Nikolay İvanoviç İlminskiy (1822-1891) Rus Ortodoks misyonerdir.

Kazan Ruhani Akademisi'nde öğrenim gördü ve daha sonra orada öğretmenlik yaptı. 1861'de Kazan Üniversitesi Türk-Tatar kürsüsü profesörü oldu. Tatarca ve Arapça bilirdi. Türk lehçeleri ve ilahiyat üzerine çalışmalar yürüttü. Rusya egemenliğinde yaşayan halkları Ruslaştırmak için uğraş verdi.

İlminskiy, Rusya'nın Rus olmayan halklar üzerinde uyguladığı zorla Hristiyanlaştırma yerine yeni yöntemler önerdi. Dil, bu yöntemlerde çok önemli bir görev üstleniyordu. İncil'in Kiril alfabesiyle fakat her halkın kendi dilinde basılması gerektiğini savundu. Türk lehçeleri üzerine derin araştırmalarda bulunan İlminskiy, lehçeleri kendine özgü ayrı bir dil haline getirmek düşüncesini ortaya attı. Bu doğrultuda Rus olmayan milletlerin kendi dillerini Rus harfleriyle yazmaları düşüncesindeydi. İlminskiy tarafından ortaya atılan bu fikir 31 Mart 1906'da Rusya Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından ilan edilen Rus olmayan milletlerin eğitimi ile ilgili layihada yer aldı. Her lehçe için ayrı bir yazı dili ve edebi dil yaratma faaliyetlerinde bulundu. Her boyun kendi şive-lehçe özelliklerine göre Kiril alfabesiyle ayrı ayrı kitaplar hazırlanması için uğraştı. Böylece Türk boyları arasındaki ayrışmanın artacağını ve Ruslaştırma faaliyetlerinin hız kazanacağını düşünüyordu.

İlminskiy'in düşünceleri hem Çarlık Rusyasında hem de Sovyetler Birliği'nde uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Rus olmayan halklar arasındaki lehçe farklılıkları güçlendirilmiş ve bu halklar iç içe yaşadıkları diğer halklarla anlaşabilmek için Rusça kullanmak zorunda bırakılmıştır.

İlminskiy'nin Eğitim Sistemi:

Çarlık Rusya'sı 19. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru, birçok dilin konuşulduğu, farklı gelenek ve kültürlerin var olduğu bir imparatorluk haline gelmişti. Çeşitlilik ve farklılığın yoğun olması Rus milliyetçilerinin geliştirmek istediği ulus inşası ve ulusal bütünlükle çelişmekteydi. Milliyetçi Rus elitler tek dil, tek kültür ve tek bir kimliği paylaşan ulus inşa sürecini gerçekleştirmek istemişlerdi. En büyük saç ayağı ise eğitim olmuştur. Rus milliyetçileri, Çarlık sınırları içerisinde tek ve baskın bir ulusun inşa edilmesi amacıyla etnik ve dini açıdan toplumsal birimlerin daha homojen olmasını savunmuş ve bu doğrultuda Rusçanın eğitim dili olmasını, Kiril alfabesinin yaygınlaştırılmasını ve farklı inançlara sahip grupların Ortodokslaştırılmasını hedeflenmişlerdi. Ortodoksluğu merkez alan bu eğitim sistemi, Çarlık sınırları içerisinde geniş bir alanda uygulanmıştır. Kazan Üniversitesi ve Kazan İlahiyat Akademisinde Türk Dilleri Profesörü olan Nikolay İvanoviç İlminskiy, Volga bölgesinde genel eğitimin Rusça olduğu, yerel dillerde Hristiyan eğitimi verilen yeni bir okul sistemi geliştirmiştir.Bu geliştirilen sistem Eğitim Bakanı D. Tolstoy tarafından desteklenmiştir.1863 yılında, Kazan'da Kreşin Tatarları (vaftiz edilmiş Tatarlar) için öğretmen ve misyoner yetiştirmek isteyen İlminskiy, eğitim sistemini uygulamaya başlamıştır. ''Hristiyanlaştırılmış Tatarlar Merkez Okulu'' adını taşıyan bu okullarda Tatarca eğitim dili olarak kullanılmıştır. hazırlanan eğitim materyallerinin içeriği ise çoğunlukla dini ağırlıklı olmuştur.Kreşin Tatarları için açılan bu okuldaki ilk uygulama oldukça başarılı sonuçlar vermiştir. İlminsky'nin daha sonra bu tür okullarda imparatorluk sınırları içerisinde bir ağ oluşturma önerisi Eğitim Bakanı Tolstoy'a sunulmuştur. İlminskiy'nin ilkokulu, iki yıllık iki dönemden oluşan dört yıllık bir eğitimi kapsamıştır. İlk iki yılda, çocuklar tarih, anadillerinde okuma, kilise şarkıları ve aritmetiğin temellerini öğrenilmesi ve daha sonra Rusça eğitimin aşamalı bir şekilde verilmesi hedeflenmiştir. İlminskiy, mevcut Çarlık eğitim sistemine adapte olma konusunda zorluk çeken veya bu sistemi kabul etmeyen etnik gruplara kendi dillerinde eğitim vermiş ve Ruslaştırmayı aşamalı bir şekilde uygulamaya koymuştur. İlminskiy tasarladığı eğitim sisteminin başarılı olması için bölgedeki halkla iyi ilişkiler kurmuş ve kendisini modernleşme yanlısı biri olarak tanıtmıştır. İlminskiy'nin geliştirmiş olduğu eğitim sistemi, çoğunlukla dinsel eğitim alanına yoğunlaşmış, yerel dillerin yanında Rusçanın da öğretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sistematik bir şekilde Ortodoksluğun, Rus dili ve kültürünün ön plana çıkarıldığı bu eğitim sisteminde, yerel diller öğrencileri okullara çekmek için araç olarak kullanılmıştır.İlminskiy eğitim sisteminin Tatar Türklerinin Hristiyanlaştırılması, Rusçanın diğer etnik gruplar arasında yaygınlaştırılması ve kendisinden sonra gelen Ruslaştırma politikalarına zemin hazırlaması açısından oldukça etkili olduğu görülmüştür.

Kaynakça
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kdeniz/issue/45733/514977

https://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=makale-detay&Alan=fen&Id=AW0jJjj6yZgeuuwfSQTs

Rus Hristiyan misyonerler
Filologlar

Nikolay İlminski


Mihai Gropșian  (n. 3 ianuarie 1870, comuna Sasca Montană, județul Caraș, Banat – d. secolul XX) a fost un deputat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918.

Date biografice
Activând ca avocat în Oravița, județul Caraș, Mihai Gropșian a fost invitat în luna februarie a anului 1919 de către Consiliul Dirigent să facă parte din serviciul Justiției Române, fiind numit Prim Procuror General la Curțile de Apel Târgu Mureș, Cluj și Timișoara.

În anul 1922, din cauza bolii a ieșit la pensie, beneficiind de 13.380 lei lunar.

A fost reprezentantul bănățenilor din județul Caraș, delegatul lor la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba – Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918 la care s-a decretat unirea Transilvaniei cu România.  Împreună cu Petru Corneanu a înființat Consiliul, iar mai apoi Gărzile Naționale.

Activitate
Între anii 1922- 1927 a ocupat funcția de Senator din partea Partidului Național.

Tot în anul 1922 a fost ales Decan  al Baroului Timișoara.

A deținut Președenția Avocaților Români Creștini din Timișoara.

A fost deputatul sinodal și congresual al eparhiei Ortodoxe Române Caransebeș. În cadrul eparhiei a fost ales Președinte de onoare al Frăției Ortodoxe.

Ca fost comandant al Gărzii Naționale din Banat și pentru activitatea desfășurată la 1918, Mihai Gropșian  a primit decorația "Regele Ferdinand I".

Recunoașteri
 Regele Ferdinand I

Note

Bibliografie
Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților. Ioachim Crăciun: Documente la un sfert de veac de la Marea Unire, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005.

Lectură suplimentară
 Aurel Cosma, Bănățeni de altă dată, vol. I, Timișoara, 1933.
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998.
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993.
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  Mihai Gropșianu-Enciclopedia României

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
 Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
 Unirea Transilvaniei cu România
 Declarația de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1870
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Avocați români
Bănățeni
Senatori

Mihai Gropșian


الكريتوقراطية هي نظام حكم يسود فيه القضاة. تختلف الكريتوقراطية عن الكريتارية؛ ففي حين أن كليهما نمط حكم يحكم فيه القضاة، إلا أنهما يختلفان في كيفية الوصول إلى الأحكام. ففي الكريتوقراطية تستقر الأحكام بناء على الآراء الخاصة للقضاة، حيث «القاضي يحكم بما يعلم» بينما في الكريتاريّة تستقر الأحكام بناء على ما إن كانت الحقوق الطبيعية للفرد قد انتُهكَت.

أمثلة
 الفترة السابقة على حكم الملك شاؤول التوراتي على إسرائيل التاريخية
 سردينيا في العصور الوسطى
 الصومال تحت حكم المحاكم الشرعية

نظم الحكومات
الدين والسياسة
تاريخ بني إسرائيل
حكم الأقلية

كريتوقراطية


Antônio Aureliano Chaves de Mendonça (Três Pontas, Minas Gerais, 13 de enero de 1929 — Belo Horizonte, 30 de abril de 2003), fue un ingeniero y político brasileño.

Biografía
Graduado en ingeniería electromecánica por el Instituto de Ingeniería de Itajubá en 1953.

Inicia su actuación política en el seno de la Unión Democrática Nacional, siendo electo diputado en 1958. Fue gobernador de Minas Gerais (1975-1978) y vicepresidente de la República durante el gobierno de João Figueiredo (1979-1985). En esa época se integró al recién formado PDS.

Ante las inminentes elecciones presidenciales de 1985, Chaves se ofreció como candidato de su partido, el PDS. Compitieron también Marco Maciel, Mário Andreazza y Paulo Maluf, venciendo este último. Como Maluf no contaba con la simpatía de varios correligionarios, Chaves, Maciel, Antônio Carlos Magalhães y José Sarney formaron el Partido del Frente Liberal. Le dieron su apoyo a Tancredo Neves, lo que resultó decisivo para que éste fuese electo presidente.

Enfermo Neves, asume José Sarney la presidencia, y Chaves ocupa la titularidad del ministerio de Minas y Energía.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Minas Gerais
Ingenieros de Brasil
Diputados federales de Minas Gerais
Diputados estatales de Minas Gerais
Gobernadores de Minas Gerais
Vicepresidentes de Brasil
Ministros de Minas y Energía de Brasil

Aureliano Chaves


Portugalia a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro în perioada 5 – 21 august 2016, cu o delegație de 92 de sportivi, care a concurat în 16 sporturi. Comitetul Olimpic Portughez stabilise ca obiectiv obținerea a două medalie. Cu o singură medalie de bronz, Portugalia s-a aflat pe locul 78 în clasamentul final.

Participanți
Delegația portugheză a cuprins 92 de sportivi: 62 de bărbați și 30 femei (rezervele la fotbal nu sunt incluse). Cel mai tânăr atlet din delegație a fost fotbalistul João Virginia (17 ani), cel mai bătrân a fost trăgătorul de tir João Costa (51 de ani).

