Un élément de lien canonique est un élément HTML qui aide les webmasters à éviter les problèmes de contenu dupliqué dans l'optimisation des moteurs de recherche (SEO) en spécifiant la version "canonique" ou à favoriser pour l'indexation d'une page Web. Il est décrit dans la , qui a été mise en ligne en avril 2012.

Objectif
Un problème majeur pour les moteurs de recherche est de déterminer la source d'origine des documents disponibles sur plusieurs URL. La duplication de contenu peut se produire de plusieurs manières, notamment :

 Duplication à la suite de l'utilisation de paramètres  dans les urls
 Duplication avec plusieurs URL à cause du CMS
 Duplication due à l'accessibilité sur différents hôtes/protocoles (avec ou sans www, version http et https)
 Duplication due aux versions imprimées des pages des sites Web proposant ce type de fonctionnalité

Des problèmes de contenu en double se produisent lorsque le même contenu est accessible à partir de plusieurs URL. Par exemple, serait considéré par les moteurs de recherche comme une page entièrement différente de , même si les deux URL peuvent faire référence au même contenu.

En février 2009, Google, Yahoo et Microsoft ont annoncé la prise en charge de l'élément de lien canonical, qui peut être inséré dans la section < head > d'une page Web, pour permettre aux webmasters d'éviter ces problèmes. L'élément de lien canonique aide les webmasters à indiquer clairement aux moteurs de recherche quelle page doit être créditée comme l'original.

Comment les moteurs de recherche gèrent rel="canonical"
Les moteurs de recherche essaient d'utiliser les balises de liens canoniques comme filtre d'analyse pour leurs résultats de recherche. Si plusieurs URL contiennent le même contenu dans le jeu de résultats, les balises d'URL de lien canonique seront probablement utilisées pour déterminer la source originale du contenu. "Par exemple, lorsque Google trouve des instances de contenu identiques, il décide d'en montrer une. Son choix de la ressource à afficher dans les résultats de recherche dépendra de la requête de recherche."

D'après Google, l'élément de lien canonique rel="canonical" n'est pas une directive imposée, mais c'est clairement un indice que l'algorithme de positionnement suivra fortement.

Alors que l'élément de lien canonique a ses avantages, Matt Cutts, alors responsable de l'équipe de spam Web de Google, a déclaré que le moteur de recherche préférait l'utilisation de redirections 301. Cutts a déclaré que la préférence pour les redirections est due au fait que les robots d'indexation de Google peuvent choisir d'ignorer un élément de lien canonique s'ils jugent plus avantageux de le faire.

Implémentation technique

Balise sémantique
L'élément de lien canonique peut être soit utilisé dans le code HTML  <head> de la page soit envoyé avec l' en-tête HTTP d'un document. Pour les documents non HTML, l'en-tête HTTP est une autre façon de définir une URL canonique.

Selon la norme HTML 5, l'élément <link rel="canonical" href="http://example.com/">  HTML doit se trouver dans la section <head> du document.

Exemples

HTML
Voici un exemple de code HTML qui utilise la balise  à l'intérieur de la section <head> . Le code peut être utilisé sur une page telle que https://example.com/page.php?parameter=1 pour indiquer aux moteurs de recherche que https://example.com/page.php est la version originale de la page Web.<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
 <link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/page.php">
</head>
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

HTTP
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/pdf
Link: <https://example.com/page.php>; rel="canonical"
Content-Length: 4223
...

Références

HTML
Référencement

Élément de lien canonique


Liam af Luxembourg (født 28. november 2016) er en luxemburgsk prins. Han er andet barn af Félix af Luxembourg og dennes kone Claire af Luxembourg.

Den 22. april 2017 blev prins Liam døbt i Vatikanet. Hans faddere var hans onkel, prins Sébastien af Luxembourg, og Anna-Maria Pamin.

Prinser af Luxembourg
Huset Bourbon-Parma
Personer fra Genève

Liam af Luxembourg


La línea 10 de AUVASA es una línea que une el extremo sur del barrio vallisoletano de Parquesol con Villa de Prado, a través del barrio de Arturo Eyríes, el paseo de Zorrilla y la plaza de Juan de Austria, y da servicio al aparcamiento disuasorio del barrio Cuatro de Marzo. Tiene servicio en días laborables.

Historia
La línea 10 de Auvasa nació en 2007 para unir los barrios de Parquesol y La Victoria atravesando Arturo Eyríes, Cuatro de Marzo, Huerta del Rey y Girón, con una frecuencia de 60 minutos en días laborables. Su recorrido se redujo sustancialmente en 2018, cuando pasó a finalizar en el barrio de Villa de Prado.

Frecuencias
La línea 10 es una línea A Horario por lo que se indican todos los horarios de salida:

Paradas
Nota: Al pinchar sobre los enlaces de las distintas paradas se muestra cuanto tiempo queda para que pase el autobús por esa parada.

Véase también
 Auvasa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web de Auvasa

 Foro de AUVASA en Skyscrapercity
 Foro de AUVASA en Camiones Clásicos
 Foro de AUVASA en ForoBus

Líneas de AUVASA

Línea 10 (AUVASA)


Jarqoʻton (auch Jarkutan, Djarkutan, Dzharkutan und Dscharkutan geschrieben) ist eine prähistorische proto-urbane Siedlung in Usbekistan und ein Zentrum der antiken Zivilisationen in Baktrien, dem Gebiet aus dem eventuell der Religionsgründer Zarathustra stammt. Die Siedlung an einem alten Bachlauf besitzt zwei Monumentalbauten, ein Töpferviertel, eine Zitadelle und ausgedehnte Gräberfelder. Jarqoʻton liegt im Westen der Provinz Surxondaryo, im Süden von Usbekistan, etwa fünf Kilometer südöstlich von Scherabad und 50 km nordwestlich von Termiz.

Beschreibung
Jarqoʻton ist eine der größten Siedlungen der späten Bronzezeit der Oasenkultur (auch Oxus-Kultur genannt). Die Kultur war im Südosten von Turkmenistan, in Usbekistan und im Norden von Afghanistan verbreitet. Ihre Genese und Datierung sind unklar. Die hauptsächlich von sowjetischen Gelehrten durchgeführte archäologische Forschung hat versucht, beides mit der Bildung und Bewegungen von Ariern und der Entwicklung des Zoroastrismus zu verbinden, aber diese Thesen sind umstritten.

Die Ausgrabungen in Jarqoʻton wurden 1973 vom Usbekischen Archäologischen Institut begonnen und 1994 als Kooperationsprojekt mit dem DAI wieder aufgenommen. Bei den früheren Grabungen wurden der Burghügel, das schlossähnliche Denkmal, ein weiteres monumentales Gebäude, das Töpferquartier und mehr als 1500 Gräber ausgegraben und teilweise veröffentlicht. Dabei wurde bei der Keramik und den Kleinfunden eine relative Chronologie und die Beziehungen zu anderen Plätzen der Oxus-Kultur begründet. Ausgehend von der Töpferei wurde die Reihenfolge der Siedlung in die Phasen Jarqoʻton, Kusali und Mullalli unterteilt, die zwischen dem frühen Sapalli und dem späteren Bustan angesetzt wurden.

Die Ausgrabungen weisen die Nordhälfte als den älteren Teil und Bereich der sozialen Oberschicht aus. Die südliche Hälfte besteht hauptsächlich aus einfachen Lehmhäusern und Werkstätten. Unter den Resten der Burgmauer wurden reiche bronzezeitliche Häuser freigelegt. Dies belegt, dass die Mauer entweder in eine späte Phase der Bronzezeit oder sogar erst in die frühe Eisenzeit gehört. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auffällig, dass auf dem Burghügel nur Keramik aus der frühen Eisenzeit gefunden wurde. Unter einem Gebäudekomplex auf Hügel V wurde eine große Lehmziegelplattform gefunden, mit der die Kuppe des Hügels offenbar erweitert wurde. In den unteren Schichten des monumentalen Gebäudes auf Hügel VI mit seinen acht Meter breiten und vier Meter aus der breiten Umfassungsmauer hervorstehenden abgerundeten Bastionen wurde eine ausgeklügelte Raumaufteilung, vergleichbar den besser erhaltenen Gebäuden in Margiana (Togolok), identifiziert. Unter der westlichen Hälfte des Gebäudes fanden sich Spuren eines früheren Gebäudes mit regelmäßigem Layout und Zimmern bis zu 49 m² (7 m × 7 m) Größe, sowie verschiedene Arten von Brennöfen. Die Keramik datiert dieses Gebäude in die früheste Jarqoʻton-Phase, die Überschneidungen mit der Sapalli-Kultur aufweist. Unter dem östlichen Teil des monumentalen Gebäudes fanden sich Werkstätten und Öfen aus der gleichen Periode.

Zwischen einigen anderen Bestattungen wurde ein Katakombengrab gefunden, das eine Nachnutzung erfahren hat. Das Material vom Gräberfeld dient als Leitfossil für die Datierung der Siedlungskeramik.

Die Ausgrabungen zeigen, dass die Abfolge der Phasen in Jarqoʻton komplexer war als angenommen. Die Erforschung des Burghügels ist entscheidend bei der Frage, ob es eine Kontinuität der Besiedlung von der Bronze- bis zur Eisenzeit gab, oder ob der Platz nach dem Niedergang der Oasenkultur für eine Weile aufgegeben wurde.

Weblinks
 Bericht des DAI

Einzelnachweise

Bronzezeitlicher Fundplatz in Asien
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Usbekistan
Provinz Surxondaryo
Forschungsprojekt des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts

Jarqoʻton


لينا حسن مصباح محمود النابلسي (1959 - 1976) هي فتاةٌ فلسطينية وُلدت عام 1959 في مدينة نابلس، حيثُ قتلها الجنود الإسرائيليون خلال تظاهرةٍ جرت في المدينة بتاريخ 16 أيار 1976.

حياتها
ولدت لينا نابلسي عام 1959 في نابلس. كانت معروفة بحبها للكتابة والتطريز والتمثيل المسرحي باللغة الإنجيزية، وذلك باعتبار أن والدتها كانت تُدرس اللغة الإنجليزية، كما كانت ناشطة في العمل السياسي وشاركت في التظاهرات التي عمت الأرض المحتلة عام 1976

وفاتها
في 16 أيار من شاركت في طريق عودتها من المدرسة في التظاهرات في المدينة حيث كان هناك هناك إطلاق نار ورمي حجارة. اختبأت لينا في ورشة أحد الحدادين إلى أن هدأت الأوضاع، ثم حاولت التوجه إلى منزل صديقتها. في هذه الأثناء تعقبها جندي إسرائيلي وأطلق الرصاص عليها فأصابها في الوريد الأيمن مما أدى إلى استشهادها فورًا. كانت لينا ثاني شهيدات نابلس بعد حرب 1967 وذلك بعد شادية أبو غزالة، التي ارتقت أثناء إعداد عبوة ناسفة عام 1968.

لينا النابلسي في الثقافة الوطنية الفلسطينية
خَلدَ ذكراها العديد من الأدباء والفنانين والمغنيين وذلك لتأثر العديد بوفاتها ومنهم:
 لينا لؤلؤة حمراء للفنان المصري الشيخ إمام كلمات فدوى طوقان
 يا نبض الضفة للفنان أحمد قعبور كلمات حسن ظاهر
 أغنية جسر عودتكم لطبيبين مصريين أهدوها للينا النابلسي
 رسمها الفنان الفلسطيني سليمان منصور بعد ان صادرت إسرائيل صورتها الحقيقية وهي مضرجة بالدماء

انظر أيضًا
 عملية لينا النابلسي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 لوحة تُظهر لينا مضرجة بدمائها، مدونات مكتوب.

فلسطينيات في القرن 20
مواليد 1959
وفيات 1976
أشخاص من نابلس
أشخاص قتلهم جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي

لينا النابلسي


Ornela Vorpsi (Tirana, 1968) es una escritora y fotógrafa albanesa.

Biografía
Ornela Vorpsi estudió Bellas Artes en la Accademia di Brera de Milán y en 1997 se mudó a París concluyendo sus estudios en la Université Paris VIII. En 2010 fue seleccionada entre los 35 mejores escritores europeos en la antología Best European Fiction 2010 (editada por Aleksandar Hemon, con prólogo de Zadie Smith).

Libros
 Nothing Obvious, monografía fotográfica, Scalo, 2001
 Il paese dove non si muore mai, 2004
 Buvez du cacao Van Houten !, Éditions Actes Sud, 2005
 Vetri rosa, con Mat Collishaw y Philippe Cramer, Take 5, 2006
 La mano che non mordi, Einaudi, 2007

Enlaces externos
Analix Forever Gallery

Escritores de Albania del siglo XXI
Escritores en italiano del siglo XXI
Escritores en francés del siglo XXI
Escritoras de Albania
Albanesas del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Tirana

Ornela Vorpsi


The Silver River (título original en inglés; en español, El río de Plata) es una ópera de cámara en un acto con música de Bright Sheng y libreto en inglés de David Henry Hwang.  Se estrenó en el Festival de Música de Cámara de Santa Fe, Nuevo México en 1997. También se ha representado en el Festival de Spoleto en Charleston, Carolina del Sur.

