O Pastor e o Guerrilheiro é um filme de drama brasileiro de 2023 dirigido por José Eduardo Belmonte e escrito pelo próprio diretor em parceria com Nilson Rodrigues e Josefina Trotta. Estrelado por Johnny Massaro, César Mello e Julia Dalavia, o filme conta a história de uma filha ilegítima de um coronel que comete suicídio que descobre que seu pai foi torturador durante a ditadura militar no Brasil e busca conhecer sua história.

O Pastor e o Guerrilheiro teve sua première mundial no Festival de Gramado em 15 de agosto de 2022 e foi lançado nos cinemas do Brasil em 13 de abril de 2023 pela A2 Filmes. O filme foi recebido com boa aceitação da crítica e do público, sendo aplaudido em sua primeira exibição no Palácio dos Festivais, em Gramado. O debate político promovido pelo enredo e as atuações de Johnny Massaro e César Mello foram os pontos considerados mais positivos do filme.

Enredo
A história de O Pastor e o Guerrilheiro tem início em 1968, quando João (Johnny Massaro), um jovem recém-formado na universidade, ingressa na Guerrilha do Araguaia. Esse movimento ocorreu na região amazônica durante a década de 1960, com a intenção de promover uma revolução socialista. Infelizmente, grande parte dos guerrilheiros, a maioria deles estudantes, acabou sendo morta em combate ou presa pelo regime militar, assim como o protagonista do filme.

Após ser capturado por um coronel, João é submetido a diversas formas de tortura e acaba sendo jogado em uma prisão, onde encontra Zaqueu (César Mello), um pastor evangélico que foi preso por engano por ser confundido com um comunista. Apesar das diferenças ideológicas, João e Zaqueu estabelecem uma importante relação de companheirismo para enfrentar os horrores da prisão. Combinam então de se reencontrar após 27 anos, à meia-noite da virada do milênio, mas infelizmente o encontro nunca ocorre, pois João falece pouco antes do ano 2000.

A história de João e Zaqueu é intercalada com cortes no presente, onde Juliana (Julia Dalavia) descobre que seu pai foi o coronel responsável pela tortura de João. Ao encontrar um livro em casa, ela descobre sobre o encontro marcado entre o pastor e o guerrilheiro.

Elenco
Julia Dalavia como Juliana
Johnny Massaro como Miguel Souza
Ana Hartmann como Helena
César Mello como Zaqueu
 GAbriela Correa como Raquel
Arlyson Gomes como Fernando
Cássia Kis como Dona Ivani
Sérgio Mamberti como Sr. Geraldo
Antônio Grassi como Advogado

Produção

Antecedentes
O produtor Nilson Rodrigues compartilhou que a trama é baseada em eventos verídicos. Em 1995, ele se deparou com as memórias de um guerrilheiro, e uniu essa história com a narrativa de um evangélico já conhecida, bem como outras inspirações para criar o filme, que se desenvolve em três períodos distintos e tem como elemento principal um encontro predestinado.

Desenvolvimento

Com produção de Nilson Rodrigues e roteiro de Josefina Trotta, o filme foi gravado às margens do Rio Araguaia, no estado do Tocantins, e em Brasília, onde foi filmado em locais como a Universidade de Brasília. O longa-metragem é resultado de parcerias com o Governo do Distrito Federal, que contribuiu por meio do Fundo de Apoio à Cultura (FAC), e com o Governo Federal, com o apoio do Fundo Setorial do Audiovisual (FSA).

O filme tem base na história real relatada no livro Araguaia: Relatos de um Guerrilheiro, de Glênio Sá (Editora Anita Gabibaldi, 2004).  A equipe de produção do filme inclui Caetano Curi como produtor executivo, Bárbara Alvarez como diretora de fotografia, Ana Paula Cardoso como diretora de arte, Larissa Rolin como diretora de produção, Sascha Kratzer como compositor da trilha sonora e Diana Brandão como responsável pelo figurino.

As filmagens do filme iniciaram em 2020, e ao longo de três meses, a equipe trabalhou incansavelmente, estudou e viajou para construir a história retratada no filme. A cidade de Araguatins fez parte das locações do filme. De acordo com Nilson Rodrigues, a cidade tocantinense foi selecionada como locação para o filme por sua infraestrutura adequada para as filmagens, bem como pela natureza ainda preservada para as cenas da batalha que ocorreu nas matas da região. Além disso, fica próxima ao local onde a Guerrilha aconteceu, em Xambioá.

A obra é estrelada por outros atores como Cássia Kiss, Antonio Grassi, Ana Hartmann e também conta com talentos tocantinenses como Genésio Tocantins, Cleuda Milhomem, Marcélia Belém, Léo Pinheiro e Chiquinho Chocolate. A maioria dos figurantes e grande parte da equipe técnica do filme também são do Tocantins, como Cícero Belém e Kecia Ferreira, que trabalharam na produção local. "Tenho uma conexão forte com o estado, pois fui secretário de cultura de 1990 a 1994, e tenho um compromisso não apenas com a cultura, mas também com a economia", explicou Rodrigues, referindo-se à mão de obra para a pré-produção, que durou três meses e foi realizada na cidade, além de outros serviços durante as filmagens.

Lançamento

Festivais de cinema
O filme foi exibido em diversos festivais de cinema, incluindo o 21º New York Latino Film Festival, o 24º Festival do Rio, a 46ª Mostra Internacional de Cinema de São Paulo, o XXXVII Festival del Cinema Ibero-Latino Americano di Trieste, o 55º Festival de Brasília do Cinema Brasileiro, o 17º Comunicurtas - Festival Audiovisual de Campina Grande, o 31º Pan African Film Festival, o 40º Rencontres du Cinéma Latino Américain de Pessac, o 14º BIFFES - Bengaluru International Film Festival e o 30º San Diego Latino Film Festival. No 55º Festival de Brasília, edição de 2022, em Brasília, o filme foi agraciado com o prêmio de Melhor Filme, concedido pela Câmara Legislativa do Distrito Federal.

Estreia comercial e divulgação
O filme teve sua primeira exibição no Brasil durante o Festival de Gramado e atraiu atenção desde então, tanto por sua temática impactante como por dialogar com a atual situação do país, dividido não apenas por ideias divergentes, mas também pela ameaça à sua própria democracia por grupos de extrema direita. O cinema é uma ferramenta que pode nos aproximar de realidades que muitas vezes não conseguimos acessar, e através dele é possível construir caminhos e apresentar novas perspectivas. Nesse sentido, o filme busca trazer um futuro que ainda não nos pertence, mas que pode ser um lugar de encontros e desafios, como foi a própria virada do milênio.

A distribuidora do filme, A2 Filmes, trabalhou em uma campanha de divulgação forte, voltada para amantes do cinema nacional, jovens e estudantes que têm a luta estudantil durante a ditadura fresca na memória, e também o público evangélico, representado pelo personagem interpretado por César Mello.

Foram realizadas seis pré-estreias e sessões especiais em várias cidades, e duas assessorias de imprensa foram contratadas para trabalhar em conjunto na divulgação. A equipe de programação foi reforçada e a agência de marketing digital trabalhou intensamente para desenvolver materiais com bom alcance na internet. A estratégia também incluiu distribuição de materiais do filme nos pontos de venda e ações específicas com grupos de exibidores, além de trailers disponíveis para exibição há mais de dois meses antes do lançamento.

A campanha ganhou ainda mais força com a parceria do Telecine, que abriu espaço em seus canais e redes sociais para divulgação do longa. Conversas com os exibidores foram realizadas e a equipe de programação trabalhou ativamente para manter as informações sobre o filme atualizadas. O filme chegou aos cinemas em 13 de julho de 2023.

Recepção

Controvérsia
Durante o tapete vermelho do Festival de Gramado, a recepção não foi das mais calorosas. Apoiadores do presidente Jair Bolsonaro vaiaram Johnny Massaro, Julia Dalavia e outros membros do filme depois que eles fizeram um gesto em forma de "L" (em referência ao então ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) durante a caminhada. A partir daí, gritos enérgicos de "mito" e "Lula" se intensificaram até que a equipe conseguisse entrar no cinema.

Resposta da crítica
O filme foi recebido pela crítica especializada com avaliações mistas e positivas. De acordo com a crítica do site Cinemação, O Pastor e o Guerrilheiro é sustentado pela relevância de sua temática e pelas interpretações consistentes do elenco, em especial de Johnny Massaro e César Mello, que interpretam os personagens-título. Apesar disso, a participação discreta de Cássia Kis no filme é destacada, tendo em vista sua postura polêmica em relação aos atos golpistas pós-eleições de 2022. A atriz tem poucos diálogos e aparece de maneira minimalista, o que pode ser uma tentativa dos produtores de abafar as polêmicas recentes ou uma decisão da própria atriz, que pode estar resistente a ser associada a uma história que destaca os perigos de um regime militar e a união entre religiosos e comunistas, enquanto ela mesma prega a intolerância e defende posições protofascistas. A crítica considera essa angústia ideológica mais interessante do que a que sustenta o filme.