Medaliați

Natație

Note

Referințe
 Portugalia la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016  pe Rio2016.com

Portugalia la Jocurile Olimpice
Țări la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


An Zygopetalum maculatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Zygopetalum maculatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zygopetalum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Zygopetalum

Zygopetalum maculatum


بلدية كارمي (بالكاتالانية: Carme) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 811 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في أناويا
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

كارمي


António Calvário da Paz (Lourenço Marques, 17 de octubre de 1938) es un cantante portugués, conocido por ser el primer representante de Portugal en el Festival de Eurovisión.

Inicios
António Calvário da Paz nació en Lourenço Marques (actual Maputo), instalándose en Portimão, Portugal, con ocho años. Luego estudia en Lisboa, donde da clases de canto con Corina Freire, antigua cantante y prima de su abuela.

Entra en la Emissora Nacional en 1957 tras concurrirr a un concurso y sin tener que pasar por el famoso Centro de Preparação de Artistas. En 1960 fue aclamado en el Festival da Canção Portuguesa, realizado en la ciudad de Oporto, con Regresso. Graba el disco O Papá e a Mamã con Maria de Lourdes Resende que contiene los temas Amanhã Se Deus Quiser, O Papa e a Mamã, Melodia de Natal e Melodia do Berço.

En 1961 gana el título de Rei da Rádio y vuelve a colaborar con Maria de Lourdes Resende en Carnaval do Estoril. Desse Amor Melhor y Perdão para Dois son grandes éxitos en 1962 y recibe el premio de la prensa al mejor cantante masculino. En 1963 se estrena con gran éxito Chapéu Alto. Edita los discos O Dia Mais Longo, Fado Hilário y Avé Maria dos Namorados. En 1964 participa en la revista Lábios Pintados donde interpreta el tema Tricana.

Festival de Eurovisión
En 1964, gana el primer Gran Premio TV de la Canción Portuguesa, con la canción "Oração", representando a Portugal, por primera vez en el Festival de Eurovisión, celebrado en Copenhague, Dinamarca, el 21 de marzo de 1964. Su participación en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1964 se saldó con cero puntos, acabando en última posición empatando con Alemania, Suiza y Yugoslavia.

Carrera posterior
En 1964 también se estrena la película Uma Hora de Amor, realizada por Augusto Fraga, actuando junto a Madalena Iglésias y graba un versión de Sabor a Sal. En 1965 vuelve a participar en el Grande Prémio TV da Canção, con Você Não Vê, Bom Dia y Por Causa Do Mar. Graba Fados y Meu Coração da Madeira. Aparece en la película Rapazes de Táxis de Constantino Esteves.

La canción Encontro Para Amanhã queda en sexto lugar en el Festival RTP da Canção de 1966. La película Sarilho de Fraldas, nuevamente con Madalena Iglésias, es uno de los grandes éxitos del año. Participa también en la revista "Zero, Zero, Zé, Ordem para Pagar". Participa en el Festival RTP da Canção de 1968 con "O Nosso Mundo". Es también el año de la película O Amor Desceu em Pára-quedas y de la revista Esta Lisboa que Eu Amo que estrenó en el Teatro Monumental.

António Calvário y Simone de Oliveira graban un disco con versiones de la película "My Fair Lady". En 1969, representa a Portugal en el primer Festival de la Canción Latina en el Mundo, realizado en México, donde quedó cuarto, el mejor lugar de un representante europeo. Se edita un sencillo con los temas Terra de Flores y Canção da Juventude. Obtiene un gran éxito con Chorona, versión de La Llorona.

En 1969 produce la película O Diabo Era Outro, que fue un desastre financiero y le obligó a actuar en varios circos, y otros lugares, para conseguir pagar las deudas contraídas. En 1974 graba una versión de la canción A Rosa Que Te Dei de José Cid. Con la Revolución de los Claveles deja de cantar en los escenarios que estaba acostumbrado, para cantar en night-clubs y cabarets. Después de un largo periodo de ausencia vuelve en 1977 al teatro, en el ABC, con las revistas Põe-te na Bicha y Direita Volver. De la primera resultará un gran éxito con Mocidade, Mocidade, de Eduardo Damas y Manuel Paião. En 1988 lanza un disco con los temas Adeus Isabel y Santa Luzia.

En los años 90, de la mano de Carlos Alfaiate y Luís Aleluia, vuelve a tener contacto con el gran público realizando una extensa gira por todo Portugal con el espectáculo Revista À Portuguesa donde António Calvário cantó sus mayores éxitos y también inéditos y , ocasionalmente, hizo incursiones como actor. Fueron años de continuo y directo contacto con su mejor público.

El disco Canto Avé Maria es editado en 1997 por la discográfica Strauss. En 2000 regresa a los estudios y a los escenarios con el CD Volta que incluye el éxito Nem Sequer Sei O Teu Nome. Se edita la biografía António Calvário - A Canção de Uma Vida del periodista Luis Guimarães. Al conmemorarse los 50 años de carrera es lanzado en 2008 una recopilación con temas inéditos (Cheguei estou aqui y Só a cantar, ambos de Ondina Santos y Vítor Talhas) y la autobiografía Histórias da minha vida, editada por Guerra & Paz.

Discografía

Álbumes
 1967, Canções de Natal, Coimbra
 1973, Regresso, A Voz do Dono
 1984, Saudade, EMI
 1993, António Calvário, Ovação
 1994, O Melhor de António Calvário, EMI
 1994, O Melhor dos Melhores, Movieplay
 1996, Oração - Colecção Caravela, EMI
 1997, Canto Avé-Maria, Strauss
 2000, Volta, NZ/Universal
 2003, Clássicos da Renascença, Movieplay
 2008, Vida, Farol
 2008, O melhor de António Calvário, Iplay/VC (doble CD)

Filmografía
 1964, Uma Hora de Amor
 1965, Rapazes de Táxis
 1967, Sarilhos de Fraldas
 1968, O Amor Desceu em Paraquedas
 1969, "O Diabo Era Outro"
 2005,  El viejo (corto)

Comentarios de António Calvário
. AC/Lusa

. AC/ Lusa.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Biografía de António Calvário

Nacidos en Maputo
Cantantes masculinos de Portugal
Actores de cine de Portugal
Representantes de Portugal en Eurovisión
Participantes en Eurovisión 1964
Cantantes en portugués
Retornados (Portugal)
Portugueses del siglo XX

António Calvário


Ruskije Gorki (ruski: Русские горки) naziv je kompleksa za skijaške skokove smještenog u selu Estosadok na sjevernoj padini grebena Aibga u Krasnoj Poljani u Rusiji. U njemu su održana natjecanja u skijaškim skokovima i skakački dio nordijske kombinacije na ZOI 2014. kojima je domaćin bio obližnji Soči.

Kompleks se sastoji od dvije natjecateljske (K-95 i K-125) i tri manje skakaonice za trening mlađih kategorija skakača (K-72, K-45 i K-25). Prvi put je korišten 2012. godine.

Međunarodna natjecanja

Izvori

Športski objekti
Skijaški skokovi

Ruskije Gorki


Grong er sveitarfélag í Þrændalögum í Noregi. Í sveitarfélaginu eru 2.287 íbúar (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er þéttbýli Grong, sem er eina þéttbýlið í sveitarfélaginu.

Sveitarfélagið Grong á landamæri að sveitarfélögunum Høylandet og Overhalla í vestri, Namskogan í norðri, Lierne í austri og Snåsa í suðri.

Sveitarfélög í Þrændalögum

Grong (sveitarfélag)


Der er 9 counties navngivet Knox County i USA, alle opkaldet efter brigadegeneral Henry Knox som var den første forsvarsminister:

 Knox County, Illinois
 Knox County, Indiana (inklusiv Vincennes)
 Knox County, Kentucky
 Knox County, Maine
 Knox County, Missouri
 Knox County, Nebraska
 Knox County, Ohio
 Knox County, Tennessee (inklusiv Knoxville)
 Knox County, Texas

Knox County


Tina Zeltner (* 23. Dezember 1992 in Neunkirchen) ist eine österreichische Judoka. Sie trägt den 2. Dan.

Leben
Tina Zeltner maturierte am Bundesgymnasium Zehnergasse.
Sie kämpft für den JC Wimpassing. Beim Weltcup in Tallinn gewann sie 2012 die Silbermedaille. Zeltner war ab 2012 Kaderangehörige des Heeresleistungssportzentrums.

Zeltner ist in einer Beziehung mit Georg Reiter. Zusammen haben sie ein Kind.

Sie unterrichtete in der Volksschule Prambachkirchen.

Mannschaftsmeisterschaften
Gemeinsam mit der Mannschaft des UJZ Mühlviertel kämpfte sie im Jahr 2023 in der Damen Judo-Bundesliga. In der ersten Runde, am 4. Juni 2023, konnte sie drei ihrer vier Kämpfe vorzeitig gewinnen.

Erfolge (Auswahl)
Folgende Erfolge konnte Zeltner jeweils in der 57 kg Gewichtsklasse erreichen:
1. Rang World Cup San Salvador 2012
1. Rang österreichische Staatsmeisterin  2009, 2010, 2017
2. Rang World Cup Abu Dhabi 2012
2. Rang PJC World Cup Tallinn 2012
2. Rang PJC World Cup Miami 2012
2. Rang PJC World Cup Bukarest 2012
2. Rang European U20 Championships Samokow 2010
3. Rang IJF Grand Prix Samsun 2013
3. Rang World Junior Championships U20 Kapstadt 2011
3. Rang European U20 Championships Jerewan 2009

Weblinks

 Website des Vereins

Einzelnachweise

Judoka (Österreich)
Österreichischer Meister (Judo)
Mitglied des Heeressportverbandes
Sportler (Neunkirchen, Niederösterreich)
Sportler (Wimpassing im Schwarzatale)
Teilnehmer an den Europaspielen (Österreich)
Teilnehmer der Europaspiele 2015
Österreicher
Geboren 1992
Frau

Tina Zeltner


Rush Hour 3 es una película de 2007 de artes marciales y acción, y la tercera parte de la serie de Rush Hour, protagonizada por Jackie Chan y Chris Tucker, que comenzó con la película de 1998 y continuó con la primera secuela de Rush Hour 2 en 2001. La película fue anunciada oficialmente el 7 de mayo de 2006, y la filmación comenzó el 4 de julio de 2006. La película está ambientada en París, Los Ángeles, y Hong Kong. Rush Hour 3 fue lanzada el 10 de agosto de 2007, en Estados Unidos. Una tercera secuela está siendo considerada por los creadores.

Argumento
Tres años después de los acontecimientos de Rush Hour 2, en Los Ángeles, el Embajador Chino Solon Han, con el jefe de la fuerza policial de Hong Kong Inspector Lee como su guardaespaldas, aborda la importancia de luchar contra las Tríadas en la Corte Penal Mundial, anunciando que puede conocer la paradero de Shy Shen, un individuo semi-mítico de gran importancia para la mafia china. Antes de anunciar, un asesino desconocido usa un rifle de francotirador sobre Han sin ser visto, interrumpiendo la conferencia, y resultando en un gran disturbio entre todos los que los observan. Lee persigue al tirador y lo acorrala, descubriendo que el asesino es su hermano adoptivo japonés de la infancia, Kenji. Cuando Lee duda en dispararle a Kenji, él escapa cuando el Detective James Carter de LAPD (después de enterarse del tiroteo por la radio de la policía) llega para intervenir.