The Silver River combina la ópera occidental con el teatro y la danza con ópera china y virtuosas interpretaciones solistas de la pipa (laúd chino). La historia se basa en un viejo relato folclórico chino de cuatro mil años de antigüedad sobre la creación del Día y la Noche, una historia de amantes malhadados, una diosa tejedora y un vaquero mortal.

En las estadísticas de Operabase no aparece entre las óperas representadas en el período 2005-2010.

Orquestación
Flauta, doblando flautín y flauta alto.
Clarinete, doblando clarinete bajo y percusión.
Pipa
Percusión
Violín, doblando percusión.
Violonchelo, doblando percusión.

El flautista aparece en el escenario como un vaquero; el intérprete de pipa aparece en escenar como una diosa-tejedora.

Referencias

Folleto de las óperas de B. Sheng

Enlaces externos
"Bright Sheng", G. Schirmer Website

Óperas de Bright Sheng
Óperas de 1997
Óperas estrenadas en Estados Unidos
Óperas en inglés

The Silver River


Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (Rusça:Игорь Сергеевич Гузенко, 13 Ocak 1919 - 28 Haziran 1982) şifre uzmanı, yazar ve GRU ajanı. SSCB'nin, Ottawa büyükelçiliğinde şifre memuru olarak çalıştı daha sonra 109 belgeyi batıya kaçırarak Kanada'ya iltica etti.

13 Ocak 1919'da Rusya Sovyet Federatif Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti'ne bağlı Rogaçev'de doğdu. Öğretmen olan dul annesi tarafından büyütüldü. İlk eğitimini annesinden alıdı. Başarılı okul yıllarından sonra 1938'de Moskova Mimarlık Fakültesine başladı. Üçüncü sınıftayken Sovyetler Birliği'nın II. Dünya Savaşına girmesiyle Askeri İstihbarat Akademisine gönderildi. Mimarlık fakültesindeyken tanıştığı Svetlana Gusev ile evlendi. İstihbarat Akademisini 1943 yılında bitirdi ve teğmen rütbesiyle Kanada Ottawa'daki Sovyet Büyükelçiliği Şifre memurluğuna atandı.1945'te 109 gizli belgeyi Sovyetlerden kaçırarak, Kanada'ya iltica etti. Bu belgeler, Sovyetler'in Kanada,İngiltere, ABD'ndeki önemli bir casus şebekesini açıklamış ve bu alanda Batılıların eline geçebilen tek ve en değerli doküman olmuştur.

Sovyetlerin atom bombası hakkındaki istihbarat çalışmalarını ve projede çalışan bilim insanlarından Allan Nunn May Sovyetler'e aktardığı bilgilerin olduğu bu belgeyi almak için Stalin büyük uğraş vermiş ve Sovyetler Gouzenko'ya Ottawa'da bir operasyon düzenlemişlerdir. Fakat başka bir ajan olan Stephenson tarafından Gouzenko ölümden kurtulmuştur.

Gouzenko'ya ve ailesine Sovyetlerin saldırısından korumak amacıyla Kanada Hükûmeti tarafından farklı farklı kimlikler verilir. Gençlik yıllarında kısa hikâyeler yazmasına karşın,en önemli eseri, Bir Devin Düşüşü'dür (The Fall of a Titan). Bu romanda Sovyetleri eleştiren bir üslubu vardır. Esas kitap 600 sayfadır. Gouzenko tarafından 200 sayfalık bir nüsha olarak kısaltılmıştır. Kitapta gerçek olan şahısların isimleri değiştirilerek, gerçek olaylar anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Kitabın kahramanı Mihail Gorin'in Maksim Gorki olduğu bilinir. Sovyet ihtilalinin hazırlık aşamasından 1954'e kadar geçirilen safhalar ve bu ihtilale katkısı olan insanların o günkü durumları izlenir. 1954 yılında Bir Devin Düşüşü ile Kanada'da Governor-General Edebiyat ödülünü alır. Haziran 1982'de Kanada Mississauga'da kalp krizi sonucu ölür.

Dış bağlantılar
 Soviet Defector
 Gizli Belgeler

1919 doğumlular
1982 yılında ölenler
Rus casuslar
Sovyet casuslar
Soğuk Savaş

İgor Guzenko


El Iberdrola Team es un equipo de vela que representa al Real Club Náutico del Abra y Real Sporting Club y que compite en el Circuito Audi MedCup, del que se proclamó vencedor de la clase  Soto 40 (S40) en la edición de 2011.

Cuentan con el yate ESP 19 de la clase S40 construido en el astillero argentino M Boats.

Integrantes del equipo

Patrocinadores
 Patrocinador principal: Iberdrola
 Patrocinador de referencia: Quantum Sail Design Group

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Iberdrola Team
 El equipo

Deporte en España en 2011
Equipos de vela

Iberdrola Team


මහායාන බුදුදහම බෝධිසත්ව සංකල්පය මත ගොඩනැගී ඇත. මාහායන බෞද්ධයෝ සම්ප්‍රදායික බුදුදහමේ එන දුකින් මිදුන රහත් භාවය ගැන නොසලකන අතර ඒ වෙනුවට සියළුම සත්වයා දුකින් මුදවා ගැනීමට ප්‍රතිඥා දෙයි. සියළු සත්වයා දුකින් මුදවා ගෙන ඔවුන් නිර්වාණයට යොමු කිරිමට කැපවු බෝධිසත්වවරැ පිළිබද ඔවුන් විශ්වාස කරති. බෝධිසත්වයෙකු සියළු සත්වයන් විමුක්ති ළගා කරදීමට උපකාරී වීම සදහා අපරිමිත ඥානයක් සහිත විය යුතුය.

මහායානයේදි බුද්ධත්වය ලගාකර ගැනීම සදාහා බෝධිසත්වයෙකු තුළ තිබිය යුතු මහා කරැණාව ගැන සදහන් වන අතර ශුන්‍යතාවය, ප්‍රඥා පාරමිතාව හා බුද්ධබාවය යන කරැණුද සදහන් වේ.

මහායාන බෞද්ධයන් සුළු කොට චලකන ත්‍රිපිටකය හැරැනු විට මහායානයට වෙන්වු ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ රාශියක්ද පවතී, මෙයින් සමහරක් සුත්‍ර තුළ බුදුරජාණන්වහන්සේ පිළිබද විවිරණ ඇතුලත් වේ. (පියුම් සුත්‍රය හා මහාපරිනිවර්ණ සුත්‍රය ) ප්‍රාදේශීය බෞද්ධ ධර්මයන් චීනය, ජපානය, කොරියාව, සිංගප්පුරැව, රැසියාවේ සමහර කොටස් හා විටට්නාමයේ දක්නට ලැබේ. ටිබෙටය හිමාලය හා මොංගෝලියාවේ අදහන බුදුදහමද මහායාන සසම්භවක් සහිත වේ. ජපානයේ බුද්ධ ධර්මය කොටස් 5 කට වර්ගිකරණය කර ඇත.

·වෑන් / සෙන්

·pure land

·Nichiren - ජපානයට විශේසිත

·ෂින්ගොන් - වජුයානයට සානය

·ටෙන්චාමි

නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු බුදුදහම


سهرت منه الليالي هي مجموعة قصصية من أشهر ما كتبه الأديب التونسي علي الدوعاجي. وقد جاء عنوانها من عنوان محمد عبد الوهاب وقد جمعها عز الدين المدني من الجرائد والمجلات القديمة وأصدرها عام 1969 مع مقدمة ضافية.

الأقصوصات الموجودة في المجموعة
 نزهة رائقة.
 سهرت منه الليالي.
و لعل أكثر ما يميزها عن غيرها من القصص الاخرة النقد البناء الذي يبرز من خلال نقل الواقع المعيشي
وقد اقتبس من كلا هاتين القصتين عمل فني، على التوالي:
 شريط سينمائي عنوانه في بلاد الطررني،
 مسرحية عنوانها «سهرت» اقتبست من القصة الثانية،
 أقصوصة موت العم باخير،
 في شاطئ حمّام الأنف،
 الرّكن النيّر،
 كنز الفقراء وهي قصّة شعريّة ل «غابريال دانينزو» الشّاعر الإيطالي،
 المصباح المظلم «العنوان ماخوذ من الجّزء الثّاني من هذه القصّة ولم يعثر على بقيّتها»،
 المسرحيّ بعنوان راعي النّجوم،
 أحلام حِدِّي،
 أمن تذكّر جيران بذي سلم،
 مجرم رغم أنفه،
 قتلت غالية !،
 سر الغرفة السابعة،
 نهاية أعزب،
 وأمّ حوّاء على نمط ولسان: "طه حسين"

مراجع

أدب تونسي
كتب 1969

سهرت منه الليالي


The Swiss Family Robinson is an American action and adventure series that was broadcast during the 1975–76 TV season. The two-hour pilot for the series was first shown on April 15, 1975. Based upon the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson, the pilot and its 20 subsequent episodes of the series were produced by Irwin Allen, who had earlier produced a futuristic adaptation of the same novel in the 1965 TV series Lost in Space.

Synopsis
The series starred Martin Milner as Karl Robinson, the survivor of a shipwreck who found himself, his wife and two sons stranded on a volcanic island. In one of her first acting performances, Helen Hunt co-starred as a young girl who was stranded on the island from the same shipwreck and who was taken in by the Robinson family. Befriending the Robinsons was Jeremiah Worth (played by Cameron Mitchell), a sailor who had survived on the island alone for seven years following an earlier shipwreck.

The series was initially scheduled opposite NBC's Wonderful World of Disney and CBS' Three for the Road. In December 1975, CBS replaced Three for the Road with 60 Minutes which soon became a popular Sunday night staple. In addition to the tough competition, The Swiss Family Robinson was preempted several times and showed repeat episodes four times during its short run. The final original episode was telecast on April 4, 1976.

Because the Canadian series of the same name had come first, this was shown in Britain and other international territories as Island of Adventure.

Cast
 Martin Milner as Karl Robinson
 Pat Delaney as Lotte Robinson
 Willie Aames as Fred Robinson
 Eric Olson as Ernie Robinson
 Helen Hunt as Helga Wagner
 Cameron Mitchell as Jeremiah Worth

Episodes

Production notes
This series was directed by Leslie H. Martinson and Christian I. Nyby II. The second unit director was Stan Jolley. The story editing was done by William Welch, the cinematography was by Fred Jackman, Jr., and the original music was by Richard LaSalle.

References

External links

 The Irwin Allen News Network's Swiss Family Robinson page
The Swiss Family Robinson at Television Obscurities

1975 American television series debuts
1976 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
1970s American drama television series
Period family drama television series
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows based on Swiss novels
American television shows based on children's books
English-language television shows
The Swiss Family Robinson
Television series set on fictional islands
Television series by Irwin Allen Television Productions
Television series about families
Television shows set in Kentucky

The Swiss Family Robinson (1975 TV series)


Un granitoide es un término genérico para una categoría diversa de rocas ígneas de grano grueso que consisten predominantemente en cuarzo, plagioclasa y feldespato alcalino. Los granitoides van desde tonalitas ricas en plagioclasa hasta sienitas ricas en álcali y desde monzonitas pobres en cuarzo hasta cuarzolitas ricas en cuarzo. Como solo dos de los tres grupos minerales definidores (cuarzo, plagioclasa y feldespato alcalino) deben estar presentes para que la roca se llame granitoide, las rocas que contienen feldespatoide, que contienen predominantemente feldespatos pero no cuarzo, también son granitoides. Los términos granito y roca granítica a menudo se usan indistintamente para granitoides; sin embargo, el granito es solo un tipo particular de granitoide.

Generalizaciones

Hay varias generalizaciones que se aplican a la mayoría de los granitoides. Por lo general, los granitoides ocurren donde la orogenia engrosa la corteza continental, ya sea por subducción que produce un arco continental o por convergencia que produce colisiones continentales. Generalmente, la evolución a magmas granitoides requiere una perturbación térmica para ascender a través de la corteza continental. La mayoría de los granitoides se generan a partir de la anatexis de la corteza, sin embargo, el manto puede aportar tanto calor como material. Los granitoides pueden ocurrir simultáneamente con rocas volcánicas que tienen una composición química equivalente (granitos-riolitas, sienita-traquita, dacita-granodiorita, etc.), sin embargo, estas rocas extrusivas a menudo se erosionan, por lo que solo afloran las rocas plutónicas. Los granitoides se pueden formar en todos los ambientes tectónicos.

Existen numerosas excepciones a estas generalizaciones. Por ejemplo, los granitoides pueden formarse en ambientes anorogénicos, una roca fuente granitoide puede ser del manto (por ejemplo, puntos calientes intraplaca) y el mecanismo de fusión puede ser el calor de la corteza radiogénica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Rocas graníticas

Granitoide


Hemiphyllodactylus es un género de gecos de la familia Gekkonidae. Se distribuyen por el sur y este de Asia y Oceanía.

