USS Chicago (CA-136/CG-11) was a  heavy cruiser laid down on 28 July 1943 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US, by the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Launched on 20 August 1944, she was sponsored by Mrs. Edward J. Kelly, wife of the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois, and commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 10 January 1945, Captain Richard R. Hartung, USN, in command.  It served in some of the last battles around the Japan home islands in WWII, and as part of the post war occupation fleet.  Decommissioned after the war it was refitted as a missile cruiser beginning in the late 1950s and recommissioned in 1964, serving during the Vietnam War.  It served until 1980.

World War II
Chicago spent her first six weeks preparing for sea duty before departing on 26 February 1945 for Norfolk. After conducting training exercises, and calibrating her compasses in Chesapeake Bay, the cruiser got underway on 12 March for the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad. Arriving on 18 March, the cruiser conducted shakedown training and shore bombardment exercises off Culebra, Puerto Rico, before returning to Norfolk on 11 April. Following inspections and battle problem training, the cruiser sailed to Philadelphia for post-shakedown repair availability on 16 April.

In company with the destroyer , the cruiser departed for the Caribbean on 7 May, en route to the Pacific Ocean. Designed to operate offensively with strike and amphibious forces, Chicago spent her transit time conducting various anti-air drills, gunnery exercises, and radar tracking training. After refueling at San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 11 May, the ships spent three days conducting gunnery practice before departing for Colon, Canal Zone, on 15 May. With transit complete the next day, the ships arrived at Pearl Harbor on 31 May.

Following another period of gunnery, day battle, anti-aircraft, and shore bombardment exercises off Kahoolawe Island, the cruiser departed for Eniwetok, Marshall Islands, on 28 June. In company with the battleship , Chicago arrived at the atoll on 5 July and immediately refueled from . Underway that same day, with the destroyer , added for anti-submarine screen, the ships joined Rear Admiral Radford's Task Group 38.4 north of the Mariana Islands on 8 July.

Added to the anti-aircraft screen, Chicago guarded the Task Group's carriers as they conducted air strikes against the Tokyo Plains area, Honshū, Japan, on 10 July. After refueling on 12 July, the Task Group returned to the Japanese coast and launched air strikes against airfields, shipping, and railways in the northern Honshū and Hokkaidō areas the next day.

On 14 July, in company with the battleships , , , cruiser , and nine destroyers of Rear Admiral Shafroth's bombardment unit, Chicago closed northern Honshū to bombard the Kamaishi industrial area. At 1212, the cruiser joined the battleships in firing on the iron works and warehouses. Although heavy smoke obscured the target from the cruiser's spotting planes, the combination of pre-plotting the target through photo reconnaissance and radar positioning data allowed Chicagos guns to start fires in numerous buildings, several large warehouses, and among nearby oil tanks. At 1251, the cruiser's secondary battery guns began firing on a Japanese destroyer-escort type vessel. The escort was straddled and hit by 5 in shell fire, began smoking, and retired into the harbor. The Task Force retired at 1426, leaving the port under a pall of black smoke.

The following day, Chicago operated as "a temporary seaplane carrier" when the battleship  transferred her SC Seahawk floatplanes to the cruiser. By hanging one plane over the side with the crane the crew was still able to launch a Seahawk from the catapult for spotting services. After replenishment operations on 16 July, the cruiser resumed screening the carriers as they launched air strikes over the Tokyo Plains, northern Honshū and Hokkaidō, and the Kure-Kobe area over the next two weeks.

On 29 July, in company with  and several American battleships, Chicago participated in a night shore bombardment mission against the port of Hamamatsu. Using radar, and assisted by spotting planes dropping flares and rockets, the ships fired at bridges, factories and the rail yard for about an hour. Rejoining the Task Group five hours later Chicago once again screened the carriers as they launched air strikes against the Tokyo-Nagoya area.

Operations with the carriers, including a diversion to the south to avoid a typhoon, continued until 9 August when Rear Admiral Shafroth's bombardment unit returned to Kamaishi. The battleships, joined by Chicago, three more heavy cruisers and a Royal Navy light cruiser detachment, delivered another two-hour bombardment of the town before returning to the carrier task forces.

For the next six days, the cruiser screened the carriers as they launched continuous strikes against the Japanese Home Islands, until 15 August and the Japanese armistice. Chicago remained with the carriers until 23 August, when she departed for Japan. Anchoring in Sagami Wan on 27 August, and then moving to Tokyo Bay on 3 September, the cruiser supported the unloading of supplies and equipment for Third Fleet occupation forces.

Post-War
After transferring 47 men and the Marine Detachment for duty at Yokosuka Naval Base, the cruiser remained in port until 23 October when she got underway for the demilitarization of the Izu Islands. Over the next twelve days, inspection teams helped the Japanese garrison on O Shima and Nii Shima demolish gun emplacements, artillery, ammunition and other military equipment on the islands. Three days later, on 7 November, the cruiser got underway for San Pedro, California.

After arrival on 23 November Chicago received an overhaul at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard, before returning to the Far East. Underway on 24 January 1946, the cruiser arrived in Shanghai on 18 February for occupation duty. She remained there until 28 March as flagship of the Yangtze Patrol, and then sailed to Sasebo, Japan, where she became flagship of Naval Support Force, Japanese Empire Waters. The cruiser visited several other ports in Japan before clearing for the west coast on 14 January 1947. Moved to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, the heavy cruiser was placed out of commission in reserve on 6 June 1947.

Rebuilt as missile cruiser

On 1 November 1958, Chicago was reclassified CG-11 and towed to San Francisco Naval Shipyard to begin a five-year conversion (20 months longer than Columbus and 13 months longer than Albany) to a Guided Missile Cruiser. Begun on 1 July 1959, the entire superstructure was removed and replaced with new aluminum compartments, modernized electronic systems, and an improved Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) equipped combat information center. Representative of the new technological focus on guided missiles, Chicago was refitted with Tartar and Talos SAM stowage, loading, launching, and guidance systems. Two triple torpedo tubes, an ASROC launcher, two 5 in/38 cal guns, and two antisubmarine helicopters rounded out the cruisers' modifications.

Designed to provide long-range air, surface, and sub-surface defense for task forces, Chicago was recommissioned at the San Francisco Naval Shipyard on 2 May 1964, and was assigned to Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla Nine of the US Pacific Fleet. Preliminary acceptance trials were conducted throughout the summer until 2 September, when Chicago officially joined the 1st Fleet as an active unit. Following sonar calibration and deperming in Puget Sound the cruiser arrived at her home port of San Diego, California, to begin weapons systems qualifications. Examination and evaluation of the new missile systems were completed by 2 December, following successful trials at the Pacific Missile Range off southern California.

On 4 January 1965, the cruiser shifted to Long Beach, California, to begin a series of shock tests off San Clemente Island. Equipment tests, as well as damage control exercises, were completed by mid-January. Chicago then departed the area for San Francisco for alterations, receiving upgraded Tartar missile systems and improved electronics. The warship returned to San Diego on 17 April.

For the next two months, Chicago continued shakedown training, engineering, navigation, and seamanship drills as well as missile and electronic exercises. In mid-June, the cruiser began Talos fire control developmental testing with the Naval Electronics Laboratory. This, and later tests, examined guidance improvements and experimented with missile replenishment at sea.

During fleet exercise "Hot Stove" in August–September, Chicago practiced anti-air and ASW operations, including firing ASROC and tube-launched torpedoes against submerged "enemy" submarines. Following an ECM exercise Chicago participated in a competitive missile firing exercise and won a gold Missilery "E" for her Tartar battery. During the first week of October the warship participated in another anti-air exercise, this time shooting down two high-speed, high-altitude drones with Talos and Tartar missiles.

After a cruise to Hawaii from 19 October to 3 November, during which the cruiser practiced tactical data sharing training with the aircraft carrier  and destroyer , the ship finished out the year conducting tests and exercises in the San Diego area. Local operations continued in the spring, including more missile evaluation tests through February 1966. Returning to San Diego on 4 March the ship underwent operational readiness, technical proficiency, boiler, electronics, and nuclear warfare acceptance inspections. In April, the warship participated in Exercise "Gray Ghost," where the cruiser operated as tactical flagship for the anti-air warfare commander, Rear Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.

1st Vietnam deployment
On 12 May 1966, Chicago got underway for her first Vietnam deployment.  After stopping at Pearl Harbor and Yokosuka, where a new radar antenna was installed, the ship arrived at U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay on 12 June.  Picking up her helicopter detachment the cruiser departed the next day for duty with Task Force 77 on Yankee Station in the Tonkin Gulf.

From 15 June to 13 July, Chicago, call-sign Red Crown, began evaluating the concept of radar surveillance of all U.S. Navy air operations over designated areas of the Gulf and North Vietnam. Known as PIRAZ, for "positive identification and radar advisory zone", the initial duties of tracking friendly aircraft was expanded to include Air Force planes, controlling barrier combat air patrols, advising support aircraft, and coordinating strike information with the Air Force reporting center at Da Nang, South Vietnam. On 5 July a Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King search and rescue helicopter operating from Chicago rescued an A-4E Skyhawk pilot from  who had ejected off the coast of North Vietnam on 4 July. After a port visit to Hong Kong, where the ship had to avoid a typhoon on 17 July.

On her second PIRAZ tour, from 29 July to 11 August, Chicago assumed the duties of anti-air warfare commander for short periods of time and demonstrated the ability of a CG to track complex air operations.  After a practice Talos missile shot off Okinawa on 27 August, and a short visit to Keelung, Taiwan, the ship returned to PIRAZ station on from 7 September to 29 September.  The cruiser, expanding air duties once again, soon became the primary source for MIG warning information, and assumed surveillance responsibility for the North Vietnamese-Chinese border.  On her fourth PIRAZ tour, from 25 October to 12 November, the cruiser helped improve these procedures, particularly in the area of joint Air Force-Navy cooperation.

En route to Sasebo, via Subic Bay, the cruiser stopped at the Okinawa Missile Range to fire two more practice missiles on 18 November.  Arriving in Japan on 19 November, the ship visited Yokosuka before departing for home on 27 November. Sailing in rough seas, the ship completed the non-stop voyage on 7 December.  The cruiser remained at San Diego for the remainder of the year.

Starting in January 1967, the cruiser settled into the busy routine of training, exercises, and inspections.  Underway for such widely divergent responsibilities as providing guest cruises for the Secretary of the Navy, serving as First Fleet flagship, and air warfare exercises with USS Constellation, the cruiser spent the first five months of the year off California. In both April and May, Chicago conducted experimental Talos missile tests against surface targets to demonstrate missile versatility.

Following readiness inspections, the cruiser departed 6 June for an Alaskan cruise with Commander First Fleet.  Arriving in Juneau, Alaska, on 10 June, the ship paid an official visit to that city before returning to San Diego eleven days later.  After another fleet exercise in July, where Chicagos Talos battery scored a direct hit on a drone at a range of 96 miles, the cruiser spent August conducting official visits to Seattle, Washington, Vancouver, and Esquimalt, British Columbia.