Lee se entera de que Han se recuperará por completo en el hospital, cuando la bala le golpeó en el hombro. La hija de Han, Soo-Yung, ya crecida, llega y hace que Lee y Carter prometan capturar al que está detrás del tiroteo. Siguiendo la insistencia de Soo-Yung, Lee y Carter van al estudio de Kung Fu donde Soo-Yung enseña a encontrar un sobre que le ha encargado Han. Se encuentran con el viejo maestro, quien informa al dúo que las Triadas tomaron las pertenencias de Soo-Yung, Lee y Carter llegaron al hospital justo a tiempo para interceptar a una banda de asesinos de habla francesa que intentaron matar a Soo-Yung y Han. Lee y Carter derrotan a los asesinos e interrogan a uno de ellos con la ayuda de una monja francófona, la hermana Agnes. Para su protección, llevan a Soo-Yung a la embajada de Francia y la dejan bajo el cuidado de Reynard, el embajador de Francia y el presidente de la Corte Penal Mundial. Cuando un coche bomba casi mata a Reynard y Soo-Yung, el dúo decide ir a París para investigar.

En París, después de someterse a una dolorosa búsqueda de cavidad por parte del Detective Revi, Lee y Carter conocen a George, un taxista, que es incondicionalmente crítico con los estadounidenses. Después de que Carter obliga a George a ayudarlos, los lleva a un escondite de la Tríada. Una vez allí, Lee es engañado por una asesina de la mafia llamada Jasmine, quien afirma tener información sobre Shy Shen, con la intervención de Carter salvando a Lee cuando ella intentó matarlo. Lee y Carter intentan escapar de las Tríadas, después de convencer a un aterrorizado George de que necesitan su ayuda, pero finalmente son capturados por los hombres de Kenji. Kenji les ofrece dejarlos vivos si los dos se van de París inmediatamente, pero Lee se niega y, en una breve lucha, él y Carter escapan de su cautiverio. El dúo se recupera en un hotel, donde Lee revela su relación con Kenji a Carter, pero decide que su ayuda no es necesaria. Carter sale del hotel, desilusionado, pero se compone cuando ve y sigue a una mujer que conoció en el escondite de Triad, aprendiendo que ella es una artista de teatro llamada Geneviève. Mientras tanto, Reynard se encuentra con Lee en su habitación de hotel y revela que Shy Shen no es una persona, sino una lista de los líderes de la Tríada y que Geneviève es la informante de Han que tiene acceso a la lista.

Después de localizar a Geneviève y salvarla de un intento de asesinato, los dos huyen a su habitación de hotel donde Carter seduce a Geneviève. Son atacados por Jasmine y son rescatados por George, quien decide ayudarlos y ha desarrollado una gran admiración por los estadounidenses. Lee y Carter luego se enteran de que Geneviève es la lista. Los nombres de los trece líderes de la Tríada se han tatuado en la parte posterior de la cabeza y, según la tradición, Geneviève explica que será decapitada y enterrada si las Tríadas la capturan. Cuando Lee y Carter traen a Geneviève a Reynard, descubren que ha estado trabajando con las Tríadas todo el tiempo. Kenji llama e informa a Lee que ha capturado a Soo-Yung (al igual que le capturarón desde niña a manos de Sang, mano derecha de Juntao) y que le gustaría cambiarla por Geneviève.

Lee llega al punto de intercambio, el restaurante Jules Verne en la Torre Eiffel, con Carter disfrazado de Geneviève. Kenji desafía a Lee a una pelea a espada, durante la cual los dos caen de la torre y entran en una red de seguridad. La espada de Kenji corta la red de seguridad y los dos hombres quedan colgando de lo que queda de la red. Lee desea salvar a su hermano adoptivo, pero Kenji se despide y se suelta, cayendo a la muerte mientras Lee lo mira, horrorizado.

Mientras tanto, Carter salva a Soo-Young y golpea a Jasmine, que muere después de quedar atrapada en una de las ruedas del ascensor aplastada por la mitad (fuera de escena). Después de escapar del ataque de las tríadas que llegan al Jules Verne, saltan al vacío usando una bandera francesa como paracaídas, Reynard confronta a Carter y Lee, reteniendo a Geneviéve como rehén y amenazando con matarla y enmarcarlos. Sin embargo, George, que siguió a Lee y Carter, para ser un espía, dispara a Reynard por la espalda, matándolo. Llega la policía y el Detective Revi Roman Polanski se regodea y trata de obtener un crédito inmerecido por el éxito de la operación encubierta. Después de que ambos le dieron al detective un golpe simultáneo en la cara, noqueándolo, Lee y Carter abandonan la escena bailando la canción "War" de Edwin Starr como lo hicieron en la primera película.

Reparto

Producción
Después del éxito comercial de la primera y segunda película de la franquicia, Tucker recibió un salario de $ 25 millones, Chan recibió $ 15 millones y Ratner $ 7,5 millones. Además, Chan recibió el 15 % de los ingresos de taquilla, así como los derechos de distribución en China y Hong Kong, lo que elevó sus ganancias totales a por lo menos $53 700 000 (equivalente a $70 200 000 en 2021).

La escena en la que Chan y Tucker luchan contra el Gigante de Kung-Fu, interpretado por el jugador de baloncesto chino Sun Ming Ming, es una parodia del Juego de la muerte de Bruce Lee, donde Lee lucha contra un hombre negro más alto interpretado por el jugador de baloncesto de la NBA Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. La película lo subvierte al hacer que un hombre afroamericano más bajo, Tucker, pelee contra un hombre chino más alto interpretado por un jugador de baloncesto, Sun.

Recepción
Rush Hour 3 fue producida con un presupuesto estimado de USD 140 millones.
Recaudó USD 258 022 928 en todo el mundo.

Medios domésticos
La película se estrenó el 26 de diciembre de 2007  en DVD y Blu-ray. Al 30 de marzo de 2008, ganó $ 80,75 millones en alquileres de videos domésticos, lo que la convierte en la mayor renta de 2007. A partir de 2018, la película ha recaudado $ 45 millones en ventas de DVD en Estados Unidos.

Continuación
Tucker dijo en 2019 que él, Chan y el estudio estaban interesados en una secuela. En diciembre de 2022, Chan dijo que estaba en conversaciones para protagonizar.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés)

 (en inglés)

Secuelas de películas
Películas ambientadas en Los Ángeles
Películas de Francia
Películas sobre la amistad
Películas de artes marciales
Películas dirigidas por Brett Ratner
Películas ambientadas en París
Películas sobre las tríadas

Rush Hour 3


Fantomele se grăbesc este un film românesc din 1966 regizat de Cristu Polucsis. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii György Kovács, Ana Széles, Ion Besoiu.

Rezumat

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 George Mărutză — Col. Aldea
 Ioana Ene
 Ecaterina Popescu
 Simion Negrilă
 Ioana Bulcă — Lola Cincu
 Geo Barton — Griff
 Haralambie Polizu
 Ion Besoiu — Andrei Munteanu
 Jeanine Stavarache
 Armand Stambuliu
 Mihai Balaban
 Marcela Dobrescu
 Titus Lapteș
 Ana Széles — Paula
 Viora Rendis
 Sorin Balaban
 Vasile Florescu — Andy Mărculescu
 Jean Reder
 Ion Anghel
 Sebastian Papaiani — Slt. Mihai
 Zephi Alșec — Tiller
 György Kovács — Tribon
 Andrei Bursaci
 Draga Olteanu-Matei
 Ion Petratu
 Colea Răutu — Maiorul Dima

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 2.648.426 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1966 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1966
Filme de comedie românești
Filme de comedie  din anii 1960
filme polițiste

Fantomele se grăbesc


Murathan Çarboğa (1974; Dörtyol, Hatay - 10 Ocak 2021), Türk şair.

1991 yılında Adana İsmet İnönü Endüstri Meslek Lisesinden, 1997 yılında Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümünden mezun oldu.

Varlık, Milliyet Sanat, E, Kavram Karmaşa, Yom Sanat, Dünya Kitap, Budala, Ünlem, Agora, Ağır Ol Bay Düzyazı, Taflan, Sincanistasyonu, Temren gibi birçok ulusal dergide eserleri yayımlandı. Çeşitli ulusal ve uluslararası etkinliklere katıldı.

Murathan Çarboğa'nın Şubat 2003'te yayımlanmış Güne Dönen Rüya adlı bir şiir kitabı, 2018 yılında Temren Yayınları tarafından yayımlanmış Kadem adlı bir romanı ve 2018 tarihli İncir Yayınları'ndan çıkan İshak Kuşunun Çağırdığı Çocuk adlı bir öykü kitabı bulunmaktadır.

10 Ocak 2021'de evinin balkonundan düşerek öldü.

Ödülleri
4. Hasan Bayrı Şiir Yarışması'nda "Miras" adlı şiiriyle birincilik (2001)
Uğur Mumcu Şiir Ödülü'nde "Susmak" adlı şiiriyle birincilik (2003)
Bursa Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı'nın düzenlediği "Öğretmen Mektupları" yarışmasında ikincilik (2003)
Deneme dalında düzenlenen Behzat Ay Yazın Ödülü'nde birincilik (2004)
"Yağmalanmış Hayal" adlı dosyasıyla Cemal Süreya Şiir Ödülü'nde birincilik (2005)
"Hayat Hiçbir Zaman Yetmeyecek Şiire" adlı dosyasıyla Ali Rıza Ertan Şiir Ödülü'nde birincilik (2007)
- Mimarlık Vakfı ve TMMOB Mimarlar Odası İstanbul Büyükkent Şubesi'nin düzenlediği "Mimarlık Öyküleri" yarışmasında "Çağa Düşmüş Bir Masal" adlı öyküsüyle ikincilik (2008)
Tarık Dursun K. Hikâye Ödülü'nde "İshak Kuşunun Çağırdığı Çocuk" adlı öyküsüyle ikincilik (2012)
Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi ve Hatay İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğünün düzenlediği Yahya Kemal Şiir Yarışması'nda "Aldanış Şarkıları" adlı şiiriyle birincilik (2014)
Mahmut Tunaboylu 7. Öykü Yarışması'nda "Mutluluk Anlık Acılar Uzun Metrajlı" adlı öyküsüyle birincilik (2014)
"Sede Kız ile Hasan Oğlan" adlı öyküsüyle Maden Mühendisleri Odasının düzenlediği 'Madenci Edebiyatı Ödülleri"nde  öykü ödülü (2014)
4. Sarıyer Edebiyat Günleri Öykü Yarışması'nda "Kalbimdeki Yılkı" adlı öyküsüyle ikincilik (2015)
6. Nihat Akkaraca Öykü Ödülü'nde "Ölülerle Yaşamak" adlı öyküsüyle birincilik (2015)
Tekirdağ Belediyesi- Mübadele Öyküleri Yarışması'nda ikincilik (2017)
Bursa Osmangazi Belediyesi tarafından düzenlenen ve beş yılda bir verilen- Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Şiir Ödülü'nde birincilik (2017)
TUCSA 25. Yıl Öykü Yarışması'nda birincilik-2017
Tuzla Belediyesi'nin düzenlediği 2. Tuzla Hikâye Yarışması'nda birincilik-2017
Dikili Belediyesi - Köy Enstitüleri Konulu Öykü Yarışması'nda "Haydi Yeni Baştan" adlı öyküsüyle birinci. (2016)
Ümraniye Belediyesi 14. Hikâye Yarışması'nda "İmkansıza Yolculuk" adlı öyküsüyle iki bin katılımcı arasından ikincilik-2018
Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin düzenlediği Mustafa Miyasoğlu Hikâye Yarışması'nda  birincilik-2018
Elazığ Belediyesi'nin düzenlediği 1. Dede Korkut Hikâye Yarışması'nda birincilik-2018

1974 doğumlular
Dörtyol doğumlular
Hatay doğumlu yazarlar
2021 yılında ölenler
Düşerek ölenler
Cemal Süreya Şiir Ödülü sahipleri
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
21. yüzyıl Türk şairleri

Murathan Çarboğa


Talent er en dansk kortfilm fra 1967 instrueret af Niels Heie.

