Viologens are organic compounds with the formula (C5H4NR)2n+.  In some viologens, the pyridyl groups are further modified.

Viologens are called so, because these compounds produce violet color on reduction [violet + Latin gen, generator of].

The viologen paraquat (R = methyl), is a widely used herbicide. As early as in the 1930s, paraquat was being used as an oxidation-reduction indicator, because it becomes violet on reduction.

Other viologens have been commercialized because they can change color reversibly many times through reduction and oxidation.  The name viologen alludes to violet, one color it can exhibit, and the radical cation (C5H4NR)2+ is colored intensely blue.

Types of viologens
As bipyridinium derivatives, the viologens are related to 4,4'-bipyridyl.  The basic nitrogen centers in these compounds are alkylated to give viologens:
(C5H4N)2  +  2 RX   →   [(C5H4NR)2]2+(X−)2
The alkylation is a form of quaternization.  When the alkylating agent is a small alkyl halide, such as methyl chloride or methyl bromide, the viologen salt is often water-soluble.  A wide variety of alkyl substituents have been investigated.  Common derivatives are methyl (see paraquat), long chain alkyl, and benzyl.

Redox properties
Viologens, in their dicationic form, typically undergo two one-electron reductions.  The first reduction affords the deeply colored radical cation:
 [V]2+  +  e−     [V]+
The radical cations are blue for 4,4'-viologens and green for 2,2'-derivatives. The second reduction yields a yellow quinoid compounds:
 [V]+  +  e−     [V]0

The electron transfer is fast because the redox process induces little structural change. The redox is highly reversible.  These reagents are relatively inexpensive among redox-active organic compounds.  They are convenient colorimetric reagents for biochemical redox reactions.

Research
Their tendency to form host–guest complexes is key to the molecular machines recognized by the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Viologens are used in the negative electrolytes of some experimental flow batteries. Viologens have been modified to optimize their performance in such batteries, e.g. by incorporating them into redox-active polymers.

Viologen catalysts have been reported to have the potential to oxidize glucose and other carbohydrates catalytically in a mildly alkaline solution, which makes direct carbohydrate fuel cells possible.

Modified viologens and related compounds
Diquat is an isomer of viologens, being derived from 2,2'-bipyridine (instead of the 4,4'-isomer). It also is a potent herbicide that functions by disrupting electron-transfer.

Extended viologens have been developed based on conjugated oligomers such as based on aryl, ethylene, and thiophene units are inserted between the pyridine units.<ref>{{cite journal | author = W. W. Porter, T. P. Vaid and A. L. Rheingold | title = Synthesis and Characterization of a Highly Reducing Neutral "Extended Viologen" and the Isostructural Hydrocarbon 4,4'  '-Di-n-octyl-p-quaterphenyl | year = 2005 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 127 | issue = 47 | pages = 16559–16566 | doi = 10.1021/ja053084q | pmid = 16305245}}</ref> The bipolaron di-octyl bis(4-pyridyl)biphenyl viologen 2 in scheme 2'' can be reduced by sodium amalgam in DMF to the neutral viologen 3.

The resonance structures of the quinoid 3a and the biradical 3b contribute equally to the hybrid structure. The driving force for the contributing 3b is the restoration of aromaticity with the biphenyl unit.  It has been established using X-ray crystallography that the molecule is, in effect, coplanar with slight nitrogen pyramidalization, and that the central carbon bonds are longer (144 pm) than what would be expected for a double bond (136 pm). Further research shows that the diradical exists as a mixture of triplets and singlets, although an ESR signal is absent. In this sense, the molecule resembles Tschischibabin's hydrocarbon, discovered during 1907. It also shares with this molecule a blue color in solution, and a metallic-green color as crystals.

Compound 3 is a very strong reducing agent, with a redox potential of −1.48 V.

Applications
The widely used herbicide paraquat is a viologen.  This application is the largest consumer of this class of compounds. The toxicity of the 2,2'-, 4,4'-, or 2,4'-bipyridylium-based viologens is related to their ability to form stable free radicals.  This redox activity allows these species to interfere with the electron transport chain in the plant.

Viologens have been commercialized as electrochromic systems because of their highly reversible and dramatic change of color upon reduction and oxidation.  In some applications, N-heptyl viologens are used.  Conducting solid supports such as titania and indium tin oxide have been used.

References

External links
 Experimental details of viologen electrolysis from the University of Regensburg

Bipyridines
Dyes
Salts
Superoxide generating substances

Viologen


Olaylar
 Karamanoğulları Beyliği, Osmanlı idaresine geçti.

Doğumlar
 2 Şubat - I. János, veya János Zápolya, Erdel voyvodası, Macaristan Kralı (ö. 1540)
 23 Nisan - Georgius Macropedius, veya Joris van Lanckvelt, Hollandalı hümanist öğretmen ve oyun yazarı (ö. 1558)
 17 Temmuz - I. İsmail, veya Şah İsmail, Safevi Devleti'nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (ö.1524)
 10 Eylül - III. Julius, papa (ö. 1555)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Kurdoğlu Muslihiddin Reis, Osmanlı amirali (ö. 1535)

Ölümler
 9 Eylül - İmparator Chenghua, Çin'in Ming Hanedanı'nın yedinci imparatoru (d. 1447)
 14 Eylül - Mara Hatun, Osmanlı padişahı II. Murad'ın eşi, Sırp despotu Đurađ Branković'in kızı (d. y. 1416)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Hayder, Kırım Hanı
 Pedro Tafur, İspanyol gezgin (d. 1410)
 Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey, Son Karamanoğulları Beyi

1487


Os jogos de tabuleiro de dedução são um gênero de jogo de tabuleiro em que os jogadores devem usar raciocínio dedutivo e lógica para ganhar o jogo. Enquanto muitos jogos, como bridge ou pôquer, exigem o uso de raciocínio dedutivo até certo ponto, os jogos de tabuleiro de dedução apresentam o raciocínio dedutivo como sua mecânica central.

Os jogos de tabuleiro de dedução normalmente se enquadram em duas grandes categorias; jogos abstratos e de investigação.

Resumo
Os jogos de dedução abstrata não têm tema e se concentram no raciocínio abstrato puro. Embora abstratos, alguns introduzem elementos aleatórios. Por exemplo, no jogo Code 777, os cartões de perguntas usados para coletar informações são sorteados aleatoriamente. Membros notáveis desta categoria incluem Black Box e Master Mind.

Jogos de investigação
Jogos de investigação são jogos de tabuleiro em que os jogadores geralmente jogam como policiais, detetives ou outros investigadores.

O jogo mais conhecido deste tipo é o Cluedo. Na verdade, muitos dos jogos nesta categoria utilizam uma mecânica conhecida como "The Missing Card", que foi desenvolvida por Anthony E. Pratt para Cluedo (Clue nos Estados Unidos). "The Missing Card" pega um conjunto conhecido de cartas (ou outra ficha) e remove uma ou mais delas. Ao coletar informações e usar dedução e lógica, os jogadores podem determinar quais cartas foram removidas para ganhar o jogo.

Outras mecânicas usadas em jogos de investigação incluem a mecânica "um contra todos", como visto em Scotland Yard, The Fury of Dracula e jogos semelhantes. Nesses jogos, um jogador tenta ficar escondido enquanto os outros tentam descobrir sua localização.

Existem alguns jogos, como o Lie Detector, publicado pela Mattel em 1960, que utilizam mecânicas únicas. Este jogo usava cartões perfurados e uma máquina detectora de mentiras de plástico que os jogadores podiam usar para determinar se as declarações eram verdadeiras ou falsas. Embora popular, este jogo não produziu imitadores semelhantes aos de Cluedo ou Scotland Yard.

Jogos de tabuleiro

Jogo de tabuleiro de dedução


القمر أطلس  ( ; ) هو أحد أقمار الكوكب زحل، وهو قمر صغير (قمير) يبلغ قطره نحو 31 كيلو مترا، ويبلغ معدل مسافته عن كوكبه الأم نحو 137. 700 كيلومتر. أطلس يعتبر قمر راعي (Shepherd Satellite) للحلقة A، والقمر الراعي هو القمر الذي يعيق توسع الحلقة الكوكبية من خلال قوته الجذبية. كما انه ثاني أقمار زحل التي عددها ثمانية عشر كوكب. اكتشف القمر مشروع فوياجير في أكتوبر 1980م.

الخصائص المدارية

 Epoch December 31, 2003 (JD 2453005.5)
 متوسط نصف قطر المدار:	137,670 ± 10 km
 اختلاف المركز: 0.0012
 الدورة المدارية: 0.6016947883 d
 ميل: 0.003 ± 0.004°
 قمر: Saturn

الخصائص الطبيعية

 الأبعاد:	46 × 38 × 19 km[1]
 متوسط نصف القطر:	15.3 ± 1.2 km [1]
 مساحة السطح:	~3,700 km²
 الحجم:	~15,000 km³
 الكتلة:	6.6 ± 0.6 ×1015 kg [1]
 متوسط الكثافة:	0.44 ± 0.11 g/cm³
 جاذبية السطح الاستوائية:	~0.00083 m/s2
 Escape velocity:	~0.0062 km/s
 Rotation period:	synchronous
 الميل المحوري: صفر zero
 Albedo:	0.4
 درجة الحرارة:	~81 K
 صفات النـَسب:	Atlantean

مصادر

أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1980
أقمار زحل
اكتشافات فوياجر 1

أطلس (قمر)


Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju za sezonu 2018./2019. je sedamnaesti put zaredom osvojila momčad "Nada" iz Splita.

Prvenstvo je igrano u na jesen 2018. godine, te su tako kalendarski u 2018. godini održane završnice dvaju prvenstava, koje je oba osvojila "Nada".

Prva liga

Sustav natjecanja
Sudjeluje 5 klubova, uključujući i jedan klub iz Slovenije, koji igraju dvokružnu ligu. Po završetku lige, dvije najuspješnije hrvatske momčadi igraju za prvaka lige.

Sudionici

 Sinj - Sinj
 Nada - Split
 Mladost - Zagreb
 Zagreb - Zagreb
  Ljubljana - Ljubljana (van konkurencije)

Ljestvica

Rezultati ligaškog dijela
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Povezani članci
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju 2017./18.
 Kup Hrvatske u ragbiju 2019.
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju 7 2019.

Vanjske poveznice
 rugby.hr

Izvori

 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2018/19 - 1. liga, ljestvica, pristupljeno 16. prosinc 2018.
 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2018/19 - 1. liga, raspored i rezultati, pristupljeno 16. prosinc 2018.

2018

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju 2018.


Antonia Mercé y Luque (September 4, 1890 – July 18, 1936), also known as La Argentina, was an Argentine-born Spanish dancer who created the neoclassical style of Spanish dance. She was widely regarded as one of the most famous Spanish dancers of the 20th century and was nicknamed the "Queen of the Castanets" and the "Flamenco Pavlova."

Biography

Early life

Antonia Mercé y Luque, also known as La Argentina, was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to parents who were professional Spanish dancers, Manuel Mercé and Josefina Luque. She started her dance training with her parents in ballet and was primarily trained by her father at the age of four. She made her debut performance at the Teatro Real in Madrid, Spain, at the age of nine and became a star dancer at the Madrid Opera by the age of eleven. After the death of her father, La Argentina retired from ballet and began studying native Spanish dances with her mother at the age of 14.

Career

At the beginning of her career, La Argentina faced disapproval of her style of dancing from society, which prevented her from performing in theaters and concerts. She then performed in venues accessible to her, including café cantantés and music halls.

Before World War I, La Argentina traveled to Paris, where she performed at various prominent locations such as the Moulin Rouge and the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. Later on, she developed an interest in a Romani-style dance and adapted it to her own style. Her rendition of this dance inspired Metropolitan Opera star Rosa Ponselle to prepare the dances for her portrayal of Bizet's "Carmen" under La Argentina's guidance in 1935.

Throughout her career, La Argentina embarked on six tours in North America, often accompanied by flamenco guitarist Carlos Montoya.

Death
On July 18, 1936, La Argentina passed away at the age of 46 in Bayonne, France.

Awards
La Argentina was recognized for her contributions to dance with several prestigious awards. She was awarded the French Légion d'honneur and the Spanish Orden de Isabel la Católica. A commemorative plaque was placed in the Metropolitan Opera House following her death, and she was also awarded the medal of Alfonso X the Wise.

Contribution to formal dance
La Argentina's contributions to formal dance include her unique style, music selection, use of castanets, and the way she structured her performances.

Style
Edwige Feuillère expressed her admiration for La Argentina's classical formation, knowledge, and taste, which brought dignity and nobleness to Spanish folklore. Serge Lifar acknowledged La Argentina's contribution to the history of formal dance, which began in 1920 with her and Vicente Escudero, according to him. La Argentina created her own style by reviving forgotten traditions and seeking out traditional steps from village squares and humble dance schools. She refined and pruned each pattern of steps, keeping only what was essential to conform to her own aesthetic, which combined the purity of classical style with the ardor and character of popular art. La Argentina believed that stylized dance should retain the nature and flavor of folklore while respecting the demands of the stage, such as creating space, accentuating movement, and fitting different parts into the whole.

Music
La Argentina incorporated music from contemporary Spanish composers such as Isaac Albéniz, de Falla, Granados, and Turina into her Spanish dance performances. These composers' music demanded broad choral movements that were not present in traditional folkloric dances. She also worked with young Spanish composers, including Ernesto Halffter, Óscar Esplá, and Duran, to create new scores. Accompanied by notable pianists such as Joaquin Nin, Amparo Navaro, Carmencita Perez, Miguel Berdion, and Luis Galve, La Argentina used a variety of music that suited her performances.

Castanets
La Argentina started using castanets at a very young age, around three or four. Later on, she developed her own method to obtain more pleasing sounds from the instrument and even modified the design of castanets. Her approach to playing the castanets was so influential that many other Spanish artists began to adopt her musical notation for this instrument.

