Licence to Kill is a 1989 action-thriller film, the sixteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the second and final film to star Timothy Dalton as the MI6 agent James Bond. It sees Bond suspended from MI6 as he pursues the drug lord Franz Sanchez, who has ordered an attack against Bond's CIA friend Felix Leiter and the murder of Felix's wife after their wedding.

Licence to Kill was the fifth and final Bond film directed by John Glen, the last to feature Robert Brown as M and Caroline Bliss as Miss Moneypenny. It was also the last to feature the work of the screenwriter Richard Maibaum, the title designer Maurice Binder and the producer Albert R. Broccoli, all of whom died in the following years.

Licence to Kill was the first Bond film to not use the title of an Ian Fleming story. Originally titled Licence Revoked, the name was changed during post-production due to American test audiences associating the term with driver's license. Although its plot is largely original, it contains elements of the Fleming novel Live and Let Die and the short story "The Hildebrand Rarity", interwoven with a sabotage premise influenced by Akira Kurosawa's film Yojimbo.

For budget reasons, Licence to Kill became the first Bond film shot entirely outside the United Kingdom: principal photography took place on location in Mexico and the US, while interiors were filmed at Estudios Churubusco instead of Pinewood Studios. The film earned over $156 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, with praise for the stunts, but attracted criticism for its darker tone, which carried into Dalton's portrayal of Bond.

Plot

DEA agents collect MI6 agent James Bond and his friend, CIA agent Felix Leiter, on their way to Leiter's wedding in Key West, to have them assist in capturing drugs lord Franz Sanchez. Bond and Leiter capture Sanchez by attaching a hook and cord to Sanchez's plane and pulling it out of the air with a Coast Guard helicopter. Afterwards, Bond and Leiter parachute down to the church in time for the ceremony.

Sanchez bribes DEA agent Ed Killifer and escapes. Meanwhile, Sanchez's henchman Dario and his crew ambush Leiter and his wife Della and take Leiter to an aquarium owned by one of Sanchez's accomplices, Milton Krest. Sanchez has Leiter lowered into a pond holding a tiger shark. When Bond learns that Sanchez has escaped, he returns to Leiter's house to find that Leiter has been maimed and that Della has been murdered (and by implication raped). Bond, with Leiter's friend Sharkey, start their own investigation. They discover a marine research centre run by Krest, where Sanchez has hidden cocaine and a submarine for smuggling.

After Bond kills Killifer using the same shark pond used for Leiter, M meets Bond in Key West's Hemingway House and orders him to an assignment in Istanbul, Turkey. Bond resigns after turning down the assignment, but M suspends Bond instead and revokes his licence to kill. Bond becomes a rogue agent, although he later receives unauthorised assistance from Q.

Bond boards Krest's ship Wavekrest and foils Sanchez's latest drug shipment, stealing five million dollars in the process. He discovers that Sharkey has been killed by Sanchez's henchmen. Bond meets and teams up with Pam Bouvier, a pilot and DEA informant, at a Bimini bar, and journeys with her to the Republic of Isthmus. He seeks Sanchez's employment by posing as an assassin for hire. Two Hong Kong Narcotics Bureau officers foil Bond's attempt to assassinate Sanchez and take him to an abandoned warehouse. They are joined by Fallon, an MI6 agent who was sent by M to apprehend Bond. Sanchez's men rescue him and kill the officers, believing them to be the assassins. Later, with the aid of Bouvier, Q, and Sanchez's girlfriend Lupe Lamora, Bond frames Krest by planting the $5 million in Wavekrest. Sanchez shuts Krest into a decompression chamber and cuts the oxygen cord, causing Krest to explosively decompress to his death. Bond is then admitted into the inner circle.

Sanchez takes Bond to his base, which is disguised as the headquarters of a religious cult. Bond learns that Sanchez's scientists can dissolve cocaine in petrol and then sell it disguised as fuel to Asian drug dealers. The televangelist Joe Butcher serves as middleman, working under Sanchez's business manager Truman-Lodge, who uses Butcher's TV broadcasts to communicate with Sanchez's customers in the United States. During Sanchez's presentation to potential Asian customers, Dario enters the room and recognises Bond. Bond starts a fire in the laboratory, but is captured again and placed on the conveyor belt that drops the brick-cocaine into a large
Processing machine. Bouvier arrives and shoots Dario, allowing Bond to pull Dario into the Processing machine, killing him.

Sanchez and most of the others flee as fire consumes his base, taking with him four tankers full of the cocaine and petrol mixture. Bond pursues them by plane, with Bouvier at the controls. During the course of a stunt-filled chase through the desert, Bond destroys three of the tankers and kills several of Sanchez's men. Sanchez attacks Bond with a machete aboard the final remaining tanker, which crashes down a hillside. A petrol-soaked Sanchez attempts to kill Bond with his machete. Bond then reveals his cigarette lighter—the Leiters' gift for being the best man at their wedding—and sets Sanchez on fire. Sanchez stumbles into the wrecked tanker, causing a big explosion and killing himself. Bouvier arrives shortly afterward, and picks up Bond.

Later, a party is held at Sanchez's former residence. Bond receives a call from Leiter telling him that M has congratulated him for his work and offers him his job back. He then rejects Lupe's advances and romances Bouvier instead.

Cast
 Timothy Dalton as James Bond 007, an MI6 agent who resigns to take his revenge on drug lord Franz Sanchez.

 Carey Lowell as Pam Bouvier, an ex-Army pilot, and DEA informant.
 Robert Davi as Franz Sanchez, the most powerful drug lord in Latin America, mentioned as having been wanted by the DEA for years.
 Talisa Soto as Lupe Lamora, Sanchez's girlfriend who has romantic feelings for Bond.
 Anthony Zerbe as Milton Krest, Sanchez's henchman who operates Wavekrest Marine Research, and whom Bond sets up to turn Sanchez against him
 Everett McGill as Ed Killifer, a corrupt DEA agent who frees Sanchez from custody.
 Frank McRae as Sharkey, a friend of Felix Leiter who owns a boat charter business.
 Desmond Llewelyn as Q, Bond's ally who supplies Bond with various gadgets and helps him in the field.
 Robert Brown as M, the head of MI6 and Bond's superior who revokes Bond's double-0 licence
 Caroline Bliss as Miss Moneypenny, M's personal secretary.
 Anthony Starke as Truman-Lodge, Sanchez's financial advisor.
 Grand L. Bush as Hawkins, a DEA operative who opposes Bond's vendetta.
 Benicio del Toro as Dario, Sanchez's personal henchman.
 Alejandro Bracho as Perez, one of Sanchez's henchmen.
 Guy De Saint Cyr as Braun, one of Sanchez's henchmen.
 Diana Lee-Hsu as Loti, a female Hong Kong narcotics agent working with Kwang.
 Rafer Johnson as Mullens, a DEA operative.
 David Hedison as Felix Leiter, a former CIA agent now with DEA and a close friend of James Bond.
 Don Stroud as Colonel Heller, Sanchez's head of security.
 Priscilla Barnes as Della Churchill, Felix Leiter's fiancée then bride.
 Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Kwang, a Hong Kong Police narcotics agent sent to infiltrate Sanchez's heart of operations.
 Pedro Armendariz as President Hector Lopez, the president of Isthmus.
 Wayne Newton as Professor Joe Butcher, Sanchez's middleman and TV evangelist for Olimpatec Meditation Institute.
 Christopher Neame as Fallon, an MI6 agent sent by M to arrest Bond, dead or alive
 Roger Cudney as Wavekrest Captain
 Jeannine Bisignano as Stripper
 Claudio Brook as Montelongo

Production
Shortly after The Living Daylights was released, producer Albert R. Broccoli and writers Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum started discussing its successor. The film would retain a realistic style, as well as showing the "darker edge" of the Bond character. For the primary location, the producers wanted a place where the series had not yet visited. While China was visited after an invitation by its government, the idea fell through partly because the 1987 film The Last Emperor had removed some of the novelty from filming in China. By this stage the writers had already talked about a chase sequence along the Great Wall, as well as a fight scene amongst the Terracotta Army. Wilson also wrote two plot outlines about a drugs lord in the Golden Triangle before the plans fell through out of Broccoli's concerns that the Chinese government would censor the script. The writers eventually decided on a setting in a tropical country while Broccoli negotiated to film in Mexico, at the Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City. In 1985, the Films Act was passed, removing the Eady Levy, resulting in foreign artists being taxed more heavily. The associated rising costs to Eon Productions meant no part of Licence to Kill was filmed in the UK, the first Bond film not to do so. Pinewood Studios, used in every previous Bond film, undertook only the post-production and sound re-recording.

Writing and themes
The initial outline of what would become Licence to Kill was drawn up by Wilson and Maibaum. Before the pair could develop the script, the Writers Guild of America (WGA) went on strike and Maibaum was unable to continue writing, leaving Wilson to work on the script on his own. Although both the main plot and title of Licence to Kill owe nothing to any of the Fleming novels, there are elements from the books that are used in the storyline, including a number of aspects of the short story "The Hildebrand Rarity", such as the character Milton Krest. The novel Live and Let Die provided the material surrounding Felix Leiter's mauling by a shark, whilst the film version of the book provided the close similarity between the main villain, Mr. Big, and Licence to Kills main villain Sanchez. The screenplay was not ready by the time casting had begun, with Carey Lowell being auditioned with lines from A View to a Kill.

