Kemençe, rebap, keman türü yaylı çalgılarla akraba olduğu düşünülen, bir yay yardımıyla çalınan üç telli geleneksel halk çalgısının adı olup, klasik kemençe ile karıştırılmasını önlemek amacıyla Karadeniz kemençesi olarak da adlandırılmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Bilinen en eski yaylı enstrüman olan rebap (Arapça rababah) Avrupa'ya, 9. yüzyılda Bizans üzerinden (lyra adıyla) ve MS 11. yüzyılda Müslüman Arapların kontrolü altında olduğu dönemde İspanya üzerinden Rebec adıyla iki koldan yayılmış, Orta Çağ ve Erken Rönesans dönemi boyunca yoğun olarak kullanılmıştır. Çok sayıda farklı teoriye karşın Karadeniz kemençesinin Rumlar tarafından Kapadokya kemanesi olarak da adlandırılan Kabak kemaneden form olarak ne zaman farklılaştığı kesin olarak bilinmemektedir.

Araştırmacı yazar Mehmet Bilgin'in Doğu Karadeniz Etnik Tarihi Üzerine adlı yazdığı kitapta, Karadeniz kemençesinin Kıpçak Türkleri'ne ait bir çalgı olduğunu, Gagavuz Türkleri'nin de bu çalgıya kumança ve oyununun adına da Horon dediklerini yazmıştır.

Coğrafi dağılım
Karadeniz kemençesi temel müzik aleti olduğu özellikle Ordu'nun Perşembe ilçesinden itibaren Ordu,  Giresun, Gümüşhane, Trabzon, Rize, Artvin'in Arhavi, Hopa ve Borçka'nın bazı köylerinde, Bayburt'un kuzeyinde kalan köylerinde, Sivas'ın iç Karadeniz bölgesinde kalan Suşehri, Akıncılar çevresinde ve Cumhuriyet döneminde doğu karadenizlilerin topluca göç ettiği Samsun, Adapazarı, İzmit, Yalova,  Orhangazi ve  köylerinde ve büyük şehirlerde, Türkiye-Yunanistan nüfus mübadelesiyle Yunanistan'a giden Rumlar tarafından başta Selanik olmak üzere Kuzey Yunanistan'da yer alan göçmen köylerinde kullanılmaktadır. Kemençe artık evrensel bir çalgı aleti olmak yolunda emin adımlarla ilerlemiştir. İç Anadolu ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinde de ilgisi görülmektedir.

Akort
Karadeniz kemençesi genellikle beş yarım sesten oluşan aralıklarla örneğin G [sol] –D [re] –A ([la]) veya E [mi] –A [la] –D [re)formunda akort edilmekle birlikte, nadiren de olsa tulum ezgileri çalınmak istendiğinde (özellikle Trabzon Maçka) da (A [la] – A [la] – D [re] formu kullanılmaktadır. Mübadeleye kadar Rumlar tarafından Trabzon da yoğun olarak kullanılan tulum 1970'lere kadar Trabzon'un Holo  ve Maçka bölgelerinde de Müslümanlar tarafından kullanılmıştır. Geçmişte yaygın olarak yapılan küçükbaş hayvancılığın terkedilmesi tulum ve şimşir kavalın yerini kemençeye bırakması sonucu getirmiş olmalıdır.

Yapım
Kemençenin gövdesi dut, karadut, akçaağaç ardıç, ladin veya erik ağacından tamamen elde oyularak tip ve özelliklerine göre 3-15 gün içerisinde yapılmaktadır. Özellikle Görele, Tirebolu, Espiye, Samsun Alaçam, Eynesil, Mesudiye, Akyazı, Vakfıkebir, Akçaabat, Tonya, Maçka, Sürmene'de süreklilik arzeden kemençe yapımcılığı genellikle babadan oğula geçmekte ve yapımcılar hiçbir resmi eğitim kurumunun formasyonundan geçmemektedirler. Kelkit Vadisi'nin Suşehri, Şebinkarahisar bölgesinde kemençe yapımı özellikle Alevi kökenli bölgelerde gelenek olarak devam ettirilirken bugün sadece icracıları kalmıştır. Bu bölgede kemençe genellikle dut ve erik ağacından yapılırdı, ön kapak gürgen, yay ise aygır kılından yapılırdı.
19. yüzyıla dek bağırsak olan teller yerini metal olanlara bırakmıştır. Teller inceden kalına doğru zil, sağır ve bam olarak adlandırılmaktadır.

Şebinkarahisar/Suşehri ve Vadi Bölgesi çevresine özgü Kemençe
Çok yakın zamana kadar bu kemençe formu standart kemençe formu ile beraber İç Karadeniz Bölgesinde Şebinkarahisar, Alucra, Suşehri, Akıncılar, İmranlı, Çamoluk, Koyulhisar ve Gölova çevresindeki ilçelerde kullanılmaktaydı ve gelenek olarak icra edilmekteydi. Bugün ise yörede standart kemençe formuna geçiş başlamıştır.Her iki formunda kullanıldığı Kelkit Vadi bölgesin de, Karadenizin sahil tarafında çalınan standart kemençeye göre bu bölgedeki kemençe form olarak değişim yaşamamıştır. Zamanla farklılaşan burgular ve kemençenin kafa kısmı ilk formuna en yakın şekilde kalmıştır. Yöredeki kemençe en çok erik ağacından yapılıp, kapak kısmında Borçka ladinin yerine daha sert olan gürgen ağacı kullanılırdı. Yayı ise aygır kılından yapılırdı. İnce tel sahildeki formdan farklı olarak bam telinin yerine takılır, bam teli ise ince sesli telin takıldığı sol tarafa takılırdı. Ses olarak bölge genellikle ince sesli olan zil kemençeyi tercih etmekteyse de orta sesli ve pes kemençelere de eğilim vardır. Bölgedeki ilçelerden hala kemençe icracıları çıkmakta, özellikle Alevi köylerinde bu bir gelenek olarak devam etmekteydi.

Örnek kemençe ölçüleri (Görele kemençesi)

Görele kemençesi, yürek biçimindeki burguluğu, kısa sapı dar ve uzun gövdesiyle dikkat çekicidir, narindir. Göğsündeki delikler kemanınkini andırır. Bir kuyrukla gövdeye bağlanan teller, eşikle dip eşiğin üstünden geçilerek akort burgularına bağlanır, sarılır. Göğüsle teknenin dibi arasına can direği denen bir ahşap çubuk sıkıştırılır. Can direği tel köprünün altında bulunur. Can direği ses özelliği kazandırır kemençeye. Can direği olmazsa yeterli ses çıkmaz. Kemençe çalınırken sol elle tutulur, sapından kavranır kemençe, havada durdurulur. Kemençeyi tutan sol el, parmakları tellere basarak istenen sesleri bulur. Sağ eldeki yay tellere sürtülür. Bir tel üstündeki melodi(ezgi, hava) çalınırken kemençenin yayı bu telin yanındaki tele de sürtülür. Kemençe dörtlü paralelle çalışır (ikili, dörtlü, altılı seslere paralel ses denir). Kemençemizin orta teli (la) ortak çalınır. Orta telle birlikte, ince tele de kalın tele de istenen sese göre birlikte basılır (Kemençede sağ tel kalın, sol tel incedir). Kemençe çalınış özelliğiyle, dörtlü paralel çalışma yönüyle doğu tekniği içinde çok sesli tek çalgıdır. Müzikte, çok seslilikte yapı farkı görülür. Doğuda koma sistem, Batıda tampere sistem vardır.

Görele kemençesinin özellikleri: Kemençe ardıç, erik, dut, kiraz ağacından yapılır. Kapağı ladin ağacındandır. Kapak kalınsa ince ses, kapak inceyse kalın ses verir. Kemençeyle her ezgi çalınabilir. Perdesizdir.

Kulak yeteneğine, parmak yeteneğine bağlı olarak çalınır.

Tekne boyu	: 41 cm
Tutma yeri (sap, tuşe)	: 10 cm
Baş (kafa)	: 6.5 cm
Geniş taban eni	: 10 cm
Dar taban eni	: 6.5 cm
Derinlik	: 2.5 cm
Kapak kalınlığı	: 2 mm'ye yakın
Kulak-Ön yüzeyin üstünde	: 1.5 cm
Kravat	: 18.5 cm
Tel alt bağlantı kuyruğu	: 13 cm
Tel köprüsü genişliği	: 5 cm
Tel köprüsü yüksekliği	: 1.2 cm
Yay boyu	: Aşağı yukarı kemençe boyu kadar
Kapak üzerinde bulunan
Durumundaki cep uzunluğu	: 5.5 cm
İki cep arası	: 3 cm
Kemençenin boyu	: 55 cm

Sürmene yapımı kalın kemençe ölçüleri

 Kemençe boyu : 51 cm
 Tekne boyu : 41.5 cm
 Geniş taban tekne
 ön yükseklik : 5 .5 cm
 Tutma yeri (sap) dar
 Taban arka yükseklik : 5 cm
 Geniş taban eni : 10 cm
 Dar taban eni : 7 cm
 Tekne taban kalınlığı : 3.5 mm
 Tekne yan kalınlık : 3.5 mm
 Tekne yan yükseklik : 5 mm
 Klavye tel yükseklik
 (Burgulara yakın kısım) : 0.8 mm
 Klavye tel yükseklik
 (tekne tarafında olan kısım : 2.5 mm
 Kapak üstü kaş uzunluk- en : 6 cm – 3.3 mm
 Kapak üstü kaşın tekne dar
 Kısım uzaklığı –yukarıdan : 28 cm
 Kapak üstü kaşın tekne geniş
 Kısım uzaklığı –aşağıdan : 14 cm
 Klavye : 8 cm
 Klavye genişlik : 2.5 cm
 İki kaş arası mesafe : 3 cm
 Tel alt bağlantı kuyruğu : 10 cm
 Zil (ince)tel : 0.25–028 mm
 Orta tel : 0.28-0.30 mm
 Kalın tel : 2 numara,sarma tel (keman teli)
 Yay boyu : 50 cm
 Eşik yükseklik : 2 cm
 Burgu bağlantı kafa derinlik -
 Genişlik : 4.5 cm—2.5 c
 Kapak kalınlığı : 2 mm
 Kazıkdan Dize Kadar 10 cm

Notlar

Kaynakça
 Mustafa Duman Trabzon Araştırmaları Merkezi Vakfı. İstanbul, 2004
 Özhan Öztürk. .Karadeniz ANsiklopedik Sözlük. 2. Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. Istanbul. 2005. ISBN 975-6121-00-9
 Anabrittanica Genel Kültür Ansiklopedisi (1993), İstanbul
 Tanju Ozanoğlu.
 Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinin Etnik Tarihi üzerine, Mehmet Bilgin, Serender Yayınevi, Trabzon, 2007

Dış bağlantılar
 Trabzon ve Yöresinde Kemençe
 Klasik Kemençe Nedir?
 Karadeniz Yöresinde Yaşayan Kemençelik Âşıklık Geleneği

Telli çalgılar
Yaylı çalgılar

Kemençe


القنطرة بلدية وواحة تقع في شمال ولاية بسكرة والتي تبعد عنها ب 54 كم. وهي مدينة صغيرة هادئة قليلة السكان. وهي همزة وصل بين الشمال وجنوب وسط الشرق الجزائري وهي تجمع بين طبيعتي الصحراء والتل في مناخها وطابعها الجغرافي . تتربع على مساحة إجمالية تقدر بـ 238,98 كلم2 ، وترتفع عن سطح الأرض بمسافة 538,23 م. أُنشئت سنة 1946 كمركز بلدي (قرار مؤرخ في 29 ماي 1946) وكبلدية في سنة 1957 (قرار مؤرخ في 12 جانفي 1957).

تسمية القنطرة
 هناك احتمال واحد لا ثاني له وهو أن القنطرة تعتبر حلقة وصل بين التل والصحراء في هذه المنطقة فاعتبرت بمثابة الجسر الموصل ، كما سميت في عهد الروماني كالكيوم هركلوس ومعناها : قدم هرقل " انتسابا للإمبراطور الروماني الذي كان يحكم الجزائر آنذاك تقديسا لقوته وشجاعته .