Recital format
Argentina was a pioneer in the recital format, performing her own choreography for concerts with only a pianist or occasionally a guitarist. Salvador Ballesteros, a family friend, served as her guitarist throughout her career. She gradually transitioned from performing in variety programs and pieces with orchestral music to dances where less importance was given to the orchestra. Her first shows in 1925 were during a European tour and in the South of France, where she shared the stage with other artists. Her first solo recital was in Berlin in 1926, and she continued performing in the same format in various venues around the world, including Salle Gaveau, Théâtre Femina, Salle Pleyel, the Imperial Theatre in Tokyo, Théâtre des Champs-Elysées, Paris Opera, Opéra-Comique, and the old Trocadéro. Her popular shows at the Trocadéro drew large crowds, and she continued to perform there to great acclaim.

Main creations

1. Concert dances

The following is a list of dances and their corresponding music that were created during various time periods:

 1912's El Garrotin, based on a popular song La Corrida, music by Valverde (taken from choreographies created in 1910 for the opérette L'Amour en Espagne Tango Andalou, music by Ballesteros).
 1916 Danse des Yeux verts, music specially composed by Granados
 Between 1916 and 1921: Habanera, music by Pablo de Sarasate Cordoba, music by Albeniz Danza V, music by Granados
 1921, Sevilla, music by Albeniz Serenata, music by Malats Sérénade Andalouse, music by C. Ruecker
 1925 Danse du Feu, music by Manuel de Falla Andalouse Sentimentale, music by Turina Boléro Classique, music by Iradier Bohémiene, based on a popular song Seguidilla (without music).
 1926 Mexico, based on a popular air Ciel de Cuba, based on a popular song
 1927 Valencia, music by C. Ruecker Chaconne, music by Albeniz
 1928 Serenata Andaluza, music by Manuel de Falla Jota Valenciana, music by Granados Danse Gitane, music by Infante Lagerterana, music by Guerrero
 1929, La Vie Brève, music by de Falla Carinosa, popular music from the Philippines Jota Aragonesa, music by de Falla
 1930 Goyescas, music by Granados Danse Ibérienne, music specially composed by Joaquin Nin Danse de la Meunière, music by de Falla
 1932 Almeria, music by Albeniz La Romeria de los Cornudos, music by Pittaluga (The Shawl Dance, a dance from Granada). Puerta de Tierra, music by Albeniz Danse du Meunier, music by de Falla Légende, music by Albeniz Charrada, popular music from Salamanca Malaguena, music by Albeniz Castilla, music by Albeniz, "Matid 1 800". Cuba, music by Albeniz Alegrias, music by Ballesteros
 1933 Zapataedo, music by Granados Tientos, music by Infante
 1934 Sacra-Monte, music by Turina Esquisse Gitane, music by Infante La Fregona, music by Vives Suite Argentina, based on a popular air (Condicion-Bailecito-Zamba). Suite Andalouse, based on popular songs (Sevillanas-Peteneras-Bulerias).
 1935 Fandango, music by Turina Polo Gitano, music by Breton
 1936: La Firmeza, based on Argentinian popular music, becomes the last dance in the Suite Argentina.

2. Ballets

In 1925, Manuel de Falla composed the music for L'Amour Sorcier.

El Fandango de Candi was choreographed in 1927 with music by Duran. Argentina danced in a pink costume with cubist flounces cut into scallops, expressing feminine shrewdness, thwarted love, and tenderness.

Also in 1927, a flamenco cuadro called "Au coeur de Seville" was performed, featuring a popular air.

Ernesto Halffter composed the music for Sonatine in 1928. Argentina danced in this ballet, which mixed elements of Old France and Castilla and featured a shepherdess gliding and pirouetting imperceptibly.

In 1928, Óscar Esplá composed the music for Le Contrebandier, a ballet featuring the future Empress Eugénie and the countess of Teba.

Juerga, choreographed in 1928 by Julien Bautista, depicted scenes of popular life in Madrid around 1885, with young people from good families mingling with common folk and engaging in unrestrained jollity.

Triana, composed by Albeniz in 1929, depicted lovers' tiffs during the Corpus Christi festival in Sevilla.

See also
 List of dancers

Notes

Further reading
 Suzanne F. Cordelier: La vie brève de la Argentina. Paris 1936
 Monique Paravicini (ed.): Argentina. Gilberte Cournand, Paris 1956
 Argentina. Bienal de Arte Flamenco (V el Baile). Sevilla 1988
 Ministerio de Cultura (ed.): Homenaje en su Centenario 1890-1990 Antonia Mercé 'La Argentina'''. Madrid 1990
 Suzanne de Soye: Toi qui dansais, (you danced and danced) Argentina. Paris 1993
 Carlos Manso: La Argentina, fue Antonia Mercé. Buenos Aires 1993
 Ria Schneider (ed.): Argentina. Antonia Mercé. Kastagnettenstücke, entstanden 1912-1936. IGkK, Köln 1993
 Brygida M. Ochaim, Claudia Balk: Varieté-Tänzerinnen um 1900. Vom Sinnenrausch zur Tanzmoderne, Ausstellung des Deutschen Theatermuseums München 23.10.1998–17.1.1999.'', Stroemfeld, Frankfurt/M. 1998,

External links

La Argentina's biography
Short Biography
Tarot & Dance: The Dancing Queens, Antonia Merce, La Argentina, Queen of Coins(c) Cheryl Lynne Bradley 2003] at TarotCanada.tripod.com La Argentina
Legado de Antonia Mercé La Argentina en la Fundación Juan March(Spanish).
Archive of Antonia Mercé La Argentina, Fundación Juan March-Madrid(English).

1890 births
1936 deaths
Argentine female dancers
Argentine dancers
Argentine people of Spanish descent
Flamenco dancers
Dancers from Buenos Aires
Argentine emigrants to Spain

La Argentina (dancer)


Horvat, hrvatsko prezime
 Horvat (plemstvo), hrvatski plemićki rod
 Ana Horvat, hrvatska književnica
 Aleksandar Horvat, hrvatski pravnik i pravaški političar, zagovornik parlamentarnog monarhizma i trijalizma
 Bela Horvat, mađarski pjesnik i književnik
 Branko Horvat, političar iz Vojvodine hrvatskog podrijetla
 Đurđica Horvat, hrvatska kiparica
 Hrvoje Horvat, ime više umjetnika, športaša i novinara
 Ivan Horvat, ime više književnika, dužnosnika, športaša i novinara
 Ivaniš Horvat, hrvatski ban iz 14. stoljeća
 Josip Horvat, ime više umjetnika, književnika, znanstvenika, političara i sportaša
 Lidija Horvat, hrvatska rukometašica
 Lidija Horvat-Dunjko, hrvatska operna pjevačica
 Pavao Horvat, zagrebački biskup iz 14. stoljeća
 Radovan Horvat (1930. – 2016.), hrvatski arhitekt
 Rudolf Horvat, hrvatski povjesničar, književnik i političar
 Stjepan Horvat, hrvatski zagonetač, novinar i publicist
 Vladimir Horvat, hrvatski katolički svećenik, filolog, prevoditelj, povjesničar i publicist
 Zlatko Horvat, hrvatski rukometni reprezentativac

Vidi i:
 Horvati, naselje u sastavu Grada Zagreba
 Nagrada Ivo Horvat, nagrada za životno djelo

Horvat (razdvojba)


Die Straßenbahn Vitoria-Gasteiz wird von der baskischen Bahngesellschaft Euskotren betrieben. Sie wurde am 23. Dezember 2008 in Betrieb genommen. Der Bau des Netzes begann am 12. September 2006. Sie verbindet die am dichtesten besiedelten Stadtteile von Vitoria mit dem Stadtzentrum. Das Netz besteht aus einer Linie mit zwei Ästen und ermöglicht es den Fahrgästen, die Stadtteile Ibaiondo, Lakua und Abetxuko innerhalb von 15 Minuten vom Zentrum aus zu erreichen, im Innenstadtbereich fahren die Züge alle 7,5 Minuten. Die ersten Probefahrten begannen am 6. Oktober 2008 auf dem Ast nach Ibaiondo. Der Ast nach Abetxuko wurde im Juli 2009 in Betrieb genommen.

Geschichte

Erste Planungen
Bereits 1995 bot die baskische Regierung der Stadtverwaltung von Vitoria-Gasteiz die Finanzierung und den Bau einer Straßenbahnlinie an. Jedoch konnte sich das Projekt auf Grund der Abneigung der Bürger und des Stadtrates nicht durchsetzen. Nach dem Erfolg der Straßenbahn Bilbao wandte sich das Bild, so dass sich Vitoria neun Jahre später doch zum Bau einer eigenen Straßenbahn entschloss.

Baugeschichte
Der Bau der Straßenbahn von Vitoria begann im September 2006. Die erste Linie, die das Stadtzentrum mit dem nördlichen Stadtteil Lakua verbindet, ist seit dem 23. Dezember 2008 in Betrieb.

Eine zweite Linie – ebenfalls Richtung Norden – wurde am 10. Juli 2009 eröffnet. Zunächst führte sie nur bis zur Haltestelle Kañabento. Seit der Verlängerung um 750 m und zwei weitere Haltestellen im September 2012 fährt die Straßenbahn ins Zentrum des Stadtteils Abetxuko. Damit erreichte das Streckennetz eine Länge von 12 km.

Am 15. Februar 2020 wurde eine Verlängerung in südlicher Richtung um 1,4 km Betrieb genommen. Es entstanden drei neue Haltestellen. Die Endhaltestelle liegt in Nähe der Universität.

Der Betriebshof befindet sich am Endpunkt Ibaiondo. Wendeschleifen gibt es nicht, die Züge wenden an allen Endstellen durch Fahrtrichtungswechsel.

Im Herbst 2019 wurde der Bau eines Abzweigs von der Haltestelle Florida in Richtung Salburua mit fünf weiteren Haltestellen genehmigt. Diese Verlängerung wurde am 11. April 2023 in Betrieb genommen, der Bau kostete 25 Millionen Euro.

Rollmaterial

Fahrzeugbestand bei Betriebsaufnahme
Für den Betrieb der Strecke hat man sich für fünfteilige Multigelenkwagen des Typs Urbos 2 der baskischen Firma CAF entschieden: CAF lieferte in den Jahren 2008 und 2009 insgesamt 11 Zweirichtungswagen.

Ergänzungslieferungen 2019
Wegen einer starken Zunahme der Fahrgastzahlen auf 8,3 Millionen Fahrgäste im Jahr 2018, wurde eine Erweiterung des Fuhrparks notwendig: Bereits 2017 waren bei CAF drei siebenteilige Multigelenkwagen des Typs Urbos 600 bestellt worden, im Mai 2019 wurde in Abänderung des Kaufvertrags ein weiteres Fahrzeug bestellt. Die Wagen wurden im Dezember 2019 ausgeliefert. Der Auftrag wurde auf sieben Einheiten vergrößert, sodass zwei Urbos 2 an die Straßenbahn Bilbao abgegeben werden konnten.

Außerdem besteht ein Vertrag über die Verlängerung der vorhandenen fünfteiligen Triebwagen auf siebenteilige.

Weblinks

 http://www.euskotren.es Offizielle Internetpräsenz von EuskoTren (spanisch, baskisch, englisch, französisch)

Literatur
Bernhard Kußmagk: "Die spanische Transsib". In: Straßenbahn Magazin, Heft 5/2018, S. 20

Einzelnachweise

Vitoria-Gasteiz
Verkehr (Autonome Gemeinschaft Baskenland)
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz

Straßenbahn Vitoria-Gasteiz


An Poa major in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Da Fang Cui. An Poa major in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa major


O'G3NE (tidligere kendt som Lisa, Amy, & Shelley) er en hollandsk pigegruppe på tre. Gruppen består af søstrene Lisa, Amy, og Shelley Vol, hvoraf de to sidstnævnte af de tre er tvillinger.

I 2007 repræsenterede de Holland i Junior Eurovision Song Contest i 2007 med sangen "Adem i, adem uit" (pust ind, pust ud). Den 19. december 2014, blev de udråbt som vindere af sæson fem i det hollandske The Voice, som gav dem en pladekontrakt med EMI. De blev den første trio til at vinde konkurrencen i en international version af The Voice.

Den 29. oktober 2016 blev det meddelt, at de vil repræsentere Holland i Eurovision Song Contest i 2017.

Liv og karriere

Tidlig karriere
Lisa Vol blev født 21. juni 1994, mens tvillingerne Amy og Shelley Vol blev født 18. oktober 1995. Søstrene blev født i Dordrecht, og opvokset i Fijnaart. I 2007 vandt de Junior Songfestival 2007 med deres selvskreven sang "Adem i, Adem Uit", der fik den maksimale score på 36 point i semifinalen og finalen. De gik videre for at repræsentere Holland i Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 i Rotterdam, hvor de kom nummer 11 ud af 17. Det følgende år udgav de et album med titlen 300% og udgav senere et nyt album med titlen Sweet 16 i 2011.

2014-2016: The Voice of Holland, gennembrud, og We Got This
Efter en kort pause efter udgivelsen af deres andet album i 2011, var gruppen præsenteret i den tredje episode af audition-runderne i sæson fem af The Voice of Holland under det nye navn "O'G3NE". De optrådte med Bee Gees's "Emotion" og fik alle fire dommere til at vende deres stole, hvor de til sidst sluttede sig til Marco Borsato's team. De var i stabile gennem hele showet, hvor de i sidste ende gik videre til at vinde showet, og blev den første gruppe til at gøre det. I 2016 deltog de i det hollandske musikalske tv-show De beste zangers van Nederland. De udgav deres tredje album, We Got This, den 30. september 2016. Det toppede som nummer et på den hollandske albums chart.

