The Polo Grounds was the name of three stadiums in Upper Manhattan, New York City, used mainly for professional baseball and American football from 1880 through 1963. The original Polo Grounds, opened in 1876 and demolished in 1889, was built for the sport of polo. Bound on the south and north by 110th and 112th streets and on the east and west by Fifth and Sixth (Lenox) avenues, just north of Central Park, it was converted to a baseball stadium when leased by the New York Metropolitans in 1880.

The third Polo Grounds, built in 1890, was renovated after a fire in 1911 and became Polo Grounds IV, the one generally indicated when the Polo Grounds is referenced.  It was located in Coogan's Hollow and was noted for its distinctive bathtub shape, with very short distances to the left and right field walls and an unusually deep center field.

In baseball, the original Polo Grounds was home to the New York Metropolitans from 1880 through 1885, and the New York Giants from 1883 through 1888. The Giants played in the second Polo Grounds for part of the 1889 season and all of the 1890 season, and at the third and fourth Polo Grounds from 1891 through 1957. The Polo Grounds was also the home field of the New York Yankees from 1913 through 1922 and the expansion New York Mets in their first two seasons (1962, 1963). Each of the four versions of the ballpark held at least one World Series. The fourth version also hosted the 1934 and 1942 All-Star Games.

In American football, the third Polo Grounds was home to the New York Brickley Giants for one game in 1921 and the New York Giants from 1925 through 1955. The New York Titans/Jets of the American Football League played at the stadium from the league's inaugural season of 1960 through 1963.

Other sporting events held at the Polo Grounds included soccer, boxing, and Gaelic football. Its final sporting event was a pro football game between the Jets and Buffalo Bills on December 14, 1963. Shea Stadium opened in 1964 and replaced the Polo Grounds as the home of the Mets and Jets. The Polo Grounds was demolished over a period of four months that year and a public housing complex, known as the Polo Grounds Towers, was built on the site.

Polo Grounds I

The original Polo Grounds stood at 110th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue, directly across 110th Street from the northeast corner of Central Park. The venue's original purpose was for the sport of polo, and its name was initially merely descriptive, not a formal name, often rendered as "the polo grounds" in newspapers. The Metropolitans, an independent team of roughly major-league caliber, was the first professional baseball team to play there, beginning in September 1880, and remained the sole professional occupant through the 1882 season. At that time the Metropolitans' ownership had the opportunity to bring it into the National League, but elected instead to organize a new team, the New York Gothams — who soon came to be known as the Giants — mainly using players from the Metropolitans and the newly defunct Troy Trojans, and entered it in the National League, while bringing what remained of the Metropolitan club into the competing American Association. For this purpose the ownership built a second diamond and grandstand at the park, dividing it into eastern and western fields for use by the Giants and Metropolitans respectively. Polo Grounds I thus hosted its first Major League Baseball games in 1883 as the home stadium of two teams, the American Association Metropolitans and the National League Gothams. The dual-fields arrangement proved unworkable because of faulty surfacing of the western field, and after various other arrangements were tried, the Metropolitans and Giants alternated play on the eastern field in later years until the Metropolitans moved to the St. George Cricket Grounds on Staten Island in 1886.

Although the Giants would soon become the team of choice in the city, the "Mets" had a good year in 1884. They had started the season in a new facility called Metropolitan Park, which proved to be such a poor venue that they moved back to the Polo Grounds within a few weeks. Despite that bit of drama, the Mets went on to win the American Association pennant. Their good fortune ran out when they faced the Providence Grays in the World Series, in which Providence pitcher Old Hoss Radbourn pitched three consecutive shutouts against them. All three games had been staged at the Polo Grounds.

An early highlight of Giants' play at the Polo Grounds was Roger Connor's home run over the right-field wall and into 112th Street; Connor eventually held the record for career home runs that Babe Ruth would break July 8, 1921.

The original Polo Grounds was used not only for Polo and professional baseball, but often for college baseball and football as well – even by teams outside New York. The earliest known surviving image of the field is an engraving of a baseball game between Yale University and Princeton University on Decoration Day, May 30, 1882. Yale and Harvard also played their traditional Thanksgiving Day football game there on November 29, 1883 and November 24, 1887. (See Football below)

Demolition and forced relocation
New York City was in the process of extending its street grid into uptown Manhattan in 1889. Plans for an extended West 111th Street ran through the Polo Grounds. City workers are said to have shown up suddenly one day and begun cutting through the fence to lay out the new street. With the Giants having won the National League pennant the year before, as well as the World Series there was significant sentiment in the city against the move; a bill was even passed by the state legislature giving the Giants a variance which would allow the park to stand. Governor David B. Hill, who had campaigned for office on a "home rule" pledge, vetoed it on the grounds that whatever he might think of the forced destruction of the park, the will of the city government was to be respected. The loss of their park forced the Giants to look quickly for alternative grounds.

Polo Grounds II

The Giants opened the 1889 season at Oakland Park in Jersey City, New Jersey, playing their first two games there. Four days later, they moved to the St. George Cricket Grounds (where the Metropolitans had continued to play until their demise following the 1887 season).

After closing out a homestand at the St. George Grounds on June 14, the Giants went on the road. Upon their return on July 8 they had relocated again, to a "New Polo Grounds" site within Manhattan at the far terminus of the then Ninth Avenue Elevated at 155th Street and 8th Avenue (now Frederick Douglass Boulevard). Newspaper accounts indicate that the seats from the original Polo Grounds were moved to the new Polo Grounds stands. Despite their vagabond existence during the first half of the 1889 season, the Giants began their stay at the new ballpark just 4 games behind the league-leading Boston club. They rallied to win the pennant for the second consecutive year, as well as that year's World Series against Brooklyn.

The new site was overlooked to the north and west by a steep promontory known as Coogan's Bluff. Because of its elevation, fans frequently watched games from the Bluff without buying tickets. The ballpark itself was in bottomland known as Coogan's Hollow. The grandstand had a conventional curve around the infield, but the shape of the property made the center field area actually closer than left center or right center. This was not much of an issue in the "dead ball era" of baseball. The land remained in the Coogan estate, and the Giants were renters for their entire time at Polo Grounds II, III and IV. The Brooklyn Dodgers played a pair of home series at this ballpark in late July and early August 1890.

After the National League version of the New York Giants moved into Polo Grounds III in 1891, Polo Grounds II was sub-leased to the Manhattan Athletic Club and was referred to ever after as Manhattan Field. It was converted for other sports such as football and track-and-field.

The New York Giants leased Manhattan Field to the Columbia University football team for $14,000 in 1899 and $15,000 in 1900.

The superstructure of Manhattan Field was demolished in 1911 following the fire that destroyed Polo Grounds III, but the site still existed as a field for 20 more years. Babe Ruth's first home run as a Yankee, on May 1, 1920, was characterized by The New York Times reporter as a "sockdolager" (i.e. a decisive blow), and was described as traveling "over the right field grand stand into Manhattan Field". Bill Jenkinson's modern research indicates the ball traveled about  in total, after clearing the Polo Grounds double decked right field stand. Manhattan Field continued to be an occasional site for amateur sports reported in local newspapers as late as spring of 1942. In June 1948, the Giants again leased the Manhattan Field property, and had it paved over to serve as a parking lot for the Polo Grounds.

Polo Grounds III and IV

Polo Grounds III

Polo Grounds III was the stadium that made the name nationally famous. Built in 1890, it initially had a completely open outfield bounded by just the outer fence, but bleachers were gradually added. By the early 1900s, some bleacher sections encroached on the field from the foul lines about halfway along left and right field. Additionally, there was a pair of "cigar box" bleachers on either side of the "batter's eye" in center field. The expansive outfield was cut down somewhat by a rope fence behind which carriages (and early automobiles) were allowed to park. By 1910, bleachers enclosed the outfield, and the carriage ropes were gone. The hodge-podge approach to the bleacher construction formed a multi-faceted outfield area. There were a couple of gaps between some of the sections, and that would prove significant in 1911.

Known as Brotherhood Park when it opened in 1890, Polo Grounds III was the home of a second New York Giants franchise in the Players' League. The latter was a creation of Major League Baseball's first union, the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players. After failing to win concessions from National League owners, the Brotherhood founded its own league in 1890. The Players' League Giants built Brotherhood Park in the northern half of Coogan's Hollow, next door to Polo Grounds II, otherwise bounded by rail yards and the bluff. Brotherhood Park hosted its first game on April 19, 1890, the same day the National League's Giants played their first home game of the season. For the full 1890 season the two editions of the Giants were neighbors. When the teams played on the same day, fans in the upper decks could watch each other's games, and home run balls hit in one park might land on the other team's playing field. After the one season the Players' League folded, and the Brotherhood's members went back to the National League. The National League Giants then moved out of Polo Grounds II and into Brotherhood Park, which was larger. They took their stadium's name with them once again, turning Brotherhood Park into the new-new Polo Grounds. Between Polo Grounds II and III-IV, they would remain in Coogan's Hollow for 69 seasons.

Fire and reconstruction as Polo Grounds IV

In the very early morning hours of Friday, April 14, 1911, a fire of uncertain origin swept through the stadium's horseshoe-shaped grandstand, consuming wood and leaving only steel uprights in place. The gaps between some sections of the stands saved a good portion of the outfield seating and the clubhouse from destruction. Giants owner John T. Brush decided to rebuild the Polo Grounds with concrete and steel, renting Hilltop Park from the Highlanders during reconstruction.

Progress was sufficient to allow the stadium to reopen just 2½ months later, June 28, 1911, the date some baseball guides date the structure. As configured, it was the ninth concrete-and-steel stadium in the Majors and fourth in the National League. Unfinished seating areas were rebuilt during the season while the games went on. The new structure stretched in roughly the same semicircle from the left field corner around home plate to the right field corner as prior but was extended into deep right-center field. The surviving wooden bleachers were retained basically as is, with gaps remaining on each side between the new fireproof construction.

The Giants rose from the ashes along with their ballpark, winning the National League pennant in 1911 (as they also would in 1912 and 1913). As evidenced from the World Series programs, the team renamed the new structure Brush Stadium in honor of their then-owner John T. Brush, but the name did not stick, and by the late 1910s it was passé. The remaining old bleachers were demolished during the 1923 season when the permanent double-deck was extended around most of the rest of the field and new bleachers and clubhouse were constructed across center field. This construction gave the stadium its familiar horseshoe or bathtub style shape, as well as a new nickname, "The Bathtub".

This version of the ballpark had its share of quirks. The "unofficial" distances (never marked on the wall) down the left and right field lines were  respectively, but there was a  overhang in left field, which often intercepted fly balls which would otherwise have been catchable and turned them into home runs. Contrasting with the short distances down the lines were the 450 distances in deepest left and right center (the gaps), with the base of the straightaway centerfield clubhouse standing 483 feet distant from home plate, up a 58-foot runway from the grandstand corners on either side of the clubhouse, which were themselves  from home plate. The famous photo of The catch made by Willie Mays in the 1954 World Series against Vic Wertz of the Cleveland Indians occurred immediately in front of the "batter's eye", a metal screen atop the grandstand wall directly to the right of the centerfield runway.  It would have been a home run in several other ballparks of the time as well as in most of today's modern ballparks. The bullpens were actually in play, in the left and right center field gaps. The outfield sloped downward from the infield, and people in the dugouts often could only see the top half of the outfielders.

