Vodafone Group plc () is a British multinational telecommunications company. Its registered office and global headquarters are in Newbury, Berkshire, England. It predominantly operates services in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Oceania.

, Vodafone owns and operates networks in 21 countries, with partner networks in 48 further countries. Its Vodafone Global Enterprise division provides telecommunications and IT services to corporate clients in 150 countries.

Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. The company has a secondary listing on Nasdaq.

Etisalat by e& is Vodafone's largest single shareholder, and owns 14% of Vodafone's shares. It has since declared that it was exploring the possibility to increase its stake to 20%.

Name
The name Vodafone comes from voice data fone (the latter a sensational spelling of "phone"), chosen by the company to "reflect the provision of voice and data services over mobile phones".

History

As a Racal Telecom brand: 1980 to 1991

In 1980, Ernest Harrison, then chair of Racal Electronics – the UK's largest manufacturer of military radios – negotiated a deal with Lord Weinstock of the UK General Electric Company (GEC), which gave Racal access to some of GEC's battlefield radio technology. Harrison  directed the head of Racal's military radio division, Gerry Whent, to explore the use of that technology for civilian purposes. Whent visited a mobile radio factory run by the US company General Electric (unrelated to UK GEC) in Virginia, that same year. In 1981, the Racal Strategic Radio Ltd subsidiary was established.

Jan Stenbeck, head of a growing Swedish conglomerate, set up an American company, Millicom Inc, and approached Gerry Whent in July 1982 about bidding jointly for the UK's second cellular radio licence. The two struck a deal giving Racal 60% of the new company, Racal-Millicom Ltd, and Millicom 40%. Due to concerns of the British government about foreign ownership, the terms were revised, and in December 1982 the Racal-Millicom partnership was awarded the second UK mobile phone network licence. Final ownership of Racal-Millicom Ltd was 80% Racal, with Millicom holding 15% plus royalties, and the venture firm Hambros Technology Trust holding 5%. According to the UK Secretary of State for Industry, "the bid submitted by Racal-Millicom Ltd … provided the best prospect for early national coverage by cellular radio."

Vodafone was launched on 1 January 1985 under the new name of Racal-Vodafone (Holdings) Ltd, with its first office based in the Courtyard in Newbury, Berkshire, and shortly thereafter Racal Strategic Radio was renamed Racal Telecommunications Group Limited. The first non-Vodafone employee to make a UK mobile phone call was comedian Ernie Wise, from St Katharine Docks, London on 1 January 1985. On 29 December 1986, Racal Electronics issued shares to the minority shareholders of Vodafone worth £110 million, and Vodafone became a fully owned brand of Racal.

On 26 October 1988, Racal Telecom, majority held by Racal Electronics, went public on the London Stock Exchange with 20% of its stock floated. The successful flotation led to a situation where Racal's stake in Racal Telecom was valued more than the whole of Racal Electronics. Under stock market pressure to realise full value for shareholders, Racal demerged Racal Telecom in 1991.

Vodafone Group, then Vodafone Airtouch: 1991 to 2000
On 16 September 1991, Racal Telecom was demerged from Racal Electronics as Vodafone Group, with Gerry Whent as its CEO.

In July 1996, Vodafone acquired the two-thirds of Talkland it did not already own for £30.6 million. On 19 November 1996, in a defensive move, Vodafone purchased for £77 million Peoples Phone, a 181-store chain whose customers were overwhelmingly using Vodafone's network. In a similar move the company acquired the 80% that it did not already own of Astec Communications, a service provider with 21 stores.

In January 1997, Whent retired and Chris Gent took over as CEO. In the same year, Vodafone introduced its Speechmark logo, composed of a quotation mark in a circle, with the Os in the Vodafone logotype representing opening and closing quotation marks and suggesting conversation.

On 29 June 1999, Vodafone completed its purchase of American service provider AirTouch Communications, Inc. and changed its name to Vodafone Airtouch plc. The merged company commenced trading on 30 June 1999. The acquisition gave Vodafone a 35% share of Mannesmann, owner of the largest German mobile network. To gain antitrust approval for the merger, Vodafone sold its 17.2% stake in Mannesmann's German competitor, E-Plus Mobilfunk.

On 21 September 1999, Vodafone agreed to merge its US wireless assets with those of Bell Atlantic Corp to form Verizon Wireless. The merger was completed on 4 April 2000, just a few months prior to Bell Atlantic's merger with GTE to form Verizon Communications, Inc.

In November 1999, Vodafone made an unsolicited bid for Mannesmann, which was rejected. Vodafone's interest in Mannesmann had been increased by the latter's purchase of Orange, the UK mobile operator. Gent would later say Mannesmann's move into the UK broke a "gentleman's agreement" not to compete in each other's home territory. The hostile takeover provoked strong protests in Germany, and a "titanic struggle" which saw Mannesmann resist Vodafone's efforts. However, on 3 February 2000, the Mannesmann board agreed to an increased offer of £112 billion, then the largest corporate merger ever. The EU approved the merger in April 2000 after Vodafone agreed to divest the 'Orange' brand, which was acquired in May 2000 by France Télécom.

Vodafone Group plc: 2000 to present
On 28 July 2000, the Company reverted to its former name, Vodafone Group plc.

On 17 December 2001, Vodafone introduced the concept of "Partner Networks", by signing TDC Mobil of Denmark. The new concept involved the introduction of Vodafone international services to the local market, without the need of investment by Vodafone. The concept would be used to extend the Vodafone brand and services into markets where it did not have stakes in local operators. Vodafone services would be marketed under the dual-brand scheme, where the Vodafone brand is added at the end of the local brand. (i.e., TDC Mobil-Vodafone etc.)

Vodafone sponsored the Premier League team Manchester United F.C. in football from 2000 until the 2005–06 season.

In 2007, Vodafone entered into a title sponsorship deal with the McLaren Formula One team (previously Vodafone sponsored Scuderia Ferrari in 2002 until 2006), which traded as "Vodafone McLaren Mercedes" until the sponsorship ended at the end of the 2013 season.

On 1 December 2011, it acquired the Reading-based Bluefish Communications Ltd, an ICT consultancy company. The acquired operations formed the nucleus of a new Unified Communications and Collaboration practice within its subsidiary Vodafone Global Enterprise, which was to focus on implementing strategies in cloud computing, and strengthen its professional services offering.

In April 2012, Vodafone announced an agreement to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide (CWW) for £1.04 billion. The acquisition gave Vodafone access to CWW's fibre network for businesses, enabling it to offer unified communications to enterprises. On 18 June 2012, Cable & Wireless shareholders voted in favour of the Vodafone offer.

On 2 September 2013, Vodafone announced it would be selling its 45% stake in Verizon Wireless to Verizon Communications for $US130 billion. With the proceeds from the deal, it announced a £19 billion Project Spring initiative to improve network quality in Europe and emerging markets, such as India.

In June 2017, the company took measures to prevent its advertising from appearing within outlets focused on creating and sharing hate speech and fake news.

In January 2020, Vodafone confirmed that it has pulled out of Diem Association (known as Libra Association at the time), the governing council for the Facebook-created global digital currency initiative.

In June 2023, it was announced that Vodafone UK would merge with Three UK; Vodafone would own 51% of the combined company, and CK Hutchison Holdings 49%. If approved by regulators, the merger will create  a group with 27 million mobile customers.

Operations
Following a period of worldwide expansion which began in 1999, in the 2010s Vodafone entered a period of retrenchment and simplification of its operations.

Africa

Egypt
In November 1998, the Vodafone Egypt network went live under the name Click GSM, and was rebranded to Vodafone in 2002.

On 8 November 2006, the company announced a deal with Telecom Egypt, resulting in further co-operation in the Egyptian market and increasing its stake in Vodafone Egypt. After the deal, Vodafone Egypt was 55% owned by the group, while the remaining 45% was owned by Telecom Egypt.

On 29 January 2020, Saudi Telecom Company (STC) and the Vodafone Group signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the sale of Vodafone's entire 55 percent stake in Vodafone Egypt to STC. With the sale, Vodafone would be exiting the Egyptian market as a telecom operator. Telecom Egypt said that it has no plans to sell its 45% stake.

On 21 December 2020, Vodafone announced that had failed to reach an agreement in its discussions with STC regarding the sale of Vodafone's 55% shareholding in Vodafone Egypt.

Vodafone sold its shares in Vodafone Egypt to Vodacom in 2022 in which Vodafone has a shareholding of 65%.

South Africa (Vodafone)
On 3 November 2004, the company announced that its South African affiliate Vodacom had agreed to introduce Vodafone's international services, such as Vodafone live! and partner agreements, to its local market.

In November 2005, Vodafone announced that it was in exclusive talks to buy a 15% stake of VenFin in Vodacom Group, reaching agreement the following day. Vodafone and Telkom then had a 50% stake each in Vodacom. Vodafone now owns 57.5% of Vodacom after purchasing a 15% stake from Telkom.

On 9 October 2008, the company offered to acquire an additional 15% stake in Vodacom Group from Telkom. The finalised details of the agreement were announced on 6 November 2008. The agreement called for Telkom to sell 15 per cent of its 50 per cent stake in Vodacom to the group, and demerge the other 35 per cent to its shareholder. Meanwhile, Vodafone has agreed to make Vodacom its exclusive sub-Saharan Africa investment vehicle, as well as continuing to maintain the visibility of the Vodacom brand. The transaction closed in May/June 2009.

On 18 May 2009, Vodacom entered the JSE Limited stock exchange in South Africa after Vodafone increased its stake by 15% to 65% to take a majority holding, despite disputes by local trade unions.

In April 2011, Vodacom rebranded with the Vodafone logo.

