Castello Junior Lukeba, couramment appelé Castello Jr., né le  à Lyon (Rhône), est un footballeur international français qui évolue au poste de défenseur central au RB Leipzig.

Biographie

En club

Jeunesse et formation
Castello Junior Lukeba naît le  à Lyon, dans la circonscription départementale du Rhône, en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

Il est formé à l'Olympique lyonnais entre 2011 et 2021, et évolue avec l'équipe professionnelle depuis la saison 2021-2022.

Olympique lyonnais
Le , Castello Lukeba signe son premier contrat professionnel avec le club.

Le , après plusieurs apparitions intéressantes dans la défense lyonnaise au cours des matchs de pré-saison, il réalise ses débuts professionnels avec l'Olympique lyonnais, en étant titularisé face au Stade brestois lors de la saison 2021-2022. Le , Castello Lukeba fait ses débuts européens lors d'une victoire 3-1 contre le Brøndby IF en phase de groupes de la Ligue Europa 2021-2022. Le , il marque son premier but pour le club d'une tête contre le FC Metz, sur une passe décisive de Rayan Cherki, sur un corner. Régulièrement associé à Jérôme Boateng ou à Thiago Mendes, il confirme qu'il est un élément important de l'effectif lyonnais au cours de la saison.

Le , Castello Lukeba prolonge jusqu'en 2025 avec l'Olympique lyonnais.

Le  suivant, bien installé dans son axe central, il marque son deuxième but sous les couleurs lyonnaises ouvrant la marque pour une victoire 3-0 des siens contre l'Olympique de Marseille.

RB Leipzig
Le , Castello Lukeba s'engage en faveur du RB Leipzig en paraphant un contrat de cinq ans. Le montant du transfert est estimé entre 30 et 35 millions d'euros.

En équipe nationale
Le , Castello Lukeba reçoit sa première convocation avec l'équipe de France espoirs dirigée par Sylvain Ripoll, où il rejoint ses coéquipiers Maxence Caqueret, Rayan Cherki et Malo Gusto.

En octobre 2023, initialement appelé en équipe de France espoirs par Thierry Henry, il est convoqué pour la première fois par le sélectionneur Didier Deschamps en équipe de France à la suite des forfaits sur blessure de Jules Koundé puis de son remplaçant Axel Disasi.

Le 17 octobre 2023, il joue sa première sélection en remplaçant Ibrahima Konaté à la  minute, face à l'Ecosse en match amical.

Statistiques

Liste des matchs internationaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur français
Joueur de l'Olympique lyonnais
Joueur du RB Leipzig
Naissance en décembre 2002
Naissance à Lyon

Castello Lukeba


Robert John Odenkirk (; born October 22, 1962) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker best known for his role as Saul Goodman on Breaking Bad (2008–2013) and its spin-off Better Call Saul (2015–2022). For the latter, he has received six nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. As a producer on Better Call Saul since its premiere, he has also received six nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. He is also known for the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show with Bob and David (1995–1998), which he co-created and co-starred in with fellow comic David Cross. In 2015, he and Cross reunited, along with the rest of the Mr. Show cast, for W/ Bob & David on Netflix.

Odenkirk wrote for television series Saturday Night Live (1987–1991) and The Ben Stiller Show (1992), winning an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series in 1989 and 1993. He also wrote for Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993–1994) and acted in a recurring role as Agent Stevie Grant in The Larry Sanders Show (1993–1998). In the early 2000s, Odenkirk discovered the comedy duo Tim & Eric. He produced their television series Tom Goes to the Mayor (2004–2006) and Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! (2007–2010). His feature directorial credits include the films Melvin Goes to Dinner (2003), Let's Go to Prison (2006), and The Brothers Solomon (2007).

The success of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul led to acting work in high-profile projects such as Nebraska (2013), the first season of Fargo (2014), Steven Spielberg's The Post (2017),  Pixar's Incredibles 2 (2018), Little Women (2019) and, as the lead, the action film Nobody (2021), which he also produced.

Early life
Odenkirk was born in Berwyn, Illinois, then raised in Naperville. He is the second oldest of seven siblings born to Walter Henry Odenkirk, who was employed in the printing business, and Barbara Mary ( Baier) Odenkirk (1936–2021), Catholics of German and Irish descent. His parents divorced in part due to Walter's alcoholism, which influenced Bob's decision to avoid alcohol as much as possible. He describes his father as "remote, fucked-up, and not around". Odenkirk would later say that he grew up "hating" Naperville as a 15-year-old because "it felt like a dead end, like Nowheresville. I couldn't wait to move into a city and be around people who were doing exciting things." Walter Odenkirk died of bone cancer in 1986. Odenkirk's younger brother is comedy writer Bill Odenkirk. Bob had helped with Bill's early career.

Odenkirk attended Naperville North High School and graduated at 16; he was "tired of high school", and because he had enough credits, he was able to leave high school when he was still a junior. Because he was so young and thought he would be awkward at any college, he decided to attend the local College of DuPage in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. After a year, he went to Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then transferred to Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois, "honing his sketch-writing and performance skills with live shows on both colleges' radio stations". He began his foray into comedy writing as a radio DJ for WIDB, the local non-broadcast college station at SIU. At WIDB he created a late-night (midnight to 4 am) radio comedy show called The Prime Time Special. After three years of college, Odenkirk was three credits short of graduating when he decided to try writing and improv in Chicago. He completed the credits at Columbia College Chicago and received his bachelor's degree from SIU in 1984. First studying with Del Close, Odenkirk attended the Players Workshop where he met Robert Smigel, and they began a collaboration that would last for years and take Odenkirk to Saturday Night Live. He also performed at the Improv Olympic alongside future Saturday Night Live cast members Chris Farley and Tim Meadows.

Odenkirk would sharpen his stand-up and improv skills at Elmhurst's now defunct Who's on First comedy club, then part of The Steve and Leo Show.

Odenkirk visited Chicago's Second City Theater at the age of fourteen. He said his strongest comedic influence was Monty Python's Flying Circus, primarily due to its combination of cerebral humor and verbal slapstick, which Odenkirk characterized as "laugh-out-loud" humor. Other influences included radio personality Steve Dahl, SCTV, Steve Martin's Let's Get Small, Woody Allen, The Credibility Gap, and Bob and Ray.

Career

1980s–1990s: Saturday Night Live, writing and Mr. Show
Odenkirk was hired as a writer at Saturday Night Live in 1987 and worked there through 1991. Working alongside Robert Smigel and Conan O'Brien, he contributed to many sketches they created but felt uncertain of the efficacy of his writing at the show. When SNL took its 1988 summer break, Odenkirk returned to Chicago to perform a stage show with Smigel and O'Brien, titled Happy Happy Good Show. The following summer he did a one-man show, Show-Acting Guy, directed by Tom Gianas. During his final summer hiatus, he wrote and acted in the Second City Mainstage show, Flag Burning Permitted in Lobby Only. In that particular show, he wrote the character "Matt Foley, Motivational Speaker" for Chris Farley, which would later be reprised on SNL.

He acted in several small roles on the show, most visibly during a 1990 parody commercial for Bad Idea Jeans. During his final year at SNL, he worked alongside Adam Sandler, David Spade, Chris Rock and Chris Farley, but eventually he decided to leave the show in order to pursue performing. He has credited SNL with teaching him many lessons about sketch writing, from senior writers like Jim Downey and Al Franken, as well as his friends Smigel and O'Brien. In 1991, Odenkirk relocated to Los Angeles and was hired to write for the TV show Get a Life, which starred Late Night with David Letterman alumnus Chris Elliott. He wrote for The Dennis Miller Show.

Odenkirk's friendship with Ben Stiller, with whom he briefly shared an office at SNL, would lead to his being hired for the cast of The Ben Stiller Show in 1992. Working as both a writer and actor on the show, he created and starred in the memorable sketch "Manson Lassie", and helped the show win an Emmy Award for writing. However, the show had already been canceled by the time it won the award. Odenkirk served as a writer on Late Night with Conan O'Brien for the show's 1993 and 1994 seasons. Odenkirk met David Cross at Ben Stiller; shortly afterward, the pair began performing live sketch shows, which eventually evolved into Mr. Show with Bob and David. In 1993, Odenkirk began a recurring role on The Larry Sanders Show as Larry Sanders' agent, Stevie Grant. He would continue the character through 1998. Also in 1993, he had brief acting roles on Roseanne and Tom Arnold's The Jackie Thomas Show. Odenkirk's first movie roles were very minor parts in films such as Wayne's World 2, The Cable Guy, Can't Stop Dancing and Monkeybone. Odenkirk briefly attempted a stand-up career in the mid 90s, but ditched it soon after, admitting he "hated telling the same joke twice."

Created by Odenkirk and David Cross, Mr. Show ran on HBO for four seasons. The series featured a number of comedians in the early stages of their careers, including Sarah Silverman, Paul F. Tompkins, Jack Black, Tom Kenny, Mary Lynn Rajskub, Brian Posehn and Scott Aukerman. While nominated for multiple Emmy awards in writing and generally well-liked by critics, it never broke out of a "cult" audience into larger mainstream acceptance due to being a premium cable show. After Mr. Show, Bob and David and the writers from the staff wrote the movie Run, Ronnie, Run. The film was an extension of a sketch from the show's first season. However, the studio took production control away from Cross and Odenkirk during the editing stages, and the pair disowned the final product.

Early 2000s: After Mr. Show

Odenkirk starred in numerous television shows and some films. He has written and produced many TV pilots, including The Big Wide World of Carl Laemke and David's Situation, but most didn't make it to air and none were picked up as a series. In 2003, Odenkirk directed Melvin Goes to Dinner and played the role of Keith. The film received positive reviews from critics and won the Audience Award at the SXSW Film and Music Festival. It was later self-released in five cities, then distributed on DVD by Sundance.

In 2004, Odenkirk received an unsolicited package including the work of Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim. Inspired by their unique voice, he connected with them and helped them develop a semi-animated show for Adult Swim called Tom Goes to the Mayor. He assisted Tim and Eric with the development of their second series, Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job. He had several small featuring roles on TV shows, including Everybody Loves Raymond, Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, NewsRadio, Just Shoot Me!, Joey, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Arrested Development, Entourage, Weeds, and How I Met Your Mother.

Odenkirk was considered for the role of Michael Scott in the pilot of The Office, a role that ultimately went to Steve Carell. Odenkirk finally guested in the final season of The Office as a Philadelphia manager strongly reminiscent of Michael Scott. In 2006, Odenkirk directed Let's Go to Prison, which was written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant, and starred Will Arnett, Dax Shepard and Chi McBride. The film received a 12% "All Critics" score from the website Rotten Tomatoes and had a total box office gross of a little more than US$4.6 million. The following year Odenkirk directed The Brothers Solomon, written by Will Forte and starring Forte, Will Arnett and Kristen Wiig. The film received a 15% "All Critics" score from Rotten Tomatoes and had a total box office gross of approximately $1 million.

2009–2014: Breaking Bad

In 2009, Odenkirk joined the cast of AMC's Breaking Bad as corrupt lawyer Saul Goodman. Writer Peter Gould, as well as several others, had been quickly drawn to Odenkirk for this role based on his Mr. Show performances. The Goodman role was intended to be only a three-episode guest spot in the second season, but Odenkirk's performance led Gould and Vince Gilligan to extend the character as an ongoing role. Odenkirk became a series regular as Goodman for the show's third through fifth and final season.

In 2011, Odenkirk wrote and developed Let's Do This! for Adult Swim, starring Cal Mackenzie-Goldberg a "two-bit movie mogul and head of Cal-Gold Pictures as he leads a collection of crazy, fame-hungry strivers chasing Hollywood dreams". The pilot can be seen on Adult Swim's website. Odenkirk executive produced the sketch comedy show The Birthday Boys, which starred the comedy group of the same name. Odenkirk also appeared in and directed a number of the sketches on the show. It premiered on IFC on October 18, 2013. In 2014, Odenkirk played Police Chief Bill Oswalt in FX's miniseries Fargo. In fall of 2014, Odenkirk played Dr. Stork, a podiatrist who specializes in cutting off people's toes, in Adult Swim's anthology series Tim & Eric's Bedtime Stories.

After starring in Breaking Bad, Odenkirk began to have more prominent roles in critically successful films, such as Incredibles 2, Little Women, The Post, The Disaster Artist, The Spectacular Now, which received the Special Jury Award for Acting at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, and the Alexander Payne-directed Nebraska, which was nominated for a Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

2015–2022: Better Call Saul, film work, and publishing

It was reported in April 2015 that Odenkirk was teaming with former co-star David Cross to produce a new sketch comedy series based on their previous production, Mr. Show, called W/ Bob and David. The series was commissioned by Netflix with the first season having been released in November 2015, featuring four 30-minute-long episodes, along with an hour-long behind-the-scenes special. Odenkirk and Cross both write, star in, and produce the show. Odenkirk has expressed interest in doing more seasons.

Odenkirk starred in the title role of Better Call Saul, a Breaking Bad spinoff. Primarily set in the early 2000s, years before the character's debut in Breaking Bad, the series follows lawyer Saul Goodman's journey from court-appointed defense attorney origins to his eventual status as a successful, though unscrupulous, criminal defense lawyer. He is also credited as a producer for the series.

The first season consists of ten 47-minute-long episodes, with a second and third season of ten episodes apiece following in early 2016 and 2017, respectively. The fourth season was available on Netflix as of August 6, 2018, and the fifth season premiered on AMC on February 23, 2020. The show's final sixth season, which started production in February 2020 but was delayed due to COVID-19, started airing on April 18, 2022.

In 2017, Odenkirk published his first book, A Load of Hooey, a collection of comedic sketches and essays.

