Dawn is a retired space probe that was launched by NASA in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt: Vesta and Ceres. In the fulfillment of that mission—the ninth in NASA's Discovery Program—Dawn entered orbit around Vesta on July 16, 2011, and completed a 14-month survey mission before leaving for Ceres in late 2012. It entered orbit around Ceres on March 6, 2015. In 2017, NASA announced that the planned nine-year mission would be extended until the probe's hydrazine fuel supply was depleted. On November 1, 2018, NASA announced that Dawn had depleted its hydrazine, and the mission was ended. The derelict probe remains in a stable orbit around Ceres.

Dawn is the first spacecraft to have orbited two extraterrestrial bodies, the first spacecraft to have visited either Vesta or Ceres, and the first to have orbited a dwarf planet.

The Dawn mission was managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with spacecraft components contributed by European partners from Italy, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. It was the first NASA exploratory mission to use ion propulsion, which enabled it to enter and leave the orbit of two celestial bodies. Previous multi-target missions using rockets powered by chemical engine, such as the Voyager program, were restricted to flybys.

Project history

Technological background

The first working ion thruster in the US was built by Harold R. Kaufman in 1959 at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. The thruster was similar to the general design of a gridded electrostatic ion thruster with mercury as its propellant. Suborbital tests of the engine followed during the 1960s, and in 1964 the engine was tested on a suborbital flight aboard the Space Electric Rocket Test 1 (SERT 1). It successfully operated for the planned 31 minutes before falling back to Earth. This test was followed by an orbital test, SERT-2, in 1970.

Deep Space 1 (DS1), which NASA launched in 1998, demonstrated the long-duration use of a xenon-propelled ion thruster on a science mission, and validated a number of technologies, including the NSTAR electrostatic ion thruster, as well as performing a flyby of an asteroid and a comet. In addition to the ion thruster, among the other technologies validated by the DS1 was the Small Deep Space Transponder, which is used on Dawn for long-range communication.

Discovery Program selection
Twenty-six proposals were submitted to the Discovery Program solicitation, with budget initially targeted at US$300 million. Three semi-finalists were downselected in January 2001 for a phase-A design study: Dawn, Kepler, and INSIDE Jupiter.   In December 2001 NASA selected the Kepler and the Dawn mission for the Discovery program. Both missions were initially selected for a launch in 2006.

Cancellation and reinstatement
The status of the Dawn mission changed several times. The project was cancelled in December 2003, and then reinstated in February 2004. In October 2005, work on Dawn was placed in "stand down" mode, and in January 2006, the mission was discussed in the press as "indefinitely postponed", even though NASA had made no new announcements regarding its status. On March 2, 2006, Dawn was again cancelled by NASA.

The spacecraft's manufacturer, Orbital Sciences Corporation, appealed NASA's decision, offering to build the spacecraft at cost, forgoing any profit in order to gain experience in a new market field. NASA then put the cancellation under review, and on March 27, 2006, it was announced that the mission would not be cancelled after all. In the last week of September 2006, the Dawn mission's instrument payload integration reached full functionality. Although originally projected to cost US$373 million, cost overruns inflated the final cost of the mission to US$446 million in 2007. Christopher T. Russell was chosen to lead the Dawn mission team.

Scientific background

The Dawn mission was designed to study two large bodies in the asteroid belt in order to answer questions about the formation of the Solar System, as well as to test the performance of its ion thrusters in deep space. Ceres and Vesta were chosen as two contrasting protoplanets, the first one apparently "wet" (i.e. icy and cold) and the other "dry" (i.e. rocky), whose accretion was terminated by the formation of Jupiter. The two bodies provide a bridge in scientific understanding between the formation of rocky planets and the icy bodies of the Solar System, and under what conditions a rocky planet can hold water.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted a new definition of planet on August 24, 2006, which introduced the term "dwarf planet" for ellipsoidal worlds that were too small to qualify for planetary status by "clearing their orbital neighborhood" of other orbiting matter. Dawn is the first mission to study a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before the arrival of the New Horizons probe at Pluto in July 2015.

Ceres comprises a third of the total mass of the asteroid belt. Its spectral characteristics suggest a composition similar to that of a water-rich carbonaceous chondrite. Vesta, a smaller, water-poor achondritic asteroid comprising a tenth of the mass of the asteroid belt, has experienced significant heating and differentiation. It shows signs of a metallic core, a Mars-like density and lunar-like basaltic flows.

Available evidence indicates that both bodies formed very early in the history of the Solar System, thereby retaining a record of events and processes from the time of the formation of the terrestrial planets. Radionuclide dating of pieces of meteorites thought to come from Vesta suggests that Vesta differentiated quickly, in three million years or less. Thermal evolution studies suggest that Ceres must have formed some time later, more than three million years after the formation of CAIs (the oldest known objects of Solar System origin).

Moreover, Vesta appears to be the source of many smaller objects in the Solar System. Most (but not all) V-type near-Earth asteroids, and some outer main-belt asteroids, have spectra similar to Vesta, and are thus known as vestoids. Five percent of the meteoritic samples found on Earth, the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites, are thought to be the result of a collision or collisions with Vesta.

It is thought that Ceres may have a differentiated interior; its oblateness appears too small for an undifferentiated body, which indicates that it consists of a rocky core overlain with an icy mantle. There is a large collection of potential samples from Vesta accessible to scientists, in the form of over 1,400 HED meteorites, giving insight into Vesta geologic history and structure. Vesta is thought to consist of a metallic iron–nickel core, an overlying rocky olivine mantle and crust.

Objectives

The Dawn mission's goal was to characterize the conditions and processes of the Solar System's earliest eon by investigating in detail two of the largest protoplanets remaining intact since their formation.

Although the mission has finished, the data analyses and interpretations will continue for many years. The primary question that the mission addresses is the role of size and water in determining the evolution of the planets. Ceres and Vesta are highly suitable bodies with which to address this question, as they are two of the most massive of the protoplanets. Ceres is geologically very primitive and icy, while Vesta is evolved and rocky. Their contrasting characteristics are thought to have resulted from them forming in two different regions of the early Solar System.

There are three principal scientific drivers for the mission. First, the Dawn mission can capture the earliest moments in the origin of the Solar System, granting an insight into the conditions under which these objects formed. Second, Dawn determines the nature of the building blocks from which the terrestrial planets formed, improving scientific understanding of this formation. Finally, it contrasts the formation and evolution of two small planets that followed very different evolutionary paths, allowing scientists to determine what factors control that evolution.

Instruments

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory provided overall planning and management of the mission, the flight system and scientific payload development, and provided the ion propulsion system. Orbital Sciences Corporation provided the spacecraft, which constituted the company's first interplanetary mission. The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) provided the framing cameras, the Italian Space Agency provided the mapping spectrometer, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory provided the gamma ray and neutron spectrometer.

Framing camera (FC) – Two redundant framing camera were flown. Each used a f/7.9 refractive optical system with a focal length of 150 mm. A frame-transfer charge-coupled device (CCD), a Thomson TH7888A, at the focal plane has 1024 × 1024 sensitive 93-μrad pixels, imaging a 5.5° x 5.5° field of view. An 8-position filter wheel permits panchromatic (clear filter) and spectrally selective imaging (7 narrow band filters). The broadest filter allows imaging at wavelengths from 400 to 1050 nm. The FC computer is a custom radiation-hardened Xilinx system with a LEON2 core and 8 GiB of memory. The camera offered  resolutions of 17 m/pixel for Vesta and 66 m/pixel for Ceres. Because the framing camera was vital for both science and navigation, the payload had two identical and physically separate cameras (FC1 & FC2) for redundancy, each with its own optics, electronics, and structure.
Visible and infrared spectrometer (VIR) – This instrument is a modification of the visible and infrared thermal-imaging spectrometer used on the Rosetta and Venus Express spacecraft. It draws its heritage from the Saturn orbiter Cassinis visible and infrared mapping spectrometer. The spectrometer's VIR spectral frames are 256 (spatial) × 432 (spectral), and the slit length is 64 mrad. The mapping spectrometer incorporates two channels, both fed by a single grating. A CCD yields frames from 0.25 to 1.0 μm, while an array of HgCdTe photodiodes cooled to about 70 K spans the spectrum from 0.95 to 5.0 μm.
Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND) – This instrument is based on similar instruments flown on the Lunar Prospector and Mars Odyssey space missions. It had 21 sensors with a very wide field of view. It was used to measure the abundances of the major rock-forming elements (oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, titanium, and iron) and potassium, thorium, uranium, and water (inferred from hydrogen content) in the top 1 m of the surface of Vesta and Ceres.

A magnetometer and laser altimeter were considered for the mission, but were not ultimately flown.

Specifications

Dimensions
With its solar array in the retracted launch position, the Dawn spacecraft is  wide. With its solar arrays fully extended, Dawn is  wide. The solar arrays have a total area of . The main antenna is five feet (1.24 metres) in diameter.

Propulsion system
The Dawn spacecraft was propelled by three xenon ion thrusters derived from NSTAR technology used by the Deep Space 1 spacecraft, using one at a time. They have a specific impulse of 3,100 s and produce a thrust of 90 mN. The whole spacecraft, including the ion propulsion thrusters, was powered by a 10 kW (at 1 AU) triple-junction gallium arsenide photovoltaic solar array manufactured by Dutch Space. Dawn was allocated  of xenon for its Vesta approach, and carried another  to reach Ceres, out of a total capacity of  of on-board propellant. With the propellant it carried, Dawn was able to perform a velocity change of approximately 11 km/s over the course of its mission, far more than any previous spacecraft achieved with onboard propellant after separation from its launch rocket. However, the thrust was very gentle; it took four days at full throttle to accelerate Dawn from zero to 60 mph (96 km/h).
Dawn is NASA's first purely exploratory mission to use ion propulsion engines. The spacecraft also has twelve 0.9 N hydrazine thrusters for attitude control (orientation), which were also used to assist in orbital insertion.

The Dawn spacecraft was able to achieve a record-breaking level of propulsion from its ion engine. NASA noted three specific areas of excellence:
First to orbit two different astronomical bodies (not including Earth).
Solar-electric propulsion record, including a velocity change in space of 25,700 mph (11.49 km/s). This is 2.7 times the velocity change by solar-electric ion drive than the past record.
Achieved 5.9 years of ion engine runtime by September 7, 2018. This amount of runtime equates to 54% of Dawn's time in outer space.

Outreach microchip
Dawn carries a memory chip bearing the names of more than 360,000 space enthusiasts. The names were submitted online as part of a public outreach effort between September 2005 and November 4, 2006. The microchip, which is two centimetres in diameter, was installed on May 17, 2007, above the spacecraft's forward ion thruster, underneath its high-gain antenna. More than one microchip was made, with a back-up copy put on display at the 2007 Open House event at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

Mission summary

Launch preparations
On April 10, 2007, the spacecraft arrived at the Astrotech Space Operations subsidiary of SPACEHAB, Inc. in Titusville, Florida, where it was prepared for launch. The launch was originally scheduled for June 20, but was delayed until June 30 due to delays with part deliveries. A broken crane at the launch pad, used to raise the solid rocket boosters, further delayed the launch for a week, until July 7; prior to this, on June 15, the second stage was successfully hoisted into position. A mishap at the Astrotech Space Operations facility, involving slight damage to one of the solar arrays, did not have an effect on the launch date; however, bad weather caused the launch to slip to July 8. Range tracking problems then delayed the launch to July 9, and then July 15. Launch planning was then suspended in order to avoid conflicts with the Phoenix mission to Mars, which was successfully launched on August 4.