2nd Vietnam deployment
Assigned to tender availability on 1 September, the ship received boiler and other repairs and inspections from  before departing for another WestPac deployment on 11 October 1967.  After departing Pearl Harbor on 18 October, the warship assisted in vectoring aircraft to the site of a Navy F-8 Crusader crash site, successfully rescuing the pilot. Arriving on station in the Gulf of Tonkin three weeks later, via Yokosuka, Okinawa, and Subic Bay, the ship relieved the cruiser , beginning PIRAZ duties from 12 November to 14 December. These responsibilities, improved over the past year, included radar surveillance, coordinating barrier CAP and rescue operations, providing MiG and border warnings, and a wide variety of communication and real-time data sharing services.

After a visit to Hong Kong from 16 to 21 December, the cruiser moved to Subic Bay for an import availability period completed on 3 January 1968.  Chicago steamed to Singapore, for a short rest period, before returning to the PIRAZ station from 13 January until 28 January, when following the seizure of  by North Korea, the cruiser steamed to the Sea of Japan to help coordinate air activities for the carriers of Task Group 70.6 as part of Operation Formation Star.  On 7 February, as the crisis eased, Chicago departed to resume PIRAZ duties in the Gulf of Tonkin from 12 February to 6 March.

Following a final PIRAZ cruise from 23 March to 17 April, Chicago departed Subic Bay on 1 May and arrived in San Diego on 15 May, via Guam and Pearl Harbor.  After a brief diversion to the Pacific Missile Range, to conduct experimental aircraft tracking and missile firings, the cruiser entered Long Beach Naval Shipyard on 1 July for a regular repair period followed by machinery and electronics sea trials and inspections for the remainder of 1968.

3rd Vietnam deployment
On 31 January 1969, Chicago concluded her missile systems qualifications tests, including a Talos test firing against a missile drone, before departing for her third cruise to the Western Pacific on 13 February.  The cruiser underwent ten days of upkeep and type training at Subic Bay before assuming duties as PIRAZ ship on 11 March.  Twelve days later, the ship began additional Search and Rescue (SAR) duty in the Gulf.  This involved maintaining two helicopters on patrol station to provide rescue coverage for Naval aircraft reconnaissance missions.

On 17 April, Chicago was ordered to proceed to the Sea of Japan, off Korea, for duty with Task Force 71. In response to the shooting down of an EC-121 by North Korean fighters on 14 April, that killed all 31 personnel on board, the Task Force patrolled the Sea of Japan during the crisis that followed. The cruiser provided PIRAZ and screening duties for the carriers, and their constant air patrols, until 27 April when the ship departed for upkeep at Sasebo, Japan.

Following repairs, Talos and Tartar missile tests at the Okinawa missile range, and picking up a group of midshipmen at Da Nang on 23 May, Chicago conducted another long PIRAZ/SAR tour from 23 May to 1 July.  After upkeep at Yokosuka, a visit to Hong Kong, and a typhoon evasion, the cruiser returned to the Gulf of Tonkin on 1 August to continue radar surveillance, electronic countermeasures, and missile screen duties. Departing 25 August, the cruiser returned, via Subic Bay, Guam, and Pearl Harbor, to San Diego on 17 September.

After a leave and upkeep period, followed by a tender availability that installed Zuni chaff dispensers, the cruiser finished out the year conducting routine inspections, local training exercises, and operations at the missile test range.  Author T. J. Jackson Lears was a communications officer aboard Chicago at this time. Chicago, still serving as United States First Fleet flagship for Vice Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, Jr., began the new year quietly, with team training at the Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare school in San Diego. Several fleet exercises, two missile firing tests, and inspections filled the months until 12 June 1970, when the cruiser underwent a two-week repair and alteration period. All four Talos fire control systems were upgraded to include anti-ship targeting and an experimental video target tracker was installed. Communications security, nuclear safety, and operational readiness inspections, as well as final engineering checks, were completed by the end of August.

4th Vietnam deployment

Despite cutbacks that had substantially lowered her crew component, the cruiser sailed for Vietnam on 9 September 1970.  Arriving on station on 3 October, Chicago conducted PIRAZ and search coordination duties with evasive maneuvering to avoid super typhoons Joan and Kate between 14 and 26 October.  After a 27 October refueling accident injured several men, Chicago left the Gulf of Tonkin on 1 November and Captain Stanley Thomas Counts assumed command before the ship arrived in Yokosuka on 7 November.  Chicago departed Yokosuka on 17 November and resumed PIRAZ station from 20 November to 19 December.  Chicago spent Christmas 1970 in Hong Kong and celebrated the new year in Subic Bay.  Chicago left Subic Bay on 11 January and resumed PIRAZ station until 18 February. Chicago departed Subic Bay en route to San Diego on 24 February escorted by the frigate .  Knox rescued a Chicago sailor who jumped overboard on 26 February; he thought it would get him discharged.  After refueling in Guam on 27 February, Knox suffering a loss of power due to a JP-5 fire in engineering on 3 March.  Chicago took Knox in tow until a fleet tug arrived at the scene from Pearl Harbor on 5 March.

Upon arrival in San Diego on 11 March, the cruiser began a post-deployment leave and upkeep period.  Supply replenishment, inspections, and a midshipmen's cruise in June and July, were followed by exercises, inspections, and a dependent-guest cruise into October.

5th Vietnam deployment

After a final readiness test and embarking five guests of the Secretary of the Navy, Chicago departed for another deployment on 6 November 1971 under the command of Captain Thomas William McNamara.  After a weekend stop at Pearl Harbor, where the passengers were debarked, the ship stopped at Guam and Subic Bay before arriving in the Gulf of Tonkin PIRAZ station on 6 December.  Chicago left PIRAZ station on 28 December to celebrate the new year in Singapore, and briefly crossed the equator on 4 January for a line-crossing ceremony at 105° 30 east.  Chicago then spent a week in Subic Bay before resuming PIRAZ station from 18 January to 10 February.  Chicago launched four RIM-8H Talos-ARM anti-radar homing missiles against North Vietnamese shore-based radar stations in February and March, but no hits were registered. After a few days in Subic Bay, radar surveillance and air coordination continued on PIRAZ station from 3 March until leaving on 21 March to visit Hong Kong.  The cruiser set course for San Diego before being recalled to PIRAZ station on 3 April 1972 in response to the North Vietnamese Army's invasion of the south.

The scale of U.S. air operations increased dramatically as strike and interdiction missions, designed to restrict the movement of men and supplies, were conducted throughout North Vietnam.  The cruiser monitored all aircraft flying over the gulf, directed friendly CAP, and, despite intense electronic jamming, coordinated fighter escorts during the mid-April B-52 Stratofortress raids against the North Vietnamese.  By maintaining a complete air picture, Chicago vectored damaged bombers around enemy missile sites, set up tanker rendezvous points for planes low on fuel, and directed helicopters on rescue operations.  The cruiser also directed friendly fighters against North Vietnamese aircraft. In April and May, Chicagos air intercept controllers directed Navy and Air Force aircraft on CAP missions that were credited with 14 MiGs shot down.  Among these was the second MiG downed by Navy aces Randy Cunningham and William P. Driscoll.

Chicagos forward Talos battery downed a MiG at long-range during the mining of Hai Phong harbor on 9 May.  Chicago and the cruiser  were given the unusual assignment of protecting A-6 Intruder and A-7 Corsair aircraft mining Hai Phong harbor at low altitude during Operation Pocket Money.  To avoid exposing F-4 Phantom fighters to North Vietnamese ground-based anti-aircraft defenses, these ships patrolling offshore were given a free-fire zone for Talos missiles to engage defending MiG fighters approaching the coast from Phúc Yên and Kép airfields near Hanoi.  Chicago came under fire from North Vietnamese coastal artillery batteries, but was able to maintain missile envelope coverage while moving out of gun range before suffering any damage.  After a month of surveillance and directing air strikes against Hai Phong harbor traffic, Chicago finally departed for San Diego on 21 June 1972.

Post-Vietnam

Arriving home on 8 July, the ship underwent a local availability before entering Long Beach Naval Shipyard on 25 August for a Complex Overhaul. During this refit, Chicago received new digital fire control systems, replacing the old analog computers, installed new missile launchers, and expanded her electronics equipment.

On 15 May 1973, Chicago began carrying out six months of sea trials, tests, and training evolutions. New equipment and combat coordination procedures were also implemented, extending the cruiser's operational readiness date to 14 December. Finally, after refresher training, fleet exercises, and weapons load-out, the cruiser departed for another WestPac deployment on 21 May 1974. After arrival at Subic Bay on 15 June, the ship prepared for an extended cruise with the frigate , destroyer , and auxiliary vessel . Designed to counter the Soviet Navy's presence in Somalia and Aden on the Indian Ocean, the low-key port visits were intended to demonstrate that "the Indian Ocean is not a Russian lake".

Departing Subic Bay on 25 June, the squadron passed through the Straits of Malacca on 2 July and arrived at Karachi, Pakistan six days later. Underway on 13 July, Chicago and her escorts began a monthlong at-sea period, "showing the flag" in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden, before arriving at Mombassa, Kenya on 9 August. A week later, in an effort to influence Russian negotiations for basing rights in the Mauritius Islands, the squadron conducted a diplomatic port visit to Port Louis. Toward this end, Chicago embarked several Mauritian government officials on 21 August for a two-day cruise to Rodrigues Island. Departing on 23 August, the ships returned to Subic Bay, via Singapore, for upkeep on 11 September.

Following a visit to Hong Kong in early October, the cruiser spent the next month conducting training and fleet exercises in the Philippines area until getting underway for Guam on 17 November. After a week at Apra Harbor, the ship departed on 29 November for San Diego. Arriving home on 14 December, the ship remained in port for leave, repairs, and upkeep into March 1975. Technical inspections and equipment modifications, interspersed with a visit by a delegation of French officials, lasted until April when the ship conducted interim refresher training in the southern California operating areas.

Following a series of missile tests in late May, and fleet exercises with Pacific naval units, the cruiser visited Seattle for the Fourth of July celebrations. After a visit to Vancouver the following week, Chicago returned to San Diego to begin overhaul preparations. From 9 September to 24 October, the cruiser underwent a major restricted availability as repairs were conducted to fuel tanks, boiler casings, and the main propulsion plant. Additional upkeep, tender availability, and type training continued through the new year as the cruiser prepared for another deployment. In February 1976, personnel in the Operations department underwent extensive team training in anti-air, anti-submarine, and electronic warfare in preparation for a fleet exercise in March. That operation, exercise "Valiant Heritage", took place from 2–11 March with forces from Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the United States.