2016 – i dag: Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Efter megen spekulation blev det 29. oktober 2016 afsløret, at O'G3NE ville repræsentere Holland i Eurovision Song Contest i 2017 i Kyiv. Gruppen fik en 11. plads i finalen.

Diskografi

Studio albums

Singles

Som udvalgt kunstner

Salgsfremmende singler

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Musikgrupper fra 2007
Junior Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Hollands Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Musikgrupper fra Nederlandene

O'G3NE


Rufino est une ville de la province de Santa Fe, en Argentine.

Géographie
Elle se trouve dans le Département de General López, à 260 km de la principale zone métropolitaine de la province de Gran Rosario, à 416 km de la capitale provinciale Santa Fe, près des frontières avec les provinces de Cordoba (à l'ouest) et de Buenos Aires (au sud), et à l'intersection des routes nationales 7 et 33.

Histoire
La ville a été fondée par Gerónimo Segundo Rufino en 1886 quand la ligne de chemin de fer qui reliait Diego de Alvear (Santa Fe) à Villa Mercedes (San Luis) a été inaugurée. Les plans de la nouvelle ville ont été approuvés par le gouverneur de Santa Fe le 29 mars 1889 qui est reconnue comme la date de fondation officielle. Elle comptait 18.980 habitants selon le recensement de 2010 du National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina.

Personnalités
 Ernesto Mastrángelo (1948-2023) footballeur argentin.
 Santiago Chocobares (1999-), joueur international de rugby à XV qui évolue au poste de centre avec le Stade toulousain.

Articles connexes
 Liste de villes d'Argentine

Notes et références

Ville dans la province de Santa Fe
Ville en Argentine

Rufino


The Widow Jones is a musical comedy created by the writer John J. McNally as a star vehicle for the actress and singer May Irwin. The musical used song material by a variety of song writers which used a "Negro dialect". Premiering at the Boston Museum theatre and backed by the Boston producers Rich & Harris, the play toured in cities through the United States in 1895-1896; including two separate runs at Broadway's Bijou Theatre. The work is best remembered today for its Act 1 kiss scene which was re-created by Irwin with her co-star John C. Rice as a short film in Thomas Edison's The Kiss in 1896.

Plot
Setting: Maine

Irwin portrays Beatrice Byke an un-married "fat-fair-and-forty" woman who has run away to Maine and assumed the false identity of a widow going by the surname Jones in order to avoid her many ardent suitors. Over the course of the play she is forced to pay the bills of her false husband, a man who allegedly died from drowning, only to eventually come face to face with the supposedly drowned man.

Performances and Edison film
The Widow Jones premiered at the Boston Museum on September 2, 1895, and then went on tour for performances in cities throughout the United States. Part of this tour included performances at Broadway's Bijou Theatre where it began its run on September 16, 1895. The production left New York City to perform on tour, but ultimately returned for more performances at the Bijou Theatre beginning on March 16, 1896. On April 21, 1896 at the Bijou Theatre the show's producer's, Rich & Harris of Boston, presented Irwin with a custom made silver perfume bottle and a plaque to celebrate the production's 300th performance given during the production's run (not all on Broadway, but collectively).

Thomas Edison hired the play's stars, May Irwin and John Rice, to recreate the kiss seen in act 1 of the play for the 1896 short film, The Kiss, made in Edison's Kinetoscope process. The film was acquired by the Film Library of the Museum of Modern Art in 1935.

Songs
"His Legs Are Assorted Sizes" (music by Geo. H. Wilder, lyrics by Lawrence J. Sheehan)
"I Love My Honey Yes I Do" (music and lyrics by Will C. Carleton)
"The New Bully" (music and lyrics by Charles E. Trevathan)
"I Want Yer Ma, Honey"

Notes

External links

 The Kiss - the Edison film on YouTube (21 seconds)

1895 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals set in Maine

The Widow Jones


Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu (AST), 1963 yılında, Ankara'da Asaf Çiyiltepe öncülüğünde kurulmuş tiyatro topluluğudur. Tiyatro, İstanbul'daki Arena Tiyatrosu'nun devamı niteliğindedir.

Kapatılması
Ankara'da dört kez oynanan Hitler Rejiminin Korku ve Sefaleti oyunu, beşinci kez Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi öğrencilerine oynanırken, Ankara Sıkıyönetim Kumandanlığı'nın 4 Nisan 1972 tarihli bildirimi ile yasaklandı ve 1974 yılında yeniden açıldı. Bildirimde şöyle denilmekteydi:

Ayrıca bakınız

 Kadın Oyunları Festivali

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sanat Tiyatrosu
1963'te Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar

Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu


بي أر دي إم-2   اختصار كلمة Боевая Разведывательная Дозорная Машина التي تعني مركبة استطلاع قتالية. هي مركبة استطلاع برمائية رباعية الدفع سوفيتية دخلت الخدمة في 1957، سلحت برشاش عيار 7.62 ملم.

كانت تعرف باسم بي أر إم دي في الأتحاد السوفيتي قبل أن تظهر البي أر دي إم-2 حينها حملت اسم بي أر دي إم-1، وحتى ظهورها لأول مرة عام 1957 بقيت على خط الإنتاج حتى العام 1966، بلغ مجموع المركبات المنتجة 10,000 وحدة، حاليا أقل من 600 مركبة لا زالت في احتياط بعض الدول.

مراجع

مركبات استطلاع
مركبات عسكرية 1950–1959

بي أر دي إم-1


Ștefan Niculescu (n. 22 septembrie 1908, Călărași – d. 22 martie 1989, Fieni) a fost un militar român din structura Marelui Stat Major al Armatei Române în cel de-Al Doilea Război Mondial, care s-a remarcat în timpul Loviturii de stat de la 23 august 1944.

Lt.-col. Ștefan Niculescu a luat parte la activitățile din seara zilei de 23 august 1944 legate de constituirea guvernului Sănătescu, de întocmirea primelor decrete regale și de imprimare și difuzare a proclamației regelui Mihai I al României. A fost delegat pe 24 august 1944 la cabinetul președintelui Consiliului de Miniștri în calitate de director de cabinet.

În dimineața zilei de 24 august 1944 a plecat de la Palatul Regal din București spre Turcia pentru a-i însoți pe agenții britanici A. G. de Chastelain și Ivor Porter cu scopul de a face cunoscută ieșirea României din război.

Note

Vezi și
 Operațiunea "Autonomous"

Nașteri în 1908
Nașteri pe 22 septembrie
Decese în 1989
Decese pe 22 martie
Militari români în Al Doilea Război Mondial
Ofițeri români
Călărășeni

Ștefan Niculescu (locotenent-colonel)


Microtea, biljni rod smješten u vlastitu porodicu Microteaceae, dio reda klinčićolike. Pripda joj jedanaest priznatih vrsta u tropskim predjelima Srednje i Južne Amerike

Vrste
 Microtea bahiensis Marchior. & J.C.Siqueira
 Microtea celosioides (Spreng.) Moq. ex Sennikov & Sukhor.
 Microtea debilis Sw.
 Microtea glochidiata Moq.
 Microtea longibracteata H.Walter
 Microtea maypurensis (Kunth) G.Don
 Microtea papillosa Marchior. & J.C.Siqueira
 Microtea portoricensis Urb.
 Microtea scabrida Urb.
 Microtea sulcicaulis Chodat
 Microtea tenuifolia Moq.

Sinonimi
 Ancistrocarpus Kunth
 Ceratococca Willd. ex Schult.
 Potamophila Schrank
 Schollera Rohr

Izvori

Rodovi klinčićolikih

Microtea


La Cueva de Blombos es una cueva en un arrecife de arenisca calcarenítica en la costa del cabo sur de Sudáfrica. Es un yacimiento arqueológico que saltó a la fama por el descubrimiento de piezas de ocre de 76 000 años de antigüedad grabadas con diseños abstractos y cuentas hechas de valvas de Nassarius, así como herramientas de hueso de 80 000 años de antigüedad. Se han descubierto evidencias de marisqueo y posiblemente pesca, y el asentamiento data de hace 140 000 años.

Introducción

Las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en la cueva de Blombos desde 1991 proporcionan instantáneas de la vida en la Edad de Piedra media en el cabo sur de Sudáfrica. Se han identificado tres fases de ocupación en ese periodo, identificadas y denominadas como M1, M2 y M3. La datación mediante métodos de luminiscencia ópticamente estimulada y termoluminiscencia han determinado las fechas de ocupación para cada fase, siendo de hace 71 000 años para la fase M1, unos 78 000 años para la fase M2 y entre 100 000 y 140 000 años para la fase M3.

Las evidencias indican periodos de ocupación relativamente breves separados por largos periodos de desocupación, incluyendo una separación entre la ocupación entre la Edad de Piedra tardía y la media. Se han hallado herramientas de hueso, cuentas confeccionadas con caparazones de animales marinos y ocre labrado en la fase M1, herramientas de hueso en la fase M2 superior, y considerables cantidades de ocre y herramientas asociadas a su manufactura en la fase M3.

Historia de la excavación y estratigrafía

La cueva de Blombos se encuentra a unos 100 m de la costa sobre el nivel del mar. La cueva se encuentra en un corte ondulado sobre depósitos eólicos de la formación Wankoe, del Mioceno-Plioceno. Los depósitos internos de la cueva, incluyendo los que se encuentran en recesión, cubre más de 80 m². Se han excavado unos 20 m² correspondientes a la Edad de Piedra media a una profundidad de 2 m bajo la superficie original. La historia de los depósitos de este periodo es complejo, siendo probablemente un poco antes de la acumulación de los grandes de calcreta del techo de la fase M3 hasta los 3 m de espesor fueron eliminados creando una superficie del suelo variable y desigual. Posteriores desprendimientos sobre los depósitos de la Edad de Piedra media tuvieron lugar tras la ocupación de la fase M3 en torno a los 130-140 ka.

Las siguientes ocupaciones humanas esparcieron detritos sobre estos bloques y a su alrededor con alturas de más de 2 m. La compactación ha provocado que estos depósitos cubran todo el entorno con grandes esquirlas con algunos ejemplos situados en capas casi verticales. Próximo a la parte posterior y lateral de la pared de la cueva los depósitos de la Edad de Piedra media se han hundido en algunos casos, dejando una brecha que posteriormente se rellenó con depósitos de la Edad de Piedra superior. En otros lugares, grandes bloques se han deslizado o roto provocando deslizamientos de los depósitos y rellenados. A pesar de estas anomalías, la mayor parte de los depósitos de la Edad de Piedra media se encuentran in situ y sin alteraciones. Al identificar y excluir el material de áreas contaminadas, los arqueólogos confían en la integridad de más del 95 % del material recuperado de esta época.

Artefactos y fauna

Los marcadores principales de la fase M1 son las puntas bifaces foliadas, típicas de Stillbay, ambas completas y en varios estadios de manufactura. Se han recuperado más de 400. La silcreta es la materia prima dominante y la fuente más cercana se encuentra aproximadamente a 30 km. Se encuentran grandes cantidades de pequeñas lascas, lo que indica la producción in situ de estos artefactos. Algunas de las puntas muestran fracturas que se interpretan como el resultado de su uso en lanzas. De acuerdo con un estudio experimental de las puntas, podrían haber adquirido la forma mediante talla por presión, una técnica que previamente se creía que apareció por primera vez en Europa hace 20 000 años como parte de la cultura solutrense.

Se han recuperado más de 60 cuentas fabricadas a partir del gasterópodo Nassarius kraussianus. Veintisiete de estas cuentas podrían derivar de un único ornamento personal. Cuatro trozos de ocre grabados con patrones geométricos y más de 15 herramientas de hueso proceden de la fase M1. Los marcadores de la fase M2 son más de 20 herramientas de hueso y una marcada reducción en la tecnología de los bifaces. En la fase M3 la talla de bifaces y las herramientas de hueso desaparecen. La silcreta aún es dominante pero se encuentran menos herramientas retocadas. El ocre estriado, particularmente en forma de grandes pedazos, es común en estos niveles. Las herramientas para procesar el ocre incluyen piedras de afilar y percutores. Las capas inferiores se caracterizan por densos concheros con grandes hogares de fuego.

Los restos de fauna de las tres fases muestran que se explotaba un amplio rango de recursos terrestres. Más de mil huesos de peces, muchos de ellos de ejemplares grandes, caparazones marinos, pinnípedos y delfines atestiguan de la presencia de una explotación extensiva de recursos acuáticos y sugieren pautas de exploración no muy diferentes de las de poblaciones de la Edad de Piedra tardía presentes en la región. Se han recuperado nueve dientes humanos, la mayor parte de leche, de los niveles de la Edad de Piedra media, pero ningún material esquelético. Los dientes probablemente derivan de individuos bastante gráciles y son similares a muestras halladas en las Cuevas del río Klasies y De Kelders.

Ocre tallado y su interpretación
Las piezas de ocre de las poblaciones de la cueva de Blombos son reconocidas como las obras de arte más antiguas que se conocen, pero son mucho más sencillas que las pinturas de la cueva y las figurillas encontradas en Europa hace 40 000 años.

Actualmente, la datación del ocre tallado ha sido firmemente establecida. El uso del simbolismo abstracto en las piezas y la presencia de un complejo utillaje sugieren que las poblaciones del Paleolítico medio se comportaban según un patrón cognitivo moderno y contaban con las ventajas de un lenguaje sintáctico al menos desde hace 80 000 años.

Actividad humana

Restos
Los restos humanos de la cueva incluyen cuatro dientes encontrados en 1998, de los cuales dos eran decíduos y dos eran coronas incompletas de premolares permanentes. Las marcas en los premolares indicaban el uso de mondadientes. Otras cinco piezas dentales fueron desenterradas entre 1999 y 2000.