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1967

Talent (film)


Vida en común, vida comunitaria o vida en comunidad es todo lo que engloba diferentes formas de entender la sociedad humana que por lo general se aplican únicamente a comunidades de reducidas dimensiones, como un vínculo que hace compartir estrechamente la vida a todos sus miembros, que ponen en común (en distintos grados según cada caso) sus bienes o trabajo además de otras cuestiones vitales, espirituales o intelectuales.

Los grupos humanos de reducidas dimensiones propios de las sociedades primitivas estudiados por la antropología son ejemplos de vida en común, así como la propia institución familiar y el matrimonio; pero en las sociedades más desarrolladas, el término se emplea de forma más restringida a las asociaciones de carácter voluntario, en las que sus miembros entran por propia elección, especialmente como consecuencia de una opción vital, religiosa o ideológica que les hace separarse del resto de la sociedad para pasar a compartir su vida con un grupo reducido con el que tienen alguna afinidad.

En el cristianismo se dan muy diferentes formas de vida en común, paradójicamente surgidas a partir del aislamiento individual de los eremitas del cristianismo primitivo (monasterios, conventos, clero regular, vida consagrada, movimientos religiosos medievales como la Devotio moderna -Hermanos de la Vida Común- o las beguinas, o de la edad moderna como los labadianos, etc.)

Con presupuestos diferentes, también se dieron experiencias de vida en común a partir del movimiento obrero del , especialmente en las distintas versiones del denominado socialismo utópico (falansterios) y posteriormente del anarquismo.

Las comunas hippies (Back to the land) o las sectas que surgieron a partir de los años sesenta del  son otros ejemplos.

Véase también
Comuna (desambiguación)
Congregación
Comunidad religiosa
Vida religiosa

Referencias

Notas

Bibliografía
 Geoffrey Parrinder, Breve enciclopedia del cristianismo, AKAL, 2008, ISBN 847090406X

Sociología

Vida en común


Ninco er en spansk legetøjsvirksomhed og brand, som primært beskæftiger sig med modelbiler og racerbaner.

Firmaet blev etableret af Eduard Nin og Eladio Cosculluela i Barcelona i 1993, med fokus på modeller i skala 1:32.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Ninco's officielle hjemmeside

Legetøjsproducenter fra Spanien
Barcelona
Etableret i 1993

Ninco


An Rytidosperma lechleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Rytidosperma lechleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rytidosperma, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rytidosperma

Rytidosperma lechleri


Fernando de Ocampo, OFM (falecido em 1632) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como segundo bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1621–1632) e bispo titular de Usula (1620–1621).

Biografia
Fernando de Ocampo foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem dos Frades Menores. No dia 14 de dezembro de 1620, foi escolhido pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado pelo Papa Paulo V como Bispo Coadjutor de Santa Cruz de la Sierra e Bispo Titular de Usula. Em 1621, foi consagrado bispo por Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero, arcebispo de Lima e sucedeu-o no bispado. Serviu como Bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra até à sua morte em 1632.

Enquanto bispo, foi o principal consagrador de Luis Jerónimo Oré, Bispo de Concepción.

Mortos em 1632
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Paulo V

Fernando de Ocampo


فرانشيسكو هايز   (10 فبراير 1791 - 21 ديسمبر 1882) رسام إيطالي يعتبر رائد الرومانسية في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر بميلانو.

ينحدر هايز من أسرة فقيرة من فينيسيا. والده من أصل فرنسي، في حين أمه كانت من مورانو. لدى هايز خمسة أخوة هو أصغرهم، تربوا على يد خالتهم التي كانت متزوجة من التاجر جيوفاني بيناسكو.

في 1809 فاز بمسابقة أكاديمية في البندقية ليصبح طالب في أكاديمية سان لوكا بالقرب من روما. وهذا كان سبب في انتقاله إلى العاصمة حيث أصبح من تلاميذ أنطونيو كانوفا، الذي أصبح مرشده وحاميه. منذ 1850 وجه أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة بريرا في ميلانو.

صور

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من البندقية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس أكاديمية بريرا
إيطاليون من أصل فرنسي
رسامو المواضيع التاريخية في القرن ال19
رسامو بورتريه إيطاليون
رسامون إيطاليون
رسامون إيطاليون في القرن 18
رسامون إيطاليون في القرن 19
رسامون رومانسيون إيطاليون
رسامون مستشرقون
رسامون من البندقية
فنانو بورتريه
فنانون ذكور إيطاليون في القرن 19
فنانون ذكور في القرن 19
مواليد 1791
مواليد في البندقية
وفيات 1882
وفيات في ميلانو
فنانون ذكور إيطاليون في القرن 18

فرانشيسكو هايز


La Croix de pierre (en ) est un film ukrainien de 1968. Réalisé par Leonid Osyka, il est basé sur les nouvelles de Vasyl Stefanyk Le Voleur et La Croix de pierre.

Il a été classé  dans la liste des 100 meilleurs films de l'histoire du cinéma ukrainien.

En 2009 a commencé la restauration numérique de ce film.

Résumé
Dans les années 1890, Ivan, un paysan galicien dans une tentative désespérée de sortir sa famille de la pauvreté, décide de quitter sa maison ancestrale et d'émigrer au Canada. La veille de son départ, un voleur s'introduit chez lui. Les juges du village condamnent le voleur à mort. Le départ pour le Canada équivalant à sa propre mort, Ivan organise une fête d'adieu qui ressemble à un enterrement pour lui et sa famille. En sa propre mémoire, il érige une croix de pierre sur une colline.

Références

Liens externes

Film soviétique sorti en 1968
Film en ukrainien
Film dramatique soviétique
Film se déroulant dans les années 1890
Film se déroulant en Ukraine

La Croix de pierre


Tatăl meu coșarul este un film românesc din 1984 regizat de Olimp Vărășteanu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1984 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1984

Tatăl meu coșarul


Mira Fornay (cunoscută și sub numele de Mira Fornayová, ) este o regizoare de film și scenarist din Slovacia.

Biografie și carieră
Filmul ei, Câinele meu ucigaș, a câștigat premiul principal la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Rotterdam din 2013.  Câinele meu ucigaș a câștigat în 2014 trei premii slovace Slnko v sieti, inclusiv pentru cel mai bun film, cel mai bun regizor și cel mai bun scenariu.

Filmul Câinele meu ucigaș a fost propunerea Slovaciei la Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin, la a 86-a ediție, dar nu a fost nominalizat.

Filmografie

Ca regizoare
 A ja tancujem... (scurtmetraj, 1998)
 Prach (scurtmetraj, 1999)
 Hrám, ktoré sa hrávam (scurtmetraj, 1999)
 Ex-pozice (2001)
 Malá nesdělení (scurtmetraj, 2002)
 Alzbeta (scurtmetraj, 2004)
 Líštičky  (Vulpițe, 2009)
 My Dog Killer  (Câinele meu ucigaș, 2013) - Premiul Tiger - Rotterdam 2013

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de regizori slovaci

Nașteri în 1977
Regizori slovaci
Scenariști slovaci
Slovaci în viață

Mira Fornay


Michael C. Vaughn is a fictional character on the television series Alias. Played by Michael Vartan, Vaughn is one of Sydney Bristow's co-workers and her ongoing love interest. He, like Sydney, is skilled in a variety of areas.  His language abilities, shown in various episodes, include French, Spanish, Italian, and others.

Throughout the first three seasons, his code name was BoyScout; from season four on, it was Shotgun. In season five, Vaughn's birth name was revealed to be André Micheaux. His relationship with Sydney was included in TV Guides list of the best TV couples of all time.

Character biography
Michael Vaughn was originally Sydney Bristow's handler while she was working as a double agent for the CIA within SD-6. But gradually, the two agents developed romantic feelings for each other as they worked closely together to bring down this corrupt espionage organization. This did little to endear him to Sydney's father Jack Bristow, another double agent within SD-6. Vaughn and Sydney's relationship became openly intimate after SD-6 was destroyed during the show's second season. When Sydney was apparently killed in a fire a few months later, a heartbroken Vaughn left the CIA and found work as a French teacher. He also became involved with NSC liaison Lauren Reed and married her some time during Sydney's two-year disappearance. Once he discovered that Sydney was still alive, Vaughn returned to the CIA and quickly saw his feelings for her reignite, a fact that caused a great deal of tension in his marriage to Lauren. Eventually, it was revealed that Lauren was a double agent for The Covenant and that Lauren seduced him in order to gain information on Sydney.

Vaughn became obsessed with her capture and was even encouraged by Jack Bristow to kill her. He eventually captures Lauren and she tells him that she fell in love with him, but then Sydney came back and he didn't need her anymore. She also claimed that the Covenant hadn't been in contact with her for two years by that point. Her 'confession' is ambiguous as she does appear to have developed feelings for Vaughn, as is evident by her reaction to Sark's earlier observation that it killed her when Michael dropped his gun, which was trained on her, to save Sydney. He plans to douse her in hydrochloric acid but is thwarted by Katya Derevko. Despite this, he ends up killing her at the end of the third season. This act continued to haunt him into the fourth season even though he shot Lauren to prevent her from killing Sydney.

Following Lauren's demise (and between the third and fourth seasons), Vaughn appeared to go into an emotional tailspin that culminated with him setting fire to his own house. He went through a month of psych evaluations before informing his best friend and fellow agent Eric Weiss of his resignation from the CIA. In reality, Vaughn had been recruited into a black ops division of the CIA called Authorized Personnel Only (APO), along with Sydney, Jack, and Marcus Dixon (Weiss and Marshall Flinkman would soon follow). One of his new duties was to keep an eye on Arvin Sloane, who had been appointed director of APO despite his long history of criminal activities as the head of SD-6. Vaughn successfully resumed his romantic relationship with Sydney during their first mission for APO.