O filme recebeu elogios do crítico Alvaro Tallarico, do Diário do Rio, pela performance de César Mello. Segundo Tallarico, Mello deu vida ao personagem Zaqueu de forma perfeita, transmitindo a voracidade, o carinho, a fé e o aprendizado contínuo em cada cena. Em particular, o crítico destacou as cenas em que o personagem prega na igreja em 1999, mostrando como Zaqueu enfrenta seus próprios fantasmas e embates com seus filhos. Tallarico também ressaltou a relevância da ideologia do personagem, explicando para seu filho como qualquer um poderia ser preso na época da ditadura. Para o crítico, a atuação de César Mello é o ponto alto do filme e, por si só, já vale a pena assistir O Pastor e o Guerrilheiro.

Segundo o crítico de cinema Robledo Milani, do site Papo de Cinema, embora O Pastor e o Guerrilheiro tenha um elenco coeso e uma direção segura, o filme peca por não se ater ao básico e agregar em seu discurso mais do que parece estar disposto a percorrer. Milani acredita que o filme poderia ter sido mais ousado na forma e tornar sua narrativa ainda mais incisiva em suas atenções. Ele sugere que, se fosse menos novelesco e mais incisivo, a dimensão do argumento poderia ser ainda mais ampla. No entanto, Milani destaca que a retomada de um caminho sólido e relevante está em curso e que isso é um ótimo sinal.

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

Filmes do Brasil de 2023
Filmes de drama do Brasil
Filmes em língua portuguesa
Filmes de drama da década de 2020

O Pastor e o Guerrilheiro


Dedoplistsqaro ou Dedoplistskaro (, littéralement « la source de la reine ») est une ville de Kakhétie, en Géorgie, avec une population de  habitants. La ville se trouve dans la plaine de Shiraki, en Géorgie orientale, et constitue une municipalité du district du même nom.

Personnalités
 Oleksiy Arestovytch (1975), blogueur et homme politique ukrainien

Références

Ville en Géorgie

Dedoplistsqaro


جون كوفي أجيكوم كوفور  ولد في 8 ديسمبر 1938 . هو الرئيس الحادي عشر لجمهورية غانا منذ 7 يناير 2001 وحتى 7 يناير 2009 .حيث فاز في الانتخابات التي أقيمت في العام 2000 على جيري رولينغز.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لمكتب رئيس جمهورية غانا
 الموقع الرسمي لحكومة غانا

أشانتي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كوماسي
أشخاص من منطقة أشانتي
أعضاء جمعية لنكولن
أكانيون
حائزو جوائز زراعة وأطعمة
خريجو كلية إكستر (أكسفورد)
رومان كاثوليك غانيون
رؤساء غانا
رئيس الاتحاد الإفريقي
سياسيون غانيون في القرن 20
سياسيون غانيون في القرن 21
غانيون في القرن 20
ماسونيون كاثوليك
مواليد 1938
مواليد في كوماسي
ناشطو ديمقراطية غانيون

جون كوفور


Usbekisk Wikipedia blev lanceret 21. december 2003.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Wikipedia efter sprog
Etableret i 2003
Usbekisk sprog

Usbekisk Wikipedia


Les élections législatives de 1898 ont eu lieu les 8 et 22 mai 1898.

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par arrondissement

Arrondissement de Grasse

Arrondissement de Nice

1ère circonscription

2ème circonscription

Arrondissement de Puget-Théniers

Notes et références

Législatives, 1898
Alpes-Maritimes

Élections législatives de 1898 dans les Alpes-Maritimes


රන් ආලේපිත ලෝකඩ භාවනානුයෝගී මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමාව යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ අනාගත බුදුන් වහන්සේ වන මෛත්‍රෙය බෝධිසත්ත්වයින්ගේ යැයි සැලකෙන රන් ආලේපිත ලෝකඩ ප්‍රතිමාවකි. මෙහි බෝසතුන් අර්ධ-හිඳි ධ්‍යානශීලී ඉරියව්වකින් වැඩ හිඳියි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව ධ්‍යානශීලී බෝධිසත්ත්ව ප්‍රතිමාව, චින්තාපර බෝධිසත්ත්ව ප්‍රතිමාව හෝ රන් ආලේපිත ලෝකඩ හිඳි මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමාව වැනි නම්වලින් හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. කොරියානු බසින් මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව බොහෝවිට හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පන්ගසායුසං යන නාමයෙනි. මෙය 83වන කොරියානු ජාතික වස්තුව ලෙස නම් කොට ඇත.

මෙතෙක් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇති බෞද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා අතුරින් විශිෂ්ටතම නිර්මාණයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව කොරියානු කලාවේ අග්‍රකෘතියක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වර්තමානයේ මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව කොරියාවේ ජාතික කෞතුකාගාරයේ ප්‍රදර්ශනයට තබා ඇති අතර, එය එහි වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය කෞතුක වස්තුවක් ද වේ.

කොරියානු ජාතික වස්තුව අං. 83 නම් වන මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව මිල කළ නොහැකි වුවත්, වොන් බිලියන 50ක මුදලකට රක්ෂණය කොට ඇත. මෙය කොරියාවේ වඩාත්ම මිලාධික ජාතික වස්තුව ලෙස සැලකේ.

සම්භවය

මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමාවේ වැදගත්කම

තුන් රාජධානි යුගයේ ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පීන් මෙන්ම බැතිමතුන් අතර ද වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය තේමාවක් ලෙස මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමා සැලකිණි. පසුකාලීන 6වන සියවසේ සිට මුල්කාලීන එක්සත් සිල්ලා යුගය දක්වා වූ වසර සියයක කාලසීමාව තුළ මෙවැනි පන්ගසායුසං බෝධිසත්ත්ව ප්‍රතිමා විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් නිර්මාණය වී ඇත. මෙම සංක්‍රාන්ති සමය දේශපාලන අරගලවලින් ගහන වූ අතර, බුදු දහම මෙන්ම මෛත්‍රෙය වන්දනාව ද අර්ධද්වීපය තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටුකළේ ය.

සෙය්‍යාවේ සම්භවය

මෙම බෝධිසත්ත්වයාණන් හිඳගෙන සිටින්නේ පීඨිකාවක වන අතර, නවාගත් දකුණු පාදය වම් දණහිස මතින් තබාගෙන සිටියි. එක් ඇඟිල්ලක් සියුම් ලෙසින් මුහු‍ණට හේත්තු කොටගෙන සිටින අතර, එමගින් චින්තාබර ස්වභාවයක් පෙනේ. මෙම ඉරියව්ව පළමුව සම්භවය වූයේ ඉන්දියාවේ වන අතර, අනතුරුව එය චීනය ඔස්සේ කොරියා‍ව වෙත සම්ප්‍රේෂණය විය. මෙම ඉරියව්ව ශාක්‍යමුණි බුදුන් වහන්සේ බුද්ධත්වයට පත්වීමට පෙර, කුමාර අවධියේ දී සිදුවූ සිදුවීමක් ඇසුරෙන් බිහිවූවකි. ගොවීන් සී සාන අතරතුර සිද්ධාර්ථ කුමරු මානව දුක්ඛයේ චක්‍රීය ස්වභාවය මෙනෙහි කරන්නට විය. මෙම මෛත්‍රෙය බෝධිසත්ත්ව රුව මගින් ද මෙම ඉරියව්ව නිරූපණය කොට ඇත.

විස්තරය

මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව මුල්කාලීන 7වන සියවසේ නිර්මාණය වන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ප්‍රතිමාවේ සළුවේ රැළි අනුව මෑතකාලීන විද්වත් සමීක්ෂණ අනුව පෙනී ගොස් ඇත්තේ මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව සිල්ලාවට අයත් බවයි. නමුත් ඇතැම්හු මෙය බෙක්ජේ කලාකෘතියක් යැයි සලකති. මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව සෙන්ටිමීටර 93.5ක් (ආසන්නව අඩි 3 අඟල් 1) උසින් යුක්ත ය. මේ නිසා මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව අතිශය වැදගත්භාවයක් හිමිව ඇත්තේ එම යුගයට අයත් විශාල ලෝකඩ ප්‍රතිමා හමුවන්නේ ස්වල්පයක් බැවිනි. ලෝකඩවලින් තනා ඇති මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව මත අතීතයේ රන් ආලේප කොට තිබිණි.

ප්‍රතිමාව හිඳගෙන සිටින්නේ වෘත්තාකාර පාදමක් මත ය. ප්‍රතිමාවේ දකුණු පාදය හරස් අතට නවා වම් පාදය මත තබාගෙන සිටියි. දකුණු අතින් කම්මුල ස්පර්ශ කරමින් සිටින අතර, වම් අත හරස් පාදය මත තබා ඇත. මෙම විලාසය බෞද්ධ කලාවේ ජනප්‍රිය මාතෘකාවක් වන අතර, එය ඉන්දියාවේ සිට චීනයටත් අනතුරුව කොරියාව සහ ජපානය වෙතත් ව්‍යාප්ත විය. මෙම ශෛලියේ මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමාවල දක්නට ලැබෙන තවත් පොදු ල්කෂණයක් නම් හිඳ සිටින අසුන මත සළු අතුරා තිබීමයි. මෛත්‍රෙය බෝසතුන් නිරූපිත චීන ප්‍රතිමාවල වස්ත්‍ර අතිශයින් විසිතුරු, රළු සහ විධිමත් ස්වභාවයක් ගනියි. කෙසේනමුත්, මෙම කොරියානු ප්‍රතිමාවේ සළුවල ඇති කඩාහැළෙන සහ ස්වාභාවික විලාසය හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රතිමාවට සජීවීභාවයක් ලැබී ඇත. ප්‍රතිමාවේ දේහයේ ඇති සිහින් සහ සුනම්‍ය ස්වභාවය බෙක්ජේ ආභාසය කියාපායි. කෙසේනමුත් ප්‍රතිමාවේ ඇති නාස් පොල්ල සහ තියුණු නාසය සිල්ලා සම්භවයට සාක්ෂි දේ. මෙම ප්‍රතිමාවේ සැබෑ සම්භවය තවමත් නොදන්නා නමුත්, වර්තමාන කලා ඉතිහාසඥයන්ගේ මතය වන්නේ මෙ සිල්ලා ලෝකරුවකුගේ කෘතියක් බවයි. එයට හේතුව පීඨිකාව මත සිල්ලා-ආරේ සළුව විහිදුවා තිබීමයි.