Launch

The launch of Dawn was rescheduled for September 26, 2007, then September 27, due to bad weather delaying fueling of the second stage, the same problem that delayed the July 7 launch attempt. The launch window extended from 07:20–07:49 EDT (11:20–11:49 GMT). During the final built-in hold at T−4 minutes, a ship entered the exclusion area offshore, the strip of ocean where the rocket boosters were likely to fall after separation. After commanding the ship to leave the area, the launch was required to wait for the end of a collision avoidance window with the International Space Station. Dawn finally launched from pad 17-B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on a Delta 7925-H rocket at 07:34 EDT, reaching escape velocity with the help of a spin-stabilized solid-fueled third stage. Thereafter, Dawn's ion thrusters took over.

Transit to Vesta
After initial testing, during which the ion thrusters accumulated more than 11 days 14 hours of operation, Dawn began long-term cruise propulsion on December 17, 2007. On October 31, 2008, Dawn completed its first thrusting phase to send it on to Mars for a gravity assist flyby in February 2009. During this first interplanetary cruise phase, Dawn spent 270 days, or 85% of this phase, using its thrusters. It expended less than 72 kilograms of xenon propellant for a total change in velocity of 1.81 km/s. On November 20, 2008, Dawn performed its first trajectory correction maneuver (TCM1), firing its number 1 thruster for 2 hours, 11 minutes.

Dawn made its closest approach (549 km) to Mars on February 17, 2009, during a successful gravity assist. This flyby slowed Mars's orbital velocity by about  per 180 million years. On this day, the spacecraft placed itself in safe mode, resulting in some data acquisition loss. The spacecraft was reported to be back in full operation two days later, with no impact on the subsequent mission identified. The root cause of the event was reported to be a software programming error.

To cruise from Earth to its targets, Dawn travelled in an elongated outward spiral trajectory. The actual Vesta chronology and estimated Ceres chronology are as follows:
September 27, 2007: launch
February 17, 2009: Mars gravity assist
July 16, 2011: Vesta arrival and capture
August 11–31, 2011: Vesta survey orbit
September 29 – November 2, 2011: Vesta first high altitude orbit
December 12, 2011 – May 1, 2012: Vesta low altitude orbit
June 15 – July 25, 2012: Vesta second high altitude orbit
September 5, 2012: Vesta departure
March 6, 2015: Ceres arrival
June 30, 2016: End of primary Ceres operations
July 1, 2016: Beginning of Ceres extended mission
November 1, 2018: End of Mission

Vesta approach
As Dawn approached Vesta, the Framing Camera instrument took progressively higher-resolution images, which were published online and at news conferences by NASA and MPI.

On May 3, 2011, Dawn acquired its first targeting image, 1,200,000 km from Vesta, and began its approach phase to the asteroid. On June 12, Dawn's speed relative to Vesta was slowed in preparation for its orbital insertion 34 days later.

Dawn was scheduled to be inserted into orbit at 05:00 UTC on July 16 after a period of thrusting with its ion engines. Because its antenna was pointed away from the Earth during thrusting, scientists were not able to immediately confirm whether or not Dawn successfully made the maneuver. The spacecraft would then reorient itself, and was scheduled to check in at 06:30 UTC on July 17. NASA later confirmed that it received telemetry from Dawn indicating that the spacecraft successfully entered orbit around Vesta, making it the first spacecraft to orbit an object in the asteroid belt. The exact time of insertion could not be confirmed, since it depended on Vesta's mass distribution, which was not precisely known and at that time had only been estimated.

Vesta orbit
After being captured by Vesta's gravity and entering its orbit on July 16, 2011, Dawn moved to a lower, closer orbit by running its xenon-ion engine using solar power. On August 2, it paused its spiralling approach to enter a 69-hour survey orbit at an altitude of . It assumed a 12.3-hour high-altitude mapping orbit at  on September 27, and finally entered a 4.3-hour low-altitude mapping orbit at  on December 8.

In May 2012, the Dawn team published preliminary results of their study of Vesta, including estimates of the size of Vesta's metal-rich core, which is theorized to be  across. The scientists stated that they think that Vesta is the "last of its kind" – the only remaining example of the large planetoids that came together to form the rocky planets during the formation of the Solar System. In October 2012, further Dawn results were published, on the origin of anomalous dark spots and streaks on Vesta's surface, which were likely deposited by ancient asteroid impacts. In December 2012, it was reported that Dawn had observed gullies on the surface of Vesta that were interpreted to have been eroded by transiently flowing liquid water. More details about the Dawn mission's scientific discoveries at Vesta are included on the Vesta page.

Dawn was originally scheduled to depart Vesta and begin its two and a half year journey to Ceres on August 26, 2012. However, a problem with one of the spacecraft's reaction wheels forced Dawn to delay its departure from Vesta's gravity until September 5, 2012.

Transit to Ceres

During its time in orbit around Vesta, the probe experienced several failures of its reaction wheels. Investigators planned to modify their activities upon arrival at Ceres for close range geographical survey mapping. The Dawn team stated that they would orient the probe using a "hybrid" mode utilizing both reaction wheels and ion thrusters. Engineers determined that this hybrid mode would conserve fuel. On November 13, 2013, during the transit, in a test preparation, Dawn engineers completed a 27-hour-long series of exercises of said hybrid mode.

On September 11, 2014, Dawn ion thruster unexpectedly ceased firing and the probe began operating in a triggered safe mode. To avoid a lapse in propulsion, the mission team hastily exchanged the active ion engine and electrical controller with another. The team stated that they had a plan in place to revive this disabled component later in 2014. The controller in the ion propulsion system may have been damaged by a high-energy particle. Upon exiting the safe mode on September 15, 2014, the probe's ion thruster resumed normal operation.

Furthermore, the Dawn investigators also found that, after the propulsion issue, Dawn could not aim its main communications antenna towards Earth. Another antenna of weaker capacity was instead temporarily retasked. To correct the problem, the probe's computer was reset and the aiming mechanism of the main antenna was restored.

Ceres approach
Dawn began photographing an extended disk of Ceres on December 1, 2014, with images of partial rotations on January 13 and 25, 2015 released as animations.
Images taken from Dawn of Ceres after January 26, 2015, exceeded the resolution of comparable images from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Progression of images of Ceres taken by Dawn between January and March 2015

Because of the failure of two reaction wheels, Dawn made fewer camera observations of Ceres during its approach phase than it did during its Vesta approach. Camera observations required turning the spacecraft, which consumed precious hydrazine fuel. Seven optical navigation photo sessions (OpNav 1–7, on January 13 and 25, February 3 and 25, March 1, and April 10 and 15) and two full rotation observation sessions (RC1–2, on February 12 and 19) were planned before full observation begins with orbital capture. The gap in March and early April was due to a period when Ceres appears too close to the Sun from Dawn vantage point to take pictures safely.

Ceres orbit

Dawn entered Ceres orbit on March 6, 2015, four months prior to the arrival of New Horizons at Pluto. Dawn thus became the first mission to study a dwarf planet at close range. Dawn initially entered a polar orbit around Ceres, and continued to refine its orbit. It obtained its first full topographic map of Ceres during this period.

From April 23 to May 9, 2015, Dawn entered an RC3 orbit (Rotation Characterization 3) at an altitude of . The RC3 orbit lasted 15 days, during which Dawn alternated taking pictures and sensor measurements and then relayed the resulting data back to Earth. On May 9, 2015, Dawn powered its ion engines and began a month-long spiral descent down to its second mapping point, a Survey orbit, three times closer to Ceres than the previous orbit. The spacecraft stopped twice to take images of Ceres during its spiral descent into the new orbit.

On June 6, 2015, Dawn entered the new Survey orbit at an altitude of . In the new Survey orbit, Dawn circled Ceres every three Earth days. The Survey phase lasted 22 days (7 orbits), and was designed to obtain a global view of Ceres with Dawn framing camera, and generate detailed global maps with the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIR).

On June 30, 2015, Dawn experienced a software glitch when an anomaly in its orientation system occurred. It responded by going into safe mode and sending a signal to engineers, who fixed the error on July 2, 2015.  Engineers determined the cause of the anomaly to be related to the mechanical gimbal system associated with one of Dawn's ion engines.  After switching to a separate ion engine and conducting tests from July 14 through July 16, 2015, engineers certified the ability to continue the mission.

On August 17, 2015, Dawn entered the HAMO orbit (High-Altitude Mapping Orbit). Dawn descended to an altitude of , where in August 2015 it began the two-month HAMO phase. During this phase, Dawn continued to acquire near-global maps with the VIR and framing camera at higher resolution than in the Survey phase. It also imaged in stereo to resolve the surface in 3D.

On October 23, 2015, Dawn began a two-month spiral toward Ceres to achieve a LAMO orbit (Low-Altitude Mapping Orbit) at a distance of . Since reaching this fourth orbit in December 2015, Dawn was scheduled to acquire data for the next three months with its gamma-ray and neutron detector (GRaND) and other instruments that identified the composition at the surface.

Having surpassed its mapping objectives, Dawn climbed to its fifth science orbit of  beginning on September 2, 2016, to complete additional observations from a different angle. Dawn began raising its altitude to its sixth science orbit of  on November 4, 2016, with a goal of reaching it by December 2016. The return to a higher altitude allowed for a second set of data at this altitude, which improves the overall science quality when added to the first batch. However, this time the spacecraft was placed where it was not spiraling and was orbiting in the same direction as Ceres, which reduced propellant consumption.

Mission conclusion
A flyby of the asteroid 2 Pallas after the completion of the Ceres mission was suggested but never formally considered; orbiting Pallas would not have been possible for Dawn due to the high inclination of Pallas's orbit relative to Ceres.

In April 2016, the Dawn project team submitted a proposal to NASA for an extended mission that would have seen the spacecraft break orbit from Ceres and perform a flyby of the asteroid 145 Adeona in May 2019, arguing that the science gained from visiting a third asteroid might outweigh the returns from staying at Ceres. NASA's Planetary Mission Senior Review Panel, however, declined the proposal in May 2016. A one-year mission extension was approved, but the review panel ordered that Dawn remain at Ceres, stating that the long-term observations of the dwarf planet, particularly as it approached perihelion, would potentially yield better science.

The one-year extension expired on June 30, 2017. The spacecraft was placed in an uncontrolled but relatively stable orbit around Ceres, where it ran out of hydrazine propellant by October 31, 2018, and where it will remain as a "monument" for at least 20 years.

Media

High-resolution image

Ceres atlas images

Maps of Ceres

Flyover videos

See also

Features on Ceres
 Ahuna Mons, a mountain on Ceres
 Bright spots on Ceres
 List of geological features on Ceres
Other asteroid missions
 List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
 Chang'e 2  4179 Toutatis flyby
 Galileo probe  951 Gaspra and 243 Ida flybys
 Hayabusa  25143 Itokawa rendezvous and sample return
 Hayabusa2  162173 Ryugu rendezvous and sample return
 NEAR Shoemaker  253 Mathilde flyby, orbited 433 Eros from 2000 to 2001
 OSIRIS-REx  101955 Bennu sample return mission
 Rosetta  2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia flyby

References

External links

 Dawn website by Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 Dawn website by NASA
 Dawn public data archives by UCLA
 Dawn Legacy – Video (03:04) by NASA (September 7, 2018).
 Dawn Mission Archive at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node

 Instruments
 Framing Cameras by the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
 Visual and Infrared Spectrometer  by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
 Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer by NASA (journal paper)

Discovery Program
Missions to main-belt asteroids
Missions to dwarf planets
Orbiters (space probe)
NASA space probes
4 Vesta
Ceres (dwarf planet)
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
Space probes launched in 2007
Derelict space probes
Articles containing video clips
Space probes decommissioned in 2018

Dawn (spacecraft)


Carlo Barberini, duque de Monterotondo — Irmão do Papa Urbano VIII
 Carlo Barberini (cardeal) — Prefeito da Congregação para a Evangelização dos Povos, sobrinho-neto do Papa Urbano VIII

Desambiguação

Carlo Barberini


Memorial (în ) este o societate rusă de drepturi istorice și civile care operează într-o serie de state postsovietice. Se concentrează pe înregistrarea și publicarea trecutului totalitar al Uniunii Sovietice, dar și pe monitorizarea drepturilor omului în Rusia și în alte state postsovietice. Organizația a primit premiul Nobel pentru pace în 2022.

