladinska knjižnica u Münchenu uvrstila je knjigu Banda neželjenih kućnih ljubimaca na "popis preporučenih knjiga za djecu i mladežu 2019.", ovaj se popis svake godine predstavlja na Frankfurtskom sajmu knjiga.

Izabrana djela
Romani, pripovijetki
Čudesi prirode: prilozi obrani poezije (1993.)
Nada stanuje na kraju grada (2002.)
Sasvim skromni darovi (2011.)
Žena iz Huareza (2017.)
Banda neželjenih ljubimaca, knjiga za djecu (2017.)
Drame
Rekviziter (premijera 1999.)
Govorite li australski? (premijera 2002.)
Huddersfield (premijera 2004.)
Banat (premijera 2007.)
Animals (premijera 2018.)

Srpske nagrade (izbor)
"Biljana Jovanović" (2007.)
"Borisav Stanković" (2011.)
"Politikinog zabavnika" (2013.)
"Andrićeva nagrada" (2014.)
"Isidora Sekulić" (2017.)

Izvori

Srpski književnici
Životopisi, Vojvodina

Uglješa Šajtinac