Following a month in port, and several service inspections, Chicago left San Diego on 13 April to deploy to the Western Pacific. Sailing with an amphibious group the cruiser conducted multi-ship exercises, both before and after Pearl Harbor, and arrived at Yokosuka on 3 May. Task group exercises with the aircraft carrier , "Multiplex 2-76" from 19 to 25 May and "Multiplex 3-76" in the South China Sea from 4–7 June, and port visits to Subic Bay and Keelung, occupied Chicago through June. After a midshipmen cruise from Yokosuka to the Philippines in early July, the cruiser began an import period lasting until 2 August.

On 4 August, the cruiser participated in "Multiplex 1-7T", followed by a successful missile firing exercise off Poro Point, Luzon on 7 August. Returning to Subic Bay for two weeks of upkeep, the cruiser sailed for Hong Kong on 22 August. Arriving three days later, after avoiding a third typhoon, the ship spent six days in that liberty port. Leaving Hong Kong on 31 August, Chicago joined rendezvous with  for a war-at-sea exercise lasting until 8 September, before returning to Subic for a lengthy upkeep period. Repainting the exterior, and interior improvements lasted until 27 September, when the cruiser got underway for home. Stopping at Guam on 1 October to refuel, and Pearl Harbor on 9 October for a dependents cruise, the ship finally returned to San Diego on 16 October.

The cruiser remained in port, receiving boiler repairs and equipment upgrades, until 23 February when the ship began post-repair sea trials and crew training. Following inspections, and ordnance loadout at Seal Beach on 3 March, Chicago began a regular schedule of training operations out of San Diego. These exercises, including helicopter pad training, simulated missile and torpedo attacks, and other similar drills, continued until 6 September, when the ship got underway for her eighth WestPac tour.

Chicago arrived in Subic Bay on 30 September, after multi-ship exercises that included four missile shots while underway, to begin a series of operations with the 7th Fleet. Missile shots and convoy exercises off Mindoro, a barrier exercise off Buckner Bay, and visits to Yokosuka, Keelung, and Hong Kong lasted until late November. On 4 December, after a rendezvous with Kitty Hawk, the cruiser began operations in the Sea of Japan. Helicopter and underway replenishments were interrupted two days later, when the formation was circled by two Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 "Badgers", but exercises continued until 8 December. Departing the area, Chicago steamed south to Subic Bay, for sonar exercises with the submarine , arriving at Singapore on 23 December. After the holidays, the cruiser moved to Phattaya Bay, Thailand on 30 December.

Departing 4 January 1978, the cruiser visited Subic Bay and Hong Kong before starting a month of exercises in the Philippine Sea. Gunfire exercises, helicopter operations, unreps, and other drills, including a real man overboard rescue on 28 February, lasted until 4 March, when Chicago moored at Manila. After repairs and upkeep, the ship steamed for Guam on 16 March, arriving five days later to refuel, before arriving in Pearl Harbor on 31 March.

After returning to San Diego on 7 April, the ship remained in upkeep status until 24 July 1978, when the cruiser moved to Long Beach to start a regular overhaul. Repairs at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard lasted until 18 October, when the cruiser conducted two days of sea trials. Finishing work continued until 25 October, when Chicago departed the shipyard. After two days of operations with the destroyer  and submarine , the cruiser moved back to San Diego to begin a regular schedule of training exercises. These short cruises, concentrating on gunnery and underway training, lasted through February 1979. A number of propulsion and electronic service inspections were also conducted. On 5 March, during exercises off southern California, the cruiser also earned her eleventh consecutive Missile "E".

After a monthlong pre-deployment period, the ship departed on 30 May for her final cruise to the Western Pacific. Chicago escorted the aircraft carrier  and her battle group to Pearl Harbor, conducting exercises with the cruiser , frigate , and auxiliary vessel  along the way, before steaming on to Subic Bay on 13 June. Fleet exercises off Okinawa, and a port visit to Pusan, South Korea, at the end of July, were followed by refugee surveillance in the South China Sea. There, along with other 7th Fleet ships, she helped rescue Vietnamese refugees fleeing the mainland, picking up five herself.

Escort duties for Kitty Hawk continued through September when, on 6 October, she sailed for Australia. On 15 October, after memorial services for two cruisers lost in the Solomon Islands battles during World War II,  and the earlier , the cruiser began two weeks of exercises in the Coral Sea. After the exercise, involving seven U.S. ships and twenty Australian and New Zealand vessels, the ship visited Sydney, Australia, for a week-long port visit, then departed for the west coast via Subic Bay and Pearl Harbor, and arrived at San Diego on 17 December.

While fiscal year 1980 funding for a thorough overhaul and modernization was approved by Congress, an inspection classified the cruiser as unfit for further economical naval service, and on 1 March 1980, Chicago was decommissioned at San Diego. Towed to the Inactive Ship Facility at Bremerton, Washington, the ship was held in reserve until 8 February 1989. Stripped of equipment by 11 August, the hulk was sold for scrap to Southwest Recycling, Inc., Terminal Island, California, on 9 December 1991. The anchor was saved and placed on display at Chicago's Navy Pier on 11 November 1995.

Awards
She was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for her efforts in developing the PIRAZ concept on her Western Pacific cruises in 1966 and 1967–68.
In 1972, the cruiser was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation for Vietnam Service, the Arleigh Burke Fleet Trophy, and her seventh consecutive "E" for excellence in missilery.

Precedence of awards is from top to bottom, left to right

Top Row - Combat Action Ribbon
Second Row - Navy Unit Commendation - Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation (3) - Navy Battle "E" Ribbon
Third Row - China Service Medal - American Campaign Medal - Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
Fourth Row - WWII Victory Medal - Navy Occupation Medal w/Asia Clasp - National Defense Service Medal
Fifth Row - Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal - Vietnam Campaign Medal (11) - Humanitarian Service Medal
Sixth Row - Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation - Republic of Vietnam Civil Action 1C Unit Citation - Republic of Vietnam Service Medal

References

Bibliography

External links
USS Chicago CA-136
USS CHICAGO (CA 136 / CG 11)

Baltimore-class cruisers
Albany-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
Cold War cruisers of the United States
Vietnam War cruisers of the United States
Ships built in Philadelphia
1944 ships

USS Chicago (CA-136)


Jose Himnógrafo, Josephus Hymnographus, José el Méloda, José de Sicilia o Canonum Scriptor (), fue un eclesiástico greco-bizantino. Uno de los grandes poetas litúrgicos e himnógrafos de la Iglesia griega, llamada "la dulce voz del pájaro de la Iglesia". Es venerado como santo por diversas confesiones cristianas.

Biografía

Nació en la isla de Sicilia en 816, y era hijo de Plocino (Plotinus o Plutinus) y de Ágata, personas de cierta posición y muy piadosas. A causa de las depredaciones de los musulmanes en Sicilia, la familia tuvo que huir hacia el Peloponeso. Hacia el 831, a los quince años, decidió entrar en un monasterio y finalmente se fue al de Latomus a Tesalónica, reconocido por la devoción y ascetismo de sus monjes. Fue ordenado presbíyero y acompañó a Gregorio de la Decápolis a Constantinopla donde se convirtió en uno de los jefes del partido ortodoxo en la lucha contra el emperador iconoclasta León I iniciada en 814.

De Constantinopla, Gregorio lo envió a Roma para pedir el apoyo del papa en la lucha contra los iconoclastas, pero por el camino fue capturado por piratas y fue llevado a Creta, donde fue vendido como esclavo y encerrado por los iconoclastas. Estuvo en prisión seis años, hasta la muerte de León I (820) cuando, según su biógrafo, fue milagrosamente liberado por San Nicolás de Mira y llavado a Constantinopla, donde su amigo Gregorio ya había muerto y ahora dirigía a los ortodoxos Juan. A la muerte de éste, José procuró que los restos de Gregorio y Juan fueran trasladados a la iglesia de San Juan Crisóstomo, donde se estableció un monasterio que atrajo muchos religiosos por su elocuencia.

Por su fidelidad al culto de las imágenes fue desterrado en el Táurica, seguramente por el emperador Teófilo (829-842). A la muerte del emperador fue llamado por la emperatriz Teodora y gracias al favor del patriarca Ignacio II de Constantinopla (847-858 y 867-877) obtuvo el cargo de sceuophylax, o portador de los objetos sagrados de la gran iglesia de la capital; José era aceptado tanto por Ignacio como por su rival Focio. Murió a avanzada edad en 883.

Obras

José es principalmente famoso por haber escrito un gran número (un millar, aproximadamente) de cánones poéticos e himnos, de una gran calidad literaria. Se conservan algunos, pero hay cierta dificultad para distinguir su obra de la de José Estudita, también poeta. Se consideran suyos:
 Canones in omnia Beatae Virginis Mariae festa entre los cuales destaca el Mariale, un himno de servicio en honor de la Virgen.
 Theotocia
 Los cánones del Menaion, que llevan su nombre en acróstico en la novena oda.

 Perdónanos, Señor.

Continúan cantándose en la liturgia griega y oriental, y algunos han sido adaptados en himnos protestantes.

Enlaces externos
 "Joseph the Hymnographer", en: Orthodox Wiki.
 "Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer".

Personas de Salónica
Santos católicos de Italia del siglo IX
Teólogos cristianos
Poetas católicos
Santos de la Comunión anglicana
Doctores de la Iglesia
Poetas místicos
Teólogos del Imperio bizantino
Poetas del Imperio bizantino
Santos del Imperio bizantino del siglo IX
Compositores del Imperio bizantino
Santos de Turquía
Nacidos en Siracusa
Fallecidos en Estambul
Santos católicos y ortodoxos
Escritores bizantinos del siglo IX
Religiosos de Grecia
Monjes cristianos del siglo IX

José Himnógrafo


Die katholische Pfarrkirche St. Lambertus ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude in Bliesheim, einem Stadtteil von Erftstadt im Rhein-Erft-Kreis.

Geschichte und Architektur
Die Vorgängerkirche, die wohl auf das 11. Jahrhundert zurück geht, stand auf dem Friedhof am Ortsrand, sie wurde wegen Baufälligkeit abgebrochen.

Die Backsteinbasilika steht im Ortskern, sie wurde von 1860/61 im neuromanischen Stil nach Plänen von Robert Cremer errichtet und im Januar 1863 benediziert und 1866 durch den Kölner Weihbischof Baudri feierlich geweiht. 1865 wurde von der Orgelbauwerkstatt Kalscheuer eine Orgel mit zwei Manualen und 30 Registern in die Kirche eingebaut. 1875 erhielt die Kirche drei neue Glocken, die eine kleine Glocke aus der vorigen Kirche ergänzen. 1917 wurden für Kriegszwecke Orgelpfeifen teilweise und Glocken fast vollständig beschlagnahmt.

1926 gab es drei neue Bronzeglocken, die während des Zweiten Weltkriegs ebenfalls für Kriegszwecke eingezogen wurden. 1935 nahm der Orgelbauer Joseph Breuer einen grundlegenden Umbau der Orgel. vor. 1964 wurde der Chorraum gemäß den Empfehlungen des 2. Vatikanischen Konzils umgestaltet. Eine gründliche Renovierung der Kirche wurde von 1992 bis 1994 vorgenommen.

