Malinowka (, ) ist ein Ort in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad. Er gehört zur kommunalen Selbstverwaltungseinheit Stadtkreis Gurjewsk im Rajon Gurjewsk.

Geographische Lage
Malinowka liegt 14 Kilometer östlich von Kaliningrad südlich der neuen Trasse der Föderalstraße A229 und nördlich des Neuen Pregel (russisch: Nowaja Pregolja). Nur 12 Kilometer nordöstlich liegt – bereits im Rajon Gwardeisk – der gleichnamige Ort Malinowka (Biothen und Podewitten), was häufig zu Verwechselungen führt. Ein Bahnanschluss besteht nicht.

Geschichte
Das bis 1946 Stangau genannte Dorf blickt auf das Gründungsjahr 1304 zurück. Im Jahre 1874 wurde es in den neu errichteten Amtsbezirk Fuchshöfen eingegliedert, der zum Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen), von 1939 bis 1945 zum Landkreis Samland im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen gehörte.

Im Jahre 1910 waren in Stangau 68 Einwohner registriert. Am 30. September 1928 schlossen sich die Landgemeinde Stangau und der Gutsbezirk Fuchshöfen zur neuen Landgemeinde Fuchshöfen zusammen.

1945 kam Stangau mit dem nördlichen Ostpreußen zur Sowjetunion. Im Jahr 1950 erhielt der Ort die russische Bezeichnung Malinowka und wurde gleichzeitig dem Dorfsowjet Nisowski selski Sowet im Rajon Gurjewsk zugeordnet. Von 2008 bis 2013 gehörte Malinowka zur Landgemeinde Nisowskoje selskoje posselenije und seither zum Stadtkreis Gurjewsk.

Kirche
Die mehrheitlich evangelische Bevölkerung Stangaus war vor 1945 in das Kirchspiel der Kirche Arnau  eingepfarrt. Es gehörte zum Kirchenkreis Königsberg-Land II in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union. Letzter deutscher Geistlicher war Pfarrer Arthur Brodowski.

Heute liegt Malinowka im Einzugsbereich der Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad innerhalb der Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Weblinks
 Malinowka bei bankgorodov.ru

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Rajon Gurjewsk (Kaliningrad)

Malinowka (Kaliningrad, Gurjewsk)


Förchensee (von Förche = Forelle) ist der Name folgender Seen:

 Förchensee (Bernau am Chiemsee)
 Förchensee (Ruhpolding)

Siehe auch:
 Ferchensee
 Forchensee

Förchensee


George Maior (n. 1862, Cehu Silvaniei – d. secolul al XX-lea, Tămășești, județul Maramureș) a fost preot român unit, deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
A absolvit Gimnaziul Piarist din Sighet în anul 1884, după care a urmat cursurile seminarului teologic din Gherla. Până la Unirea din 1918 a desfășurat mai ales o activitate de preot în Nadișul Român, apoi în satul Codru, iar din 1932, în satul Tămășești.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1862
Preoți români
Oameni din județul Sălaj
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Români greco-catolici

George Maior (delegat)


Stuttgart, Almanya'nın altıncı büyük şehri, Baden-Württemberg eyaletinin başkenti ve en büyük belediyesi, Stuttgart vilayetinin (Regierungsbezirk) merkezidir. Stuttgart Almanya'nın ticarette en aktif şehridir. 31 Aralık 2017 itibarıyla nüfusu 632.743. Almanya'daki büyükşehirler arasında en dağlık olandır. Stuttgart Üniversitesi ve Hohenheim Üniversitesi, bu şehirde yer almaktadırlar.

Neckar nehri Stuttgart ile 1905'te birleşen Bad Cannstatt semtinden geçer, semtin içinde bir kaplıca bulunur.
Ayrıca Türklerin en yoğun yaşadığı bölge yine Bad Cannstatt semtidir.

Stuttgart'da  Porsche, Mercedes-Benz ve Bosch gibi dünyaca ünlü dev şirketlerin genel merkezleri yer almaktadır.

Ekonomi
Stuttgart bölgesi, yüksek teknoloji endüstrisi ile tanınır. Dünya veya Avrupa merkezleri Stuttgart bölgesinde olan bazı büyük şirketler şunlardır: Mercedes-Benz Group, Porsche, Robert Bosch GmbH, McKesson Europe, Hewlett-Packard, IBM ve Sika AG.

Almanya'nın dokuzuncu en büyük fuar merkezi Stuttgart Ticaret Fuarı, Stuttgart'ın dış mahallelerinde, Stuttgart Havalimanı yanındadır.

Otomotiv, elektronik, mühendislik ve yüksek teknoloji endüstrisi ile güçlü bağları olan aile mülkiyetindeki yüzlerce KOBİ Stuttgart'tadır.

Almanya'daki şehirler arasında Stuttgart en yüksek refah standardına sahiptir. Kişi başına nominal GSYİH'sı 57.100 € ve kişi başına GSYİH satın alma gücü paritesi (SAGP) 55.400 €'dur. Stuttgart'ın toplam GSYİH'si 33,9 milyar Avro olup bunun yaklaşık %65,3'ünü hizmet sektörü, %34,5'ini sanayi ve %0,2'sini tarım oluşturur.

Otomobilin beşiği
Otomobil ve motosikletin Stuttgart'ta (Karl Benz tarafından icat edildiği ve ardından 1887'de Gottlieb Daimler ve Wilhelm Maybach tarafından Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft'te sanayileştirildiği söylenir. Stuttgart'a dünya  otomotiv endüstrisinin başlangıç noktası ve "otomobilin beşiği" denilir. Mercedes-Benz ve Porsche'nin ve otomotiv parça devleri Bosch ve Mahle'ye genel merkezleri Stuttgart'dadır. Stuttgart'ta otomobil meraklıları için çok sayıda dergi yayınlanır.

Bilim ve araştırma ve geliştirme
Bölgede halen Almanya'nın en yoğun bilimsel, akademik ve araştırma kuruluşları bulunur. Almanya'da başka hiçbir bölge Stuttgart kadar çok patent ve tasarım kaydetmemiştir. Baden-Württemberg'in Ar-Ge kapasitelerinin %45'i Suabiya başkentinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Tüm Alman Ar-Ge maliyetlerinin %11'inden fazlası Stuttgart bölgesine gider (yılda yaklaşık 4,3 milyar avro). Birkaç üniversite ve koleje (ör. Stuttgart Üniversitesi, Hohenheim Üniversitesi, Stuttgart Yönetim ve Teknoloji Enstitüsü ve birkaç Stuttgart Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi) ek olarak bölgede altı Fraunhofer enstitüsü, yerel üniversitelerde işbirliğine dayalı dört endüstriyel araştırma enstitüsü, iki Max-Planck enstitüsü ve Almanya Havacılık ve Uzay Merkezi (DLR)'nin büyük bir kuruluşu vardır.

Finansal hizmetler

Stuttgart Borsası, Frankfurt'tan sonra Almanya'daki en büyük ikinci borsa'dır. Toplamda yaklaşık 100 kredi kurumu ile finansal hizmetler sektöründe önde gelen birçok şirketin genel merkezi Stuttgart'dadır (ör. LBBW Bank, Wüstenrot & Württembergische, Allianz Hayat Güvencesi).

Şarap ve bira tarihi
Stuttgart, Almanya'da şaraplık üzümlerin kentsel alanda, özellikle Rotenberg, Uhlbach ve Untertürkheim ilçelerinde yetiştirildiği tek şehirdir.

Bölgede bağcılık, devlet arşivlerine göre Blaubeuren Manastırı'na üzüm bağlarının 'Keşiş Ulrich' tarafından hediye edildiği 1108 yılına kadar uzanır. 17. yüzyılda şehir, Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu'ndaki en büyük üçüncü Alman bağcılık topluluğuydu. Şarap, 19. yüzyıla kadar Stuttgart'ın önde gelen gelir kaynağı olmaya devam etti.

Almanya'nın en büyük dördüncü şarap bölgesinin merkezinde  alanı kapsayan Württemberg bağcılık alanı konumu sayesinde Alman Şarap yasası kapsamında ele geçirilen 13 resmi bölgeden birisi olan Stuttgart, 400 hektardan fazla asma alanıyla hâlâ Almanya'nın en büyük bağcılık şehirlerinden biridir. Şarabın yerel ekonomi için devam eden önemi her yıl düzenlenen şarap festivalinde ('Weindorf') kutlanır.

Stuttgart ayrıca Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker ve Schwaben Bräu gibi birçok ünlü bira fabrikasına sahiptir.

Kültür ve eğitim
Stuttgart'ta iki üniversite bulunuyor. Stuttgart Üniversitesi'nde mühendislik, Hohenheim Üniversitesi tarım ve besleme bilgisi fakültelerine önem veriyor. Ayrıca bir müzik ve bir güzel sanatlar akademisi ve çeşitli yüksek meslek okulları (Fachhochschulen) var. Üstelik Fraunhofer ve Max-Planck-Gesellschaft'ın çeşitli araştırma merkezleri Stuttgart'ta bulunuyor.

Almanya'nın en büyük Medya Üniversitesi HdM (Hochschule der Medien) Stuttgart Vaihingen semtindedir. Stuttgart Württemberg Devlet Kütüphanesi dünyanın ikinci büyük kitab-i mukaddes ve muhteşem Orta Çağ el yazmaları ve erken basıların bir koleksiyonu ihtiva ediyor. Ayrıca Württemberg Devlet Arşivi şehirde yerleşiyor.

Müze
 Alte Staatsgalerie (Eski Devlet Galerisi): "Eski" Alman üstatları, İtalyan Rönesansı ve Felemenk ressamları, 19. yüzyıl Alman ressamları.
 Neue Staatsgalerie (Yeni Devlet Galerisi): Fransız dışavurumculuğu, 20. yüzyıl Alman sanatı ve uluslararası sanat. ünlü Britanyalı mimar James Stirling taslağını çizdi.
 Landesmuseum Württemberg (Württemberg Devlet Müzesi): Bölgesel arkeoloji ve tatbikî sanat.
 Kunstmuseum Stuttgart (Belediye Sanat Müzesi): Çağdaş sanat, 2005'te açıldı.
 Lindenmuseum: Etnoloji; Afrika, İslam dünyası, Güney ve Doğu Asya, eski Amerika ve Okyanusya sanatı.
 Hegel Evi
 Mercedes Müzesi
 Porsche Müzesi
 Museum am Rosenstein: hayvan ve bitki preparatları.
 Museum am Löwentor: fosiller.

Spor
Şehrin kendi adıyla anılan VfB Stuttgart adlı futbol kulübü vardır. VfB Stuttgart, 1983-1984, 1991-1992 ve 2006-2007 sezonlarında Bundesliga'da şampiyon olmuştur. Renkleri kırmızı-beyazdır. Takım maçlarını MHPArena'da oynamaktadır ve şehir 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası'na ev sahipliği yapan kentlerden biridir. Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle (spor salonu) birçok spor dalına imkân sağlamaktadır.

Popüler kültürde

Video oyunlarında

 2003 yapımı video oyunu Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour'da GLA güçleri son görevlerinde Stuttgart'taki ABD üssüne saldırdı. İlk Çin görevinde, oyuncu şehri GLA'dan geri almalıdır.
 Valve'in 2007 yapımı birinci şahıs nişancı oyunu Team Fortress 2'de daha çok Medic olarak tanınan Dr. Ludwig, Stuttgart'ın yerlisidir, ancak Rottenburg am Neckar'da büyümüştür.
 2008 yapımı epizodik macera oyunu Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space'de, başlık karakterleri bir vampiri öldürmek için zaman içinde Stuttgart'a seyahat ediyor.
 Blizzard'ın 2016 yapımı takım tabanlı nişancı oyunu Overwatch'daki tank sınıflarından biri olan Reinhardt, Stuttgart'tan geliyor. Ayrıca oyunda, şehre yakın kurgusal bir kale kasabası olan Eichenwalde haritası da bulunuyor.

Romanlarda

 2005'te yazılan roman, Kitap Hırsızı'nın baş kahramanı Max Vandenburg, kitabın sonraki bölümlerinde uçuşuna kadar Stuttgart'ta yaşıyor.

TV ve sinema

 2012 yapımı Yenilmezler filminde kötü adam Loki, planları için büyük miktarda iridyum çalmayı planladığı Stuttgart'ta bir galaya götürülür. Bu sahneler aslında Cleveland, Ohio'da çekildi ve bazı Stuttgart sakinleri, filmin şehir tasvirindeki hataları bildirdi.

Fotoğraflar
Stuttgart

Kardeş şehirler

  St Helens, İngiltere (1948)
  Cardiff, Galler (1955)
  St. Louis, ABD (1960)
  Strazburg, Fransa (1962)
  Mumbai, Hindistan (1968)
  Menzel Bourguiba, Tunus (1971)
  Kahire, Mısır (1979)
  Łódź, Polonya (1988)
  Brno, Çekya (1989)
  Samara, Rusya (1992)

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Stuttgart


The Battle of Majuba Hill on 27 February 1881 was the final and decisive battle of the First Boer War that was a resounding victory for the Boers. The British Major General Sir George Pomeroy Colley occupied the summit of the hill on the night of 26–27 February 1881. Colley's motive for occupying Majuba Hill, near Volksrust, now in South Africa, may have been anxiety that the Boers would soon occupy it themselves, since he had witnessed their trenches being dug in the direction of the hill.

