Weserübung Harekâtı (Almanca: Unternehmen Weserübung, anlam: "Weser Tatbikatı" harekâtı), II. Dünya Savaşı'nda, Almanya'nın Norveç'e yönelen askerî harekâtıdır. Harekât 9 Nisan - 10 Haziran 1940 tarihleri arasında gerçekleşmiştir.

Harekât öncesi

Almanya Mart 1938'de Avusturya'yı, Mart 1939'da Çekoslovakya'yı ilhak etmiş, 1 Eylül 1939'da da Alman orduları Polonya sınırını geçerek bu ülkeyi işgale başlamıştı.

Bu gelişmeler, Almanya'nın yayılmasının ve askerî operasyonlarının Orta Avrupa topraklarında olması karakterini taşır. Diğer deyişle Alman yayılması "doğu"ya yönelmektedir. Norveç Seferi'yle Alman yayılması ilk kez "batı"ya yönelmekle kalmıyor, Alman silahları da "batı"ya dönmüş oluyor. Bu bağlamda Norveç Seferi, II. Dünya Savaşı'nın kilometre taşlarından biri sayılır.

Norveç'in jeopolitik konumu

Norveç'in jeopolitik konumunun önemi, hem Müttefikler –Birleşik Krallık ve Fransa- hem de Almanya açısından, askeri, ekonomik ve politika alanlarında kendini göstermektedir. Özelikle Norveç üzerinden Almanya ileride müttefiki olacak Finlandiya ya Baltık Denizine kıyasla daha çok güvenli olan Norveç üzerinden yardım yapacaktı.

Askeri açıdan
İngiliz donanması, I. Dünya Savaşı'nın sonlarına doğru Alman donanmasını Baltık Denizi'ne kapatmıştı. Dar Kuzey Denizi'ni, mayınlanmış alanlarla, devriye gemileriyle tutmuşlar, Alman su altı ve su üstü gemilerinin İskandinavya ile Danimarka arasından Kuzey Denizi'ne ve Atlantik'e çıkışını önlemişlerdir. Kuşkusuz sadece askeri gemiler değil, Almanya'nın ticaret filosu da denize açılamaz hale gelmişti.

Alman donanması için bu acı deneyimin ardından I. Dünya Savaşı'nı izleyen yıllarda pek çok Alman deniz subayı, ilk adımda Alman denizaltılarının Atlantik'e açılabilmesi için, Kuzey Denizi'nde deniz üslerinin zorunlu olduğunu düşünmektedirler. Bu tarz deniz üsleri için de en uygun yer Norveç'in derin fiyortlarıdır.

Ekonomik açıdan
Alman endüstrisinin demir cevheri gereksinmesinin % 85'i İsveç'le yapılan ticari anlaşma gereği bu ülkeden sağlanmaktadır.

Kış ayları dışında demir cevheri nakliyatı, Kuzey İsveç'teki bir koya kara yoluyla, oradan da Alman limanlarına Baltık denizi üzerinden, deniz yoluyla gelmektedir. Baltık Denizi, Alman donanması tarafından kontrol edilebiliyor ve İngiliz donanmasına kapatılıyordu. Dolayısıyla bu nakliyatta bir sorun yoktur. Ancak kış aylarında Baltık denizi donduğundan nakliyat, Kuzey Denizi kıyısındaki Norveç limanı Narvik'e demiryoluyla geliyor, oradan da kıyı boyunca ticaret gemileriyle taşınması gerekiyordu.

I. Dünya Savaşında Kuzey Denizi'nin İngiliz donanmasının ablukası sonucu Alman gemilerine kapanması acı gerçeği anımsanacak olursa, İsveç'ten yapılan demir dışalımının, sadece barış koşullarında sürdürülebilirliği gerçeği ortadadır.

Politik Açıdan
Tarafsız bir Norveç Almanya için en uygun durumdur. İskandinavya topraklarında asker bulundurmak zorunda kalmamak, askeri olanaklarını fazlaca yaymamak açısından önemlidir.

Askerî harekâta kadarki gelişmeler

Almanya'nın Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanı olan Amiral Erich Raeder, 27 Eylül 1939'da Polonya Seferi sona erer ermez Norveç'in kontrolünün ele geçirilmesi için bir plan hazırlamaya girişiyor. Raeder, Hitler'e 10 Ekim 1939 da geniş bir rapor sunar, Norveç'in istila edilmesi planıdır bu.

Amiral Raeder'le bu plan üzerine görüşen Hitler, konuyla ilgilenir ve üzerinde düşüneceğine söz verir. Ancak Hitler'den sonrasında pek ses çıkmaz. O tarihlerde Hitler, Avrupa haritasında tarafsız bir Norveç görmeyi tercih etmektedir.

Ne var ki Hitler kısa bir süre sonra olayların dayatmasıyla Amiral Raeder'in önerisini hatırlamak, dahası uygulamaya koymak zorunda kalacaktır.

Hitler, Polonya sorununu halletmişti ve şimdi Fransa'nın üzerine yürümek niyetindedir. Polonya Seferinin sonlanmasından iki hafta bile geçmemiştir ki 6 sayılı emrini 10 Ekim 1939'da dikte ettiriyor, Hollanda ve Belçika üzerinden Fransa'ya yönelik bir saldırıların hazırlıklarına başlanması emrini veriyor. Tam da Amiral Raeder'in planı kendisine ilettiği gün.

Almanya'da bunlar olurken Müttefikler de Norveç konusunda stratejik analizler geliştirmektedirler.

Sovyetler Birliği 30 Kasım 1939 da Finlandiya'ya saldırdığında, Churchill 'in eline stratejik bir fırsat geçmiştir. Finlandiya'ya askeri yardım. Böyle bir yardım ancak İsveç üzerinden yapılabilirdi. Demir sevkıyatının yapıldığı Norveç'in Narvik limanın yanı sıra, demiryolu hattının uzandığı İsveç'in Gallivare demir madenleri bölgesi askeri olarak kontrol altına alınmalı ve bu demiryollarının devamı kullanılarak Finlandiya'ya askeri birlikler sevk edilmeliydi. Böylece müttefikler, askeri sevkıyat bahanesiyle Norveç'ten Almanya'ya olan demir cevheri sevkıyatını kesebilirlerdi.

Dahası İngilizler İsveç ve Finlandiya'da askeri bir varlık bulundurma şansına kavuşmakla, Almanya'yı kuzeyden çevirmiş olacaklardı. Kuşkusuz ki bu, İngilizler adına ciddi bir stratejik avantaj olacaktır.

Doğal olarak Amiral Raeder de tüm bu gelişmelerden haberdardır ve Hitler'e bunları hatırlatır. Aralık ayı başlarında bu bilgileri ve yorumları Hitler'e aktarır. Ve açıktan açığa "Norveç, işgal edilmelidir" der. Hem I. Dünya Savaşı'nda yaşanan sorunlardan kaçınmak, Alman denizaltılarını Atlas Okyanusu'na güven içinde çıkarabilmek için, hem de İsveç demirinin nakliyatını garantiye alabilmek için.

15 Ocak 1940'ta Fransız başkomutanı Gamelin, dönemin başbakanı Daladier'e, Norveç'in ve İsveç'in işgaline ilişkin bir savaş planı verir. İngiliz Kanalı'nın öte yanında ise Churchill, tarafsız ülkelere BBC'den yaptığı çağrıda Almanya'ya karşı birlik olunması çağrısı yapıyor.

Aynı gün İngiliz parlamentosunda başbakan Chamberlain, iki İngiliz tümeniyle bir Fransız tümeninin Finlandiya'ya yardım için Norveç kıyılarına çıkartma yapması konusunu oya sunuyor. Çıkartma bölgesi olarak en kuzeydeki Narvik'i şiddetle savunuyor. İsveç'teki Gallivare demir cevherlerinin kontrolünün bir an önce sağlanması için en uygun yer burasıdır. Öncelikle Almanya'nın demir dışalımı durdurulacaktır.

Bunlar bardağı taşıran son damlaları oluyor ve Müttefiklerin İskandinav topraklarında bir cephe açmak konusunda kesin kararlı olduklarına inanan Hitler, 27 Ocak 1940'ta Norveç'in istilası için bir plan hazırlanması konusunda emir veriyor.

5 Şubat 1940'ta Paris'te yapılan Müttefik Yüksek Savaş Konseyi'nde, Finlere yardım için iki İngiliz tümeniyle bir Fransız tümeninin gönderilmesi karara bağlandı. İngiliz başbakanı Chamberlain, bu toplantıda birliklerin Narvik'e çıkmasının demir madenlerini kontrol altına alabilmek açısından yararlarını açıklayacaktır.

Ne var ki Müttefik cephesinde askerlerin politikacıları ikna etmeleri zaman almaktayken 17 Şubat 1940 günü yaşanan bir kriz, durumu ciddi boyutlara taşımaktadır. Altmark adlı Alman ikmal gemisi, Alman gemileri tarafından batırılan İngiliz gemilerinden toplanan 300 kadar İngiliz esiri, Almanya'ya götürmek için seyir halindedir. 18 Şubat'ta bir İngiliz destroyeri Altmark'la temas kuracak, çıkan ufak çaplı çatışmada 4 Alman denizcisi ölecek ve İngiliz esirler kurtarılacaktır. Ancak Norveç doğal olarak, İngiliz hükûmetini kendi karasularında yaşanan bu olay dolayısıyla diplomatik yoldan protesto eder. Birleşik Krallık da, Norveç hükûmetini İngiliz esirlerin taşınmasına göz yummakla suçlar. Norveçli yetkililer gemiyi araştırmış, boş yağ varillerine tıkılmış İngiliz esirlerinin farkına varamamışlardır. En azından Norveçli yetkililerin açıklaması budur. Her ne hal ise, Altmark olayı, Birleşik Krallık ve Norveç arasındaki, en azından diplomatik ilişkileri, belirgin biçimde gerginleştirmiştir.

Norveç'in Altmark olayıyla ilgili protestosu, Hitler açısından, diplomatik bir manevradır. Norveç'teki bir aşırı sağcı partinin lideri olan Quisling, bunun bir danışıklı dövüş olduğu, iki Norveç hücumbotunun o bölgede olmalarına rağmen olaylara seyirci kaldıkları raporunu verir. Almanya'nın bakış açısından ise Altmark olayı, Birleşik Krallık'ın Norveç'in tarafsızlığı konusunda bir duyarlılık göstermemekte olduğunu açıkça ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Hitler, Norveç'in istilası konusunda artık kararsız değildir.

Harekât hazırlıkları

21 Şubat 1940'ta Hitler, harekâtı yönetmekle görevlendireceği general Nikolaus von Falkenhorst'la görüşür. Emrine beş tümen verilecektir ve görevi, stratejik olarak önem taşıyan beş Norveç limanının ele geçirilmesidir.

Mart 1940 başlarında Fin ordusu, sürekli takviye alan Sovyet birlikleri karşısında artık zorlanmaktadır. 13 Mart 1940 günü Finler ateşkes isterler.

Finlandiya'nın teslim olması, Müttefiklerin elini ayağını bağlamıştır. Bu durumda Finlandiya'ya yardım bahanesiyle Norveç'e yerleşemeyeceklerdir. Diğer yandan Almanlar da aynı açmazdadır, Müttefikler Norveç'e gelmeyeceğine göre, Almanların orada bulunmasının haklı bir nedeni de kalmamıştır artık. Oysa Birleşik Krallık ve Fransa'nın Narvik üzerinden yapılan demir sevkıyatını kesmek konusunda kararlı olduklarını bilmektedir Hitler.

Hitler 1 Nisan'da Norveç harekâtı için emir verecektir. Harekât 9 Nisan'da yapılacak ve ulaşım hatlarının güvenliği için sadece 4 saat içerisinde Danimarka da istila edilecektir.

Norveç istilası

Nisan 1940 başından itibaren çok sayıda Alman subay ve eri, turist kimliğiyle Norveç'e gönderilmeye başlandı. Bunlar emir aldıklarında hava alanlarının ele geçirilmesi, haberleşme merkezlerinin, kıyı bataryalarının ve deniz fenerlerinin etkisiz hale getirilmesini sağlayacaklardı.

Bir kısım dağ birlikleri de balıkçı tekneleri ve ticari gemilerle Norveç kıyılarına yollandılar.

8 Nisan gecesi Oslo limanına yönelen Alman donanmasına Norveç kıyı topçusu ateş açar. Amiral gemisi kısa sürede, 1.600 kişiyle birlikte sulara gömülüyor. Alman donanması çaresiz geri çekiliyor.