The New York Yankees sublet the Polo Grounds from the Giants during 1913–1922 after their lease on Hilltop Park expired. After the 1922 season, the Yankees built Yankee Stadium directly across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds, which spurred the Giants to expand their park to reach a comparable seating capacity to stay competitive. However, since nearly all the new seating was in the outfield, Yankee Stadium still had more desirable seats than did the Polo Grounds for watching baseball. However, the Polo Grounds became better suited for football due to the new seating placement.

The Giants' first night game at the stadium was played on May 24, 1940.

The Polo Grounds was the site of one of the most iconic moments in baseball history – the historic "Shot Heard 'Round the World" walk-off home run on October 3, 1951 that decided the hard-fought National League pennant playoff series between the Giants and their cross-town rivals, the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Deaths at the Polo Grounds
On August 16, 1920, Cleveland Indians shortstop Ray Chapman was hit in the head by a pitch thrown by the Yankees' Carl Mays. At the time, batters did not wear helmets. Chapman died 12 hours after he was hit, at 4:30 a.m. on August 17. He remains the only player to die from an injury sustained in a Major League Baseball game.

On July 4, 1950, Bernard Doyle, a resident of Fairview, New Jersey, in his 50s, originally from Dublin, Ireland, was struck and killed by a stray bullet while in his seat at the Polo Grounds.  Doyle had brought a neighbor's son with him to see a doubleheader between the Dodgers and the Giants. Doyle was killed about an hour prior to the start of the first game. A 14-year-old boy later confessed to having shot a .45 caliber pistol into the air from his rooftop at 515 Edgecombe Avenue, located  from where Doyle was seated.

Giants' final years
The Polo Grounds' end was somewhat anticlimactic, especially compared to other "Jewel Box" parks.

Part of the problem was that the stadium was not well maintained from the late 1940s onward: while the baseball Giants owned the stadium, the Coogan heirs still owned the parcel of land on which it stood, while the neighborhood around the stadium had begun to go to seed in the late 1940s. These, along with other factors, combined to restrict ticket sales, even when the Giants played well.

In 1954, for example, the baseball Giants only drew 1.1 million fans (compared to over two million for the Milwaukee Braves) despite winning the World Series.

The football Giants left for Yankee Stadium across the Harlem River following the 1955 NFL season, and the baseball Giants' disastrous 1956 season – most of which they spent in last place before a late-season surge moved them up to sixth – caused a further decline on ticket sales. The Giants' 1956 attendance was less than half of that for the Giants' World Series-winning 1954 season, and also ranked last in Major League Baseball.

Along with the departure of the football Giants and the consequental loss of their rent, this collapse of the baseball Giants' gate financially devastated franchise owner Horace Stoneham, who was not nearly as wealthy as his fellow owners – the Giants were his sole source of income. To make matters worse, Stoneham was left with no money for stadium upkeep, and he was forced to lay off the stadium's maintenance staff in order to stay afloat.

The stadium also had very little parking; its final form had opened two years after the Model T was introduced. Due to the manner in which the stadium was designed, fans had to actually pour onto the field to exit via the center field gates, making for a problematic situation whenever attendance was anywhere near capacity.

Frustrated with the Polo Grounds being obsolete and dilapidated, and with no maintenance staff or  prospect of the stadium being renovated, Stoneham seriously considered having the Giants become tenants of the Yankees in the Bronx, or moving to a proposed stadium that would have been owned by the city.

After both of those plans fizzled, the Giants announced on August 19, 1957 that after 74 years of professional baseball in New York, they would relocate to San Francisco, California at the end of the season, following their long-time rivals Dodgers to the West Coast. The Giants had won five World Series titles in the Polo Grounds.

The final years of the Polo Grounds
The ballpark then sat largely vacant for nearly three years, until the newly formed Titans of New York (present-day New York Jets) began play in 1960, followed by the newly formed Mets in 1962, using the Polo Grounds as an interim home while Shea Stadium was being built. As a 1962 baseball magazine noted, "The Mets will have to play in the Polo Grounds, hardly the last word in 20th Century stadia."

In 1961, the city of New York decided to claim the land under eminent domain, for the purpose of condemning the stadium and building a high-rise housing project on the site. The Coogan family, which still owned the property, fought this effort until it was finally settled in the city's favor in 1967.

On September 18, 1963, 1,752 fans went to see the New York Mets play their last game at the Polo Grounds against the Philadelphia Phillies with a 5–1 Philadelphia win. The game's highlights were later shown on Universal's Universal International Newsreel. On October 12, the Polo Grounds played host to one last exhibition contest, as Latin American All-Stars of the National League, managed by Roberto Clemente and behind the pitching of Juan Marichal and Al McBean, defeated Hector Lopez's AL Stars, 5–2.

The final sporting event played at the Polo Grounds was on December 14, 1963 when the now renamed AFL team New York Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills 19–10.

In the 1992 book The Gospel According to Casey, by Ira Berkow and Jim Kaplan, it is reported (p. 62) that in 1963, Mets manager Casey Stengel, who had bittersweet memories of his playing days at the Polo Grounds, had this to say during a rough outing to pitcher Tracy Stallard, whose greatest claim to fame had been giving up Roger Maris' 61st homer in 1961: "At the end of this season, they're gonna tear this joint down. The way you're pitchin', the right field section will be gone already!"

Demolition
The final iteration of the Polo Grounds was demolished in 1964, beginning on April 10 with a wrecking ball bomb painted to look like a baseball, the same one that had been used four years earlier on Ebbets Field.

The wrecking crew wore Giants jerseys and tipped their hard hats to the historic stadium as they began dismantling it, with a crew of 60 workers taking 4½ months to level the stadium. Stephen McNair, a Dodger fan, grabbed a sledge hammer as easily as Johnny Mize picked up a bat, marked off the left field fence beneath Section 33, and vowed, "I'm going to take that place down myself." It was the fence over which Bobby Thompson hit the home run that kept the Dodgers out of the World Series in 1951 and put the Giants in.

The foreman on the job, Abe Gach, shouted, "No, you don't. Be gentle over there. History was made there."

The Indians' bus passed the site in the midst of demolition while Cleveland was playing the Yankees: Dick Donovan, eyeing the rubble, remarked, "Boy, they must have had a helluva game there last night."

The site is now home to the Polo Grounds Towers, a public housing project opened in 1968, and managed by the New York City Housing Authority.

Sports other than baseball

Football
The various incarnations of the Polo Grounds were well-suited for football, and hundreds of football games were played there over the years.

The first professional football game played in New York City was played at the Polo Grounds on December 4, 1920. The game featured the Buffalo All-Americans against the Canton Bulldogs in the first year of the American Professional Football Association. The Buffalo All-Americans won the game, 7–3. Some argue that the Buffalo All-Americans are tied with the Akron Pros for the first championship of the American Professional Football Association, which soon came to be known as the National Football League. In 1921 the NFL's New York Brickley Giants played the final game of their 1921 season against the Cleveland Indians at the Polo Grounds. The game ended in a 17–0 Giants loss. Shortly afterwards, the team folded. The Brickley Giants were originally formed with the intent of competing in 1919, and having all of their home games held at the Polo Grounds. However, after the team's first practice, the 1919 schedule, that began with an opening day game against the Massillon Tigers, was scratched because of conflict with New York's blue laws. In 1919, the city allowed professional baseball on Sunday and the Giants thought the law would also apply to football. However, it was ruled that professional football was still outlawed on Sundays, so the team disbanded until 1921.

Other than the name, there is no relation between the Brickley Giants and the modern New York Giants franchise.

Both the New York Giants of the National Football League and the New York Jets (then known as the New York Titans) of the American Football League used the Polo Grounds as their home field before moving on to other sites. The Giants moved initially to Yankee Stadium in 1956 while the Jets, founded in 1960, followed the New York Mets to Shea Stadium in 1964.
The football Giants hosted the 1934, 1938, 1944, and 1946 NFL Championship Games at the Polo Grounds, while the 1936 NFL Championship Game,  originally scheduled for Fenway Park, was moved to the Polo Grounds by mutual agreement of Boston Redskins franchise owner George Preston Marshall, the Green Bay Packers, and the NFL due to low ticket sales in Boston; the Redskins would relocate to Washington in 1937.

College Football

Columbia University and Yale University, two of American football's oldest teams, played football in the original 110th Street Polo Grounds in the 19th century, for some games which were expected to draw large crowds, including the Thanksgiving contests in 1883 and 1887. (See also List of Harvard-Yale football games).

The grounds were also used for many games by New York-area college football teams such as Fordham and Army. An upset victory by the visiting University of Notre Dame over Army in 1924 led to Grantland Rice's famous article about the Irish backfield, which he called "The Four Horsemen". The field was also the site of several Army–Navy Games in the 1910s and 1920s.

Soccer
The Polo Grounds held its fair share of international soccer matches as well over the years. In 1926, Hakoah, an all-Jewish side from Vienna, Austria, "drew the largest crowds ever to watch soccer in America up to that time: three successive games drew 25,000, 30,000, and 36,000 spectators. The highlight of the tour was a May 1, 1926 exhibition game between Hakoah and an American Soccer League all-New York team which drew 46,000 fans to the Polo Grounds in New York." (The ASL team won 3–0.)

The first soccer played at the Polo Grounds was as far back as 1894 when the owners of the various major baseball clubs thought it would be a great way to fill their stadiums in the off-season. Six famous baseball franchises of the era formed Association Football sections and fans were told that many would be fielding their baseball stars on the football field in the opening season. The New York Giants soccer team took the field in all-white uniforms with black socks and played six games before the threat of a rival baseball league being formed diverted the owner's attention away from their new venture and caused it to be suspended mid-season. The Giants lay third in the league after six games with two victories, having played their matches in midweek in front of attendances in the high hundreds paying 25 cents a game. Although the owners remained positive about the venture and wanted to run it again the following season this never happened and the Giants' soccer team was no more.

On May 19, 1935, the Scotland national team toured the United States, and in their first game played against an ASL All-Star squad which was unofficially representing the United States. Scotland won 5–1 in front of 25,000 people at the Polo Grounds. In 1939, the Scots returned to America for another tour, and played at the Polo Grounds twice. In their first game at the Polo Grounds on May 21, 1939, Scotland tied the Eastern USA All-Stars 1–1 in front of 25,072 fans. In their second game at the Polo Grounds on June 18, 1939, Scotland beat the American League Stars 4–2.