الموقع والطقس
 تقع في الجنوب الغربي لجبال الأوراس على بعد 50 كلم إلى شمال بسكرة و 50 كلم إلى جنوب باتنة.
 محيطها متناقض ففي الشتاء يتواجد الثلج على بعد حوالي 20 ميلا إلى الشمال فقط، حين 60 ميلاً إلى الجنوب تتواجد الكثبان الرملية الساحرة حيث قد ترتفع درجة الحرارة في الصيف إلى 50 درجة مئوية.

التاريخ

الرومان
بنيت القنطرة في العصر الروماني وكانت مركز حضاري في المنطقة، وكانت تُعرف باسم «الجاثي كالكوس» (أي «حذاء هرقل») ويقول المؤرخون أن الرومان فتحوا ممرا عبر الجبال وبنوا الجسر الشهير لتسهيل حركة الناس والبضائع.

الفتوحات الإسلامية
تواجُد العربِ في القنطرة كان في شكل قبائل منذ القرن السابع الميلادي في عهد الفتوحات الإسلامية تحت قيادة طارق بن زياد. وفي عام 1048، ارتفع عددهم بعد هجرة بني هلال الذين جاؤوا من صعيد مصر في عهد الفاطميين.

الاستعمار الفرنسي
في عام 1862 وتحت حكم نابليون الثالث تم إعادة تصميم الجسر بالكامل ليعكس عبقرية الهندسة الفرنسية.

الفج
 كثرت الشائعات حول الشرخ الموجود بين الجبال ، فالأساطير العامة تقول أن ضربة سيف علي أو السيد عبد الله وهي شائعة مردودة لأن كليهما لم يأت إلى هاته المنطقة تاريخيا اللهم إذا أرادوا بذلك الفج تشبيه بالسيف ، والبعض يقول أن جنود الرومان هم الذين فتحوا هذا الشرخ لتسهيل المواصلات وهذا احتمال بعيد أيضا . والراجح أن الجيولوجيون يقولون أن هذا الشرخ هو ظاهرة طبيعية حيث كانت البحار قديما تغمر هاته المنطقة وبقيت آثار أمواجها على جبال القنطرة ، فلما انحسرت المياه بدأ الماء يثير فعله لمدة زمنية كبيرة حتى حدث هذا الشرخ الذي أصبح يسمى فجا . .

السكّان
أظهرت الدراسات أن سكان القنطرة من أصل بربري، والعديد من الأسماء التي عثر عليها هناك يؤكد ذلك. على سبيل المثال: «واد أغروم»، الذي يرمز إلى النهر الذي هو مصدر الرزق والحياة.

التراث
 صنفت القنطرة كموقع تراثي وطني من طرف وزراة الثقافة الجزائرية بسبب تواجد آثار الرومان الباقية كالجسر الروماني المتبقي وسط الفج المشهور.

معرض صور

وصلات خارجية
 الأخدود، رقم 1، القنطرة، الجزائر

مراجع

أودية
قنطرة

القنطرة (ولاية بسكرة)


Sarcodon imbricatus (Petter Adolf Karsten, 1881), sin. Hydnum imbricatum (Carl von Linné, 1753) ori Sarcodon gracilis (Elias Magnus Fries ex Lucien Quélet, 1886), este o specie de ciuperci comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Bankeraceae și de genul Sarcodon, a cărui nume generic este derivat pe de o parte din cuvintele grecești (=carne) și (=spin, țeapăn), pe de alta din cuvântul latin (=suprapus) pentru epitet. Ea coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). Ciuperca este cunoscută în popor sub numele buretele uliului, porcan sau ciupercă de pâine. Buretele se dezvoltă în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord, crescând în grupuri sau cercuri mari (deseori exemplarele sunt îngrămădite unul în altul), peste tot în păduri de conifere, mai ales pe terenuri uscate și nisipoase sub pini, deseori printre afine precum erica, la deal dar mai mult la munte, din iunie până în noiembrie.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 6–20 (30) cm și o grosime de 2-5 cm, este cărnoasă, inițial convexă, apoi plată, câteodată ușor adâncită la mijloc. Suprafața este presărată în tinerețe cu fulgi fini, căpătând repede numeroși solzi imbricați, dispuși în cercuri concentrice, mai mari, dar nu astfel de numeroși la centru. Marginea este ondulată și răsucită spre inferior. Coloritul cuticulei este la început gri-brun, apoi brun respectiv maro-funinginos, solzii fiind de culoare brună-violet-negricioasă.
 Himenoforul: nu prezintă lamele ci țepi. Ei au o lungime de 0,5-1 cm, sunt lungi, deși, foarte fragili și decurenți spre picior. Culoarea este la început albicioasă, apoi gri-brună, în sfârșit brună. Țepii pot fi îndepărtați cu ușurință de pălărie.
 Piciorul:  are o înălțime de 5–8 cm și o grosime de 2–4 cm, este destul de scurt dar gros, neted, cilindric, tare și plin, devenind odată cu vârsta gol pe interior. Coloritul este albicios până maroniu deschis.
 Carnea: este tare și ceva fibroasă, fiind de culoare alb-murdară, mai târziu gri-maronie care nu se schimbă după tăiere. Mirosul bureților tineri este foarte aromatic și plăcut, gustul fiind viguros, foarte slab de o amăruie agreabilă. La umezeală și bătrânețe buretele uliului devine mereu dur și amar, cu miros atunci penetrant, fiind năpădit intensiv de viermi.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori rotunjori până un pic colțuroși, verucoși, dublu cocoșați, cu o mărime de 5-7,5 x 4,5-6 microni. Pulberea lor este gălbui-brună.
 Reacții chimice: Buretele se decolorează cu Hidroxid de potasiu imediat maroniu.

Confuzii
Buretele uliului poate fi confundat în primul rând cu dublul său Sarcodon scabrosus (necomestibil, extrem de amar, mai puțin solzos și scămos), mai departe cu Phellodon niger (necomestibil pentru că prea dur, ciupercă sinistră cu carne la sfârșit neagră și țepi gri, foarte rară), Sarcodon amarascens (necomestibil, extrem de amar, baza piciorului albăstriu-negricioasă), Sarcodon badius (de comestibilitate îndoielnică, fiind tare și pielos, are fulgi mari cocoșați și nu imbricați, carnea fiind albicios-gălbuie), Sarcodon fuligineo violaceus (necomestibil, amar cu miros de cicoare prăjită, fără fulgi, carne de roz-vineț), Sarcodon laevigatum (necomestibil, amar cu miros de cicoare prăjită, suprafață netedă și maronie), Sarcodon regalis (necomestibil, ceva amar, miros de făină, în plus note neplăcute, carne gălbuie cu nuanțe roz-violete), Sarcodon (sub)squamosus (amar cu miros imperceptibil, cuticulă păroasă, carnea piciorului galbenă), Sarcodon (Hydnum) versipelle (de comestibilitate inferioară, mai degrabă amar, miros destul de plăcut, dulceag, maroniu, la bazä galben)  sau Strobilomyces strobilaceus sin. Strobilomyces floccopus (comestibil numai tânăr, apoi amar cu picior fibros, are aspect asemănător, dar este o ciupercă cu pori, nu cu țepi).

Specii asemănătoare

Valorificare

Pentru a obține o mâncare savuroasă, se aleg numai exemplare tinere ale ciuperci și solzii de pe cuticulă sunt de îndepărtat. Datorit aromei ei, ea se potrivește pentru adăugarea la supe, sosuri de carne, în special de vânat precum în găluște de pâine sau chiftele. Mai departe, buretele uliului poate fi preparat ca Duxelles (un fel de zacuscă de ciuperci), și este, uscat precum spulberat, un burete de condimentare excelent. Exemplare mari și bătrâne trebuie mai întâi limpezite în apă respectiv opărite pentru a scoate amăria. Apoi se pot conserva în ulei, oțet sau sare.

Sarcodon imbricatus a fost ciuperca anului 1996 în Germania și este o ciupercă acolo protejată.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto: "Der große Pilzführer"/"I funghi dal vero", volumele 1-5 (vezi sub note)
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "700 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, ISBN 3-85502-0450
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, p. 180-181, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2

Legături externe

 Sarcodon imbricatus, film

Agaricomycetes
Micoriză
Ciuperci comestibile
1753 în știință

Sarcodon imbricatus


UEFA Liga prvaka 2022./23. 68. je sezona najelitnijeg europskog klupskog nogometnog natjecanja, odnosno 31. sezona od kada je natjecanje promijenilo svoj format i preimenovano iz Kupa europskih prvaka u UEFA Liga prvaka. U natjecanju sudjeluje 78 momčadi iz 53 nogometna saveza. Prošlogodišnji prvak bio je Real Madrid.

Natjecanje je prvi put u povijesti osvojio Manchester City pobjedivši Inter Milan rezulatom 1:0 na Olimpijskom stadionu Atatürk u Istanbulu.

Momčadi u natjecanju
U sezoni 2022./2023. ukupno sudjeluje 78 momčadi iz 53 od 55 UEFA-ina saveza (osim Lihtenštajna koji nema domaću ligu i Rusije zbog invazije na Ukrajinu). Broj predstavnika svake zemlje određen je rangom njenog nogometnog saveza koji se temelji na UEFA koeficijentima:

 Zemlje s rangom od 1 do 4 imaju 4 predstavnika
 Zemlje s rangom od 5 do 6 imaju 3 predstavnika
 Zemlje s rangom od 7 do 15 imaju 2 predstavnika (osim Rusije)
 Zemlje s rangom od 16 do 55 imaju 1 predstavnika (osim Lihtenštajna). Pobjednici UEFA Lige prvaka 2021./22. i UEFA Europske lige 2021./22. imaju osigurano mjesto za ovu sezoni UEFA Lige prvaka u slučaju da se ne kvalificiraju preko njihovog nacionalnog prvenstva.

Države sudionice
Za ovu sezonu UEFA Lige prvaka, nogometnim savezima se dodjeljuje rang skladu s njihovim UEFA koeficijentom 2021. godine za koji se uzima u obzir učinak njihovih klubova u europskim natjecanjima od 2016./17. do 2020./21.

Raspored momčadi
Ovo je raspored momčadi za ovu sezonu UEFA Lige prvaka:

Momčadi

Kalendar natjecanja

Kvalifikacije

Predeliminacijsko kolo
Ždrijeb za predeliminacijsko kolo održan je 7. lipnja. Polufinalne utakmice odigrane su 21. lipnja, a finalna 24. lipnja 2022. Sve tri utakmice odigrane su na Víkingsvölluru u Reykjavíku.

Prvo kvalifikacijsko kolo
Ždrijeb za prvo kvalifikacijsko kolo održan je 14. lipnja 2022. Prve utakmice odigrane su 5. i 6. srpnja, a uzvratne 12. i 13. srpnja 2022.

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Drugo kvalifikacijsko kolo
Ždrijeb za drugo kvalifikacijsko kolo održan je 15. lipnja 2022. Prve utakmice odigrane su 19. i 20. srpnja, a uzvratne 26. i 27. srpnja 2022.

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Treće kvalifikacijsko kolo
Ždrijeb za treće kvalifikacijsko kolo održan je 18. srpnja 2022. Prve utakmice igrane su 2. i 3. kolovoza, a uzvratne 9. kolovoza 2022.

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Doigravanje
Ždrijeb za doigravanje održan je 2. kolovoza 2022.  Prve utakmice igrane su 16. i 17. kolovoza, a uzvratne 23. i 24. kolovoza 2022.

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Grupna faza
Ždrijeb za grupnu fazu održan je 25. kolovoza 2022. u Carigradu. 32 momčadi podijeljene su u osam grupa po četiri momčadi. Momčadi iz istog nogometnog saveza ne mogu nastupati u istoj grupi.

Osvojivši UEFA Europsku ligu 2021./22., Eintracht Frankfurt prvi je put ostvario plasman u UEFA Ligu prvaka. Ovo je prva sezona u povijesti UEFA Lige prvaka u kojoj će se natjecati pet klubova iz Njemačke, prva od 1995./96. u kojoj se natječe nula klubova iz Turske te prva od 2007./08. u kojoj se natječu dva kluba iz Škotske.

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Grupa E

Grupa F

Grupa G

Grupa H

Drugi dio natjecanja

Osmina finala
Ždrijeb za osminu finala održan je 7. studenoga 2022. u 12:00 po CET-u. Prve utakmice igrane su 14., 15., 21. i 22. veljače, a uzvratne utakmice 7., 8., 14. i 15. ožujka 2023.