Odenkirk co-wrote, produced, and starred in Girlfriend's Day, a Netflix original film. This film-noir comedy about a greeting card writer was directed by Michael Stephenson and influenced by Chinatown. It was a movie Odenkirk had wanted to make for 16 years, after Mr. Show writer Eric Hoffman sent him the original script and they began developing it. In April 2020, with the end of Better Call Saul in sight, Odenkirk established his own production company Cal-Gold Pictures and signed a first-look deal with Sony Pictures Television. Odenkirk, with Cal-Gold, plans to develop unique stories, with dynamic characters and social relevance. Former Comedy Central vice president Ian Friedman will serve as Cal-Gold's head of television. In March 2021, Odenkirk starred as Hutch Mansell in the action-thriller film Nobody, which opened at number one at the US box office, with $6.7 million in ticket sales.

Odenkirk received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 18, 2022, the date of the premiere of the final season of Better Call Saul. Odenkirk's star is located next to the star of his Breaking Bad co-star Bryan Cranston.

In 2022, a new series starring Odenkirk was announced for AMC, entitled Lucky Hank, based on the novel Straight Man by Richard Russo. It premiered on March 19, 2023.

In 2022, Odenkirk published his memoir, Comedy Comedy Comedy Drama. This was followed by a collection of children's poetry in 2023, Zilot & Other Important Rhymes, written with his daughter, Erin.

Upcoming projects
Odenkirk starred as Tommy Wiseau's character Johnny in a 2023 remake of The Room, which is in post-production.

Personal life
In the early 1990s, Odenkirk was linked romantically to fellow comedian, actress, and writer Janeane Garofalo, who introduced him to Mr. Show with Bob and David co-creator David Cross.

In 1997, Odenkirk married Naomi Yomtov, who was later the executive producer of W/ Bob and David. They have two children, a son and a daughter.

Discussing costume choices on Better Call Saul, Odenkirk stated he has a bit of color blindness, and leaves it to the costume department to select the right outfits for his roles.

On December 15, 2019, Odenkirk's alma mater SIU announced it had awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Performing Arts.

On July 27, 2021, Odenkirk was hospitalized in Albuquerque after having what he described as a "small heart attack" on the set of the sixth season of Better Call Saul. Three days later, on July 30, Odenkirk reported that he would "be back soon", and on September 8 he reported he had returned to work. In 2022, Odenkirk revealed that he had two stents placed in his coronary arteries shortly after the widow-maker heart attack due to arterial plaque build-up, which he had been diagnosed with earlier in 2018; he also said that his condition was more severe than had initially been understood, disclosing that his heart stopped and he required cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation to recover a pulse.

Filmography

Bibliography

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading

External links

1962 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American comedy writers
American film directors
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male voice actors
American music video directors
American people of Dutch descent
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American writers of Irish descent
American sketch comedians
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Comedians from Illinois
Comedy film directors
Film directors from Illinois
Male actors from Illinois
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from Illinois
Southern Illinois University Carbondale alumni
Television producers from Illinois
Writers from Naperville, Illinois

Bob Odenkirk


La saison 2022 de Besta deild est la cent-onzième édition de la première division de football d'Islande, qui constitue le premier échelon national islandais et oppose 12 clubs professionnels, à savoir les dix premiers de la saison 2021, ainsi que les deux premiers de la deuxième division islandaise de 2021.

Ce championnat comprend une première phase avec vingt-deux journées, les clubs s'affrontant deux fois en matches aller-retour. Le championnat est ensuite scindé en deux avec une poule championnat et une poule de relégation. Víkingur Reykjavik défend son titre.

Le Breiðablik Kópavogur est sacré champion d'Islande pour la  fois de son histoire, remportant le titre à la  journée.

Les 12 clubs participants

Reykjavik:BreiðablikFHFramKRStjarnanValur ReykjavikVíkingurLeiknir Reykjavik

La majorité des clubs disputant le championnat sont basés dans l'agglomération de la capitale Reykjavik.
Liste des clubs de Besta deild 2022

Compétition

Règlement
La distribution des points se fait tel que suit :
 3 points en cas de victoire
 1 point en cas de match nul
 0 point en cas de défaite
En cas d'égalité, les équipes sont départagées selon les critères suivants dans cet ordre :
 Différence de buts générale
 Nombre de buts marqués
 Fair-play

Classement

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Résultats

Poule championnat
Les six premiers de la saison régulière se retrouvent dans une poule pour déterminer le champion, les équipes emportent les points acquis lors de la première phase. Le premier est déclaré champion d'Islande, les deux équipes suivantes, outre le vainqueur de la Coupe, sont qualifiées pour la Ligue Europa Conférence.

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Matchs

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Poule relégation
Les six derniers de la saison régulière se retrouvent dans une poule en emportant les points acquis lors de la première phase. Les deux dernières équipes sont reléguées en deuxième division.

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Matchs

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Bilan de la saison

Notes et références

Lien externe
Résultats et classement sur soccerway.com

2022
Islande
2022 en Islande

Championnat d'Islande de football 2022


est un artiste peintre japonais né le  à Kyōto.

Pratiquant la peinture à l'huile, il est un peintre  rattaché au mouvement expressionniste. Il est célèbre pour ses peintures de , un type de maison traditionnelle japonaise, il est ainsi surnommé le . En outre de cela, lors de la guerre du Pacifique (1937-1945), Mukai a produit avec enthousiasme de nombreuses peintures de propagande.

Il meurt de pneumonie aiguë le  à l'âge de .

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

Peintre japonais du XXe siècle
Peintre expressionniste
Naissance en novembre 1901
Naissance à Kyoto
Décès en novembre 1995
Décès à 93 ans

Junkichi Mukai


طيران الصين (بالصينية:中国国际航空公司) هي شركة الطيران الوطنية الصينية، تأسست سنة 1988، وهي شركة تابعة لشركة الصين الوطنية القابضة للطيران. يقع المقر الرئيسي للشركة في العاصمة الصينية بكين ، وتتخذ من مطار بكين الدولي ومطار شانغهاي الدولي مركزين لعملياتها، وتعد الشركة رابع أكبر شركة طيران في آسيا، تقدم طيران الصين خدماتها لأكثر من 180 وجهة في آسيا، أوروبا، أستراليا والولايات المتحدة، وخدمت الشركة عام 2006 ما يقارب 33.97 مليون، وتعتبر الشركة عضو في تحالف ستار.

الأسطول

اعتبارا من يونيو عام 2016، ضم أسطول شركة طيران الصين طائرات النقل والشحن التالية:

انظر أيضا
 طيران الصين للشحن الجوي
 خطوط جنوب الصين الجوية
 خطوط شمال الصين الجوية
 خطوط يونان الصينية الجوية
 خطوط شمال غرب الصين الجوية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للشركة
 تفاصيل أسطول طيران الصين

أعضاء إياتا
الاكتتابات العامة الأولية 2004
تحالف ستار
شاني
شركات صينية أسست في 1988
شركات طيران أسست سنة 1988
شركات طيران صينية
شركات مدرجة في بورصة شانغهاي
شركات مدرجة في بورصة لندن
شركات مدرجة في بورصة هونغ كونغ
شركات مقرها في بكين
شركات مملوكة من قبل الدولة الصينية
علامات تجارية صينية
كاثي باسيفيك

طيران الصين


Ramón Esteban Gómez Valdés y Castillo (2 September 1924 – 9 August 1988) was a Mexican actor and comedian. He is best remembered for his portrayal of Don Ramón. He is also recognized as one of Mexico's best comedians.

Born in Mexico City, he was raised in a humble and large family that moved to Ciudad Juárez when he was aged two. Valdés made his acting debut at cinema in the movie Tender Pumpkins (1949), appearing along with his brother, Germán Valdés, already an actor better known as "Tin-Tan", and who introduced Ramón into the acting world. Under extra or supporting roles, he continued making appearances in films during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. Ramón and Germán had two other brothers, also actors, Manuel Valdés, better known as "Manuel "El Loco" Valdés", and Antonio Valdés, better known as "El Ratón Valdés".

In 1968, Valdés met Roberto Gómez Bolaños, better known as "Chespirito", with whom he began working on programs such as Los supergenios de la mesa cuadrada, Chespirito and El Chapulín Colorado. It was on Bolaños's sitcom El Chavo del Ocho that he gained international fame for his portrayal of Don Ramón. He left El Chavo del Ocho in 1979 but returned in 1981 for his final year on the project.

In 1982, Valdés starred with Carlos Villagrán on the Venezuelan sitcom Federrico and on Ah que Kiko in 1987.

Life and career

1924–1968: Childhood, early career and multiple films

Ramón Esteban Gómez Valdés y Castillo was born on 2 September 1924, in Mexico City, a son of Rafael Gómez-Valdés Angellini and Guadalupe Castillo. He lived a quiet childhood, without being surrounded by many luxuries. He had several brothers, Germán Valdés "Tin Tan", Manuel "El Loco" Valdés, Antonio Valdés "El Ratón Valdés", Guadalupe, Angela, Cristóbal, Antonio and Armando. He was nicknamed "El Moncho". At the age of two, his family moved to Ciudad Juárez.

In his youth, Valdés earned his living in multiple activities and trades, and due to this instability, he sometimes faced economic problems. At the same time he began his artistic career thanks to the support of his brother Germán ("Tin Tan"), who took him to act with him in different projects, so he participated in more than 50 films of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. His film debut took place on Tender Pumpkins (1949). He continued appearing on multiple movies as an extra or with supporting roles till he met Roberto Gomez Bolaños (Chespirito) in 1968.

1968–1980: Meeting with Chespirito and career success

In 1968, he met Roberto Gomez Bolaños (Chespirito) on the program Sábados de la fortuna, Bolaños saw the talent of Váldes and he made him part of the cast of comedians for his new television project called Los supergenios de la mesa cuadrada, where he performed along with María Antonieta de las Nieves and Rubén Aguirre. Then the program changed its name to Chespirito. It was so successful that it was on television for many years. Then came the television bomb El Chavo del Ocho in 1973, where he played Don Ramón, achieving more success and recognition than he had experienced before. It is said that his character was similar to Váldes in real life. Coworker Rubén Aguirre stated:

He also participated in El Chapulín Colorado airing in 1973 in which he portrayed multiple characters.

1980–1988: Return with Chespirito and final projects
After quitting the part of Don Ramón in El Chavo del Ocho, Valdés continued making films until 1986.

He returned to television in 1981, performing in "Chespirito" as his former characters. He also returned to "El Chavo del Ocho", this being kept as a secret until the moment of recording. According to the history behind his return on one of the episodes in the series, Váldes entered the set to surprise La Chilindrina (María Antonieta de las Nieves) and such was the surprise of the actress, that the tears shed during that scene were real. Valdés only stayed one more year in the production as at the end of that year he left the program forever.

In 1982, Valdés returned to television with Carlos Villagrán on the Venezuelan show Federrico and on ¡Ah qué Kiko! in 1987 with these two being his final projects.

Other media
In 1984, Váldes starred in a musical program entitled "Aprendiz de Pirata" (Spanish for "Pirate Apprentice") with Luis Miguel in which he performed his song "Tú No Tienes Corazón" of his 1984 album Palabra de honor.

Personal life
He was of Mexican descent. Valdés owned a circus. According to Valdés, he had a falling out with Chespirito after he refused to lend Valdés 20,000 pesos he needed to buy a house.

Valdés had three wives and, as a result of his relationships, had 10 children. One of his wives was the singer Araceli Julián.

Valdés kept a strong friendship with an actress on El Chavo del Ocho, Angelines Fernández, better known on the show as Doña Clotilde "La Bruja del 71". At Valdés's funeral, Fernández stayed standing in front of his coffin and crying inconsolably because of his death. He was also good friends with María Antonieta de las Nieves.

He was the uncle of Mexican pop singer Cristian Castro; his brother Manuel "El Loco" Váldes is Castro's father.

Death

Valdés was a heavy tobacco smoker and people close to him stated that it was not unusual to see him with a cigarette in the recording sets.

On 9 August 1988, Valdés died of stomach cancer at age 63. The cancer had spread to his spinal cord. Valdés was entombed at Mausoleos del Ángel in Mexico City, the same cemetery where Angelines Fernández rests.

Legacy
Valdés is remembered as one of the most beloved actors from El Chavo del Ocho for portraying Don Ramón.