Especies
Se reconocen las siguientes 19 especies:
 Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus (Beddome, 1870).
 Hemiphyllodactylus banaensis Ngo Van Tri, Grismer, Thai & Wood, 2014.
 Hemiphyllodactylus bintik Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Quah, Muin, Onn, Sumarli & Loredo, 2015.
 Hemiphyllodactylus cattien Yushchenko, Grismer, Bragin, Dac & Poyarkov, 2023.
 Hemiphyllodactylus changningensis Guo, Zhou, Yan & Li, 2015.
 Hemiphyllodactylus chiangmaiensis Grismer, Wood & Cota, 2014.
 Hemiphyllodactylus engganoensis Grismer, Riyanto, Iskandar & Mcguire, 2014.
 Hemiphyllodactylus ganoklonis Zug, 2010.
 Hemiphyllodactylus harterti (Werner, 1900).
 Hemiphyllodactylus insularis Taylor, 1918.
 Hemiphyllodactylus kiziriani Nguyen, Botov, Le Duc, Nophaseud, Zug, Bonkowski & Ziegler, 2014.
 Hemiphyllodactylus larutensis (Boulenger, 1900).
 Hemiphyllodactylus lungcuensis Luu, Nguyen, Do, Pham, Hoang, Nguyen, Le, Ziegler, Grismer et Grismer, 2023.
 Hemiphyllodactylus margarethae Brongersma, 1931.
 Hemiphyllodactylus tehtarik Grismer, Wood Jr, Anuar, Muin, Quah, Mcguire, Brown, Van Tri & Thai, 2013
 Hemiphyllodactylus titiwangsaensis Zug, 2010.
 Hemiphyllodactylus typus Bleeker, 1860.
 Hemiphyllodactylus yunnanensis (Boulenger, 1903).
 Hemiphyllodactylus zugi Nguyen, Lehmann, Le Duc, Duong, Bonkowski & Ziegler, 2013.

Según otros autores estas otras especies también son válidas:
 Hemiphyllodactylus dushanensis (Zhou & Liu, 1981).
 Hemiphyllodactylus jinpingensis (Zhou & Liu, 1981).
 Hemiphyllodactylus longlingensis (Zhou & Liu, 1981).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Hemiphyllodactylus


Pedro de Arca, OSA (1545 - 16 de outubro de 1645) foi o segundo bispo da Diocese Católica Romana de Cebu.

Biografia
Pedro de Arca nasceu em Espanha e foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem de Santo Agostinho. A 13 de junho de 1604, o Papa Paulo V nomeou-o Bispo de Cebu. Foi consagrado bispo em 1613 por Diego Vázquez de Mercado, bispo da Arquidiocese de Manila. Serviu como Bispo de Cebu até à sua morte a 16 de outubro de 1645.

Enquanto bispo, foi o consagrador principal de Hernando Guerrero, bispo de Nueva Segovia (1628).

Mortos em 1645
Nascidos em 1545
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Paulo V

Pedro de Arca


Ulla-Lena Lundberg (født den 14. juli 1947 i Kökar) er en finlandssvensk forfatter fra Åland.

Ulla-Lena Lundberg debuterede som 15-årig i 1962 med digtsamlingen Utgångspunkt. Derefter har hun foruden lyrik også skrevet romaner, rejse- og fagbøger og hørespil. I 1970'erne tilbragte hun lange perioder i Afrika, hvilket afspejles i fagbogen Öar i Afrikas inre og flere skønlitterære værker. Studier i etnologi og religionsvidenskab ved Åbo Akademi i 1980'erne har været en del af grundlaget for hendes arbejde med fiktion og fakta. Senere vakte hun opmærksomhed med sin episke Ålands-trilogi om søfartstraditionerne, Leo (1989), Den store verden (1991) og Allt kan man önska sig (1995).

Lundberg udnævntes i 1993 til æresdoktor ved Åbo Akademi. I 1998 fik hun Runebergprisen for romanen Regn. I 2012 fik hun Finlandia-prisen for sin roman Is, og hun blev også nomineret til Nordisk Råds litteraturpris i 2013 for samme roman.

Lundberg bor i Borgå.

Værker oversat til dansk
 Nul (hørespil, DR, 1969)
 Leo (roman, Hekla, 1992. Svensk: Leo, 1989)
 Den store verden (roman, Hekla, 1993. Svensk: Stora världen, 1991; anden del af Leo)
 Sibirien: selvportræt med vinger (rejsebeskrivelse, Forum, 1995. Svensk: Sibirien: Ett självporträtt med vingar, 1993)
 Regn (roman, Fremad, 1999. Svensk: Regn, 1997)
 Is (roman, Gyldendal, 2013. Svensk: Is, 2012)

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Romanforfattere fra Finland
Finlandssvenske forfattere
Ålandsøerne

Ulla-Lena Lundberg


Reacția Ivanov este o reacție organică a dianionilor (endiolați) acizilor aril-acetici (reactivi Ivanov) cu electrofili, în principal compuși carbonilici sau izocianați. Reacția a fost denumită după chimistul bulgar Dimitar Ivanov, descoperitorul reacției.

Mecanism de reacție

Note

Vezi și
 Reacție aldolică
 Reacție Reformatsky

Reacții de adiție
Ivanov

Reacție Ivanov


William Dodsworth (1798-1861) est un ecclésiastique anglais de l'Église d'Angleterre, un tractarien devenu écrivain laïc catholique romain.

Biographie
Dodsworth fait ses études au Trinity College de Cambridge, où il est admis en octobre 1815 . Il obtient son BA en 1820 et sa MA en 1823. Il prend des ordres dans l'Église d'Angleterre et a d'abord des vues évangéliques.

Dodsworth devient en 1829 ministre de Margaret Street Chapel, Cavendish Square, Londres, où il est un prédicateur populaire. Vers 1835, il s'identifie aux Tractariens . En 1837, il est nommé vicaire perpétuel de Christ Church, St. Pancras, Londres. Après le jugement dans l'affaire Gorham, il démissionne de son poste et rejoint l'église catholique romaine en janvier 1851 .

Étant marié, Dodsworth ne peut pas recevoir d'ordres en tant que prêtre catholique. Après sa conversion, il mène une vie tranquille en tant que laïc de cette communauté. Il meurt à York Terrace, Regent's Park, le 10 décembre 1861, laissant plusieurs enfants à sa femme Elizabeth, la plus jeune sœur de Lord Churston .

Œuvres
Parmi les œuvres de Dodsworth figurent :

 Conférences de l'Avent, Londres 1837.
 Quelques commentaires sur la lettre du Dr Pusey à l'évêque de Londres, Londres (trois éditions), 1851.
 Autres commentaires sur l'explication renouvelée du Dr Pusey, Londres 1851.
 L'anglicanisme considéré dans ses résultats, Londres 1851.
 Delusions populaires concernant la foi et la pratique des catholiques, Londres 1857.
 Objections populaires à la foi et à la pratique catholiques considérées, Londres 1858.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1798
Théologien britannique
Mouvement d'Oxford
Décès en décembre 1861

William Dodsworth


Matthias Corvinus eller Matthias 1. (23. februar 1443–6. april 1490) var konge af Ungarn og Kroatien fra 1458 til 1490 og konge i dele af Bøhmen fra 1469 til 1490. I hans regeringstid kom renæssancen til Ungarn, og han regnes blandt Ungarns største konger.

Matthias fik tilnavnet Corvinus (af ; ravn) på grund af den sorte ravn i hans våbenskjold.

Biografi

Tidlige liv

Matthias Hunyadi blev født den 23. februar 1443 i Kolozsvár i det nuværende Rumænien som yngre søn af den ungarske statsmand og krigsherre János Hunyadi og Elisabet Szilágyi. Matthias fik en grundig uddannelse i renæssancens ånd og havde humanisten Johann Vitéz, biskop af Várad som lærer. Han lærte sig tidligt latin, tjekkisk og tysk og fungerede som barn som tolk for sin far under internationale forhandlinger.

Faderen var regent for den mindreårige kong Ladislaus 5. af Ungarn fra 1446 til 1453. János Hunyadi døde i 1456, og efter hans død besluttede den nu myndige kong Ladislaus sig for at bryde Hunyadi-familliens magt. I 1457 blev Matthias' storebror, László Hunyadi henrettet efter at være blevet dømt skyldig i at konspirere mod kongen, mens Matthias blev fængslet og sendt til Prag, hvor han endte i kong Georg Podiebrads varetægt. Podiebrad behandlede ham som en ven og lod ham indgå ægteskab med sin datter, Katarina Podiebrad. Lászlós henrettelse førte til et oprør mod Kong Ladislaus, der måtte flygte fra Ungarn. Efter kong Ladislaus uventede død i november 1457 blev Matthias valgt til konge af Ungarn i 1458.

Regeringstid
Som konge måtte Matthias kæmpe mod den tysk-romerske kejser Frederik 3., der gjorde krav på den ungarske trone. Han bekrigede også med held osmannerne, fra hvem han erobrede Bosnien, Valakiet og Moldova. Matthias deltog i korstoget mod den hussitiske konge Georg Podiebrad af Bøhmen i 1468. I 1469 blev han selv hyldet som bøhmisk konge af sine forbundsfæller. Han regerede dog aldrig i selve Bøhmen men erobrede i 1479 Lausitz, Schlesien og Mæhren fra Bøhmen.

Han førte et pragtfuldt og ødselt hof og støttede rundhåndet Ungarns kulturelle udvikling.

Se også
 Ungarns historie

Eksterne henvisninger

Konger af Ungarn
Konger af Bøhmen
Slægten Hunyadi
Modkonger
Konger af Kroatien

Matthias Corvinus


MS Herald of Free Enterprise was a roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian port of Zeebrugge on the night of 6 March 1987, killing 193 passengers and crew.

The eight-deck car and passenger ferry was owned by Townsend Thoresen, designed for rapid loading and unloading on the competitive cross-channel route. As was common at the time, it was built with no watertight compartments. The ship left harbour with her bow door open, and the sea immediately flooded the decks; within minutes, she was lying on her side in shallow water. The immediate cause of the capsizing was found to be negligence by the assistant boatswain, who was asleep in his cabin when he should have been closing the bow door. However, the official inquiry placed more blame on his supervisors and a general culture of poor communication in Townsend Thoresen. The vessel was salvaged, put up for sale, and sold to Naviera SA Kingstown on 30 September 1987, renamed Flushing Range. It was taken to Taiwan on 22 March 1988 to be scrapped.

Since the disaster, improvements have been made to the design of RORO vessels, with watertight ramps, indicators showing the position of the bow doors, and banning of undivided decks.

Design and construction
In the late 1970s, Townsend Thoresen commissioned the design and construction of three new identical ships for its Dover–Calais route for delivery from 1980. The ships were branded the Spirit-class, and were named: Spirit of Free Enterprise, Herald of Free Enterprise, and Pride of Free Enterprise. The name "Free Enterprise" dates from Townsend Car Ferries' pioneering private sector roll-on/roll-off ferries, introduced in 1962. Herald of Free Enterprise began active service on 29 May 1980.

To remain competitive with other ferry operators on the route, Townsend Thoresen required ships designed to permit fast loading and unloading and quick acceleration. The ships comprised eight decks numbered A to H from top to bottom, which contained the following:
 A-deck: crew accommodation and radio room
 Half deck (between A and B decks) wheelhouse (bridge)
 B-deck: passenger areas, crew accommodation and galley
 C-deck: passenger areas and galley
 D-deck: suspended vehicle deck within E deck
 E-deck: upper vehicle deck
 F-deck: crew accommodation (port and starboard)
 G-deck: main vehicle deck
 H-deck: engine rooms, stores and passenger accommodation at the forward end.

Loading of vehicles onto G deck was through watertight doors at the bow and stern. The wheel house was positioned at the forward end, and the ship had clam shell doors rather than raising a visor door, making it difficult to see the bow doors. Loading of vehicles onto E deck and D deck was through a weathertight door at the bow and an open portal at the stern. Vehicles could be loaded and unloaded onto E and G decks simultaneously, using double-deck linkspans in use at Dover and Calais.

The ships were constructed by Schichau-Unterweser AG in Bremerhaven, Germany. Propulsive power was by means of three  12-cylinder Sulzer medium-speed diesel engines driving variable-pitch propellers. The vehicle deck bow doors were constructed by Cargospeed, Glasgow, Scotland.

Accident of 6 March 1987

Background
On the day the ferry capsized, Herald of Free Enterprise was working the route between Dover and the Belgian port of Zeebrugge. This was not her normal route and the linkspan at Zeebrugge had not been designed specifically for the Spirit-class vessels: it used a single deck, preventing the simultaneous loading of both E and G decks, and the ramp could not be raised high enough to reach E deck. To compensate for this, the vessel's bow ballast tanks were filled. The ship's natural trim was not restored after loading. Had Herald of Free Enterprise survived, she would have been modified to remove the need for this procedure.

It was normal practice for the assistant boatswain to close the doors before moorings were dropped. However, the assistant boatswain, Mark Stanley, had returned to his cabin for a short break after cleaning the car deck upon arrival, and was still asleep when the harbour-stations call sounded and the ship dropped her moorings.  The first officer, Leslie Sabel, was required to stay on deck to make sure the doors were closed. Sabel said he thought he saw Stanley approaching. He was seriously injured in the disaster and the court concluded that his evidence was inaccurate.  It is believed that, under pressure to get to his harbour station on the bridge, he had left G deck with the bow doors open in the expectation that Stanley would arrive shortly.