මෙම ප්‍රතිමාවේ ඇති සමානුපාතික ස්වභාවය සහ සළුවේ රැළිවල ඇති තාත්වික ස්වභාවය හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පියා මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව නෙළීමේ දී නිරූපණ ශිල්පියකුගේ සහාය ලබාගත් බවට යෝජනා වී ඇත. වෙනත් මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමා, ශිල්පියාගේ කලා සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුගත කිරීමට උත්සාහ දරා තිබීම නිසා තරමක් විකෘත හෝ ශෛලිගත ස්වභාවයක් ගෙන ඇත. ප්‍රතිමාවේ ඉහළ අර්ධය සහ පහළ අර්ධය අතර ඇති සමබරතාවය හේතුවෙන් ශිල්පියා යතාර්ථවාදීව ප්‍රතිමාව නිර්මාණයට ගත් උත්සාහය වටහාගත හැක. ප්‍රතිමාවේ ශීර්ෂයේ නැමි තුනක් සහිත කිරුළක් වන අතර, වෙනත් ප්‍රතිමාවල මෙන් එය අතිශයින් විසිතුරු නැත. කිරුළ සරල චාම් ස්වභාවයක් ගනියි. ප්‍රතිමාවේ රශ්මි මාලාව ප්‍රතිමාව සොයාගන්නා විටත් දක්නට නොලැබුණු අතර, ප්‍රතිමාවට සම්බන්ධ කොට තිබූ රශ්මි මාලාවේ කොටසක් තවමත් දැකගත හැක. ප්‍රතිමාවේ ඇති නිරුවත් උඩුකය හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රතිමාව වඩා චාම් ස්වභාවයක් ගෙන ඇත. ප්‍රතිමාව තුළින් නිසල චින්තා පරවශ ස්වභාවයක් පිළිබඳ හැඟීමක් ජනිත වුව ද, මෙම ලෝකඩ ප්‍රතිමාවේ ඇති ඉරියව්ව සහ ශෛලිය හේතුවෙන් තරමක් ගතික ස්වභාවයක් ද දැකගත හැක.

සමාන වෙනත් කෘති

ජපානයේ ජාතික වස්තුවක් ලෙස නම් කොට ඇති කියෝතෝවේ කොර්යු-ජි විහාරයේ මිරෝකු බෝසත්සු ප්‍රතිමාව මෙම ප්‍රතිමාවේ නිවුන් ප්‍රතිමාවකි. මෙය ද කොරියානු සම්භවයක් සහිත ප්‍රතිමාවක් වීමට වැඩි සම්භාවිතාවක් ඇත. මිරෝකු ප්‍රතිමාව කැටයම් කොට ඇත්තේ රතු පයින් දැවයෙනි. ඇතැම්විට නිහොන් ෂොකි මූලාශ්‍රයේ දැක්වෙන සිල්ලාවේ රජු යමාටෝ රාජ මාලිගය වෙත ලබා දුන් ප්‍රතිමාව මෙය වන්නට පුළුවන. මෙම ප්‍රතිමා ද්විත්වයේම අතිශය කල්පනාබරිත ස්වභාවය, තාත්වික වස්ත්‍ර, සිහින් දේහය සහ සරල නැමි තුනේ කිරුළු දක්නට ලැබේ.

මෙම ප්‍රතිමාවේ ඇති කල්පනාබරිත ස්වරූපය හේතුවෙන් එය නිතරම ඔගස්ටි රෝඩින්ගේ කලාකෘතියක් වන චින්තකයා සමග සසඳනු ලැබේ.

පාදක සටහන්

මේවාත් බලන්න
රන් ආලේපිත ලෝකඩ භාවනානුයෝගී මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමාව (ජාතික වස්තුව අං. 78)
කොරියාවේ ජාතික වස්තූන්
චෝයි, සූන්-වූ. A Journey to Korean Beauty. සෝල්: හක්-කෝ-ජේ, 2002
කොවල්, ජොන් කාටර්. In Search of Korean Cultural Roots. පරිවර්තනය යු ක්‍යුං කිම්. සෝල්, හක්-කෝ-හේ, 1999.
කොරියානු ප්‍රාණය සහ සංස්කෘතික ප්‍රවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘතිය. Fifty Wonders of Korea Volume  I: Culture  and Art. 2වන සංස්. සෝල්: සම්ජුං මුන්හ්වාසා, 2009. 77-81.

බාහිර සබැඳි
සංස්කෘතික උරුම පරිපාලනය
නිව් යෝක් ටයිම්ස්: ජපන් කලාව සහ එහි කොරියානු රහස

දකුණු කොරියාවේ ජාතික වස්තූන්
බෙක්ජේ
කොරියාවේ බුදු දහම
බුදු පිළිම
දකුණු කොරියාවේ ලෝකඩ ප්‍රතිමා

රන් ආල්පිත ලෝකඩ භාවනානුයෝගී මෛත්‍රෙය ප්‍රතිමාව (ජාතික වස්තුව අං. 83)


Formiatul de sodiu este sarea sodică a acidului formic, cu formula chimică HCOONa. Este de obicei prezentă sub formă de pulbere albă delicvescentă.

Obținere
Formiatul de sodiu se obține la nivel industrial în urma absorbției de monoxid de carbon, la presiune de 6-8 bari și la temperatura de 130 °C, în hidroxid de sodiu:

CO + NaOH  →  HCOONa

În laborator, formiatul de sodiu poate fi preparat mai ușor prin reacția de neutralizare a acidului formic cu carbonat de sodiu:

2 HCOOH + Na2CO3  → 2 HCOONa + H2O + CO2

O altă metodă de preparare este prin reacția dintre cloroform și o soluție alcoolică de hidroxid de sodiu:

CHCl3 + 4 NaOH   → HCOONa + 3 NaCl  + 2 H2O

și reacția dintre hidroxidul de sodiu și cloralhidrat:

C2HCl3(OH)2 +  NaOH  →  CHCl3  + HCOONa +  H2O

Proprietăți

Proprietăți chimice
Prin încălzire la 300-400 °C formiatul de sodiu suferă o descompunere la oxalat de sodiu și hidrogen gazos. Oxalatul de sodiu format poate fi transformat prin continuarea încălzirii în carbonat de sodiu, când se elimină monoxid de carbon:
2HCOONa ->[\Delta] {(COO)2Na2} + H2\!\uparrow

(COO)2Na2 ->[{} \atop >\ \ce{290^{o}C}] {Na2CO3} + CO\!\uparrow

Fiind o sare a unui acid slab (acid formic) și a unei baze tari (hidroxid de sodiu), soluția obținută în urma reacției de hidroliză a formiatul de sodiu prezintă un caracter alcalin:

HCOO^- + H2O <=> HCOOH + OH^-

Astfel, un amestec al unei soluții de acid formic și formiat de sodiu poate fi folosită pe post de soluție tampon.

Vezi și
 Acetat de sodiu

Note

Bibliografie
 C. D. Nenițescu, Chimie organică, ediția a VIII-a, vol I, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1980

Sodiu
Compuși ai sodiului

Formiat de sodiu


Elig fue una marca española de motocicletas, fabricadas en Elche (Alicante) por Francisco Candela Mas entre 1953 y 1966.

Las motocicletas se fabricaban en el número 39 de la calle Marqués de Asprillas de Elche, con el conocido motor Hispano Villiers, y estéticamente estaban muy conseguidas.

Referencias
Els països catalans no existixen.

Enlaces externos
 "Elche: ciudad de motos"; incluye imágenes de Elig

Fabricantes de motocicletas de España

Elig


Le Conseil de direction présidentiel est une institution exécutive transitoire collégiale mise en place le 7 avril 2022 pour succéder au président de la République Abdrabbo Mansour Hadi.

Historique
Le 7 avril 2022, le président Abdrabbo Mansour Hadi transfère les pouvoirs présidentiels au Conseil de direction présidentiel.

Composition
Le nouvel exécutif est paritaire. Il se compose de quatre membres du Nord du pays et quatre du Sud. L'ancien ministre de l'Intérieur et membre du Congrès général du peuple Rachad al-Alimi dirige le Conseil. Les sept autres membres ont rang de vice-président.

Aïdarous al-Zoubaïdi est l'ancien gouverneur d'Aden et actuel président du Conseil présidentiel du Conseil de transition du Sud. Sultan Ali al-Arada est le gouverneur de Ma'rib et proche du Congrès yéménite pour la réforme. Tareq Saleh est le neveu de l'ancien président Ali Abdallah Saleh. Abd al-Rahman al-Mahrami est le commandant de la Brigade des géants. Abdallah al-Alimi est directeur général de la présidence de la République et membre du Congrès yéménite pour la réforme, Othman Hussein Megali est un chef tribal de Sa'dah et membre du Congrès général du peuple. et Faraj Salmin al-Bahsani est gouverneur de l'Hadramaout.

