Joe Jackson Gibbs (born November 25, 1940)  is an American auto racing team owner and former football coach. He served two stints as the head coach of the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL), from 1981 to 1992 and then 2004 to 2007. Gibbs led them to nine playoff appearances, four NFC Championship titles, and three Super Bowl wins over 16 total seasons.

Gibbs was named NFL Coach of the Year in 1982 and 1983 and is the only head coach to have won Super Bowls with three different starting quarterbacks. He and his family founded the NASCAR team Joe Gibbs Racing in 1992, which has since won five NASCAR championships. Gibbs was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1996 and the NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2020, the only member of both, and was voted onto the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team.

Biography
Born in Mocksville, North Carolina, Gibbs is the oldest of two sons of Jackson Cephus Gibbs (1916–1989) and Winnie Era Blalock (1915–2000). He graduated from Santa Fe High School in 1959, where he played quarterback. Gibbs attended Cerritos College before earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964 and a master's degree in 1966 from San Diego State University.

Career
Gibbs began his career in 1964 coaching offensive linemen under Don Coryell for the San Diego State Aztecs football team. He served two years each at Florida State, USC, and Arkansas . Gibbs then advanced to the National Football League, hired as the offensive backfield coach for the St. Louis Cardinals (1973–1977) by Coryell, who had been named head coach . After a season as offensive coordinator for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1978) under McKay, Gibbs rejoined Coryell with the San Diego Chargers in 1979.

Advocating for black quarterbacks in the NFL
While in Tampa, Gibbs developed the reputation as a leading pioneer for championing black quarterbacks in the NFL, which was considered extremely controversial at the time. After thoroughly studying Matt Cavanaugh, who led Pitt to a national championship, Guy Benjamin, an All-American from Stanford University, and Doug Williams from Grambling State University, Gibbs rated Williams as the best professional prospect, and informed head coach McKay that Williams would be "hands down and without question" the best quarterback in the 1978 NFL Draft. According to Tony Dungy, "People don't realize that Joe Gibbs changed the face of the NFL by having the courage to say, in a Southern town at that time, that Doug Williams is the guy we should take. When Tampa drafted Doug, it shocked the whole country to take this unknown from Grambling over those star players from Pitt and Stanford. But that was Joe Gibbs. He was looking for the best player possible." With the recommendation of Gibbs, Tampa Bay selected Williams, and became the first African-American drafted in the first round to play quarterback.

In his book Rise of the Black QB, author Jason Reid cited an incident in the 1978 Tampa Bay training camp, in which quarterbacks coach Bill Nelsen began berating Williams in what was described as going beyond coaching and becoming a personal attack. Just a position coach at the time, Gibbs, who was at the opposite end of the field, sprinted over to Nelsen and confronted him. "I think Coach Gibbs knew that it wasn't a matter of being coached hard," recalled Williams. "I mean, I played for Eddie Robinson at Grambling, so he knew I could handle that. But he (Gibbs) immediately sensed that something else was going on." Gibbs threw his clipboard down, pointed his finger in Nelsen's face and said, "Don't you ever talk to him like that again! Is that clear?" According to Williams, Nelsen never confonted Williams in that manner again.

The Architect of Air Coryell
As the offensive coordinator for San Diego, Gibbs spearheaded the highly successful "Air Coryell" offense. Using a sophisticated passing attack, the Chargers and quarterback Dan Fouts set multiple offensive records during Gibbs' two seasons there. Remarkably, the Chargers averaged more than 400 yards of offense per game during their 1980 season. After 17 years of coaching as an assistant, the Washington Redskins offered Gibbs their head coaching position.

Washington Redskins (1981–1992)
After firing then-head coach Jack Pardee, Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke was on the lookout for candidates. When general manager Bobby Beathard pointed out the 40-year-old San Diego assistant coach, Cooke, who had a keen eye for spotting leadership and an ability to teach (he also hired Jerry West and Sparky Anderson to their first managerial/executive  jobs), saw Gibbs' potential during an interview and hired him.

Gibbs' first season with the Redskins started inauspiciously when the team lost their first five games. Cooke famously expressed confidence in Gibbs, declaring that the team would finish 8-8. The losses and Cooke's confidence served as a catalyst, and the newly motivated team improved and reached an even 8–8 record in 1981.

Gibbs' second season with the Redskins, which was shortened by a players strike, saw them defeat the Miami Dolphins 27–17 in Super Bowl XVII. In 1983, Gibbs' success continued with a 14–2 regular-season record and a win against the Los Angeles Rams 51–7 at home, in the divisional round of the playoffs. The Redskins once again won an NFC Championship, defeating the San Francisco 49ers 24–21 on a last-second field goal, advancing to Super Bowl XVIII. The Redskins were installed as a 2-point favorite by Nevada books going into the game, but were soundly defeated by the Los Angeles Raiders 38–9.

The 1984 Redskins won the NFC East with an 11–5 record and hosted a home playoff game against the Chicago Bears but lost 23–19.

Gibbs coached the 1985 Redskins to a 10–6 regular-season record and barely missed the playoffs. During the season Joe Theismann broke his leg during a Monday Night Football game against the New York Giants, but the Redskins still won the game with Jay Schroeder at quarterback.

In 1986, Gibbs coached the team to a 12–4 regular-season record and defeated the Los Angeles Rams 19–7 in the wild card playoffs, then upset the defending champion Chicago Bears 27–13 in the divisional round, on the road, to get back to the NFC Championship game against the New York Giants. The Giants would win 17–0. It was to be Gibbs' only NFC championship game loss.

The 1987 Redskins made the playoffs and again defeated the Chicago Bears 21–17 on the road in the divisional round, then beat the Minnesota Vikings 17–10 at home in the NFC Championship Game, then at Super Bowl XXII, they rode the arm of quarterback Doug Williams to blow out the Denver Broncos 42–10.

Four years later, the Redskins won their first 11 games before finishing the season 14–2, and cruised through the playoffs with home victories over the Atlanta Falcons (24–7) and Detroit Lions (41–10). In Super Bowl XXVI, the Redskins were up 24–0 on the Buffalo Bills just 16 seconds into the third quarter, and 37–10 with over 11 minutes to go when Gibbs pulled most of his starters.  The Bills would score two cosmetic touchdowns for a final score of 37–24.  The victory gave Gibbs and the team their third Super Bowl title.

Gibbs returned for the 1992 regular season to defend the Redskins' Super Bowl crown from the previous year. The Redskins finished with a lesser record at 9–7 and third place in the NFC East. They needed a bit of help to make the playoffs and they got it after a loss by the Green Bay Packers got them in as the last Wild Card entry. In the wild-card round, the Redskins defeated the Minnesota Vikings on the road, by the score of 24–7, however they would fall in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in a road game by the score of 20–13, ending the Redskins' hopes of retaining their Super Bowl crown. Two months after Super Bowl XXVII, Gibbs retired on March 5, 1993, surprising many in the organization and around the league. Center Jeff Bostic called it "probably the biggest shock I've gotten in my life." A notorious workaholic, he had begun to suffer health problems, and he cited a desire to spend more time with his family.

From 1994 to 1997, Gibbs served as a color analyst on NBC Sports' NFL pregame show.

In 1996, Gibbs was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was one of the winningest coaches in the NFL, with a record of 124–60, and a post-season record of 16–5. His combined winning percentage of .683 was third all-time (behind Vince Lombardi and John Madden). In his 12 seasons so far, the Redskins won 4 NFC East titles, reached the playoffs 8 times, and finished with a losing record only one season (7–9 in 1988). Gibbs is the only NFL coach to win three Super Bowls with three different starting quarterbacks and three different starting running backs.

Style of play
Although Gibbs helped craft a passing-oriented attack during his time in San Diego, his Redskins teams incorporated a smash-mouth, rushing-oriented attack called the counter trey. By building a strong offensive line (known as "The Hogs") Gibbs was able to control the line of scrimmage, allowing workhorse running backs John Riggins, George Rogers, and Earnest Byner to power the ground game. Gibbs added a deep passing attack which complemented the ground game, utilizing agile receivers such as Art Monk, Gary Clark, and Ricky Sanders. Gibbs' offense was aided by aggressive defensive units under the direction of defensive coordinator Richie Petitbon.

Gibbs' system was robust enough to be successful without a Hall-of-Fame-caliber quarterback at the helm. The Redskins' Super Bowl victories were won featuring Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Gibbs is credited with inventing the H-back set, typically by use of a smaller tight end in the backfield. Gibbs was also credited for creating the Trips formation: stacking three wide receivers to one side. He is one of few coaches that utilized the H-back position prominently in his offense. Gibbs' offenses were known for their extensive number of formations, as well as shifts and motions.

