The Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engined medium transport/utility helicopter that was designed and originally produced by the French aerospace manufacturer Sud Aviation. It is capable of carrying up to 20 passengers as well as a variety of cargoes, either internally or externally; numerous armaments have also been outfitted to some helicopters.

The Puma was originally developed as an all-new design during the mid-1960s in response to a French Army requirement for a medium-sized all-weather helicopter. On 15 April 1965, the first prototype Puma made its maiden flight; the first production helicopter flew during September 1968. Deliveries to the French Army commenced in early 1969; the type quickly proved itself to be a commercial success. Production of the Puma continued into the 1980s under Sud Aviation's successor company Aérospatiale. It was also license-produced in Romania as the IAR 330; two unlicensed derivatives, the Denel Rooivalk attack helicopter and Atlas Oryx utility helicopter, were built in South Africa. Several advanced derivatives have been developed, such as the AS332 Super Puma and AS532 Cougar, and have been manufactured by Eurocopter and its successor company Airbus Helicopters since the early 1990s. These descendants of the Puma remain in production in the 21st century.

The Puma has seen combat in a range of theatres by a number of different operators; significant operations include the Gulf War, the South African Border War, the Portuguese Colonial War, the Yugoslav Wars, the Lebanese Civil War, the Iraq War, and the Falklands War. Numerous operators have chosen to modernise their fleets, often adding more capabilities and new features, such as glass cockpits, Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, and various self-defense measures. The type also saw popular use in the civilian field and has been operated by a number of civil operators. One of the largest civil operators of the Puma was Bristow Helicopters, which regularly used it for off shore operations over the North Sea.

Development
The SA 330 Puma was originally developed by Sud Aviation to meet a requirement of the French Army for a medium-sized all-weather helicopter capable of carrying up to 20 soldiers as well as various cargo-carrying duties. The choice was made to develop a completely new design for the helicopter, work began in 1963 with backing from the French government. The first of two Puma prototypes flew on 15 April 1965; six further pre-production models were also built, the last of which flew on 30 July 1968. The first production SA 330 Puma flew in September 1968, with deliveries to the French Army starting in early 1969.

In 1967, the Puma was selected by the Royal Air Force (RAF), who were impressed by the Puma's performance. It was given the designation Puma HC Mk 1. A significant joint manufacturing agreement was signed between Aerospatiale and Westland Helicopters of the UK. The close collaboration between the French and British firms would lead to purchases of Aérospatiale Gazelle by the UK and the Westland Lynx by France. Under this agreement, Westland manufactured a range of components and performed the assembly of Pumas ordered by the RAF.

The SA 330 was a success on the export market, numerous countries purchased military variants of the Puma to serve in their armed forces; the type was also popularly received in the civil market, finding common usage by operators for transport duties to off-shore oil platforms. Throughout most of the 1970s, the SA 330 Puma was the best selling transport helicopter being produced in Europe. By July 1978, over 50 Pumas had already been delivered to civil customers, and the worldwide fleet had accumulated in excess of 500,000 operational hours.

Romania entered into an arrangement with Aerospatiale to produce the Puma under license as the IAR 330, manufacturing at least 163 of the type for the Romanian armed forces, civil operators, and several export customers of their own. Indonesia also undertook domestic manufacturing of the SA 330. South Africa, a keen user of the type, performed their own major modification and production program conducted by the government-owned Atlas Aircraft Corporation to upgrade their own Pumas, the resulting aircraft was named Oryx. In the 1990s, Denel would also develop an attack helicopter for the South African Air Force based on the Puma, known as the Denel Rooivalk.

In 1974, Aerospatiale began development of improved Puma variants, aiming to produce a successor to the type; these efforts would cumulate in the AS332 Super Puma. The first prototype AS332 Super Puma took flight on 13 September 1978, featuring more powerful engines and a more aerodynamically-efficient extended fuselage; by 1980, production of the AS332 Super Puma had overtaken that of the originating SA 330 Puma. Production of the SA 330 Puma by Aérospatiale ceased in 1987, by which time a total of 697 had been sold; production in Romania would continue into the 21st Century.

Design

The SA 330 Puma is a twin-engine helicopter intended for personnel transport and logistic support duties. As a troop carrier, up to 16 soldiers can be seated on foldable seats; in a casualty evacuation configuration, the cabin can hold six litters and four additional personnel; the Puma can also perform cargo transport duties, using alternatively an external sling or the internal cabin, with a maximum weight of 2500 kg. Civilian Pumas feature a variety of passenger cabin layouts, including those intended for VIP services. In a search and rescue capacity, a hoist is commonly installed, often mounted on the starboard fuselage.

A pair of roof-mounted Turbomeca Turmo turboshaft engines power the Puma's four-blade main rotor. The helicopter's rotors are driven at a speed of roughly 265 rpm via a five reduction stage transmission. The design of the transmission featured several unique and uncommon innovations for the time, such as single-part manufacturing of the rotor shaft and the anti-vibration measures integrated into the main gearbox and main rotor blades. The Puma also featured an automatic blade inspection system, which guarded against and alerted crews to fatigue cracking in the rotor blades. There are two hydraulic systems on board, these operate entirely independent of one another, one system powers only the aircraft's flight controls while the other serves the autopilot, undercarriage, rotor brake, and the flight controls.

In flight, the Puma was designed to be capable of high speeds, exhibit great maneuverability, and have good hot-and-high performance; the engines have an intentionally high level of reserve power to enable a Puma to effectively fly at maximum weight with only one functioning engine and proceed with its mission if circumstances require. The cockpit has conventional dual controls for a pilot and copilot, a third seat is provided in the cockpit for a reserve crew member or commander. The Puma features a SFIM-Newmark Type 127 electro-hydraulic autopilot; the autopilot is capable of roll and pitch stabilization, the load hook operator can also enter corrective adjustments of the helicopter's position from his station through the autopilot.

The Puma is readily air-transportable by tactical airlift aircraft such as the Transall C-160 and the Lockheed C-130 Hercules; the main rotor, landing gear, and tailboom are all detachable to lower space requirements. Ease of maintenance was one of the objectives pursued in the Puma's design; many of the components and systems that would require routine inspection were positioned to be visible from ground level, use of life-limited components was minimised, and key areas of the mechanical systems were designed to be readily accessed. The Puma is also capable of operating at nighttime, in inhospitable flying conditions, or in a wide range of climates from Arctic to desert environments.

Although not included during the original production run, numerous operators of Pumas have installed additional features and modern equipment over the aircraft's service life. The RAF have equipped their Puma fleet with Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation equipment, along with an assortment of self-defense measures including infrared jammers and automatic flares/chaff dispensers, and night vision goggles for night-time flights. The French Army Light Aviation have modernised their Pumas to meet International Civil Aviation Organization standards, this involved additional digital systems to the aircraft, this has included new mission command and control systems, such as the Sitalat data link. Third party companies such as South Africa's Thunder City have provided life extension and modernisation programmes for the Puma, some operators have chosen to refurbish their fleets with glass cockpits.

Operational history

Argentina
During the Falklands War/Guerra de Malvinas in 1982, five SA 330 Pumas of the Argentine Army and one of the Argentine Coast Guard were deployed to the theatre; these could either operate from the decks of Navy vessels as well as performing missions across the breadth of the islands; all were lost in the ensuing conflict. On 3 April, while landing Argentine troops as part of the capture of South Georgia, a Puma was badly damaged by small arms fire from British ground forces and crashed into terrain shortly after. On 9 May, a single Puma was destroyed by a Sea Dart anti-aircraft missile launched from . On 23 May, a pair of Royal Navy Sea Harriers intercepted three Argentine Pumas in the middle of a supply mission to Port Howard; during the subsequent engagement one Puma was destroyed by colliding with the terrain and a second was disabled and subsequently destroyed by cannon fire from the Sea Harriers, the third Puma escaped. On 30 May, a Puma was lost in the vicinity of Mount Kent under unknown circumstances, possibly due to friendly fire. An article in the Argentine newssite MercoPress states however that on 30 May, at about 11.00 a.m., an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma helicopter was brought down by a Stinger missile, fired by the SAS, in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight more wounded.

France
In September 1979, four Pumas were employed during Operation Barracuda to transport a French assault team directly upon the government headquarters of the Central African Empire; after which confiscated valuables and assorted diplomatic and political records were quickly extracted to the nearby French embassy by continuous air lifts by the Pumas.

One distinctive use of the Puma in French service was as a VIP transport for carrying the President of France both at home and during overseas diplomatic engagements; these duties were transferred to the larger AS332 Super Puma as that became available in sufficient numbers.

During the 1991 First Gulf War, France chose to dispatch several Pumas in support of coalition forces engaged in a conflict with Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Those Pumas that had been assigned to the role of performing combat search-and-rescue duties were quickly retrofitted with GPS receivers to enhance their navigational capabilities.

As part of France's contribution to the 1990s NATO-led intervention in the Yugoslav Wars, a number of French Pumas operated in the region alongside other Puma operators such as Britain and the United Arab Emirates; one frequent mission for the type was the vital provision of humanitarian aid missions to refugees escaping ongoing ethnic genocide. In April 1994, a French Puma performed a nighttime extraction of a British SAS squad and a downed Sea Harrier pilot from deep inside hostile Bosnian territory, the aircraft came under small arms fire while retreating from the area. On 18 June 1999, a single coordinated aerial insertion of two companies of French paratroopers was performed by 20 Pumas, helping to spearhead the rapid securing of Kosovska Mitrovica by NATO ground forces.

As of 2010, both the French Army and French Navy have opted to procure separate variants of the NHIndustries NH90 to ultimately replace the Puma in French military service.

About 20 SA 330 Pumas remain in French Air and Space Force service as of 2016. Two Pumas of Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/67 'Pyrénées (EH 1/60) were deployed to Chad and Niger from June 2014 as part of Operation Barkhane to disrupt Islamist insurgency in the Sahel region. Initially operation from N'Djamena in Chad, the detachment later moved forwards to Dirkou and Madama in Niger, supporting ground troops and interdicting supply routes for the insurgents. The detachment returned to France in September 2015, being relieved by French Army helicopters.

Lebanon
In 1980–84, the Lebanese Air Force received from France ten SA 330C Pumas to equip its newly raised 9th transport squadron at Beirut Air Base, where it was initially based.  In 1983, the squadron was relocated north of the Lebanese capital, with the machines being dispersed in small improvised helipads around Jounieh and Adma for security reasons. On 23 August 1984 a Puma helicopter carrying the Lebanese Armed Forces' Chief-of-staff and commander of the Seventh Brigade, General Nadim al-Hakim and eight other senior military officers crashed in thick fog near Beirut, all passengers and crewmen being killed. On 1 June 1987, the Lebanese Prime-Minister Rachid Karami was assassinated aboard a Puma helicopter en route to Beirut, when a bomb exploded in an attaché case on his lap. Injured in the explosion were Interior Minister Abdullah Rassi and three of the other twelve aides and crewmen on the helicopter, which was severely damaged. On 17 January 1988, another Puma helicopter crashed in the Mediterranean off the Bouar coast, killing both the pilot Captain Georges Sadaka and the co-pilot Jean Azzi, though their bodies were never found. During the final phase of the Lebanese Civil War, the Puma fleet – now reduced to seven or six helicopters on flying condition – was used in liaison flights with neighboring Cyprus on behalf of General Michel Aoun's interim military government, although fuel shortages and maintenance problems forced their crews to ground them for most of the time until the end of the war on October 1990.

After the War, the Lebanese Air Force Command made consistent efforts to rebuild its transport helicopter squadron with the help of the United Arab Emirates and seven IAR 330 SM helicopters formerly in service with the United Arab Emirates Air Force were delivered in 2010.