Notes et références

Politique au Yémen
2022 au Yémen
Politique en avril 2022

Conseil de direction présidentiel


William Oughtred  (5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660), also Owtred, Uhtred, etc., was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman. After John Napier invented logarithms and Edmund Gunter created the logarithmic scales (lines, or rules) upon which slide rules are based, Oughtred was the first to use two such scales sliding by one another to perform direct multiplication and division. He is credited with inventing the slide rule in about 1622. He also introduced the "×" symbol for multiplication and the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions.

Clerical life

Education
The son of Benjamin Oughtred of Eton in Buckinghamshire (now part of Berkshire), William was born there on 5 March 1574/75 and was educated at Eton College, where his father, a writing-master, was one of his teachers. Oughtred had a passion for mathematics, and would often stay awake at nights to learn while others were sleeping. He then attended King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1596/97 and MA in 1600, holding a fellowship in the college from 1595 to 1603. He composed a Funeral Ode in Latin for Sir William More of Loseley Park in 1600.

Rector at Guildford and at Shalford

Admitted to holy orders, he left the University of Cambridge about 1603, when as "Master" William Oughtred he held the rectorate of St Mary's Church, Guildford, Surrey. At the presentation of the lay patron George Austen, gent., he was instituted as vicar at Shalford near Wonersh, in the neighbourhood of Guildford in western Surrey, on 2 July 1605.

On 20 February 1606, at Shalford, Oughtred married Christsgift Caryll, a member of the Caryll family seated at Great Tangley Hall at Shalford. The Oughtreds had twelve children, William, Henry, Henry (the first Henry died as a baby), Benjamin, Simon, Margaret, Judith, Edward, Elizabeth, Anne, George, and John. Two of the sons, Benjamin and John, shared their father's interest in instruments and became watchmakers.

Oughtred's wife was a niece of Simon Caryll of Tangley and his wife Lady Elizabeth Aungier (married 1607), daughter of Sir Francis Aungier. Oughtred was a witness to Simon Caryll's will, made 1618, and through two further marriages Elizabeth remained matriarch and dowager of Great Tangley until her death in about 1650. Elizabeth's brother Gerald, 2nd Baron Aungier of Longford, was married to Jane, daughter of Sir Edward Onslow of Knowle, Surrey in 1638. Oughtred praised Gerald (whom he taught) as a man of great piety and learning, skilled in Latin, Greek, Hebrew and other oriental languages.

In January 1610 Sir George More, patron of Compton church adjacent to Loseley Park, granted the advowson (right of presentation of the minister) to Oughtred, when it should next fall vacant, though Oughtred was not thereby empowered to present himself to the living. This was soon after Sir George More became reconciled to the marriage of his daughter Anne to the poet John Donne, which had occurred secretly in 1601.

Rector of Albury
Oughtred was presented by Sir (Edward) Randall (lord of the manor) to the rectory of Albury, near Guildford in Surrey and instituted on 16 October 1610, vacating Shalford on 18 January 1611.

In January 1615/16 Sir George More re-granted the advowson of Compton church (still occupied) in trust to Roger Heath and Simon Caryll, to present Oughtred himself, or any other person whom Oughtred should nominate, when the vacancy should arise. Soon afterwards Oughtred was approached by John Tichborne seeking his own nomination, and entering an agreement to pay him a sum of money upon certain days. Before this could be completed the incumbent died (November 1618), and Oughtred sought for himself to be presented, preaching several times at Compton, having the first fruits sequestered to his use, and, after four months, asking the patron to present him. However, Tichborne offered to complete the agreed payment at once, and was accordingly presented by the trustees in May 1619 (Simon Caryll dying in that year): but before he could be admitted, the Crown interposed a different candidate because the contract between Oughtred and Tichborne was deemed by Sir Henry Yelverton clearly to be Simoniacal.

Oughtred therefore remained at Albury, serving as rector there for fifty years. William Lilly, that celebrated astrologer, knew Oughtred and claimed in his autobiography to have intervened on his behalf to prevent his ejection from his living by Parliament in 1646:"About this time, the most famous mathematician of all Europe, Mr. William Oughtred, parson of Aldbury in Surry, was in danger of sequestration by the Committee of or for plundered ministers; (Ambo-dexters they were;) several inconsiderable articles were deposed and sworn against him, material enough to have sequestered him, but that, upon his day of hearing, I applied myself to Sir Bolstrode Whitlock, and all my own old friends, who in such numbers appeared in his behalf, that though the chairman and many other Presbyterian members were stiff against him, yet he was cleared by the major number." Of his portrait (aged 73, 1646) engraved by Wenceslas Hollar, prefixed to the Clavis Mathematica, John Evelyn remarked that it "extreamly resembles him", and that it showed "that calm and placid Composure, which seemed to proceed from, and be the result of some happy ἕυρησις and Invention". William Oughtred died at Albury in 1660, a month after the restoration of Charles II. A staunch supporter of the royalty, he is said to have died of joy at the knowledge of the return of the King. He was buried in Old St Peter and St Paul's Church, Albury. Autobiographical information is contained in his address "To the English gentrie" in his Just Apologie of c. 1634.

Mathematician
Oughtred developed his interest in mathematics early in life, and devoted whatever spare time his academic studies allowed him to it. Among the short tracts added to the 1647/48 editions of the Clavis Mathematica was one describing a natural and easy way of delineating sun-dials upon any surface, however positioned, which the author states he invented in his 23rd year (1597/98), which is to say, during his fellowship at King's College, Cambridge. His early preoccupation was to find a portable instrument or dial by which to find the hour, he tried various contrivances, but never to his satisfaction. "At last, considering that all manner of questions concerning the first motions were performed most properly by the Globe itself, rectified to the present elevation  by the help of a moveable Azimuth; he projected the Globe upon the plane of the Horizon, and applied to it at the center, which was therein the Zenith, an Index with projected degrees, for the moveable Azimuth."

This projection answered his search, but then he had to invent theorems, problems and methods to calculate sections and intersections of large circles, which he could not find by instruments, not having access to any of sufficient size. In this way he drew out his findings, presenting one example to Bishop Thomas Bilson (who had ordained him), and another, in about 1606, to a certain noble lady, for whom he wrote notes for its use. In London, in spring 1618, Oughtred visited his friend Henry Briggs at Gresham College, and was introduced to Edmund Gunter, Reader in Astronomy, then occupying Dr Brooks's rooms. He showed Gunter his "Horizontall Instrument", who questioned him closely about it and spoke very approvingly. Soon afterwards Gunter sent him a print taken from a brass instrument made by Elias Allen, after Oughtred's written instructions (which Allen preserved). When, in 1632, Richard Delamain the elder claimed that invention for himself, William Robinson wrote to Oughtred: "I cannot but wonder at the indiscretion of Rich. Delamain, who being conscious to himself that he is but the pickpurse of another man's wit, would thus inconsiderately provoke and awake a sleeping lion..."

Around 1628 he was appointed by the Earl of Arundel to instruct his son William Howard in mathematics. Some of Oughtred's mathematical correspondence survives, and is printed in Bayle's General Dictionary, and (with some editorial omissions restored) in Dr Rigaud's Correspondence of Scientific Men. William Alabaster wrote to him in 1633 to propose the quadrature of the circle by consideration of the fourth chapter of the Book of Ezekiel. In 1634 he corresponded with the French architect François Derand, and (among others) with Sir Charles Cavendish (1635), Johannes Banfi Hunyades (1637), William Gascoigne (1640) and Dr John Twysden, M.D. (1650).

Oughtred offered free mathematical tuition to pupils, among them Richard Delamain and Jonas Moore, and his teaching influenced a generation of mathematicians. Seth Ward resided with Oughtred for six months to learn contemporary mathematics, and the physician Charles Scarborough also stayed at Albury: John Wallis and Christopher Wren corresponded with him. Another Albury pupil was Robert Wood, who helped him to see the Clavis through the press. Isaac Newton's high opinion of Oughtred is expressed in his letter of 1694 to Nathaniel Hawes, where he quotes him extensively, calling him "a Man whose judgement (if any man's) may safely be relyed upon... that very good and judicious man, Mr Oughtred".

The first edition of John Wallis's foundational text on infinitesimal calculus, Arithmetica Infinitorum (1656), carries a long letter of dedication to William Oughtred.

Publications

Clavis Mathematicæ (1631)

William Oughtred's most important work was first published in 1631, in Latin, under the title Arithemeticæ in Numeris et Speciebus Institutio, quae tum Logisticæ, tum Analyticæ, atque adeus totius Mathematicæ quasi Clavis est (i.e. "The Foundation of Arithmetic in Numbers and Kinds, which is as it were the Key of the Logistic, then of the Analytic, and so of the whole Mathematic(s)"). It was dedicated to William Howard, son of Oughtred's patron Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel.