Ausstattung

Neuromanische Ausstattung
 Figürliche Glasmalerei von 1902 bis 1911
 Der Hochaltar von 1927 mit einem steinernen Aufsatz
 Der Nebenaltar von 1912 mit einem steinernen Aufsatz
 Ein Triumphkreuz aus Holz
 Ein Taufstein
 Die Kirchenbänke
 Die Orgel mit Empore

Aus der alten Kirche
 Zwei spätgotische Leuchterengel vom Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts. Die alte Fassung ist erhalten, die Flügel wurden erneuert
 Ein Vesperbild aus der Zeit um 1520 stammt aus dem Werkstattkreis des Meisters Tilman
 Eine lebensgroße Standfigur der Muttergottes und eine hl. Anna selbdritt vom Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts. Sie entstand in der Werkstatt des Meisters der von Carben`schen Gedächtnisstiftung
 Die Figuren des hl. Lambertus und des hl. Rochus sind vom 18. Jahrhundert

Orgel
Die Orgel stammt ursprünglich aus dem Jahre 1864/65 und wurde vom Orgelbauer Jakob Kalscheuer aus Nörvenich gebaut. Sie hat wohl 30 Register auf zwei Manualen gehabt. Nach mehrfachen Restaurierungen und Umbauten (1911 Johannes Klais, Bonn; 1935 Josef Breuer, Zülpich; 1961 Walter Seifert, Köln-Mannsfeld; 1986 Gerd Weyland, Leverkusen) wurde das Instrument 1994 von Gerd Weyland gründlich überholt. Im Jahre 2012 renovierte die Firma Hugo Mayer Orgelbau aus Heusweiler im Saarland die Orgel komplett. An Pfingsten 2012 wurde sie wieder feierlich an die Gemeinde übergeben, nachdem sie vom Orgelsachverständige des Erzbistums Köln am 23. April 2012 geprüft und abgenommen wurde. Sie hat nun 20 Register mit  insgesamt 1189 Orgelpfeifen auf zwei Manualen und Pedal.

Glocken
Drei Glocken bilden das Glockengeläut von St. Lambertus, die historische, 1875 von Andreas Rodenkirchen, Deutz gegossene Rochusglocke und zwei von 1953, die Hans Hüesker bei Petit & Gebr. Edelbrock, Gescher gegossen hat.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio, erarbeitet von Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen I Rheinland. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X, S. 141

Weblinks

 Ausführlicher virtueller Rundgang (abgerufen am 15. Februar 2012)

Einzelnachweise

Bliesheim
Bliesheim, Lambertus
Lambertus
Lambertus
Bliesheim, Lambertus
Bliesheim Lambertus
Robert Ferdinand Cremer

St. Lambertus (Bliesheim)


Druga hrvatska odbojkaška liga je predstavljala ligu četvrtog stupnja odbojkaškog prvenstva Hrvatske za žene u sezoni 2020./21.
Sudjelovalo je 36 klubova u 4 skupine - "Istok", "Jug", "Sjever" i "Zapad".
Zbog eskalacije pandemije COVID-19, odigravanje liga je prekinuto krajem studenog 2020., te dalje nije nastavljeno. Kako je prekinuto početkom odigravanja lige, pojedini klubovi nisu odigrali nijednu utakmicu u prvenstvu.

Istok

 Izvori:
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, wayback

Jug

 Izvori:
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, wayback

Sjever

Skupina Jug

 Izvori:
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, wayback

Skupina Sjever

 Izvori:
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, wayback

Zapad

 Izvori:
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, wayback

Povezani članci
 Superliga 2020./21.
 Prva liga 2020./21.
 1. B HOL 2020./21.
 Kup Snježane Ušić 2020./21.

Vanjske poveznice
 hos-cvf.hr, Hrvatski odbojkaški savez
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr

Izvori

 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, Arhiva
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, Arhiva - sezona 2020./2021., pristupljeno 23. svibnja 2022.
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, Arhiva - sezona 2020./2021., wayback arhiva

2020-21

2. HOL za žene 2020./21.


Lunar Orbiter 3 war die dritte von fünf Mondsonden des Lunar-Orbiter-Programms der US-amerikanischen Weltraumorganisation NASA. Mit dem Lunar-Orbiter-Programm sollte der Mond fotografisch erfasst und kartografiert werden, um so Landeplätze für die Raumsonden des Surveyor-Programms sowie für die bemannte Mondlandung zu finden.

Mission
Lunar Orbiter 3 startete am 5. Februar 1967 und erreichte den Mond am 8. Februar. Um 21:54 UTC schwenkte die Sonde in eine Umlaufbahn zwischen 210 und 1802 km Höhe bei einer Bahnneigung von 20,9° ein. Die Umlaufdauer betrug drei Stunden und 25 Minuten.

Nach vier Tagen wurde die Umlaufbahn abgesenkt. Die Bahnhöhe betrug nur noch zwischen 55 und 1847 km. Die Bildaufnahmen begannen am 15. Februar und dauerten bis zum 23. Februar. Ab 2. März 1967 wurden die Aufnahmen ausgelesen und zur Erde gefunkt. Am 4. März 1967 brannte ein Motor im Transportmechanismus der Kamera durch, wodurch 25 % der Bilder nicht ausgelesen werden konnten. Insgesamt erbrachte die Mission 149 Bilder mittlerer Auflösung und 477 Bilder hoher Auflösung, darunter auch vom Landeplatz von Surveyor 1. Lunar Orbiter 3 wurde am 9. Oktober 1967 gezielt zum Absturz gebracht und schlug bei 14,3°N, 97,7°W auf.

Weblinks

 Bernd Leitenberger: Lunar Orbiter

NASA
Mondsonde
Raumfahrtmission 1967

Lunar Orbiter 3


Pýthio, en , est un village du nome de l'Évros en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village compte .

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace
Frontière entre la Grèce et la Turquie

Pýthio (Évros)


Fluorura este un anion monoatomic al fluorului, cu formula chimică F-. Este ionul halogenură cu cea mai mică masă, și deci cel mai simplu. De asemenea, fluorurile sunt compușii care conțin acest anion, fiind sărurile acidului fluorhidric. Exemple de fluoruri sunt: fluorură de sodiu, fluorură de cesiu, fluorură de calciu, etc.

Multe minerale care conțin ionul fluorură sunt cunoscute, iar cea mai importantă este fluorina (CaF2, fluorură de calciu), care reprezintă 49% fluorură în procente de masă.

Referințe

Anioni

Fluorură


Maria Anna af Østrig kan henvise til:

 Maria Anna af Østrig (1610-1665)
 Maria Anna af Østrig (1634-1696)
 Maria Anna af Østrig (1718-1744)
 Maria Anna af Østrig (1738-1789)
 Maria Anna af Østrig (1882-1940)

Maria Anna af Østrig


Ilija Šikić (Zagreb, 27. srpnja 1955.), hrvatski domovinski i iseljenički književnik i prevoditelj

Životopis
Tijekom rane mladosti selio se s obitelji, u Lipik, Pakrac i Daruvar u kojem je završio osnovnu školu. U Zagrebu je proveo najviše vremena i uspio završiti prvi razred glazbene gimnazije Pavao Markovac (solo pjevanje). U inozemstvo je otišao 1982. i ubrzo postao politički emigrant jer je još u domovini bio politički djelatan protiv totalitarne SFRJ. Nastanio se je u Baselu u Švicarskoj gdje i sada živi. Radio je kao suradnik Švicarskog crvenog križa, u socijalnim službama, kao IT nastavnik, arhivar, te suvlasnik i voditelj tehnologijske non-profit tvrtke AquaLauta GmbH, a sada je umirovljenik.

Objavljivao je pojedinačne pjesme ili pregršti po tisku, osobito za mladež, Omladinski tjednik, Studentski list (i recenzije suvremenih zbirki pjesama mladih pjesnika), Oko, časopisima za književnost i inoj periodici (OFF, Pitanja, HKG...)  Njegovi su se stihovi mogli u par navrata čuti na Zagrebačkom radiju, po priredbama poput Književnoga petaka, Goranova proljeća, Tribine Družtva književnika Hrvatske, na okupljalištima mladeži, u javnim ustanovama i pod vedrim nebom. Zabilježen je u antologijama, panoramama, polemikama i prikazima novije hrvatske poezije (Istra, Osječka revija, Zbornik OFF poezije, mlado i najmlađe hrvatsko pjesnikovanje, A. Cesarec, Zagreb 1979. Spomenut je i u "Suvremeno hrvatsko pjesništvo" zavoda za znanost o književnosti Filozoskog fakulteta u Zagrebu 1988. kao suutemeljitelj i član umjetničke skupine AMPLITUDA. Zastupljen u "Antologiji XXI stoljeća hrvatskog urbanog pjesništva", Osijek, 2010. Prva zasebno objavljena zbirka pjesama mu je na njemačkom jeziku objavljena u Edition Fischer, "Götze Zeit", Frankfurt, 1991. Zbirka zagonetki, pitalica, brojalica i nadopunjalica je u cielosti objavljena u Prinosima za poviest književnosti u Hrvata, Šimuna Ćorića "60 hrvatskih emigrantskih pisaca" Zagreb, 1995. Tri zbirke duhovnih i refleksivnih pjesama objavljuje pod naslovom "kumir" u jednoj knjizi (Berlin, 2011.). Objavljuje pjesme, članke i essaye u HAZUD-ovima publikacijama Diaspora, Ars Croatica i Acta croatica u Baselu. Tu je bio i tehnički urednik reprintnih izdanja niza knjiga hrvatskih autora koji su stvarali u srednjem vijeku u Švicarskoj i Europi (M. Vlačić, A. Jamometić, I. Stojković, P. Skalić...)

Bavio se grafičkim i industrijskim designom, opremanjem knjiga, ilustracijama. Tiskao karte i Portofolio, mapu s tridesetak tuš-minijatura koje su bile izložiene na samostojnoj izložbi u galeriji "Libertas" u Pforzheimu, Njemačka 1983. Reprodukcije se mogu naći u Grafičkom fondu Hrvatske nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu.

Sinkronizirao je nekoliko znanstveno-popularnih filmova (za Gospel Media, CH). Pisao je traktate kršćanskoga sadržaja (za Schweizerische Traktat-Mission). Publicira i po internetu (na pr. Synthesiology.com i sl.).