In 2013, the Lebanese Air Force converted an IAR 330 SM into a helicopter gunship by mounting on hardened side-swivel mounts a single ADEN Mk 4/5 30mm revolver cannon on a modified pod and a pair of SNEB 68mm rocket launchers taken from decommissioned Hawker Hunter FGA.70 and FGA.70A fighter jets. Re-designated SA 330SM, the new Puma gunship version underwent trials on October 10 that same year during aerial maneuvers held in Hamat Air Base. Although the trials were successful, the SA 300SM was not accepted for active service, with the Lebanese Air Force Command settling instead on an armed version of the Eurocopter AS532 Cougar, of which seven helicopters were scheduled to be received over the next three years.

Morocco
In 1974, Morocco made an agreement with France for the purchase of 40 Puma helicopters for their armed forces. During the 1970s and 1980s, Moroccan Pumas saw combat service against Polisario Front separatists and helped exert greater control over the Western Sahara region; use of air power by Moroccan forces was severely curtailed after several aircraft were lost or damaged due to the presence of Soviet-provided 2K12 Kub anti-aircraft missiles in rebel hands in the early 1980s.

In October 2007, as part of a €2 billion deal between Morocco and France, a total of 25 Moroccan Pumas are to undergo extensive modernisation and upgrades.

Pakistan
The Pakistan Army has been using Pumas for transportation of army personnel, food and equipment near Siachen regions. The Siachen Glacier is the highest battleground on earth, claimed by both India and Pakistan, but administered by India. Pakistan maintains permanent military presence near the region at a height of over 6,000 metres, just about 915 metres below the Indian presence.

Portugal
In 1969, Portugal emerged as an early export customer for the Puma, ordering 12 of the helicopters for the Portuguese Air Force; Portugal would also be the first country to employ the Pumas in combat operations during the Portuguese Colonial War; the type was used operationally to complement the smaller Alouette III helicopter fleet during the Angola and Mozambican wars of independence, the type had the advantages of greater autonomy and transport capacity over other operated helicopters.

During the 1980s, Portugal engaged in an illicit arrangement with South Africa in order to circumvent a United Nations embargo being enforced upon South Africa under which France had refused to provide upgrades and spares for South Africa's own Puma fleet. In the secretive deal, Portugal ordered more powerful engines and new avionics with the public intention of employing them on its own Pumas, however many of the components were diverted via a Zaire-based front company to South African defense firm Armscorp, where they were used to overhaul, upgrade and rebuild the existing Pumas, ultimately resulting in the Atlas Oryx; the Portuguese Pumas also received significant upgrades which were paid for under the terms of the agreement.

In 2006, the Portuguese Air Force began receiving deliveries of the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin, a larger and more capable helicopter, replacing the aging Puma fleet.

Since 2007, Portugal has tried unsuccessfully to sell 8 Pumas. Again in May 2015 it is trying to sell them again.

South Africa

From 1972 onwards, Pumas operated by the SAAF were deployed on extended operations in South West Africa and Angola during the Border War. The Puma was involved in normal trooping; rapid deployment during "follow up" operations; acting as radio relays; evacuation of casualties; rescuing downed aircrew; insertion of Special Forces; and large scale cross border operations such as Savannah, Uric, Protea, Super, and Modular.

The majority of South African Puma purchases, including spare parts, were made in advance of an anticipated United Nations embargo that was applied in 1977. South Africa subsequently upgraded many of its Pumas, eventually arriving at the derived indigenous Atlas Oryx; external assistance and components were obtained via secretive transactions involving Portugal during the arms embargo era.

In December 1979, South Africa's government acknowledged the presence of its military forces operating in Rhodesia; Pumas were routinely used in support of the South African Army's ground forces. In June 1980, 20 Pumas accompanied a force of 8,000 troops during a South African invasion of Angola in pursuit of nationalist SWAPO fighters. In 1982, the government confirmed that 15 servicemen had been killed when a South African Puma was downed by SWAPO forces, it was one of the worst losses suffered in a single incident in the conflict.

During the 1990s, clandestine efforts to purchase surplus SAAF Pumas were made by then-President Pascal Lissouba of the Republic of Congo, most likely intended for use in the Congolese Civil War. When the cruise ship  sank off the Wild Coast of South Africa in 1991, as many as 13 Pumas played crucial roles in the rescue efforts, winching 225 survivors to safety during bad weather conditions.

United Kingdom

The first two Pumas for the Royal Air Force were delivered on 29 January 1971, with the first operational squadron (33 Squadron) forming at RAF Odiham on 14 June 1971. The RAF would order a total of 48 Puma HC Mk 1 for transport duties; during the Falklands War, an additional SA 330J formerly operated by Argentine Naval Prefecture was captured by British forces and shipped back to Britain and used as a RAF static training aid for several years. This SA 330J was later refurbished by Westland using parts from damaged RAF Puma XW215 and put into RAF service after a lengthy rebuild as ZE449. The Puma became a common vehicle for British special forces, such as the SAS, and has been described as being "good for covert tasks".

Between the early 1970s and the 1990s, RAF Pumas were based at RAF Odiham (33 Squadron and 240 OCU), RAF Gutersloh (230 Squadron) and No. 1563 Flight RAF at RAF Belize. During The Troubles it was also common for a detachment to be based at RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland. In 1994, 230 Squadron relocated to RAF Aldergrove to provide a permanent presence to augment the Westland Wessex of 72 Squadron. In 2009, 230 Squadron relocated to RAF Benson together with 33 Squadron from RAF Odiham.

Royal Air Force Pumas have also seen active service in Venezuela, Iraq, Yugoslavia, and Zaire. Britain has frequently dispatched Pumas on disaster relief and humanitarian missions, such as during the 2000 Mozambique flood and the 1988 Jamaican flash flood; and to conduct peacekeeping operations in regions such as Zimbabwe and the Persian Gulf.

During the climax of the First Gulf War, a joint force of Pumas from 230 and 33 Squadrons proved decisive in rapidly mobilizing and deploying troops to prevent Iraqi troops from sabotaging the Rumaila oil field. From the beginning of the Iraq War, between 2003 and 2009, RAF Pumas would be used to provide troop mobility across the theatre. On 15 April 2007, two RAF Pumas collided during a special forces mission close to Baghdad, Iraq. In November 2007, a Puma crashed during an anti-insurgent operation in Iraq; an inquest found the cause to be pilot error primarily, however the Ministry of Defence (MoD) was criticised for failing to equip RAF Pumas with night vision goggles and inadequate maintenance checks compromising safety, these shortcomings were addressed following the incident.

In order to extend the type's service, six ex-South African SA 330L were purchased by Britain in 2002. A programme to produce an extensive upgrade of the RAF's Pumas saw the first Puma HC Mk2 enter service in late 2012 and was completed by early 2014, enabling the Puma fleet to remain in operational service until 2025. In 2008, it was envisaged that 30 aircraft would be upgraded, this was subsequently cut to 22, and was later revised upwards for a total of 24 HC Mk2 Pumas to be produced. Upgrades include the integration of two Turbomeca Makila engines, new gearboxes and tail rotors, new engine controls, digital autopilot, a flight management system, an improved defensive aids suite, as well as ballistic protection for helicopter crew and passengers. The upgraded aircraft can transport double the payload over three times the range than its predecessor, and will be deployed for tactical troop transport, as well as fast moving contingent combat and humanitarian operations.

It is expected that the RAF will replace its Puma fleet in the mid-2020s, with the replacement aircraft being procured through the New Medium Helicopter programme.

Civil
One of the largest and prominent operators of the type was Bristow Helicopters, where the Puma was regularly used for off shore operations over the North Sea. during the 1970s, Bristow had sought to begin replacing their Sikorsky S-61 helicopters, the Puma was selected after a highly competitively-priced bid had been made by Aerospatiale; Puma G-BFSV was the first of the type to enter service with Bristow. From 1979 onwards, the Puma formed the mainstay of the Bristow fleet; the type took over the duties of Bristow's retiring Westland Wessex helicopters in 1981. In 1982, Bristow introduced the more powerful Super Puma into service, supplementing their then-total fleet of 11 SA 330J Pumas.

Erickson Inc. has operated four Pumas since 2014. They are used for Vertical replenishment (VERTREP) to the United States Fifth Fleet and United States Seventh Fleet.

Variants

Aérospatiale versions
 SA 330A
 Prototypes, originally called "Alouette IV".
 SA 330B
 Initial production version for the French Army Light Aviation. Powered by 884 kW (1,185 hp) Turbomeca Turmo IIIC4 engines. 132 purchased by France.
 SA 330 Orchidée
 SA 330 modified to carry an Orchidée battlefield surveillance radar system with a rotating underfuselage antenna, for the French Army. One demonstrator was built, flying in 1986. The Orchidée programme was cancelled in 1990, but the prototype rushed back into service in 1991 to serve in the Gulf War, leading to production of a similar system based on the Eurocopter Cougar.
 SA 330C
 Initial export production version. Powered by 1,044 kW (1,400 hp) Turbomeca Turmo IVB engines.
 SA.330E
 Version produced by Westland Helicopters for the RAF under the designation Puma HC Mk. 1.
 SA.330F
 Initial civilian export production version with Turbomeca Turmo IIIC4 turboshaft engines.
 SA.330G
 Upgraded civilian version with 1175 kW (1,575 hp) Turbomeca Turmo IVC engines.
 SA.330H
 Upgraded French Army and export version with Turbomeca Turmo IVC engines and composite main rotor blades. Designated SA 330Ba by the French Air and Space Force. All surviving French Army SA 330Bs converted to this standard.
 SA.330J
 Upgraded civil transport version with composite rotor blades and with higher maximum takeoff weight.
 SA.330L
 Upgraded version for "hot and high" conditions. Military equivalent to civil SA.330J.
 SA.330S
 Upgraded SA 330L (themselves converted from SA 330C) version for the Portuguese Air Force. Powered by Turbomeca Makila engines.
 SA.330SM
 Lebanese converted gunship version by mounting on hardened side-swivel mounts a single ADEN Mk 4/5 30mm revolver cannon on a modified pod and a pair of SNEB 68mm rocket launchers on each side.
 SA.330Z
 Prototype with "fenestron" tail rotor.
SA.331 Puma Makila
 Engine test-bed for the AS.332 Super Puma series, powered by two Turbomeca Makila engines

Versions by other manufacturers
Atlas Aircraft Corporation Oryx Remanufactured and upgraded SA 330 Puma built for the South African Air Force.
IPTN NAS 330J Version that was assembled by IPTN of Indonesia under the local designation NAS 330J and the Aerospatiale designation of SA 330J. Eleven units were produced.
IAR 330 Licence-built version of the SA 330 Puma manufactured by Industria Aeronautică Română of Romania. Designated as the SA 330L by Aerospatiale.
 IAR-330 Puma SOCAT 24 modified for antitank warfare.
 IAR-330 Puma Naval 3 modified for the Romanian Navy, using the SOCAT avionics.
Westland Puma HC Mk 1
SA 330E equivalent assembled by Westland Helicopters for the RAF, first flown on 25 November 1970. Several similarities to the SA 330B employed by the French Armed Forces. The RAF placed an initial order for 40 Pumas in 1967, with a further eight attrition replacement aircraft in 1979.
Airbus Helicopters Puma HC.Mk 2
Modified Puma HC Mk1s, total of 24 upgraded with more powerful Turbomeca Makila 1A1 engines, a glass cockpit and new avionics, secure communications and improved self-protection equipment.