This is a textbook on elementary algebra. It begins with a discussion of the Hindu-Arabic notation of decimal fractions and later introduces multiplication and division sign abbreviations of decimal fractions. Oughtred also discussed two ways to perform long division and introduced the "~" symbol, in terms of mathematics, expressing the difference between two variables. Clavis Mathematicae became a classic, reprinted in several editions. It was used as a textbook by John Wallis and Isaac Newton among others.  A concise work, it argued for a less verbose style in mathematics, and greater dependence on symbols. Drawing on François Viète (though not explicitly), Oughtred also innovated freely with symbols, introducing not only the multiplication sign as now used universally, but also the proportion sign (double colon ::). The first edition, 1631, contained 20 chapters and 88 pages including algebra and various fundamentals of mathematics.

The work was recast for the New Key, which appeared first in an English edition of 1647, The Key of the Mathematicks New Forged and Filed, dedicated to Sir Richard Onslow and to his son Arthur Onslow (son and grandson of Sir Edward), and then in a Latin edition of 1648, entitled Clavis Mathematica Denuo Limata, sive potius Fabricata (i.e. "The Mathematical Key Newly Filed, or rather Made"), in which the preface was removed and the book was reduced by one chapter. In the English Foreword, Oughtred explains that the intention had always been to provide the ingenious reader with an Ariadne's thread through the intricate labyrinth of these studies, but that his earlier, highly compressed style had been found difficult by some, and was now further elucidated. These editions contained additional tracts on the resolution of adfected equations proposed in numbers, and other materials necessary for the use of decimal parts and logarithms, as well as his work on delineating sundials.

The last lifetime edition (third) was in 1652, and posthumous editions (as Clavis Mathematicæ: i.e. "The Key of Mathematic(s)") appeared in 1667 and 1693 (Latin), and in 1694 (English). The work gained popularity around 15 years after it first appeared, as mathematics took a greater role in higher education. Wallis wrote the introduction to his 1652 edition, and used it to publicise his skill as cryptographer; in another, Oughtred promoted the talents of Wren.

The Circles of Proportion and the Horizontal Instrument (1632)
This work was used by Oughtred in manuscript before it was edited for publication by his pupil, William Forster. Here Oughtred introduced the abbreviations for trigonometric functions. It contains his description and instructions for the use of his important invention, the slide rule, a mechanical means of finding logarithmic results.

Two of Oughtred's students, William Forster and Richard Delamaine the elder, are concerned with the story of this book.  As instructor to the Earl of Arundel's son, Oughtred had the use of a room in Arundel House, the Earl's residence in the Strand, in London. He gave free instruction there to Richard Delamaine, whom he found to be too dependent on mathematical instruments to get a proper grasp of the theory behind them. Another student of his, Forster, who came to him as a beginner during the 1620s, was therefore taught without reference to instruments so that he should have a true grounding. However, during the long vacation of 1630 Forster (who taught mathematics from a house in St Clement Danes churchyard, on the Westminster side of Temple Bar, in the same locality as Elias Allen's shop), while staying with Oughtred at Albury, asked him about Gunter's Ruler, and was shown two instruments used by his master, including Oughtred's circular slide rule.

Oughtred then said to Forster:"... the true way of Art is not by Instruments, but by Demonstration: and ... it is a preposterous course of vulgar Teachers, to begin with Instruments, and not with the Sciences, and so in-stead of Artists, to make their Schollers only doers of tricks, and as it were Iuglers: to the despite of Art, losse of precious time, and betraying of willing and industrious wits, unto ignorance, and idlenesse. ... the use of Instruments is indeed excellent, if a man be an Artist: but contemptible, being set and opposed to Art. And lastly, ... he meant to commend to me, the skill of Instruments, but first he would have me well instructed in the Sciences."

Forster obtained Oughtred's permission to translate, edit and publish the description, explanations and instructions which Oughtred had in manuscript, finishing his work in 1632. Meanwhile Delamaine, who had also been shown the instruments, and had copied a text sent by Oughtred to his instrument-maker Elias Allen, was writing-up his own description and account. Delamaine came off the press first, in two separate tracts, claiming himself to be the inventor, and dedicating the prior treatise to King Charles I. He went so far as to show his page-proofs to Oughtred as they were being prepared, and dismissed his objections, printing some derogatory comments aimed at Forster and Oughtred in his Foreword. Forster, who dedicated The Circles of Proportion to the famous intellectual Sir Kenelm Digby, observed that another person had hastily anticipated Oughtred's publication. It was left to Oughtred himself to publish his Just Apologie explaining the priority of his inventions and writings, and showing the behaviour of Delamaine.

It is stated in Cajori's book that John Napier was the first person ever to use to the decimal point and comma, but Bartholomaeus Pitiscus was really the first to do so.

Trigonometria, with Canones Sinuum (1657)
Trigonometria, Hoc est, Modus Computandi Triangulorum Latera & Angulos was a collection compiled from Oughtred's papers by Richard Stokes and Arthur Haughton. It contains about 36 pages of writing. Here the abbreviations for the trigonometric functions are explained in further detail consisting of mathematical tables. It carries a frontispiece portrait of Oughtred similar to that by Wenceslas Hollar, but re-engraved by William Faithorne, and depicted as aged 83, and with a short epigram by "R.S." beneath. Longer verses addressed to Oughtred are prefixed by Christopher Wase.

Opuscula Mathematica (1677)
A miscellaneous collection of his hitherto unpublished mathematical papers (in Latin) was edited and published by his friend Sir Charles Scarborough in 1677. The treatises contained are on these subjects:

 Institutiones Mechanicæ.
 De variis corporum generibus gravitate et magnitudine comparatis.
 Automata
 Quæstiones Diophanti Alexandrini Lib. 3
 De Triangulis planis rectangulis
 De Divisione Superficierum
 Musicæ Elementa
 De Propugnaculorum Munitionibus
 Sectiones Angulares

Inventions

Slide rule
Oughtred's invention of the slide rule consisted of taking a single "rule", already known to Gunter, and simplifying the method of employing it. Gunter required the use of a pair of dividers to lay off distances on his rule; Oughtred made the step of sliding two rules past each other to achieve the same ends. His original design of some time in the 1620s was for a circular slide rule; but he was not the first into print with this idea, which was published by Delamain in 1630. The conventional design of a sliding middle section for a linear rule was an invention of the 1650s.

Double horizontal sun dial
At the age of 23, Oughtred invented the double horizontal sundial, now named the Oughtred type after him. A short description The description and use of the double Horizontall Dyall (16 pp.) was added to a 1653 edition (in English translation) of the pioneer book on recreational mathematics, Récréations Mathématiques (1624) by Hendrik van Etten, a pseudonym of Jean Leurechon. The translation itself is no longer attributed to Oughtred, but (probably) to Francis Malthus.

Universal equinoctial ring dial
Oughtred also invented the Universal equinoctial ring dial.

Occult interests
According to his contemporaries, Oughtred had interests in alchemy and astrology. The Hermetic science remained a philosophical touchstone among many reputable scientists of his time, and his student Thomas Henshaw copied a Diary and "Practike" given to him by his teacher. He was well-acquainted with the astrologer William Lilly who, as noted above, helped to prevent his ejection from his living in 1646.

John Aubrey: Astrology and Geomancy
John Aubrey states that (despite their political differences) Sir Richard Onslow, son of Sir Edward, also defended Oughtred against ejection in 1646. He adds that Oughtred was an astrologer, and successful in the use of natal astrology, and used to say that he did not know why it should be effective, but believed that some "genius" or "spirit" assisted. According to Aubrey, Elias Ashmole possessed the original copy in Oughtred's handwriting of his rational division of the twelve houses of the zodiac. Oughtred penned an approving testimonial, dated 16 October 1659, to the foot of the English abstract of The Cabal of the Twelve Houses Astrological by "Morinus" (Jean-Baptiste Morin) which George Wharton inserted in his Almanac for 1659.

Aubrey suggests that Oughtred was happy to allow the country people to believe that he was capable of conjuring. Aubrey himself had seen a copy of Christopher Cattan's work on Geomancy annotated by Oughtred. He reported that Oughtred had told Bishop Ward and Elias Ashmole that he had received sudden intuitions or solutions to problems when standing in particular places, or leaning against a particular oak or ash tree, "as if infused by a divine genius", after having pondered those problems unsuccessfully for months or years.

Elias Ashmole: Freemasonry
Oughtred was well-known to Elias Ashmole, as Ashmole stated in a note to Lilly's autobiographical sketch: "This gentleman I was very well acquainted with, having lived at the house over-against his, at Aldbury in Surrey, three or four years. E.A."

The biography of Ashmole in the Biographia Britannica (1747) called forth the supposition that Oughtred was a participant in Ashmole's admission to freemasonry in 1646. Friedrich Nicolai, in both sections of his Essay (on the Templar and Masonic Orders) of 1783, associated Oughtred, Lilly, Wharton and other Astrologers in the formation of the order of Free and Accepted Masons in Warrington and London. The statement was reinforced through repetition by Thomas De Quincey, and elaborated by Jean-Marie Ragon, but was debunked in A.G. Mackey's History of Freemasonry (1906).

Ashmole noted that he paid a visit to "Mr. Oughtred, the famous mathematician", on 15 September 1654, about three weeks after the Astrologers' Feast of that year.