Uz to je neumorno djelatan u domovinskom, inozemnom i emigrantskom tisku i medijima glede netočnosti ili zlonamjernih napadaja na hrvatski identitet ili državnost. Djelovao je kao lektor, korektor, nakladnik i kao urednik. Obnašatelj niza dužnosti u životu diaspore (MH, HNV, HAZUD, HKC, Radices Croatiae itd.). Bio je uz to i član Baselskog Staatsarchiv-a, Schweizerische Erfinder und Patentinhaber Verein-a Sektion Zürich, suvlasnik i voditelj non-profit tvrtke AquaLauta GmbH za razvoj i proizvodnju naprava za biološko pročišćavanje vode UV-zrakama, vijećnik zaklade August Schmid Stiftung Zürich. Ilija Šikić je vrlo aktivan u raznim aktivističkim skupinama, povremeno kao moderator ili kao glasnogovornik.

Zagovara i dosljedno piše hrvatskim (morfonološkim) pravopisom.

Djela
 zbirka poezije na njemačkom jeziku Goetze Zeit, Frankfurt, 1991.
 zbirke poezije na hrvatskom kumir, Berlin, 2011.

Nagrade i priznanja
 Druga nagrada na Goranovu proljeću 1981. godine.
Zastupljen u više panorama, zbornika i prikaza novije hrvatske poezije, posebice mladoga i najmlađeg hrvatskog pjesnikovanja. Šimun Šito Ćorić uvrstio ga je u svoju antologiju 60 hrvatskih emigrantskih pisaca.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski romanopisci
Hrvatski prevoditelji
Hrvati u Švicarskoj

Ilija Šikić


8849 Brighton este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8849 Brighton este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,92 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 10,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

8849 Brighton


Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga (Madrid, 20 de octubre de 1765-Madrid, 8 de julio de 1824), conde de Miranda, duque de Peñaranda, grande de España, caballero de la Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro, fue un aristócrata español que sirvió en la Casa Real española.

Biografía
Fue el quinto y último hijo de Antonio Álvarez de Toledo Osorio, XI marqués de Villafranca del Bierzo, y de su segunda esposa, María Antonia Gonzaga y Caracciolo, hija del I duque de Solferino.

Su padre, fallecido cuando Pedro de Alcántara tenía tan solo ocho años, había sido  gentilhombre de la Real Cámara de Fernando VI de España y mayordomo mayor de la Reina Bárbara de Braganza. También había sido consejero de la Junta de Gobierno y presidente del Despacho de Estado.

Muy joven, y como sus dos hermanos mayores, accedió a la Casa Real como gentilhombre de la Real Cámara. Su hermano mayor, José Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga, había contraído matrimonio con la famosa Cayetana de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, XIII duquesa de Alba, pero falleció en 1796.

Pedro de Alcántara casó con María del Carmen Josefa de Zúñiga y Fernández de Velasco, hija y heredera de los condes de Miranda. Se ganó pronto la confianza del príncipe de Asturias,  Fernando e inició una relación de amistad con él.

Tras la guerra de la Independencia y al regreso del rey Fernando VII, éste le nombró mayordomo mayor y, por ello, jefe de su Real Casa, en junio de 1815.

Absoluto reaccionario, fue de los primeros servidores regios relevados por el Gobierno del Trienio Liberal en 1820. Sin embargo, tan pronto el rey recobró el poder en 1823 le repuso en su puesto.

Falleció un año después.

El monarca no proveyó su vacante, encargando que cubriera la mayordomía a Joaquín Félix de Samaniego Urbina Pizarro y Velandia, marqués de Valverde, conde viudo de Torrejón, mayordomo mayor de la reina María Josefa de Sajonia y luego de la reina María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, reina regente a la muerte de su marido.

Ancestros

Bibliografía
 Archivo General de Palacio (AGP) . Patrimonio Nacional. Sección Personal

Enlaces externos

Grandeza de España
Caballeros de la Orden del Toisón de Oro (Rama española)
Nobles de España del siglo XVIII
Nobles de España del siglo XIX
Mayordomos mayores del rey


Røykenvikbanen var en ca. 7 km lang sidebane fra Jaren på Gjøvikbanen til Røykenvik ved Randsfjorden i Norge. Banen blev trafikeret fra 1900 til 1957. Den blev åbnet sammen med den første del af Gjøvikbanen mellem Grefsen og Jaren og fungerede de første par år reelt som den nordligste del af Gjøvikbanen. Efter at de resterende dele af Gjøvikbanen fra Østbanestasjonen i Oslo til Grefsen og fra Jaren til Gjøvik blev åbnet i 1902, blev Røykenvikbanen en sidebane til Gjøvikbanen.

Historie
Ved vedtagelsen af Røykenvikbanen i Stortinget i marts 1894 var det primært tanken at benytte den til transport af tømmer, men den fik efterhånden også en vis persontrafik. Røykenvik blev desuden trafikeret af dampskibe, der transporterede både varer og passagerer. På et tidligt tidspunkt i banens historie var der desuden overvejelser om at forlænge den til Odnes, hvor Odnes Station blev anlagt på Valdresbanen. Forlængelsen blev imidlertid ikke til noget.

Indtil september 1932 var der elleve daglige afgange med persontog på banen, men så blev persontrafikken reduceret til en enkelt afgang om morgenen fra Røykenvik. Persontrafikken på banen ophørte helt 25. juni 1949. Godstrafikken fortsatte dog frem til november 1957. Ca. 800 meter af strækningen overlevede efter nedlæggelsen som sidespor fra Jaren station til Andfossen, mens resten af banen blev fjernet i 1960.

Ved Brandbu lå banens eneste mellemstation, men den lå meget ucentralt i forhold til byen, og med tiden blev togene udkonkurreret af buslinjerne til Jaren. Fra starten var der desuden et trinbræt ved Andfossen. Omkring 1930 blev der indsat motorvogne på banen, og der åbnedes et uofficielt trinbræt ved Augedalsbakken, ca. 700 meter nord for Brandbu.

Stationsbygningen i Brandbu blev revet ned i 1984, men pakhuset står fortsat i ombygget tilstand. Røykenvik Station blev brandskadet i 1964 og blev revet ned året efter. Til gengæld er remisen og pakhuset bevaret. Remisen blev benyttet som arkiv, inden driften på banen blev indstillet. Senere har det huset et kunstneratelier. I 2015 blev den renoveret og taget i brug som restaurant. Fylkesvei 34 går i dag tværs over stationsområdet.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Røykenbanen på openstreetmap.org
 Skinnelangs: Røykenvikbanen

Noter

Nedlagte jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1900
Ophørt i 1957

Røykenvikbanen


Asteropeia () ist in der griechischen Mythologie eine Tochter des Pelias.

Bei Pausanias ist sie eine der Töchter des Pelias, die wegen des Versprechens Medeas, ihren Vater damit zu retten, diesen schlachtete und kochte. Nach dieser Tat musste sie nach Arkadien fliehen, wo nach ihrem Tod ein Hügel über ihrem Grab errichtet wurde.

Pausanias berichtet, dass die Namen der Töchter des Pelias nicht überliefert worden seien, der Maler Mikon aber die Namen Asteropeia und Antinoe hinterlassen habe. Bei Hyginus Mythographus und bei Diodor werden die Namen der Töchter des Pelias genannt, wobei Asteropeia dort nicht vorkommt.

Mit der Namensform Asterope () ist sie auf einem attischen Onos aus Eretria abgebildet.

Literatur

Anmerkungen

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Asteropeia (Tochter des Pelias)


Gordon is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia  north-west of the Sydney Central Business District and is the administrative centre for the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. East Gordon is a locality within Gordon, and West Gordon is a locality within West Pymble.

History
The name 'Gordon' first appears as the name of the survey parish covering most of the upper north shore, assigned by the NSW Surveyor-General Sir Thomas Mitchell. This is believed to commemorate Sir Willoughby Gordon, with whom he had served during the Peninsular War and who was the quartermaster-general of the regiment in which Mitchell had served. The survey parish, and later suburb and municipality of Willoughby also commemorates his name.

Settlement of the area commenced about 1820.  The early settlement at Gordon was originally known as Lane Cove.  The earliest school at 'Lane Cove', as Gordon was then known,  was established at the behest of Governor Macquarie in 1816.  The first Lane Cove Post Office opened on 1 February 1860.  The name of the village and Post Office was changed to Gordon,  after the Gordondale estate of Robert McIntosh, on 1 June 1879. Gordon Railway Station on the North Shore Line was built in 1888.

In the late 20th century Gordon was the Australian headquarters of Sun Microsystems Australia (opposite the present Gordon library site). It also had a significant Ikea store on the corner of the Pacific Highway and Ryde Road (opposite the former 3M site on the northern or Pymble side of the intersection, circa 2014-2020 under legally frustrated intent to renovate for use by Bunnings).

Gordon Public School
The former Gordon Public School, now largely demolished and rebuilt as the library and police station, was constructed in 1878 on the Pacific Highway, having been designed by George Mansfield. A Gothic Revival style was used in accordance with the tradition that educational buildings, like churches, were designed in a Gothic style. A second block was added in 1912.  The school was originally called Lane Cove School,  and the name was officially changed to Gordon Public School in November 1885.  The school buildings are one of the few remaining buildings that date back to the pioneering days of northern Sydney. It is listed on the Register of the National Estate.  The Gordon Public School was closed in 1989, however East Gordon Public School and West Gordon Public School remain nearby.

Heritage listings
Gordon has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 17 McIntosh Street: Eryldene, Gordon
 Middlemiss Street: Gordon railway station, Sydney
 691 Pacific Highway: Iolanthe, Gordon
 707 Pacific Highway: Tulkiyan
 799 Pacific Highway: Gordon Public School (former)

In addition, Gordon is home to Sydney's largest flying fox colony, land for the protection of which was jointly purchased by the Heritage Council of New South Wales and Kuringai Council.

Notable former residents
 Dr John Bradfield (1867 - 1943), chief engineer of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, lived in Gordon where his grave is located at St Johns Anglican Church. Bradfield also lends his name to the  electoral division of Bradfield which contains part of Gordon.
 Tim Schenken, a Formula One driver, was born in Gordon.
 Annie Wyatt was the founder of the National Trust in Australia. She lived for a time in a single-storey cottage in Park Avenue.
 Professor Eben Gowrie Waterhouse, academic linguist, Goethe Medal recipient, camellia breeder, Sydney University garden designer and trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
 Clover Moore, Lord Mayor of Sydney, grew up in Gordon.

Transport
Gordon is located on a major transport artery, the Pacific Highway and near the intersection of Ryde and Mona Vale roads which form a link between the Northern Beaches, Homebush Bay and the St George District and Sutherland Shire.

Gordon railway station is on the North Shore railway line of the Sydney Trains network with frequent commuter services and express rail services during peak hours. The railway station was built in 1888 and has an important heritage relationship with its landscaped gardens - it has been preserved as an example of a historic Edwardian station. Lifts to the platforms have been recently added. A bus stop outside the station is a terminus for various routes including those to St Ives, West Pymble, Mona Vale/Warriewood and Macquarie University. These are operated by CDC NSW.

Churches
Churches in Gordon comprise: St Johns Anglican Church (with an adjoining cemetery and columbarium), Gordon Uniting Church, Gordon Baptist Church and The Liberal Catholic Church of St. Francis.