Operators

Current operators

 Brazilian Air Force

Chilean Army

Democratic Congo Air Force

Ecuadorian Army

French Air and Space Force
Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, French Guiana
ET 00.068
Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport, Djibouti
ET 00.088
La Tontouta International Airport, New Caledonia
ET 00.052
Solenzara Air Base, Haute-Corse, France
EH 01.044
French Army Light Aviation

Military of Gabon
Léon-Mba International Airport, Libreville
Escadrille Aérienne Transport

Guinea Air Force

Indonesian Air Force
Atang Senjaya Airbase, West Java
Skadron Udara 8

Kenya Air Force
Moi Air Base, Nairobi City County
Helicopter Squadron

Kuwait Air Force

Lebanese Air Force
Wujah Al Hajar Air Base, Hamat
9 Squadron

Malawi Army

Royal Moroccan Air Force
First Air Base, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
Escadrons de Manoeuvres Tactiques

Pakistan Air Force
Pakistan Army Aviation Corps
Multan International Airport, Punjab
24th Army Aviation Squadron
Qasim Airbase, Dhamial
13th Army Aviation Squadron
28th Army Aviation Squadron

Romanian Air Force (See IAR 330)
71st Air Base, Cluj County
Escadrila 712
Escadrila 713
90th Airlift Base, Ilfov County
Escadrila 903
95th Air Base, Bacău County
Escadrila 952
Romanian Navy (See IAR 330)
Tuzla Aerodrome, Constanța County
Grupul 256

Royal Air Force
RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus
No. 84 Squadron (2023–present)
RAF Benson, Oxfordshire, England
No. 22 Squadron (OEU) (2020–present)
No. 33 Squadron (1971–present)
No. 230 Squadron (1971–present)
RAF Odiham, Hampshire, England
No. 28 Squadron (OCU) (2015–present)
Medicina Lines, Brunei
No. 1563 Flight (1971–1993; 2004–2009; 2022–present)

Former operators

Algerian Air Force

Argentine Army
Argentine Coast Guard

Gendarmerie

Cameroon Air Force

Ethiopian Air Force

Iraqi Air Force

Irish Air Corps

Mexican Air Force

Nigerian Air Force

Royal Air Force of Oman

Philippine Air Force

Portuguese Air Force

Senegalese Air Force

South African Air Force

Togolese Air Force

Tunisian Air Force

United Arab Emirates Air Force

Royal Air Force
RAF Odiham, Hampshire, England
No. 27(R) Squadron (OCU) (1993–1998)
No. 240 Operational Conversion Unit (1971–1993)
RAF Aldergrove, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
No. 72 Squadron (1997–2002)

Notable accidents and incidents
 29 March 2022 – Eight UN peacekeepers (six Pakistanis, a Russian and a Serb), part of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in a crash of a Puma helicopter operated by the Pakistan Army Aviation Corps while on a reconnaissance mission in the troubled eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Cause of the crash is yet to be ascertained.

Specifications (SA 330H Puma)

Notable appearances in media

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Andrade, John. Militair 1982. London: Aviation Press Limited, 1982. .
 Ashworth, Chris. Encyclopedia of Modern Royal Air Force Squadrons. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. .
 Dean, David J. The Air Force role in low-intensity conflict. Air University Press, 1986. .
 Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
 Frawley, Gerard. The International Directory of Civil Aircraft. Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 1997
 Green, William. The illustrated encyclopedia of the world's commercial aircraft. Crescent Books, 1978. .
 Healey, Andrew. Leading from the front: Bristow Helicopters, the first 50 years. Tempus, 2003. .
 Jackson, Paul A. French Military Aviation. Earl Shilton, Leicestershire, England :Midland County Publications, 1979.
 James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1991. .
 Jefford, C G. RAF Squadrons, first edition 1988, Airlife Publishing, UK, .
 Keucher, Ernest. R. Military assistance and foreign policy. Air Force Institute of Technology, 1989. .
 Kraak, Jan. "Desert Puma". Air International, December 2016, Vol. 91, No. 6. pp. 88–95. .
 Lake, Jon. "Variant File: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma". International Air Power Review, Volume 2 Autumn/Fall 2001. Norwalk, CT, USA: AIRtime Publishing. . ISSN 1473-9917. pp. 96–107.
 Leishman, J. Gordon. Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2006. .
 McGowen, Stanley S. Helicopters: An Illustrated History Of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO, 2005. .
 Neal, Molly. "SNIAS-Westland SA.330 Puma." Flight International, 14 May 1970. pp. 810–817.
 Micheletti, Éric and Debay, Yves. Victoire a Souk El-Gharb – la 10e Brigade sauve le Liban in Liban – dix jours aux Coeur des combats, RAIDS magazine n.º41, October 1989. ISSN 0769-4814. pp. 18–24.
 Penney, Stuart. "World Air Forces 2002". Flight International, Vol. 162, No. 4859, 26 November – 2 December 2002. pp. 33–78.
 Rip, Michael Russel and James M. Hasik. The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press, 2002. .
 Ripley, Tim. Conflict in the Balkans 1991–2000. Osprey Publishing, 2010. .
 Ryan, Mike. The Operators: Inside the World's Special Forces. HarperCollins, 2005. .
 Smith, Gordon. Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982. Naval-History.net, 2006. .
Ray Sturtivant, RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912, Air-Britain (Historians), England, 2007,
 Taylor, John W. R., ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1976–77. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1976. .
 Taylor, John W. R., ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1988. .
 Titley. Brian. Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa. McGill-Queen's Press, 1997. .
 Krimpen, Van and C. Bosgra. Portugal and NATO. Angola Comite, 1972.
 Wheeler, Barry. "World Air Forces 1975". Flight International, Vol. 108, No. 3468, 28 August 1975. pp. 290–314.

External links

 SA 330 Puma images on Airliners.net
 Video of Aerospatiale SA330-J Puma display

Aerial firefighting helicopters
Aérospatiale aircraft
1960s French civil utility aircraft
1960s French helicopters
1960s French military utility aircraft
Twin-turbine helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1965

Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma


Noah Korczowski (8 de enero de 1994, Marl, Alemania) es un futbolista de nacionalidad alemana que milita las filas del Schalke 04 U-19 y la Selección alemanaSub-17. Tuvo participación en la Copa Mundial Sub-17 donde su equipo terminó tercero.

Carrera

Schalke 04
Noah fue fichado en el año 2006 proveniente del SG Langen Bochum. Jugó en los equipos U-15, U-16, U-17 y actualmente juega en el equipo U-19 de la 1. Bundesliga Alemana para categorías inferiores

Selección Teutona

Participación en la Copa Mundial Sub-17
El Director Técnico de la Selección de Alemania sub-17 Steffen Freund llamó nuevamente al joven defensa Korczowski para jugar el Mundial a disputarse en México desde el 18 de junio hasta el 10 de julio.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Facebook oficial de Noah Korczowski
 Perfil en Transfermarkt.de
 [http://www.schalke04.de/k-schmiede/u19/noah-korczowski.html

Futbolistas de Alemania
Futbolistas del VfL Wolfsburgo II

Noah Korczowski


Culver Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Culver Township (Kansas)
 Culver Township (Minnesota)

Culver Township


රෝග නිදානය එසේත් නැත්නම් රෝග මූලය () යනු යම් රෝගයක් ඇතිවීමට බලපාන හේතුව ය.

ආශ්‍රිත
Bradford Hill criteria
Causal inference
වසංගතවේදය
Molecular pathological epidemiology
Molecular pathology
Pathogenesis
Pathology

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

Pathology
Etiology
වසංගතවේදය

රෝග නිදානය


Krzysztof Penderecki a terminé sa Sinfonietta  en 1994. Il ne s'agit pas d'une composition originale, mais d'une adaptation de son Quatuor avec clarinette composé en 1993.

Le clarinettiste Paul Meyer a joué la première le  à Bad Kissingen, accompagné par le Sinfonia Varsovia dirigé par le compositeur.

Analyse
La sinfonietta comporte quatre mouvements :
Notturno : Adagio
Scherzo : Vivacissimo
Sérénade : Tempo di valse
Abschied : Larghetto

Instrumentation
L'orchestration se compose d'une clarinette ou d'une flûte solo, de six premiers violons, de cinq seconds violons, de quatre altos, de trois violoncelles et d'une contrebasse.

Enregistrements
Orchestre philharmonique de Varsovie dirigé par Antoni Wit avec le soliste Artur Pachlewski dans un enregistrement de 2008 (publié en 2012 Publié chez Naxos).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Symphonie de Krzysztof Penderecki
Penderecki, Sinfonietta
Œuvre pour flûte
Sinfonietta.

Sinfonietta no 2 de Penderecki


Mesto bezeichnet:

 Mesto (Vortragsbezeichnung), musikalische Vortragsbezeichnung

Mesto ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Giandomenico Mesto (* 1982), italienischer Fußballspieler

Mesto


Llandudno (pronunție în galeză ) este un oraș și o stațiune pe litoral din comitatul Conwy, Țara Galilor, situat pe Peninsula Creuddyn, cu ieșire la Marea Irlandei. În recensământul din 2011 din Marea Britanie, populația număra 20.701 de persoane, incluzând Penrhyn Bay și Penrhynside. Numele orașului este derivat de la patronul său sfânt, Sfântul Tudno.

Llandudno, "regina stațiunilor galeze", un titlu primit încă din 1864, este acum cea mai mare stațiune de pe litoralul Țării Galilor. Istoric, a făcut parte din comitatul Caernarfonshire, iar apoi a fost un district al Aberconwy în Gwynedd.

Conexiuni culturale

Regina Elisabeta a României, cunoscută și sub numele de scriitoare Carmen Sylva, a stat în Llandudno timp de cinci săptămâni, în 1890. La plecare, ea a descris Țara Galilor ca "un frumos rai al păcii". Traducerea în galeză a acestei descrieri, "hardd, hafan, hedd", a devenit motto-ul oficial al orașului.

Personalități născute aici
 Sylvia Sleigh (1916 - 2010), pictoriță.

Referințe

LLandudno

Llandudno


Crepereyo Calpurniano (en latín, Crepereius Calpurnianus) fue un historiador romano nacido en Pompeyópolis y mencionado por Luciano de Samósata que escribió una historia sobre la guerra pártica del emperador Lucio Vero.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Historiadores de la Antigua Roma
Escritores de la Antigua Roma
Escritores del siglo II
Antiguos romanos del siglo II
Gens Crepereya
Antiguos romanos de la República romana media

Crepereyo Calpurniano


Jason Mitchell (født 5. januar 1987 i New Orleans) er en amerikansk skuespiller. Han er bedst kendt for at spille rapperen Eazy-E i Straight Outta Compton fra 2015. I 2017 medvirkede han i Kong: Skull Island.

Udvalgt filmografi
 Straight Outta Compton (2015) – Eazy-E
 Mudbound (2017) – Ronsel Jackson
 Kong: Skull Island (2017) – Glenn Mills
 Detroit (2017) – Carl Cooper

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Louisiana
Personer fra New Orleans

Jason Mitchell


La iglesia de Santiago de la Corona se encuentra en el municipio de Luna, en la provincia de Zaragoza, comunidad autónoma de Aragón, España.

Descripción

Planta
El templo presenta la orientación litúrgica habitual.

De estilo románico, , su planta es rectangular de una sola nave, rematada por un ábside semicircular y una cripta (5) debajo del presbiterio.
Fue realizada con sillería de buena calidad, bien cortada y asentada en hiladas de gran regularidad.

La Nave (2) consta de cuatro tramos con arcos fajones y cubierta de bóveda de cañón apuntado, soportada por arcos fajones y contrafuertes que alcanzan la cornisa en la nave central y la capilla del lado de la Epístola; bóveda de horno en la capilla del Altar Mayor.
Está rematada por un Presbiterio (5) de tramo recto con bóveda de medio punto reforzada y Ábside (6) de bóveda de horno, con contrafuertes.
La cubierta del ábside se apoya en una cornisa con ajedrezado jaqués y canecillos historiados.