The court also described the attitude of boatswain Terence Ayling, believed to have been the last person on G deck.
Asked why he did not close the doors given there was no one else there to do it, he said it was not his duty. The court nevertheless praised his work in the rescue.

Captain David Lewry assumed that the doors had been closed since he could not see them from the wheelhouse owing to the ship's design, and had no indicator lights in the wheelhouse.

Capsizing

The ship left her berth in Zeebrugge inner harbour at 18:05 (GMT) with a crew of 80 and carrying 459 passengers, 81 cars, three buses and 47 trucks. She passed the outer mole at 18:24 (GMT) and capsized about four minutes later. When the ferry reached  90 seconds after leaving the harbour, water began to enter the car deck in large quantities. The resulting free surface effect destroyed her stability. In a matter of seconds, the ship began to list 30 degrees to port. The ship briefly righted herself before listing to port once more, this time capsizing. The entire event took place within 90 seconds. The water quickly reached the ship's electrical systems, destroying both main and emergency power and leaving the ship in darkness. The ship ended up on her side half-submerged in shallow water  from the shore. Only a fortuitous turn to starboard in her last moments, and then capsizing on a sandbar, prevented the ship from sinking entirely in much deeper water.

Crew aboard a nearby dredger noticed Herald of Free Enterprises lights disappear, and notified the port authorities. They also reported that the bow doors appeared to be wide open. The alarm was raised at 19:37 local time (18:37 GMT). Rescue helicopters were quickly dispatched, shortly followed by assistance from the Belgian Navy, which was undertaking an exercise in the area. , the German captain of a nearby ferry (M/V Gabriele Wehr), was commended by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and received a medal from King Baudouin of Belgium for his heroic efforts in rescuing passengers.

The disaster resulted in the deaths of 193 people. Many of those on board had taken advantage of a promotion in The Sun newspaper offering cheap trips to the continent. Most of the victims were trapped inside the ship and succumbed to hypothermia because of the frigid water. The rescue efforts of the Belgian Navy and Royal Navy divers limited the death toll. Recoverable bodies were removed in the days following the accident. During the rescue the tide started to rise and the rescue team was forced to stop all efforts until morning. The last of the people left on board died of hypothermia.

Investigation and inquiry
A public Court of Inquiry into the incident was held under British Mr Justice Sheen in 1987.
It found the capsizing was caused by three main factors—Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, Sabel's failure to make sure the bow doors were closed, and Lewry leaving port without knowing whether the bow doors were closed. While the court determined the immediate cause of the capsizing was Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, it was very critical of Sabel for not being in a position to prevent the disaster, calling his actions "the most immediate" cause of the capsizing.

The fact that Stanley was asleep at the time of departure led Sheen to examine the working practices of Townsend Thoresen, from which he concluded that the poor workplace communication and stand-off relationship between ship operators and shore-based managers was the root cause of the capsizing, and identified a "disease of sloppiness" and negligence at every level of the corporation's hierarchy.  Issues relating to the breaking of waves high on the bow doors while under way and requests to have an indicator installed on the bridge showing the position of the doors were dismissed; the former because of the attitude that ships' masters would come and "bang on the desk" if an issue was truly important, and the latter because it was thought frivolous to spend money on equipment to indicate if employees had failed to do their job correctly.

The design of Herald of Free Enterprise was also found to be a contributory cause of the capsizing. Unlike other ships, which are subdivided into watertight compartments, the vehicle decks of RORO vessels are normally contiguous: any flooding on these decks would allow the water to flow the length of the ship. This issue had been identified as early as 1980, following the losses of  and  in June and November 1977 respectively. The need to adjust the ship's bow trim to use the port facilities at Zeebrugge and failure to readjust before departure was another factor in the capsizing.

In October 1983, Herald of Free Enterprises sister ship Pride of Free Enterprise had sailed from Dover to Zeebrugge with the bow doors open, after her assistant boatswain fell asleep.
It was therefore believed that leaving the bow doors open alone should not have caused the ship to capsize. However, tests by the Danish Maritime Institute after the accident found that once water began to enter the vehicle deck of a RORO, it was likely that the vessel would capsize within 30 minutes, while other tests showed that the lack of watertight subdivision (which was common on other vessels) allowed the weight of water to flow freely and increase the likelihood of capsizing.

Another factor that contributed to the capsizing was the "squat effect". When a vessel is under way, the movement under it creates low pressure, which has the effect of increasing the vessel's draught. In deep water the effect is small but in shallow water it is greater, because as the water passes underneath it moves faster and causes the draught to increase. This reduced the clearance between the bow doors and water line to between . After extensive tests, the investigators found that when the ship travelled at a speed of , the wave was enough to engulf the bow doors. This caused a "step change": if the ship had been sailing at less than 18 knots and not in shallow water, people on the car deck would probably have had time to notice the bow doors were open and close them.

Inquest
In October 1987, a coroner's inquest jury into the capsizing returned 187 verdicts of unlawful killing. Seven people involved at the company were charged with gross negligence manslaughter, and the operating company, P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd, was charged with corporate manslaughter, but the case collapsed after Mr Justice Turner directed the jury to acquit the company and the five most senior individual defendants. This was because the various acts of negligence could not be attributed to any individual who was a so-called "controlling mind". It did, however, set a precedent that corporate manslaughter is an offence known to the law of England and Wales. The disaster was one of a number that influenced thinking leading to the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998.

Aftermath

Immediate

A salvage operation, conducted by Dutch company Smit-Tak Towage and Salvage (part of Smit International), was embarked upon almost immediately to refloat the ship. The operation included parbuckling and was successfully concluded in late April 1987, allowing the remaining bodies trapped underwater to be removed. The ship was towed to Zeebrugge, and then across the Western Scheldt to the yard of De Schelde in Vlissingen (Flushing, Netherlands), where her fate was decided. It had originally been assumed that she could be repaired and continue sailing. However, no buyer was found; she was sold to Compania Naviera SA of Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, for scrapping. She was renamed Flushing Range and the Townsend Thoresen branding painted over before her final sailing to a scrapyard at Kaohsiung, Taiwan. She began her final voyage on 5 October 1987, together with MV Gaelic, towed by the Dutch tug Markusturm. The voyage was interrupted for four days when the ships encountered the Great Storm of 1987 off Cape Finisterre, where Herald of Free Enterprise was cast adrift after its tow rope parted, resuming on 19 October 1987. The hull began to disintegrate while off the coast of South Africa on 27 December 1987, and had to be towed into Port Elizabeth on 2 January 1988 to undergo temporary repairs to allow her to continue her voyage. She finally arrived in Taiwan on 22 March 1988.

The Townsend Thoresen brand name had inevitably been seen on television and in newspapers around the world. P&O, who had only just taken over TT before the disaster, quickly decided to re-brand the company as P&O European Ferries, repaint the fleet's red hulls in navy blue and remove the TT logo from the funnels.

Long-term
The capsizing of Herald of Free Enterprise caused the highest death count of any peacetime maritime disaster involving a British ship since the sinking of HMY Iolaire on 1 January 1919 near Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, when at least 205 perished of the 280 aboard.

Since the accident, several improvements to the design of this type of vessel have been made. These include indicators on the bridge that display the state of the bow doors, watertight ramps being fitted to the bow sections of the front of the ship, and "freeing flaps" to allow water to escape from a vehicle deck in the event of flooding. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea regulations were changed in 1990 to require  of freeboard (in the case of RORO vessels, defined as the height between the vehicle deck and the water line) for all new ROROs, instead of the previous . Some vessels omit the bow door configuration altogether and vehicles enter and exit from rear doors only. New International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations are in place that prohibit an open (undivided) deck of this length on a passenger RORO vessel. The capsizing of the ship is used as a standard example of the free surface effect in manuals of seamanship dealing with stability.

Both of Herald of Free Enterprises two sister ships have since been withdrawn from service. The former Spirit of Free Enterprise was extended to increase her cargo capacity during her time under the P&O flag in a stretch and total rebuild operation and scrapped in 2012. Pride of Free Enterprise remained more or less as built, being scrapped in 2015.

In the UK, an ensemble group named Ferry Aid released a charity record of the song "Let It Be" by the Beatles.

Nicholas Ridley, a government minister at the time, was criticised for alluding to the accident (while speaking on another subject) on 10 March 1987. He was quoted as saying that "although he is the pilot of the [parliamentary] Bill, he has not got his bow doors open". He apologised for the remark.

The disaster was the subject of an episode from Series 2 of Seconds From Disaster.

The disaster was also featured in an episode of Deadly Engineering (Season 1, Episode 5) on the Science Channel.

On 1 July 2014, The History Press released a book called Ninety Seconds at Zeebrugge: The Herald of Free Enterprise Story (), telling the story of the disaster and its aftermath. A second edition, updated to reflect the thirtieth anniversary, was released on 1 March 2018 ().

St Mary's Church, Dover houses a permanent memorial to the disaster. In the village of St Margaret's at Cliffe, there is a stained-glass window dedicated to Bob Crone, Bryan Eades and Graham Evans, three of the crewmen who died during the disaster.

Disaster Action
Australian businessman Maurice de Rohan, who lost his daughter and son-in-law in the tragedy, founded Disaster Action, a charity which assists people affected by similar events.

Gallantry awards
The following British awards for gallantry on the night of the capsizing were gazetted on 30 December 1987, alongside the 1988 New Year Honours:
 Herald of Free Enterprise crew
 Michael Ian Skippen, Head Waiter, George Medal (posthumous)
 Leigh Cornelius, Seaman, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Stephen Robert Homewood, Assistant Purser, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 William Sean Walker, Seaman, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Thomas Hume Wilson, Quartermaster, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Herald of Free Enterprise passenger
 Andrew Clifford Parker, Assistant Bank Manager, Nippon Credit International, George Medal
 Belgian Navy
 Lieutenant-Ter-Zee 1ste Klas Guido A. Couwenbergh, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Lieutenant-Ter-Zee 1ste Klas Alfons M. A. C. Daems, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Royal Navy
 Lieutenant Simon Nicholas Bound, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Able Seaman Eamon Christopher McKinley Fullen, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Chief Petty Officer Edward Gene Kerr, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
 Chief Petty Officer Peter Frank Still, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
 Tijdelijke Vereniging Bergingswerken
 Piet Lagast, Diver, Queen's Gallantry Medal
 Dirk van Mullem, Diver, Queen's Gallantry Medal

See also

 MS Estonia, a ferry lost in 1994 due to bow door failure
 List of maritime disasters
 List of RORO vessel accidents
 List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
 , an automobile cargo ship which sank nearby in 2002
 Why–because analysis

References

Citations

Sources

External links
 DOT Report Of Court No. 8074 Formal Investigation
 Hundreds trapped as car ferry capsizes (BBC News)
 Zeebrugge disaster was no accident (BBC News)

1979 ships
1987 disasters in Europe
1987 in Belgium
Belgium–United Kingdom relations
Connections across the English Channel
Ferries of the United Kingdom
March 1987 events in Europe
Maritime incidents in 1987
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Shipwrecks in the North Sea
Shipwrecks of Belgium
Zeebrugge

MS Herald of Free Enterprise


Memorijal Pero Radaković (također i "Memorijal Petar Radaković") omladinski je nogometni turnir koji se održava od 1969. godine u Rijeci, organizira ga HNK Rijeka. Turnir se održava u spomen na Petra "Peru" Radakovića (1937. – 1966.), prerano preminulog dotadašnjeg najboljeg Rijekinog nogometaša. Trenutno se turnir održava u konkurenciji starijih pionira, a na turniru obično nastupaju četiri momčadi.

Dosadašnji pobjednici

Poveznice
 Petar Radaković
 HNK Rijeka
 Kvarnerska rivijera
 Zimski kup Gornjeg Jadrana
 nk-rijeka.hr, Memorijal Pero Radaković

Izvori
 nk-rijeka.hr, Memorijal Pero Radaković , pristupljeno 9. travnja 2018.
 Marinko Lazzarich: Kantrida bijelih snova, Rijeka, 2008., , str. 330
 Nogometni leksikon, Petar Radaković, pristupljeno 9. travnja 2018.
 kvarnerski.com, RIJEČKI OMLADINSKI NOGOMET od 1947. do 2007., objavljeno 8. listopada 2013., pristupljeno 9. travnja 2018.

HNK Rijeka
Nogometni turniri u Hrvatskoj
Nogometna natjecanja u Hrvatskoj za mlađe kategorije

Memorijal Pero Radaković


SM UC 1 (Originalbezeichnung S. M. "UC 1")  war ein Küsten-Minen-U-Boot des Typs UC I der deutschen Kaiserlichen Marine mit diesel-elektrischem Antrieb, das im Ersten Weltkrieg zum Einsatz kam. Es war das Typschiff seiner Klasse. UC 1 unternahm in etwas mehr als zwei Jahren über 70 Feindfahrten und ging nach dem 18. Juli 1917 verloren.