The Boers believed that he might have been attempting to outflank their positions at Laing's Nek. The hill was not considered to be scalable by the Boers for military purposes and so it may have been Colley's attempt to emphasise British power and strike fear into the Boer camp.

The battle is considered by some to have been one of the "most humiliating" defeats suffered by the British in their military history.

Battle
The bulk of the 405 British soldiers occupying the hill were 171 men of the 58th Regiment (two companies) with 141 men (three companies) of the 92nd Gordon Highlanders, and a small naval brigade from . Each man carried 70 rounds of ammunition, a full water bottle, three days' rations, a waterproof sheet, and a greatcoat. Two companies of the 60th Rifles (King's Royal Rifle Corps) who had accompanied the column stayed on the slopes as pickets and to guard the lines of communication. General Colley had brought no artillery up to the summit and did not order his men to dig in, against the advice of several of his subordinates, (and each company bringing four picks and six shovels), since he expected that the Boers would retreat when they saw their position on the Nek was untenable. They also brought a Heliograph, which they used to send some signals to the camp. However, the Boers quickly formed a group of storming parties, led by Nicolaas Smit, from an assortment of volunteers from various commandos, totaling at least 450 men to attack the hill.

By daybreak at 4:30, the 92nd Highlanders covered a wide perimeter of the summit, and a handful occupied Gordon's Knoll on the right side of the summit. Oblivious to the presence of the British troops until the 92nd Gordon Highlanders began to yell and to shake their fists, the Boers began to panic for fear of an artillery attack. Three Boer storming groups of 100–200 men each began a slow advance up the hill, led by Field Cornet Stephanus Roos, Commandant D.J.K. Malan and Commandant Joachim Ferreira. The Boers, the better marksmen, kept their enemy on the slopes at bay while groups crossed the open ground to attack Gordon's Knoll, where, at 12:45, Ferreira's men opened up a tremendous fire on the exposed knoll and captured it. The Boer general Piet Joubert later noted that the British rifles were sighted at 400–600 yards while the battle raged at about 50–100 yards, as the British officers had not told the troops to alter their weapons. Thus they shot downhill over the heads of the exposed Boer attackers.

Colley was in his tent when he was informed of the advancing Boers but took no immediate action until after he had been warned by several subordinates of the seriousness of the attack. Over the next hour, the Boers poured over the top of the British line and engaged the British at long range. Refusing close-combat action, they picked off the British soldiers one by one. The Boers could take advantage of the scrub and high grass that covered the hill, which the British were not trained to do. It was at that stage that British discipline began to break: the troops could not see their opponents and received very little direction from their officers, and they panicked and began to flee.

When more Boers were seen encircling the mountain, the British line collapsed, and many ran pell-mell from the hill. The Gordons held their ground the longest, but once they were broken, the battle was over. The Boers were able to launch an attack, which shattered the-already crumbling British line.

Amid great confusion and increasing slaughter among his men, Colley attempted a fighting retreat, but he was killed by Boer marksmen. The rest of the British force fled down the rear slopes of Majuba, where more were hit by the Boer marksmen firing from the summit. An abortive rearguard action was staged by the 15th Hussars and 60th Rifles, who had marched from a support base at Mount Prospect, but that made little impact on the Boer forces. A total of 285 British were killed, captured or wounded, including Captain Cornwallis Maude, son of government minister Cornwallis Maude, 1st Earl de Montalt.

Several wounded soldiers who soon found themselves surrounded by Boer soldiers gave their accounts later of that day. Many Boers were young farm boys armed with rifles. The revelation that professionally-trained soldiers were defeated by young farmboys led by a smattering of older soldiers proved to be a major blow to Britain's prestige and negotiating position in the treaty that ended the war.

Aftermath
Although small in numbers, the battle is historically significant for four reasons:
 It led to the signing of a peace treaty and later the Pretoria Convention between the British and the reinstated South African Republic that ended the First Boer War.
 The fire and movement ("vuur en beweging" in Afrikaans) tactics employed by the Boers, especially Conmandant Nicolas Smit in his final assault on the hill, were years ahead of their time.
 Coupled with the defeats at Laing's Nek and Schuinshoogte, this third crushing defeat at the hands of the Boers created a fearsome legend in the minds of the British lasting through the Second Boer War, when "Remember Majuba" became a rallying cry.

Some British historians have argued that the defeat marked the beginning of the decline of the British Empire. The First Boer War was the first time since the Revolutionary War that Britain was forced into either acknowledging the independence of a prewar possession or signing a treaty on unfavorable terms that yielded a significant amount of territory. In preceding conflicts, even if they suffered initial defeats, instances of the British not ultimately obtaining a decisive victory were very rare. Since British foreign policy discouraged negotiating from anything other than a position of strength, Majuba was the first time that Britain was defeated in the final engagements of a war. That position neglects that the First Boer War, while arguably Britain's first unambiguous defeat since the American Revolution, was largely unnoticed by the general public. Britain was spared much of the embarrassment of defeat through the original terms ending the war.

Under the 1881 Pretoria Convention, the British monarch became Head of state in the Transvaal, which was declared a self-governing, not an independent entity, under British suzerainty. Although that was never more than a legal fiction, soon abrogated by the 1884 Pretoria Convention, Britain could still formally deny its defeat. Prior to the discovery of gold in the Transvaal in 1886, it was widely presumed that the Transvaal Republic would not survive economically in the long term anyway. Furthermore, emerging powers, such as the United States, were already acting in open defiance of British hegemony at the time, and there is little evidence Britain's defeat in the brief low-intensity conflict had any significant effect on the foreign relations of the British Empire. The First Anglo-Boer War can at best be called a temporary setback for the British Empire, which would continue to expand for several decades and eventually recover all territory lost in 1881 during the Second Boer War (1899-1902).

Notes

Further reading

Nonfiction

Duxbury, G.R. "The Battle of Majuba: 27 February 1881." The South African Military History Society Journal vol 5 no 2.
Featherstone, Donald. Victorian Colonial Warfare – Africa (London: Blandford, 1992)
 Laband, John. The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880–1881 (Routledge, 2014).
 Laband, John. The Battle of Majuba Hill: The Transvaal Campaign, 1880–1881 (Helion and Company, 2018).
Meredith, Martin. Diamonds Gold and War, (New York: Public Affairs, 2007):162
 Morris, Jan Heaven's Command, (London: Faber and Faber,1998) pp 442–445.
Tylden, G. "A STUDY IN ATTACK: MAJUBA, 27th FEBRUARY, 1881." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 39, no. 157 (1961): 27–36. .
Ward, S. G. P. "MAJUBA, 1881: The Diary of Colonel W. D. Bond, 58th Regiment." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 53, no. 214 (1975): 87–97. .

Novels
 John Wilcox, Last Stand at Majuba Hill, Headline, 2010,

Majuba Hill
Majuba Hill
1881 in South Africa
History of KwaZulu-Natal
February 1881 events

Battle of Majuba Hill


Mansplaining er et pejorativ, der er sammensat af det engelske ord man og explain (forklare). Begrebet defineres som "at forklare noget til nogen, som regel en mand til en kvinde, på en måde, der betragtes som nedladende eller ringeagtende".  Ordet stammer fra engelsk, men er også begyndt at forekomme på dansk. Lily Rothman fra The Atlantic Monthly definerer det som "at forklare uden hensyntagen til det faktum, at den person, der får sagen forklaret, ved mere end den der forklarer, som oftest en mand for en kvinde"  og den feministiske forfatter og essayist Rebecca Solnit karakteriserer fænomenet som en kombination af "overdrevet selvtillid og uvidenhed".

Begrebet har fået en vis udbredelse, men er til dels kontroversielt, såvel socialt som politisk, delvis for at begrebet specifikt udpeger mænd som gruppe.

Kildehenvisninger

Nydannelser
Sociolingvistik

Mansplaining


La chapelle du Cheylat de Saint-Geniès (ou du Cheylard) est un édifice religieux, situé en Périgord noir, sur la commune de Saint-Geniès, en France.

Généralités
La chapelle est située sur le territoire de la commune de Saint-Geniès, dans le département de la Dordogne, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, en France. Elle a été érigée  sur une butte à  environ de l'ancien donjon médiéval et non loin de l'église Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption.

Historique
La chapelle est construite en 1327 sous l'impulsion de Gausbert de la Chaminade, seigneur de Saint-Geniès. Les peintures murales à l'intérieur sont légèrement postérieures et datent vraisemblablement des années 1330-1340. Ces peintures sont maintes fois restaurées au cours du .

La chapelle est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 31 août 1899.

Architecture

La chapelle est sobre et d'allure modeste. Elle est à chevet plat, et la nef, s'étirant sur deux travées, est voûtée d'ogives.

Les peintures murales

Les peintures murales occupent l'entièreté des murs intérieurs de la chapelle. Bien que la couche picturale et les couleurs aient partiellement disparus, le style, encore visible est de bonne qualité. Les peintures de la partie supérieure des murs décrivent la passion du Christ, alors que les parties basses sont plutôt des scènes hagiographiques.

Sur la partie basse de la façade, représentation de saint Christophe à gauche et saint François d'Assise à gauche. Sur le mur sud, se trouvent des représentations de sainte Catherine et de saint Georges terrassant le dragon et, plus loin saint Michel et saint Paul. Sur le mur gauche, représentation d'un martyr.

Sur la partie haute de la façade, se trouve une représentation du Christ et des douze apôtres et sur la partie haute du mur sud, des scènes de la Passion : le baiser de Judas, le Christ guérissant l'oreille du soldat et la flagellation. Sur le mur du fond, le baptême du Christ surmonté d'une représentation de la Crucifixion. Sur le mur gauche, l'Annonciation.

La nef est également décorée d'un fond noir parsemé d'étoiles et de divers sujets dont anges, médaillons, etc.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'arrondissement de Sarlat-la-Canéda

Liens externes

Cheylat
Monument historique classé en 1899

Chapelle du Cheylat de Saint-Geniès


المعجم الصغير  كتاب من كتب الحديث المسندة، جمعه الإمام أبو القاسم سليمان بن أحمد بن أيوب الطبراني، ورتبها على طريقة المعاجم، أي أنه رتبه بحسب ترتيب أسماء شيوخه الذين روى عنهم النصوص المسندة على حروف المعجم. يحتوي على 1198 نصا مسندا، شملت أحاديث مرفوعة وغير ذلك.

وصف الكتاب ومنهجه
يعتبر المعجم الصغير للطبراني، من الكتب التي اعتنت بذكر الأحاديث الغرائب، وبيان وجه الغرابة فيها. والفرق بين المعجمين: الصغير والأوسط؛ أن الطبراني أورد في الصغير حديثا واحدا في الغالب، أو حديثين في النادر لكل شيخ من شيوخه. وأما الأوسط فقد أورد كل المرويات التي سمعها لكل شيخ من شيوخه.

احتوى هذا الكتاب على 1198 نصا مسندا، منها ما هو مرفوع ومنها ما دون ذلك، ومنهج المؤلف في هذا الكتاب كما يلي:
 رتب أسماء شيوخه على حروف المعجم.
 خرج الطبراني تحت كل اسم من أسماء شيوخه حديثا أو حديثين. ثم أعقب كل حديث ببيان ما في إسناده من تفرد.
 تكلم على أحوال بعض الرواة جرحا وتعديلا، كما وضح أسماء بعض من ذكر بكنيته، وأزال اللبس في بعض الأسماء المتشابهة، وتكلم على الاختلاف الواقع في بعض الأسماء، ونبه على بعض الأوهام التي وقعت من بعض الرواة في شيوخهم أو من فوقهم، وذكر تاريخ وفيات بعض الرواة، وتواريخ بعض القصص التي أتى الحديث في سيقها، وغيرها من التعقيبات.
 شرح بعض الكلمات الغريبة، وبين بعض العبارات المبهمة.
 يتعرض أحيانا لذكر بعض الآراء الفقهية في المسائل المروية.
 تعرض الطبراني لتصحيح بعض النصوص المروية.

عناية أهل العلم به
اعتنى بهذا الكتاب أهل العلم عناية بالغة، وأبرز من خدمه الحافظ نور الدين الهيثمي؛ فقد أفرد زوائده مع زوائد المعجم الأوسط، في كتاب «مجمع البحرين»، وعني بزوائده أي على الكتب الستة المعروفة، ثم جردهما من أسانيدهما وكذلك فعل في المعجم الكبير، ومسانيد أبي يعلى، وأحمد، والبزار، في كتابه الشهير «مجمع الزوائد ومنبع الفوائد».

وللعلامة الألباني تخريج عليه سماه «الروض الداني»، ولا يزال مخطوطا.