Following World War II, on September 26, 1948, the USA beat Israel 3–1 in their first ever game since independence before 25,000 fans at the Polo Grounds. On June 9, 1950, a crowd of 21,000 fans came to the Polo Grounds to watch an 'International Dream Double Header'. Beşiktaş J.K. of Turkey defeated the American Soccer League All-Stars 3–1, and then Manchester United defeated Jönköping (the top amateur team in Sweden) 4–0. On May 17, 1960, Birmingham City of England played Third Lanark of Scotland and lost 4–1 at the Polo Grounds in New York City. On August 6 of the same year, 25,440 patrons showed up at the Polo Grounds to watch the inaugural International Soccer League Final which saw Bangu of Brazil edge out Kilmarnock FC of Scotland 2–0. Bangu's six games on Polo Ground had a total attendance of 104,274. The following year, 1961, may have been the last year documented that soccer was played at the Polo Grounds. The second edition of the International Soccer League held most of its game at the Polo Grounds, with a few games held in Montreal. On July 16, 1961 Shamrock Rovers beat Red Star Belgrade 5–1, on August 9, Dukla Prague beat Everton 7–0, and four days later on August 13, Dukla Prague beat Everton again 2–0, thus winning the Dwight D. Eisenhower Trophy. The combined attendance for both games at the Polo Grounds was 31,627. In domestic league soccer, the Polo Grounds was the home to the New York Nationals of the American Soccer League in 1928.

Gaelic football
On September 14, 1947, the Polo Grounds hosted the final of the All-Ireland Senior Gaelic Football championship between Cavan and Kerry. It was decided that New York would host this match as a commemoration of the 1847 Irish famine which forced a large number of Irish people to emigrate to North America. This novel location for the game was chosen for the benefit of New York's large Irish immigrant population. It was the only time that the final has been played outside Ireland. Cavan emerged victorious in the game itself, fondly remembered for RTE commentator Michael O'Hehir's successful pleas to his station for the broadcast to be extended as the game had run late.

The last Gaelic game at the Polo Grounds was on June 1, 1958 when Cavan played New York.

Boxing
The Polo Grounds was the site of many famous boxing matches. These included the legendary 1923 heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and Luis Ángel Firpo, Harry Greb's defense of the middleweight championship title against reigning World Welterweight Champion Mickey Walker in July 1925, and Billy Conn's near-upset over heavyweight champion Joe Louis in June 1941. It was also the venue for the rematch between World Heavyweight Champion Ingemar Johansson and former champion Floyd Patterson on June 20, 1960. In what turned out to be the last major boxing match at the Polo Grounds, Patterson became the first heavyweight boxer to regain the championship over the Swedish-born Johansson, who almost one year to the day took the crown from Patterson at Yankee Stadium.

Motorsports
The Polo Grounds were the site of three different oval tracks. The first track, a ¼ mile dirt oval, was used for midget racing in 1940 and 1941. The second, a 1/5 mile board track, was used briefly in 1948. The final track, a ¼ mile paved oval, was used for stock car racing in 1958 and 1959, after the Giants moved to San Francisco.

Open-air concert

A performance of Verdi's Requiem took place at the Polo Grounds on June 4, 1916, presented by the National Open Air Festival Society. It was given by a chorus of 1,200 singers (chorus master, Arnaldo Conti), selected from among the leading choral societies of New York; and an augmented New York Philharmonic Orchestra of 120 players. The soloists were Maria Gay, Louise Homer (under the assumed name of 'Lucile Lawrence'), Giovanni Zenatello (Gay's partner) and Leon Rothier, and the performance was conducted by Louis Koemmenich.

Features for baseball

Center field

One of the oddest features at the Polo Grounds were the deep dimensions in straight away center field. The wall was so far away from home plate, at , that few players ever hit home runs over it. Before its 1923 reconstruction, only Babe Ruth ever reached the centerfield stands; after 1923 only five players would reach the distant centerfield bleachers. The entire  wall in dead center field was considered in play, as were the clubhouse windows on the in-play side of the wall. The ground rules of the Polo Grounds were set up so that if a ball went through an open window in the clubhouse, it was a ground rule double, rather than a home run. Since no ball ever reached that area in the life of the stadium, that rule was never tested.

In Game 1 of the 1954 World Series, Giants outfielder Willie Mays made a sensational catch of a fly ball hit by the Cleveland Indians' Vic Wertz into deep center field, a catch which, in the words of NBC television sports announcer Jack Brickhouse, "must have looked like an optical illusion to a lot of people", and which turned the tide of that Series in the Giants' favor.

On October 2, 1936, in Game 2 of the 1936 World Series, Yankees centerfielder Joe DiMaggio made a similar, though far less crucial, catch (his team being ahead 18–4) for the final out of the game. The Giants' Hank Leiber hit a long fly ball to deep center field that DiMaggio caught in the runway, perhaps 430–440 from the plate, and his momentum carried him partway up the clubhouse steps. He then stopped and turned around, as the crowd stood and acknowledged the departure of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was in attendance that day.

Babe Ruth hit many of his early signature blasts at the Polo Grounds, reaching the center field seats on several occasions. His longest blast at the grounds, over the right-center upper deck in 1921, was estimated at over 550 feet. He also hit several centerfield home runs at other ballparks which exceeded 500 feet. Had Ruth played regularly in the remodeled Polo Grounds, theoretically he would have been capable of hitting the clubhouse if conditions were right. Neither he nor anyone else ever did, but a few came close.

After the 1923 remodeling, only five players ever hit a home run into the center field stands:
 Schoolboy Rowe, while taking batting practice before a pre-season exhibition game on April 8, 1933.
 Luke Easter in a Negro leagues game on July 18, 1948.
 Joe Adcock on April 29, 1953.
 Hank Aaron and Lou Brock on consecutive days (June 17 and 18) in 1962.

Right field
The deep center field was complemented by the short right-field fence. Its foul pole was  from home, one of the shortest ever used in the major leagues. Since the early 20th century, home runs that just cleared a field's shortest fence had been known as "Chinese home runs", from a stereotype of Chinese immigrant workers as doing the bare minimum required for the low wages they received for menial labor. Within baseball, by the 1940s those home runs were largely associated with the short right-field fence at the Polo Grounds. The 511 career homers hit by Giants outfielder Mel Ott, whose physique and batting technique were not those associated with power hitting, have often been downplayed because a significant number were hit to right at home, a criticism he often responded to by asking why few other hitters in the league were making that hit if it were so easy.

Bobby Thomson's "Shot Heard 'Round the World" that won the 1951 National League pennant for the Giants was hit over the left field fence. But arguably the best-remembered home run hit to the right side was the walk-off three-run shot by Dusty Rhodes, batting for Monte Irvin in the 10th inning of Game 1 of the 1954 Series, after Mays' catch had kept the Giants tied. It just barely cleared the fence, above the outstretched glove of the leaping outfielder Dave Pope, leading Al López, manager of the heavily favored Indians, to attribute the Giants' stunning victory in the Series opener to the ballpark's unusual dimensions.

Bullpens
Both the home and visitors' bullpens resided on the outfield warning track, situated, respectively, in the right-center and left-center power alleys, each roughly 450 feet from home plate. Anyone seated on the bench was offered some measure of protection from the elements by what has been variously described as an awning, a canopy, or simply the top of the bullpen, as Pittsburgh sportswriter Les Biederman put it when, two years after the ballpark's demolition, he reminded readers that this had been the landing spot for Roberto Clemente's first major league home run.

John T. Brush Stairway

The only part of the Polo Grounds that still remains is the "John T. Brush Stairway", which runs down Coogan's Bluff from Edgecombe Avenue to Harlem River Driveway at about 158th Street. The stairway, named for John T. Brush—the then-recently deceased owner of the Giants—opened in 1913 and led to a ticket booth overlooking the stadium. The stairway reportedly offered a clear view of the stadium for fans who did not purchase tickets to a game. A marker on the stairway reads: "The John T. Brush Stairway Presented By The New York Giants."

Donations from the New York Giants, Jets, Yankees, Mets, San Francisco Giants, and Major League Baseball enabled a $950,000 restoration project that began in 2011. The restoration was scheduled to be completed in September 2012, but after numerous delays, the restored steps opened finally in early August 2014. The restored stairway is considered a city historic landmark.

Polo Grounds light poles
The light poles from the Polo Grounds remain in use at Phoenix Municipal Stadium, Arizona State University's baseball field in Phoenix, Arizona, built in 1964. When the stadium was built, Horace Stoneham, owner of the San Francisco Giants, had the original Polo Grounds light poles shipped there. The Giants held spring training at the stadium's predecessor since 1947 and played at the new ballpark during spring training in 1964. The poles were installed in the stadium where they currently remain standing.

Timeline and teams

 Polo Grounds I
 Gothams/Giants (National League), 1883–1888
 Metropolitans (American Association), 1880–1885
 Polo Grounds II (otherwise known as Manhattan Field)
 Giants (NL), 1889–1890
 Polo Grounds III (originally called Brotherhood Park, also known as Brush Stadium from 1911 to 1919)
 Giants (Players' League), 1890
 Giants (NL), 1891–1911
 Giants (NL), 1911–1957
 Yankees (American League), 1913–1922
 Giants (NFL), 1925–1955
 Bulldogs (NFL) 1949
 Titans/Jets (AFL), 1960–1963
 Mets (NL), 1962–1963

Statistics

Dimensions

Compiled from various photos, baseball annuals, The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball (Turkin & Thompson, 1951) and Green Cathedrals by Phil Lowry.

The disparities in some of the posted distances, notably straightaway center, have not been fully reconciled by researchers. The closest object in straight center field was the Grant Memorial, followed by the post supporting the overhang of the clubhouse (above which the 483 or 475 signs were posted), and a roll-up door several feet behind the overhang at ground level. The roof of the protruding part of the clubhouse sloped back and met the vertical wall of the larger part of the clubhouse. The exact objects referred to by the numbers 475, 483, and 505 can be speculated but remain unconfirmed.

Seating capacity

Gallery

See also

Polo Grounds Shuttle, an elevated railway shuttle to the grounds
Bushman Steps, a set of stairs descending to the grounds

References

Sources
 Benson, Michael. Ballparks of North America.
 Bergin, Thomas G. The Game: The Harvard-Yale Football Rivalry. Yale Press, 1984.
 Harper's Young People. "A Game of Base-Ball at the Polo Grounds, New York City, on Decoration Day — Yale vs. Princeton". Vol. III (1882), p. 524.
 Lowry, Philip J. Green Cathedrals.
 Thornley, Stew. Land of the Giants: New York's Polo Grounds.
 Ziegel, Vic (text), New York Daily News (photos), Guglberger, Claus (ed.) Summer in the City. pp. 8,71,126,184 provide good documentation of the distance-markers on the walls

Further reading
 Bracker, Milton (N.Y. Times News Service). "Mixed Feelings Attend Exit of Giants at Polo Grounds". Chattanooga Daily Times. September 30, 1957. p. 12

External links

Polo Grounds dynamic diagram at Clem's Baseball
Project Ballpark, Polo Grounds I
Project Ballpark, Polo Grounds II (covers second and third Polo Grounds)
Sanborn map, Manhattan Field and part of Polo Grounds, 1893
Sanborn map, part of Polo Grounds, 1893

American Football League venues
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Defunct college football venues
Defunct National Football League venues
Defunct Major League Baseball venues
Demolished sports venues in New York (state)
Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan
Former sports venues in New York City
Defunct sports venues in Manhattan
Columbia Lions football
Fordham Rams football
Manhattan Jaspers football
New York Giants stadiums
New York Giants (NL) stadiums
New York Jets stadiums
New York Mets stadiums
New York Yankees stadiums
NYU Violets football
1911 fires in the United States
Jewel Box parks
Defunct soccer venues in the United States
Defunct boxing venues in the United States
Polo in the United States
Players' League venues
American football venues in New York City
Baseball venues in New York City
Boxing venues in New York City
Defunct multi-purpose stadiums in the United States
Sports venues completed in 1890
Sports venues demolished in 1964
1963 disestablishments in New York (state)
1890 establishments in New York (state)
Upper Manhattan
Polo venues

Polo Grounds


Prospecting is the first stage of the geological analysis (followed by exploration) of a territory. It is the search for minerals, fossils, precious metals, or mineral specimens. It is also known as fossicking.