The script—initially called Licence Revoked—was written with Dalton's characterisation of Bond in mind, and the obsession with which Bond pursues Sanchez on behalf of Leiter and his dead wife is seen as being because "of his own brutally cut-short marriage". Dalton's darker portrayal of Bond led to the violence being increased and becoming more graphic. Wilson compared the script to Akira Kurosawa's Yojimbo, where a samurai "without any attacking of the villain or its cohorts, only sowing the seeds of distrust, he manages to have the villain bring himself down". Wilson freely admitted that the idea of the destruction-from-within aspect of the plot came more from Yojimbo and Sergio Leone's remake of that film, A Fistful of Dollars, than from Fleming's use of that plot device from The Man with the Golden Gun.

For the location Wilson created the Republic of Isthmus, a banana republic based on Panama, with the pock-marked Sanchez bearing similarities to General Manuel Noriega. The parallels between the two figures were based on Noriega's political use of drug trafficking and money laundering to provide revenues for Panama. Robert Davi suggested the line "loyalty is more important than money", which he felt was fitting to the character of Franz Sanchez, whose actions were noticed by Davi to be concerned with betrayal and retaliation.

The United Artists press kits referred to the film's background as being "Torn straight from the headlines of today's newspapers" and the backdrop of Panama was connected to "the Medellín Cartel in Colombia and corruption of government officials in Mexico thrown in for good measure." This use of the cocaine-smuggling backdrop put Licence to Kill alongside other cinema blockbusters, such as the 1987 films Lethal Weapon, Beverly Hills Cop II and RoboCop, and Bond was seen to be "poaching on their turf" with the drug-related revenge story.

Casting
After Carey Lowell was chosen to play Pam Bouvier, she watched many of the films in the series for inspiration. Lowell had described becoming a Bond girl as "huge shoes to fill", as she did not see herself as a "glamour girl", even coming to audition in jeans and a leather jacket. While Lowell wore a wig for the scenes set in the United States, a scene where Bouvier is given money and told by Bond to go and buy some new clothes (and, going off and doing so, also has her hair cut) was added so that Lowell's own short hair style could be used.

Robert Davi was cast following a suggestion by Broccoli's daughter Tina, and screenwriter Richard Maibaum, who had seen Davi in the television film Terrorist on Trial: The United States vs. Salim Ajami. To portray Sanchez, Davi researched the Colombian drug cartels and how to do a Colombian accent, and since he was method acting, he would stay in character off-set. After Davi read Casino Royale for preparation, he decided to turn Sanchez into a "mirror image" of James Bond, based on Ian Fleming's descriptions of Le Chiffre. The actor also learned scuba diving for the scene where Sanchez is rescued from the sunken armoured car.

Davi later helped with the casting of Sanchez's mistress Lupe Lamora, by playing Bond in the audition. Talisa Soto was picked from twelve candidates because Davi said he "would kill for her". David Hedison returned to play Felix Leiter, sixteen years after playing the character in Live and Let Die. Hedison did not expect to return to the role, saying "I was sure that [Live and Let Die] would be my first – and last" and Glen was reluctant to cast the 61-year-old actor, since the role included a scene parachuting.

Up-and-coming actor Benicio del Toro was chosen to play Sanchez's henchman, Dario, for being "laid back while menacing in a quirky sort of way", according to Glen. Wayne Newton got the role of Professor Joe Butcher after sending a letter to the producers expressing interest in a cameo because he always wanted to be in a Bond film. The President of Isthmus was played by Pedro Armendáriz, Jr., the son of Pedro Armendáriz, who played Ali Kerim Bey in From Russia with Love.

John Rhys-Davies claimed he was asked to reprise his role from the previous film as General Pushkin in a cameo appearance, but declined since he felt the character was not necessary to the plot.

Filming

Principal photography ran from 18 July to 18 November 1988. Shooting began in the Estudios Churubusco in Mexico, which mostly doubled for the fictional Republic of Isthmus: locations in Mexico City included the Biblioteca del Banco de Mexico for the exterior of El Presidente Hotel and the Casino Español for the interior of Casino de Isthmus whilst the Teatro de la Ciudad was used for its exterior. Villa Arabesque in Acapulco was used for Sanchez's lavish villa, and the La Rumorosa Mountain Pass in Tecate was used as the filming site for the tanker chase during the climax of the film. Sanchez's Olympiatec Meditation Institute was shot at the Otomi Ceremonial Center in Temoaya. Other underwater sequences were shot at the Isla Mujeres near Cancún.

In August 1988, production moved to the Florida Keys, notably Key West. Seven Mile Bridge towards Pigeon Key was used for the sequence in which the armoured truck transporting Sanchez, following his arrest, is driven off the edge. Other locations there included Ernest Hemingway House, Key West International Airport, Mallory Square, St. Mary's Star of the Sea Church for Leiter's wedding and Stephano's House 707 South Street for his house and patio. The US Coast Guard Pier was used to film Isthmus City harbour. As production moved back to Mexico City, Broccoli became ill, marking the first time during the James Bond film series where he was not present during filming.

The scene where Sanchez's plane is hijacked was filmed on location in Florida, with stuntman Jake Lombard jumping from a helicopter to a plane and Dalton himself tying Sanchez's plane with a cable. The plane towed by the helicopter was a life-sized model created by special effects supervisor John Richardson. After filming wide shots of David Hedison and Dalton parachuting, closer shots were made near the church location. During one of the takes, a malfunction of the harness equipment caused Hedison to fall on the pavement. The injury made him limp for the remainder of filming. The aquatic battle between Bond and the henchmen required two separate units, a surface one led by Arthur Wooster which used Dalton himself, and an underwater one which involved experienced divers. The barefoot waterskiing was done by world champion Dave Reinhart, with some close-ups using Dalton on a special rig. Milton Krest's death used a prosthetic head which was created by John Richardson's team based on a mould of Anthony Zerbe's face. The result was so gruesome that it was shortened and toned down to avoid censorship problems.

For the climactic tanker chase, the producers used an entire section of Mexican Federal Highway 2D in La Rumorosa, Baja California, which had been closed for safety reasons. Sixteen eighteen-wheeler tankers were used, some with modifications made by manufacturer Kenworth at the request of driving stunts arranger Rémy Julienne. Most were given improvements to their engines to run faster, while one model had an extra steering wheel on the back of the cabin so a hidden stuntman could drive while Carey Lowell was in the front and another received extra suspension on its back so it could lift its front wheels. Although a rig was constructed to help a rig tilt onto its side, it was not necessary as Julienne was able to pull off the stunt without the aid of camera trickery.

Music

Initially Vic Flick, who had played lead guitar on Monty Norman's original 007 theme, and Eric Clapton were asked to write and perform the theme song to Licence to Kill and they produced a theme to match Dalton's gritty performance, but the producers turned it down and instead Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen. The song was based on the "horn line" from "Goldfinger", seen as an homage to the film of the same name, which required royalty payments to the original writers. The song gave Knight her first British top-ten hit since 1977. The end credits feature the Top 10 R&B hit "If You Asked Me To", sung by Patti LaBelle.

John Barry was originally intended to score but was not available at the time due to throat surgery after suffering a rupture of the esophagus in 1988 and it was considered unsafe to fly him from his home in New York to London to complete the score, post-production was extended to allow Barry time to recover. The soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as Lethal Weapon and Die Hard. Glen said he picked Kamen, feeling he could give "the closest thing to John Barry."

Release
Film ratings organisations had objections to the excessive and realistic violence, with both the Motion Picture Association of America and the British Board of Film Classification requesting content adaptations, with the BBFC in particular demanding the cut of 36 seconds of film. Licence to Kill became the first Bond film to receive a PG-13 rating from the MPAA's ratings board, a rating that has been applied to every Bond film since. The 2006 Ultimate Edition DVD of Licence to Kill marked the first release of the film without cuts. It remains the only Bond movie to be originally rated 15 by the BBFC.

Licence to Kill premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on , raising £200,000 (£ in  pounds) for The Prince's Trust on the night.

There were also issues with the promotion of the film: promotional material in the form of teaser posters created by Bob Peak, based on the Licence Revoked title and commissioned by Albert Broccoli, had been produced, but MGM decided against using them after American test screenings showed 'Licence Revoked' to be a common American phrase for the withdrawal of a driving licence. The delayed, updated advertising by Steven Chorney, in the traditional style, limited the film's pre-release screenings. MGM also discarded a campaign created by advertising executive Don Smolen, who had worked in the publicity campaign for eight previous Bond films, emphasising the rougher content of the film.

Reception

Box office
At the box office, Licence to Kill grossed $156.2 million ($373.3 million in 2022 dollars) on its budget of $32 million ($78.9 million in 2022 dollars), grossing an inflation-adjusted profit of $287.2 million, making it the twelfth biggest box-office draw of the year. The film grossed a total of £7.5 million (£ million in  pounds) in the United Kingdom, making it the seventh-most successful film of the year, despite the 15 certificate which cut down audience numbers. In the US and Canada, it grossed $34.6 million, making Licence to Kill the least financially successful James Bond film in the US, when accounting for inflation. A factor suggested for the poor takings was fierce competition at the cinema, with Licence to Kill released alongside Lethal Weapon 2, Ghostbusters II, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (starring former Bond Sean Connery), and Batman.
Other large international grosses include $14.2 million in Germany, $12.4 million in France, $8.8 million in Japan, $8.7 million in the Netherlands and $8.6 million in Sweden.

Despite grossing more than 4.3 times its budget, Licence to Kill has made the lowest inflation-adjusted box-office return—as well as having the lowest profit margin—out of all 25 of the official Bond films as of 2022. Interestingly, the only other Bond movie with "Kill" in the title—A View To a Kill, which was also directed by John Glen—has the second-lowest inflation-adjusted return of any Bond movie. However, Licence to Kill's return ratio of 4.3 ranks it 18th out of the 25 official film entries from the series.