Education
Gordon is home to two schools:
Gordon East Public School (K-6)
Ravenswood School for Girls (K-12)

Gordon West Public School is named after the suburb, but is located in West Pymble.

Gordon Community Preschool supports children from 3 – 5 years of age.

Commercial
Gordon has a commercial area with many shops and restaurants along the Pacific Highway and around Gordon railway station. Gordon Centre, is a shopping centre owned by Charter Hall which includes a Harvey Norman, Woolworths and many stores and offices. Gordon Centre was originally built as a Farmers & Co department store, now part of Myer, before reopening as Gordon Centre in 1985. Household hardware chain Bunnings Warehouse and McDonald's is located near the Pacific Highway. Gordon Village Arcade is a shopping arcade also owned by Charter Hall and includes many stores including a post office. Gordon Private Hospital located on the Pacific Highway specialises in the treatment of mental health and is a teaching hospital affiliated with UNSW.

The administrative buildings for the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council are located in Gordon.

Residential
Eryldene is a local historic house that is open to the public. Located in McIntosh Street, the house was designed for Professor Eben Gowrie Waterhouse by William Hardy Wilson and built circa 1913. The extensive garden is a significant part of the property in its own right. House and garden as a whole are listed on the Register of the National Estate. The house also has a state heritage listing.

Another notable home in the area is Tulkiyan, located on the Pacific Highway. This home was designed by Bertrand James Waterhouse, an architect who was popular for his residential work (he was also responsible for the design of Nutcote, the home of painter May Gibbs). He designed Tulkiyan in the Arts and Crafts style that he favoured in much of his work. Tulkiyan was built on part of a land grant that went back to 1823. The land changed hands many times until it was acquired by the Donaldson family, who commissioned Waterhouse to design the house. It stayed in the hands of the Donaldson family until 1994, when it was bequeathed to Ku-ring-gai Council. Tulkiyan has a state heritage listing.

The Arts and Crafts style favoured by Waterhouse was just one of the styles that were part of the Federation period that went from 1890 to 1915. Other prominent styles were the Federation Queen Anne style—the Australian version of the English Queen Anne style—and the Federation Bungalow style. Some notable examples of the latter style can be seen in Nelson Street, Gordon. Other architects who favoured Federation styles were Walter Liberty Vernon and Howard Joseland.

Gordon is also the location of a notable house designed by the architect Alexander Stewart Jolly. Nebraska, in Yarabah Avenue, is a distinctive home reminiscent of a log cabin. One of its features is the irregular stonework. It is heritage-listed.

56.6% of occupied private dwellings in Gordon are separate houses, 39.3% are flats, units or apartments and 4.0% are semi-detached (mainly townhouses).  The average household consists of 2.9 people.

Population
At the 2016 census, there were 7,668 residents in Gordon.
 The population of Gordon was older than average, with a median age of 40 compared to the national median of 38, and 15.9% of people aged 65 years and over.
 48.1% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 11.0%, South Korea 5.2%, England 4.5%, Hong Kong 3.7% and Taiwan 2.6%.
 56.0% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 15.1%, Cantonese 7.4%, Korean 6.0%, Japanese 1.5% and Persian 1.4%.
 The median household income of $2,313 was higher than the national figure of $1,438.
 Housing is expensive in Gordon, with the median weekly rent being $650 and the median monthly mortgage payment being $2,800.
 The most popular responses to the Census question about religion were No Religion 36.4%, Anglican 15.0% and Catholic 14.5%.

Gallery

References

External links
Erydene Historic House and Gardens - official trust website
Gordon, Ku-ring-gai Council - community profile
  [CC-By-SA]
 [CC-By-SA]
St Johns Cemetery, Gordon. History of the cemetery and list of burials. Accessed 4 October 2019.

Suburbs of Sydney
1823 establishments in Australia
Populated places established in 1823

Gordon, New South Wales


Les championnats du monde de triathlon longue distance 2021,  de la compétition, ont lieu le  à Almere aux Pays-Bas. Ils sont organisés par la Fédération internationale de triathlon (World Triathlon).

Résumé de course

Palmarès
 hommes et femmes du championnat du monde longue distance 2021.

Notes et références

2021
Triathlon longue distance
Triathlon longue distance 2021
Monde longue distance
Sport aux Pays-Bas en 2021
Compétition de triathlon aux Pays-Bas
Sport en septembre 2021

Championnats du monde de triathlon longue distance 2021


Dvorac Razvor je višeslojni objekt u mjestu Razvor, općini Kumrovec, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Dvorac Razvor, smješten je na kosini brijega u naselju Razvor, uz cestu prema Zagorskim Selima. Jednokrilna nevelika katnica jasnog tlocrta predstavlja značajan primjer u nizu baroknih dvoraca Hrvatskog zagorja. Glavno pročelje bogato je profilacijama dok je unutrašnjost dvorca ukrašena štuko-dekoracijama, oslicima geometrijskih motiva i iluzionističkim slikanim prizorima, što se može pripisati štajerskim majstorima. Neposredno uz dvorac nalazi se katnica gospodarske-stambene namjene. Dvorac u kojem je rođena i operna pjevačica Sidonija Rubido-Erdödy, pripadao je obiteljima Erdödy, Ožegović i Daubachy.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2305 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Dvorci u Hrvatskoj

Dvorac Razvor


Brøchner Hotels er en dansk hotelvirksomhed baseret i København, Danmark, og ejer både boutique hoteller og et hostel i Aarhus.

Historie
Brøchner Hotels blev grundlagt i 1982, da Einer Honoré købte Hotel Kong Arthur til sin datter og svigersøn Søster og Hans Brøchner-Mortensen, der opgav deres drøm som sygeplejerske og tømrer for at drive hotellet. Hotel Kong Arthur blev udvidet fra 50 til 107 værelse i 1989 og med konferencefaciliteter i 1992. Brøchner Mortensen købte Ibsens Hotel på hjørnet af Frederiksborggade og Nansensgade i 1997 og udvidede det året efter.

I 2009 overdrog Hans og Søster Brøchner-Mortensen virksomheden til deres børn Søren og Kirsten Brøchner-Mortensen.

I 2013 fik Søren og hans hustru Mette Brøchner-Mortensen fuldt ejerskab af det eksisterende firma mens Hotel Kong Arthur og Ibsens Hotel blev overført til firmaet Arthur Hotels, der var ejet af Kirsten Brøchner-Mortensen.

Hoteller og hostel
 Hotel Danmark
 Hotel SP34
 Avenue Hotel Copenhagen
Hotel Ottilia
 BOOK1 Design Hostel (åbner 2020)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Hoteller i København
Hotelkæder i Danmark
Danske virksomheder etableret i 1982

Brøchner Hotels


The masked finch (Poephila personata) is a small passerine bird in the estrildid finch family, Estrildidae. It is a common resident of dry savannah across northern Australia, from the Kimberley, across the Top End, the Gulf country and the southern part of Cape York Peninsula, as far east as Chillagoe, but always near water.

Description
The masked finch is 12.5–13.5 cm long. The male is larger, but the sexes are otherwise similar. It is cinnamon-brown above and paler below with a white rump, black mark on the flanks and black face mask. It has a heavy yellow bill and a pointed black tail. The eastern subspecies P. p. leucotis has whitish cheeks.

Behaviour
Pairs or small flocks of masked finches forage through the day, mostly on the ground for grass seeds. In the evenings and early mornings, large numbers—sometimes thousands— can gather around waterholes to drink, cleanse, and preen, flicking their tails sideways and chattering incessantly.

Pairs build a domed nest from grasses, lined with fine grass, feathers, and charcoal, in the late wet or early dry season. The nest position varies: it can be as high as 20 metres or simply hidden in long grass. Five to six white eggs are laid.

Origin
Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

References

BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Poephila personata. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 5 August 2008.
Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan & Davies, John (1993) Finches and Sparrows: An Identification Guide, Christopher Helm, London.
Pizzey, Graham & Knight, Frank (1997) Birds of Australia, HarperCollins, London.

masked finch
masked finch
Birds of the Northern Territory
Birds of Cape York Peninsula
Endemic birds of Australia
masked finch

Masked finch


Un minut de adevăr (titlul original: în )  este un film dramatic de coproducție franco-italo-austriacă, realizat în 1952 de regizorul Jean Delannoy, protagoniști fiind actorii Jean Gabin,Michèle Morgan, Daniel Gélin.

Rezumat

Distribuție
 Jean Gabin – doctorul Pierre Richard
 Michèle Morgan – Madeleine Richard, soția sa
 Daniel Gélin – Daniel Prévost, pictor
 Simone Paris – Mony, o actriță, prietena lui Madeleine
 René Génin – gardianul de la catedrala Notre-Dame de Toute Grâce du Plateau d'Assy
 Robert Dalban – M. Taboureau, client al "Zéro de conduite"
 Lia Di Leo – dna. Meunier, infirmieră
 Marie-France – Simone Richard, fetița
 Denise Clair – dna. Nicolas, portăreasa
 Doris Duranti – dna. Duranti
 Jim Gérald – Eddy, patronul cabaretului
 Raphaël Patorni – un actor coleg al Madeleinei
 Denise Prêcheur – Rose, bona
 Jean-Marc Tennberg – pacient la spital
 Georges Bever – un pacient privat
 Marfa Dhervilly – garderobiera de la teatru
 Fransined – un comediant în turneu
 Émile Genevois – taxi-ciclist
 Albert Michel – un comediant în turneu
 Yvonne Yma – soția unui bolnav
 Yette Lucas – mama unui copil
 Walter Chiari – un client din cabaret
 Laure Paillette – o portăreasă
 Marcel Rouzé – un locatar vecin cu Daniel
 Charles Bayard – un client din cabaret
 Grégoire Gromoff – un locatar vecin cu Daniel
 Jacqueline Cantrelle
 Michel Rob
 Jean Chaduc
 Lucien Dorval
 Raymond Faure
 André Chanu

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

La Minute de vérité la Films de France

Filme din 1952
Filme dramatice
Filme în limba franceză
Filme regizate de Jean Delannoy
Filme alb-negru

Un minut de adevăr (film din 1952)


Herbig-Ae/Be-Sterne (nach ihrem Erstbeschreiber George H. Herbig) sind bestimmte junge Sterne mit einem Alter von weniger als 10 Millionen Jahren.

Ihre Masse liegt im Bereich von 2 bis ca. 10 Sonnenmassen, und sie sind häufig in Gebieten mit erhöhter Sternentstehung anzutreffen. Die Temperatur in ihrem Inneren ist noch nicht hoch genug, um ein stabiles Wasserstoffbrennen zu ermöglichen, stattdessen stammt die abgestrahlte Energie noch aus ihrer Kontraktion. Somit befinden sich die Herbig-Ae/Be-Sterne im Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagramm noch auf dem Weg zur Hauptreihe.