وقد كثرت نقول أهل العلم واستفادتهم من هذا الكتاب جدا، لاسيما كتب التخريج، التي لا يكاد كتاب منها يخلو من ذكر معجم الطبراني الأوسط، ومن ذلك:

نقل عنه الحافظ المنذري في الترغيب والترهيب في أكثر من (95) موضعا، والحافظ ابن حجر في فتح الباري في أكثر من (51) موضعا، والمناوي في فيض القدير في أكثر من (67) موضعا.

طبعات الكتاب
وقد تعددت طبعاته جدا، ومن أشهرها:
 طبعة عتيقة مقترنة بعدة رسائل، صورتها دار الكتب العلمية ببيروت، سنة 1403 هـ.
 طبعة صححها عبد الرحمن محمد عثمان، صدرت عن المكتبة السلفية بالمدينة، 1388 هـ.
 طبعة بتحقيق صالح محمد الزهراني، كرسالة ماجستير بجامعة أم القرى، سنة 1407 هـ.
 طبعة بتحقيق عبد الجبار الزيدي، كرسالة دكتوراه بجامعة البنجاب، لاهور، 1410 هـ.
 وقد طبع باسم: «الروض الداني إلى المعجم الصغير للطبراني».
 حققه محمد شكور بن محمود الحاجي أمرير، صدر عن المكتب الإسلامي ببيروت، 1405 هـ

مراجع

مصادر
 الجمعية العلمية السعودية للسنة وعلومها: منهج الإمام أبي القاسم الطبراني في معاجمه الثلاثة: الكبير والأوسط والصغير.

أحاديث نبوية
كتب أهل السنة والجماعة
كتب الحديث
كتب عربية في القرن 10
كتب عربية في القرن 9
معاجم الطبراني

المعجم الصغير


Planinska biskupska kapica (lat. Epimedium alpinum) je višegodišnja zeljasta biljka, vrsta iz roda biskupska kapica (Epimedium) dio porodice Berberidaceae. Raste u Hrvatskoj, Austriji, Bosni i Hercegovini, Sloveniji i Italiji.

Opis
Visina biljaka je do 30 cm. Listovi su u obliku srca, polu-zimzeleni, u proljeće ružičaste nijanse. U jesen dobivaju crvenkastu brončanu nijansu. U cvatu je po 12-20 malih, crveno-žutih cvjetova. Korijen je vodoravan, puzeći.

Uporaba
Koristi se u hortikulturi, no češće se za uzgoj koriste azijske vrste. Spomenute se vrste koriste i u tradicionalnoj medicini u Kini, Koreji i Japanu. Kod nas uporaba vrste E. alpinum u medicinske svrhe nije poznata, no znanstvenim je analizama utvrđeno da i ova biljka sadrži alkaloid magnoflorin, koji se do sada smatrao tipičnim za prije spomenute.

Dodatna literatura
 Šilić.Č. Šumske zeljaste biljke,Sarajevo 1987.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Vrtlarija

Ljekovito bilje
Žutikovke

Planinska biskupska kapica


Dioptar (grč. δίοπτρον: zrcalo) može biti:
 dioptar je uređaj za viziranje. Sastoji se od okulara i objektiva na određenoj udaljenosti.
 dioptrijska ploha ili dioptar je granična ploha između dvaju optičkih sredstava, na primjer zraka i stakla, na kojoj se događaju refleksija ili refrakcija svjetlosti. Ravni dioptar je granična ploha u obliku ravnine, a sferni dioptar je granična ploha u obliku kugle (sfere).

Izvori

Dioptar (razdvojba)


Tinaco je rijeka u Venezueli. Pritoka je rijeke San Carlos. Pripada porječju rijeke Orinoco.

Izvori

 Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Venezueli
Porječje Cojedesa

Tinaco (rijeka)


Blodhævn er et album af den danske stand-up-komiker Anders Matthesen, der udkom 2018. Det er udgivet som om det er Matthesens fiktive person Stewart Stardust, der har udgivet det, for at fortælle, at Anden i virkeligheden har stjålet hans personlighed, og nu vil have blodhævn. Matthesen skrev bl.a. på sin facebook-profil at "Fake Stewart Stardust har nu udgivet et helt album: "Blodhævn"". Samtidig blev der lanceret en podcast om samme emne på P3.

Trackliste

Referencer

Album fra 2018
Anders Matthesen-album

Blodhævn (album)


Elena Murgoci-Florea (născută Florea, ) a fost o campioană mondială română la semimaraton.

Biografie
A participat la diverse competiții internaționale de atletism și maratoane. S-a remarcat cu locul 1 la Maratonul din Phenian din 1986, locul 1 la Maratonul din Amsterdam din 1988, locul 1 la Maratonul din Rotterdam din 1989, iar la Jocurile Olimpice din 1992 ce s-au ținut în Barcelona s-a clasat pe locul 32 la maratonul internațional.
Un an mai târziu a devenit campioană mondială la Semimaratonul din Bruxelles (1993) cu echipa României (Anuța Cătună, Iulia Negură). În 1996 i-a fost interzis pe viață să mai participe în concursuri sportive din cauza utilizării unor substanțe interzise (steroizi). Apoi a fost antrenor de atletism în cadrul DJTS Dâmbovița.

Decesul prematur (39 de ani) a fost cauzat de către fostul său concubin, Ioan Constandache (51 ani). Acesta, din gelozie, a înjunghiat-o de mai multe ori în piept în fața garajului ei, după care a fugit de la locul crimei, fiind dat în urmărire generală.

Realizări

Recorduri personale

Referințe

Legături externe
 Elena Murgoci a fost ucisa, Ziarul de Iași, 25 august 1999

Nașteri în 1960
Decese în 1999
Atleți olimpici români
Medaliați mondiali cu aur români
Vasluieni
Maratoniști
Sportivi români implicați în cazuri de dopaj
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1992

Elena Murgoci


Wolha Uladsimirauna Barabanschtschykawa (, ; * 2. November 1979 in Minsk) ist eine ehemalige belarussische Tennisspielerin.

Karriere
Von 1996 bis 2003 spielte sie für das belarussische Fed-Cup-Team, für das sie 33 ihrer 50 Partien gewinnen konnte.

Ihr größter Erfolg war der vierte Platz in der Doppelkonkurrenz bei den Olympischen Spielen 2000 in Sydney an der Seite von Natallja Swerawa. Bereits an den Olympischen Spielen 1996 in Atlanta hatte sie zusammen mit Swerawa teilgenommen und das Achtelfinale erreicht.

Im Jahr 2000 stand sie im Einzel außerdem im Achtelfinale von Wimbledon, es war ihr bestes Abschneiden bei einem Grand-Slam-Turnier.

Ihren letzten Auftritt auf der Profitour hatte sie im März 2004 bei einem ITF-Turnier in St. Petersburg.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Abschneiden bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren

Einzel

Weblinks

Billie-Jean-King-Cup-Spielerin (Belarus)
Olympiateilnehmer (Belarus)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1996
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2000
Belarusse
Geboren 1979
Frau

Wolha Barabanschtschykawa


The Martin P6M SeaMaster was an experimental strategic bomber flying boat built by the Glenn L. Martin Company for the United States Navy that almost entered service; production aircraft were built and Navy crews were undergoing operational training, with service entry expected in about six months, when the program was cancelled on 21 August 1959. Envisioned as a strategic nuclear weapon delivery system for the Navy, the SeaMaster was eclipsed by the Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Due to the political situation at the Pentagon, the Navy promoted the P6M primarily as a high speed minelayer.

Design and development
In the immediate postwar defense climate, the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command was the linchpin of the United States' security as the sole means of delivery of the nation's nuclear arsenal. The Navy saw its strategic role being eclipsed by the Air Force and knew both its prestige and budgets were at stake.

Its first attempt to address this came in the form of the , a large supercarrier intended to launch Navy strategic bombers. This was cancelled in 1950 shortly after her keel was laid down, a victim of budget cuts and US Air Force interference. In response, the Navy chose to create a "Seaplane Striking Force", useful for both nuclear and conventional warfare, including reconnaissance and minelaying. Groups of these planes supported by seaplane tenders or special submarines could be located close to the enemy, and being mobile, they would be hard to neutralize.

The requirement issued in April 1951 was for a seaplane able to carry a  warload over a range of  from its aquatic base. The aircraft was to be capable of a low altitude dash at Mach 0.9 (1,100 km/h). Both Convair and Martin submitted proposals, and the Martin proposal was chosen as more promising. An order for two prototypes was issued which was projected to lead to six pre-production aircraft and a projected twenty-four production aircraft.

Originally the plane was to have a Curtiss-Wright turbo-ramjet engine, but this ran into problems and a more conventional Allison J71-A-4 turbojet was employed, fitted in pairs in overwing pods to keep the spray out of the intakes. Wings swept at 40° were used; they displayed a notable anhedral and were designed with tip tanks that doubled as floats on the water. Many features of Martin's XB-51 bomber prototype were used, including an all-flying "T" tail and a rotating bomb bay—pneumatically sealed against seawater in the P6M.

Operational history

The first flight of the XP6M-1 came on 14 July 1955, but early tests showed that the engines were mounted too close to the fuselage and scorched it when afterburners were used, leading to angling the engines slightly outward in subsequent aircraft. Flight testing was initially successful, but, on 7 December 1955, a control system fault destroyed the first prototype with the loss of all aboard. The first prototype, BuNo 138821, c/n XP-1, disintegrated in flight at  due to the horizontal tail going to full up due to a control malfunction, subjecting the airframe to 9 g stress as it began an outside loop, crashing into the Potomac River near the junction of St. Mary's River, killing four crew members.

Eleven months later, on 9 November 1956, the second prototype, BuNo 138822, c/n XP-2, first flown on 18 May 1956, was also destroyed, due to a change made in the horizontal stabilizer control system without adequate evaluation before test flying the design. The crash occurred at 15:36 near Odessa, Delaware due to a faulty elevator jack. As the seaplane nosed up at ~ and failed to respond to control inputs, the crew of four ejected. The airframe broke up after falling to  before impact.

The first pre-production YP6M-1 was completed about a year later, with testing resuming in January 1958.

Five more were built in 1958 when the Navy announced that Harvey Point Defense Testing Activity in Hertford, North Carolina, would serve as the testing grounds for the fleet of Martin P6M SeaMasters. These aircraft were fitted with test versions of the full combat equipment suite and were used for bombing, mine laying and reconnaissance evaluations. The J71 engines were unreliable and the aircraft had spray ingestion problems at higher gross weights, which limited takeoffs to ideal conditions. The P6M-1 also had a serious control deficiency due to porpoising under some trim settings. These deficiencies resulted in the P6M-1 program being cut as it was no longer considered possible for it to be successfully developed.

The Navy and Martin felt that a new version, the P6M-2, would provide a useful aircraft. The first was rolled out in early 1959. Changes included new, more powerful Pratt & Whitney J75 engines, an aerial refueling probe, improved avionics, and a canopy with better visibility. A buddy refueling drogue kit had also been developed to fit in the bomb bay. Three had been built by summer 1959 and Navy crews were moving them through operational conversion when the program was abruptly canceled in August of that year.

The P6M-2 was an impressive aircraft; its Mach 0.9 (1,100 km/h) performance "on the deck" could be equaled by few aircraft of the time. The aircraft were heavily built, with the skin at the wing roots over  thick. The normally docile and pleasant handling characteristics of the P6M-1 were replaced by some severe compressibility effects above Mach 0.8. These included rapid changes in directional trim, severe buffeting, and wing drop requiring high control inputs to counter. Until those problems were fixed, the P6M-2 could not be considered for use by the fleet. The problems were identified as being caused by the larger engine nacelles required for the J75s. There were also problems on the water, including a tendency for the tip floats to dig in under certain situations, and engine surges. These problems were eventually solved, but time had run out just as the first crews were training for its operational debut. Eisenhower's administration was making major defense budget cuts that forced the Navy to make choices. In August 1959 Martin was told to halt operations and the program was about to be canceled. Seaplane operations were a small component of U.S. naval aviation, and the P6M was significantly over budget and behind schedule and competing with aircraft carriers for funding. The Navy had also developed a potentially superior system for the nuclear strike role, the ballistic missile submarine.

In the age of the ICBM and SLBM,

All examples were scrapped although some tail sections were retained for testing, and one of these is now in the Glenn L. Martin Maryland Aviation Museum.

Martin tried unsuccessfully to market the technology in the civilian market, with a version called the SeaMistress but there were no takers, and the company soon abandoned the aircraft business entirely to focus on missiles and electronics. The P6M was the final aircraft constructed by the Glenn L. Martin Company.

Variants
XP6M-1 prototypes, two built (BuNos 138821, 138822). Both crashed.
YP6M-1 pre-production model, six built (BuNos 143822-143827). All six examples were scrapped when the program was cancelled.
P6M-2 production model, eight built (BuNos 145876-145899). 145877-145879 were completed and flown, 145876 and 145880-145883 were completed but not flown. Contracts for 145884-145899 were cancelled.