Contemporary reviews
Derek Malcolm in The Guardian was broadly approving of Licence to Kill, liking the "harder edge of the earlier Bonds" that the film emulated, but wishing that "it was written and directed with a bit more flair." Malcolm praised the way the film attempted "to tell a story rather than use one for the decorative purposes of endless spectacular tropes." Writing in The Guardians sister paper, The Observer, Philip French noted that "despite the playful sparkle in his eyes, Timothy Dalton's Bond is ... serious here." Overall French called Licence to Kill "an entertaining, untaxing film". Ian Christie in the Daily Express excoriated the film, saying that the plot was "absurd but fundamentally dull", a further problem being that as "there isn't a coherent storyline to link [the stunts], they eventually become tiresome."

Hilary Mantel in The Spectator dismissed the film:

David Robinson, writing in The Times, observed that Licence to Kill "will probably neither disappoint nor surprise the great, faithful audience", but bemoaned the fact that "over the years the plots have become less ambitious". Robinson thought that Dalton's Bond "has more class" than the previous Bonds and was "a warmer personality". Iain Johnstone of The Sunday Times pointed out that "any vestiges of the gentleman spy ... by Ian Fleming" have now gone, and in its place is a Bond that is "remarkably close both in deed and action to the eponymous hero of the Batman film" that was released at the same time as Licence to Kill.

Adam Mars-Jones of The Independent gave the film a mixed review, pointing out that it took out some of the more dated ideas from the Fleming novels, such as imperialism; he wrote that the writers were "trying in effect to reproduce the recipe while leaving out ingredients that would now seem distasteful". Overall Mars-Jones thought that:

For the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail, Rick Groen wrote that in Licence to Kill "they've excised Bond from the Bond flicks; they've turned James into Jimmy, strong and silent and (roll over, Britannia) downright American", resulting in a Bond film that is "essentially Bond-less". Summing up, Groen thought "Actually, that dialogue ... ain't bad. The silence looks good on Timothy Dalton".

Gary Arnold of The Washington Times wrote that a number of factors "fail to prevent the finished product from jamming and misfiring with disillusioning frequency". Arnold opined that "demanding that he [Dalton] play Bond's wrathfulness in a transparently seething and hotheaded manner" means that Dalton "seems to waste away on this second outing as Bond." Overall Arnold sees that there is a "failure to recognize that Bond productions are simply too extravagant to permit an uncompromised return to first principles." The critic for The New York Times, Caryn James, thought Dalton was "the first James Bond with angst, a moody spy for the fin de siecle", and that Licence to Kill "retains its familiar, effective mix of despicably powerful villains, suspiciously tantalizing women and ever-wilder special effects", but was impressed that "Dalton's glowering presence adds a darker tone". James concluded that "for all its clever updatings, stylish action and witty escapism, Licence to Kill ... is still a little too much by the book."

Roger Ebert for the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4, saying "the stunts all look convincing, and the effect of the closing sequence is exhilarating ... Licence to Kill is one of the best of the recent Bonds." Jack Kroll, writing in Newsweek, described Licence to Kill as "a pure, rousingly entertaining action movie". Kroll was mixed in his appraisal of Dalton, calling him "a fine actor who hasn't yet stamped Bond with his own personality", observing "Director John Glen is the Busby Berkeley of action flicks, and his chorus line is the legendary team of Bond stunt-persons who are at their death-defying best here". For Time magazine, Richard Corliss bemoaned that although the truck stunts were good, it was "a pity nobody – not writers Michael G. Wilson, and Richard Maibaum nor director John Glen – thought to give the humans anything very clever to do." Corliss found Dalton "misused" in the film, adding that "for every plausible reason, he looks as bored in his second Bond film as Sean Connery did in his sixth."

Retrospective reviews
Opinion on Licence to Kill has changed with the passing of time: some reviews are still mixed, though film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes lists the film with a positive 79% rating from 62 reviews with consensus stating that "License  to Kill is darker than many of the other Bond entries, with Timothy Dalton playing the character with intensity, but it still has some solid chases and fight scenes."

Tom Hibbert of Empire gives the film only two of a possible five stars, observing that "Dalton ... is really quite hopeless". Hibbert concluded that "he may look the part, but Timothy Dalton fails the boots, the scuba gear, or the automobiles left him by Moore and Connery." In 2006, IGN ranked Licence to Kill fifteenth out of the then 21 Bond films, claiming it is "too grim and had strayed too far from the Bond formula."

Norman Wilner of MSN considered Licence to Kill the second worst Bond film, above only A View to a Kill, but defended Dalton, saying he "got a raw deal. The actor who could have been the definitive 007 ... had the bad luck to inherit the role just as the series was at its weakest, struggling to cope with its general creative decline and the end of the Cold War". In October 2008, Time Out re-issued a review of Licence to Kill and also thought that Dalton was unfortunate, saying: "one has to feel for Dalton, who was never given a fair shake by either of the films in which he appeared".

Celebrating the 25th anniversary of the film, Esquires Bob Sassone urged readers to give it a second look. High-Def Digest awarded it four out of five stars when re-released on Blu-ray. British GQ considered it the most underrated in the series, thinking the change in tone caused upset among fans. Digital Spy called Dalton the best Bond of the six actors, praising his depth, terming Licence to Kill a "violently enjoyable 007 detour".

Some critics, such as James Berardinelli, saw a fundamental weakness in the film: the "overemphasis on story may be a mistake, because there are times when Licence to Kills narrative bogs down." Berardinelli gave the film three out of a possible four stars, adding "Licence to Kill may be taut and gripping, but it's not traditional Bond, and that, as much as any other reason, may explain the public's rejection of this reasonably well-constructed picture." Raymond Benson, the author of nine Bond novels, said of the film: "It boggles my mind that Licence to Kill is so controversial. There's really more of a true Ian Fleming story in that script than in most of the post-60s Bond movies." John Glen has said Licence to Kill "is among my best Bond films, if not the best".

Appearances in other media

The Licence to Kill screenplay was novelised by the then-novelist of the Bond series John Gardner. It was the first Bond film novelisation since James Bond and Moonraker in 1979.

Licence to Kill was also adapted as a forty-four-page, colour graphic novel, by writer and artist Mike Grell (also author of original-story Bond comic books), published by Eclipse Comics and ACME Press in hardcover and trade editions in 1989. The adaptation closely follows the film story, although the ending is briefer, and James Bond is not drawn to resemble Timothy Dalton after Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be licensed. Domark also published a video game adaptation, 007: Licence to Kill, to various personal computers.

The 2012 video game 007 Legends features a level based on Licence to Kill with Carey Lowell reprising her role by providing the voice for the Pam Bouvier character.

Awards and nominations
 1990 Edgar Allan Poe Award – Best Motion Picture – nomination for Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum
 1989 MPSE Golden Reel – Outstanding Sound Mixing – nomination for Graham Hartstone

See also

 List of drug films
 Outline of James Bond

Citations

General and cited sources

External links

 MGM's official Licence to Kill website

1989 films
1989 British novels
1989 action thriller films
1980s adventure films
1980s spy films
Films based on multiple works of a series
British sequel films
British thriller films
Estudios Churubusco films
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films about cocaine
British films about revenge
American films about revenge
Films directed by John Glen
Films set in North America
Films set in Florida
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in Mexico
James Bond films
Films scored by Michael Kamen
Films with screenplays by Richard Maibaum
Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli
Films produced by Michael G. Wilson
Films adapted into comics
British rape and revenge films
Films based on short fiction
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United Artists films
Eon Productions films
Films with screenplays by Michael G. Wilson
Films about the Drug Enforcement Administration
Films about Latin American military dictatorships
Films set in the Bahamas
Films set in a fictional country
Films shot in Mexico City
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
1980s British films

Licence to Kill


الأنكلستوما البرازيلية  هي نوع من جنس الأنكلوستوما. يمكن أن تسبب داء اليرقة الجلدية المهاجرة (Cutaneous larva migrans).

مراجع

أمراض طفيلية
حيوانات وصفت في 1910
ديدان أسطوانية
ملقوات
ديدان أسطوانية وصفت في 1910

أنكلستوما برازيلية


Hemiselüloz, bitki hücrelerinin çeperlerinde selüloz ve pektinlerle birlikte bulunan bazı karmaşık karbonhidrat ya da polisakaritlerin ortak adı. Doğada sık olarak rastlanan bazı hemiselülozlar uronik asit, ksilan, arabinoz moleküllerinden oluşur. Hemiselülozlar topluca Ksilanlar, glikomannanlar, arabinogalaktanlar olmak üzere üç grupta sınıflandırılır. Bunlardan arabinogalaktanlar suda çözündüklerinden genellikle özütlenebilir maddeler grubunda sayılır.

Hemiseluloz, tek ve çok yıllık bitkilerin hücre duvarında seluloz ve ligninle beraber bulunur ve bunlar toplu olarak lignoselulozik maddeler olarak adlandırılır. Farklı şeker ünitelerinin farklı şekillerde birleşmesi ile oluşmuş dallı bir heteropolisakkarittir. Selulozda 7000-15000 glukoz molekülü düz zincir şeklinde birleşmişken hemiselulozda yaklaşık 200 farklı şeker birimi kısa zincirler şeklinde birleşmiştir. Hemiselulozlar doğada toplam biyokütlenin %30-35'ini oluşturmaktadır. Ksilan, hemiselulozun başlıca bileşenidir (Kulkarni, ve ark., 1999).