Traditionally prospecting relied on direct observation of mineralization in rock outcrops or in sediments. Modern prospecting also includes the use of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical tools to search for anomalies which can narrow the search area. Once an anomaly has been identified and interpreted to be a potential prospect direct observation can then be focused on this area.

In some areas a prospector must also make claims, meaning they must erect posts with the appropriate placards on all four corners of a desired land they wish to prospect and register this claim before they may take samples. In other areas publicly held lands are open to prospecting without staking a mining claim.

Historical methods

The traditional methods of prospecting involved combing through the countryside, often through creek beds and along ridgelines and hilltops, often on hands and knees looking for signs of mineralisation in the outcrop. In the case of gold, all streams in an area would be panned at the appropriate trap sites looking for a show of 'colour' or gold in the river trail.

Once a small occurrence or show was found, it was then necessary to intensively work the area with pick and shovel, and often via the addition of some simple machinery such as a sluice box, races and winnows, to work the loose soil and rock looking for the appropriate materials (in this case, gold). For most base metal shows, the rock would have been mined by hand and crushed on site, the ore separated from the gangue by hand.

Often, these shows were short-lived, exhausted and abandoned quite soon, requiring the prospector to move onwards to the next and hopefully bigger and better show. Occasionally, though, the prospector would strike it rich and be joined by other prospectors and larger-scale mining would take place. Although these are thought of as "old" prospecting methods, these techniques are still used today but usually coupled with more advanced techniques such as geophysical magnetic or gravity surveys.

In most countries in the 19th and early 20th century, it was very unlikely that a prospector would retire rich even if he was the one who found the greatest of lodes. For instance Patrick (Paddy) Hannan, who discovered the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie, died without receiving anywhere near a fraction of the value of the gold contained in the lodes. The same story repeated at Bendigo, Ballarat, Klondike and California.

The gold rushes

In the United States and Canada prospectors were lured by the promise of gold, silver, and other precious metals. They traveled across the mountains of the American West, carrying picks, shovels and gold pans. The majority of early prospectors had no training and relied mainly on luck to discover deposits.

Other gold rushes occurred in Papua New Guinea, Australia at least four times, Fiji, South Africa and South America. In all cases, the gold rush was sparked by idle prospecting for gold and minerals which, when the prospector was successful, generated 'gold fever' and saw a wave of prospectors comb the countryside.

Modern prospecting
Modern prospectors today rely on training, the study of geology, and prospecting technology.

Knowledge of previous prospecting in an area helps in determining location of new prospective areas. Prospecting includes geological mapping, rock assay analysis, and sometimes the intuition of the prospector.

Prospecting of minerals found in mobile fluids, as is often the case of lithium, adds a "temporal element" to be considered.

Metal detecting
Metal detectors are invaluable for gold prospectors, as they are quite effective at detecting gold nuggets within the soil down to around 1 metre (3 feet), depending on the acuity of the operator's hearing and skill.

Magnetic separators may be useful in separating the magnetic fraction of a heavy mineral sand from the nonmagnetic fraction, which may assist in the panning or sieving of gold from the soil or stream.

Prospecting pickaxe
Prospecting pickaxes are used to scrape at rocks and minerals, obtaining small samples that can be tested for trace amounts of ore. Modern prospecting pickaxes are also sometimes equipped with magnets, to aid in the gathering of ferromagnetic ores. Prospecting pickaxes are usually equipped with a triangular head, with a very sharp point.

Electromagnetic prospecting

The introduction of modern gravity and magnetic surveying methods has greatly facilitated the prospecting process. Airborne gravimeters and magnetometers can collect data from vast areas and highlight anomalous geologic features. Three-dimensional inversions of audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) is used to find conductive materials up to a few kilometres into the Earth, which has been helpful to locate kimberlite pipes, as well as tungsten and copper.

Another relatively new prospecting technique is using low frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves for 'sounding' into the Earth's crust. These low frequency waves will respond differently based on the material they pass through, allowing for analysts to create three-dimensional images of potential ore bodies or volcanic intrusions. This technique is used for a variety of prospecting, but can mainly be for finding conductive materials. So far these low frequency EM techniques have been proven for geothermal exploration as well as for coal bed methane analysis.

Geochemical prospecting
Geochemical prospecting involves analyzing the chemical properties of rock samples, drainage sediments, soils, surface and ground waters, mineral separates, atmospheric gases and particulates, and even plants and animals. Properties such as trace element abundances are analyzed systematically to locate anomalies.

See also

References

External links
Prospecting in Tasmania
Prospecting in Nova Scotia
Prospecting in Northwestern Ontario
Historical pictures of prospectors and the Gold Rush
Prospecting in the West
Prospecting in Indonesia

Economic geology
Gold rushes
Geological techniques
History of mining
Western (genre) staples and terminology

Prospecting


An Stipa kamelinii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kotukhov. An Stipa kamelinii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa kamelinii


Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon (人形 草紙 あやつり 左近) es un manga escrito por Masaru Miyazaki (bajo el alias de Sharaku Maro) e ilustrado por Takeshi Obata. La trama sigue a Sakon Tachibana, Un titiritero bunraku que resuelve misterios con Ukon, su títere.

El manga fue serializada en la revista de Shueisha Weekly Shonen Jump desde 1995 hasta 1996. Los capítulos fueron recogidos en cuatro volúmenes tankōbon. El manga fue adaptado en una serie anime de televisión por TMS Entertainment y transmitida por WOWOW del 8 de octubre de 1999 al 31 de marzo de 2000.

Argumento

Nacido en una familia Bunraku (teatro de marionetas japonesas), Sakon Tachibana  el nieto del famoso maestro de Bunraku, Zaemon Tachibana, es entrenado para convertirse en el maestro de marionetas Bunraku. De cara bonita, tímido de carácter, muy confiado y dependiente de su amigo títere Ukon.

Sin embargo con Ukon en su mano, Sakon se transforma inmediatamente de un chico tímido, a un detective cuidadoso, precavido, observador y calculador. Todo lo contrario que Ukon, quien es muy charlatán para hablar con las mujeres.

Esta extraña pareja puede adivinar los complots criminales así como las mentes de las víctimas. Como el abuelo de Sakon solía decir: "Controlar una marioneta es mostrar el corazón. Tienes que ponerte en la piel de quien quieres representar".

Juntos, Sakon y Ukon junto con la tía de Sakon Kaoruko Tachibana, una joven y bonita detective de policía viajarán por todo Japón, resolviendo misterios, asesinatos y crímenes horribles.

Enlaces externos

  Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon en TMS Entertainment (en japonés)
 Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon en WOWOW (en japonés)

Anime de 1999
Manga de 1995
TMS Entertainment

Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon


Planșa este un film românesc din 2013 regizat de Andrei Gheorghe. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Olimpia Melinte, Silvian Vâlcu, Marian Adochiței.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 372 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2013
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești
Filme cu acțiunea în România
Filme realizate în România
Gopo pentru tânără speranță
Premiul UCIN pentru muzică originală
Premiul UCIN pentru debut Opera Prima
Premii speciale UCIN

Planșa


Divizia 76 Rezervă a fost una din marile unități tactice ale Armatei Imperiale Germane, participantă la acțiunile militare de pe frontul român, în timpul Primului Război Mondial. În această perioadă, a fost comandată de generalul Hugo Elstermann von Elster.

În campania anului 1916 pe teritoriul României a luat parte la Lupta de la Porumbacu, Lupta de la Șinca și Bătălia din zona Bran-Câmpulung.

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu, Alexandru (lt.col.), Războiului României, 1916-1918, vol. I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, ''România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol. I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1936

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Unități militare germane pe frontul român în Primul Război Mondial

Divizia 76 Rezervă germană (1916-1918)


Der Fachverband Deutsch als Fremdsprache (FaDaF) wurde am 7. September 1989 gegründet. Er ist eine Interessenvertretung für DaF-Lernende, DaF-Lehrende und DaF-Institute. Sein Sitz ist in Bonn.

Geschichte
Der Verband wurde zwei Monate vor dem Mauerfall gegründet. Kontakt und Austausch mit Personen in der ehemaligen DDR, die im Bereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache tätig waren, wurden möglich, so dass sich neue Horizonte und Möglichkeiten eröffneten. Die Lernorganisation und DaF-Vermittlung waren dort weiter vorangeschritten, was sich zum Beispiel an den im Curriculum geregelten DaF-Kursen und Prüfungen für ausländische Studierende zeigte. Außerdem waren Lehre und Forschung schon enger verzahnt und die Vermittlung und Erforschung von Fachsprachen weiter fortgeschritten. Der Fachverband öffnete sich zur Zeit der Gründung auch für außeruniversitäre und kommerzielle Anbieter. Des Weiteren wurde er 1993 Mitglied des Internationalen Deutschlehrerverbandes (IDV). 1992/93 wurde eine permanente Geschäftsstelle in Münster eingerichtet, die sich mittlerweile an der Universität Göttingen befindet. Der Verband bestand zu Beginn der Gründung aus 150 Mitgliedern, im Jahr 2010 zählte er ca. 800 Mitglieder. Er war maßgebend an der Entwicklung der Deutschen Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang (DSH), der Erarbeitung des Handbuchs und der Prüfungssets für zentrale DSH-Prüfungen beteiligt.

Ziele und Aufgaben
Der Fachverband fördert das Erlernen der deutschen Sprache und den interkulturellen Austausch. Er kümmert sich um die Belange des Faches DaF und der darin tätigen Personen. Des Weiteren setzt er sich für die Aus- und Fortbildung von Lehrkräften ein und fördert wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs für Deutsch als Fremd- und Zweitsprache. Der Verband möchte ausländische Studierende und Wissenschaftler an deutschen Hochschulen sprachlich, sozial und fachlich integrieren. Ebenso fördert er die sprachliche, berufliche und soziale Integration von Migranten. Zu seinen Zielsetzungen gehört auch die Unterstützung der Auslandsgermanistik.