Utillaje
En 2010, un estudio realizado por Vincent Mourre bajo el patrocinio de la Universidad de Toulouse encontraron pruebas de que los humanos prehistóricos habían utilizado la técnica de la talla por presión para dar forma a las piedras y convertirlas en herramientas. Los investigadores habían dicho que los restos de puntas de piedra, probablemente usados como lanzas, que fueron talladas probablemente empleando la talla por presión, databan de hace 75 000 años. Previamente se pensaba que esta técnica había sido inventada hace 20 000 años en partes de Francia. El estudio examinó 127 artefactos diferentes, todos fabricados en silcreta, un material difícil de trabajar, especialmente cuando se la compara con el sílex, que era la roca en la que las evidencias previas de esta técnica habían sido comprobadas. Aproximadamente un tercio de las 127 puntas encontradas parecían haber sido talladas con esta técnica.

De acuerdo con un empleado del museo de historia natural de la Universidad de Colorado, Paola Villa, el descubrimiento del equipo francés fue «importante porque muestra que los humanos modernos de Sudáfrica tenían un repertorio sofisticado de técnicas de fabricación de herramientas en una edad muy temprana».  No obstante, Curtis Marean, un arqueólogo de la Universidad Estatal de Arizona dijo que aunque los resultados eran plausibles, continúa sin convencerse de que los investigadores hayan basado sus conclusiones en datos matemáticos, expresando la preocupación de que los resultados se basaran demasiado en observaciones subjetivas de las herramientas descubiertas.

El estudio de Mourre de la Universidad de Toulouse sigue a otro estudio anterior realizado en 2008 por Zenobia Jacobs, de la Universidad de Wollongong, Australia quien dató la silcreta de las herramientas de Stillbay con una antigüedad de 71 000-71 900 años, aumentando la antigüedad del equipo de Mourre si la datación se acepta.

Paleoambiente

La ocupación de la fase M1 (estadio isotópicode oxígeno 5a/4) tiene lugar durante un periodo de descenso del nivel del mar de 60 - 70 m con respecto al presente, que fue un periodo más frío que durante M2. Se encuentran restos de Donax serra en la fase M1, lo que sugiere que la cueva estaría situada frente a la costa. Las ocupaciones de la fase M2 se encuentran en OI 5a con niveles del mar 25 m menores que en el presente, y una línea de costa a 5 km de la actual. Se encuentran densidades intermedias de caparazones (38 kg/m³). Las condiciones climáticas podrían haber sido más cálidas y suaves que durante la ocupación en M1. La parte superior de la fase M3 (capas CH/CI) tienen acumulaciones de caparazones muy altas (68,4 kg/m³), lo cual sugiere que los niveles del mar eran similares al presente.

Estos niveles superiores verosímilmente se encuentran entre el periodo emiense (OI 5d; c. 100 ka). Las temperaturas eran probablemente de entre 1 a 2 °C más cálidas que en la actualidad con niveles del mar más elevados (+3 m).

Referencias

Bibliografía

 d'Errico, F. & Henshilwood, C.S. 2007. Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 52:142–163.
 Henshilwood, C.S. 2006. Modern humans and symbolic behaviour: Evidence from Blombos Cave, South Africa. In Origins (ed. G. Blundell). Cape Town: Double Storey: 78–83.
 Henshilwood, C. S. & Marean, C. W. 2006. Remodelling the origins of modern human behaviour. In : The Prehistory of Africa: Tracing the lineage of modern man (ed. H. Soodyall). Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers: 31–46.
 Henshilwood, C.S. & d'Errico, F. 2005. Being modern in the Middle Stone Age: Individuals and innovation. In The Individual hominid in context: Archaeological investigations of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic landscapes, locales and artefacts. (eds. C. Gamble & M. Porr).Routledge (Taylor Francis): 244–264
 Henshilwood, C. S. 2005. Stratigraphic integrity of the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave. In From Tools to Symbols. From Early Hominids to Modern Humans. (eds. F. d'Errico & L. Backwell). Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press: 441–458.
 d'Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaeren, M., van Niekerk. K. 2005.  Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 48:3–24.
 Henshilwood, C.S. 2004. The Origins of Modern Human Behaviour: Exploring the African evidence. In Combining the Past and the Present: Archaeological perspectives on society. (eds. T. Oestigaard, N. Anfinset and T. Saetersdal). BAR International Series 1210: 95–106.
 Henshilwood, C.S., d'Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., van Niekerk, K.,  Jacobs, Z. 2004. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science, 384:404.
 Henshilwood, C.S. & Marean, C.W. 2003. The origin of modern human behaviour: A review and critique of models and test implications. Current Anthropology 44 (5): 627–651
 d'Errico F., Henshilwood C., Lawson G., Vanhaeren M., Soressi M., Bresson F., Tillier A.M., Maureille B., Nowell A., Backwell L., Lakarra J.A., Julien M. 2003. The search for the origin of symbolism, music and language: a multidisciplinary endeavour. Journal of World Prehistory, 17 (1): 1–70.
 Henshilwood, C.S., d'Errico, F., Yates, R., Jacobs, Z., Tribolo, C., Duller, G.A.T., Mercier N., Sealy, J.C., Valladas, H., Watts, I. & Wintle, A.G. 2002. Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295:1278–1280.
 Grine, F.E. & Henshilwood, C.S. 2002. Additional Human Remains from Blombos Cave, South Africa: (1999–2000 excavations). Journal of Human Evolution 42: 293–302.
 Henshilwood, C.S., Sealy, J.C., Yates, R.J., Cruz-Uribe, K., Goldberg, P., Grine, F.E., , Klein, R.G., Poggenpoel, C., van Niekerk, K.L., Watts, I. 2001a. Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary report on the 1992 – 1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. Journal of Archaeological Science 28(5): 421–448.
 Henshilwood, C.S., d'Errico, F.E., Marean, C.W., Milo, R.G., Yates, R. 2001b. An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language. Journal of Human Evolution 41:631–678.
 d'Errico, F., Henshilwood, C.S., & Nilssen, P. 2001. An engraved bone fragment from ca. 75 kyr Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origin of symbolism . Antiquity. 75, 309–18.
 Grine, F.E., Henshilwood, C.S. & Sealy, J.C. 2000. Human remains from Blombos Cave, South Africa: (1997–1998 excavations). Journal of Human Evolution, 37: 755–765.
 Henshilwood, C.S. 1997 Identifying the collector: Evidence for human consumption of the Cape dune mole-rat, Bathyergus suillus, from Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:659–662.
 Henshilwood, C.S. & Sealy, J.C. 1997. Bone artefacts from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa. Current Anthropology 38(5):890–895.
 Henshilwood, C. S. 1996. A revised chronology for the arrival of pastoralism in southernmost Africa: new evidence of sheep at ca. 2000 b.p. from Blombos Cave, South Africa. Antiquity 70:945–949.

Datación de los depósitos de Blombos
 Jacobs, Z. Duller, G.A.T. Henshilwood, C.S. Wintle, A.G. 2006. Extending the chronology of deposits at Blombos Cave, South Africa, back to 140 ka using optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz. Journal of Human Evolution 51: 255–273.
 Tribolo, C., Mercier, N., Selo, M., Joron, J-L., Reyss, J-L., Henshilwood, C., Sealy, J. & Yates, R. 2006. TL dating of burnt lithics from Blombos Cave (South Africa): further evidence for the antiquity of modern human behaviour. Archaeometry, 48 (2): 341–357.
 Jacobs, Z. Duller, G.A.T., Wintle, A.G. & Henshilwood, C.S. 2006.Extending the chronology of deposits at Blombos Cave, South Africa, back to 140 ka using optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz. Journal of Human Evolution 51: 255–273.
 Jacobs, Z., Wintle, A. G. & Duller, G. A. T. (2003a). Optical dating of dune sand from Blombos Cave, South Africa: I—multiple grain data. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 599 – 612.
 Jacobs, Z., Duller, G. A. T. & Wintle, A. G. (2003b). Optical dating of dune sand from Blombos Cave, South Africa: II—single grain data. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 613 – 625.

Enlaces externos

 Cueva de Blombos en la Universidad de Bergen

Cuevas de Sudáfrica
Yacimientos arqueológicos de Sudáfrica

Cueva de Blombos


Forschung aktuell (auch Forschung Aktuell) ist ein seit 1989 täglich ausgestrahltes Hörfunkmagazin im Deutschlandfunk, das zeitnah über Ereignisse aus den  Naturwissenschaften berichtet. Die Sendung läuft von 16.35 Uhr bis 17.00 Uhr. Samstags und sonntags beginnt die Sendung schon um 16.30 Uhr, weil zuvor keine Nachrichten gesendet werden.

Entstehung
Forschung aktuell entstand im Jahr 1986 und wurde zunächst als wöchentliches Magazin donnerstags von 15:05 bis 16:00 Uhr ausgestrahlt, erstmals am 3. April. Die Sendung enthielt folgende Elemente: Berichte "aus Naturwissenschaft und Technik", Berichte "aus wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften", Buchbesprechungen, Kurznachrichten sowie ein Schwerpunkt-Bericht von etwa 13 Minuten, "Tendenzen und Entwicklungen in Naturwissenschaft und Technik im Überblick" genannt. Verantwortlicher Redakteur war Edgar Forschbach.

Die Weiterentwicklung der Sendung zu einem tagesaktuellen Wissenschaftsmagazin kam im Jahr 1989, als der Deutschlandfunk unter seinem Intendanten Edmund Gruber eine Programmstrukturreform vollzog. Gruber wollte den Nachmittag von seiner breiten Musikmagazinfläche befreien, ihn stattdessen im Halbstundenrhythmus takten und dem Hörer anspruchsvolle, aktuelle Inhalte ohne Zwischenmusik bieten. Der Wissenschaftsredakteur Edgar Forschbach bot an, die halbe Stunde vor der Sendung Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft mit aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Inhalten zu bestücken. Der Intendant zweifelte an der Umsetzbarkeit, gab Forschbach jedoch die Chance, es zu versuchen. Zusammen mit dem Redakteur Gerd Pasch baute er ein Ensemble von Autoren auf. Die erste Sendung im zunächst werktäglichen Rhythmus lief am Montag, dem 3. April 1989. In einem Merkblatt für die Redaktion schrieb Forschbach:

In den ersten Monaten experimentierten die Autoren, Moderatoren und Redakteure mit verschiedenen Beitrags- und Präsentationsformen, darunter auch Doppelmoderationen, "erzählte" Nachrichten und Kollegengesprächen zu aktuellen Wissenschaftsthemen. Dann fand die Redaktion zu einer vergleichsweise festen Form: Ein Moderator präsentiert drei bis fünf Berichte zu aktuellen Wissenschaftsthemen sowie, mit Hilfe eines Nachrichtenredakteurs, aktuelle Kurzmeldungen. Die Berichte bestehen meist aus Beiträgen mit Original-Tönen, gelegentlich aber auch aus Kollegengesprächen und Reportagen. Im Jahr 1991 kam sonntags ab 16:30 Uhr die monothematische Sendung Forschung aktuell – Wissenschaft im Brennpunkt hinzu. Seit 1993 sendet die Redaktion samstags Forschung aktuell – Computer und Kommunikation.

Sternzeit
Seit 1. Oktober 1993 wird am Ende der Sendung die Sternzeit gesendet, ein kurzes astronomisches Kalenderblatt von weniger als zwei Minuten Länge. Die Texte dieser Reihe übernahm die Redaktion zunächst von der Hörfunksendung Stardate des McDonald-Observatoriums. Diese wurden übersetzt von Ursula Vaughan und zuerst von Günter Dybus, dann von Klaus Eckert eingesprochen. Produzent war Axel Scheibchen.

Seit dem 1. Januar 2009 werden die Texte selbst geschrieben von Dirk Lorenzen und z. T. Hermann-Michael Hahn. Sprecher ist Markus Scheumann. Die Hintergrundmusik komponierte Maximilian Schönherr. Die Produktion ist auch als Podcast nachzuhören. Am 15. Februar 2021 erschien die 10.000. Ausgabe der Sternzeit. Die Ausgaben werden im Block für 2 Monate im Voraus aufgenommen.

Konzept
Das Erfolgsrezept von Forschung aktuell geht auf drei Grundideen des Initiators Forschbach zurück:
 Die Beiträge müssen aktuell sein, am besten tagesaktuell.
 Sie müssen sich hart an naturwissenschaftlichen Fakten orientieren.
 Sie leben durch die besondere Authentizität von Wissenschaftler-Originaltönen.

Mit diesen strengen Vorgaben unterscheidet sich die Sendung bis heute von allen anderen in der deutschen Hörfunklandschaft. Durch das Fehlen von
 Servicecharakter – es werden keine Jubiläen gefeiert, Gewinnspiele inszeniert oder Hörerfragen beantwortet (Ausnahmen sind vierteljährliche Magazine, in denen wissenschaftliche Fachliteratur besprochen wird, sowie die Adventsreihen Digitale Masterminds und Mathekalender mit Gewinnanreizen und Hörerbeteiligung) sowie
 didaktischen Elementen aus dem früheren Schulfunk – die Beiträge setzen ein gewisses Grundwissen oder zumindest naturwissenschaftliches Interesse voraus
wirkt Forschung aktuell "trockener", kompakter und direkter als die Konkurrenz. Edgar Forschbach war ein Gegner inhaltlicher oder formaler "Aufweichungen" des Programms. Dazu gehörte auch die Musik. Seine besondere Auffassung von Wissenschaftsjournalismus im Radio hat Forschbach bereits 1973 in einem Aufsatz dargelegt.

Seit Mitte der 90er Jahre bemüht sich die Redaktion allerdings um eine Weiterentwicklung von Forschbachs Konzept. Sie betreibt weniger wissenschaftsorientierten "Terminjournalismus" und bemüht sich um eine intelligente Verschränkung von aktueller und hintergründiger Berichterstattung. Dabei spielt die sonntägliche Sendung Wissenschaft im Brennpunkt eine besondere Rolle.