Posthumous documentary
On 17 May 2019, a trailer on Valdés' official YouTube account was released for Con permisito dijo Monchito (Spanish for, Excuse me, said Little Moncho), a documentary featuring Valdés's life with unpublished material, interviews with fans and fellow co-workers and little known things about him.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 Ramón Valdés on YouTube

1924 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Mexican male actors
Chespirito actors
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in Mexico
Golden Age of Mexican cinema
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male television actors
Mexican male comedians
Male actors from Mexico City
Mexican people of Italian descent
Mexican people of Spanish descent
20th-century comedians

Ramón Valdés


1972 ප්‍රථම ජනරජ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම්

මෙරට නීති ක්‍රමයට මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබද හදුන්වා දීමක් 1972 ප්‍රථම ජනරජ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම වයවස්ථාව හරහා සිදුවිය.
එහි 6වන පරිච්ජේදය යටතේ

නීතිය ඉටුකිරීම,නීතියේ රැකවරණය සර්ව සාධාරණ වීම

නීතියට අනුකූලව මිස කිසිදු පුද්ගලයකුගේ හෝ ප්‍රාණයට හෝනිදහසට හානියක් නොකිරීම

නීතියට අනුකූලව මිස කිසිදු තැනැත්තකු අත් අඩංගුවට ගැනීම රදවා තබා ගැනීම ,බන්ධනාගාර ගත
කිරීම නොකිරීම

සෑම පුරවැසියකුටම සිතීමේ විමසීමේ නිදහස,ආගමික නිදහස අදහස් ප්‍රකාශකිරිමේ නිදහස,කැමති
ආගමක් ඇදහීම,වැළද ගැනීම,ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමට ඇති නිදහස

සෑම පුරවැසියකුටම තමා කැමති සංස්කෟතියක් භුක්ති විදීමට දියුණු කිරීමට තිබෙන අයිතිය

භාෂනයේ හා ප්‍රකාශනයේ නිදහස

පත්වීම් ලිපි ලබා දීමේදී වර්ණය,ආගම,කුලය,ස්ත්‍රී පුරැෂ භේදය යන කිසිදු කරුණක් නිසා වෙනසකට හෝ විශේෂයකට හෝ භාජනය නොකිරීම
සෑම පුරවැසියකුටම ලංකාව තුල යාම් ඊම් ඉදීම් ,අභිමත තැනක පදිංචි වීමේ නිදහස
 සෑම පුරවැසියකුටම තමන්  කැමති රැකියාවක් කිරීමේ නිදහස

යනාදී අයිතිවාසිකම් දක්වා තිබූ අතර ජාතියේ එක්සත් බව,රටේ යථාපැවැත්ම,ජාතික ආර්ථිකය,මහජන සෞඛ්‍යය,සදාචාරය,අන්‍යයන්ගේ අයිතිය යන විවිධාකාර වූ නිදහස මත එකී මූලික අයිතීන් සීමා කල හැකි විය.නමුත් මෙහිදී යම් මූලික අයිතිවාසිකමක් උල්ලංඝනය වන විටක ගත යුතු ප්‍රතිකර්ම සම්බන්ධව මෙම ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ අන්තර්ගත නොවූ හෙයින් එකී අඩුපාඩුව මග හරවමින් 1978 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව පැනවිනි.

1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම  ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම්

ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ  3 වන පරිච්ජේදය මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් සාකච්ජා වෙයි.

10 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව

සිතීමේ නිදහස,හෘදය සාක්‍ෂියේ නිදහස සහ ආගමික නිදහස (සෑම තැනැත්තකුටම තමන් අභිමත ආගමක් ඇදහීමේ හෝ වැළද ගැනීමේ නිදහසද ලබ්ධියක් හෝ විශ්වාසයක් දැරීමේ හෝ පිළිගැනීමේ නිදහසද ඇතුළුව සිතීමේ නිදහසට,හෘදය සාක්‍ෂියේ නිදහසට සහ ආගමික නිදහසට හිමිකම් ඇත්තේය.

11වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව

වධහිංසා වලින් නිදහසජ්
(කිසිම තැනැත්තකු වධහිංසා වලට හෝ කෲර අමානුෂික හෝ අවමන් සහගත සැලකිල්ලකට නැතහොත් දඩුවමකට යටත් නොකළ යුත්තේය)

12 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව

(1) සර්ව සාධාරණත්‍වයේ අයිතිවාසිකම
(නීතිය පසිදලීම සහ ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමද නීතියේ රැකවරණයද සර්ව සාධාරණ විය යුත්තේය.)

(2) කීසිම පුරවැසියකු වර්ගය,ආගම,භාෂාව,කුලය,ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ භේදය,දේශපාලන මතය හෝ උපන් ස්ථානය යන හේතු මත හෝ ඉන් කවර වූ හේතුවක්    මත හෝ වෙනස්කමකට හෝ විශේෂයකට හෝ භාජනය නොවිය යුත්තේය.

(3) වර්ගය, ආගම, භාෂාව, කුලය හෝ ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ භේදය යන හේතුන් මත හෝ ඉන් කවරහෝ හේතුවක් මත හෝ වෙළඳසල් වලට, පොදු භෝජනාගාරවලට, ආපනශාලාවලට, පොදු විනෝද ස්ථානවලට හෝ තම තමන්ගේ ආගමට අයත් පොදු පුජනීය ස්ථානවලට ඇතුල්වීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් යම් ආශාක්නුතාවයකට, බැඳීමකට, සීමාකිරීමකට නැතහොත් කොන්දේසියකට කිසිම තැනැත්තෙක් යටත් නොවන්නේය.

13 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව

අත්තනෝමතිකව සිරභාරයට ගැනීමෙන්,රදවා තබා ගැනීමෙන් සහ දඩුවම් කිරීමෙන් නිදහස සහ අතීතයට බලපාන දණ්ඩන නීති පැනවීම තහනම් කිරීම

(1)නීතියෙන්  නියම කරනු ලැබූ කාර්ය පටිපාටියට අනුකූලව මිස කිසිම තැනැත්තකු සිරභාරයට ගැනීම නොකළ යුත්තේය.යම් තැනැත්තකු සිරභාරයට ගනු ලබන්නේ යම් හේතුවක් මතද ඒ හේතුව ඒ තැනැත්තාට දැන්විය යුත්තේය.

(2)අත් අඩංගුවෙහි තබා ගනු ලැබූ හෝ අන්‍යාකාරයකින් පෞද්ගලික නිදහස අහිමි කරනු ලැබූ සෑම තැනැත්තකුම නීතියෙන් නියම කරනු ලැබූ කාර්ය පටිපාටිය අනුව ආසන්නතම නිසි අධිකරණයේ විනිශ්චයකාරවරයා ඉදිරියට ගෙන යා යුතු අතර,නීතියෙන් නියම කරනු ලැබූ කාර්ය පටිපාටියට  අනුකූලව ඒ විනිශ්චයකාරවරයා විසින් කරනු ලැබූ ආඥාව/ලැබූ ආඥාව /මත සහ ආඥාව ප්‍රකාර මිස,ඒ තැනැත්තා තවදුරටත් අත්අඩංගුවෙහි තබා ගැනීම හෝ රදවා තබා ගැනීම හෝ ඒ තැනැත්තාගේ පෞද්ගලික නිදහස අහිමි කිරීම හෝ නොකළ
යුත්තේය.......)

14 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව

භාෂණයේ,රැස්වීමේ,සමාගමයේ,රැකියාවේ සහ යාම්ඊම් යනාදියේ නිදහස

අ)භාෂණයේ නිදහසට සහ ප්‍රකාශනය ඇතුළු අදහස් පළ කිරීමේ නිදහසට

ආ) සාමකාමීව රැස්වීමේ නිදහසට

ඇ) සමාගමයේ නිදහසට

ඈ) වෘත්තීය සමිති පිහිටුවීමේ සහ  වෘත්තීය සමිතිවලට බැදීමේ නිදහසට

ඉ) එකලාව හෝ අන් අය හා සමඟ ,ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ හෝ පෞද්ගලිකව ,තම ආගම,ලබ්ධිය හෝ විශ්වාසය ඇදහීමෙන්,පිළිපැදීමෙන්,ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමෙන් සහ       ඉගැන්වීමෙන් ප්‍රකාශකිරීමේ නිදහසට

ඊ) එකලාව හෝ අන් අය හා සමඟ හෝ ස්වකීය සංස්කෘතිය භුක්ති විදීමේ හා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමේ නිදහසට සහ ස්වකීය භාෂාව භාවිතා කිරීමේ නිදහසට

උ) එකලාව හෝ අන් අය හා සමඟ යම් නීත්‍යානුකූල රැකියාවක,වෘත්තියක,කර්මාන්තයක,වෙළඳ ව්‍යාපාරයක හෝ ව්‍යවසායක නියුක්ත වීමේ නිදහසට

ඌ) ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල යාම ඊමේ නිදහසට සහ අභිමත ස්ථානයක වාසය කිරීමේ නිදහසට ,සහ

එ) ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට පෙරලා පැමිණීමේ නිදහසට හිමිකම් ඇත්තේය....

මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම්වලට වූ සීමා

ඉහත දක්වන ලද මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් භුක්ති විදීමේදී ඊට වූ සීමාවන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 15 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව හරහා දක්වනු ලැබේ.ඒ අනුව රාජ්‍ය ආරක්‍ෂාව තහවුරු කිරීම පිණිස නීතියෙන් නියමකරනු ලැබිය හැකි සීමා කිරීම් වලට යටත්ව එනම්
ජාතීන් හා විවිධ ආගමිකයන් අතර සහයෝගීතාව වර්ධනය කිරිම
ජාතික ආර්ථිකය ආරක්‍ෂා කිරීම
මහජන සෞඛ්‍යය හා සදාචාරය
මහජනයා ආරක්ෂා කිරීම
අනන්‍යයන්ගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් හා නන් වැදෑරුම් නිදහස නිසි පරිදි පිළිගන්නා බවට සහ ඊට නිසි පරිදි ගරුකරන බවට වග බලා ගැනීම පිණිසත් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී   සමාජයක පොදු සුබසාධනය පිණිසත්
සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි හා පොලීසියේ සාමාජිකයන්ට අදාල වීමේදි ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් යථා පරිදි පවත්වාගෙන යාමට හා ඔවුන් අතර විනය පවත්වා ගැනීම පිණිස  හා  පාර්ලිමේන්තු වරප්‍රසාද,අධිකරණයට අපහාස කිරීම,අපහාසය හෝ වරදකට පෙළඔවීම වැනි කරුණුවලදී නීතියෙන් නියම කරනු ලබන සීමා වලට යටත්ව මෙකී මූලික අයිතීන් සීමාවන්ට යටත්ව භුක්ති විදිය යුතු වේ.

මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් උල්ලංඝනයකදී ගත හැකි ප්‍රතිකර්ම
අධිකරණමය ප්‍රතිකර්ම
අධිකරණමය නොවන ප්‍රතිකර්ම

අධිකරණමය ප්‍රතිකර්ම

ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 04(ඈ) ව්‍යවස්ථාව ප්‍රකාරව "ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකොට පිළිගනු ලබන මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් සියලු පාලන ආයතන විසින් ගරුකරනු ලැබිය යුත්තේය,ආරක්‍ෂා කරනු ලැබිය යුත්තේය.වර්ධනය කරනු ලැබිය යුත්තේය.තවද ඒ මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් මෙහි මින් මතු විධිවිධාන සලස්වා ඇති ආකාරයට සහ ප්‍රමාණයට මිස සංක්ෂිප්ත කිරීම,සීමා කිරීම හෝ අහිමි කිරීම නොකළ යුත්තේය."ඒ අනුව මෙකී අයිතිවාසිකම් සුරක්‍ෂිත කිරීම උදෙසා රජයට බැදීමක් ඇතිවන අතර 17වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව ප්‍රකාරව මේ  පරිච්ඡේදය යටතේ දක්වන්නා  වූ  යම්  මූලික අයිතිවාසිකමක් යම් විධායක හෝ පරිපාලනමය ක්‍රියාවක් මගින් උල්ලංඝනය කර තිබීම හෝ උල්ලංඝනය කිරීමට අත්‍යාසන්නව තිබීම හෝ සම්බන්ධයෙන් 126 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ විධිවිධාන සලසා ඇති පරිදි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයට ඉලිලීමක් කිරීමට ඒ තැනැත්තාට හිමිකම් ඇත්තේය. ඒ අනුව 126 වන ව්‍යවස්ථාව ප්‍රකාරව යම් මූලික අයිතිවාසිකමමක් නැතහොත් භාෂා අයිතිවාසිකම යම් විධායක ක්‍රියාවක් මගින් හෝ පරිපාලන ක්‍රියාවක් මගින් කඩ කර ඇති බවට හෝ කඩකිරීමට අත්‍යාසන්නව පවතින බවට යම් තැනැත්තකු විසින් දෝෂාරෝපණයක් කරනු ලබන අවස්ථාවක ඔහු විසින්ම නැතහොත් ඔහු වෙනුවෙන් පෙනී සිටින නීතිඥවරයකුගේ මාර්ගයෙන් ,එතැන් පටන් මාසයක් ඇතුලත,එම කඩ කිරීමෙන් සහනයක් හෝ පිහිටක් ලබාදෙන ලෙස ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයට ඉල්ලීමක් කිරීමට හැකියාව ලැබේ.

අධිකරණමය නොවන ප්‍රතිකර්ම

ශ්‍රී ලංකා මානව හිමිකම් කොමිෂන් සභාව
පරිපාලන කටයුතු පිළිබද පාර්ලිමේන්තු කොමසාරිස්වරයා(ඔම්බුඩ්ස්ටන්)

ශ්‍රී ලංකා මානව හිමිකම් කොමිෂන් සභාව

1996 අංක 21දරන පාර්ලිමේන්තු පනත මගින් පිහිටුවන ලද ශ්‍රී ලංකා මානව හිමිකම් කොමිෂන් සභාව සතු බලතල අතර මානව හිමිකම් කඩවීම පිළිබඳ ලැබෙන පැමිණිලි පිළිබදව විමර්ශණය කොට නිර්දේශයන් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමේ බලය සුවිශේෂී වන අතර මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබද දැනුම ප්‍රවර්ධනයට සහ සුරක්‍ෂිතකිරීම සඳහා අවශ්‍ය නීති සම්පාදනය කිරීමට රජයට නිර්දේශ ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙම ආයතනයට හැකියාව ලැබේ.