Joe Gibbs Racing (1992–present)

Gibbs created his NASCAR team, Joe Gibbs Racing in 1992, a year before he first retired from the NFL. The first driver for his team was Dale Jarrett (1992–1994), with the sponsor Interstate Batteries, and the number 18. His son, J. D. Gibbs, was the president of Joe Gibbs Racing and oversaw daily operations of each of the teams since his father's return to the NFL. J. D. Gibbs passed away on January 11, 2019. Driver Denny Hamlin won the Daytona 500 on February 17 and dedicated the win to J. D. in his post-race celebration.

The team currently fields four full-time entries in the NASCAR Cup Series and three full-time entries in the NASCAR Xfinity Series.

NASCAR

Cup Series teams
 No. 11 Denny Hamlin
 No. 19 Martin Truex Jr.
 No. 20 Christopher Bell
 No. 54 Ty Gibbs

Xfinity Series teams
 No. 18 Sammy Smith
 No. 19 Ryan Truex, Joe Graf Jr., Connor Mosack, Myatt Snider, Ty Gibbs, Trevor Bayne
 No. 20 John Hunter Nemechek

NASCAR championships
 2000 – Bobby Labonte, No. 18 Interstate Batteries Pontiac, Winston Cup Series
 2002 – Tony Stewart, No. 20 Home Depot Pontiac, Winston Cup Series
 2005 – Tony Stewart, No. 20 Home Depot Chevrolet, Nextel Cup Series
 2007 – Joey Logano, No. 20 Joe Gibbs Driven Racing Oil Chevrolet, Busch East Series
 2009 – Kyle Busch, No. 18 Z-Line Toyota, Nationwide Series
 2015 – Kyle Busch, No. 18 M&M's Toyota, Sprint Cup Series
 2016 – Daniel Suárez, No. 19 Arris Toyota, Xfinity Series
 2019 – Kyle Busch, No. 18 M&M's Toyota, Monster Energy Cup Series
 2021 – Ty Gibbs, No. 18 Monster Energy Toyota, ARCA Menards Series
 2021 – Sammy Smith, No. 18 Engine Ice Toyota, ARCA Menards Series East
 2021 – Daniel Hemric, No. 18 Poppy Bank Toyota, Xfinity Series
 2022 – Sammy Smith, No. 18 TMC Transportation Toyota, ARCA Menards Series East
 2022 – Ty Gibbs, No. 54 Monster Energy Toyota, Xfinity Series

NHRA
Beginning in 1995, Gibbs fielded three cars in the NHRA, one, in each professional category:
 the Funny Car, driven by Cruz Pedregon
 the Top Fuel dragster, driven by Cory McClenathan
 the Pro Stock Firebird, driven by Jim Yates
Yates would bring home 2 NHRA Winston Pro Stock Championships in 1996 and 1997. McDonald's was the primary sponsor on all three cars from 1995 to 1997. In 1998 Cruz Pedregon would be sponsored by Interstate Batteries and Jim Yates by SplitFire.

Pedregon won Gibbs' first NHRA National Event as a team owner at the 1995 NHRA Chief Auto Parts Winternationals. He would couple that with a victory at the '95 NHRA U.S. Nationals, third for Pedregon in four years at the U.S. Nationals. Pedregon continued to race for Gibbs until mid-season (Englishtown, New Jersey) in 1999. Ending with a final-round appearance, Pedregon left to race on his own, and was replaced by Tommy Johnson Jr. would win his first Fuel Funny Car win with Gibbs at the '99 NHRA Keystone Nationals and would go to the next two final rounds, scoring another victory in the process. It was announced that after the '99 season, Gibbs team would be reduced to a two-car team, and the Funny Car team was parked from then on.

McClenathan finished second in NHRA Winston Top Fuel points in both 1997 and 1998 with Gibbs. In 1997, McClenathan went on a hot streak, sweeping the famed Western Swing (Denver, Sonoma, Seattle) and a total four wins in a row, 5 in 6 races since Denver, including a final round at the U.S. Nationals in '97. He also took Gibbs' MBNA Top Fuel Dragster to a $200,000 payday, winning the 2000 NHRA Winston No-Bull Showdown, pitting Top Fuel Dragsters against Funny Cars in a 24 car shootout.

Gibbs announced that he would focus solely on his NASCAR teams following the 2000 season, ending the six-year-long relationship with NHRA.

Motocross
In 2008, Gibbs branched out into motorcycle racing, forming the JGRMX team competing in the AMA motocross and supercross championships. The team is based in Huntersville, North Carolina. The team was managed by Gibbs' son Coy Gibbs until his untimely death in November 2022.

Second stint with Redskins (2004–2007)

Throughout his retirement, many NFL owners approached Gibbs hoping to lure him out of retirement, but to no avail. Some owners even offered to move his entire NASCAR racing team to their team's city if he came back. The only team he seriously considered coming back for was the Carolina Panthers when they first joined the NFL as an expansion in 1995. However, he did not believe he would be able to manage his time between his race team and coaching. In 1999, he was part of a group that was trying to buy the Redskins but ultimately failed. In 2002, Gibbs and a small group of investors bought five percent of the Atlanta Falcons from owner Arthur Blank for $27 million. It wasn't until late 2003 when Gibbs really started to catch the football fever again. Blank and his general manager, Rich McKay moved quickly to interview him for the Falcons' vacant head coaching position due to the firing of Dan Reeves.

In January 2004, Gibbs accepted an offer from Redskins owner Daniel Snyder to return as the team's head coach. At his press conference, Gibbs stated that even though he enjoyed NASCAR, he had also missed coaching in the NFL. Gibbs left his racing team in the hands of his eldest son, J. D., while his other son, Coy, joined him as an assistant with the Redskins. Many coaches from his previous tenure with the team returned with Gibbs as well, including offensive line coach/assistant head coach Joe Bugel, offensive coordinator Don Breaux, quarterbacks coach Jack Burns, and tight ends coach Rennie Simmons. Gibbs also hired former Buffalo Bills head coach Gregg Williams to join the team to run the defense and hired one of his former running backs, Earnest Byner, to serve as running backs coach.

In 2004, Gibbs had what was, up to that point, the worst season of his career with a 6-10 finish. However, the team did finish the season on a high note with a 21–18 victory over playoff-bound Minnesota. The defense also finished the season ranked third in yards allowed. Hoping to improve on the previous season's dismal passing attack, Gibbs added former Jacksonville Jaguars offensive coordinator Bill Musgrave as his quarterbacks coach.  Having coached new Redskins quarterback Mark Brunell when they both were in Jacksonville, they easily formed a rapport. Musgrave's input allowed the Redskins to add a few new wrinkles to their playbook. For the first time under Gibbs, the Redskins offense utilized the shotgun formation. In the Wild Card playoff game, Gibbs led his team to a 17–10 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, to whom the Redskins suffered a 36–35 defeat earlier in the year. In the next round of the playoffs, however, the Redskins could not replicate their early-season victory over the Super Bowl-bound Seattle Seahawks, and lost to the eventual NFC Champion by the score of 20–10.

During the 2006 offseason, Gibbs hired Kansas City Chiefs' offensive coordinator Al Saunders to be associate head coach. Saunders came from a similar background as Gibbs, as both learned under Don Coryell. He took over for Gibbs as the team's primary play-caller upon joining the Redskins. This allowed Gibbs to focus more on his role as head coach and CEO and devote more time to personnel matters, defense, and special teams. Gibbs also added former Buffalo Bills defensive coordinator Jerry Gray to his staff as secondary/cornerbacks coach.

The Redskins finished 5–11 in 2006, the team's worst regular-season record under him. The following season the team suffered a tragedy when free safety Sean Taylor was shot in his home during a home robbery in November 2007 and died in the hospital a day later. However, the Redskins still qualified for the playoffs following the completion of a 9–7 regular season before being defeated by the NFC West division champions Seattle Seahawks in the first round. Gibbs retired as head coach and president in January 2008, citing family obligations. During Gibbs' four-year return to the Redskins, the team qualified for the playoffs twice, once more than it qualified for the playoffs during his 11-year absence. He was succeeded as head coach by Jim Zorn.

Game Plan for Life
He founded Game Plan for Life in 2009, an evangelical Christian witnessing organization. In 2017, the organization funded the establishment of a Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary campus in the Nash Correctional Institution prison in Nashville, North Carolina.