Ghana
On 3 July 2008, Vodafone agreed to acquire a 70% stake in Ghana Telecom for $900 million. The acquisition was consummated on 17 August 2008. The same group-led consortium won the second fixed-line licence in Qatar on 15 September 2008.

On 15 April 2009, Ghana Telecom, along with its mobile subsidiary OneTouch, was rebranded as Vodafone Ghana.

In February 2023, Vodafone Group has concluded the sale of its 70% stake in Vodafone Ghana to Telecel Group in a bid to streamline its African portfolio, thus exiting the Ghanaian market.

Libya
On 24 February 2010, the group signed a partner network agreement with the second-largest operator in Libya, al Madar.

Cameroon

On 23 September 2016, Vodafone extended its activities to Cameroon by signing a partnership with Afrimax, a 4G-LTE telecommunications operator in Africa. Vodafone Cameroon Launched a "Youth Program" in the Universities to support and encourage the Cameroonian students. The partnership ceased to operate in September 2017 following the withdrawal of its license by the government.

Middle East

Bahrain
On 29 December 2003, Vodafone signed a Partner Network Agreement with Kuwait's MTC group. The agreement involved co-operation in Bahrain and the branding of the network as MTC-Vodafone.

Qatar
In December 2007, a Vodafone Group-led consortium was awarded the second mobile phone licence in Qatar under the name "Vodafone Qatar". Vodafone Qatar is located at QSTP, the Qatar Science & Technology Park. Commercial operations officially began on 1 March 2009. In February 2018 Vodafone Europe agreed to sell their stake in the Qatar joint venture.

On 25 November 2019, Vodafone in collaboration with Inseego Corp. introduced the 5G MiFi M1100 in Qatar. It is the first commercially available 5G mobile hotspot in the region.

United Arab Emirates
On 28 January 2009, the group announced a partner network agreement with Du, the second-largest operator in the United Arab Emirates. The agreement involved co-operation on international clients, handset procurement, mobile broadband etc.

Oman
In January 2021, Vodafone obtained a license to establish and operate public telecommunications services in Oman. In September 2021 Vodafone in Oman signed an agreement with Ericsson to deploy, operate and maintain 4G and 5G core and radio access (RAN) greenfield network and an agreement with Netcracker Technology to deploy Netcracker Digital BSS. Vodafone will be the third operator in the Sultanate of Oman.

The Americas

Canada
Vodafone's network partner in Canada is Rogers Wireless.

Chile
On 11 May 2008, Vodafone sealed a trade agreement with the Chilean Entel PCS Chile, in which Entel PCS has access to the equipment and international services of Vodafone, and Vodafone will be one of the trademarks of Entel for the wireless business. This step will give the Vodafone brand access to a market of over 15 million people, currently divided between two companies: Telefonica Movistar and Entel PCS.

Brazil
In August 2013, Vodafone has started the MVNO operation in Brazil, as a corporative M2M operator.

United States
In the United States, Vodafone previously owned 45% of Verizon Wireless in a joint venture with Verizon Communications, the country's largest mobile carrier. Vodafone branding was not used, however, as the CDMA network was not compatible with the GSM 900/1800 MHz standard used by Vodafone's other networks and as Vodafone did not have management control over Verizon Wireless. On 2 September 2013 Vodafone announced the sale of its stake to Verizon Communications for around $130 billion. In 2004, Vodafone made an unsuccessful bid for the entirety of AT&T Wireless; however, Cingular Wireless, at the time a joint venture of SBC Communications and BellSouth (both now part of AT&T Inc.), ultimately outbid Vodafone and took control of AT&T Wireless (the combined wireless carrier is now AT&T Mobility).

In 2013, Vodafone was considered for acquisition by U.S.-based AT&T. Ultimately, the deal did not move forward.

Asia

India
On 28 October 2005, the company announced the acquisition of a 10 per cent stake in India's Bharti Enterprises, which operated the largest mobile phone network in India under the brand name Airtel. Then on 11 February 2007, the Company agreed to acquire a controlling interest of 67% in Hutch Essar for US$11.1 billion. At the same time, it agreed to sell back 5.6% of its Airtel stake to the Mittals; Vodafone would retain a 4.4% stake in Airtel. On 21 September 2007, Hutch was rebranded to Vodafone India. In May 2011, Vodafone Group Plc bought the remaining shares of Vodafone Essar from Essar Group Ltd for $5 billion. In October 2013, it was reported by Reuters that Vodafone planned to invest as much as $2 billion (£1.2 billion) to buy out minority shareholders in Vodafone India.

By late January 2017, Vodafone Group's unit in India and Idea Cellular Ltd were in preliminary talks to merge. And on 20 March 2017, Vodafone announced that it was merging its Indian business with Idea, India's third-largest network, to create the country's third largest operator with almost 270 million customers, accounting for 16% of the Indian cellphone service market. Vodafone would own 45.1 percent of the new operator and Idea's parent company, the Aditya Birla Group, 26 percent. The deal valued Vodafone India at the equivalent of $12.6 billion and Idea Cellular at the equivalent of $11.02 billion. The deal would enable Vodafone to move its Indian subsidiary off its balance sheet, cutting the British group's net debt by the equivalent of almost $8.25 billion. The Telecom ministry (DoT) cleared the Vodofone–Idea merger on 9 July 2018. On 31 August 2018, Vodafone Idea became a legal entity and the largest telecom service provider in India. On 7 September 2020, Vodafone Idea unveiled its new brand identity, 'Vi' which involves the integration of the company's erstwhile separate brands 'Vodafone' and 'Idea' into one unified brand.

Japan
In 1999, J-Phone launched the J-sky mobile Internet service in response to DoCoMo's i-Mode service. It became Japan's third-largest mobile operator and was the first one to introduce camera phones in Japan. Vodafone then went on to acquire J-phone. In December 2002 J-Phone's 3G network went live. On 1 October 2003, J-Phone became 'Vodafone Japan', and J-Phone's mobile internet service J-Sky became Vodafone Live!. In March 2006, Vodafone sold Vodafone Japan to SoftBank. In October 2006, SoftBank changed Vodafone Japan's name to 'SoftBank Mobile'. On 17 March 2006, Vodafone announced an agreement to sell all its interest in Vodafone Japan to SoftBank for £8.9 billion, of which £6.8 billion would be received in cash upon completion of the deal. Vodafone Japan later changed its name to SoftBank Mobile. In November 2010, Vodafone divested its remaining Softbank shares.

Other Asia
On 3 November 2003, Singapore became a part of the community as M1 was signed as partner network. Then in April 2005, SmarTone changed the name of its brand to 'SmarTone-Vodafone', after both companies signed a Partner Network Agreement. In January 2006, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka were added to the Vodafone footprint as Vodafone Group signed a partner network agreement with Telekom Malaysia.
On 6 February 2007, along with the partnership with Digicel Caribbean (see below), Samoa was added as a Partner Market. On 6 February 2007, Vodafone Group signed a three-year partnership agreement with Digicel Group. The agreement, which includes Digicel's sister operation in Samoa, will result to the offering of new roaming capabilities. The two groups will also become preferred roaming partners of each other.

On 10 February 2008, Vodafone announced the launching of M-Paisa mobile money transfer service on Roshan's (Afghanistan's largest GSM operator) network: Afghanistan was added to the Vodafone footprint.

dtac in Thailand is signed as a partner network of the Group on 25 March 2009.

Nar Mobile in Azerbaijan was signed as a partner network on 22 July 2009, while Chunghwa Telecom of Taiwan was signed on 12 November 2009.

In September 2011, it was announced that Vodafone and Smartone would not renew their partnership in the Hong Kong market. Vodafone instead entered into an agreement with Hutchison Telecom, who operate the 3 brand. In the same year, M1 also ended their partnership in Singapore.

In February 2013, Vodafone together with China Mobile participated in bidding for one of the two newly opened Myanmar Mobile licences.

At the beginning of September 2014, the Vietnamese mobile operator Vinaphone signed a strategic co-operation agreement with Vodafone.

Europe

Vodafone Magyarország Zrt ("Vodafone Hungary") was formed as a subsidiary company in July 1999, although Vodafone has since sold its shares in the company.  The acquisition of Mannesmann AG, completed on 12 April 2000, created subsidiaries in Germany and Italy, and increased the Group's indirect holding in SFR. The Vodafone brand in Italy was introduced as Omnitel-Vodafone in 2001, which became the primary brand in 2002; finally the current name Vodafone Italia was introduced in 2003, dropping "Omnitel" altogether.

In 2001, the company acquired Eircell, the largest wireless communications company in Ireland, from Eircom. Eircell was subsequently rebranded as Vodafone Ireland. In February 2002, Radiolinja of Finland joined Vodafone as a partner network. Later in December 2002, the Vodafone brand was introduced in the Estonian market following the signing of a Partner Network Agreement with the Estonian subsidiary of Radiolinja. Radiolinja's Finnish service was rebranded as Elisa in April 2004 following its parent company Elisa Corporation's decision to unify all consumer-facing brands under a single name; this was followed by Radiolinja's Estonian service in February 2005 in anticipation of the later juridical merger with .

In January 2003, the company signed a group-wide partner agreement with mobilkom Austria and as a result Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia were added to the community. In April 2003, Og Vodafone was introduced in the Icelandic market. On 21 July 2003, Lithuania was added to the community, with the signing of a Partner Network Agreement with Bitė.

In February 2004, Vodafone signed Partner Network Agreements with Luxembourg's LuxGSM, and with Cyta of Cyprus. Cyta agreed to rename its mobile phone operations to Cytamobile-Vodafone. In April 2004, the company acquired a British airtime provider, Singlepoint, for £405m from John Caudwell's Caudwell Group, adding approximately 1.5 million customers and sites in Stoke-on-Trent to existing sites in Newbury (HQ), Birmingham, Warrington and Banbury. In November 2004, Vodafone introduced 3G services into Europe.