පරිපාලන කටයුතු පිළිබද පාර්ලිමේන්තු කොමසාරිස්වරයා(ඔම්බුඩ්ස්ටන්)

"දුක් ගන්නා රාළ" ලෙස හදුන්වන ඔම්බුඩ්ස්ටන්වරයාගේ බලතල අතර විධායක හෝ පරිපාලන වශයෙන් සිදුවන අයිතීන් උල්ලංඝනය පිළිබදව පරීක්‍ෂණ පැවැත්වීමේ බලතල කැපී පෙනේ.රජයේ නිලධරයන් විසින් සහ රාජ්‍ය සංස්ථාවල ,පළාත් පාලන ආයතන වල හා එවැනි වෙනත් ආයතනවල නිලධරයන් විසින් සිදුකරනු ලබන මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම,සහ වෙනත් අසාධාරණ ක්‍රියා ගැන කරනු ලබන පැමිණිලි හෝ චෝදනා නීතියේ විධිවිධාන වලට අනුකූලව පරීක්‍ෂා කර බලා වාර්තා කිරිමේ කාර්යභාරය ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 156 ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ මොහු සතු බලතල ලෙස දක්වනු ලැබේ.

නඩු තීරණ

 එල්මෝ පෙරේරා  එ.  මොන්ටේගු ජයවික්‍රම (1985) 1SLR 285

 ෆසීස්  එ.  නීතිපති සහ වෙනත් අය (1995) 1 SLR 372

 කරුණාතිලක සහ අනෙක් අය  එ.  දයානන්ද දිසානායක  (1999) 1SLR 157

 නමාසිවම්  එ.  ගුණවර්ධන  (1989) 1SLR 394

 ගුණවර්ධන  එ. පෙරේරා (1983) 1SLR 305

 පෙරේරා  එ. රාජගුරු  (1997) 3 SLR 265

 විමල් ප්‍රනාන්දු  එ. ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව  SC No.81/95

 ගුණරත්න  එ.  මහජන බැංකුව  (1986)1SLR 338

 ජෝසප් පෙරේරා  එ.  නිතිපති  (1992) 1SLR 199

 ශ්‍රියානි සිල්වා  එ.  චානක ඉද්දමල්ගොඩ  (2003) 2 SLR 63

මූලාශ්‍ර

 1978 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නීතිය හා මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්   නීතීඥ චාරුක සමරසේකර

 Fundamental Rights in SriLanka by Dr. Jayampathi Wikramarathna

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මූලික යුතුකම්

පිංතූර

මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම්


Keri este o insulă estonă de 3,1 ha situată în Golful Finic. Ea se află la aproximativ 6 km nord de insula Prangli și este una dintre cele mai nordice insule ale Estoniei. Ea este cunoscută pentru farul său cu același nume. Din punct de vedere administrativ aparține satului Kelnase din comuna Viimsi, comitatul Harju.

Istorie

Prima atestare documentară a insulei Keri a fost înregistrată în 1623. Mai multe căi maritime importante au trecut de-a lungul timpului pe lângă insulă, astfel că în 1724 acolo a fost instalat un far la ordinul lui Petru cel Mare. Farul actual a fost construit în 1803. În 1902 s-a descoperit gaz natural în timpul forării unei fântâni. Între 1906 și 1912 gazul a fost folosit pentru a alimenta farul și a încălzi celelalte clădiri de pe insulă. La momentul respectiv era singurul far din lume alimentat cu gaz. După un impuls seismic în 1912 fluxul de gaz a încetat.

Paznicii de far și familiile lor au fost singurii locuitori permanenți ai insulei în trecut. Ultimul paznic a părăsit insula Keri în septembrie 2002. De atunci farul operează în mod automat, energia electrică fiind produsă de panouri solare și o centrală eoliană.

În 1940 avionul civil finlandez Kaleva a fost doborât în apropiere de insulă de două avioane sovietice de tip Beriev MBR-2. La 14 iunie 1993 pe Keri a fost inaugurat un monument în memoria celor nouă victime ale atacului.

Galerie

Note

Insulele Estoniei

Keri


Castellón de la Plana (Valensiyaca: Castelló de la Plana), Valensiya Özerk Topluluğuna bağlı Castellón ili'nin merkez şehri. Yaklaşık nüfusu 160.000 kişidir. Şehrin gelir kaynağı turizmdir.

Görülebilecek yerler

Kentte görülebilecek tarihsel binalar çok küçük eski şehir merkezi olan "Plaça Major (Ana Meydan)"
etrafında bulunmaktadır:
 Concatedral de Santa Maria: İlk defa 13. yüzyılda yapılıp iki defa renove edilmiştir. İlk defa orijinal yapının bir yangın sonucu kül olmasından sonra yeni yapılmıştır. Bu bina 1936'ya kadar gelmiş ve "İspanya İç Harbi" sırasında radikal belediye liderleri tarafından bir defa daha yıktırılmıştır. Günümüzdeki bina iç harp sona erdikten sonra yapılmıştır.
 Ajuntament (Belediye Konağı): 18. yüzyıl başında yapılan İtalyan Toskana bölgesi mimarî stilinde çok süslü bir binadır. Çok göz çekici sütunlu bir zemin üzerinde gelişen süslü bir cephesi vardır.
 El Fadrí (Tek Adam): 16. yüzyılda yapılmıştır. Conkatedralin çan kulesi olarak planlanıp yapılmasıyla  beraber katedral binası ile hiç birleşik tarafı bulunmayan bir kule şeklindedir.
 Llotja del Cànem (Kenevir Borsası Binası): 17. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında şehir ve etrafında önemli bir tarım ürünü olan kenevirin kenevir kumaş ve ip tüccarları tarafından kolayca satın alınmasını sağlamak için yaptırılmış bir borsa binasıdır. Fakat günümüzde bu bölgede kenevir önemli bir tarım ürünü olmaktan çoktan çıkmıştır. Günümüzde bu tarihi bina Üniversite tarafından kültürel etkinlikler veya geçici sergiler için kullanılmaktadır.
 Santa Maria del Lledó: Kentin kuzeydoğu kıyısında kurulmuş bir bazilikadır. 1366'da bir çiftçi tarafından tarlasını sürerken bulunmuş olan bir Bakire Meryem resim parçası anısına 14. yüzyılda bir şapel yapılmıştır. Sonradan 16. yüzyılda bu şapel binasına Barok mimarı stilli büyük ekler yapılmıştır. Bu yapılar kompleksi etrafında çok iyi bakılı güzel bahçeler bulunmaktadır.

Kardeş şehirler

Resimler

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Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

Dış bağlantılar

  Castellón de la Plana Belediyesi
   Jaime Üniversitesii]

İspanya'daki şehirler
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Castellón de la Plana


علم التأثيل أو الأثالة  هو علم يبحث عن العلاقات التي تربط كلمة بوحدة قديمة جدًا تعد هي الأصل (الأثْلة). بالمعنى القديم، هي البحث عن المعنى الأصلي والأولي للكلمة، وهي عملية لغوية تعتمد المقارنة بين الصيغ والدلالات لتمييز الأصول والفروع. وهي من ناحية أخرى عملية تاريخية حضارية؛ لأنها تستعين بدراسة المجتمعات والمؤسسات وسائر العلوم والفنون للبتّ في القضايا اللغوية، بالإضافة إلى مقارنة الألسن لمعرفة أنسابها وأنماطها؛ لأن اللسان الذي يكون فرعًا تكون ألفاظه فروعًا. يكون التأثيل بدراسة الأصل التاريخي للكلمات، ويعتمد في ذلك على تتبع تطور الكلمة من خلال الوثائق والمخطوطات، وأحيانًا تاريخ المجموعات البشرية الناطقة بهذه الكلمات.

أتى المصطلح الإنجليزي Etymoloy، الذي يعني حقيقة الكلمة أو أصلها، من مقطعين يونانيين الأول Etymos وتعني الأَثْلَة أي الشكل اللغوي الذي اشتق منه تاريخيًا شكل لغوي آخر، والمقطع الثاني logos اللفظ المشترك المستخدم هنا بمعنى الكلمة، أما في اللغة العربية فقد أتى مصطلح تأثيل من الجذر آَثَلَ، أثل الشيء بمعنى أصله. ويعرف التأثيل على أنه فرع من فروع اللسانيات يدرس أصل الكلمات، ونهج تطورها، ومقارنة المتشابه منها في لغات تنتمي إلى عائلة لغوية واحدة. كان أفلاطون من أوائل الباحثين في هذا المجال، ومنهجه يقترب كثيرًا من المفهوم المعاصر لهذا العلم، وقد ناقشه في حوار من حواراته المسمى كراتيلوس ثم بعد أفلاطون عُدَّ الفلاسفة الرواقيون أن الكلمات من مكونات الطبيعة، وهي نظير متمم للموجودات المادية، والأفكار المجردة تساعد في التعرف عليها، وبذلك يرفض الرواقيون مفهوم اختراع اللغة والاتفاق الإنساني على معاني الكلمات بواسطة مجموعة بشرية محددة. وينسب علماء اللسانيات أقدم بحث تأثيلي للقرن الخامس قبل الميلاد حين قام الكهنة الهنود بشرح الكلمات السنسكريتية العصية على الفهم في كتاب Rig-Veda أقدس كتبهم آنئذ لاستخدام هذه الكلمات في الطقوس الدينية.

كانت المحاولات الأولى في هذا العلم ساذجة ومبنية على الاجتهاد لا القواعد العلمية، وما زالت هذه الأساليب مستخدمة عند البعض حتى الآن وتسمى التأثيل العامي folk etymology، حيث يجري تفسير معاني الكلمات بناء على التشابه السطحي كما في كلمة island الإنجليزية ومعناها جزيرة حيث تُنسب إلى الكلمة الأنجلو-ساكسونية ومعناها «أرض تبدو كعين في ماء»، حيث أنها تلفظ eye + land.

أصبح التأثيل أكثر علمية بعدما بدأت أوروبا دراسة اللغة السنسكريتية في القرن التاسع عشر، ونشأة نظرية الأصول المشتركة للعائلات اللغوية، وما نتج من قوانين تفسر المتغيرات الصوتية المؤثرة على تشكيل الكلمات في مختلف اللغات، ونضج هذه القوانين لتُصبح علم النطقيات الذي يدين له تطورالتأثيل بالفضل، وينتمي كلاهما لنفس التقسيم الفرعي في اللسانيات، فقبل تطور علم الصوتيات لم يكن ممكنًا إجراء دراسة علمية منهجية على الكلمات المعروفة تُمكن الباحث من تتبع تاريخها بدقة.

التسمية
سمي هذا العلم علم أصول الكلمات أو التأثيل والأثالة أو الإيتيمولوجيا والتأصيل وعلم التجذير وعلم تاريخ الألفاظ. والمراد بالأصل هنا ما أخذه منه اللفظ على العموم.

تقسيم
يدخل في هذا العلم:

 علم الاشتقاق وهو الباحث في الأصول والأسماء المشتقة
 علم استعمال الألفاظ وموضوعه التشبيه والكناية ونحوهما
 علم الأحاجي والأغلوطات ويبحث فيه عن الألفاظ المخالفة لقواعد العربية
 علم الحقيقة والمجاز
 علم المنقول

التأثيل في العربية
من أهم المحاولات الأولى في تأثيل كلمات العربية كانت محاولة أوغست فيشر، وهو مستشرق ألماني، ويعد حجة في اللغات الشرقية، من عربية وعبرية وسريانية وحبشية وفارسية وغيرها. وقد عرض، في اجتماع للمستشرقين الألمان سنة 1907، فكرة تأليف معجم للغة العربية الفصحى يتناول تاريخ كل كلمة، مبتدئاً بالكتابة المنقوشة من القرن الرابع الميلادي، منتهياً بالقرن الثالث الهجري. وفي عام 1936 في مفتتح الدورة الثالثة، تضمنت خطبة رئيس المجمع محمد توفيق رفعت أن الدكتور فيشر سيقدم منه نموذجاً يعرض على أعضاء المجمع، وقد كان هذا النموذج هو الثلث الأول من مادة «أخذ» مشفوعاً بمراجعه ورموزه ودليل المراجعة ، ثم مضى الدكتور فيشر في عمله في المعجم، وما هي إلا أن نشبت الحرب العالمية، فحالت بينه وبين العودة إلى القاهرة، وبذلك تعذرت مواصلة العمل في المعجم، الذي أعد منه الدكتور فيشر مقدمته، والجزء الأول منه، حتى آخر مادة «أبد».

في سنة 1990 كانت هنالك مبادرة إلى إنشاء مشروع المعجم العربي التاريخي في تونس ولكن المشروع توقف، وأعيد العمل عليه في سنة 1996 ثم توقف لأسباب مادية. في سنة 2006 تبشرنا بأن اتحاد المجامع اللغوية والعلمية العربية قرر إنشاء مؤسسة مستقلة تتفرغ لتأليف المعجم التاريخي للغة العربية، وكما ذكر أمين عام اتحاد المجامع اللغوية العربية، د. كمال بشر فان المعجم سيكون سجلا للثقافة والتاريخ والحضارة والمعارف العربية وسيكون مرآة للحياة العربية بكل جوانبها وسيربط حاضر العرب بماضيهم. وأضاف أن المعجم التاريخي للغة العربية سيوضح ما حدث للكلمة العربية من تطور منذ نشأتها في مفرداتها ومعانيها المختلفة. وقد أصدرت مؤسسة البحوث والدراسات العلمية المغربية كتابا عن «أعمال ندوة المعجم التاريخي للغة العربية - قضاياه النظرية والمنهجية والتطبيقية» جمعت فيه مداخلات الأساتذة المشاركين في ندوة المعجم التاريخي للغة العربية، وقد أقيمت في نيسان 2010 بمدينة فاس المغربية.

قام الدكتور إسماعيل عمارة بتأليف بعض المؤلفات التي تبحث في مواضيع متعلقة بمعجم تاريخي للعربية، ومنها «في سبيل معجم تاريخي للعربية – تأثيل الجذور اللغوية للمعجم العربي» وقد نشر في مجلة أبحاث اليرموك العدد الثاني سنة 2005، ومنها أيضاً «في سبيل معجم تاريخي – محاولة في التأصيل»، وقد نشرت في مجلة مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق، الجزء الثالث المجلد 78، 1424 تموز 2003.