 Leyenda de la imagen
 Pórtico Oeste; entrada.
 Nave.
 Capillas, s XVII.
 Sacristía, s XVII.
 Presbiterio, Cripta.
 Capilla Mayor y Ábside.
 Coro, s XVII.
 Marcas de cantería.

La iluminación del templo consiste en cinco vanos aspillados, uno en el ábside, uno en el muro meridional tramo 2, y tres abocinados al exterior en el hastial oeste.

La entrada al templo se efectúa por el pórtico oeste (1) realizado en arco de medio punto y tres arquivoltas abocinadas apoyadas en impostas y jambas lisas. El conjunto sobresale ligeramente de la fachada.

En el siglo XVII, se añadieron dos capillas (3) laterales, la sacristía (4) y coro elevado (7) en el primer tramo.

Canecillos destacados:
En el Presbiterio, tramo recto del muro sur: 2 músicos, uno con un pequeño organistrum y otro con una pandereta; contorsionista.
En el Ábside, lado sureste: Águila.

Marcas de cantería
Es notable la presencia de Marcas de cantería (8) en las zonas (ver planta):
Ábside, Sureste.
Presbiterio, Sur.
Presbiterio, Norte (grafitis).
Capilla del muro Norte.
Nave, muro Sur, tramos 1,2,3,4.
Contrafuerte en esquina Noroeste.

• El templo fue declarado Monumento Nacional el 20 de julio de 1974.

Véase también
 Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Zaragoza
 Anexo:Bienes catalogados de la provincia de Zaragoza

Referencias
 Conjunto histórico monumental de "La Corona" / Patrimonio / Ayto. de Luna.
 Románico aragonés / Luna / Ig. Santiago

Enlaces externos

 Municipios de Aragón

Santiago Luna
Santiago, Luna
Santiago, Luna
Monumentos de Luna (Zaragoza)
Luna

Iglesia de Santiago (Luna)


Anđela Ramljak (Mostar, 31. ožujka 1986.) je hrvatska glumica.

Televizijske uloge
 "Gora" kao Ksenija (2023.)
 "Oblak u službi zakona" kao trudna plavuša (2022.)
 "Područje bez signala" kao Josipa (2021.)
 "Glumci iz karantene" kao pripovjedačica (2020.)
 "Kad susjedi polude" kao Tomislava (2018.)
 "Stipe u gostima" kao djevojka #1 (2014.)
 "Nedjeljom ujutro, subotom navečer" kao policajka (2012.)
 "Mamutica" kao Sandra (2009.)
 "Zabranjena ljubav" kao Marijana Benčić (2006. – 2009.)

Filmske uloge
 "Da, volim te također" kao Marija (2023.)
 "Medo u sredini" kao Rozina mama (2021.)
 "Škola koja (ne) postoji" kao razrednica (2021.)
 "Anđeo čuvar" kao bolničarka (2018.)
 "Anka" kao Milka (2017.)
 "U čemu je kvaka?" kao Marta (2016.)
 "Zagrebačke priče Vol. 3" kao Lanina mama (2015.)
 "Goranova ulica" kao mama (2015.)
 "Točkica na nosu" (2012.)
 "Oslobođenje u 26 slika" (2009.)
 "Tulum" kao seka (2009.)

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatski filmski glumci
Hrvatski televizijski glumci
Hrvati u Bosni i Hercegovini

Anđela Ramljak


La Temporada 2011-12 de la Liga Mexicana del Pacífico fue la 54.ª edición, llevó el nombre Banorte y comenzó el 11 de octubre de 2011.

Los juegos inaugurales se celebraron de la siguiente manera: Mazatlán en Culiacán, Guasave en Mochis, Navojoa en Obregón y Hermosillo en Mexicali.

La primera mitad terminó el 20 de noviembre, la segunda mitad terminó el 30 de diciembre de 2010.

La temporada finalizó el 26 de enero de 2012, con la coronación de los Yaquis de Ciudad Obregón al vencer 4-0 en serie final a los Algodoneros de Guasave.

Sistema de competencia

Temporada regular
La temporada regular consta de dos mitades lo cual abarca un total de 68 juegos a disputarse para cada uno de los ocho clubes que conforman a la Liga Mexicana del Pacífico. La primera mitad está integrada de 35 juegos para cada club y la segunda de 33 juegos para cada club. Al término de cada mitad, se asigna un puntaje que va de 3 a 8 puntos en forma ascendente, según la clasificación (standing) general de cada club. A continuación se muestra la distribución de dicho puntaje:

 Primera posición: 8 puntos
 Segunda: 7 puntos
 Tercera: 6 puntos
 Cuarta: 5 puntos
 Quinta: 4,5 puntos
 Sexta: 4 puntos
 Séptima: 3,5 puntos
 Octava: 3 puntos

Post-temporada
Tras el término de la segunda vuelta, los seis equipos con mayor puntaje sobre la base de las dos mitades de la temporada regular pasan a la etapa denominada post-temporada (play-offs). En esta etapa, los equipos se enfrentan entre sí en una serie de siete juegos donde deben ganar cuatro para avanzar a las semifinales. Es importante señalar que los tres equipos que obtuvieron mayor puntaje en la temporada regular empiezan la serie con dos juegos en su estadio (esta etapa de juego es conocida como «repesca»), para continuar con tres partidos en el estadio contrario y finalmente concretar la serie de nuevo en su estadio. Estos últimos dos juegos no son necesarios si alguno de los equipos obtiene una ventaja clara en la serie sobre su rival.

Semifinales
Para la etapa de semifinales, pasan los tres equipos con mejor posición en el standing de juegos ganados y perdidos más uno adicional que es denominado «mejor perdedor», el cual resulta de poseer la mayor cantidad de juegos ganados en la repesca, principalmente. De esta manera, el mejor perdedor se enfrenta como visitante al equipo mejor situado del standing en una serie, mientras que el segundo y el tercero hacen lo mismo a su vez. En el caso del mejor perdedor, no puede enfrentarse al equipo con el que disputó la primera fase de play-offs.

Final
Se da entre los equipos que ganaron en la etapa de semifinales.

Equipos participantes

Ubicación geográfica de los equipos

Standings

Primera vuelta

 Actualizado el 21 de noviembre de 2011.

Segunda vuelta

 Actualizado el 31 de diciembre de 2011.

Standings General

Nota 1: En empate entre Obregón y Guasave se definió por el criterio de mejor porcentaje de ganados y perdidos.

Nota 2: En empate entre Navojoa y Mochis se definió por el criterio de dominio(Navojoa domino a Mochis).

Playoffs

Primer Play Off

Semifinales

Final

Cuadro de honor

Líderes
A continuación se muestran los lideratos tanto individuales como colectivos de los diferentes departamentos de bateo y de pitcheo.

Bateo

Pitcheo

Designaciones

A continuación se muestran a los jugadores más valiosos de la temporada.

Guantes de Oro
A continuación se muestran a los ganadores de los Guantes de Oro de la temporada.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Pacífico

Temporadas Liga Mexicana del Pacífico
Deporte en México en 2011
Deporte en México en 2012
Béisbol en 2011
Béisbol en 2012

Liga Mexicana del Pacífico 2011-12


Marie-Christine de Navacelle (née le  est une responsable d'institutions culturelles en France et à l'étranger. Elle est programmatrice de cinéma et fondatrice du festival Cinéma du réel au Centre Georges Pompidou.

Biographie

Après des études de lettres à la Sorbonne, elle débute comme assistante à la Bibliothèque Mazarine de l'Institut de France en 1965, puis passe le concours de conservateur en 1976 a 1988. Chargée du secteur audiovisuel à la BPI (de 1976 à 1988). Chef de la Division des Programmes de la Direction de la Communication du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (de 1988 à 1995). Directrice de l'Institut Franco-Japonais de Tokyo (de 1996 à 2001). Directrice du Centre Culturel Français du Cambodge (de 2002 à 2003). En poste à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, chef du Service Images du Département de l'audiovisuel (en 2003).

Carrière
En 1969, elle est nommée à la bibliothèque de l'École nationale supérieure des bibliothèques (dite Bibliothèque de Massy).

En 1976, elle est affectée à la bibliothèque publique du Centre Pompidou qui était en préfiguration où elle est chargée de l'audiovisuel.

Elle dirige en 1979, au Centre Pompidou, le festival qui prit alors le nom de Cinéma du réel, fonction qu'elle assure près de 10 ans.

En 1988, elle est détachée au ministère des Affaires Étrangères où elle est chargée de la diffusion du cinéma français à l'étranger et des coproductions de films.

Membre de différents conseils d'administration comme le Festival de Cannes, Unifrance, la Cinémathèque française, elle participe à plusieurs commissions de production et de diffusion du Centre national du cinéma.

En 1989, dans le cadre des manifestations du Bicentenaire de la Révolution française, elle fait circuler à travers le monde un programme de films français.

En 1992, elle organise à Moscou une rétrospective intégrale de Jean-Luc Godard, en sa présence.

De 1996 à 2002, elle dirige les Instituts français de Tokyo et Yokohama où elle organise, entre autres, une rétrospective intégrale des œuvres de Robert Bresson.

Avec Agnès b. et le soutien de l'Asahi Shimbun, le journal japonais, elle fait en 1997 et 1998 circuler un Festival de films français à travers tout le Japon.

Elle est à plusieurs reprises membre du Comité de programmation du . Elle a été également membre du Conseil d'administration de la Maison Franco-Japonaise.

En 2002, elle prend la direction du Centre culturel du Cambodge à Phnom Penh, Siem Reap et Battembag. Elle participe à l'initiative de Rithy Panh, à la création d'un Centre d'Archives du Cambodge.

En 2003, elle rejoint la Bibliothèque nationale de France où elle est chargée du cinéma et organise avec les Cahiers du cinéma un cycle de débats autour du livre et du cinéma Écrire/filmer.

En 2009, elle organise au Japon, avec le photographe Chihiro Minato, une exposition des photos prises par Emmanuelle Riva et la scripte Sylvette Baudrot sur le tournage du le film d'Alain Resnais, Hiroshima mon amour.

Elle est membre du jury du Festival international du film de Tokyo en 2022.

Depuis, elle est conservatrice indépendante, essentiellement entre la France et le Japon, sur des expositions et des présentations de films et publie des livres sur le cinéma.

Expositions

Programmations de films

Productions

Publications

 Hiroshima 1958 avec Chihiro Minato (Ed Inscript Tokyo, 2008)
 Tu n'as rien vu à Hiroshima (Ed Gallimard, 2009)
 Fred Wiseman (coédition Moma de New York et Gallimard, 2011)

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

 interview de Marie-Christine de Navacelle, Le Monde, 10 mars 1983

Bibliographie

 Ulysse, Alice o'hisse Le Monde de l'éducation, mars 1978
 Marie-Christine de Navacelle, du livre au film par Louis Marcorelles, Le Monde, 10 mars 1984
 Petits écrans et grands publics, la politique des films de la BPI Bulletin des bibliothèques de France, 1985 no. 5
 Marie-Christine de Navacelle par Futoshi Koga, Asahi Shinbun, septembre 1998
 Tout le monde en 16mm de Charlotte Garson, Les Cahiers du Cinéma, mars 2011
 Étude de la création du festival Cinéma du Réel par Marie Termignon, Université Paris1-Panthéon Sorbonne, Mémoire de master
 Entretien avec Marie Christine de Navacelle Cinéma du Réel archives du blog

Naissance en octobre 1941
Personnalité française du monde de la culture
Personnalité féminine française

Marie-Christine de Navacelle


Robert Walser is an American musicologist associated with the "new musicology". He is author of the book Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music, concerning heavy metal music. Walser currently is a member of the faculty at Case Western Reserve University.