The first season established that Michael Vaughn's father was one of several CIA agents killed in the line of duty by Irina Derevko, Sydney's mother. Bill Vaughn's death was questioned in season four after Vaughn found a journal apparently written by his father with entries dated three years after his death in 1979. Vaughn's subsequent investigation led him to conduct a secret mission in collaboration with Sydney; he turned rogue by the end of the episode "Nightingale". However, he returned to APO after discovering his father really was dead and that the journal entries had been part of a ruse devised by Elena Derevko. At the end of the fourth season Vaughn proposed to Sydney and the two took their long-delayed vacation to Santa Barbara. During this car ride he confessed that his real name was not Michael Vaughn and implied that his first allegiance was not to the CIA. The season, however, ended in a car crash that cut his explanation short. In the premiere of season 5, Vaughn is taken by an armed group from the crash site. He is thought to be a traitor when he is recovered, and reveals his real name as André Michaux; his father was actually a mathematician associated with a group known as Prophet Five. Seven years ago, he had been approached by a woman named Renée Rienne, whose father worked with Vaughn's at Prophet Five, and has since worked with her to uncover more information about the group. At the end of the episode, he is shot by a rogue agent disguised as a CIA executive. Shortly before this, he learned that Sydney was pregnant with his child.

At the end of episode "Maternal Instinct" (#5.11), it is revealed that Vaughn is still alive in Bhutan living with monks connected to the outside world. One monk informs him that Sydney gave birth to their daughter. Afterwards, in the episode "There's Only One Sydney Bristow" (#5.12), it is revealed that both Sydney and Jack Bristow know that Vaughn is still alive. In the episode "I See Dead People (#5.14) the information is revealed only to the other members of the APO team when they recover a chip from within Renée Rienne and Vaughn is forced out of hiding by Anna Espinosa, who is posing as Sydney. Vaughn and the disguised Espinosa find that Vaughn had a chip similar to the one inside Renée, his father claiming that the scar was from a bike accident. The chip leads them to an abandoned bunker beneath a German park. While Espinosa held hostage the clerk of the jewelry store that leads to the bunker, Vaughn breaks into it. Just as he finds the bunker, Espinosa attempts to shoot him, but finds that Vaughn knew of the deception and gave her an unloaded gun. In the ensuing scuffle, just as Espinosa attempts to shoot him with a new gun, the real Sydney sneaks up behind her and shoots her. Reunited with Sydney, Vaughn returns to Los Angeles and meets his daughter, Isabelle.

In the next episode, it is revealed that Jack told Vaughn while he was in the hospital that Prophet Five would stop at nothing to silence him, and that Vaughn was in no position to fight back. Jack gave Vaughn sodium morphate, a drug that slows the heart to mimic death, and Vaughn's body was picked up by one of Jack's contacts and he was shipped off to Nepal.

In the series finale, Vaughn participates in a wide variety of missions to bring about the fall of Prophet Five, Sloane and Irina. At the very end of the final episode a flash forward reveals that Sydney and Vaughn are married and semi-retired. They have a second child, Jack (named after Sydney's father).

References

Alias (TV series) characters
Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel
Fictional secret agents and spies
Television characters introduced in 2001

Michael Vaughn (Alias)


الغراف مدينة عراقية تقع في جنوب العراق في محافظة ذي قار، كانت تتبع إداريا إلى قضاء الشطرة قبل أن يتم تحويلها إلى قضاء، يبلغ عدد سكانها أكثر 117,549 نسمة عام 2014م جميعهم من المسلمين الشيعة.

الموقع والتسمية
وهي إحدى مدن محافظة ذي قار تقع على بعد 25 كم شمال مدينة الناصرية مركز محافظة ذي قار وعلى بعد 18 كم جنوب مدينة الشطرة مركز القضاء الذي تتبع المدينة إليه. سميت هذه المدينة بالغرّاف بعد أن أعاد النائب عبد المهدي المنتفجي كري نهر الغراف وكما ذكر السيد خضر عباس المفضل بأنه من أشار على أول مدير للناحية السيد محي الدين شكارة بتسميتها قبل أن يسبقهم إليها أهل منطقة سويج غازية (النصر) حاليا وكان الاسم القديم لناحية الغراف هو (سويج الدجة) بعد أن انتقلت من (سويج حواس) إلى موقعها الحالي.

التعداد
تعتبر مدينة الغراف خامس أكبر مدينة في محافظة ذي قار من حيث عدد السكان حيث بلغ عدد سكان المدينة أكثر من 117 ألف نسمة.

الديانة
جميع سكان مدينة الغراف من المسلمين العرب حسب المذهب الشيعي الاثنا عشرية ونسبة قليلة من الصابئة

نهر الغراف
يشطر نهر الغراف المدينة إلى قسمين حالها حال المدن التي يمر بها النهر المذكور فالجانب الغربي وهو مدخل المدينة وقريب إلى الطريق المؤدي شمالا إلى بغداد وجنوبا إلى الناصرية. اما الجانب الشرقي فيوجد فيه سوق الغراف كما تم إنشاء فيه مستشفى نموذجي حديث ومحكمة إضافة إلى مدرسة إعدادية الغراف.

المراجع

تاريخ العراق
مدن العراق
نواحي العراق

الغراف


Le lynchage de Deborah Samuel Yakubu se produit le  à Sokoto, au Nigeria. Deborah, une étudiante chrétienne de l'école Shehu-Shagari, est lapidée puis brûlée par une dizaine d'étudiants musulmans qui l'accusent d'avoir manqué de respect au prophète Mahomet dans un message posté sur la messagerie WhatsApp. L'affaire choque la société nigériane et engendre une vague de violence à Sokoto au cours de l'enquête judiciaire. Le meurtre s'inscrit dans une série d'actes anti-chrétiens, qui se multiplient au Nigeria depuis plusieurs années.

Lynchage
Deborah Samuel Yakubu est une étudiante en économie de l'école Shehu-Shagari de Sokoto, la capitale de l'État de Sokoto, dans le nord du Nigeria. Le , elle publie sur un groupe WhatsApp estudiantin un message qui provoque la colère de nombreux étudiants musulmans pour son caractère qu'ils jugent offensant envers Mahomet, le prophète de l'islam. L'étudiante a en fait demandé à ses collègues d'arrêter de publier des messages à caractère religieux sur ce groupe, exclusivement dédié aux études en théorie. Deborah, dont la vie est menacée, doit se réfugier auprès des responsables éducatifs qui la mettent à l'abri dans le poste de sécurité de l'école mais plusieurs étudiants en forcent l'entrée et s'emparent d'elle avant de la frapper et de la lapider à mort.

Le corps de Deborah est ensuite battu et fouetté par une foule chauffée à blanc qui scande  puis son corps est brûlé à l'aide de pneus usagés auxquels est mis le feu. La scène est filmée et partagée sur les réseaux sociaux.

Réactions et enquête
Le meurtre de Deborah est condamné par le président Muhammadu Buhari.

L'école est fermée par l'administration locale pour permettre à l'enquête de se dérouler. Grâce à la vidéo du lynchage partagée sur les réseaux sociaux, deux suspects sont arrêtés rapidement par la police. Ces arrestations provoquent des manifestations réunissant des centaines de personnes le  à Sokoto pour réclamer leur libération et l'arrêt des poursuites. Certains manifestants sont armés, d'autre brandissent des pancartes affichant des messages tels que « Libérez nos frères musulmans » (en anglais : «  ») ou « Les musulmans ne sont pas des terroristes » («  »). Une partie d'entre eux se rend au palais du sultan de Sokoto , qui a publiquement condamné le meurtre et demandé le jugement des coupables. Les forces de sécurité font usage de gaz lacrymogène et de tirs de sommation pour faire reculer la foule. Les manifestants se rendent ensuite dans le centre-ville de Sokoto où ils s'en prennent à des églises et à des commerces tenus par des chrétiens. La rue Ahmadu Bello Way, où se trouvent des lieux de cultes de plusieurs dénominations chrétiennes, est investie et plusieurs personnes tentent d'incendier l'église catholique St. Mary avant d'être repoussées par la police.

Le gouverneur de l'État, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, décrète un couvre-feu de 24 heures et lance un appel au retour de la paix, de la loi et de l'ordre. Face à la violence, l'évêque de Sokoto, , appelle les chrétiens au calme et à la prière. Il condamne dans un communiqué les attaques contre les édifices catholiques de la ville, dont la cathédrale de la Sainte-Famille. Ces événements sont condamnés par les autorités civiles et religieuses, y compris musulmanes, du Nigeria. L'association nigériane des écrivains pour les droits de l'Homme (Human Rights Writers Association of Nigeria, HURIWA) demande que les auteurs du crime soient traités comme des terroristes.

Deborah Samuel Yakubu est inhumée le  au cimetière chrétien de Tunga Magajiya, dans l'État de Niger, dont elle était originaire.

Quelques jours plus tard, à Maiduguri dans le nord du pays, une autre femme est à son tour accusée de blasphème : la police parvient à disperser la foule avant qu'elle ne soit blessée.

Références

Persécution des chrétiens
Violence contre les femmes au Nigeria
2022 au Nigeria
Christianisme au Nigeria
Islam au Nigeria
Mai 2022
Affaire de violence contre les femmes
État de Sokoto
Lynchage
Lapidation
Mort brûlé vif

Lynchage de Deborah Samuel Yakubu


An Chamaeraphis hordeacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Chamaeraphis hordeacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chamaeraphis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chamaeraphis

Chamaeraphis hordeacea


Večernica (večernjica; lat. Hesperis), rod dvogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica iz porodice Brassicaceae. Postoji blizu pedeset vrsta raširenih po velikim dijelovima Euroazije. Nekoliko vrsta raste i u Hrvatskoj, to su obična (H. matronalis), šumska (H. sylvestris), ljepiva (H. laciniata) i dinarska večernica (H. dinarica).

Ovaj rod jedini je u tribusu Hesperideae.

Vrste

 Hesperis aintabica Post
 Hesperis anatolica A.Duran
 Hesperis armena Boiss.
 Hesperis balansae E.Fourn.
 Hesperis bicuspidata (Willd.) Poir.
 Hesperis boissieriana Bornm.
 Hesperis borbasii F.Dvorák
 Hesperis breviscapa Boiss.
 Hesperis buschiana Tzvelev
 Hesperis cilicica (Siehe ex Bornm.) A.Duran
 Hesperis dinarica Beck
 Hesperis hamzaoglui A.Duran
 Hesperis hartwegiana Kuntze
 Hesperis hedgei P.H.Davis & Kit Tan
 Hesperis hirsutissima (N.Busch) Tzvelev
 Hesperis hyrcana Bornm. & Gauba
 Hesperis inodora L.
 Hesperis isatidea (Boiss.) D.A.German & Al-Shehbaz
 Hesperis kitiana P.H.Davis
 Hesperis kotschyi Boiss.
 Hesperis kuerschneri Parolly & Kit Tan
 Hesperis laciniata All.
 Hesperis luristanica F.Dvorák
 Hesperis matronalis L.
 Hesperis microcalyx E.Fourn.
 Hesperis multicaulis Boiss.
 Hesperis nivalis Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Hesperis novakii F.Dvorák
 Hesperis odorata F.Dvorák
 Hesperis ozcelikii A.Duran
 Hesperis pendula DC.
 Hesperis persica Boiss.
 Hesperis podocarpa Boiss.
 Hesperis pseudoarmena F.Dvorák
 Hesperis pycnotricha Borbás & Degen
 Hesperis robusta (N.Busch) Tzvelev
 Hesperis sibirica L.
 Hesperis slovaca (F.Dvorák) F.Dvorák
 Hesperis steveniana DC.
 Hesperis straussii Bornm.
 Hesperis sylvestris Crantz
 Hesperis syriaca (DC.) F.Dvorák
 Hesperis theophrasti Borbás
 Hesperis thyrsoidea Boiss.
 Hesperis tosyaensis A.Duran
 Hesperis transcaucasica Tzvelev
 Hesperis tristis L.
 Hesperis turkmendaghensis A.Duran & Ocak
 Hesperis varolii A.Duran

Sinonimi
 Antoniana Bubani
 Deilosma Spach
 Deilosma (DC.) Besser
 Diplopilosa Dvorák
 Kladnia Schur
 Micrantha Dvorák
 Neotchihatchewia Rauschert
 Plagioloba Rchb.
 Tchihatchewia Boiss.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hesperodae

Večernica


Gibi ASMR (nascida em 19 de dezembro de 1994) é uma personalidade do YouTube, Twitch e cosplayer.