وقد كان آخرَ الجهود لتأثيل كلمات العربية مشروعُ معجم الدوحة التاريخي للغة العربية عام 2013.

مشروع معجم الدوحة التاريخي للغة العربية
فكرة وجود «معجم تاريخي للغة العربية» موجودة منذ زمن وقد كانت المحاولات الأولى محاولةَ الدكتور فيشر كما أسلفت، وكانت آخر المحاولات في الدوحة، حيث أعلن المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات السبت 15 رجب 1334هـ الموافق لـ 25 أيار/ مايو 2013 عن إطلاق مشروع «معجم الدوحة التاريخي للغة العربية». وهو مشروع حضاري يسهم في سد الفراغ في اللغة العربية فيما يتعلق بأصل الكلام، وقد تبناه ولي عهد دولة قطر، الشيخ تميم بن حمد آل ثاني بالدعم والرعاية والتمويل.

قد يستغرق إعداد المعجم، والذي سيؤرخ ألفاظ العربية على مدى عشرين قرناً، قرابة 15 سنة، وذلك على مراحل يجري عرضها كل ثلاث سنوات، ويسعى لتحقيق عدد من الأهداف، أهمها: تمكين الباحثين من إعداد الدراسات والأبحاث المتعلقة بتقييم تراثنا الفكري والعلمي في ضوء ما يقدّمه المعجم من معطيات جديدة، واستثمار مدونته الإلكترونية الشاملة في بناء عدد من البرامج الحاسوبية الخاصة بالمعالجة الآلية للغة العربية مثل: الترجمة الآلية، والإملاء الآلي، والمدققات النحوية، والمحللات الصرفية والنحوية والدلالية. كما سيوفِّر المشروع عددًا من المعاجم الفرعية التي تفتقر إليها المكتبة العربية مثل: معجم ألفاظ الحضارة، ومعاجم مصطلحات العلوم، والمعجم الشامل للغة العربية المعاصرة، والمعاجم اللغوية التعليمية.

انظر أيضًا
 القياس
 علم الاشتقاق
 لفظ أصيل
 لفظ تاريخي
 لفظ معرب
 أصل كلمة
 نظرية المرجعية المباشرة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 معجم تأثيل اللغة الإنكليزية
 موقع معجم الدوحة التاريخي
 صفحة المعجم التاريخي للغة العربية على الفيسبوك
 هجرة الكلمات

مختصون في علم التأثيل

علم التأثيل


غوستاغايفسكايا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة كراسنودار كراي في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 8911 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن كراسنودار كراي

غوستاغايفسكايا


Tautvydas Lideikis (* 6. Oktober 1947 in Vilnius; † 15. Juli 1993 in Litauen) war ein litauischer Physiker und Politiker. Von 1992 bis 1993 war er Abgeordneter im Seimas.

Leben
1969 absolvierte er das Diplomstudium der Physik an der Vilniaus universitetas und  1977 die Aspirantur am  A. Ioffe Physiktechnikinstitut Leningrad. Er promovierte und habilitierte. Von 1968 bis 1992 war er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter und Leiter eines Labors am Institut für Halbleiterphysik an der Lietuvos mokslų akademija.

Quellen
 CV

Mitglied des Seimas
Physiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Litauer
Geboren 1947
Gestorben 1993
Mann

Tautvydas Lideikis


أودي آر8  سيارة رياضية فاخرة مزودة بمقعدين ذات محرك وسطى.السيارة أيضا مزودة بنظام كواترو «نظام دفع رباعي مستمر».صممت السيارة بالكامل داخل شركة أودى الفرعية كواترو التي تخصصها اودى لصناعة الطرازات ذات الأداء العالي.و بنيت السيارة على منصة لامبورغيني غالاردو.و صنعت السيارة تبعا لنهج أودى في التصميم المسمى بسبيس فرام  وو هو أسلوب اودى الخاص في تصميم الهياكل من معدن ألومنيوم لتحقيق وزن اقل وصلابة أكبر.

و في عام 2005 اعلنت شركة أودي ان اسم السيارة الناجحة «اودى أر 8» والتي ظهرت كسيارة سباق في معرض جنيف الدولي عام 2003 و معرض فرانكفورت لنفس العام.و في 30 سبتمبر 2006 اعلنت اودى عن سيارتها الجديدة بمعرض باريس للسيارات  ووقتها حدث ضجة كبير لهذه السيارة التي تحمل نفس اسم سيارة السباق الناجحة التي لازلت تستخدم كسيارة أمن ومتابعة في سباقات Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ،British Superbike Championship.

الإنتاج والطرح في الأسواق
5000 قطعة مصنوعة يدويا، 70 عامل،95 جهاز ليزر لمسح 220 قطعة بنسبة 0.01 مليمتر كنسبة خطأ بالإضافة إلى 28 مليون يورو نفقت لأعادة هيكلة مصنع شركة كواترو في مدينة نيكارسولم كل هذه لأنتاج أر8!
السيارة متاحة حاليا في البحرين، وأوروبا، والولايات المتحدة وكندا وأستراليا واليابان وجنوب أفريقي.

ثم في عام 2008 اتحيت السيارة للأسواق الأتية:
أمريكا اللاتينية، الهند، تايوان، اليابان، كوريا الجنوبيا، الفليبين، هونغ كونغ، فيتنام، والصين وتركيا والإمارات العربية المتحدة وسنغافورا وأخيرا ماليزيا.

الموديلات

4.2 V8

كوبيه

زود هذا الطراز بمحرك سعته اللترلية 4163،32 صمام (4 صمامت لكل اسطوانة) قادر على إخراج 420 حصان وعزم دوران 317 قدم/لتر يعمل بنظام حقن الوقود المباشر.

سبايدر
في عام 2010 ظهر تقارير تفيد بأن أودى طرحت طراز سبيدر بنفس المحرك 4.2 v8 متطور حيث ذادت قدرته الحصانية 14 حصان لتصبح 434 حصانا.

5.2 V10

كوبيه
كشف النقاب عن هذا الطراز في التاسع من ديسمبر لعام 2008 مستخدما محرك سعته 5200 لتر من نوعية محركات FSI وهو ذات المحرك المستخدم في سيارة لامبورغيني غالاردو أل بى 560-4  واودى سى 6 اس6 وأودى دى 3 اس 8.و هذا المحرك قادر على إخراج 525 حصان قادرا على التسارع بالسيارة من 0-100 كم/س خلال 3.9 ثانية. هذا إلى جانب بعض التعديلات الطفيفة مثل مصابيح الأضاءة النهارية  وأيضا بعض الاضافات للمقصورة مثل نظام صوت قوى 456 وات من نوعية بانج الوسين.

سبيدر
ترددت الكثير من الأخبار حول هذا الطراز منذ 2006 ولكن لم يتأكد شيء منها حتى شهر أغسطس من عام 2008 حينما التقتت صور تجسسية للسيارة وهي قيد الاختبارات الأولية.و في شهر مايو 2010 ظهر هذا الطراز في فلم الرجل الحديدي 2 فظهرت السيارة في الفيلم بسقف غطائي وأيضا اختفت الشفرة الهوائية الجانبية اللميزة لسيارة اودى .في عام 2009 ظهر السيارة أيضا في معرض فرانكفورت للمحركات .

مقارنتاٌ بطراز الكوبيه نجد اختلاف في مكان تزويد الوقد أيضا اضافت قضبان السلامة الفلاذية عند الأنقلاب وبالطبع المحرك الجديد .

أودى أر أيت جى تى
رمز GT'''''' يعنى سيارة ترفيهة فاخرة ذو أداء عالي

أطلقت هذه النسخة في مايو 2010 وسعرها يبلغ 142.585 جنيه استرلينى وهيا أسرع اسيارة انتجتها اودى في تاريخها.تم تخفيض وزن السيارة بمقدار 100 كيلو جرام، تم تطوير قدرة المحرك FSI V10 5.2 ليصبح أكثر قوة ليخرج 560 حصاناً.بسبب هذه التعديلات أصبحت السرعة القصوى للسيارة 320 كم/س وتنطلق من الثبات إلى 100 كم/س خلال 3.6 ثانية

.هذا بالأضافة إلى عدد من التعديلة الشكلية لتعطى السيارة مظهرا يناسب قوتها مثل المكابح الحمراء، جناح خلفي جديد، اجنحة امامية، وأضافت العلامة التجارية GT بدلا من V10.

إنتاج هذه السيارة محدود كعدد ولكن هذا للحفاظ على رونق السيارة وتعزيزا لقيمتها الذوقية انتج منها 333 سيارة فقط منها 33 محجوزة لعملاء من المملكة المتحدة و90 للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

الأبحاث المستقبلية

اى-ترون

ظهرت أي ترون المدمجة في عام 2009 خلال معرض فرانكفورت الدولي.و هيا مشابهة للسيارة الكوبيه ولكنها اصغر بقليل.مذودة بأربع محرقات كهربائية منفصلة 2 لمحور العجلات الأمامى و2 لمحور العجلات الخلفى وكل محرك قادر على أخراج قدرة 79 حصانا لتكون القوة الحصانية للسيارة ككل 317 حصانا.

كل ذكر السيارة تقريبا لها نفس شكل سيارة الكوبيه وتدعى شركة أودى ان السيارة قادرة على التحرك من الثبات إلى سرعة 100 كم/س خلال 4.8 ثانية أي انها أبطأ بجزئين من الثانية عن أر8 v8 4.2. وتتوقع أودى ان لاتزيد السرعة القصوى لهذه السيارة عن 200 كم/س للأحتفاظ على الطاقة داخل البطرية.أودى قالت أن هذه السيارة ستدخل خطوط الأنتاج التجارى عام 2012.

أر8 أن أف

في مركز أبحاث أودى في مدينة نيكورسلم علم الصحفيون عن نسخة جديدة من أر8 ستكون أخف في الوزن لها اسم كودى NF.
السيارة يتوقع لها ان تذيد نسبة الكاربون والفيبر مثلا استبدال غطاء المحرك بغطاء مصنوع من الكاربون والسقف وعداد من الأجزاء الأخرى.

المواصفات الفنية

المزيد من المواصفات
بما أن شركة فولكس فاجن تمتلك كلا من أودى ولمبورجينى كان من الطبيعى أن تشارك أودى أر8 بعض المميزات مع الشركة الإيطالية العريقة لمبورجينى مثلا المحرك وأجزاء من الهيكل الداخلى ومقابض الأبواب وعلبة التروس حتى انها تشاركها في نوعية ممتص الصدمات المعناطيسى بالأضافة إلى التقارب في السعر.

أضافت أودى العديد من أنظمة الأمان والأداء الحديثة التي تعبر عن مدى تطور الشركة مثل برنامج الثبات الألكترونى  ،فرامل مانعة للأنزلاق "ABS"  ومكافح الأنزلاق  ومدير إخراج عزم الدوران.اما عن الأكياس الهوائية فهي متوفرة في الأمام (لحماية السائق) وعلى الأجناب. والسيارة مزودة أيضا بمصابيح تضيئ نهارا من نوعية صمام ثنائي باعث للضوء مدمج بداخلها مصباح اكس نيون عالي السطوع.

مثلها مثل سيارات المحرك الوسطى مزوده بأربع عجلات مقاس 18 انش.

قيل عنها والجوائز
عندما أجريت التجارب من قبل الصحفيين والخبراء قيل عنها انها أول سيارة يمكن أنت تتغلب على السيارة بورش 997 والتي اعتبرت أفضل سيارة رياضية صنعت في التاريخ لدى العديد من الناس.و توقع لها الجميع ان تكون أفضل سيارة في فئتها. واعتبرت سوبركار مقارنة بسيارات فئتها وأبرزهم بورش 997، استون مارتين فينتاج وبي ام دبليو الفئة السادثة.السيارة اذهلت الجميع بقدرتها العالية في الجر والقبض ودقة التوجيه والأستجابة السريعة لدواسة الوقود.

و طغت السيارة على معظم صفحات السيارات العالمية بمقولة «أودي أذلت بورش» حيث تفوقت عليها في سباقت السحب في ربع ميل وفازت عليها بسهولة في اختبارات برنامج توب جير.
حتى انها كانت كفأ لمبارزن سيارات مثلا الجلاردوا.

الجوائز
 حصلت السيارة على جائزة مجلة أوتوكار كأفضل أداء وأسرع سيارة لعام 2007
 حصلت على جائزة أفضل سيارة رياضية حسب تقدير مجلة اوتوبيلد الألمانية .
 حصلت على جائزة مجلة بلايبوي  عام 2008.
 حصلت على جائزة رابطة صحفيي السيارات الكندية  كأفضل تصميم وأفضل رونق (هيبة) لعام 2008.
 منحها برنامج توب جير لقب سيارة العام لعام 2007.
 جائزة أفضل وأسرع سيارة في برنامج فيفث جير .
 حصلت السيارة على لقب سيارة العام في موقع أم أس أن بنسبة اصوات 42% متفوقة على سيارة فيراري أف430 وبى أم دبليو الفئة الثالثة.
 تم تقييم السيارة في مجلة جى بى كسيارة 5 نجوم.