Die Sendung heute

Durch die Sendung führen täglich wechselnde Moderatoren. Nach mehreren Kurzbeiträgen oder Live-Gesprächen mit Experten folgen aktuelle Kurzmeldungen und die Sternzeit mit tagesspezifischen Anmerkungen zur Astronomie und Raumfahrt.

Am Samstag werden die Themen der Woche aus der Informationstechnologie in dem Magazin Forschung Aktuell – Computer und Kommunikation zusammengefasst. Diese Sendung enthält zudem eine Rubrik mit Glossen: Das digitale Logbuch.

Die sonntägliche Sendung Forschung aktuell – Wissenschaft im Brennpunkt widmet sich jeweils einem Schwerpunktthema in Form eines Wissenschafts-Features. Bei besonderen Anlässen werden hier aber auch aktuelle, monothematische Magazinsendungen live produziert. Diese Sendung ist das Aushängeschild der Redaktion: Ihre Autoren sind mit zahlreichen Preisen ausgezeichnet worden. So wurde allein der Georg von Holtzbrinck Preis für Wissenschaftsjournalismus zwischen 1995 und 2011 achtmal an "Wissenschaft im Brennpunkt"-Autoren vergeben.

Zwischen die tagesaktuellen Berichte mischen sich in loser Folge Reihen zu speziellen Themen, beispielsweise Mraseks Molekül-Mosaik zum Internationalen Jahr der Chemie der UNESCO im Jahr 2011 oder Tolle Idee – was wurde draus? mit dem Hinterfragen großer Versprechungen von Wissenschaftlern auf ihre Nachhaltigkeit.

Redaktionsleiter ist Michael Roehl.

Auszeichnungen
Die Redaktion von Forschung aktuell erhielt 2016 "für publizistische Leistungen, die zur Verbreitung naturwissenschaftlich-physikalischen Denkens im deutschsprachigen Raum in hervorragender Weise beitragen" die Medaille für naturwissenschaftliche Publizistik der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (DPG). Die Preisverleihung fand am 11. November in Bad Honnef statt. Hervorgehoben wurden dabei die Beiträge der Journalisten Ralf Krauter und Frank Grotelüschen.

Weblinks

 Forschung aktuell als Podcast (komplette Sendungen der letzten Monate)

Einzelnachweise

Hörfunksendung (Deutschland)
Deutschlandradio

Forschung aktuell


Çıldırlar, Sakarya ilinin Akyazı ilçesine bağlı mahalle statüsünde bir mahalledir.

Tarihi
Mahallenin adı, 1487 yılı kayıtlarında Yortan olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Çıldırlar, Sakarya il merkezine 20 km, Akyazı ilçe merkezine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Akyazı'nın mahalleleri

Çıldırlar, Akyazı


The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Dubuque () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the northeastern quarter of the state of Iowa in the United States.

It includes all the Iowa counties north of Polk, Jasper, Poweshiek, Iowa, Johnson, Cedar, and Clinton counties, and east of Kossuth, Humboldt, Webster and Boone counties.  The archdiocese has an area of about .

The Archdiocese of Dubuque is a metropolitan archdiocese. There are three suffragan dioceses in the ecclesiastical province under Dubuque's metropolitan archbishop: the Dioceses of Davenport, Des Moines, and Sioux City.

Background
The seat of the archdiocese is St. Raphael's Cathedral, Dubuque, named in honor of the Archangel Raphael.

The Archdiocese is currently vacant with the retirement of archbishop Michael Owen Jackels.

The Archdiocese of Dubuque is one of only a handful of US archdioceses not based in a major metropolitan area.  The archdiocese contains 199 parishes and has three Catholic colleges: Loras College and Clarke University in Dubuque and Mount Mercy University in Cedar Rapids.

A number of religious orders maintain a presence in the archdiocese. Notable orders include the Trappist monastery New Melleray Abbey (male) southwest of Dubuque, and the Trappistine monastery Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbey (female) south of Dubuque. The archdiocese is also home to the motherhouse of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Basilica of St. Francis Xavier is located in the archdiocese, located in Dyersville, about  west of Dubuque.

History

Early years
The earliest Catholic settlers were French, German, and Irish. The area was under the jurisdiction of Vincentian Joseph Rosati, Bishop of St. Louis. Under his jurisdiction that the early missionaries arrived in what would become the state of Iowa.

Belgian Jesuit Charles Felix Van Quickenborne organized the Catholic community in Dubuque into a parish. Father Charles Francis Fitzmaurice arrived the following year and began to coordinated resources for the construction of a church building,  but died of cholera in the spring of 1835. Dominican Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli arrived later that year. Mazzuchelli ministered to a scattered population of less than 3000.  He established a number of parishes in Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin; several were named after the Archangels: Saint Raphael's in Dubuque, Saint Michael's at Galena, Illinois, and Saint Gabriel's at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.  Pope John Paul II declared Father Mazzuchelli Venerable in 1993, and his case for sainthood is pending.

Pope Gregory XVI created the Dubuque Diocese on July 28, 1837, and named Bishop Mathias Loras as its first bishop.  Loras gathered funds and personnel for the new diocese, and arrived in 1839. St. Raphael's became the cathedral parish in August of that year. He oversaw the expansion of the church in the early years of the diocese, first in the Iowa territory, then after 1846 in the new state of Iowa.

Bishop Loras encouraged immigration to the area, especially German and Irish settlers. He oversaw the creation of new parishes and also he invited several religious orders to the area. This included the Cistercian order that built the New Melleray Abbey south of Dubuque. Shortly before his death, he directed the construction of the third structure to house St. Raphael's Cathedral which remains today.

A second catholic parish was planned as the Uptown Catholic Parish to be located on the west side of Main Street between 7th and 8th streets in Dubuque. Loras planned the parish due to crowded conditions at the cathedral. A cornerstone was laid for the parish church, but construction work never proceeded past the laying of the foundation. In 1850, Pope Pius IX separated territory from the Diocese of Dubuque to form the new Diocese of Saint Paul, serving Minnesota Territory (later Minnesota and the Dakotas).

Early parishes

Saint John the Baptist Catholic Church
In July 1874 Bishop John Hennessy granted permission to build a church at Centralia. The cornerstone was laid in the Fall of 1874; and the Rev. George W. Heer was appointed the first pastor of the parish on Sept. 1, 1875. When the railroad came through Peosta, then Archbishop John Joseph Keane deemed it advisable to move St. John the Baptist parish from Centralia to Peosta in 1923. During the winter, parishioners would travel to services by horse-drawn bobsled.

In 1989 a new St. John's Church was dedicated. St. John the Baptist is part of the parish was clustered with the 4 parishes of St. Elizabeth Pastorate, a cluster of five parishes sharing offices and facilities.

Saint Francis Catholic Church
Saint Francis Catholic Church in Balltown traces its history to 1858 when a number of area residents petitioned Bishop Loras to establish a Catholic parish in the area. Loras came and offered Mass in a log cabin near Balltown.

Residents gathered the funds to build a church and school. In 1891, local resident Andreas Rapp and his wife donated some land, which allowed for the construction of a brick building containing a school and a convent for the sisters, as well as the establishment of a cemetery. The school opened in September of that year with 45 children attending. Mass was celebrated in a small sanctuary adjoining the schoolroom.

Local resident, Peter Cremer, donated land for a church, and in 1892 the cornerstone for St. Francis Church building was laid. The building would serve the parish until August 27, 1976, when lightning struck the steeple, causing a fire which destroyed the church building. In the aftermath a new St. Francis Church was constructed, while the old convent building was torn down to make room for the new church.

The parish is part of the St. John Baptist de La Salle Pastorate, a cluster of several other rural parishes in northern Dubuque County, Iowa, that share a pastor and other facilities.

Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church

The parish of Saints Peter and Paul was founded in 1852 as St. William's. Prior to this, residents living in the Sherrill area needed to travel by ox-team to Dubuque about 15 miles away to attend Mass, a considerable distance at the time. In response to the need for a local church to accommodate the heavy German Catholic immigration to the rural districts surrounding Sherrill, Dubuque Bishop Mathias Loras established the parish.

By the 1860s the name of Saints Peter and Paul had been adopted, and in 1889 the original wooden church was replaced by a large, brick and stone Romanesque Revival structure, which remains in use today. During the 1970s, the church's original carved wood altars were removed and its 19th-century wood trim was painted over. Inscriptions on the church's stained glass windows and on the older headstones in its adjoining cemetery are in German, reflecting the culture of the parish's founding members.

For well over 100 years the parish school was operated by the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (FSPA) of La Crosse, Wisconsin, and many girls of the parish who felt a calling to religious life joined that order. The school is still operated on the premises of the parish by the Archdiocese of Dubuque, as a consolidation of the original school and the Catholic school which once served the nearby community of Balltown, Iowa.

The parish is part of a St. John Baptist de La Salle Pastorate, cluster of rural parishes that share a pastor and other facilities.

Others
Other early parishes in the diocese include Saint Mary's, Sacred Heart, Holy Ghost, and Saint Anthony's.

Expansion and elevation
In 1858, Bishop Smyth established Saint Francis Catholic Church in Balltown. Rev. Clement Smyth, OCSO served as bishop from February 1858 to September 1865  and oversaw continued expansion of the Catholic Church in the diocese.  During his episcopacy the German Catholics of the city of Dubuque began construction of a new Saint Mary's church to replace the too-small Church of the Holy Trinity.

In 1863, Smyth learned of the existence of the pro-Southern Knights of the Golden Circle, with headquarters in Dubuque. He gave members who might be Catholic two weeks to withdraw from the organization or be automatically excommunicated.

After Bishop Smyth died in 1865, John Hennessey succeeded him as Bishop of Dubuque.  During Hennessey's tenure, the population of Dubuque exploded as the Milwaukee Railroad Shops came to the city.  Hennessey created several parishes in Dubuque: Sacred Heart, Holy Ghost, St. Anthony's, and Holy Trinity to deal with this population explosion. During this time, Bishop Hennessey proposed separating territory from the diocese to create a new diocese for southern Iowa.  While he proposed Des Moines as the seat of the new diocese, Pope Leo XIII selected Davenport as the site.

Nicholas E. Gonner (1835–1892), a Catholic immigrant from Luxembourg, founded the Catholic Publishing Company of Dubuque. His son Nicholas E. Gonner (1835–1892) took over in 1892, editing two German language weeklies, an English language weekly, and the Daily Tribune, the only Catholic daily newspaper ever published in the United States.

On June 15, 1893, Pope Leo XIII elevated the Dubuque Diocese to an archdiocese, and Bishop Hennessey became the first archbishop.  Archbishop Hennessey died in 1900 and was buried at the cathedral.

Early 20th century
After the death of Archbishop Hennessey, Archbishop John J. Keane led the archdiocese for eleven years until poor health forced him to retire in 1911.  During his tenure, the archdiocese lost its western territory to form the Diocese of Sioux City and achieved its current size.

The Great Depression and World War II
During the years of the Great Depression and World War II, Archbishop Francis J.L. Beckman occupied the see. In the years leading up to the war, Beckman opposed military action. A collector of fine art pieces, he had placed a number of art pieces in a museum at Columbia (now Loras) College and perhaps, thinking he could gain funds to further his collection, involved the archdiocese in what turned out to be a dubious gold mine scheme. Beckman signed notes on behalf of the archdiocese, which suffered a loss of more than $500,000 when the scheme fell apart and the perpetrator of the scheme (Phillip Suetter, of California) was arrested. President Roosevelt directed the FBI to investigate Beckman to determine his role in the financial scheme. Most of Beckman's collection was sold to pay the notes.

Because of Beckman's troubles, Bishop Henry Rohlman returned from the Davenport, Iowa, diocese to become coadjutor archbishop in 1944. Beckman was allowed to retain his office, but was informed that Rohlman now led the archdiocese. Beckman retired in 1947, and left Dubuque for Cincinnati.

On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. One of the casualties in that attack was Father Aloysius Schmitt, a priest of the archdiocese, who was serving on board the USS Oklahoma.  The boat capsized during the attack, leaving Schmitt and other men trapped below with only a small porthole for escape. Schmitt declined to be pulled from the ship, and instead helped other men, twelve in all, to escape, but perished himself. Schmitt was the first chaplain of any denomination to die in World War II. For his actions, he was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, and a destroyer was named in his honor.

Postwar era
Soon after the war, Admiral Byrd led an expedition to the Antarctica. The chaplain on his flagship, Fr. William Menster, was a priest of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. Menster became the first priest to set foot on the continent, and later consecrated Antarctica in 1947. One of the effects of the post-war baby boom was an increase in the number of students at some Catholic schools.  In Dubuque, the Sacred Heart parish school had the largest student population of such schools in the midwest.  On December 2, 1954, Archbishop Leo Binz succeeded Archbishop Rohlman as Archbishop of Dubuque and served in that capacity until December 16, 1961, when he became Archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Second Vatican Council and the aftermath
James Byrne was named the next archbishop of Dubuque on March 7, 1962, and was formally installed at St. Raphael's on May 8, 1962.  He attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council.  Archbishop Byrne implemented the changes brought about by the council in the Archdiocese of Dubuque and quickly established the Priests Senate, a clergy advisory board, as well as another advisory board dealing with assignment of priests. These were among the first such boards founded in the United States. Archbishop Byrne retired from office on August 23, 1983, and remained in Dubuque until his death August 2, 1996.

Late 20th-early 21st centuries
On February 23, 1984, Daniel William Kucera, OSB, was installed as the tenth bishop and eighth archbishop of Dubuque.  Archbishop Kucera had earned a doctorate in education.  At 36, he had become the youngest president of St. Procopius College (now known as Benedictine University).  His background in education led Vatican officials, including the pope, to seek his advice.