In June 2005, the Company bought the Czech mobile operator Oskar which was rebranded as Oskar-Vodafone.

On 28 October 2005, Connex in Romania was rebranded as Connex-Vodafone, and on 31 October 2005, the company reached an agreement to sell Vodafone Sweden to Telenor for approximately €1 billion. After the sale, Vodafone Sweden became a partner network.

In December 2005, Vodafone won an auction to buy Turkey's second-largest mobile phone company, Telsim, for US$4.5 billion. Early in January 2007, Telsim in Turkey adopted Vodafone dual branding as Telsim Vodafone, and on 1 April 2007, became Vodafone Turkey. In addition, Vodafone Turkey also provides service in Northern Cyprus.

In 2006, the Company rebranded its Stoke-on-Trent site as Stoke Premier Centre, a "centre of expertise" for the company dealing with customer care for its higher-value customers, technical support, sales and credit control. On 22 February 2006, the company announced that it was extending its footprint to Bulgaria with the signing of Partner Network Agreement with Mobiltel, which is part of the mobilkom Austria group.

In April 2006, the company announced that it had signed an extension to its Partner Network Agreement with Bitė Group, enabling its Latvian subsidiary  to become the latest member of Vodafone's global partner community. On 30 May 2006, Vodafone announced the then-biggest loss in British corporate history (£14.9 billion), and plans to cut 400 jobs; it reported one-off costs of £23.5 billion due to the revaluation of its Mannesmann subsidiary. On 24 July 2006, the respected head of Vodafone Europe, Bill Morrow, quit unexpectedly, and on 25 August 2006, the company announced the sale of its 25% stake in Belgium's Proximus for €2 billion. After the deal, Proximus remained part of the community as a Partner Network.

On 5 October 2006, Vodafone announced the first single-brand partnership with Og Vodafone which would operate under the name Vodafone Iceland, and on 19 December 2006, the company announced the sale of its 25% stake in Switzerland's Swisscom for CHF4.25 billion (£1.8 billion). After the deal, Swisscom would still be part of the community as a Partner Network. In December 2006, the Company completed the acquisition of Aspective, an enterprise applications systems integrator in the UK, signalling Vodafone's intent to grow a significant presence and revenues in the information and communication technologies (ICT) marketplace.

On 1 May 2007, Vodafone added Jersey and Guernsey to the community, as Airtel was signed as Partner Network in both crown dependencies. In June 2007, Vodafone UK began optimising web pages accessed through Vodafone Live!, which was criticised by The Register for interfering with mobile commerce websites. On 1 August 2007, Vodafone Portugal launched Vodafone Messenger, a service with Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger. At the end of 2007, Vodafone Germany was ranked 6th in Europe by subscriber numbers, whilst its Italian operation was listed as 10th. Vodafone UK was ranked 13th, whilst Spain was listed in 16th place.

On 17 April 2008, Vodafone extended its footprint to Serbia as Vip mobile was added to the community as a Partner Network, and on 20 May 2008, the Company added VIP Operator as a Partner Network, thereby extending the global footprint to the North Macedonia.

On 30 October 2008, the company announced a strategic, non-equity partnership with Mobile TeleSystems (MTS) group of Russia. The agreement adds Russia, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan to the group's footprint.

On 20 March 2009, it was announced that the group's Luxembourg partner has been changed: the agreement with LuxGSM was not renewed in favour of Tango, the Luxembourg unit of another partner network, Belgacom of Belgium.

On 4 April 2011, Vodafone sold its 44% stake in SFR, the second largest operator in France, to Vivendi for €7.95 billion.

In March 2013, the Spanish operations of Vodafone signed an agreement with Orange S.A. to co-invest €1 billion in the expansion of Spain's fibre-optic cable broadband network, which would enable Vodafone to reach an additional 6 million customers in Spain by 2017. On 24 June 2013, Vodafone announced it would be buying German cable company Kabel Deutschland. The takeover was valued at €7.7 billion, and was recommended over the bid of rival Liberty Global. In February 2014, Vodafone made an offer to acquire Spain's largest cable operator, ONO, for total consideration, including associated net debt acquired, of €7.2 billion.

In October 2015, Russia's Mobile TeleSystems and Vodafone expanded their 2008 strategic partnership; this resulted in the rebranding of MTS Ukraine to Vodafone Ukraine.

On 31 December 2016, Vodafone Group's Dutch operations merged with Liberty Global's Ziggo brand, creating VodafoneZiggo Group Holding B.V.

In April 2017, Vodafone was rated the worst mobile provider in the UK for the seventh year in succession in a "Which?" survey.

Consolidation period since 2019
Since 2019, Vodafone has entered into a period of consolidation of its European business, characterised mainly by sales of parts of its business, and the spinning off of some of its assets into separate companies. In 2019, Vodafone sold its stake in Vodafone Malta to Monaco Telecom. Also in 2019, Vodafone Group created a legally separate organisation comprising its European mobile towers. At the same time it was reported that the mobile towers business could be valued at about £10 billion. The mobile towers business was named Vantage Towers on 24 July 2020. Vantage Towers is headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany, with towers infrastructure in Germany, Spain, Greece, Portugal, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Italy and Ireland comprising a total of 68,000 towers..

In 2023, Vodafone sold its stake in Vodafone Ghana to Telecel Group, and Vodafone Magyarország (Vodafone Hungary) to the Hungarian state. Later in June 2023, Vodafone also announced that it intended to merge Vodafone UK with Three UK, which is owned by CK Hutchison Holdings. Vodafone would own 51% of the newly formed company. The announcement met criticism from consumer agencies in the UK, leading to an antitrust inquiry by the Competition and Markets Authority into whether the newly merged company could substantially lessen competition.

In September 2023, Zegona Communications also confirmed that it was in talks to buy Vodafone España.

Oceania

Australia

In October 1993, Vodafone Australia's network went live. In December 2004, Vodafone Australia agreed to deploy high-speed MPLS backbone network built by Lucent Worldwide Services using Juniper hardware. In October 2005, it began launching 3G technology in Australia. On 5 September 2008, Vodafone purchased Australia's largest bricks and mortar mobile phone retailer Crazy John's adding 115 retail stores to its local operations.

On 9 February 2009, Vodafone Australia announced a merger with 3/Hutchison via a joint venture company VHA Pty Ltd, which would offer products under the Vodafone brand. On 19 June 2009, Vodafone-Hutchison Australia (VHA) announced the end of its outsourcing of retail operations. VHA committed to buying back and managing its entire retail operation, including 208 Vodafone-branded retail outlets Australia-wide. This project was slated to be completed by 1 September 2009.

On 31 August 2009, VHA enabled an extended 900 MHz 3G UMTS network which functions outside their 2,100 MHz 3G network, boosting Vodafone's 3G population coverage from around 8% to around 94% on dual-band 900/2,100 MHz 3G UMTS devices.

On 13 July 2020, VHA merged with TPG to create TPG Telecom Limited.

Fiji

In July 1994, Vodafone Fiji's network went live. In July 2014, Vodafone sold its 49% shareholding of Vodafone Fiji to The Fiji National Provident fund. Under the terms of the deal, Vodafone Fiji retained its branding under a Partner Market Agreement.

New Zealand

In July 1993, BellSouth New Zealand's network went live. In November 1998, Vodafone purchased BellSouth New Zealand, which later became Vodafone New Zealand. In August 2005, Vodafone launched 3G technology in New Zealand. On 9 October 2006, Vodafone New Zealand bought New Zealand's 3rd largest internet service provider, iHug. In October 2013, Vodafone began its rollout of 4G to provincial New Zealand, with the launch of the system in holiday hotspots around Coromandel.

In 2019, Vodafone sold its New Zealand division to a consortium of investors, making it now independent from the parent company. It retained a licensing agreement to continue use of the Vodafone name and logo in exchange for fee payments, up until September 2022 when Vodafone New Zealand announced that it would change its name to One New Zealand in early 2023. It is estimated that this would save the company NZ$20 to 30 million a year by not having to pay Vodafone licensing fees. The rebranding was completed in April 2023.

Vodafone Global Enterprise

Vodafone Global Enterprise is the business services division, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Vodafone Group. It was established in April 2007 to provide telecommunications and information technology services to large corporations.

The division offers integrated communications in cloud computing, unified communications and collaboration. Its services include domestic and international voice and data, machine-to-machine services, mobile email, mobile broadband, managed services, mobile payment and mobile recording.

In December 2011, it acquired the Reading-based Bluefish Communications Ltd, an ICT consultancy company. The acquired operations formed the nucleus of a new Unified Communications and Collaboration practice within VGE, working on cloud computing and professional services.

Vodafone Global Enterprise operates in over 65 countries, with "Northern Europe" (based in London, United Kingdom), "Central Europe", "Southern Europe and Africa", "Asia Pacific & Sub-Saharan Africa" (based in Singapore) and "Americas" geographical divisions. VGE's major customers include Deutsche Post, The Linde Group, Unilever, and Volkswagen Group.

Products and services

In October 2009, it launched Vodafone 360, a new internet service for the mobile, PC and Mac. This was discontinued in December 2011 after disappointing hardware sales. This was after the Director of Internet Services resigned in September 2010 tweeting "5 days before I leave Vodafone. Freedom beckons." In February 2010, Vodafone launched the world's cheapest mobile phone known as Vodafone 150, intended to sell for below $15 (£10) in the developing world. It was initially launched in India, Turkey and eight African countries including Lesotho, Kenya and Ghana.

Mobile money transfer services
In March 2007, Safaricom, which is part owned by Vodafone and the leading mobile communication provider in Kenya, launched mobile payment software developed by Vodafone.