John Evelyn: Millenarianism
Oughtred expressed millenarian views to John Evelyn in 1655:"Came that renowned mathematician, Mr. Oughtred, to see me, I sending my coach to bring him to Wotton, being now very aged. Among other discourse, he told me he thought water to be the philosopher's first matter, and that he was well persuaded of the possibility of their elixir; he believed the sun to be a material fire, the moon a continent, as appears by the late selenographers; he had strong apprehensions of some significant event to happen the following year, from the calculation of difference with the diluvian period; and added that it might possibly be to convert the Jews by our Saviour's visible appearance, or to judge the world; and therefore, his word was, Parate in occursum; he said Original Sin was not met with in the Greek Fathers, yet he believed the thing; this was from some discourse on Dr. Taylor's late book, which I had lent him."

Oughtred Society
Oughtred's name is remembered in the Oughtred Society, a group formed in the United States in 1991 for collectors of slide rules. It produces the twice-yearly Journal of the Oughtred Society and holds meetings and auctions for its members.

References

Further reading

Florian Cajori (1915), "The Life of William Oughtred", The Open Court, Vol. XXIX no. 8 (Chicago, August 1915), p. 711, pp. 449-59 (pdf)
Jacqueline Anne Stedall, Ariadne's Thread: The Life and Times of Oughtred's Clavis, Annals of Science, Volume 57, Issue 1 January 2000, pp. 27–60.

External links

Galileo Project page
The Oughtred Society inspired by Oughtred and dedicated to the history and preservation of slide rules.
Answers.com article with additional material on Oughtred.
Account of Oughtred by John Aubrey
William Oughtred's "Key of the Mathematics" (John Salusbury's English translation of Oughtred's "Clavis Mathematicae").

1574 births
1660 deaths
16th-century English mathematicians
17th-century English mathematicians
17th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
English inventors
People from Eton, Berkshire
People educated at Eton College
British scientific instrument makers

William Oughtred


The flag of Colorado was officially adopted to represent the U.S. state of Colorado on June 5, 1911. The flag, designed by Andrew Carlisle Carson, consists of a fess design of three horizontal stripes of equal width, with the top and bottom stripes colored blue, and the middle stripe colored white. A circular red "C", filled with a golden disk, sits atop the stripes. All aspects of the flag contain symbolism related to the state, as the blue is meant to represent the sky, the gold the abundant sunshine the state receives, the white the snowcapped Rocky Mountains, and the red the "ruddy" earth. The gold and white portions of the flag also represent the state's gold and silver mining industries, respectively.

The state had one previous official flag before the current one, from 1907 to 1911. The Denver chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, unaware that this flag existed, wanted to create a flag for the state and settled on a red and white colored one, designed with the help of then-state senator William H. Sharpley. This flag was presented to the legislature but, because it was less popular than Carson's design, it was replaced. The new design passed the Senate and House of Representatives on April 25 and May 6, 1911, respectively. The flag made its public debut at a parade on May 30, 1911, and was officially adopted on June 5, 1911. Further revisions were made by the legislature on February 28, 1929, to specify the exact colors used and on March 31, 1964, to specify the size and positioning of the letter "C" and gold disk.

History
Colorado joined the union as the 38th state with the approval of President Ulysses S. Grant on August 1, 1876. An unofficial banner, consisting simply of the state seal on a blue background, was used beginning that year. The state did not have an official flag until April 9, 1907, when a design incorporating parts of the state seal complete with the state motto, , Latin for "Nothing without Providence or Deity", was adopted. This flag proved unpopular, as only one physical flag was ever produced and it was never flown publicly. Rather, it sat unused in a custodial closet within the Colorado State Capitol Building.

The origin of the modern flag of Colorado can be traced to a meeting of the Denver chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) held on November 14, 1910. Those present at the meeting were unaware of the flag that had been adopted three years earlier, and came up with the idea to design a flag for the state under the impression that none existed. The DAR members created a committee which was receiving designs by the next month, and decided to support one design that contained three horizontal stripes of red, white, and red, with the state seal in the middle. Then-state senator William H. Sharpley assisted in getting the flag bill through the legislature with relative ease, though the design ultimately proved unpopular. A new design was submitted by Andrew Carlisle Carson, with horizontal stripes of blue, white, and blue, with a red "C" and a gold disk within the "C" both in the middle and offset slightly to the hoist side of the flag.

This design proved far more popular among the legislature than the initial proposal, and passed the Colorado Senate as Senate Bill 118 with "no opposition" on April 25, 1911. The bill was sent to the Colorado House of Representatives and passed easily on May 6, 1911. The flag made its public debut at the end of that month, on May 30, as a part of a Grand Army of the Republic parade, and was officially approved by the General Assembly as a whole on June 5, 1911, at which point it became the new flag of the state of Colorado. The wording of the bill that was passed included a permission for the use of the flag by all citizens, meaning the design could be used on items that were not explicitly flags.

However, the legislature did not specify the size of the "C" or the exact shade of blue or red. Therefore, some flags utilized slightly different colors. On February 28, 1929, the General Assembly added to the description of the flag that the blue and red would be the same colors as those found on the national flag. Further discrepancies arose in the size of the "C" and gold disksome designs had the "C" wholly within the center stripe, while some had the "C" over parts of each blue stripe. To resolve this, on March 31, 1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the width of the center stripe. This final clarification brought about the design that is in use today.

Design and symbolism
Within Senate Bill 118, which passed the Colorado Senate on May 6, 1911, ten specific points of symbolism within the flag were laid out. The red letter "C" stands for three things: the name of the state, "Colorado", the word "centennial", referring to Colorado's accession to statehood in 1876, the year of the United States' centennial; and "columbine", referring to the state flower. The gold disk in the center of the "C" represents not only the sunshine the state receives (which totals nearly 300 days annually), but also gold and the gold mining industry in the state. The blue stripes represent the sky, and the white stripes represent both the peaks of the Rocky Mountains and silver, as well as the resulting mining industry; the blue and white stripes together also represent the colors of the columbine flower. Other symbolism apart from the senate bill has been noted, including the red coloring of the "C" standing for the "ruddy" earth that covers much of the state's terrain. The flag is laid out in a 2:3 ratio, specifically with "a width of two-thirds of its length". Legislation passed in 1964 specified that the diameter of the yellow disc should be equal to that of the white stripe, while the red letter "C" occupies two-thirds of the width of the entire flag.

In a 2001 survey of 72 state, provincial, and territorial flags conducted by the North American Vexillological Association, Colorado's flag was ranked sixteenth, with a score of 6.83 (the winner, New Mexico, scored 8.61).

Protocol
The state of Colorado and the office of the governor have laid out rules as to when the flag can be flown at half-staff and protocol for various other situations. The governor may order the flag lowered to half-staff, along with the national flag, on the day of the funeral of a Colorado service member, at the request of the president (usually for the death of a federal government official or a national tragedy), or on the day of the funeral of a state government official. The flag is always to be lowered to half-staff on three holidays: Memorial Day (though the flags are raised to full-staff at noon, a custom dating back to at least 1906), September 11, and National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day. The governor also has the jurisdiction to order the flag lowered when it is "deemed appropriate". The flag is always to be flown to the right and below the national flag, a guideline specified by the United States Flag Code.

State law mandates that government buildings and schools maintain a "suitable" flagpole for both the national and state flags, and that the flags must be the same size.

Other uses

The state flag is also incorporated into the design of Colorado's state highway markers, though some markers use a representation of the flag that differs slightly from the official version, namely one in which the red letter "C" does not extend into the white stripe and is cut off at the border of the blue stripes instead. The flag is also used as an inspiration behind Colorado's newest state logo, which was unveiled in March 2019.

The Colorado Rapids, who compete in Major League Soccer and play in the Denver area, played in an alternate kit for part of the 2017 season with colors inspired by the state flag: the top was yellow with blue accents, and the shorts were blue with yellow accents.

The Colorado Rockies, who played in the National Hockey League from 1976–82 before moving to New Jersey and renaming themselves the New Jersey Devils, used the flag's colors and emblem on their uniforms.

The courthouse in Mesa County, Colorado, made headlines in 2007 when county commissioners realized its flagpole was flying only the national flag, making it one of the few government buildings in the state that did not fly the state flag, though no reason was given for the state flag's absence. The flag enjoyed renewed popularity during the 2010s, with shirts, decals, and other items incorporating the design seeing increased demand.

See also

Seal of Colorado
List of Colorado state symbols

Notes

References

United States state flags
Flag

Flags introduced in 1964
1964 establishments in Colorado

Flag of Colorado


Agustín Iglesias Caunedo (Oviedo, 10 de febrero de 1971) es un político español del Partido Popular, y presidente del Partido Popular de Oviedo.  Entre enero de 2012 y junio de 2015 fue alcalde de Oviedo, cargo al que accedió en plena legislatura tras la marcha de Gabino de Lorenzo, y a propuesta de éste, además de secretario general del Partido Popular de Oviedo. También tiene el cargo de director de Ibermutuamur en Oviedo desde 1999, aunque actualmente está en excedencia. Fue además vicepresidente segundo de Cajastur en el año 2012.

Estudió en las escuelas de San Pedro de los Arcos primero y en colegio Parque Infantil a continuación, antes de terminar el bachillerato en el Colegio Loyola, donde estudiaba cuando se afilió a Nuevas Generaciones del Partido Popular a los 16 años. Se matriculó en Derecho en la Universidad de Oviedo, terminando los estudios en 2015, en una universidad privada, en la Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio en 2015. Es también Licenciado en CC. Políticas y de la Administración.