Head coaching record

Personal life
Gibbs became a Baptist at the age of nine. He currently resides in Charlotte, North Carolina, with his wife Patricia, who is of Mexican descent. They had two sons, J. D. Gibbs and Coy Gibbs, and eight grandchildren, including Ty Gibbs. His son J. D. died on January 11, 2019, after a long battle with neurological brain disease diagnosed in 2015, while his other son, Coy, died in his sleep on November 6, 2022. His grandsons Jackson and Ty both work for his team. Jackson played college football at UCLA and Appalachian State, and Miller also played football at Appalachian State. Jackson is currently a pit crew member for Christopher Bell in the NASCAR Cup Series. Ty drives the No. 54 in the NASCAR Cup Series for JGR. Ty won the 2021 ARCA Menards Series championship and the 2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series championship. Gibbs became a limited partner of Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment (HBSE) upon their investment in Joe Gibbs Racing in 2023.

Politics
On September 5, 2008, Gibbs addressed the 2008 Republican National Convention, during which he offered his support for John McCain and his hope that the McCain-Palin ticket would lead to a 'spiritual awakening' in the United States. Gibbs has long been open about his Christian faith, but notoriously reserved about articulating his political positions, because, as the old Washington joke goes, "The Redskins are the only thing that unites the town." As one of the most sought after A-List figures in Washington social circles for over a quarter-century (and even being referred to as "the most popular man in Washington" by the Washington Post), Gibbs admitted being uneasy addressing the convention, stating that it was "a little awkward to put on a partisan hat."

Awards and honors
NFL
 Three-time Super Bowl champion (1982, 1987, 1991)
 Two-time NFL Coach of the Year (1982, 1983)
 NFL 100 All-Time Team

NASCAR
 Five-time NASCAR Cup Series champion (as owner of Joe Gibbs Racing)
 Four-time NASCAR Xfinity Series champion (as owner of Joe Gibbs Racing)

Halls of Fame
 Pro Football Hall of Fame (1996)
 Washington Ring of Fame
 NASCAR Hall of Fame (2020)

Other
 Coach Gibbs Drive, a street leading to Washington's practice facility in Ashburn, Virginia

Writing career
In 1992, Gibbs co-authored Joe Gibbs: Fourth and One, and in 2003, he co-authored Racing to Win. The books resemble a business and life how-to book and motivational guide as he discusses his successes and mistakes in his career, offering the lessons he learned as tips to the readers. In 2009, Gibbs wrote the book Game Plan for Life which discusses his life in football; how his religious faith can help others and outside of sports, as well as key topics that are important to people trying to lead a contemporary Christian lifestyle.

See also
 List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins
 List of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame
 Joe Gibbs Racing

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
American football tight ends
American motivational writers
Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches
Atlanta Falcons owners
Cerritos Falcons football players
College football announcers
Florida State Seminoles football coaches
Motorcycle racing team owners
NASCAR team owners
National Football League announcers
San Diego Chargers coaches
San Diego State Aztecs football coaches
San Diego State Aztecs football players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
Washington Redskins head coaches
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Buncombe County, North Carolina
People from Loudoun County, Virginia
Players of American football from Los Angeles County, California
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
Super Bowl-winning head coaches
People from Mocksville, North Carolina
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
NASCAR Hall of Fame inductees
Santa Fe High School (California) alumni
Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment

Joe Gibbs


Odontobuthus baluchicus est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la province du Sistan-et-Baloutchistan en Iran. Elle se rencontre dans les monts Makkoran.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, le Baloutchistan.

Publication originale
 Barahoei, Prendini, Navidpour, Tahir, Aliabadian, Siahsarvie & Mirshamsi, 2021 : « Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau. » Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, .

Liens externes
 The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Notes et références

Buthidae
Espèce de scorpions (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Iran

Odontobuthus baluchicus


Afro-russos são pessoas de ascendência africana que migraram e se estabeleceram na Rússia. A Fundação Metis estima que havia cerca de 50.000 afro-russos em 2009.

Terminologia
Os representantes dos povos africanos na língua russa são comumente chamados negry.  A palavra negry vem do castelhano negro através de outras línguas europeias (, ). Na língua russa, a palavra não carrega uma conotação negativa, mas isso não significa que não seja ofensiva para outras pessoas de outras culturas.

Império Russo

Nunca houve um número observável de pessoas de ascendência africana na Rússia, mesmo após a colonização do continente pela Europa Ocidental. Durante séculos, a Rússia esteve isolada demais para interagir com a África. O não envolvimento da Rússia na colonização da África ou no comércio atlântico de escravos impediu que desenvolvesse relações significativas com tribos ou colônias africanas. Apesar disso, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, um russo de ascendência africana principesca, tornou-se general e nobre do Império Russo. Depois de ser sequestrado de Logone (no Camarões contemporâneo) pelas forças otomanas quando menino, ele foi vendido ao diplomata russo Fedor Golovin em 1704 e presenteado ao czar Pedro, o Grande, que o libertou e adotou. Quando adulto, ele ascendeu à nobreza e serviu ao Império Russo em capacidades civis e militares. Ele também é bisavô materno do famoso poeta russo Alexander Pushkin.

Pós-guerra, o Festival das Crianças
Quando as nações africanas conquistaram a independência do colonialismo, a União Soviética ofereceu bolsas de estudo para jovens dessas nações. Cerca de 400.000 africanos estudaram na antiga União Soviética entre o final dos anos 1950 e 1990. A primeira chegada significativa de africanos foi para o 6º Festival Mundial de Jovens e Estudantes, realizado em Moscou em 1957. Muitos africanos também frequentaram a Universidade Russa da Amizade dos Povos.

Afro-russos notáveis

 Lyukman Adams (nascido em 1988) - saltador triplo meio-nigeriano
 Aleksandr Alumona (nascido em 1983) - futebolista meio-nigeriano
 Coretti Arle-Titz (1881-1951) - atriz e cantora negra americana nascida
 Allan Dugblei (nascido em 1985) - meio futebolista ganense
 Abram Gannibal (1696-1781) - estadista, líder militar e político
 Ivan Gannibal (1735-1801) - líder militar, filho de Abram Gannibal
 Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837) - poeta russo, dramaturgo e romancista, um descendente de Abram Gannibal
 Alice Edun - cantor meio-nigeriano
 Nkeirouka Ezekh (nascido em 1983) - curler olímpico meio-nigeriano
 Brian Idowu (nascido em 1992) - três quartos-nigeriano russo Premier League futebolista
 Victor Keyru (nascido em 1984) - jogador de basquete da Serra Leoa-Rússia
 Yelena Khanga (nascido em 1962) - jornalista russo e âncora de TV de ascendência Zanzibar-Americana
 Stanislav Lebamba (nascido em 1988) - futebolista meio congolês
 Cyrille Makanda (nascido em 1980) - jogador de basquete meio camaronês
 Avua-Siav Leo Nelson (nascido em 1980) - meio futebolista ganense
 Peter Odemwingie (nascido em 1981) - futebolista meio-nigeriano
 Adessoye Oyewole (nascido em 1982) - futebolista meio-nigeriano
 James Lloydovich Patterson (nascido em 1933) - ator infantil russo, oficial naval e poeta de ascendência afro-americana e ucraniana
 Jean Sagbo (nascido em 1959) - político beninense-russo. Vereador eleito da cidade de Novozavidovo
 Jerry-Christian Tchuissé (nascido em 1975) - futebolista camaronês-russo
 Emiliya Turey (nascido em 1984) - jogador de handebol da Serra Leoa
 Grigory Siyatvinda (nascido em 1970) - ator parcialmente zambiano
 Elladj Baldé (nascido em 1990) - patinador artístico meio guineense
 Isabel dos Santos (nascida em 1973) – empresária meio angolana
 Greta Onieogou (nascido em 1991) - metade nigeriana metade russa atriz canadense.

Descendentes de africanos
Grupos étnicos da Rússia

Afro-Russos


سعادين عنكبوتية (الاسم العلمي:Atelidae) هي فصيلة من الحيوانات تتبع رتبة الرئيسيات من طائفة الثدييات. وهي واحدة من خمس فصائل التي تكون سعادين العالم الجديد المعروفة حاليًا. وقد كانت مشمولة من قبل في فصيلة السعادين كبوشية الشكل. وفصيلة السعادين العنكبوتية تضم عادة سعدان العواء والسعدان العنكبوتي والسعدان الصوفي والسعدان الموريكي (والأخير أكبر قردة العالم الجديد). وتتواجد في المناطق الغابية في أمريكا الوسطى وأمريكا الجنوبية من المكسيك إلى شمال الأرجنتين.