Note

Bibliografie

 Cathy Merridale (2000), Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia, Granta publishers: London
 Anne Applebaum (2003), Gulag: A History of the Soviet camps, Allen Lane: London

Organizații pentru drepturile omului
Organizații din Rusia
Fondări în 1989
Represiuni politice sovietice
Comemorarea crimelor comunismului
Laureați ai premiului Saharov
State postsovietice
Laureați ai Premiului Nobel pentru Pace

Memorial (societate)


إيه تي آي فاير جي أل  وهي سلسلة من بطاقات العرض المرئي التي تُستخدم في برامج التصميم بمساعدة الحاسوب (CAD) و إنشاء محتوى رقمي (Digital content creation) في حواسيب محطات عمل (Workstation Computer). وهي شبيهة لعتاد سلسلة ريدون.

مراجع

بطاقات عرض مرئي
إي تي آي تيكنولوجيز

إيه تي آي فاير جي أل


Cümlenin ögeleri (yaygın hatalı yazım şekliyle cümlenin öğeleri), cümlede yüklem ile görev ve anlam yönünden yükleme eşlik eden diğer parçalardan her biri. Cümlenin ögeleri tek bir sözcükten veya sözcük grubundan oluşabilir. ögeler anlamlı ve doğru cümleler kurulabilmesini sağlar. Türkçede cümlenin ögeleri şunlardır:
Yüklemler
Yapım ekleri
Çekim ekleri
Nesneler
Bağlaçlar
Dolaylı tümleçler (yer-yön tümleçleri)
Zarf tümleçleri
Edat tümleçleri
Özneler
Noktalama işaretleri

Cümle; bir fikri, bir düşünceyi, hareketi, duyguyu ve olayı tam bir yargı halinde ifade eden kelime grubudur. Bir cümle kurabilmek için en azından bir çekimli fiil (fiil cümlelerinde) ya da ek-fiil almış bir adın (isim cümlelerinde) yüklem görevini üstlenmesi gerekir. Örneğin "koşuyor" kelimesi tek başına bir cümledir.

Cümlenin diğer ögeleri anlam ve görev yönünden yüklemi tamamlarlar.

Ana ögeler
Cümlenin ana ögeleri yüklem ve öznedir.

Yüklem

Yüklem cümlede bir iş, oluş, hareket vs. bildiren; cümleyi yargıya bağlayan ögedir. Yüklemsiz cümle kurulamaz.

Eksiltili olmayan bir cümle kurabilmek için yalnızca yüklem yeterlidir. Yüklem genelde cümle sonunda bulunur. Yüklemi bir fiilin çekimlenmesiyle oluşan fiil cümlelerinin yanı sıra, bir adın ek-fiil eki almasıyla da bir isim cümlesi oluşturulabilir.

Özellikleri;

1- Yüklem genellikle cümlenin sonunda bulunur. Başında ya da ortasında bulunabilir.

2- Fiil olan sözcükler dışında isim ve isim soylu sözcüklerden oluşabilir.

3- Cümlede birden fazla yüklem bulunabilir.

4- İkilemeler, tamlamalar, birleşik fiiller ve deyimler cümlede yüklem olabilir.

Özne

Özne, bir cümlede yüklem ile bildirilen işi ya da oluşu yerine getiren veya yüklem vasıtasıyla hakkında bilgi verilen ögedir:

Özneyi bulmak için yükleme "kim" veya "ne" soruları sorulur:

 Bugün hava çok sıcaktı. (sıcak olan ne?)
 Özlem defterini okulda unutmuş. (unutan kim  ?)

Özne, yüklemden sonra cümlenin ikinci ana ögesidir. Sadece yüklemden oluşan cümlelerde dahi öznenin varlığı şahıs eklerinden anlaşılır.

Yardımcı ögeler
Cümlenin yardımcı ögelerini oluşturan tümleçler üç grupta incelenir:
 Nesne (düz tümleç)
 Dolaylı tümleç (yer tamlayıcı)
 Zarf tümleci (edat tümlecini de kapsar)

Nesne
Düz tümleç olarak da bilinen nesne, öznenin yaptığı ve yüklem tarafından bildirilen iş veya oluştan etkilenen kavram veya varlıktır.

Yükleme belirtili nesnede "kimi, neyi" soruları sorulurken belirtisiz nesnede "kim, ne" soruları sorulur

Örnekler:

 "Ben her gün kitap okurum." (belirtisiz nesne)
 "Bana bu hikayeyi babam anlattı." (belirtili nesne)

Dolaylı tümleç

Dolaylı tümleç; yüklemin anlamını yer, bulunma ve yönelme açısından tamamlayan ögedir. Genellikle -e, -de ve -den eklerinden birini alır ve yükleme sorulan "nereye, nerede, nereden; kime, kimde, kimden; neye, neyde ve neden" sorularının yanıtlarıdır. Örnekler:

 "Annem bu meyveleri semt pazarından aldı."
 "Annem eve yarın gelecekmiş."
 "Banu cebine kalemlerini koydu."

Zarf tümleci

Zarf tümleci, yüklemde belirtilen iş ve oluşun ne zaman, neden, nasıl, ne kadar ve ne vasıtasıyla gerçekleştiğini belirtir. Edatlarla oluşturulan tümleçler de zarf tümleci kabul edilir. Örnekler:

 "Ablamlar haftaya yola çıkacaklarmış." (eylemin zamanını belirtir)
 "Çocuk korkudan titriyordu." (eylemin nedenini belirtir)
 "Eve koşarak gittim." (eylemin nasıl yapıldığını belirtir)
 "Öğretmen uzunca bir cetvelle tahtaya çizgiler çizdi." (eylemin ne ile yapıldığını belirtir)
 "Yatmadan önce biraz kitap okudum." (eylemin ne kadar yapıldığını belirtir)

Edat Tümleci
Yüklemi araç(vasıta), birliktelik ve amaç açısından açıklayan ögelerdir. Yükleme "ne ile, kim ile, ne için, kimin için" soruları sorulur, alınan cevap edat tümlecini verir.

NOT : Edat tümleçleri çoğu zaman zarf tümleçlerinin içinde gösterilir. Örnekler:

 Emre Bey, İstanbul'a uçakla gitti.      (Cümlede yüklem, "gitti" fiilidir. Edat tümlecini bulmak için yükleme "Emre Bey İstanbul'a ne ile gitti ?" sorusunu

sorarız. Sorumuzun cevabı   "uçakla" edat tümlecidir.)

 Roman yazmaya şiirlerin etrafına çerçeveler kurabilmek için başladım.
 Annemle sinemaya gideceğiz.
 Bütün çabalarımız çocuklarımız için güzel bir gelecek hazırlamak.
 İyi bir puan almak için azimle çalışıyor.
 Bu yıl tatile karavanla gideceklermiş.

Bağlaç
Bağlaç, Kelimeleri, kelime gruplarını veya cümleleri biçim veya anlam yönüyle birbirine bağlayan kelimeler: ve, veya, ile, ama, de (da) , ancak, çünkü, eğer, hâlbuki, hem … hem …, hiç değilse, ise, ki, lâkin, meğer, nasıl ki, ne … ne …, öyle, öyle ki, sanki, şu var ki, üstelik, yahut, yalnız, yani, yoksa, zira vs. Bağlaçlar, ifadeleri ilgi ve önem sırasına koyarak düzenlememize yardımcı olur.

Bağlaçların kendi başlarına anlamları yoktur. Yer aldıkları cümlenin çeşitli bölümleri arasında anlam ve biçim bakımından bağlantı kurarlar. Cümlelerde sıralama bağlaçlar sayesinde yapılır. Cümleler arasında konu ve anlatım bütünlüğü sağlamak için kullanılırlar.

Kaynakça
http://eogrenme.anadolu.edu.tr/eKitap/TDE204U.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20131228164856/http://web.deu.edu.tr/befdergi/14.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20111110094243/http://www.turkdili.selcuk.edu.tr/sunu/cumlebilgisi.pps
https://web.archive.org/web/20160306014032/http://egitim.erciyes.edu.tr/~arak/3.TurkceOgreniyorum.com/TurkceDilbilgisiSunu/17.cumlenin_turleri_ve_ogeleri.ppt

Cümlenin ögeleri


El ticotico goteado (Syndactyla guttulata), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae, perteneciente al género Syndactyla. Es endémico del norte de Venezuela.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye en la cordillera de la Costa y en las montañas del noreste de Venezuela.

Esta especie es considerada poco común en su hábitat natural, el sotobosque de bosques húmedos montanos entre los 800 y los 2100 m de altitud.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie S. guttulata fue descrita por primera vez por el zoólogo británico Philip Lutley Sclater en 1858 bajo el nombre científico Anabazenops guttulatus; su localidad tipo es: «cerca de Caracas, Venezuela».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Syndactyla» deriva del griego «sun»: juntos, y «daktulos»: dedos; significando «con los dedos juntos»; y el nombre de la especie «guttulata», proviene del latín moderno «guttulatus»: punteado, goteado.

Taxonomía
La presente especie es hermana de Syndactyla ucayalae y S. striata. La identidad de la población de la Sierra de San Luis (Falcón) es incierta, se piensa que pertenezca a la subespecie nominal.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist v.2018, se reconocen dos subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Syndactyla guttulata guttulata (, 1858) – norte de Venezuela en el centro de Falcón (Sierra de San Luis) y cordillera de la Costa (Yaracuy, Carabobo al este hasta el Distrito Federal, sur de Aragua).
 Syndactyla guttulata pallida , 1944 – montañas del noreste de Venezuela (noreste de Anzoátegui, Sucre, norte de Monagas).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de  Syndactyla guttulata en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Syndactyla guttulata en xeno-canto.

guttulata
Taxones descritos por Philip Lutley Sclater
Animales descritos en 1858
Aves endémicas de Venezuela

Syndactyla guttulata


La chapelle Saint-Roch est un édifice religieux catholique de Châtelet dans le Hainaut, en Belgique. De style gothique régional et construite en 1626, la chapelle occupe une place éminente sur la 'place Saint-Roch', à l'angle de la rue homonyme. Elle est la doyenne des 'chapelles Saint-Roch' qui se trouvent dans la région. La chapelle est classée au patrimoine immobilier de Wallonie.

Histoire
Les épidémies de pestes et autre maladies contagieuses étaient fréquentes, dans la région, durant les  et .  C'est au cours de l'une d'elles, en 1626, que la chapelle Saint-Roch fut édifiée dans le cimetière des victimes des épidémies. Son histoire est peu connue car elle fut souvent négligée et longtemps oubliée. Elle n'en contient pas moins de nombreux trésors artistiques.