Geschichte
Nach dem Beginn des Weltkrieges entwickelte die Kaiserliche Marine mit dem Projekt 34 einen U-Boot-Typ, der ausschließlich zum Legen von Seeminen im Küstenvorfeld eingesetzt werden sollte und daher nicht über Torpedorohre verfügte. Als zweites dieser Boote – das von der AG Weser in Bremen gebaute UC 11 war bereits am 11. April 1915 zu Wasser gekommen − lief UC 1 am 26. April 1915 bei der Hamburger Vulkanwerft vom Stapel. Die Marine stellte das Boot am 7. Mai 1915 in Dienst. Erster Kommandant des Bootes war bis April 1916 Egon von Werner. Er wurde abgelöst von Kurt Ramien.

Wie die meisten Boote seiner Klasse war UC 1 der U-Flottille Flandern als Teil des Marinekorps Flandern unterstellt und kam von Zeebrügge aus zum Einsatz. Von dort lief das Boot unter dem Befehl von sieben verschiedenen Kommandanten zu 79 Feindfahrten aus. Auf den von UC 1 gelegten Minen sanken 38 Handelsschiffe mit einer Gesamttonnage von 59.088 BRT. Allein 1916 gelang die Versenkung von 25 Schiffen mit 40.339 BRT, womit UC 1 das dritterfolgreichste Minen-U-Boot in diesem Jahr war. 1915 sanken elf Handelsschiffe mit 10.028 BRT auf den von UC 1 gelegten Minen, zwei weitere mit 8.721 BRT im Jahr 1917. Dazu kamen insgesamt vier Kriegsschiffe mit zusammen 2.073 t Verdrängung. Dies waren der britische Zerstörer Lightning (355 t, gesunken am 30. Juni 1915), das französische Torpedoboot 317 (98 t, gesunken am 28. Dezember 1916) und die britischen Minensuchboote Kempton und Redcar (je 810 t, gesunken am 24. Juni 1917). Mitte März 1917 hatte Walter Warzecha das Kommando übernommen, welches er bis Juni 1917 behielt.

Am 18. Juli 1917 lief UC 1 aus Zeebrügge aus, um vor Calais Minen zu legen. Seit diesem Tag ist das Boot samt seiner 17-köpfigen Besatzung verschollen. Vermutlich geriet es vor Nieuwpoort auf eine aus 150 Minen bestehende Sperre, die  am 14. Juli von den Briten gelegt worden war. Mit insgesamt 79 Feindfahrten war UC 1 nach UC 6 (90) und UC 10 (83) das Boot mit den meisten Einsätzen.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Militär-U-Boot (Kaiserliche Marine)
Militärschiff für den Minenkrieg (Kaiserliche Marine)
U-Boot im Ersten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust im Ersten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust 1917
AG Vulcan Hamburg

UC 1 (Schiff, 1915)


An Carex foraminatiformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Yan Cheng Tang ngan S.Yun Liang. An Carex foraminatiformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex foraminatiformis


Trellick Tower is a Grade II* listed tower block on the Cheltenham Estate in North Kensington, London. Opened in 1972, it was commissioned by the Greater London Council and designed in the Brutalist style by architect Ernő Goldfinger. The tower was planned to replace outdated social accommodation, and designed as an improvement on Goldfinger's earlier Balfron Tower in East London. It was the last major project he worked on, and featured various space-saving designs, along with a separate access tower containing a plant room.

High-rise apartments and Brutalist architecture were falling out of favour by the time the tower was completed, and it became a magnet for crime, vandalism, drug abuse and prostitution. Conditions gradually improved in the 1980s after the establishment of a residents' association. Security measures were put in place and a concierge was employed, which led to lower crime levels. By the 1990s, the tower had become a desirable place to live, and although it still contains predominantly social housing, demand for private flats has remained high. A local landmark, it has been Grade II* listed since 1998, and has retained its distinctive concrete facade as a result. A fire broke out in 2017, but the concrete structure meant damage was limited, unlike the nearby Grenfell Tower. Trellick Tower has featured in film and television several times.

Location
Trellick Tower is on the Cheltenham Estate in Golborne Road, Kensal Town, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC). It is bounded to the north and east by the Grand Union Canal and to the south by the A40 Westway and the Great Western Main Line leading from London Paddington station.

The nearest stations are Kensal Green (Bakerloo line and London Overground),  Ladbroke Grove and Westbourne Park (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines). The tower is served by London Buses route 23.

Design

The tower is  tall ( including the communications mast) and is a Grade II* listed building. The design is based on Goldfinger's earlier and slightly smaller Balfron Tower in Poplar, East London. It has a long, thin profile, with a separate lift and service tower linked at every third storey to the access corridors in the main building, which overall has 31 floors. Flats above and below the corridor levels have internal stairs, while the 23rd and 24th floors are taken up by maisonettes split over the two floors. Overall, the building contains 217 dwellings and was originally owned by the GLC with the flats rented as council flats. All the apartments have balconies. The other building, containing shops and amenities, has seven floors.

The service tower has two additional floors higher than the main building, which includes a projecting plant room that holds the main heating system. It is fully linked by stairs in addition to the lifts, and also has a refuse chute mechanism. The majority of the plant and the hot water storage tank is located in the plant room, which reduces the need for pumps and reduces the amount of pipework needed. Shorter pipe runs also reduce heat loss. The oil-fired boilers originally used became obsolete due to the 1973 oil crisis, the year after the tower opened. The flats now have electric heaters and the plant room, although disused, still houses most of the now defunct mechanism.

Goldfinger designed the entire tower block freehand on butcher's paper. He planned various communal areas, and purposefully put slight variations in the structure so that each apartment would look different. He included a number of space-saving designs, such as using sliding doors to access bathrooms, and light switches embedded in the door surrounds. All apartments have large windows facing the balconies, in order to let in as much natural light as possible. As well as residential accommodation, there are a variety of shops, an office, and a youth centre. Throughout, quality materials were used in construction, including better fixtures and finishing the balconies with cedarwood. It was intended to be a good example of social accommodation alongside modern design.

History

Planning

Construction of Trellick Tower began in 1968, in order to replace sub-standard local Victorian housing. The tower was one of several such buildings, and was initially welcomed as a way of resolving the crises of post-Second World War housing. Goldfinger said "the whole object of building high is to free the ground for children and grown-ups to enjoy Mother Earth and not to cover every inch with bricks and mortar".

Goldfinger had been encouraged to construct Trellick Tower by the London County Council (LCC) following the success of Balfron Tower, which had been commissioned in 1963 and opened four years later. He took his inspiration from Balfron, where he had moved into one of the apartments in order to experience what life would be like for the tenants, and invited residents round for regular cocktail parties to tell him their likes and dislikes. This feedback was incorporated into the design of Trellick Tower. Many immigrants from the West Indies and the Caribbean settled in Trellick Tower, as for them it was one of the few affordable places to live in London. The tower opened on 28 June 1972; construction costs ran to £2.4 million. It was the last major project Goldfinger worked on; his reputation suffered as concrete tower blocks became unfashionable, and he died in 1987 before it could be restored.

Decline
By the time Trellick Tower opened, high-rise tower blocks were becoming unfashionable. The LCC had been replaced by the Greater London Council (GLC) by the time construction started, who put more stringent construction and financial constraints on the project. Shortly after its completion the building was transferred to the RBKC local council. Goldfinger had intended that tenants should be vetted for suitability and petitioned the GLC for the building to have proper security and a concierge, but the council declined his request. This meant that the building was open access and rough sleepers and drug criminals took up residence in its corridors. Drying rooms on the ground floor, designed by Goldfinger to stop tenants hanging laundry on the balconies, were vandalised before the tower block opened.

By the late 1970s Trellick Tower was a scene of crime and anti-social behaviour, and many tenants were very reluctant to move in. On one occasion vandals set off a fire extinguisher on the 12th floor, with water from the sprinkler system flooding the lifts and leaving the tower without electricity, heat or running water over the Christmas period. A pensioner was forced to use the stairs after all the lifts were out of order, and subsequently collapsed and died. On the 15th floor, a 27-year-old woman was dragged from one of the lifts and raped. The tower became nicknamed "The Tower of Terror" and residents attempted to be re-housed. The GLC spent more than £300,000 on an intercom system and wholesale electrical repairs, but reliability and management problems made them counterproductive.

In 1982 a man was killed after jumping off the top of Trellick Tower when his parachute failed to open. He was a member of a group of dangerous sports enthusiasts who were interested in BASE jumping. The action was condemned by the British Parachute Association.

Revival

With the introduction of the "right to buy" council homes, several of the flats were bought by their tenants. On 8 October 1984 a new residents' association was formed. As a result of pressure from the occupants, several security improvements including a door entry intercom system were installed, and a concierge was hired in 1987. In 1994 residents in the tower, along with other residents in Kensington & Chelsea council properties, elected to self-manage the properties, in order to avoid increased rents and the threat of eviction.

Four low-power television relay transmitters with aerials were added to the communications equipment on top of the lift tower in December 1989, to solve reception problems for some residents of adjacent districts, including Notting Hill and Westbourne Grove. The transmitter installation is referred to by the BBC and Ofcom as "Kensal Town".

In 1991, Sand Helsel, Professor of Architecture at RMIT, made a BBC documentary praising Trellick Tower, which helped to change public opinion in its favour. The tower subsequently became more respectable owing to its location in Notting Hill and the gentrification of Golborne Road. Property prices rose and flats in the tower came to be regarded as highly desirable residences; requests to sell flats began to be posted on the tower's communal noticeboard. By 1999 a flat in the tower could sell for £150,000 (£ as of ). In 2013 a three-bedroom end apartment (with views on three sides) was let for £2,600 pcm. The tower itself is a local landmark and was awarded a Grade II* listing in 1998, which included the main building and the adjacent row of shops and amenities. Also included is a doctor's surgery with the original shop front and layout. Most of the flats are still social housing, but a significant minority are now privately owned.

On 19 April 2017 the top floors of the tower caught fire, believed to have been started by a discarded cigarette. There were no injuries. The building's listed status meant that the concrete facade could not be covered over, which is thought to have prevented a far worse fire similar to Grenfell Tower which happened a few months later.

Redevelopment plans
As of 2021, there are plans to demolish neighbouring buildings and to extensively alter the tower's immediate surroundings, including by adding a sixteen-storey block at an immediate right angle to the tower. The charity Open City described the plans as "the latest in an ongoing programme of incremental demolition of Goldfinger's world renowned social housing estate which has already seen the neighbourhood's Edenham Residential Care Home knocked down", adding the tower to its 'Buildings at Risk' list. The plans would also involve destroying a graffiti wall, and a campaign has been started to oppose the scheme.

Cultural references

In recent years, Trellick Tower has become a London icon, appearing on T-shirts, featuring in adverts, films, and songs, and attracting visitors. The tower was the filming location for Shopping (1994), written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson, is featured in the film For Queen and Country (1988), starring Denzel Washington. Additionally, it can be seen in the films Withnail & I (1987), London Kills Me (1991), Never Let Me Go (2010) and Paddington (2014).

The tower is believed to have been the inspiration behind J. G. Ballard's dystopian novel High Rise (1975) and its 2016 film adaptation directed by Ben Wheatley. The tower also features in Martin Amis' black comedy novel London Fields. Several music videos have featured Trellick Tower, including releases from Blur (which refers to the tower in their song "Best Days").

Trellick Tower has appeared in several television adverts, including idents for the BBC's coverage of the 2012 Olympics. The whole of one side of the building's exterior was used for the credits for the BBC's children's television show Incredible Games, starring David Walliams, in the early 1990s. The tower was used as a filming location (and a character's home) in The Professionals episode "The Madness Of Mickey Hamilton". Additionally, the tower was used as the location of game developer Colin Ritman's apartment in the Black Mirror interactive episode/film Bandersnatch. It was later featured on the cover for the Meanwhile EP produced by the band Gorillaz, after previously appearing in the music videos of both "Tomorrow Comes Today" and "Sleeping Powder".

See also
 Tall buildings in London
 Tower blocks in Great Britain

References

External links

  – history of the tower
  – blog

Grade II* listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Grade II* listed residential buildings
Skyscrapers in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Brutalist architecture in London
Ernő Goldfinger buildings
Residential buildings completed in 1972
Residential skyscrapers in London
Buildings and structures in Notting Hill
1972 establishments in England

Trellick Tower


Tell Me Lies  é uma série de televisão via streaming de drama americana criada por Meaghan Oppenheimer, baseada no romance de 2018 de mesmo nome de Carola Lovering. A série foi lançada no Hulu em 7 de setembro de 2022.

Em 29 de novembro de 2022, a série foi renovada para a segunda temporada.

Elenco

Principal
 Grace Van Patten como Lucy Albright
 Jackson White como Stephen DeMarco
 Catherine Missal como Bree
 Spencer House como Wrigley
 Sonia Mena como Pippa
 Branden Cook como Evan
 Benjamin Wadsworth como Drew
 Alicia Crowder como Diana

Recorrente
 Edmund Donovan como Max
 Natalee Linez como Lydia Montgomery
 Gabriella Pession como Marianne

Episódios

Produção

Desenvolvimento
Em 1 de setembro de 2020, foi anunciado que Emma Roberts assinou um contrato de primeira vista no Hulu por meio de sua produtora, a Belletrist TV, e seu primeiro projeto é adaptar Tell Me Lies de Carola Lovering para a televisão. Em 3 de agosto de 2021, foi relatado que o Hulu havia dado à produção um pedido direto para a série. A série foi criada por Meaghan Oppenheimer que também deve ser produtora executiva ao lado de Roberts, Karah Preiss, Laura Lewis e Shannon Gibson. As empresas de produção envolvidas com a série são Belletrist Productions, Rebelle Media e Vice Studios. Em 14 de abril de 2022, Jonathan Levine se juntou à série para dirigir o piloto e produzir a série.