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Četvrtfinale
Ždrijeb za četvrtfinale održan je 17. ožujka 2023. u 12:00 po CET-u. Prve utakmice igrane su 11. i 12. travnja, a uzvratne utakmice 18. i 19. travnja 2023.

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Polufinale
Ždrijeb za polufinale održan je 17. ožujka 2023. u 12:00 po CET-u, nakon ždrijeba za četvrtfinale. Prve utakmice igrane su 9. i 10. svibnja, a uzvratne utakmice 16. i 17. svibnja 2023.

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Finale

Finale je igrano 10. lipnja 2023. na Olimpijskom stadionu Atatürk u Carigradu. Ždrijeb za domaćina iz "administrativnih razloga" održan je 17. ožujka 2023., nakon ždrjebova za četvrtfinale i polufinale.

Statistike
Statistike ne uključuju kvalifikacijska kola i doigravanja.

Strijelci

Asistenti

Bilješke

Momčad natjecanja
UEFA je imenovala sljedeće igrače članovima momčadi natjecanja.

Igrač sezone
  Rodri (Manchester City)

Mladi igrač sezone
  Hviča Kvarachelija (Napoli)

Izvori

Vidi još
 UEFA Europska liga 2022./23.
 UEFA Europska konferencijska liga 2022./23.
 UEFA Superkup 2023.

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena web-stranica

2022-23

UEFA Liga prvaka 2022./23.


Asiatici bogați și nebuni (în ) este un film de comedie romantică-dramă regizat de Jon M. Chu, pronind de la un scenariu de Peter Chiarelli și Adele Lim, bazat pe romanul cu același nume de Kevin Kwan din 2013. În rolurile principale joacă Constance Wu, Henry Golding, Gemma Chan, Lisa Lu, Awkwafina, Ken Jeong, și Michelle Yeoh. Povestea este cea a unui profesor chinez-american care călătorește pentru a cunoaște familia prietenei sale și care este surprins să descopere că aceștia sunt printre cele mai bogate persoane din Singapore.

Filmul a fost anunțat în august 2013, după ce drepturile de carte au fost achiziționate. O mare parte a distribuției a semnat în primăvara anului 2017, iar filmările au avut loc în perioada aprilie-iunie a aceluiași an, în părți din Malaiezia și Singapore. Acesta este primul film al unui mare studio de la Hollywood, de la The Joy Luck Club în 1993, în care în rolurile principale sunt majoritar actori de origine asiatică într-un cadru modern. În ciuda acestui fapt lăudabil, filmul a primit unele critici pentru utilizarea de actori birasiali în anumite roluri. Alte critici au fost îndreptate către faptul că nu conține alte grupuri etnice din Singapore—în special în actori malay și indieni—ca personaje.

Asiatici bogați și nebuni a avut premiera pe 7 august 2018 la TCL Chinese Theatre din Los Angeles și a fost lansat în cinematografele din Statele Unite pe data de 15 august 2018 de către Warner Bros. Filmul a primit recenzii pozitive din partea criticilor, cu laude pentru actorie, producție și design de costume. Filmul a avut încasări de peste 238 milioane dolari în întreaga lume, devenind comedia romantică cu cele mai mari încasări din ultimul deceniu. Filmul a primit numeroase premii, inclusiv nominalizări la a 76-a ediție a Premiilor Globul de Aur pentru Cel Mai Bun film – Muzical sau Comedie și Cea Mai Bună Actriță – Film de Comedie sau Musical pentru Wu. De asemenea, a primit patru nominalizări la 24 Critics' Choice Awards, câștigând unul pentru Cea Mai Bună Comedie, și premiul Screen Actors Guild Award pentru Performanțe Remarcabile de către o Distribuție într-un Film la a 25-a ediție a Screen Actors Guild Awards. Două continuări sunt în prezent în dezvoltare.

Distribuție

 Constance Wu ca Rachel Chu, prietena lui Nick și fiica lui Kerry
 Henry Golding ca Nicholas "Nick" Young, prietenul lui Rachel și fiul lui Phillip și Eleanor
 Michelle Yeoh ca Eleanor Sung-Young, mama dominatoare a lui Nick și soția lui Phillip
 Gemma Chan ca Astrid Young-Teo, verișoara lui Nick și soția lui Michael
 Lisa Lu ca Shang Su Yi, bunica lui Nick și matriarha familiei
 Awkwafina ca Goh Peik Lin, carismatica confidentă a lui Rachel și fiica lui Wye Mun
 Ken Jeong ca Goh Wye Mun, tatăl bogat al lui Peik Lin
 Sonoya Mizuno ca Araminta Lee, logodnicul lui Colin
 Chris Pang ca Colin Khoo, cel mai bun prieten din copilărie al lui Nick și logodnicul lui Araminta
 Jimmy O. Yang ca Bernard Tai, fiul lui Carol și fostul coleg al lui Nick și Colin
 Ronny Chieng ca Eddie Cheng, vărul lui Nick și Astrid și soțul lui Fiona din Hong Kong
 Remy Hii ca Alistair Cheng, fratele lui Eddie și verișorul lui Nick și Astrid din Taiwan
 Nico Santos ca Oliver T'sien, văr de-al doilea al lui Nick
 Jing Lusi ca Amanda "Mandy" Ling, vedetă din Manhattan vedetă și fosta iubită a lui Nick
 Pierre Png ca Michael Teo, soțul lui Astrid
 Fiona Xie ca Kitty Pong, prietena lui Alistair și vedetă de telenovelă din Taiwan
 Victoria Loke ca Fiona Tung-Cheng, soția lui Eddie din Hong Kong
 Janice Koh ca Felicity Young, mama lui Astrid și copilul cel mai mare al lui Su Yi
 Amy Cheng ca Jacqueline Ling, moștenitoarea și mama lui Mandy și prietena lui Eleanor
 Koh Chieng Mun ca Neena Goh, mama lui Peik Lin
 Tan Kheng Hua ca Kerry Chu, mama lui Rachel
 Selena Tan ca Alexandra 'Alix' Young-Cheng, cel mai mic copil al lui Su Yi
 Kris Aquino ca Prințesa Intan, o prințesă malaeziană
 Tumurbaatar Enkhtungalag ca Nadine Shao, unul dintre cei mai buni prieteni ai lui Eleanor
 Carmen Soo ca Francesca Shaw, fosta prietenă snoabă a lui Nick Young
 Constance Lau ca Celine "Radio One Asia" Lim, gossiper și membru al Radio Unul Asia
 Peter Carroll ca Domnul Calthorpe, proprietarul London Calthorpe Hotel
 Daniel Jenkins ca Reginald Ormsby, manager la London Calthorpe Hotel
 Harry Shum Jr. ca Charlie Wu, fostul logodnic al lui Astrid

Autorul romanului Crazy Rich Asians, Kevin Kwan, are o apariție cameo în timpul secvenței  Radio One Asia. Kina Grannis apare în timpul secvenței nunții drept cântăreață.

Note

Legături externe

 Site-ul oficial

 Crazy Rich Asians la Box Office Mojo

Filme Warner Bros.
Ecranizări de romane americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme din 2018
Pages with unreviewed translations
Filme regizate de Jon Chu

Asiatici bogați și nebuni (film)


الإسلام اليوم موقع ويب ديني، أسسه سلمان العودة في 24 يونيو 2000، وكان موقعًا شخصيًا له،  يحتوي على ثلاثة أقسام هي الدروس العلمية، المقالات، الفتاوى والاستشارات، وبعد انطلاقته بنحو ستة أشهر، توسعت أعمال الموقع بإضافة 6 مفتين، و3 باحثين، والاستعانة بكُتاب لم يتجاوز عددهم آنذاك 10، وتم إعادة التقسيم الداخلي ليصبح خمسة أقسام هي المقالات، الفتاوى، الاستشارات، الدراسات، الدروس والمحاضرات.

وفي ذكرى انطلاقته الأولى، أقيم حفل خطابي ومؤتمر صحفي في مدينة الرياض أعلن فيه الشيخ سلمان العودة تحويل موقع الإسلام اليوم إلى بوابة متكاملة، وإضافة قسم إخباري متخصص بأخبار العالم الإسلامي، وعام في تغطيته للأحداث، تحت اسم (البشير للأخبار)، مع مضاعفة في عدد المفتين والباحثين والكتاب، وإضافة ثلاثة صحفيين جدد كمحررين للأخبار.

ومضت مركبة الإسلام اليوم تعبر صحاري الإنترنت في بداياته، ورغم ضعف الإقبال على الإنترنت عمومًا فقد تجاوز عدد الدخول اليومي العشرة آلاف زائر، مما أغرى بمزيد عطاء من المفتين والكتاب، فتم مضاعفة الأعداد أضعافًا مضاعفة حتى وصلت الأعداد في نهاية الربع الأول من عام 2005م إلى ألف كاتب وصحفي ومحرر، وثلاثمئة مفتي معظمهم أعضاء هيئة تدريس في الجامعات وقضاة سعوديون، وقد تجاوزت ـ آنذاك ـ الأسئلة الواردة الخمسين ألف سؤال.

ومع بداية الربع الثاني من عام 2006م، أعلن انطلاقة جيل جديد من «الإسلام اليوم» وتحولها إلى بوابة تحوي العديد من المواقع واللغات، وتم تحويل البوابة الرئيسة إلى مدخل يحتوي بعض الخدمات وبعض النوافذ، فأطلق موقع الفتاوى والدراسات: ويحتوي الفتاوى والاستشارات والأبحاث والدراسات الشريعة، وتحويل نافذة الدروس والمحاضرات إلى إذاعة توفر أرشيفا كاملاً بالإضافة إلى بث مباشر للفعاليات، وإطلاق المنتدى الإلكتروني التفاعلي، والنشرة الدورية، وتحويل نافذة البشير الإخبارية إلى موقع إلكتروني يحتوي بالإضافة للأخبار ـ التي تم زيادتها إلى 60 خبرًا يوميًا ـ العديد من التحليلات والتقارير والقراءات السياسية، كما تم تحويل جميع كتابات الشيخ سلمان العودة إلى نافذة مستقلة تجمع الفتاوى والاستشارات والمقالات والدراسات والصوتيات الخاصة بفضيلته، وأضيفت مواقع متكاملة باللغتين الإنجليزية والفرنسية.

وفي منتصف عام 2007م، تم إضافة العديد من المفتين والمستشارين والكتاب، مما استدعى وجود تصانيف خاصة بالمقالات وفهرسة متكاملة للفتاوى والاستشارات، بحسب الكاتب وموضوع المادة.. مما يسهل الوصول إليها في المستقبل، كما تم إضافة موقع متكامل اللغة الصينية.

وفي الربع الأخير من عام 2008م، أعلن عن تحويل المؤسسة إلى مجموعة مؤسسات، وانطلاقة جيل جديد من الأنشطة الإعلامية، فتم التركيز على الإعلام الجديد، بإنشاء مؤسسة جديدة مستقلة (مؤسسة استثمار التقنية) تعنى بخدمات رسائل الجوال النصية والوسائط، ومؤسسة الإسلام اليوم للنشر والتوزيع، أسند إليها إصدار الكتب والصوتيات كما أضيف إلى مهامها مجلة الإسلام اليوم التي كانت صدرت عام 2004م وصدر منها حتى الآن (54عددًا) وهي مجلة ثقافية وفكرية واجتماعية متنوعة شاملة، ودراسة إنشاء قنوات فضائية، أعلن ميلاد اثنتين منها فيما بعد وهما: قناة دليل الفضائية باللغة العربية، والتي بدأت تخترق أجواء الفضاء السعودي بقوة وتأثر فيه، وقناة نور الفضائية باللغة الفارسية، والتي دشنها مطلع العام الحالي رئيس مجلس الشورى (آنذاك) الشيخ الدكتور: صالح بن عبد الله بن حميد.