Oslo kıyı topçusunun cesareti Norveçlilere, gizli evrakları ve daha önemlisi de 20 kamyon dolusu Norveç Merkez Bankası altınlarını kaçırabilme olanağı sağlamıştır.

O sırada İngiliz donanması, çıkartma yapacak Müttefik birliklerini Norveç'e doğru götürmekteydi. Yarı yolda Norveç'in Almanlar tarafından istila haberini alınca geri dönmekten başka çareleri kalmadı. Norveç fiyortlarına mevzilenmiş olduğu kuşku götürmeyen Alman birliklerine karşı bir çıkartma yapmayı göze alamadılar. Bununla birlikte donanma, çıkartma birliklerini indirdikten hemen sonra, Norveç açıklarındaki Alman donanmasını biraz olsun hırpalamak için yeniden denize açılacaktır.

9 Nisan 1940 sabahı saat tam 05.40'ta Oslo'daki Alman elçisi, Norveç hükûmetine Alman ültimatomunu sundular. Ribbentrop, bu işlemin, askerî harekâtla aynı anda başlaması talimatını vermiştir. Alman ültimatomunda, "... Bu bakımdan Alman askerleri Norveç topraklarına birer düşman olarak ayak basmış değillerdir... Tersine, Alman askeri harekatının amacı yalnızca kuzeyi, Norveç üslerinin İngiliz ve Fransız kuvvetleri tarafından işgal edilmesi tehlikesine karşı korumaktır... Bundan ötürü, Alman hükümeti, Norveç hükûmeti ile Norveç halkının herhangi bir karşı koyma hareketiyle karşılaşmayacağını umar. Herhangi bir karşı koyma eldeki bütün olanaklarla bastırılacaktır..." denilmektedir.

Benzer bir ültimatom, aynı anda Danimarka hükûmetine de sunulmuştur. Danimarka hükûmeti bu ültimatoma uyarak teslim olacaktır.

Almanların bu denli uzak bir bölgede, üstelik de çok güçlü bir İngiliz donanması tarafından kıyıdan korunan topraklarda indirme ve çıkartma yaptıkları haberine Müttefik yöneticileri önce inanamıyorlar. Hele hele Narvik gibi çok fazla kuzeyde yer alan bir kentte bunların olmasına ihtimal veremiyorlar. Mayın döşeme dahil, İngiliz donanmasının alınabilecek tüm önlemleri aldığı bir bölgede Almanların çıkartma yapması olanaksız görünüyor.

Fakat haberler doğru çıkıyor. Başkent Oslo ve Narvik dahil, tüm çıkartma ve indirme bölgelerinde başarılı olmuştur Alman ordusu.
Norveçliler direnme kararındadırlar, yer yer direnme de gösterilir. Luftwaffe'nin akınları, kısa zamanda direnme odakları üzerinde etkili olur.

İngilizlerin nisan ayı içinde iki farklı Norveç limanına çıkartma girişimleri de Almanlar tarafından püskürtülüyor. Yine de Norveçlilerle birlikte 10 Haziran 1940'a kadar Narvik limanını ve kentini elde tutmayı başarabildiler.

Harekâtın sonunda

Alman donanması ağır bir darbe yemiş, kendine güveni sarsılmıştır ama, Norveç operasyonu Almanya için geniş olanaklar getiriyor. Demir nakliyatının güven altına alınmasının yanı sıra Norveç'te kurulacak deniz üsleri, bu ülkeden sağlanan kereste, süt ürünleri, balık ve bazı maden ve mineraller ileriki yıllarda Almanların çok işine yarayacaktır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
Haudegen Operasyonu
Tuhaf Savaş

Dış bağlantılar
Alman Haftalık Haberlerinden

Batı Avrupa Cephesi
Norveç'in savaşları

Weserübung Harekâtı


Le coup d'État nigérian de 1966 commença le 15 janvier 1966, quand Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu et Emmanuel Ifeajuna, dirigeant un groupe de soldats mutins, tuèrent 22 personnes, y compris le Premier ministre du Nigéria et autres hommes politiques et militaires. Les putschistes ont ensuite assailli Kaduna, Ibadan et Lagos, bloquant le Niger et la Benue pendant deux jours. Au défaut du Premier ministre, l'officier général de l'armée nigériane, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, prend provisoirement le pouvoir. Cette ascension au pouvoir était considérée un complot putschiste conçu par des officiers Igbos pour mettre Aguiyi-Ironsi à la tête du Nigéria. Pour faire face à cette menace putschiste, les soldats du nord du Nigéria menèrent une contre-offensive qui a tué plusieurs soldats et civils igbos. Ainsi, ce massacre marquera le début de la guerre civile nigériane.

Contexte
La planification de ce putsch commence en août 1965 par une équipe de militaires nigérians (notamment Emmanuel Ifeajuna, Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor) exaspérés par la corruption et les inégalités monétaires au sein du gouvernement nigérian .

Le paroxysme de cette corruption qui a attisé cette exasperation est le voyage en croisière du président du Nigéria, Nnamdi Azikiwe, fin 1965, pour l'Europe et les Caraïbes.

Déroulement
Dans la matinée du 15 janvier 1966, le jour du commencement du putsch, la seule chaîne d'information consciente des événements était à la BBC, et il est dit qu'Emmanuel Ifeajuna, à Lagos, n'avait fait aucun plan pour neutraliser le putsch. Par conséquent, le Major Nzeogwu a rédigé à la hâte un discours à diffuser dans Radio Kaduna et dans lequel il a déclaré la loi martiale sur les provinces du nord du Nigéria.

Conséquences
Le président par intérim Nwafor Orizu annonce la décision "volontaire" du cabinet de transférer le pouvoir aux forces armées. Le Major Général Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi annonce ensuite son acceptation de cette "invitation". Le 17 janvier, le général Ironsi crée le Conseil militaire suprême à Lagos et suspend la constitution.

Victimes
La liste ci-dessous présente toutes les victimes du coup d'État.

Civils
 Premier ministre Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
 Premier ministre Ahmadu Bello
 Premier ministre Samuel Ladoke Akintola
 Ministre des Finances Festus Okotie-Eboh
 Ahmed Ben Musa (secrétaire adjoint principal de Bello pour la sécurité)
 Hafsatus Bello
 Mme Latifat Ademulegun
 Zarumi Sardauna
 Ahmed Pategi (chauffeur de Bello)

Militaire et police
 Brig. Samuel Ademulegun
 Brig. Zakariya Maimalari
 Col. Ralph Shodeinde
 Col. Kur Mohammed
 Lieutenant-colonel Abogo Largema
 Lieutenant-colonel James Pam
 Lieutenant-colonel Arthur Unegbé
 Le sergent Daramola Oyegoke (a aidé Nzeogwu dans l'attaque du pavillon de Sardauna et, selon le rapport de police, a été assassiné par Nzeogwu)
 PC Yohana Garkawa
 Caporal suppléant Musa Nimzo
 PC Akpan Anduka
 PC Hagai Lai
 Philippe Lewande

Références

Bataille de 1966
Histoire du Nigeria
1966 au Nigeria
Nigeria, 1966
Guerre du Biafra

Coup d'État de 1966 au Nigeria


William McCleary (-) est un homme politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député provincial conservateur de Welland de 1890 à 1894, ainsi que député fédéral conservateur de la circonscription ontarienne de Welland de 1896 à 1900.

Biographie
Né à Thorold dans le Canada-Ouest, McCleary est le fils d'immigrants irlandais et étudie à Toronto. Marchand de bois à Thorold, il est partenaire dans une compagnie de sciage et de rabotage. Il occupe aussi les fonctions de conseiller et de maire de Thorold, ainsi que de directeur du . Défait lors de l'élection provinciale de 1894, il parvient à se faire élire lors de l'élection fédérale de 1896. Sa carrière en politique fédérale ne dure qu'un mandat puisqu'il est défait en 1900.

McCleary est membre de la Chambre de commerce de Thorold et membre local de l', de l'ordre Orange et de la Franc-maçonnerie.

Résultats électoraux

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1853
Naissance à Thorold
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député du Parti conservateur du Canada (ancien)
Député du Parti progressiste-conservateur de l'Ontario
Maire de Thorold (Ontario)
Décès en mai 1917
Décès à 63 ans

William McCleary


, 1933 yılında inşasına karar verilen bir sahil devriye gemisi (Denizaltı savunma amaçlı) olan tekne II. Dünya Savaşı öncesi, Japonya'nın başkenti Tokyo'da kurulu Ishikawajima Harima tersanesi tarafından 9 Haziran 1933'te kızağa kondu. 20 Aralık 1933 tarihinde denize indirilen tekne CH-2 borda numarası ile 25 Mart 1934'te Japon İmparatorluk Deniz Kuvvetleri'ne katıldı. İki üniteden oluşan CH-1 sınıfı denizaltı avlama teknelerinin ikinci ve son gemisidir.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nın başlangıcında Filipinler harekâtına katılan gemi daha sonra güneyde Java Deniz Muharebesi'nde kullanıldı. CH-2 teknesi savaşın sonuna kadar konvoy refakat görevlerine tahsis edildi. 27 Haziran 1945'te Lombok yakınlarında (07° 25' güney, 116° 00' doğu koordinatları) Amerikan denizaltısı  tarafından batırılan tekne, 10 Ağustos 1945'te hizmet dışı kaldı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Japon İmparatorluk Deniz Kuvvetleri savaş gemileri listesi

CH-1 sınıfı

CH-2


هيرفيه أليكارت  ولد في 7 أكتوبر 1974 في بيربينيان . لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الدفاع .

لعب أليكارت في أندية مونبيلييه (1994-1998) بوردو (1998-2004) تولوز بالإعارة (2000-2001) أجاكسيو بالإعارة (2002-2003) سيرفيت السويسري (2004-2005) نيم (2005-2007) .

ساهم أليكارت في تتويج نادي بوردو ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى موسم 1998/1999 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سويسرا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيربينيا
رياضيون من البرانيس الشرقية (إقليم فرنسي)
رياضيون من بيربينيا
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو أجاكسيو
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو تولوز
لاعبو دوري السوبر السويسري
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو مونبلييه
لاعبو نادي سيرفيت
لاعبو نيم
مواليد 1974
مواليد في بيربينيا

هيرفيه أليكارت


Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (Saarbrücken, Alemania Federal, 11 de diciembre de 1963), es una tenista alemana en la década de los 80 y la primera mitad de los 90, ganadora de 9 títulos de la WTA en categoría individual y de 25 en dobles, llegando a ser n.º 4 del mundo en individuales y n.º 3 en dobles. Ganó dos torneos de Grand Slam en la modalidad de dobles y la Copa Federación de 1987.

En los Juegos Olímpicos de Seúl 88 conquistó la medalla de bronce en la modalidad de dobles, junto a su compatriota Steffi Graf. Se retiró en 1994.

Carrera

Torneos de Grand Slam

Campeona en dobles (2)

Finalista en dobles (6)

Títulos

Individuales (9)

Finalista (8)
 1984: Hilton Head, ante Chris Evert.
 1984: Zúrich, ante Zina Garrison.
 1984: Pan Pacific, ante Manuela Maleeva.
 1985: Montreal, ante Chris Evert.
 1986: Washington, ante Martina Navratilova.
 1986: Marco Island, ante Chris Evert.
 1986: Amelia Island, ante Steffi Graf.
 1987: Berlín, ante Steffi Graf.

Enlaces externos

Tenistas femeninas de Alemania
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Seúl 1988
Medallistas olímpicos de tenis
Medallistas olímpicos de bronce de Alemania
Medallistas olímpicos de bronce de Seúl 1988
Deportistas de Alemania en los Juegos Olímpicos de Seúl 1988
Campeones de Wimbledon
Campeones del Abierto de Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Saarbrücken

Claudia Kohde-Kilsch


(4384) Henrybuhl ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 3. Januar 1990 von Tsutomu Hioki und Shūji Hayakawa von der Sternwarte in Okutama entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid gehört zur Eunomia-Familie, einer nach (15) Eunomia benannten Gruppe, zu der vermutlich fünf Prozent der Asteroiden des Hauptgürtels gehören.

Der Asteroid wurde am 13. Juni 2014 nach Henry Buhl (1848–1927) benannt, dem Gründer der Henry Buhl Foundation.