Educação
Gibi tem formação em teatro e cinema, e se formou com a turma de 2017 da Escola de Comunicação da Northwestern University com um Bacharelado em Ciências do Cinema.

Carreira
Durante os primeiros anos do conteúdo de ASMR, Gibi estava no segundo ano do ensino médio com ansiedade e insônia quando o algoritmo de recomendação do YouTube a apresentou ao gênero. Depois de assistir e ouvir ASMR por anos, Gibi criou seu canal no YouTube em junho de 2016, antes do último ano da faculdade. Naquele verão, ela começou a fazer cosplay e participar de convenções de anime ; inspirado pelos criadores anteriores, ela incorporou esses interesses em role-play vídeos ASMR, que apresentam ambos os personagens existentes e originais. Desde o início, Gibi pretendia tratar a produção de vídeos como um trabalho em tempo integral, o que incluía tirar seu trimestre de inverno da faculdade para se concentrar na produção. Seis meses depois de se formar, ela estava ganhando o suficiente para criar vídeos em tempo integral e, depois de um ano, atingiu um milhão de inscritos.

Por sugestão de seu editor, Gibi criou seu canal no Twitch em 2017, no qual transmite ASMR e joga jogo eletrônicos. Em 2019, ela apresentou uma minissérie na web da Rooster Teeth chamada Encounter Culture.

A Polydor Records entrou em contato com Gibi em 2019 e perguntou se ela faria uma leitura ASMR do álbum de Billie Eilish , When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?. Gibi gravou o projeto gratuitamente; desde o seu upload, acumulou mais de 3 milhões de visualizações. Naquele verão, Gibi foi contratado para estrelar Reese The Movie: A Movie About Reese, um projeto oficial de ASMR de longa-metragem sobre Reese's Peanut Butter Cups.

Recepção
Gina é considerada uma das maiores youtubers de ASMR. Os vídeos foram recomendados por autores para Bustle, Den of Geek, Heavy.com, e Insider. Escrevendo para a The New York Times Magazine, Jamie Lauren Keiles chamou Gibi de "o LeBron James das coisas tocantes" e escreveu favoravelmente sobre sua genuína personalidade online.

Vida pessoal
Em 2019, Gibi se casou com o marido, Ben, que conheceu na Northwestern e hoje administra seus negócios. O casal se mudou em janeiro de 2020, revelando que sua antiga residência ficava em um subúrbio de Chicago. Em novembro de 2020, Gibi revelou seu primeiro nome como Gina.

Ligações externas
 Site oficial

Vlogueiras do YouTube
Youtubers dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1994
Internet
Artistas de ASMR

Gibi ASMR


18520 Wolfratshausen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
18520 Wolfratshausen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Chichibu de Naoto Satō. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,68 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 3,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 18001-19000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

18520 Wolfratshausen


قرية الناصرة الموجودة بمدينة الناصرة هي بناء دقيق وبالحجم الطبيعي للناصرة في القرن الأول بما يشمل ذلك من بيوت، مغر للتخزين ومجمع. كل ذلك يقع على آخر الحقول الزراعيّة التي قام بفلاحتها مزارعو الناصرة في زمن المسيح.
إصلاح المزرعة واعادة بناء القرية نفذا بطرق ووسائل كانت متبعة في القرن الأول.الرباعات المحيطة التي تعود للعصر الروماني ستزهر وتنتج المحاصيل التقليديّة لأرض الجليل: الزيتون، العنب، التين الحنطة والشعير.

البرنامج للسائح
زائرو قرية الناصرة سيتجولون في الموقع كأنهم سكان من تلك الأيام. فمثلا سيتسلقون المنحدر الصخري دون الاستعانة بالوسائل العصرية. أنهم سيحظون بتجربة فريدة فيها يختبرون أسلوب الحياة المتبع في أيام المسيح سيشاهد الزوار كيف جمعوا محاصيل الزيتون، كيف اعتنوا بكروم العنب وكيف يجتمع السكان جميعهم حتى يقدموا المساعدة في جمع المحاصيل.
سيقوم أشخاص بلباس قروي من القرن الأول بتقديم عرض تربوي تاريخي عن الحياة المتبعة في قرية الناصرة في ذلك الزمان، بينما يقوم مرشد خاص بقيادة مجموعة الزوار في القرية والمزرعة المحيطة بها والإشارة لأمثال أعمال المسيح، أشهر مواطن نصراوي منذ القرن الأول، تلك الأمثال التي كان القرويون آنذاك شهودا لها.

الميزة التاريخيّة للمكان
لموقع «قرية الناصرة» ميزة خاصة لعدة أسباب فهي تشمل مدرجات زراعية من الفترة الرومانية وحتى من فترة سابقة لذلك. يقع المشروع على قطعة الأرض الزراعيّة الأخيرة وغير المبنية المتوفرة اليوم والتي استغلها المزارعون من الناصرة في زمن المسيح. من الاكتشافات التي وجدت بعد الحفريات التي أجراها عالم الآثار روس فوس ومدير الأبحاث ستيفان فان، يستدل وجود معصرة عنب صخرية، «رباعات»، من القرن الأول، محجر ذو أهمية خاصة نظرا للحقيقة أن المسيح كان نجارا – بناء، 3 أبراج حراسة ومراقبة وجهاز ري نادر الوجود من القرن الأول حفر في الصخر.

الدعم للمشروع
«قرية الناصرة» هي تجسيد لفكرة الدكتور نخلة بشارة وهو المدير الطبي لمستشفى الناصرة. أراد الدكتور نخلة من خلال حلمه ورؤيته التي تجسدت في هذا المشروع إتاحة الفرصة أمام ملايين الحجاج الذين يمرون في الناصرة مر الكرام أن يجدوا فيها اختبارا روحيا ذات معنى. لأجل ذلك انضم الدكتور نخلة لمجموعة من الأصدقاء من البلاد، والولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة والذين ينوون إقامة وتفعيل القرية كجمعية ليست لأغراض الربح. وقد قام قادة وباحثون من كنائس في الشرق الأوسط ودول العالم بإسداء المشورة والإرشاد طيلة المسيرة. جمعية ادنبرة الطبية التي تقوم بتفعيل أقدم مستشفى في الجليل (منذ 1861) هي شريك في المشروع كصاحبة الأرض التي أقيمت عليها القرية.
ساهم الكثيرون من سكان الناصرة والقرى المجاورة في الجليل وما زالوا يساهمون في المشروع عن طريق البناء، الزراعة، التبرع بأشجار قديمة وإسداء المشورة من تجربتهم.
يرى أهل الناصرة في هذا المشروع مساهمة هامة للوجه الحضاري لبلدهم وصورتها أمام الضيوف الذين يأتون لزيارتها وأيضا مساهمة حقيقيّة لتربية أبناء الشبيبة المحليين للتعرف على ميزة وطنهم ومصدر الإعجاب المتمثل بالمسيح والذي يجذب الكثيرين ليأتوا إليها من جميع أنحاء العالم. وكل ذلك على أمل أن تقدير الجيل الشاب في الناصرة لمدى الإعجاب بتاريخها ومكانتها التاريخية، سيساهم في زيادة شعور الانتماء والتمسك بها من قبل أبنائها.
كون قرية الناصرة مبادرة مسيحيّة لا طائفيّة وفي مجلس إدارتها يشترك أبناء طوائف مسيحيّة عديدة من بلاد مختلفة، يمكنها أن تكون مثالا لوحدة الكنيسة المسيحيّة.

قرى فلسطين

الناصرة (قرية)


Z33 est une institution artistique située à Hasselt, en Belgique.

Histoire

Béguinage de Hasselt
Le nom Z33 signifie Zuivelmarkt 33, l'adresse du béguinage de Hasselt. Depuis 1938, le béguinage occupe une fonction culturelle avec l'ancien Musée provincial et le Centre des arts pluridisciplinaires-Béguinage. En 1996, ces institutions fusionnent pour former le Centre provincial des arts visuels.

Création de la Maison d'art contemporain
En 2002, Z33, la Maison d'art contemporain, est créée. Dès lors, le centre d'art réunit l'art contemporain et le design dans des projets thématiques, avec des présentations dans les maisons du béguinage et dans le bâtiment d'exposition moderniste Vleugel 58. En tant qu'institution artistique sans collection permanente, la maison présente des expositions d'art contemporain et de design.

Depuis 2006, les activités de Z33 bénéficient du soutien structurel de la Communauté flamande dans le cadre du Décret sur les arts. Les ressources de la Communauté flamande permettent un fonctionnement artistique et public supralocal. Z33 reçoit annuellement environ 30 000 visiteurs.

En outre, le travail artistique participe souvent à des plateformes et des biennales internationales. Outre la présentation régulière de ses travaux lors du Milan Design Week, en 2012, Z33 amène la biennale Manifesta 9 en Flandre.

En juillet 2018, Z33 subit une transformation. À la suite de la réforme interne du gouvernement flamand, la province du Limbourg n'est plus responsable en matière de culture. Z33 devient une organisation indépendante sans but lucratif avec son propre personnel, qui est désormais également responsable des anciennes tâches provinciales. En outre, la maison assume les tâches de quatre organisations plus petites : Cultuurplatform Design, vzw Kunst in Open Ruimte, Platform Kunst in Limburg et vzw KOPIJ.

Nouveau bâtiment

En janvier 2020, avec l'arrivée de la nouvelle directrice artistique Adinda Van Geystelen, Z33 déménage du béguinage à la Bonnefantenstraat 1, où un bâtiment d'exposition de  se divise en deux espaces, Vleugel 58 et Vleugel 1.

Avec Vleugel 19, la nouvelle aile d'exposition conçue par l'architecte italienne Francesca Torzo, le bâtiment remporte le prix Piranesi (2018), le prix d'architecture italien (2020), le prix Moira Gemill d'architecture émergente (2020) et il est nominé pour la première sélection du prix Mies van der Rohe 2022. En raison de la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19, le nouveau programme Z33 ne commence que le .

Architecture
Z33 est installé dans l'ancien béguinage de Hasselt. En 2020, le bâtiment préexistant est rénové, suivi par la construction d'une nouvelle aile d'exposition le long de la Bonnefantenstraat, Vleugel 19, conçue par l'architecte Francesca Torzo. L'extérieur en briques en forme de losange s'accorde avec l'architecture en briques du bâtiment d'exposition existant, Vleugel 58, de l'architecte Gustaaf Daniëls, et du béguinage adjacent. Dans le nouveau design, le centre est accessible par la Bonnefantenstraat et donne sur le jardin du béguinage réaménagé.