Hemiselüloz, 5 C'lu pentoz şekerler (ksiloz, arabinoz gibi) ile 6 C'lu heksoz şekerler (mannoz,glukoz,galaktoz gibi ) ve şeker asitlerinden oluşmuş heterojen polimerdir. Selülozun aksine kimyasal bakımdan homojen yapı göstermez. Sert odun hemiselülozu daha çok ksilan içerirken yumuşak odun hemiselülozu daha çok glukomannan içermektedir. Dallanma tekrarı ve kompozisyonu ksilanın kaynağına bağlıdır. Değişik kaynaklardaki ksilanların kompozisyonları farklılık gösterir örneğin; Huş ağacı ksilanı: % 89,3 ksiloz, % 1 arabinoz, % 1,4 glukoz, % 8,3 anhidrouronik asit içerir. Pirinç kepeği ksilanı: % 46 ksiloz, % 44,9 arabinoz, % 6,1 galaktoz, % 1,9 glukoz, % 1,1 anhidrouronik asit içerir. Buğday arabinoksilanı: % 65,8 ksiloz, % 33,5 arabinoz, % 0,1 mannoz, % 0,1 galaktoz, % 0,3 glukoz içerir. Mısır lifi ksilanı β-1,4 bağı ile bağlı ksiloz ünitelerinden oluşmuş kompleks heteroksilanlardan biridir. % 48-54 ksiloz, % 33-35 arabinoz, % 5-11 galaktoz, % 3-6 glukouronik asit içerir.

Ksilan iskelet yapısı yaklaşık % 80'i ksiloz ünitelerine C-2 ve/veya C-3 ile bağlı arabinoz veya glukoüronik asitten oluşan monomerik yan zincirden ve arabinoz, ksiloz ve bazen de galaktoz ünitelerinden oluşan oligomerik yan zincirden oluşur. Yumuşak odun heteroksilanında arabinofuranosil birimleri p-kumarik asit ve ferulik asitle esterleşmiştir. Sert odun ksilanında ksiloz birimlerinin % 60-70'i asetilleşmiştir. Sert odun ksilanının polimerizasyon derecesi (150-200) yumuşak odun ksilanınkinden (70-130) yüksektir (Obembe, ve ark., 2006).

Genel olarak bitkilerde hemiselülozun polimerleşme derecesi selülozdan düşüktür. Ana şekerleri D-ksilopiranoz, D-glukopiranoz, D-galaktopiranoz, L-arabinofuranoz, D-mannopiranoz ve D- glukopiranosiluronik asit ile iz miktarlarda diğer şekerlerdir. Ayrıca asetil ve metil alt gruplarını da içerir. β-1,4 bağı ile bağlanarak tekrar eden şekerler β-1,2, β-1,3 ve β-1,6 noktalarında dallanma gösterir. Glukomannan, glukouronoksilan, arabinoglukouronoksilan, arabinogalaktan, galaktoglukomannan şeklinde içerdiği şekerler referans alınarak isimlendirilir. Kenaftaki hemiselülozda iskelet polimeri olan D-ksilopiranoza yan dallarda D-galaktoz ve L-arabinoz bağlıdır. Bambudaki hemiselülozun D-ksilopiranoz ana iskeletinde yan dalları D-glukouronik asit içeren ksiloz şekerine 2 pozisyonda glikozidik bağla tutunmuş ortalama 8 ksiloz ünitesi β-1,4 bağı ile bağlanmıştır. Yumuşak odun hemiselülozunun ana iskelet polimer şekerleri D-galaktoz, D-glukoz ve D-mannozdur. Galaktoglukomannan (20 %) başlıca yumuşak odun hemiselülozudur, β-1,4 bağı ile bağlı, düz veya az dallıdır. Galaktoz içeren dalla birlikte glukoz ve mannoz polimer iskeletini oluşturur. Galaktoglukomannan galaktoz içeriği bakımından 2 farklı formdadır. Düşük galaktoz formun galaktoz:glukoz:mannoz oranı 0,1:1:4 iken yüksek galaktoz formun oranı 1:1:3'tür. Diğer önemli yumuşak odun hemiselüloz polimeri arabinoglukouronoksilan (5-10 %) β-1,4 ksilopiranoz birimlerine ortalama her 1-3 ksiloz biriminde L-arabinofuranoza 1-3 dalları ile ve ortalama her 2-10 ksiloz ünitesinde D-glukopiranosiluronik asite 1-2 dalları ile bağlıdır. Sert odunlarda glukomannanın 2-5 %'i 1-4 bağlı β-D-mannopiranoz ve β-D-glukopiranoz birimlerini içerir. Glukoz:mannoz oranı odunun cinsine göre 1:2 ve 1:1 oranında değişir. Kenaftaki ana hemiselüloz sert odun hemiselülozuna benzer. β-1,4 D-ksilopiranozla yan dallarda 4-0-metilglukouronik asit (1-2) ile ortalama 13 ksiloz ünitesinde 1 uronik asit grubu tekrar eder. (1-3) bağlı ramnoz ve arabinoz birimleri sonda yer alır fakat doğadaki glikozidik bağı bilinmiyor. Şekil 2.3.'de sert odun ve yumuşak odun ksilanı şematize edilmiştir (Saha, 2003; Ebringerova, ve ark., 2005).

Polisakkaritler
Hücre biyolojisi

Hemiselüloz


Madsen (strojnica), danska strojnica
 Madsen (prezime), dansko prezime
 Madsen (glazbeni sastav), njemački glazbeni sastav

Madsen


قد يُشير «المعهد العالي للموسيقى» إلى التالية:

 المعهد الوطني العالي للموسيقى مؤسسة وطنية جزائرية.

المعهد العالي للموسيقى (توضيح)


Maksutuşağı, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Dulkadiroğlu ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 33 km, Dulkadiroğlu ilçesine 32 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Dulkadiroğlu'nun mahalleleri

Maksutuşağı, Dulkadiroğlu


A República de Mirdita (Republika e Mirditës) foi uma república não reconhecida de curta duração declarada no norte da Albânia por Marka Gjoni e seus seguidores. Existiu entre 17 de julho e 20 de novembro de 1921. Gjoni liderou sua tribo católica romana Mirdita em uma rebelião contra a regência albanesa e o parlamento estabelecido após a Primeira Guerra Mundial. O Reino dos Sérvios, Croatas e Eslovenos (mais tarde Iugoslávia) e seu recém-entronizado rei Aleksandar Karadjordjevic, apoiaram Gjoni com base em seu interesse de ter outra região separatista dentro da Albânia, enfraquecendo o recém-criado estado albanês e aguçando o antagonismo religioso.

Marka Gjoni proclamou em Prizren a fundação de uma República independente de Mirdita . Gjoni foi o único presidente da república. Como a república violou a soberania do estado albanês, as tropas do governo albanês lutaram e eventualmente extinguiram a república. O suposto governo da república foi invadido pelo governo albanês, embora nenhuma perseguição real tenha caído sobre os principais líderes. Marka Gjoni fugiu para a Iugoslávia, mas depois voltou para a Albânia e permaneceu ativo na vida política das terras altas até sua morte em 1925.

Referências

Estados e territórios fundados em 1921
Estados republicanos extintos
Estados extintos não reconhecidos

República de Mirdita


Le parc olympique de Turin est un parc créé pour gérer toutes les installations utilisées pour les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2006 à Turin, Italie, et les installations autour de la région de Turin.

Installations
Les installations et les emplacements comprennent :
 Bardonèche (snowboard)
 Cesana Pariol (bobsleigh, luge, et skeleton)
 Cesana San Sicario (ski alpin et biathlon)
 Oval Lingotto (patinage de vitesse)
 Palasport Olimpico (hockey sur glace)
 Palavela (patinage artistique et patinage de vitesse sur piste courte)
 Pinerolo (curling)
 Pragelato (ski de fond, combiné nordique et saut à ski)
 Sauze d'Oulx (ski acrobatique)
 Sestrières (ski alpin)
 Stade olympique (cérémonies d'ouverture et de clôture)
 Torino Esposizioni (hockey sur glace).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Turin

Équipement sportif à Turin

Parc olympique de Turin


Der Kuhbach ist ein etwa dreieinhalb Kilometer langer Wasserlauf im südpfälzischen Wasgau (Rheinland-Pfalz) und ein linker Zufluss der Lauter, die hier, an ihrem Oberlauf, noch Wieslauter genannt wird.

Name
Neben Kuhbach ist ebenso die Bezeichnungen Krebsbächel gebräuchlich.

Verlauf
Der Kuhbach entspringt im Wasgau auf einer Höhe von  nördlich des Löffelsbergs () im Langenwald. Er fließt zunächst in Richtung Südwesten. Nach gut 700 Metern erreicht ihn auf seiner linken Seite sein erster Zufluss; der Kuhbach biegt dann nach Nordwesten ab. Südlich der Bärenbrunner Mühle wird er auf seiner rechten Seite von einem weiteren Waldbächlein gespeist. Sein Weg führt nun westwärts durch eine Grünzone. Ab hier wird er von der K 41 begleitet. Er erreicht den Ostrand von Schindhard, wo ihn von seiner rechten Seite ein kleiner Wiesenbach stärkt. Der Kuhbach passiert diese Ortschaft, löst sich bei den Rohrwiesen von ihr, fließt dann durch die Stockwiesen, unterquert danach die B 427 und mündet schließlich unterirdisch verrohrt bei den Rothwiesen auf einer Höhe von  von links in  die Wieslauter.

Nutzung
Früher wurde der Kuhbach zur Fischerei genutzt.