انظر أيضا
 أودي ار اس 4

المصادر

آر8
سيارات اخترعت في 2006
أودي آر8
أودي آر8
أودي آر8
سيارات عقد 2010
أودي آر8

آودي آر8


Pruszcz may refer to the following places:
Pruszcz, Świecie County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Pruszcz, Tuchola County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Pruszcz Gdański in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Pruszcz, Drawsko County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Pruszcz, Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)

Pruszcz


Alex Alphonso Wheatle MBE (Londres, 3 de janeiro de 1963) é um romancista britânico, que foi condenado a uma pena de prisão após o motim de 1981 em Brixton em Londres.

Biografia
Nascido em 1963 em Londres de pais jamaicanos, Wheatle passou grande parte de sua infância em um lar infantil Shirley Oaks. Aos 16 anos, foi membro fundador do sistema de som Crucial Rocker; seu nome de DJ era Yardman Irie. Escreveu letras sobre a vida cotidiana em Brixton, no sul de Londres. Em 1980, Wheatle estava morando em um albergue de serviços sociais em Brixton e participou  dos tumultos de Brixton em 1981 e suas consequências. Enquanto cumpria sua sentença resultante,  leu autores como Chester Himes, Richard Wright, CLR James e John Steinbeck. O companheiro de cela de Wheatle, um Rastafari, foi quem encorajou Wheatle a começar a ler livros e se preocupar com sua educação. Apresenta aspectos de sua vida em seus livros, como os personagens de East of Acre Lane, Yardman Irie e Jah Nelson.

Desde então, Wheatle falou sobre os distúrbios de Brixton, com mais destaque no programa Battle for Brixton da BBC de 2006. Seus primeiros livros são baseados em sua vida em Brixton quando adolescente e seu tempo sob os cuidados do serviço social.

Recebeu o London Arts Board New Writers Award em 1999 por seu romance de estreia Brixton Rock, que mais tarde foi adaptado para o palco e apresentado no Young Vic em julho de 2010.

Escreveu e interpretou Uprising, uma peça individual baseada em sua própria vida no Tara Arts Studios, Wandsworth, Londres. Em 2011, levou Uprising em turnê e se apresentou no Writing On The Wall Festival, em Liverpool, no Oxford Playhouse, no Marlowe Theatre, em Cantuária, no Ilkley Playhouse e no Albany Theatre, em Deptford. A peça fez uma nova turnê pelos teatros e festivais de literatura em 2012, marcando o 50º ano da independência jamaicana.

Wheatle mora em Londres. É membro do English PEN e agora visita várias instituições facilitando aulas de redação criativa e fazendo palestras. Narrou também um guia de áudio para as ruas de Brixton.

Prêmios e honras
No Queen's Birthday Honors 2008, Wheatle recebeu o MBE por serviços prestados à literatura.

Seu romance para jovens adultos, Liccle Bit, foi indicado para a Medalha Carnegie em 2016.

Seu livro de 2016, Cronton Knights, ganhou o 50º prêmio Guardian Children's Fiction . SF Said, um dos jurados, disse sobre o livro: "A escrita de Wheatle é poética, rítmica e única, refazendo a língua inglesa com tremenda vivacidade. Embora Crongton seja sua invenção, ressoa com muitas situações urbanas, não apenas na Grã-Bretanha, mas em todo o mundo. Crongton Knights é um romance importante de uma voz importante na literatura infantil britânica."

A história de vida de Wheatle aparece em Alex Wheatle, o quarto filme de Small Axe, uma antologia de 2020 de cinco filmes de Steve McQueen sobre a comunidade das Índias Ocidentais no Reino Unido durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980. Alex Wheatle retrata a vida de Wheatle até e logo após o levante de Brixton.

Bibliografia
 Brixton Rock (Black Amber, 1999)
 East of Acre Lane (Fourth Estate, 2001)
 The Seven Sisters (Fourth Estate, 2002)
 Checkers (com Mark Parham; X-Press, 2003)
 Island Songs (Allison & Busby, 2005)
 The Dirty South (Serpent's Tail, 2008)
 Brenton Brown (Arcadia Books, 2011)
 Liccle Bit (Atom Books, 2015)
 Crongton Knights (Atom Books, 2016)
 Straight Outta Crongton (Atom Books, 2017)
 Uprising (Spck Books, 2017)
 Nicolas Cage  (Barrington Stoke, 2018)
 Home Boys (Arcadia Books, 2018)
 Home Girl (Little Brown, Akashic, Hachette UK, 2019)
 Cane Warriors (Andersen Press, 2020)
 Cringel (Pringles, 2020)
 Kemosha of the Caribbean (Andersen Press, 2022)

Os livros de Wheatle também foram traduzidos para francês, italiano, urdu, galês, alemão e japonês.

Notas

Dramaturgos do Reino Unido
Ingleses de ascendência jamaicana
Membros da Ordem do Império Britânico
Criminosos da Inglaterra
Escritores do Reino Unido
Romancistas do Reino Unido

Alex Wheatle


Água Fria es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 15.012 habitantes.

Municipio creado por fuerza de Resolución del 28 de abril de 1727 con el nombre de Villa de São João Batista de Água Fria.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Água Fria (Bahía)


Robert Sargent Shriver III (born April 28, 1954) is an American activist, attorney, and journalist. He was a member of the Santa Monica City Council from 2004 to 2012, serving as mayor pro tem in 2006 and as mayor during part of 2010. A member of the Kennedy family, he is a nephew of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy, and former U.S. senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy.

Early life and education
Shriver was born at Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, to Sargent Shriver (1915—2011) and Eunice Kennedy Shriver (1921—2009), the first of their five children. His siblings are, Maria (born 1955), Timothy (born 1959), Mark (born 1964) and Anthony (born 1965).

Bobby attended Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was a member of the Scroll and Key Society. He graduated with a B.A. in American studies with cum laude honors. He graduated from Yale Law School with a J.D. in 1981.

Business career and philanthropy
After graduating from law school, Shriver clerked for a year for Judge Stephen R. Reinhardt at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which is headquartered in San Francisco, California.

He then moved to New York City to work in a venture capital business at James D. Wolfensohn, Inc.

Along with father Sarge, Eli Jacobs, and Larry Lucchino, Bobby was an investor from 1989 to 1993 in the Baltimore Orioles, a professional-baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland.

Shriver is an attorney.  He is also president of RSS Inc., a Beverly Hills, California music, film and philanthropic company. (The letters RSS are Shriver's initials.)

In 1987, he produced a prime-time television feature about the Special Olympics, an organization for disabled young people and founded by his mother in 1968. This and subsequent productions have raised in excess of US$55 million for the Special Olympics program.

He has also produced several films, including True Lies (1994), which starred  Arnold Schwarzenegger – his then brother-in-law.

In 2002, Shriver was a co-founder – with U2 lead singer Bono – of DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa), a multinational, non-government organization whose purpose is to obtain social equality and justice for Africa through debt relief; adjust trade rules which burden Africa; eliminate the African AIDS epidemic; and strengthen democracy with more accountability by the wealthiest nations and African leaders with transparency towards the people.

With Shriver's involvement, DATA, in turn, was one of the founding organizations in 2004 of the ONE Campaign, a U.S.-based, non-partisan, non-profit organization which aims to increase U.S. government funding for and effectiveness of international-aid programs.

In 2006, he and Bono also co-founded (RED) to bring the world's biggest companies into the fight against AIDS and generate money for The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. To date, (RED) has generated over $700M and impacted over 245 million lives.

Political career

California State Parks and Recreation Commission

After Schwarzenegger became the Governor of California in 2003, he reappointed Shriver as chairman of the California State Park and Recreation Commission overseeing the state's parks and gardens. He had first been appointed by prior California Governor Gray Davis.

In 2005, Shriver, the commission chairman, and Clint Eastwood, the commission vice chairman, led a commission panel in its unanimous opposition to a six-lane,  toll road that would cut through San Onofre State Beach (north of San Diego) that includes Trestles, a collection of surfing spots – one of Southern California's most-cherished.  Shriver and Eastwood also supported a 2006 lawsuit to block the toll road and urged the California Coastal Commission to reject the project, which it did in February 2008.

In March 2008, Shriver and Eastwood, whose terms had expired, were not reappointed. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) asked for a legislative investigation into the decision not to re-appoint Shriver and Eastwood, citing their opposition to the toll-road extension.

Schwarzenegger's press release appointing Alice Huffman and Lindy DeKoven to replace Shriver and Eastwood makes no mention of a reason for the commission change.

Santa Monica City Council
In November 2004 Shriver ran for, and was elected to, a seat on the Santa Monica City Council. He stated that he decided to run for the seat after a dispute with the city over the height of the hedges at his home. He was one of thirteen candidates for four at-large council seats and received 23,260 votes, or 16.5 percent, of the vote. The other three winning candidates received 16,710, 14,475, and 13,408 votes.

He ran for re-election in 2008, again in a race in which thirteen candidates were running for four open seats.  He again received the most votes, although he won by a smaller margin over the candidate receiving the second-most votes.  Shriver received 24,298 votes, or 18.56 percent of the vote. The other three winning candidates received 20,232, 19,145, and 17,202 votes. Shriver's second term ended November 2012.

In March 2009 Shriver was reported to be considering becoming a candidate in the 2010 California Attorney General election.  He did not run, and Kamala Harris, the Democratic candidate, was elected Attorney General.

Candidacy for Los Angeles County Supervisor

On January 21, 2014, the Los Angeles Times reported that Shriver launched his campaign for Los Angeles County supervisor. Shriver was defeated by former state senator Sheila Kuehl.

Personal life
He married Malissa Feruzzi on May 7, 2005. They have two daughters, born in 1997 and 2009.

Awards

In 2007, Shriver received  The Advertising Club's Silver Medal Award—also known as the Advertising Person of the Year Award—for his work with (RED).  The annual award recognizes those who have made outstanding contributions to the advertising industry, furthering industry standards, demonstrating creative excellence and responsibility in areas of social concern.

In February 2008, he was honored with amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS's Award of Courage for his outstanding contribution to HIV/AIDS research and awareness.

See also
Kennedy family
Kennedy family tree
DATA
ONE Campaign
(Product) Red

References

External links
Santa Monica City Council, Santa Monica City Council official website
Shriver biography on Santa Monica City Council official website
"#17 President - Product Red", portal to podcast of February 25, 2007, presentation by Tasmin Smith, (Product) Red's President (hosted at USF MBA Podcast's website)

1954 births
HIV/AIDS activists
American humanitarians
American male journalists
Journalists from California
Record producers from Illinois
American sports businesspeople
Television producers from California
Baltimore Orioles owners
California city council members
California Democrats
California lawyers
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
Kennedy family
Living people
Mayors of Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica City Council members
Lawyers from Chicago
People from Potomac, Maryland
Shriver family
American venture capitalists
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Yale College alumni
Television producers from Illinois
Record producers from California

Bobby Shriver


The Wanderers (deutsch: Scharfe Zeiten) ist ein Roman des  amerikanischen Autors Richard Price, der 1974 veröffentlicht wurde. Die Handlung spielt in den Jahren 1962 bis 1963 in der Bronx, New York City.

Entstehung und Veröffentlichung
Richard Price war 24 Jahre alt als sein erster Roman, The Wanderers, als Buch veröffentlicht wurde. Er wuchs in einer  Sozialbausiedlung in der Bronx, New York City, auf, wo auch die Handlung seines Romans angesiedelt ist.

Das Buch besteht aus 12 Kapiteln, die eher lose miteinander verbunden sind, hauptsächlich durch das Wiedererscheinen der Hauptfiguren. Insofern ähnelt es eher einer Sammlung von Kurzgeschichten – jedes Kapitel ist in sich abgeschlossen und kann ohne Kenntnis der jeweils anderen Kapitel verstanden werden. Der rote Faden ist das Erwachsenwerden, zu dem die Hauptfiguren zum Ende des Buches hin gezwungen werden – jeder auf seine eigene Weise.

Teile des Buches wurden bereits 1972 in Antaeus, New York City, unter dem Titel "Big Playground" veröffentlicht.

Das Buch umfasst eine Zeitspanne von mehreren Monaten. Explizit genannte Daten sind in Kapitel 1 der 12. September 1962, in Kapitel 5 Thanksgiving 1962, 27. November 1962 und in Kapitel 11 der 1. Juni 1962. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass der 1. Juni 1963 gemeint ist. Die Kapitel sind chronologisch geordnet. Es handelt sich also entweder um eine Unachtsamkeit des Autors oder um einen Druckfehler.

The Wanderers wurde zuerst bei Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 1974 veröffentlicht. Nachdrucke und Veröffentlichungen bei anderen Verlagen folgten. Erstauflagen bei anderen Verlagen sind zum Beispiel:
Avon Books, New York, USA, 1975. Broschiert. ISBN 0-380-00242-6.
Chatto & Windus, London, UK, 1975. Gebunden. ISBN 0-7011-2096-7.
Rowohlt, Reinbek, D, 1976. Erste deutsche Veröffentlichung als "Scharfe Zeiten".ISBN 3-498-052292 (gebundene Ausgabe), ISBN 3-499-14540-5 (Taschenbuch).
Bloomsbury Publishing Limited, London, UK, 1993. Erste Taschenbuchauflage. ISBN 0-7475-1503-4.

Handlung
Richie Gennaro ist der 17-jährige Anführer der Wanderers, einer Italo-Amerikanischen Gang in der Bronx des Jahres 1962. Er geht mit Denise Rizzo. Richies beste Freunde bei den Wanderers sind Joey Capra, Buddy Borsalino, Eugene Caputo und Perry LaGuardia.