L'intérieur se compose d'un ensemble d'espaces qui deviennent rouge clair à la lumière du soleil. La pente des murs à l'entrée est de 58 degrés, en référence à l'aile préexistante appelée Vleugel 58. La forme des salles fait varier les espaces d'exposition : une salle n'est pas exposée à la lumière du jour, une autre est haute et étroite, et encore une autre grande et large, avec une vue sur le jardin.

Liste des expositions
Deux fois par an, la galerie renouvelle ses expositions temporaires, en présentant les œuvres d'artistes comme :
 Kris Verdonck (2011)
 Mind The System, Find The Gap (2012)
 Space Odyssey 2.0 (2013)
 Konstantin Gric (2015)
 Palms, Palms, Palms (2021)
 Le Déracinement (2021)
 In the Eye of the Storm (2022)
 Mae-ling Lokko (2022)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Hasselt
Galerie d'art contemporain
Art contemporain en Belgique

Z33


12514 Schommer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12514 Schommer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitt Peak National Observatory în cadrul proiectului Spacewatch. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,55 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 5,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

12514 Schommer


Abdul Latif Rashid ; ; (Suleimânia, 10 de agosto de 1944) é um político curdo iraquiano e o 9º Presidente do Iraque, após a eleição presidencial iraquiana de 2022. Anteriormente, ele foi Ministro de Recursos Hídricos do governo de Nouri al-Maliki. Antes disso, ele atuou no mesmo cargo tanto no Governo de Transição do Iraque quanto no Governo Interino Iraquiano. Rashid foi porta-voz da União Patriótica do Curdistão (PUK) no Reino Unido. Ele é graduado em engenharia civil pela Universidade de Manchester.

Como Ministro de Recursos Hídricos de setembro de 2003 a dezembro de 2010, Rashid foi responsável por uma série de questões, incluindo irrigação, abastecimento de água municipal e industrial, energia hidrelétrica, controle de enchentes e requisitos ambientais, incluindo restauração de pântanos. Após a remoção do regime de Saddam Hussein em abril de 2005, o ministro supervisionou melhorias dramáticas na gestão dos recursos hídricos do país.

Biografia
Rashid nasceu em 1944 em Sulaymaniyah, Curdistão, Reino do Iraque, em uma família curda de classe alta. Rashid estudou na escola secundária britânica 'A-Levels' no norte do País de Gales. Ele tem um Bacharel em Ciências de Engenharia Civil pela Liverpool University (1968), e um Mestrado (1972) e Ph.D. (1976) em Engenharia pela Universidade de Manchester. Ao retornar ao Iraque, tornou-se membro ativo do PUK sob a liderança de Jalal Talabani.

Enquanto ministro esteve envolvido com uma série de programas e organizações relacionadas com engenharia, desenvolvimentos agrícolas. Anteriormente, ele trabalhou como gerente sênior de projetos para a Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (UNFAO) no Iêmen e na Arábia Saudita. Foi membro do Conselho Executivo do Congresso Nacional Iraquiano (INC) e representante da União Patriótica do Curdistão no Reino Unido desde 1986, bem como porta-voz da Frente do Curdistão.

Rashid é engenheiro certificado, membro da Instituição de Engenharia Civil e da Comissão Internacional de Irrigação e Drenagem (ICID). Ele foi consultor autônomo para projetos de irrigação e drenagem e trabalhou com a Water Engineering Administration.

Em 1992, Rashid foi eleito vice-presidente e membro executivo do Congresso Nacional Iraquiano (INC) e, em 1998, foi eleito para a liderança de seis membros do INC.

Além das qualificações técnicas e compromissos, Rashid participou ativamente da política curda e iraquiana. Ele participou de muitas conferências e reuniões oficiais em nome de partidos políticos curdos e grupos de oposição iraquianos durante o regime de Saddam. Rashid também representou a política curda e grupos de oposição iraquianos a Saddam em reuniões oficiais com várias instituições e governos internacionais.

Ele é casado com Shanaz Ibrahim Ahmed e eles têm dois filhos e uma filha.

Presidente do Iraque
Em 13 de outubro de 2022, Latif Rashid foi eleito o 9º presidente do Iraque. Rashid substituiu Barham Salih como chefe de estado após a votação em dois turnos no parlamento, obtendo mais de 162 votos contra 99 de Salih.

Presidentes do Iraque

Abdul Latif Rashid


John Dehner (23 de noviembre de 1915 – 4 de febrero de 1992) fue un actor radiofónico, cinematográfico y televisivo estadounidense, intérprete de innumerables papeles, a menudo de simpáticos malvados. Entre 1941 y 1988 actuó en más de 260 filmes y programas televisivos y, antes de actuar, Dehner había trabajado como animador de Walt Disney Studios (Burbank) y como disc jockey radiofónico. Además, también fue pianista profesional.

Radio
Nacido en el distrito de Staten Island, en la ciudad de Nueva York, Dehner tuvo una larga carrera como actor radiofónico, actuando como primer actor o como actor de reparto en series como Gunsmoke y Philip Marlowe. Se inició como Paladin en la versión radiofónica de Have Gun – Will Travel, una de las pocas ocasiones en que un show iniciado en la televisión se adaptaba a la radio. En la CBS radio, en 1958, protagonizó Frontier Gentleman, una serie de género western que se iniciaba con una tema musical de trompeta escrito por Jerry Goldsmith. El show estaba escrito y dirigido por Antony Ellis.

Televisión y cine
Dehner actuó junto a Maudie Prickett en el episodio de 1953 "Bad Men of Marysville", dentro de la serie western The Adventures of Kit Carson, protagonizada por Bill Williams. Fue artista invitado en la serie western de antología de la NBC de 1955-1956 Frontier, así como en el drama de la CBS sobre la Guerra Fría Crusader, protagonizado por Brian Keith. Fue el sheriff Henry Plummer en un episodio de la serie de 1954-1955 Stories of the Century, con Jim Davis en el papel de Matt Clark. En 1966 interpretó al asesino "Iron Man" Torres en el episodio "Night of the Steel Assassin", dentro de la serie The Wild Wild West, interpretada por Robert Conrad.

Dehner hizo dos memorables actuaciones en la serie de la ABC Maverick (1957), con James Garner, en los episodios "Shady Deal at Sunny Acres" y "Greenbacks, Unlimited." Fue también Pat Garrett en la película con adaptación de Gore Vidal El zurdo, con Paul Newman como Billy the Kid. Dehner actuó en el film Scaramouche (1952) con el papel de Doutreval of Dijon, e interpretó a Mr. Bascombe, un personaje no cantante, en la versión cinematográfica de 1956 del musical de Richard Rodgers y Oscar Hammerstein II Carousel.

Dehner encarnó al Coronel Tedesco en el drama incluido en la serie de antología Playhouse 90 The Killers of Mussolini, según historia de A.E. Hotchner. Otras de sus actuaciones para la TV tuvieron lugar en tres episodios de Hogan's Heroes, y en 1957 trabajó en Texas Rangers con Gale Storm.

Dehner actuó en tres capítulos de The Twilight Zone: como el capitán Allenby en "The Lonely" (1959); como un ingeniero que recibe una maldición en "The Jungle" (1961); y un papel en "Mr. Garrity and the Graves", en la quinta y última temporada del show.

Además, fue artista invitado en el episodio "Three" de la serie criminal The Brothers Brannagan, protagonizada por Stephen Dunne y Mark Roberts, e interpretó a un viejo general francés en un episodio de la serie Combat! titulado "The General and the Sargent". En ese mismo período trabajó para otra serie de corta trayectoria ambientada en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, The Gallant Men, en el episodio "A Moderately Quiet Sunday" donde interpretaba a un capitán alemán.

Dehner actuó en varias entregas de la serie The Rifleman, interpretando a personajes diferentes. También fue artista invitado del programa de la NBC The Wide Country, un drama sobre competidores de rodeo emitido en 1962-63. En un episodio de The Andy Griffith Show interpretó al Coronel Harvey, y en la siguiente temporada trabajó como artista invitado en la serie de ambiente circense de Jack Palance para la ABC The Greatest Show on Earth y en la producción de la CBS Glynis, protagonizada por Glynis Johns y Keith Andes. Dehner fue elegido para actuar en el episodio de la primera temporada de F Troop "Honest Injun", en el papel de un tramposo vendedor de productos medicinales. En 1966 fue artista invitado en el capítulo "Power of Fear", dentro de la serie western de Barry Sullivan para la NBC The Road West, y también hizo el papel recurrente de Morgan Starr en El virginiano. En 1970 trabajó en la película El club social de Cheyenne, interpretada por James Stewart y Henry Fonda.

Entre 1971 y 1973 fue Cy Bennett, el jefe de Doris Martin en The Doris Day Show. También intervino en los episodios de Columbo "Swan Song" (1974) y "Last Salute to the Commodore" (1978), donde interpretaba al "commodore" (comodoro) del título. En 1983 protagonizó una serie televisiva para la NBC, Bare Essence, en la que encarnaba a "Hadden Marshall".

Dehner también interpretó a diferentes figuras históricas, entre ellas Pat Garrett en el film western de 1957 El zurdo; a Jean Lafitte en el episodio de 1964 "The Gentleman from New Orleans", dentro de la serie Bonanza; a Thomas Jefferson en el capítulo de 1964 "Plague", perteneciente a la serie de antología The Great Adventure; a Dean Acheson en el telefilme de 1974 The Missiles of October; a Lafayette C. Baker en la película de 1977 The Lincoln Conspiracy; a John Muir en el telefilme de 1979 Guardian of the Wilderness; a Henry Luce en la cinta de 1983 Elegidos para la gloria; y al Almirante Ernest King en la miniserie de 1988 War and Remembrance. Una de sus últimas actuaciones fue como un simpático juez en el thriller Al filo de la sospecha.

John Dehner falleció a causa de un enfisema y una diabetes en Santa Bárbara (California). Tenía 76 años de edad. Fue enterrado en el Cementerio de Carpintería (California).

Selección de su filmografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Staten Island
Fallecidos en Santa Bárbara (California)
Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores de voz de Estados Unidos
Actores de wéstern
Actores de Nueva York
Personas de Staten Island

John Dehner


A cerveja Estroina é uma marca de cerveja artesanal produzida no Monte Góis no concelho de Mértola desde 2018.

História
Depois de vários anos a produzir cerveja de forma artesanal Nuno Rodrigues, juntamente com o irmão, decidiu criar e comercializar a sua própria marca de cerveja, a Estroina. Esta cerveja recorre a ingredientes naturais, sem aditivos, conservantes ou intensificadores de sabor e encontra-se atualmente presente em vários pontos de sul a norte do país.

Cervejas de produção contínua

 Estroina Red Ale;
 Estroina Weissbier;
 Estroina Stout;
 Estroina Pale Ale;
 Estroina APA (American Pale Ale).