الخصائص
حجم السعدان العنكبوتي ما بين الصغير والمتوسط الحجم، متراوحًا بين 34 إلى 72 سم في الطول الرأسي بدني، ويعتير سعدان العواء أكبر أعضاء الفصيلة، والسعدان العنكبوتي أصغرها. ولهم ذيل مساك طويل بـلوحة لمسية حساسة تكاد تكون بلا شعر على الجزء السفلي للجزء القاصي. وكثيرًا ما يستخدم الذيل 'كطرف خامس' حين يتحرك بين الأشجار حيث يبنون بيوتهم. ولهم أيضًا أظافر على أصابع أيديهم وأرجلهم، تمكنهم من التسلق. ولمعظم الأنواع فرو غالبًا ما يكون بنيًا قاتمًا، رماديًا، أو أسود، عادة مصحوبًا بعلامات أفتح.

وهي حيوانات شجرية نهارية، ويقتصر وجود معظم الأنواع على الغابة المطيرة الكثيفة، مع العلم بأن بعض أنواع السعدان العواء تتواجد في الغابات الأكثر جفافًا، أو السافانا الخشبية. وتأكل الفاكهة والأوراق بشكل أساسي، مع العلم بأن الأنواع الأصغر على وجه الخصوص، قد تأكل الحشرات الصغيرة أيضًا. ولهم صيغة الأسنان:

تلد الإناث رضيعًا واحدًا (أو نادرًا، توأمًا) بعد فترة حمل من 180 إلى 225 يومًا. وعند معظم الأنواع، تولد الأفراد كل سنة أو ثلاث، وهناك موسم صغير، إذا وجد، مصحوبًا بزيادة في عدد الولادات.

والسعادين العنكبوتية عادة ما تكون متعددة الزوجات، وتعيش في مجموعات اجتماعية لتصل حتي خمسة وعشرين بالغًا، اعتمادًا على النوع. وبينما تكون المجموعات صغيرة العدد نسبيًا، فكما هو شائع بين القرد المولول، يقوم ذكر واحد بالهيمنة على 'حريم' من الإناث، ولكن المجموعات الأكبر ستحتوي على ذكور عدة، مع تسلسل هرمي واضح للهيمنة.

التصنيف
متعارف حاليًا على 29 نوعًا من السعادين العنكبوتية مجمّعة في خمسة أجناس، وأسرتان.

فصيلة السعادين العنكبوتية ATELIDAE
 أسرة سعادين العواءاوات
 جنس سعدان العواء
 مجموعة العواء المغطى
 عواء جزيرة كويبا (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta coibensis)
 عواء مغطى (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta palliata)
 عواء غواتيمالي أسود (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta pigra)
 مجموعة العواء الفنزويلي الأحمر
 عواء أحمر اليد (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta belzebul)
 عواء بني (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta guariba)
 عواء غوياني أحمر (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta macconnelli)
 عواء أمازوني أسود (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta nigerrima)
 عواء بوليفي أحمر (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta sara)
 عواء فنزويلي أحمر (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta seniculus)
 عواء دبي (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta arctoidea)
 عواء سبيكس أحمر اليد (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta discolor)
 عواء جوروا الأحمر (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta juara)
 عواء بوروس الأحمر (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta puruensis)
 عواء مارانهاو أحمر اليد (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta ululata)
 مجموعة العواء الأسود
 عواء أسود (الاسم العلمي:Alouatta caraya)
 أسرة سعادين العنكبوتياوات
 جنس سعدان عنكبوتي
 سعدان عنكبوتي بني (الاسم العلمي:Ateles hybridus)
 سعدان عنكبوتي أسود اليد (الاسم العلمي:Ateles geoffroyi)
 سعدان عنكبوتي بني الرأس (الاسم العلمي:Ateles fusciceps)
 سعدان عنكبوتي طويل الشعر (الاسم العلمي:Ateles belzebuth)
 سعدان عنكبوتي أبيض الخد (الاسم العلمي:Ateles marginatus)
 سعدان عنكبوتي أحمر الوجه (الاسم العلمي:Ateles paniscus)
 سعدان عنكبوتي بيروفي (الاسم العلمي:Ateles chamek)
 جنس سعدان الموريكي
 موريكي جنوبي، Brachyteles arachnoides
 موريكي شمالي، Brachyteles hypoxanthus
 جنس سعدان صوفي
 سعدان صوفي بني، Lagothrix lagotricha
 سعدان صوفي رمادي، Lagothrix cana
 سعدان صوفي كولومبي، Lagothrix lugens
 سعدان صوفي فضي، Lagothrix poeppigii
 جنس سعدان الأوريناكس
 سعدان صوفي أصفر الذيل، Oreonax flavicauda

وصلات خارجية
 http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/prim_5.htm
 http://csm.jmu.edu/biology/wunderre/julie_web/family_atelidae.htm

مراجع

أصنوفات سماها جون إدوارد غراي
أصنوفات وصفت في 1825
سعادين العالم الجديد
كائنات باقية ظهرت خلال العصر الميوسيني

سعادين عنكبوتية


Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi (kısaca HÖH, Bulgarca: Движение за права и свободи Dviženie za Prava i Svobodi, kısaca ДПС DPS), üyelerinin çoğunluğunu Bulgaristan Türklerinin oluşturduğu siyasi partidir. Genel başkanı Mustafa Karadayı'dır.

1989 sonrası Bulgaristan siyasi hayatından Türkler

1989 sonrası Bulgaristan'da yaklaşık 160 siyasi parti kurulmuştur. Bunlardan dört tanesi Türk kökenlidir: Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi, Demokratik Gelişim Hareketi, Demokratik Adalet Partisi ve Türk Demokrat Partisi.

1990 yılının 10 ve 17 Haziran tarihlerinde yapılan iki turlu genel seçimlerde, HÖH, o tarihte 400 sandalyeli Bulgar Parlamentosuna 23 milletvekili sokmayı başardı. 13 Ekim 1991'de yapılan genel seçimlerde, HÖH, sandalye sayısını 24'e yükseltti. Daha sonra yapılan yerel seçimlerde ise 27 belediye ve 653 muhtarlık kazandı.

18 Aralık 1994'teki genel seçimlere üç Türk partisi katıldı. Bu seçimlerde HÖH, 160 bine yakın oy kaybetti ve toplam oyların sadece % 5,44'ünü elde edebildi. Böylece her üç parti birlikte toplam 320 bin oy almış oldu. Seçimleri ise Bulgar Sosyalist Partisi kazandı. Bu dönemde hükûmet, Müslüman azınlık tarafından seçilmiş olan Baş Müftü Fikri Salih Efendi'yi görevinden aldı, yerine Diyanet İşleri Komitesi Başkanı sıfatıyla Nedim Gencev'i getirdi. Bu olay, Müslüman azınlık içinde büyük gürültü kopardı ve ülkede bir "müftü sorunu" baş gösterdi.

1990'ların ortasında Bulgaristan'da ağır siyasi ve ekonomik krizler baş gösterdi. 10 Ocak 1997'de Parlamento binası işgal edildi ve hatta ateşe verildi. 19 Nisan 1997'deki erken genel seçimleri Demokratik Güçler Birliği kazandı. Bu seçimlerde HÖH, toplam Türk oylarının sadece % 52'sini almayı başarabildi.

17 Haziran 2001'de Bulgaristan genel seçimlere gitti. Seçimler, eski Kral II. Simeon'un ve yeni partisi II. Simeon Milli Hareketi'nin ezici zaferi ile sonuçlandı. Seçimlerden sadece üç ay önce kurulmuş olan II. Simeon Milli Hareketi, iktidardaki Demokratik Güçler Birliği ile Sosyalist Parti'yi kolayca mağlup etti. Bulgar Parlamentosu 24 Temmuz'da II. Simeon Milli Hareketi ile 21 sandalyeli HÖH'ün koalisyonunu resmen onayladı.

25 Haziran 2005'te yapılan genel seçimler Bulgaristan'da, komünizmin çöküşünden beri görülmemiş derecede renkli bir koalisyonu ortaya çıkardı: Tek başına iktidar olmak için yeterli çoğunluğa ulaşamamış yedi parti. Sosyalist Parti toplam oyların %31'i ile 240 sandalyeli ve tek kamaralı Parlamentoda 82 sandalye kazandı. Seçimlerde iktidardaki II. Simeon Milli Hareketi oyların %20'sini alarak (53 sandalye) ile ikinci, HÖH ise %13 (34 sandalye) ile üçüncü oldu. Bu üç parti koalisyon hükûmeti kurdu. Yeni hükûmette HÖH üç bakanlık aldı: Başbakan Yardımcısı ve Doğal Afetler Bakanı Emel Ethem, Çevre Bakanı Cevdet Çakırov ve Tarım Bakanı Nihat Kabil.