Weblinks
 Asteroid Henrybuhl: Discovery Circumstances gemäß dem Minor Planet Center der Internationalen Astronomischen Union bei dem Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA

Einzelnachweise

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Eunomia-Familie

(4384) Henrybuhl


Belgaum (en maratí: बेळगांव ) es una ciudad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Belgaum, en el estado de Karnataka.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 761  a 508 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 465 170 habitantes.

Historia
Los suburbios de Vadgoan y Madhavpur fueron centros urbanos entre el 400 a.C. y 300 d.C. La ciudad actual fue construida en el  por la dinastía Ratta quienes la fundaron cerca de la ciudad de Saundatti. El fuerte de Belgaum fue construido en 1204 por Bichiraja. Belgaum sirvió como capital de la dinastía Ratta entre 1210 a 1250 antes de que los Rattas fueran depuestos por la dinastía Yadava. Un siglo después el pueblo comenzó la explotación de diamantes y madera dada su geografía favorable y localización en el reino.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Belgaum


Keoma est un hameau situé dans la province d'Alberta, dans le centre-sud.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Hameau en Alberta
Localité désignée en Alberta

Keoma (Alberta)


Reinaldo Rueda Rivera () este un antrenor de fotbal columbian care în prezent antrenează naționala de fotbal a Republicii Chile. În 2011, Rueda a fost naturalizat ca cetățean hondurian.

Statistici ca antrenor
Statistici actualizate la 1 decembrie 2017.

Referințe
antrenori columbieni de fotbal

Reinaldo Rueda


Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB) er den centrale institution for indsamling, bearbejdning og formidling af officiel statistik i Norge, parallelt til Danmarks Statistiks rolle i Danmark. SSB har, i henhold til den norske statistikkloven fra 1989 ret til at fastsætte, hvad der skal være officiel statistik, samt ansvaret for at samordne al officiel statistik i Norge. SSB producerer 85-90 procent af al officiel statistik i Norge.

Organisering og ledelse

SSB ligger administrativt under Finansdepartementet (det norske finansministerium) og har egen bestyrelse, som udpeges af regeringen. SSB er uafhængig i statistikfaglige spørgsmål. Dette indebærer, at SSB selv bestemmer, hvad der skal publiceres, og hvornår og hvordan dette skal ske. SSB har ca. 1000 medarbejdere fordelt med godt halvdelen i Oslo og resten ved en afdeling i Kongsvinger.

Statistikområder

SSB udarbejder statistik på en lang række områder som økonomi, befolkning, levevilkår, arbejdsmarked og miljø. Blandt de mest centrale statistikker er forbrugerprisindekset, arbejdskraftundersøgelsen, befolkningsstatistikkerne og Nationalregnskabet.

Forskning

Som et af ganske få statistikkontorer i verden har SSB en egen forskningsafdeling. Forskningsområderne inkluderer demografi og levekår, energi- og miljøøkonomi, makroøkonomi, mikroøkonomi samt statistiske metoder og standarder.

Internationalt samarbejde

SSB rapporterer statistiske data om Norge til EU og en række andre internationale organisationer. På denne måde bliver norsk statistik også formidlet gennem internationale databaser og publikationer. Derudover driver SSB udviklingssamarbejde i en række lande. Formålet er at hjælpe søsterorganisationer i ulande og økonomiske overgangslande med at udvikle og forbedre officiel statistik.

Formidling

Ssb.no er hovedkanalen for formidling i SSB. Formidlingsvirksomheden inkluderer omkring 1000 offentliggørelser af ny statistik om året. I tillæg udarbejdes der ca. 200 publikationer, som også gøres tilgængelige på internettet.

Historie

Statistisk sentralbyrå blev oprettet som en selvstændig institution i 1876, med i alt 15 funktionærer. Tidligere var Tabellkontoret den norske stats central for indsamling og bearbejdning af statistik. Juristen Anders Nicolai Kiær (1838–1919) blev udnævnt til direktør i 1877 og ledede institutionen frem til 1913. Kiær havde været tilknyttet Tabellkontoret siden 1861.

I 1907 vedtog Stortinget den første norske statistiklov ("Lov om tilveiebringelse af opgaver til den officielle statistikk"). Denne lov gav hjemmel til at indhente oplysninger til statistiske formål fra privatpersoner og næringsdrivende. Loven slog samtidig fast, at oplysningerne ikke kunne bruges til andre formål end statistikproduktion, og at tallene ikke måtte offentliggøres på sådan en måde, at det kunne skade den enkelte kilde. I 1989 vedtog Stortinget en ny statistiklov, som blandt andet fastsatte en tavshedspligt på 100 år for statistisk grundlagsmateriale om personlige forhold og på 60 år for drifts- og forretningsforhold.

"Lov om folkeregistrering" blev vedtaget i 1946, og "Det sentrale folkeregister" (tilsvarende det danske centrale personregister blev oprettet i 1964, med basis i den norske folketælling i 1960. Folkeregisteret lå i Statistisk sentralbyrå frem til 1991, hvor ajourføringen blev overtaget af det norske Skattedirektoratet.

Chefer
Christine Meyer (2015 - november 2017)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Statistisk sentralbyrås hjemmeside
 Statistikkloven
 Om statistikkloven på Statistisk sentralbyrås hjemmeside

Forvaltning i Norge
Statistik
Etableret i 1876

Statistisk sentralbyrå


Musular, Çorum ilinin İskilip ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 51 km, İskilip ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

İskilip belde ve köyleri

Musular, İskilip


Lorenzo Pericás Ferrer Alcoy (Alicante) 1868 - Alicante 1912. Fue un pintor español del siglo XIX y el siglo XX. A pesar de ser alcoyano de nacimiento se crio, vivió y murió en la ciudad de Alicante.

De su pintura podemos decir que siguiendo los cánones de su maestro y amigo, Lorenzo Casanova, manejó bien los claroscuros y el uso de colores intensos, abordó el retrato, dominó la reproducción de flores y supo abordar la pintura costumbrista, relegando siempre el paisaje (las pocas veces que lo pintó) a un segundo plano, tras las secuencias de la vida de la gente sencilla que captó magistralmente.

Biografía

De familia muy humilde, era hijo de un hojalatero. Pronto destacó por su inteligencia y su innata afición a la pintura. Se formó en la Academia de Bellas Artes del pintor alcoyano Lorenzo Casanova Ruiz quien lo tomó bajo su manto protector en 1885, también alcoyano, también introvertido.

En 1890 obtuvo beca de la Diputación junto con sus compañeros Vicente Bañuls, José López, Rafael Hernández para continuar estudiando en la Academia de Casanova, donde se convertiría en el alumno más aventajado del grupo.

Participó en la Magna Exposición Provincia de 1894 que organizó la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País que fue instalada en el Teatro Principal junto con treinta y siete pintores alicantinos, treinta y dos valencianos y otros tantos de Barcelona, Cádiz, Madrid y Murcia. Triunfaron los de la escuela casanovista: Bañuls medalla de oro en escultura -Fernando Cabrera Cantó en Pintura-; Pericás medalla de plata y Heliodoro Guillén Pedemonti, también medalla de plata, y Adelardo Parrilla diploma. Serían las estrellas del evento Joaquín Sorolla y Ignacio Pinazo, tal y como recordó la importante revista de la capital de España "La Ilustración Española y Americana".

Conocidas pinturas suyas son "Ensayando una misa" I y II, pintados en la sacristía de la Iglesia de Santa María de Alicante o en su entrada, junto al altar mayor. Forman parte de la colección de la Caja de Ahorros Provincial y de la Diputación de Alicante o de colecciones particulares, como "Corrillo tras la boda"; también "El lañador" (Diputación de Alicante) en plena reparación de cazuelas, para el Orfeón de Alicante; "Carreteros en la Venta de Mutxamel", colección particular; "Alicantino" y "Alicantina", Diputación de Alicante; la mayor parte de los frescos del Casino de Alicante; El relojero, colección particular; Niños y flores de la Caja de Ahorros de Alicante; Retrato de una dama, uno de colección particular y otro del Ayuntamiento de Alcoy; "Gitana" de la Caja y en la Diputación de Alicante; "Valencianas en el jardín" del Círculo Industrial de Alcoy; "De cháchara. Puerto de Alicante", colección particular; los tapices del palacete de los condes de Gómez-Tortosa (pontificio) en Novelda hoy propiedad municipal y un sinfín de bodegones, flores, retratos…, con una elaborada técnica de la que no quiso desprenderse y evolucionar, pintó dentro del Romanticismo, con toques impresionistas.

Se presume que a la muerte de su mentor, el pintor Lorenzo Casanova, acaecida en marzo de 1900 se hizo cargo de su Academia de Bellas Artes.

Persona de salud precaria, sin duda debido a las estrecheces pasadas durante su niñez, sufrió una virulenta enfermedad progresiva que le impedía la movilidad, especialmente terrible para un pintor cuando afectaba a sus manos como era su caso.
Gracias al escritor Gabriel Miró, antiguo alumno de la Academia, pudo subsistir sus últimos años llegando incluso a hacer un llamamiento público para que se organizase una campaña de recogida de fondos para ayudarle a Pericás a sobrevivir pues la enfermedad ya no le permitía trabajar.

Falleció a la edad de 44 años en Alicante, y recibió una mención honorífica póstuma en la Exposición Nacional de 1912.

Bibliografía

 Catálogo de Pintura y Escultura. Obras de arte propiedad de la Excma Diputación Provincial de Alicante, Diputación 1972. Dr Enrique Llobregat, director del Museo Provincial; Dr Adrían Espí, profesor de Historia del Arte en el CEU y Sr Garín LLobart, director del Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia.

 Siglo y medio de pintura alicantina, edita la Caja de Ahorros del Sureste de España en 1973, para la Exposición realizada en Alicante del 5 al 30 de noviembre.

 Revista del Instituto de Estudios Alicantinos, 1974. Notas para una biografía de Lorenzo Pericás por Adrián Espí.

 Pintura Alicantina, Diputación Provincial de Alicante, 1999. ISBN 84-87032-58-3

 Guía del Museo de Bellas Artes, MUBAG. Joaquín Sáez Vidal, 2001. ISBN 84-87032-72-9

Enlaces externos

 Pintores alicantinos: Lorenzo Pericás

 Pintor universal

 "Retrato de una dama", L. Pericás

 Inmaculada Mingot, Restauración y Conservación de Obras de Arte: pag 14 "Flores" de L. Pericás

 Cuadros de Lorenzo Pericás en FACEBOOK

 Casino de Alicante: Salón Imperio

 Archivo Municipal de Novelda

Pericás Ferrer
Pericás Ferrer
Pintores de Alcoy
Pericás Ferrer
Nacidos en Alcoy
Fallecidos en Alicante

Lorenzo Pericás Ferrer


Anika Krebs (* 10. Juli 1993 in Hamburg) ist eine deutsche Volleyball- und Beachvolleyballspielerin.

Karriere Halle
Krebs spielte als Jugendliche Fußball beim Hamburger SV. 2005 begann sie ihre Volleyball-Karriere beim VfL Geesthacht. Von dort ging sie zunächst zu CVJM Hamburg und wechselte später innerhalb der Stadt zu VT Aurubis Hamburg. Dort kam die Außenangreiferin mit der zweiten Mannschaft in der zweiten Liga zum Einsatz. 2010 wechselte die Junioren-Nationalspielerin zum Nachwuchsteam VC Olympia Berlin, mit dem sie bis 2013 in der Bundesliga spielte.

Karriere Beach
Als Beachvolleyballerin gewann Krebs 2009 mit Kerrin Brüggemann die Hamburger Landesmeisterschaft der U17. Im gleichen Jahr nahm sie mit Jelena Wlk an der U18-Europameisterschaft in Espinho teil und belegte den neunten Platz. 2010 erreichte sie im gleichen Wettbewerb mit Anna Behlen den dritten Platz in Porto. Ein Jahr später wurde das Duo Fünfter der U19-Weltmeisterschaft in Umag und Neunter der U20-Europameisterschaft in Tel Aviv. Mit Wlk gewann Krebs 2011 die deutsche Meisterschaft der U19; außerdem erreichte sie das Finale der U20-Konkurrenz. Bei der U20-Europameisterschaft 2012 in Hartberg (Österreich) belegte sie mit Wlk den zweiten Platz. Zusammen mit Sandra Seyfferth spielte sie danach in Halifax (CAN) bei der U21-Weltmeisterschaft und erreichte den fünften Platz. 2013 wurden Krebs/Wlk U21-Vizeweltmeister im kroatischen Umag und nahmen erstmals an den deutschen Meisterschaften in Timmendorfer Strand teil. 2014 spielte Krebs mit Jenny Heinemann und 2015 mit Melanie Gernert, mit der sie in Jena erstmals ein Turnier auf der nationalen Smart Beach Tour gewann. Bei der deutschen Meisterschaft belegten Gernert/Krebs Platz Neun. 2016 spielte Krebs wieder mit Anna Behlen. Behlen/Krebs gewannen den Smart Super Cup in Kühlungsborn und wurden Siebte bei der Deutschen Meisterschaft. 2017 spielte Krebs an der Seite von Lena Ottens. Mit Anne Krohn erreichte Krebs 2018 bei der Deutschen Meisterschaft Platz fünf. 2019 ist Leonie Welsch ihre Partnerin.