Die Aufgaben liegen sowohl im universitären als auch im außeruniversitären Bereich. Zu den weiteren Aufgabenbereichen gehören: der Austausch zwischen DaF-Institutionen auf Regionalebene, die Mitarbeit in Projekten im europäischen Rahmen und die Förderung von Forschung und Forschungsprojekten. Der Fachverband informiert über Forschungsprojekte in DaF, organisiert Drittmittel und initiiert neue Projekte. Regelmäßige Tagungen und Kongresse dienen dem Informationsaustausch und der Diskussion über fachdidaktische, fachwissenschaftliche und hochschulpolitische Positionen.
Im Zusammenhang mit dem Bologna-Prozess und der Umstrukturierung der Studiengänge in Bachelor- und Masterstudiengänge, nahm der FaDaF 2004 die  Diskussion zum Umstrukturierungsprozess im Fach DaF auf und begleitet diese wissenschaftlich. Anfang 2005 wurde das Forschungsprojekt "Studienstrukturreform und Kerncurricula in Deutsch als Fremdsprache" ins Leben gerufen. Ziel dieses Projektes war es, die aktuelle Lage und die Umstrukturierungspläne der Studiengänge in Europa aufzuarbeiten. Es wurde ein "Grundsatzpapier zur curricularen Basis der BA/MA-Studiengänge Deutsch als Fremdsprache" entwickelt. Der Verband ist Mitherausgeber der Fachzeitschrift Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache (Info DaF).

Die Ziele und Aufgaben des Fachverbandes sind in der Vereinssatzung vom 22. Mai 2008 festgehalten.

Organisation
Die Organe des Fachverbandes für Deutsch als Fremdsprache sind die Mitgliederversammlung, der Beirat und der Vorstand. Die Mitgliederversammlung trifft sich einmal im Jahr, zumeist zur Jahrestagung Deutsch als Fremdsprache, die vom FaDaF organisiert wird. Mitglied können alle ("juristischen und natürlichen") Personen werden, die Interesse an dem Fach Deutsch als Fremdsprache und an der Arbeit des Fachverbandes haben.
Die Vorstandsmitglieder übernehmen Tätigkeiten in universitären und außeruniversitären Institutionen, in denen der Bereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache vertreten ist. Zu den Aufgaben gehören u. a. die inhaltliche Programmplanung des Vereins und die Durchführung von Aufträgen der Mitgliederversammlung. Der Vorstand besteht aus sieben Mitgliedern, die für zwei Jahre von der Mitgliederversammlung gewählt werden. Die höchstens acht Mitglieder des Beirats beraten den Fachverband in wissenschaftlichen und institutionellen Fragen.

Literatur
 Vorderwülbecke, Klaus: In Bewegung bleiben oder: 20 Jahre FaDaF. In: Info DaF. Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Jg. 37, Nr. 5, 2010, S. 441–451 (PDF-Datei; 1,23 MB).
 Casper-Hehne, Hiltraud; Middeke, Annegret; Koreik, Uwe: Vorwort: Zur Neustrukturierung der Studiengänge Deutsch als Fremdsprache. In: Casper-Hehne, Hiltraud; Middeke, Annegret; Koreik, Uwe (Hrsg.): Die Neustrukturierung von Studiengängen "Deutsch als Fremdsprache". Probleme und Perspektiven. Fachtagung 17.-19. November 2005 an der Universität Hannover: Bachelor und Master in Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 978-3-938616-51-2, S. IV-X (Die Neustrukturierung von Studiengängen. "Deutsch als Fremdsprache". Probleme und Perspektiven. Fachtagung 17. - 19. November 2005 an der Universität Hannover: "Bachelor und Master in Deutsch als Fremdsprache.").

Weblinks
 Fachverband Deutsch als Fremdsprache

Einzelnachweise

Verein (Bonn)
Deutsch als Fremdsprache
Gegründet 1989

Fachverband Deutsch als Fremdsprache


Mutius Aloys Ottow, né le  à Kalisch et mort le  à Berlin, est un fonctionnaire et homme politique prussien, membre du Parlement de Francfort de 1848 à 1849.

Biographie
Ottow est né le  à Kalisch dans le duché de Varsovie. Après des études de droit à l'université de Breslau, où il est membre du , de 1828 à 1831, il entre dans l'administration judiciaire prussienne en 1831. Il est alors assesseur à la cour d'appel provinciale () de Breslau, puis de Frankenstein et Trebnitz en Silésie. Par la suite, il travaille au tribunal provincial et municipal () de Neumarkt comme assesseur budgétaire de 1843 à 1844 puis conseiller de 1844 à 1847. En 1847, il est muté à Labiau dans la province de Prusse où il exerce les fonctions de directeur du tribunal provincial et municipal et de conseiller judiciaire d'arrondissement ().

En 1848, il est élu député au Parlement de Francfort dans la  de la province de Prusse, représentant l'arrondissement de Labiau. Il prend ses fonctions le  et rejoint la fraction Casino (centre-droit). En , il vote pour l'élection du roi de Prusse  comme empereur des Allemands, avant de quitter l'assemblée le . Il est l'auteur de différents écrits politiques, littéraires ou historiques, dont  (« Les droits fondamentaux du peuple allemand avec les ébauches des lois et remarques sur les autres constitutions ») publié à Francfort-sur-le-Main en 1849.

En 1850, il est nommé directeur du tribunal d'arrondissement (), d'abord à Labiau puis, en 1851, à Landeshut et, en 1874, à Hirschberg en Silésie, où il entre plus tard au conseil municipal. En 1879, il reçoit le titre de conseiller privé de justice () et prend sa retraite. En parallèle, il est membre de la Chambre des représentants de Prusse à trois reprises de 1859 à 1866, de 1873 à 1879 et en 1882, siégeant successivement avec la fraction von Vincke (1859-1861), la droite (1862), l'association parlementaire libre (1863), le centre-gauche (1863-1866), les nationaux-libéraux (1873-1879) et l'Union libérale (1882). Il meurt le  à Berlin, à 74 ans.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

   (Hrsg.): Die Frankfurter Nationalversammlung 1848/49. Ein Handlexikon der Abgeordneten der deutschen verfassungsgebenden Reichs-Versammlung. Kelkheim 1989, S. 304–305, .

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1809
Naissance à Kalisz
Décès en mai 1884
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 74 ans
Fonctionnaire prussien
Membre du Parlement de Francfort
Député de la Chambre des représentants de Prusse

Mutius Aloys Ottow


Emil Forselius, eigentlich Lars Emil Jansson, (* 23. November 1974 in Västervik, Schweden; † 1. März 2010 im Södermalm, Stockholm) war ein schwedischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Forselius wuchs in der schwedischen Kleinstadt Tandsbyn, die zu der Östersund (Gemeinde) der schwedischen Provinz Jämtlands län gehört, auf und suchte in seiner Jugend eine Zeitlang die schwedische Antidrogenhilfsorganisation Hassela Solidaritet mehrmals auf bzw. wurde auch bei dem Projekt tätig.

Von 1998 bis 2002 studierte Forselius an der Theaterhochschule in Stockholm (Teaterhögskolan i Stockholm). In dem 1997 produzierten schwedischen Film Tic Tac hatte er sein Filmdebüt. Für seinen Auftritt als Lasse der Skinhead wurde er 1998 mit dem schwedischen Filmpreis  Guldbagge ausgezeichnet. Er trat 2007 auch am Värmland-Theater bei der Weltpremiere von "König Erik" (Kung Erik) auf, wo er die Rolle des Königs spielte. Seine letzte Rolle hatte er in Mankells-Wallander-Folge: Inkasso, die am 16. Juni 2010 in Schweden ihre Premiere hatte.

Forselius litt seit mehreren Jahren an schweren Depressionen und beging am 1. März 2010 Selbstmord.  Am 2. März 2010 wurde er von seiner Mutter tot in seiner Wohnung aufgefunden. Er hinterlässt seine Ehefrau und einen gemeinsamen Sohn.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1997: Tic Tac
 1998: Kommissar Beck – Die neuen Fälle (Beck: Vita nätter)
 1998: Der letzte Mord (Sista kontraktet)
 1998–1999: S:t Mikael (Fernsehserie)
 2000: Reißende Wasser (Järngänget)
 2000: Naked Again (Naken)
 2001: Deadline – Terror in Stockholm (Sprängaren)
 2005: Deadline Torp (Torp-Dramaet)
 2006: Hombres
 2006: Virus (Horrorfilm)
 2007: Himmelblå (TV)
 2010: Mankells Wallander: Inkasso (Wallander: Indrivaren)

Weblinks

 Emil Forselius Offizielle Website
 Svensk filmdatabas

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Guldbagge-Preisträger
Schwede
Geboren 1974
Gestorben 2010
Mann

Emil Forselius


Fannie Eleanor Williams ( - ), connue sous le nom d'Eleanor Williams, est une bactériologiste et sérologiste australienne. Elle a servi comme bactériologiste pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et a été la troisième scientifique et la première femme à travailler au Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research après sa création en 1915. Elle a dirigé un laboratoire d'étude des maladies infectieuses, et avait une expertise particulière en dysenterie, maladie hydatique et venin de serpent. Elle a cofondé la première banque du sang d'Australie.

Enfance et éducation
Fannie Eleanor Williams est née à Adélaïde, en Australie-Méridionale le . Elle était le deuxième enfant et la fille aînée de James Williams et de son épouse Helen DuBois. Williams a grandi à , près de , où son père était agriculteur.

Williams a suivi une formation d'infirmière à l' entre 1904 et 1907. Elle a été nommée sœur responsable du laboratoire Thomas Elder en 1907 et y a travaillé pendant deux ans en tant qu'assistante du pathologiste Dr Thomas Borthwick. En décembre 1909, Williams a occupé un poste d'infirmière inspectrice au sein du Conseil local de santé d' pour lequel elle a effectué des visites à domicile et testé des patients pour la diphtérie, la rougeole et d'autres maladies à déclaration obligatoire .

En 1911, Williams retourna travailler avec le Dr Borthwick en tant que préposé dans un nouveau laboratoire de recherche en pathologie à l'hôpital d'Adélaïde. Elle a été la première femme d'Australie-Méridionale à occuper un tel poste. Elle est restée dans ce rôle jusqu'à la fin de 1914.

Service durant la guerre

Après le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale en 1914, Eleanor Williams a été invitée par le Dr Trent Champion de Crespigny à le rejoindre en service actif avec la Première force impériale australienne. Les maladies infectieuses devenaient un problème important pour la campagne en Turquie et au Moyen-Orient, et l'armée voulait recruter des personnes ayant une formation en bactériologie et en laboratoire pour travailler sur le problème. En conséquence, Williams s'est enrôlé dans l' le  et s'est embarqué pour l'Égypte quinze jours plus tard sur le . À son arrivée, Williams a été affecté au 3e hôpital général australien sur l'île de Lemnos en Grèce. C'était l'un des hôpitaux qui recevaient des patients de la Campagne de Gallipoli.

Le dossier de Williams au Mémorial australien de la guerre indique qu'elle s'est enrôlée avec le grade d'infirmière du personnel le 20 juillet 1915 et a atteint le grade de sœur temporaire. Elle a servi en Égypte, à Lemnos, en Angleterre et en France, a été mentionnée deux fois dans les dépêches et a reçu la Croix rouge royale (2e classe).