1 Ocak 2007 tarihi itibarıyla Bulgaristanın Avrupa birliğine (AB) tam üye olduktan sonra 20 Mayıs 2007 tarihinde AB parlamentosunda Bulgaristanı temsil edecek AB parlamento seçimleri yapılmıştır. Seçim sonuçlarına göre Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi %20,26 oyla üçüncü parti olarak 4 milletvekili çıkarmıştır (4 milletvekilinden 2'si Türktür; Filiz Hüsmenova ve Metin Kazak).

5 Temmuz 2009 tarihinde yapılan Bulgaristan parlamento seçimlerinde 610 bin 808 oyla (yüzde 14,48) üçüncü sırada seçimi tamamlamış ve 38 milletvekiliyle Bulgar meclisine girmişlerdir.

Seçim sonuçları

Parlamento

Avrupa Parlamentosu

Dış bağlantılar
 Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi resmi sitesi

Kaynakça

1990'da kurulan siyasi partiler
Bulgaristan'daki siyasi partiler
Liberal partiler
Bulgaristan Türkleri

Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi


Erzurumspor a fost un club sportiv situat în Erzurum, Turcia. Clubul de fotbal joacă în Turkish Regional Amateur League. Clubul a jucat, de asemenea, în Liga I între 1998-2001. A decazut din cauza lipsei de bani din anul 2000 și, treptat, a retrogradat în a doua ligă din categoria A în 2001 și în a doua liga de categoria B în 2003. Acesta a fost în cele din urmă forțata să retrogradeze in TFF Third League,pentru ca nu a jucat meciul impotriva lui Karsspor ,în deplasare pe data de 31 ianuarie 2010. De asemenea, Erzurumspor a retrogradat din Liga a III-a și clubul a fost desfiintat în 2010, iar in locul lor a aparut Erzurum Büyükșehir Belediyespor, care a fost fondată în 1967. Erzurum Büyükșehir Belediyespor a fost campion al 1st Group of Regional Amateur League în sezonul 2010-11 și a promovat în Liga a 3.

Participari
 Turkish Super League: 1998–01
 TFF First League: 1973–74, 1979–98, 2001–03
 TFF Second League: 1968–73, 1974–79, 2003–10
 TFF Third League: 2010–11
 Turkish Regional Amateur League: 2011–

Legături externe
Official website
Erzurumspor

Cluburi turcești de fotbal
Association football clubs established in 1968
1968 establishments in Turkey

Erzurumspor


Biserica evanghelică din Roandola, comuna Laslea, județul Sibiu, a fost construită în secolul XV. Figurează pe lista monumentelor istorice, .

Localitatea
Roandola, mai demult Roandala, Roandela, Rudeiu (în , în trad. "Valea Aspră", în ) este un sat în comuna Laslea din județul Sibiu, Transilvania, România.

Biserica
Biserica evanghelică din Roandola a fost construită în 1792 în locul unei biserici gotice tip sală, din care s-a păstrat corul sprijinit de contraforturi. Bolta corului este în stil gotic, iar nava are tavan simplu. Altarul a fost construit în 1881 de meșterul Wilhelm Horbiger, tabloul altarului a fost pictat de Karl Dörshclag. Amvonul este de piatră și are un baldachin din lemn, fiind datat 1775. Orga a fost construită în 1857, de Samuel Binder din Sighișoara. Cristelnița este din piatră, în formă de potir.

Note

Bibliografie
Asociația Mioritics cu suportul financiar al Deutsche Welterbe Stiftung:
După texte elaborate de: Vladimir Agrigoroaei, Valentin Sălăgeanu, Luiza Zamora, Laura Jiga Iliescu, Ana Maria Gruia.
După ilustrații executate de: Radu Oltean, Laurențiu Raicu, Florin Jude.
Anghel Gheorghe, Fortificații medievale din piatră, secolele XII-XVI, Cluj Napoca, 1986.
Avram Alexandru, Câteva considerații cu privire la bazilicile scurte din bazinul Hârtibaciului și zona Sibiului, în Revista monumentelor și muzeelor de istorie, 1981, numărul 2.
Crîngaci Maria-Emilia, Bazilici romanice din regiunea Sibiului în Analele Asociației a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova, Ed. Pontas, Chișinău, 2001.
Juliana Fabritius-Dancu, Cetăți țărănești săsești din Transilvania, în Revista Transilvania, Sibiu, 19.
 Hermann Fabini. Universul cetăților bisericești din Transilvania. Sibiu: Editura Monumenta, 2009, 279 p.
Iambor Petre, Așezări fortificate din Transilvania (sec. IX-XIII), Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
Luca Sabin Adrian, PINTER Zeno Karl, GEROGESCU Adrian, Repertoriul arheologic al județului Sibiu (Situri, monumente arheologice și istorice), Sibiu, 2003.
Thomas Nägler, Așezarea sașilor în Transilvania, Editura Kriterion, București, 1992.

Adrian Andrei Rusu, Castelarea carpatica, Editura MEGA, Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
George Oprescu, Bisericile, cetăți ale sașilor din Ardeal, Editura Academiei, București, 1956.
Țiplic Crîngaci Maria Emilia, PINTER Zeno Karl, Țiplic Ioan-Marian, Biserica evanghelică din Ruja, în Arhitectura religioasă medievală din Transilvania, III, 2004.
Țiplic Ioan-Marian, Organizarea defensivă a Transilvaniei în evul mediu (secolele X-XIV), Editura Militară, București, 2006.

Vezi și
 Roandola, Sibiu

Monumente istorice din județul Sibiu
Biserici evanghelice de confesiune augustană din România
Biserici din județul Sibiu
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România

Biserica evanghelică din Roandola


Seymour Mayne est un auteur, traducteur et professeur canadien.

Biographie
Seymour Mayne est auteur et traducteur de plus de soixante-dix livres et monographies, y compris des anthologies et des textes critiques en plus d'être professeur de littérature canadienne, d'études canadiennes et de création littéraire à l'Université d'Ottawa.

De nombreux écrits de Seymour Mayne sont traduits en français, en allemand, en hébreu, en polonais, en russe ainsi qu'en espagnol. Il donne également plusieurs lectures et conférences au Canada et à l'étranger sur une nouvelle forme littéraire minimaliste, le word sonnet.

Seymour Mayne cofonde le mensuel de poésie Bywords ainsi que le magazine d'affiches Graffito.

Plusieurs de ses recueils de poésie sont traduits en français : Les pluies de septembre : poèmes choisis 1980-2005, une traduction de Pierre DesRuisseaux (Éditions du Noroît, 2008), sonnets d'un mot, une traduction de Sabine Huynh (Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, 2011) ainsi que Le chant de Moïse, une traduction par Caroline Lavoie (Mémoire d'encrier, 2018). Chez Mémoire d'encrier, il fait également paraître Le vieux canapé bleu et autres récits, traduit de l'anglais par Joanne Desroches, en 2014.

Seymour Mayne dirige plusieurs anthologies dont Pluriel : une anthologie, des voix = An anthology of diverse voices, en collaboration avec Marc Charron et Christiane Melançon (Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, 2008) ainsi que A rich garland : poems for A.M. Klein, en collaboration avec B. Glen Rotchin (Véhicule Press, 1999).

Il est récipiendaire de nombreux prix dont le premier prix Chester Macnaghten en création littéraire (1962), le prix JI Segal de littérature anglaise-française (1974) ainsi que le prix du livre juif canadien (1994, 1997, 2000, 2007, 2018).

Œuvres

Poésie

Français
Les pluies de septembre : poèmes choisis 1980-2005, traduit de l'anglais par Pierre DesRuisseaux, avec une préface de Pierre Anctil, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 2008, 109 p.
Ricochet : words sonnets = sonnets d'un mot, traduit de l'anglais par Sabine Huynh, Ottawa, Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, 2011, 126 p.
Le chant de Moïse, traduit de l'anglais par Caroline Lavoie, Montréal, Mémoire d'encrier, 2018, 72 p.

Anglais
That monocycle the moon, Montréal, s.n., 1964, n.p.
Tiptoeing on the Mount, Montreal, McGill Poetry Series, 1965, 28 p.
Manimals, Vancouver, Very Stone House, 1969, 40 p.
Mouth, Kingston, The Quarry Press, 1970, 61 p.
Name, Oakville, Mosaic Press,1975, 95 p.
The Impossible Promised Land: Poems New and Selected, Oakville, Mosaic Press/Valley Editions, 1981, 123 p.
 Children of Abel, Oakville, Mosaic Press, 1986, n.p.
Killing time, Oakville, Mosaic Press, 1992, 80 p.
The song of Moses and other poems, avec des illustrations de Sharon Katz, Ottawa, Concertina, London, Menard Press, 1995, 32 p.
 Dragon trees: poems, Ottawa, Friday Circle, 1997, n.p.
 Carbon Filter: Poems in Dedication, Toronto/Paris/New York, Mosaic Press, 1999, 63 p.
 Light industry : humourous and satirical poems, Oakville, Mosaic Press, 2000, 59 p.
Ricochet : word sonnets, Oakville, Mosaic Press, 2004, 60 p.
September rain, Oakville, Mosaic Press, 2005, 63 p.
 A Dream of Birds: Word Sonnets, en collaboration avec B. Glen Rotchin et les illustrations de Sharon Katz, Montréal, Allied Widget, 2007, n.p.
 Cusp: Word Sonnets, avec des illustrations de Sebastian Frye, Toronto, Ronald P. Frye & Co., 2014, n.p.
 Perfume: Poems and Word Sonnets, St. Catharines, Ronald P. Frye & Co., 2020, 78 p.

