Ioulia Lapoutina (en ), née le  à Kiev (RSS d'Ukraine, URSS), est une femme d'État et militaire ukrainienne.

Biographie
Elle est major-générale du Service de sécurité d'Ukraine et a servi dans la Guerre du Donbass et dans l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Après la création du Groupe Alpha (Ukraine) elle y fut intégrée en tant qu'officière supérieure. De 2012 à 2014 elle fut chef-adjointe du Groupe Alpha, elle a une formation de tireuse d'élite.

Carrière politique

Elle est ministre du Gouvernement Chmyhal et membre du Conseil de défense et de sécurité nationale d'Ukraine.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en RSS d'Ukraine
Naissance à Kiev
Ministre ukrainienne
Membre d'un service de renseignement ukrainien
Général ukrainien du XXIe siècle
Militaire ukrainien de la guerre russo-ukrainienne

Ioulia Lapoutina


Der Grauende Spei-Täubling oder Graustiel-Spei-Täubling (Russula grisescens, Syn.: R. emetica var. grisescens) ist ein Pilz aus der Familie der Täublingsverwandten. Es ist ein kleiner bis mittelgroßer, rothütiger Täubling mit weißlichen Lamellen und einem rein weißen Sporenpulver. Sein Stiel ist weich bis schwammig und wird im Alter grau. Der seltene, scharf schmeckende Pilz bevorzugt feuchte Standorte wie Hochmoore und Moorwälder. Die Fruchtkörper wachsen oft inmitten von Torfmoos und erscheinen meist im Sommer.

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale
Der Hut ist (3–) 4–7 (–8) cm breit, jung halbkugelig, später gewölbt bis abgeflacht und in der Mitte niedergedrückt. Die Hutoberfläche ist glatt und im trockenen Zustand matt und bei Feuchtigkeit schmierig und glänzend. Der Hut ist lebhaft rot, wobei der Rand etwas heller karminrosa gefärbt ist. Im Alter kann die Mitte leicht ausblassen und bekommt dann einen leicht purpurnen oder gräulichen Schimmer oder wird schmutzig cremeocker wie beim Verblassenden Täubling (R. exalbicans). Der Hutrand ist schwach höckerig gerieft bis gerippt und die Huthaut lässt sich über zwei Drittel weit abziehen. Das Hutfleisch darunter ist weiß.

Die jung weißen und später hell cremefarbenen Lamellen sind schmal angewachsen und nur selten gegabelt. Bisweilen haben sie auch einen leicht gräulichen Schimmer. Die Lamellenschneiden sind glatt und das Sporenpulver ist rein weiß (Ia nach Romagnesi).

Der schwach keulige Stiel ist 4–6 (–8) cm lang und 1–1,3 cm breit. Er wird schon bald weich und schwammig und ist später mehr oder weniger hohl. Die Stielrinde ist fein geadert und jung weiß, im Laufe der Entwicklung neigt der Stiel zum Grauen, wobei zuerst die Adern grauen und später der ganze Stiel.

Das Fleisch ist weiß, riecht schwach fruchtig oder nach Kokosnuss und schmeckt scharf. Mit FeSO4 verfärbt sich das Fleisch rosa und mit Guajak hellgrün. Mit Phenol reagiert das Fleisch rosa.

Mikroskopische Merkmale
Die rundlichen bis breitelliptischen Sporen sind 7–8,5 (9) µm lang und 6–7,5 µm lang. Der Q-Wert (Quotient aus Sporenlänge und -breite) ist 1,1–1,2. Das Sporenornament besteht aus halbkreisförmig 0,3–0,8 µm hohen Warzen, die sehr unregelmäßig netzig durch dünne Linien und dicke Grate miteinander verbunden sind.

Die keuligen Basidien sind 32–45 µm lang und 11–13 µm und viersporig. Die Cheilozystiden auf den Lamellenschneiden messen 50–75 x 10–11 µm und sind spindelig und an der Spitze ausgestülpt oder tragen ein kleines Anhängsel. Die 60–90 µm langen und 10–13 µm breiten Pleurozystiden auf den Lamellenflächen sind ähnlich geformt. Alle Zystiden sind zahlreich und färben sich in Sulfobenzaldehyd schwach grauschwarz an.

Die Huthaut (Hutdeckschicht) besteht aus zylindrischen, teilweise welligen und verzweigten 2–4 µm breiten, septierten Haaren. Die Hyphenwände sind gelatinisiert. Zwischen den haarförmigen Hyphenzellen liegen zahlreiche zylindrische bis keulige und 4,5–8,5 µm breite Pileozystiden, die ein- bis zweifach septiert sind. Mit Sulfobenzaldehyd färben sie sich grauschwarz an.

Artabgrenzung
Sehr ähnlich ist der Wässriger Moor-Täubling (R. aquosa), der an vergleichbaren Standorten vorkommt und häufig auch ein Begleitpilz des Grauenden Spei-Täublings ist. Er hat ein ähnliches Erscheinungsbild und hat ebenfalls rein weißes Sporenpulver. Sein Hut ist aber mehr weinrot und hat ein dunkles Zentrum und außerdem schmeckt er praktisch mild. Einen ähnlich großen und fast gleichfarbigen Hut hat der Kiefern-Spei-Täubling (R. silvestris). Er schmeckt sehr scharf und hat einen weißen Stiel, welcher jedoch im Laufe der Entwicklung keine grauende, sondern eine gilbende Tendenz zeigt. Außerdem wächst er bevorzugt an trockeneren Standorten bei Kiefern. Mikroskopisch unterscheidet er sich durch seine größeren Sporen. Auch der Kirschrote Spei-Täubling (R. emetica var. emetica) kann an den gleichen Standorten vorkommen, er schmeckt deutlich brennend scharf und hat ebenfalls keinen grauenden Stiel. Zudem unterscheidet er sich dadurch, dass seine Sporen deutlich kräftigere und höhere Warzen (> 0,8 µm) haben.

Ökologie und Verbreitung
Der Grauende Spei-Täubling ist wie alle Täublinge ein Mykorrhizapilz. Seine wichtigsten Wirtsbäume sind Fichten und Birken. Wahrscheinlich kann er auch mit Kiefern und laut Bon auch mit Weiden eine Partnerschaft eingehen. Man findet den Täubling häufig an feuchten Standorten wie Mooren und an Moorrändern. Er wurde aber auch in feuchten Fichten-Bergwäldern gefunden. Der Pilz mag saure, feuchte und basen- sowie nährstoffarme Böden. Die Art hat ähnliche Ansprüche wie der Birken-Spei-Täubling oder der Kirschrote Spei-Täubling, weshalb man die Arten häufig auch zusammen finden kann. Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen von Sommer bis Herbst meist im Bergland, häufig inmitten von Torfmoospolstern.

Der Grauende Spei-Täubling ist eine europäische Täublingsart, die besonders in Ost-Frankreich (Vogesen) häufiger ist. Auch in Estland wurde der Täubling nachgewiesen. In Deutschland ist der Täubling selten und kommt wohl nur in Bayern und Baden-Württemberg vor. Hier findet man ihn vorwiegend in den Alpen, dem Alpenvorland und im Schwarzwald. In den Alpen soll er der häufigste Spei-Täubling sein. In der Schweiz ist der Grauende Spei-Täubling verbreitet, aber nicht häufig. Außerdem kommt Täubling in Norwegen, Schweden und Finnland vor.

Systematik
Die Art wurde zuerst von Bon und Gaugué (1975) als Russula emetica var. grisescens beschrieben. 1984 stuft Marti ihn zur Art Russula grisescens herauf. Häufig findet man auch in der Literatur die unkorrekte Schreibweise R. griseascens. Als Synonyme gelten die von Hornicek 1958 beschriebene Russula hydrophila und die von Romagnesi 1985 beschriebene Russula sphagnetorum.

Infragenerische Systematik
Der Grauende Spei-Täubling wird von Bon in die Untersektion Emeticinae (Syn.: Untersektion Russula) gestellt. Die Untersektion enthält kleinere bis mittelgroße, zerbrechliche Arten mit roten oder rosa Hüten und weißem Sporenpulver, die sehr scharf schmecken. Allerdings sprechen der stark grauende Stiel, der wenig scharfe Geschmack und die Mikromerkmale eher für eine Platzierung in der Untersektion Atropurpurinae. Wegen der rein roten Hutfarbe ohne Purpurtöne und der damit verbundenen Ähnlichkeit zur Artengruppe-Emetica hat Bon den Täubling aber in die Untersektion Emeticinae gestellt. Der Täubling ist wohl am nächsten mit dem Wässrigen Moor-Täubling verwandt.

Bedeutung
Als scharf schmeckender gilt der Täubling als ungenießbar.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Täublinge
Ungenießbarer Pilz

Grauender Spei-Täubling


أماكساديس (Αμαξάδες) هي مدينة في رودوبي في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 978   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

أماكساديس


Robert Joseph Dole (22. júlí 1923 – 5. desember 2021) var bandarískur stjórnmálamaður og lögmaður sem sat á öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings fyrir Kansas frá 1969 til 1996. Hann var leiðtogi þingflokks Repúblikanaflokksins á öldungadeildinni síðustu ellefu ár sín á þingi og var leiðtogi þingmeirihlutans í alls þrjú ár. Áður hafði hann setið á fulltrúadeild Bandaríkjaþings frá 1961 til 1969. Dole var frambjóðandi Repúblikana í forsetakosningunum 1996 en tapaði þar fyrir Bill Clinton og Al Gore. Áður hafði Dole verið varaforsetaefni í forsetaframboði Geralds Ford í kosningunum 1976, en þar töpuðu þeir Ford gegn Jimmy Carter og Walter Mondale. Dole er eini frambjóðandi annars stóru stjórnmálaflokkanna í Bandaríkjunum sem hefur tapað kjöri bæði í embætti forseta og varaforseta.

Æviágrip
Bob Dole fæddist þann 22. júlí árið 1923 í Kansas og var elstur fjögurra systkina. Móðurætt hans hafði búið í fylkinu allt frá tímum villta vestursins. Faðir hans vann við rjóma- og eggjasölu og fjölskyldan taldist til millistéttarinnar. Að loknu menntaskólanámi gekk Dole í tvö ár í Háskólann í Kansas en þegar Bandaríkin gengu inn í seinni heimsstyrjöldina árið 1941 gerði hann hlé á námi og skráði sig til þjónustu í bandaríska hernum ásamt vini sínum, Bud Smith. Smith varð flugmaður á Kyrrahafsvígstöðvunum en var skotinn niður af japönskum flugmönnum. Undir lok stríðsins tók Dole þátt í árás á þýskt vélbyssuhreiður í Pódalnum á Ítalíu þar sem handsprengja sprakk við hliðina á honum og reif af honum hluta axlarinnar. Dole lifði af en var lamaður á hægri handlegg það sem eftir var. Dole lá í rúm þrjú ár á sjúkrahúsi vegna meiðslanna.

Eftir að Dole náði sér eftir meiðslin úr stríðinu fór hann fljótt að klífa upp metorðastigann í stjórnmálum. Hann lauk lögfræðiprófi árið 1952 og varð síðan saksóknari í heimabæ sínum. Árið 1960 bauð Dole sig fram á fulltrúadeild Bandaríkjaþings fyrir Repúblikanaflokkinn í Kansas og náði kjöri. Dole var á þessum tíma áhugasamur um landbúnaðarmál og sífellt í leit að stuðningsmönnum fyrir stefnu sinni í þeim málum. Á tíma sínum á fulltrúadeildinni kynntist Dole Gerald Ford og átti þátt í því að fá Ford kjörinn leiðtoga þingflokks Repúblikana á þinginu.

Dole var kjörinn öldungadeildarþingmaður fyrir Kansas árið 1968. Árið 1971 skipaði Richard Nixon Bandaríkjaforseti Dole formann landsnefndar Repúblikanaflokksins. Eftir að Nixon náði endurkjöri árið 1972 skipti hann Dole hins vegar út fyrir George Bush, sem þótti hafa blíðari ásýnd. Dole varði Nixon af hörku þegar Watergate-hneykslið var í hámæli en bað ekki álitshnekki fyrir málið þar sem sýnt var fram á að hann væri því með öllu ótengdur.