Bien que Williams se soit enrôlée comme infirmière, elle a travaillé exclusivement dans le laboratoire en tant que bactériologiste, la seule Australienne à occuper un tel poste. Aux côtés du Dr , directeur de l'Institut Lister, elle a effectué des travaux novateurs sur la dysenterie, et s'est rapidement imposée comme une experte dans ce domaine. Elle a continué à travailler avec Martin tout au long de la guerre, sur diverses maladies infectieuses, notamment la méningite, les streptocoques, les staphylocoques, la gangrène gazeuse et la grippe épidémique.

Carrière scientifique
Après son rapatriement en 1919, Eleanor Williams a déménagé à Melbourne et a été nommée au poste de « deuxième assistante » au tout nouveau Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research par le directeur . Williams avait travaillé avec Patterson sur la grippe pendant la guerre. Elle était le troisième membre du personnel nommé à l'Institut et la première femme. Elle était également la seule chercheuse sans qualification médicale ou universitaire.

Au début des années 1920, l'Institut se concentrait sur les infections respiratoires et intestinales, et Williams travailla sur la pneumonie, la syphilis et la dysenterie, ainsi que sur le diagnostic sérologique des ténias hydatiques. À partir de 1923, elle travailla avec Charles Kellaway sur la sérologie du , puis sur la tuberculose.

Williams occupait un poste quelque part entre celui de chercheur scientifique, de technicien supérieur et de directeur général. Alors que son manque de qualifications académiques l'empêchait d'enseigner à l'Université de Melbourne, elle a créé et dirigé le laboratoire de microbiologie diagnostique de l'Institut et a assisté à des conférences internationales et nationales où elle a présenté des articles à part entière.

Au fur et à mesure que l'Institut se développait à la fin des années 1930, Williams a assumé la responsabilité de la formation et de la gestion des techniciens de recherche de l'Institut. La formation qu'elle a dispensée était extrêmement approfondie et couvrait des éléments aussi divers que les soins aux animaux, la préparation de milieux et de bouillons pour la culture bactérienne et le soufflage de verre. Elle a également formé de jeunes scientifiques aux techniques pratiques de bactériologie. Parmi ses stagiaires figurait Frank Macfarlane Burnet, qui la décrira plus tard comme « le centre de bon sens et de serviabilité autour duquel tournaient toutes les activités de l'Institut ».

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Williams a coordonné les efforts de guerre de l'Institut, en fournissant un soutien administratif et pratique au service de transfusion sanguine d'urgence, ainsi qu'en travaillant au laboratoire.

Elle a pris sa retraite en 1957 et a reçu un MBE pour son travail la même année.

Service de transfusion sanguine de la Croix-Rouge
Eleanor Williams a été étroitement impliquée dans le service de transfusion sanguine de la Croix-Rouge (aujourd'hui le ) depuis sa création en 1929 par la division victorienne de la Croix-Rouge australienne. Au cours de la première décennie du service, des tests de laboratoire ont été effectués à l'Institut de recherche médicale Walter et Eliza Hall, sous la supervision de Williams et de son collègue le Dr Ian Wood.

La capacité d'effectuer des transfusions sanguines était limitée par l'absence d'une banque du sang, qui permettrait de conserver le sang donné pour les besoins futurs. En 1938, à l'approche de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la décision a été prise d'établir une banque de sang au , et Williams et Wood se sont intéressés au développement de nouvelles techniques de stockage du sang et du plasma, ainsi qu'aux aspects logistiques de l'obtention et l'administration du sang. Le nouveau service de transfusion sanguine d'urgence a été fondé en mai 1939 par Williams et Wood, Williams gérant les aspects techniques et administratifs du service et Wood assurant l'approvisionnement en sang et sérum sur le terrain.

Une fois la guerre déclarée, l'équipe de Williams a immédiatement commencé à tester et à enregistrer les groupes sanguins de tous les soldats avant l'embarquement, afin que les transfusions sanguines puissent être effectuées plus efficacement sur le terrain. Au cours de la première année de la guerre seulement, son équipe, travaillant comme volontaires et en plus de son travail de laboratoire quotidien, a effectué des groupes sanguins pour  soldats de la deuxième force impériale australienne. À la fin de la guerre, l'équipe de Williams avait effectué des groupes sanguins pour près de  soldats et de nombreux donneurs de sang, le tout bénévolement.

Mort et héritage
Eleanor Williams est décédée le , à l'âge de 78 ans. Elle a été incinérée et ses cendres ont été dispersées au  . Elle a été reconnue par une nécrologie dans The Medical Journal of Australia, écrite par Frank Macfarlane Burnet et le Dr Ian Wood, qui parlait de ses « connaissances remarquables, de son sens de l'humour aiguisé et de sa ténacité ».

En 1964, dans le cadre des célébrations du jubilé d'or, le Service de transfusion sanguine de la Croix-Rouge a nommé ses nouveaux laboratoires F. Eleanor Williams Serological Research Laboratories en son honneur.

Références

Liens externes

Décès en juin 1963
Naissance en juillet 1884
Scientifique australienne
Femmes pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Ordre de l'Empire britannique
Décès à 78 ans

Eleanor Williams


Ekko af nogens stemme er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1969 med instruktion og manuskript af Søren Hansen.

Handling
Filmen forsøger med en lyrisk fortolkning af begreberne kærlighed og angst. De to begreber mødes som to personer, adskilt af et trådnet. Adskillelsen søges ophævet fra begge sider. Lyd og billede udtrykker en abstrakt stemningsoplevelse omkring de to begreber. I filmen eksperimenteres med polariserende farver.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1969

Ekko af nogens stemme


The September Six were six members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) who were excommunicated or disfellowshipped by the church in September 1993, allegedly for publishing scholarly work against or criticizing church doctrine or leadership. The term "September Six" was coined by The Salt Lake Tribune and was used in the media and subsequent discussion. The church's action was referred to by some as evidence of an anti-intellectual posture on the part of church leadership.

Six Individuals

Lynne Kanavel Whitesides
Lynne Kanavel Whitesides is a Mormon feminist and is noted for speaking on the Mother in Heaven. Whitesides was the first of the group to experience church discipline and was disfellowshipped September 14, 1993. Though technically still a member, Whitesides claims that she "exploded" out of the church and her marriage in 1993, and she now considers herself a practitioner of Native American philosophies.

Avraham Gileadi
Avraham Gileadi is a Hebrew scholar and literary analyst, who is considered theologically conservative. Following his 1981 Ph.D. in ancient studies from Brigham Young University, he published a new interpretive translation of the Book of Isaiah in 1988 and a study of its eschatological prophecies in 1991. Mormon scholars, including Hugh Nibley, Truman G. Madsen and Ellis Rasmussen, praised his work, but his argument that the Isaiah prophecies pointed to a human "Davidic king" who would emerge in the Last Days, apart from Jesus Christ, was controversial, and his second book was pulled from the shelves by its publisher, church-owned Deseret Book. The reasons for his excommunication on September 15 are unclear. According to Margaret Toscano (whose husband was among the September Six and who would also later be excommunicated), Gileadi's "books interpreting Mormon scripture challenged the exclusive right of leaders to define doctrine," but Gileadi himself disputes that characterization. The church (who? high council, someone else?) afterwards reversed its disciplinary action against him and expunged it from the church's records, which is now officially regarded (by who?) as having never happened. Gileadi is currently an active member of the church.

Paul Toscano
Paul Toscano is a Salt Lake City attorney who co-authored, with Margaret Merrill Toscano, a controversial book, Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology (1990), and in 1992, he co-founded The Mormon Alliance. He later wrote the book The Sanctity of Dissent (1994) and its sequel, The Sacrament of Doubt (2007).

He was excommunicated from the LDS Church on September 19, 1993. The reasons for his excommunication, as reportedly given by church leaders, were apostasy and false teaching. According to Toscano, the actual reason was insubordination in refusing to curb his sharp criticism of Church leaders' preference for legalism, ecclesiastical tyranny, white-washed Mormon history, and hierarchical authoritarianism, which privilege the image of the corporate church above its commitment to its members, to the teachings and the revelations of founder Joseph Smith, and to the gospel of Jesus Christ.

In 2007, Toscano wrote that he lost his faith "like losing your eyesight after an accident." He regrets that church leaders have disregarded his criticisms of what he considers the church's growing anti-intellectualism, homophobia, misogyny, and elitism.

Toscano's wife, Margaret, faced her own disciplinary council for her doctrinal and feminist views and was excommunicated on November 30, 2000. Some view her excommunication as constituting a "seventh" member of the September Six, as she was summoned in 1993, but ecclesiastical focus shifted to her husband. Margaret's discipline was delayed until 2000. Margaret later wrote "The Missing Rib: The Forgotten Place of Queens and Priestesses in the Establishment of Zion" as well as the tenth chapter of Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion (2004), edited by Ann Braude.

Maxine Hanks
Maxine Hanks is a Mormon feminist theologian, who compiled and edited the anthology Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism (1992). She was excommunicated on September 19, along with fellow contributor D. Michael Quinn. In February 2012, Hanks was rebaptized as a member of the church.

Lavina Fielding Anderson
Lavina Fielding Anderson was a Mormon feminist writer who edited the books Sisters in Spirit: Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective (1992) and Lucy's Book, an edition of the Lucy Mack Smith narrative. She was a former editor for the Ensign and served as editor for the Journal of Mormon History from 1991 to May 2009. She was excommunicated September 23 for apostasy, allegedly because of her article "The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership: A Contemporary Chronology" in Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. She also wrote chapter 9, "The Grammar of Inequity" in the book Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism (1992).

Anderson continued to attend LDS Church services as a non-member. She wrote on Mormon issues, including editing the multi-volume Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance, an ongoing collection of interviews with Mormons who believe they were unfairly disciplined by the church. After her husband's death in 2018, Anderson's bishop approached her about reinstatement, the first ecclesiastical leader in the twenty-four years since she was excommunicated to do so. The stake high council and regional council recommended to the First Presidency that she be reinstated, but on August 27, 2019, they received a denial without an explanation. Anderson continued to attend weekly church services and published in 2020 a collection of essays regarding inclusiveness and gender inequality in her book Mercy Without End: Toward a More Inclusive Church. She passed away on October 29, 2023.

D. Michael Quinn

D. Michael Quinn was a Mormon historian. Among other studies, he documented LDS Church-sanctioned polygamy from 1890 until 1904, after the 1890 Manifesto that officially abandoned the practice. He wrote chapter 17, "Mormon Women Have Had the Priesthood Since 1843" in the book Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism (1992). He was excommunicated September 26.

Quinn was summoned to a disciplinary council to answer charges of "conduct unbecoming a member of the Church and apostasy," including very sensitive and highly confidential' matters that were not related to Michael's historical writings." Anderson has suggested that the "allusion to Michael's sexual orientation, which Michael had not yet made public, was unmistakable."

Quinn afterwards published several critical studies of Mormon hierarchy, including his three-volume work of The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power, and The Mormon Hierarchy: Wealth and Corporate Power. He also authored the 1996 book Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example, which argues that homosexuality was common among early Mormons and was not seen as a serious sin or transgression. He also authored the 1987 book, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, which argues that early Mormon leaders were greatly influenced by folk magic and superstitious beliefs including stone looking, charms, and divining rods.