Au , en 1929, une restauration complète fut entreprise. La chapelle subit des dégâts durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale mais il faudra son classement comme monument historique, en 1959 pour que l'on s'y intéresse à nouveau. En 1960, quelques châtelettains renouent avec l'ancienne tradition locale de 'marcher en l'honneur de Saint-Roch'. Ils défilent ainsi en uniforme du premier Empire le dimanche qui précède la Pentecôte.

En 1993 une association locale fut créée – les 'amis de la chapelle Saint-Roch' – pour favoriser la conservation et veiller au patrimoine artistique de la chapelle, et d'organiser toutes manifestations. Des travaux de nouvelle restauration sont entrepris à partir de 1994. Et de nouveau en 2006.

Description
La jolie et sobre façade 'Renaissance' se terminant en un fronton tout en courbes contraste avec l'intérieur plutôt baroque. Mononef à deux travées et sans transept, la chapelle se termine en un chœur à trois pans avec un autel surmonté d'un tableau dans un cadre baroque. A l'extérieur, Le clocheton surmonte le centre de la nef.

Patrimoine
Le tableau d'autel est une peinture de Delcourt (?) de 1636. Il est flanqué de colonnes torses, avec angelots au sommet.
Le tableau La mort de Saint Roch, chef-d'œuvre de Pierre Jouet, peintre de Châtelet, fut peint en 1634.
Le plafond est un soffite à caissons dont plusieurs sont ornés de tableaux.
Des statues de saint Pierre et saint Paul dans des niches de style baroque. Plusieurs statues en bois, représentant saint Roch, dont une du .

Chapelle dans la province de Hainaut
Chapelle dédiée à saint Roch
ChapelleSaintRochChâtelet
ChapelleSaintRochChâtelet
Chapelle construite au XVIIe siècle
ChapelleSaintRochChâtelet
ChapelleSaintRochChâtelet
Chapelle restaurée au XXe siècle
Chapelle restaurée au XXIe siècle

Chapelle Saint-Roch de Châtelet


Abdullah Selahattin Hilav (17 Nisan 1928, İstanbul - 12 Mayıs 2005, İstanbul), Türk felsefeci, yazar ve çevirmen.

Yaşamı
17 Nisan 1928 tarihinde İstanbul Fatih'de doğdu. İran Kürtlerinden İstanbul'a göç etmiş ve sonradan Hilav soyadını almış olan babası Muhammed Mihri Bey, annesi Kafkas göçmeni Şaziye Hanım`la 1920 yılında evlendi. Lamia, Süheyla, Leyla isimli üç kız, Necmettin adında erkek kardeşi oldu.

Carşamba İlkokulu ve Karagümrük Ortaokulu`nun ardından 1946'da İstanbul Erkek Lisesi'ni bitirdi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Bölümü'nden 1950'de mezun olduktan sonra, Fransa'da  Sorbonne (1954-1958) ve İşçi Üniversiteleri'nde okudu.

Yurda döndükten sonra çok sayıda gazete, dergi, ansiklopedi ve yayınevinde çalıştı. Meydan Larousse,  Büyük Larousse sözlük ve ansiklopedilerinde redaktörlük yaptı. Felsefe çalışmalarını kesintisiz sürdürdü. Felsefeci, çevirmen ve denemeci olarak tanındı. Yazko Felsefe Yazıları dergisinde yöneticilik yaptı. Felsefe yazılarının yanı sıra edebiyat üzerine yazılar da yayımladı. Türkiye'de felsefenin ve birçok kuramsal konunun anlaşılmasına ve öğrenilmesine açıklayıcı yazılarıyla öncülük etti. Ataç, Eylem, Yeni Ufuklar, Türkiye Defteri, Yelken, Değişim, Yön, Sosyal Adalet, Papirüs, Adam Sanat gibi dergilerde ve çeşitli gazetelerde denemeleri ve incelemeleri yayımlandı.

 Aydınlanmacı felsefenin ve Marksizm'in Türkiye'de kuramsal olarak anlaşılmasında önemli katkıları oldu. Yabancılaşma kavramı başta olmak üzere, Asya tipi üretim tarzı,  gibi pek çok marksist kavramın bu şekilde Türkçeye girmesini sağladı. Varoluşçuluğun hem edebî hem de felsefî olarak Türkiye'ye girmesine katkıda bulundu.

Marx, Engels, Sartre (Bulantı), Arthur Schopenhauer (Aşkın Metafiziği), Freud, Roger Garaudy, Gerear de Nerval (Doğu'da Seyahat), Diderot ve Jean le Rond d'Alembert (Ansiklopedi: Seçilmiş Maddeler), Michel Foucault (Bu Bir Pipo Değildir), Kojéve (Hegel Felsefesine Giriş), Oscar Wilde ve Jaroslav Hasek gibi pek çok yazardan çeviriler yaptı.

Selahattin Hilav, 12 Mayıs 2005 tarihinde İstanbul'da hayatını kaybetti. 2006 yılında anısına iki armağan kitap yayımlandı: "Selâhattin Hilâv'a Saygı" (Haz. Doğan Özlem-Güçlü Ateşoğlu), "Felsefeden Edebiyata Selahattin Hilav" (Haz. Selahattin Bağdatlı); yine aynı yıl öğrenciliğinde Paris'ten yazdığı mektuplar derlendi: "Selahattin Hilav ve Paris Mektupları" (Sema Rifat).

Kitapları
 Gerçeküstücülük (1962),
 Diyalektik Düşüncenin Tarihi (1966)
 Toplumculuk ve İnsan Problemleri (1966)
 Felsefe El Kitapları (1970)
 Edebiyat Yazıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları (1993)
 Felsefe Yazıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları (1993)
 100 Soruda Felsefe, K Kitaplığı (2003)

 Hakkında yazılanlar
 Felsefeden Edebiyata Selahattin Hilav (1928 - 2005), haz. Selahattin Bağdatlı, ISBN 9789759187132
 Selâhattin Hilâv'a Saygı'', haz. Doğan Özlem, Güçlü Ateşoğlu, ISBN 978-9944-916-19-6

Kaynakça

Türk felsefeciler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Türk çevirmenler
1928 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
2005 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Başıbüyük Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Fransızcadan Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
İstanbul doğumlu felsefeciler
İstanbul doğumlu çevirmenler

Selahattin Hilav


الإسبتز أو (نقحرة: سبتس) هو نوع من الكلاب، من صفاته:

 طول وكثافة الفروة.
 أذنان موجهة وبارزة.
 عضلات قوية ولافتة.
 عادة ما يكون الذيل ملتوي على ظهر الكلب.

الأنواع
 الاسكا كلي كاي

مراجع

أنواع الكلاب
سلالات كلاب

إسبتز


Tomás de Lorenzana y de Butrón o Buitrón (León, 1728 - Gerona, 20 de enero de 1796), eclesiástico católico español de la Ilustración, obispo de Gerona entre 1775 y 1796, hermano del Cardenal y Arzobispo de Toledo Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana.

Biografía
Fue colegial en San Ildefonso de Alcalá de Henares, Doctoral de la iglesia de Tuy, Penitenciario de la de Salamanca y Deán de la de Zaragoza. Tomó posesión de la Silla de Gerona el 28 de mayo de 1775. Levantó un Hospicio para que los menesterosos aprendieran un oficio, al modo que recomendaba la caridad ilustrada, levantado en parte a sus propias costas, donde se hacían manufacturas de algodón, y fomentó otras industrias. También levantó el Hospital que lleva su nombre y estableció juntas de caridad a las que asistía regularmente. Publicó varias pastorales y exhortos en que lucía un buen castellano clásico y que Jaime Villanueva (víd. "Bibliografía") estimó habrían de reunirse e imprimirse. Estableció además una escuela gratuita de dibujo que comenzó en 1790; pagó de su bolsillo la escalera y salas del edificio y regaló buenos modelos. Extendió el edificio de las beatas Terciarias de Santo Domingo y costeó la educación en él de muchas niñas pobres.

En Olot inauguró en 1784, a sus costas y con la donación testamentaria de Antoni Llopis, antiguo alcalde de la ciudad, un Hospicio según los diseños del arquitecto del Neoclasicismo Ventura Rodríguez, en piedra negra volcánica, con escuelas de gramática, retórica y dibujo. También emprendió la construcción de la capilla de San Narciso que acogió el cuerpo del Santo hasta 1936. Consiguió de Pío VI en 1790 permiso para lecciones propias del segundo nocturno y oración para la fiesta de San Félix Mártir, que compuso el erudito e ilustrado canónigo gerundense y profesor de derecho en la Universidad de Cervera Francisco Javier Dorca y Parra (San Félix el Africano es uno de los dos patrones de Gerona y fue martirizado y enterrado en la ciudad en el  durante la Persecución de Diocleciano; se le rinde culto en la colegiata que lleva su nombre, suprimida en 1851).

Visitó su diócesis y aumentó las cátedras del Seminario de Gerona, abriendo su biblioteca y homologando sus cursos en todas las universidades a fecha del 10 de noviembre de 1795. Elaboró y aprobó sus Constituciones e inspeccionó sus clases casi diariamente. Murió en enero de 1796. Esta enterrado en la Catedral de Gerona. Fue distinguido con el grado de caballero de la Orden de Carlos III.

Su hermano Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana y Butrón le dirigió la Carta al Ilustrísimo Sr don Tomás de Lorenzana, su hermano, obispo de la santa iglesia de Gaona, sobre hospicios (1783).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Obispos de Gerona
Obispos de España del siglo XVIII
Alumnado de la Universidad de Alcalá (histórica)
Colegiales del Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso
Nacidos en León (España)
Fallecidos en Gerona

Tomás de Lorenzana


Kuri may refer to:

People
 Aren Kuri (born 1991), a Japanese baseball player
 Anuar Kuri, a Mexican drag queen and singer
 Daniel Ludlow Kuri (born 1961), a Mexican politician
 Emile Kuri (1907–2000), Mexican-American film set decorator
 Ippei Kuri (1940–2023), a Japanese manga artist and businessman
 Jean Succar Kuri (born 1944), convicted Mexican businessman
 John A. Kuri, an American author and writer
 Yōji Kuri (born 1928), a Japanese cartoonist and filmmaker
 Kuri Kikuoka (Takagi Michinokuo, 1909–1970), pen-name of a Japanese author of poetry and novels
 Kuri Prathap, an Indian film actor

Places

Iran
Kuri, Bushehr
Kuri, Dashti, Bushehr Province
Kuri, Fars
Kuri, Kermanshah
Kuri, Khuzestan
Kuri Rural District, Bushehr Province

Other countries
Kuri, Estonia
Koru, Turkey (formerly known as Kuri)
Kuri, India
Kuri, Bhopalgarh, India
Kuri, Varanasi, India
Kuri railway station, Kollam district, Kerala, India
Kuri, ICT, Pakistan
Kuri Bay, Western Australia

Other uses
Kurī, the Māori name for the Polynesian dog
Kuri cattle, a breed of cattle
Kuri (kitchen), the kitchen of a Zen monastery
, the Japanese Chestnut
Kuri language (disambiguation)
Red Kuri, a cultivar of winter squash.

See also

Kury (disambiguation)
Kuris (disambiguation)
Khouri, or Khoury, a surname
Koori, indigenous Australian people from New South Wales and Victoria
Kurree, a village in Punjab, Pakistan

Japanese masculine given names
Masculine given names
Japanese-language surnames

Kuri


Yalmanlar, Tunceli ilinin Ovacık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski ismi "Kalanbüyük" ya da Kalanhüyük olup 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaktadır. Ekim 1994'te güvenlik güçleri tarafından PKK'ya yönelik başlatılan operasyonlar kapsamında tamamen boşaltılan köyde, 2013 yılından itibaren yeniden yerleşim başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 70 km, Ovacık ilçesine 65 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ovacık belde ve köyleri

Yalmanlar, Ovacık


Södertälje Kings este un club profesionist de baschet din Södertälje, Suedia. Echipa joacă în Basketligan. Clubul joacă meciurile de pe teren propriu în sala Täljehallen. Södertälje este echipa cea mai de succes din istoria baschetului suedez câștigând 10 campionate naționale, cu 3 mai mult decât următoarea echipă LF Basket Norrbotten.