Specifications (P6M-2)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Cancelled: The Navy's SeaMaster, Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine, 2012

P6M
Martin PM6 SeaMaster
Flying boats
Jet seaplanes and flying boats
Quadjets
High-wing aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1955

Martin P6M SeaMaster


سد شيبة سد أُقيم عام 1963 على وادي شيبة، يقع على بعد 15 كم شمال غربي مدينة قربة في ولاية نابل.

شيبة
ولاية نابل

سد شيبة


Da Vinci es una banda de música portuguesa, conocida por su participación en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1989.

Historia

La banda Da Vinci se formó en 1982. En ese año obtuvieron un gran éxito con los sencillos "Lisboa Ano 10.000" e "Hiroxima (Meu Amor)".

En 1989 participan y ganan en el Festival RTP da Canção con la canción "Conquistador", lo que hizo posible su participación representando a Portugal en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1989. El Festival se celebró en Lausana, Suiza, donde acabaron en 16.ª posición de 22 participantes.

El mismo año, el grupo hizo una gira por Portugal, y actuando ante las comunidades de portugueses en el extranjero, actuando en Francia, Suiza y Sudáfrica.

En mayo de 1990, los Da Vinci fueron galardonados con un disco de oro y un disco de platino para el álbum Conquistador y para el respectivo sencillo.

La banda la forman el matrimonio Iei Or (voz principal y letras) y Pedro Luís Neves (compositor, productor, teclados y voz). A lo largo del tiempo pasaron por la banda otros nombres como João Heitor, Fernando António dos Santos o Ricardo Landum.

Discografía

Álbumes
 Caminhando (1983) CD/LP/MC (PolyGram/Universal)
 A Jóia no Lótus (1988) LP/MC (Discossete)
 Conquistador (1989) CD/LP/MC (Discossete)
 A Dança dos Planetas (1990) CD/LP/MC (Discossete)
 Conquistador – Dança dos Planetas (1990) CD/LP
 Entre o Inferno e o Paraíso (1993) CD/LP/MC (PolyGram/Universal)
 Oiçam (1995) CD/MC (Movieplay)
 Momentos de Paixão (1999) CD/MC (CD7)

Sencillos
 Fantasmas/Lisboa Ano 10000 (Polygram, 1982)
 Hiroxima (Meu Amor)/1001 Noites (Polygram, 1982)
 Xau Xau de Xangai/Lágrimas de Prazer (Polygram, 1983)
 Anjo Anzul/Vivo Na Selva (Polygram, 1984)
 Momentos de Paixão/Shock Waves No Meu Video (Polygram, 1985)
 Prince Of Xanadu/Prince of Xanadu (instrumental) (Polygram, 1986)
 Baby (Foi Tudo por Amor)/Por Cima de Um Vulcão (Discossete, 1989)
 Conquistador/Love Conquistador (Discossete, 1989)

Recopilatorio
 O Melhor de 2 - Trabalhadores do Comércio/Da Vinci (Universal, 2001)

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Da Vinci
 Da Vinci en Anos80

Referencias

Dúos de música de Portugal
Grupos de música de Portugal
Representantes de Portugal en Eurovisión
Participantes en Eurovisión 1989
Grupos de música de los años 1980

Da Vinci (banda)


Die Amphibienbiotope Hohenbüchen sind ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Einheitsgemeinde Delligsen im Landkreis Holzminden.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG HA 106 ist 6,4 Hektar groß. Es steht seit dem 31. Juli 1986 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Holzminden.

Das Gebiet liegt südlich von Hohenbüchen in einem Tonabbaugebiet und stellt eine ehemalige Tongrube unter Schutz. Diese hat sich zusammen mit einer zu einem Amphibienbiotop umgewandelten ehemaligen Ackerfläche östlich der ehemaligen Tongrube zu einem Sekundärbiotop entwickelt.

Die ehemalige Tongrube wird von einem kleinräumig wechselnden Mosaik unterschiedlicher Biotope charakterisiert. So sind hier zum Teil trockenfallende Kleingewässer, anmoorige Flächen mit Bruchwaldcharakter, kleine, naturnahe Laubwaldbestände, vegetationsfreie Flächen und eine Abbruchböschung zu finden.

Das angelegte Amphibienbiotop östlich der ehemaligen Tongrube wird von flachen, besonnten Tümpeln und niedrigen Vegetationsstrukturen bzw. vegetationsfreien Flächen geprägt. Hier kommt u. a. die Gelbbauchunke in einer kleinen Population vor. Um der zunehmenden Verbuschung des Geländes entgegenzuwirken, wird ein großer Teil des angelegten Amphibienbiotops mit Gallowayrindern beweidet.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Holzminden
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Ehemalige Ton- oder Lehmgrube
Geographie (Delligsen)
Gewässer im Landkreis Holzminden
Stillgelegtes Bergwerk in Niedersachsen

Amphibienbiotope Hohenbüchen


سَرْغُومِين  هي مدينة تقع بشمال شرقي فرنسا، تعدّ 21.000 نسمة (2008).

أعلام

 أنتوان فيرجيل شنيدر
 جان بابتيست بارث
 كونستانس سيبيل
 روبرت فيليب
 ريجيس هوزر

مراجع

المقاطعات الفرعية الفرنسية
بلديات إقليم موزيل
دوقية لورين

سرغومين


La loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier est l'un des fondements du droit social belge, et plus particulièrement des rapports sociaux en entreprise. Le but de la loi est d'éviter l'arbitraire de l'employeur en instaurant un contrôle des conditions d'emploi et de licenciement, ainsi que des règles de sécurité et d'hygiène au travail, pour toutes les entreprises commerciales ou industrielles atteignant un seuil de 10 ouvriers.

Contexte historique
Avant l'entrée en vigueur de la loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier, le contexte en Europe et principalement en Belgique est un contexte de tensions. Au début du XIXème siècle, la situation économique des ouvriers était insuffisante, précaire, malheureuse et miséreuse. Cette classe économique travaillait dans des conditions très défavorables pour ne quasiment rien gagner. Une enquête a été menée en 1843 sur la condition des ouvriers. Cette enquête révéla notamment qu'un ouvrier sur quatre était âgé de moins de seize ans et que la durée des journées de travail peut s'évaluer entre douze et quatorze heures de travail par jour. Les ouvriers tombaient malades, manquaient d'hygiène sur le lieu de travail, étaient parfois lourdement sanctionnés, etc. Les ouvriers étaient considérés comme des outils, des machines industriels qui ne pouvaient s'arrêter au risque de faire perdre des profits à l'employeur et l'entreprise. Procurer des jours de repos aux ouvriers travailleurs était inconcevables pour les patrons. Ces derniers devaient faire fonctionner l'entreprise coute que coute.

Face à ce déséquilibre de rapports entre les patrons et les ouvriers, l'Etat a mis bien longtemps à intervenir. Le pouvoir législatif soutenait la liberté économique qu'il ne pouvait restreindre. L'Etat ne s'est pas levé avant plusieurs années pour défendre les droits des ouvriers et mener ainsi une politique sociale. Quelques projets de loi ont été proposés mais aucun d'entre eux n'a été soutenu jusqu'au bout.

À la fin du XIXème siècle, toute l'Europe a traversé une période très difficile d'un point de vue économique. Cette période est appelée «La Grande Dépression» ou «La Grande Déflation» et a duré entre 1873 et 1896. Elle est marquée par un ralentissement de la croissance économique à la suite du krach boursier de 1873. Les travailleurs commencent à porter leurs voix. Ils manifestent pour de meilleures conditions de travail. Des grèves mouvementées et violentes ont éclaté entrainant ainsi la mort d'une vingtaine de personnes et des centaines de blessés.

Elaboration de la loi
Les règlements d'atelier apparaissent au 19ème siècle dans le cadre de la lutte contre certains abus issus de prérogatives patronales. Une enquête menée par la Commission du travail réalisée en 1886 a permis de mettre en lumière les réclamations des ouvriers désireux d'instaurer des règlements d'atelier aux fins d'être mis au courant de leurs conditions générales de travail. A cette époque en effet, le pouvoir disciplinaire était associé à une «correction de famille» et les conditions d'embauche – verbales - des ouvriers se limitaient souvent à l'heure de commencement et à la rémunération

Ce sont ces préoccupations qui ont inspiré le projet de loi présenté par le ministre de l'Industrie et du Travail, M. Nyssens, déposé le 18 juillet 1895 et voté à l'unanimité (109 votants) à la chambre des représentants le 5 mai 1896. Son but est fixé dans l'exposé des motifs qui précise que : «il est de l'intérêt du patron et de l'ouvrier que les termes de leurs engagements réciproques soient nettement actés et que chacun connaisse la nature et la portée de ses devoirs »

Le projet du règlement d'intérieur est rédigé par le gouvernement avec la collaboration du conseil supérieur du travail, et après une enquête auprès des conseils de l'industrie et du travail et des conseils de prud'hommes. Il contient cinq catégories de dispositions :

 L'obligation d'un règlement écrit pour toutes les entreprises industrielles et commerciales qui emploient 10 ouvriers au moins ;
 Un règlement d'atelier mentionnant certaines dispositions spécifiques à toutes les entreprises en général ou à certaines catégories déterminées. Parmi les indications obligatoires, celles relatives aux amendes disciplinaires ont suscité les discussions les plus longues au conseil supérieur du travail et à la Chambre des représentants;
 L'affichage du règlement : le projet de loi rend obligatoire la consultation des ouvriers avant la mise en vigueur du règlement, mais le chef d'entreprise n'est pas tenu de déférer aux observations que les ouvriers auraient formulées;
 Le contrôle et la surveillance par les délégués du gouvernement pour l'inspection du travail. Leur rôle est de surveiller l'exécution de la loi et de constater les infractions par des procès-verbaux;
 Les sanctions et pénalités : le patron qui n'affiche pas un règlement d'atelier régulier et complet dans le délai prescrit par la loi, est passible de pénalité; mais s'il est en règle quant à la confection et à l'affichage du règlement, et qu'il n'en exécute pas les dispositions, il échappe à la répression pénale et ne pourrait être assigné, le cas échéant, qu'en réparation civile.
Dans le rapport fait à la chambre des représentants au nom de la section centrale, présidée par M. Snoy, ce dernier évoque la question qui fut posée par le conseil supérieur du travail sur l'obligation ou non d'un règlement écrit. Sur les 168 sections de sous-conseils interrogées, 152 répondirent par l'affirmative. L'inscription dans la loi de l'obligation des règlements d'atelier écrits est donc unanimement jugée utile et opportune. Seules deux pétitions contraires ont circulé, l'une provenant de la section liégeoise de la fédération des sociétés industrielles et commerciales de Belgique, l'autre provenant de la Chambre de commerce de Verviers.

Dans le rapport fait au Sénat, la Commission de l'industrie et du travail précise également la portée du règlement : il est obligatoire, mais son contenu est facultatif. En effet, La Commission confirme que «Sauf en ce qui concerne le taux des amendes et l'emploi de leur produit, il ne touche pas à la liberté du chef d'entreprise de proposer les conditions de durée, d'organisation, de rémunération du travail. Il veut seulement que, dans sa liberté, le chef d'entreprise agisse à découvert ». En d'autres termes, le règlement d'atelier a avant tout une portée de publicité des conditions de travail : il vise à obliger les employeurs à donner une indication générale de la hiérarchie et à les renseigner sur les règles de l'organisation du travail dans l'établissement.

La loi sur les règlements d'atelier est promulguée le 15 juin 1896 et est publiée au Moniteur belge le 25 juin 1896.

Contenu de la loi
La loi du 15 juin 1896 rend le règlement d'atelier obligatoire. Elle impose que toutes les entreprises industrielles et commerciales qui emploient dix ouvriers au moins doivent arrêter un règlement d'atelier (article 1er de la loi). Le règlement d'atelier doit comporter de manière précise des clauses notamment sur les conditions de travail, les sanctions disciplinaires, les revenus, les tâches à faire, les congés, etc. Le règlement d'atelier doit être affiché dans l'entreprise.

Conséquences de la loi
Les normes inscrites dans ce règlement sont censées avoir acquis un caractère contractuel dans la mesure où elles s'ajoutent aux clauses expressément convenues entre les parties et que les dispositions du règlement lient celles-ci pour toute la durée de l'engagement (article 10 de la loi). La différence par rapport à la situation antérieure est que désormais, l'ouvrier est tenu de consulter le règlement. Cette loi constitue un premier pas vers la régulation des relations de travail.

Critique de la loi
En Belgique, le pouvoir disciplinaire du patron a été légiférer pour la première fois avec la loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier. Le règlement d'atelier était considéré comme un contrat entre le patron et l'ouvrier afin d'instaurer pour la première fois un cadre juridique en entreprise. Alors que la jurisprudence de l'époque affirme le contraire, le règlement d'atelier de 1896 ne correspond pas à un contrat. Un contrat est valable s'il est basé sur le consentement des parties. La loi de 1896 ne prévoyait aucune disposition quant à l'obligation pour le travailleur de consentir explicitement au règlement. Dès lors, le règlement d'atelier était érigé par le patron de manière unilatérale. Le travailleur acceptait ou n'avait pas le choix d'accepter, tacitement le règlement. L'accord de ce dernier sur les conditions de travail, les sanctions ou autre, était présumé.