Einzelnachweise

Südpfalz
Gewässer im Pfälzerwald
Gewässer im Landkreis Südwestpfalz
Wasgau

Kuhbach (Lauter)


රූපවාහිනී අධ්‍යයනය යනු රූපවාහිනිය පිළිබඳ විවේචනාත්මකව විග්‍රහ කිරීමක් සිදුකරන අධ්‍යයන ක්ෂේත්‍රයකි මෙකී අධ්‍යයනයන් ජන සන්නිවේදන සමීක්ෂණවලින් කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස වෙන්කර හඳුනාගත හැකිය. ඒ ජනසන්නිවේදනයේදී අනුභාවිත දෘෂ්ඨි කෝණයකින් අදාළ මාතෘකාවන් කරා ළඟා වීමට දරන ප්‍රයත්නයන් නිසාය. මෙකී ක්ෂේත්‍රයෙහි අර්ථ දැක්වීමක් සිදු කිරීම ගැටලු සහගතය. ඇතැම් ආයතන සහ විෂය නිර්දේශ මගින් එය මාධ්‍ය අධ්‍යයනයකින් වෙන්කොට හඳුනා නොගත් අතර ජනප්‍රිය සංස්කෘතිකමය අධ්‍යයනයක් උප ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් ලෙසදටද වර්ගීකරණය නොකෙරේ.

රූපවාහිනී අධ්‍යනය දළ වශයෙන් දිගුකල් පවත්නා ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් වු සිනමා අධ්‍යනයට ද සමානකමක් දක්වයි. එහිදී වඩාත්ම සුලභ ලෙස අවධානය යොමු කරනු ලබන්නේ සන්දර්භ විෂයක විශ්ලේෂණය පිළිබඳවය. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් Cathy come Home සහ Twin Peaks වැනි රූපවාහිනියේ ගුණාත්මක බව විශ්ලේෂණය කිරීම සිදු කල වැඩසටහන් මගින් පර්යේෂකයන් හට ඔවුන්ගේ සිනමා රූපී ගුණාංග සඳහා අභිරුචියක් ඇතිකර ගැනීමට ඉවහල් වී ඇත. කෙසේ නමුත් රූපවාහිනී අධ්‍යයනයේ දී රූපවාහිනිය නැරඹීමම සාපේක්ෂව ජනතාවට එකී වැඩසටහන් මගින් උකහාගන්නා දෙය එකිනෙක අනුබද්ධ කළ හැකිය. මෙය පොදුවේ හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රේක්ෂක පිරිස අධ්‍යයනය හෝ ප්‍රතිග්‍රහන න්‍යාය ලෙසටය.

සටහන්

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රූපවාහිනී අධ්‍යයනය


Sevilla-Plaza de Armas, conocida coloquialmente como la estación de Córdoba, fue una estación de ferrocarril de carácter terminal situada en la ciudad española de Sevilla, en la provincia homónima, que estuvo operativa entre 1901 y 1990. Llegó a disponer de importantes instalaciones ferroviarias.

Construida originalmente por la compañía MZA e inaugurada a comienzos del siglo , Plaza de Armas llegó a ser una de las principales estaciones de esta compañía. Durante muchos años también fue una de las principales estaciones ferroviarias de Sevilla, siendo la terminal de los trenes procedentes de la Meseta, Córdoba, Huelva y Extremadura. Además del edificio de viajeros, de estilo neomudéjar, la estación constituía un complejo que disponía de instalaciones de mercancías y clasificación. Tras la nacionalización de la red ferroviaria, en 1941, las instalaciones se integraron en la red de RENFE.

Tras su clausura, el edificio fue rehabilitado y en la actualidad acoge un centro comercial y un café-teatro.

Historia

Orígenes y construcción
Ya en 1859, con la llegada del ferrocarril a Sevilla, se había inaugurado una primitiva estación en Plaza de Armas de la mano de la Compañía del Ferrocarril de Córdoba a Sevilla. Más adelante, la línea Córdoba-Sevilla se integraría en la red de MZA, que se hizo cargo de las instalaciones en la capital hispalense. En 1889 la MZA presentó un proyecto para construir unas nuevas instalaciones en Plaza de Armas, aunque la construcción se retrasaría varios años. En febrero de 1899 dieron comienzo las obras, bajo la dirección del ingeniero de la compañía Nicolás Suárez y Albizu. La estación sería inaugurada el 18 de marzo de 1901. El enlace desde Plaza de Armas con la estación de San Bernardo y la línea Sevilla-Cádiz —ambas propiedad de la compañía «Andaluces»— se realizaba a través de la estación de Empalme, situada en la zona de San Jerónimo. También tenía enlace con la línea Sevilla-Huelva, de la cual Plaza de Armas era estación cabecera.

Etapa bajo RENFE
En 1941, tras la Guerra Civil y la nacionalización de la red ferroviaria de ancho ibérico, las instalaciones pasaron a ser titularidad de la empresa estatal RENFE junto a la conocida como «estación de Cádiz». Desde entonces, Plaza de Armas, al ser una estación en fondo de saco, pasó a ser destino de los trenes cuyo recorrido empezaba o terminaba en Sevilla, mientras San Bernardo se convirtió en la estación en la que paraban los trenes que pasaban por Sevilla. Durante muchos también acogió los servicios que enlazaban Sevilla con Gijón a través del eje ferroviario de la Ruta de la Plata. En 1982, se otorgó a RENFE  el premio Brunel, concedido por la Unión de Ferrocarriles Europeos, por las reformas llevadas a cabo en Plaza de Armas con motivo del mundial de fútbol de 1982.

El Plan de Enlaces Ferroviarios de Sevilla, de 1971, preveía la reorganización de la red férrea que existía en Sevilla y la supresión de varias estaciones —entre ellas, Plaza de Armas—. Esto no se materializaría hasta comienzos de la década de 1990, con las obras que se realizaron de cara a la Exposición Universal de 1992. Plaza de Armas se mantuvo en funcionamiento hasta el , fecha en la que partió el último tren con destino a Madrid, cerrando sus puertas al día siguiente. Desde entonces, el tráfico ferroviario principal de Sevilla se concentró en la estación de San Bernardo, situación que se mantuvo hasta la inauguración de la estación de Santa Justa en mayo de 1991. Por su parte, las vías del trazado San Jerónimo-Plaza de Armas se desmontaron para ampliar la calle Torneo. Tras la clausura, en un principio el antiguo recinto ferroviario quedó sin utilizar, hasta 1992. Durante la Expo'92 la estación fue utilizada como parte del llamado «Pabellón de Sevilla», el cual, si bien no tenía un pabellón propio en el interior de la muestra, sí contaba con una serie de edificios históricos usados como tal repartidos por la ciudad.

Etapa post-ferroviaria
El edificio estuvo sin uso hasta que, en 1999, reabrió al público como centro comercial y de ocio que alberga varias salas de cine, locales de restauración y moda. Se llevaron a cabo una serie de reformas, conservándose el edificio prácticamente sin alteraciones importantes. Las reformas más llamativas fueron la nueva vidriera de acero y cristal, que cerraba la zona de andenes en el lado opuesto a la antigua vidriera y la construcción sobre la zona de andenes de módulos para comercios y restaurantes.

Características

El proyecto de la estación fue obra del ingeniero José Santos Silva, si bien su ejecución recayó en Nicolás Suárez y Albizu —que era ingeniero de la MZA—. De estilo regionalista y neomudéjar, está inspirada en la Gran mezquita de Tánger y en el Patio de los Leones de la Alhambra de Granada, está dividido en 3 cuerpos. El central y más amplio está cerrado por uno de los lados con una gran vidriera de cristal y hierro formada por arcos polilobulados, mientras que la parte opuesta, quedaba abierta para el tránsito de los trenes, que partían de la estación en perpendicular a la entrada principal del edificio, siendo la estación de fondo de saco.

Además del edificio de viajeros, junto a la estación existían muelles y almacenes de mercancías, una amplia playa de vías para las labores de clasificación, varios enclavamientos mecánicos para las señales y los cambios de aguja, etc. A pesar de ser una estación importante, Sevilla-Plaza de Armas no disponía de instalaciones para el material motor. La compañía MZA estableció en la zona de Macarena-la Barqueta algunas instalaciones para atender dichas funciones, y en la década de 1920 construyó un amplio depósito de locomotoras —además de talleres, cocheras o instalaciones auxiliares—.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Estaciones ferroviarias de Sevilla
Sevilla-Plaza de Armas
Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1901
Sevilla-Plaza de Armas
Centros comerciales de Andalucía
Arquitectura neomudéjar en España
Arquitectura de la provincia de Sevilla del siglo XX
Arquitectura de España de 1901
Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Sevilla

Estación de Sevilla-Plaza de Armas (MZA)


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පන්සල් සහ සිංහලයන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික දේවාලයන්හි සහ  දළදා මාලිගාවේ අයිතිය සහ පාලනය පිලිබඳ නීති විහාර දේවලගම් නීතිය යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බෞද්ධ නීතිය

බාහිර යොමු
 dinamina 2013/10/24

නීතිය - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
සිංහල දේවාගම

විහාර දේවලගම් නීතිය


Le congrès universel d'espéranto de 1924 est le  congrès universel d'espéranto, organisé en août 1924, à Vienne en Autriche.

Contexte

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Congrès mondial d'espéranto

1924
Espéranto en Autriche
Vienne (Autriche)
1924 en Autriche

Congrès universel d'espéranto de 1924


Via Ippodromo, est une rue de la banlieue de Milan, située dans la partie ouest de la ville, appartenant au municipio 7 dans le quartier San Siro. Auparavant, la zone était composée de terres agricoles appartenant aux Corpi Santi et a été annexée à la ville de Milan en 1873.

La zone de via Ippodromo est caractérisée par une forte criminalité et par la présence de gangs de jeunes, inspirés de la musique Rap, qui se livrent à des échanges de coups de feu.

Description
Via Ippodromo est une longue rue non éclairée, qui n'a aucune intersection sans magasins ni activités commerciales ou bars.
Le quartier de Via Ippodromo confine au nord avec Lampugnano et Quarto Oggiaro et au sud avec Quarto Cagnino.
Via Ippodromo c'est partie de un Quartier de banlieue de Milan il est multiethnique avec une majorité musulmane et s'est fait connaître dans les médias par ses peurs, certains trap grâce aux récits de la vie du quartier ont acquis une notoriété.