Seleção de elenco
Juntamente com o anúncio inicial da série, foi relatado que Grace Van Patten foi escalada para o papel principal. Em 19 de novembro de 2021, foi anunciado que Jackson White se juntou ao elenco principal. Em 9 de dezembro de 2021, foi relatado que Sonia Mena, Catherine Missal e Alicia Crowder foram escaladas como regulares da série. Em 4 de fevereiro de 2022, foi anunciado que Branden Cook, Spencer House e Benjamin Wadsworth se juntaram ao elenco em papéis principais. Em 14 de abril de 2022, Gabriella Pession, Edmund Donovan e Natalee Linez se juntaram à série em capacidades recorrentes.

Lançamento
Tell Me Lies foi lançada em 7 de setembro de 2022 nos Estados Unidos através do Hulu e em países selecionados no Disney+ via hub de conteúdo Star, com outras regiões recebendo a série futuramente. Na América Latina, a série será lançada exclusivamente no Star+ em 28 de setembro de 2022.

Recepção
O site agregador de críticas Rotten Tomatoes relatou um índice de aprovação de 83% com uma classificação média de 5.7/10, com base em 6 críticas. O Metacritic, que usa uma média ponderada, atribuiu uma pontuação de 65 em 100 com base em 8 críticas, indicando "críticas geralmente favoráveis".

Referências

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão dos Estados Unidos que estrearam em 2022
Séries de televisão de drama da década de 2020
Séries de televisão de drama dos Estados Unidos
Programas de televisão em língua inglesa
Programas do Hulu
Séries de televisão baseadas em livros
Programas de televisão produzidos pela 20th Television

Tell Me Lies (série de televisão)


භූගෝල විද්‍යාව යනු සාමාජීය වුත් පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මක වූත් සමස්ත පෘථිවි තලයේම මුළුමහත් සෑම ඉසව්වක් දෙසම තම ඇස යොමු කරන්නාවු විෂයකි. විශ්වයේ කුඩාම ඒකකය වන අන්තර් පරමාණුවක ඇති සෑම භෞතික වස්තුවක්ම භූගෝල විද්‍යා විෂය තේමාවට නෑනම් කියයි.භූගෝල විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳව සදහන් කළ ලොව ප්‍රථම පුද්ගලයා වන්නේ ඉරාටෝස්තීන් (Eratosthenes) ය.

එදා ඇමරිකානු රතු ඉන්දියානු නායක සියැටල් පැවසූ පරිදි මිහිමත ඇති සෑම ජීවයක්ම මිනිසා නිර්මාණය කරණ ලද්දක් නොවේ. එය ස්වභාව ධර්මයා නැමැති දැලෙහි මිනිසා යනු එක් නූල් හුයක් පමණි.එනම් මිහිමත ඇති සෑම භෞතිකමය සහ භෞතිකමය නොවන සෑම වස්තුවකටම ඉතා ඈත අතීතයක් පවතී.(276-194 BC) මේ විෂයේ ප්‍රධාන කොටස් වන්නේ අවකාශීය විශ්ලේෂණය (Special analysis), ප්‍රදේශය පිළිබඳ හැදැරීම සහ පෘථිවිය පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යනයයි. ඒවගේම නුතන යුගයේ භූගොල විද්‍යාව තුළ භූගෝලය පමණක් ගැන නොව එහි සිදු වු වෙනස් වීම්, ක්‍රියාදාම වැනි දෑ පිළිබඳවද සාකච්ඡා වේ.  භූගෝල විද‍්‍යා විෂය ක්ෂත්‍රයේදී භෞතික සහඅභෞතිකමය වස්තූන්ගේ උපතේ සිට මෑතකාලීන පැවැත්ම දක්වා ක්‍රමීය විකාශනයක් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.

ප්‍රධාන ලෙස භූගෝල විද්‍යා විෂය ක්ෂෙත්‍රය ප්‍රධාන තේමා ඒකක ත්‍රිත්වයක් යටතේ අධ්‍යනය කෙරෙයි. එනම්,

 භෞතික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව
 මානුෂික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව
 ප්‍රායෝගික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව යනුවෙනි.

මෙලෙස ඒකක ත්‍රිත්වයක් යටතේ එකිනෙකට වෙනස් වූ අනුතේමා රැසක් යටතේ අධ්‍යනය කෙරෙයි.

භෞතික හෙවත් පාරිසරික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව යටතේ පෘථිවි තලයේ උප්පත්ති කතාව හෙවත් ජනිතය සාකච්ඡා කරයි. එදා ඈත අවධියේ පෘථිවි තලය මත පිහිටි පැංජියාව නම් වු හුදකලාවූ විශාල මහද්වීප තලයක සිට ක්‍රමීය විකාශනයක් සිදූව ඇති බව ප්‍රකාශ කරයි.මෙම පැන්ජියාව නම් වූ විශාල භූමිස්න්ධය මත තෙතිස් මුහුද නමින් වූ මුහුදක් පැවත ඇත.පසුව එම තෙතිස් මුහුදේ සිට දෙපසට ගලා බසින්නට වූ ගංඟා දෙකකින් මෙම භූමිස්කන්ධය කොටස් දෙකකට බෙදී පසුව ලොරේසියාව (Laurasia) සහ ගොන්ඩ්වානාලන්තය (Gondwanaland)ලෙස කොටස් දෙකකට බෙදි පසුව නූතන මහද්වීප දක්වා සංක්‍රමණය වු ආකාරය ශ්‍රේෂ්ට භූ විද්‍යාඥයකු වූ ඇල්‍ෆ්‍රඩ් වෙග්නර් පවසයි.මේ ආදී වශයෙන් මෙම ඉතිහාසය ප්‍රබන්ධ කතාවක් ලෙස නොව ඒ සඳහා අවශ්‍ය සාක්ෂින්ද ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම භූගෝල විද්‍යාවේ විශේෂත්වයයි.භූමිති සාක්ෂි ,භූ භෞතික සාක්ෂි ආදී වූ සාක්ෂීන්ට අනුව මෙම ඉතිහාසය භූගෝල විද්‍යා විෂය තුළ මූලිකවම අධ්‍යනය කෙරෙයි.

පසුව නූතන ශාක සන්තතිය,සත්ව සන්තතිය අතර ඇති අන්තර් සහ සම්බන්ධතා විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධතීන්,පරිසර පද්ධතීන් වල නුතන උපනතීන්,උදාහරණ ලෙස මෑත කාලීන සුනාමි රළ හෝ මූලාරම්භයේ සිට පරිනත අවස්ථාව දක්වා ඉතාමත් සිත් ඇද ගන්නා ආකාරයෙන් අධ්‍යනය කෙරෙයි. නූතන සමාජ ආර්ථික පසුබිම තුළ පරිසරය සමඟ මානව අන්තර් සහ සම්බන්ධතාවය සහ ඒවායේ අන්තර් ප්‍රතිවිපාක උදාහරණ ලෙස පෘථිවි වායුගෝලීය උෂ්ණත්වය ඉහළ යාම, හරිතාගාර ආචරණය(Green Hut Effect) ඇතිවීම,ග්ලැසියර් දියවීම ,මුහුදු මට්ටම ඉහළ යෑම , සත්ව වර්ග මිහිතලයෙන් තුරන් වීම ආදී වූ කාලීන අර්බුද සහ එම අර්බුද හට ගැනීමට තුඩුදුන් හේතු සාධක එම අර්බුදයන්ගේ භාහිර පසු බලපෑම්,කාලීනව ඇතිවිය හැකි ස්වභාවික අර්බුධකාරීත්වයන් මඟ හරවා ගැනීමට ගත හැකි පියවර ආදිය ඉතාමත් විශ්ලේෂණාත්මකව පාරිසරික භූගෝල විද්‍යා විෂය ක්ෂෙත්‍රයේදී සාකච්ඡා කෙරේ.

භූගෝල විද්‍යා විෂය ක්ෂෙත්‍රයේදී මීලඟ ප්‍රධාන තේමාවක් ලෙස මානුෂ භූගෝල විද්‍යාව හැඳින්විය හැකිය. වචනයේ පරිසමාප්ත අර්ථයෙන්ම මානවයා සහ මානව සම්බන්ධතා පිළිබඳ කරුණු සම්පිණ්ඩණාත්මකව ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.මානුෂ භූගෝල විද්‍යා විෂය තුළ මිහිතලය මත සියලු මානුෂීය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් පිළිබඳ තුළණාත්මක අධ්‍යනයක් සිදුකෙරේ.

මානව සංඝණන ක්‍රමවේදයන් සංඝණන වාර්තා සැකසීම සංඝණන උපනති ආදියේ සිට,ලුහු,බැර හා අධිතාක්ෂණ කර්මාන්ත,කාර්මීකරණය,ගෝලීයකරණය,ගෝලීයකරණය තුළ නූතන කාලීන ප්‍රවණතා ආදිය ජනගහණය වැඩිවීම,ජනසංඛ්‍යාවේ අනාගතයේ විය හැකි ජනගහණ ස්ඵෝටන ආදී තේමාවන් පිළිබඳ විවේචණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණයක් සහ සංඛ්‍යාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණයක් සිදු කෙරෙයි.විශේෂයෙන්ම කාලීනව මානව ක්‍රියාකරකම් සමාජ රටාවන් ආදියෙහි ඇතිවන උපණතීන් පිළිබඳ නිරන්තර අවධානයෙන් සිටිම මානුෂ භූගෝල විද්‍යාව තුළදී ආවරණය වෙයි.

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව විෂය ක්ෂත්‍රයේ නිර්මාණාත්මක විෂය ශීර්ෂය ප්‍රායෝගික භූගෝල විද්‍යාවයි මේ යටතේදී පෘථිවි ගෝලයේ පිහිටි මහද්වීප සහ භූරුප ආදිය පැතලි කඩදාසියක සටහන් කිරීමේ විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමවේදයක් (ප්‍රක්‍ෂේපණ)ආදියේ සිට දත්ත හැසිරවීම ,සංඛ්‍යානය,දත්ත නිරූපණ ක්‍රම (ප්‍රස්ථාර සහ රූප සටහන්) භූමි තලයක ක්ෂෙත්‍රඵලය නිවැරැදිව පරිමාණුකූලව නිර්මානය කිරීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයක්(පිඹුරුපත්)නූතන ව්‍යවහාරයේ පවතින 1:50000 මෙට්‍රික් සිතියම් පිළිබඳ නිර්මාණය,නිර්මාණය ලබන විද්‍යාත්මක පදනම,සිතියම් කියවීම සහ අවබෝධය ආදිය ආවරණය වෙයි.නිර්මාණාත්මක හැකියාවන් වඩාත් ඔප් නැංවෙන විෂය ඛණ්ඩයක් ලෙස ප්‍රායෝගික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව වැදගත් වෙයි.

එසේම භූගෝල විද්‍යාව පමණක් නොව වෙනත් අනෙකුත් විෂය තේමාවකදී වුවද භාවිත වන දත්ත හැසිරවීමේ ක්‍රම ශිල්ප සිතියමක් හෝ කොටසක් නියමාකාරයෙන් අවබෝධ කර ගැනීම දක්වා වූ සමාජයේ ජීවත්වීමේදි අත්‍යවශ්‍ය දැනගත යුතු කරුණු කාරණා රැසක් ප්‍රායෝගික භූගෝල විද්‍යාවේදී ආවරණය වන හෙයින් විෂයක් ලෙස අධ්‍යනය නොකරන්නෙකු හට වුවද අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන් දැනගත යුතු විෂය කොටස් රැසක් ප්‍රායෝගිකව ගැබ් වී තිබේ.

මේ ආකාරයෙන් සමස්ත‍ය ලෙස බලන කළ පාරිසරික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව,මානුෂ භූගෝල විද්‍යාව,ප්‍රායෝගික භූගෝල විද්‍යාව යනාදී විෂය කොටස් ත්‍රිත්වයම එක හා සමාන ගැඹුරු අධ්‍යාපනික වටිනාකමින්,දැනුම් සම්භාරයක් අඩංගු විෂය පථයක් ලෙස හැදින්විය හැකිය.

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව සමෝධානික එනම් විවිධ විෂයන් සමඟ පැහැදිලි සම්බන්ධයක් සහිත විෂයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 භූගෝල විද්‍යා තොරතුරු පද්ධතිය
 යමහල්

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව


Patenocarpus, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz porodice Liagoraceae. Taksonomski je priznat kao zaseban rod a jedina vrsta je P. paraphysiferus, morska alga s tipskim lokalitetom u otočju Ryukyu, a pronađena je i kod obale Zapadne Australije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 The structure and reproduction of Patenocarpus paraphysi/erus gen. et sp. nov. (Dermonemataceae, Nemaliales, Rhodophyta)

Liagoraceae

Patenocarpus


The Dream Cycle is a series of short stories and novellas by author H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937). Written between 1918 and 1932, they are about the "Dreamlands", a vast alternate dimension that can only be entered via dreams.