Evolution de la loi
Après la promulgation de la loi du 20 septembre 1948 portant organisation de l'économie dont l'article 15, alinéa 1er, confie l'élaboration du règlement d'atelier au conseil d'entreprise, une proposition de loi du 28 mai 1952 faite au nom de la Commission du travail et de la prévoyance sociale, tente de justifier une révision intégrale du règlement d'atelier: «L'évolution sociale et les profondes modifications intervenues dans la vie économique et sociale au cours des dernières années, par suite des réformes de structure résultant de la loi du 20 septembre 1948, justifient une révision intégrale de cette loi».

Le texte adopté par la Commission a pour objet : 1° d'instaurer des règlements dans un plus grand nombre d'entreprises que ne le prévoit la loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier 2° de permettre l'application des dispositions de l'article 15, d), de la loi du 20 septembre 1948 portant organisation de l'économie confiant au conseil d'entreprise l'élaboration du règlement ; 3° de refondre complètement la loi du 15 juin 1896 qui apparaît aujourd'hui surannée.

Cette proposition débouche sur un projet gouvernemental visant à remplacer la loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier par la loi du 8 avril 1965 instituant les règlements de travail.

Cette loi, en vigueur depuis le 1er juin 1965, permit d'abandonner la fiction juridique du règlement d'atelier et de doter le règlement de travail, désormais convention collective, d'une valeur réglementaire. La loi du 8 avril 1965 fait du règlement de travail le résultat d'une négociation entre l'employeur et l'ensemble de ses travailleurs. On parle d'une période «d'autonomie des volontés collectives»: la procédure d'élaboration du règlement de travail fait intervenir obligatoirement les employés, soit par l'intermédiaire d'un conseil d'entreprise (art. 11), soit d'une délégation syndicale (art. 12). À défaut d'organe de concertation, l'employé lui-même peut émettre des observations sur le texte proposé (art. 11).

Le champ d'application de cette nouvelle loi s'étend à l'ensemble des employeurs et des travailleurs occupés dans un lien de subordination : cela s'applique aux contrats régis par la loi du 3 juillet 1978 relative aux contrats de travail, mais également aux travailleurs sous l'autorité d'une autre personne effectuant des prestations autrement qu'en vertu d'un contrat de travail. A partir du 1er juillet 2003, le champ d'application de la loi du 8 avril 1965 s'est encore élargi à l'ensemble du secteur public.

Le règlement de travail comporte plusieurs mentions obligatoires, notamment les horaires de travail (art. 6, §1er, 1°), le mode de mesurage et de contrôle du travail (art. 6, §1er, 2°), l'époque et le lieu de paiement de la rémunération (art. 6, §1er, 3°), les délais de préavis et motifs graves (art. 6, §1er, 4°), les droits et obligations du personnel de surveillance (art. 6 §1er, 5°), le droit disciplinaire applicable (art. 6, § 1er, 6°, 7, 16, 17, 18 et 19), les recours ouverts aux travailleurs (art. 6, § 1er, 7°) et d'autres informations obligatoires comme l'endroit où se trouve la boite de secours en application du règlement général de protection du travail (art. 6, § 1er, 8° à 19°).

Au-delà de ces éléments obligatoires, les partis peuvent y faire figurer ce qu'elles veulent, dans le respect de la hiérarchie des sources de droit. En effet, le règlement de travail ne peut aller à l'encontre ni des dispositions impératives, ni des conventions collectives de travail, ni des conventions individuelles écrites. Pour le reste, le règlement du 8 avril 1965 dispose d'une force supplétive, en ce qu'il n'est soumis ni aux dispositions supplétives de la loi, ni aux conventions individuelles verbales, ni à l'usage.

Outre son contenu, la publicité qui entoure le règlement de travail participe activement à la fonction d'information. Un avis indiquant l'endroit où le règlement de travail peut être consulté doit être affiché dans un endroit apparent et accessible (art. 15, al. 1er) pour chaque travailleur en permanence et sans intermédiaire. L'employeur doit également en remettre une copie au travailleur (art. 15, al. 3), ou au fonctionnaire compétent (art. 15, al. 4). Il suffit que les salariés aient été informés pour qu'ils soient liés par les dispositions.

Références

Bibliographie

Législation
Loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier, M.B., 25 juin 1896, art. 1.
Loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier, M.B., 25 juin 1896, art. 10.
Loi du 20 septembre 1948 portant organisation de l'économie, M.B., 27 septembre 1948, art. 15.
Loi du 8 avril 1965 instituant les règlements de travail, M.B., 5 mai 1965, art. 6.
Loi du 8 avril 1965 instituant les règlements de travail, M.B., 5 mai 1965, art. 10.
Loi du 8 avril 1965 instituant les règlements de travail,M.B., 5 mai 1965, art. 11.
Loi du 8 avril 1965 instituant les règlements de travail, M.B., 5 mai 1965, art. 12.
Loi du 8 avril 1965 instituant les règlements de travail, M.B., 5 mai 1965, art. 15.
Projet de loi relative aux règlements d'ateliers, Pas., Parl., Doc., 1894 -1895, séance du 18 juillet 1895, n°279, p. 187.
Proposition de loi modifiant la loi du 15 juin 1896 sur les règlements d'atelier, Ch., 1951 – 1952,  séance du 28 mai 1952, n°52 – S.E.-1950, pp. 1 - 39.

Doctrine
Birette, Y., et Davagle, M., « Mise en perspective historique », Temps de travail et temps de repos, 1e éd., Bruxelles, Larcier, 2021, pp. 15 - 46.
Castiaux, D., « Les sanctions disciplinaires », Guide social permanent, t. V : Commentaire du droit du travail, Bruxelles, Kluwer, 2008, pp. 1-10 – 1-2960.
Clesse, J., et Kefer, F., « Le règlement de travail », Manuel de droit du travail, 2e éd., Bruxelles, LArcier, 2018, pp. 123 - 126.
DELPORTE, C. et  PIRLET, A., « Discipline et surveillance dans la relation de travail », Perspective de droit social, M. Westrade (dir.), Limal, Anthemis, 2013, pp. 1 - 102 .
DESTATTE, P., « La question sociale », Histoire de la Belgique contemporaine, 1e éd., Bruxelles, Larcier, 2019, pp. 49 - 61.
HEIRMAN, J., et GRATIAS, M., « Le règlement de travail », Guide social permanent, t. V : Commentaire droit du travail, Bruxelles, Kluwer, 2010, pp. 248 - 324
MORSA, M., « Les infractions concernant les relations collectives de travail », Infractions et sanctions en droit social, 1e éd., Bruxelles, Larcier, 2013, pp. 491 - 532.
VANNES, V., « Le pouvoir disciplinaire », Le contrat de travail : aspects théoriques et pratiques, 4e éd., Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2013, pp. 533 - 559.
ZOCASTELLO, S., « Remettre de l'ordre au sein de son entreprise avec des sanctions disciplinaires ? », M. Soc., 2014, n°10, pp. 11 - 12.

Jurisprudence
 Cass., 9 juin 1980, R.D.S., 1981, p.12.

Liens externes

Loi belge
Droit du travail en Belgique
1896 en Belgique
1896 en droit
Juin 1896


Massakren i Nice fandt sted torsdag den 14. juli 2016, hvor en gerningsmand kørte en 19 tons tung lastbil ind i en stor menneskemængde på Promenade des Anglais i Nice i Frankrig i færd med at fejre Bastilledagen. Gerningsmanden dræbte 86 mennesker, heraf 10 børn, og sårede 434 personer. Fem personer blev arresteret mistænkt for at have medvirket til angrebet.

Massakren

Planlægningen
Den franske offentlige anklager, Francois Molins, udtalte den 21. juli: »Det ser ud til, at gerningsmanden havde forberedt sit kriminelle forehavende i flere måneder, før han skred til handling.« Denne formodning baserede politiet blandt andet på billeder på gerningsmandens mobiltelefon og computer. Der var billeder af folk, som betragtede fyrværkeriet på bastilledagen i 2015. Endvidere havde gerningsmanden ringet 1.278 gange til den 37-årige tuneser Choukri C., og 150 gange havde han haft kontakt til en 40-årig fransk-tuneser, Mohamed Walid G., som havde filmet strandpromenaden i Nice efter attentatet.

Gerningsmanden havde dagene inden massakren observeret området omkring promenaden.

Massakren
Omkring kl. 22.45 kørte Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel en 19 tons tung lastbil uden lys ind i en menneskemængde på Promenade des Anglais i Nice, der fejrede Bastilledagen og var samlet for at overvære et fyrværkeri-show.

Bouhlel kørte kl. 22.40 lastbilen gennem bilbarriererne til Promenade des Anglais. En motorcyklist prøvede at stoppe lastbilen og forsøgte at åbne førerdøren, men faldt ind under lastbilen. Lastbilen kørte mod folk på promenaden, mens den gassede op. Politiet begyndte at skyde mod lastbilen. Føreren af lastbilen skød tilbage mod politiet og folk på promenaden. Lastbilen sig-sakkede for at ramme så mange som muligt. Lastbilen blev stoppet efter to kilometer ved at politiet skød og dræbte føreren. Vidner havde hørt gerningsmanden råbte "Allahu Akbar".

Han dræbte derved 85 og sårede 434 personer.

Den franske avis Nice-Matin beskrev gerningsmanden som en 31-årig muslimsk mand af tunesisk oprindelse med tunesisk statsborgerskab.

Som følge af massakren forlængede præsident François Hollande Frankrigs undtagelsestilstand siden terrorangrebene i Paris året før med tre måneder. Hollande havde ellers dagen inden massakren sagt, at undtagelsestilstanden ville ophøre 26. juli 2016.

Ofrene
Ofrene kom fra i 20 lande: Frankrig: Algeriet, Armenien, Belgien, Brasilien, Estland, Georgien, Italien, Kasakhstan, Madagaskar, Marokko, Polen, Rumænien, Rusland, Schweiz, Tunesien, Tyskland, Tyrkiet, Ukraine og USA. Ti af de dræbte var børn og teenagere. Mindst 30 af de dræbte var personer, hvis religion var islam.

Gerningsmand
Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel ( Muḥammad Laḥwīj Būhlāl; født 3. januar 1975, død 14. juli 2016) var en tunesisk mand, som stod bag massakren. Ifølge fransk politi boede han i Nice og havde opholdstilladelse i Frankrig. Bouhlel var født i den tunesiske by M'saken tæt på Sousse. Han var gift og far til tre børn.

Bouhlel besøgte ofte sit hjemland. Han besøgte sit hjemland otte måneder før massakren.

Bouhlel var kendt af politiet for mindre alvorlig kriminalitet som tyveri og indbrud.

Bouhlel sendte få dage før massakren ca. 800.000 danske kroner til slægtninge i Tunesien.

Baggrund og motiv
Berlingske (b.dk) skrev 16. juli 2016: "Det er endnu uklart, hvad Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlels motiv var, og om han har efterladt sig en forklaring."

Franske myndigheder
Den franske præsident François Hollande har beskrevet massakren som terror. Ifølge den franske premierminister, Manuel Valls, er angrebet en terrorhandling, og den franske anklagemyndighed efterforsker sagen som terror.

Ifølge Frankrigs indenrigsminister, Bernard Cazeneuve, lader det til, at gerningsmanden hurtigt blev radikaliseret.

Efter at have undersøgt gerningsmandens telefon kunne fransk politi oplyse at han måske havde haft kontakt til flere kendte radikale muslimer i Nice.

På trods af flere interneringer og gennemsøgning af Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlels hjem og videre undersøgelse Bouhlels mobiltelefon og computer, kunne de franske myndigheder endnu den 18. juli 2016 ikke finde forbindelse med "terrornetværk" som IS.

Anklageren Francois Molins har en tese om, at Mohamed Bouhlel havde interesse for radikal ekstremisme. Molin udtalte ved en pressekonference den 18. juli 2016, at der var kommet nye oplysninger frem, der tydede på, at gerningsmanden var blevet radikaliseret indenfor de sidste uger før angrebet, og at der var tale om et terrorangreb. På gerningsmandens computer havde man fundet søgninger efter terrorangreb, der var udført af IS. De seneste dage før sin død, søgte han nærmest daglig efter information om Koranen og om religiøse sange, som IS brugte i deres propaganda på internettet.

Islamisk Stat
I en erklæring via Amaq, ifølge nyhedsbureauet Reuters, har Islamisk Stat påtaget sig ansvaret for folkemordet og kaldt gerningsmanden "en af Islamisk Stats soldater".