Obtuvo su primer acta de concejal en la primera legislatura de Gabino De Lorenzo. Entre los años 1991 y 1995 fue concejal delegado de Juventud, Empleo, Promoción Social y Mercados. Luego pasó a ocupar un puesto como diputado de la Junta General del Principado de Asturias, donde fue portavoz del Grupo Parlamentario Popular. En 2003 regresó al Ayuntamiento como edil de Presupuestos y Coordinación.

El 30 de octubre de 2015 la Agencia Tributaria solicitó su imputación por su presunta implicación en  una trama de cohecho y prevaricación  que implicaba tanto a Caunedo como al también popular Manuel Pecharromán, exconcejal del ayuntamiento de Gijón. Según las anotaciones de Joaquín Fernández, el exvicesecretario de comunicación del PP, el programa de los viajes en los que participaron Caunedo y Pecharromán, en el año 2009, a Croacia y Estados Unidos incluirían partidos de hockey, banquetes, prostíbulos y excursiones a Disney World. La juez de Lugo que investiga el caso Pokémon citó a declarar el 13 de enero de 2016 como imputado al exalcalde de Oviedo y actual portavoz del PP en el ayuntamiento al considerar que existen indicios de un delito continuado de cohecho y otro de prevaricación.

En febrero de 2016, y en julio del mismo año de nuevo, el interventor municipal, en su declaración ante la juez Pilar de Lara, exculpa a Caunedo, al asumir él, de modo único, y basándose en jurisprudencia, las decisiones adoptadas sobre el expediente en litigio.

En 2015, la candidatura del Partido Popular encabezada por Agustín Iglesias ganó las elecciones municipales,  obteniendo 11 concejales, pero perdió la votación de investidura en favor de Wenceslao López Martínez, candidato socialista, que obtuvo 5 concejales, al que apoyaron, en el último minuto, los 6 concejales de Somos Oviedo (agrupación de Podemos) y los 3 concejales de IU.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Biografía en la página web del Ayuntamiento de Oviedo.

Alcaldes de Oviedo
Alcaldes del Partido Popular
Políticos del Partido Popular de Asturias
Alcaldes de España del reinado de Juan Carlos I
Alcaldes de España del reinado de Felipe VI
Nacidos en Oviedo

Agustín Iglesias Caunedo


Reichstag Yangını, Hitler'in sebep gösterip ülkede düzeni sağlamak adına 24 Mart 1933'te Cumhurbaşkanı Paul von Hindenburg'un imzasıyla elde ettiği diktatöryal güce kavuşmasından önce Alman parlamentosunun toplandığı Reichstag binasında (Almanca: Reichstagsgebäude) 27 Şubat 1933 akşamı çıkmış olan yangındır. Yangınla ilgili ilk rapor, saat 21:00'den kısa bir süre sonra, bir Berlin itfaiye istasyonuna bir alarm çağrısı geldiğinde geldi. Polis ve itfaiye ekipleri geldiğinde, Temsilciler Meclisi (alt meclis) alevler içinde kaldı. Polis binanın içinde kapsamlı bir arama yaptı ve orada tutuklanan Van der Lubbe'yi buldu.

1933 yılının Ocak ayında, komünistlerin bir genel grevle tüm ekonomiyi işlemez hale getirerek bir "devrimci durum" yaratacakları ya da ülkede iç savaş çıkacağı konusundaki endişeler o derece derinleşmişti ki, Cumhurbaşkanı Paul von Hindenburg Hitler'i, Katolik Merkez Partisi'yle bir koalisyon kurarak istikrarlı bir hükûmet kuracağı umuduyla şansölye olarak atamıştır.

Reichstag yangını, Hitler'in şansölye (başbakan) atanmasından sonraki ilk politik manevralarından biri olan genel seçim kararından sonra, tüm partilerin seçim çalışmalarını sürdürmekte olduğu bir dönemde gerçekleşmişti.

Yangının, kundaklama olduğu ortadadır. Soruşturma kısa sürede polisi, Marinus van der Lubbe adında psikolojik sorunları olan bir komüniste götürdü. Lubbe, yangını çıkaranın kendisi olduğunu itiraf etti. Yangının sorumlusu olarak Lubbe ve komünist liderler yargılanmış olsalar da, yangının gerçek sebebi anlaşılamamıştır. Parlamento binasını nasyonal sosyalistlerin kundakladığı iddiası da mevcuttur fakat bu da şaibelidir.

Yangının ertesi günü Hitler, Hindenburg'a, anayasanın kişi hak ve özgürlükleriyle ilgili maddelerini ortadan kaldıran bir kararname imzalattı. İzleyen günlerde Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi ve Alman Ulusal Halk Partisi dışındaki tüm partilerin yayınları ve seçim çalışmaları durdurulduğu gibi Almanya Komünist Partisi'nin parlamentodaki 81 milletvekili ve parti ileri gelenleri tutuklanmıştır.

Yangından sonra binanın durumu
Gerçek Reichstag binası Reichstag Yangını'ndan sonra kullanılamazdı, bu yüzden Kroll Opera Binası bir yasama meclisine dönüştürüldü ve Üçüncü Reich döneminde yapılan tüm parlamento oturumlarının yeri olarak görev yaptı. Hem Reichstag binasına bakan elverişli konumu hem de oturma kapasitesi için seçildi. Kroll Opera Evi, 12 Kasım 1943'te Müttefikler'in bombardımanıyla harabeye döndü (tesadüfen, ilk Nazi Reichstag'ın seçiminin onuncu yıl dönümünde). Daha sonra 1945 yılında Berlin Muharebesi'nde esasen tahrip edildi.

Kaynakça

Yangın
Sahte bayrak

Nazi Almanyası
Bina yangınları
1933'teki yangınlar
1933'teki afetler
1933'te Almanya
Georgi Dimitrov

Reichstag Yangını


جوزيف كوفاتش  ، من مواليد 3 أبريل 1949، لاعب كرة قدم وسط هنغاري سابق.

لعب مع منتخب هنغاريا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مجريون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من المجر
لاعبو أويبست
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون أولمبيون
لاعبو منتخب المجر لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي فيديوتون
مواليد 1949
رياضيون من مقاطعة شومود
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة شومود

جوزيف كوفاتش


Der Flößerhaken (Floßhaken ) ist ein in der Holzflößerei (Holztrift) verwendetes Werkzeug. Er war das Universalwerkzeug der Flößer. In der Schifffahrt ist er als Bootshaken bekannt.

Form und Verwendung

Es handelt sich um ein auf eine Stange aufgesetztes Eisenzeug. Dieses hat meist eine Spitze und einen Widerhaken.

Der Flößerhaken diente zum Manipulieren der schwimmenden Stämme, zum Floßbau, Steuern des Floßes, Festhalten bei Wehrdurchfahrten, Blöchertreiben, sowie zum Schieben, Drehen, Wenden, Rollen und Heben der Bloche. Außerdem diente er auch dem Balancehalten beim Gehen auf den Flößen.

Die Spitze dient zum Wegstoßen, der Widerhaken – ähnlich dem Sapie der Waldarbeiter – zum Heranholen; zum Drehen an Land fungiert speziell der Wendehaken, bei dem der Haken in die andere Richtung zeigt. In der Flusstrift war er schwer und stabil, 1½ bis 4 Meter lang, die Floßbäume zum Flößen auf dem Main waren sogar 3½ bis 8 m lang. Auch in der Klaustrift war die Werkzeugstange etliche Meter lang: hierbei wurde in kleineren Nebengewässern Wehre (Klausen) errichtet und in deren Stau das Holz gesammelt. Dann öffnete man das Wehr, und der Schwall transportierte die Stämme flussabwärts. Um die dabei entstehenden Verklausungen (sich verspreizende Stämme) zu lösen und nicht allzutief in eine Klamm absteigen zu müssen, verlängerte man die Stange. Die Arbeit mit dem Flößerhaken galt als extrem gefährlich.

Flößerhaken sind schon aus der Römerzeit belegt. In Bayern war er als Kronacher Haken bekannt, in anderen Regionen Deutschlands als Hinterhermsdorfer Flusshaken.

Die Verwendung der Flößerhaken lässt sich heute noch bei Vorführungen von Flößervereinen besichtigen, so auf dem Ägerisee, Kanton Zug, Schautriftvorführungen im Wildwasser etwa in der Erlebniswelt Auf dem Holzweg im steirischen Mendlingtal (bei Lassing und Palfau im Hochkargebiet), oder im Holztrift- und Forstmuseum Schöpflklause nahe Wien. Ausgestellt sind historische Objekte in vielen Flößereimuseen.

Wappen mit dem Flößerhaken
In der Heraldik ist der Flößerhaken eine gemeine Figur. Oft mit anderen Wappenfiguren kombiniert, ist der Haken mit allen heraldisch möglichen Farben im Wappen möglich. Die Wappen zeigen die lokalen Konstruktionsformen.

Siehe auch
 Sturmhaken (Werkzeug), Einreiss- oder Feuer- bzw. Sturmhaken
 Enterhaken
 Heißhaken

Weblinks

 Der Flößerhaken in der Heraldik bei Leo-BW

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte der Binnenschifffahrt
Forstwirtschaftliches Gerät
Haken (Werkzeug)
Werkzeug (Heraldik)
Flößerei
Schiffsausrüstung

Flößerhaken


Juan Augusto Gómez Olmos (Tucumán , 24 de mayo de 1974), es un exfutbolista argentino con pasaporte mexicano. Su posición es mediocampista.