By February 2008, the M-PESA money transfer system in Kenya had gained 1.6 million customers. By 2011 there were fourteen million M-Pesa accounts by which held 40 percent of the country's savings. Following M-PESA's success in Kenya, Vodafone announced that it was to extend the service to Afghanistan. The service here was launched on the Roshan network under the brand M-Paisa with a different focus to the Kenyan service. M-Paisa was targeted as a vehicle for microfinance institutions' (MFI) loan disbursements and repayments, alongside business-to-business applications such as salary disbursement. The Afghanistan launch was followed in April 2008 by the announcement of further a further launch of M-PESA in Tanzania, South Africa and India.

In February 2012, Vodafone announced a worldwide partnership with Visa.

Health services
In November 2009, Vodafone announced the creation of a new business unit focused on the emerging market (the application of mobile communications and network technologies to healthcare). One of its early success stories is with the Novartis-led "SMS for Life" project in Tanzania, for which Vodafone developed and deployed a text-message based system that enables all of the country's 4,600 public health facilities to report their levels of anti-malarial medications so that stock level data can be viewed centrally in real-time, enabling timely re-supply of stock. During the SMS for Life pilot, which covered 129 health facilities over six months, stock-outs dropped from 26% to 0.8%, saving thousands of lives.

Vodafone Foundation
The Vodafone Foundation is a recognised charity which supports and initiates projects which use mobile technology to benefit the vulnerable, using the slogan "Connecting for Good". They often work in collaboration with other charitable groups. Below are some examples of their initiatives:
 DreamLab, a volunteer computing mobile app developed in cooperation with Imperial College London and used to research on cancer, COVID-19, and other diseases
 TECSOS mobile phones have been adapted to allow victims of domestic violence to activate immediate contact with the emergency services if they are in danger
 Paediatric Epilepsy Remote Monitoring System a monitoring system that allows physicians to remotely make patient observations
 Safe Taxi System an initiative in Portugal that consists of technology that taxi drivers can use to alert police if they are in danger of being assaulted
 Learning with Vodafone Solution technology that allows teachers in India to use graphical and multi-media content to enhance their teaching
 The World of Difference programme successful applicants choose charities for which they work either full-time for two months or part-time for four months (minimum 15 hours a week). The charities are provided with £2,500, with each winner receiving the balance as a salary after NI and tax have been paid.

Advertising
Since 2021, Vodafone's global advertising has used the slogan "Together We Can". Previous slogans have been, in 2017, "The future is exciting. Ready?" and, in 2009, was "Power to You".

Sponsorships
Vodafone's sponsorships include:

 Al Ahly SC (2002–11)
 Beşiktaş J.K. (2014–20)
 Manchester United F.C. (2000–06)
 Olympiacos F.C. (2006–09)
 Scuderia Ferrari (2002–06)
 McLaren (2007–13)

Corporate affairs

Senior management
Sir Gerald Whent, at that time an Executive with Racal Electronics plc, was responsible for the bid for a UK Cellular Network licence. The Mobile Telecoms division was de-merged, and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in October 1988 and Sir Gerald became Chief Executive of Racal Telecom plc. Over the next few years the company grew to become the UK's market leader, changing its name to Vodafone Group plc in the process.

Sir Christopher Gent took over as Chief Executive in January 1997, after Sir Gerald's retirement. Gent was responsible for transforming Vodafone from a small UK operator into the global operator, through the merger with the American AirTouch and the takeover of Germany's Mannesmann.

Arun Sarin was the driving force behind the company's move into emerging markets such as Asia and Africa, through the purchases such as that of Turkish operator Telsim, and a majority stake in Hutchison Essar in India.

The fourth CEO, Vittorio Colao, stepped up from Deputy Chief Executive in July 2008.

Financial results
Vodafone reports its results in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Financial performance has been as follows:

Criticisms

Tax avoidance
In September 2010, an investigation by Private Eye magazine revealed certain details of Vodafone's tax avoidance activities. It was reported that Vodafone routed the acquisition of Mannesmann through a Luxembourg subsidiary, set up to avoid paying tax on the deal, and continued to place its profits in Luxembourg. Following a long legal struggle with HMRC (during which a senior HMRC official, John Connors, switched sides to become head of tax at Vodafone), it was eventually agreed that Vodafone would pay £1.25 billion related to the acquisition. Based on Vodafone's accounts, experts have estimated the potential tax bill written off as a result of the negotiations was over £6 billion.

The news of this legal tax avoidance sparked angry protests, beginning in October 2010, outside Vodafone shops across the UK, organised under the banner of UK Uncut. The protests caused the closure of various stores across the UK.

In 2011, Private Eye magazine and The Bureau of Investigative Journalism alleged that Vodafone's Swiss branches were run by a single part-time bookkeeper. The report claimed hardly any business was done from there, indicating that the main purpose of the Zug office was tax avoidance. The report claimed the money was borrowed from the Swiss branch of the Luxembourg company, allowing it to take advantage of Luxembourg's laws, which exempts foreign branches of companies from tax, and Swiss laws, which almost completely exempt local branches of foreign companies. According to the expose, this would have otherwise generated a British tax bill of a little over £2 billion. It said Vodafone publishes a single, combined set of accounts for its Luxembourg subsidiaries and their Swiss branches. For the one company, profits worth £1.6 billion were taxed at less than 1% in 2011, and the profits are likely to have been attributed to Switzerland. In its response to these allegations, Vodafone has said the Swiss branch has not been involved in Vodafone's global financing for a number of years. It is, therefore, irrelevant in respect to global financing arrangements.

Vodafone was also assessed a US$2.5 billion tax over its acquisition of Hutchison Whampoa's Indian assets in 2007, a demand that it contests. In January 2012, the highest Indian court ruled that Vodafone is not liable for taxes and penalties of up to £2.8 billion. However, in February 2016 India's tax department sent Vodafone a renewed tax notice of £1.4bn. Following the siding of the Indian court with Vodafone in 2012, the government changed the law to allow firms to be retrospectively taxed. In September 2020, an international arbitration tribunal sided with Vodafone and ruled that India's efforts to claim past taxes was in violation of fair treatment under the bilateral investment protection pact between India and the Netherlands. India was asked by the tribunal to stop its efforts to claim the tax dues.

Communications blackout during the Arab Spring
Vodafone was implicated in the violent suppression of pro-democracy protests in Egypt's 2011 demonstrations. On 27 January, Vodafone, responsible for much of Egypt's telecommunication infrastructure, shut off all voice and data services for Egyptian citizens and businesses at the request of the Egyptian Government under Hosni Mubarak. On 28 January 2011, Vodafone complied with Egyptian government instructions to suspend Internet service "in selected areas" during a period of anti-Mubarak protests. The company issued a statement that "Under Egyptian legislation, the authorities have the right to issue such an order and we are obliged to comply with it." Vodafone also received public and media criticism for allowing the authorities to send mass pro-government messages via SMS over their network during the protests. One such message requested that "honest and loyal men" should "confront the traitors and criminals". Vodafone later issued a statement asserting that they had no choice but to allow the messages to be broadcast, and that they had complained to the Egyptian authorities about the practice. The Daily Telegraph of the UK reported, "The Egyptian government's action is unprecedented in the history of the internet." US-based Internet intelligence firm Renesys stated, "in an action unprecedented in Internet history, the Egyptian government appears to have ordered service providers to shut down all international connections to the Internet." Vodafone Group CEO Vittorio Colao said the company was obliged by law to comply with the instructions of the Egyptian government. At the company's annual general meeting, on 26 June, the campaign groups Access and FairPensions asked Vodafone to endorse a plan to prevent the company facing similar demands in the future.

Poor customer service
In Australia, particularly towards the end of 2010, Vodafone was heavily criticised due to allegations of poor customer service and severe technical inadequacies, which earned them their nickname "Vodafail" a website of the same name still exists. In response, they have developed a "new" network, and now provide a 30-day satisfaction guarantee.

In 2019, Vodafone was rated as the UK's worst mobile network provider for the eighth year in a row, in the eighth annual survey by consumer lobby group Which?.

Unlimited roaming costs on stolen phones
Vodafone UK, in common with other operators, has been criticised for holding customers on regular monthly billed contracts liable for almost unlimited roaming costs when their phones are stolen abroad, despite being seemingly able to limit costs of pay-as-you-go contracts.

Breaches of consumer protection rules
In October 2016, Vodafone was fined a record £4.6m by Ofcom for "serious" breaches of consumer protection rules.

In October 2017, Citizens Advice undertook a mystery shopping exercise which found that Vodafone, along with EE and Three, were not reducing customers' bills after fixed deals finished which meant that they were paying an extra £22 a month on average.

Surveillance infrastructure
In June 2014, Vodafone revealed information about their and other telecommunication operators' 'direct access systems', content data and metadata interception programmes globally.

Scam investigation
In March 2019, the Indian investigation agency CBI filed a plea in the Supreme Court against Vodafone and Airtel alleging non cooperation in the Saradha chitfund scam. The court listed the matter for a hearing on 8 April 2019.

References

External links

Mobile phone companies of the United Kingdom
Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Newbury, Berkshire
Multinational companies headquartered in England
British companies established in 1991
Telecommunications companies established in 1991
Mobile phone manufacturers
1991 establishments in England
1980s initial public offerings
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Racal
British brands
Corporate spin-offs

Vodafone


Zooxanthellae is a colloquial term for single-celled dinoflagellates that are able to live in symbiosis with diverse marine invertebrates including demosponges, corals, jellyfish, and nudibranchs. Most known zooxanthellae are in the genus Symbiodinium, but some are known from the genus Amphidinium, and other taxa, as yet unidentified, may have similar endosymbiont affinities. The true Zooxanthella K.brandt is a mutualist of the radiolarian Collozoum inerme (Joh.Müll., 1856) and systematically placed in Peridiniales. Another group of unicellular eukaryotes that partake in similar endosymbiotic relationships in both marine and freshwater habitats are green algae zoochlorellae.

Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic organisms, which contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c, as well as the dinoflagellate pigments peridinin and diadinoxanthin. These provide the yellowish and brownish colours typical of many of the host species. During the day, they provide their host with the organic carbon products of photosynthesis, sometimes providing up to 90% of their host's energy needs for metabolism, growth and reproduction. In return, they receive nutrients, carbon dioxide, and an elevated position with access to sunshine.

Morphology and classification

Zooxanthellae can be grouped in the classes of Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Rhodophycaeae and of the genera Amphidinium, Gymnodinium, Aureodinium, Gyrodinium, Prorocentrum, Scrippsiella, Gloeodinium, and most commonly, Symbiodinium. Zooxanthellae of genus Symbiodinium belong to a total of eight phylogenetic clades A-H, differentiated via their nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA.

Zooxanthellae are autotrophs containing chloroplasts composed of thylakoids present in clusters of three. A pyrenoid protrudes from each chloroplast and is encased along with the chloroplast by a thick, starchy covering. Within the cell's cytoplasm also exists lipid vacuoles, calcium oxalate crystals, dictyosomes, and mitochondria. The cell wall of zooxanthellae varies in structure across species. One structure consists of an outer membrane, middle layer compact with electrons, and a thin inner layer. In other species, the characteristics of this low-density inner layer make up the cell wall's entire structure. Beneath the cell wall is the cell membrane, and beneath the cell membrane are thecal vesicles.

DNA in the cell exists in the form of chromatin coils tightly compacted together. It is condensed in the nucleus alongside an atypical histone complement. The DNA possesses ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that is folded and of similar morphology to rRNA in archaeobacteria. This indicates that RNA is important for DNA packaging in zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae, in addition to all other dinoflagellates, possess 5-hydroxymethylmuracil and thymidine in their genomes, unlike any other eukaryotic genome.

Life history
Zooxanthellae alternate between life phases expressed as cysts and as motile organisms in the water column. In zooxanthellae of the genus Gymnodinium, one possible life cycle of the cell begins as an immature cyst which reaches maturity then divides to form an immature cyst once more. Once growing into an older cell, it becomes no longer useful. In the life cycle of a motile zooxanthellae cell, its youngest stage is known as a zoosporangium, which matures into a zoospore capable of motility. This motile cell produces and releases gametes for reproduction.

Vegetative phase
The vegetative phase in the life cycle of a zooxanthellae is the predominant form of the organism. In this form, the single-celled organism has a thin cell wall. As opposed to the zoospore, the zooxanthella contains numerous chloroplasts. Once the cell continues growing, however, chloroplasts decrease in abundance. The vegetative cell will either divide into two separate daughter cells or transition into a cyst stage.

Cyst stages
The most common phases in the life history of zooxanthellae following the vegetative phase are cysts, dividing cysts, and degenerate cysts. Cysts possess a thick cell wall yet retain the composition of the cytoplasm and constitute the majority of clustered zooxanthellae in host tissues. This stage of the cell provides the host with a reddish-brown hue. Dividing cysts make up a fourth of the composition of zooxanthellae clusters in host tissues and are expressed as cell stages where two daughter cells remain adjoined but possess individual cell walls. Degenerate cysts are present in clusters, though rare, and lose much of their mutualistic benefit to the host they reside in due to a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency. The young zoosporangium and motile zoospore stages, though seen in zooxanthellae life cycles, are much rarer amongst clades. The zoospore resides in the zoosporangium until the cell wall of the cyst bursts. Zooxanthellae is only motile if it originates as a zoospore.

Motility
Zooxanthellae in the zoospore stage exhibit motility as forward movement or gyratory movement. In moving forward, the organism rotates on the posterior flagellum's axis whilst simultaneously propelling through the water column. The zoospore gyrates through the water column via attachment of the posterior flagellum to a substrate.

Ecology

Endosymbiont acquisition
Zooxanthellae are particularly associated with reef-building corals but they also inhabit other invertebrates and protists; their hosts include many sea anemones, jellyfish, nudibranchs, certain bivalve molluscs like the giant clam Tridacna, sponges and flatworms as well as some species of radiolarians and foraminiferans. Many different species of zooxanthellae are present in host organisms, each species with its own adaptive capabilities and degree of tolerance of varying environmental factors.

A juvenile organism or newly established colony can acquire its zooxanthellae via sexual reproduction or directly from the environment. The egg from which the individual developed may have already been infected by zooxanthellae at the time of fertilization, or cells of the symbiont may have been transferred from the mother in a period during which the larva was brooded by its parent. Alternatively, the new individual may acquire the zooxanthellae direct from sea water in which the dinoflagellates freely live at some stages of their life cycle. Some stony corals use chemotaxis, with infection occurring as a result of the emission by the coral of a chemical attractant. Infection may also occur after ingestion of infected faecal matter by the host, or of prey that already houses the symbionts. Such indirect acquisition can result in the new host being infected by a species of zooxanthella different from that present in its parent.

Symbiosis with coral
A zooxanthella in symbiosis with coral is contained in vacuoles of the host's gastrodermal cells and is of the genus Symbiodinium. Zooxanthellae provide nutrients to their host cnidarians in the form of sugars, glycerol, and amino acids and in return gain carbon dioxide, phosphates, and nitrogen compounds. A coral exposed to environmental stressors can result in expulsion of zooxanthellae from host tissues. This in turn strips the coral of its color in this phenomenon, known as coral bleaching, where the now transparent tissues of the coral reveal its internal, white skeletal structure. Variations in salinity, light intensity, temperature, pollution, sedimentation, and disease can all impact the photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellae or result in expulsion from their mutualistic relationships.

The physiological mechanisms behind endosymbiont expulsion remain under research but are speculated to involve various means of detachment of zooxanthellae or gastrodermal cells from host corals. During a bleaching event, entire gastrodermal cells containing zooxanthellae may leave the host. In other cases, gastrodermal cells will remain in the host tissues, but zooxanthellae contained in vacuoles may separately undergo damage or may physically leave the cells and enter the surrounding environment.

Clams and Zooxanthellae
Coral is not the only aquatic organism to be affected by bleaching and the expulsion of zooxanthellae; clams have also been found to undergo a similar process when temperatures become too high.  However, clams discard zooxanthellae that are still alive and have been observed being able to recover them. This not only has positive indications for the clams themselves, but also the surrounding ecosystem. For many organisms, clams are a vital part of the food chain. Not only can they themselves be eaten, but excrement from giant clams contains live zooxanthellae. Opportunistic feeders and clams alike use excreted zooxanthellae as a nutrient source. The consumption of zooxanthellae is especially vital for a clam in its veliger stage as it encourages growth.   Zooxanthellae are not only found in clam excrement, but in the mantle tissue as well where they take up ammonia and nitrate. They are also found in the eyes of clams like Tridacna where they act as a lens. Different clades of zooxanthellae have an impact on clam morphology. Clade E1 of zooxanthellae seems to influence or favor smaller offspring from clams when compared to clams harboring other clades and all five clades appear to be needed in order for larval settlement to occur.

Jellyfish and Zooxanthellae
Jellyfish and zooxanthellae have a history together in the scientific world as Symbiodinium was first cultured from the jellyfish Cassiopea, a model jellyfish species. Many different types of zooxanthellae have been observed forming relationships with jellyfish across many different phylogenetic branches, and the roles they play will change throughout the jellyfish's life cycle. However, as the jellyfishes ages, the diversity of zooxanthellae attaching to them decreases, suggesting that zooxanthellae compete with each other to form relationships with the jellyfish. Not all jellyfish form relationships with these microbes and for the most part the ones that do are found in tropic and subtropic waters. The relationship between jellyfish and zooxanthellae is affected a little differently than coral in terms of climate change despite both of them being a part of the cnidaria family. One study suggested that certain species of jellyfish and their symbiotic zooxanthellae may have some type of resistance to decreasing pH caused by climate change to a certain point. Although, jellyfish bleaching events have been documented during extreme heat events. While the causal factors that normally seem to affect the relationship between zooxanthellae and their host may not apply to jellyfish, light intensity does. Light availability can affect the lipid production of zooxanthellae that the jellyfish then utilize. To maximize their light uptake, jellyfish will both swim near the surface and do very specific migrations.  The migration patterns also assist with helping the zooxanthellae access specific nutrients.  Many of these jellyfish appear to be mixotrophic consuming both live prey and utilizing phototrophy. This may be what helps jellyfish survive climate change and bleaching as they could switch feeding methods rather than attempting to recover lost zooxanthellae quickly. There are many unknowns in when it comes to the relationship between zooxanthellae and jellyfish that scientists look to answer.

References

Dinoflagellate biology
Symbiosis

Zooxanthellae


Stilit (stolpnik; grč. sστυλίτης, staroslav. стольпьникъ) je tip askete koji je u ranim kršćanskim danima bizantskog carstva obitavao na stupu (stolp na staroslavenskom, stylos na grčkom) i propovjedao, postio i molio se. Ovi asketi su vjerovali da će umrtvljenje njihovih tijela donijeti spas njihovoj duši.