Weblinks

 Profil bei beach-volleyball.de

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballspieler (TV Fischbek)
Volleyballspieler (VC Olympia Berlin)
Volleyballspieler (Hamburger SV)
Deutscher
Beachvolleyballspieler (Deutschland)
Geboren 1993
Frau

Anika Krebs


Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes'ın Yanılgısı  ya da özgün adıyla Descartes' Error : Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain kitabında, okuyucuyu insan beyninde bir keşif gezisine çıkararak, akılla hislerin zihinde nasıl bir araya geldiğini ele alır. Orijinal basımı 1994 yılında yapılmıştır.

Yazar, on dokuzuncu yüzyılda beyin zedelenmesi sonucu davranış tarzı kökten değişime uğrayan Phineas Gage'in öyküsüyle başlayıp, laboratuvarında incelediği çağdaş vakalarla devam ederek, duyguların akılcı insan davranışındaki rolü üzerinde durur.

Beyin hasarlı hastalardan edindiği deneyimlerden yola çıkan nöroloji uzmanı Dr. Damasio, duygu ve his yoksunluğunun, aklın çalışmasını ve sosyal davranışları nasıl aksattığını açıklar. Zihinle beden arasındaki ilişkiyi algılayış tarzımızı sorgulayan kitap, "duygusal zeka" kavramını geliştiren psikologların esin kaynaklarından biridir.

Bilim kitapları
İngilizce kitaplar
1999 kitapları
1994 kitapları
Nöroloji
Nörobilim tarihi
Bilişsel sinirbilim

Descartes'ın Yanılgısı: Duygu, Akıl ve İnsan Beyni


Fluvoxamin er et stof i kategorien SSRI, som er en gruppe af forskellige former for antidepressiv medicin. Fluvoxamin markedsføres under navnet Fevarin og i USA under navnet Luvox. Sammen med Zelmid er det en af ældste former for SSRI og var det første lægemiddel af denne type ordineret til en højere grad, da Zelmid hurtigt blev trukket tilbage fra markedet. I dag er det foreskrevet sjældnere, da de nyere SSRI'er såsom sertralin og fluoxetin har vist sig at være mildere og at have mere skånesomme bivirkninger. Fluvoxamin har dertil en kraftigere virkning, kombineret med en langt større risiko for kvalme, især i begyndelsen af behandlingen. Normalt ordineres fluvoxamin ikke før andre SSRI er afprøvet.

Som med mange andre medikamenter, anbefales det at man ikke indtager alkohol samtidig med en fluvoxamin-behandling.

Fluvoxamin anvendes i kombination med psykoterapi ved:
 Moderat til moderat svær depression hos voksne
 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder,
 Svær præmenstruelt syndrom, præmenstruelle dysforisk lidelse
 Dysthymia.
Og ny forskning har vist, at det kan reducere covid-19 patienters risiko markant for at komme i respirator og for at dø af sygdommen.

Bivirkninger
Mulige bivirkninger omfatter vægtændringer, træthed, svimmelhed, rysten, kvalme og manglende seksuel interesse. Ellers er fluvoxamins bivirkningsprofil meget lig andre SSRI'er.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Fevarin i FASS

Antidepressiva

Fluvoxamin


රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික සබඳකම:
1952 අප්‍රේල් මස  ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.

නේවාසික සංඛ්‍යාව:
 ජපානයේ නේවාසිල ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයින්  සංඛ්‍යාව : 6,467 (දෙසැම්බර් 2001)
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නේවාසිල ජපන් ජාතිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාව :     778 (අගෝස්තු 2005)

මේ අඩවිත් බලන්න
 ජපානය
 ජපන් භාෂාව
 ජපානයේ දේශපාලන ආර්ථිකය
 චීන-ශ්‍රී ලංකා සබඳතා

Sri Lanka
Bilateral relations of Sri Lanka

ජපාන - ශ්‍රී ලංකා සබඳතා


Das Brauhaus Früh em Veedel am Chlodwigplatz 28 ist eine traditionsreiche Gaststätte und vormalige Schnapsbrennerei im Kölner Severinsviertel. Das 1885/1886 errichtete und mit Backsteinfassaden versehene, dreigeschossige Gebäude steht seit dem 28. Februar 1985 unter Denkmalschutz. Es ist als Baudenkmal des Stadtteils Neustadt-Süd unter Nr.: 2802 in das Denkmälerverzeichnis eingetragen.

Geschichte

Seit der Errichtung des neogotischen Gebäudes anstelle der ab 1880 niedergelegten mittelalterlichen Stadtmauer wurde in dem Haus am Chlodwigplatz Schnaps und Likör gebrannt. Bevor die Cölner Hofbräu Früh die Gaststätte übernahm, war sie bis zum Jahr 1979 im Besitz der Familie Hermann, die seit mehreren Generationen hier die Brennerei und Schankwirtschaft betrieben hat. Noch heute werden bei Früh hauseigene Schnäpse und Liköre hergestellt, die auf die Tradition der Brennerei zurückgehen: Alter Ulan, Deck und Dönn sowie Stippeföttchen, ein Pfefferminzlikör. Im Kölner Sprachgebrauch ist das Veedelsfrüh auch als in Anlehnung an das Pariser Vorbild als Invalidendom bekannt, da sich in früherer Zeit dort bevorzugt Veteranen trafen.

Heutige Situation
Auch unter der Leitung der Cölner Hofbräu P. Josef Früh KG blieb das historische Ambiente der Gastwirtschaft im rustikalen Kölner Brauhausstil seit der Übernahme im Jahr 1979 erhalten; eine historische Destille sowie eine Vielzahl von Wandbildern und alten Fotos erinnern ebenfalls an die alten Zeiten, als das traditionsreiche Brauhaus noch als Schnapsbrennerei betrieben wurde. Den Gästen stehen heute 80 Sitzplätze im Speiseraum, eine Außenterrasse mit 40 Plätzen sowie ein großer separater Thekenbereich mit Sitzbänken zur Verfügung.

Zum Früh Kölsch vom Fass werden überwiegend traditionelle, deftige Gerichte der Rheinischen Küche in kölscher Veedelsatmosphäre angeboten.

Literatur
 Bernd Imgrund: 111 Kölner Kneipen, die man kennen muss. Emons 2012, ISBN 978-3-89705-838-5

Weblinks

 Website des Brauhauses

 Wortmarke: Brauhaus Früh em Veedel – Eintrag Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt

Einzelnachweise

Gastronomiebetrieb (Köln)
Altstadt-Süd
Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren

Früh em Veedel


An Apera spica-venti in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois. An Apera spica-venti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Apera, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: A. s. maritima.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Apera

Apera spica-venti


Die Evangelische Pfarrkirche Gnesau mit Friedhof steht in der Ortschaft Weißenbach in der Gemeinde Gnesau.

Geschichte
Im 16. Jahrhundert wurde das den Freiherrn Khevenhüller unterstehende Gebiet um Gnesau protestantisch, weil Christoph Khevenhüller zum Protestantismus konvertiert war. Um 1600, als die Gegenreformation einsetzte und im 17. Jahrhundert, vor allem in der zweiten Hälfte, als die Grafen Lodron die Grundherrschaft Himmelberg übernommen hatten, mussten zahlreiche Geheimprotestanten die Gegend verlassen. Auch im 18. Jahrhundert war Gnesau von der Transmigration betroffen. Von 1752 bis 1756 wurden 139 Geheimprotestanten aus der Pfarre deportiert.
Nach dem Erlass des Toleranzpatents 1781 wurde bereits 1782 in Gnesau eine evangelische Gemeinde gegründet. Die Gläubigen kamen vor allem aus Himmelberg, Gnesau, Tiffen und Wachsenberg. Das Gemeindegebiet umfasste anfangs ganz Unterkärnten. Eine Filialkirche bestand im 60 Kilometer entfernten Eggen am Kraigerberg. 1785/85 errichtete man ein hölzernes, 1803 ein steinernes Bethaus. 1846 wurde das heutige Pfarrhaus in Weißenbach errichtet. Antonio Missoni erbaute 1870/1871 die heutige Kirche, den Turm fügte man 1911 hinzu.

Beschreibung
Die Kirche ist ein einheitlich neugotischer Bau. Das Schiff und der polygonale Chor haben mit Holzschindel gedeckte Dächer und einheitliche, umlaufende Lanzettfenster. Der leicht vorspringende Turm in der Westfassade mit spitzbogigen Schallöffnungen wird durch Gesims und Gebälk gegliedert und von einem Spitzhelm bekrönt. In den Dreiecksgiebeln befinden sich die Zifferblätter einer Turmuhr von 1882. Der Kircheneingang führt durch das Westportal und das Turmerdgeschoß und in den Kirchenraum.

Über dem Kirchenschiff erhebt sich eine Spitztonne mit tief einschneidenden spitzbogigen Stichkappen. Die Westempore über Pfeilern mit kreuzgratigen Gewölbeformen springt seitlich in das Langhaus vor. Zwei der Emporenpfeiler setzen sich über der Empore als Stützen für die Turmkonstruktion fort. Ein Triumphbogen verbindet das Langhaus mit dem Chor mit Fünfachtelschluss. Links hinter dem Aufgang zur Kanzel befindet sich ein emporenartiger Vorraum, der sich mit einer spitzbogigen Arkade zum Chor hin öffnet.

Die neugotische Einrichtung der Kirche stammt aus dem letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts. Ein Leinwandbild zeigt einen Brot und Wein segnenden Christus. Die Orgel baute 1890/91 Franz Grafenauer.

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X, S. 212.
 Alexander Hanisch-Wolfram: Auf den Spuren der Protestanten in Kärnten. Verlag Johannes Heyn, Klagenfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-7084-0392-2, S. 96 ff.

Weblinks

Evangelische Pfarrkirche
Kirche in der Superintendentur Kärnten und Osttirol
Neugotisches Bauwerk in Kärnten
Neugotisches Kirchengebäude
Erbaut in den 1870er Jahren

Evangelische Pfarrkirche Gnesau


Shunsuke Ando (født 10. august 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var en del af den japanske trup ved Sommer-OL 2012.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shunsuke Ando


La gare de Boumerdès est une gare ferroviaire algérienne située sur le territoire de la commune de Boumerdès, dans la wilaya de Boumerdès.

Situation ferroviaire

La gare est située au point kilométrique  sur la ligne d'Alger à Skikda, où elle est précédée de la gare de Corso et suivie de celle de Tidjelabine.

Histoire

Service des voyageurs

Accueil

Desserte
La gare de Boumerdès est desservie par :

 les trains grandes lignes des liaisons :
 Alger - gare de Batna ;
 Alger - Tébessa ;
 Alger - Touggourt ;
 les trains régionaux des liaisons :
 Alger - Béjaïa ;
 Alger - Bouira ;
 Alger - Sétif ;
 les trains du réseau ferré de la banlieue d'Alger des liaisons : Alger - Thénia et Alger - Oued Aïssi.

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ligne d'Alger à Skikda
 Liste de gares en Algérie
 Réseau ferré de la banlieue d'Alger

Liens externes
 .

Gare dans la wilaya de Boumerdès
Gare du réseau ferré de la banlieue d'Alger
Gare-Boumerdès

Gare de Boumerdès


La statue en bronze doré de Maitreya méditant est une statue en bronze doré de Maitreya assis et méditant, l'une des sculptures bouddhistes coréennes les plus connues et les plus appréciées. Elle fait désormais partie de la collection du Musée national de Corée et a été désignée comme le 78e trésor national de Corée.