وفي مطلع عام 2009م، أعلن تحويل بوابة الإسلام اليوم إلى مجموعة بوابات، وإضافة العديد من المفتين والكتاب والصحفيين وإعادة التقسيم والتصنيف والإخراج، فتم إعادة هيكلة المواقع لتصبح كالتالي:

بوابة البشير الإخبارية
وتحتوي على ثلاثة أقسام/ الأخبار، التحليلات، التقارير، إذهب إلى البشير

المواقع الشخصية
وقد تم تدشين أولها وهو الموقع الشخصي للشيخ الدكتور سلمان بن فهد العودة، ويحتوي ستة أقسام/ السيرة الذاتية (سيرة ذاتية، ذكريات، عناوين المؤلفات، عناوين الصوتيات)، المقالات، خزانة المراسلات (وتحوي فتاوى الشيخ واستشاراته)، الديوان (قصائد وأدبيات)، الدروس العلمية، أخبار ومتابعات.. بالإضافة إلى عدد من الخدمات: كالصوتيات والمرئيات والكتب الإلكترونية. الذهاب إلى صفحة الشيخ سلمان الموقع الشخصي للشيخ سلمان بن فهد العودة، يحوي إنتاجه القديم كاملاً، ويتابع مستجدات الشيخ من محاضرات وندوات ومؤتمرات، وأبرز ما يدور في الصحف حول فضيلته.

الفتاوى
كبار العلماء والقضاة وأساتذة الجامعات، من مختلف أنحاء العالم الإسلامي، يجيبون على أسئلة رواد الموقع بالموعظة والحكمة، مراعين اختلاف المذاهب والأقطار..إذهب إلى الفتاوى

الاستشارات
مهما تكن المشكلة معقدة، ومهما تكن الظروف، هناك متخصصون في كل المعارف والعلوم الإنسانية يحاولون ايصالك إلى بر الأمان، فيما كان.. وفيما تنوي القيام به..إذهب إلى الاستشارات

البحوث والدراسات
ويحتوي على ثلاثة أقسام: البحوث (ويعنى بالدراسات العلمية والرسائل الجامعية)، قرارات (ويعنى بقرارات المجامع الفقهية)، السعة (وفيه تتطارح الآراء والمراجعات الشرعية). إذهب إلى بحوث ودراسات

الأقسام
وتحتوي ثمانية أقسام: المقالات (اتجاهات فكرية، أصداء سياسية، نقد ومراجعات، تربية ومجتمع)، بيت الأسرة (ويعنى بكل ما يخص الأسرة من تقارير ونصائح وأخبار)، عالم رقمي (ويعنى بالتقنية بفرعيها الحاسوب والاتصالات)، ثقافة وأدب، حوارات (سياسية، فكرية، أدبية، اجتماعية، إدارية)، عالم الكتب (سياسية، اقتصادية، إدارية، أدبية، فكرية، شرعية، وغيرها)، إدارة وتطوير، قضية ونقاش.إذهب إلى نوافذ بوابة معرفية ثقافية اجتماعية، تسعى إلى تثقيف الفرد والأسرة، وتوسيع المدارك من خلال عرض الآراء الناضجة والعلمية، متجاوزة الأقاليم.. منطلقة نحو العالمية.

الإذاعة
وتشتمل على: الدروس العلمية، الخطب، المحاضرات، التلفزيون والإذاعة. إذهب إلى الإذاعة أبرز ماحفلت به التسجيلات الإسلامية، من مواد لكبار العلماء والمشايخ والمربين، تستمعون إليها في إذاعة الإسلام اليوم.

بالإضافة إلى المنتدى التفاعلي، والعديد من الخدمات: كالملفات الموسمية، والنشرة الإلكترونية، والكتاب الإلكتروني.

وقريبًا ستطلق العديد من المواقع الشخصية لأبرز الكتاب والمفتين في موقع الإسلام اليوم.

وقد بلغ عدد الزيارات لموقع الإسلام اليوم في أوقات الذروة مليونين وخمسمئة ألف زيارة، في حين أن المعدل اليومي للزيارات يقترب من المليون وثمانمئة ألف زيارة، وتجاوز عدد المفتين والمستشارين 700 قاض وأستاذ جامعي وطالب علم ومتخصص، وتجاوز عدد الكتاب والصحفيين 3000كاتب، وعدد الفتاوى والاستشارات أكثر من نصف مليون نشر منها أكثر من مئة ألف، وعدد المواد الصحفية تجاوز المئتين ألف.. كلها منشورة، والطموحات أكبر من هذا.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة مواقع وب إسلامية

المراجع

سلمان العودة
مواقع ويب إسلامية

الإسلام اليوم


Gindanes es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Pyrginae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae.

Especies

 Gindanes bora (Evans, 1953) au Brasil
 Gindanes brebisson (Latreille, [1824]) norte de Sudamérica
 Gindanes brebisson brebisson au Brasil
 Gindanes brebisson brebna Evans, 1953 en Bolivia.
 Gindanes brebisson panaetius (Godman & Salvin, 1895)  en Nicaragua,  Panamá y México.
 Gindanes brebisson phagesia (Hewitson, 1868)  au Brasil
 Gindanes brontinus (Godman et Salvin, 1895) en Nicaragua y México.
 Gindanes brontinus brontinus  en Nicaragua.
 Gindanes brontinus bronta'' (Evans, 1953) en Perú.

Referencias

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
 funet

Achlyodidini

Gindanes


Junoon ( ) is a Pakistani sufi rock band from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, and Tappan, New York, formed in 1990. The band is directed by founder, lead guitarist and songwriter, Salman Ahmad, who was soon joined by keyboardist Nusrat Hussain, bass guitarist Brian O'Connell and vocalist Ali Azmat. Junoon is Pakistan's and one of South Asia's most successful bands. Since their inception, the group has released a total of nineteen albums: seven studio albums; one soundtrack; two live albums; four video albums; and five compilations. They have sold over 30 million records worldwide.

Pioneers of Sufi rock with an original sound, they achieved success during the early 1990s. Its members were signed to major record label EMI Records and afterwards released their self-titled debut album Junoon in 1991. After two years, the band recorded their second album Talaash (1993) with their new bassist Brian O'Connell after Nusrat Hussain left the band. The release of their second album began to create a cult following for the band. In 1996, Junoon released their third album Inquilaab, and it was only then that Junoon developed a nationwide fan following, with blending rock guitars and bluesy vocals with Eastern elements like the use of tablas, raga-inspired melodies, traditional Pakistani folk music, and Eastern-inspired poetry. The following year, the band recorded the critically acclaimed Azadi (1997), being the band's first international record deal, and making it Junoon's debut album in neighbouring India. The band went on to record and release Parvaaz in 1999. The band found renewed success and popularity starting with 2001's Andaz and through 2003's Dewaar and their supporting tours. Junoon celebrated their 25th anniversary by releasing their eighth studio album titled Door in 2016.

History

Early years (1980 – 1989)
Junoon's roots stretch back to Tappan, New York, in the 1970s. Salman Ahmad left Lahore, Pakistan, for New York with his family when he was eleven, and received his baptism in rock music when a friend offered him a ticket to a Led Zeppelin concert. Salman Ahmad was so enthralled by the show that he saved $235 to buy his own electric guitar. He also befriended Brian O'Connell in Tappan, another young aspiring musician, with whom Ahmad formed their first band together by the name of "Eclipse". Salman Ahmad's parents moved back to Pakistan in 1981, and Salman began to study medicine at Lahore's King Edward Medical College.

In 1987, Nusrat Hussain, by then the lead guitarist of the band Vital Signs, after composing the song "Dil Dil Pakistan" parted ways with Vital Signs and suggested to Rohail Hyatt, founder and keyboardist of Vital Signs, to bring Salman Ahmad as his replacement in the band. Vital Signs then went on to record their debut album at the EMI Studios in Karachi, but almost all the songs were written and composed at Salman Ahmad's residence where the band had been lodged. In March 1989, the band released their debut album, Vital Signs 1, which was a success throughout the country. The following year, Salman Ahmad parted ways with the most successful pop band of Pakistan as he wanted a change in the band's music for their second album and therefore after leaving the band he went on to form his own band.

Formation (1990 – 1993)
Junoon formed in 1990 when Salman Ahmad, founder, songwriter and lead guitarist, had a dream where one of his teachers shook him and said "Tumhey mousiqui ka Junoon hai!" (You have an obsession for music!). Salman Ahmed recruited singer Ali Azmat from the Jupiters and then the former Vital Signs lead guitarist, Nusrat Hussain, on keyboards for Their self-titled debut album, Junoon. The music was recorded at the EMI Studios in Karachi and released in September 1991. Junoon did not achieve immediate success with their first album and barely made a dent in the Pakistani music industry. After the release of their debut album, Nusrat Hussain parted ways with the band to pursue his own career as a solo singer and went on to release his debut solo album Amrit in 1992.

After the departure of Nusrat Hussain, Salman Ahmad contacted Brian O'Connell and invited him to play bass on the band's second album. Brian O'Connell quit his job as a social worker and travelled 10,000 miles to Karachi, Pakistan, where he reunited with his old friend. It was after ten years both the friends reunited. In 1992, the band started working on their second studio album. The album was recorded and mixed at Tahir Gul Hasan's Sound on Sound recording studios in Karachi. While working on their second album at one side, on the other hand the band also featured in a television series, Talaash, directed by Atiqa Odho and written by Anwar Maqsood, based on the true story of the band in which the band members acted themselves and due to its novel storyline it became an extremely popular television series in Pakistan.

On 23 September 1993, Junoon released their second album Talaash. Singles from the album, such as "Talaash", were politically influenced and became subject to censorship, which led to the eventual ban.

Rise to fame (1994 – 1997)

In 1994, Junoon started working on their third studio album. In 1995, the band released their first compilation album, Kashmakash, which is the first such compilation album by a band in Pakistan. 1995 was also the year that Junoon's manager, Shehryar Ahmad, set up Junoon's website, www.junoon.com, which was the first ever website of any Pakistani music group. That year Junoon were courted for the controversial video release of the single "Ehtesaab", from Kashmakash, which included footage of a polo pony eating in a posh restaurant. Many thought that the image was an indictment of the corrupt Pakistani political elite, and especially of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. The government quickly responded to it and banned the song and video from the state television. In 1996, the band released their third studio album, Inquilaab, which was recorded and engineered with a completely new sound at Aamir Hasan Studios, Inquilaab was a blend of western music with classical eastern Sufi music. It was the release of their third album when Junoon started to gain success and began to reach a wider audience when one of their singles, "Jazba-e-Junoon", became the signature song of the Cricket World Cup.

Following the success of "Inquilaab", in 1997 Junoon went on their first full-scale tour of the United States, performing from Birmingham, Alabama, to Los Angeles where they appeared at the House of Blues and at the New York's Roosevelt Hotel, which was reviewed in the international edition of Newsweek Magazine. They also went on tour to Canada and the UAE through which Junoon's fame grew rapidly. In September 1997, Junoon released their fourth studio album, Azadi, which was the band's first international record deal after the band manager, Shehryar Ahmad, secured a deal with EMI/Virgin Records which released Azadi as Junoon's debut album in India. Within three weeks of the release of Azadi, the album had sold over a million copies in India alone and hit platinum sales status in a record of four weeks. The music video of the first single, "Sayonee", was shot by Pakistani director Asim Raza.

International Success (1998 – 2000)

Azadi was released in India in February 1998 by EMI. In March 1998, Zee TV invited Junoon to perform at the star-studded Zee Cine Awards in Mumbai, where the group received accolades from the crème de la crème of India's entertainment industry. It was also in 1998 that Junoon went on their first tour of India. The band's first appearance of the tour was held in New Delhi, India. After travelling throughout the country, Junoon saw crowds of as many as of 100,000 fans at shows in Lucknow, Kanpur, Bangalore and Delhi. On this very first tour of India, Junoon was in Chandigarh when India tested its nuclear weapons at Pokhran (14 May 1998).  The next day from their hotel room in New Delhi, in interviews to CNN and BBC on the nuclear tests, Junoon's founder Salman Ahmad suggested that the Indian and Pakistani leaders should spend more on education and health than on weapons of mass destruction. The Pakistani Government reacted by banning Junoon from performing in the country, as well as bans on the band's music being aired on Pakistani radio or television. Pakistan's Ministry of Information and Culture formally charged Junoon with challenging "the national opinion on the nuclear tests", as well as making comments in India "amounting to sedition and treason". Junoon denied all charges, reminding people of the fact that they had been victimised since the release of "Ehtesaab" because they chose to speak out against political corruption.