Gerald Ford, sem varð forseti eftir afsögn Nixons árið 1975, valdi Dole sem varaforsetaefni sitt í forsetakosningunum 1976. Gamall kunningskapur þeirra og svipaðar skoðanir réðu mestu um valið. Ford og Dole töpuðu kosningunum fyrir frambjóðendum Demókrataflokksins, Jimmy Carter og Walter Mondale, og Dole hélt því áfram störfum á öldungadeild þingsins.

Dole sóttist eftir tilnefningu Repúblikanaflokksins fyrir forsetakosningarnar 1980 en tapaði fyrir Ronald Reagan. Hann gaf aftur kost á sér í forvali flokksins fyrir forsetakosningarnar 1988 og náði í þetta sinn góðum árangri með því að vinna fyrstu forkosningarnar í Iowa. Dole þótti um skeið líklegastur til að vinna útnefningu flokksins en hann glataði tækifærinu sínu í reynd eftir að sitjandi varaforsetinn George Bush vann stórsigur í forkosningum á "þrumuþriðjudeginum" 8. mars.

Dole varð leiðtogi þingmeirihlutans á öldungadeildinni í janúar árið 1995 eftir að Repúblikanar unnu stórsigur með "Repúblikanabyltingunni" í þingkosningum árið áður. Dole varð þar með annar af leiðtogum stjórnarandstöðunnar gegn ríkisstjórn Demókratans Bills Clinton ásamt Newt Gingrich, forseta fulltrúadeildar þingsins. Miðað við Gingrich þótti Dole hófsamur og viljugri til að miðla málum með Demókrötum. Meðal annars féllst hann á að staðfesta GATT-samningana með nokkrum breytingum, en róttækari raddir innan flokksins höfðu viljað hafna samningunum alfarið. Á þessum tíma var flokkurinn farinn að færast æ lengra til hægri og stefna Dole, sem byggði öðru fremur á hófsemi, raunsæi og samningaviðleitni, gerði hann því nokkuð umdeildan innan flokksins.

Forsetakosningarnar 1996
Dole ákvað að sækjast á ný eftir útnefningu Repúblikanaflokksins fyrir forsetakosningarnar 1996. Að eigin sögn tók hann þá ákvörðun eftir að hann sótti fimmtíu ára minningarathöfn um innrásina í Normandí. Í þetta sinn vann Dole útnefningu flokksins og atti því kappi við Clinton forseta í kosningunum. Clinton hafði forskot á Dole í skoðanakönnunum mestalla kosningabaráttuna og gerði sitt besta til að spyrða honum saman við Gingrich. Margir kjósendur Repúblikana töldu Dole hins vegar skorta hugmyndafræðilega sýn eða boðskap. Auk þess var mikið gert úr aldri Dole, en hann var þarna orðinn 72 ára og hefði á þessum tíma orðið elsti maður til að ná kjöri á forsetastól Bandaríkjanna hefði hann unnið.

Dole tapaði forsetakosningunum að endingu fyrir Clinton með miklum mun. Ósigur Dole skýrðist meðal annars af góðu efnahagsástandi Bandaríkjanna á stjórnartíð Clintons, skorts Dole á sterkum boðskap og tilfinningu um að Dole væri fulltrúi liðinna tíma.

Einkahagir
Dole var tvíkvæntur. Hann kvæntist fyrri konu sinni, Phyllis Holden, árið 1948. Hún var sjúkraþjálfari sem hann hafði kynnst á meðan hann lá á sjúkrahúsi vegna meiðsla sinna í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni. Þau eignuðust eina dóttur en skildu árið 1972.

Dole kynntist seinni eiginkonu sinni, Elizabeth Hanford, á miðjum áttunda áratugnum. Líkt og Dole er hún stjórnmálamaður í Repúblikanaflokknum. Hún var samgönguráðherra á stjórnartíð Ronalds Reagan og atvinnumálaráðherra á stjórnartíð George H. W. Bush. Hún gaf kost á sér í forvali Repúblikana fyrir forsetakosningarnar 2000 og sat síðar á öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings fyrir Norður-Karólínu frá 2003 til 2009.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir fulltrúadeildarþingmenn
Bandarískir lögfræðingar
Bandarískir öldungadeildarþingmenn
Frambjóðendur til embættis forseta Bandaríkjanna 1980
Frambjóðendur til embættis forseta Bandaríkjanna 1988
Frambjóðendur til embættis forseta Bandaríkjanna 1996
Frambjóðendur til embættis varaforseta Bandaríkjanna
Repúblikanar

Bob Dole


Šest razdoblja svijeta (lat.: sex aetates mundi) ili sedam razdoblja svijeta (lat.: septem aetates mundi) kršćanska je  povijesna periodizacija koju je prvi put jasno definirao sveti Augustin oko 400. godine.

Podjela se temelji na nizu događaja u kršćanstvu, od kreacije Adama i Eve do događaja u Otkrivenju. U srednjem vijeku pa sve do doba prosvjetiteljstva jako je bilo rašireno vjerovanje da se povijest svijeta dijeli na ovih šest razdoblja (lat.: aetas. pl. aetates), svaki od kojih traje otprilike tisuću godina. Pisana povijesna dijela prije prosvjetiteljstva u pravilu su sadržavale neku inačicu ove podjele.

U ovoj podjeli postoji i sedmo razdoblje i kao što je sedmi dan u tjednu određen kao dan odmora, tako se i ovo sedmo razdoblje podudara s vječnim mirom nakon Posljednjeg suda i kraja vremena. Podjela se tradicionalno odnosi na šest razdoblja, stoga što su to po Augustinovoj shemi razdoblja svjetske povijesti, dok sedmo razdoblje ne spada u ovaj svijet, već po tumačenju Bede Časnog teče paralelno s ostalim razdobljima. Augustinska prezentacija namjerno se protivi hilijastičkim ili milenarističkim idejama da će sedmo razdoblje doći nakon šestog.

Šest doba
Prema augustinskoj formulaciji, šest razdoblja definirana su u poglavlju 22 De catechizandis rudibus ("O katehizaciji neupućenih"):

 Prvo doba "od početka ljudskog roda, što je od stvaranja Adama, prvog stvorenog čovjeka, do Noe, koji je izgradio arku u vrijeme Velikog potopa," tzv. antediluvialno razdoblje.
 Drugo doba "od Noe do Abrahama, kojeg nazivaju ocem svih naroda..."
 Treće doba "od Abrahama do Davida kralja."
 Četvrto doba "od Davida do Babilonskog ropstva kad su Božja djeca izgnana u Babilon."
 Peto doba "od seobe nakon Babilonskog ropstva do dolaska Gospodina Isusa Krista."
 Šesto doba: "započinje Njegovim dolaskom i još uvijek traje."

Razdoblja reflektiraju sedam dana postanka, od kojih je zadnji dan šabat, dan odmora, što reflektira uobičajenu kršćansku pripovijest o čovječjem putu ka vječnomu spokoju u Bogu.

Teorija
Premda je Augustin bio prvi koji je u potpunosti definirao sustav povijesne podjele na šest razdoblja, sama ideja nije bila nova i seže u starorimsku historiografiju i u genealogiju Novoga zavjeta.

Ideja da svako razdoblje traje tisuću godina temelji se na stihu iz Druge Petrove poslanice:

Ovaj je stih interpretiran tako da će ljudski rod proći kroz šest razdoblja, svaki u trajanju od 1000 godina (ili "dana"), a sedmorazdoblje je vječnost u kojoj će čovječanstvo živjeti u Raju.

Srednjovjekovni kršćanski učenjaci vjerovali su da je moguće odrediti čitavo vremensko razdoblje ljudske povijesti računanjem duljine života svake generacije od nastanka prvog čovjeka Adama do dolaska Isusa Krista na temelju doba zabilježenih u Bibliji. Dok je točna starost Zemlje bila predmetom mnogih rasprava u okvirima biblijske interpretacije, postojao je u glavnom konsenzus da čovjek živi u šestom razdoblju, u zadnjih tisuću godina i da bi se sedmo konačno razdoblje moglo desiti svakog časa. Svijet se doživljavao kao staro mjesto, budućnost bi trebala biti mnogo kraća od prošlosti i opća slika je bila ta da svijet umire.

Rani kršćanski učenjaci prije Augustina pokušali su izračunati nadnevak kraja svijeta prema židovskoj tradiciji iz Staroga zavjeta i odredili vrijeme kraja svijeta oko 500. godine. Hipolit Rimski je tvrdio da su mjere Zavjetnoga kovčega iznosile pet i pol lakata, što je označavalo pet i pol tisuća godina. Pošto je Isus bio rođen u "šestoj uri", ili na polovici dana (ili pet stotina godina od početka Vijeka), i budući da je po Otkrivenju već palo pet kraljevstva (pet tisuća godina), plus polovica Isusova dana (tijelo Isusovo zamjenilo je Kovčeg saveza), to je značilo da je već prošlo pet tisuća petsto godina u času Isusova rođenja i da će poslije dodatnih 500 godina nastupiti kraj svijeta.

U 3. stoljeću kršćani su prestali vjerovati da će kraj svijeta doći za njihovog života, što je bilo uobičajeno vjerovanje među ranim kršćanima.

Vidi još

 Antediluvijalan
 Bartholomew Holzhauser
 Dispenzacionalizam
 Ljudi pete monarhije
 Četiri carstva
 Židovska mitologija
 Nürnberške kronike
 Noini sinovi
 Ussher-Lightfootov kalendar

Izvori

Dodatna literatura

 Saint Augustine, On the Catechising of the Uninstructed, poglavlje 22: "Of the Six Ages of the World"
 Graeme Dunphy (2010). "Six Ages of the World". In Graeme Dunphy. Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. Leiden: Brill. str. 1367. – 1370. .

Kršćanska teologija
Eshatologija

Šest razdoblja svijeta


Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge (6 May 1912 – 26 March 1977) was the penultimate king of Burundi (or mwami) who ruled between 1915 and 1966. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father Mutaga IV Mbikije (reigned 1908–15). Born while Burundi was under German colonial rule, Mwambutsa's reign mostly coincided with Belgian colonial rule (1916–62). The Belgians retained the monarchs of both Rwanda and Burundi under the policy of indirect rule.

Early life and regency
Mwambutsa IV was born Prince Bangiricenge in  at Nyabiyogi, chiefdom of Buyenzi, Ruanda-Urundi. He was one of two sons of Mwami (king) Mutaga IV and Ngenzahayo. Like other Burundian kings, he was an ethnic Ganwa. He became king, taking the regnal name Mwambutsa, on 16 December 1915 when he was still an infant following the death of his father in a family dispute. Because of his age, a regency was declared. Several family members, including Queen Mother Ririkumutima, served as regent. At the time of his coronation, Burundi was part of German East Africa but was captured by Belgium in 1916 during the East African campaign in World War I. In 1925, a full regency council was established with Belgian approval.

Mwambutsa underwent a traditional Burundian education until he was about the age of 13. In 1925 the Belgians opened a primary school in Muramvya so he could attend it. Two years later a Roman Catholic mission was established in Bukeye with the goal of further educating the prince and one day converting him to Catholicism. Mwambutsa's performance in school was undistinguished and he never converted.

Colonial reign
Mwambutsa became a ruler in his own right on 28 August 1929, when the regency council declared he was of-age for the throne. On 24 December 1930 he married Thérèse Kanyonga, a Tutsi of the Abasine clan. He married her because she was Catholic.

Mwambutsa actively distanced himself from partisan politics, saying on 8 February 1960, "I do not belong to any political party...I do not authorize anyone and no party to claim exclusivity of my patronage or to discredit, in my name, any other party having as its goal the interest of the Barundi." In June 1962, shortly before Urundi's independence, he went on a tour of villages throughout the country to present a speech appealing to residents to commit to hard work and to respect law and order.

Post-independence rule and exile
Urundi became independent as the Kingdom of Burundi on 1 July 1962. Mwambutsa attended ceremonies in Bujumbura to mark the occasion, reviewing troops of the Burundian National Army (Armée Nationale Burundaise). He delivered a speech in which he asked Burundians and foreign technicians to "work together in a common effort to make this Burundi a peaceful, hard-working, prosperous, and perfectly happy country."