La statue mesure 83,2 centimètres de haut. Elle a été coulée en bronze et dorée, probablement au milieu ou à la fin du VIe siècle. Le bronze a moins d'un centimètre d'épaisseur (et jusqu'à 2 mm), ce qui témoigne de l'habileté des bronziers à cette époque.

En 1912, une personne japonaise l'a acquise et en a fait don au Département général du gouvernement du Japon traitant de la période Joseon . Depuis 1916, il est conservé au Musée national de Corée.

Le maitreya est assis sur un tabouret, la jambe droite croisée sur la gauche, en profonde méditation. Son visage, avec un soupçon de sourire, affiche un sentiment de concentration sereine. Le bras droit, au niveau du coude, repose sur ses genoux tandis que sa main se tend vers sa joue, donnant l'impression d'une pensée profonde. Une de ses épaules est légèrement plus haute que l'autre et le haut du corps est légèrement penché vers l'avant. La statue porte une couronne assez élaborée avec de nombreuses branches et des parties de la couronne reposent sur les épaules du maitreya. La statue est également vêtue d'un vêtement compliqué en forme de pagne qui s'enroule autour du corps avec des projections en forme d'ailes. Le pied gauche repose sur une base en forme de fleur de lotus. La statue a probablement été créée pendant le royaume de Silla car son style est plus formel que réaliste.

À un moment donné, la statue avait un halo, mais il n'en reste que des traces. Elle a été désignée comme le 78e trésor national de Corée le 12 décembre 1962. Une analyse aux rayons X effectuée en 1963 a montré que "la statue ne présente aucune trace de défaut ou de réparation, ni à l'intérieur ni à l'extérieur, et qu'elle a été fabriquée dans un matériau rare à l'aide de techniques uniques".

Références

Statue bouddhique
Bouddhisme en Corée
Trésor national en Corée du Sud
Silla (Corée)
Sculpture en bronze
Sculpture en Corée du Sud

Statue en bronze doré de Maitreya méditant


أدريان فلورين بيت (بالرومانية:Adrian Florin Piţ) (مواليد 16 يوليو 1983 في أراد - رومانيا) لاعب كرة قدم روماني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى روما الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز الوسط المحوري .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في أذربيجان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية رومانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية رومانيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة بيهور
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مقاطعة بيهور
رياضيون رومانيون مغتربون في أذربيجان
رياضيون رومانيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون رومانيون مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو بيزا
لاعبو بيلينزونا
لاعبو جامعة كلوج
لاعبو دوري التحدي السويسري
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الثانية الروماني
لاعبو روما
لاعبو كرة قدم رومانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رومانيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في أذربيجان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو نادي تريستينا
لاعبو نادي خزر لنكران
لاعبو نادي فيتورول كونستانتا
لاعبو يو تي أي أراد
مواليد 1983
مواليد في أراد
لاعبو دوري أذربيجان الممتاز
رياضيون من مقاطعة بيهور

أدريان بيت


The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia, approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s. It led to a period of extreme prosperity for the Australian colony, and an influx of population growth and financial capital for Melbourne, which was dubbed "Marvellous Melbourne" as a result of the procurement of wealth.

Overview

The Victorian Gold Discovery Committee wrote in 1854:

With the exception of the more extensive fields of California, for a number of years the gold output from Victoria was greater than in any other country in the world. Victoria's greatest yield for one year was in 1856, when 3,053,744 troy ounces (94,982 kg) of gold were extracted from the diggings. From 1851 to 1896 the Victorian Mines Department reported that a total of 61,034,682 oz (1,898,391 kg) of gold was mined in Victoria.

Gold was first discovered in Australia on 15 February 1823, by assistant surveyor James McBrien, at Fish River, between Rydal and Bathurst (in New South Wales). The find was considered unimportant at the time and was not pursued for policy reasons.

In the 1850s gold discoveries in Victoria, in Beechworth, Castlemaine, Daylesford, Ballarat and Bendigo sparked gold rushes similar to the California Gold Rush. At its peak, some two tonnes of gold per week flowed into the Treasury Building in Melbourne.

The gold exported to Britain in the 1850s paid off all of Britain's foreign debts and helped lay the foundation of her enormous commercial expansion in the latter half of the century.

Melbourne was a major boomtown during the gold rush.  The city became the centre of the colony with rail networks radiating to the regional towns and ports.

Politically, Victoria's gold miners sped up the introduction of greater parliamentary democracy in Victoria, based on British Chartist principles adopted to some extent by the miners' activist bodies such as Bendigo's Anti-Gold Licence Association and the Ballarat Reform League.

As the alluvial gold dwindled, pressures for land reform, protectionism and political reform generated social struggles. and a Land Convention in Melbourne during 1857 recorded demands for land reform.

By 1854 Chinese people were contributing to the gold rushes. Their presence on the goldfields of Bendigo, Beechworth and the Bright district resulted in riots, entry taxes, killings, and segregation in the short term, and became the foundations of the White Australia policy. In short, the gold rush was a revolutionary event and reshaped Victoria, its society and politics.

Background

There were rumours abroad about the presence of gold in Australia, but Government officials kept all findings secret for fear of disorganising the young colony. However the Colonial Secretary, Edward Deas Thomson, saw a great future for the country when Edward Hargraves proved his theory that Australia was a vast storehouse of gold. Hargraves had been in the California gold rush and knew gold country, when he first saw it, round Bathurst. The news spread like wildfire, and soon the race was on from coast to gold fields. Flocks were left untended, drovers deserted their teams, merchants and lawyers rushed from their desks and entire ships' crews, captains included, marched off to seek their fortunes.

Gold discovery
In March 1850, William Campbell of Strath Loddon, found on the station of his brother-in-law, Donald Cameron, of Clunes several minute pieces of native gold in quartz. This was concealed at the time but on 10 January 1851, Campbell disclosed it. Others had found indications of gold. Dr. George H. Bruhn, a German physician, whose services as an analyst were in great demand, had been shown specimens of gold from what afterwards became the Clunes diggings. In spite of these and other discoveries, however, it was impracticable to market the gold, and James Esmond's "find" which was made on Creswick's Creek, a tributary of the Loddon River, at Clunes on 1 July 1851, was the first marketable gold field.

A party formed by Mr. Louis John Michel, consisting of himself, Mr. William Haberlin, James Furnival, James Melville, James Headon, and B. Groenig, discovered the existence of gold in the quartz rocks of the Yarra ranges, at Andersons Creek, near Warrandyte, in the latter part of June, and showed it on the spot to Dr. Webb Richmond, on behalf of the Gold Discovery Committee on 5 July.

The third discovery was by Mr. Thomas Hiscock, a resident at Buninyong; induced by the writings of the Rev. W. B. Clarke, and by the discovery of Brentani's nugget in the Pyrenees district two years before, he had kept a constant lookout for gold in his neighbourhood. He discovered an auriferous deposit in the gully of the Buninyong ranges now bearing his name, on 8 August 1851, and he communicated the fact, with its precise locality, to the editor of the Geelong Advertiser on the 10th of that month.

Dr. George H. Bruhn, a German physician, in the month of January, 1851, (i.e. before Mr. Hargraves' discovery at Summerhill) started from Melbourne to explore "the mineral resources of this colony'. During his lengthened tour, he found, in April, indications of gold in quartz about two miles from Mr. Barker's station, and on arriving at Mr. Cameron's station was shown by that gentleman specimens of gold at what are now called the Clunes diggings. This information he made widely known through the country in the course of his journey, and communicated to Mr. James Esmond, at that time engaged in erecting a building at Mr. James Hodgkinson's station. Dr. Bruhn forwarded specimens, which were received by the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June 1851.

The Gold Discovery Committee awarded £1000 to Michel and his party; £1000 to Hiscock, as the substantial discoverer of the Ballarat deposits; £1000 to Campbell as the original discoverer of Clunes; £1000 to Esmond as the first active producer of alluvial gold for the market and £500 to Dr. Bruhn.

On 20 July 1851 Thomas Peters, a hut-keeper on William Barker's Mount Alexander station, found specks of gold at what is now known as Specimen Gully.  This find was published in the Melbourne Argus on 8 September 1851, leading to a rush to the Mount Alexander or Forest Creek diggings, centred on present-day Castlemaine, claimed as the richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world.

These discoveries were soon surpassed by Ballarat and Bendigo. Further discoveries including Beechworth in 1852, Bright, Omeo, Chiltern (1858–59) and Walhalla followed.

The population of Melbourne grew swiftly as the gold fever took hold, as did the colony's total population: from 1851 to 1861, it grew from 75,000 to 500,000.

Surface alluvial gold was the first to be exploited. It is reported that in 1851, when the first miners arrived on the Mount Alexander goldfield, near Castlemaine, nuggets could be picked up without digging. Then followed the exploitation of alluvial gold in creeks and rivers, or deposited in silt on river banks and flats. The gold-seekers used pans, sluice boxes and cradles to separate this gold from the dirt.

As surface alluvial gold ran out, gold seekers were forced to look further underground. Miners discovered so-called deep leads, which were gold-bearing watercourses that had been buried at various depths by centuries of silting and, in some Victorian goldfields such as Ballarat, volcanic action. They also began to exploit the underground gold reefs which were the original sources of the gold. Deep mining was more difficult and dangerous. Places such as Bendigo and Ballarat saw great concentrations of miners, who were forming partnerships and syndicates to enable them to sink ever-deeper shafts. Coupled with erratic and vexatious policing and licence checks, tensions flared around Beechworth, Bendigo and Ballarat. These frictions culminated in the Eureka Rebellion in Ballarat in 1854. Following that uprising, a range of reforms gave miners a greater say in resolving disputes via Mining Courts, and extended electoral franchise to them.

As gold-rush immigrants flooded into Victoria in 1852, a tent city, known as Canvas Town, was established at South Melbourne. The area soon became a massive slum, home to tens of thousands of migrants from around the world who arrived to seek their fortunes in the goldfields. Significant Chinatowns became established in Melbourne, Bendigo and Castlemaine.

At Walhalla alone, Cohens Reef produced over 50 tonnes (1.6 million tr oz) of gold in 40 years of mining.

Chinese involvement in the Victorian gold rush

News of the gold discoveries in the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 quickly arrived in the provinces of Southern China. By the end of 1855, more than 19,000 Chinese immigrants, particularly from the Guangdong province of China, were estimated to be working on the Victorian goldfields of Ararat, Ballarat, Ovens, Bendigo, Castlemaine and Maryborough. By 1858 this number increased to roughly 33,000 and Chinese miners were estimated to have made up approximately one fifth of Victoria's miner population. Figures suggest that Victoria's Chinese population began to dwindle after 1858. This is likely due to a decrease in the number of new gold discoveries in Victoria during this period.

Like European gold diggers, the majority of Chinese miners in Victoria worked either independently or with a partner upon arrival. As gold however became harder to find in Victoria's goldfields the Chinese population of Victoria began to form their own mining cooperatives and companies. An unofficial 1868 census on the Chinese population in Victorian gold districts suggests that 660 out of the 765 Chinese miners in Daylesford and half of the 4000 Chinese miners in the Oven District had "form[ed] themselves into small companies" by 1868.

A minority of Chinese miners in Victoria were also employed by European mining companies. The 1868 census on the Chinese population in Victoria suggests that 700 Chinese miners in the Oven District were working for European companies which were paying their employees £1 to £2 per week. Smaller numbers of Chinese miners were also reported to be working for European companies in Maryborough, Ballarat and Daylesford.

The rapid influx of Chinese migrants into the colony of Victoria aroused large amounts of anxiety within Victoria's European population. On April the 14th 1855, The Argus, a daily newspaper in Melbourne, described the growing Chinese population within Victoria as an "invading army" whose presence will "subject the community to the demoralizing influence of their ideas".

In June 1855, the Victorian government passed 'an act to make provision for certain immigrants'. The act sought to limit the number of Chinese immigrants that a vessel could carry to one for every ten tons of shipping and required the ship's master to pay a £10 poll tax for each Chinese passenger it carried. The act however failed to reduce the number of Chinese arriving on Victorian Gold Fields. By landing at the port of Robe in the colony of South Australia and travelling more than 400 km across country to the Victorian goldfields, Chinese gold seekers were able to successfully evade the restrictions of Victoria's immigration act.

In November 1857, the Victorian government passed 'an act to regulate the residence of the Chinese Population in Victoria'. This act required all Chinese residing in Victoria to obtain a £1 license which had to be renewed every two months for an additional £1 in order to remain in the colony of Victoria. The residence tax was however reduced in February 1859 and repealed in 1862 due to Chinese protests against the legislation, increasing levels of tax evasion, and a downturn in Victoria's mining population.