Despite his excommunication and critical writings, Quinn, who was after his excommunication openly gay, still considered himself to be a Latter-day Saint, which stance he continued to maintain until his death in 2021.

Church measures taken

Except for Whitesides, all of the September Six were excommunicated. Whitesides was disfellowshipped, a lesser sanction that does not formally expel one from church membership. To date, three of the September Six have retained or regained church membership: Avraham Gileadi and Maxine Hanks, who were rebaptized, and Lynne Whitesides, who remains a disfellowshipped member.

While the LDS Church sometimes announces that a prominent member has been excommunicated, the default policy is to refuse to publicly discuss details about the reasons for any excommunication, even if details of the proceedings are made public by that person. Other than the summons sent to each of the six (specifying that their behavior was "contrary to the laws and order of the church"), the church is silent on why a member was disciplined. Such disciplinary proceedings are typically undertaken locally, initiated by leaders at the ward or stake level, although at least one of the September Six suggested his excommunication was orchestrated by higher-ranking church leaders.

Procedures pertaining to the organization of these disciplinary councils are found in the church's scriptural Doctrine and Covenants section 102 as well as in its administrative handbook. During the time of the September Six, Handbook 1, which was only available to ecclesiastical leaders, was in use. In 2020, the church publicly published a revised handbook, General Handbook: Serving in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The 2020 Handbook changes some language and procedures regarding church discipline.

The LDS Church later excommunicated Janice Merrill Allred in 1995 and Margaret Merrill Toscano in 2000, both of whom had collaborated with several of the September Six and were also involved in disciplinary actions during 1993.

See also

 Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Jeremy Runnells
 John Dehlin
 Kate Kelly (feminist)
 Sonia Johnson
 Mormonism and history
 Ordain Women
 Strengthening Church Members Committee

Notes

References

 Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "The LDS intellectual community and church leadership: A contemporary chronology." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 26(1) [Spring 1993], 7-64.
 Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "Freedom of Conscience: A Personal Statement."  Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 26(4) [Winter 1993], 196–202.
 Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "The Church and Its Scholars: Ten Years After." Sunstone, 128 (July 2003), 13–19.

 Whitesides, Lynne Kanavel, Toscano, Paul James, Hanks, Maxine, Quinn, D. Michael, and Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "Spiritual Paths after September 1993," Sunstone, December 2003, 13–31.
 Waterman, Bryan and Kagel, Brian. The Lord's University: Freedom and Authority at BYU Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998, pp. 258–301.
 "Six intellectuals disciplined for apostasy." Sunstone, November 1993, 65–73.

Further reading

1993 in Christianity
1993 in the United States
Criticism of Mormonism
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saint terms
Mormonism-related controversies
People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1993 controversies
20th-century Mormonism
Mormon feminists

September Six


Volta ao Algarve 2016 var den 42. udgave af det portugisiske landevejscykelløb i Algarve. Løbet foregik i perioden 17. til 21. februar 2016. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2016 og var i kategorien 2.1.

Ryttere og hold

Danske ryttere
 Michael Valgren kørte for

Etaperne

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
UCI Europe Tour 2016

Volta ao Algarve 2016


The western reef heron (Egretta gularis), also called the western reef egret, is a medium-sized heron found in southern Europe, Africa and parts of Asia. It has a mainly coastal distribution and occurs in several plumage forms: a slaty-grey plumage in which it can only be confused with the rather uncommon dark morph of the Little egret (Egretta garzetta); a white form which can look very similar to the little egret although the bill tends to be paler and larger and the black form with white throat E. g. gularis of West Africa. There are also differences in size, structure and foraging behaviour. There have been suggestions that the species hybridizes with the Little Egret, and based on this, some authors treat schistacea and gularis as subspecies of Egretta garzetta. Works that consider the Western Reef Heron as a valid species include the nominate gularis and schistacea as subspecies.

Description

This bird has two plumage colour forms. There is an all-white morph and a dark grey morph; morphs can also occur with intermediate shades of grey which may be related to age or particoloured in grey and white. The white morph is similar in general appearance to the little egret, but has a larger yellower bill, extended yellow on thicker legs, and when foraging tends to be very active, sometimes also moving its wing or using it to shade the water surface. The grey morph has a whitish throat and is unlikely to be confused with any other species within the range of this egret with beak and legs similar to that of the white morph. During the breeding season the legs and facial skin are reddish. Breeding birds have two long feathers on the sides of the nape. The nominate subspecies gularis has a range from West Africa to Gabon, with some birds breeding in southern Europe. Subspecies schistacea (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828) breeds from the Persian Gulf along the coast of India to the east of the India Peninsula. The bill of gularis is more pointed while schistacea has the larger bill especially towards the base.  The form on the eastern coast of South Africa is usually separated as the dimorphic egret Egretta dimorpha. The dark and white morph is thought to be controlled by a single allele with the dark character being incompletely dominant over the gene for white.

Taxonomy and systematics

The species was first described as Ardea gularis from a specimen obtained in Senegal by the French naturalist Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc in 1792. The distinctive white throat (or gular region) in the dark morph gives it the species name. Later authors have treated it the genera Demiegretta (in which dimorphic egrets were once included), Herodias and Lepterodius until its current stable position in the genus Egretta. The distinctness of this species from Egretta garzetta has however been highly debated with some authors treating garzetta as a polytypic superspecies. There has been confusion related to what were thought to be dark little egrets and the possibility of hybrids. Dark morphs in little egrets are extremely rare and nearly all specimens of what were thought to be dark morphs have turned out to be western reef herons. In India some research claimed circumstantial evidence of interbreeding with little egrets, but the same researchers noted that the breeding seasons of the two species were different. Hybridization has also been claimed to occur in Morocco and Kenya (but this might refer to Egretta dimorpha). Christidis and Boles quote a report by McCracken and Sheldon (2002) that the nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b genes from a sampled little egret and a western reef heron were identical and use this as evidence for demotion. The sequences and the origins of the samples are not publicly available or verifiable. In the past the Indian form which was also described as Ardea asha by William Henry Sykes has been treated as a subspecies of the little egret as Egretta garzetta schistacea on the basis of presumed hybridization with Egretta gularis. The lores of breeding little egrets are blue while those of the reef heron are reddish although some individuals of schistacea show blue and this is thought to be due to hybridization. The dark coastal form of Madagascar, Aldabra, Comoro Islands, Seychelles and parts of East Africa (southern Kenya to Tanzania) was earlier treated as a subspecies (the mainland African form has sometimes been considered as schistacea) but is now raised to full species as the dimorphic egret (Egretta dimorpha).

Distribution and status

It occurs mainly on the coasts in tropical west Africa, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf (Iran) extending east to India. It also occurs in the Lakshadweep Islands and Sri Lanka where breeding was once recorded at Chilaw. The nominate subspecies breeds in west Africa from Mauritania to Gabon. Birds may also be found off the mainland such as in the Canary Islands.
Small numbers breed in Spain. Subspecies schistacea is found from the Red Sea coast east round the Indian coast. Breeding colonies are known from the east coast of India around Pulicat Lake. They occasionally occur further inland.

The western reef heron (nominate subspecies) occurs as a vagrant in North America, South America and the Caribbean islands. Based on the growing number of records it is suspected that they may establish breeding colonies in Brazil. Several records around 1980–90 in Germany, Austria and France have been attributed to birds that escaped from an animal dealer in Mittelfranken.

Behaviour and ecology

These birds stalk their prey in shallow water, often running or stirring the water with their feet or flicking their wings to disturb prey; they may also stand still and wait to ambush prey. They eat fish, crustaceans, and molluscs. In coastal areas, they regularly feed on mudskippers. Laboratory studies show them to be capable of making corrections for refractions but the probability of missing increases when they are forced to strike at prey at very acute angles to the water surface. Like other herons and egrets they have few vocalizations, making a low kwok or grating sounds when disturbed or near the nest.

The western reef heron's breeding habitat is coastal wetlands. In the Red Sea region the breeding season is from June to August. The nominate subspecies breeds in West Africa from late April to September. In India the breeding season is during the monsoon rains from April to August and end of May in the former breeding colony at Chilaw in Sri Lanka. Most of the breeding colonies in Gujarat in western India were on mangroves. They nest in colonies usually of their own species but sometimes with other egrets and smaller herons, usually on platforms of sticks placed in trees or shrubs. The male fetches sticks of the nest while the female places them to form the platform. The nest height varies from about 5 to 15 meters, but very low nesting (as low as 0.6 meters) has been observed in mangrove trees in salt pans. The usual clutch is three to four eggs which are light blue as in the little egret. Incubation begins when the first egg is laid resulting in chicks with size disparities. Both parents take turns to incubate and the eggs hatch after about 23 to 24 days. The chicks are white with grey dapples. Young birds sometimes die after falling off from the nest platform. Adults will shade the chicks during the hotter parts of the day. Predators of eggs include rats and young chicks may be taken by cats and crows. Adults usually guard the nest when eggs or young chicks are present. Adults feed the young by regurgitating semi-digested food at the nest. This diet includes mainly small fishes of the families Clupeidae, Gobiidae and Engraulidae. The young birds leave the nest after about a month.

Gallery

References

External links

 IUCN Heron specialist group (treated under Egretta garzetta)
 Sound recordings on Xeno-Canto

western reef heron
Birds of Africa
Birds of the Gulf of Guinea
Birds of the Middle East
Birds of India
Birds of Pakistan
western reef heron
Western reef heron

Western reef heron


Tapfuma Gutsa  es un escultor de Zimbabue, nacido el año 1956 en Harare.

Datos biográficos
Nacido en Harare, Gutsa estudió escultura con Cornelius Manguma en la Escuela de Misión Driefontein; después se convirtió en el primer receptor de Zimbabue de un premio del Consejo Británico . La beca le permitió estudiar en Londres desde 1982 hasta 1985, donde recibió un diploma en la escultura de la Escuela de la Ciudad y los gremios de Arte de Londres .

Gutsa es inusual entre los escultores de piedra de Zimbabue por la amplitud de los materiales que utiliza en su trabajo, sus esculturas incorporar metal, papel, madera y otros materiales extraños. Él es el primo de Dominic Benhura, que estudió con él, también ha sido un mentor para muchos artistas jóvenes como Fabian Madamombe.

Notas y referencias

 Enlaces externos

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Zimbabue
Escultores del siglo XX
Escultores del siglo XXI
Zimbabuenses del siglo XX

Tapfuma Gutsa


Gestalt terapisi; hümanist psikoloji ile varoluşçu psikoloji akımlarından etkilenmiş ve son otuz yıl içinde geliştirilmiş bir tedavi kuramı ve yaklaşımıdır. Fritz Perls bu terapinin kurucusu ve öncüsü sayılır. Gestalt psikolojisi, özellikle algı alanında ortaya çıkmıştır.
Dayandığı kuramsal temelin özü şöyle; bütün, parçalardan oluşur, ancak parçalar tek tek bütünü yansıtmazlar, belirlemezler. Tersine bu parçalar bütünün özelliğine göre belirlenirler. Perls'de organizmayı bir bütün olarak içinde bulunduğu çevre ile birlikte ele alarak bu tedavi yöntemini geliştirmiştir.