On 15 December Mwambutsa was made a member of the Order of Pope Pius IX. He met with Pope John XXIII at Vatican City the following day.

On the independence of Burundi, Mwambutsa IV became the head of state of Burundi with far reaching political power. In Rwanda, the monarchy had been overthrown between 1959–62. He attempted to balance ethnic tensions between ethnic Hutu and Tutsi subjects by choosing his prime ministers from each ethnic group alternately. In October 1965, Hutu officers attempted a coup d'état against the monarchy. Despite their failure to take power, Mwambutsa fled into exile in the Republic of the Congo, eventually moving to Switzerland. In March 1966 he designated his only surviving son Charles Ndizeye to exercise his powers in the country. Still in exile, Mwambutsa was officially deposed in a second coup d'état and brought his son to power as Ntare V on 8 July 1966. The monarchy was finally abolished altogether in a third coup in November 1966 and its leader, Michel Micombero, came to power as president and dictator. Mwambutsa spent the rest of his life in Switzerland where he died in 1977.

Exhumation
Mwambutsa's remains were exhumed from their burial site in Switzerland in 2012 with a view to repatriating them to Burundi for a state funeral. After a legal battle, however, the remains were re-interred in Switzerland in 2016 in accordance with his family's wishes.

References

Bibliography

External links

1912 births
1977 deaths
Burundian kings
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
Leaders ousted by a coup
Burundian expatriates in Switzerland
People from Muramvya Province

Mwambutsa IV of Burundi


An Neofinetia richardsiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eric Alston Christenson. An Neofinetia richardsiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neofinetia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neofinetia

Neofinetia richardsiana


Reading Football Club Women er kvindernes afdeling af den engelske fodboldklub Reading FC. Klubben spiller i FA WSL 1. Klubben spillede i FA Women's Premier League National Division, efter at den rykkede op fra FA Women's Premier League Southern Division, hvorfra de rykkede ned efter 2011–12 sæsonen. De fik en plads i FA WSL, da ligaen blev udvidet i 2014.

Aktuel trup

Meritter
 South West Combination Women's Football League:
 Vindere (1): 2007/08
 FA Women's Premier League Southern Division:
 Vindere (1): 2012/13
 FA WSL 2:
 Vindere (1): 2015

Stadion

Navn: Adams Park
By: High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
Adresse: Sands Industrial Estate, Hillbottom Road
Kapacitet: 9.617 tilskuere

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

FA Women's Super League
Kvindefodboldklubber i England

Reading F.C. Women


Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism. In animals, it is the movement of air from the lungs out of the airways, to the external environment during breathing.
This happens due to elastic properties of the lungs, as well as the internal intercostal muscles which lower the rib cage and decrease thoracic volume.  As the thoracic diaphragm relaxes during exhalation it causes the tissue it has depressed to rise superiorly and put pressure on the lungs to expel the air.  During forced exhalation, as when blowing out a candle, expiratory muscles including the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles generate abdominal and thoracic pressure, which forces air out of the lungs.

Exhaled air is 4% carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration during the production of energy, which is stored as ATP.  Exhalation has a complementary relationship to inhalation which together make up the respiratory cycle of a breath.

Exhalation and gas exchange

The main reason for exhalation is to rid the body of carbon dioxide, which is the waste product of gas exchange in humans.  Air is brought into the body through inhalation.  During this process air is taken in by the lungs.  Diffusion in the alveoli allows for the exchange of O2 into the pulmonary capillaries and the removal of CO2 and other gases from the pulmonary capillaries to be exhaled.  In order for the lungs to expel air the diaphragm relaxes, which pushes up on the lungs.  The air then flows through the trachea then through the larynx and pharynx to the nasal cavity and oral cavity where it is expelled out of the body. Exhalation takes longer than inhalation and it is believed to facilitate better exchange of gases.  Parts of the nervous system help to regulate respiration in humans. The exhaled air is not just carbon dioxide; it contains a mixture of other gases.  Human breath contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs).  These compounds consist of methanol, isoprene, acetone, ethanol and other alcohols.  The exhaled mixture also contains ketones, water and other hydrocarbons.

It is during exhalation that the olfaction contribution to flavor occurs in contrast to that of ordinary smell which occurs during the inhalation phase.

Spirometry

Spirometry is the measure of lung function.  The total lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV), and vital capacity (VC) are all values that can be tested using this method.  Spirometry is used to help detect, but not diagnose, respiratory issues like COPD, and asthma.  It is a simple and cost effective screening method. Further evaluation of a person's respiratory function can be done by assessing the minute ventilation, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume (FEV). These values differ in men and women because men tend to be larger than women.

TLC is the maximum amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation. In men the average TLC is 6000.78 ml, and in women it is 4200 ml. FRC is the amount of air left in the lungs after normal exhalation. Men leave about 2400 ml on average while women retain around 1800 ml.  RV is the amount of air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation.  The average RV in men is 1200 ml and women 1100 ml.  VC is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.  Men tend to average 4800 ml and women 3100 ml.

Smokers, and those with Asthma and COPD, have reduced airflow ability. People with asthma and COPD show decreases in exhaled air due to inflammation of the airways.  This inflammation causes narrowing of the airways which allows less air to be exhaled.  Numerous things cause inflammation; some examples are cigarette smoke and environmental interactions such as allergies, weather, and exercise.  In smokers the inability to exhale fully is due to the loss of elasticity in the lungs.  Smoke in the lungs causes them to harden and become less elastic, which prevents the lungs from expanding or shrinking as they normally would.

Dead space can be determined by two types of factors which are anatomical and physiological.  Some physiological factors are having non-perfuse but ventilated alveoli, such as a pulmonary embolism or smoking, excessive ventilation of the alveoli, brought on in relation to perfusion, in people with chronic obstructive lung disease, and "shunt dead space," which is a mistake between the left to right lung that moves the higher  concentrations in the venous blood into the arterial side.  The anatomical factors are the size of the airway, the valves, and tubing of the respiratory system.  Physiological dead space of the lungs can affect the amount of dead space as well with factors including smoking, and diseases. Dead space is a key factor for the lungs to work because of the differences in pressures, but it can also hinder the person.

One of the reasons we can breathe is because of the elasticity of the lungs.  The internal surface of the lungs on average in a non-emphysemic person is normally 63m2 and can hold about 5lts of air volume.  Both lungs together have the same amount of surface area as half of a tennis court.  Disease such as, emphysema, tuberculosis, can reduce the amount of surface area and elasticity of the lungs. Another big factor in the elasticity of the lungs is smoking because of the residue left behind in the lungs from the smoking.  The elasticity of the lungs can be trained to expand further.

Brain involvement

Brain control of exhalation can be broken down into voluntary control and involuntary control. During voluntary exhalation, air is held in the lungs and released at a fixed rate. Examples of voluntary expiration include: singing, speaking, exercising, playing an instrument, and voluntary hyperpnea. Involuntary breathing includes metabolic and behavioral breathing.

Voluntary expiration

The neurological pathway of voluntary exhalation is complex and not fully understood. However, a few basics are known. The motor cortex within the cerebral cortex of the brain is known to control voluntary respiration because the motor cortex controls voluntary muscle movement. This is referred to as the corticospinal pathway or ascending respiratory pathway. The pathway of the electrical signal starts in the motor cortex, goes to the spinal cord, and then to the respiratory muscles. The spinal neurons connect directly to the respiratory muscles. Initiation of voluntary contraction and relaxation of the internal and external internal costals has been shown to take place in the superior portion of the primary motor cortex. Posterior to the location of thoracic control (within the superior portion of the primary motor cortex) is the center for diaphragm control. Studies indicate that there are numerous other sites within the brain that may be associated with voluntary expiration. The inferior portion of the primary motor cortex may be involved, specifically, in controlled exhalation. Activity has also been seen within the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex during voluntary respiration. This is most likely due to the focus and mental preparation of the voluntary muscular movement.

Voluntary expiration is essential for many types of activities. Phonic respiration (speech generation) is a type of controlled expiration that is used every day. Speech generation is completely dependent on expiration, this can be seen by trying to talk while inhaling.  Using airflow from the lungs, one can control the duration, amplitude, and pitch. While the air is expelled it flows through the glottis causing vibrations, which produces sound.  Depending on the glottis movement the pitch of the voice changes and the intensity of the air through the glottis change the volume of the sound produced by the glottis.

Involuntary expiration

Involuntary respiration is controlled by respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata and pons. The medullary respiratory center can be subdivided into anterior and posterior portions. They are called the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups respectively. The pontine respiratory group consists of two parts: the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center.  All four of these centers are located in the brainstem and work together to control involuntary respiration. In our case, the ventral respiratory group (VRG) controls involuntary exhalation.

The neurological pathway for involuntary respiration is called the bulbospinal pathway. It is also referred to as the descending respiratory pathway.  "The pathway descends along the spinal ventralateral column. The descending tract for autonomic inspiration is located laterally, and the tract for autonomic expiration is located ventrally."  Autonomic Inspiration is controlled by the pontine respiratory center and both medullary respiratory centers. In our case, the VRG controls autonomic exhalation. Signals from the VRG are sent along the spinal cord to several nerves. These nerves include the intercostals, phrenic, and abdominals.  These nerves lead to the specific muscles they control.  The bulbospinal pathway descending from the VRG allows the respiratory centers to control muscle relaxation, which leads to exhalation.

Yawning

Yawning is considered a non-respiratory gas movement.  A non-respiratory gas movement is another process that moves air in and out of the lungs that do not include breathing. Yawning is a reflex that tends to disrupt the normal breathing rhythm and is believed to be contagious as well.  The reason why we yawn is unknown. A common belief is that yawns are a way to regulate the body's levels of O2 and CO2, but studies done in a controlled environment with different levels of O2 and CO2 have disproved that hypothesis.  Although there is not a concrete explanation as to why we yawn, others think people exhale as a cooling mechanism for our brains.  Studies on animals have supported this idea and it is possible humans could be linked to it as well. What is known is that yawning does ventilate all the alveoli in the lungs.

Receptors

Several receptor groups in the body regulate metabolic breathing. These receptors signal the respiratory center to initiate inhalation or exhalation. Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aorta and carotid arteries. They respond to changing blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and H+ by signaling the pons and medulla.  Irritant and stretch receptors in the lungs can directly cause exhalation. Both sense foreign particles and promote spontaneous coughing. They are also known as mechanoreceptors because they recognize physical changes not chemical changes.  Central chemoreceptors in the medulla also recognize chemical variations in H+. Specifically, they monitor pH change within the medullary interstitial fluid and cerebral spinal fluid.

Yoga
Yogis such as B. K. S. Iyengar advocate both inhaling and exhaling through the nose in the practice of yoga, rather than inhaling through the nose and exhaling through the mouth. They tell their students that the "nose is for breathing, the mouth is for eating."

See also
 Inhalation
 Obligate nasal breathing
 Mouth breathing

References

Further reading

External links

Respiration
Respiratory physiology

Exhalation


Phylica ericoides es una especie de arbusto de la familia Rhamnaceae.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de 1 m de altura, muy ramificado y compacto; con ramillas grises pubescentes, las hojas dispuestas en espiral, con forma de aguja, de 5-8 mm de largo, estrechamente revolutas, las flores en cabezuelas densas, pequeñas de color blanco. El fruto es una cápsula obovoides, 4 mm de largo.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en las grietas de las rocas, a una altitud de menos de 2000 metros en Sudáfrica.

Taxonomía
Phylica ericoides fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 195, en el año 1753.

Referencias

ericoides

Phylica ericoides


جيشي  هي مكتبة برمجية حرة، وهي اختصار لعبارة معلم الصيغ العام . والبرنامج يسمح بتعليم الصيغ للكودات المصدرية للعديد من لغات الرقم والبرمجة. البرنامج مكتوب بلغة بي إتش بي ويتم إشراكه أو إضافته كبرنامج مساعد لعدد من تطبيقات الوب ذات الشعبية مثل دوكوويكي ومامبو وميدياويكي وبي أتش بي بي.بي وويكاويكي. وتستعمل ويكيبيديا جيشي كمعلم الصيغ الأساسي لها.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أدوات برمجة
أدوات ومكتبات برمجة حرة
برمجيات حرة

جيشي


Emilian Tabaković, , (n. 2/14 august 1860, Arad, d. 10 septembrie 1946, Novi Sad) a fost un arhitect arădean, de etnie sârbă.