Palmares
Campionatul Suedez (11):
 1978, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2005, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

Sezoane

Referințe

Legături externe
 Site web oficial

Echipe de baschet
Fondări în 1968

Södertälje Kings


A review is an evaluation of a publication, product, service, or company or a critical take on current affairs in literature, politics or culture. In addition to a critical evaluation, the review's author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit.

Reviews can apply to a movie (a movie review), video game (video game review), musical composition (music review of a composition or recording), book (book review); a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or software such as business software, sales software; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, play, musical theater show, dance show or art exhibition. In the cultural sphere, The New York Review of Books, for instance, is a collection of essays on literature, culture, and current affairs. National Review, founded by William F. Buckley Jr., is a conservative magazine, and Monthly Review is a long-running socialist periodical.

In academia

User review

A user review refers to a review written by a user or consumer of a product or service based on the author's own experience as a user of the reviewed product. Popular sources for consumer reviews are e-commerce sites like Amazon.com and Zappos and social media sites like Tripadvisor and Yelp. E-commerce sites often have consumer reviews for products and sellers separately. Usually, consumer reviews are in the form of several lines of text accompanied by a numerical rating. This text is meant to aid in shopping decision of a prospective buyer. A consumer review of a product usually comments on how well the product measures up to expectations based on the specifications provided by the manufacturer or seller. It talks about performance, reliability, quality defects, if any, and value for money. Consumer reviews, also called 'word of mouth' and 'user-generated content' differ from 'marketer-generated content' in their evaluation from consumer or user point of view. They often include comparative evaluations against competing products. Observations are factual as well as subjective in nature. Consumer reviews of sellers usually comment on service experienced, and dependability or trustworthiness of the seller. Usually, they comment on factors such as timeliness of delivery, packaging, and correctness of delivered items, shipping charges, return services against promises made, and so on.

Online consumer reviews have become a major factor in business reputation and brand image due to the popularity of TripAdvisor, Yelp, and online review websites. A negative review can damage the reputation of a business and this has created a new industry of reputation management where companies attempt to remove or hide bad reviews so that more favourable content is found when potential customers do research.

An expert review usually refers to a review written by someone who has tested several peer products or services to identify which offers the best value for money or the best set of features. An example of this is Amazon Vine. Amazon Vine is a program which was introduced to "help their fellow customers make informed purchase decisions". This program is invite-only and is designed to generate reviews for product vendors with whom Amazon works.

One type of user review can be in the physical world, such as a video reviewing a product or software. This is common on platforms such as YouTube and Vimeo.

Book review
A book review (or book report) is a form of criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. It is often carried out in periodicals, as school work, or online. Its length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial [essay]. In the case of a work of poetry or fiction, or of nonfiction in which the literary merits of the work are an important element, a review will commonly use the methods of literary criticism. Such a review often contains evaluations of the book on the basis of personal taste. Reviewers, in literary periodicals, often use the occasion of a book review for a display of learning or to promulgate their own ideas on the topic of a fiction or non-fiction work. At the other end of the spectrum, some book reviews resemble simple plot summaries. Reviews of non-fiction works intended for instructional or informational purposes may focus more directly on concerns such as practical usefulness and reader-friendliness.

Music reviews

Performance reviews
Reviews of live music performances are typically short articles that tell readers about the performers or group(s) that were involved and the pieces or songs that were performed. The comments made by reviewers fall, roughly into two categories: technical comments and subjective/artistic comments. The elements in the "technical" category include rhythmic "togetherness", intonation, errors or slip-ups, and so on. These elements are fairly "black and white"; a pianist playing a concerto either played the right notes on a climactic scale run, or she missed it. The subjective comments refer to elements which are a matter of taste. The balance between the different elements in a review (information about the performer or group; information about the pieces/songs; commentary about the technical and subjective elements of the performance) depends on the audience that a music critic is writing for. Music reviewers writing in local newspapers or general-interest magazines may not be able to assume that the readers will be familiar with music performers and pieces/songs, so they may decide to include a great deal of "background" information.

Recording reviews
Music critics and music writers also review recordings of music, including individual songs or pieces or entire albums. In the case of a review of an entire album, the reviewer will not only judge the individual songs or pieces; they will also judge how well all of the songs or pieces work together or go together.

The age of digital downloads may considerably change the album review.  Where previously albums were purchased as collections of songs, often with a common theme, the rise of individual song downloads may have significant impact on consumers' exposure to an artist's music.  Die-hard fans will most likely continue to explore an artist's complete work, but individuals will most likely make significantly different choices and "cherry-pick" songs they have been exposed to.  The concept of "singles" or individual hits marked for retail has been around for long time; however, the price for a single in the days of CDs or 45's was much closer to the complete album price.  When you consider that each song on an artist's album is often priced at the same amount, the odds of the average consumer purchase the entire album instead of selecting the "hit" songs decreases significantly.

Composition reviews
In classical music, music critics may also do reviews of compositions, even if the piece or song has never been performed and it only exists on manuscript paper in a score. To review a composition in this fashion, the critic will use music theory skills such as harmonic analysis and thematic analysis, along with their knowledge of idioms and compositional practices etc.

Motion picture, television and video reviews
A motion picture review is a work of film criticism addressing the merits of one or more motion pictures. Generally, the term "movie review" implies a work of journalistic film criticism rather than of academic criticism. Such reviews have appeared in newspapers and printed periodicals since the beginning of the film industry, and now are published in general-interest websites as well as specialized film and film review sites. Television programs and other videos are now commonly reviewed in similar venues and by similar methods.

Bought review
A bought review is the system where the creator (usually a company) of a new product pays a reviewer to review his new product. Primarily used in the car, movie, and game industry this system creates a kind of undercover advertising. Bought reviews tend to be biased due to the informative value of reviews. In some cases, a bought review may be independent, if the person that is hired to do the review has a strong reputation for independence and integrity. Even if a "bought review" from a respected critic is actually independent, the perception of potential bias will remain, due to the financial relationship between the company and the critic.

A similar type of review that may be biased is the so-called "puff piece", a review of "[a product]", film, or event that is written by a sympathetic reviewer or by an individual who has a connection to the product or event in question, either in terms of an employment relationship or other links. For example, a major media conglomerate that owns both print media and record companies may instruct one of its employees in one of its newspapers to do a review of an album which is being released by the conglomerate's record company. Although some journalists may assert their professional independence and integrity, and insist on producing an unbiased review, in other cases, writers may succumb to the pressure and pen a biased "puff piece" which praises the product or event while omitting any discussion of any shortcomings. In some cases, "puff pieces" purport to provide a review of the product or event, but instead merely provide "peacock words" ("An amazing recording"); "weasel words"  and tabloid-style filler which is peripheral or irrelevant to assessing the qualities of the product or event ("During the filming, there were rumors that romantic sparks flew between the two co-leads, who were often seen talking together on the set").

Several online review manipulation strategies have also been reported, such as writing fake reviews and offering monetary compensation to remove negative reviews.

See also

 Book review
 Film criticism
 Music critic
 Music criticism
 Music journalism
 Reaction video
 Review site
 Trustpilot

References
Nielsen, S. (2009), "Reviewing printed and electronic dictionaries: A theoretical and practical framework", in S. Nielsen/S. Tarp (eds.): Lexicography in the 21st Century. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins 2009, 23–41.

Writing occupations
Review websites
Evaluation

Review


Agnodice or Agnodike ( Agnodikē,  c. 4th century BCE) is a legendary figure credited as the first female midwife or physician in ancient Athens. Her story is told by the Roman author Gaius Julius Hyginus in his Fabulae.  Agnodice is not generally believed to be a historical figure, but her story has been frequently deployed as a precedent for women practising midwifery or medicine, or as an argument against either of these.

According to Hyginus, Agnodice studied medicine under Herophilus, and worked as a physician in her home city of Athens disguised as a man, because women at the time were forbidden from practising medicine. As her popularity with female patients grew, rival physicians accused her of seducing the women of Athens. She was tried, and revealed her sex to the jury by lifting her tunic (a gesture known in ancient Greek as anasyrma). Accused of illegally practising medicine as a woman, she was defended by the women of Athens who praised her for her effective treatments. She was acquitted, and the law against female physicians in Athens was revoked.

Life story
According to Hyginus, Agnodice lived in ancient Athens, where at the time women were forbidden from studying medicine. In order to learn medicine, she disguised herself as a man, cutting her hair short, and studied under Herophilus in Alexandria. Having trained as a physician, Agnodice tried to assist women in labour, who were ashamed of, or blatantly refused to consult male practitioners.  In one case, Agnodice therefore revealed her sex and was permitted to treat the woman.  Other doctors, growing jealous of Agnodice's success, accused her of seducing her patients. On trial before the Areopagus, Agnodice lifted her clothes, revealing that she was a woman. She was charged with breaking the law which forbade women from practising medicine, but was defended by the wives of important Athenians whom she had treated.  In response to this, the law was changed to allow women to practise medicine.

Hyginus describes Agnodice as an obstetrix. It is difficult to know how to translate this into English. Sarah Pomeroy has rendered it as "obstetrician", arguing that midwives existed in Athens in Agnodice's day but that Agnodice was distinguished by her formal education in medicine. However, Helen King notes that there was no "formal licensing system" for medics in the ancient world, and that it is anachronistic to divide ancient healers into the distinct categories of "midwife" and "obstetrician".

Historicity
Modern scholars generally doubt that Agnodice was a real historical figure.  Problems with accepting Agnodice as historical include questions over her date, and the implausibility of Hyginus' claim that there were no "obstetrices" in Athens before Agnodice, when literary and epigraphic evidence shows that midwives were known. Hyginus claims that Agnodice was taught medicine by "a certain Herophilus" – generally identified with Herophilus of Chalcedon, an ancient physician known for his work on gynaecology who was credited with the discovery of the ovaries.  If this is the case, Agnodice would have lived in the late fourth or early third century BCE.

Stories similar to that of Agnodice can be found in various different contexts, including other stories of the display of the female body in Greco-Roman culture as well as ancient Mediterranean, Western folk, or world ethnography. Interpretation of the story varies according to whether we foreground links to ancient medical practice, or to visual artistic artefacts outside the literary canon.

Those who believe in the historicity of Agnodice have come to two separate conclusions explaining the lack of midwives in Athens before her. The first theory is that there were no midwives prior to Agnodice; alternatively, it has been proposed that there were earlier midwives but they had been forbidden by law from practising. This second theory has been elaborated over time, with Kate Hurd-Mead, in 1938, being the first to propose that women had been forbidden from practising medicine because they had been accused of performing abortions, an interpretation of the story with no foundation which has been repeated by some modern feminist historians of women in medicine such as Margaret Alic.

Female doctors in Ancient Greece
In the opening words of the story told by Hyginus, 'the ancients had no midwives'; however, at the end of the story, freeborn women are permitted to learn 'medicine'. This leaves open the question of whether Agnodice is supposed to be the first midwife or the first female physician. Nancy Demand argued that, in the Hippocratic period, some midwives increased their status by working alongside male physicians. However, the difficulty of putting a date on the period when the Agnodice story is set means that we cannot tie it to this argument. Outside the story, we have evidence not only of midwives in ancient Greece but also of female physicians, who may have treated all patients rather than only women and children.