Walser has also served as an expert witness for over 250 music copyright infringement cases, generally reserved to the Ninth Circuit. His big success came from a broad statement of support from Circuit Judge William C. Canby, Jr., who fully supported Dr. Walser's methodology, despite the less-than-appropriate credibility that Dr. Walser received via District Judge Christina A. Snyder {see Swirsky v. Carey, 226 F. Supp. 2d 1224 (C.D. Cal. 2002).

Walser is married to musicologist Susan McClary.

Publications

 Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (Wesleyan University Press, 1993, ). Second edition, revised and expanded, 2014.
 (ed.) Keeping Time. Readings in Jazz History (OUP, 1999) 2.  Second edition, revised and expanded, 2014.
 (ed.)  The Christopher Small Reader  (Wesleyan University Press, 2016).
 Valuing Jazz, in The Cambridge Companion to Jazz, ed. David Horn and Mervyn Cooke (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 301–320.
 Analyzing Popular Music:  Ten Apothegms and Four Instances, in Allan Moore, ed., The Analysis of Popular Music (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 16–38.
 Deep Jazz:  Notes on Interiority, Race, and Criticism, in Inventing the Psychological:  Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America, ed. Joel Pfister and Nancy Schnog (Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 271–96.
 Out of Notes:  Signification, Interpretation, and the Problem of Miles Davis, Musical Quarterly 77:2 (Summer 1993), pp. 343–65.
 Rhythm, Rhyme, and Rhetoric in the Music of Public Enemy, Ethnomusicology 39:2 (Spring-Summer 1995), 193-217.
  Prince as Queer Poststructuralist, Popular Music and Society 18:2 (Summer 1994), 87-98.

References

External links
 Walser's Bio, from the CWRU Department of Music
 Robert Walser: "Review Essay:  Polka Happiness, by Charles Keil, Angeliki Keil, and Dick Blau, and A Passion for Polka:  Old-Time Ethnic Music in America, by Victor Greene," American Music 12:3 (Fall 1994), pp. 322–27.

Case Western Reserve University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American musicologists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

Robert Walser (musicologist)


මෙහි දැක්වෙන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වූ ගුවන්තොටුපළ ලැයිස්තුවකි. ගුවන්තොටුපල තිබෙන පළාත පිළිබඳ පැහැදිලිශ්‍රී ලංකා සිතියමකි

ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළවල් තුනකි. මෙහි පහලින් එම ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළවල් ලැයිස්තුගතකර ඇත.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළ ලැයිස්තුව


Pierre-Henri Clostermann  (28 February 1921 – 22 March 2006) was a World War II French fighter pilot.

During the conflict he achieved 33 air-to-air combat victories, earning the accolade "France's First Fighter" from General Charles de Gaulle. His wartime memoir, The Big Show (Le Grand Cirque) became a notable bestseller. After the war, he worked as an engineer and was the youngest Member of France's Parliament.

Early life
Clostermann was born in Curitiba, Brazil, into a French diplomatic family. He was the only son of Madeleine Carlier from Lorraine and Jacques Clostermann from Alsace. After receiving flying tuition from German pilot Karl Benitz (died in 1943, Russia), he completed his secondary education in France and gained his private pilot's licence in 1937.

World War II
On the outbreak of war in 1939 the French authorities refused his application for service, so he travelled to Los Angeles to become a commercial pilot, studying at the California Institute of Technology. Clostermann joined the Free French Air Force in the United Kingdom in March 1942. After training at RAF Cranwell and 61 OTU, Clostermann, a sergeant pilot, was posted in January 1943 to No. 341 Squadron RAF (known to the Free French as Groupe de Chasse n° 3/2 "Alsace"), flying the Supermarine Spitfire.

On 15 July 1943 he crash-landed after combat when unable to lower his undercarriage (Cat.B). He scored his first two victories on 27 July 1943, also as Yellow 2, claiming destruction of two Focke-Wulf Fw 190s over France.
In October 1943, Clostermann received a commission as an officer, and was assigned to the British No. 602 Squadron RAF, remaining with the unit for the next ten months. He flew a variety of operations including fighter sweeps, bomber escorts, high-altitude interdiction over the Royal Navy's Scapa Flow base, and strafing or dive-bombing attacks on V-1 launch sites on the French coast. He flew air-cover for the Normandy Landings, and was one of the first Free French pilots to land on French soil, at temporary airstrip B-11, near Longues-sur-Mer, Normandy on 18 June 1944. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross shortly afterwards, after which he was reassigned to French Air Force Headquarters.

In December 1944 he returned to the front line on re-secondment to the Royal Air Force as a supernumerary flight lieutenant. He joined No. 274 Squadron RAF flying the new Hawker Tempest Mk V. In an aircraft which he named Le Grand Charles, Clostermann flew an intensive and highly successful round of fighter sweeps, airfield attacks, "rat scramble" interceptions of Messerschmitt 262 jet fighters, and rail interdiction missions over northern Germany over the next two months.

In March 1945 he briefly served with No. 56 Squadron, before transfer to No. 3 Squadron. On 24 March 1945 he was wounded in the leg by German flak, and after belly-landing his badly damaged aircraft was hospitalised for a week. From 8 April 1945 he was commander of "A" Flight, No. 3 Squadron RAF. He was awarded a bar to his DFC.

On 12 May 1945 during a victory fly-past to mark the war's conclusion, another Tempest collided with his, and as a result an air pile-up occurred with four close formation low-flying aeroplanes of his flight involved, with three pilots being killed. Clostermann bailed out, his parachute opening just a few metres above the ground. He continued operations with No. 122 Wing RAF until he left the military altogether on 27 July 1945 with the RAF rank of wing commander and the French rank of lieutenant.

In his 432 sorties, Clostermann was credited officially with 33 victories (19 solo, 14 shared, most of them against fighters) and five "probables", with eight more "damaged". He also claimed 225 motor vehicles destroyed, 72 locomotives, five tanks, and two E-boats (fast torpedo boats). Many references credit him with 29 to 33 victories, although these probably include his "ground" kills of enemy aircraft. Recent, more detailed analysis of his combat reports and squadron accounts indicate that his actual score was 11 destroyed, with possibly another seven, for a total of 15–18 victories.

Later life
In 1951, Clostermann authored an account of his wartime experiences entitled Le Grand Cirque (published in English as The Big Show). One of the first post-war fighter pilot memoirs, its various editions have sold over two and a half million copies. William Faulkner commented that this is the finest aviation book to come out of World War II. The book was reprinted, in expanded form, in both paperback and hardcover editions in 2004. It was also adapted in comic book form by Manuel Perales, in close collaboration with Clostermann. Clostermann also wrote Feux du Ciel (Flames in the Sky) published in  1957, a collection of heroic air combat exploits from both Allied and Axis sides.

After the war, Clostermann continued his career as an engineer, participating in the creation of Reims Aviation, supporting the Max Holste Broussard prototype, acting as a representative for Cessna, and working for Renault.

He served eight terms as a député (member of parliament) in the French National Assembly between 1946 and 1969. As a deputy for Marne he resigned from the Gaullist group in 1955 over their treatment of the Resident-General in French Morocco during the negotiations with nationalist movement.

He also briefly re-enlisted in the Armée de l'Air in 1956–57 to fly ground-attack missions during the Algerian War. He subsequently published a novel based on his experiences there, entitled Leo 25 Airborne.

During the Falklands War in early 1982 comments publicly emerged from Clostermann expressing praise for the courage displayed by Argentine Air Force and Argentine Navy pilots during their air-to-sea attacks on the Royal Navy. Clostermann had written the comments, which were partly motivated by ethnic insults towards Argentinians that he had become aware of in the British press during the conflict, in a letter to a class of Argentine fighter-pilots who were being trained at that time in France at an Armée de l'Air establishment, at which his son was an instructor. The private letter's comments, from a renowned World War II military hero, swiftly found their way across the Atlantic Ocean to Buenos Aires, where they were published in newspapers as war propaganda. As a result of this perceived "betrayal" of his links with the United Kingdom via his war service in the Royal Air Force, Clostermann attracted hostility from parts of the British press.

He also attracted controversy in France for his vehement anti-war stance in the run-up to the 1991 Gulf War.

Death
Clostermann died on 22 March 2006 at his home at Montesquieu-des-Albères, in the French Pyrenees.

Private life
While serving in Lincolnshire, Pierre met and married Lydia Jeanne Starbuck at St Denys Church in Sleaford on the 28th of April 1943.

Clostermann was married and had three sons.

Honours

On 6 June 2004, a road in Longues-sur-Mer, near temporary airstrip B-11, was named after Clostermann.

French decorations

Foreign orders and decorations

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Clostermann, Pierre. The Big Show. (Translated by Oliver Berthoud) London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004. .

 Shores, Christopher and Clive Williams. Aces High. London: Grub Street, 1994. .
 Thomas, Chris. Typhoon and Tempest Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces No. 27. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. .
 Wings Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Orbis Publishing, 1979.

External links

Official website with unique content
Ordre de la Libération: Pierre Clostermann (French)
Site dedicated to Pierre Clostermann

1921 births
2006 deaths
People from Curitiba
Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance politicians
Rally of the French People politicians
Radical Party (France) politicians
Union for the New Republic politicians
Union of Democrats for the Republic politicians
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Lycée Hoche alumni
French Air and Space Force personnel
French World War II pilots
French World War II flying aces
Free French military personnel of World War II
French Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Companions of the Liberation
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Recipients of the Aeronautical Medal
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

Pierre Clostermann


Udupi (alternate spelling Udipi; also known as Odipu) is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. Udupi is situated about  north of the educational, commercial and industrial hub of Mangalore and about  west of state capital Bangalore by road.

It is the administrative headquarters of Udupi district, and one of the fastest-growing cities in Karnataka. Udupi is one of the top tourist attractions in Karnataka and has various educational institutions. It is notable for the Krishna Temple and is also known as the temple city. It also lends its name to the popular Udupi cuisine, is also known as Parashurama Kshetra , and is famous for Kanakana kindi. A centre of pilgrimage, Udupi is known as Rajata Peetha and Shivalli (Shivabelle).

Etymology
The name Udupi is the stylized form of the city.

History
In the 13th century, Vaishnavite saint Madhvacharya founded the Sri Krishna Temple. He set up eight mathas - Ashta Mathas in Udupi to propagate the Dvaita Vedanta philosophy, and this caused a vibrant temple culture to take root in present-day Udupi district. Significant migration of Brahmins to the region took place subsequently, and they came to comprise 10 per cent of the region's population, three times higher than elsewhere in South India.

Demographics

Udupi city is part of the eponymous district in Karnataka, India. As per the census in 2011, Udupi city has 33,987 households and a total population of 144,960, of which 71,614 are males and 73,346 are females. The population of scheduled castes is 8,385 while that of scheduled tribes is 6,774. The city population is growing at a rate of 14.03%.

The most spoken language in Udupi town is Tulu. Kannada and Konkani are also spoken in Udupi town.
Dakhini Urdu and Beary are spoken by Muslims in the region.

Government and politics
Udupi city falls under the Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency and the Udupi Chikmagalur State assembly constituency and is represented by the Member of Parliament Shobha Karandlaje and Member of Legislative Assembly, Yashpal Suvarna.

Civic Administration
Udupi, which previously had a Town Municipal Council now has a City Municipal Council which came into existence in 1995. Areas around Udupi, such as Manipal, Parkala, Malpe, Udyavara and Santhekatte were merged to form the City Municipal Council.

The city of Udupi is governed by the City Municipal Council and has 35 wards spread across an area of . It is headed by Anand C Kallolikar, the Municipal Commissioner. The city council has departments for health, urban planning, technical division, revenue, finance, birth and death, and Day-NULM.