Biografie
S-a născut în Arad, într-o familie interesată de cultură și artă. A terminat școala elementară și gimnaziul la locul său de naștere. Sub influența fratelui său Alexander, sa înscris la studii de arhitectură în Budapesta. În timpul studiilor, trebuia să lucreze la clădiri și birouri de arhitectură. În acest fel, el a câștigat experiență și a îndeplinit toate etapele din industria construcțiilor. După absolvirea Departamentului de arhitectură al Facultății tehnice din Budapesta, a petrecut doi ani ca bursier în Camera de Comerț din Arad pe o călătorie de studiu. În timpul acestei călătorii, el sa familiarizat cu realizările arhitecturale de atunci din capitalele Germaniei, Franței și Angliei. La întoarcerea de la călătorie, a lucrat pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp într-un birou de arhitectură. Deja în 1892, și-a deschis propriul birou de proiect. El a fost angajat în proiectare, și mai târziu în afaceri de afaceri. Cu soția sa, Julko (născut Petrovic), avea trei copii - fiii lui Djordje, Ivan și fiica lui Olga. În 1930, sa mutat împreună cu familia sa în Novi Sad, unde a rămas pentru tot restul vieții.

A murit în 1946. Este îngropat în cimitirul Almaška din Novi Sad.

Localizareas mormântului in cimitirul Almaška Groblje

Realizări

Referințe

Nașteri în 1860
Decese în 1946
Arădeni
Arhitecți români
Sârbi din România

Milan Tabacovici


A eleição presidencial brasileira de 1998 foi a vigésima sexta eleição presidencial e a décima oitava direta. No Rio Grande do Norte, Fernando Henrique Cardoso foi o mais votado no estado, porém, com uma menor diferença de seus adversários quando comparada à eleição anterior.

Resultado para presidente
Conforme o TSE,foram computados 1.399.620 votos, sendo 205.976 votos em branco e 156.863 votos em nulo, sendo este o resultado no estado:

Eleição presidencial no Brasil em 1998

Eleição presidencial do Brasil em 1998 no Rio Grande do Norte


Paratiroid şu anlamlara gelebilir:
 Paratiroid bezi, Patairoid hormonu salgılayan salgı bezi
 Paratiroid hormonu, Paratiroid bezi tarafından salgılanan hormon

Paratiroid


بطولة دبليو دبليو إي أو  هي بطولة المصارعة العالمية الترفيهية للوزن الثقيل في رو. هي أحد أهم الألقاب في تاريخ المصارعة الحرة. تأسست في عام 1963 من قبل دبليو دبليو دبليو اف. هي وبطولة دبليو دبليو إي الكونية هما أهم لقبان في الشركة للوزن الثقيل.

بطولة دبليو دبليو إي العالمية للوزن الثقيل
البطل الحالي هو رومان رينز (بطل اليونفرسال أيضا) فاز بلقب دابليو دابليو إي للوزن الثقيل في ريسلمانيا بعد ان تغلب على حامل اللقب بروك ليسنر في مباراة توحيد اللقبين يوم 3 أبريل 2022 الأحد

إحصائيات
تربل إتش 14 مرة خمسة منها بطولة الوزن الثقيل وتسعة منها بطولة wwe
ايدج 11 مرة أربعة منها بطولة دبليو دبليو إي وسبعة منها بطولة الوزن الثقيل
راندي اورتن 14 مرة منها عشرة مرات بطولة دبليو دبليو إي أربع منها الوزن الثقيل

حاملو اللقب
 جون سينا: 16 مرة بالتساوي مع ريك فلير
 تربل إتش: 14 مرة
 راندي اورتن: 14 مرة
 إيدج: 11 مرة
 ذا روك: 10 مرات
 الأندرتيكر: 7 مرات
 هولك هوجان: 6 مرات
 ستون كولد ستيف أوستن: 6 مرات
 الفتى الديناميتي (Dynamite Kid): 6 مرات
 بروك ليسنر: 5 مرات
 دانيال براين: 5 مرات
 شيموس: 4 مرات
 كرت أنجل 4 مرات
 شون مايكلز: 3 مرات
 بوب كولاند: 3 مرات
 رومان رينز: 4 مرات
 درو ماكنتاير وكريس جيركو، راندي سافاج، سايكو سيد، مانكايد، ذا ميز، يوكوزونا، برونو سامارتينو، سيث رولينز، إيه جيه ستايلز، سي أم بانك، ألبرتو ديل ريو بيغ شو وباتيستا: مرتان.
 ديزل، المحارب، أندريه العملاق، بوب باكلند، إدي غيريرو، فينس مكمان، الشيخ الحديدي، بودي روجر، إيفان كولف، سارجنت سلوتر، جيف هاردي، جون برادشو ليفيلد (JBL)، روب فان دام، بوبي لاشلي، دين أمبروز، ري ميستيريو، براي وايت وجيندر ماهال: مرة واحدة.

وبهذا يكون جون سينا أكثر من حمل لقب دبليو دبليو إي بعدد 16 مرة بعد أن حطم رقم ريك فلير القياسي بعدد 16 مرة.

حقائق
 يعتبر راندي اورتن المصارع الذي خسر وفاز البطولة في نفس الليلة في NO MERCY 2007
بجانب سيث رولينز الذي فاز باللقب من رومان رينز وخسره أمام امبروز في نفس الليلة في money in the bank 2016

 تربل إتش وجون سينا وراي مستريو ودانيال براين كل منهم فاز باللقب وخسره في نفس الليلة على التوالي من راندي أورتن NO
MERCY 2007، ومن باتيستا ELIMINATION CHAMBER 2010، ومن جون سينا عرض الراو 25/7/2011ومن راندي أورتن في SUMMER SLAM 2013

 اندري ذا جاينت المصارع الوحيد الذي احتفظ باللقب لمدة 45 ثانية فقط

 أكبر بطل ل WWE مستر مكمان 54 سنة واصغر بطل هو راندي اورتن 24 عام

 أثقل بطل هو يوكوزونا بوزن 258 كيلو غرام واخف بطل هو ري ميستيريو 79 كيلو غرام

 برونو سامارتينو أول مصارع غير أمريكي يفوز باللقب وهو إيطالي الجنسية

 اي جاي ستايلز أول مصارع يفوز باللقب خارج قارة أمريكا الشمالية حيث فاز بها في أوروبا في مدينة مانشستر الإنجليزية

 جيندر ماهال أول مصارع من اصل هندي يفوز باللقب

 بودي روجر أول بطل للقب WWE أو WWWF في سنة 1963

 يعتبر سيث رولينز أول مصارع يفوز بلقب العالم والولايات المتحدة معا

 برونو سامارتينو أطول بطل حيث حقق رقمين صعبين والرقم الأول هو بطل من 1963 حتى 1971 والمرة الثانية هو 1973 حتى 1977

معرض الصور

طالع أيضاً
 بطولة دبليو دبليو إي يونيفرسال
 بطولة العالم للوزن الثقيل (دبليو دبليو إي)
 قائمة أبطال دبليو دبليو إي

المراجع

أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1963
بطولات الدبليو دبليو إي
بطولات الوزن الثقيل العالمية في المصارعة المحترفة

بطولة دبليو دبليو إي


සදාම් හුසේන් අත්තඩංගුවට
2003 නොවැම්බර් 13 වන දින ˝ Red Down˝ (රෙඩ් ඩෝන්) මෙහෙයුමෙන් පසුව ටික්රිට් වලලට ආසන්න ගොවි පොලකදී සදාම් හුසේන් අත්තඩංගුවට පත් විය. මෙම මෙහෙයුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ එක්සත් ජනපද 4වන පාබල හමුදා කණ්ඩායම හා විශේෂ බලකාය - 121 ඒකාබද්ධවයි.
ඔහුව සොයා ගනුලැබුවේ යංතම් අටවන ලද කාමර 02කක නිවසක් යට තනා තිබු කුහරයක සිටයි. ඔහුව අත්තඩංගුවට ගන්නා විට සදාම් හා ඇ.එ. ජ හමුද ාඅතර චතුරස්‍රයක් හා පලසක් විය. මේජර් ජනරාල් රේමන්ඩ් ඔඩියර්නෝ ප්‍රකාශ කලේ ˝ ඔහු මීයෙකු මෙන් හසුවු බවයි˝  ඔහු සිටි ස්තානය පිලිබද තොරතුරැ සැපයුවේ ඔහුගේ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් හා ආරක්ෂකයන්ගෙන්ය.

සදාම් හුසේන් අත්තඩංගුවට ගැනීමේදී සන්නද්ධ ප්‍රහාර වල අඩු වීමත් සමහර සමහර ප්‍රද්ගලයින් සැළකුවේ සන්නස්ධ ප්‍රහාර වලට එරෙහි යුද්ධයේ දී බහුජාතික බලවේගයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වු බවයි. අන්තර්රජය විසින් නව ඉරාක ආරක්ෂක හමුදාවන් සදහා පුහුණුව ලබා දිම සිදු කෙරැනේ තම රට ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමටත් වන අතර ඇ.එ.ජ විසින් ඉරාකයේ අනාගත තෙල් ආදායමට හිලව් වන සේ බිලියන 20 ක නැවත ලොඩනැගීම සදහා ලබා දිමට එකග විය. තෙල් ආදායම නැවත පාසල් ගොඩනැගිමටත් විද්්‍යුත් හා තෙල් පිරිපහදු කිරිම කටයුතු වලට යොදා ගැනීමටත් තීරණය  විය.

සදාම් හුසෙන් අත්තඩංගුවට පත් වීමට ටික වේලාවකට පසුව ව සභාග තාවකාලික අධිකාරියෙන් පිටත බලවේග විසින් ඉරාක තාවකාලික රජයක් පිහිටවනු ලෙසට බල කරන ලදී. මේ අතරින් වඩා බලවත් වන්නේ ෂියා නිකායට අයත් අයතුලලා අල් - අල්සිස්ථානිය.

ඉරාකය ආක්‍රමණය
ඉරාකය
1937 උපත්
2006 මරණ

සදාම් හුසේන්


𝼖, appelé r sans obit crochet palatal, est une lettre latine qui a été utilisée dans l'alphabet phonétique international. Il est composé d'un r sans obit, ɾ, et d'un crochet palatal.

Utilisation

La lettre 𝼖 a été utilisée dans l'alphabet phonétique international pour représenter une Consonne battue alvéolaire voisée palatalisée, notée .

Représentations informatiques
Le ɾ crochet palatal peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode (Latin étendu G) suivants :

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi
 Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin
 ɾ
 Crochet palatal
 Crochet (diacritique)

Lettre R diacritée
Lettre latine comportant un hameçon

𝼖


Gielau est un quartier de la commune allemande de Schnega, appartenant à l'arrondissement de Lüchow-Dannenberg, dans le Land de Basse-Saxe.

Géographie
Le village se situe au sud-ouest de la zone centrale de Schnega, non loin de la frontière sud avec la Saxe-Anhalt. Le Wustrower Dumme, un affluent gauche de la Jeetzel, coule au nord du village.

Histoire
Le , Gielau est incorporé dans Schnega.

Source, notes et références

Localité en Basse-Saxe
Ancienne commune en Basse-Saxe

Gielau


Adolf Rose (* 6. Juni 1908 in Berlin; † 15. August 1974 in Düsseldorf) war ein deutscher Wissenschaftler auf dem Gebiet der Stahlforschung und Hochschullehrer.

Leben
Adolf Rose besuchte das Realgymnasium in Gladbeck (Westfalen), das er Ostern 1927 mit dem Reifezeugnis verließ. Im Sommersemester 1927 nahm er das Physikstudium in Göttingen auf und wurde dort Mitglied der Burschenschaft Hannovera. Nach vier Semestern wechselte er an die Universität München, zwei Semester später an die Universität Bonn. Hier promovierte man ihn mit der 1933 erschienenen Dissertation "Über einen einfachen Vakuum-Flussapt-Spektographen und seine Anwendung zur Aufnahme von Emissions- und Adsorptionsspektren" zum Dr. phil.