Récits

Français
 Le vieux canapé bleu et autres récits, traduit de l'anglais par Joanne Desroches, Montréal, Mémoire d'encrier, 2014, 95 p.

Anglais
 Old blue couch and other stories, Ronald. P Frye; 1st edition, 2011, 119 p.

Anthologies

Français
 Pluriel : une anthologie, des voix, sous la direction de Marc Charron, Seymour Mayne et Christiane Melançon, Ottawa, Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, 2008, 284 p.

Anglais
 Jerusalem : an anthology of Jewish Canadian poetry, sous la direction de Seymour Mayne et B. Glen Rotchin, Montréal, Véhicule Press, 1996, 76 p.
 A rich garland : poems for A.M. Klein, sous la direction de Seymour Mayne et B. Glen Rotchin, Montréal, Véhicule Press, 1999, 79 p.
 An anthology of diverse voices, sous la direction de Marc Charron, Seymour Mayne and Christiane Melançon, Ottawa, Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, 2008, 284 p.

Prix et honneurs
 1962 - Récipiendaire : Premier prix Chester Macnaghten en création littéraire
 1974 - Récipiendaire : Prix JI Segal de littérature anglaise-française (pour Name)
 1975 - Récipiendaire : York Poetry Workshop Award (pour Name)
 1990 - Récipiendaire : ALTA (American Literary Translators Association)
 1994 - Récipiendaire : Prix du livre juif canadien (pour Killing Time)
 1997 - Récipiendaire : Prix du livre juif canadien (pour Jerusalem: An Anthology of Jewish Canadian Poetry)
 2000 - Récipiendaire : Prix du livre juif canadien (pour A Rich Garland: Poems for AM Klein)
 2003 - Récipiendaire : Prix des éducateurs de la capitale
 2005 - Récipiendaire : Prix d'excellence en éducation
 2007 - Récipiendaire : Prix du livre juif canadien (pour September Rain)
 2009 - Récipiendaire : Prix du service distingué ACJS Louis Rosenberg
 2010 - Récipiendaire : Prix JI Segal (pour la traduction de Fly Off into theStrongest Light: Selected Poems)
 2010 - Récipiendaire : Professeur de l'année à la Faculté des arts de l'Université d'Ottawa
 2018 - Récipiendaire : Prix littéraire juif canadien (pour In Your Words: Translations from the Yiddish and the Hebrew)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Université d'Ottawa
Éditions du Noroît
Mémoire d'encrier

Liens externes

Écrivain canadien du XXe siècle
Écrivain canadien du XXIe siècle
Traducteur canadien du XXe siècle
Traducteur canadien du XXIe siècle
Professeur canadien
Naissance en mai 1944
Naissance à Montréal
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Seymour Mayne


كيو كبسولة زمنية من المقرر إطلاقها كساتل إلى الفضاء الخارجي مع مطلع عام 2010-2011، حاوية رسائل وآثار من بشر العصر الحالي إلى بشر ما بعد خمسين ألف سنة، حيث من المحسوب أن يعيدها مسارها لتدخل جو الأرض مرة أخرى بعد تلك المدة.

هذا المشروع مدعوم من اليونسكو التي اختارته ليكون «مشروع القرن الحادي والعشرين»، ومن مؤسسة «هوتشيسون وبموا» الصينية، والمؤسسة الأوربية للفضاء ومؤسسات أخرى.

اسم الكبسولة يفترض أنه يتألف من الأصوات الأكث شيوعا في اللغات البشرية المحكية في العصر الحالي: ك ي و

الرسالة
كل شخص مدعو إلى ان يكتب رسالة موجهة إلى سكان المستقبل—الموعد النهائي كان 31 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2009 ولكن مدد إلى 2011. الرسائل يمكن ان تودع الرسائل في موقع المشروع على الوب، أو بالمراسلة بالبريد التقليدي. المنظمون يشجعون جمع الرسائل من الأطفال وكبار السن والأميين لتمثيل أكثر ما يمكن من ثقافات وديمغرافية البشر.

للكبسولة سعة تخزين تكفي حفظ رسالة من أربع صفحات من كل فرد من المليارات الست من البشر الذين يعيشون على كوكب الأرض. وبعيد إطلاق الكبسولة ستنشر على إنترنت الرسائل المستودعة فيها مع حجب أسماء من كتبوها.

المحتويات الأخرى
إضافة إلى الرسائل فسيحمل كيو ماسة تحوي نقطة من دم بشري مختارة عشوائيا، وعينات من الهواء وماء البحر والتربة، كما سيحفر ترميز لدنا الجينوم البشري على أحد أوجه الماسة. كما سيحمل ساعة كونية تظهر منسوب دوران عدة نابضات وصورا لبشر من مختلف الثقافات و«مكتبة الإسكندرية المعاصرة» وهي مجموع موسوعي للمعرفة البشرية الحالية.

الجوانب التقنية
ستُرمَّز المكتبة والرسائل في قرص ديفيدي زجاجي مقاوم للإشعاع، مرفقا به إرشادات صُوَرية في عدة صيغ توضح لمتلقيه المستقبليين كيفية بناء قارئ للقرص.

الكبسولة ذاتها كرة مجوفة قطرها 80 سنتيمترا محفور عليها خريطة الأرض ومحاطة بطبقة من الألومنيوم، وطبقة حرارية وعدة طبقات من التيتانيوم وفلزات ثقيلة أخرى يتخللها فراغ. الكبسولة مقاومة للإشعاع الكوني، وعوامل الجو عند الرجوع، والتصادمات بالنفاية الفضائية.

خلال سنواتها الأولى في المدار سيكون للساتل جناحان طولهما من الطرف إلى الطرف 10 أمتار لتساعد على رؤيته من سطح الأرض، في نهاية الرحلة عند دخول الساتل إلى جو الأرض فإن الطبقة الحرارية ستنتج هالة صناعية مضيئة تعلن عن قرب عودته. لن يحمل الساتل أي وسائل اتصال أو نظم دفع، وسيحمله صاروخ أريان 5 إلى مدار على ارتفاع 1800 كيلومتر وهو ما سيعيده إلى الأرض في غضون خمسمئة قرن، وهي ذات المدة التي انقضت منذ بدأ الإنسان البدائي يرسم على جدران الكهوف،

تاريخ عودة الكبسولة الزمنية كيو إلى الأرض لفتحها حُدِّد بناء على مفهوم مشابه للذي حدد به موعد فتح أول كبسولة زمنية مقصودة في العصر الحديث وهي كبسولة Crypt of Civilizatin التي ستفتح سنة 8113 بعد أن تكون انقضت على قفلها مدة مساوية للتي انقضت منذ وضع التقويم المصري كأول تقويم بشري معروف، وسنة البدء بتنفيذ الكبسولة 1936.

لم يتم بناء الكبسولة الساتلة كيو بعد ولم يوقع عقد بناءها.

تاريخ المشروع
بدأ مشروع كيو سنة 1994 على يد الفنان العالم الفرنسي جان مارك فيليب وهو رائد فن الفضاء، وبُدِأ بجمع الرسائل وكانت سنة 2001 قد حُدِّدت كموعد للإطلاق، إلا أن معوقات تقنية وعوامل أخرى قد أخرت موعد الإطلاق إلى 2010 أو 2011.

مشروعات مشابهة
كانت مسابير ومركبات فضائية عديدة قد حملت رسائل للبشر (أو الفضائين) في المستقبل. فالمركبة القمرية أبولو 11 (الباقية على القمر حاليا) حملت لوحا يظهر ترتيب القارات الأرضية سنة 1969. كما أن الساتل لاجيوس الذي سيعود إلى جو الأرض بعد 8.4 مليون سنة يحمل لوحا يظهر ترتيب قارات الأرض في الماضي والحاضر والمستقبل. وكذلك بيونير 10 وبيونير 11 كليهما يحمل لوحا منقوش عليه معلومات صُوريَّة عن زمانهما ومكان نشأتهما. إلا أن أشهر تلك الرسائل هما اللتان حملهما المسباران فوياجر، إذ يحمل كلمنهما قرصا ذهبيا مُرمَّز عليه صور وأصوات من الأرض، وإرشادات لكيفية قراءة التسجيلات والبيانات التي تحدد موضع الأرض، وقد غادرت مركبتا فوياجر النظام الشمسي إلى الفضاء الكوني.