On 9 August, Junoon performed at New York's Central Park. This was one of Junoon's most legendary live performances, with over 20,000 fans in attendance. This concert was made into a live video and recording titled "Junoon Live at Central Park: A Tribute to Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan". Junoon then went on to perform at the BBC Mega Mela, which is the largest South Asian festival outside of South Asia, held in London, England. Junoon performed at all three days of the Mela and performed at the BBC Asian Awards where they were also awarded for their "Contribution to Asian Culture". On 28 November 1998, Junoon won the "Best International Group" title at the Channel V Music Awards, where they performed along with worldwide icons Sting, The Prodigy and Def Leppard. Azadi was nominated for "Best International Album", having achieved the prestigious honour of being the highest selling album in Pakistan, Bangladesh and India that year.
In March 1999, the Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, in a spirit of cross-border friendship, invited the band to perform at the anniversary of his government in Delhi. Travelling in the same gilded bus that Vajpayee had travelled cross-border to shake hands with Pakistan and sign the Lahore declaration, Junoon crossed the Wagah border from Lahore into India. In a very emotional performance before the Prime Minister, they performed the Jupiters hit, "Dosti" onstage with Indian group, Silk Route. Later the same year, Junoon released their fifth studio album, Parvaaz, which was recorded and mixed at Abbey Road Studios in London and was hailed by many critics as the finest work by Junoon to date and was released by EMI internationally. The album was mostly based on the poetry of Bulleh Shah and singles from the album such as "Bulleya", "Sajna", "Ghoom" and "Mitti" were a success and did well at the music charts. The album was produced by John Alec who came from New York to work on the band's fifth studio album. Also in 1999, UNESCO invited Junoon to perform at their Millennium Peace concert held in Paris, France. Junoon were presented with an award "Outstanding Achievements in Music and Peace" by UNESCO. The event was attended by many well-known artists from around the world like Yesudas, Lionel Richie, Montserrat Caballe and Zubin Mehta.

In 2000, Junoon released a compilation of their albums and videos, Millennium 1990–2000. The compilation album consisted of singles like "Azadi", "Muk Gaye Nay" and live tracks like "Allah Hu". Later the same year, Junoon performed in Japan.  On 30 June, the band then went on to perform at the European Rock Festival, Roskilde Festival, near Copenhagen, in Denmark. Junoon became the first Asian band to perform at the festival and performed along with many well-known bands and musicians like Pearl Jam, Iron Maiden, The Cure, Queensrÿche and many other well-known artists from around the world. At the end of the year, Junoon performed at a concert in Dubai, UAE, with Bollywood singer Sonu Nigam, with nearly 20,000 in attendance, which was organised by Oberoi Middle East Events.

Continued success (2001 – 2004)
In March 2001, Junoon released its sixth studio album, Andaz (titled as Ishq in Pakistan). The album topped the music charts in Pakistan as well as in the Persian Gulf and South Asia. The first single entitled "Zamanae Ke Andaz (Saqi-Nama)" made it to No. 1 in the Persian Gulf and to No. 5 on the Asian charts. In April, Junoon performed to a sold-out concert at the Wembley Arena in London and went on to perform at the "United for Gujrat" concert, the first South Asian rock concert, held in New Delhi along with bands from India and Bangladesh, singing together to raise funds for the Gujrat earthquake victims. In June, Salman Ahmad attended the UN General Assembly in New York where he was appointed as the 'Goodwill Ambassador' of Pakistan by United Nations. On 30 June, Junoon performed at the Celebrate Brooklyn festival at Prospect Park Bandshell in Brooklyn, New York. On 7 July, the band performed at the Hyatt Regency in Chicago, Illinois. In September, Junoon did a concert in Norway with Morten Harket, lead vocalist of A-ha, performing a duet "Piya (Ocean of Love)". The same year, the band also made a trip China to perform a peace concert.

Following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, Junoon, in the aftermath of the attacks, travelled to the United States for a series of shows at universities and high schools. On 9 October, the band played a peace concert at the United Nations (UN). They became the first ever rock band to be invited to perform at the United Nations general assembly, by UN secretary-general Kofi Annan. On 29 November, the music television channel, VH1, aired a special documentary, Islamabad: Rock City, about the group hosted by Susan Sarandon. On 25 December, Junoon had once again been embraced by the Pakistani government, and were even joined on stage by then the President, General Pervez Musharraf, as he invited them to perform at the mausoleum of Pakistan's founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, on Jinnah's birthday. Although Junoon continues to promote peace and harmony, the band also speaks out on contentious issues that most popular groups avoid. The band served as goodwill ambassadors for HIV/AIDS awareness for the UN and raised several issues.

In 2002, Junoon opened a new chapter by releasing the antiterrorism song "No More" in English, yet another attempt by the group to spread their message to a wider audience. Although, Junoon had previously released English songs on their first two albums, such as "Our Land", "Lady Magic", "Downtown Princes" and "Game of Chance". The song "No More" is the first English song for which Junoon released a music video. CNN aired a 30-minute interview of Junoon on the program Talk Asia. They received rave reviews in The New York Times, Billboard Magazine, The New York Post, Newsweek, and others. On 29 March, Junoon released their second live album and the overall twelfth album, Daur-e-Junoon.

On 16 February 2003, Junoon performed at the Basant Festival Show held in Lahore. On May, 5, the band went to Karachi to perform at the PAF Creek Club. On 18 June, Junoon performed live at the Royal Albert Hall, London, England. On July, 17, the documentary The Rock Star and the Mullahs  by Wide Angel was aired on BBC based upon Junoon and music in Islam. In December, Junoon released their seventh studio album, Dewaar. The single "Garaj Baras" was selected as the soundtrack of the Bollywood movie Paap directed by Pooja Bhatt, the song topped the charts in the country again in 2004. Another single off the album "Pappu Yaar" shot to the No. 1 spot on the music charts in Pakistan. This was the album which last featured the trio together. After the release of the band's seventh studio album bassist, Brian O'Connell went back to United States and vocalist, Ali Azmat went on to pursue his career as a solo singer. In April 2004, Junoon released their third compilation album, Dewaar: The Best of Junoon. In August, Junoon released Ghoom Taana video and a special documentary entitled "Building Bridges" which was screened at a launch ceremony in Karachi in time for the Independence Day celebrations of Pakistan and India. On 14 October, Journeyman Pictures released a short film documentary based on Pakistani music featuring local rock bands, Junoon and Fuzön.

Breakup (2005 – 2008)
Dewaar was the album which last featured the trio together. After the release of the album Brian O'Connell went back to United States. Since his departure, Pakistani musician Mekaal Hasan and the band's producer John Alec have been playing bass guitar for live shows in place. On 2 February 2005, Junoon performed a charity concert for the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami victims at Alhamra Auditorium in Lahore. On 3 March, Salman Ahmad appeared on the documentary It's My Country Too: Muslim Americans aired on BBC television documentary strand This World. The last Junoon concert to feature Ali Azmat took place in Dubai, UAE in March 2005 after which Ali Azmat went on to pursue his career as a solo singer. Later the same year, he released his debut solo album, Social Circus. Shehryar Ahmad, the band manager also departed from the band. Salman Ahmad also released his debut solo album, Infiniti in July 2005.

In September 2007, Junoon re-released three albums, Parvaaz, Azadi and Infiniti with Magnatune. On 11 December, Junoon performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway together with a variety of artists, which was broadcast live to over 100 countries.

On 25 May 2008, Junoon performed in Srinagar for the first time and turned thousands of music lovers hysterical. On 8 June, Ali Azmat performed a duet of "Garaj Baras" with Rahat Fateh Ali Khan along with singles from his solo albums at the Coke Studio season one first session. On 15 August, Ali Azmat released his second album, Klashinfolk, which was recorded at Mekaal Hasan Studios in Lahore. The album received significant critical acclaim across Pakistan, although, like the previous album, it was not a huge commercial success.

Post-breakup: Rock & Roll Jihad (2009 – 2010)

Salman continues to take the band to new heights, from performing at the Nobel Peace Prize, featuring at the Clinton Global Initiative to performing at the Atlantic City House of Blues with multi Academy/Grammy-winning artist Melissa Etheridge after collaborating with her on one of her albums. Salman also featured in the series of Mystical Sufi Tours throughout the US and Canada. He has performed at various educational institutions throughout the world, including Oxford, Harvard, Yale, Stanford various times and continues to actively tour and engage college audiences. He also is actively involved as a professor of Islamic Arts at Queens College NY.

On 12 September 2009, Junoon performed at "The Concert for Pakistan" along with other musicians from around the world, which included Outlandish, Sting held at the UN General Assembly Hall. At the concert Salman Ahmad also performed on stage with Gavin Rossdale covering the song "All Along the Watchtower". On 30 November, Salman Ahmad, as Junoon, announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be "Love Can You Take Me Back". On 12 January 2010, Salman Ahmad published a book, Rock & Roll Jihad: A Muslim Rock Star's Revolution, regarding his time with Junoon and all the struggle he faced to become a rock star. On 14 March, Junoon released the video of their first single. On 25 March, Salman Ahmad was invited at the television programme Good Day L.A. where he talked about his soundtrack album and about the book. On 1 June, Junoon released the soundtrack album Rock & Roll Jihad based on Salman Ahmad and Junoon's musical journey throughout the years.

On 23 July, Salman Ahmad was present at the opening ceremony of Masala Mehndi Masti 2010 in Toronto, Canada. On 24 July, Salman Ahmad with his band performed at the Masala Mehndi Masti 2010. On 26 July, Salman Ahmad appeared on the BBC television programme, HARDtalk, where he talked about religion and music in Islam. In August, Salman Ahmad was interviewed by American music magazine The Rolling Stone, he talked about his novel and the soundtrack album based on the novel. In the interview, Salman informed that in India the book will be published by Jaico Publishing House and will be accompanied by a free cd which includes two singles, "Love Can You Take Me Back" and "Bulleya/Lonely Heart" and also including two other tracks, "Sayonee" and "Meri Awaz Suno". Salman also confirmed that he's currently working on a new Junoon album release, which will release in next year. On 16 August, in an interview with BBC World Service, Salman Ahmad confirmed that he was writing a song named "Khwab" for the Pakistan flood victims to raise funds for them. He also confirmed that the song will be internationally released within a few weeks' time and hopes to record it with Pakistani and Western artists. After a few days, it was confirmed that Salman Ahmad will collaborate with Peter Gabriel on the song "Khwab", in an attempt to raise funds for the Pakistan flood victims. On 25 August, Salman Ahmad talked to Dutch TV about organising a charity concert with various artists to collect money for the flood victims in Pakistan. In September, Salman Ahmad confirmed that he has collaborated with Alison Sudol on the song "Pakistan Humara" (first named "Khwab", later named "Open Your Eyes") for the Pakistan flood victims. Salman further added that Peter Gabriel will be bringing his genius to the song on 6 September. "Will try and send a picture from the studio", says Salman.

In an interview with ABC News, it was confirmed that both the US and British governments have enlisted Salman Ahmad to speak against extremism. On 29 October, Salman Ahmad released the song "Open Your Eyes" with Peter Gabriel and Alison Sudol for the Pakistan flood relief. The song was launched on 2 November, to be downloaded from digital music sites globally. Each dollar for download will go to Pakistan flood relief through their charity organisation, Salman and Samina Global Wellness initiative (SSGWI). After the release of "Open Your Eyes", Peter Gabriel offered Salman Ahmad to record a complete album with his Real World Records label next year. Salman Ahmad also confirmed that he's working on a duet with American artist and producer David Sisko who has worked for the likes of Justin Timberlake & Gwen Stefani.

Partial Reunion: Junoon's 20th anniversary (2011 – 2012)
On 26 January 2011, Junoon performed at Lahore University of Management Sciences for United Nations HIV/AIDS campaign. On 16 March, the single "Pakistan Humara" in collaboration with Peter Gabriel was dedicated to the Pakistan cricket team playing at the 2011 Cricket World Cup. On 18 March, Junoon performed at The College of William & Mary as part of W&M's Asian studies initiative. On 23 March, Junoon launched the music video of the single "Pakistan Humara" directed by Asad Pathan.

On 12 August, in an interview with The Express Tribune Ahmad confirmed that he is set to celebrate Junoon's 20th anniversary with the band's former bassist Brian O'Connell. "We are reaching Junoon's 20th anniversary, so I'm excited about more projects coming up regarding that," Ahmad told The Express Tribune. Ahmad also confirmed that Junoon's 20th anniversary celebration concert will be held at the Asia Society on 24 September in New York. The band also announced that it will release an album to mark two decades of Junoon. The album will be featuring Strings, Farhan Saeed, Bilal Khan, Outlandish, Aag, Usman Riaz, Laal's Taimur Rahman, Momina Mustehsan, and Sajid & Zeeshan. Shoaib Mansoor will be writing lyrics for the band's anniversary album.