Gestalt, Almanca şekil, form (ing. shape, form) anlamına gelmektedir.

Psikoloji

Gestalt terapisi


Proba de snow-board, snow-board cross masculin de la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 de la Pyeongchang, Coreea de Sud a avut loc pe 15 februarie 2018 la Pheonix Snow Park.

Program
Orele sunt orele Coreei de Sud (ora României + 7 ore).

Rezultate calificări

Cursele pentru stabilirea capilor de serie

Cursele au început la orele 11:00.

Runda eliminatorie
Primii trei clasați din fiecare serie s-au calificat în runda următoare. În semifinale, primii trei clasați din fiecare semifinală s-au calificat în Finala Mare. Cei clasați pe locurile de la 4 la 6 clasați din fiecare semifinală s-au calificat pentru finala mică.

Optimi de finală

Seria 1

Seria 2

Seria 3

Seria 4

Seria 5

Seria 6

Seria 7

Seria 8

Sferturi de finală

Seria 1

Seria 2

Seria 3

Seria 4

Semifinale

Semifinala 1

Semifinala 2

Finalele
Finala mică

Finala mare

Referințe

Snow-board la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018

Snow-board la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 - Snow-board cross (masculin)


An Lipocarpha raynaleana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ethirajalu Govindarajalu. An Lipocarpha raynaleana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lipocarpha, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lipocarpha

Lipocarpha raynaleana


الشيخ عبد القادر العاني وهو الفقيه عبد القادر بن عبد الله بن خلف العاني الحسينيّ الشافعيّ. ولد في مدينة هيت عام 1945م، قرب عنة في غرب العراق، وتعلم القرآن الكريم وتخرج من المدرسة الابتدائية في هيت عام 1962م.

التحق بالمدرسة الآصفية في الفلوجة وتتلمذ عند الشيخ العلامة عبد العزيز سالم السامرائي ودرس قسما من العلوم العربية والإسلامية، ثم انتقل إلى مدرسة منورة خاتون في الرمادي عام 1965م، ودرس عند الشيخ عبد الملك السعدي، وفي عام 1967م انتقل إلى مدرسة الحضرة القادرية في بغداد، ودرس عند الشيخ عبد الكريم محمد المدرس، كما درس عند غيره من العلماء من أمثال عبد الكريم الدبان وعبد العزيز البدري.

ورحل الشيخ مع والده إلى حلب في الخمسينيات والتقى بالشيخ محمد بن أحمد النبهان الحلبي فتعلم على يديه وأخذ عنه طريقة التصوف. وتعلّم من علماء حلب، فاجتمع لديه علم أهل العراق والشام.

وفي عام 1972م، التحق بكلية الإمام الأعظم للدراسات الإسلامية، وتخرج عام 1976م.

بعد تخرجه عين خطيبا في 13 نيسان 1969م، في جامع الكبيسي في بغداد ثم نقل إلى جامع ام الطبول بتاريخ 1 نيسان 1973م. ثم سافر إلى مصر وأكمل دراسته في جامعة الأزهر.

وعاد إلى العراق ومكث فيها سنين، ثمّ سافر إلى الكويت، فكان كالغيث حيثما حلّ نفع، فساهم في مشروع الموسوعة الكويتية مساهمات فعّآلة رائدة، وحقّق عددا من كتب التراث الإسلامي، وساهم في تأسيس كثير من المشاريع الإسلامية والدينيّة في الكويت.

من أهم أعماله مشاركته في الموسوعة الكويتية الفقهية، بالإضافة إلى تحقيق كتاب البحر المحيط لابن بهادر الزركشيّ، ورسالته للدكتوراه العوض في المتلفات الماليّة.

ثمّ عاد إلى العراق بعد غزو الكويت، عام 1990، فابتدأ في العمل في جامعة صدّام للعلوم الإسلاميّة (الجامعة العراقية حاليا)، فكان يحب تلاميذه ويعقد لهم مجالس للعلم في بيته إضافة إلى ما كان يقدمه للطلاّب في الجامعة، وهناك أشار عليه بعض تلاميذه ممن حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه في الفقه، أن يواصل مسيرته العلمية للحصول على شهادة الدكتوراه، فتقدم لنيل شهادة الدكتوراه متأخرًا في عام 1997م تقريبًا، وكان عنوان رسالته (العوض في المتلفات الماليّة في الشريعة الإسلاميّة)، ولقد نالت رسالته مرتبة الشرف مع التوصية بالطبع وأقرّ مناقشوه يومها أنّهم أقلّ منه علميًّا ولكنّها الحياة الجامعيّة الأكاديميّة التي جعلتهم يناقشون رسالته.

محاولته إخماد الفتنة الطائفيّة في العراق
استمرّ في التعليم في جامعات العراق، للدراسات الأوليّة والعليا، وبقي مرابطًا على أرضه حتى الغزو الأمريكي للعراق 2003، وبعد أن كثر في العراق الخونة، وبدأت الفتنة الطائفيّة في المجتمع العراقيّ، فبادر بترتيب لقاءات تكبح جماحها، وكان من تلك اللقاءات لقاؤه المشهود مع أحد كبار علماء الشيعة وهو ما يُسمّى بآية الله العظمى حسين إسماعيل الصدر، حيث وصل الشيخ إلى منزل حسين الصدر الذي تفرض عليه حراسة مشددة، ثمّ عاد إلى منزله في أعقاب سوء تفاهم مع حارس طلب تفتيش سيارته. وكان هناك ثلاثة أعضاء من مجلس الحكم العراقي المُعيّن من قبل قوات التحالف في العراق، ورجل دينٍ بريطانيّ (أندرو وايت) بانتظار وصوله.

وبعد أن علم المنتظرون أنّه غادر فجأة سارعوا لمحاولة إنقاذ الموقف. فسألوا على عجلٍ عن الطريق إلى منزله وأسرعوا في قافلةٍ عبر بغداد للعثور عليه. فوافق الشيخ درءًا للفتنة على العودة لمقابلة (حسين الصدر).

مهمّاته ومناصبه
رأس بعثة الحجّ العراقيّة الرسميّة أيّام الرئيس العراقيّ السابق صدام حسين، وشارك في أعمال وزارة الأوقاف بعدّة مناصب رسميّة، ولكنّه كان يُشارك أكثر بصفة شعبيّة ووديّة.

كما عمل مستشارًا في منظّمة المؤتمر الإسلاميّ الشعبيّ لسنوات طوال.

وسافر إلى حضرموت من اليمن، ودرّس في جامعة الأحقاف، في كلية الشريعة، ومكث سنتين، 1418-1419هـ.

كما عمل أمينًا عامًّا لمجلس الإفتاء العراقي، من حين تأسيسه عام 2004 إلى حين انتقاله.

أسّس مع مجموعة من علماء العراق جمعيّة علماء ومثقّفي العراق بعد الاحتلال عام 2005م.

هاجر من العراق بعد أن آذاه الاحتلال وأذنابه، فتعرّض لعدّة محاولات اغتيال أصيب خلالها منزله بالهدم، ونجّاه الله،

ثمّ تردّد بين سوريّا وعمّان حتّى حصل الإقامة في عمّان مرابطًا فيها، ناشرًا لعلم اكتنزه في صدره فامتلأت به جنباته.

استقر عبد القادر العاني في الأردن عام 2006م، وكانت أوقاته في الأردن مليئة بالإفادة، فدرس في العقيدة والفقه والأصول، والمطولات في هذه العلوم وتزاحمت عليه الطلبة. وكان في آخر أيّامه أستاذًا في الدراسات العليا في الجامعة الإسلاميّة العالمية في الأردنّ.

وهو من علماء العراق في العلوم العقليّة والشرعيّة.

مؤهلاته العلميّة
 بكالوريوس في العلوم الإسلامية- كلية الإمام الأعظم - بغداد - عام 1976م - بتقدير ممتاز.
 ماجستير في الفقه المقارن- كلية الشريعة والقانون - جامعة الأزهر - القاهرة - عام 1982م - بتقدير ممتاز.
 دكتوراه في العلوم الإسلامية- كلية العلوم الإسلامية - جامعة بغداد - عام 1996م - بتقدير ممتاز مع التوصية بطبع الرسالة وتبادلها بين الجامعات.
 اجازات علمية متعددة من بعض مشايخ العراق.
 متخصص في الفقه المقارن، ومرتبته العلمية مدرس (أستاذ مساعد) منذ عام 1996م.

أبرز الكتب والأبحاث
 تحقيق كتاب خبايا الزوايا للإمام الزركشي.
 اشترك في تحرير الجزأين الأول والثاني من كتاب البحر المحيط في أصول الفقه للإمام الزركشي، والذي طبعته وزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية في الكويت.
 العوض في المتلفات المالية في الفقه الإسلامي رسالة دكتوراه.
 كتب للموسوعة الفقهية في الكويت بحوثاً عدة منها:

1.بحث (توسل).
2.بحث (تيمم).
3.بحث (تعدي).
4.بحث (تعويض).
5.بنية المسلم الأخلاقية.
6.مسائل في فقه المرأة.
7.أدب الحوار وقواعده.
8.العلم الشرعي وأقسامه.
9.أحكام الأسير في الإسلام.
10.حقوق الوالدين وذوي الأرحام.
11.آداب العالم والمتعلم.
12.حقوق المسلم.
13.المفتي والمستفتي.

أخلاقه
كان دمث الأخلاق، مربيًّا فريد الطريقة والأسلوب، تأثّر بخلقه الحسن كلّ من رآه، يتواضع للفقير أكثر من الغنيّ، كان زاهدًا في الدنيا، إن وصلت إلى يده لم تدخل قلبه، كثير التواصل مع زملائه العلماء وأبنائه من طلبة العلم، يرى نفسه خادمًا لهم، كان يُكثر من الإطّلاع، ولم يكن يعتذر لأحدٍ من زوّاره على كثرتهم، كريمًا مع أبنائه وإخوانه وطلاّب العلم، لا يبخل عليهم بوقتٍ ولا مالٍ ولا مراجع علميّة ولا استشارات أكاديميّة، مقبولا لدى الخاصة والعامة، لا يرد طالبا، محبا للعلم وأهله، ومحبا لأهل الله الصوفية، ومبجلا لآل بيت رسول الله.

وفاته
توفي عبد القادر العاني في عمّان ضحى يوم السبت 5 ذي القعدة 1430هـ/ 24 أكتوبر 2009.

المصادر

أشخاص من عانة
أشخاص من محافظة الأنبار
خريجو جامعة الأزهر
صوفيون عراقيون
علماء دين سنة عراقيون
كتاب وكاتبات عراقيون
مواليد 1945
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
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عبد القادر العاني


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An Hypolytrum leptocalamum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni M.Alves ngan William Wayt Thomas. An Hypolytrum leptocalamum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypolytrum, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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