Život stilita
Podvig stilita činio je njegov život na stupu ili na vrhu stijene, bez obzira na klimatske uvjete, koji su im nerijetko vrlo otežavali ovu vrstu pothvata (kiša, vjetar, niske ili visoke temperature). Kolijevkom stilita se smatra bizantska provincija Sirija, jer se upravo tu najviše njegovao ovakav oblik isposništva. Vrh stupa ljestvama je bio povezan s tlom, a ponekad se na njemu nalazila nadstrješnica koju su podizali štovatelji stilita da bi makar malo olakšali patnje ovih asketa. Stiliti su nerijetko, radi povećanja osobnih patnjâ, stavljali na sebe lance u obliku križa. Cilj ovog podviga bio je odvajanje od materijalnog i grješnog svijeta. Stilita je tijekom povijesti bilo mnogo, a među njima je bilo i nekoliko žena.

Prvi stilit je vjerojatno bio sv. Šimun Stilit stariji, koji se popeo na stup u Siriji 423. i nije s njega silazio sve do svoje smrti, 37 godina poslije, dok je sv. Šimun Stilit Mlađi, prema legendi, proživio više od 60 god. na visokim stupovima. Među poznatim stupnicima je i sv.Šimun Stilit. Crkva sv. Šimuna Stilita kod Alepa u Siriji izgrađena je na mjestu gdje se nalazio stup sv. Šimuna. To je najstarija preživjela bizantijska crkva i datira iz 5. stoljeća, a donji dio stupa se još uvijek nalazi u ostacima crkve. Njegov spomendan je 5. siječnja.
.

Društveni odnosi
Vrlo brzo su stiliti stekli veliki broj štovalaca koji su vjerovali u iscjeljiteljske i prorčanske moći ovih monaha. Poštovanje stilita je vremenom preraslo u pravo obožavanje. Na mjestima gdje su obitavali, cvjetala je trgovina, zanatstvo i ugostiteljstvo, jer ih je veliki broj ljudi posjećivao. U 8. stoljeću s pojavom ikonoklazma, broj stupnika se smanjio, a zabilježeni su i slučajevi progona. Na primjer, car Konstantin V. je izdao naredbu da se svirepo pogubi Petar Stupnik. Osipanje stupnika se bilježi i u 9. stoljeću, ali je od kraja tog stoljeća ovaj podvig ponovno zaživio.

U umjetnosti
Likovne predstave stupnika sačuvane su u mnogobrojnim bizantijskim crkvama, kao i u nekim srpskim crkvama i manastirima kao što su Dečani, Bogorodična crkva u Studenici, Manasija i Gračanica. Na nekim prikazima postoje imena stupnika. Prikazivani su kao stari monasi sijede brade kako sjede podignutih ruku na mramornim stupovima ukrašenog kapitela, i vidljivi samo iznad ramena ili pojasa. Na nekima je prikazana i metalna ograda koja ih je štitila od pada, a ponekada su bila naslikana i mala vrata ili ljestve prislonjene uz stup.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Umjetnost Bizanta
Službene stranice Raške i prizrenske dioceze
Manastiri - Srpska povijest

Kršćanstvo
Stiliti
Bizant

Stilit


Die Jefferson Township ist eine von 17 Townships im Dubuque County im Osten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Iowa.

Geografie
Die Jefferson Township liegt im Osten von Iowa rund 20 km nordwestlich von Dubuque, dem am Iowa von Wisconsin und Illinois trennenden Mississippi gelegenen Zentrum der Region.

Die Jefferson Township liegt auf 42°36′27″ nördlicher Breite und 90°50′43″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 112,6 km², die sich auf 110,3 km² Land- und 2,3 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Die Iowa Township grenzt innerhalb des Dubuque County im Osten an die Peru Township, im Südosten an die Dubuque Township, im Süden an die Center Township, im Südwesten an die Iowa Township und im Westen an die Concord Township. Im äußersten Nordwestzipfel grenzt die Township an das Clayton County. Die nördliche Grenze der Jefferson Township wird vom Mississippi gebildet, auf dessen gegenüber liegenden Ufer sich das Grant County in Wisconsin befindet.

Verkehr
Durch die Jefferson Township verläuft parallel zum Mississippi der den Iowa-Abschnitt der Great River Road bildende U.S. Highway 52, der auf diesem Abschnitt mit dem Iowa Highway 3 deckungsgleich ist. Alle weiteren Straßen innerhalb der Township sind teilweise unbefestigte County Roads und weiter untergeordnete Straßen.

Durch die Jefferson Township führt eine am Westufer des Mississippi verlaufende Bahnlinie der Canadian Pacific Railway.

Der nächstgelegene Flughafen ist der rund 35 km südwestlich gelegene Dubuque Regional Airport.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 1278 Einwohner. Innerhalb der Jefferson Township gibt es drei selbstständige Gemeinden, die sämtlich über den Status "City" verfügen:

 Balltown
 Rickardsville
 Sherrill

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Jefferson Township

Jefferson Township (Dubuque County, Iowa)


Mitchell College is a private college in New London, Connecticut. In fall 2020 it had an enrollment of 572 students  and a faculty of 68. Admission rate was 70%. The college offers associate and bachelor's degrees in fourteen subjects.

History
The college was originally established in 1938 under the name New London Junior College. The school adopted its current name, Mitchell College, in 1950. The college is named after Alfred Mitchell, whose wife Annie Olivia Tiffany Mitchell was a daughter of jeweler and businessman Charles Lewis Tiffany and whose summer home in New London now serves as part of the college's campus.

Academics
Mitchell College reports having 23 full-time faculty, 73 part-time faculty, and 57% of classes having between 10 and 19 students. The college offers degrees in business, communication, education, environmental studies, human development and family studies, liberal arts, psychology, criminal justice, and sports and fitness.

Performing Arts

The Performing arts department consists of a dance and cheer team, select choir assemble, and a drama society. The department puts on 2 concerts per academic year for the choir which is free of charge. The dance and cheer team performs at various campus events and has at least 2 showcases per year. Lastly the drama society puts on 2 performances per academic year.

Notable alumni and faculty
 Alvin Young (basketball player)
 Rita Williams (basketball player)
 Dan Mara (coach)
 Charlie Kadupski (soccer player)
 Derrick Levasseur (TV personality)
 John Ellis (baseball player)
 Christopher Annino (filmmaker)
 Edward Belbruno (mathematician)

References

External links

 Official athletics website

Buildings and structures in New London, Connecticut
Private universities and colleges in Connecticut
Universities and colleges established in 1938
Universities and colleges in New London County, Connecticut
Liberal arts colleges in Connecticut
1938 establishments in Connecticut

Mitchell College


Nervul accesor (latină: nervus accessorius) este un nerv spinal care inervează motor sternocleidomastoidianul, trapezul și unii mușchi intrinseci ai laringelui. În literatura timpurie, acest nerv a fost descris ca fiind constituit din două rădăcini: craniană (bulbară) și spinală. În prezent, se consideră că rădăcina spinală a nervului accesor este compusă din fibre vagale aberante, provenite din nucleul ambiguu din bulb. Aceste fibre vagale formează în mod colectiv o rădăcină distinctă pe măsură ce acestea emerg din trunchiul cerebral. Pe de altă parte, fibrele nervului accesor spinal își au originea în nucleul accesor spinal, localizat în partea posterolaterală a coarnelor ventrale ale măduvei C2–C5 (sau C6). Embriologic, nervul accesor derivă din placa bazală a segmentelor spinale embrionare C1–C6.

Origine

Origine reală

Accesorul spinal își are originea reală în nucleul motor format din neuronii somatomotori ai grupului anterolateral din substanța cenușie a coarnelor anterioare ale măduvei cervicale (C1–C5). Axonii neuronilor somatomotori străbat rădăcina spinală, nervul XI și ramura externă a acestuia și inervează mușchii sternocleidomastoidian și trapez.

Accesorul bulbar își are originea în nucleul ambiguu alături de nucleii motori ai nervilor glosofaringian și vag. Nucleul ambiguu este format din mai multe subgrupe de nuclei. Din ⅓ caudală a nucleului emerg fibre care intră în componența nervului XI (prin rădăcina craniană). Acest nucleu primește aferențe corticonucleare bilaterale și trimite eferențe VES (fibre branhiomotorii) care vor străbate rădăcina craniană a nervului XI, nervul XI și ramura internă a acestuia. Aceasta pătrunde în ganglionul inferior al nervului X, fibrele VES ajungând prin nervul laringeu recurent la mușchii laringelui (cu excepția mușchiului cricotiroidian).

Origine aparentă
Rădăcina spinală are originea aparentă prin 5–6 rădăcini la nivelul măduvei cervicale C1–C5 pe fața externă a funiculului lateral, la jumătatea distanței dintre rădăcinile posterioare și anterioare ale nervilor spinali. Rădăcina craniană emerge din bulbul rahidian la nivelul șanțului lateral posterior al bulbului sub forma a 4–5 filete care se unesc pentru a forma rădăcina propriu-zisă.

Traiect
De la nivelul originii aparente rădăcina bulbară se orientează spre lateral spre gaura jugulară, în timp ce filetele nervoase ale rădăcinii spinale au un traiect ascendent între ligamentul dințat și rădăcinile dorsale ale nervilor spinali cervicali, pătrund în craniu prin gaura ooccipitală posterior de artera vertebrală și se orientează lateral spre gaura jugulară unde se vor uni cu filetele rădăcinii bulbare. Părăsind gaura jugulară, nervul accesor se divide la nivelul spațiului laterofaringian în două ramuri terminale, externă și internă.

Funcții

Clasificare

Considerații clinice
Nervul accesor este vulnerabil la leziuni datorită traiectului său lung și superficial în partea posterioară a gâtului.