Civic Utility
The master plan of the city is prepared by the Udupi Urban Development Authority (UUDA) and the Directorate of Town and Country Planning.

The city receives its primary source of drinking water from water stored at Baje vented dam. The municipality also seeks to augment its water storage by pumping water accumulated in the Swarna River at Sanebettu. The city is divided into three zones with different timings for efficient water supply. It also received a loan of $75 million from the Asian Development Bank to have all round the clock water supply in 2018.

The city has both open and closed drains. The underground sewage network exists in only 20% of the city's area as of 2017, but has been proposed to increase from the present 82 kilometres to 143 kilometres. The municipality area generated 46 million litres (MLD) of sewage which is treated at a sewage treatment plant in Nittur.

Geography and climate
Udupi has an elevation of  above mean sea level. The climate in Udupi is hot in summers and pleasant in winter. During summers (from March to May) the temperature reaches up to  and in winters (from December to February) it is usually between . As it is a coastal area, there are a few beaches which are tourist attractions. Kaup beach, Malpe beach are two of the beaches in Udupi.

The monsoon period is from June to September, with rainfall averaging more than  every year and heavy winds.

Culture

Bhuta Kola, Aati kalenja, Karangolu, and Nagaradhane are some cultural traditions of Udupi. The residents celebrate festivals such as Makara Sankranti, Nagara Panchami, Krishna Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Navaratri, Deepavali. Folk arts like Yakshagana are also popular.

During Krishna Janmashtami, Pili Yesa, a traditional folk dance originated in Udupi is demonstrated on the streets. "Pili Yesa" translates to Tiger.

Cuisine

The term Udupi (also Udipi) is synonymous with vegetarian food now found all over the world. The origin of this cuisine is linked to Krishna Matha (Mutt). Lord Krishna is offered food of different varieties every day, and there are certain restrictions on ingredients during Chaturmasa (a four-month period during the monsoon season). These restrictions coupled with the requirement of variety led to innovation, especially in dishes incorporating seasonal and locally available materials. This cuisine was developed by Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins who cooked food for Lord Krishna, and at Krishna Matha in Udupi, the food is provided free of cost. Restaurants specialised in Udupi cuisine can be seen widely in most metropolitan and large cities around the length and breadth of India.

Although popular for its vegetarian cuisine, Udupi has its fair share of non-vegetarian dishes that are similar to Mangalorean cuisine. Some of these include Kori Roti, Neer Dosa, Kori Pulimunchi, Chicken Sukka, Fish Curry, Fish Fry and more.

Economy
Udupi is becoming a major town in Karnataka. Udupi is the birthplace of the Syndicate Bank, Corporation Bank and Harsha Retail, the leading retailer of coastal Karnataka. Udupi's economy also consists of agriculture and fishing. Small-scale industries like the cashew industry, and other food industries and milk cooperatives are the most prominent. Recently, Udupi is also making its mark in the real estate industry, greatly influenced by its neighboring spearhead Mangalore.

The Karnataka government had signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Cogentrix Light and Power Industry to set up a thermal power plant in the district at Nandikur. However, because of stiff opposition from citizens and environmentalist groups, the project has been temporarily suspended. An attempt by the Nagarjuna Power Corporation to set up a similar plant at nearby Padubidri also met strong opposition. Now, the power plant has been set up, generating 1,200 MW of power under the name of Udupi Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), a subsidiary of Lanco Infra, an Andhra Pradesh-based infrastructure major. Adani Power has taken over from Lanco Infra in 2014 for a sum of Rs 6,000 crores. The opposition, however, continues.

Manipal, a suburb of Udupi, is home to the headquarters of Syndicate Bank. It is renowned as an education and medical hub. Kasturba Medical College and MIT (Manipal Institute of Technology) are situated here.

TEBMA Shipyards Ltd is located in Malpe harbour complex. It is involved in building multipurpose platform supply vessels (MPSVs), platform supply vessel, geotechnical research vessel, dredgers and tugs for Indian as well as export markets.

Udupi has a local handloom sari industry. Made of pure cotton and lightweight, the sari has art silk design on its border and pallu besides butta of art silk dotting it. Hard work, low returns, and competition from power loom has led to a drop in the number of weavers of nearly 95% over three decades. A geographical indication tag for Udupi sarees is under examination with the Geographical Indications Registry of India.

Transport

National Highways NH 66 and NH 169A pass through Udupi. Other significant roads include the State Highways to Karkala, Dharmastala and Sringeri. NH 66 provides a link to Mangalore and Karwar via Kundapur and NH 169A to Hebri, Agumbe, Thirthahalli and Shivamogga. Private as well as government buses connect Udupi to all parts of Karnataka. Udupi has a railway station on the Konkan Railway. The nearest International Airport to Udupi is Mangalore International Airport, which is approx. 58.5 km away.

City and suburban transport is available for travel within Udupi and its suburbs. The buses originate from the suburban bus stand (City Bus Stand). There are private bus operators as well as KSRTC city service buses.

The nearest harbor/ port to Udupi is Malpe, which is 5 km away, and Gangolli (Byndoor), which is 36 km away. The New Mangalore Port is 50 km away from Udupi.

Udupi railway station is managed by Konkan Railways. It is in Indrali about 4 km from Udupi city bus stand and is on the Kanyakumari-Mumbai rail route. Direct trains are available to Bengaluru, Mumbai, New Delhi, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Pune, Ajmer, Jaipur, Rajkot, Ahmedabad and Okha. Cities like Mysore, Belgaum, Jodhpur, Agra, Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kollam(Quilon), etc., are also connected to Udupi.

See also
Greater Udupi
Udupi cuisine
Udupi Krishna Temple
Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi
Mangalore
Manipal
Udupi district

References

Bibliography

Karnataka State Gazetteer 1983'. Government of Karnataka. 1983

Sri Udupi Kshetrada Naija Chitra Mattu Chaaritrika Hinnele [The Authentic Picture of Udupi Piligrim Center and its Historical Background]

Further reading

External links

Udupi City Municipality Official Website
Udupi Urban Development Authority Official Website
Sri Udupi Kshetrada Naija Chitra Mattu Chaaritrika Hinnele [The Authentic Picture of Udupi Piligrim Center and its Historical Background]

Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Cities and towns in Udupi district
Populated coastal places in India
Port cities in India
Cities in Karnataka

Udupi


Salaam Bombay! () ist ein preisgekrönter Film, der den Alltag von Kindern zeigt, die auf den Straßen von Bombay (heute: Mumbai) leben (Premiere: 13. September 1988, Toronto International Film Festival).

Der Film wurde in Mumbai und Maharashtra gedreht. Regie führte Mira Nair, die das Drehbuch mit Sooni Taraporevala schrieb, mit der sie eine lange kreative Zusammenarbeit verbindet. Der Film gewann den National Film Award als bester Film in Hindi, den National Board of Review Award als bester ausländischer Film, die Caméra d'Or, den Publikumspreis des Cannes Film Festival sowie drei Preise beim World Film Festival in Montreal. Der Film wurde für den Oscar als bester fremdsprachlicher Film nominiert und in die Liste der besten 1.000 Filme aller Zeiten ("The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made") der New York Times aufgenommen.

Handlung

Krishna zündet das Motorrad seines älteren Bruders an, weil er genug von dessen ständigen Schikanen hat. Das bringt ihm eine Menge Ärger mit seiner Mutter ein. Sie bringt ihn zum nahe gelegenen Apollo Circus und sagt ihm, dass er erst wieder nach Hause kommen darf, wenn er 500 Rupien verdient hat, um den Schaden am Motorrad zu begleichen. Krishna ist einverstanden und findet Arbeit beim Zirkus.

Eines Tages bittet sein Chef ihn, eine Besorgung zu machen. Doch als Krishna zurückkommt, ist der Zirkus abgereist. Nun ist er völlig auf sich allein gestellt. Er kann nirgendwo hin und hat keine Möglichkeit mehr, genügend Geld zu verdienen, um wieder nach Hause kommen zu können. Schließlich entschließt er sich, in die nächste Großstadt zu gehen – nach Mumbai (Bombay).

Bei seiner Ankunft wird Krishna seiner spärlichen Habseligkeiten beraubt. Er folgt den Dieben und freundet sich mit ihnen an. So gelangt er in Mumbais Rotlichtviertel Kamathipura entlang der Falkland Road in der Nähe der Grant Road Railway Station. Einer der Diebe, Chillum, ein drogenabhängiger Drogendealer, hilft Krishna, eine Arbeit beim Grant Road Tea Stall zu bekommen. Krishna bekommt einen neuen Namen, "Chaipau", an den er sich schnell gewöhnt. Er möchte genügend Geld zusammenkratzen, um wieder zu seiner Mutter zurückkehren zu können. Jedoch findet er bald heraus, dass es fast unmöglich ist, in einer solchen Gegend, und mit den Menschen um ihn herum, Geld zu sparen. Zu allem Übel verliebt er sich auch noch in die junge Zwangsprostituierte Sola Saal. Er setzt ihren Raum in Brand und versucht mit ihr zu fliehen, doch beide werden geschnappt. Dies bringt Krishna eine Tracht Prügel ein und er verliert seinen Job.

Von nun an schlägt er sich mit Gelegenheitsjobs durch, damit er sich etwas zu Essen leisten kann und um sich um Chillum zu kümmern, der ohne Drogen nicht leben kann. Um an mehr Geld zu kommen, rauben beide einen älteren Parsen aus, indem sie bei helllichtem Tag in dessen Haus einbrechen. Als sie eines Nachts von einem Job bei einer Hochzeitsfeier nach Hause gehen, werden Krishna und eine kleine Freundin von der Polizei geschnappt und in unterschiedliche Jugendheime gebracht. Schließlich flieht Krishna von dort und geht in seine Welt voller Drogendealer, Zuhälter und Prostituierten zurück. Im Affekt ersticht er einen Drogenhändler, sein weiteres Schicksal lässt der Film offen.

Preise

Auszeichnungen

 1988: Cannes Film Festival: Publikumspreis und Caméra d'Or
 1988: National Film Award für den besten Film auf Hindi
 1988: National Film Award für den besten Kinderdarsteller: Shafiq Syed
 1988: National Board of Review Awards: Bester ausländischer Film
 1988: Lillian Gish Award: "Excellence in Feature Film", Los Angeles Women in Film Festival (zusammen mit Elysium)
 1988: Jury Prize beim World Film Festival (Montreal) zusammen mit The Dawning
 1988: Most Popular Film beim World Film Festival
 1988: Prize of the Ecumenical Jury beim World Film Festival

Nominierungen

 1989: Oscar für den besten fremdsprachigen Film
 1990: British Academy Film Award für den besten nicht-englischsprachigen Film
 1989: César für den besten ausländischen Film
 1990: Filmfare Award für die beste Regie
 1989: Golden Globe Award für den besten fremdsprachigen Film

Produktion

Die meisten der Jungdarsteller in Salaam Bombay! waren tatsächlich Straßenkinder. Sie erhielten ein Schauspieltraining in einem Extra-Workshop in Mumbai, bevor sie vor die Kamera traten. 1989 gründete die Regisseurin Mira Nair die Organisation Salaam Baalak Trust, um die Kinder, die im Film vorkommen, wieder in die Gesellschaft einzugliedern. Den meisten von ihnen konnte schließlich geholfen werden. Der Salaam Baalak Trust existiert noch immer und fördert Hilfsmaßnahmen für Straßenkinder in Mumbai/Bombay, Delhi und Bhubaneshwar. Shafiq Syed, der im Film die Rolle von Krishna spielt, hat drei Kinder und verdiente später seinen Lebensunterhalt als Autorikscha-Fahrer in Bangalore.