During Kucera's tenure as archbishop, he remodeled St. Raphael's Cathedral, revised and published the guidelines for the sacrament of Confirmation, reduced the number of deaneries from 16 to 14, reorganized the structure of the archdiocese and created an archbishop's cabinet to coordinate administration of the archdiocese.

In 1987, Kucera also launched a plan that divided the archdiocese into three regions with a resident bishop in each. The Dubuque Region was served by retired Archbishop James Byrne and Archbishop Kucera; the Cedar Rapids Region by Bishop Francis Dunn, and Waterloo Region by Fr. William Franklin who was consecrated as a bishop in April 1987. However, Bishop Kucera eventually dropped the plan after the death of Bishop Dunn in 1989 and Bishop Franklin's nomination as the head of the Diocese of Davenport.

In 1986 the archdiocese celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding; Archbishop Kucera received an honorary degree from the University of Dubuque.  On October 16, 1995, Archbishop Kucera retired, moved to Aurora, Colorado, and then subsequently returned to live in Dubuque.

Bishops

Bishops of Dubuque
 Mathias Loras (1837–1858)
 Clement Smyth, OCSO (1858–1865)
 John Hennessey (1866–1893), elevated to Archbishop

Archbishops of Dubuque
 John Hennessey (1893–1900)
 John Keane (1900–1911)
 James Keane (1911–1929)
 Francis Beckman (1930–1946)
 Henry Rohlman (1946–1954; Coadjutor 1944–1946)
 Leo Binz (1954–1961), appointed Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
 James Byrne (1962–1983)
 Daniel Kucera, OSB (1983–1995)
 Jerome Hanus, OSB (1995–2013; Coadjutor 1994–1995)
 Michael Owen Jackels (2013–2023)
 Thomas Robert Zinkula (2023-present)

Auxiliary bishops
 Edward Aloysius Fitzgerald (1946–1949), appointed Bishop of Winona
 Loras Thomas Lane (1951–1956), appointed Bishop of Rockford
 George Biskup (1957–1965), appointed Bishop of Des Moines and later Coadjutor Archbishop and Archbishop of Indianapolis
 Loras Joseph Watters (1965–1969), appointed Bishop of Winona
 Francis John Dunn (1969–1989)
 William Edwin Franklin (1987–1993), appointed Bishop of Davenport

Other diocesan priests who became bishops
Joseph Crétin, appointed Bishop of Saint Paul in 1850
 Jean-Antoine-Marie Pelamourgues, appointed Bishop of Saint Paul in 1858; did not take effect
Henry Cosgrove (priest here, 1857–1881), appointed Bishop of Davenport in 1884
Thomas Mathias Lenihan, appointed Bishop of Cheyenne in 1896
Mathias Clement Lenihan, appointed Bishop of Great Falls in 1904
John Patrick Carroll, appointed Bishop of Helena in 1904 (he was born in Dubuque, but was a priest of Cleveland before he became a bishop)
Daniel Mary Gorman, appointed Bishop of Boise in 1918
Thomas William Drumm, appointed Bishop of Des Moines in 1919
Edward Howard, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Davenport in 1923 and later Archbishop of Oregon City
Louis Benedict Kucera, appointed Bishop of Lincoln in 1930
Joseph Clement Willging, appointed Bishop of Pueblo in 1941
James Vincent Casey, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Lincoln in 1957
Raymond Philip Etteldorf, appointed Apostolic Delegate to New Zealand in 1968 and later an official of the (Vatican) Secretariat of State
Justin Albert Driscoll, appointed Bishop of Fargo in 1970
Thomas Robert Zinkula, appointed Bishop of Davenport in 2017 and later Archbishop of Dubuque.
William Michael Joensen, appointed Bishop of Des Moines in 2019

Recent events

Sexual abuse crisis

The Dubuque Archdiocese has not been immune to the sexual abuse crisis affecting the church, but has had to deal with cases involving a couple dozen priests over a 60-year period.

Priest shortage
The archdiocese has also felt the effects of the priest shortage that has affected the church in recent times. In recent years many smaller, rural parishes have had to close and their congregations had been absorbed into other nearby parishes. Some rural parishes have been clustered together where one priest will serve two or more parishes. Some parishes have no resident priest.

Another effect is that some duties that a priest would have performed in the past are performed by either religious (sister or deacon) individuals, or by the laity.

Controversy over The Passion of the Christ
The Mel Gibson film The Passion of the Christ caused controversy in the archdiocese as well. That controversy has long since passed. One of the main issues raised by the film was an editorial cartoon on the movie that the Dubuque Telegraph-Herald published in its editorial section. This cartoon featured a religious sister using corporal punishment. Some in the community have felt that this was a slight against the sisters and all their years of hard work.  Others, mainly middle age to older adults, have said that this was representative of the sisters who taught them while they were in school.

Education
In Dubuque, the Catholic schools are all part of the Holy Family system. It was proposed to turn St. Anthony's school into a central school for certain grades. Parents of the parish felt that their concerns were being ignored.  Eventually, the Archdiocesan Board of Education vetoed the plan, and told the school system to continue work on planning the system's future.

High schools

Seminaries
 St. Pius X Seminary – Dubuque
 Divine Word Seminary – Epworth

Colleges and universities
 Loras College – Dubuque
 Clarke University – Dubuque
 Mount Mercy University – Cedar Rapids
 Divine Word College – Epworth

Suffragan dioceses

 Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Des Moines
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City

References

Sources
 Hoffman, Rev, Mathias M., Centennial History of the Archdiocese of Dubuque, Columbia College Press, Dubuque, Iowa, 1938.

External links

Dubuque, Iowa
Dubuque
Religious organizations established in 1837
Dubuque
1837 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Religion in Dubuque, Iowa

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque


«Marcha de la producción / La producción» es un sencillo lanzado en 1971 por el sello DICAP, cuyo lado A pertenece a la agrupación chilena Quilapayún, y el lado B a los Amerindios. El Lado A pertenece al disco Vivir como él lanzado ese mismo año.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1971
Sencillos de Quilapayún
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular
Canciones en español

Marcha de la producción / La producción


Marko Simeunovič (Maribor, Yugoslavia, 6 de diciembre de 1967), es un ex-futbolista esloveno, se desempeñaba como guardameta. Fue internacional en 57 ocasiones con la selección de fútbol de Eslovenia.

Clubes

Futbolistas de Eslovenia
Futbolistas del Estrella Roja de Belgrado
Futbolistas del FK Napredak
Futbolistas del Nogometni Klub Olimpija Ljubljana
Futbolistas del Nogometni Klub Maribor
Futbolistas del Olympiakos Nicosia
Futbolistas del AEL Limassol FC
Futbolistas de Eslovenia en la Eurocopa 2000
Futbolistas de Eslovenia en la Copa Mundial de 2002
Serbio-esloveno
Nacidos en Maribor
Guardametas de fútbol de Eslovenia

Marko Simeunovič


Juan Ramón Báez Mauriño , también conocido como Johnny Báez, (Santurce, Puerto Rico; 14 de abril de 1935 - 25 de enero de 2022) fue un jugador de baloncesto puertorriqueño. Con 1.89 de estatura, jugaba en el puesto de Pívot.

Su triunfal paso por el Real Madrid
Recomendado por un compatriota suyo que jugó en el Real Madrid, ficha por el equipo madrileño por tres temporadas, en las que gana dos Ligas y una copa, siendo además a título individual el máximo anotador de Liga Nacional las temporadas 1958-1959 y 1959-1960.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Baloncestistas de Puerto Rico
Baloncestistas de la selección de Puerto Rico
Baloncestistas del Real Madrid
Nacidos en Santurce (Puerto Rico)

Juan Ramón Báez


නර්වචන සහ නරුක්තිය.

 පත්‍රකලාවේදය යනු පුවත් රැස්කරීම,ලිවීම සහ වාර්තා කිරීම සම්බන්ද විෂය වන අතර එයට ලිපි සංස්කරනය සහ ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම ද අයත්වේ. එය පුවත් පත් , සගරා, ගුවන් විදුලි හෝ රූපවාහිනියට සිමාව නොමැත අතර විවිධ මාධ්‍ය හරහා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. පුවත් පල කිරීමේ ප්‍රමුඛයා වීමේ පිඩනයත් සමග විවිධ මාධ්‍යයතන නිවැරදි බව,ගුනාත්මක බව සහ ෙෙශලිය පිළිබදව විවිධ සම්බමතයන් භාවිතා කරන අතර ප්‍රකාශනයට පෙර සංස්කරනය හා සෝදුපත් කියවීම සිදු කරයි. රාජ්‍ය ආයතන  නලධාරීන් ජනතාවට වග කයවීම සදහා  යොදාගත් පෘඩ ඉතිහාසයක් ඇතැම් මාධ්‍ය ආයතන සතු නමුත් මාධ්‍ය වගකිම පිළීබදව ඇතැම්  විචාරකයන් ප්‍රශ්න කරති.

ඉංග්‍රීසි  භාෂාවේ " ජර්නලිස්ට් " යන පදය ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවේ 'ජර්නල්'  යන පදයෙන් පරිනාමය වී ඇත. මෙම ප්‍රංශ වදන සෑදී තිබෙන්නේ  ලතින් භාෂාවේ  දිනපාතායන අරුත දෙන " ඩියුනරල් " යන වදනෙන. පුරාණ රෝමයේ දිනපතා පල කෙරුනු " ඇක්ටා ඩියුනරල් " යන අතින් ලියන ලද නවේදන පත්‍රිකාව ලොව ප්‍රථම පුවත්  පත ලෙස පිළිගැනේ.

 ෙවාෂින්ටන් පෝස්ට් පුවත් පතේ හිටපු කතෘ නිල් ග්‍රැහැම්ට අනුව පුවත් පත්‍රකලාවේදනය " ඉතිහාසය පිළිබදව පළමු කටු සටහනක " මන්දයත් පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් වැදගත් සිදුවීම් එෙස් ෙමන්ම වාර්තා කරන බැවිනි.

රෝයාඩ් කිප්ලංග්ට අනුව පත්‍රකලාවේදියාගේ කාර්ය වන්නේ කවුරු,කුමක්, කවදා, කොතැන ,ඇයි යන්න වාර්තා කිරීම සහ සිදුවීම්වල වැදගත් කම , ප්‍රතිඵල සටහන් කිරීමය. පත්‍රකලාවේදනය මාද්‍ය ගණනාව පවති. උදාහරණ පුවත්පත්, ගුවන් විදුලි, රූපවාහනි. සගරා, අංතර්ජාලය.

ප්‍රත්‍රකලාවේදීන් විවිධ විෂයන් පළිබදව වාර්තා කරයි. උදාහරණ ප්‍රාදේශිය, පලාත්, ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය, එම මට්ම්වල ආර්ථිකය හා වේලදාම සෞඛ්‍ය, අධ්‍යාපනය, ක්‍රීඩා, විනෝදාන්ශ, ජීවන රටා, ඇදුම්, ආහාර, සුරතල් සතුන්,මානව සම් සබදතා පා්‍ඨකයන්ට අවශ්‍ය යැයි මාධ්‍ය සංවිධාන ඕනෑම කරුණක් ඔහු වාර්තා කරත. පුවත් පත්, සගරා සහ විකාශ මාධ්‍ය වැනි පොදු මාධ්‍ය වල මෙන්ම,තෝරාගත් දායක පරිසක් සිටින මාධ්‍ය සදහාද වාර්තා කල හැක. සද්ධියක් සිදුවූ  ස්ථානනයට ගොස් එම සද්ධියවාර්තා කල යුතු අතර බොහෝ විට එහිදීම වාර්තාව සමස කෙරේ. දුරුකථන, පරිගණනක සහ අන්තර්ජාලය හරහාද තොරතුරු රැස්කෙරේ.  මෙම වාර්තා " පුවත් කාබර " තුලදී සංස්කරනය කෙරේ.

 පත්‍රකලාවේදියෙකු කිසියම් විශේෂ විෂයක් පිළිබදව වාර්තා කරන්නේ නම් තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනිම සදහා මූලාස්ශ්‍ර සොයාගැනිම, අදාල පුද්ගලයන් සමග සංනිවේදනණ කිරීම ආදිය සිදු කල යුතුය. එසේම ඔවුන් විමර්ශනාත්මක සහ පරේශ නහැකයාව යොදාගෙන වාර්තාව වර්නවත් කල යුතුය.

මුද්‍රත පත්‍රකලාවේදනය අංශ කිහිපයට වෙන් කල හැක. පුවත් පත්, පුවත් සගරා, පොදු සගරා, වෙලද සගරා , විනෝදාශ සගරා, පුවත් පත් ලිපි , පුද්ගලක ප්‍රකාශන අන්තර්ජාල පුවත් පිටු ආදිය ඒ අර අතර වේ.  එක් එක් ප්‍රබේදනය තුල එයකි එයට ආවේනක පරේශන හා වාර්තා කරන අවමෂතා තිබිය හැක.

උදාහරණ ලෙස එක්සත් ජන පදනයේ පුවත් පත් ප පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් සම්ප්‍රධායකව වාර්තා ලියන්නේ " යටි  කුරු පිරමීඩ ෙෙශයලයටය'.එහෙත් මෙය වඩාත් යොදා ගන්නේ විශේෂාන්ග සදහා නොව පුවත් සදහාය. ලඛිත  පුවත් වාර්තා සුළු වචන ප්‍රමානයකින් යුත්ත විය යුතු අතර අත්‍යවමෂ තොරතුරු මුලින්ම දැක්වූ අතර යුතුය. මේ අනුව පුවතේ ප්‍රමාණය අඩු කිරීමට සිදු වුවහොත් වැදගත් කමින් අඩු කොටස් කපා හැරේ.  ඉතා සුලු වචන ප්‍රමාණයකින් වාර්තා ලිවීමට සංස්කාඕ වරු වෙහෙස වෙති. විශේෂාන්ග ලිපි සදහා සාමාන්‍යෙන් වැඩි ඉඩක් ලැබෙන අතර එතරම් දැඩි නොවූ ෙෙශයලයකින් ලියනු ලැබේ.