Das Jahr danach war er am Physikalischen Institut der Universität Bonn tätig. Sodann nahm er eine Stelle als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Eisenforschung in Düsseldorf an, das zur Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften gehörte, der späteren Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften. An dieser Forschungseinrichtung, an der er bis zu seiner Pensionierung arbeitete, betätigte er sich zuerst im Laboratorium der Thomasschlackestähle. Anschließend forschte er im Röntgenlaboratorium; danach widmete er sich insbesondere dem Umwandlungsverhalten von Stählen, und zwar vornehmlich durch unterschiedliche Wärmebehandlung bei der Herstellung. Er stieg zum Laborleiter für Konstitutionsforschung auf. 1961 erhielt er einen Lehrauftrag der Technischen Hochschule Hannover, die ihn 1963 zum Honorarprofessor ernannte.

Ehrungen
 Die 1948 gegründete "Wissenschaftlich-Technische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Härterei-Technik und Wärmebehandlung e. V. (AHT)" stiftete 1957 die "Adolf-Martens-Medaille", die an Persönlichkeiten aus Wissenschaft und Technik verliehen werden sollte, die mit ihren Arbeiten die für die Wärmebehandlung der Werkstücke und die Beurteilung der Werkstoffe ausschlaggebenden Kenntnisse wesentlich erweitert haben. 1963 war Adolf Rose der vierte Wissenschaftler, der mit dieser Medaille ausgezeichnet wurde.
 Eine besondere Ehrerweisung für ihn bedeutete die Ernennung zum Vorsitzenden des Wissenschaftlichen Rates der Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen.
 Der vom damaligen Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute (VDEh) eingerichtete "Werkstoffausschuss" ernannte Adolf Rose 1973 zum Ehrenmitglied.

Schriften
Ab 1935 hat Adolf Rose die Forschungsergebnisse, die er oftmals mit Kollegen erzielt hatte, mit diesen in mindestens 69 Publikationen veröffentlicht, insbesondere im Verlag Stahleisen in Düsseldorf, in der Schriftenreihe "Mitteilungen aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung" in Düsseldorf, in den "Berichten des Werkstoffausschusses des Vereins Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute" sowie in den "Forschungsberichten des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen", die durch den Westdeutschen Verlag Köln editiert wurden, vgl. dazu Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek.

Zu seinen besonders zu erwähnenden Werken gehören:
 Atlas zur Wärmebehandlung der Stähle, Bd. 1: Franz Wever, Adolf Rose: Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf 1954-1958 (Loseblattsammlung), Bd. 2: Adolf Rose; Hans Hougardy: Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf 1972 (Nachdruck 1989)
 De ferri metallographia (Alta auctoritas Communitatis Europaeae carbonis ferrique ), Teil 2: Gefüge der Stähle - Structure of steels - Structure des aciers, Angelica Schrader, Adolf Rose: Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf 1966 (Nachdruck 1989)

Literatur
 Werner Schuder: Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 1970. Elfte Ausgabe, N-Z und Register. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1971, S. 2464.
 Walter Habel: Wer ist wer? Das deutsche Who's Who, West-Berlin, Frankfurt am Main: Societäts-Verlag, 1973, S. 898
 Rita Seidel: Catalogus Professorum 1831-1981, Festschrift zum 150jährigen Bestehen der Universität Hannover, Band 2, Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln und Mainz: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1981, S. 256
 Henning Tegtmeyer: Mitgliederverzeichnis der Burschenschaft Hannovera Göttingen, 1848–1998, Düsseldorf 1998
 Frank Hengerer: Die ATW und ihre Institutionen, Ein historischer Rückblick, herausgegeben von der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V., Bremen 2004

Ingenieurwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover)
Burschenschafter (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1908
Gestorben 1974
Mann

Adolf Rose


شريف حكمت النشاشيبي صحفي فلسطيني، ولد بالكويت لأب مسلم فلسطيني-أردني-لبناني وأم عراقية-سورية مسيحية. درس الصحافة الدولية وعمل في عدة مؤسسات صحفية وإعلامية. شريف حكمت النشاشيبي هو رئيس وأحد مؤسسي مؤسسة أراب ميديا ووتش Arab Media Watch والتي يقع مقرها في لندن وتعمل في مجال مجال مراقبة التغطية الإعلامية البريطانية لشؤون العالم العربي. كما يتم استدعاؤه بين الفينة والأخرى للحديث في محطات التلفزة والإذاعات وعدد من الجامعات والكليات. وقد نشرت له الكثير من الكتابات والمقالات.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 [EN.pdf دراسة حول تغطية BBC للصراع الإسرائيلي الفلسطيني (بالإنجليزية)]

خريجو جامعة سيتي لندن
أردنيون من أصل سوري
أردنيون من أصل عراقي
أردنيون من أصل فلسطيني
بريطانيون من أصل أردني
بريطانيون من أصل سوري
بريطانيون من أصل عراقي
بريطانيون من أصل فلسطيني
بريطانيون من أصل لبناني
صحفيون أردنيون
صحفيون فلسطينيون
صحفيون لبنانيون
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
مسلمون بريطانيون

شريف حكمت النشاشيبي


Tielenhemme er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Kirchspielslandgemeinden Eider i den nordlige del af Kreis Dithmarschen. Kreis Dithmarschen ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Tielenhemme er beliggende ved floderne Ejderen og Tielenau. Kommunen består af tre dele, Schüttingdeich, Eiderdeich og Königsfähre. I nærheden ligger Naturschutzgebiet Dellstedter Birkwaldmoor.

Indtil 12. december 1960 var der færge, Hohner Fähre, over Ejderen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Dithmarschen

Tielenhemme


Vlkov (deutsch Wilkow, früher Wlkow) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt 16 Kilometer nördlich von České Budějovice in Südböhmen und gehört zum Okres České Budějovice.

Geographie
Vlkov befindet sich auf einer Lichtung inmitten des Waldgebietes Nová obora auf der Lischauer Schwelle rechtsseitig über dem Tal des Baches Kozlovský potok. Südöstlich erhebt sich die Baba (570 m), im Südwesten der Cirhanský vrch (557 m) und die Kameniště (565 m).

Nachbarorte sind Němčice, Budáček, Pořežany und Tuchonice im Norden, Radonice, U Petra und Drahotěšice im Nordosten, Gebrovna, Švamberk, Na Jednotě, U Prokšů und Mazelov im Osten, Ševětín und Vitín im Südosten, Na Libochové, U nádraží und Chotýčany im Süden, Cirhan und Dobřejovice im Südwesten, Poněšice und Chlumec im Westen sowie Purkarec, Líšnice und Hroznějovice im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Die erste Erwähnung des zur Froburg gehörigen Dorfes Wlkow erfolgte 1443 im Zusammenhang mit den Brüdern von Wlkow und von Šewětín (bratřie z Wlkowa jdúc ze Šewětína). Zu den Besitzern gehörten u. a. die Herren von Pernstein, von Neuhaus und Malovec von Malovice. Nach finanziellen Spekulationen und der Beteiligung am Ständeaufstand von 1618 wurden die Güter der Malovec von Malovice konfisziert und die Herrschaft 1623 an Baltasar von Marradas übereignet, der sie rekatholisieren ließ. 1661 verkauften die von Marradas die Herrschaft an die Fürsten Schwarzenberg. Im Jahre 1840 bestand Wlkow aus 9 Häusern mit 79 Einwohnern. Im Dorf bestand ein Wirtshaus. Pfarrort war Schewetin. Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb das Dorf immer der Herrschaft Frauenberg untertänig.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Vlkov / Wlkow ab 1850 einen Ortsteil der Gemeinde Dobřejovice in der Bezirkshauptmannschaft Budějovice/Budweis. 1910 lebten in dem Dorf 126 tschechischsprachige Einwohner. 1923 löste sich Vlkov von Dobřejovice los und bildete eine eigene Gemeinde. Am 14. Juli 1964 erfolgte die Eingemeindung nach Drahotěšice und mit diesem zusammen wurde das Dorf am 1. Juli 1975 an Ševětín angegliedert. Nach einem Referendum löste sich Vlkov zum 24. November 1990 wieder von Ševětín los. Vlkov gehört mit 31 Einwohnern (1. Jänner 2012) zu den Gemeinden mit der geringsten Einwohnerzahl in Tschechien.

Gemeindegliederung
Für die Gemeinde Vlkov sind keine Ortsteile ausgewiesen. Zu Vlkov gehören die Einschichten U Čížka, U Petra und Cirhan.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Kapelle auf dem Dorfplatz
 Giebelhöfe im südböhmischen Bauernbarock

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Präsentation auf selskebaroko.unas.cz

Ersterwähnung 1443

Vlkov u Drahotěšic


SOS (), Uluslararası Mors Alfabesi acil durum sinyali. Mors kodu şeklinde sesli veya görsel olarak kullanılabilir. Bu tehlike sinyali ilk kez Alman hükûmetince 1 Nisan 1905'te yürürlüğe konmuş, Uluslararası Radyotelegraf Konvansiyonu tarafından 3 Kasım 1906'da kabul edilmiş, 1 Temmuz 1908'de yürürlüğe konmuştur.

Tarihçe
Marcony Company tarafından acil durum sinyali olarak CQD kullanılıyordu. CQ, gemicilikte kullanılan standart "mesaj geliyor" çağrısı idi. Sondaki D harfi ise "danger" (tehlike) ya da "distress" (acil durum) anlamına geliyordu. Bazı teknik nedenlerle CQD'nin tatmin edici olmadığına karar verildi ve SOS kullanılmaya başlandı. Telsizle ilk S.O.S imdat sinyali Slavonia adlı İngiliz gemisinden 10 Haziran 1909 tarihinde verildi.

Köken bilimi

SOS sinyalini oluşturan mors kodu (···---···), iletiminin kolay ve anlaşılır olması nedeniyle seçilmiştir. Bu harfler herhangi bir cümlenin kısaltması değildir ancak zamanla "Save Our Souls (ruhlarımızı kurtarın)" gibi çeşitli İngilizce folklorik anlamlar yüklenmiştir.

SOS sinyalinin diğer tüm karakterlerden ayrılan farkı; bekleme yapmadan, sanki tek bir karakter gibi peş peşe gönderilmesidir ki Mors Alfabesi'nde başka böyle bir yapıya rastlanılmaz.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Tehlike sinyali
 Mayday
 Pan-pan

Kaynakça

Mors alfabesi
Haberleşme tekniği
Hayatta kalma
Tehlike sinyalleri
Acil durum iletişimi

SOS


رينو كليو هي سيارة صغيرة لمجموعة رينو الفرنسية. أول ظهور لسيارة كليو كان في يونيو 1990، بنسخة من 5 أبواب ثم بنسخة 3 أبواب في نوفمبر 1990. وتعتبر خليفة سيارة رينو 5. عرفت الجيل الأول من السيارة عدة تطويرات. تلاها فيما بعد الجيل الثاني في عام 1998 عرف بكليو 2 ثم الجيل الثالث (كليو 3) سنة 2005، وفي سنة 2012 أطلقت رينو الجيل الرابع من كليو. ومن ثم الجيل الخامس في 2019.

الجيل الأول
ظهر للجيل الأول أربع موديلات رياضية هي:
 كليو S
 كليو RSi
 كليو 16S/16V
 كليو ويليامز

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 قائمة السيارات الأكثر مبيعا

ستيشن واغن
سيارات اخترعت في 1990
سيارات بيع منها 5 ملايين وحدة
سيارات تجول
سيارات تركيا
سيارات دفع أمامي
سيارات رالي
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سيارات صالون
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سيارات عقد 1990
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سيارات في الأرجنتين
سيارات في البرازيل
سيارات في المكسيك
مكونات السيارات الهجينة
هاتشباك

رينو كليو


Irish Transverse Mercator ist eine Kartenprojektion für Irland, die im Jahr 2001 eingeführt wurde und im Lauf der Zeit den Irish Grid ablösen soll.