The increasing presence of Chinese miners on Victorian goldfields eventually resulted in anti-Chinese riots taking place on several Victorian goldfields. On 8 July 1854, an estimated 1500 European miners meeting at a hotel in Bendigo planned a riot to drive the Chinese out of Bendigo. This riot was however brought to a stop by the arrival of police. The worst attack on Victoria's Chinese miners occurred at the goldfields of Buckland River on 4 July 1857. Following a group meeting at the Buckland Hotel, an estimated 100 European miners sought to expel all 2500 Chinese miners that occupied the goldfields of the Buckland River through the use of tent and store burning, robbery and beatings. Drowning and severe beatings are believed to have resulted in the death of several Chinese miners. This event has come to be known as the Buckland Riot.

Lead-up to the Eureka Stockade
The conditions which led up to the Eureka Stockade arose mainly from the actions taken by the Government in supervising the various goldfields. To meet the expense of securing order and to restrain unauthorised mining on Crown land, a local Act of January 1852 imposed on all diggers a licence fee of 30 shillings per month, the penalty for mining without a licence being £6 for the first offence and afterwards imprisonment for terms up to six months. Clause 7 of this Act also appropriated half the fine to the use of the informer or prosecutor, a provocative and irritating provision. In December, 1853, an amending Act reduced the fee to £1 per month, but did not alter the diggers' greatest grievance, that they could be imprisoned for not having the actual licence on them, though their possession of one could be proved from the official record. They were also unrepresented in Parliament, and in 1854 the population on the Ballarat goldfields was estimated at 20,000.

Charles Hotham, who arrived in Victoria in June 1854, was alarmed at the depleted state of the Treasury and the growing expense of goldfields administration. He ordered the police to redouble their exertions in collecting the fees. To miners just scraping by, the payment of £12 per annum was impossible, and there is no doubt that hundreds did endeavour to evade payment, but the innocent suffered with the guilty. The police, too, had been largely recruited from Tasmania, and many were ex-convicts.  These grievances were common to all the Victorian fields, and had under Latrobe's administration produced riots at Beechworth and Castlemaine, but Ballarat, always the most domestic of the goldfields, was renowned for its peaceful progressiveness and quietness.

On the night of 6 October, however, a Scottish miner named James Scobie was killed at the Eureka Hotel, near Ballarat, and the murdered man's associate blamed the murder on the proprietor, Bentley, a Tasmanian ex-convict. Bentley was brought up before a magistrate, who was alleged to be financially under Bentleys' thumb, and he was discharged. The miners were indignant; a meeting was called and a demand made for a fresh prosecution. The meeting itself was orderly, but towards the end of proceedings a cry was raised that the police (who had been ordered to protect the hotel) were trying to disperse the meeting, and the miners, becoming furious, swept aside the police, smashed the windows and furniture, and burned the building. The police arrested three men- who could not be proved to have been ringleaders or active in the riot, and they were sentenced to three, four, and six months' imprisonment.

At an indignation meeting held on 11 November on Bakery Hill, the Ballarat Reform League was formed, with John Basson Humffray (a Welshman) as its first secretary, and Peter Lalor, Frederic Vern (a Hanoverian), Raffaello Carboni (an Italian teacher, of languages), Timothy Hayes (an Irishman), and George Black, a well-educated Englishman, as prominent members. A deputation of three men waited on Governor Hotham to demand the release of the prisoners, but he refused and had already sent additional troops to Ballarat, which gave considerable offence by marching through the town with fixed bayonets and by other exasperating conduct. On 29 November, Black, Humffray, and Kennedy reported to a mass meeting held at Bakery Hill the result of their deputation to the Governor, and Vern proposed a burning of the hated licences, which was then carried out. Next day the police carried out a specially vicious and vigorous licence-hunt, and when the troops marched back to camp, the diggers hastened to a conference with the leaders of the Reform League.

Peter Lalor was elected leader, and under a blue flag adorned with the stars of the Southern Cross the assembled diggers swore 'to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties.' An area of about an acre on the present Eureka site was hastily enclosed with a pallisade and a deputation was sent to the military camp demanding the release of the morning's prisoners and the cessation of licence-hunting. The Commissioner flatly refused the request, saying that the agitation was 'only a cloak to cover a democratic revolution.' On 1 December the occupants of the stockade were hard at work by 5 a.m. drilling and improving the barrier, and a German blacksmith was fashioning pike-heads. But neither food nor ammunition was available within the stockade, so that by the evening of the 2nd after a very hot day, not more than 200 remained within.

Spies informed the Commissioner of the situation and about 4.30 a.m. on Sunday morning (3 December) a troop of 276 men was marched silently to the stockade. Inside the stockade only 50 diggers had rifles; there was also a troop of Californian diggers armed with revolvers and another of Irishmen with pikes. Many of them were asleep when the signal gun was fired and a storming party of 64 'rushed' the stockade. In the first volleys several men fell on both sides, but the line of advancing bayonets, flanked on both sides by cavalry and mounted police, was too much for the diggers. They turned to seek shelter and all was over. Of the military force Captain Wise and four private soldiers were killed, and about a dozen injured. Sixteen miners were killed, and at least eight others died of their wounds, 114 prisoners were taken, and Lalor, badly wounded, managed to escape; so did Black and Vern. The Government then offered £500 for the apprehension of Vern, and £200 each for Black and Lalor.

Legacy

Australia's population changed dramatically as a result of the rushes.  In 1851 the Australian population was 437,655, of which 77,345, or just under 18%, were Victorians.  A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628; just under 47% of the Australian total and a seven-fold increase. In some small country towns where gold was found abundantly, the population could grow by over 1000% in a decade (e.g. Rutherglen had a population of about 2,000. Ten years later, it had approximately 60,000 which is a 3000% increase). The rapid growth was predominantly a result of the gold rushes.

The gold rush is reflected in the architecture of Victorian gold-boom cities like Melbourne, Castlemaine, Ballarat, Bendigo and Ararat.  Ballarat today has Sovereign Hill—a  recreation of a gold rush town—as well as the Gold Museum. Bendigo has a large operating gold mine system which also functions as a tourist attraction.

The rushes left Victorian architecture in towns in the Goldfields region such as Maldon, Beechworth, Clunes, Heathcote, Maryborough, Daylesford, Stawell, Beaufort, Creswick, St Arnaud, Dunolly, Inglewood, Wedderburn and Buninyong whose economy has differing emphases on home working, tourism, farming, modern industrial and retired sectors. With the exception of Ballarat and Bendigo, many of these towns were substantially larger than they are today. Most populations moved to other districts when gold played out in a given locality. At the other end of the spectrum ghost towns, such as Walhalla, Mafeking and Steiglitz exist.

The last major gold rush in Victoria was at Berringa, south of Ballarat, in the first decade of the 20th century. Gold mining became nothing more than a hobby in Victoria for decades mainly because of the depth and cost of pumping.  The First World War also drained Australia of the labour needed to work the mines. More significantly, the prohibition on the export of gold from Australia in 1915 and the abolition of the gold standard, winding down stockpiling of gold and production of sovereigns throughout the Empire saw Australian gold towns shrink, in some cases, being totally abandoned. The slump in gold production never recovered. Gold mining ceased in Stawell in 1920, but recommenced in 1982 and continued into the 21st century. However, as of 2005 the recent increase in the gold price has seen a resurgence in commercial mining activity with mining resuming in both of the major fields of Bendigo and Ballarat. Exploration also proceeds elsewhere, for example, in Glen Wills, an isolated mountain area near Mitta Mitta in north-eastern Victoria.

See also
Australian gold rushes
New South Wales gold rush
California Gold Rush (1848–1855)
:Category:Victoria (Australia) gold rush river diversions
Colonial liberalism
Gold rush
Goldfields region of Victoria
Klondike Gold Rush
Oriental Claims
Welcome Stranger
The Cheese Stick, sculpture inspired by the gold rush

References

Further reading

Jan Critchett, (1990), A distant field of murder: Western district frontiers, 1834–1848, Melbourne University Press (Carlton, Vic. and Portland, Or.)
Ian D Clark (1990) Aboriginal languages and clans: An historical atlas of western and central Victoria, 1800–1900, Dept. of Geography & Environmental Science, Monash University (Melbourne),
Ian D Clark (1995), Scars in the landscape: A register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (Canberra),
 Ian D Clark (2003) 'That's my country belonging to me' – Aboriginal land tenure and dispossession in nineteenth century Western Victoria, Ballarat Heritage Services, Ballarat.

External links
eGold – Electronic Encyclopedia of Gold in Australia
Walhalla
Sovereign Hill
Gold Museum at Ballarat
Report on resumed exploration
Photos of The Victorian Gold Rush from the State Library of Victoria at Culture Victoria

1851 establishments in Australia
1860s disestablishments in Australia
1850s in Victoria (state)
1860s in Victoria (state)
Australian gold rushes
History of Australia (1851–1900)
History of mining in Australia
Victoria (state) gold rushes
Eureka Rebellion

Victorian gold rush


Aneura latissima é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Aneura e da família Aneuraceae.

Taxonomia

O seguinte sinônimo já foi catalogado:

 Aneura pseudopinguis  (Herzog) Pócs

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epixila, rupícola, terrícola e talosa.

Descrição
A planta tem talo prostrado, verde brilhante, liso, amarelado quando seco, translúcido em direção às margens, plano, lingulado, com 6–10 mm de comprimento, 3–8 mm de largura e ápices emarginados. Ramificação esparsa, sinuoso-pinatífido. Seção transversal plano-convexa, região mediana com 2-3 células de espessura. Rizoides restritos superfície ventral na região mediana. Os ramos masculinos têm 2 a 5 pares de anterídios nas câmaras anteridiais, anterídios sésseis em grupos de 4. Plantas femininas com ramos arquegoniais curtos, fimbriados na margem. Possuem caliptra longo-cilíndrica, rugoso-estriada, glabra, papilosa no ápice. Cápsula cilíndrica, biestratificada. Possuem elatérios com uma espiral. São dioicas.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Amazonas, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina e São Paulo.
A espécie é encontrada nos domínios fitogeográficos de Floresta Amazônica e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta de terra firme, floresta ombrófila pluvial e mata de araucária.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Costa, D.P. 2020. Aneuraceae  in Flora do Brasil 2020.

Ligações externas
 Aneura latissima no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Aneura
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Aneura latissima


Vivian Jepkemoi Cheruiyot (Keiyo, 11 de septiembre de 1983) es una atleta keniana, especialista en carreras de media distancia, campo a través y maratón. En su carrera deportiva ostenta títulos olímpicos y mundiales en las carreras de 5000 m y , entre los que destaca la medalla de oro de los 5000 m en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016. También ha triunfado en dos ocasiones en la maratón de Londres.

Trayectoria
Proveniente de una familia de granjeros, inició su carrera en el atletismo en el año 1996 en torneos colegiales. Para el año siguiente se encontraba bajo la dirección de David Maiyo quien descubrió su talento, y participó en las pruebas de clasificación para el campeonato mundial de campo a través. De hecho ganó su prueba y fue incluida en el equipo nacional, pero debió ser apartada debido a su corta edad.

Sin embargo, en 1998 ya era parte del equipo keniano y debutó en la escena internacional en Marruecos, ubicándose quinta en categoría mundial júnior. En 1999, en Belfast, ganó la medalla de plata en la misma categoría, y en los Juegos Panafricanos de Johannesburgo se adjudicó la medalla de bronce en la prueba de los 5000 metros. En el 2000, logró el título de campeona mundial júnior de campo a través; y también representó a su país por primera vez en unos Juegos Olímpicos, ubicándose en la decimocuarta posición en los 5000 m.

El año 2002 ingresó a la secundaria femenina de Sing'ore, reconocida institución promotora de atletas, aunque no pudo lograr la clasificación para el Campeonato Mundial de Atletismo de 2003 y los Juegos Panafricanos de Abuya en la prueba de los 5000 m. Lo mismo ocurrió cuando trató de conseguir su segunda participación en los Juegos Olímpicos de Atenas 2004, al arribar cuarta en su prueba de clasificación.