Influence on women in medicine
The story of Agnodice has been invoked since the sixteenth century to provide precedents for a range of gender options within the medical profession. While some later users of the story focused on the midwifery claims in the opening line, for example arguing that men were midwives before women were, or that women were midwives first, others have concentrated on what Agnodice is supposed to have learned from Herophilus, which was medicine rather than midwifery. Thus she was used both in the peak of men-midwifery in the eighteenth century and in women's struggle to enter the medical profession in the nineteenth century. Elizabeth Cellier, the seventeenth century "Popish midwife", positioned herself as a modern Agnodice. Although she appears in a list of 'Who discovered/invented what', she is represented more as someone who bridges the gap between the knowledge of male doctors ("a certain Herophilus") and the delivery of this knowledge to women who are embarrassed to show their bodies to a male doctor.

However, others have taken the story of Agnodice as a negative example: Augustus Kinsley Gardner, for instance, in 1851 delivered a lecture arguing that "literally, no improvement was made" in the "many centuries" where midwifery was a women's profession, comparing Agnodice to the 19th century abortionist Madame Restell.

Notes

References

External links

4th-century BC Greek physicians
Ancient Athenian women
Ancient Greek women physicians
4th-century BC Athenians
4th-century BC Greek women
Ancient gynaecologists
Female-to-male cross-dressers
Midwifery

Agnodice


Nesli tükenen türler, nesli tamamen yok olmuş canlı türleridir. Bazı türler doğal afetlerle veya seçilim baskısı ile, bazıları ise insan türünün evrimleşmesinden çok önce yok olmuş (kuş olmayan dinozorlardan insan olmayan homininanlara), bazıları da insanoğlunun aşırı avlanması, nüfus artışı ve şehirleşmeyle doğal yaşam alanları tahrip olduğundan dünya üzerinden tamamen yok olmuştur.

 Kuş olmayan-Dinozorlar: Yüzlerce türü vardı. 65.5 milyon yıl önce soyları tükendi (dev meteor çarpışması, karbon döngüsünün bozulması...)
 Mamut: Fillerin soyu tükenmiş akrabası.
 Moa: Yeni Zelanda'da yaşamış en büyük kuş türü. İnsanlar tarafından yok edildi.
 Tazmanya kaplanı veya Tazmanya kurdu (Thylacinus cynocephalus): 1930'lara kadar yaşadı. Tazmanya hükûmeti ve çiftçilerin desteğiyle sürdürülen avlarla soyu tüketildi. 1936'dan bu yana türün varlığına dair hiçbir kanıt bulunmamıştır.

Anadolu'da
Anadolu coğrafi konumuyla çeşitli hayvan ve bitki türlerini içinde barındırmıştır. Günümüzde ismi çoğu kimse tarafından dahi bilinmeyen Aşağıda nesli tümüyle yok olmuş bazı türler yer almaktadır.

 Hazar kaplanı: İran, Afganistan, Türkiye, Irak ve Moğolistan bölgelerinde yaşamaktaydı. En son 1970 yılında Rusya'daki türün son üyesinin ölümüyle yok oldu.
 Beta kobrası: Sklansky felaketinden sonra varlığına dair hiçbir kanıt bulunamamıştır.
 Anadolu aslanı: En son 1890 yılında vurulmuştur.
 Anadolu kaplanı: Son kaplan 1970 yılında öldürülmüştür.
 Çizgili sırtlanlar: Bir çeşit sırtlan türüydü.
 Archelon: Soyu tükenmiş bir deniz kaplumbağasıdır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Soyu Tükenen Hayvanlar Listesi (İngilizce)
 Asya'da Nesli Tükenen Hayvanlar
 Afrika'da Nesli Tükenen Hayvanlar
 Avrupa'da Nesli Tükenen Hayvanlar
 Tiger Caspian_Tiger
 Tazmanya Kurdu

Nesli tükenen türler


O Circuito Jules Tacheny é um autódromo em Mettet, na região da Valônia, na Bélgica. Anunciado em 2007 e inaugurado em 2010, tem 11 curvas e um comprimento total de 2,280 km. Foi construído para substituir o antigo circuito de rua da região.

O circuito recebeu o Campeonato Mundial de Rallycross da FIA entre 2014 até 2018, com um outro traçado.

Circuito de Rua de Mettet

O Circuito de Rua de Mettet foi um circuito de rua em Mettet, na região da Valônia, na Bélgica.

História
As origens das corridas em Mettet começaram no início dos anos 1920 com um grupo de entusiastas de motocicletas que decidiram experimentar as estradas da região. Um deles, Auguste Galloy, decidiu impressionar seus amigos fazendo uma volta nas estradas ao redor da cidade, mas depois de completar sua primeira volta, descobriu que não conseguia desligar a sua motocicleta. Então Auguste continuou por mais uma volta, depois outra e mais outra, até ficar sem combustível em sua sexta volta. A semente para as corridas, entretanto, foi firmemente plantada.

A Union Motor de l'Entre Sambre Et Meuse (UMESM) foi criada sob a orientação de Jules Tacheny em janeiro de 1927, com o objetivo de organizar as primeiras corridas propriamente ditas. No dia 11 de setembro daquele ano aconteceu a primeira prova de velocidade, com vencedores em várias classes premiados com uma gama eclética de prêmios de patrocinadores locais, incluindo um busto de pedra, obras de arte e até um rifle.

No ano seguinte, ocorreu a primeira organização do Grand Prix de l'Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse, que rapidamente se tornou o evento de assinatura de Mettet. No dia 8 de agosto, o piloto belga Albert Breslau fez a corrida principal de 500cc em uma AJS, para receber o primeiro prêmio geral.

Em 1935, o circuito recebeu permissão para realizar corridas internacionais pela primeira vez, elevando ainda mais o status do Grand Prix de l'Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse. Porém, alguns anos depois, uma decisão da FIM que o título de "Grande Prêmio" só poderia ser usado para o evento nacional de um país (neste caso, o Grande Prêmio da Bélgica) levou a uma renomeação da corrida principal de Mettet no ano seguinte. Entre 1947 e 1950, o evento tornou-se o Circuito de l'Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse.

O circuito também acolheu dois eventos fora do campeonato de Fórmula 2. Na primeira, realizada em setembro de 1950, Robert Manzon venceu a corrida final. Stirling Moss e Lance Macklin terminaram em segundo e terceiro na classificação. O ano seguinte viu o segundo "Grandee Trophée Entre Sambre et Meuse" realizado em julho, com Manzon ganhando novamente, completando o pódio com os pilotos André Simon e Maurice Trintignant, um pódio completo da Equipe Gordini.

Entre 1932 e 2011, o circuito sofreu várias alterações no seu traçado, mudanças no sentido e várias reformas de segurança, o Grand Prix de l'Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse foi realizado entre 1928 até 2011, com interrupções em 1938, devido ao um conflito de datas com um outro grande evento local, entre 1939 até 1945, devido à Segunda Guerra Mundial, em 1963, por causa de péssimas condições climáticas, em 1965, devido à percepção de que iria interferir nas eleições, e em 1968, quando o RUMESM optou por se concentrar em fazer atualizações para aumentar a segurança da pista, por causa de um gravíssimo acidente da corrida no ano anterior.

Com o plano de construir um autódromo permanente no campo interno do circuito de rua, de 2007 a 2011, o circuito de rua passou a abrigar corridas históricas, intituladas de Grande Troféu.

Ligações Externas

Página Oficial (em inglês)

Jules Tacheny

Circuito Jules Tacheny


An Dyckia remotiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albert Gottfried Dietrich. An Dyckia remotiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. r. angustior
 D. r. montevidensis
 D. r. remotiflora
 D. r. tandilensis

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dyckia

Dyckia remotiflora


Rudolf Carnap, (Ronsdorf, 1891. — Santa Monica, 1970.), bio je njemački filozof i logičar. Carnap je bio istaknuta figura u okvirima
logičkog pozitivizma, naročito unutar Bečkog kruga. Napustio je Njemačku 1935. i emigrirao u SAD, jer se nije slagao s nacističkim idejama.

Nadahnut Bertrand Russellovim logičkim konstrukcijama, Carnap je napisao 1928. Der logische Aufbau der Welt (Logička struktura Svijeta). Carnap argumentira, pod utjecajem tzv. "Gestalt psihologije", da trenutna iskustva tvore cjelinu sastavljenu od različitih primljenih percepcija, nešto što on naziva elementarnim iskustvima. Ako netko npr. gleda sliku, ta osoba ne vidi samo sliku, već osjeća i vlastitu težinu, čuje okolne zvukove i osjeća toplinu. Ova cjelina tvori jedno elementarno iskustvo. Do različitih dijelova cjelokupnog događaja ne može se doći raslojavanjem događaja na pojedina iskustva; već se to radi poređenjem elementarnih iskustava (kvazianaliza).

U kvazianalizi dolazi se do sličnih sjećanja kada se otkrije koji odnos postoji između dva elementrana iskustva. Čovjek na taj način sortira elementarna iskustva u srodne krugove. Svi pojmovi, prema Carnapu, mogu se definirati uz pomoć sličnih sjećanja.

Izvori

Njemački filozofi
Američki filozofi
Logika

Rudolf Carnap


Slavenka Drakulić (Rijeka, 4 de julho de 1949) é uma jornalista, novelista e ensaista croata cujas obras sobre feminismo, comunismo e pós-comunismo foram traduzidas em muitos idiomas.

Drakulić nasceu em Croácia, na Yugoslávia socialista. Se graduou em literatura comparada e sociologia na Universidade de Zagreb em 1976. De 1982 a 1992 foi redatora no jornal quinzenal Start e no semanário de notícias Danas (ambos em Zagreb), escrevendo principalmente sobre temas feministas. Além de suas novelas e coleções de ensaios, o trabalho de Drakulić tem aparecido em The New Republic, The New York Times Magazine, The New York Review of Books, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Internazionale, The Nation, A Stampa, Dagens Nyheter, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Eurozine, Politiken e The Guardian.  É editora colaboradora de The Nation.  Vive entre a Croácia e a Suécia.

Biografia
Drakulić deixou temporariamente a Croácia pela Suécia no início da década de 1990 por razões políticas.  Um artigo anônimo publicado no periódico nacional Globus em 1992 (Slaven Letica, um conhecido sociólogo, ex-assessor do presidente Franjo Tudjman e escritor, posteriormente admitiu ser o autor do texto) acusava a cinco escritoras croatas, Drakulić inclusa, de serem "bruxas" e de "violarem" a Croácia. Segundo Letica, estas escritoras não adotavam uma postura clara contra o estupro como tática militar planificada pelas forças sérvias na Bósnia contra os croatas, e a tratavam mais de maneira feminista, como crimes de "homens não identificados" contra as mulheres. Pouco depois da publicação, Drakulić começou a receber ameaças telefônicas e sua propriedade também foi destroçada. Ao encontrar pouco ou nenhum apoio de seus antigos amigos e colegas, decidiu abandonar a Croácia.

Seus notáveis trabalhos relacionam-se com as guerras iugoslavas.  Como se não estivesse ali, trata de crimes contra as mulheres na guerra de Bósnia, enquanto Eles nunca machucariam a uma mosca é um livro no qual também analisava sua experiência supervisionando os procedimentos e a situação dos presos do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex Yugoslávia em Haia. Ambos livros abordam os mesmos problemas que causaram sua emigração durante a guerra de seu país de origem. Em círculos acadêmicos, é mais conhecida por suas duas coleções de ensaios: "Como sobrevivemos ao comunismo e inclusive rimos dele" e "Café Europa". Ambos são relatos de não ficção da vida de Drakulić durante e após o comunismo.