Istoric

Note

Nerv accesor


Polizeipsychologie ist ein Teilgebiet der Rechtspsychologie, das sich mit polizeipraktischen Fragen beschäftigt. Zur Polizeipsychologie zählen u. a. die häufig als synonyme Begriffe gebrauchten Gebiete Forensische Psychologie und Kriminalpsychologie. Polizeipsychologie lässt sich auch als ein Teil der angewandten Psychologie beschreiben. Einerseits wird Polizeipsychologie durch Polizeipsychologen ausgeübt, andererseits werden mit dem Begriff auch psychologische Inhalte beschrieben, die durch Polizisten genutzt werden.

Aufgabenfelder
Zu den polizeipsychologischen Aufgabenfeldern von Polizeipsychologen zählen das Krisenmanagement, der Umgang mit größeren Menschenansammlungen und psychisch gestörten Personen, Geiselnahmen sowie weitere Fälle schwerster Gewaltkriminalität. Weitere Themenfelder sind Vernehmungstechniken, Deeskalationsstrategien und die Überprüfung der Glaubwürdigkeit von Zeugenaussagen. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt sind Fragen der Personalauswahl und -entwicklung von Polizeibeamten sowie deren Psychosoziale Unterstützung. Auch die Operative Fallanalyse wird zum Teil von Polizeipsychologen durchgeführt, meist handelt es sich bei den Fallanalytikern aber um speziell fortgebildete erfahrene Kriminalisten.

Geschichte
Der sozialdemokratischer Innenminister  Carl Severing betrieb von 1920 bis 1926 im Freistaat Preußen die Demokratisierung der Polizei und setzte erstmals psychologische Erkenntnisse in die praktische Polizeiarbeit um. Severings Leitbild für die Polizeipraxis war das Konzept einer Polizei als Lebensberuf, das er folgendermaßen beschrieb: "Je mehr der Polizeioffizier Wirtschaftler, Soziologe und nicht zuletzt Psychologe wird, desto leichter wird ihm die Erfüllung seiner Sendung." Ab 1933 waren solche Ansätze jedoch nicht mehr gefragt. Polizeipsychologische Ansätze verfolgte dann ab 1963 der Münchner Polizeipräsident Manfred Schreiber. Unter ihm begann die Münchner Polizei, gegenüber öffentlichen politischen Protesten weniger konfrontative Interventionsstrategien zu verfolgen. Als Konsequenz aus den Schwabinger Krawallen stellte Schreiber im Januar 1964 mit Rolf Umbach den deutschlandweit ersten Polizeipsychologen bei der Stadtpolizei München ein. Schreiber entwickelte auch die "Münchner Linie". Massenproteste und Unruhen sollten möglichst im Vorfeld unterbunden werden. Sollte dies nicht gelingen, wollte man auf psychologische Überzeugungstaktik setzen. Gefordert waren größere Gelassenheit gegenüber unkonventionellem Verhalten der Jugendlichen und Verzicht auf spektakuläre Gewalteinsätze. Da Schreiber die Schwabinger Krawalle für ein "massenpsychotisches Ereignis" hielt, räumte er Polizeipsychologen erstmals beratende Funktion in Führungs- und Einsatzfragen ein.

Heute hat sich der Einsatz von Polizeipsychologen im gesamten deutschsprachigen Raum durchgesetzt, ein entsprechendes Berufsbild ist etabliert. Im englischsprachigen Raum gibt es ebenfalls das Berufsbild des Polizeipsychologen mit entsprechenden Studiengängen z. B. an der Leicester University, der University of Liverpool (beide Großbritannien) oder der Griffith University (Australien). Im englischsprachigen Raum ist auch die Society for Police and Criminal Psychology aktiv. Rechtspsychologie wird als Masterstudiengang seit 2013 auch von der SRH Hochschule Heidelberg an der Fakultät für Angewandte Psychologie den Studiengang Rechtspsychologie (Master of Science) angeboten.

Einrichtungen (Auswahl)
Landesamt für Ausbildung, Fortbildung und Personalangelegenheiten der Polizei Nordrhein-Westfalen, Selm
Zentraler Psychologischer Dienst der Bayerischen Polizei in München
Zentraler Polizeipsychologischer Dienst der Hessischen Polizei (ZPD)
Kriminalpsychologischer Dienst des Österreichischen Bundeskriminalamts

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Themenschwerpunkt Polizeipsychologie. Praxis der Rechtspsychologie 9 (1), 1999. (online)
 Helmut Kury, Joachim Obergfell-Fuchs: Rechtspsychologie, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-17-016932-6.
 Frank Stein: Grundlagen der Polizeipsychologie. Hogrefe Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3801717267
 Max Hermanutz, Christiane Ludwig, Hans Peter Schmalzl: Moderne Polizeipsychologie in Schlüsselbegriffen. Boorberg, 2001. ISBN 9783415046207

Rechtspsychologie
Polizei

Polizeipsychologie


Ian McElhinney (født 19. august 1948) er en nordirsk skuespiller, som gennem sin karriere har medvirket i en lang række tv-serier. Han er blandt andet kendt for rollen som Barristan Selmy i tv-serien Game of Thrones og General Dodonna i Rogue One.

Udvalgt filmografi

Film
 Angel (1982) – Brudgom
 Messe for en morder (1987) – Logerende
 Hidden Agenda (1990) – Jack Cunningham
 The Playboys (1992) – Joe Cassidy
 Hamlet (1996) – Barnardo
 City of Ember (2008) – Bygger
 Triage (2009) – Ivan
 I kærlighed og modgang (2010) – Præst
 Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) – General Dodonna
 The Journey (2016) – Rory McBride

Tv-serier
 Taggart (1993; 2 afsnit) – Archie Rae / Sean O'Donnell
 Queer as folk (1999; 2 afsnit) – Clive Jones
 The Clinic (2003; 5 afsnit) – Joseph McGarry
 Sex, magt og intriger (2007; enkelt afsnit) – Pave Clemens 7.
 Single-Handed (2007; 2 afsnit) – Gerry Driscoll
 Game of Thrones (2011, 2013–15; 25 afsnit) – Barristan Selmy
 The Fall (2013–14; 5 afsnit) – Morgan Monroe
 Ripper Street (2012–14; 3 afsnit) – Theodore P. Swift

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Nordirland
Filmskuespillere
Tv-skuespillere
Personer fra Belfast

Ian McElhinney


يوهانس شتارك (Johannes Stark) (مواليد 15 أبريل، 1874 - 21 يونيو، 1957) كان عالم فيزياء ألماني. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1919 عن أعماله في مجال اكتشاف تأثير دوبلر في أشعة القناة وفصل خطوط الطيف في الحقول الكهربائية، ويعرف باسم تأثير شتارك.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

علماء من مملكة بافاريا
أشخاص من مملكة بافاريا
أعضاء هيئة تدريس الجامعة التقنية الراينية الفستفالية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة غرايفسفالد
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة غوتنغن
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة فورتسبورغ
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة هانوفر
ألمان نالوا جائزة نوبل
حاصلون على ميدالية ماتيوتشي
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
خريجو جامعة لودفيش ماكسيميليان في ميونخ
علماء الفيزياء البصرية
فيزيائيو القرن 20
فيزيائيون ألمان
فيزيائيون ألمان في القرن 20
مسيحيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
مطيافيون
مواليد 1874
نازيون
وفيات 1957

يوهانس شتارك


Eukromatin je transkripcijski aktivan kromatin. Pri kromosomskom pruganju čini R-pruge. Smješten je u krakovima kromosoma. Za vrijeme interfaze je dekondenziran. Genetički je uglavnom aktivan.

Izvori

Stanična biologija
Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina

Eukromatin


A Marinha dos Estados Unidos teve três navios chamados USS Quincy:

 USS Quincy (AK-10): um navio cargueiro que serviu de 1918 a 1922; anteriormente o alemão SS Vogesen.
 : um cruzador pesado da  que serviu de 1935 a 1942.
 : um cruzador pesado da  que serviu de 1943 a 1954.

USS Quincy


Branko Miljuš ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Branko Miljuš (Grafiker) (1936–2012), jugoslawischer bzw. serbischer Grafiker und Hochschullehrer
 Branko Miljuš (Fußballspieler) (* 1961), jugoslawischer Fußballspieler

Branko Miljuš


Snuden vender hjem er en børnefilm instrueret af Anders Sørensen efter manuskript af Flemming Quist Møller.

Handling
Snuden vil gerne hjem. Sammen med Rita kommer den til rockkoncert på landet. De møder vagthunden Devil, der ikke vil indrømme, at han ikke kan klare alt. Men han bliver glad, da de to venner hjælper ham med at fange et par indbrudstyve. Rita besøger en kemisk fabrik og får sin naturlige størrelse igen. Snuden vender glad tilbage til sin mose, hvor den genser sin bedste ven, odderen Otto

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1980

Børnefilm fra Danmark

Snuden vender hjem


Philippe Méaille (født 27. april 1973 i Paris), er en fransk forfatter, kurator og samtidskunstsamler. I 2016 grundlagde Château de Montsoreau-Museet for Samtidskunst.

I øjeblikket ejer han verdens største samling af Art & Language kunstværker.

Karriere
Efter eksamen fra Lycée Vauban i Pontoise blev Méaille optaget til Paris Descartes University, hvor han studerede Apotek. Méaille begyndte sin kunstsamling, da han ankom til Paris som studerende.
I 1994 begyndte Méaille at bygge forbindelser med Art & Language kunstnere, herunder gallerist Eric Fabre. Méaille erhvervede et stort antal værker fra den schweiziske Rothschild Bank i 1996. Disse værker var købt fra den schweiziske gallerist Bruno Bischofberger i 1972.

Méaille, har siden samlet verdens største samling af Art & Language værker.
I 2000 installerede Méaille sin samling i Château de la Bainerie, en tidligere sommerlejr af byen Argenteuil. Samlingen af Art & Language værker blev spredt over hele 5000 kvadratmeter området af slottet. I 2006 organiserede Méaille en offentlig udstilling med Nantes skole Beaux-arts. I 2011 annoncerede Méaille et langtidslån på 800 værker af Art & Language til MACBA. I 2014 blev Jill Silverman van Coenegrachts kurator for Méaille's samling.