පුවත් සගරා සහ පොදු සගරා ලියනු ලබන්නේ යටිකුරු පිරමීඩ සහ ෙෙශයලයට වෙනත් ෙෙශයලයකන්‍ය. වෙළද සගරා පුවත් කෙරෙහි දැඩි අවධානයක් යොමු කරන අතර විනෝදාන්ශ සගරා විශේෂාන්ග සොරූපයක් ගණි.

 පත්‍රකලාවේදනය වර්ගිකරනය.

' පෝම්ස් ඔෆ් ජර්නලසන් " ඇන් ඉන්ටනල් ඇන් ඉන්ටර්නල් හස්ත්‍රි ' කෘතියේ ග්‍යන් පතාත් පත්‍රකලාවේදයේ ස්වරූප පහක් දක්වයි.
1. ෙතාරතුරු පත්‍රකලාවේදය.
2. කතා ස්වරූපයේ පත්‍රකලාවේදන.
3. මිශ්‍රී ස්වරූපණේ පත්‍රකලාවේදය.
4. ප්‍රසාංගක පත්ත්හකලාවේදනය.
5. ක්‍රියාකාරී පත්‍රකලාවේදනය.

 අමරිකානු දාර්ශනක ජෝප් හර්බට් මිඩී සිය " දර් නෙචර් ඔෆ් ඊස්ටටික්  එස්පිරියන්ස් " ලිපියේ දක්වන්නේ පත්‍රකලාවේදයේ ඇත්තේ ආකෘති දෙකක් පමණයක් බවය. එනම් තොරතුරු පත්‍රකලාවේදනණ සහ කාති ස්වරූපයේ පත්‍රකලාවේදයයි.

 ' සියන් ඔෆ්' ද ලාස් ඩේස් ඔෆ් ටෙලිවිෂන් යන කෘතිය ලියූ එඩ්වින් ඩයමන්  " ඩිස්කො පත්‍රහකලාවේදය " නම් ෙයදුමක් නර්මාණ කල ද පසුව එය ඔහු ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කෙළ්ය.

පත්රකලාවේදනය.


لُقْمَان الحَكِيم كان رجلاً حكيما، ذُكر في القرآن وأطلق اسمه على سورة لقمان، وقد عاصر داود وعرف بالحكيم، ولد وعاش في بلاد النوبة، ووصايا لقمان هي إحدى القصص القرآنية التي تتكلم عن حكمة لقمان، وتتمثل في الحكمة التي وهبها الله للقمان الحكيم، وتعدّ لدى المسلمين من أعظم الحكم والمواعظ، إذ كانت حكمته تأتي في مواضعها، وحسب كتب التفسير أن لقمان كان أهون مملوك على سيده، ولكن الله تعالى منّ عليه بالحكمة فغدا أفضلهم لديه.

التعريف بلقمان الحكيم

نسبه وعمله
هو لقمان بن ياعور ابن أخت أيوب، أو ابن خالته، وهو من أسوان بمصر، وقد قال فيه خالد ابن الربيع أنه كان نجارا، وقيل أنه كان خياطا، وقيل أنه كان راعياً، وقد عاصر داوود، أخذ منه العلم وقد أعطاه الله الحكمة عندها.
وذكر المسعودي أنه ولد على عشر سنين من ملك داود عليه السلام ولم يزل باقياً في الأرض، مظهراً للحكمة والزهد إلى أيام يونس بن متى عليه السلام. وليس في القرآن الكريم أية إشارة تمكن من تحديد عصره.

جعله خليفة بالأرض
وقال رسول الله: «إن لقمان كان عبداً كثير التفكر، حسن الظن، كثير الصمت، أحب الله فأحبه الله، فمن عليه بالحكمة». نودي بالخلافة قبل داوود، فقيل له يا لقمان، هل لك أن يجعلك الله خليفة تحكم بين الناس بالحق؟ قال لقمان: إن أجبرني ربي عزَّ وجل قَبِلت، فإني أعلم أنه إن فعلت ذلك أعانني وعلمني وعصمني، وإن خيرني ربي قبلت العافية ولا أسأل البلاء، فقالت الملائكة: يا لقمان لِمَ؟ قال: لأن الحاكم بأشد المنازل وأكدرها، يغشاه الظلم من كل مكان، فيخذل أو يعان، فإن أصاب فبالحري أن ينجو، وإن أخطأ أخطأ طريق الجنة، ومن يكون في الدنيا ذليلاً خير من أن يكون شريفاً ضائعاً، ومن يختار الدنيا على الآخرة فاتته الدنيا ولا يصير إلى ملك الآخرة. فعجبت الملائكة من حسن منطقه، فنام نومة فغط بالحكمة غطا، فانتبه فتكلم بها .

حكمته
المشهور عن الجمهور أنه كان حكيما وليا ولم يكن نبي، قال ابن كثير : «كان جمهور السلف على أنه لم يكن نبيّاً، وإنما يُنقل كونه نبياً عن عكرمة» ، وقد ذكره الله في القرآن فأثنى عليه وحكى من كلامه فيما وعظ به ولده الذي هو أحب الخلق إليه وهو أشفق الناس عليه فكان من أول ما وعظ به أن قال: (يا بني لا تشرك بالله إن الشرك لظلم عظيم) فنهاه عنه وحذره منه وقد قال البخاري: حدثنا قتيبة حدثنا جرير عن الأعمش عن إبراهيم عن علقمة عن عبد الله قال: لما نزلت (الذين آمنوا ولم يلبسوا إيمانهم بظلم) شق ذلك على أصحاب رسول الله وقالوا: أينا لم يلبس إيمانه بظلم؟! فقال رسول الله: (إنه ليس بذاك ألم تسمع إلى قول لقمان يا بني لا تشرك بالله إن الشرك لظلم عظيم) رواه مسلم من حديث سليمان بن مهران الأعمش به.

ثم اعترض تعالى بالوصية بالوالدين وبيان حقهما على الولد وأكده وأمر بالإحسان إليهما حتى ولو كانا مشركين ولكن لا يطاعان على الدخول في دينهما إلى أن قال مخبرا عن لقمان فيما وعظ به ولده:  ينهاه عن ظلم الناس ولو بحبة خردل فإن الله يسأل عنها ويحضرها حوزة الحساب ويضعها في الميزان كما قال تعالى: (إن الله لا يظلم مثقال ذرة) وقال تعالى: (ونضع الموازين القسط ليوم القيامة فلا تظلم نفس شيئا وإن كان مثقال حبة من خردل أتينا بها وكفى بنا حاسبين) وأخبره أن هذا الظلم لو كان في الحقارة كالخردلة ولو كان في جوف صخرة صماء لا باب لها ولا كوة أو لو كانت ساقطة في شيء من ظلمات الأرض أو السموات في اتساعهما وامتداد أرجائهما لعلم الله مكانها إن الله لطيف خبير أي علمه دقيق فلا يخفى عليه الذر مما تراآى للنواظر أو توارى كما قال تعالى: (وما تسقط من ورقة إلا يعلمها ولا حبة في ظلمات الأرض ولا رطب ولا يابس إلا في كتاب مبين) وقال: (وما من غائبة في السماء والأرض إلا في كتاب مبين) وقال: (عالم الغيب لا يعزب عنه مثقال ذرة في السموات ولا في الأرض ولا أصغر من ذلك ولا أكبر إلا في كتاب مبين) وقد زعم السدي في خبره عن الصحابة أن المراد بهذه الصخرة الصخرة التي تحت الأرضين السبع وهكذا حكى عن عطية العوفي وأبي مالك والثوري والمنهال بن عمر وغيرهم وفي صحة هذا القول من أصله نظر ثم إن في هذا هو المراد نظر آخر فإن هذه الآية نكرة غير معرفة فلو كان المراد بها ما قالوه لقال فتكن في الصخرة وإنما المراد فتكن في صخرة أي صخرة كانت كما قال الإمام أحمد حدثنا حسن بن موسى حدثنا ابن لهيعة حدثنا دراج عن أبي الهيثم عن أبي سعيد الخدري عن رسول الله قال: (لو أن أحدكم يعمل في صخرة صماء ليس لها باب ولا كوة لخرج عمله للناس كائنا ما كان).

ثم قال: (يا بني أقم الصلاة) أي أدها بجميع واجباتها من حدودها وأوقاتها وركوعها وسجودها وطمأنينتها وخشوعها وما شرع فيها واجتنب ما ينهي عنه فيها.

ثم قال: (وامر بالمعروف وانه عن المنكر) أي بجهدك وطاقتك أي إن استطعت باليد فباليد وإلا فبلسانك فإن لم تستطع فبقلبك. ثم أمره بالصبر فقال: (واصبر على ما أصابك) وذلك أن الآمر بالمعروف والناهي عن المنكر في مظنة أن يعادى وينال منه ولكن له العاقبة ولهذا أمره بالصبر على ذلك ومعلوم أن عاقبة الصبر الفرج وقوله: (إن ذلك من عزم الأمور) التي لا بد منها ولا محيد عنها وقوله: (ولا تصعر خدك للناس) قال ابن عباس ومجاهد وعكرمة وسعيد بن جبير والضحاك ويزيد بن الأصم وأبو الجوزاء وغير واحد معناه: لا تتكبر على الناس وتميل خدك حال كلامك لهم وكلامهم لك على وجه التكبر عليهم والازدراء لهم. قال أهل اللغة وأصل الصعر داء يأخذه الإبل في أعناقها فتلتوي رؤوسها فشبه به الرجل المتكبر الذي يميل وجهه إذا كلم الناس أو كلموه على وجه التعظم عليهم قال أبو طالب في شعره:

وقال عمرو بن حيي التغلبي:

وقوله: (ولا تَمشِ في الأَرضِ مَرَحاً إنّ اللّهَ لا يُحِبُ كُلَّ مُختَالٍ فَخُورٍ) ينهاه عن التبختر في المشية على وجه العظمة والفخر على الناس كما قال تعالى: (ولا تمش في الأرض مرحا إنك لن تخرق الأرض ولن تبلغ الجبال طولا). ثم قال: (واغضض من صوتك) يعني إذا تكلمت لا تتكلف رفع صوتك فإن أرفع الأصوات وأنكرها صوت الحمير وقد ثبت في الصحيحين الأمر بالاستعاذة عند سماع صوت الحمير بالليل فإنها رأت شيطانا ولهذا نهى عن رفع الصوت حيث لا حاجة إليه ولا سيما عند العطاس فيستحب خفض الصوت وتخمير الوجه كما ثبت به الحديث من صنيع رسول الله فأما رفع الصوت بالأذان وعند الدعاء إلى الفئة للقتال وعند الإهلاك ونحو ذلك فذلك مشروع.

فهذا مما قصه الله عن لقمان في القرآن من الحكم والوصايا النافعة الجامعة للخير المانعة من الشر وقد وردت آثار كثيرة في أخباره ومواعظه وقد كان له كتاب يؤثر عنه يسمى بحكمة لقمان.

وصايا لقمان

وصايا لقمان لابنه وذكره في القرآن
ذكر القرآن لقمان باسمه صراحة في سورة باسمه (سورة لقمان) وفيها يوصي ابنه بوصايا خلدها القرآن، قال تعالى:  سورة لقمان، الآيات: 13-19.

اسم ابن لقمان
قال السهيلي: اسم ابنه ثاران، في قول الطبري والقتبي. وقال الكلبي: مشكم. وقيل أنعم، حكاه النقاش. وذكر القشيري أن ابنه وامرأته كانا كافرين فما زال يعظهما حتى أسلما. قلت: ودل على هذا قوله: (لا تشرك بالله إن الشرك لظلم عظيم)

من حكم لقمان المأثورة

 يا بني ! ارج الله رجاءً لا تأمن فيه مكره، وخاف الله مخافة لا تيأس بها رحمته.
 يا بني ! أكثر من قول : رب اغفر لي، فإن لله ساعة لا يُردُّ فيها سائل.
 يا بني ! إن العمل لا يستطاع إلا باليقين، ومن يضعف يقينه يضعف عمله.
 يا بني ! إذا جاءك الشيطان من قبل الشك والريبة فأغلبه باليقين، وإذا جاءك من قبل السآمة فأغلبه بذكر القبر والقيامة، وإذا جاءك من قبل الرغبة والرهبة فأخبره أن الدنيا مفارقةُ متروكة.
 يا بني ! اتخذ تقوى الله تجارةً، يأتيك الربح من غير بضاعة.
 يا بني ! إياك والكذب، فإنه شهي كلحم العصفور، عما قليل يقلى صاحبه.
 يا بني ! لا تأكل شبعاً على شبع، فإنك إن تلقه للكلب خيرٌ من أن تأكله.
 يا بني ! لا تكن حلواً فتبلع، ولا مراً فتلفظ.
 يا بني ! لا تؤخر التوبة فأن الموت يأتي بغتة.
 يا بني ! اتق الله، ولا تُر الناس أنك تخشى الله ليكرموك بذلك وقلبك فاجر.
 يا بني ! ما ندمت على الصمت قط. وإن كان الكلام من الفضة كان السكوت من الذهب.
 يا بني ! اعتزل الشر كيما يعتزلك، فإن الشر للشر خلق.
 يا بني ! ليكن لك علو الهمة في طلب الجنة والعزم للشهادة في سبيل الله.