Weblinks

 Salaam Bombay! Filmkritik bei www.filmreference.com
 Salaam Baalak Trust
 Salaam Bombay! Filmkritik auf culturazzi.org
 Salaam star now a rickshaw driver – Artikel über Shafiq Syed in The Times of India

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1988
Indischer Film

Salaam Bombay!


An Calamagrostis ecuadoriensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Simon Laegaard. An Calamagrostis ecuadoriensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis ecuadoriensis


Jakob Sabroe (født 27. marts 1996 i Skanderborg) er en dansk politiker, der var landsformand for Venstres Ungdom fra d. 16. september 2017 - 15. september 2019. Han afløste Chris Holst Preuss og blev afløst af Kristian Lausten Madsen.

Baggrund
Jakob Sabroe er opvokset i Skanderborg og blev student fra Skanderborg Gymnasium i 2015. Han bor nu i Aarhus, og han erhvervede i 2018 en bachelorgrad i erhvervsøkonomi, HA, fra Aarhus Universitet, hvor han nu studerer en kandidat i International Business.

Politisk karriere
Han har tidligere været formand for VU's lokalforening i Skanderborg. I 2016 blev han valgt som næstformand for landsorganisationen, hvor han afløste Christoffer Lilleholt.

Referencer

Formænd for Venstres Ungdom
Politikere fra Venstre
Personer fra Skanderborg

Jakob Sabroe


Diligența (titlul original: Stagecoach) este un film western american, realizat în 1939 de regizorul John Ford. Filmul povestește istoria câtorva călători care parcurg cu o diligență distanța între Tonto (Arizona) până la Lordsburg (New Mexico). Acțiunea se petrece la începutul anilor 1880 pe fundalul istoric în care Geronimo, o căpetenie apașă, răspândește teroarea pe granița între Teritoriul Arizona și New Mexico.

Conținut

Într-o scurtă introducere este prezentat mediul istoric al acțiunii filmului în zona locuită de apași. O  mână de războinici pe picior de război din acest trib, sub conducerea căpeteniei Geronimo provoacă groază în zona teritoriului locuită de ei, fiind foarte periculoși.

În orășelul Tonto din Arizona tocmai sosește poștalionul care a adus în afară de pasageri, marfă dar mai ales o suma mare de bani pentru banca din localitate.  Acum se formează o nouă grupă eterogenă de călători, care doresc sa ajungă la Lordsburg în New Mexico.
Alături de Buck, binevoitorul vizitiu dar care nu știe să se impună, mai ia loc pe capra diligenței șeriful Curly Wilcox, aflat în urmărirea condamnatului Ringo care a evadat și se presupune că ar fi în Lordsburg.

În diligență călătorește Dna. Mallory, soția gravidă a ofițerului Mallory cu care trebuie să se întâlnească la stația următoare, Apache Wells. Ca si ea,  timoratul Peackock, vanzator ambulant de whiskey, făceau  parte amândoi dintre pasagerii sosiți cu diligența. În diligență mai urcă încă două persoane, mai degrabă forțat decât de bună voie. Una este prostituata Dallas, care este izgonită din oraș de către  Departamentul Femeilor din Liga Ordinii și a legii, sprijinite de ajutorul de serif. "Bărbații noștri ne vor fi recunoscători" afirmă una din virtuoasele doamne. Contrar acesteia, amenințarea apașilor fiind cunoscută, doamnele virtuoase încearcă să convingă pe doamna Mallory să renunțe la călătoria plină de pericole. Cealaltă persoană indezirabilă este jovialul doctor Boone, care datorită patimii de a bea, nu este nici el în grațiile "Ligii". Gazda sa, tocmai l-a dat afară pentru ca de câtva timp nu a mai plătit chiria. Acesta îi spune lui Dallas că amândoi sunt victimele unei maladii numita "prejudecata sociala".

În ultima clipă apare și elegantul Hatfield care se înscrie și el spontan pe lista pasagerilor. El îi oferă protecția sa doamnei Mallory, în caz de ceva. În Tonto el nu avea nicidecum un renume de gentleman, mai degrabă unul de cartofor notoriu.

Diligența pleacă, dar după câteva sute de metri este oprită de încă un pasager, falitul bancher Gatewood, care tocmai își luase un mic bagaj în care se aflau cei 50 000 dolari aduși la bancă de puțin timp, banii fiind salariile muncitorilor. Motivează plecarea sa urgentă, cum că tocmai a primit o telegrama din Lordsburg și că este așteptat acolo, ceea ce nu putea fi adevărat, linia telegrafica fiind de câtva timp întrerupta. Ajunsa în prerie, diligenta este oprita de un drumeț fără cal, având doar șeaua și o carabină. Este Ringo Kid, care se afla în drum spre Lordsburg, să se răzbune pe frații Plummer care îi uciseră tatăl și fratele, depunînd mărturie mincinoasă din care cauză a fost închis. Având nevoie de ajutor în cazul unui atac al apașilor, Marshalul îl ia cu ei dar îi confisca carabina…

Distribuție

 John Wayne - Ringo Kid
 Claire Trevor - Dallas
 Thomas Mitchell - doctor Josiah Boone
 Andy Devine - Buck
 John Carradine - Hatfield
 George Bancroft - șeriful (Marshalul) Curly Wilcox
 Donald Meek - Samuel Peacock
 Louise Platt - Lucy Mallory
 Berton Churchill - Henry Gatewood
 Brenda Fowler - doamna Gatewood
 Nora Cecil - Boones, hangiță
 Tim Holt - Locotenentul Blanchard
 Chris-Pin Martin - Chris, barman
 Elvira Ríos - Yakima, soția lui Chris
 Francis Ford - Billy Pickett, barman
 Marga Ann Deighton - doamna Pickett
 Tom Tyler - Luke Plummer
 Vester Pegg - Ike Plummer
 Joe Rickson - Hank Plummer
 Jack Pennick - Jerry, barmanul din Tonto
 Duke R. Lee - șeriful din Lordsburg

Premii și nominalizări
 1940 - Premii Oscar
 Cel mai bun actor în rol secundar pentru Thomas Mitchell
 Cea mai bună coloană sonoră pentru Richard Hageman, W. Franke Harling, John Leipold și Leo Shuken
 Nominalizare Cel mai bun film pentru Walter Wenger
 Nominalizare Cel mai bun regizor pentru John Ford
 Nominalizare Cea mai bună imagine pentru Bert Glennon
 Nominalizare Cele mai bune decoruri pentru Alexander Toluboff
 Nominalizare Cel mai bun montaj pentru Otho Lovering și Dorothy Spencer

 1939 - New York Film Critics Circle Award
 Cea mai bună regie pentru John Ford
 1939 - National Board of Review Award
 Cele mai bune zece filme

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989
 Lista Vaticanului cu cele mai bune filme

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1939
Filme americane
Filme United Artists

Filme western
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de John Ford

Diligența (film din 1939)


An Bromelia pinguin in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné. An Bromelia pinguin in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bromelia

ro:Gravatá

Bromelia pinguin


Sipanje perja, potepanje ili perjana običaj je u nekim seoskim dijelovima središnje, istočne i sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, kada se dolazak majke i novorođenčeta iz bolnice slavi zasipavanjem dvorišta perjem i papirima, a u Međimurju prilikom zaruka budućeg bračnog para i prije vjenčanja.

Nekada su se prema narodnim običajima sipali pljeva i perje. Pljeva koja je čuvala zrno žita, značila je da se žena očistila nakon poroda, a perje kako bi novorođenče imalo lagodan život poput ptice. U današnje vrijeme, rodbina, prijatelji i susjedi iskazuju veselje zasipavanjem dvorišta perjem i papirima te pale gume, sipaju čepove boca, ostavljaju olupine automobila ili sličan otpad. Etnolozi kažu, da ne postoji konsenzus o pravom značenju samog običaja i dodaju da se žena povezuje s pticom, a kada se sprema uploviti u bračne vode, sva raskoš nestaje i ona postaje očerupana. Zbog toga je perje osnovni materijal koji uzvanici donose na perjanu.

U okolici Bjelovara običaj se zove sipanje, u okolici Pitomače perjana, a u Međimurju potepanje.

U Međimurju se potepanjem perja obilježavaju zaruke mladenaca pa u vrijeme kada su obitelji djevojke i mladića na večeri i druženju, njihovi prijatelji pod okriljem mraka dvorišta zatrpaju otpadom. Kustosica etnografskih zbirki u Muzeju Međimurja Janja Kovač tumači, da je riječ o simbolici pretvaranja kaosa, odnosno nereda u kozmos, odnosno red. Korištenje prirodnih materijala poput vune, perja, kukuruzovine, pljeve ili slame govori da je to domaći običaj, a ne uvezeni jer se nisu ustalili neki industrijski predmeti.

Hrvatska filmska redateljica Petra Slobodnjak snimila je dokumenatarni film "Sipanje" 2015. godine.

Izvori

Narodni običaji

Sipanje perja


Audio Lessonover? es el cuarto álbum de estudio de la banda británica de rock Delirious?, publicado en agosto de 2001. Fue promocionado por el sencillo "Waiting for the Summer", que alcanzó el puesto número 26 en la lista oficial de sencillos del Reino Unido y por "Take Me Away", una canción que originalmente iba a ser lanzada como sencillo pero que finalmente fue dispuesta a través de MP3.com y desde la página oficial de la banda.

En 2002 una nueva edición del álbum titulada como Touch fue lanzada solo para los Estados Unidos, incluyendo versiones remixadas de algunas canciones, versiones en vivo y vídeo clips.

Trasfondo, composición y grabación
Después de King of Fools, Mezzamorphis y Glo, Delirious? quiso dirigir su rumbo hacia un "despojado" sonido pop con Audio Lessonover?, influenciado por banda como Coldplay, Radiohead, y Manic Street Preachers. Muchas de las canciones fueron grabadas semi - en vivo en el estudio, dando una sensación prima al álbum.

Chuck Zwicky (exproductor de Prince y Madonna) fue contratado para producir el disco, de acuerdo con Stuart Garrard, Zwicky fue muy influyente en la grabación del álbum: "desde el inicio tuvimos un enfoque para la producción y le pedimos que tomara esas primeras ideas y las transformara en algo novedoso y diferente... fue muy bueno para nosotros ser impulsados de esa manera". La banda también le atribuyó a Zwicky la creación de un sonido retro al álbum: "entramos en el estudio y Tim se sentó en el piano, y Zwicky le dijo no tan educadamente -bota a la basura ese piano, no voy a tener eso en mi estudio-, en su lugar, le dijo a Tim que tocara sintetizadores analógicos y Fender Rhodes a través de pedales de guitarra, fue algo muy diferente a como Tim estaba acostumbrado a grabar".

Contenido
El contenido lírico del álbum difiere un poco de sus discos anteriores, incluyendo en su gran mayoría canciones de corte romántico. Martin Smith comento que el primer sencillo "Waiting for the Summer", fue una canción que surgió cuando ellos viajaban hacia Brighton y siendo continuo un clima lluvioso en esta ciudad pensaron en una canción que dijera, "estamos esperando el verano". En palabras de Smith: "es una canción de amor, de estar junto a mi esposa en el verano, riendo y disfrutando de nuestro alrededor". Otra canción "There Is An Angel", en una declaración de amor de Martin Smith hacia su esposa Anna, él ha comentado: "el despertarme una noche y ver a mi esposa dormida junto a mí y pensando, Dios, yo podría estropear este momento si no tengo cuidado de ella. Ella es el ángel que has puesto en mi vida yo debo proteger lo que me has dado". Smith ha dicho que la canción es su favorita del álbum.

Otra canción de amor "Bicycle Gasoline", escrita por Smith explica que: "las mujeres no quieren flores todo el tiempo, sólo necesitan escuchar que usted las ama, y viceversa. Una bicicleta no necesita gasolina. Ellas no necesitan joyas o vestidos todo el tiempo, solo necesitan amor; El amor de un hombre!".