Geography
The Dreamlands are divided into four regions:

 The West contains the Steps of Deeper Slumber (descended via the "Cavern of Flame") and the Enchanted Woods, by which many enter the Dreamlands. Other points of interest include the port of Dylath-Leen, one of the Dreamlands' largest cities; the town of Ulthar, "where no man may kill a cat"; the coastal jungle city of Hlanith; and the desert trading capital Illarnek. Here lies the fabled Land of Mnar, whose gray stones are etched with signs and where rise the ruins of the great Sarnath.
 The South, home of the isle of Oriab and the areas known as the Fantastic Realms (described in "The White Ship").
 The East, home of Celephaïs, a city dreamt into being by its monarch Kuranes, greatest of all recorded dreamers, and the dangerous Forbidden Lands.
 The North, location of the feared Plateau of Leng, home of man-eating spiders and the satyr-like "Men of Leng".

Other locales include the Underworld, a subterranean region underneath the Dreamlands inhabited by various monsters; the Moon, accessible via a ship and inhabited by toad-like "moon-beasts" allied with Nyarlathotep; and Kadath, a huge castle atop a mountain and the domain of the "Great Ones", the gods of Earth's Dreamland.

Evidently all dreamers see the Dreamlands slightly differently, as Atal, High Priest of Ulthar, mentions that everyone has their own dreamland. In the same sentence he says the Dreamlands that many know is a "general land of vision".

Bibliography
 The Dream Cycle of H. P. Lovecraft: Dreams of Terror and Death. Del Rey, 1985.

Contents:
 "Polaris" (1918)
"The White Ship" (1919)
 "The Doom That Came to Sarnath" (1919)
 "The Cats of Ulthar" (1920)
 "Celephaïs" (1920)
"Ex Oblivione" (1920)
"Nyarlathotep" (1920)
 "The Quest of Iranon" (1921)
"The Nameless City" (reference only) (1921)
 "The Other Gods" (1921)
"Azathoth" (1922)
"The Hound" (reference only) (1922)
 "Hypnos" (1922)
"What the Moon Brings" (1922)
 "The Outsider" (1926)
 "The Silver Key" (1926)
 "The Strange High House in the Mist" (1926)
 The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath (1927)
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward (reference only) (1927)
"The Thing in the Moonlight" (Based on a letter written to Donald Wandrei. Written by J. Chapman Miske) (1927. Published 1941)
 At the Mountains of Madness (reference only) (1931)
"The Dreams in the Witch House" (roughly connected) (1932)
 "Through the Gates of the Silver Key" (with E. Hoffmann Price) (1932)

Other
 Myers, Gary (1975). House of the Worm. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. .
 Brian Lumley wrote books set in Lovecraft's Dreamlands as well, beginning with Hero of Dreams in 1989.

 Jonathan L. Howard (2011). Johannes Cabal: The Fear Institute. Headline Publishing Group. .

 Myers, Gary (2013). The Country of the Worm: Excursions Beyond the Wall of Sleep. CreateSpace. .
 Multiple authors (2016).  Kill Those Damn Cats: Cats of Ulthar Lovecraftian Anthology.  First United Church of Cthulhu.  .
 Kij Johnson, 2016 The Dream Quest of Vellit Boe. Tor. .

References

External links

Book series introduced in 1918
Works by H. P. Lovecraft
Fantasy books by series
Dreams in fiction
Parallel universes in fiction

Dream Cycle


Dolomit, kalsiyum ve magnezyumlu karbonat birleşiminde meydana gelen bir mineral.

Kırılgan bir mineral olup özgül ağırlığı 2,8 - 3,2 g/cm³ ve sertliği 3,5-4 arasındadır. Isıtıldığında köpürerek çözündüğü için kalsitten ayrılmaktadır.

Kimyasal bileşimi: CaMg(CO3)2
Kristal sistemi   : Hegzagonal
Sertlik            : 3,5-4
Özgül ağırlık       : 2,8-3,2

Dolomit hem bir minerali CaMg(CO3)2 hem de bu minerali ana bileşeni olarak içeren kayacı tanımlamakta kullanılan bir sözcüktür.

Dolomit minerallerinin oluşturduğu kayaçlara dolotaşı adı da verilmektedir. Bu kayaçların oluşumu dolomitin doğrudan kimyasal bir çökelme ile değil kireç taşlarının magnezyum bakımından zengin suların etkisi altında oluştuğu bilinmektedir. Aşırı buharlaşmanın olduğu denizden bir yükselti ile ayrılmış yarı kapalı ortamlarda suyun magnezyum bakımından giderek zenginleşmesi, tabana çökmüş kalsitten ibaret çamurun bu yoğun çözeltilerle etkileşmeye girerek dolomite dönüşmesi mümkün olabilir.

Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de oldukça geniş yayılma alanına sahip olup rezerv problemi olmayan bir mineraldir.

120 milyon ton civarında olan dünya üretiminin neredeyse yarısı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin dışında Birleşik Krallık, Avusturya, Belçika, Japonya, Polonya, İspanya, Kanada, Brezilya, Almanya ve Avustralya yılda 1 milyon tonun üzerinde dolomit üreten ülkelerdir.

Dünya'da 3 milyon tonun üzerindeki ihracatın 2 milyon tonunu Belçika ve Kanada yapmaktadır. 2 milyon ton civarında ithalatın ise 1,3 milyon tonu Japonya tarafından yapılmaktadır.

Dünya'da dolomit büyük miktarlarda ve çok değişik sektörlerde kullanılmasına rağmen Türkiye'de üretimin çok önemli bölümü sadece demir-çelik ve cam sanayinde kullanılmaktadır. Dolomitik mermer ise kalsitik mermere nazaran asit tepkimelerine ve yüzey aşınmasına daha dayanıklı olması sebebiyle inşaat ve mimari projelerde yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Petrolün hazne kayacı özelliği göstermesinden dolayı dolomitler jeolojide büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Tarihi
Büyük olasılıkla mineral olarak dolomit ilk 1768'de Carl Linnaeus tarafından tanımlanmıştır. 1791'de, Fransız doğa bilimci ve jeolog Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu (1750–1801) tarafından, önce eski Roma kentindeki binalarda ve de daha sonra Dolomit Alpleri olarak bilinen dağlarda toplanan örnekler kayaç olarak tanımlandı. Kuzey İtalya. Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure ilk olarak Mart 1792'de mineral ismini verdi.

Özellikleri
Dolomit minareli, üçgen-eşkenar dörtgen sistemde kristalleşir. Beyaz, ten rengi, gri veya pembe gibi renklerde kristaller oluşturur. Dolomit, kalsiyum ve magnezyum iyonlarının alternatif bir yapısal düzenlemesine sahip olan karbonattır. İnce toz formunda olmadığı sürece, soğuk seyreltik hidroklorik asit içinde kalsitte olduğu gibi hızla çözünemez ya da  köpüremez. Kristalleşme oldukça yaygındır.

Dolomit, baskın demir ankerit ve baskın magnez kutnohorit arasında katı bir çözelti olarak bulunur. Yapıda az miktarda bulunan demir, kristallere sarı veya kahverengi bir ton verir. Yapıdaki manganez ikameleri de yaklaşık yüzde üç MnO'dur. Yüksek mangan içeriği kristallere pembe renk vermektedir. Kurşun, çinko ve kobalt da yapı içerisindeki  magnezyumun yerini alır. Dolomit minerali, bileşik huntit Mg3Ca (CO3) 4 ile yakından ilişkilidir. Dolomit hafif asidik suda çözülebildiğinden, dolomit alanları akifer olarak önemlidir ve karstik arazi oluşumuna katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Dolomitik Mermer
Kireçtaşı, çoğunlukla CaCO3 içeren sedimanter bir kayaçtır. Dolomit ise CaCO3 ve MgCO3 içeren kayaçlardır. Aragonit ( CaCO3) kalsitle aynı kimyasal özelliğe sahip olmasına rağmen kristal yapısı bakımından farklıdır. Aragonit, kalsitin zaman içerisinde altere olması ile oluşmuş metastabil bir mineraldir. Diğer karbonatlı mineraller siderit (FeCO3), ankerit (Ca2MgFe(CO3)) ve magnezit (MgCO3) 'dır. Magnezit genellikle kireçtaşı ve dolomitle beraber bulunur ancak az miktarda bütünün içinde yer almaktadır. Benzer özellikleri sebebiyle, karbonatlı mineralleri bir diğerinden ayırt etmek pek kolay olmamaktadır. Özgül ağırlık, renk, kristal formu ve diğer fiziksel özellikleri, kayacın monomineralik olması koşuluyla, tanımlamalarda yardımcı olmaktadır. Çok ince kristal yapılarına sahip olan dolomitik mermerler ( tane boyu yaklaşık 0,37mm dir) kalsitik mermerlere nazaran daha yüksek bir özgül ağırlığa sahiptir sahiptir. Yoğunlukları 2,8g/cm³ ile 3,2g/cm³ arasında değişkenlik arz etmekte olup uygulamada 3g/cm³ olarak hesaplanmaktadır. Ayrıca seyreltilmiş hidroklorik asit çözeltisinde farklı minerallerin çözünme hızları, bu tür minerallerin arazide tanınmaları için yararlı bir yöntem olarak bilinmektedir. Kalsit, seyreltilmiş HCI çözeltisinde dolomitten çok daha fazla çözünmektedir. Böylece eğer taze bir yüzey üzerinde bu yöntem denenecek olursa, dolomitin bulunduğu yüzeye el lensi ile bakıldığında çeşitli rölyefler görülecektir. Diğer bir teknik boyama tekniğidir bu teknik aslında aragonit-kalsit ve dolomit yönünde azalan çözünme farklılığı esasına dayanmaktadır. Ancak bu yöntemin arazide kullanılması oldukça zordur, genellikle laboratuar ortamında kullanılmaktadır.  X-Ray difraktometre teknikleri esas olarak iri boyutlu numunelerin karbonat mineralojisinin laboratuvar ortamında belirlenmesi için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntemde kayaç içerisindeki kalsit dolomit oranı veya bu minerallerin yüzde değerleri bilinen bir standarda göre kıyaslanarak bulunabilir. Binoküler  mikroskop kullanılarak yapılan ince kesit analizleri de bu karbonatlı  kayaçların tanınmalarında yardımcı olmaktadır. Kalsit, dolomit ve ankerit'in ince kesitlerde boyama işlemi yapılmadan tanınmaları oldukça zordur. Bu tanımlamalar sırasında, karbonat taneciklerinin tipi, dokusu ve yapıları araştırılmaktadır. Tanımlamalarda kullanılan en önemli unsurlardan birisi de fosil ve fosil izleridir.

Diğer önemli bir ayırt edici özellik de renktir. Renk minerallerin kabaca saflığı hakkında fikir sahibi olunmasına yardımcı olur. Ancak, bunun yanıltıcı da  olabileceği unutulmamalıdır. Karbonat dışı mineralin küçük bir miktarı, renk değişiminin olması için yeterli olmaktadır. En meşhur yapı taşlarından,  Hindistan kireçtaşı % 0.2 'den daha az Fe2O3 içermekte ve bu içerik, malzemeye kahverengi ve sarımsı kahverengi bir renk vermektedir. Keza, Carthage Mermeri  ise kahverengi ve fosilli bir malzeme olup, % 0.2 daha az demir ve alüminyum oksit içermektedir.  Çok yüksek saflıktaki kireçtaşları, hafif kahverengi ile kül renginden beyaza uzanan bir renk içermektedir. Yeşil ve kül rengi gibi renkler içeren kireçtaşları genellikle, demir oksit veya karbonlu materyal içerdiğinin göstergesi olarak algılanmaktadır. Oksidasyon durumu arttıkça, renkler yeşile, kahverengiye ve kırmızıya doğru değişmektedir. Renk referans kartı, kayaç tanımlamalarında önemli katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Karbonatlı  kayaçlardaki değişik miktarda ve tipte bulunan safsızlıklar, eğer söz konusu  kayaçların yararlılık derecesini etkiliyorlarsa ekonomik açıdan önemli olmaktadırlar. Her safsızlık ile ilgili olarak en önemli iki soru vardır. Bunlar; ne kadar bulunur ve dağılımı nasıldır? sorularıdır. Bu safsızlıkların dikkate değer bir miktarı, kayaç içinde dissemine dağılımı ise bazı kullanım alanları için sorun olabilmektedir. Diğer taraftan safsızlıklar tabakalı bir şekilde kayaç içinde konsantre olmuşsa, bunlar bir zayıflık  düzlemi oluşturarak, kayacın performansını olumsuz yönde  etkileyebilmektedirler.