Geodätisches Datum ist ETRS89. Als Kartenprojektion wird eine transversale Mercator-Projektion verwendet. Ihr Ursprung liegt bei 53° 30′ N und 8° W, also etwa in der Mitte der Insel. In diesem Ursprung wird ein ebenes kartesisches Koordinatensystem definiert. Um sowohl negative Koordinaten als auch Verwechslungen mit dem Irish Grid zu vermeiden, werden auf alle Werte in Ostrichtung ("Rechtswert") 600 km und auf alle Werte in Nordrichtung ("Hochwert") 750 km addiert. Koordinatenangaben erfolgen üblicherweise in Metern, so dass z. B. der genannte Ursprung die Koordinaten 600.000 750.000 erhält. (Achtung: bei transversalen Mercatorkoordinaten wird immer erst der Rechtswert und dann der Hochwert angegeben, während bei Gradzahlen meist erst die geographische Breite und danach die Länge genannt wird.)

Weblinks

Mathematische Geographie

Irish Transverse Mercator


Shigeru Yokotani (født 3. maj 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Ventforet Kofu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shigeru Yokotani


Andato al comando er en italiensk neorealistisk novelle skrevet af Italo Calvino i 1945 og er en ud af tredive noveller trykt i samlingen Ultimo viene il corvo (1949).

Historien foregår under modstandskampen i Norditalien under 2. verdenskrig i perioden ca. 1943-1945, hvor Italien er splittet mellem fascisterne på den ene side og modstandsbevægelsen på anden. Historien fortæller om to mænd der går i en skov, den ene mand kaldes for den ubevæbnede (il disarmato) og den anden kaldes for den bevæbnede (l'armato). Man følger de to italienske mænd gennem deres tur i skoven, og via den ubevæbnedes tanker bliver læseren oplyst om mændenes identitet. Den ubevæbnede er fascist og formodet spion og den bevæbnede er partisaner og medlem af en modstandsgruppe. De befinder sig i skoven for at finde vej til kommandocentralen, hvor den ubevæbnede tror og håber, at han kan blive renset og hermed slettet fra spionlisten. Historien ender med at den bevæbnede partisaner likviderer den ubevæbnede fascist i skoven.

Noveller

Andato al comando


Bago Region (, ; formerly Pegu Division and Bago Division) is an administrative region of Myanmar, located in the southern central part of the country. It is bordered by Magway Region and Mandalay Region to the north; Kayin State, Mon State and the Gulf of Martaban to the east; Yangon Region to the south and Ayeyarwady Region and Rakhine State to the west. It is located between 46°45'N and 19°20'N and 94°35'E and 97°10'E. It has a population of 4,867,373 (2014).

History
According to legend, two Mon princes from Thaton founded the city of Bago in 573 AD. They saw a female Hamsa standing on the back of a male Hamsa on an island in a huge lake. Believing this was an auspicious omen, the princes built a city called Hanthawady (Pali: Hamsavati) on the edge of the lake.

The Arab geographer Ibn Khordadbeh mentions the city around 850 AD. The Mon capital was still in Thaton at that time. The Thiruvalangadu plate describe Rajendra Chola I, the Chola Emperor from South India, as having conquered "Kadaram" in the fourteenth year of his reign- 1028 CE. According to one interpretation, Kadaram refers to Bago. More modern interpretations understand Kadaram to be Kedah in modern day Malaysia, instead of Bago. The earliest reliable external record of Bago comes from Chinese sources that mention Jayavarman VII adding Pegu to the territory of the Khmer Empire in 1195. The Bamar from Bagan ruled the area in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.

From 1369–1539, Hanthawady was the capital of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of Kingdom of Taungoo. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599, and used it as a base for their repeated invasions of Siam. As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, who commented on its magnificence. The Burmese capital was relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and briefly regained their independence, but Burmese King Alaungpaya sacked and completely destroyed the city (along with Mon independence) in 1757.

Burmese King Bodawpaya (1782–1819) rebuilt Bago, but by then the river had shifted course, cutting the city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, with the formation of the province of British Burma, the capital was moved to Yangon.

Administrative divisions

Bago Region occupies an area of  divided into the six districts of Bago, Pyay, Tharrawaddy, Taungoo, Nyaunglebin and Nattalin. Bago, the divisional capital, is the fourth largest town of Burma. Other major cities include Taungoo and Pyay.

Bago Region's seal are two sibling hintha (Hamsa), due to historic Mon influences in the area.

Government

Executive
Bago Region Government

Legislature

Judiciary
Bago Region High Court

Transport
Bago Region is served by Pyay Airport.

Demographics

The total population of Bago Region is 4,863,455 according to 2014 Burma Census with Bamar, Karen, Mon, Chin, Rakhine, Shan, South Asians, Chinese, and Pa-O ethnic groups represented. Burmese language is the lingua franca.

Religion
According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Buddhists make up 93.5% of Bago Region's population, forming the largest religious community there. Minority religious communities include Christians (2.9%), Muslims (1.2%), Hindus (2.1%), and animists (0.1%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Bago Region's population. 0.3% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.

According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 50,198 Buddhist monks were registered in Bago Region, comprising 9.4% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (77.3%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (16.7%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders. 5,100 thilashin were registered in Bago Region, comprising 8.4% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.

Economy
The division's economy is strongly dependent on the timber trade. Taungoo, in the northern end of the Bago Region, is bordered by mountain ranges, home to teak and other hardwoods. Another natural resource is petroleum. The major crop is rice, occupying over two-thirds of the available agricultural land.  Other major crops include betel nut, sugarcane, maize, groundnut, sesamum, sunflower, beans and pulses, cotton, jute, rubber, tobacco, tapioca, banana, Nipa palm and toddy. Industry includes fisheries, salt, ceramics, sugar, paper, plywood, distilleries, and monosodium glutamate.

The division has a small livestock breeding and fisheries sector, and a small industrial sector. In 2005, it had over 4 million farm animals; nearly  of fish and prawn farms; and about 3000 private factories and about 100 state owned factories.

The major tourist sites of the Bago Region can be reached as a day trip from Yangon.

Hydropower plant
The Shwegyin Dam is in the eastern part Bago Region. It is a  long,  wide and  thick zone-type dam with a water storage capacity of 2,078,417 megalitres . The three concrete conduit pipes are  in length,  in width and  in height each. The intake infrastructure is  long,  wide and  high. The spillway is  long,  wide and  high. Two compressed steel pipe lines at the dam are  in diameter and  in length each. The power plant is  long,  wide and  high. It is equipped with four 18.75-MW Francis vertical shaft turbines. It can generate 262 million KW hours per year.

The construction of the dam was launched in 2003. The first power station was opened on 29 December 2009, the second on 25 March 2011, the third on 2 June 2011 and the fourth on 21 July 2011. It was inaugurated on 22 October 2011.

Education

 Bago University, Bago
 Computer University, Pyay
 Computer University, Taungoo
 Pyay Education College
 Pyay Technological University
 Pyay University
 Taungoo Educational College
 Taungoo University
 Technological University, Taungoo
 Paku Divinity School

Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. In 2005, Bago Region had 578 post-primary schools, 119 middle schools and 132 high schools.
The following is a summary of the division public school system for the academic year of 2002–2003.

The division is home to one national university, Pyay Technological University and two local universities, Pyay University and Taungoo University.

Health
The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Moreover, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. For example, in 2003, Bago Region had less than a quarter of hospital beds than Yangon Region whose population was just slighter greater. More shocking still, in 2005, this division of five million had only 399 doctors in its public hospitals.

Notable sites
Kyaikpun Buddha
Shwemawdaw Pagoda
Shwethalyaung Buddha
Kanbawzathadi Palace

References

External links
Bago Region Government Official Website
 "Bago Region (East), Myanmar" map, 21 March 2011, Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)
 "Bago Region (West), Myanmar" map, 21 March 2011, Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)

Regions of Myanmar

Bago Region


Alphonse Paul Albert Choteau, né le 28 mai 1883 à Marly-le-Roi et mort le 29 mai 1936 à Saint-Denis (La Réunion), est un administrateur colonial français qui fut gouverneur du Niger, de La Guadeloupe et de La Réunion.

Biographie
Alphonse Choteau est diplômé de l'École coloniale de Paris. Il commence en 1906 sa carrière dans l'administration coloniale en Afrique occidentale française. Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, il est officier dans l'infanterie. Il est nommé gouverneur du Niger en 1930, succédant à  Jules Brévié et ensuite gouverneur de La Guadeloupe. En 1934, il est transféré au même poste à La Réunion. Lors des élections législatives de 1936, de violentes émeutes dans une atmosphère de fraude électorale font plusieurs morts à  Sainte-Suzanne dont certains sont tués sous les balles de la gendarmerie.  Cléret de Langavant fait réciter le De profundis dans sa cathédrale pour les victimes, ce qui provoque sa convocation par le gouverneur. Alphonse Choteau tombe malade à la fin de son mandat et meurt de diabète après deux mois de souffrances à l'âge de 53 ans. Sa dépouille est transférée au cimetière Saint-Roch de Valenciennes.
Il est remplacé le 18 juin 1936 par Léon Truitard.

Distinction
 Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur

Notes et références

Voir aussi
Liste des gouverneurs de La Réunion

Liens externes

Gouverneur de La Réunion
Naissance en Seine-et-Oise
Naissance à Marly-le-Roi
Naissance en mai 1883
Décès en mai 1936
Décès à Saint-Denis (La Réunion)
Décès à 53 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Saint-Roch de Valenciennes
Mort du diabète

Alphonse Choteau


Šejh Hamza Orlović (poznat i kao Hamza Bali Bošnjak; Gornja Tuzla, ? − Istanbul, 1577.), bosanskohercegovački je teolog bošnjačkog podrijetla, osnivač i šejh hamzevijskog tarikata, jedinog derviškog reda čiji je osnivač bio jedan Bošnjak.

Životopis
Osmanski pisci označavaju Hamzu Orlovića kao predstavnika melamijske frakcije bajramskih derviša, čiji se obredi temelje na sohbetu, a posebno su bili protivni obredu svirke. Hamza Orlović se siromašno oblačio, poput običnog naroda i često je postio.

Hemzevijama se prigovaralo da nisu obavljali vjerske obrede. Oni su vjerovali da na određenom stadijumu u traženju sjedinjenja s Bogom postaje suvišno održavanje obreda kako to čine "obični" vjernici. Za hamzevije je bilo karakteristično odbacivanje muzike (sema), derviških plesova, derviške odjeće i zikra. Borili su se protiv postojećeg društveno-političkog stanja, dok su ideal vidjeli u vraćanju prvobitnom islamu. Smatra se da se Hamzevijski tarikat sastojao od mješovitih islamskih, kršćanskih, odnosno bogumilskih utjecaja. S javnim pristalicama Hamze Orlovića se surovo obračunavao tadašnji vezir Mehmed-paša Sokolović.

Hamza Orlović je odveden Istanbul, gdje je ispitivan i osuđen zbog svog učenja. Tadašnji šejh-ul-islam Ebu Suud ga optužuje kao heretika i mulhida (krivovjerca). U smrtnoj presudi Hamzi Orloviću se kaže sljedeće: Budući da je utvrđeno da je on iznosio neke nazore, kojima se vrijeđa čast našeg pejgambera i da je utvrđeno njegovo potpuno nijekanje proživljavanja i sudnjeg dana, a to sve s pravednim svjedocima detaljno protiv njega dokazano, osudih da je dopušteno pogubiti ovog otpadnika, nakon što je razmotreno njegovo učenje. Zbog velikog broja pristalica među janjičarima u Istanbulu, veliki vezir Mehmed-paša Sokolović tajno pogubljuje Hamzu Orlovića, 6. lipnja 1573. godine.

Hamzinog egzekutora, Mehmed pašu Sokolovića je 11. listopada 1579. u njegovom saraju ubio derviš, porijeklom iz Bosne, koji je po nekima bio pripadnik hamzevijskog tarikata.