Sua novela de 2008, A cama de Frida, está baseada numa biografia da pintora mexicana Frida Kahlo.

Seu último livro de ensaios Uma visita guiada pelo Museu do Comunismo: fábulas de um rato, um papagaio, um urso, um gato, uma toupeira, um porco, um cão e um corvo foi publicado em fevereiro de 2011 em Estados Unidos pela Penguin, e amplamente comentado, com grande sucesso.  O livro consta de oito reflexões contadas do ponto de vista de um animal diferente. Cada um deles reflete sobre a lembrança do comunismo em diferentes países de Europa do Leste. Ainda que alguns revisores interpretaram o livro como uma condenação ao comunismo e seus efeitos persistentes, o livro também critica os estragos do sistema econômico que o substituiu. No penúltimo capítulo, um cão romeno explica que, sob o capitalismo, todos são desiguais "mas alguns são mais desiguais que outros", uma inversão de uma famosa citação do escritor George Orwell no livro Animal Farm.

Drakulić vive entre Estocolmo e Zagreb.

Bibliografia
 "Hologramas de medo" Hutchinson, Londres (1992).
 " Pele de mármore " Hutchinson, Londres (1993).
 " O sabor de um homem " Abacus, London (1997)
 "S -uma novela sobre os Balcães" (também conhecida como: "Como se não estivesse ali") (1999). Levado ao cinema como "Como se não estivesse ali ", dirigida por Juanita Wilson.
 "A cama de Frida" Penguin USA, Nova York (2008), (traduzido por Christina P. Zorić)

Não ficção
 " Smrtni grijesi feminizma " (1984) só em croata
 " Como sobrevivemos ao comunismo e inclusive rimos dele", Hutchinson, Londres (1991).
 "Balkan Express: fragmentos do outro lado da guerra", WW Norton, Nova York (1993).
 " Café Europa: a vida após o comunismo" Abacus, Londres (1996)
 " Nunca machucariam a uma mosca: criminosos de guerra a julgamento em Haia " Abacus -Time Warner, Londres (2004)
 "Tijelo njenog tijela" (2006) disponível em croata, alemão e polaco
 "Dois desvalidos e um gato", Gaviota Livros. Londres, Nova York, Calcutá (2009)
 "Uma visita guiada pelo Museu do Comunismo. Fábulas de um rato, um papagaio, um urso, um gato, uma toupeira, um porco, um cão e um corvo ", Penguin, Nova York, (2011)

Artigos
 Todos somos albaneses1999
 Testemunha das mulheres bôsnias2001
 Crime nos círculos de poderoutubro de 2008
 Entrevista a Slavenka Drakulic2009
 Artigos em Eurozine
 Artigos em The Nation
 Artigos em The Guardian
 A violação como arma de guerra2008
 Slavenka Drakulic e Katha Pollitt em conversa2011

Ligações externas
 O site oficial de Slavenka Drakulic
 Entrevista a Slavenka Drakulic  2009
 Slavenka Drakulic recebe o Prêmio do Livro de Leipzig ao entendimento europeu
 Extracto de "Dois perdedores e um gato"
 Slavenka Drakulic falando em Festivaletteratura 2009 - Scintille: A leggenda do Muro dei Berlino
 Conferência pública de Slavenka Drakulić: " Intelectuais como maus? O papel dos intelectuais nas guerras dos Balcanes '15 -19 de maio de 2014, Kiev Ucrânia: Pensando juntos

Pessoas vivas
Escritores da Iugoslávia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Slavenka Drakulić


Podsavezna liga Peć je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1961./62.  Sudjelovalo je 5 klubova, a prvak je bio "Železničar" iz Peći.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Zonska liga AKMO 1961./62.
 Podsavezna liga Priština 1961./62.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Godišnjak FSJ 1961-62, Beograd, 1962., ISSN: 0351-2894, str. 197

KOS 1961-62 Peć
KOS Peć
1961-62 Peć
1961-62 Peć

Podsavezna nogometna liga Peć 1961./62.


A diáspora tibetana é a diáspora do povo tibetano que vive fora do Tibete.

A emigração tibetana tem três fases distintas. A primeira etapa foi em 1959 após a fuga do 14º Dalai Lama para Dharamshala, na Índia, com medo de perseguição do Exército Popular de Libertação chinês. A segunda etapa ocorreu na década de 1980, quando a China abriu parcialmente o Tibete aos estrangeiros. A terceira etapa começou em 1996 e continua até hoje, embora com menor frequência. Há uma tensão social considerável entre os refugiados da primeira e da segunda onda, chamados de 'Shichak tibetanos', e os refugiados da terceira onda, chamados de 'Sanjor tibetanos'. O rótulo 'Sanjor' é considerado pejorativo pelos tibetanos recém-chegados.

Nem toda emigração do Tibete é permanente; alguns pais no Tibete enviaram seus filhos às comunidades da diáspora para receber uma educação tradicional budista tibetana. O censo de 2009 registrou cerca de 128.000 tibetanos no exílio, com a maior parte da comunidade vivendo na Índia, Nepal e Butão. No entanto, em 2005 e 2009, havia estimativas de até 150.000 vivendo no exílio.

Origens e números
A Administração Central Tibetana (CTA) fornece um Livro Verde - uma espécie de certificado de identidade tibetano - aos refugiados tibetanos. Com base em uma pesquisa do CTA de 2009, 127.935 tibetanos foram registrados na diáspora: na Índia, 94.203; no Nepal 13.514; no Butão 1.298; e no resto do mundo 18.920. No entanto, seu número é estimado em até 150.000, conforme mencionado por Edward J. Mills et al. em 2005 e pelo 14º Dalai Lama em 2009.

A maior das outras comunidades está nos Estados Unidos, Canadá (por exemplo, Toronto), Reino Unido, Suíça, Noruega, França, Taiwan e Austrália.

Primeira onda
Durante a revolta tibetana de 1959, o 14º Dalai Lama e parte de seu governo escapou para a Índia. De 1959 a 1960, cerca de 80.000 tibetanos seguiram o Dalai Lama para a Índia através do Himalaia. Os voos contínuos, estimados em números de 1.000 a 2.500 por ano, aumentaram esses números para 100.000. O movimento de refugiados durante este tempo é às vezes referido como um "êxodo", como em uma resolução da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 1961 que afirmava que a presença de refugiados tibetanos em países vizinhos era uma "prova" de direitos abusos no Tibete.

Segunda onda
Após a abertura do Tibete na década de 1980 ao comércio e ao turismo, uma segunda onda de êxodo tibetano ocorreu devido à crescente repressão política. De 1986 a 1996, 25.000 tibetanos aderiram e aumentaram em 18% sua comunidade exilada na Índia. Este movimento de refugiados durante esta segunda onda é às vezes referido como um "segundo êxodo".

De acordo com um telegrama norte-americano divulgado pelo fundador do WikiLeaks, Julian Assange, de 1980 a novembro de 2009, 87.096 tibetanos chegaram à Índia e se registraram no centro de recepção de Dharamsala, enquanto 46.620 voltaram ao Tibete após uma peregrinação na Índia. A maioria dos que ficam são crianças que frequentam a escola das Aldeias Infantis do Tibete.

Terceira onda em curso: era Sanjorwa

Um grande número de refugiados tibetanos fez seu caminho para a Índia na década de 1990, após um longo hiato desde 1979, e esses novos migrantes ganharam o epíteto de 'Sanjor' ou recém-chegados devido ao seu status de recém-chegados. Um documentário de 2008 dirigido por Richard Martini afirmou que 3.000 a 4.500 tibetanos chegam a Dharamshala todos os anos. A maioria dos novos imigrantes são crianças enviadas para escolas culturais tibetanas. Muitos ativistas políticos, incluindo monges, também atravessaram o Nepal para a Índia. Existem lacunas culturais significativas entre os emigrantes tibetanos recentes (, ou "recém-chegado") e os tibetanos nascidos na Índia. O Dalai Lama incentiva o aprendizado de vários idiomas e ele mesmo pode falar vários idiomas.

Uma atitude preconceituosa contra os imigrantes tibetanos da terceira onda por parte de imigrantes de 1959 existe no mundo da diáspora tibetana. Os recém-chegados (chegadas pós-1990) são referidos como 'Sanjor' pelos tibetanos assentados e enfrentam discriminação social nos assentamentos tibetanos. O relacionamento social é tenso e os casamentos entre si são raros. Um forte senso de tribalismo existe entre vários grupos de emigrados, o que resultou em agressões físicas entre mosteiros no sul da Índia e a primeira onda de imigrantes na região. Lobsang Sangay, atual presidente da CTA, prometeu criar unidade e entendimento mútuo entre  e , mas Mcdonald observa que nenhum efeito de resolução de conflito substancial foi feito até o momento em 2013.

Na Índia

Organizações
A principal organização da diáspora tibetana é a Administração Central Tibetana do 14º Dalai Lama, sediada no subúrbio de McLeod Ganj, na cidade de Dharamsala, na Índia. A CTA mantém escritórios no Tibete em 10 países. Estas atuam como embaixadas de facto dos escritórios de cultura e informação do CTA e fornecem efetivamente uma espécie de ajuda consular aos tibetanos. Eles estão sediados em Nova Delhi, Índia; Nova York, EUA; Genebra, Suíça; Tóquio, Japão; Londres, Reino Unido; Canberra, Austrália; Paris, França; Moscou, Rússia; Pretória, África do Sul; e Taipei, Taiwan. As ONGs da diáspora tibetana lidam com a vida cultural e social da diáspora, a preservação do patrimônio cultural e a promoção da independência política do Tibete.

A primeira organização não governamental tibetana de direitos humanos a ser estabelecida no exílio na Índia foi o Centro Tibetano para Direitos Humanos e Democracia. O TCHRD investiga e relata questões de direitos humanos no Tibete e entre as minorias tibetanas em toda a China.

Educação
A Administração Escolar Tibetana Central, com sede em Nova Delhi é uma organização autônoma criada em 1961 com o objetivo de estabelecer, administrar e auxiliar escolas na Índia para a educação de crianças tibetanas que vivem na Índia, preservando e promovendo sua cultura e herança. De acordo com informações em seu próprio site, em 2009 a Administração administrava 71 escolas nas áreas de concentração da população tibetana, com cerca de 10.000 alunos matriculados da pré-primária à classe XII e com 554 professores. De acordo com as informações do site do CTA, a partir de 13.01.2009. houve 28 escolas CTSA, cuja matrícula foi de 9.991 alunos.

Em 2009, as Aldeias de Crianças Tibetanas estabeleceram a primeira faculdade superior tibetana exilada em Bangalore (Índia), que foi chamada de "Instituto Dalai Lama para Educação Superior". O objetivo desta faculdade é ensinar a língua e a cultura tibetanas, bem como ciências, artes, aconselhamento e tecnologia da informação.

Migração de assentamentos na Índia
A migração de jovens de assentamentos tibetanos na Índia é um sério motivo de preocupação, pois ameaça a identidade e a cultura tibetanas no exílio com a marginalização. De acordo com Tenzin Lekshay, a maioria dos assentamentos de exilados são guardados por idosos, algumas escolas estabelecidas nos assentamentos estão prestes a fechar por falta de alunos e os graduados estão se dispersando para cidades indianas por causa da falta de oportunidades de emprego na comunidade.