Formasyon
Modern dolomit oluşumunun Brezilya'nın Rio de Janeiro sahili boyunca fazla doymuş tuzlu lagünlerde, yani Lagoa Vermelha ve Brejo do Espinho'da anaerobik koşullar altında oluştuğu bulunmuştur. Dolomitin sadece sülfat azaltıcı bakterilerin, yardımı ile gelişeceği inanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, sıcaklığı düşük dolomit, organik madde ve mikrobik hücre yüzeyleri bakımından zengin olan doğal ortamlarda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu, organik madde ile ilişkili karboksil grupları tarafından magnezyum kompleksleşmesinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Jeolojik kayıtta büyük dolomit yatakları vardır, ancak mineral modern ortamlara nispeten daha nadirdir. 1999 yılında ilk kez tekrar edilebilir, inorganik düşük sıcaklıklı dolomit ve manyezit sentezleri yayınlandı. Bu laboratuvar deneyleri, yarı kararlı bir "öncünün" ilk çökelmesinin, periyodik çözünme ve yeniden çökelme aralıkları boyunca kademeli olarak, kararlı faza nasıl değişebileceğini gösterdi. Bu geri dönüşümü bulunmayan jeokimyasal reaksiyonun seyrini düzenleyen genel prensip "Oswald'ın adım kuralını çiğnemek" olarak tanımlanmıştır.

Kullanımları

Dolomit, süs taşı, beton agregası ve magnezyum oksit kaynağı olarak ve de ayrıca magnezyum üretimi için Pidgeon işleminde kullanılmaktadır. Önemli bir petrol rezervuar kayasıdır ve kurşun, çinko ve bakır gibi ana metallerin büyük tabakalara bağlı Mississippi Vadisi Tipi cevher yatakları için ana kaya olarak hizmet etmektedir.

Kalsit kireçtaşının nadir veya çok maliyetli olduğu durumlarda, bazen demirin yerine ve çeliği eritmek için dolomit bir akış olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Bahçecilikte, dolomit ve dolomitik kireç taşı, topraklara ve topraksız saksı karışımlarına pH tamponu ve magnezyum kaynağı olarak eklenebilmektedir.

Dolomit, suyun ph'ındaki tampon değişiklikliğine yardımcı olması için deniz (tuzlu su) akvaryumlarında substrat olarak da kullanılılmaktadır.

Kalsine dolomit ayrıca biyokütlenin yüksek sıcaklıklarda gazlaştırılmasında katranın tahrip edilebilmesi için bir katalizör olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Parçacık fiziğinin araştırmacıları, dedektörlerin mümkün olan en fazla sayıda egzotik parçacığı algılanabilmesini sağlamak için dolomitin katmanlarının altında parçacık dedektörleri oluşturmayı sever. Dolomit nispeten daha az miktarda radyoaktif madde içerdiğinden, arka plan radyasyon seviyelerine katkıda bulunmadan kozmik ışınların oluşturduğu parazitlere karşı izole edilebilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Tortul kayaçlar
Kireç taşı
Kalsiyum mineralleri
Magnezyum mineralleri
Karbonat mineralleri
Petroloji
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kimyasal maddeler

Dolomit


An Hemarthria longiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Hemarthria longiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hemarthria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hemarthria

Hemarthria longiflora


Assendelft () is a town in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad. Assendelft was a separate municipality until 1974, when the municipality of Zaanstad was formed. However, Assendelft didn't want to be part of Zaanstad and pled together with Krommenie to be part of a new municipality called Assendelft-Krommenie. Zaanstad is part of the Amsterdam Agglomeration (GA).

The North Sea Canal connects Assendelft with Amsterdam and Velsen, and it lies about 13 km northeast of Haarlem and about 15 km south of Alkmaar.

History
Assendelft is one of the oldest settlements in North Holland, with signs of settlement dating from as early as 500BC. The earliest written form of the name appears as 'Ascmannedilf' in 1063. The name is derived from the old Germanic word for Norsemen, 'Ascomanni', 'dilf' most likely meaning 'dug by'.

Train services

The town is served by Krommenie-Assendelft railway station. From here, there are four trains an hour to Amsterdam, with a journey time of 25 minutes.

Rural culture

Known is the local chicken breed, called "Assendelfter". It is an ancient pencilled breed, related to the pencilled Hamburg chicken.

References

Zaanstad
Populated places in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland

Assendelft


RGB renk modeli bir eklemeli renk modelidir  ki burada kırmızı, yeşil ve mavi ışık geniş renk yelpazesi üretmek için çeşitli şekillerde birbirine eklenir.  Modelin adı, üç ek ana rengin (kırmızı, yeşil ve mavi) baş harflerinden gelir.

RGB renk modeli 19. yy'in ortalarında Thomas Young ve Hermann von Helmholtz tarafından geliştirilen Young – Helmholtz teorisine göre trikromatik renk görüşü, yani üç renkli renkli görme modeline dayanır. Daha sonra James Clerk Maxwell, bu teoriyi daha da detaylandırarak güncel RGB renk üçgenini oluşturur. ()

RGB renk modelinin temel amacı, televizyon ve bilgisayar gibi elektronik sistemlerde görüntülerin algılanması, temsil edilmesi ve gösterilmesidir, ancak geleneksel fotoğrafçılıkta da kullanılmıştır. Elektronik çağdan önce, RGB renk modelinin arkasında, insanların renk algısına dayanan sağlam bir teori vardı.

RGB, cihaza bağlı bir renk modelidir: farklı cihazlar, belirli bir RGB değerini farklı şekilde algılar veya üretir, çünkü renk elemanları ( fosforlar veya boyalar gibi ) ve bunların bireysel R, G ve B seviyelerine tepkileri üreticiden üreticiye değişir, veya zaman içinde aynı cihazda bile. Bu nedenle, bir RGB değeri, bir tür renk yönetimi olmadan aynı rengi cihazlar arasında tanımlamaz.

Tipik RGB giriş aygıtları renkli TV ve video kameralar, görüntü tarayıcıları ve dijital kameralardır . Tipik RGB çıkış cihazları çeşitli teknolojilerin TV setleri ( CRT, LCD, plazma, OLED, kuantum noktaları vb.), Bilgisayar ve cep telefonu ekranları, video projektörleri, çok renkli LED ekranlar ve Jumbotron gibi büyük ekranlardır. Renkli yazıcılar ise RGB aygıtlar değil, çıkarıcı renkli aygıtlardır (genellikle CMYK renk modeli ).

Eklemeli renkler

RGB ile renk oluşturmak için üç ışık ışını (bir kırmızı, bir yeşil ve bir mavi) üst üste binmelidir (örneğin siyah bir ekrandan yayılan veya beyaz bir ekrandan yansıyan). Üç ışının her birine o rengin bir bileşeni denir ve her biri karışımda tamamen kapalıdan tamamen açıklığa kadar rastgele bir yoğunluğa sahip olabilir.

Kaynakça

1861 tanıtımları
Üçlüler
Renk uzayları

RGB renk modeli


S.A. Italiana per la fabbricazione di automobili Peugeot-Croizat war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Vittorio Croizat betrieb eine Werkstatt in Turin. Er vertrieb Fahrräder von Rambler und Automobile von Oldsmobile, ab 1904 auch Autos von Peugeot. Am 27. Dezember 1905 gründete er das Unternehmen S.A. Brevetti Automobili Peugeot zur Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete Peugeot-Croizat. Bereits drei Monate später erfolgte eine Umbenennung in S.A. Italiana per la fabbricazione di automobili Peugeot-Croizat. Präsident der Aktiengesellschaft war Giovanni Goria Gatti. Im November 1907 wurde das Unternehmen liquidiert. Officine Meccaniche Torinese übernahm die Produktion.

Fahrzeuge
Das Unternehmen fertigte Fahrzeuge von Peugeot in Lizenz. Das kleinste Modell war der 6 HP, der weitgehend dem Peugeot Typ 69 entsprach. Allerdings wurde der Hubraum des Einzylindermotors auf 695 cm³ erhöht. Daneben gab es den 12/16 HP, der auf dem Peugeot Typ 71 basierte. Der Vierzylindermotor hatte 2205 cm³ Hubraum.

Literatur

 George Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, Volume 3 P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch)
 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Turin)
Peugeot
Gegründet 1905
Aufgelöst 1907

Peugeot-Croizat


An Cryptanthus caracensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme ngan Elvira Angela Gross. An Cryptanthus caracensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cryptanthus, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cryptanthus

Cryptanthus caracensis


Yves Lagatu, né le  à Rumengol dans le Finistère, mort le  à Brest, est un sous-officier de marine qui s'engage dans les Forces françaises libres pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et y passe dans l'aviation.

Il combat dans les Forces aériennes françaises libres, au Groupe réservé de bombardement , puis au Groupe de bombardement Lorraine. Il est Compagnon de la Libération.

Biographie

Yves Lagatu naît à Rumengol dans le Finistère le . Il est issu d'une famille de commerçants.

Il s'engage dans la Marine et devient sous-officier.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Yves Lagatu choisit de répondre à l'appel du général de Gaulle. Il passe en Angleterre à bord du cuirassé Courbet où il est radio avec le grade de sergent, rejoint Portsmouth et s'engage dans les Forces françaises libres. Une fois engagé, il demande à quitter la Marine pour passer dans l'aviation, en tant que radio-mitrailleur.

Sa demande est acceptée, et il suit l'entrainement nécessaire. Il est alors affecté au Groupe réservé de bombardement  (GRB1), en Afrique. Il participe aux opérations aériennes dans le sud de la Libye, particulièrement en appui de la « colonne Leclerc » (future ) pour la prise de Koufra en février-mars 1941.

Lagatu participe ensuite à la campagne d'Abyssinie d'avril à juillet 1941, par des attaques et des bombardements contre les convois et les places italiennes, pour un total de trente-cinq opérations de longue distance.

Le Groupe de bombardement Lorraine est en formation au Liban, Laratu le rejoint en septembre 1941. Au sein de ce groupe, il participe à la campagne de Libye avec plus de cinquante opérations de bombardement et 200 heures en opération. Il obtient une deuxième citation pour cette nouvelle campagne.

Lagatu prend part ensuite, à partir du début 1943, aux opérations sur le front de l'ouest, toujours avec le groupe Lorraine. Il réussit le 22 octobre 1943 une mission délicate et dangereuse en rase-mottes, dirigeant le tir de six avions. Il effectue quarante missions offensives sur ce front, pour un total de quatre-vingt-douze missions lors de cette guerre, avec presque 250 heures de vol. Il est créé Compagnon de la Libération par le décret du . Il est promu sous-lieutenant à la fin de la guerre en 1945.

Après la guerre, il rejoint l'Indochine où il est officier navigateur. Il est commandant de l'Armée de l'Air à la fin de sa carrière, puis représentant en bijouterie.

Yves Lagatu meurt le  à Brest, où il est enterré.

Hommages et distinctions
Ses principales décorations sont :

  par décret du  ;

  (3 citations)

  avec mentions « Koufra », « Libye », « E-O »

  (États-Unis).

Il reçoit d'autres hommages : une rue porte son nom à Crozon dans le Finistère ; il est commémoré à Crozon en même temps que Roger Podeur et Étienne Schlumberger.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Appel du 18 Juin
 Résistance intérieure française
 Forces françaises libres
 Compagnon de la Libération – avec la liste des Compagnons.

Liens externes

 .
 .

Militaire des Forces françaises libres
Résistant français
Aviateur français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Officier des Forces aériennes françaises libres
Officier de la Légion d'honneur (date non précisée)
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Naissance en novembre 1914
Naissance dans le Finistère
Décès en septembre 1987
Décès à Brest
Décès à 72 ans

Yves Lagatu


La place de la liberté est une place historique située à Poitiers est en France.

Situation et accès
Elle est bordée par la rue du Général Berton et la rue René Descartes.

Origine du nom

Historique
Elle portait anciennement le nom de « place du Pilori ».
Sous le régime de la Terreur, des exécutions capitales eurent lieu notamment sous l'impulsion d'Ingrand, membre du comité de surveillance.

Jean Baptiste Breton, général du Premier Empire, conspire afin de rétablir l'Empire après la seconde Restauration. La conspiration de Thouars échoue et Breton est exécuté, place du Pilori à Poitiers en 1822.

" Arrivé sur le lieu du supplice, Berton monta gravement les degrés de l'échafaud, et,d'une voix retentissante, poussa ces cris, dont l'écho se répercutera longtemps dans toute âme patriotique : Vive la liberté ! vive la France ! "

Honoré Pontois, la conspiration du général Berton.Elle change de nom au début du XXème siècle selon Anne André Glandy : « Lorsque la place du Pilori changea de nom pour devenir la place de la Liberté et fut dotée d'une réplique de la statue de New-York, les voisins et amis se réunirent chez Marie de Roux pour voir de ses fenêtres cette manifestation maçonnique, où la Loge se transporta, munie de ses tabliers d'honneur. »

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire

Statue de la Liberté

En 1903, une réplique de la Statue de la Liberté de Bartholdi est financée par les francs-maçons et installée au centre de la place. La loge maçonnique de Poitiers nommée La Solidarité est située dans une rue adjacente, Rue du Trottoir.

Caractéristiques
Dans la main gauche une table de loi où il est inscrit " 14 Juillet 1789 14 Juillet 1903 "

Le socle contient de multiples inscriptions :

" Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité ", devise républicaine adoptée par le Grand Orient de France.

"Quand l'innocence des citoyens n'est pas assurée la liberté ne l'est pas non plus, Montesquieu".

"Élevé par souscriptions sur l'initiative des loges maçonniques de Poitiers et de Neuville".

Notes et références

Place à Poitiers

Place de la Liberté (Poitiers)