Mæcenat
I 2014 arrangerede MACBA en stor retrospektiv af gruppen Art & Language, der hedder Art & Language ukomplette: The Philippe Méaille Collection. Den retrospektive indeholdt værker, der blev udlånt af Méaille.

I 2015 underskrev Méaille en 25-årig lejemål for Château de Montsoreau, et slot beliggende i Loire-dalen. Samme år grundlagde Méaille Château de Montsoreau-Museet for Samtidskunst, hvor ca. 80 værker af hans samling permanent udstilles.

I 2017 besluttede Méaille ikke at forny sin lejekontrakt med MACBA, og i stedet besluttede han at repatriere hele sin samling til Château de Montsoreau-Museet for Samtidskunst. Méaille udtalte, at hovedårsagen til denne beslutning var den politiske ustabilitet i Catalonien.

Bøger
 Silverman van Coenegrachts, Jill (2014). Made in Zurich – Selected Editions – 1965-1972 Art & Language Paris. .
 Guerra, Carles (2014). Art & language uncompleted : the Philippe Méaille Collection. Barcelona: Museu d'Art Contemporani Barcelona. p. 264. .
 Matthew Jesse, Jackson (2018). Art & language Reality (Dark) Fragments (Light) Philippe Méaille Collection. Montsoreau: Château de Montsoreau-Museum of contemporary Art. p. 176. .
 Chris, Dercon (2018). The Private Museum of the Future. Zurich: JRP Ringier. p. 214. .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filantroper fra Frankrig
Kunstsamlere fra Frankrig

Philippe Méaille


Gymnocladus (Neo-Latin, from Greek γυμνὀς, gymnos, naked + κλάδος, klados, branch) is a small genus of leguminous trees. The common name coffeetree is used for this genus. It includes six species native to eastern North America and southeastern Asia.

Description
Gymnocladus species are  very large, deciduous trees with bipinnate leaves.

The greenish-white flowers only appear after long periods of warm weather. Very long legumes are formed that hang from the branches. The species of this genus are predominantly distributed endochorically.

Species
There are five species:

References

Fabaceae genera
Caesalpinioideae
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Gymnocladus


NGC 227 este o galaxie lenticulară situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 1 octombrie 1785 de către William Herschel. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în 26 octombrie 1883 de către Basilius Engelhardt.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 226
 NGC 228

Legături externe
 NGC 227 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 227 pe WikiSky

Galaxii lenticulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1785
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 227


ميرساد فازلاغيتش، من مواليد 4 أبريل 1943، لاعب كرة قدم يوغسلافي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب يوغسلافيا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كابلخينا
أظهرة كرة قدم
البشناق في البوسنة والهرسك
بوسنيون مغتربون في الكويت
رياضيون يوغوسلافيون مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو الدوري اليوغوسلافي الأول
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو كرة قدم بوسنيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1964
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف أولمبيون
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو منتخب يوغوسلافيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي جيلييزنيتشار ساراييفو
لاعبو نادي ساراييفو
مدربو أنورثوسيس فاماغوستا
مدربو التضامن الرياضي
مدربو كرة قدم بوسنيون
مدربو كرة قدم بوسنيون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في أستراليا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في الكويت
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
مدربو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف
مدربو كرة قدم يوغوسلافيون مغتربون
مدربو نادي ساراييفو
مواليد 1943
يوغوسلافيون مغتربون في أستراليا
رياضيون بوسنيون مغتربون في الكويت
رياضيون يوغوسلافيون مغتربون في أستراليا

ميرساد فازلاغيتش


Satoru Makino (født 25. november 1990) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Zweigen Kanazawa og FC Ryukyu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Satoru Makino


عبد الواحد المراكشي (581 هـ - 647 هـ) (1185-1250) هو محيي الدين عبد الواحد بن علي التميمي المراكشي مؤرخ مغربي عاش في عصر الموحدين. ولد بمراكش، وتعلم بفاس وبالأندلس. ثم رحل إلى مصر في سنة 613 / 1217. وحج في سنة 620 / 1223. وكانت له جولة في بعض بلدان المشرق. وألف كتابه «المعجب في تلخيص أخبار المغرب» نزولا عند طلب وزير من بطانة الناصر العباسي، وذلك في سنة 621 / 1224. ويستفاد من كتابه أنه كان من أسرة عربية يباهي بالانتساب إليها، لها مال وجاه، وأن خروجه من بلاده لم يكن مما اختاره لنفسه؛ ولعله أكره على ذلك لسبب سياسي.

من مؤلفاته
 المعجب في تلخيص أخبار المغرب: نشره المستشرق الهولندي دوزي بمدينة ليدن سنة 1847؛ وأعاد نشره محمد سعيد العريان ومحمد العربي العلمي في مصر سنة 1368 / 1949 .
 وثائق المرابطين والموحدين
 المعجب في أخبار إفريقية والمغرب

انظر أيضاً
 البيذق
 الشقندي
 أبو القاسم الزياني
 الناصري

مراجع

أشخاص مغاربة في القرن 12
أشخاص من مراكش
كتاب وكاتبات مغاربة
مغاربة في القرن 13
مهاجرون مغاربة إلى مصر
مواليد 1185
مواليد 581 هـ
مواليد في مراكش
مؤرخون مغاربة
وفيات القرن 13
مؤرخون مغاربة في القرن 13

عبد الواحد المراكشي


Altershausen ist ein untergegangenes Dorf der heutigen Gemeinde Allendorf (Eder) im Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg in
Hessen.

Lage
Der Ort lag östlich von Rennertehausen und westlich der Hatzbach-Mühle. Heute führt die Bundesstraße 253 an der ehemaligen Siedlungsstelle entlang.

Geschichte
Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wird der Ort im Jahre 1016. Altershausen könnte im Zusammenhang mit Ellershausen stehen. Am Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts findet man als Leutpriester den "Plebanus de Aldershusen". 1254 wird eine Mühle zu "Aldershusen" genannt. 1263 erwarb das Kloster St. Georgenberg zwei Höfe (Curias) zu Aldershusen, welche Battenberger Lehen waren. Noch 1390 wird der Kirchhof erwähnt. 1570 werden die Flurstücke von Altershausen von der Gemeinde Rennertehausen übernommen. Warum der Ort unterging kann heute nicht genau gesagt werden. Es könnte im Zusammenhang mit den kriegerischen Einflüssen unter dem Landgrafen Hermann II. (Hessen) oder der Pest stehen.

Weblinks

Wüstung in Allendorf (Eder)
Ersterwähnung 1016

Altershausen (Allendorf)


Meșterii făurari este un film românesc din 1977 regizat de George Sibianu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1977 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1977

Meșterii făurari


Die Fairey Fawn war ein zweisitziger leichter Doppeldecker, der im britischen Dienst als Tagbomber verwendet wurde. Der Erstflug des Flugzeuges war 1923. 1924 stellten die No. 11, No. 12 und No. 100 Squadron der Royal Air Force (RAF) von der D.H.9A auf die Fairey Fawn um. Des Weiteren wurde sie bei zwei neuen Bombereinheiten, der No. 503 und der 603 Squadron eingesetzt.

Die Fawn war ursprünglich als Aufklärer gedacht. Nach dem Umbau des Experimental-Amphibienflugzeugs Fairey Pintail und Konstruktion der Prototypen MK I und MK II mit längerem Rumpf zur Verbesserung der Längsstabilität, erwies sie sich geeigneter als Bomber. 1923 startet der erste Auftrag über 48 Maschinen, darauf folgte eine Anschlussserie Fawn MK III mit 20 Flugzeugen.

Technische Daten

Siehe auch
 Liste von Flugzeugtypen

Weblinks

Bomber
Fawn
Erstflug 1923
Einmotoriges Flugzeug mit Kolbenmotor

Fairey Fawn


Antônio Lemos Barbosa (Três Corações, 15 de setembro de 1910 – Rio de Janeiro, 5 de setembro de 1970) foi um padre brasileiro, conhecido principalmente por suas contribuições à tupinologia, isto é, aos estudos de tupi antigo.

Cursando durante sete anos a Universidade Gregoriana, de Roma, doutorou-se em Filosofia e em Teologia. Em 25 de julho de 1934, Lemos Barbosa foi ordenado sacerdote por Marchetti Selvaggiani. Ele foi professor de Etnografia e de Línguas Indígenas na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio).

Em 1956, publicou o livro Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios e textos, que foi bem recebido pela crítica da época.

Ele ajudou a reconstruir a Paróquia da Ressurreição, cuja primeira sede se situava onde hoje se encontra o Forte de Copacabana, tendo-se dedicado a ela de 1947 até sua morte, em 1970. Para tanto, Lemos Barbosa recebeu assistência até mesmo da então primeira-dama do Brasil, Jandira Café, além de outras personalidades contemporâneas, como Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Eduardo Gomes, Amorim do Valle e Juarez Távora.

Obras selecionadas

 Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios e textos (1956)
 Pequeno vocabulário português–tupi (1970)
 Pequeno vocabulário tupi–português (1951)
 Teodoro Sampaio e Hans Staden (1940)
 Traduções de poesias tupis (1949)

Ver também

 Antônio de Araújo
 Eduardo Navarro
 Dicionário de Tupi Antigo
 Hans Staden
 Plínio Ayrosa
 Teodoro Sampaio

Ligações externas

Todas as obras disponíveis na Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú

Tupinólogos
Naturais de Três Corações
Padres católicos do Brasil
Professores da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro

Antônio Lemos Barbosa