Zu Beginn des Buches sind die Ereignisse und Charaktere sehr weitläufig angelegt, um den Zeitgeist zu beschreiben. Neben den Protagonisten tauchen zahlreiche andere Charaktere auf, viele davon nur einmalig. Es stehen am Anfang die "Geschäfte" der Wanderers im Vordergrund, das, womit sie ihre Zeit verbringen: Rivalitäten mit anderen Gangs der Nachbarschaft mit anderem kulturellen oder ethnischem Hintergrund ausfechten. Diese Rivalitäten sind stark geprägt von Vorurteilen und Machotum. Aber es geht auch um sportliches Kräftemessen mit anderen beim Football oder Bowling. Und vor allem geht es den Protagonisten darum cool zu sein und endlich zum ersten Mal Sex zu haben. Doch der Weg dorthin ist beschwerlich.

Gegen Ende des Buches konzentrieren sich die Ereignisse immer mehr auf die Protagonisten und deren Probleme und Herausforderungen beim Erwachsenwerden – bei jedem auf seine Weise. Eugene meldet sich letztlich freiwillig zu den Marines, nachdem er tatenlos mit angesehen hat, wie seine Freundin, Nina, vergewaltigt wurde und er sich selbst nicht mehr erträgt. Nachdem Perrys Vater bereits vor Jahren gestorben war, stirbt nun auch seine Mutter und er ist plötzlich auf sich allein gestellt. Da er es nicht länger bei seiner Tante in Trenton, New Jersey, aushält, beschließt er, in Boston als Seemann anzuheuern und in die Welt hinaus zu segeln. Joey flieht schließlich vor seinem gewalttätigen Vater als die Situation eskaliert und schließt sich Perry an. Und Buddy schwängert seine Freundin, Despie, beim ersten Date und steht nun vor der Herausforderung, mit 17 Jahren als Ehemann und Vater bestehen zu müssen.

Der Ernst des Lebens beginnt, die Gang zerfällt und Richie bleibt allein zurück.

Charaktere

Hauptfiguren
Richie Gennaro ist der 17-jährige Anführer der Wanderers. Seine 41-jährigen Eltern, Louis und Millie, führen einen eher konservativen Haushalt. Die reichlichen Mahlzeiten mit Steak und anderem lassen auf ein gutes Einkommen schließen. Louis wirft seinem Sohn vor, das, was er für ihn tut, nicht wirklich zu schätzen. Abgesehen davon ist Richies Elternhaus stabil und 'normal'. Richie hat einen Bruder, Randy, 12 Jahre alt, und eine Freundin, Denise. Er kann das 'erste Mal' kaum erwarten.
Denise Rizzo, genannt C, 15 Jahre alt, ist Richies Freundin. Ihre Eltern streiten häufig in Gegenwart der Kinder. Beide beschuldigen einander des fehlenden Respekts für die Leistungen des jeweils anderen. Ihr Elternhaus ist alles andere als harmonisch und wertschätzend. C steht für comb (englisch für Kamm), weil Denise immer einen Kamm zur Hand hat. Sie hat einen kleinen Bruder, Dougie, und ist noch nicht bereit für das 'erste Mal', was immer wieder zum Konflikt mit Richie führt.
Joey Capra ist klein, raucht und ist ein Nervenbündel, immer auf der Hut vor seinem brutalen Vater, der keine Gelegenheit auslässt, ihn zu demütigen. Joeys Elternhaus ist die Hölle.
Mario Borsalino, genannt Buddy
Despie Carabella
Eugene Caputo ist der bestaussehende Typ der Nachbarschaft, der Buch führt über seine Eroberungen. Allerdings plagt ihn eine eingebildete Impotenz, die ihn dazu zwingt, seine Eroberungen 'rechtzeitig' zu beleidigen und dadurch zu vertreiben, bevor sie seinen Makel entdecken. Eugene wohnt mit seinen Eltern in einem Einfamilienhaus mit Partykeller. Sein Vater nennt ihn Ace und ist ebenfalls ein Schürzenjäger.
Perry LaGuardia

Nebenfiguren
Turkey ist hässlich und einsam, aber hoch intelligent. Er hat ausgeflippte Eltern und eine billige Schwester. Obwohl er Jude ist, sammelt er Nazi-Utensilien. Er kann zeichnen, singen und spricht deutsch. Turkey verbringt manchmal seine Zeit mit den Wanderers.
Dougie Rizzo
Scotty Hite
Randy Gennaro
Antone ist der Anführer der Pharaohs.
Lenny Arkadian
Joey DiMassi ist der Anführer der Fordham Baldies, geschätzt für seine Fairness und Anständigkeit.
Terror
Clinton Stitch ist der Anführer der Pips.
Emilio Capra ist Joeys Vater, ein Egomane, Bodybuilder und ehemaliger Mister New York. Er tyrannisiert und demütigt seine Familie bei jeder Gelegenheit und schreckt auch vor körperlicher Gewalt nicht zurück. Er ist Feuerwehrmann.
Chubby Galasso
Mr. Sharp

Kritiken
The Wanderers erhielt weitgehend positive Kritiken. Conor Tannam schrieb über das Buch folgendes:

"[...] The language is direct and steers clear of grandiose statements. Price writes about these adolescents like he knows where they've been, like he's just stepped out of the places and potholes of their childhood. And although his primary focus is on 'The Wanderers', the eponymous youth gang, his peripheral vision is so sharp it allows him to cast a critical eye over the greater American urban landscape.

There is immediate violence. We are drawn into the fierce territorial disputes that govern gang life, even as the tone borders on a parody of that infamous musical West Side Story. Again and again, Price is quick to remind us that the stuff this novel is made of is violence, not irritating sing-alongs. A local football match soon descends into anarchy when the protagonists rise to the challenge of the Ducky Boys, an Irish gang whose members wouldn't reach five feet if they stood on their razors. But long before these boys have reached manhood, physical confrontation is the means by which masculinity is measured. Price is as unafraid as his cast when it comes to making this point: to be a man is to fight for the glory of the tribalistic gangs. Hence, even though the novel avoids the current trend towards the visceral, it leaves no room for ambiguity about life in the projects.

Yet Price anchors his novel in a ground so common we've all been to it. As the Wanderers' awkward sexual encounters capture the insecurity and self-consciousness of adolescence, Price's writing is reminiscent of Ed McBain, not least his blend of humorous levity and human drama. Price weaves the burgeoning sexuality of youth into the city's amorphous community of apartment blocks, and so the panicked bravado of these fumbling encounters not only throws the brutal violence of their childish inexperience into sharp relief. It also shows how precariously we all straddle that gap between Innocence and Fall.

The Wanderers is yet another example of crime writing that refuses to exhaust its potential and our patience with stereotypes. The main protagonists may be unashamedly violent, but they are also full of shame and fear. Written in 1974, the novel paints an image of a city that is not quite sure how to negotiate the various ethnic groups along the self-destructive path that often leads through contemporary America. [...]"

Verfilmungen
The Wanderers wurde 1979 von Philip Kaufman verfilmt. Bereits in der ersten AVON-Auflage des Buches vom Februar 1975 wird auf den bald erscheinenden Film verwiesen ("SOON A MAJOR MOTION PICTURE"). Der Schriftzug des Buchtitels mag als Inspiration für das Wanderers-Logo im Film gedient haben.

Einzelnachweise

Literarisches Werk
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (Vereinigte Staaten)

The Wanderers (Roman)


The consultative status is a phrase that has been in use since the establishment of the United Nations and is used within the UN community to refer to "Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council" (see list). Also some international organizations could grant Consultative Status to NGOs (for example - Council of Europe).  Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) could grant Consultative Status in the form of "Researcher-in-residence programme" (run by the Prague Office of the OSCE Secretariat): accredited representatives of national and international NGOs are granted access to all records and to numerous topical compilations related to OSCE field activities.

Defining documents

United Nations Charter

Consultative Status has its foundation in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter:

"The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made with international organizations and, where appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations concerned."

1296 (XLIV)

ECOSOC Resolution 1296 (XLIV) in 1968 had defined the criteria and rights associated with Consultative Status for almost forty years, during which time there was a substantial growth in the number of NGOs.

The primary impetus for the 1996 revision of the arrangements was the unprecedented level of NGO participation, especially from national NGOs, in the preparations for UNCED - the 1992 Earth Summit. The use of ICT - mostly in the form of electronic conferences on the Institute for Global Communications network, and electronic mail - had played a major role.]

1993
The rules for Consultative Status for international non-governmental organizations are appended to the resolution (93)38 "On relations between the Council of Europe and international non-governmental organisations", adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 18 October 1993 at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies.

1996/31

The criteria for NGO accreditation to Consultative Status have been revised several times, most recently in 1996 in ECOSOC Resolution 1996/31, following an extensive United Nations Open-Ended Working Group on the Review of Arrangements for Consultation with Non-Government Organizations.

A significant section of 1996/31 was the following paragraph:

"69. The Secretary-General is requested to make every effort to enhance and streamline as appropriate Secretariat support arrangements, and to improve practical arrangements on such matters as greater use of modern information and communication technology, the establishment of an integrated database of non-governmental organizations, wide and timely dissemination of information on meetings, distribution of documentation, provision of access and transparent, simple and streamlined procedures for the attendance of non-governmental organizations in United Nations meetings, and to facilitate their broad-based participation."

Statistics
In 1948, shortly after the founding of the United Nations, there were 45 NGOs in Consultative Status, mostly large international organizations. Currently there are 3900 NGOs in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and some 400 NGOs accredited to the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD).

Categories of Consultative Status

There are three classes of Consultative Status defined by 1996/31, General, Special, and Roster. These classes were the equivalent of Category I, Category II, and Roster status that were defined in 1296 (XLIV). Below are the current definitions - paragraph numbers are from 1996/31.

1996/31 grants different rights for participation in ECOSOC and its subsidiary bodies - principally ECOSOC's Functional Commissions - including rights to United Nations passes, to speak at designated meetings, and to have documents translated and circulated as official UN document; e.g. Information Technology, Public Participation, and Global Agreements submitted to the Commission on Social Development in 1998.

General

"22. Organizations that are concerned with most of the activities of the Council and its subsidiary bodies and can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Council that they have substantive and sustained contributions to make to the achievement of the objectives of the United Nations in fields set out in paragraph 1 above, and are closely involved with the economic and social life of the peoples of the areas they represent and whose membership, which should be considerable, is broadly representative of major segments of society in a large number of countries in different regions of the world shall be known as organizations in general consultative status."

Special

"23. Organisations that have a special competence in, and are concerned specifically with, only a few of the fields of activity covered by the Council and its subsidiary bodies, and that are known within the fields for which they have or seek consultative status shall be known as organizations in special consultative status."

Roster

"24. Other organizations that do not have general or special consultative status but that the Council, or the Secretary-General of the United Nations in consultation with the Council or its Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, considers can make occasional and useful contributions to the work of the Council or its subsidiary bodies or other United Nations bodies within their competence shall be included in a list (to be known as the Roster). This list may also include organizations in consultative status or a similar relationship with a specialized agency or a United Nations body. These organizations shall be available for consultation at the request of the Council or its subsidiary bodies. The fact that an organization is on the Roster shall not in itself be regarded as a qualification for general or special consultative status should an organization seek such status."

The three sub-categories of Roster Status - see below - have been supplemented by a fourth category, the definition of whose rights remains somewhat vague, namely "NGOs accredited to the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)":

ECOSOC Roster

The primary form of Roster Status, for NGOs with a focus on one or two of the areas of competence of ECOSOC.

Secretary-General's Roster

There are special provisions in 1996/31, and before that in 1296 (XLIV) for the UN Secretary-General to recommend NGOs for the Roster.

Agency Roster

The Agency Roster refers to accreditation to the Roster of United Nations specialized agencies such - e.g. UNICEF, UNESCO, ILO, ITU, etc.

CSD Roster

Although not defined in 1996/31, a fourth category of NGOs accredited to the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established by ECOSOC decision 1996/302. There are currently approximately 400 NGOs in this status.

Application procedure
An NGO that wishes to obtain consultative status with the ECOSOC must first submit an application online at the NGO Branch of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN Secretariat. After the application is screened by the NGO Branch, it will be reviewed by the ECOSOC Committee on NGOs. The Committee decides to recommend, or not recommend, granting status to the NGO. The final decision is taken by the ECOSOC at its annual Substantive session.

Although the review made by the NGO Committee is theoretically a technical one, it is sometimes quite politicised. Human rights NGOs that are critical of specific member states have sometimes had difficulties getting consultative status.

See also
List of non-governmental organizations with consultative status at the United Nations
List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council

References

United Nations Economic and Social Council

Consultative status


Ulla Pia (* 17. Februar 1945 in Kopenhagen als Ulla Pia Nielsen; † 22. August 2020 in Gammel Holte) war eine dänische Schlagersängerin der 1960er und 1970er Jahre.

Erste größere Auftritte hatte sie als Sängerin bei Jazz-Orchestern. Als Gewinnerin des Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1966 durfte sie beim Grand Prix Eurovision de la Chanson 1966 in Luxemburg für ihr Heimatland Dänemark antreten. Mit ihrem Schlager Stop – mens legen er go schaffte sie es nur auf Platz 14. Bemerkenswert war die Tanzeinlage eines Paares, das ihren Auftritt begleitete.

Die nächsten Jahre erschienen noch einige Singles von ihr und sie trat auch in Musikfilmen des dänischen Fernsehens auf.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Dänemark)
Schlagersänger
Interpret eines dänischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Däne
Geboren 1945
Gestorben 2020
Frau

Ulla Pia


Une  conversion du binaire en texte est un encodage de données en texte brut. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'un encodage de données binaires en une suite de caractères imprimables. Ces encodages sont nécessaires pour la transmission des données lorsque le canal n'autorise pas les données binaires (telles que les e-mails ou NNTP ) ou n'est pas en 8-bit clean. La documentation PGP () utilise le terme "armure ASCII" pour l'encodage binaire à texte lorsqu'il se réfère à la  Base64

Description
La norme de codage de texte ASCII utilise 128 valeurs uniques (de 0 à 127) pour représenter les caractères alphabétiques, numériques et de ponctuation couramment utilisés en français, ainsi qu'une sélection de codes de contrôle qui ne représentent pas les caractères imprimables. Par exemple, la lettre majuscule A est le caractère ASCII 65, le chiffre 2 est l'ASCII 50, le caractère } est l'ASCII 125 et le métacaractère de retour chariot est l'ASCII 13. Les systèmes basés sur ASCII utilisent sept bits pour représenter numériquement ces valeurs.