Der er rejst tvivl om, hvorvidt gerningsmanden var troende muslim. Senere undersøgelsen har godtgjort, at han havde fået stigende interesse for radikal islamisme, og at han derfor havde anlagt skæg. Det blev tillige konstateret, at han havde studeret andre ekstremistiske angreb på internettet, blandt andet om terrorangrebet i Orlando i USA og i Magnanville, en forstad til Paris. På hans computer fandt politiet billeder af voldsepisoder af "radikal islamistisk" karakter. Til sin omgangskreds havde han tilkendegivet, at han ikke kunne forstå, hvorfor Islamisk Stat i Syrien og Irak ikke fik et territorium.
- "Hvis der ikke på dette stadium i efterforskning er fund, der peger på en forbindelse til Islamisk Stat eller individer fra gruppen, så viste han helt sikkert interesse for radikale jihadistiske bevægelser", siger anklageren Francois Molins.

Nice er et af de steder, der har leveret soldater til Islamisk Stat. Mindst 80 er rekrutteret fra Nice og omegn. Radikal islam har flere støtter på den franske riviera end de fleste andre steder i Frankrig.

Ifølge forfatteren Deniz Serinci, der har skrevet bogen "Terrorens Kalifat - et indblik i Islamisk Stat" kan terrorangrebet være inspireret af en udtalelse af Abu Adnanis fra Islamisk Stat fra september 2014: "Hvis du kan dræbe en vantro europæer, især en ondsindet og beskidt franskmand, så hav tiltro til Allah. Kør ham over med din bil." Også al-Qaeda har opfordret til at begå mord med lastbiler.

Gerningsmandens familie
Gerningsmandens far beskrev overfor nyhedsbureauet AFP sin søn med vendinger som "depression, råbte meget, vred, ødelagde alt".
Hans far citeres endvidere for: "Han bad aldrig. Han gik aldrig i moské. Han havde ingen forbindelse til religion."

Gerningsmandens søster har oplyst, at hendes bror havde psykiske problemer og havde været i behandling hos psykolog i flere år.

Naboer
Naboer har overfor The Daily Telegraph beskrevet Bouhlel som deprimeret, aggressiv og ustabil.

Efterspil
Frankrigs præsident François Hollande kaldte angrebet for en terrorhandling få timer efter hændelsen og forlængede undtagelsestilstanden, som havde varet siden terrorangrebene i Paris november 2015.

I forbindelse med angrebet blev der annonceret tre dages landesorg i Frankrig den 16. juli 2016.

Mistænkte personer
En 37-årig albansk statsborger er anholdt og mistænkt for at levere våben til Bouhlel. Bouhlel skrev minutter før lastbilangrebet en besked til den albanske mand, hvori han bad om flere våben.

Efter undersøgelser var massakren forberedt i måneder, og gerningsmanden havde i den forbindelse fået hjælp til at planlægge og udføre angrebet. Fire mænd og en kvinde blev anholdt og skulle stilles for en dommer som mistænkte. De fem arresterede var i alderen fra 22 til 42. To af dem, Ramzi A og Mohamed Oualid G, var fransk-tunesere, den ene født i Nice. Chokri C, var tuneser. To andre arresterede var en albansk mand, Artan, og hans kone, Enkeldja, som var fransk og albansk. Tunesere og fransk-tuneserne har været i retten og er blevet anklaget for mord begået af en gruppe med terrorforbindelse. Det albanske par er blevet anklaget for at bryde våbenloven i forbindelse med en terroristgruppe.

Ifølge anklageren Francois Molins mistænkes de alle for at være involveret i forberedelsen af angrebet. Den albanske mand mistænkes for at have skaffet gerningsmanden et automatvåben. En anden havde sms-kontakt med gerningsmanden lige inden angrebet.

En af de anholdte, en tunesisk mand, havde filmet på gerningsstedet dagen efter massakren. En af de anholdte, en tuneser, havde tidligere i 2016 sendt Bouhlel en besked på Facebook:
"Fyld 2.000 ton jern på lastbilen. Slip bremsen, min ven, og jeg vil komme og se på".
En af de anholdte og gerningsmanden havde ifølge statsadvokaten kontaktet hinanden i alt 1.278 gange i løbet af et år op til angrebet. En af de arresterede havde sendt en besked på Bouhlels mobiltelefon efter terrorangrebet på den satiriske avis Charlie Hebdo i januar 2015, hvor han skrev: "Jeg er ikke Charlie. Jeg er glad for, at de sendte Allahs soldater for at gøre arbejdet færdigt".

Den 25. juli 2016 arresterede fransk politi yderligere to mænd til afhøring i kvarteret i nærheden af togstationen i Nice. Det blev rapporteret, at politiet havde fundet billeder af begge mænd på Lahouaiej Bouhlels mobiltelefon, den ene var synlig på en selfie, der blev taget ved siden af lastbilen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Liveopdateringer på The Guardian
 Liveopdateringer på Le Figaro
 Liveopdateringer på Ekstrabladet

Terrorhandlinger i Frankrig
Massakrer i Frankrig
Begivenheder i 2016
Kriminalsager
Nice

Massakren i Nice 2016


Jakob Steiner (erwähnt ab 1510 in Basel; † um 1553 ebenda) war ein schweizerischer Tischler, Bildschnitzer und Politiker.

Leben
Jakob Steiner machte seine Lehre beim Bildhauer Hans Dürr in Basel. 1511 erwarb er das Basler Bürgerrecht und das Zunftrecht der Spinnwetternzunft. Steiner gelangte als Kunsttischler und Bildschnitzer zu Wohlstand. 1520–1521 war er an der geschnitzten Holzdecke und dem Mobiliar der Grossratsstube beteiligt (nicht erhalten). 1539–1540 schuf er die Schubladenschränke für das Archivgewölbe des Basler Rathauses. Steiner wird auch die sogenannte Erasmus-Truhe zugeschrieben, die von Bonifacius Amerbach für den Nachlass des Erasmus von Rotterdam in Auftrag gegeben wurde.

Steiner vertrat die Spinnwetternzunft 1525–1526 und 1527–1532 im Kleinen Rat. In den 1530er-Jahren schloss er sich der Täuferbewegung an und legte seine öffentlichen Ämter nieder.

Literatur
 Stefan Hess / Wolfgang Loescher: Möbel in Basel. Kunst und Handwerk der Schreiner bis 1798, Basel 2012; ISBN 978-3-85616-545-1
 Dieter Pfister, Sabine Häberli, Astrid Kübli: Basler Möbelkunst von 1450 bis 1950, Basel 2002; ISBN 3-7965-1893-1
 Sabine Söll-Tauchert: Die Erasmus-Truhe: ein Möbel als Denkmal, Basel 2016 (Basler Kostbarkeiten 37), ISBN 3-9524338-4-5

Weblinks

Kunstschreiner (Schweiz)
Bildschnitzer
Person (Basel)
Schweizer
Geboren im 15. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 16. Jahrhundert
Mann

Jakob Steiner (Kunsttischler)


Spinalis er en del af erector spinae, en gruppe muskler og sener, lokaliseret tættest på rygsøjlen. Den er opdelt i tre dele: Spinalis dorsi, spinalis cervicis og spinalis capitis.

Se også
 Iliocostalis
 Longissimus
 Semispinalis

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Spinalis


Eimskipafélagshúsið (oft kallað gamla eimskipshúsið) er hús staðsett á Pósthússtræti 2 og var teiknað af Guðjón Samúelssyni og var byggt fyrir Eimskip. Húsið er núna í notkun hótelkeðjunnar Radisson blu og er hótel. Þegar húsið var byggt var gamla Eimskipsmerkið á húsinu sem líktist hakakrossinum en þegar seinni heimsstyrjöldin skall á var því breytt því að nasistar voru að nota hakakrossinn sem merki þeirra. Nú stendur 1919 þar sem hakakrossinn var út af því þá var húsið byggt.
Byggingar eftir Guðjón Samúelsson

Eimskipafélagshúsið


Dracunculoza, cunoscută și sub denumirea de boala viermelui de Guineea (guinea worm disease- GWD), este o infecție cauzată de viermele de Guineea.

Definiție și simptome
Infectarea survine în momentul în care o persoană bea apă care conține purici de apă infestați cu larve de vierme de Guineea. La început, nu există niciun fel de simptom. După aproximativ un an, persoana în cauză începe să resimtă o senzație de arsură dureroasă pe măsură ce femela de vierme formează o veziculă subcutanată, de obicei la nivelul membrelor inferioare. Apoi, timp de câteva săptămâni, viermele perforează pielea pentru a ieși. În această perioadă, mersul sau lucrul pot fi dificil de realizat. Este foarte neobișnuit ca boala să determine moartea.

Cauze
Oamenii sunt singurele specii cunoscute care pot fi infectate cu viermele de Guineea. Viermele are o lățime de 1-2 milimetri, iar o femelă adult are o lungime cuprinsă între 60 și 100 de centimetri (masculii sunt mult mai scurți). În exteriorul organismului uman, ouăle pot supraviețui până la trei săptămâni. Trebuie să fie ingerate de puricii de apă în acest timp. În interiorul puricilor de apă, larvele pot supraviețui chiar și patru luni. Prin urmare, pentru a putea persista într-o anumită regiune, boala trebuie să se dezvolte la oameni în fiecare an. În mod obișnuit, diagnosticarea bolii poate fi făcută pe baza semnelor și simptomelor specifice.

Prevenire și tratament
Prevenirea se realizează prin diagnosticarea bolii în fazele incipiente și prin împiedicarea contactului rănii cu apa potabilă. Alte măsuri includ: un acces mai facil la apă curată sau, dacă acest lucru nu este posibil, filtrarea apei. De cele mai multe ori, simpla filtrare printr-un material textil este suficientă. Apa potabilă contaminată poate fi tratată cu o substanță chimică numită DFMG pentru a omorî larvele. Nu există medicamente sau vaccinuri împotriva bolii. Viermele poate fi îndepărtat încet, pe parcursul a câteva săptămâni, prin rularea lui pe un băț. Ulcerațiile formate de vierme ca urmare a ieșirii sale din organism pot fi infectate de bacterii. Este posibil ca durerea să persiste timp de câteva luni după ce viermele a fost îndepărtat.

Epidemiologie și istoric
În 2013 au fost raportate 148 de cazuri. Aceasta reprezintă o scădere față de 3,5 milioane de cazuri în 1986. În prezent, apare doar în 4 țări din Africa, față de 20 de țări în anii '80. Cea mai afectată țară este Sudanul de Sud. Aceasta va fi, cel mai probabil, prima boală parazitară eradicată. Boala viermelui de Guineea este cunoscută din timpuri străvechi. Este menționată în lucrarea egipteană de medicină Ebers Papyrus, datând din 1550 î.Hr.. Denumirea de dracunculoză derivă din Latină "necaz din cauza dragonilor mici", în timp ce numele de "vierme de Guineea" a apărut după ce europenii au văzut boala pe coasta Guineei  Africa de Vest în secolul al XVII-lea. O specie similară viermelui de Guineea determină îmbolnăvirea altor animale. Se pare că acestea nu infectează oamenii. Este clasificată ca boală tropicală neglijată.

Referințe

Boli parazitare
Boli tropicale
Boli infecțioase
Boli de piele

Dracunculoză


The year 1896 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry
 Svante Arrhenius formulates the "greenhouse law" and becomes the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes are large enough to cause global warming through the greenhouse effect.

Earth sciences
 June 15 – The 1896 Sanriku earthquake of 7.2 surface wave magnitude and tsunami in Japan kill 27,000.

Exploration
 August – Conclusion of Nansen's Fram expedition.

Mathematics
 The prime number theorem on the distribution of primes is proved.
 Charles L. Dodgson publishes the first part of Symbolic Logic.
 Karl Pearson publishes significant contributions to correlation and regression.

Meteorology
 International Cloud Atlas first published.

Microbiology
 Ernest Duchesne discovers the antibiotic properties of penicillin as part of his doctoral research, but this is not followed up at this time.

Physics
 March 1 – French physicist Henri Becquerel discovers the principle of radioactive decay when he exposes photographic plates to uranium.
 German physicist Wilhelm Wien derives Wien approximation.

Physiology and medicine
 July – Victor Despeignes pioneers radiation oncology in Lyon.
 Antoine Marfan first describes the symptoms of Marfan syndrome.
 An improved sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure, is described by Scipione Riva-Rocci.
 The 12th edition of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis introduces the term 'paedophilia'.
 Belgian psychiatrist Jean Crocq publishes Les nèvroses traumatiques: ètude pathogènique & clinique.