Hamzevijski tarikat je djelovao još puna dva stoljeća poslije Hamzine smrti, a broj njenih pristalica prema osmanskim podacima u 17. stoljeću iznosio 80.000 ljudi. Međutim, nije opstao do današnjih dana. Danas nema nijednog pripadnika hamzevijskog tarikata.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Hamza Orlovič: Jedna od najitrigantnijih ličnosti Bosne

Životopisi, Tuzla
Bošnjački derviški šejhovi

Hamza Orlović


An Chionochloa oreophila in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Donald Petrie, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Victor Dmitrievich Zotov. An Chionochloa oreophila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chionochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: C. o. elata.

Mga kasarigan

Chionochloa

Chionochloa oreophila


بوريس بابوشكين Boris Babochkin (1904 – 1975) هو ممثل ومخرج سينمائي ومسرحي روسي شهير. كان أحد أول من اشتهر من نجوم السينما السوفييتية. أشهر ادواره في فيلم Chapaev عام 1934.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من ساراتوف
أعضاء الحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي
مخرجو مسرح روس وسوفيت
حائزون على جائزة ستالين
عسكريون سوفيت في الحرب الأهلية الروسية
فنانو الشعب في الاتحاد السوفيتي
مخرجو أفلام روس
مخرجو أفلام سوفيت
مخرجو مسرح روس
مخرجو مسرح سوفيت
مخرجون روس
مدفونون بمقبرة نوفوديفيتشي
ممثلو أفلام روسيون
ممثلو أفلام سوفييت
ممثلو مسرح روس
ممثلو مسرح سوفييت
ممثلون روس في القرن 20
ممثلون سوفيت
ممثلون وممثلات روس
مواليد 1904
مواليد في ساراتوف
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد غيراسيموف للسينما
وفيات 1975
وفيات في موسكو
ممثلون من ساراتوف

بوريس بابوشكين


Brennersgrün ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Lehesten im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Brennersgrün liegt im südlichen Zipfel vom Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt und besitzt mit Bayern teilweise eine gemeinsame Landesgrenze. Die Landesstraße 2374 verbindet den Ortsteil mit dem Hinterland. Die Gemarkung des Ortes liegt auf einem mit Wald umgebenen kupierten Hochplateau des Thüringer Schiefergebirges. Lehesten befindet sich nördlich und ist über eine kurvenreiche und abfallende Streckenführung der Straße zu erreichen. Die Höhenlage beträgt 715 Meter über Normalhöhennull. Somit ist der Ortsteil das höchstgelegene Dorf des Landkreises.

Geschichte
1187 wurde der Ort erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.
Schieferabbau, Forstarbeit und begrenzt landwirtschaftliche Nutzung der Flächen um das Dorf sowie der Tourismus (außer der DDR-Zeit) waren und sind die Erwerbsquellen der Bürger.

Am 22. Januar 1994 erfolgte die Eingemeindung nach Lehesten.
2012 wohnten im Ortsteil 148 Personen.

Tourismus
Durch den Ort verläuft der Rennsteig, ein ca. 170 km langer Kammweg des Thüringer Waldes von Hörschel bei Eisenach nach Blankenstein.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Lehesten (Thüringer Wald)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Ersterwähnung 1187
Gemeindeauflösung 1994

Brennersgrün


Guillaume d'Egmont, (en néerl. Willem IV van Egmont;  – , ) est seigneur d'Egmont, d'IJsselstein, de Schoonrewoerd et d'Haastrecht et stathouder de Gueldre.

Biographie
Guillaume est le deuxième fils de Jean II d'Egmont et le frère cadet d'Arnold d'Egmont, duc de Gueldre. Guillaume, qui avait reçu la seigneurie de Malines de son frère en 1444, doit la rendre en 1459, après une dispute sur la légalité de la propriété, au maréchal de Brabant, Jean seigneur de Wesemael, qui avait légué Malines à sa mort (1462) à Charles le Téméraire. Bien qu'il ait été nommé conseiller à la  en 1452, il séjourne principalement en Gueldre, où il soutient son frère dans ses conflits avec son fils Adolphe d'Egmont. Après qu'Adolphe ait emprisonné son père, Guillaume a dirigé le parti pro-bourguignon.

Lorsque le duc de Bourgogne, Charles, acquit le pouvoir en Gueldre en 1473, il nomma Guillaume stathouder. Cependant, il se sentait trop vieux pour le poste. Plus tard, son fils éponyme deviendra également gouverneur de Gueldre. En 1477, Marie de Bourgogne inclut Guillaume dans son Grand Conseil. En 1478, Guillaume fut fait chevalier de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or au chapitre de Bruges.

Mariage et descendance
Guillaume avait épousé Walburge de Meurs, dame de Baer et Lathum, fille de Frédéric de Meurs et Engelberta de Clèves, le . En plus de quatre filles, le mariage donna également naissance à trois fils, qui occuperont tous des postes importants au service de la maison bourguignonne-habsbourgeoise :
 Jean III comte d'Egmont, stathouder de Hollande, de Zélande et de Frise occidentale
 Frédéric d'Egmont, comte de Buren
 Guillaume d'Egmont Jr., stathouder de Gueldre
 Anne d'Egmond (1440 - 1er septembre 1462), mariée le  à Bernard van Bentheim (1435 - 28 novembre 1476), comte de Bentheim
 Elisabeth (?-1539), mariée à Gijsbrecht van Bronckhorst puis à Jan van der Aa, seigneur de Bokhoven
 Walburge d'Egmond, religieuse à Renkum
 Marguerite, épouse Johan van Merode, seigneur de Leefdael, et après sa mort, Godert Torck

En plus des enfants de son mariage, Guillaume a eu quatre autres enfants de différentes femmes :
 Nicolaas d'Egmond, a été capturé au Valkhof de Nimègue avec ses demi-frères Frédéric et Guillaume et sera retenu prisonnier de 1478 à 1481.
 Henri d'Egmond (-avant 1511), dont la mère était Aleid Kreijnck
 Frédéric d'Egmond
 Hendrika d'Egmond, elle épousa Willem van Tuyl van Bulckesteijn (-1449). Il était un fils de Willem Willemsz. van Tuyl et Machteld van Matenesse, fille d'Adriaen van Matenesse (1385-1435)

Il est enterré à Grave à côté de son frère, le duc Arnold de Gueldre.

Notes et références

Sources bibliographiques
  Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek (1911-1937) s.v. EGMOND (Willem van) (5), heer van IJselstein.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Maison d'Egmont
 Liste des chevaliers de l'ordre de la Toison d'or

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1412
Décès en janvier 1483
Stathouder
Maison d'Egmont
Noblesse néerlandaise
Histoire des Pays-Bas

Guillaume d'Egmont


في الكيمياء والديناميكا الحرارية يشكل السائل وتوازنه مع بخاره ظاهرة يفاد منها في احوال عديدة.

و ظاهرة توازن السائل وبخاره  هي حالة تواجد السائل وبخاره في نظام بحيث يكون معدل تبخر السائل مساويا لمعدل تكثف البخار إلى السائل . ويحدث هذا التوازن عندما نترك السائل وبخاره في وعاء أو قارورة مغلقة بعض الوقت في تلامس مع بعضهما بدون تغيير ظروفهما من الخارج (مثل عدم تغير درجة الحرارة ).

تفسير الظاهرة

يُسمى تركيز بخار سائل يكون في حالة تلامس مع السائل عند تواجدهم في حالة الاتزان ب ضغط البخار . وقد يكون بخار السائل ضغطا جزئيا في حالة تواجد غازات أخرى بالإضافة إلى بخار السائل . وتوازن ضغط البخار مع السائل يعتمد على درجة الحرارة . وفي حالة تواجد مخلوط من السوائل يعتمد تركيز أبخرة السوائل في الحالة الغازية على تركيز مكونات السائل المخلوط ودرجة الحرارة . وعادة يختلف تركيز البخار في الحالة الغازية عن تركيز السائل، ولكنها ترتبط بعضها البعض بعلاقات محددة دقيقة. ويمكن تعيين تلك النسب بالوسائل التجربية لمخلوطات للمواد التي تهمنا . كما يمكن حسابها بالاستعانة ببعض النظريات العلمية التي تهتم بمخلوطات المواد مثل قانون دالتون أو قانون هنري .

استخدامات الظاهرة

ما نحصل عليه من معلومات بشأن توازن السائل مع بخاره يفيدنا عند إجراء التقطير لفصل مخلوط من السوائل . ويعتمد عمل المهندس الكيميائي على معرفة ذلك التوازن . فتكرير البترول يعتمد على استغلال تلك الظاهرة لفصل السوائل المختلفة من النفط ، مثل البنزين والديزل و الشحوم . وهنا يبدأ المهندس الكيميائي بتسخين المخلوط حتي درجة الغليان ويتبع ذلك بتكثيف البخار الناتج، حيث تكون نسبة المادة ذات درجة غليان منخفضة في البخار أعلى من نسبتها في السائل . أي أن نسبتها بعد التقطير تكون أعلى من نسبتها قبله . وبتكرار العملية خلال عدة مراحل يمكن الحصول على سائل عالي النقاوة .

المخلوط وبخاره

يمكن أن يتكون المخلوط من سائلين ، ويمكن أن يكون المخلوط مكونا من ثلاثة سوائل مختلفة . وعادة ما تجري عملية التقطير في الضغط الجوي . كما يمكن خفض الضغط فوق السائل فتسهل عملية فصل السائلين حيث أن درجة الغليان تعتمد على الضغط . فدرجة غليان الماء تحت الضغط الجوي تكون عند 100 درجة مئوية ، أما إذا خفّضنا الضغط فوق الماء بواسطة مخلخلة الهواء، يغلى الماء عند درجة حرارة تحت 100 درجة مئوية.

عندما نجري العملية عند درجة حرارة معينة يصبح مجموع الضغوط الجزئية للمكونات مساويا للضغط الكلي،

أي أن إذا كان لدينا محلول من ماء وكحول في قارورة مفتوحة ووضعنا القارورة بمحتوياتها تحت ناقوس يصبح الضغط الكلي P داخل الناقوس:

P = P1 + P2 + P air

حيث:

P1 ضغط بخار الماء

P2 ضعط بخار الكحول

P air ضغط الهواء.

عند درجة الغليان سائل نقي يصبح ضغط بخار السائل مساويا 1 ضغط جوي. وتسمى درجة الغليان عندما يكون ضغط البخار مساويا 1 ضغط جوي (3و101 كيلو باسكال يعادل 760 مليمتر زئبق )درجة الغليان العادية .

1 ضغط جوي = 3و101 كيلو باسكال

 =760 مليمتر زئبق .

انظر أيضا
 حالة سائلة
 معادلة فينسك
 طبق نظري
 ترموديناميك
 قائمة بأنواع الاتزان

مراجع

أطوار المادة
تقطير
كيمياء الاتزان

توازن سائل وبخاره


Nerieae, tribus zimzelenovki. Sastoji se od dva podtribusa s ukupno šest rodova. Poznatiji rodovi su adenijum (s pustinjskom ružom), Alafia, oleandar i strofantus.

Podtribusi
 Alafiinae Pichon ex Leeuwenb.
 Neriinae Benth. & Hook.f.

Izvori

Bibliografija

Apocynoideae

Nerieae


දේශපාලන විද්‍යාවේ හා ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක නීතියේදී රජයක විධායකය යනු රාජ්‍යයේ එදිනෙදා කළමනාකරණය භාරව සිටින අංශයයි. බොහෝ රටවල මෙය 'රජය' වශයෙන් හැඳින්වුවද ජාත්‍යන්තර තලය තුළ මෙසේ භාවිතය ගැටලු සහගතය. විධායකය තුළ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා සිටින අතර ඔහු විධායකයේද ප්‍රධානියාය. බලතල බෙදීමේ න්‍යාය යටතේ විධායකයට නීති සකස්කිරීමේ හෝ විවරණය කරීමේ බලයක් නැත. ඔහුගේ කාර්යය වනුයේ නීති ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමයි. එහෙත් භාවිතයේ දී මෙම වෙන් කිරීම මෙසේ සිදුවන්නේ කලාතුරකිනි. ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයේ දී ජනාධිපතිවරයා රජයේ සහ රාජ්‍යයේ ප්‍රධානියාවේ. පාර්ලිමේන්තු ක්‍රමයේ දී රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා අගමැතිවරයා වන අතර ඔහු හා පාලක පක්ෂයේ ප්‍රධානියාය. ප්‍රංශයේ විධායක බල තල ජනපති හා අගමැති අතර බෙදී ඇත. මෙම ක්‍රමය බොහෝ ප්‍රංශයේ යටත් විජිතවල ද යොදාගැනේ. ස්විස්ටර්ලන්තයේ සහ බොස්නියා -හර්සගොවිනා වල රජයේ සහ රාජ්‍යයේ ප්‍රධානියා මැතිවරණ විද්‍යාල හරහා පත් කෙරේ. රජයේ ප්‍රධානියාගේ සහයට ඇමතිවරුන් ද පත්කෙරෙන අතර ඔවුන්ට විශේෂිත ක්ෂේත්‍ර සඳහා බල තල පවරා තිබේ. (උ.දා. - සෞඛ්‍යය අධ්‍යාපනය) රාජ්‍ය සේවකයන් සහ සවිල් සේවකයන් ද රජයේ ප්‍රධානියාට සහය සඳහා යොදාගනියි .