Definition
Seit diese Klasse von Sternen 1960 erstmals beschrieben wurde, haben die Kriterien zur Einordnung von Objekten verschiedene Wandlungen durchgemacht. Heute werden leicht unterschiedliche Arbeitsdefinitionen für die Kategorisierung als Herbig-Ae/Be-Sterne angewendet. Dazu gehören insbesondere folgende charakteristische Merkmale:
 eine Spektralklasse von A oder B, wobei der Bereich manchmal auch auf die unmittelbar angrenzenden Spektraltypen bis F2 und O9 ausgeweitet wird;
 starker Infrarotexzess aufgrund von Staubbildung in einer zirkumstellaren Scheibe, aus der Materie auf den Stern akkretiert wird (das e im Namen stammt vom Wort Exzess);
 die Balmerlinien in Emission.

Entwicklung
Herbig-Ae/Be-Sterne entstehen aus T-Tauri-Sternen, Vorhauptreihensternen mit einem Spektraltyp von F3 und später. Die meisten T-Tauri-Sterne besitzen weniger als 2 Sonnenmassen, einige massereichere jedoch entwickeln sich im Laufe der weiteren Kontraktion zu Herbig-Ae/Be-Sternen. (Sterne mit mehr als 8 Sonnenmassen zeigen kein Vorhauptreihenstadium, da sie sich so schnell entwickeln, dass das Wasserstoffbrennen bereits zündet, wenn sie in einer Molekülwolke aufgrund hoher Extinktion unbeobachtbar sind.)

Später entwickeln sich Herbig-Ae/Be-Sterne weiter zu A- und B-Sternen auf der Hauptreihe.

Veränderlichkeit
Die Leuchtkraft von Herbig-Ae/Be-Sternen ist variabel auf Zeitskalen von Sekunden bis Hunderten von Tagen (d. h. Jahren). Einige Sterne sind pulsierende Veränderliche vom Typ Delta Scuti oder Gamma Doradus. Daneben treten Flares und eine Modulation der Lichtkurve mit der Rotationsdauer des Sterns auf. Dies lässt auf ein globales Magnetfeld schließen, was bei einem radiativen Energietransport in der Photosphäre unerwartet ist. Diese Magnetfelder sind durch spektropolarimetrische Messungen nachgewiesen worden.

Eine weitere Quelle der Veränderlichkeit scheinen Änderungen in der Absorption in den zirkumstellaren Scheiben der UX-Orionis-Sterne zu sein. Man nimmt an, dass sich in den protoplanetarischen Scheiben bereits Kondensationen gebildet haben, die beim Vorübergang vor der Scheibe zu einer erhöhten Absorption in Richtung der Erde führen.

Akkretionsscheiben
Herbig-Ae/Be-Sterne werden entsprechend ihrem Spektralverlauf im Infraroten in zwei Gruppen unterteilt:
 Gruppe-I-Quellen zeigen eine spektrale Energieverteilung, die durch Schwarzkörperstrahlung einer einzigen Temperatur erklärt werden kann, und einen stärkeren Infrarotexzess.
 Gruppe-II-Quellen dagegen können eher durch ein Potenzgesetz beschrieben werden.
Es wird vermutet, dass die Gruppe-I-Quellen sich zu Gruppe-II-Quellen weiterentwickeln, wenn Staubteilchen koagulieren und durch Zusammenstöße die Staubscheibe flacher wird. Außerdem könnte die Strahlung des jungen Sterns den inneren Teil der Scheibe aufblähen und dadurch die spektrale Energieverteilung in Richtung Gruppe-II-Quellen verändern. Bei den Gruppe-II-Akkretionsscheiben scheint der innere Teil der Scheibe expandiert zu sein und schirmt den äußeren Teil gegenüber der intensiven UV-Strahlung ab. Daher können bei diesen Sternen größere Staubkörner kondensieren, die nicht innerhalb kürzester Zeit durch Photodissoziation zerstört werden.

Die Akkretionsscheibe löst sich bei den meisten Herbig-Ae/Be-Sternen innerhalb eines Zeitraums von 3 Millionen Jahren auf, wobei dieser Vorgang umso schneller verläuft, je höher die Masse des Sterns ist. Dies ist eine Folge des Anstiegs der Temperatur und der Leuchtkraft sowie der beschleunigten Entwicklung mit höherer Masse. Die relativ kurze Zeitspanne reicht zur Bildung von Exoplaneten aus, wovon bereits einige um die frühen Sterne nachgewiesen werden konnten. Die Akkretionsrate liegt in dem Zeitraum von einer Million Jahre bei circa 10−4,5 Sonnenmassen pro Jahr. In dieser Zeitspanne wird der größte Teil der Masse des Sterns akkretiert.

Um die Nachfolger der Herbig-Ae/Be-Sterne, Hauptreihensterne mit einem Alter zwischen 10 und 20 Millionen Jahren, sind häufig Staubscheiben gefunden worden. Der Nachweis im fernen Infraroten war zunäscht überraschend, da Staub aus den Sternsystemen innerhalb kurzer Zeit durch den Strahlungsdruck entfernt wird. Daher muss es eine kontinuierliche Quelle für die Neueinstehung von Staub geben. Heute wird angenommen, dass der Staub in zahlreichen Kollisionen von Asteroiden entsteht. Die entsprechenden Scheiben werden daher debris disks genannt.

Beispiele
 HD 100546
 MWC 480

Siehe auch
 UX-Orionis-Stern
 Be-Stern

Einzelnachweise

Sternklasse der Eruptiv Veränderlichen Sterne

Herbig-Ae/Be-Stern


"Rapunzel" ( , ; ) is a European fairy tale most notably recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812 as part of Children's and Household Tales (KHM 12). The Brothers Grimm's story was developed from the French literary fairy tale of Persinette by Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force (1698), which itself is an alternative version of the Italian fairy tale Petrosinella by Giambattista Basile.

The tale is classified as Aarne–Thompson type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower"). Its plot has been used and parodied in various media. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".

Plot

A lonely couple, who long for a child, live next to a large, extensive, high-walled subsistence garden, belonging to a sorceress.  The wife, experiencing pregnancy cravings, longs for the rapunzel that she sees growing in the garden (rapunzel is either the root vegetable Campanula rapunculus, or the salad green Valerianella locusta). She refuses to eat anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night he breaks into the garden to get some for her. When he returns, she makes a salad out of it and eats it, but she longs for more so her husband returns to the garden to retrieve some more. As he scales the wall to return home, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. He begs for mercy and she agrees to be lenient, allowing him to take all the rapunzel he wants on condition that the baby be given to her when it's born. Desperate, he agrees.

When the wife has a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother craved (in one version, her parents move away before she's born in an attempt to avoid surrendering her, only for the sorceress to turn up at their door upon her birth, unhampered by their attempt at relocation). She grows up to be a beautiful child with long golden hair. When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up in a tower in the middle of the woods, with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window. In order to visit her, the sorceress stands at the bottom of the tower and calls out:
Rapunzel!
Rapunzel!
Let down your hair
That I may climb thy golden stair!

Jacob Grimm ostensibly believed that the strong alliteration of the rhyme indicated that it was a survival of the ancient form of Germanic poetry known as Stabreim, but in actuality, it was his liberal adaption of Schulz's direct German translation of Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force's older French version Persinette, Persinette, descendez vos cheveux que je monte.

One day, a prince rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is unable to enter it. He returns often, listening to her beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit her as usual and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, he bids Rapunzel to let her hair down. When she does so, he climbs up and they fall in love. He eventually asks her to marry him, and she agrees.

Together they plan a means of escape, wherein he will come each night (thus avoiding the sorceress who visits her by day) and bring Rapunzel a piece of silk that she will gradually weave into a ladder. Before the plan can come to fruition, however, she has sexual intercourse with him. In the first edition (1812) of Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales, most commonly known in English as Grimms' Fairy Tales), she innocently says that her dress is growing tight around her waist, hinting at pregnancy. In later editions, she asks "Dame Gothel", in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her. In anger, the sorceress cuts off her hair and casts her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.

When the prince calls that night, the sorceress lets the severed hair down to haul him up. To his horror, he finds himself meeting her instead of Rapunzel, who is nowhere to be found. After she tells him in a rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he leaps or falls from the tower and lands in a thorn bush. Although it breaks his fall and saves his life, it scratches his eyes and blinds him.

For years, he wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness, where Rapunzel now lives with the twins whom she has given birth to, a boy and girl. One day, as she sings, he hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, her tears fall into his eyes and immediately restore his sight. He leads her and their twins to his kingdom where they live happily ever after.

Another version of the story ends with the revelation that the sorceress had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.

Origin and development

Mythological and religious inspiration
Some researchers have proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the "Maiden in the Tower" archetype is to the pre-Christian European (or proto-Indo-European) sun or dawn goddess myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued. Similar myths include that of the Baltic solar goddess, Saulė, who is held captive in a tower by a king.  Inspiration may also be taken from the classical myth of the hero, Perseus; Perseus' mother, the Princess Danaë, was confined to a bronze tower by her own father, Acrisius, the King of Argos, in an attempt to prevent her from becoming pregnant, as it was foretold by the Oracle of Delphi that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.

Inspiration may come from Ethniu, daughter of Balor, in Irish myth.

Inspiration may come from the story of Saint Barbara of Nicomedia, who is said to have been a beautiful woman who was confined to a tower by her father to hide her away from suitors. While in the tower, she is said to have converted to Christianity and be ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution. Her story was included in The Book of the City of Ladies, completed by 1405 by Christine de Pizan in vernacular French, which may have been highly influential on later writers, as it was popular throughout Europe.

Literary development
The earliest surviving reference to a female character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the Persian epic poem Shahnameh, written by Ferdowsi between  977 and 1010 CE. The heroine of the story, Rudāba, offers her hair so that her love interest Zāl may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope so that she will not hurt herself.

The first written record of a story that may be recognized as Rapunzel is Giambattista Basile's Petrosinella, translating to parsley, which was published in Naples in the local dialect in 1634 in a collection entitled Lo cunto de li cunti (The Story of Stories). This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken by the villain as a child rather than a baby, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to be reunited in the end. Most importantly, this version of the story contains a "flight" scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the tower. This "flight" scene, with three magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the Mediterranean region, notably Sicily (Angiola), Malta (Little Parsley and Little Fennel), and Greece (Anthousa the Fair with Golden Hair).

In 1697, Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force published a variation of the story, Persinette, while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of Louis XIV. Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early conteuses as a contemporary to Charles Perrault. This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later versions by the Grimm Brothers. It is the first version to include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince's blinding, the birth of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with the antagonist taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom. While de la Force's claim that Persinette was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.