Technology
 Thomas Ellis Brown produces an innovative design of rolling bascule bridge for Brooklyn.
 Jesse W. Reno produces the first working escalator ("inclined elevator"), installed at Coney Island, Brooklyn.
 Gottlieb Daimler produces the first truck.
 Léon Serpollet invents the flash boiler for the steam car.
 Captain Neville Bertie-Clay, Superintendent of the British Army arsenal at Dum Dum in Bengal, invents an expanding bullet.
 December 11 – William Preece introduces Guglielmo Marconi's work in wireless telegraphy to the general public at a lecture, "Telegraphy without Wires", at the Toynbee Hall in London.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Karl Gegenbaur
 Wollaston Medal for geology: Eduard Suess

Births
 January 3 – Jay Laurence Lush (died 1982), American livestock geneticist.
 February 2 – Kazimierz Kuratowski (died 1980), Polish mathematician.
 February 14 – Arthur Milne (died 1950), English space physicist.
 February 28 – Philip Showalter Hench (died 1965), American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 March 29 – Wilhelm Ackermann (died 1962), German mathematician.
 April 7 – Donald Winnicott (died 1971), English child psychiatrist.
 April 14 – Priscilla Fairfield Bok (died 1975), American astronomer.
 May 6 – Rolf Maximilian Sievert (died 1966), Swedish physicist.
 May 31 – Hilda Lyon (died 1946), English aeronautical engineer.
 June 1 – Shintaro Uda (died 1976), Japanese electrical engineer.
 June 7 – Robert S. Mulliken (died 1986), American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 July 16 – Otmar von Verschuer (died 1969), German eugenicist.
 August 15 – Gerty Cori (née Radnitz) (died 1957), Prague-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Deaths
 June 23 – Joseph Prestwich (born 1812), English geologist.
 July 13 – August Kekulé (born 1829), German organic chemist.
 August 10 – Otto Lilienthal (born 1848), German aviation pioneer.
 September 18 – Hippolyte Fizeau (born 1819), French physicist.
 October 21 – James Henry Greathead (born 1844), British civil engineer.
 October 27 – H. Newell Martin (born 1848),  British physiologist.
 November 3 – Eugen Baumann (born 1846), German chemist.
 November 22 – George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. (born 1859), American civil engineer, inventor of the Ferris wheel.
 December 10 – Alfred Nobel (born 1833), Swedish-born inventor.

References

19th century in science
1890s in science

1896 in science


Le Deutsches Adelsblatt est publié depuis 1883 en tant qu'organe de l'. Le journal, qui paraît chaque mois aujourd'hui, compte environ . Son apparition n'est interrompue que par la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Son objectif est de promouvoir la cohésion de la noblesse allemande et de faire connaître les activités de l'aristocratie et des associations familiales dans tout le pays.

Histoire
L'Adelsblatt est initialement publié par Carl Heymanns Verlag à Berlin, à partir de  par le Wirtschaftsbund für den Deutschen Adel GmbH et à partir du  dans la  à Berlin. Le tirage de l'Adelsblatt totalise  en 1930, puis tombe à 10 000 en 1935. En 1934, le directeur de la publication Walter von Bogen und Schönstedt exige, par analogie avec la pratique des SS, des gardes de clans pour surveiller la reproduction de la noblesse allemande. En 1944, l'Adelsblatt est victime de la dernière des trois grandes vagues de fermetures de journaux et de magazines allemands liées à la guerre et cesse sa publication.

En 1945, avec la fuite, l'expulsion et la mort violente d'environ  de la noblesse allemande, les activités de l'Association de la noblesse allemande cessent également. Dans cette situation, Jürgen von Flotow et Hans Friedrich von Ehrenkrook fondent les Archives de la noblesse allemande au , la résidence d'Ehrenkrook à l'époque. Dès , ils publient la   dont le but est de réunir les familles aristocratiques expulsées de l'Est. En  paraît la dernière des éditions sous ce titre, dans laquelle non seulement de nouvelles adresses, mais aussi des fiançailles, des mariages, des naissances et des décès sont publiés.

À partir d', le premier numéro paraît sous le nom de Deutsches Adelsarchiv. En 1961, l'ancien nom Deutsches Adelsblatt est repris par les héritiers de la maison d'édition Schlieffen. Après le départ des héritiers de feu Hans Friedrich von , la Verlag Deutsches Adelsblatt GmbH est fondée. Après le décès de sa mère Amélie von Flotow, Christina von Flotow est la directrice générale de cette entreprise éditrice de l'Adelsblatt. Le Deutsche Adelsblatt apparaît dans un nouveau design moderne depuis 2011.

Au sein de la noblesse allemande, qui se considère encore comme un état et dont les privilèges sont abolis par la Constitution en 1919, le Deutsches Adelsblatt est le principal périodique qui forme l'opinion, notamment sur les questions juridiques (droit à un nom, , droit des successions).

Les annonces familiales qui renseignent sur les naissances, les mariages et les décès dans les familles nobles sont particulièrement populaires.

Liens externes
 Edelleute.de : Bibliographie d'histoire culturelle sur l'Adelsblatt
 Deutsches Adelsblatt → Article de couverture
 Journal de la noblesse allemande au VdDA
 Années sélectionnées à la Biblioteka Elblaska

Référence

Magazine allemand
Titre de presse créé en 1883
Noblesse allemande

Deutsches Adelsblatt


Show and Tell est le premier album live du groupe canadien The Birthday Massacre. Il a été enregistré au club Knust à Hambourg, en Allemagne, à l'automne 2007.

Le CD est sorti au printemps 2009, et le DVD est sorti plus tard en Europe (2009) et en Amérique du Nord (2010).

CD

DVD

Le DVD Show and Tell est sorti en Europe le 2 octobre 2009 et en Amérique du Nord le 9 février 2010. Le concert, enregistré à Hambourg (Allemagne), fait partie de la tournée européenne Walking With Strangers du groupe en 2007.

Le DVD contient également des vidéos du groupe enregistrées lors de leurs passages au festival allemand M'era Luna en 2005 et 2006.

Remarque : la version européenne du DVD contient les deux performances de M'era Luna, mais la version nord-américaine du DVD ne contient que la performance de 2005.

Concert à Hambourg

Before Dark (Intro) - 1:26
Video Kid - 4:28
Lovers End - 4:20
Goodnight - 4:21
Falling Down - 4:14
Violet - 3:39
Red Stars - 3:50
Looking Glass - 4:23
Remember Me - 4:05
Unfamiliar - 3:26
Walking With Strangers - 3:53
Weekend - 3:54
Horror Show - 4:07
Kill the Lights - 4:36
Blue - 4:31
Happy Birthday - 4:13

Bonus

 M'era Luna 2005 (live)
 M'era Luna 2006 (live)
 Galerie de photos
 Interview

Musiciens

 Chibi – chant
 Rainbow – guitare, chant
 Michael Falcore – guitare
 Owen – claviers
 OE - basse, chant
 Rhim – batterie

Notes et références

Liens externes

 CD Show and Tell
 DVD Show and Tell

Film de concert
Album live sorti en 2009

Show and Tell (album)


AAR or Aar may refer to:

Geography
Aar, a river in Switzerland, tributary of the Rhine
Aar (Lahn), a tributary of Lahn river in Germany, descending from the Taunus mountains
Aar (Dill), a tributary of  Dill river in Germany, also in the basin of the Lahn
Aar (Ill), a branch of the Ill river that separates from it in Strasbourg, France and rejoins it further north
Aar (Twiste), a tributary of  Twiste river in Germany, in the basin of the Weser
Aar (village), a village in Rajasthan, India
South American–Antarctic Ridge, also known as the American–Antarctic Ridge, a mid-ocean ridge in the South Atlantic
Antarctica, IAAF code AAR

Military
 After-action review, a structured review process used by the U.S. military
 After action report, a retrospective analysis
 Air-to-air refueling, the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft to another during flight
 Assistant Automatic Rifleman, a soldier who carries ammunition, see Rifleman#Modern_tactics.

Organizations
All American Racers, a former Formula 1 and CART team
Allens (law firm), a law firm (formerly known as Allens Arthur Robinson)
American Academy in Rome, research and arts institution in Rome
American Academy of Religion, an association of academics who research or teach topics related to religion
Association for Automated Reasoning, a non-profit that seeks to advance the field of automated reasoning
Association of American Railroads, an industry trade group representing the railroads of North America

Transportation
AAR Corporation, an American aviation engineering company
AAR coupling, railway coupling specification of the Association of American Railroads
AAR wheel arrangement, Association of American Railroads system for describing wheel arrangement of locomotives
All-American Road, a designation for some national scenic byways in the United States
Ann Arbor Railroad (disambiguation)
IATA airport code for Aarhus Airport in Tirstrup, Denmark
ICAO airline code for Asiana Airlines of South Korea

Other uses
Aar (Star Wars), fictional planet in Star Wars universe
Aar, a fictional planet of the star Deneb, in the "Captain Future" stories
The All-American Rejects, an American rock band
Air America Radio, a domestic United States radio network
Average accounting return, a capital budgeting investment rule
Adam's apple reduction, a surgery
Afar language (ISO 639 language identification code)
African American Review, a journal
Amino acid response, the biochemical response of  a mammalian cell starved of amino acids
"At any rate", see List of SMS abbreviations
Alkali–aggregate reaction, a chemical reaction leading to expansion in concrete

See also
Ahr, a river in Germany, tributary of the Rhine
Aare (disambiguation)

AAR


Joseph Coiny, né le  à Paris et mort le  dans la même ville, est un graveur français.

Biographie
Joseph Coiny naît le  à Paris. Il est le fils du graveur Jacques Joseph Coiny, avec qui il fait ses premières études, puis devient l'élève de Gounod et de Bervic.

Il remporte le prix de Rome en gravure en 1816.

Parmi ses œuvres, on peut citer la Création d'Eve, d'après Michel-Ange, et de nombreux portraits.

Joseph Coiny meurt le  dans sa ville natale.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

 .

Graveur français du XIXe siècle
Naissance en septembre 1795
Naissance à Paris
Décès en août 1829
Décès dans l'ancien 12e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 33 ans

Joseph Coiny


جاغوار ، طائرة هجوم أرضي طورت في الأصل كمشروع بريطاني فرنسي مشترك لإنتاج طائرة تدريب ذات أداء عالي ولكن مواصفاتها غيرت لاحقا لتصبح طائرة قاصفة هجومية. استخدمت في الأصل من قبل القوات الجوية الملكية البريطانية في عام 1973, وسلاح الجو الفرنسي. في عام 1972 لا تزال في الخدمة في سلاح الجو الهندي, وسلاح الجو السلطاني في سلطنة عمان.

تستخدم جاغوار في المقام الأول كطائرة للهجوم الأرضي. وتبلغ سرعتها القصوى 990 ميل في الساعة، اما مداها فيزيد عن 500 ميل. وفي الإمكان تزويد طائرة جاغوار بأنواع عديدة من الأسلحة تبعا للمهمة المكلفة بها بما في ذلك القنابل العنقودية والعادية والمسيرة باشعة الليزر. كما تحمل الطائرة على متنها مدفعين من عيار 30 ملم، إضافة إلى صاروخين جو-جو من طراز سايدوايندر. إضافة لذلك فالطائرة مزودة بمعدات للدفاع الإلكتروني.

ويعتبر نظام الملاحة والهجوم المزودة به جاغوار واحدا من أهم مميزاتها. ويقوم هذا النظام بعرض كل المعلومات الضرورية على لوح زجاجي مثبت امام قائدها. وقد استخدمت طائرات جاغوار في حرب البلقان عام 1998، كما تم تطويرها بعد أن استخدمت بنجاح في حرب الخليج عام 1991. وكانت القوات الجوية البريطانية تستخدم عددا من طائرا الجاغوار في القيام بمهام دورية في منطقتي حظر الطيران في العراق.

تم تصدير الجاكوار لعدة دول مثل: إكوادور و الهند وسلطنة عمان ونيجيريا., استخدمت جاكوار في العديد من الصراعات والعمليات العسكرية في موريتانيا وتشاد والعراق والبوسنة، وباكستان, وفي حرب الخليج تم الثناء على طائرة الجاغور لموثوقيتها, ونجاحها في العديد من المهمات الموكلة لها. بقيت كطائرة هجوم رئيسية حتى 1 يوليو 2005, ومع سلاح الجو الملكي لبريطاني حتى نهاية أبريل 2007.. وتم استبدالها بطائرات تورنادو, يوروفايتر تايفون. وداسو رافال.

مراجع

العلاقات البريطانية الفرنسية
العلاقات البريطانية الفرنسية العسكرية
تاريخ العلوم والتكنولوجيا في المملكة المتحدة
طائرات باك
طائرات بريغيه
طائرات ذات أجنحة عالية
طائرات عسكرية 1970–1979
طائرات عسكرية بريطانية
طائرات نفاثة ثنائية المحركات
طائرات هجومية دولية 1960–1969

جاغوار (طائرة)


El pez de limón, pez limón, seriola, medregal coronado, coronado de ley, lecha o lechola (Seriola dumerili) es una especie de pez perciforme de la familia Carangidae. No se reconocen subespecies.

Descripción

Tiene el cuerpo aplanado lateralmente y alargado. Los ojos son pequeños y el hocico redondeado y largo, con la mandíbula inferior un poco prominente y la boca ancha. Su coloración es azulada por el dorso y blanca plateada en la zona ventral. Algunos ejemplares pueden presentar una línea difusa de color amarillo a lo largo de los flancos. La línea lateral se encuentra levemente arqueada en su parte anterior, no muestra placas óseas y presenta de 150 a 180 escamas de pequeño tamaño a lo largo de la misma. Tiene dos aletas dorsales y la aleta anal se encuentra precedida de dos espinas.

Los alevines tienen líneas transversales de color oscuro sobre un fondo amarillento.