Dans les années 1980 le boom immobilier avec une forte spéculation voit la construction de villas pour les footballeurs qui fréquententd le stade voisin, qui a ensuite quitté la banlieue, puis le quartier se transforme progressivement en en Banlieue sur le modèle de Paris, surtout à partir du début des années 2000 avec le phénomène migratoire d'Afrique et d'Amérique du Sud.

. .

Articles connexes
 Banlieue
 San Siro (quartier de Milan)

Notes et références

Voie à Milan
Banlieue

Via Ippodromo (San Siro, Milan)


Wiwa ou Sanha é um povo originario da Colômbia, que habita no nordeste da Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.  Falam uma língua da família chibcha.

Território
Seu território original era nas regiões de Marokaso, El Rosario e Guamaka até chegar às planícies das terras baixas, mas devido à colonização tiveram que migrar para terras mais altas, entre Seu território original era as regiões de Marokaso, El Rosario e Guamaka e chegaram às planícies, mas devido à colonização tiveram que migrar para terras mais altas, entre 900 e 2600 de altitude. Quando a fevre da maconha passou, o território dos Wiwas foi gradualmente desocupado, exceto por alguns dos colonos que decidiram ficar em suas pequenas chacaras. Os indígenas começaram a retornar lentamente e povoaram novamente os assentamentos tradicionais de Guamaka, Marokaso e Seminbke.

Economia
Os Wiwas são agricultores e cultivam mandioca, inhame,  mangará, banana, milho, feijão, coca e cana-de-açúcar para rapadura, destinados ao consumo familiar e café para comercialização. Também produzem o sisal com cuja fibra fazem as redes e a mochila suzu. Os homens usam a mochila duadu, feita de algodão fiado em casa. As mulheres fazem as roupas, embora adquiram o tecido, geralmente dos Kogui. Os homens fazem chapéus. Caçam iguanas, coelhos, cutias e pássaros.

Mamos
As autoridades espirituais e políticas tradicionais são os Mamo. A sua influência está presente na vida quotidiana e em acontecimentos importantes nas comunidades e nos indivíduos, a quem aconselham nas assembleias e nas conversas angagəkən.

Mamo significa sol, avô e conselheiro, e sua esposa é a Saga, lua, avó, conselheira. Ambos receberam uma educação especial para conhecer o Criador e compreender a natureza, a sociedade e as pessoas, curar, interpretar sonhos e dirigir cerimônias e rituais.

Para as relações com o estado, os Wiwa têm Cabildos e Governadores elegidos. 27 comunidades conformam a Organização Wiwa Yugumaiun Bunkuanarrua Tayrona (OWYBT).

Wiwa
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Povos originários)

Povo wiwa


An Scleria corymbosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Roxburgh. An Scleria corymbosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria corymbosa


Svalehalekolibri () er en kolibriart, der lever i Brasilien og Bolivia.

Noter
  Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Bolivias fugle
Brasiliens fugle
Kolibrier

Svalehalekolibri


Joaquim António Emídio nascido na Chamusca em 15 de Junho de 1955 é jornalista e poeta português.

Biografia
Fundou o semanário regional e diário online O MIRANTE, em Novembro de 1987. O MIRANTE foi vencedor do prémio Gazeta do Clube de Jornalistas em Setembro de 2007. O prémio foi entregue entregue pelo Presidente da República Aníbal Cavaco Silva ,

É editor de livros com a chancela de O MIRANTE  e Rosmaninho editora . Já publicou livros de João Rui de Sousa, António Ramos Rosa, Pedro da Silveira, Pedro Barroso, Walmir Ayala, Guilherme de Azevedo, Joaquim Valadares Gamboa, entre outros.

É um dos jornalistas portugueses que ganhou no Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem um processo contra o Estado por ter sido condenado injustamente  . É autor publicado desde 1983.

Obras
 Os Dias Sonâmbulos (1983)
 A Contestação do Desejo (1985)
 A Mulher de António (1987)
 Amanhã Inesquecível (1988)
 O Livro dos Ventos (1990)
 Uma Mulher de Sonhos (1994)
 Uma Casa Rente ao Chão (1996)
 Uma Mulher não é de Ferro (1999)
 A Palavra Emocional (2003)
 Elogios (2003)
 Pequenos Elogios (2007)
 2009 Elogios (2009)

Antologias
 Fingidor II (1983)
 Fingidor III (1984)
 Jorge de Sena em rotas entrecruzadas org. Gilda Santos (1999)
 Na liberdade – Antologia poética (2004)
 Canto de Mar (2005)
 É tempo de falar do Padre Américo (2016)
 Poemas de Amor (2021)
 Rio, da Glória à Piedade (2023)

Ligações externas
História da fundação do semanário O MIRANTE

Poetas de Portugal
Jornalistas de Portugal

Joaquim António Emídio


Sarah Mahfoud (født 29. september 1989) er en dansk professionel bokser og vinderen af sæson 13 af Vild med dans med danseren Morten Kjeldgaard.

Karriere som amatør
Mahfoud blev nordisk mester to gange i vægtklassen fjervægt og tre gange danmarksmester i vægtklassen fjervægt, som amatørbokser.

Professionel karriere
Hun fik sin debut som professionel bokser i februar 2017, efter at have skrevet kontrakt med boksepromotor- og manager Mogens Palle.

Hun har været WBC Silver mester i fjervægt siden 4. marts 2023.

Hun er tidligere IBF mester i fjervægt. En titel hun sad på mellem 20. juni 2020, hvor hun blev ophøjet fra sin interim status, til 24. september 2022 hvor hun tabte i en unification kamp mod Amanda Serrano

Som professionel har hun også tidligere vundet IBF Intercontinental og IBF Interim titlerne i fjervægt.

Professionelle kampe

Familie
Hendes far, Mohammad Mahfoud, er kendt fra den offentlige debat som formand for Dansk Syrisk Forening. Hendes mor, Vigdis, er færing og kommer fra bygden Vestmanna. Forældrene mødtes i Frankrig, hvor faderen studerede medicin. De flyttede til Færøernes hovedstad, Tórshavn, i 1989, hvor Sarah og hendes to søskende blev født. Familien flyttede til Danmark, da Sarah var fire år gammel. Hendes bror, Allan, er også bokser. Lillesøsteren Heidi, der går i farens fodspor, læser medicin på København Universitet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige boksere fra Danmark
Vindere af Vild med dans
Personer fra Thorshavn

Sarah Mahfoud


San Benigno peut désigner:

 San Benigno Canavese, commune italienne de la province de Turin dans le Piémont ;
 Gare de San Benigno, ancienne gare ferroviaire italienne de la ligne de Fossano à Coni .

Voir aussi

 Benigno

San Benigno


هذه قائمة بالمدن والبلدات في تركيا حسب السكان، والتي تشمل المدن والبلدات التي هي عواصم المقاطعات أو التي يبلغ عدد سكانها 7001 نسمة على الأقل. يبلغ إجمالي عدد سكان تركيا 84,680,273 نسمة، وفقًا لبيانات 31 ديسمبر 2021 ، مما يجعلها الدولة التاسعة عشر من حيث عدد السكان في العالم.

ووفقاً لتقديرات عام 2021 فإن:

 اسطنبول، العاصمة الاقتصادية والثقافية لتركيا هي أكبر مدينة في تركيا، حيث بلغ عدد سكانها 15.84 مليون نسمة في منطقتها الحضرية، و
 في المرتبة الثانية تأتي العاصمة التركية أنقرة، حيث بلغ عدد سكانها 5.7 مليون نسمة في منطقتها الحضرية.
 ثالث أكبر مدينة في تركيا من حيث عدد السكان هي إزمير، إذ بلغ عدد سكانها أكثر من 4.4 مليون نسمة في منطقتها الجغرافية الحضرية.
 رابع أكبر مدينة في تركيا هي بورصه، حيث يزيد عدد سكانها عن 3.1 مليون نسمة.
 خامس أكبر مدينة في تركيا هي أنطاليا، ويبلغ عدد سكانها، 2.6 مليون نسمة.
 أقل المدن كثافة في السكان هي تونجلي وبايبورت وأردهان.

المدن والبلدات التي يزيد عدد سكانها عن 7000 نسمة
المدن والبلدات التي يبلغ عدد سكانها أكثر من 7000 نسمة وفقًا للمعهد الإحصائي التركي مدرجة في الجدول التالي، جنبًا إلى جنب مع نتائج التعدادات من 21 أكتوبر 1990 و 22 أكتوبر 2000، و تقديرات 2007، و 2008، و 2009 وكذلك المحافظات التي تقع المدن فيها، وتشير أعداد السكان الواردة في الجدول إلى سكان المدينة نفسها، غير شاملة المناطق الحضرية.

خريطة

انظر أيضاً
 محافظات تركيا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 State Institute of Statistics
 The World Gazetteer: Turkey: Map of Largest Cities

تركيا
مدن
مدن تركيا
قوائم مدن حسب عدد السكان
قوائم أماكن مأهولة في تركيا

قائمة مدن تركيا


William G. Dever (n. 27 de noviembre de 1933 en Louisville, Kentucky) es un arqueólogo estadounidense, especialista en la historia del Israel bíblico. Ha sido profesor de Arqueología de la Universidad de Arizona, Tucson, de 1975 a 2002. fue director de las excavaciones en Gézer 1966-71, 1984 y 1990, director de la excavación en Khirbet el-Kom y Jebel Qacaqir (Ribera Occidental) 1967-1971; investigador principal en las excavaciones de Tell al-Hayyat (Jordania) 1981-1985, y el subdirector de la expedición de la Universidad de Arizona a Idalion, Chipre, 1991, entre otras excavaciones.