On 24 September, Junoon celebrated their 20th anniversary by performing a concert at the Asia Society & Museum in New York City. It was after 8 years that both Salman Ahmad and Brian O'Connell shared the same stage together to celebrate the band's reunion and anniversary. In response to the 20th Anniversary of the band, former vocalist, Ali Azmat in an interview with Newsweek Magazine said that he does not want to associate his name with Junoon as there are some personal issues between Salman Ahmad and him. Azmat also confirmed that Salman Ahmad invited him to be part of the 20th Anniversary reunion concert but he never replied to his emails. On 30 September, Junoon performed at the Crowell Concert Hall in Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States and also released the first edition of their 20th Anniversary album, Junoon 20.

On 21 December, EMI Pakistan released Junoon's 20th anniversary album volume I in a ceremony held at Marriott Hotel, Karachi, Pakistan. On 25 December, Salman Ahmad announced that he will be collaborating with former Vital Signs lead vocalist, Junaid Jamshed to record a 21st-century version of the two famous Pakistani patriotic songs "Dil Dil Pakistan" and "Jazba-e-Junoon". Ahmad also stated that the rehearsal session was captured by Ahmad's son, Imran, with his phone. "The video and the photo contain a true emotion providing a rare glimpse of hope for the new generation. Two days ago, my dear friend and Vital Signs bandmate, Junaid Jamshed and I came together to rehearse after many years. We felt inspired to sing two anthems of our youth; 'Jazba Junoon' and 'Dil Dil Pakistan'."

On 28 April 2012, Junoon travelled on a tour to India performing at Mumbai. On 3 May, Junoon paid tribute to Khwaja Gharib Nawaz by performing an informal concert of Sufi songs in Ajmer Sharif. Followed by performing at BlueFrog in the capital city, New Delhi at a sold-out concert on 10 May. Salman Ahmed, lead vocalist of the band, confirmed, during his tour to India, in an interview that he has collaborated with singer Sunidhi Chauhan recording two songs, "Yaaron" and "Kaise Bolun", for Vicky Kumar's Bollywood movie, Rhythm.

Collaborations (2013 – 2016)
Former members of Vital Signs and Junoon collaborated to release a patriotic song, "Naya Pakistan". The song is written by Salman Ahmad and Aania Shah featuring Shahi Hassan on bass, Nusrat Hussain on keyboards and percussions, and vocalist Junaid Jamshed. The song was recorded at Indus Music World Studios and released on 22 February 2013.

Salman Ahmed while talking about his latest project at Asia Talk on BBC said, "For almost a decade, Junaid has always asked me not to bring guitar or to ask him to sing. When you are friends with somebody you always have to transcend differences and I respect Junaid's views. Junaid once told me that his biggest regret was not to be a part of Jazba Junoon's recording. So when we came up with 'Naya Pakistan', I asked him that this is the chance that's not going to come again so finally Junaid accepted the offer with the condition that he will sing only the opening lines with no music at all." and further added "it signifies the metaphor for unity as we have to compromise for unity in hope of Naya Pakistan."

After a long hiatus, Junoon released a new album titled Door in December 2016 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the band. The first single from the album is also titled "Door Bohat Door" and the music video was shot in Gwadar, Balochistan featuring Wasim Akram.

Coke Studio debut and more collaborations (2017)
On 18 August, Junoon produced and performed their hit song "Sayonee" at Coke Studio 10th season, where Salman Ahmad served as the musical director and featured renowned artists like Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and Ali Noor, from Noori on the vocals. The single received mixed reviews from many critics, such as a writer for Dawn reportedly saying that "even the best fall down sometimes" while a piece in The News International said, "'Sayonee', sung by Ali Noor and Rahat Fateh Ali Khan with music directed by Salman Ahmed as Junoon is quite possibly one of the worst songs to have emerged from Coke Studio – not from just this season but in its ten years, the standard has never dropped to this degree until now." and the Daily Pakistan reported that the rendition "...left a bad taste in your mouth".

After the release of "Sayonee", Salman Ahmad recomposed the song "Ghoom Taana" for Coke Studio, he revealed to Samaa TV about this recreation, "Ayesha, Eman, Sajar and Simal were at a singing competition where I was a judge in January. I picked them out of 25 participants." He then convinced the executive producers of the show; Bilal Maqsood and Faisal Kapadia; to give them a chance and they accepted. On bringing forward the new talent; the four girls called Irteassh; he said, "We just need to give them a platform of arts and culture. They will succeed and show the world that Pakistan is a beautiful and rich country". He changed the old sound of the song to add a cinematic feel. While, he added that, Momina Mustehsan also wanted to join him as she sung earlier with him when they were in New York. On September 15, the song aired as part of the show sixth episode.

Reunion (2018 – Present)
In August 2018, Ali Azmat, Brian O' Connell, and Salman Ahmad came together once again to release a new video for the song "Khudi", sponsored by a biscuit company. On 25 December 2018, Junoon including Ali Azmat, Salman Ahmad and Brian O Connell reunited after 13 years to a sold-out concert in Karachi, Pakistan at the Moin Khan Academy.

This was followed by another sold-out concert in Dubai on 17 January 2019. Junoon has now embarked on a world tour with UK in Aug 2019, US and Canada in Oct/19 Nov. Back to Dubai in November 2019. The band will be performing together as Junoon till further notice. In the new lineup, American drummer and musician Taylor Simpson joined as the drummer of the band.

A concert in Brampton, near Toronto Canada is planned on January 28, 2022

On February 18, Junoon performed at the Dubai Exhibition Centre at Dubai Expo 2020 representing the line up featured by the Pakistan pavilion. The concert was unique in that it featured Faisal Kapadia and Goher Mumtaz during the closing set (who were in attendance during the event).

Music

Language

On their debut album Junoon and their second album Talaash, songs were written in both the English and Urdu languages, but since then the band has only written songs in Urdu, with the only exceptions being "No More" from the live album Junoon for Peace and the single "Piya (Ocean of Love)", which is a duet with Morten Harket of A-ha. The soundtrack album Rock & Roll Jihad released in 2010 contain five tracks written in English by Salman Ahmad. Some of the songs recorded by Junoon are based on traditional or Sufi compositions in Punjabi, Saraiki, and other languages spoken in Pakistan.

Influence
Salman Ahmad, writer of most of the band's lyrics and music scores, says that he gets most of his inspiration for Junoon's songs from Led Zeppelin and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan music. Songs like "Lal Meri Pat" (from Azadi), "Dharti" (from Andaz) and "Mera Mahi" (from Inquilaab) are some examples of this influence. Another great influence of the band was poetry. The lyrics for the song "Khwaab" was taken by a poem called"khwaab hakikat na sahi" by a poet named Faiza Fiza in her book, chaand aur mein. Other songs, such as "Garaj Baras" and "Taara Jala" (from Dewaar) have elements of hard rock, and some others, like "Yaar Bina" (from Azadi), "Zamane Ke Andaz" (from Andaz) and the album Parvaaz have elements of classical music. Bands stated as influence include Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Van Halen, U2, Bee Gees, A-ha and Queen.

Poetry by famous poets like Maulana Rumi, Allama Iqbal and Bulleh Shah are also a big influence on Junoon's music.

On the other hand, Junoon has also been noted as a source of inspiration for other bands. Atif Aslam, former lead vocalist of rock band Jal, has done many covers of Junoon's music, most notably "Dosti" of which a video was also released. Atif Aslam also acknowledged that Junoon had greatly inspired him. Goher Mumtaz, lead guitarist of Jal, has also shown fondness for Junoon and acknowledged that some early work of the band has inspired him. In an interview, internationally acclaimed pop rock band Strings have acknowledged that Junoon has been influential to the band for making a comeback in the local music industry in 2000. In 2007, Strings performed a cover of Junoon's single version of "Lal Meri Pat" at Oslo Mela. Underground local band, Jumbo Jutt paid tribute to Junoon by covering their single "Sajna". Pakistani rock band Call performed a live session cover of Junoon's hit song "Bulleya" on Indus Music. Indian singer Harshdeep Kaur have covered Junoon's single "Saeein" in many live performances. The instrumental song "Aap Aur Hum" (also known as "Jugalbandi", from Talaash) was covered by American rock band Black Clover Leaf, adding vocals to the instrumental and releasing it on their self-titled debut album as "Breathe", in 2009.

Musical style

Junoon performs a blend of western music and classical eastern poetry. Junoon aimed to combine loud guitar riffs with the tranquility of Sufi poetry by the likes of Maulana Rumi, Shah Hussain, Bulleh Shah (in the song "Bulleya") and Allama Iqbal. Their music has been based on worldly issues and to have peace in the world. Their music has been one major force that has truly kept the national spirits high amidst the prevailing social woes which have surely worsened in the last three decades. Songs like "Jazba-e-Junoon", "Talaash", "Main Kaun Hoon" and "Sayonee" are examples. Their music has been captivating to the Pakistani youth for over ten years and have been the only saving grace of Pakistani music internationally after the departure of groups like Vital Signs and Nazia and Zoheb.

While the music of Junoon is centered around a male lead singer, the band has also featured some female vocals on their albums ever since their self-titled debut release Junoon. Since the release of their third studio album Inquilaab the band's music has been based on classical eastern poetry blending with western music. Their seventh studio album Dewaar featured elements of hard rock and heavy metal music with songs like "Garaj Baras" and "Dewaar".

Live performances

As the band started to gain success after the release of their third studio album Inquilaab, Junoon went on their first full-scale tour of the United States, performing from Birmingham, Alabama, to Los Angeles where the appeared at the House of Blues and from there to New York's Roosevelt Hotel, which featured in Newsweek Magazine.

Awards and nominations

Junoon won the "Best International Group" award at the Channel V Awards in New Delhi in 1998, beating Prodigy, Sting and Def Leppard. The Band's first international release Azadi, went triple platinum in India alone. "Sayonee" was at the top of the MTV India and Channel V charts for over two months. Junoon won the Award for "Best Rock Band" at the Indus Music awards in 2004 and from ARY Asian/Bollywood Awards. Junoon has also been awarded several awards for their contribution towards peace and South East culture by BBC, UNESCO and South Asian Journalists Association. Junoon was nominated for Best Musical Group at the Lux Style Awards several years in a row

Discography

Studio albums

Junoon (1991)
Talaash (1993)
Inquilaab (1996)
Azadi (1997)
Parvaaz (1999)
Andaz (2001)
Dewaar (2003)
Door (2016)
9th Studio Music Album (Junoon Album)(TBA)

Band members

Current members
Salman Ahmad – vocals, lead guitar (1990–present)
 Ali Azmat – vocals, backing vocals, rhythm guitar (1990–2005, 2018–present)
Brian O'Connell – bass guitar, backing vocals (1992–2003, 2011–present)
Taylor Simpson – drums, percussion (2018–present)

Former members
 Nusrat Hussain – keyboard (1990–1992)

See also
 List of Pakistani music bands

References

Bibliography

Published sources
 Boston Globe, 2 May 2002, p. B1.
 Herald, May 2003.
 Journal News (Westchester, NY), 30 June 2001, p. B3.
 Los Angeles Times, 7 August 1998, p. 6.
 San Francisco Chronicle, 10 February 2003, p. A1.
 Seattle Times, 2 May 2002, p. F3

Literature

External links

Official Forums

Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
Musical groups reestablished in 2009
Pakistani musical trios
Pakistani musical groups
Pakistani rock music groups
Musical groups from Lahore
World music groups
Performers of Sufi music

Junoon (band)


La hipótesis del cometa Clovis es una hipótesis de una gran explosión en el aire o un impacto astronómico de un objeto u objetos del espacio exterior que dio comienzo al período frío denominado Dryas Reciente hace 12 900 años (según el método de datación por carbono calibrado) o hace 10 900 años (según el método no calibrado).