සටහන්

දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව

විධායකය (ආණ්ඩුව)


De lystige koner i Windsor kan henviser til:

 De lystige koner i Windsor (skuespil) - et skuespil af William Shakespeare
 De lystige koner i Windsor (opera) - en opera af Otto Nicolai bygget på Shakespeares skuespil

Se også
 Falstaff - en opera af Verdi, hvis libretto bygger på Shakespeares skuespil

De lystige koner i Windsor


Petar Marković (1869. – Zemun, 1952.), hrvatski pravnik, političar, pisac i slikar.

Životopis
Jedan od prvih maturanata zemunske gimnazije. Vrlo zaslužan zemunski gradonačelnik (1909. – 1914.), slikar, putopisac, doktor prava, pisac vrlo vrijedne knjige Zemun od najstarijih vremena do danas (1896.). O toj knjizi, prepunoj dragocjenih podataka, imali su lijepo mišljenje Isidora Sekulić i Ivo Andrić. Petar Marković se brinuo o zemunskim kulturnim, prosvjetnim i humanitarnim ustanovama. Objavljivao je putopisne bilješke iz više europskih zemalja i brojne zapise u časopisima i novinama. U njegovoj rukopisnoj ostavštini čuva se više tekstova iz političke, društvene i kulturne povijesti Zemuna. Ti su tekstovi dragocjen izvor za proučavanje povijesti grada Zemuna.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zemun
Hrvatski pravnici
Hrvatski političari do 1918.
Hrvatski slikari
Hrvatski putopisci

Petar Marković (slikar)


هدنة 22 يونيو 1940 أو معاهدة وقف إطلاق النار الثانية في مدينة كومبيين (بالفرنسية: Armistice du 22 juin 1940), وقعت في الساعة السادسة وخمسون دقيقة مساءً في 22 يونيو 1940، قرب مدينة كومبيين، بين ألمانيا النازية وفرنسا بعد الانتصار الألماني الساحق في معركة فرنسا من 10 مايو إلى 21 يونيو 1940.

خطاب الجنرال ديغول
قام الجنرال الفرنسي شارل ديغول الذي لجأ إلى بريطانيا، ببث خطاب 18 جوان (يونيو) 1940 على موجات إذاعة بي بي سي، دعا فيه إلى عدم وقف إطلاق النار ضد ألمانيا وقال إن فرنسا «لم تخسر الحرب، بل خسرت معركة» لأن «هذه الحرب ليست حربا في فرنسا فقط، بل هي حرب عالمية». وقاد ديغول منذ هذا الخطاب قوات فرنسا الحرة حتى إعلان استقلال فرنسا بعد نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية.

مقالات ذات صلة
 الحرب العالمية الثانية.
 الغزو الإيطالي لفرنسا.
 فرنسا الفيشية.
 عربة الهدنة.

روابط خارجية
 نص الهدنة على موقع جامعة بيربينيا.
 تقرير حول الهدنة على موقع المعهد الوطني السمعي البصري الفرنسي.

مراجع

ألمانيا في 1940
فرنسا في 1940
أحداث يونيو 1940
معاهدات أبرمت في 1940
اتفاقيات ومعاهدات دولية
التاريخ العسكري في 1940
العلاقات الألمانية الفرنسية
فرنسا الفيشية
كومبيين
معاهدات فرنسا الفيشية
معاهدات في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معركة فرنسا
هدن

هدنة 22 يونيو 1940


Travesties is a 1974 play by Tom Stoppard. It centres on the figure of Henry Carr, an elderly man who reminisces about Zürich in 1917 during the First World War, and his interactions with James Joyce when he was writing Ulysses, Tristan Tzara during the rise of Dada, and Lenin leading up to the Russian Revolution, all of whom were living in Zürich at that time.

Plot
The play is primarily set in Zürich, Switzerland during the First World War. At that time, three important personalities were living in Zürich: the modernist author James Joyce, the communist revolutionary Lenin, and Dada founder Tristan Tzara. The play centres on the less notable Henry Carr, a British consular official (also mentioned in Joyce's novel Ulysses), as he recalls his perceptions and experiences with these influential figures. As he reminisces, Carr's memory becomes prone to distraction, and instead of predictable historical biography, these characters are interpreted through the maze of his mind.

Carr's memories are couched in a Zürich production of Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest in which he had a starring role. Stoppard uses this production and Carr's mixed feelings surrounding it as a framework to explore art, the war and revolution. Situations from Earnest feature prominently within the action. The characters in Travesties also include versions of two characters from Earnest, Gwendolen and Cecily, and the comedic situations of many of the other roles are shared by other characters. Stoppard uses many linguistic devices within the play, including puns, limericks, and an extended parody of the vaudeville song "Mister Gallagher and Mister Shean".

Background
The real Carr did play Algernon with a group of actors called The English Players, for whom the real James Joyce was the business manager. Carr and Joyce had an angry disagreement after the play, which led to legal action and accusations of slander by Joyce. The dispute was settled with the judge deciding in favour of both disputants on different counts. Joyce later parodied Carr, and the English Consul General in Zürich at that time, A. Percy Bennett, as two minor characters in Ulysses, with Carr being portrayed as a drunken, obscene soldier in the "Circe" episode.

After the first performance of Travesties Stoppard received a letter from Henry Carr's widow, expressing her surprise that her late husband had been included as a character in Stoppard's play.

Production history

Original production
Travesties was first produced at the Aldwych Theatre, London, on 10 June 1974, by the Royal Shakespeare Company. The production was directed by Peter Wood and designed by Carl Toms, with lighting by Robert Ornbo. It closed on 13 March 1976 after 156 performances at the Aldwych and the Albery Theatres in London, and the Ethel Barrymore Theater in New York City.

 Henry Carr – John Wood
 Tristan Tzara – John Hurt
 James Joyce – Tom Bell
 Vladimir Lenin – Frank Windsor
 Bennett – John Bott
 Gwendolen – Maria Aitken
 Cecily – Beth Morris
 Nadya – Barbara Leigh-Hunt

Cast changes
 Tristan Tzara: Robert Powell; Tim Curry
 James Joyce:  John Quentin; James Booth
 Vladimir Lenin: Harry Towb
 Gwendolen: Meg Wynn Owen
 Nadya: Frances Cuka

Travesties was subsequently produced by the Boston University School of Theater Arts.

1978 German TV film
A German version was directed for TV by Hans Lietzau, and :de:Hans W. Reichel in 1978 with Martin Benrath, Nikolaus Paryla, and :de:Klaus Guth.

1993 production
A revival of the play, with a revised text which abbreviated Cecily's lecture on Lenin in Act II by moving much of it to the interval, was given by the Royal Shakespeare Company at its theatre in the Barbican Arts Centre in September 1993, directed by Adrian Noble. The production was transferred to the Savoy Theatre in March 1994 and ran there until June 1994. A reading was given at the British Library in February 2008, featuring John Hurt.

 Henry Carr – Antony Sher
 Tristan Tzara – David Westhead
 James Joyce –  Lloyd Hutchinson
 Vladimir Lenin – Geoffrey Freshwater
 Bennett – Trevor Martin
 Gwendolen Carr – Rebecca Saire
 Cecily Carruthers – Amanda Harris
 Nadya – Darlene Johnson

2016-2017 production
A new revival, directed by Patrick Marber, was performed at the Menier Chocolate Factory from September until November 2016. The production "broke box office records at the Menier Chocolate Factory, becoming the first play in the company's history to sell out ahead of its first preview". In February 2017 the play, and company, transferred to the Apollo Theatre in London, where the run continued until April 2017.

 Henry Carr – Tom Hollander
 Gwendolen Carr – Amy Morgan
 Tristan Tzara – Freddie Fox
 Cecily Carruthers – Clare Foster
 Vladimir Lenin – Forbes Masson
 James Joyce – Peter McDonald
 Nadya – Sarah Quist
 Bennett – Tim Wallers

The production's designer was Tim Hatley, the lighting designer Neil Austin, and Adam Cork was the sound designer and composer of original music.

2018 production
Patrick Marber's revival transferred to Broadway in Spring 2018, with Tom Hollander reprising his role as Henry Carr and Peter McDonald reprising his as James Joyce. Travesties opened on 24 April 2018 at the Roundabout Theatre Company's American Airlines Theater in New York.

 Henry Carr – Tom Hollander
 James Joyce – Peter McDonald
 Tristan Tzara – Seth Numrich
 Lenin – Dan Butler
 Gwendolen – Scarlett Strallen
 Cecily – Sara Topham
 Nadya – Opal Alladin
 Bennett – Patrick Kerr

The Roundabout Theatre Company's education team have produced an 'Upstage' guide to Travesties which puts the play's themes in historical context and contains interviews with the director, cast, and crew. The revival has been praised by critics with Ben Brantley of The New York Times commenting that he "...would venture that this latest incarnation is the clearest and surely one of the liveliest on record. It should prove ridiculously entertaining for anyone with even a passing knowledge of its central characters, and a stroll through the groves of Wikipedia should offer adequate preparation for anyone else."

2019 Australian production
The Australian premiere of the 2016 script adaptation opened in Melbourne in Winter 2019, with Dion Mills taking the role of Henry Carr. The  production was directed by Jennifer Sarah Dean.

 Henry Carr – Dion Mills
 James Joyce – Johnathan Peck
 Tristan Tzara – Matthew Connell
 Lenin – Syd Brisbane
 Gwendolen – Joanna Halliday
 Cecily – Gabrielle Sing
 Nadya – Milliana Cancur
 Bennett – Tref Gare

Awards and nominations

Awards

1976 Broadway Production
 1976 New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play
 1976 Tony Award for Best Play
 1976 Evening Standard Award for Best Comedy
 1976 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play – John Wood

Nominations

2017 West End Production
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor – Tom Hollander
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Freddie Fox
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Claire Foster
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Sound Design – Adam Cork
WhatsOnStage Award for Best Play Revival
WhatsOnStage Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Play – Freddie Fox

2018 Broadway Revival
 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play
 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Play – Tom Hollander
 Tony Award for Best Sound Design of a Play – Adam Cork
 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – Patrick Marber
 Drama Desk Award for Best Revival of a Play
 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play – Tom Hollander
 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play (Broadway or Off-Broadway)
 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play – Tom Hollander
 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Director of a Play – Patrick Marber
 Drama League Award for Outstanding Revival of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Play
 Distinguished Performance Award – Tom Hollander and Seth Numrich

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
  (show)
  (production)

1974 plays
Broadway plays
New York Drama Critics' Circle Award winners
Plays by Tom Stoppard
Tony Award-winning plays
Plays based on real people
Cultural depictions of Vladimir Lenin
James Joyce

Travesties


Andrew Davis er navnet på flere personer:
 Andrew Davis (dirigent) (født 1944) – britisk dirigent
 Andrew Davis (filminstruktør) (født 1946) – amerikansk filminstruktør
 Andrew Davis (politiker) – britisk politiker samt borgmester i Warminster
 Andrew Davis (ishockeyspiller) (født 1981) – canadisk ishockeyspiller
 Andrew Davis (erhvervsmand) – britisk tidligere erhvervsmand samt grundlægger af von Essen Group

Andrew Davis