Dever, como hijo de un pastor evangélico fue educado en esta fe, y se convirtió en predicador. Más tarde, rechazó el cristianismo y se convirtió al judaísmo reformista, aunque ahora se identifica como humanista secular y no creyente. Está casado con Pamela Gaber, profesora de Antiguo Testamento y Estudios Judaicos del Lycoming College.

Selección de Publicaciones
(2001), What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel, Eerdmans ISBN 0-8028-4794-3
(2003), Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?, Eerdmans ISBN 0-8028-0975-8
(2005), Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans ISBN 0-8028-2852-3
(2012), The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: Where Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, Eerdmans
(2017), Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah. SBL Press. ISBN 9780884142171
(2020), Has archaeology Buried the Bible?. Eerdmans.
(2020), My Nine Lives: Sixty Years in Israeli and Biblical Archaeology. SBL.

En la Universidad de Arizona se encuentra disponible una lista completa de publicaciones del Dr. Dever.

Referencias

Arqueólogos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Biblia
Conversos al judaísmo desde el cristianismo

William G. Dever


Aşağıdaki tablolarda Nazi Almanyası ordusu Wehrmacht tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kullanılan, seri üretilmiş modelleri ve varyantları da dahil olmak üzere tam paletli zırhlı savaş araçlarının üretim adetleri, Kasım 1939 başlangıç tarihi olmak üzere gösterilmektedir. 1943 Cassibile ateşkes antlaşması sonrası Wehrmacht için üretilen İtalyan zırhlı araçları ve prototipler dahil edilmemiştir.

Panzer I

Savaş öncesinde 1893 adet gövde üretilmiş, bunlardan 1867 tanesine taret takılmış ve geri kalan araçlar eğitim ve komuta kontrol aracı olarak kullanılmıştır.

Panzer II

Savaş öncesi: 1223.

Modelleri:
 Panzer II (f) - Alev makineli model.
 Marder II - 75 mm PaK 40 toplu model (Sd.Kfz. 131)
 Wespe - 105 mm hafif sahra obüsü (Sd.Kfz. 124)
 Sturmpanzer II Bison - 150 mm ağır piyade toplu model.

Panzer 38(t)

Savaş öncesi: 78.

Modelleri:
 Marder 138 - 75 mm PaK 40 toplu model(Sd.Kfz. 138)
 Marder 139 - ganimet Sovyet 76.2 mm toplu model(Sd.Kfz. 139)
 Grille - 150 mm KMO modeli (Sd.Kfz. 138/1)
 Hetzer(Jagdpanzer 38(t)) - 75 mm L/48 PaK39 toplu genişletilmiş Pz 38(t) şasili model(Sd.Kfz. 138/2)

Panzer III

Savaş öncesi: 98.

*Panzer III'ten dönüştürülen 173 adet hariç.

Modelleri:
 Panzer III A-F - 37 mm top
 Panzer III G-J - 50 mm L/42 top
 Panzer III J/1-M - 50 mm L/60 top
 Panzer III N - 75 mm L/24 top
 Panzer III (f) - Alev makineli model
 StuG III - Sturmgeschütz 40. Taarruz topu 75 mm L/24 Panzer III şaseli (Sd.Kfz. 142)
 StuG III (l) - Sturmgeschütz 40 Taarruz topu 75 mm L/43 ya da L/48 Panzer III şaseli (Sd.Kfz. 142/1)
 StuH 42 - Sturmhaubitze 42. StuG III ile 105 mm hafif sahra obüsü (Sd. Kfz. 142/2)

Panzer IV

Savaş öncesi: 211.

Modelleri:
 Panzer IV A-F/1 - Panzer IV kısa namlulu 75 mm L/24 top
 Panzer IV F/2-J - Panzer IV uzun namlulu 75 mm L/43 veya L/48 top
 Sturmgeschütz IV - Taarruz topu. StuG III Ausf. G üstyapılı ve Panzer IV şasili; silah olarak 75 mm L/48 top (Sd.Kfz. 167)
 Jagdpanzer IV - Tank İmha edici 75 mm L/48 top Panzer IV şaseli (Sd.Kfz. 162)
 Jagdpanzer IV/70 Tank İmha edici 75 mm L/70 top Panzer IV şaseli (Sd.Kfz. 162/1)
 Sturmpanzer IV (Brummbär) - 150 mm sahra obüsü Panzer IV şasili model (Sd.Kfz. 166)
 Hummel - 150 mm sahra obüsü Geschützwagen III/IV şasili model (Sd.Kfz. 165)
 Nashorn/Hornisse - 88 mm PaK43/1 auf Geschützwagen III/IV, daha sonra Nashorn (Sd. Kfz. 164)
 Möbelwagen - Uçaksavar. 37mm FlaK 43 L/89 Panzer IV şaseli (Flakpanzer IV Sd.Kfz.161/3)
 Wirbelwind - Uçaksavar. 20mm FlaK 38 L/112.5 top Panzer IV şaseli, tareti zırhlı (Flakpanzer IV)
 Ostwind - Uçaksavar. 37mm FlaK 43 L/89 Panzer IV şaseli, tareti zırhlı (Flakpanzer IV)

Panzer IV normalde düşük namlu hızlı 75 mm L/24 top ile silahlıydı. 1942 yılında bu silah 75 mm L/43 topu ile, 1943 yılında ise 75 mm L/48 topu ile değiştirildi.

Panzer V (Panther)

Modelleri:
 Panther (Panzer V) 75 mm KwK 42 L/70 toplu (Sd.Kfz. 171)
 Jagdpanther - 88 mm L/71 PaK43 toplu tank avcısı modeli (Sd.Kfz. 173)

Panzer VI (Tiger)

 Tiger I (Panzer VI E/H) - 88 mm L/56 toplu.(Sd.Kfz. 181)
 Tiger II - Königstiger (Panzer VI B) - 88 mm L/71 toplu (Sd.Kfz. 182)
 Jagdtiger - Tank imha edici, 128 mm L/55 PaK44 top (Sd.Kfz. 186)
Sturmtiger - Tiger I şasili 380 mm roket fırlatıcı/havan topu modeli (cephede vurulmuş tanklardan dönüştürüldü)

Elefant

Not:
 Elefant'ta (Sd.Kfz. 184) Porsche tarafından geliştirilen, ancak seri üretime alınmayan 60 tonluk VK45.01 (P) şasisi kullanıldı. Şasi üzerinde kazamat içerisinde 88 mm L/71 topu bulunuyordu.

Toplam üretim

Notlar
 Rakamlar tank üretimini ve diğer amaçlar için gövde üretimini kapsar. Örneğin, Panzer III değeri StuG III üretimini de içermektedir.
 1942 ve 1943'teki Panzer III üretim sayıları, önceki versiyonlardan dönüştürülen 700 Panzer III N modelini kapsamamaktadır.
 Almanya'da ayrıca savaş boyunca 44.259 adet zırhlı yarı paletli araç ve 3.607 adet tekerlekli zırhlı araç üretilmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 II. Dünya Savaşı zırhlı araç listesi

Kaynakça
 Production statistics and chassis numbers by month for the Tiger I at the Tiger I Information Center

Almanya tank üretimi
Tank

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Almanya tank üretimi


Talismanul viselor (titlu original: Dreamcatcher) este un film american SF de groază din 2003 regizat de Lawrence Kasdan. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Morgan Freeman, Thomas Jane. Este bazat pe un roman omonim de Stephen King.

Prezentare

Distribuție

Producție
Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 68 milioane $.

Primire
A avut încasări de 75.7 milioane $.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de filme bazate pe lucrările lui Stephen King

Filme din 2003
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Lawrence Kasdan
Filme SF de groază
Filme SF thriller
Filme thriller din anii 2000
Filme Warner Bros.
Filme Castle Rock EntertainmentFilme Village Roadshow Pictures
Lucrări inspirate de Stephen King
Filme cu extratereștri

Talismanul viselor (film)


La Línea de la Concepción, İspanya'nın 17 özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin güneybatı köşesinde en fazla nüfusa sahip Endülüs otonom bölgesinin 8 eyaletinden biri olan Cádiz'a bağlı 44 belediyeden biridir. 2002 yılında yapılan nüfus sayımlarına göre La Línea de la Concepción belediyesinin nüfusu 60.951 kişidir.

İklim

Kaynakça

Cádiz belediyeleri
Campo de Gibraltar İlçesi'nin belediyeleri

La Línea de la Concepción


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Kjudo弓道

Kjudo
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Država podrijetla Japan
Vještina podrijetlaKjuđucu
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|}

Kjudo (弓道; Kyūdō), japanska vještina streličarstva.

Odlike vještine
Kjudo je nastao iz kjuđucua (Umjetnosti streličarstva), koji je nastao sa samurajskom klasom feudalnog Japana. Osoba koja se bavi kjudom naziva se kjudoka. Godine 2005., Međunarodna kjudo federacija imala je 132.760 članova.

U svom najčišćem obliku, kjudo se prakticira kao umjetnost koja traži moralni i duhovni razvoj pojedinca. Mnogi športisti kjudo doživljavaju kao šport. Međutim, stvarni cilj koji teži većina kjudoka je sixha seichu (pravi pogodak u pravo vrijeme). U kyudu se želi postići jedinstveno djelovanje ekspanzije (nobiai), koje rezultira prirodno otpuštenim hicem. Kad su duh i ravnoteža hitca ispravni, rezultat je da strelica pogodi metu. Duhovni cilj je odustajanje od sebe u potpunosti. S tim u vezi, mnogi vježbači vjeruju da su konkurentnost, ispitivanje i svaka prilika u datoj situaciji za svakog kjudoku važne; Naprotiv, postoje i drugi koji izbjegavaju kompetencije i preglede bilo koje vrste.