Un escenario propone que una explosión en el aire o un impacto en la Tierra con un enjambre raro de condritas carbonáceas o cometas prendió fuego a vastas zonas de América del Norte, causando la extinción de la mayoría de los grandes animales en América del Norte y la desaparición de la cultura Clovis al final de la última glaciación.
Estos cuerpos estelares habrían estallado sobre o en la capa de hielo Laurentino al norte de los grandes lagos. Una explosión aérea podría haber sido similar pero haber tenido una magnitud superior en varios órdenes a la del evento de Tunguska en 1908. La vida animal y humana que no pereció directamente por la explosión o como resultado de los incendios forestales que asolaron el continente de costa a costa, habría perecido de hambre al estar quemada toda la superficie del continente.

Resultado

Se conjetura que este impacto provocó la extinción de muchos mamíferos de América del Norte. Estos animales incluyen a los camélidos, mastodontes, el oso de cara corta y muchas otras especies. Los marcadores para el impacto también aparecen al final de la cultura Clovis.

Historia de la hipótesis

La revista británica Nature publicó esta hipótesis en una noticia del 17 de mayo de 2007.

El 24 de mayo de 2007, en una reunión de la Unión Geofísica Estadounidense en la ciudad de Acapulco (México), se discutió esta hipótesis y reveló la evidencia.

El 27 de septiembre de 2007 se presentó un artículo presentando resultados del grupo de Acapulco en Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. De acuerdo con el estudio, el impacto puede haber conducido a disminuir inmediatamente la población humana en América del Norte en ese momento.

El escenario ha sido objeto de críticas y dudas.
En 2010, Richard Kerr, especialista en impacto, estudió esta hipótesis y concluyó que nunca hubo tal impacto, ya que no pudo encontrar señales físicas del hecho.

En 2011, un grupo de expertos descartó las supuestas pruebas de la existencia del evento.

En cambio, en 2014, un estudio publicado en la revista The Journal of Geology por un grupo colaborativo internacional de científicos apoyó la hipótesis de que un impacto cósmico precipitó el período Dryas Reciente.

Referencias

Cometas
Extinción
Impactos astronómicos
Misterio

it:Impatto cosmico del Dryas recente
pl:Kometa clovis
zh:新仙女木事件

Hipótesis del cometa Clovis


An Platanthera hyperborea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Platanthera hyperborea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Platanthera

Platanthera hyperborea


Arctic Race of Norway 2018 var den sjette udgave af cykelløbet Arctic Race of Norway. Løbet var klassificeret som kategori 2.HC, og foregik over fire etaper i Finnmark. Løbet startede i Vadsø 16. august, og sluttede i Alta 19. august. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev russiske Sergej Tjernetskij fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
Jesper Hansen kørte for
Nicolai Brøchner kørte for
Louis Bendixen kørte for Team Coop

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Arctic Race of Norway
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Arctic Race of Norway 2018


Salzedas Portekiz'de Tarouca belediyesine bağlı olan, 8,92 km2; yüzölçümüne sahip, 861 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Tarouca

Salzedas


Eye in the Sky (Ochiul din cer) este un roman științifico-fantastic al scriitorului american Philip K. Dick. A apărut în 1957 la editura Ace.

După un accident la acceleratorul de particule Betatron din Belmont, opt persoane sunt aruncate în mai multe universuri alternative. Aceste universuri sunt mai târziu descoperite a fi manifestări solipsiste ale temerilor și prejudecăților interioare ale fiecărui individ, aducând povestea în concordanță cu înclinația lui Dick față de realitățile subiective. Pe lângă discuțiile viitoare despre teologie și despre temerile legate de autoritarismul din epoca McCarthy, romanul denaturează mai multe slăbiciuni umane.

Titlul se referă la ochiul lui Dumnezeu, care apare ca un personaj în universul fundamentalistului religios Arthur Sylvester. Romanul are o tematică asemănătoare cu Labirintul morții.

Prezentare

În timpul unei vizite la acceleratorul fictiv Bevatron din Belmont în 1959 (în viitor față de apariția romanului în 1957), opt oameni sunt blocați într-o serie de lumi iluzorii alternative. Cauza incidentului este o funcționare defectuoasă a acceleratorului de particule, care a plasat toate părțile vătămate în stări de inconștiență totală sau parțială.

Jack Hamilton, personajul central, este demis din funcția sa de la Laboratoarele de Întreținere din California din cauza paranoiei din era McCarthy - datorită simpatiei față de politica de stânga a soției sale Marsha; această concediere este instigată de șeful de securitate Charlie McFeyffe. Bill Laws, un afro-american care deține un doctorat în fizică, este angajat ca ghid turistic la Bevatron. Arthur Sylvester este un conservator politic în vârstă și credincios într-o cosmologie geocentrică depășită, bazată pe de bábism. Joan Reiss este o femeie paranoică patologică, iar Edith Pritchet este o mamă în vârstă care cenzurează tot ce nu-i convine. Fiul ei David, împreună cu Charlie McFeyffe, completează grupul celor opt care fac turul acceleratorului.

După ce Bevatron are defecțiuni, toți cei opt membri ai grupului sunt răniți de o pasarelă care se prăbușește și sunt puternic afectați de radiații. Ei se trezesc într-o lume în care minunile, rugăciunile și blestemele sunt întâmplări obișnuite. Hamilton și Charles McFeyffe călătoresc în ceruri și văd un ochi gargantuan al lui Dumnezeu. Ei descoperă că sunt în mintea lui Arthur Sylvester și încearcă să-l trezească. În schimb, ei ajung într-un univers diferit. Următorul univers este o caricatură a moralității victoriene în care Edith Pritchett a abolit tot ceea ea a considerat neplăcut, iar cel de-al treilea univers dezvăluie iluziile paranoice ale lui Joan Reiss.

În cele din urmă, grupul ajunge într-o caricatură marxistă a societății contemporane din SUA. Personajele descoperă că nu Marsha Hamilton a creat această lume. În schimb, Charles McFeyffe este dezvăluit ca fiind un comunist care își folosește funcția de șef de securitate pentru a promova idealurile Partidului Comunist.

După ce McFeyffe este trezit, grupul crede că s-a întors în lumea reală. Jack Hamilton și Bill Laws au o afacere mică  în tehnologia stereofonică. Dezvăluirea afirmațiilor marxiste ale lui McFeyffe este respinsă ca fiind nerealizabilă. Romanul se termină ambiguu, deoarece este neclar dacă grupul s-a întors în realitate sau dacă încă mai trăiește în universul altcuiva.

Primire
Anthony Boucher a lăudat romanul ca fiind "frumos calculat și dezlănțuit cu desăvârșire", spunând că el "nu a văzut niciodată [această] temă tratată cu o mai mare dexteritate tehnică sau cu mai mult sens psihologic".

Moștenire
Episodul 20 al anime-ului science fiction Ergo Proxy, intitulat "Goodbye Vincent. Eye Sacred in the Void" (La revedere, Vincent. Ochiul Sacru din Vid), se bazează pe Eye in the Sky. În acest episod, protagonistul se trezește blocat în subconștientul cuiva, probabil unul dintre personajele principale și trebuie să treacă prin diverse realități, în timp ce se gândește cum să scape. Dar totul este mai mult decât o ficțiune creată de creierul în care este prins.

Într-un eseu din 1968, intitulat "Autoportret", antologat în cartea The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick (1995), Dick vorbește despre opera sa și despre cărțile care crede că "s-ar putea să supraviețuiască Celui de-al Treilea Război Mondial": Eye in the Sky, Omul din castelul înalt, Martian Time-Slip, Dr. Bloodmoney, The Zap Gun, The Penultimate Truth, The Simulacra, Cele trei stigmate ale lui Palmer Eldritch (pe care îl consideră "cel mai plin de viață dintre toate"), Visează androizii oi electrice?, și Ubik.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
1957 în literatură
Realitatea simulată în ficțiune

Romane din 1957
Romane americane
Romane științifico-fantastice
Romane de Philip K. Dick
1957 în științifico-fantastic

Eye in the Sky


Høvik Station (Høvik stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Drammenbanen, der ligger i kvarteret Høvik i Bærum kommune i Norge.  Stationen består af fem spor, hvoraf de tre i midten benyttes til vending, deling og hensætning af tog. Ved de to yderste spor er der bygget 220 meter lange sideliggende perroner med adgang via en gangtunnel og en vejbro. Stationen betjenes af lokaltog mellem Spikkestad og Lillestrøm.

Stationen åbnede 1. maj 1874, halvandet år efter åbningen af Drammenbanen. Den blev fjernstyret 3. december 1992 og gjort ubemandet 15. januar 1995. Stationen var lukket fra april 2013 til december 2015, mens der gennemførtes en total ombygning, der blandt andet omfattede en nedrivning af stationsbygningen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Drammenbanen
Etableret i 1874
Jernbanestationer i Bærum

Høvik Station


Rebecca Lord (París; 16 de febrero de 1973) es una actriz pornográfica y directora francesa, que ha estado activa desde 1993 hasta 2015, habiendo trabajando tanto en producciones europeas como estadounidenses.

Filmografía (parcial)
Secretaries (2010)
I Am a Sex Addict (2005)
Going Off the DP End (2005)
31 Flavors (2005)
Coxxxuckers 2 (2005)
Jaw Breakers 3 (2004)
Jaw Breakers (2003)
The Erotic Misadventures of the Invisible Man (2003)
Stupri di guerra (2002)
Laura Crotch, Tomb Raider (2001)
Virgin Kink 17 (2001)
 Chez Twat (2001)
Torment 13 (2001)
Taken (2001)
Trixxx 2 (2000)
Trixxx (1999)
Pornogothic (1998)
Up and Cummers 15 (1995)
Naked Ambition (1995)
A Clockwork Orgy (1995)
Virtual Reality 69 (1995)
The Last Act (1995)
Luna Chick (1995) (como Rebecca Lords)
Attitude (1995)
Private Film 10: Money for Nothing, Sex for Free (1994) (como Rebecca Carre)
Fantasy Chamber (1994)
De Sade (1994)
Private Video Magazine 16 (1994)
Rebecca's World Tour: French Edition (1994)
Scuole superiori (1994) (come Rebecca)
Private Film 15: Golden Triangle (1994)
The Devil in Miss Jones 5: The Inferno (1994)
Gangbang Girl 14 (1994)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de París
Actrices pornográficas de Francia
Nacidos en París

Rebecca Lord


George Popoviciu (), ortografiat în unele surse și ca George Popovici sau Gheorghe Popovici, a fost un delegat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Face primele studii în comuna sa natală, apoi trece la școala primară din Lugoj, de unde continuă să urmeze clasele liceului de stat, trecând bacalaureatul în anul 1881. Frecventează apoi cursurile facultății de Teologie din Cernăuți și este promovat doctor în științele teologice la data de 23 martie 1885.

În vara anului 1886 este chemat de către episcopul Popasu la Caransebeș, pentru a susține la Seminarul de acolo cursurile de dogmatică. Funcționează în calitate de profesor de dogmatică în anul școlar 1886-1887. La data de 13 septembrie 1887 este ales ca protopop, credincioșii alegându-l în unanimitate. La data de 17 septembrie același an, George Popoviciu se căsătorește cu Elena, fiica preotului Vasilie Ianculescu din Jurești. La câteva zile de la acest eveniment important, este hirotonit ca diacon și mai apoi sfințit ca preot.

La data de 7 noiembrie este hirotonit ca protopresbiter și după o săptămână este instalat protopop la Lugoj. În această înaltă funcție, George Popoviciu a ajuns pe când avea doar 25 de ani, așadar el era singurul protopop atât de tânăr din întreaga Mitropolie a Transilvaniei.

În ceea ce privește activitatea sa literară, acesta a dat roade destul de bogate. Pe lângă nenumăratele articole pe care le-a scris în diferite ziare și reviste, a mai publicat o serie întreagă de cărți cu subiect bisericesc, dar mai ales studii istorice asupra Banatului, fapt care l-a consacrat ca fiind istoriograf-banatolog de mare valoare, în urma acestor lucrări fiind ales membru corespondent al Academiei Române. Primele articole pe care le-a scris ca student la teologie, au fost publicate în revista creștină "Candela" din Cernăuți.

Ca profesor la Caransebeș și ca protopop de Lugoj, a publicat mai multe articole în "Revista teologică" din Sibiu. A colaborat apoi pentru partea bisericească la "Enciclopedia română", publicată de Asociație sub îngrijirea lui Constantin Daicoviciu.

A fost redactorul memoriului politico-istoric asupra Banatului, memorie care a fost semnat de toți fruntașii români ai Banatului, memoriu prin care s-a cerut integritatea Banatului.