المصادر

 KEO website

وصلات خارجية
 KEO website
 http://www.keo.org/uk/pages/message.php صفحة إيداع رسالة في موقع المشروع على الوب

أقمار اصطناعية
استحداثات عام 1994
استحداثات عام 2010
كبسولات زمنية
مركبات فضائية مقترحة

كيو (كبسولة زمنية)


The Ichneumonidae, also known as ichneumon wasps,  ichneumonid wasps, ichneumonids, or Darwin wasps, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25,000 species currently described. However, this likely represents less than a quarter of their true richness as reliable estimates are lacking, along with much of the most basic knowledge about their ecology, distribution, and evolution. It is estimated that there are more species in this family than there are species of birds and mammals combined. Ichneumonid wasps, with very few exceptions, attack the immature stages of holometabolous insects and spiders, eventually killing their hosts. They thus fulfill an important role as regulators of insect populations, both in natural and semi-natural systems, making them promising agents for biological control.

The distribution of the ichneumonids was traditionally considered an exception to the common latitudinal gradient in species diversity, since the family was thought to be at its most species-rich in the temperate zone instead of the tropics, but numerous new tropical species have now been discovered.

Etymology and history
Insects in the family Ichneumonidae are commonly called ichneumon wasps, or ichneumonids. However, the term ichneumon wasps can refer specifically to the genus Ichneumon within the Ichneumonidae and thus can cause confusion. A group of ichneumonid specialists have proposed Darwin wasps as a better vernacular name for the family. Less exact terms are ichneumon flies (they are not closely related to true flies) and scorpion wasps due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen (scorpions are arachnids, not insects).

The name is derived from Latin 'ichneumon', from Ancient Greek ἰχνεύμων (ikhneúmōn, "tracker"), from ἴχνος (íkhnos, "track, footstep"). The name first appeared in Aristotle's "History of Animals", c. 343 BC. Aristotle noted that the ichneumon preys upon spiders, is a wasp smaller than ordinary wasps, and carries its prey to a hole which they lay their larvae inside, and that they seal the hole with mud. Aristotle's writing, however, more accurately describes the mud daubers than the true ichneumon wasps, which do not construct mud nests and do not sting.

Description
Adult ichneumonids superficially resemble other wasps. They have a slender waist, two pairs of wings, a pair of large compound eyes on the side of the head and three ocelli on top of the head. Their size varies considerably from a few millimetres to seven or more centimetres.

The ichneumonids have more antennal segments than typical, aculeate wasps (Aculeata: Vespoidea and Apoidea): ichneumonids typically possess 16 or more, while most other wasps have 13 or fewer. Unlike aculeate wasps, which have an ovipositor modified for prey capture and defense, and do not pass their eggs along the stinger, ichneumonid females have an unmodified ovipositor which they use to lay eggs inside or on their host. Ichneumonids generally inject venom along with the egg, but only larger species (some in the genera Netelia and Ophion) with relatively short ovipositors use the ovipositor in defense. Males do not possess stingers or ovipositors in either lineage.

Ichneumonids are distinguished from their sister group Braconidae mainly on the basis of wing venation. The fore wing of 95% of ichneumonids has vein 2m-cu (in the Comstock–Needham system), which is absent in braconids. Vein 1rs-m of the fore wing is absent in all ichneumonids, but is present in 85% of braconids. In the hind wing of ichneumonids, vein rs-m joins Rs apical to (or rarely opposite) the split between veins Rs and R1. In braconids, vein rs-m joins basal to this split. The taxa also differ in the structure of the metasoma: about 90% of ichneumonids have a flexible suture between tergites 2 and 3, whereas these tergites are fused in braconids (though the suture is secondarily flexible in Aphidiinae).

Distribution
Ichneumonids are found on all continents with the exception of Antarctica. They inhabit virtually all terrestrial habitats, wherever there are suitable invertebrate hosts.

The distribution of ichneumonid species richness is subject to ongoing debate. Long believed to be rare in the tropics, and at its most species rich in the temperate region, the family became a classic textbook example of an 'exceptional' latitudinal diversity gradient. Recently this belief has been questioned, after the discovery of numerous new tropical species.

Reproduction and diet
A very few ichneumonid species lay their eggs in the ground, but the vast majority inject eggs either directly into their host's body or onto its surface, and this may require penetration of substrate around the host, as in wood-boring host larvae that live deep inside of tree trunks, requiring the ichneumon to drill its ovipositor through several centimeters of solid wood (e.g., Megarhyssa species). After hatching, the ichneumonid larva consumes its still living host. The most common hosts are larvae or pupae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.  Some species in the subfamily Pimplinae also parasitise spiders. Hyperparasitoids such as Mesochorinae oviposit inside the larvae of other ichneumonoids. The hosts of some species are agricultural pests, therefore ichneumons are sometimes valuable for biological pest control, but the hosts of most species are unknown; host information has been reviewed and summarized by various researchers, e.g. Aubert, Perkins. and Townes.

Ichneumonids use both idiobiont and koinobiont strategies. Idiobionts paralyze their host and prevent it from moving or growing. Koinobionts allow their host to continue to grow and develop. In both strategies, the host typically dies after some weeks, after which the ichneumonid larva emerges and pupates.

Adult ichneumonids feed on a diversity of foods, including plant sap and nectar; females of some species also feed on their hosts by sipping body fluids released during oviposition, or even stabbing host and non-host insects to imbibe their body fluids. They spend much of their active time searching, either for hosts (female ichneumonids) or for emerging females (male ichneumonids).
The parasitism pressure exerted by ichneumonids can be tremendous, and they are often one of the major regulators of invertebrate populations. It is quite common for 10-20% or more of a host's population to be parasitised (though reported parasitism rates often include non-ichneumonid parasitoids).

Taxonomy and systematics

The taxonomy of the ichneumonids is still poorly known. The family is highly diverse, containing 24,000 described species. Approximately 60,000 species are estimated to exist worldwide, though some estimates place this number at over 100,000. They are severely undersampled, and studies of their diversity typically produce very high numbers of species which are represented by only a single individual. Due to the high diversity, the existence of numerous small and hard to identify species, and the majority of species being undiscovered, it has proven difficult to resolve the phylogeny of the ichneumonids. Even the relationships between subfamilies are unclear. The sheer diversity also means DNA sequence data is only available for a tiny fraction of the species, and detailed cladistic studies require major computing capacity.

Extensive catalogues of the ichneumonids include those by Aubert, Gauld, Perkins, and Townes. Due to the taxonomic difficulties involved, however, their classifications and terminology are often confusingly contradictory. Several prominent authors have gone as far as to publish major reviews that defy the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

The large number of species in Ichneumonidae may be due to the evolution of parasitoidism in Hymenoptera, which occurred approximately 247 million years ago. Ichneumonidae is the basal branch of Apocrita, the lineage in which parasitoidism in Hymenoptera evolved, and some ichneumonids are thought to have been in stasis for millions of years and closely resemble the common ancestor in which parasitoidism evolved. This common ancestor was likely an Ectoparasitoid woodwasp that parasitized wood-boring beetle larvae in trees. The family has existed since at least the Early Cretaceous ( 125 mya), but probably appeared already in the Jurassic (c. 181 mya), soon after the appearance of its major host groups. It diversified during the Oligocene.

Subfamilies
In 1999, the extant ichneumonids were divided into 39 subfamilies, whose names and definitions have varied considerably. In 2019, combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family resulted in the following 41 subfamilies being recognized, in addition to the extinct Labenopimplinae.