De acordo com Nawang Thogmed, um oficial da CTA, os problemas mais citados para os tibetanos recém-migrados na Índia são a barreira da língua, sua aversão pela comida indiana e o clima quente, que torna as roupas tibetanas desconfortáveis. Alguns exilados também temem que sua cultura tibetana esteja sendo diluída na Índia.

No butão
Poucos tibetanos se estabeleceram no Butão depois de 1959, pois o país era usado principalmente como rota de trânsito para a Índia. No entanto, em 1961, após crescentes tensões entre a China e a Índia, a Índia fechou sua fronteira norte com o Butão, o que levou o Butão a organizar uma reunião de emergência com o Governo da Índia (GOI) e a CTA para lidar com os tibetanos presos no país. O governo do Butão concordou em receber 4.000 colonos, embora o butanês comum tenha ficado cada vez mais ressentido com os imigrantes tibetanos por causa de sua recusa em assimilar a cultura butanesa. Em 1974, 28 tibetanos, incluindo o representante do 14º Dalai Lama em Thimphu, foram presos e acusados de conspiração para assassinar o rei Jigme Singye Wangchuck. Quando a CTA se recusou a fornecer provas de sua inocência, as relações entre o Butão e Dharamshala azedaram, e em 1979, o governo do Butão anunciou que qualquer tibetano no país que não tomasse a cidadania butanesa seria repatriado de volta para a China. Apesar da oposição da CTA, 2.300 tibetanos solicitaram a cidadania butanesa; a maior parte do restante reassentou-se na Índia.

 História do Tibete
 Tibete (1912-1951)
 Levante tibetano de 1959
 Sinicização do Tibete
 Incorporação de Xinjiang na República Popular da China

Referências

Leitura adicional

Diáspora tibetana
Tibete

Diáspora tibetana


Hanaborg Station (Hanaborg stasjon eller Hanaborg holdeplass) er en jernbanestation på Hovedbanen, der ligger i Lørenskog kommune i Norge. Stationen blev etableret 1. oktober 1956 og renoveret i 2012-2014. Den består af to spor med hver sin perron og læskure. Den betjenes af lokaltog mellem Spikkestad og Lillestrøm.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Hovedbanen
Etableret i 1956
Jernbanestationer i Viken

Hanaborg Station


Oats Studios este un studio de filme creat de Neill Blomkamp, care a regizat filmele District 9 (2009), Elysium (2013) și CHAPPiE (2015). Studioul a fost creat cu intenția de a distribui filme de scurt metraj prin intermediul YouTube și Steam, pentru a stabili pe baza interesului comunității care dintre ele sunt viabile pentru a fi extinse în filme de lung metraj.

Scurtmetraje

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Oats Studios official website
 Oat Studios on YouTube
 OatsStudios Volume 1 on Steam

Studiouri de film
Fondări în 2017

Oats Studios


برنارد باركر ، من مواليد 16 مارس 1986 في بروسبورغ في جنوب أفريقيا، لاعب كرة قدم جنوب أفريقي. بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي ثاندا رويال، وفي 2009 انتقل إلى نادي النجم الأحمر. وهو يلعب مع منتخب جنوب أفريقيا لكرة القدم وشارك مع المنتخب في كأس العالم عام 2010.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في صربيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون في صربيا
رياضيون جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون في هولندا
رياضيون من غاوتينغ
لاعبو الدوري الصربي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو النجم الأحمر بلغراد
لاعبو تفينتي
لاعبو كايزر تشيفز
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية للمحليين 2014
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2013
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2015
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كرة قدم جنوب إفريقيون
لاعبو كرة قدم جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في صربيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم من غاوتينغ
لاعبو منتخب جنوب إفريقيا في كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو منتخب جنوب إفريقيا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1986
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية جنوب إفريقيون

برنارد باركر


Amber Gray debitantski je studijski album američkog grindcore sastava Gridlink. Album je 20. lipnja 2008. godine objavila diskografska kuća Hydra Head Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Izvori

Albumi iz 2008.
Američki glazbeni albumi

Amber Gray


Jason Kouchak s-a născut în Lyon, Franța. A urmat cursurile Westminster School și a studiat pian clasic la Royal College of Music și la Universitatea din Edinburgh. Este urmaș al lui Alexander Kolchak, comandantul naval rus.

Spectacole și înregistrări
Jason Kouchak are cinci albume înregistrate, două dintre acestea la Abbey Road Studios. A avut apariții la televiziunea britanică (BBC) și la televiziunea publică japoneză (NHK) interpretând propriile compoziții muzicale. A străbătut lumea în turnee în calitate de pianist clasic, ajungând la Hong Kong, in Singapore și în Japonia, printre altele.

A avut spectacole la Royal Festival Hall (Londra), Salle Pleyel (Paris) și la teatrul Mariinsky (Sankt Petersburg), precum și recitaluri la Festivalul Internațional de la Edinburgh (Edinburgh International Festival).

Pe lângă acestea, a mai avut spectacolele The Moon represents my Heart (Luna reprezintă inima mea), cu aranjament realizat pentru Julian Lloyd Webber  și  Jiaxin Cheng la  Chelsea Arts Club, cu ocazia celei de-a 60-a aniversări a lui Lloyd Webber printr-un concert de gală și Concertul de la Guildhall cu ocazia bicentenarului Chopin, împreună cu cântăreața și actrița Elaine Paige, în 2010.

De-a lungul timpului a mai cântat și în spectacole de cabaret la Café de Paris și la Café Royal.

Jason a avut un spectacol la Galle Literary Festival în 2012 cu Tom Stoppard, iar în același an a dat și un recital de pian la deschiderea London Chess Classic. În 2012 a fost numit director muzical pentru cea de-a 20-a aniversare a French Film Festival UK în Londra și Edinburgh, iar cu ocazia aniversării Chopin a susținut un concert la Ambasada Marii Britanii din Paris.

Apariții scenice
În 1990 Jason a participat ca artist invitat la cea de-a 60-a aniversare a Prințesei Margareta, care a avut loc la Hotelul Ritz, iar mai târziu, în același an, a fost invitat ca pianist clasic la premiera filmului Hamlet de Franco Zeffirelli.

Jason Kouchak a livrat o interpretare personală a piesei Sakura pentru împăratul Akihito în Londra, la Victoria and Albert Museum în 1998. În 1995 a interpretat aceeași piesă cu ocazia evenimentului caritabil organizat după cutremurul Kobe. Piesa a fost înregistrată împreună cu Julian Lloyd Webber pe albumul său Cello Moods și prezentată de patinatoarea olimpică Yuka Sato în 1999; în 2017 a avut loc la Bruxelles un concert de sărbătorire a 20 de ani de la compunerea ei.

În 2011 și 2013 Kouchak a interpretat cântecul rusesc Noapte întunecată împreună cu Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. În 2017 s-a organizat un concert special cu ocazia comemorării a 100 de ani de la Revoluția Rusă.

Jason a interpretat Șeherezada la ceremonia oficială de deschidere a Emirates Airline Festival of Literature în martie 2015 și a compus tema muzicală a festivalului în 2016. În 2017 Jason Kouchak a evoluat pe scenă cu ocazia unui concert de aniversare a 100 de ani de independență a Finlandei, Suomi Finland 100, pe care l-a organizat la Ambasada Finlandei la Londra. În 2019 a interpretat la Norway Chess

Contribuții publice
Printre contribuțiile lui Jason Kouchak se numără lansarea a două seturi gigantice de șah pentru copii în Holland Park, Londra, împreună cu Stuart Conquest în 2010 și în parcul The Meadows din Edinburgh în 2013, precum și setul de șah imaginat de John Tenniel pentru Alice în Țara Minunilor. În 2013 Kouchak a realizat o campanie de salvare de la închidere a faimosului raion de piane din magazinele Harrods.

El a compus și tema muzicală oficială Moving Forward pentru asociația educațională caritabilă CSC.

Kouchak a fondat în 2011 corul de copii Tsubasa, care a deschis Festivalul Matsuri și a interpretat piesa Jupiter din suita Planete a lui Gustav Holst în Piața Trafalgar din Londra cu ocazia Jubileului Reginei, în 2012. În 2016, creațiile sale care îmbină șahul și baletul au fost puse în scenă la British Museum și în New York, cu scopul de a sărbători rolul femeilor ca regine ale șahului. Piesa de șah Regina Regală, concepută special în 3D a fost dezvăluită în onoarea Călătoriei Reginei în același an. Kouchak a realizat coreografia și producția teatrală scenică a Călătoriei Reginei în 2017 la festivalul de șah Global Chess Festival organizat de Judit Polgar..În 2018, a fost premiat 'Goodwill Ambassador of Artistic Values of Chess'.

Discografie
Space Between Notes (2017)
Comme d'Habitude (2011)
Midnight Classics (2008)
Forever (2001)
Watercolours (1999)
Première Impression (1997)
Cello Moods (Sakura)

Note

Legături externe

 Sit oficial

Muzicieni francezi
Cântăreți în limba franceză

Jason Kouchak


Dark Funeral je EP švedskog black metal-sastava Dark Funeral. Diskografska kuća Hellspawn Records objavila ga je 4. svibnja 1994. EP je ponovno objavljen na kompilaciji In the Sign....

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

 Dark Funeral

 Themgoroth – vokal, bas-gitara
 Lord Ahriman – gitara, naslovnica albuma, grafički dizajn
 Blackmoon – gitara, naslovnica albuma, grafički dizajn
 Draugen – bubnjevi

 Ostalo osoblje

 Peter In de Betou – mastering
 Ted Necroslaughter – naslovnica albuma, grafički dizajn
 Rikard Berling – fotografije
 Dan Swanö – produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miks

Izvori

Švedski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 1994.
EP

Dark Funeral (album)


Güzören, Kumluca - Antalya ili Kumluca ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzören, Gölova - Sivas ili Gölova ilçesine bağlı köy

Güzören


6530 Adry este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6530 Adry este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Colleverde de Vincenzo Silvano Casulli. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,66 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 14,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

6530 Adry


A Copa das Maldivas, ou Taça das Maldivas como também é chamada, é a competição nacional de formato Mata-Mata de futebol  da República das Maldivas.

História
A primeira edição aconteceu em 1988, onde o Club Valencia sagrou-se campeão ao vencer na final o New Radiant.

Formato
A competição é realizada no formato Mata-Mata.

Preliminares
No entanto, já houve edição que contou com jogos preliminares.

Quartas-de-Finais
Nesta fase, oito equipes disputam quatro vagas para a proxima fase.

Semi-fimais
Nessa fase, as quatro equipes vencedores da fase anterior disputam duas vagas na final da competição.

Final
Aqui, os dois vencedores das semi-finais se enfrentam em jogo único e o vencedor recebe o título de cameão do certame.

Promoção
A equipe campeã da competição classifica-se para a Supercopa das Maldivas.

Campeões

Títulos por clube

Transmissão
A Eleven Sports também transmite o campeonato via streaming.

Para o continente, quem faz a transmissão do campeonato é a BeIN Sports, que também é responsável pelo sinal internacional.

Ver também
 Campeonato Maldivo de Futebol
 Estádio Galolhu Rasmee Dhandu
 Copa dos Presidentes (Maldivas)
 Supercopa das Maldivas
 Liga dos Campeões da AFC
 Copa dos Presidentes da AFC
 Copa da SAFF

Copa das Maldivas

Copa das Maldivas


NGC 7655 je lećasta galaktika u zviježđu Indijancu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7655
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7655 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7655 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7650 - 7699

7655

NGC 7655