Después de un período sin mayores éxitos, tanto en la pista atlética como en el campo a través, el 2006 debutó en la IAAF Golden League; mientras que en el World Athletics Final de Stuttgart acabó tercera en los 3000 m y quinta en los 5000 m. En 2007, consiguió una doble victoria en los 1500 y 3000 m en Albufeira; y en los Bislett Games impuso una marca nacional en los 5000 m en el segundo puesto de la prueba. También logró clasificar al campeonato mundial de Osaka, y se adjudicó la medalla de plata con un registro de 14:58,50 en los 5000 m.

En el año 2008, después de perder su asistencia al campeonato mundial de campo a través en Edimburgo, obtuvo dos victorias internacionales en las carreras de 5 y 10 km, y consiguió una tarjeta de invitación para los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín, donde se ubicó en el quinto puesto de la final de los 5000 m.

En su segunda participación en un mundial de atletismo, realizado en Berlín el 2009, arrebató el título mundial a la campeona defensora de los 5000 m, la etíope Meseret Defar, atleta de quien ella misma dice «obtener inspiración». En esa carrera Cheruiyot se adelantó a Defar en los últimos 200 m, mientras que su compatriota Sylvia Kibet logró el segundo puesto.

El año 2010 debutó en pista cubierta en el campeonato mundial de Doha, donde volvió a encontrarse con Meseret Defar en la prueba de los 3000 m, aunque esta vez llegó en el segundo puesto de la final por detrás de la etíope. En el mes de junio se adjudicó el título keniano de los 5000 m con una marca de 15:31,39 que le permitió participar en el campeonato africano de atletismo de Nairobi, donde se llevó la medalla de oro con un registro de 16:18,72. Asimismo, Cheruiyot terminó como una de las ganadoras de la primera temporada de la Liga de Diamante, y en los Juegos de la Mancomunidad de Nueva Delhi ganó la prueba de los 5000 en una carrera final en la que tres kenianas acapararon el podio.

En la temporada del 2011, se alzó por primera vez con la victoria en una carrera sénior de campo través en Punta Umbría. Posteriormente, en su tercera participación en un campeonato mundial de atletismo, que tuvo lugar en Daegu, logró la hazaña de conseguir dos triunfos en las carreras de medio fondo: el primero de ellos en los 10 000 m con una marca personal de 30:48,98, siendo el primer año en el que ella participaba en esta prueba en toda su carrera deportiva; además, en la final fueron tres kenianas las que ocuparon el podio.

Seis días después, en los 5000 m, refrendó su título de Berlín 2009 con una marca de 14:55,36; de hecho, fue el mismo podio del campeonato mundial anterior. La doble victoria de Cheruiyot tenía como único antecedente el Campeonato Mundial de Atletismo de 2005 de Helsinki cuando Tirunesh Dibaba logró la misma proeza. En esa misma prueba logró también el primer puesto de la Liga de Diamante.

Sin embargo, para el 2012 compitió en los 10 000 m de los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres y perdió la imbatibilidad que había mantenido por dos años al terminar en la tercera posición con un tiempo de 30:30,44, en una carrera ganada de la etíope Tirunesh Dibaba quien refrendó su victoria del 2008 a pesar de llevar un año sin competir por lesiones. La medalla de plata fue para su compatriota Sally Kipyego. Además logró la medalla de plata en los 5000 m con un registro de 15:04,73, por detrás de la etíope Meseret Defar (15:04,25), campeona olímpica del 2004 en esa prueba, pero que en esta ocasión no era la favorita. No obstante, Cheruiyot se impuso por tercera ocasión consecutiva en los 5000 de la Liga de Diamante.

En el año 2013, y por motivos de embarazo, se retiró de las competiciones por lo que no asistió al campeonato mundial de Moscú. No volvió hasta el mes de noviembre de 2014, en una carrera de campo a través de 8 km en Eldoret, en la quedó en la cuarta posición. En febrero de 2015 se apuntó su tercera victoria en el evento de 10 km en San Juan (Puerto Rico).

Ese mismo año volvió en buena forma al campeonato del mundo que se realizó en Pekín. Participó en la prueba de los 10 000 donde logró su cuarta medalla dorada en carreras de medio fondo con una marca de 3:41,31.

El 2016 tomó parte en la prueba de los 3000 m, en la reunión de Doha, donde ocupó la cuarta posición con una marca de 8:31,86. Asimismo, en los 5000 fue tercera en Eugene (14:35,69) y primera en Birmingham (15:12,79), antes de su presentación en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro. En este evento, las favoritas para hacerse de las medallas de oro en las pruebas de 5000 y 10000 eran las atletas etíopes, especialmente Almaz Ayana.

En su primera carrera, la de los 10 000 m, Cheruiyot se ubicó en la segunda posición con una marca de 29:32,53, por lo que repitió el resultado de Londres 2012 con Ayana en el primer puesto. Pero en los 5000 m, en la que Ayana era la favorita para alzarse con el triunfo, fue la keniata quien se adjudicó su primera medalla de oro olímpica al finalizar en 14:26,17 que además se convirtió en récord olímpico.

En el 2017 Cheruiyot debutó en las carreras de maratón. Primero participó en el mes de abril en la maratón de Londres en la que fue cuarta con un tiempo de 2:23:50; y posteriormente, en el mes de octubre en la maratón de Frankfurt, triunfó con un registro de 2:23:35. El 2018 volvió a ganar en la maratón de Londres esta vez con un tiempo de 2:18:31.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Atletas de Kenia
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de atletismo
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Londres 2012
Medallistas olímpicos de bronce de Londres 2012
Atletas de Kenia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008
Atletas de Kenia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012
Atletas de Kenia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Río de Janeiro 2016
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Río de Janeiro 2016
Ganadores del Premio Laureus World Sports
Maratonistas
Kenianas del siglo XXI

Vivian Cheruiyot


Liudmyla Yevhenivna Zhogol (23 de maio de 1930 - 15 de abril de 2015) foi uma artista têxtil decorativa ucraniana e uma das fundadoras da Escola Nacional de Tapeçaria da Ucrânia na segunda metade do século XX. Candidata à História da Arte (1965), Artista do Povo da Ucrânia (1994), Académico da Academia Nacional de Belas Artes e Arquitectura (2000).

Infância e educação
Liudmyla Zhogol nasceu em 23 de maio de 1930 em Kiev. Ela estudou arte no Instituto de Artes Decorativas de Lviv.

Carreira
Na década de 1980, Zhogol tornou-se presidente do Sindicato dos Artistas da URSS. A posição permitiu que ela viajasse para a Europa Ocidental e o mundo. Zhogol visitou França, Itália, Noruega, Líbano, Egito, Cuba, Suécia e Dinamarca.

Por vários anos, Zhogol foi professora e chefiou o departamento de cerâmica da Academia de Arquitetura. Mais tarde, ela dirigiu o Departamento de Têxteis de Arte e Modelagem de Figurinos na Academia Estadual de Artes Decorativas Aplicadas e Design Mykhailo Boychuk Kyiv.

A contribuição mais importante de Zhogol para o desenvolvimento da arte ucraniana na segunda metade do século XX - início do século XXI é um sistema de interação sintética de interior arquitetônico e tecido artístico desenvolvido por ela. Zhogol trabalhou como teórico das artes plásticas e decorativas. Zhogol é autor de livros e mais de 100 artigos sobre a síntese das artes.

Arte
Zhogol criou um esboço para cada futura tapeçaria. Então ela fez papelão no tamanho do futuro trabalho. As obras do mestre foram feitas à mão na Reshetylivka Art Factory. O tema central das obras da artista eram as tapeçarias florais. Zhogol trabalhou na técnica líquida das tapeçarias - Montfleur.

As obras de Zhogol decoram os interiores do Gabinete de Ministros da Ucrânia, a Câmara de Contabilidade, o Conselho da Cidade de Kiev, as Embaixadas da Ucrânia na Grécia, Áustria, Brasil, a Kyiv Cinema House, hotéis Kyiv, Rus, Dnipro, outras instituições oficiais e públicas e armazenado em muitos museus na Ucrânia e em outros países, como Itália, França e Noruega. As obras de Zhogol são exibidas em exposições de arte contemporânea ucraniana.

O Museu Nacional de Arte Decorativa Popular abriga a maior e mais importante coleção (mais de 100 itens) de obras de Lyudmila Zhogol.

Vida pessoal
Liudmyla Zhogol teve um filho que era arquiteto e que morreu em um acidente de carro no ano de  2014.

Trabalhos selecionados

tapeçarias
 Como não amar uma terra dessas (da série Chernobyl).
 Cor amarga de absinto (da série Chernobyl).
 E haverá vida (da série Chernobyl).
 Minha flor é um cardo.
 A última vez que voei, minhas asas foram danificadas por aquele Chernobyl.
 Dedicação de Bilokur.
 Fogo Eterno.

Publicações
 Tecidos interiores (1968)
 Arte decorativa no interior da habitação (1973)
 Arte decorativa no interior de edifícios públicos (Moscou, 1978)
 Arte decorativa no interior (Moscou, 1986)
 Arte Decorativa e Aplicada da SSR Ucraniana "(coautoria, 1986)

Prêmios e honras
 Ordem da Princesa Olga, II grau. (11 de abril de 2012) - pela significativa contribuição pessoal para o desenvolvimento da cultura nacional, preservação do patrimônio cultural e artístico do povo ucraniano e muitos anos de trabalho árduo.
 Ordem da Princesa Olga, grau III. (11 de julho de 2000) - pela contribuição pessoal significativa para o desenvolvimento e preservação do patrimônio cultural e artístico do povo ucraniano, alto profissionalismo.
 Artista do Povo da Ucrânia (29 de abril de 1994) - pela significativa contribuição pessoal para o desenvolvimento das belas artes ucranianas e alto profissionalismo.
 Vencedor do Prêmio All-Ucraniano "Mulher do Terceiro Milênio" na nomeação "Figura Significativa" (2006).
 Laureado com o Prêmio Kateryna Bilokur (2007).

Mortos em 2015
Nascidos em 1930
Ucranianos
Artistas da Ucrânia

Lioudmila Jogol


Chasseur ( , ), a French term for "hunter", is the designation given to certain regiments of French and Belgian light infantry () or light cavalry () to denote troops trained for rapid action.

History
This branch of the French Army originated during the War of the Austrian Succession when, in 1743, Jean Chrétien Fischer was authorized by the Marshal de Belle-Isle to raise a 600 strong mixed force of infantry and cavalry. It was called Chasseurs de Fischer. During the remainder of the 18th century various types of light troops () were employed within the French army, either as independent units or as companies within existing regiments.  In 1788, there were 8 battalions of chasseurs, and in March 1793 this was expanded to 21 battalions.  The first battalions of Chasseurs raised by 1788 included:

 (1st) Chasseurs Royaux de Provence
 (2nd) Chasseurs Royaux de Dauphiné
 (3rd) Chasseurs Royaux Corses (Corsican)
 (4th) Chasseurs Corses (Corsican)
 (5th) Chasseurs Cantabres (Cantabrian)
 (6th) Chasseurs Bretons
 (7th) Chasseurs d'Auvergne
 (8th) Chasseurs des Vosges
 (9th) Chasseurs des Cévennes
 (10th) Chasseurs du Gèvaudan
 (11th) Chasseurs des Ardennes
 (12th) Chasseurs du Roussillon

The  were the light infantrymen of the French Imperial army. They were armed the same as their counterparts in the regular line infantry (fusilier) battalions, but were trained to excel in marksmanship and in executing manoeuvres at high speed. From 1840, they wore a long-skirted frock coat. After 1850, however the chasseurs adopted a uniform consisting of a short frock coat with slits in the sides on the bottom edge to allow for better freedom of movement than the previous design. They also wore light blue baggy trousers (in contrast to the red of the line infantry)
tucked into jambières (leather gaiters). The other light infantry unit type, the voltigeurs, specialised as skirmishers and for advance screening of the main force. The chasseurs could also be called upon to form advance guards and scouting parties alongside the voltigeurs.

Following the Napoleonic Wars the  continued to exist as a separate corps within the infantry. Initially a specially trained elite, their tactical role eventually came to match that of the ordinary  (line infantry). By the late 19th century the differences between the two branches were confined to uniform and insignia, although the chasseurs retained a strong esprit de corps. Immediately after the Franco-Prussian War it was argued that the continued existence of a nominally elite class of infantry that was in fact armed and trained to the same standards as the ordinary soldier, was contrary to both military utility and the egalitarian principles of the new republic. However public opinion, influenced by the occasions on which the chasseurs had distinguished themselves during the war was opposed to the disbanding of this distinctive corps. Under the Third Republic the  were increased from 20 to 30 battalions. Of these, 4 saw active service in Tunisia, one in Indochina and one in Madagascar during the period 1880-1896. Twelve of the chasseur battalions were re-designated as mountain infantry (). The remaining chasseur battalions were deployed near the frontier with Germany as part of the , charged with covering the bulk of the army during mobilization.