German adaptation
The very first known German translation of Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force's tale Persinette came about in 1766 by Friedrich Immanuel Bierling under the name "Das Cabinet der Feen. Oder gesammelte Feen-Märchen in neun Theilen, Aus dem Französischen übersetzt", published in Nürenberg. More famously, Persinette was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in Kleine Romane (Little Novels), as it was Schulz who changed the plant and the maiden's name to Rapunzel. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm included the story in their first (1812) and seventh (1857) edition publications of Children's and Household Tales and removed elements that they believed were added to the "original" German fairy tale. Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the "Maiden in the Tower" in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to have connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition. Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince's visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version edited by Wilhelm Grimm, it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children. It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audience.

Distribution
According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, by analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croatian and 1 from Corsica.

Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe". However, scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Central and South Europe, and in the Middle East. In the same vein, Stith Thompson argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.

Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from The Arabian Nights compilation.

Themes and characterization

Many scholars have interpreted "Maiden in the Tower" stories, which Rapunzel is a part of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians. Scholars have drawn comparisons of the confinement of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women's lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.

Scholars have also noted the strong theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions after Persinette and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.

The seemingly unfair bargain that the husband makes with the sorceress in the opening of Rapunzel is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in Jack and the Beanstalk, when Jack trades a cow for beans, and in Beauty and the Beast,  when Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose. Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable, since the husband would have perceived his actions as saving his wife at the cost of his child. Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings, and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a need for vitamins.

The "Maiden in the Tower" archetype has drawn comparisons to a possible lost matriarchal myth connected to the sacred marriage between the prince and the maiden and the rivalry between the maiden, representing life and spring, and the crone, representing death and winter.

Cultural legacy

Literary media

Andrew Lang included the story in his 1890 publication The Red Fairy Book. Other versions of the tale also appear in A Book of Witches (1965) by Ruth Manning-Sanders and in Paul O. Zelinsky's Caldecott Medal-winning picture book, Rapunzel (1997).

Anne Sexton wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection Transformations (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the Grimm's Fairy tales.

Donna Jo Napoli's novel Zel (1996) retells the Rapunzel story from three perspectives: the maiden, her mother, and the prince.

Cress is the third book in the Lunar Chronicles, a young adult science fiction series written by Marissa Meyer that is an adaptation of Rapunzel. Crescent, nicknamed "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella. The Lunar Chronicles is a tetralogy with a futuristic take on classic fairy tales that also includes characters such as "Cinder" (Cinderella), "Scarlet" (Red Riding Hood) and "Winter" (Snow White).

Kate Forsyth has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of Mademoiselle de la Force entitled, Bitter Greens, and her second book was nonfiction describing the development of the tale entitled, The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower. She described it as "a story that reverberates very strongly with any individual – male or female, child or adult – who has found themselves trapped by their circumstances, whether this is caused by the will of another or their own inability to change and grow".

In Nikita Gill's 2018 poetry collection Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including Rapunzel's Note Left for Mother Gothel and Rapunzel, Rapunzel.

In 2019, Simon Hood published a contemporary retelling of Rapunzel. Both the language and the illustrations modernised the story, while the plot itself remained close to traditional versions.

In 2022, Mary McMyne published a standalone adult historical fantasy novel The Book of Gothel, which speculates that the witch's character was inspired by the life of a medieval midwife named Haelewise, daughter-of-Hedda, who lived in 12th century Germania. The novel is a revisionist backstory for Rapunzel that also connects to elements of Snow White, Red Riding Hood, and other tales.

Film media
 The Story of Rapunzel (1951), a stop-motion animated short directed by Ray Harryhausen.
 A live action version was filmed for television as part of Shelley Duvall's series Faerie Tale Theatre, airing on Showtime. It aired on 5 February 1983. In it, the main character, Rapunzel, is taken from her parents by an evil witch, and is brought up in an isolated tower that can only be accessed by climbing her unnaturally long hair. Jeff Bridges played the prince and Rapunzel's father, Shelley Duvall played Rapunzel and her mother, Gena Rowlands played the witch, and Roddy McDowall narrated.
 A 1988 German film adaption,  (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale Maid Maleen. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.
 A 1990 straight-to-video animated film adaption by Hanna-Barbera and Hallmark Cards, simply titled Rapunzel, featured Olivia Newton-John narrating the story. The major difference between it and the Grimm fairy tale is that, instead of making the prince blind, the evil witch transforms him into a bird, possibly a reference to The Blue Bird, a French variant of the story.
 Into the Woods is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television in 1991 by American Playhouse. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch that the Baker (Rapunzel's older brother, unbeknownst to him; also, the husband of the lonely childless couple) is getting some items from, who is later rescued by a prince. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife. The Witch then grieves for her and sings "Witch's Lament."
 A film adaptation of Into the Woods by The Walt Disney Company was released late in 2014 where Rapunzel is portrayed by MacKenzie Mauzy. The difference from the play is that Rapunzel is not killed by the Giant's Wife (Frances de la Tour). Instead, she rides off into the woods with her Prince (Billy Magnussen) in order to distance herself from the Witch who raised her.
 In Barbie as Rapunzel (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by Anjelica Huston) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.
 In Shrek the Third (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by Maya Rudolph) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.
 Walt Disney Animation Studios' Tangled (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. Princess Rapunzel (voiced by Mandy Moore) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Her long blonde hair has magical healing and restoration powers. A woman named Mother Gothel (voiced by Donna Murphy) kidnaps Rapunzel for her magical hair which would help maintain her youth and beauty. Rather than a prince, Rapunzel encounters an elusive thief named Flynn Rider/Eugene Fitzherbert (voiced by Zachary Levi). Rapunzel also features in Disney's Tangled short sequel, Tangled Ever After. There is also a series based on the events after the movie and before the short named Tangled The Series/ Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure and a movie which leads to the series called Tangled: Before Ever After.
 Walt Disney Pictures hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live-action Rapunzel movie. It is unknown if the film will be a remake of Tangled, a new adaptation, or a combination of both.

Television media

Live action television media
Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958. Carol Lynley played Rapunzel and Agnes Moorehead played the evil witch.

Sesame Street (1969–present) has a "News Flash" skit with Kermit the Frog where he interviews the Prince trying to charm Rapunzel with the famous line. However, she is having a hard time hearing him and when she finally does understand him, she lets all her hair fall down (completely off her head), leaving the Prince confused as to what to do now.

In the American fairy tale miniseries, The Tenth Kingdom (2000), the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower. Her only means of escape is by letting her hair down through the window of the tower so that the Wolf can climb up and rescue her. Not before he asks the iconic phrase, in his own way, "Love of my life, let down your lustrous locks!". The character, Rapunzel is also mentioned as being one of the great women who changed history, and she was Queen of the sixth Kingdom before eventually succumbing to old age.

Rapunzel appears in the Once Upon a Time episode The Tower (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz. In this show, Rapunzel is a young woman who becomes trapped in a large tower for many years after she searched for a plant called "night-root" that would remove her fear of becoming queen following her brother's death. Because of this, she has extremely long hair. It is revealed that consuming the substance created a doppelgänger fear spirit who represents all of the person's worst fears. After Prince Charming begins to fear that he will not make a good father to his and Snow White's baby, Robin Hood tells him where to find the night-root. He then climbs the tower and eventually helps Rapunzel face her fears by facing what truly scares her, which is herself. Presented with her own doppelganger, she is encouraged by Prince Charming and cuts off her hair, killing the figure and allowing her freedom. She explains to Prince Charming that her brother died trying to save her, and she doubts that her parents will forgive her. Again encouraged by Prince Charming, she returns her to their palace where she reunites with her accepting parents.

A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of Once Upon a Time (Season 7, 2018), portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner in flashbacks. In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to Cinderella. In the past, Rapunzel had two daughters, Anastasia and Drizella, and made a deal with Mother Gothel to be locked in a tower in exchange for the safety of her family. Six years later, Rapunzel frees herself and when she returns to her family, she discovers she has gained a stepdaughter named Ella. At some point, Anastasia dies and Rapunzel blames her husband for the incident while Ella blames herself. Gothel plans to put Anastasia in the tower, but Rapunzel managed to turn the tables and lock Gothel in instead. Rapunzel plots to revive Anastasia by using the heart of Drizella, whom she favors least of the two daughters. Drizella discovers this and decides to get revenge on her mother by casting the "Dark Curse". She allies with Mother Gothel and sends the New Enchanted Forest residents to Hyperion Heights in Seattle. Rapunzel awakens from the curse, but lives as Victoria Belfrey and is given new memories making her believe she cast the curse to save Anastasia, while Drizella lives as Ivy Belfrey, her assistant and daughter. Cinderella and her daughter are also brought over by the curse. Rapunzel/Victoria manages to lock Gothel away in Belfrey Towers.

The children's television game show Trapped contains a game based off on the fairy tale in which Rapunzel, re-named Split-ends, must have three correct bows untied from her hair.

Animated television media
The animated series Britannica's Tales Around the World (1990–91), presented by Pat Morita, features three variations of the story.

The American television animated anthology series, Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full African-American cast and set in New Orleans. The episode starred Tisha Campbell-Martin as Rapunzel, Whoopi Goldberg as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, Meshach Taylor as the Woodcutter, Hazelle Goodman as the Woodcutter's Wife, Donald Fullilove as Friend #1, and Tico Wells as Friend #2.

Wolves, Witches and Giants (1995–99), includes the episode Rapunzel as season 1 episode 8.

The German animated series Simsala Grimm (1999-2010) retells fairy tales, including Rapunzel as season 1 episode 8.

The music video of Mary (2004) by the Scissor Sisters features a spoof of the fairy tale animated by Don Bluth.

In the Mattel cartoon Ever After High (2013–2017), features Rapunzel's has two daughters: Holly O'Hair and Poppy O'Hair.

Tangled: The Series (2017–2020) is a 2D animated TV show based on Disney Animation's computer animated musical feature film Tangled. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of Rapunzel and Eugene Fitzherbert. A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel's biological daughter. The series has a feature-length movie titled Tangled: Before Ever After released in 2017.

In one episode of Happy Tree Friends (1999–2016) entitled Dunce Upon a Time, Petunia has very long hair that Giggles uses to slide down on as a brief Rapunzel reference.

The Japanese anime series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1987–1989) features the tale in its second season. It gives more spotlight to Rapunzel's parents, who are the local blacksmith and his wife, and it makes the witch more openly villainous.

See also

 Ethniu, daughter of Balor
 Rapunzel syndrome
 Danaë, daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was trapped in a bronze tower or cave.
 Puddocky
 Maid Maleen

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography, (Helsinki, 1961).
 Translated comparison of 1812 and 1857 versions
 The Original 1812 Grimm A web site for the Original 1812 Kinder und Hausmärchen featuring references and other useful information related to the 1812 book in English.

Grimms' Fairy Tales
European fairy tales
German fairy tales
Witchcraft in fairy tales
Fictional German people
Female characters in fairy tales
ATU 300-399

Rapunzel


Die Slowakische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1993 war die erste Auflage der Titelkämpfe im Badminton in der Slowakei.

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1993
Badminton 1993

Slowakische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1993