 Acaenitinae
 Adelognathinae
 Agriotypinae
 Anomaloninae  (= Anomalinae)
 Ateleutinae  (previously part of Cryptinae)
 Banchinae
 Brachycyrtinae  (previously part of Phrudinae)
 Campopleginae  (= Porizontinae)
 Claseinae
 Collyriinae
 Cremastinae
 Cryptinae  (= Gelinae, Hemitelinae, Phygadeuontinae)
 Ctenopelmatinae  (= Scolobatinae)
 Cylloceriinae  (sometimes included in Microleptinae)
 Diacritinae  (sometimes included in Pimplinae)
 Diplazontinae
 Eucerotinae  (sometimes included in Tryphoninae)
 Hybrizontinae (= Paxylommatinae) (sometimes placed in own family)
 Ichneumoninae  (includes Alomyini)
 Labeninae  (= Labiinae)
 Labenopimplinae (extinct)
 Lycorininae (sometimes included in Banchinae)
 Mesochorinae
 Metopiinae
 Microleptinae
 Neorhacodinae (sometimes included in Banchinae)
 Nesomesochorinae
 Ophioninae
 Orthocentrinae  (sometimes included in Microleptinae)
 Orthopelmatinae
 Oxytorinae
 Pedunculinae
 Phygadeuontinae (previously part of Cryptinae)
 Pimplinae  (= Ephialtinae)
 Poemeniinae  (sometimes included in Pimplinae)
 Rhyssinae  (sometimes included in Pimplinae)
 Sisyrostolinae (sometimes included in Phrudinae)
 Stilbopinae  (excluding Notostilbops)
 Tatogastrinae  (sometimes included in Microleptinae)
 Tersilochinae  (includes Neorhacodinae and part of Phrudinae)
 Tryphoninae
 Xoridinae

Famous ichneumonologists
Famous ichneumonologists include:

Jacques Aubert
Carl Gustav Alexander Brischke
Peter Cameron
Arnold Förster
Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
Alexander Henry Haliday
Gerd Heinrich
August Emil Holmgren
Joseph Kriechbaumer
Thomas Ansell Marshall
Henry Keith Townes
Constantin Wesmael

Darwin and the Ichneumonidae

The perceived cruelty of the ichneumonids troubled philosophers, naturalists, and theologians in the 19th century, who found the parasitoid life cycle inconsistent with the notion of a world created by a loving and benevolent God.  Charles Darwin found the example of the Ichneumonidae so troubling that it contributed to his increasing doubts about the nature and existence of a Creator. In an 1860 letter to the American naturalist Asa Gray, Darwin wrote:
    I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of Caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.

Morphology

See also
Checklist of UK recorded Ichneumonidae

References

External links

Long Family Description Many illustrations from John Curtis British Entomology
Fauna Europaea
Ichneumonidae:Classification of afrotropical ichneumonid wasps. Extensive use of images.
 Family Ichneumonidae at EOL Comprehensive taxonomic resource and image database
 Images of Ichneumonidae species in New Zealand
 W.Rutkies Images. Authority id.
 Genera Ichneumonorum Nearctica. Morphology of Ichneumonidae

Biological pest control wasps
Articles containing video clips
Apocrita families
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille

Ichneumonidae


Klaus Partzsch (* 5. Februar 1930 in Klotzsche; † 26. Mai 1995 in Dresden) war ein deutscher Journalist und Redakteur.

Leben
Klaus Partzsch wurde als Sohn kommunistischer Eltern geboren. Nach seiner mittleren Reife wurde er 1946 Volontär bei der Sächsischen Volkszeitung in Dresden. 1950 flüchtete er nach West-Berlin und wurde im November desselben Jahres in einem Flüchtlingslager aufgenommen in Kirchrode, einem Stadtteil von Hannover.

In Hannover arbeitete Partzsch anfangs als Bankbote sowie freiberuflich für die Frankfurter Abendpost und den Norddeutschen Rundfunk (NDR). 1956 begann er als Lokalredakteur bei der Hannoverschen Allgemeinen Zeitung. Stadtbekannt wurde er dort durch seine mit dem Pseudonym Klapa signierten Wochenend-Kolumnen, in denen er "in gnadenloser Ironie" Themen und Ereignisse der aktuellen Stadtgeschichte aufgriff.

Von Klaus Partzsch ging die Idee aus zur Entstehung des Altstadt-Flohmarkts, der dann erstmals nach dem Vorbild des Pariser Flohmarkts im Anfang April 1967 von Reinhard Schamuhn auf dem Holzmarkt ausgerichtet wurde.

Seinen Ruhestand verbrachte Partzsch ab 1993 in Dresden.

Werke
 Klaus Partzsch u.a: Was tun? [Anleitung, wie man die ersten Stunden nach der Schulentlassung herumkriegen kann.], Fotos: Klaus Partzsch, Peter Grobe; Zeichnungen: Lutz Niemeyer, Hannover: Steinbock-Verlag, 1966
 Klapas schwarzweisses Hannover. In den Jahren 1966 - 1976, Neuauflage, Hannover: Leuenhagen und Paris, 1983, ISBN 3-923976-00-3
 Klapas rotweisses Hannover, 44 neue Geschichten , Geschenkausgabe, Hannover-Empelde: Grütter 1980
 Klapas goldenes Hannover. Noch einmal 111 Geschichten, 2. Auflage, Hannover: Leuenhagen und Paris, 1983, ISBN 3-923976-01-1
 Klapas buntes Hannover, Hannover: Leuenhagen und Paris, 1989, ISBN 3-923976-10-0
 Klapas Hannover. 250 Glossen, Plaudereien und heitere Geschichten aus 25 Jahren, hrsg. von Wolfgang Risse, Hannover: Leuenhagen und Paris, 1991, ISBN 3-923976-11-9
 Das kleine Hannoversche Schmunzelbuch, in der Reihe Ein HAZ-Buch, hrsg. von Wolfgang Risse, Hannover: Leuenhagen und Paris, 2002, ISBN 3-923976-40-2
 Das neue kleine Hannoversche Schmunzelbuch. [Glossen, heitere Geschichten, Plaudereien], eine Auswahl von Tina Deininger, hrsg. von Wolfgang Risse, Hannover: Leuenhagen und Paris, 2004, ISBN 3-923976-45-3

Literatur
 Hugo Thielen: Partzsch, Klaus. In: Dirk Böttcher, Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein, Hugo Thielen: Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2002, ISBN 3-87706-706-9, S. 280, online über Google-Bücher
 Hugo Thielen:  Partzsch, (1) Klaus. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 459.

Weblinks
 Literatur von und über Klaus Partzsch im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Einzelnachweise

Person (Dresden)
Person (Berlin)
Person (Hannover)
Person (Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack)
Person (Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung)
Journalist (Deutschland)
Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 1995
Mann

Klaus Partzsch


Surry County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 Surry County, North Carolina
 Surry County, Virginia

See also
 Surrey

Surry County


D'Hondt-reglan er reikniaðferð sem notuð er til að úthluta sætum til framboðslista í hlutbundnum listakosningum. Með aðferðinni er stefnt að því að úthlutun þeirra sæta sem eru í boði sé í sem mestu samræmi við hlutfallslega skiptingu atkvæða á milli mismunandi framboðslista. Aðferðin er kennd við belgíska lögfræðinginn Victor D'Hondt sem lýsti henni fyrstur árið 1878. Aðferðin eða eitthvert afbrigði af henni er notuð við þingkosningar í flestum löndum sem notast við listakosningar, þ.á.m. á Íslandi þar sem aðferðin er notuð í Alþingiskosningum og sveitarstjórnarkosningum.

Aðferðin gengur einfaldlega út á það að deilt er í atkvæðafjölda hvers framboðslista með heiltölunum 1, 2, 3, o.s.frv. Útkomutölunum úr deilingunni er raðað upp í töflu og sá framboðslisti sem hefur hæstu útkomutöluna hreppir fyrsta sætið. Þá er sú útkomutala strikuð út og sú næsthæsta fundin og svo koll af kolli þar til öllum sætum hefur verið úthlutað.

Tenglar
 Lýsing á úthlutun þingsæta  (PDF)

Kosningar

D'Hondt-reglan


Amalia Zaldúa (* 29. Oktober 1927 in Tacuarembó, Uruguay) ist eine uruguayische Chorleiterin.

Die seit 1937 in Salto wohnhafte Lehrerin Zaldúa übernahm 1965 den Lehrstuhl für Chorleitung und musikalische Erziehung am Instituto Normal in Salto. 1977 folgte die Gründung des Chores Cantares, zu dessen Unterstützung sie vier Jahre später auch die Asociación Coral Cantares ins Leben rief. Neben zahlreichen Aufführungen in der Heimatstadt oder dem Teatro Solís trat sie mit ihrem Chor auch international in Erscheinung. So nahm man bereits im Gründungsjahr am Internationalen Festival im spanischen Extremadura teil, später folgten Auftritten in Rom und in den Jahren 1993 und 1997 im Vatikan. Erneut in Spanien war sie mit ihrem Chor auf der 20. Internationalen Chorwoche von Álava und 2001 bei den dritten Chortagen von Burgos präsent. 2011 kündigte Zaldúa den Rücktritt von ihrer leitenden Funktion an.

Literatur
 Miguel Ángel Campodónico: Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya. Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 360.

Einzelnachweise

Chorleiter
Frau
Uruguayer
Geboren 1927
Person (Tacuarembó)

Amalia Zaldúa