En revanche, la plupart des ordinateurs stockent des données en mémoire organisées en octets (8 bits) . Les fichiers qui contiennent du code exécutable par une machine et des données non textuelles contiennent généralement les 256 valeurs possibles avec 8 bits. De nombreux programmes informatiques en sont venus à s'appuyer sur cette distinction entre le texte à sept bits et les données binaires à huit bits, et ne fonctionneraient pas correctement si des caractères non ASCII apparaissaient dans des données censées inclure uniquement du texte ASCII. Par exemple, si la valeur du huitième bit n'est pas conservée, le programme peut interpréter une valeur d'octet supérieure à 127 comme un indicateur lui indiquant d'exécuter une fonction.

Cependant, il est souvent souhaitable de pouvoir envoyer des données non textuelles via des systèmes basés sur du texte, comme lorsqu'on peut joindre un fichier image à un message électronique. Pour ce faire, les données sont codées d'une manière ou d'une autre, de sorte que les données à 8 bits sont codées en caractères ASCII à 7 bits (généralement en utilisant uniquement des caractères alphanumériques et de ponctuation, les caractères imprimables ASCII ). Une fois arrivé à destination en toute sécurité, il est ensuite décodé dans sa forme à 8 bits. Ce processus est appelé codage binaire en texte. De nombreux programmes effectuent cette conversion pour permettre le transport de données, tels que PGP et GNU Privacy Guard (GPG).

Encodage de texte brut

Les méthodes d'encodage binaire en texte sont également utilisées comme mécanisme d'encodage de texte brut. Par exemple:

 Certains systèmes ont un jeu de caractères plus limité qu'ils peuvent gérer ; non seulement ils ne sont pas propres à 8 bits, mais certains ne peuvent même pas gérer tous les caractères ASCII imprimables.
 D'autres systèmes ont des limites sur le nombre de caractères qui peuvent apparaître entre les sauts de ligne, comme la limite de "1000 caractères par ligne" de certains logiciels SMTP, comme autorisé par .
 D'autres encore ajoutent des en-têtes au texte.
 Quelques protocoles mal considérés mais toujours utilisés utilisent la signalisation intrabande, ce qui crée de la confusion si des modèles spécifiques apparaissent dans le message. La plus connue est la chaîne "From " (y compris l'espace de fin) au début d'une ligne utilisée pour séparer les messages électroniques au format de fichier mbox.

En utilisant un encodage binaire-texte sur des messages qui sont déjà en texte brut, puis en les décodant à l'autre bout, on peut faire apparaître ces systèmes comme complètement transparents . Ceci est parfois appelé "blindage ASCII". Par exemple, le composant ViewState d'ASP. NET utilise l'encodage base64 pour transmettre du texte en toute sécurité via HTTP POST, afin d'éviter une collision de délimiteurs.

Normes d'encodage
Le tableau ci-dessous compare les formes les plus utilisées d'encodages binaire-texte. L'efficacité indiquée est le rapport entre le nombre de bits dans l'entrée et le nombre de bits dans la sortie codée.

Les 95 codes d'impression 32 à 126 sont appelés caractères imprimables ASCII.

Certains formats plus anciens et peu courants aujourd'hui incluent l'encodage BOO, BTOA et USR.

La plupart de ces encodages génèrent du texte contenant uniquement un sous-ensemble de tous les caractères imprimables ASCII : par exemple, l'encodage base64 génère du texte qui ne contient que des lettres majuscules et minuscules, (A–Z, a–z), des chiffres (0–9), et les symboles "+", "/" et "=".

Certains de ces encodages (quoted-printable et encodage en pourcentage) sont basés sur un ensemble de caractères autorisés et un seul caractère d'échappement. Les caractères autorisés restent inchangés, tandis que tous les autres caractères sont convertis en une chaîne commençant par le caractère d'échappement.Ce type de conversion permet au texte résultant d'être presque lisible, dans la mesure où les lettres et les chiffres font partie des caractères autorisés, et sont donc laissés tels quels dans le texte codé. Ces codages produisent la sortie ASCII la plus courte pour une entrée qui est principalement de l'ASCII imprimable..

Certains autres encodages ( base64, uuencoding ) sont basés sur le mappage de toutes les séquences possibles de six bits en différents caractères imprimables. Puisqu'il y a plus de 2 6 = 64 caractères imprimables, c'est possible. Une séquence donnée d'octets est traduite en la visualisant comme un flux de bits, en divisant ce flux en morceaux de six bits et en générant la séquence de caractères correspondante. Les différents encodages diffèrent dans le mappage entre les séquences de bits et de caractères et dans la façon dont le texte résultant est formaté.

Certains encodages (la version originale de BinHex et l'encodage recommandé pour CipherSaber) utilisent quatre bits au lieu de six, mappant toutes les séquences possibles de 4 bits sur les 16 chiffres hexadécimaux standard. L'utilisation de 4 bits par caractère encodé conduit à une sortie 50% plus longue que base64, mais simplifie l'encodage et le décodage - étendre chaque octet de la source indépendamment à deux octets encodés est plus simple que l'extension de 3 octets source de base64 à 4 octets encodés.

Sur les 192 premiers codes de PETSCII, 164 ont des représentations visibles lorsqu'ils sont cités : 5 (blanc), 17–20 et 28–31 (couleurs et commandes de curseur), 32–90 (équivalent ascii), 91–127 (graphiques), 129 (orange), 133–140 (touches de fonction), 144–159 (couleurs et commandes de curseur) et 160–192 (graphiques). Cela permet théoriquement des encodages, tels que base128, entre les machines parlant PETSCII.

Articles connexes
 Shellcode alphanumérique

Notes

Références

Codage des caractères
Protocole réseau sur la couche présentation

Conversion du binaire en texte


نادى باور ديناموز هو أكبر، وأعرق أندية زامبيا، وأكثرها إحرازا للبطولات. ويمثل بلادة في بطولات الأندية الأفريقية.

إنجازات فريق كرة القدم
 حصل علي بطولة أفريقيا للأندية ابطال الكأس عام 1991.
 وصيف بطولة أفريقيا للأندية ابطال الكأس عام 1982.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1971
أندية كرة قدم في زامبيا
تأسيسات سنة 1971 في زامبيا
كيتوي

باور ديناموز


Bülent Ağaoğlu (20 Eylül 1958, Fatih, İstanbul), Türk bibliyograf. Türkiye'nin ilk bilgi bankacılarındandır.

Kitapları
Sistematik Türkiye Turizm İşletmeciliği Bibliyografyası, 1929-1984. İstanbul: Türkiye Turing Ve Otomobil Kurumu, 1985. Xıı+274s. Kitap. 2683 Künye. [yerno:bbib.53]
Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Bibliyografyası. İstanbul: Sağlık Ve Sosyal Yardım Vakfı, 1996. 405s. Kitap. 15.520 Künye. [yerno:bbib.126]
Yapı Dizin, Sayı: 170-193, 1996-1997. İstanbul: Yapı Endüstri Merkezi, 1998. 102s. Kitap.  1226 Künye. [yerno:bbib.128]
Yapı Dizin, Sayı: 194-217, 1998-1999. İstanbul: Yapı Endüstri Merkezi, 2000.  132s.  Kitap . 1193 Künye. [yerno:bbib.132]
Yapı Dizin, Sayı: 218/241, 2000/2001. İstanbul: Yapı Endüstri Merkezi, 2002. 107s.  Kitap . 1318 Künye. [yerno:bbib.139]

Kaynakça
 Kozak, Nazmi (2017). Bülent Ağaoğlu: Bir "Ahir Zaman" Şövalyesi. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 28, Sayı 1, Bahar: 153 - 186. ISSN: 1300-4220
 Bülent Ağaoğlu kimdir?

1958 doğumlular
Türk bibliyograflar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler

Bülent Ağaoğlu


Mythimna guanyuana es una polilla de la familia Noctuidae. Se encuentra en Taiwán.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

guanyuana

Mythimna guanyuana


Prumnopitys exigua er sígrænt tré frá S-Ameríku. Það hefur aðeins fundist í Bólivíu, en er líklega líka nyrst í Argentínu og syðst í Perú.

Tilvísanir

Gagnviðarætt

Prumnopitys exigua


The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum i Nashville, Tennessee, er et af verdens største museer og forskningscentre, der er dedikeret til bevaringen og fortolkningen af Amerikansk folkelig musik. Siden begyndelsen i 1964 har museet erhvervet sig en af verdens mest omfattende musikalske samlinger.

Museets historie
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum er et af verdens største og mest aktive forskningscentre i populærmusik og verdens største lager af country musik artefakter. Tidligt i 1960'erne, samtidig med at er Country Music Associations kampagne for at udbrede kendskabet til country musik accelerede, besluttede CMA's  ledere at en ny organisation var nødvendig for at drive et country musik museum og til at udføre forskning og uddannelsesaktiviteter ud over CMA's anvendelsesområde som en brancheorganisation. Til det formål, blev den almennyttige Country Music Foundation (CMF) stiftet af staten Tennessee i 1964 for at indsamle, bevare og udbrede oplysninger og genstande med relation til historien om country musik. Gennem CMF, rejste industriens ledere penge til at bygge Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, der åbnede den 1. April, 1967. Beliggende for enden af Music Row, blev museet opført hvor en lille Nashville bypark lå. På dette tidspunkt, begyndte artefakter at blive vist, og et lille bibliotek var begyndt på et loft over en af museets gallerier.

Nuværende museum
At blive mere tilgængelige flyttede Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, i maj 2001, til et ny 12.000 kvadratmeters anlæg i hjertet af downtown Nashvilles kunst og underholdningsdistrik. I 2014 afslørede museet en $100 millioner udvidelse, der fordoblede sin størrelse til 32.500 kvadratmeter af gallerier, arkivering, klasseværelser, detailbutikker, og plads til særlige arrangementer.

Tidslinje

 1961: Country Music Association, etablerer Country Music Hall of Fame
 1964: CMA begynder non-profit organisationen Country Music Foundation (CMF), der driver Country Music Hall of Fame og Museum
 1967: Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum åbner på Music Row
 1987: Museum fik akkreditering fra den Amerikanske Museumsalliance
 2000: 31. december lukker museet sine døre på Music Row
 2001: 17. maj genåbner musset i den centrale Nashville
 2013: 12. oktober åbnes Hatch Show Print for offentligheden
 2014: Ny udvidelse åbnet, mere end en fordobling af størrelsen af bygningen
 2015: For første gang havde museet flere end en million besøgende i et kalenderår

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Museer etableret i 1967
Museer i USA
Nashville

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum


Rye eller rye whisky er en type af amerikansk whisky der primært er fremstillet af rug. Der produceres også rye whisky i andre lande end USA, men det er dog i relativt små mængder. Canada er en undtagelse, men her overholdes ikke de specielle amerikanske krav til fremstillingen (se nedenfor).

Historie
Da europæerne kom til Nordamerika, forsøgte man at plante byg til fremstilling af alkohol, da denne kornsort var den fremherskende i Europa på dette tidspunkt. Byg havde dog svært ved at vokse i det klima, der var i de oprindelige bebyggelser. Man fandt derfor hurtigt ud af at dyrke rug i stedet, da denne kortsort håndterer store udsving i temperaturer meget bedre end byg.

Rye whisky var derfor den foretrukne type i mange år, inden bourbon overtog førertrøjen.

Efter forbudstiden i USA i 1920'erne og 1930'erne forsvandt rye whisky næsten fuldstændigt fra markedet og er først rigtigt begyndt at komme igen efter årtusindskiftet. Ifølge "Destilled Spirit Council" var rye whisky i 2017 den whiskytype, der oplevede den største vækst i USA.

Regler for fremstilling
Reglerne for fremstilling af rye whisky er udstukket af "Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (forkortet TTB)" og er som følger:
 Kornblandingen som man destillerer ud fra skal bestå at minimum 51 % rug.
 Alkoholprocenten må maksimalt være 80 efter den sidste destillation.
 Alkoholprocenten må ikke være højere end 62,5 %, når whiskyen hældes på fade (den rå destillationsvæske blandes derfor med vand for at få procenten ned fra 80 til 62,5).
 Alkoholprocenten på den flaske, forbrugeren køber, må ikke være lavere end 40 %.
 Den rå whisky skal lagres i nye egetræsbeholdere, der er forbrændt/forkullet på indersiden. Egetræsbeholderne er altid tønder, selvom det teknisk set godt kunne være en spand eller en kasse.
 Hvis whiskyen har været lagret i mindre end fire år, skal producenten skrive hvor lang tid, den har været lagret i måneder og år.
 Hvis det færdige produkt er en blanding af flere årgange (hvilket er tilladt), og producenten skriver alder på etiketten, skal angivelsen af alderen altid være den yngste komponent. Hvis der for eksempel er brugt 99,9 % whisky, der er 20 år gammel, og 0,1 %, der er 2 år gammel, så skal der stå, at produktet er 2 år gammelt på etiketten.
 Der må kun tilsættes stoffer, der ændrer farve eller smag, hvis det ikke er en "straight whisky"

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Whisky

Rye (whisky)