 يا بني ! اختر المجالس على عينك، فإذا رأيت المجلس يُذكرُ الله عز وجل فيه فاجلس معهم، فإنك إن تك عالماً ينفعك علمك وإن تك عييًّا يعلموك، وان يطلع الله عز وجل إليهم برحمة تصبك معهم.
 يا بني ! انصب رايتك راية الحق ورباطك في سبيل الله خير من خير في الدنيا.
 يا بني ! انزل نفسك منزلة من لا حاجة له بك ولا بدَّ لك منه.
 يا بني ! إن الحكمة أجلست المساكين مجالس الملوك.
 يا بني ! جالس العلماء وزاحمهم بركبتك، فإن الله ليحيي القلوب الميتة بنور الحكمة كما يحيي الأرض الميتة بوابل السماء.
 يا بني ! امتنع مما يخرج من فيك، فإن ما سكتَّ سالم وإنما ينبغي لك من القول ما ينفعك.
 يا بني ! إنك منذ نزلت إلى الدنيا استدبرتها واستقبلت الأخرى. فدارٌ أنت إليها تسير أقرب من دارٍ أنت عنها تباعد.
 يا بني ! إياك والدَّين، فإنه ذلُّ النهار همّ الليل.
 يا بني ! لا يأكل طعامك إلا الأتقياء، وشاور في أمرك الحكماء.
 يا بني ! من كذب ذهب ماء وجهه، ومن ساء خلقه كثر غمه.
 يا بني ! نقل الصخور من مواضعها أيسر من إفهام من لا يفهم.
 يا بني ! إعلم بأن الجهاد ذروة سنام الإسلام.

 وأول ما ظهر من حكمته: أنه كان مع سيده، فدخل سيده الخلاء فأطال الجلوس، فناداه لقمان: إن طول الجلوس على الحاجة تنجع منه الكبد، ويورث الباسور، ويصعد الحرارة إلى الرأس، فاقعد هوينا وقم. فخرج سيده وكتب حكمته على باب الخلاء. وقيل: كان سيده يقامر، وكان على بابه نهر جار، فلعب يوما بالنرد على أن من قمر صاحبه شرب الماء الذي في النهر كله أو افتدى منه! فقمر سيد لقمان، فقال له القامر: اشرب ما في النهر وإلا فافتد منه! قال: فسلني الفداء؟ قال: عينيك افقأهما أو جميع ما تملك؟ قال: أمهلني يومي هذا. قال: لك ذلك. فأمسى كئيبا حزينا، إذ جاءه لقمان وقد حمل حزمة حطب على ظهره فسلم على سيده ثم وضع ما معه ورجع إلى سيده، وكان سيده إذا رآه عبث به فيسمع منه الكلمة الحكيمة فيعجب منه، فلما جلس إليه قال لسيده: ما لي أراك كئيبا حزينا؟ فأعرض عنه فقال له الثانية مثل ذلك، فأعرض عنه ثم قال له الثالثة مثل ذلك فأعرض عنه، فقال له: أخبرني فلعل لك عندي فرجا؟ فقص عليه القصة، فقال له لقمان: لا تغتم فإن لك عندي فرجا، قال: وما هو؟ قال: إذا أتاك الرجل فقال لك اشرب ما في النهر، فقل له أشرب ما بين ضفتي النهر أو المد؟ فإنه سيقول لك اشرب ما بين الضفتين، فإذا قال لك ذلك فقل له احبس عني المد حتى أشرب ما بين الضفتين، فإنه لا يستطيع أن يحبس عنك المد، وتكون قد خرجت مما ضمنت له. فعرف سيده أنه قد صدق فطابت نفسه، فأعتقه.
 ومن حكمته كما روى ابن جرير حدثنا ابن وَكِيع، حدثنا أبي، عن أبي الأشهب، عن خالد الرَّبَعِيّ قال: كان لقمان عبدًا حبشيا نجارا، فقال له مولاه: اذبح لنا هذه الشاة. فذبحها، فقال: أخْرجْ أطيب مُضغتين فيها. فأخرج اللسان والقلب، فمكث ما شاء الله ثم قال: اذبح لنا هذه الشاة. فذبحها، فقال: أخرج أخبث مضغتين فيها. فأخرج اللسان والقلب، فقال له مولاه: أمرتك أن تخرج أطيب مضغتين فيها فأخرجتهما، وأمرتك أن تخرج أخبث مضغتين فيها فأخرجتهما. فقال لقمان: إنه ليس من شيء أطيب منهما إذا طابا، ولا أخبث منهما إذا خَبُثا.

قبره
جاء في معجم البلدان:
 بطبرية من المزارات في شرق بحيرتها قبل سليمان بن داود عليهما السلام،
 ومشهور أنه في بيت لحم في المغارة التي فيها مولد عيسى وفي شرق بحيرة طبرية قبر لقمان الحكيم وابنه،
 وله باليمن قبر.
 وقيل أن قبره بمنطة بلجرشي بقبيلة غامد في قرية تدعى حزنة.
والله أعلم بالصحيح منها.
 ورد موضع مرقد لقمان الحكيم شمال شرق بغداد في سياق الأماكن التي مرت بها الحملة العسكرية زمن الدولة العثمانية التي قادها السلطان سليمان القانوني من أجل فتح بغداد (1534) وإنتزاعها من الدولة الصفوية، حيث وصل السلطان بجيشه مرقد (الشيخ سكران) ومرقد (لقمان الحكيم) بالقرب منه، بعد ان رأوا في طريقهم مرقد (الشيخ مكارم)، ثم وصلوا الإمام الأعظم فنزل السلطان عن فرسه فزار مرقده ثم ركب وسار بجيوشه إلى بغداد.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 طريق الإسلام، تسجيل لمحمد المصري، بعنوان: وصايا لقمان.

أشخاص مضرب المثل
البهائية
حكمة
شخصيات ذكرت في القرآن
شخصيات في سير بطولية وأسطوريات
قصص القرآن الكريم

لقمان الحكيم


Philippe Taquet (Saint-Quentin, 25 de abril de 1940 es un paleontólogo francés, director del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Francia de 1985 a 1990.

Honores
 Correspondiente, el ,
 Miembro de Academia de Ciencias el  en la Sección 'Ciencias del universo'
 En 2004, presidente de la Comisión internacional para la historia de la geología (INHIGEO)
 Electo vicepresidente de la Academia de Ciencias para el periodo 2011-2012
 Electo presidente de la Academia de Ciencias para el periodo 2012-2013

Biografía

Ganador de Fondation de la Vocation y doctor en Ciencias, en 1973, siendo investigador en el CNRS desde 1965 a 1981, para posteriormente ser titular de la cátedra de paleontología del Museo nacional de historia natural a partir de 1981. Ha dirigido la Unidad de Estudios asociada al CNRS, "Paleoanatomía, filogenia, paleobiogeografía" de 1981 a 1996.

Algunas publicaciones

 Georges Cuvier (Naissance d'un génie). Editor Odile Jacob. 539 pp. 2006, ISBN 2-7381-0969-1

 Les Dinosaures d'Europe. Volumen 2, N.º 1 de Comptes rendus: Palevol. Con Kevin Padian, Armand de Ricqlès. 118 pp. 2003

 Quand les reptiles marines anglais traversaient la Manche: Mary Anning et Georges Cuvier, deux acteurs de la découverte et de l'étude des Ichthyosaures et des Plésiosaures. Editor Elsevier SAS, 7 pp. 2003

 Stratigraphie et micropaléontologie de d'Orbigny à nos jours; [le colloque international... au Muséum à Paris du  au 5 juillet 2002]. Volumen 1 de Comptes rendus palevol. Editor Elsevier, 177 pp. 2002

 Un voyageur naturaliste: Alcide d'Orbigny

 Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny (1802-1857)

 La chasse aux dinosaures - Une introduction à la paléontologie, De Vive Voix

 Dinosaur Impressions: Postcards from a Paleontologist. Con Kevin Padian. Edición ilustrada de Cambridge Univ. Press, 256 pp. 1999 ISBN 0-521-77930-8

 L'empreinte des Dinosaures 1994. Editor Odile Jacob. 363 pp. ISBN 2-7381-0918-7

 Le Monde des dinosaures. Editor P.E.M.F. 49 pp. 1994. ISBN 2-87785-369-1

 Les Bonnes feuilles du Jardin des plantes. Editor Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 46 pp. 1991

 Cuvier - Buckland - Mantell et les dinosaures. 20 pp. 1982

 Le règne des dinosaures. Con Denys Prache, y Alain Letoct. Editor Hatier, 38 pp. 1981 ISBN 2-218-05589-9

 Géologie et paléontologie du gisement de Gadoufaoua (aptien du Niger). Volumen 17 de Cahiers de paléontologie. Editor CNRS, 191 pp. 1976. ISBN 2-222-02018-2

 Contribution à l'étude de l'ostéologie des mammifères du Quercy. 268 pp. 1965

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Su biografía, sitio de la Academia de Ciencias

Paleontólogos de Francia del siglo XX
Zoólogos de Francia del siglo XX
Miembros de la Sociedad Filomática de París
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de Francia
Alumnado de la Universidad Pierre y Marie Curie
Nacidos en San Quintín

Philippe Taquet


Coryphaena is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes known as the dolphinfishes, and is currently the only known genus in the family Coryphaenidae. The generic name is from Greek κορυφή (koryphē, "crown, top") and -αινα (-aina, feminine suffix). Species in this genus have compressed heads and single dorsal fins that run the entire length of the fishes' bodies.

Dolphinfish are aggressive predatory fish that actively prey upon oceanic forage fishes, while in turn serving as a primary food source for many larger pelagic predators. The dolphinfish can reach up to about , and are some of the fastest-growing species in the ocean.

Despite the name, dolphinfishes are unrelated to and look unlike dolphins (which are marine mammals with pointed snouts), and commercially their meat is often labeled with its Hawaiian name mahi-mahi to reduce possible public confusion.  The origin of the name "dolphinfish" is recent, to avoid confusion with dolphins, as the traditional name of the fish was also "dolphin". Why the mammal and the fish were both called "dolphin" is uncertain, but theories include that dolphinfish communicate using high-pitched sounds similar to a dolphin, and they are about the size of a small dolphin, or due to dorado (Spanish for "golden") having been purportedly used historically in Spanish for both dolphins (normally delfín) and dolphinfish.

Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:

 Names brought to synonymy
 Coryphaena elegans Cuvier, 1833, a synonym for Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque, 1810

See also
 List of fish families

References

External links
 Lambuka Fishing

Coryphaenidae
Carangiformes
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Coryphaena


Wolfgang Paul (* 1947) ist ein ehemaliger österreichischer Botschafter.

Leben
Wolfgang Paul studierte Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Wien, an der er zum Doktor der Rechte promoviert wurde. Auch absolvierte er ein Masterstudium an der London School of Economics and Political Science.

Er ist verheiratet und hat drei Kinder.

Diplomatischer Werdegang
Nach mehreren Jahren Tätigkeit an den österreichischen Botschaften in New Delhi und Sofia war Paul von 1987 bis 1991 Gesandter-Botschaftsrat in Prag. Danach war er stellvertretender Direktor der Diplomatischen Akademie Wien und Abteilungsleiter im Außenministerium. Von 1997 bis 2002 war er Botschafter in Tel Aviv. Von 2002 bis 2007 war er stellvertretender Generaldirektor für Rechts- und Konsularfragen im Außenministerium. Von 2008 bis 2012 war er Botschafter in den Niederlanden und Ständiger Vertreter bei der Organisation für das Verbot chemischer Waffen (OPCW).

Seit seiner Pensionierung ist Paul ehrenamtlich Sonderbeauftragter für die KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen. Er war Mitarbeiter des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs und Mitglied des Honorary Board von "1938-Erinnerung", des "Vienna Project" der jüdisch-amerikanisch-österreichischen Künstlerin Karen Frostig, mit dem der Shoah und all ihrer Opfer, des "Anschlusses" Österreichs an Nazi-Deutschland und der Mitwirkung von Österreichern an NS-Verbrechen gedacht wurden.

Seit 2022 ist Paul Vorsitzender des Internationalen Beirats der KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen.

Weblinks

Österreichischer Botschafter in den Niederlanden
Österreichischer Botschafter in Israel
Botschafter (Republik Österreich)
Absolvent der Universität Wien
Österreicher
Geboren 1947
Mann

Wolfgang Paul (Diplomat)


Cornwall is a Canadian town located in Queens County, Prince Edward Island. The town is located immediately west of the provincial capital Charlottetown.

History
The community of Cornwall traces its history to European settlement in the 18th century and was a predominantly farming community until the construction of Route 1, the Trans-Canada Highway, during the early 1910s. Several subdivisions were created near the intersection of the new highway with the Meadowbank Road, along with a small commercial strip.

On April 1, 1995, the incorporated communities of Cornwall, Eliot River, and North River amalgamated to form the Town of Cornwall.

The amalgamation did not see many controversies. The name of the community of Cornwall survived although the legislation designated the new town as Charlottetown West but amid the call of some residents for a new community name, as was occurring in the case of Stratford (also amalgamated at the same time as Charlottetown South), the community decided to rename the town Cornwall once again.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cornwall had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Education
The town of Cornwall is home to three English Language School Board schools:
 Westwood Primary School
 Eliot River Elementary School
 East Wiltshire Junior High
Students graduate East Wiltshire and go on to attend Bluefield High School in Hampshire for grades 10 to 12.

Economy
The town established the Cornwall Business Park in 1997.

Notable people
Jared Connaughton, sprinter, Olympian, 2005 Canada Games gold medalist 100m & 200m
Adam McQuaid, NHL hockey player, Stanley Cup Champion 2011

References

External links

Communities in Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Towns in Prince Edward Island

Cornwall, Prince Edward Island


රටක වාර්ෂික ආදායම මධ්‍ය වාර්ෂික ජනගහනයෙන් බෙදූවිට ලැබෙන අගය ඒක පුද්ගල ආදායම වේ.

ඒක පුද්ගල ආදායම