During World War I the French Army maintained 31 battalions of infantry chasseurs plus a varying number of reserve and territorial units. Each infantry division was expected to include at least one battalion of either  or  Each battalion had an establishment of 1,300 to 1,500 men. They were reportedly nicknamed  (black devils) by their German opponents, in reference to their dark colored uniforms. The chasseurs served mainly on the Western Front but detachments were sent to reinforce the Italian front in 1917.

Chasseurs à cheval
The , a type of French light cavalry, date from 1743 when an independent unit (Fischer's Volunteer Company of Chasseurs) was raised during the War of the Austrian Succession to counter Trenck's Pandurs and Croats employed as irregulars by the Austrian army. Originally a mixed corps of light infantry and horsemen, this force proved sufficiently effective to warrant the creation of a single corps:   In 1776 this and other volunteer "legions" had their mounted elements converted into 24 squadrons of  each of which was attached to one of the existing dragoon regiments of the royal cavalry. In 1779 these squadrons were amalgamated into six regiments, each of which was given a regional title (1st  2nd  etc.). In 1788, 6 dragoon regiments were converted to  and during the period of the Revolutionary Wars the number was again increased, to 25.

During their earlier history these regiments lacked the higher profile of the identically-armed (but much more lavishly uniformed) hussars.  Distinguished by dark green uniforms and a bugle-horn badge, they were frequently used as advance scouting units providing valuable information on enemy movements. Both Napoleon's Imperial Guard and the Royal Guard of the Restoration each included a regiment of . In addition Napoleon added a further 5 line regiments to those inherited from the Revolutionary period. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French Army had 12 regiments of , grouped with 8 hussar regiments to form the light branch of the cavalry and tasked with primarily reconnaissance duties. This intended role continued through World War I and the  remained entirely horse mounted until the  was motorised in June 1940. Disbanded after the Battle of France, these units were reconstituted in 1944–45 as light armor.

During the French occupation of Algeria, regiments of  were raised. These were light cavalry recruited originally from French volunteers and subsequently from the French settlers in North Africa doing their military service. As such they were the mounted equivalent of the zouaves.

Flanqueurs Chasseurs
In preparation for the invasion of Russia, Napoleon ordered the creation of additional units for the Guard that included the Régiment de Flanqueurs-Chasseurs de la Garde. Along with the regiment of Flanqueues-Grenadiers, this was mainly recruited from the sons and nephews of forest service civil servants or made up of young men who wanted to obtain a position within the Waters and Forests Administration after concluding their military service.

The role of these light infantry soldiers was to flank the main army while on the march, in order to guard against any sudden attack.

Chasseurs Forestiers
The  (forest huntsmen) were militarized units of the Eaux et Forêts administration (Waters and Forests Administration). They were organized in 18 companies and many sections. The  existed between 1875 and 1924. The chasseurs forestiers were classed as elite light infantry troops and could form advance guards and scouting parties due to their knowledge of natural fields and their ability to make or read maps.

Established by a decree of the newly established Third Republic dated 2 April 1875, the Chasseurs Forestiers  incorporated some personnel of the existing Water and Forest Administration into the French Army on a part-time basis. The purpose was to make use of trained and specialist manpower as part of the armed forces in time of war. The specific roles envisaged for the Chasseurs Forestiers were to provide guides for the regular army and to work with the Engineers in obtaining stocks of timber for military use.

While provided with distinctive green and grey uniforms plus stocks of standard infantry weapons and equipment, the Chasseurs Forestiers performed their normal forestry service functions in peacetime with only limited involvement in army training and manoeuvers. Upon mobilisation in August 1914 personnel aged between 25 and 48 years saw front line service in the Vosges in northern France. Post-war policy changes led to the disestablishment of the Chasseurs Forestiers as a military body in 1924.

Modern French Army
The modern French Army still maintains  (mechanized infantry: 16e BC),  (mountain troops: 7e, 13e, 27e BCA) and regiments of  (1er-2e RCh and 4e RCh: light armored regiments). In addition one regiment of  (training unit: 1er RCA) has been re-raised to commemorate this branch of the French cavalry. Since May 1943 there has been a "Régiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes" (1er RCP).

All of these units have different traditions:

  are light infantry units created after 1838. Some of these battalions were converted to specialized mountain units as  in 1888, as an answer to the Italian Alpine () regiments stationed along the Alpine frontier.
  are units of the "Arme Blindée Cavalerie": armoured units. The basic organic unit is called regiment and not bataillon to avoid confusing cavalry and infantry chasseurs.
 The airborne infantry units called Régiments de chasseurs parachutistes were created in 1943 with airborne troops from the French Airforce (GIA or ), who were transferred into the Army.
  are the elite mountain infantry of the modern French Army. They are trained to operate in mountainous terrain and to undertake urban warfare.

Although the traditions of these different branches of the French Army are very different, there is still a tendency to confuse one with the other. For example, when World War I veteran Léon Weil died, the AFP press agency stated that he was a member of the 5th "Régiment de Chasseurs Alpins". It was in fact the 5th Bataillon.

Belgian army
From its creation as a permanent force in 1832 the Belgian army included regiments of both chasseurs à pied and chasseurs à cheval, performing the same roles as their French counterparts. Their lineage is a continuation of regiments of hussars and light-dragoons of the army of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands from which they were originated. At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 there were 3 regiments of Chasseurs à pied, each of 3 battalions, and 3 regiments of mounted Chasseurs.

In 1933 a new regiment of light infantry: the Chasseurs Ardennais, was created to garrison the mountainous region of that name.

In 2011, the 1st Regiment of Chasseurs à cheval/Guides (result of the fusion of the 1st Chasseurs à Cheval and the Regiment of Guides in 2004) was amalgamated with the 2nd/4th Regiment of Chasseurs à cheval, in order to form the Battalion Chasseurs à Cheval (Bataljon Jagers te Paard). The battalion is dedicated to the ISTAR missions and carries the standard of the 1st Chasseurs à Cheval.

U.S. Army
The U.S. Federal Army adopted Chasseurs during the Civil War as a scouting and skirmishing force for use against the Confederate Army. Their uniform was patterned after the French style, with the short, vented coat, though they were issued grey kepis. A notable unit of Civil War Chasseurs were the 65th New York Volunteer Infantry (also known as the 1st United States Chasseurs). The Chasseurs were involved in the Peninsula campaign, as well as the Appomattox campaign, and lost a total of 146 men. They were distinct for choosing to wear M1858 uniform hats (more popularly known as Hardee hats) rather than the kepis.

The 14th Brooklyn, one of the most famous regiments of the Civil War, wore a Chasseur uniform their whole term.

In 1862, following the capture of Confederate-held New Orleans by Federal soldiers, an all-black regiment named the Chasseurs d'Afrique was raised.

Argentinian Army
In the Argentinian Army, the term  (Spanish for hunter, although in a military context it means chasseur or ranger) is used to designate certain special units trained to operate in specific geographical areas, such as mountain or jungle. Currently, there are two independent companies of  (mountain rangers) and three of  (jungle rangers).

See also
 Chasseurs à Cheval de la Garde Impériale
 Jäger (military)
 Voltigeurs
 Chasseurs d'Afrique
 Zouaves
 Chasseurs Ardennais
 Chasseurs Alpins
 Chasseurs Britanniques

Footnotes

References

 Louis Susane, Historie de l'Ancienne Infanterie Français, Volume I, 1849 Naval and Polytechnical Military Library of Paris, Paris, France.

External links
 Chasseurs alpins
 Chasseur from the french forces in Germany
 French Grenadiers, Chasseurs and Fusiliers of the Napoleonic Wars

18th- and 19th-century warrior types
Civil War military equipment of the United States
Combat occupations
Military units and formations of France
French Army

no:Jeger (soldat)

Chasseur


Ana este un film românesc din 2014 regizat de Alexa Visarion. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Răzvan Vasilescu, Cristina Drăghici, Mircea Albulescu.

Prezentare

Distribuție

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 407 spectatori de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2014 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2014
Filme dramatice românești

Ana (film)


Calle Blancos es un distrito del cantón de Goicoechea, en la provincia de San José, de Costa Rica. El distrito de Calle Blancos se caracteriza por su alto desarrollo de actividad industrial y de servicios; Calle Blancos es sede de la Zona Franca del Este.

Ubicación
Se ubica en el oeste del cantón, limita al norte con el cantón de Moravia, al este con el distrito de Guadalupe, al oeste con el cantón de Tibás, y al sur limita con el distrito de San Francisco y de Guadalupe.

Geografía

Demografía

Localidades
 Barrios: Calle Blancos (centro), Ciprés, Colonia Florida, Encanto, Esquivel Bonilla, La Concretera, Montelimar, Oficinas, Pinos, Progreso, San Antonio, San Gabriel, Santo Tomás, Volio.

Cultura

Educación
Ubicadas propiamente en el distrito de Calle Blancos se encuentran los siguientes centros educativos:
 Escuela Doctor Ferraz
 Santa Mónica School
 Colegio Técnico Profesional
(C.T.P.) de Calle Blancos
 Sain Anthony High School
 Saint Vincent School

Sitios de interés
 Polideportivo de Calle Blancos
 Zona Franca del Este
 Coca Cola FEMSA
 Plaza San Gabriel
 Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamientos (SENARA)
 Centro Corporativo Tobogán
 Mall El Dorado
 Telepuerto de Radiográfica Costarricense S.A (RACSA)

Economía
El distrito de Calle Blancos concentra la mayor parte de la actividad industrial del cantón, principalmente en la parte oeste en los barrios San Gabriel, La Concretera, Progreso y Calle Blancos. Por otra parte los servicios y comercio privado se concentran en las zonas residenciales y en las principales vías del distrito. Calle Blancos es la sede de distintas compañías, como Coca Cola FEMSA, Amazon o Teletech, Macopa, GESSA, Calox, Café Dorado y, además, del Parque Empresarial del Este y el moderno Centro Corporativo El Tobogán.

Transporte

Carreteras
Al distrito lo atraviesan las siguientes rutas nacionales de carretera:
 Ruta nacional 32
 Ruta nacional 39
 Ruta nacional 100
 Ruta nacional 109
 Ruta nacional 201

Ferrocarril
El Tren Interurbano administrado por el Instituto Costarricense de Ferrocarriles, atraviesa este distrito.

Concejo de distrito
El concejo de distrito del distrito de Calle Blancos vigila la actividad municipal y colabora con los respectivos distritos de su cantón. También está llamado a canalizar las necesidades y los intereses del distrito, por medio de la presentación de proyectos específicos ante el Concejo Municipal. El presidente del concejo del distrito es el síndico propietario del partido Unidad Social Cristiana, Rodolfo Brenes Brenes.

El concejo del distrito se integra por:

Referencias

Distritos del cantón de Goicoechea

Calle Blancos


Svjetionik s kapelicom Iljak u Podgori, predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Datira iz 19. stoljeća. Svjetionik s kapelicom Iljak smješten je zapadno od novosagrađenog lukobrana u podgorskoj luci, na djelu podgorske uvale koja se naziva Kraj. Današnja lokacija svjetionika nastala je zasipanjem obale tijekom 1992-93. godine, a početkom ovog stoljeća uređeni su lukobrani i mul na kojem se Iljak danas nalazi. Svjetionik i kapelica izvorno su bili sagrađeni na moru, a prema povijesnim podacima drvenim mostom bio je povezan s obalom. Nasipanjem obale i izmještanjem kolne cete bilo je nužno preseliti građevinu na primjereniju lokaciju.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5748 zaveden je pod vrstom "nepokretna kulturna baština - pojedinačna", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Svjetionici u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Podgori

Svjetionik s kapelicom Iljak u Podgori


Dóra Bodonyi (3 de novembro de 1993) é uma canoísta húngara, campeã olímpica.

Carreira

Bodonyi conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de K-2 500 m, ao lado de Danuta Kozák, com o tempo de 1:36.867 minuto. Na mesma edição, conseguiu o ouro com Kozák, Tamara Csipes e Anna Kárász no K-4 500 m feminino com a marca de 1:35.463 minuto.

Canoístas olímpicos da Hungria
Campeões olímpicos da Hungria
Canoístas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Dóra Bodonyi