Alcanza una longitud máxima de 160 cm y un peso de 60 kg.

Distribución y hábitat
Su distribución es circunglobal, encontrándose en el océano Índico, en el Pacífico occidental y en el Atlántico, de Nueva Escocia (Canadá) a Brasil, y desde las islas Británicas hasta Marruecos, así como en el mar Mediterráneo. Es propio de aguas subtropicales, principalmente asociado a los arrecifes. Los ejemplares jóvenes se encuentran ocasionalmente bajo el sombrero de escifomedusas.

Comportamiento
Es de hábitos pelágicos o epibentónicos. Puede nadar en solitario o también formar grupos.

Reproducción
Los machos alcanzan la madurez sexual a los cuatro años y las hembras a los cinco. El periodo del desove tiene lugar en primavera y verano, dependiendo de la zona de distribución.

Alimentación
Su alimentación se compone principalmente de crustáceos, calamares y alevines.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

dumerili
Peces del océano Atlántico
Peces del océano Índico
Peces del océano Pacífico
Peces del mar Mediterráneo

Seriola dumerili


قائمة بالأبطال في 1908 البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية لكرة المضرب (المعروفة الآن باسم أمريكا المفتوحة):

الكبار

فردي رجال

 ويليام لارنيد هزم  بيلز رايت 6-1 6-2 8-6

فردي سيدات

 ماود برجر والاش هزم  إيفيلين سيرز 6-3, 1-6, 6-3

مراجع

الرياضة في بنسيلفانيا في 1908
الرياضة في رود آيلاند في 1908
الولايات المتحدة في 1908
رود آيلاند في 1908
أحداث أغسطس 1908 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1908 الرياضية
البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1908
كرة مضرب أمريكية في 1908

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية 1908 (كرة مضرب)


SummerSlam 2011 a fost cea de-a douozecișipatra ediție a pay-per-view-ului anual SummerSlam organizat de World Wrestling Entertainment. Evenimentul a avut loc pe 14 august 2011 și a fost găzduit de Staples Center în Los Angeles, California. Sloganul oficial a fost "Rip It Up" de la Jet.

Rezultate
 Dark Match: Dolph Ziggler (însoțit de Vickie Guerrero) l-a învins pe Alex Riley
 Kofi Kingston, John Morrison & Rey Mysterio i-au învins pe The Miz, R-Truth & Alberto del Rio (11:54)
 Mysterio l-a numărat pe Truth după un "619" și un "Springboard Splash".
 Mark Henry l-a învins pe Sheamus prin count out (9:23)
 Sheamus a fost descalificat că nu s-a întors în ring după ce Henry a dărâmat bariera de protecție cu el.
  Kelly Kelly (însoțită de Eve Torres) a învins-o pe Beth Phoenix (însoțită de Natalya) păstrându-și titlul WWE Divas Championship (6:37)
 Kelly a numărato pe Phoenix după ce a întors un "Glam Slam" într-un "Victory Roll".
 Wade Barrett l-a învins Daniel Bryan (12:08)
 Barrett l-a numărat pe Bryan după un "Wasteland".
 Randy Orton l-a învins pe Christian într-un No Holds Barred Match câștigând titlul WWE World Heavyweight Championship (27:48)
 Orton l-a numărat pe Christian după un "RKO" în aer pe scarile metalice.
 Campionul WWE CM Punk l-a învins pe Campionul WWE John Cena într-un Title Unification Match (cu Triple H arbitru special) devenind campionul WWE incontestabil (26:14)
 Punk l-a numărat pe Cena după un "Go To Sleep".
 În timpul numărători, Cena avea un picior pe coardă dar Triple H nu l-a văzut.
 După meci, Kevin Nash i-a aplicat un "Jackknife Powerbomb" lui Punk.
 Alberto del Rio l-a învins pe CM Punk câștigând titlul WWE Championship (00:12)
 Del rio l-a numărat pe Punk după un "Step-Up Enzuigiri".
 Del rio și-a folosit contractul RAW Money in the Bank.

Referințe
SummerSlam

SummerSlam (2011)


Sovietul Suprem al Republicii Moldovenești Nistene (, Sovietul Suprem al Republicii Moldovenești Nistrene, , Verkhovny Sovet Pridnestrovskoy Moldavskoy Respubliki, , Verkhovna Rada Prydnistrovskoyi Moldavskoyi Respubliky) este parlamentul Transnistriei. Legislativul unicameral este alcătuit din 43 de mandate, toate determinate de circumscripții electorale unice (Polohy). Sovietul Suprem este condus de președintele Sovietului Suprem Alexandr Șcerba

Istorie
Moldova consideră încă că Transnistria face parte din teritoriul său, însă pe data de declarat 2 septembrie 1990 sa declarat Republica Socialistă Sovietică Moldovenească de noua administrație de la Tiraspol. Întrucât Transnistria nu a fost o regiune autonomă înainte de ași declara independența, ea nu a avut reprezentanți în URSS. Datorită acestei, toate autoritățile guvernamentale au fost formate de la zero.

La 2 septembrie 1990, al doilea Congres Extraordinar al Deputaților Poporului Nistrian au ales Sovietul Suprem (provizoriu), care a fost înființat doar pentru pregătirea alegerilor al Sovietul Suprem permanent. Igor Smirnov a fost ales președinte al Sovietului Suprem provizoriu în martie 1990. După ce Smirnov a fost ales Președinte la 29 noiembrie 1990, a fost urmat de Vladimir Gonchar.

La 25 noiembrie 1990, primele alegeri legislative la Sovietului Suprem al RMN au avut loc în Transnistria. Primul Soviet Suprem a fost bicameral: el a constat din două camere - Sovietul Republicii și Sovietul Naționalităților. Sovietul Suprem a fost ales pentru un mandat de cinci ani și a constat din 64 de deputați. La 30 ianuarie 1991, Sovietul Suprem a ales ca președinte pe Moldoveanul Grigore Mărăcuță.

După referendumul din 1995 și adoptarea celei de-a doua Constituții a Transnistriei, componența Sovietului Suprem sa schimbat. Sovietul Republicii a fost înlocuit de Camera Legislativă și Sovietul Naționalităților a fost schimbat în Camera Reprezentanților. Cel de-al doilea Soviet Suprem a fost ales pentru un mandat de cinci ani și a constat din 67 deputați (32 în casă inferioară și 35 în casă superioară). Alegerile pentru cel de-al doilea Consiliu Suprem au avut loc la 24 decembrie 1995.

În 2000 au fost făcute modificări în Constituția RMN, ceea ce a dus la o nouă schimbare în organizarea Sovietului Suprem. A devenit un guvern unicameral și a constat din 43 de deputați.

Până în 2005, președintele Sovietului Suprem a fost Grigore Mărăcuță, dar după victoria electorală a Partidului "Обновление" (reînnoire), partid de opoziție, Evgheni Șevciuk a devenit noul președinte.

În 2009, președintele Igor Smirnov a înființat o comisie pentru elaborarea unei constituții noi. La 22 iulie 2009, Șevciuk a demisionat în calitate de vorbitor și a fost succedat de ucraineanul rus Anatoly Kaminski, de asemenea, de la partidul "Обновление" (reînnoire). Șevciuk a citat noua constituție propusă ca un factor major pentru motivul pentru care a demisionat. El la învins pe Smirnov și pe fostul său coleg Kaminski în alegerile prezidențiale din 2011. În urma înfrângerii alegerilor, Kaminski a demisionat atât în calitate de vorbitor, cât și ca șef al partidului "Обновление" (reînnoire). A fost urmat de Mikhail Burla, un ucrainean.

Membrii parlamentului
Majoritatea membrilor parlamentului sunt Nistreni. Potrivit datelor RMN oficiale, 22 dintre cei 43 de parlamentari s-au născut în RMN, în timp ce patru s-au născut în Republica Moldova, șapte s-au născut în Rusia, șase în Ucraina și patru nu au declarat.

Ultimele alegeri

Vorbitori
 Igor Smirnov (noiembrie 1990)
 Vladimir Gonchar (noiembrie 1990 - ianuarie 1991; intermar)
 Grigore Mărăcuță (1991–2005)
 Evgheni Șevciuk(2005–2009)
 Anatoli Kaminski (2009–2012)
 Mikhail Burla (13 iunie 2012 – 23 decembrie 2015)
 Vadim Krasnoselski (23 decembrie 2015 – 14 decembrie 2016)
 Alexander Shcherba (14 decembrie 2016 – 23 ianuarie 2019)
 Alexander Korshunov (23 ianuarie 2019 –)

References

External links
 Website-ul oficial al Sovietului Suprem
 Parliament summary

Politics of Transnistria
Transnistria


The Fire Engines were a post-punk band from Edinburgh, Scotland.

The Fire Engines were an influence on many bands that followed, including Franz Ferdinand and The Rapture, with Meat Whiplash and The Candyskins both taking their names from Fire Engines songs. In August 2017 the band reformed to play a benefit for Leith Theatre along with Irvine Welsh and Ewen Bremner.

History
The Fire Engines comprise David (Davy) Henderson (vocals/guitar), Murray Slade (guitar), Graham Main (bass), and Russell Burn (drums), the band name inspired by a 13th Floor Elevators song. Henderson, Main, and Burn had previously been members of The Dirty Reds, along with Russell Burn's brother Tam Dean Burn, while Slade had played in Station Six. The Fire Engines' debut release was the "Get Up And Use Me"/"Everything's Roses" single, released on manager Angus Groovy's Codex Communications label in 1980; The band had recorded their entire set twice in a Fife bungalow with producer Wilf Smarties, at a cost of £46, with these two tracks selected for release.

"Get Up and Use Me" was given 'Single of the Week' in both NME and Sounds. The band's live shows rarely lasted longer than twenty minutes – Henderson said of the early live shows: "We played to our strengths which were minimal, but somehow, as a band, it worked. We never played chords and Russell didn't use cymbals or hi-hats. It was very violent although no-one got hurt. Pure aggression, attitude and hate was what it was." The band were offered a deal by Postcard Records, but opted for Bob Last's Fast Product label. Further singles followed and a largely instrumental album, Lubricate Your Living Room (subtitled 'Background Music for Action People!'), in 1981, released on Fast subsidiary Pop:Aural. The band recorded two sessions for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show, the first in February 1981 featuring a cover version of Heaven 17's "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang", and a second in November that year. Their most successful single was "Candy Skin", released in 1981, but after the follow-up, "Big Gold Dream" failed to repeat its success, the band split up on 31 December 1981.

Henderson formed the short-lived Heartbeat with Bob Last's partner Hillary Morrison, the band's only release a track on an NME compilation cassette. Burn formed Everest the Hard Way with bassist Ian Stoddart and guitarist Stephen Lironi (who later joined Altered Images), the band releasing a single in April 1982, before Burn rejoined The Dirty Reds. Henderson and Burn went on to form Win with Stoddart in the mid 1980s, the band continuing until 1989. Henderson and Burn then worked together on Burn's Pie Finger project, releasing an album on Creation Records in 1992. Henderson then formed The Nectarine No. 9, which continued from the early 1990s until 2004.

Reformation
In 2004, the Fire Engines reformed to support The Magic Band at The Liquid Room in Edinburgh, and released a limited edition collaboration single with Franz Ferdinand; The seven-inch single contained a Franz Ferdinand cover of the Fire Engines song "Get Up and Use Me" with Fire Engines covering Franz Ferdinand's "Jacqueline". The band continued to play occasional concerts until 2006. On 2 October 2007, the Acute label issued Hungry Beat, a collection of the band's original studio recordings, making them available for the first time on CD in the US.

Henderson is now leading The Sexual Objects, featuring Ian Holford (drums), Simon Smeeton (guitar) and Douglas McIntyre (bass). Graham Wann later joined as guitarist. The band released a single on the Creeping Bent label in 2007, two singles through a German label in 2008 and one more in 2009. Their debut album, Cucumber, was released in 2010, partially produced by Boards of Canada (who produced the third single). It was released on vinyl in 2011.

Discography

Albums
Lubricate Your Living Room (1981) - UK Indie #4

Compilations
Aufgeladen und Bereit fur Action und Spass (1981)
Fond (1992)
Codex Teenage Premonition (2005)
Hungry Beat (2007)

Singles
"Get Up and Use Me" / "Everythings Roses" (1980), Codex Communications - UK Indie #9
"Candyskin" / "Meat Whiplash" (1981), Pop:Aural - UK Indie #7
"Big Gold Dream" / "New Thing in Cartons" / "Sympathetic Anaesthetic" (1981), Pop:Aural - UK Indie #15
"Discord" (2006), Domino ¹

¹ from John Peel session tracks "Discord" and "Candyskin"

Legacy and influence
The history of The Fire Engines from 1979 to 1981 is covered in 2015 documentary film Big Gold Dream, which takes its name from the band's final release on the Pop:Aural label.

References

External links
 The Fire Engines at Acute Records

Scottish post-punk music groups
Scottish indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 1979
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
Musical groups reestablished in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Musical groups from Edinburgh

The Fire Engines