Promoción
A mediados de 2001 Delirious? se embarcó en una extensa campaña de promoción del sencillo "Waiting for the Summer" e hizo parte de algunas fechas del tour ''One Wild Night'' de Bon Jovi. Sin embargo una vez más el éxito en las listas principales se vio obstaculizado por la falta de difusión en la BBC Radio 1. El título del álbum en sí es un anagrama que pregunta: "¿BBC Radio 1 nos quiere?", el cual refleja la apatia radial por parte de la estación hacia Delirious? a raíz de su etiqueta de "banda cristiana".

Recepción y respuesta crítica
A pesar del objetivo de crear un álbum pop muchos críticos catalogaron a Audio Lessonover? como el proyecto más complicado para la banda; Sin embargo medios especializados como The Phantom Tollbooth dio buenas referencias del disco tildándolo como el más accesible de Delirious?, mientras que el Q (revista) lo catalogó como "Complejo, con un estilo sin igual", mostrando también la dificultad que tenía el grupo para acceder a los mercados principales debido a sus letras con alto contenido espiritual.

Las ventas del álbum fueron inferiores a las de los anteriores tres discos, debutando en el N.º 58 de la lista de álbumes del Reino Unido.

Lista de canciones

UK
 "Waiting for the Summer"
 "Take Me Away"
 "Love Is the Compass"
 "Alien"
 "Angel in Disguise"
 "Rollercoaster"
 "Fire"
 "There Is an Angel"
 "Bicycle Gasoline"
 "A Little Love"
 "Show Me Heaven"
 "America"
 "Stealing Time"

US
 "Touch" (New version)
 "Love Is the Compass" (Remix)
 "Fire"
 "Alien"
 "Angel in Disguise"
 "Rollercoaster"
 "Show Me Heaven"
 "Take Me Away"
 "Waiting for the Summer" (Remix)
 "Stealing Time"

Posicionamiento

Referencias

Álbumes de 2001
Álbumes en inglés

Audio Lessonover?


Nidhal Chatta (), né en 1958 à Tunis, est un réalisateur, producteur et scénariste tunisien.

Biographie
Nidhal Chatta vit et travaille à La Marsa. Diplômé en écologie de l'université de Loughborough au Royaume-Uni, il poursuit un troisième cycle en océanographie et biologie marine, avant de se consacrer à la réalisation de documentaires sous-marins et animaliers. Il a suit une formation de plongeur au British Sub-Aqua Club et s'initie à la plongée scientifique, la plongée sur épave et la photographie sous-marine. Il a été sociétaire de l'Actors Studio de John Strasberg à Paris (The Real Stage), suivi les cours de l'Institut français et travaillé avec la BBC. Il réalise plusieurs courts métrages sous-marins, avant de tourner son premier long métrage.

En 1994, il fonde sa société de production de films, basée à Tunis.

Carrière
Après son retour du Royaume-Uni, il fonde le Groupe d'études et d'explorations subaquatiques, un club de plongée à vocation scientifique en Tunisie. Il conduit des expéditions aux îles Zembra et Zembretta à partir du village d'El Haouaria dans le cap Bon, sa base opérationnelle, et dans l'archipel de La Galite. Il crée dans la foulée la section de plongée du département de biologie marine et d'océanographie de la faculté des sciences de Tunis.

Il vient au cinéma à la suite de deux rencontres : la première a lieu dans le train reliant Londres à Loughborough dans les Midlands, où il croise la route de l'un des superviseurs des effets spéciaux du film Les Dents de la mer. La deuxième rencontre a lieu en Tunisie, où la société Carthago Films fondée par Tarak Ben Ammar le sollicite pour louer du matériel de plongée et assurer la sécurité du tournage des séquences sous-marines du téléfilm français Saison violente réalisé par Marcel Moussy, d'après le roman éponyme d'Emmanuel Roblès. Selon Nidhal Chatta, ces rencontres ont fait naître sa vocation de réalisateur et sa passion pour le cinéma. Henri-Jean Alliet, chef opérateur de l'équipe Cousteau, lui propose d'assurer l'image de son premier court métrage, L'Horizon englouti. Le film, tourné en 1984, remporte sept récompenses internationales dont le Prix de l'Institut français de la mer.

En 1999, il réalise son premier long métrage, No Man's Love (titre arabe : Koul Trab) qui raconte le parcours chaotique d'un jeune tunisien en rupture de ban, une coproduction tuniso-allemande en collaboration avec Wolfgang Bergmann de Lichtfilm. Le film reçoit le prix du meilleur premier film lors des Journées cinématographiques de Carthage en 2000, avant de connaître une reconnaissance internationale à Milan, Valence, San Francisco et Paris.

De 2002 à 2005, il occupe le poste de directeur technique et coordinateur du Projet régional de développement des zones marines et côtières protégées (Regional Project for the Development of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas ou MedMPA), en Méditerranée sous l'égide du Centre d'activités régionales pour les aires spécialement protégées (SPA/RAC) à Tunis et du Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement. Durant cette période, il occupe le poste de producteur exécutif pour le documentaire Between Earth and Sea, produit par le SPA/RAC et financé par l'Union européenne.

En 2009, il réalise , un thriller historique. Le scénario est sélectionné à l'atelier Open Doors du Festival international du film de Locarno en 2005. En 2010, le film encore au stade de la postproduction participe à la section Work in Progress des Journées cinématographiques de Carthage et reçoit le prix Tunisie Télécom. Le Dernier mirage est présenté en première mondiale aux Journées cinématographiques de Carthage en 2012 et projeté au public tunisien début 2014.

En 2013, il produit et réalise Zéro !, un documentaire fiction qui retrace l'invention et l'itinéraire du nombre zéro à travers les âges. Première co-production entre la Tunisie et l'Inde, coproduit avec sa partenaire et productrice Dominique Laisney, Zéro ! est tourné en France, en Tunisie et en Inde et présenté en avant-première à New Delhi le 9 octobre 2015. Le documentaire est sous-titré en français et en anglais.

En 2017, il produit et réalise  qui raconte les 24 heures d'un Tunisien ordinaire en proie à ses démons à la veille des premières élections libres et démocratiques en Tunisie. Le film est primé dans de nombreux festivals internationaux. Nominé en compétition aux Journées cinématographiques de Carthage, il reçoit en 2018 le Prix spécial du jury du  Festival du film méditerranéen d'Alexandrie et le prix du meilleur film politique lors du   en 2019. Grâce à sa participation au Festival international du film arabe de Zurich en 2018, le film sous-titré en allemand se fait aussi connaître dans les pays germanophones.

Dans le cadre des Journées cinématographiques de Carthage 2020, Nidhal Chatta est nommé membre du jury TAKMIL.

En décembre 2021, il produit et réalise son nouveau long métrage, Bunkoeur, d'après un fait divers retentissant et qui traite des violences faites aux femmes en Tunisie. Le film doit sortir courant 2022.

Collaborations
Au cours de sa carrière, Nidhal Chatta tourne avec plusieurs acteurs tunisiens comme Hichem Rostom, Lotfi Abdelli, Fethi Haddaoui, Lotfi Dziri ou Abdelmonem Chouayet. Il esst tour à tour directeur de production et producteur exécutif pour des films et séries télévisées tournées en Tunisie, notamment , réalisé par Anthony Waller avec Adrian Paul et Kate Nauta, et la série documentaire The History of Africa de Zeinab Badawi, produite par la BBC. Il collabore également avec Alan Dossor sur , série télévisée de la BBC dont une partie est tournée en Tunisie.

Pour son film No Man's Love, Nidhal Chatta fait appel à , coordinateur des scènes d'action et cascadeur dans Titanic, Braveheart ou Between the Lines, et Mike Valentine, directeur de la photographie sous-marine notamment sur Skyfall ou Pirates des Caraïbes : La Fontaine de Jouvence, pour la réalisation des prises de vues sous-marines du film. No Man's Love est coproduit par le réalisateur allemand Wolfgang Bergmann (Lichtfilm) et le producteur franco-tunisien Férid Memmich, qui interprète également un rôle dans le film. Pour , il travaille avec l'acteur franco-américain Jean-Marc Barr et l'actrice française Élisa Tovati. Il réalise également des clips musicaux pour le compte d'Universal Music France, produits par Dominique Laisney, ainsi que 125 films publicitaires. Il est en outre producteur exécutif du film Whispering Sands de Nacer Khémir.

Société
 South by South West Films, société de production cinématographique de Nidhal Chatta et Férid Memmich.

Filmographie

Réalisateur
 1984 : Horizon englouti (court métrage)
 1984 : Aventure sous la mer (court métrage)
 1985 : Champions (court métrage)
 1987 : L'Œil du zéro (court métrage)
 1999 : No Man's Love (long métrage)
 2008 : Abu Dhabi Police Department (série d'action policière)
 2010 :  (long métrage)
 2015 : Zéro ! (documentaire)
 2017 :  (long métrage)
 2022 : Bunkoeur (long métrage)

Producteur
 1984 : Horizon englouti (court métrage)
 1984 : Aventure sous la mer (court métrage)
 1985 : Champions (court métrage)
 1987 : L'Œil du zéro (court métrage)
 1992 :  d'Alan Dossor (série télévisée, épisode Foxtrot Oscar), directeur de production
 1999 : No Man's Love (long métrage)
 2009 :  de Anthony Waller (long métrage), producteur exécutif en Tunisie
 2015 : Zéro ! (documentaire)
 2017 : The History of Africa de Zeinab Badawi (épisode North Africa), producteur exécutif en Tunisie
 2017 :  (long métrage)
 2018 : Whispering Sands de Nacer Khémir (producteur exécutif)
 2022 : Bunkoeur (long métrage)

Scénariste
 1984 : Horizon englouti
 1999 : No Man's Love avec Fethi Haddaoui et des dialogues de Lotfi Abdelli
 2014 :  avec Christian Seranot

Distinctions

Récompenses
 Horizon englouti : palme d'argent de l'Institut français de la mer en 1985
 No Man's Love : prix de la meilleure première œuvre des Journées cinématographiques de Carthage en 2000
  : prix Tunisie Télécom des Journées cinématographiques de Carthage en 2010
 Zéro ! : prix de la meilleure contribution artistique des Djerba Doc Days en 2016
  :
 Grand prix Kilimandjaro du meilleur long métrage de fiction du Festival Africlap en 2018
 Prix spécial du jury du Festival du film méditerranéen d'Alexandrie en 2018
 Prix du meilleur film du Festival du cinéma maghrébin d'Oujda en 2018
 Meilleur film politique au  en 2019

Nominations
 Horizon englouti :
 Meilleur réalisateur au Festival international du court métrage d'Oberhausen en 1985
 Grand prix de Montréal (courts métrages) du Festival des films du monde de Montréal en 1985
 No Man's Love :
 Meilleur film à la Mostra de Valence du cinéma méditerranéen en 2001
 Meilleur film au Festival du cinéma d'Afrique, d'Asie et d'Amérique latine de Milan en 2002
  : compétition internationale au Festival international du film de Locarno en 2012
  :
 Compétition officielle des longs métrages de fiction aux Journées cinématographiques de Carthage en 2017
 Meilleur long métrage de comédie au Festival international du film de Madrid en 2018

Notes et références

Liens externes

 .

Réalisateur tunisien
Producteur tunisien de cinéma
Scénariste tunisien de cinéma
Naissance en 1958
Naissance à Tunis

Nidhal Chatta


An Peristeria guttata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Beauchamp Knowles ngan Frederic Westcott. An Peristeria guttata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Peristeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Peristeria

Peristeria guttata