Vježbanje

Stupnjevanje

U kjudu ne postoje pojasevi, već se stupnjevi označavaju kyuovima (Kyu), kojih ima šest i predstavljaju učenička zvanja; i danovima (Dan), kojih ima deset i predstavljaju majstorska zvanja.

Oprema
Za vježbanje kjuda potrebno je imati najmanje imati luk (Yumi), strijele (Ya) i rukavice (Yugare). Ovisno o razdoblju u kojem se vježba kyudo kjudoka na sebi nosi dogi (gi), odnosno gornji dio koji liči na karate ili džudo kimono. Gornji dio razlikuje se po debljini materijala i kratkim rukavima. Uz to, takav gi je duži od običnih gornjih dijelova džudo kimona, pa zna dosezati do polovine butina. Muški gi ima otvore ispod pazuha za ventilaciju dok kod ženskog to nema. Ispod gija se ne nosi ništa. Također, postoji i gi dugih rukava koji je za zimski period vježbanja u Dojo-u.

Donji dio vježbačke uniforme je hakama. Tradicionalan dio japanske odjeće. Ispod hakame se ne nosi ništa osim u hladnim razdobljima kad se ispod nje nosi donji dio gija slično kao donji dio kimona kao u džudu ili Karateu.

Na nogama se nalaze platnene papuče ili tabi. Pojas (obi) je širi za muške i uži za žene. Obi se stavlja na gi i čvor se nalazi na leđima kako ne bi smetao kod zatezanja strune luka. Boje obija variraju tamniji kod muških i nešto svjetlijih kod žena, ali se nastoji da boje obija ne odudaraju previše od kimona kako se ne bi narušilo neko nepisano pravilo jednostavnosti i odskakanja od ostatka odjeće.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 International Kyudo Federation

Japanske borilačke vještine

Kjudo


Arion Brown () a fost unul dintre ofițerii Armatei României, care a exercitat comanda unor mari unități și unități militare, pe timp de război, în perioada Primului Război Mondial și operațiilor militare postbelice.

A îndeplinit funcția de comandant de brigadă între 1917-1918.

Cariera militară
Arion Brown a ocupat diferite poziții în cadrul unităților de cavalerie ale armatei române, avansând până în anul 1917 la gradul de General de Brigadă. A fost locotenent-colonel în 1910, colonel în 1913 și General de brigadă în 1917

În perioada Primului Război Mondial a îndeplinit funcția de Colonel și Comandant al Brigăzii 1 Roșiori Cavalerie, comandant al Brigăzii 4 Călărași

Decorații
  Ordinul Național "Steaua României", în grad de Locotenent-Colonel (1912)
 Ordinul Coroana României, cu distincția "Campania din Bulgaria 1913" (1913)

Note

Bibliografie
 Drăgănescu Constantin, Campaniile din 1848/1849 și 1919 în Transilvania și Ungaria, Tipografia "Isvorul", București, 1930
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Mărdărescu Gheorghe, Campania pentru desrobirea Ardealului și ocuparea Budapestei (1918-1920), Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1921
 Preda Dumitru; Alexandrescu Vasile; Prodan Costică, În apărarea României Mari. Campania armatei române din 1918-1919, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1994

Vezi și
Brigada 1 Roșiori

Nașteri în 1865
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Comandanți români din operațiile militare postbelice (1918-1920)
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României
Generali români din Primul Război Mondial

Arion Brown


Aritzo (sardinski: Arìtzo) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Nuoru u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 796 metara i ima 1 303 stanovnika. Prostire se na 75,58 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 17 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Arzana, Belvì, Desulo, Gadoni, Laconi, Meana Sardo i Seulo.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Nuoro

Aritzo


Euippe () ist eine Frauengestalt der griechischen Mythologie.

Euippe, Tochter des Kentauren Cheiron, war eine leidenschaftliche Jägerin und wurde nach einem Stelldichein auf dem Berg Pelion schwanger. Ihr Vater grämte sich über diese außereheliche Schwangerschaft, weshalb sie von den Göttern in ein Pferd verwandelt wurde. Ansonsten wird sie Hippe genannt.

Literatur

Anmerkungen

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Euippe (Tochter des Cheiron)


Die Romanian International 1998 fanden Mitte Oktober 1998 statt. Es war die fünfte Austragung dieser internationalen Meisterschaften von Rumänien im Badminton.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=5F641096-EAE4-43D6-B91F-3E6F1B2E5502

1998
Badminton 1998

Romanian International 1998


جامعة روبرت غوردون بالإنجليزية (The Robert Gordon University) والمعروفة باسم RGU. واحدة من أهم الجامعات في المملكة المتحدة. ويعود تاريخ الجامعة إلى عام 1750م وهي جامعة حكومية.

تصنيفها
 ترتيبها في المملكة المتحدة 11 .
 ترتيبها بحسب الاعتراف الأوربي : H + وهو نفس التقيم لجامعة كامبرج واكسفورد وغيرهم.
 حصلت عام 2009 على أفضل جامعة عصرية في المملكة المتحدة وسميت أفضل جامعة بين الجيل الجديد من الجامعات البريطانية بحسب The Times Good University Guide 2009.
 حصلت عام 2007 على ان خريجيها لديهم أكبر فرصة للعمل Good University Guide 2007.
 عام 2006 أصبحت تدخل في ترتيب أفضل الجامعات في المملكة المتحدة بحسب ال Sunday Times.

التاريخ
في عام 1720 قدم روبرت غوردن إلى ابردين وكان يريد أن يؤسس مدرسة لتعليم الأولاد الصغار وبعد وفاته وفي عام 1750 تم تأسيس مستشفى روبرت غرودن وفي عام 1881 تحولت لكلية روبرت غوردون ومع الوقت تم تبديل اسم الجامعة أكثر من مرة إلى أن استقر في عام 1991 على الاسم المعروف به حالياً وفي عام 2002 كان هناك مخطط لدمج جامعة ابردين وروبرت غوردن لكن لم يتم الاندماج.

الإحصائيات
هناك تقريباً نحو 12,790 طالب يدرسون باكثر من 145 وقت كامل وتعتبر من أهم الجامعات في المملكة المتحدة وترتيبها 4 في المملكة المتحدة من حيث أن خريجيها لديهم فرصة للعمل.

الكليات
  كلية التصميم والتكنولوجيا
 غراي مدرسة الفنون
 سكوت ساثرلاند كلية الهندسة المعمارية والبيئة العمرانيه
 مدرسة الحاسوب
 كلية الهندسة
  كلية الصحة والرعاية الاجتماعية
 المدرسة التطبيقية للدراسات الاجتماعية
 كلية العلوم الصحية
 كلية علوم الحياة
 مدرسة التمريض والقبالة
 كلية الصيدله
  ابردين كلية إدارة الأعمال
 إدارة الموارد البشرية
 فندق، والسياحة، وإدارة البيع بالتجزءه
 للاتصال والاعلام
 إدارة المعلومات
 المحاسبه والتمويل
 إدارة الاعمال
 التسويق
 الاقتصاد والسياسة العامة
 القانون

فروع في الخارج
لديهم فروع في العديد من الدول وأهمها في مدينة لوتسيرن سويسرا  وغيرها

الدراسة عبر الإنترنت
هناك نحو 8000 طالب من 113 دولة يدرسون عبر الإنترنت

أبردين

أبردين هي مدينة ذات تمثيل نيابى مستقل، (182714) نسمة، جزء منها في ابردينشر والجزء الآخر في كنكاردين، باسكتلندا على بحر الشمال عند مصب الدى، أهم ميناء وأكبر مدينة في شمال شرقى اسكتلندا. تدعى (المدينة الجرانيتية) لقربها من محاجر الجرانيت، وتشمل جامعة أبردين كليتى الملك (1494) وماريشال (1593). المقال الأصلي

اسكتلندا
اسكتلندا دولة في شمال غرب أوروبا تعتبر جزء من المملكة المتحدة. تحتل الثلث الشمالي من جزيرة بريطانيا العظمى وتحدها جنوباً إنجلترا ويحدها شرقاً بحر الشمال وغرباً المحيط الأطلسي. عاصمتها أدنبرة، وأهم مدنها وأكبرها مدينة غلاسكو. كانت اسكتلندا مملكة مستقلة حتى 1 مايو 1707 م حين تم إقرار قانون الوحدة لعام 1707م والذي اتحدت بموجبه مملكتي إنجلترا واسكتلندا في ما يعرف اليوم بمملكة بريطانيا العظمى. المقال الأصلي

معرض صور

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة الجامعات في اسكتلندا

وصلات خارجية
 جامعة روبرت غوردون
 رابطة الطلاب
 سلسلة من المحاضرات

تأسيسات سنة 1992 في إسكتلندا
مجموعة رسل
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1992

جامعة روبرت غوردون


لارس أولسن ، من مواليد 2 فبراير 1961، لاعب كرة قدم دنماركي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم دنماركي حالي.

لعب مع منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سويسرا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من إقليم هوفدستادن
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في سويسرا
طاقم نادي بروندبي غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1992
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1996
لاعبو دوري السوبر الدنماركي
لاعبو طرابزون سبور
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي بازل
لاعبو نادي بروندبي
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مدربو دوري السوبر الدنماركي
مدربو كرة قدم دنماركيون
مدربو كرة قدم دنماركيون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في جزر فارو
مدربو منتخب جزر فارو الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي أودنسه
مدربو نادي إيسبيرغ
مدربو نادي راندرس
مواليد 1961
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم هوفدستادن

لارس أولسن