Activitatea politică
Ca protopop al Lugojului, George Popoviciu a dezvoltat o mare și fecundă activitate atât pe plan politic cât și cel literar. A fost un membru important al Partidului Național Român. După instalarea sa ca protopop a fost ales ca președinte al clubului acestui partid iar după 5 ani a fost proclamat președinte al organizației partidului din tot județul Caraș- Severin. Pe acest post, George Popoviciu a activat până după primul război mondial.

Între anii 1892-1893 a fost și vicepreședinte în comitetul central al Partidului Național Român. Ca luptător politic a candidat la alegerile parlamentare din 1906 și a fost ales deputat în Dieta din Budapesta pentru circumpscripția Lugojului.

A fost reprezentantul protopopiatului ortodox Lugoj la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1918. Tot el a fost și cel care a prezidat cele două mari Adunări poporale ținute în 1919 la Lugoj și la Timișoara și a redactat memoriul pentru integritatea Banatului.

În anul 1921 înființează cu mai mulți fruntași ai vieții publice românești, organizația partidului  național-liberal din județul Caraș-Severin, fiind ales președinte al acestei organizații.

La alegerile din 1927 a fost ales din nou senator pentru consiliile comunale.

Recunoaștere

A fost decorat cu ordinele "Steaua României" și "Coroana României" în grad de "comandor" și cu "Răsplata muncii pentru Biserică".

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)
Ioan Munteanu, Dumitru Tomoni, Vasile M. Zaberca, Banatul și Marea Unire. Bănățeni la Alba Iulia, Timișoara, Editura Partoș, 2018

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1862
Decese în 1927
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Comandor al Ordinului Steaua României
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României
Protopopi români

George Popoviciu


Le Chromebook Pixel est un ordinateur portable de 2013 haut de gamme de la famille Chromebook de Google, qui sont tous préinstallés avec le système d'exploitation Chrome OS. Le Chromebook Pixel fait partie de la série d'appareils électroniques grand public Google Pixel. Un modèle mis à jour a été publié en 2015. Chromebook Pixel a cessé de recevoir des mises à jour logicielles et de sécurité en .

Histoire
Le Chromebook Pixel a été lancé le  et les livraisons ont commencé immédiatement. Sundar Pichai, vice-président senior de l'ingénierie en charge de Chrome et d'Android à l'époque, a déclaré que l'objectif derrière le modèle Pixel haut de gamme était « de repousser les limites et de construire quelque chose de premium ». Il y a deux ans, les ingénieurs de Google se sont lancés dans le projet Labor of love' en se demandant : « Que pourrions-nous faire si nous voulions vraiment concevoir le meilleur ordinateur possible au meilleur prix possible ? ».

La machine a été assemblée en Chine. Contrairement à ses partenariats annoncés publiquement utilisés pour la fabrication de ses téléphones et tablettes Nexus, Google n'a pas divulgué son sous-traitant de fabrication pour le fabrication du Chromebook Pixel.

Début 2015, un dirigeant de Google a déclaré que le Chromebook Pixel était « une plate-forme de développement. C'est vraiment une preuve de concept. Nous n'en fabriquons pas beaucoup - nous ne le faisons vraiment pas », confirmant la lenteur des ventes du Chromebook Pixel, mais a ajouté « nous avons un nouveau [Chromebook] Pixel qui sort. » Le Chromebook Pixel mis à jour a été annoncé le  et le modèle 2013 a été immédiatement discontinué.

En , Google a discontinué le Chromebook Pixel. Le , Google a annoncé l'ordinateur hybride portable/tablette Pixelbook comme successeur du Chromebook Pixel.

Conception
Évaluée dans le haut de gamme du marché des ordinateurs portables pour sa sortie aux États-Unis le , la machine comportait un écran tactile qui avait la densité de pixels la plus élevée de tous les ordinateurs portables, un processeur plus rapide que ses prédécesseurs dans le Intel Core i5,  de stockage à semi-conducteurs, un design extérieur décrit par Wired comme « un bloc d'aluminium rectangulaire austère avec des bords subtilement arrondis », et une barre lumineuse colorée sur le couvercle ajoutée uniquement pour son facteur cool. Un deuxième Pixel doté d'une communication sans fil 4G et d'une capacité de stockage deux fois supérieure a été expédié pour arriver le  et avait un prix légèrement plus élevé que le modèle de base.

En plus sur Chrome OS, le Pixel, ainsi que d'autres Chromebooks, peuvent exécuter d'autres systèmes d'exploitation, notamment Ubuntu et Android, qui à leur tour prennent en charge davantage d'applications hors ligne. L'inventeur de Linux, Linus Torvalds, a remplacé Chrome OS sur son Chromebook Pixel par Fedora 18, en utilisant le travail des ingénieurs Red Hat. Torvalds avait fait l'éloge de l'écran Pixel mais pas du système d'exploitation, qui, selon lui, était mieux adapté à un matériel plus lent.

Affichage 3:2

Chromebook Pixel a introduit un écran de 12,85 pouces avec un rapport d'aspect de 3:2.The Verge a fait l'éloge :Mais l'écran 3:2 du Pixel, qui est presque aussi haut que large, me fait me demander pourquoi personne d'autre n'a pensé à le faire - l'écran de 12,85 pouces n'est pas aussi large qu'un écran standard de 13 pouces, et vous obtenez une boîte aux lettres au-dessus et au-dessous de n'importe quel film que vous regardez, mais le compromis est simplement plus d'espace vertical pour lire une page Web. Le rapport d'aspect inhabituel était probablement une décision plus facile à prendre pour Google, car les pages Web comprennent l'ensemble du système d'exploitation, mais je souhaite que chaque ordinateur portable offre un écran 3:2. Cela n'arrivera pas, bien sûr, ce qui n'est que plus de fourrage pour mon désir d'un Pixel.

Mise à jour de 2015
La mise à jour de 2015 a réduit le prix et remplacé le port d'alimentation, qui utilisait auparavant un connecteur cylindrique propriétaire, par deux ports USB-C, un de chaque côté de la machine. Étant donné que les ports USB-C transportaient également la vidéo, le Mini DisplayPort n'était pas inclus dans le modèle 2015 ; à part cela, les ports sont les mêmes. En interne, le clavier a été légèrement modifié pour utiliser des touches standard pour la rangée supérieure, et la durée de vie de la batterie a été augmentée à 12 heures.

De plus, un modèle haut de gamme Pixel LS (Ludicrous Speed) a été mis à disposition avec un processeur Core i7. Une version mise à jour de Chrome OS a ajouté la prise en charge des applications Android sur le Chromebook Pixel 2015 en 2016.

Caractéristiques

Réception
Depuis son lancement en , le Chromebook Pixel a reçu une grande attention des médias technologiques, établissant des comparaisons immédiates avec les machines de Microsoft Windows à prix similaire et le MacBook Air. Le magazine Forbes a comparé défavorablement le Chromebook Pixel à des MacBook à prix similaire. L'examinateur a noté que le prix élevé du Chromebook Pixel s'accompagnait de limitations distinctes causées par Chrome OS.

Un examen sur CNET a noté les spécifications techniques élevées du Chromebook Pixel. Cependant, l'examen a également noté que « Chrome OS basé sur le Web nécessite que vous soyez en ligne pour effectuer la plupart des tâches ; les applications Web ne peuvent pas encore se comparer à la plupart des logiciels Windows ou Mac, en particulier pour les activités centrées sur les médias comme la vidéo ». De même, PC Magazine a déclaré que « le Chromebook Pixel est essentiellement un ordinateur portable client léger avec un écran brillant».

L'examen d'Engadget a été impressionné par la qualité de construction et l'attention portée aux détails, en particulier pour la première tentative de Google sur un ordinateur portable. Cependant, l'examinateur a également considéré que le prix, qui correspondait aux ordinateurs portables haut de gamme au moment de la sortie, était trop élevé compte tenu des limites du système. « Il englobe un monde où tout le monde est toujours connecté et où tout se fait sur le Web - un monde dans lequel peu de gens vivent actuellement. ».

La durée de vie de la batterie, la chaleur et le bruit du ventilateur ont été critiqués dans une revue ZDNet. Le critique a également déclaré : « Le Chromebook Pixel fait très bien tout ce qu'il peut faire, mais avec un manque d'applications tactiles optimisées disponibles et aucune prise en charge des applications de bureau/héritées, son utilisation pourrait être limitée, selon vos besoins. ».

Un critique de The Verge a été impressionné par la qualité de la finition et les spécifications techniques, mais a trouvé que le produit manquait de certaines fonctionnalités logicielles telles que l'édition d'images sur Photoshop et des outils de productivité tels que Evernote. Ces lacunes l'ont incité à abandonner le Chromebook Pixel lorsqu'il travaillait et à revenir à son MacBook.

The Register and PC World ont vu le Chromebook Pixel comme une machine conceptuelle, une offre de Google pour pousser ses partenaires matériels à produire des appareils plus riches en fonctionnalités. Interrogé par la BBC, Geoff Blaber, analyste de CCS Insight, a déclaré que « les Chromebooks ont lutté pour la pertinence », coincés entre des tablettes largement utilisées pour le divertissement et des PC plus fonctionnels. Le Pixel « ne transformera pas les perspectives [du Chromebook], mais Google espère qu'il servira d'appareil phare qui aura un effet de halo pour le portefeuille plus large».

Voir aussi
 Google Nexus

Notes et références

Ordinateur portable
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Chromebook Pixel


Culture et vie (en ) est un hebdomadaire national ukrainien.

Histoire
Le journal est fondé en janvier 1913 par Hnat Khotkevytch. Il est refondé le 7 octobre 1923 sous le titre Littérature, Science et Art en annexe du journal Izvestia VUTSVK. Son premier rédacteur en chef fut Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny.

En 1925, il fait partie du journal Culture and Everyday Life, qui est publié en 1925-1928 en complément des Izvestia VUTSVK . De janvier 1929 à novembre 1930 s'appelait Littérature et Art. Il est publié sous le même nom en 1941-1944 dans diverses villes - Kiev, Vorochilovgrad, Oufa, Moscou, Kharkiv. En 1945-1954, il s'appelle Art soviétique, puis en 1955-1964, Culture soviétique. Le nom moderne, Culture et Vie, a été adopté le 3 mai 1965.

Après l'indépendance de l'Ukraine, il devient l'organe de presse officiel du ministère de la Culture de l'Ukraine. Il est ainsi refondé par le ministère de la Culture d'Ukraine, le Comité central du Syndicat de la culture d'Ukraine et la rédaction collective du travail.

Depuis 2017, il est publié sous licence CC-BY 3.0.

Références

Liens externes

 Культура і життя // Encyclopédie de l'Ukraine moderne
 90e anniversaire du journal "Culture et Vie"

Presse écrite en ukrainien
Titre de presse créé en 1923

Culture et Vie


Live at the Royal Albert Hall es el primer concierto de la cantante Adele que se vende en DVD, Blu-ray y CD del 29 de noviembre de 2011. El show fue grabado en el Royal Albert Hall de Londres con motivo de la gira Adele Live el 22 de septiembre de 2011.

Antecedentes
El 26 de octubre de 2011 se anunció que Adele lanzaría un concierto en DVD y Blu-ray, junto a un CD, grabado en vivo desde el Royal Albert Hall. El concierto dura noventa minutos y además incluyen nueve minutos escenas secuenciales. El listado de canciones cuenta con material de sus álbumes 19 y 21, además de «I Can't Make You Love Me» de Bonnie Raitt y «If It Hadn't Been For Love» de The Steeldrivers.

Listado de canciones

 «Hometown Glory»
 «I'll Be Waiting»
 «Don't You Remember»
 «Turning Tables»
 «Set Fire to the Rain»
 «If It Hadn't Been for Love»
 «My Same»
 «Take It All»
 «Rumour Has It»
 «Right as Rain»
 «One and Only»
 «Lovesong »
 «Chasing Pavements»
 «I Can't Make You Love Me»
 «Make You Feel My Love»
 «Someone like You»
 «Rolling in the Deep»

Fuente:

Certificaciones

Referencias

Álbumes de Adele
Videoálbumes de 2011
Álbumes en inglés
Álbumes de R&B
Álbumes grabados en el Royal Albert Hall
Álbumes de pop
Álbumes de blues

Live at the Royal Albert Hall (álbum de Adele)