Debut
Aunque sus fuentes son desconocidas del debut de Augusto en el Club El Porvenir en Argentina su debut en el fútbol mexicano se dio el sábado 14 de agosto de 1999 con el Tigres de la UANL contra el Atlas de Guadalajara el cual terminó 3-2 a favor de los rojinegros.

Perfil futbolístico
Jugador argentino que reforzó a los Tigres sin mucha fortuna. Se le recuerdan goles ocasionales en sus tiros desde fuera del área. Desapareció de la Primera División mexicana durante 6 años y regresa con el Veracruz para el Apertura 2006. Regresa a la Primera "A" para lograr el ascenso con los Indios de Ciudad Juárez y juega en el máximo circuito con ellos en el Apertura 2008.

Trayectoria
En sus inicios como futbolista empezó en las inferiores del Club El Porvenir en Argentina en el cual debutó en el año de 1995 iniciando con una carrera no muy brillante a pesar de su talento Juan Augusto luego de un año de su debut no tuvo mucha regularidad sino tres años después, hasta 1999 cuando el Tigres de la UANL decidió confiar en su potencial y ficharlo en el cual no pudo explotarlo como se suponía por su falta de goles tigres decidió prestarlo ese mismo año a Tigrillos de la UANL una franquicia local de Monterrey que recién se había mudado a Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua en el cual duró medio año para después regresar al conjunto de San Nicolás de las garzas para durar otro medio año y volver a Tigrillos de la UANL a principios del 2000 y después de seis meses pasar al equipo de Correcaminos de la UAT para otra vez estar todo el año del 2001 con el conjunto de Tigrillos de la UANL.Para iniciar el 2002 con medio año en el Correcaminos de la UAT y luego fichar por el Aguascalientes FC por un año y medio para después estar otro torneo con el Correcaminos de la UAT y terminar el 2004 con el conjunto Cobras de Ciudad Juárez.Al término del clausura 2005 de la Liga de Ascenso de México el ya veterano argentino fichó por el equipo de Lobos de la BUAP para jugar el apertura 2005.Al finalizar aquel torneo lo contrato el Tampico Madero Fútbol Club para que jugara medio año con el conjunto de los jaibos equipo en el cual jugó tan excelente que los Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz lo compró y con esto se concretó el regreso a Primera División de México después de seis años de ver jugado cuando lo fichó el Tigres de la UANL.Debido a su constante baja de juego los Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz decidieron transferirlo al Tiburones Rojos de Coatzacoalcos filial en el que jugó un año. Gracias a su largo tiempo de su carrera en México le concedieron el pasaporte mexicano para no ocupar plaza de extranjero en el

Indios de Ciudad Juárez
Para la temporada de 2007-2008 Indios hizo oficial su fichaje por dos años equipo en el que logró el ascenso al máximo circuito al término de su contrato fue prestado al equipo de Lobos de la BUAP en el cual estuvo toda una temporada para regresar al apertura 2010 de la Liga de Ascenso de México y consolidarse al grado de ser el clásico número 10 del equipo de la tribu. Hoy en día es uno de los jugadores más importantes del equipo de los Indios de Ciudad Juárez junto con el maleno Julio Daniel Frías Adame uno de los más experimentados. El 29 de diciembre se anunció la desafiliación del club Indios de Ciudad Juárez por lo que el jugador pasó a ser agente libre.

Leones Negros de la Universidad de Guadalajara
El club del Ascenso MX ficha al jugador argentino después de haber quedado como agente libre durante la desafiliación del equipo juarense Club de Fútbol Indios el cual ya estaba jugando en esa misma liga.

Retiro y carrera como auxiliar
Al salir de UdeG, ya no se mostró más de él, hasta que para el Apertura 2014, se convirtió en Auxiliar Técnico del Altamira, así dando su Retiro de las Canchas.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de la provincia de Tucumán
Futbolistas del Club El Porvenir
Futbolistas de los Tigres de la UANL
Futbolistas del Correcaminos de la UAT
Futbolistas de los Lobos de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
Futbolistas del Tampico Madero Fútbol Club
Futbolistas de los Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz
Futbolistas nacionalizados en México
Futbolistas de los Gallos de Aguascalientes
Futbolistas del Tigres B
Futbolistas del Club de Fútbol Cobras
Futbolistas del Club de Fútbol Tigrillos de la UANL
Futbolistas de los Leones Negros de la Universidad de Guadalajara
Futbolistas de los Tiburones Rojos de Coatzacoalcos
Emigrantes argentinos hacia México

Juan Augusto Gómez


İzmit Körfezi, Marmara Bölgesi'nde Marmara denizi'nin doğu ucunda yer alan körfez. Kuzeyinde, batıdan doğuya doğru; Pendik, Tuzla, Darıca, Gebze, Dilovası, Hereke, Körfez, Derince ve İzmit ile çevrilidir. Güneyi ise Başiskele, Gölcük, Karamürsel ve Yalova'ya kadar uzanır.

İzmit Körfezinin uzunluğu 48 km, genişliği 2–10 km, alanı 300 km², en derin yeri 183 m'dir. Kuzeyinde Kocaeli platosu, Güneyinde Samanlı Dağları yer alır.

Ulaşım
Deniz ulaşımına son derece müsait doğal bir liman halinde olan Körfez'de Eskihisar-Topçular arası feribot seferi düzenlenir. Ayrıca Gebze - İzmir Otoyolu Projesi dahilinde Dilovası-Hersek Burnu arasına körfez çevresindeki taşıt trafiğinin azaltılması ve geçiş süresinin kısaltılması amacıyla İzmit Körfez Köprüsü yapılmıştır.

Körfezin çevresinde; D 100, Otoyol 5, Otoyol 4, karayolları ile Ankara-İstanbul yüksek hızlı demiryolu bulunmaktadır.

Kıyılar
Körfezin güney kıyılarında Samanlı Dağları'nın kuzey yamaçlarında doğu-batı doğrultulu dar ve dik yapılı bir kıyı oluşmuştur. Eğimin fazla olduğu alanda hızlı akan kısa boylu akarsular araziyi derince aşındırır. Gölcük'ten Armutlu Yarımadası'nın Kalem Burnu'na kadar bu kıyının oluşmasına neden olan etken Kuzey Anadolu Fayıdır. Dik kıyılar Hersek çevresinde yerini delta ve lagün oluşumuna bırakmaktadır.

İklim ve Bitki Örtüsü
Körfez çevresinde yıllık ortalama sıcaklıklar; İzmit 14,5 °C, Yalova 14,6 °C, Gölcük 14,4 °C'dir. Temmuz ayı sıcaklıkları; İzmit 23,5 °C, Yalova 23,0 °C, Gölcük 23,4 °C'dir. Yıllık yağış miktarı; İzmit 752 mm, Gölcük 766 mm, Sapanca 894 mm'dir.

Körfezin kuzeyinde kurak ormanlar, güneyinde nemli ormanlar yer alır. Kuzey ormanlarında meşe türleri (mazı meşesi, macar meşesi) hakimdir. Ormanlar tahrip edilmiş yerini maki türleri kaplamıştır. Güney kıyılarında alçaklarda psödomaki elemanları, yükseklerde kestane ve kayın ormanları bulunur.

Kirlilik
Körfez çevresindeki yoğun sanayi ve deniz ulaşımı kirliliğin başlıca sebebidir. Atık suların %98'i arıtıldıktan sonra körfeze ulaşmaktadır. Körfezde deniz uçağı ve deniz süpürgesi ile temizleme çalışmaları olumlu sonuçlar vermiştir.

İzmit Körfezi 30 yıl öncesine kadar çevresinin doğal güzelliği, denizinin sakinliği ile sayfiye yeri olarak kullanılıp özellikle İstanbul ve Ankara'dan gelen yazlıkçılara ev sahipliği yaparken, sanayileşmenin başlaması ve hızla ilerlemesiyle bu özelliğini yitirmek üzeredir.

Özellikle kilimleri ile ünlü Hereke'nin aslında 30 yıl öncesinde açıklarında bulunan Kılıç balığı ile ünlendiğini belirtmek, bu denizin zamanında ne kadar temiz olduğunu gösterecek en büyük belge. Çevresinde bulunan yüzlerce yazlık site ve villa bu durumu ayrıca destekleyen  bir oluşumdur. Yapılan bir araştırmaya göre İzmit körfezini mesken tutan 121 kuş türü bulunuyor.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki körfezler listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

İzmit Körfezi


|- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align=center
! colspan="4" | Natjecatelj za  Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju

Stjepan Boltižar (Varaždin, 1. kolovoza 1913. - Zagreb, 30. prosinca 1989.), hrvatski gimnastičar. Natjecao se za Jugoslaviju.

Natjecao se na Olimpijskim igrama 1948. u višeboju. Pojedinačno je osvojio 77., a ekipno 10. mjesto.

Na svjetskom prvenstvu 1938. je osvojio brončanu medalju u ekipnom višeboju.

Bio je član varaždinskog Sokola te zagrebačkih Dinama, Partizana i Zagreba.

Izvori

Hrvatski gimnastičari
Životopisi, Varaždin

Stjepan Boltižar


Laura Alonso Padin (n. 2 ianuarie 1976) este o soprană, cântăreață de operă spaniolă.

Referințe

Legături externe

Laura Alonso official website

Laura Alonso at Operabase

Soprane Cântăreți de operă spanioli

Laura Alonso Padin