Ver também

 Cerveja
 Cerveja no mundo
 Bebidas alcoólicas

Marcas de cerveja de Portugal
Fundações em Portugal em 2018

Estroina


Oviraptor (; ) is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. The first remains were collected from the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia in 1923 during a paleontological expedition led by Roy Chapman Andrews, and in the following year the genus and type species Oviraptor philoceratops were named by Henry Fairfield Osborn. The genus name refers to the initial thought of egg-stealing habits, and the specific name was intended to reinforce this view indicating a preference over ceratopsian eggs. Despite the fact that numerous specimens have been referred to the genus, Oviraptor is only known from a single partial skeleton regarded as the holotype, as well as a nest of about fifteen eggs and several small fragments from a juvenile.

Oviraptor was a rather small feathered oviraptorid, estimated at  long with a weight between . It had a wide lower jaw with a skull that likely had a crest. Both upper and lower jaws were toothless and developed a horny beak, which was used during feeding along the robust morphology of the lower jaws. The arms were well-developed and elongated ending in three fingers with curved claws. Like other oviraptorids, Oviraptor had long hindlimbs that had four-toed feet, with the first toe reduced. The tail was likely not very elongated, and ended in a pygostyle that supported large feathers.

The initial relationships of Oviraptor were poorly understood at the time and was assigned to the unrelated Ornithomimidae by the original describer, Henry Osborn. However, re-examinations made by Rinchen Barsbold proved that Oviraptor was distinct enough to warrant a separate family, the Oviraptoridae. When first described, Oviraptor was interpreted as an egg-thief, egg-eating dinosaur given the close association of the holotype with a dinosaur nest. However, findings of numerous oviraptorosaurs in nesting poses have demonstrated that this specimen was actually brooding the nest and not stealing nor feeding on the eggs. Moreover, the discovery of remains of a small juvenile or nestling have been reported in association with the holotype specimen, further supporting parental care.

History of discovery

The first remains of Oviraptor were discovered on reddish sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia, at the Bayn Dzak locality (also known as Flaming Cliffs), during the Third Central Asiatic expedition in 1923. This expedition was led by the North American naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews and ended in the discovery of three new-to-science theropod fossil remains—including those of Oviraptor. These were formally described by the North American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1924, who in the basis of the new material, named the genera Oviraptor, Saurornithoides and Velociraptor. The particular genus Oviraptor was erected with the type species O. philoceratops based on the holotype AMNH 6517, a partial individual lacking the back of the skeleton but including a badly crushed skull, partial cervical and dorsal vertebrae, pectoral elements including the furcula with the left arm and partial hands, the left ilium and some ribs. Accordingly, this specimen was found lying over a nest of approximately 15 eggs—a nest that has been catalogued as AMNH 6508—with the skull separated from the eggs by only  of sediment. Given the close proximity of both specimens, Osborn interpreted Oviraptor as a dinosaur with egg-eating habits, and explained that the generic name, Oviraptor, is Latin for "egg seizer" or "egg thief", due to the association of the fossils. The specific name, philoceratops, is intended as "fondness for ceratopsian eggs" which is also given as a result of the initial thought of the nest pertaining to Protoceratops or another ceratopsian. However, Osborn suggested that the name Oviraptor could reflect an incorrect perception of this dinosaur. Furthermore, Osborn found Oviraptor to be similar to the unrelated—at the time, however, considered related—fast-running ornithomimids based on the toothless jaws, and assigned Oviraptor to the Ornithomimidae. Osborn had previously reported the taxon as "Fenestrosaurus philoceratops", but this was later discredited.

In 1976, the Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold noted some inconsistencies regarding the taxonomic placement of Oviraptor and concluded that this taxon was quite distinct from ornithomimids based on anatomical traits. Under this consideration, he erected the Oviraptoridae to contain Oviraptor and close relatives. After Osborn's initial description of Oviraptor, the egg nest associated with the holotype was accepted to have belonged to Protoceratops, and oviraptorids were largely considered to have been egg-eating theropods. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, the discovery of numerous nesting and nestling oviraptorid specimens proved that Osborn was correct in his caution regarding the name of Oviraptor. These findings showed that oviraptorids brooded and protected their nests by crouching on them. This new line of evidence showed that the nest associated with the holotype of Oviraptor belonged to it and the specimen was actually brooding the eggs at the time of death, not preying on them.

Referred specimens

After the naming of Oviraptoridae in 1976, Barsbold referred six additional specimens to Oviraptor, including two particular specimens under the number MPC-D 100/20 and 100/21. In 1986, Barsbold realized that the latter two did not belong to the genus and instead they represented a new oviraptorid: Conchoraptor. Most of the other specimens are also unlikely to belong to Oviraptor itself, and they have been assigned to other oviraptorids. A partial individual also with eggs from the Bayan Mandahu Formation of Mongolia was referred in 1996 by Dong Zhiming and Philip J. Currie, the specimen IVPP V9608. However, in 2010 Nicholas R. Longrich and the two latter paleontologist have expressed their uncertainties regarding this referral as there are several anatomical differences such as the hand phalangeal proportions. They concluded that this specimen was a different and indeterminate species not referrable to this taxon. In 1981, Barsbold referred the specimen MPC-D 100/42 to Oviraptor, a very well-preserved and rather complete individual from the Djadokhta Formation. Since the known elements of Oviraptor were so fragmentary compared to other members, MPC-D 100/42 became the prime reference/depiction of this taxon being prominently labelled as Oviraptor philoceratops in scientific literature.

This conception was refuted by James M. Clark and colleagues in 2002, who noted that this tall-crested specimen has more features of the skull in common with Citipati than it does with Oviraptor—which in fact, does not preserve a crest—and it may represent a second species of the former, or, an entire new genus. In 1986, Barsbold described a second species of Oviraptor, "O. mongoliensis", based on specimen MPC-D 100/32a which hails from the Nemegt Formation. However, a re-examination by Barsbold in 1997 found enough differences in this specimen to name the new genus Rinchenia, but he did not describe it with formality and this new oviraptorid remained as a nomen dubium. This was amended by the Polish paleontologist Halszka Osmólska and team in 2004 by formally naming the taxon Rinchenia mongoliensis. The North American paleontologist Mark A. Norell and colleagues in 2018 reported a new specimen of Oviraptor: AMNH 33092, which is composed of a tibia and two metatarsals of a nestling or very small juvenile. AMNH 33092 was found in association with the holotype and it was likely part of the nest. Oviraptor is now known from the holotype with associated eggs, and a juvenile/nestling.

Description

The holotype specimen has been estimated at  in length with a weight ranging from . Though the holotype largely lacks the posterior region of the skeleton, it is likely that Oviraptor had two well-developed hindlimbs that ended in three functional toes with the first one being vestigial, as well as a relatively reduced tail. As evidenced in related oviraptorids, the arms were covered by elongated feathers, and the tail ended in a pygostyle, which is known to support a fan of feathers.

Skull

The skull of Oviraptor was deep and shortened with large fenestrae (openings) compared to other dinosaurs, and measures about  long as preserved. The actual length may actually be longer though, given that the holotype skull lacks several regions such as the premaxilla. The holotype skull lacks a crest in almost its entirety, however, the top surfaces of the fused parietal and frontal bones indicate that it likely had a well-developed crest, supported by the nasal and premaxilla bones (mainly the latter) of the rostrum. Oviraptor had an elongated maxilla and dentary, which may result into a more extended snout compared to the highly stocky jaws of other oviraptorids. The palate is rigid, extended below the jaw line and formed by the premaxillae, vomers, and maxillae. As in other oviraptorids, it may have had a pair of tooth-like projections on the palate that were directed downwards. As in other oviraptorids, the nares (external nostrils) would have been relatively small and placed high on the skull. Oviraptor had toothless jaws that ended in a robust, parrot-like rhamphotheca (horny beak). The curvature of the dentary tip was down-turned but less pronounced than other oviraptorids, such as Citipati. As a whole, the lower jaw is a short and deep bone that covers .

Postcranial skeleton

As in most oviraptords, the neural spines of the holotype cervical vertebrae were short, and the neural arches were X-shaped. However the spines become more pronounced in posterior vertebrae. The zygapophyses of the first cervical vertebrae are configured parallel to each other, and the postzygapophyses appear to not diverge significantly from the midline, mostly similar to Citipati. The cervical ribs are fused to the vertebrae in the holotype. The neural spines are rectangular in the anterior series of the dorsal vertebrae when seen in a lateral view and larger than the spines of the cervicals. On the anteriormost dorsal vertebra several pleurocoels (small air-spaced holes) can be found, which are similar to those of Khaan.

The furcula of Oviraptor is very distinct from other oviraptorids in having a midline keel on the anterior surface of the hypocleidium−a downwards directed projection at the center of the furcula. This bone is V-shaped, rounded in cross-section, preserves an elongate spike-like hypocleidium, and the interclavicular angle is about 90°. The scapulocoracoid is fused in the holotype, however, the coracoid is badly damaged. The scapula is slightly bowed and measures  in length. Oviraptor had a relatively elongated arm composed of the humerus, radius, ulna, and manus.

The phalangeal formula of Oviraptor was 2-3-4, as seen in most other theropods and oviraptorids. The hand of Oviraptor had three skinny and bird-like fingers with each finger ended in side to side flattened and recurved unguals (claw bone). Unlike some oviraptorids, Oviraptor did not suffer a reduction of the second and third finger relative to the first one. The regarded juvenile Oviraptor AMNH 33092 preserves hindlimb material, comprising a right tibia with metatarsals III and IV. Its tibia is  long, indicating a substantially smaller individual than the holotype. The nest AMNH 6508 preserves elongatoolithid eggs, with each egg being  long (some are incomplete). Nevertheless, there is the possibility that taphonomical crushing may have compressed them by up to .

Classification
Oviraptor was originally allied with the ornithomimids by Osborn due to its toothless beak. Osborn also found similarities with Chirostenotes, which is still considered a close relative of Oviraptor. In 1976, Barsbold erected a new family to contain Oviraptor and its close kin, making Oviraptor the type genus of the Oviraptoridae. During the redescription of the holotype skull in 2002 by Clark and colleagues, they noted that Oviraptor had a relatively elongated maxilla and dentary. These traits are less pronounced in derived oviraptorids and suggests that Oviraptor belongs to the near base of the Oviraptoridae.

The cladogram below follows an analysis by Gregory F. Funston and colleagues in 2020:

Paleobiology

Feeding

When first described in 1924 by Osborn, Oviraptor was originally presumed to have been ovivarous—an organism that has an egg-based diet—life-style, based on the association of the holotype with a nest thought to belong to Protoceratops. In 1977, Barsbold proposed a crushing jaw hypothesis. He argued that the strength of the robust lower jaws and likely rhamphotheca (horny beak) was strong enough to break the shells of mollusks such as clams, which are found in the same geological formation as Oviraptor. These bones form part of the main upper jaw bone or maxilla, which converge in the middle to form a pair of prongs. The rhamphotheca and lower jaws together with the extension of several bones from the palate, would have made a piercing tool. Barsbold also suggested that oviraptorids could have had a semiaquatic life-style based on the mollusk-based diet, the high location of nasal cavities, an augmented musculature of the tail, and the greater size of the first manual digit. In a 1990 conference abstract, David K. Smith presented an osteological reevaluation of Oviraptor where he rejected the statements made by Barsbold. He found no evidence indicating a forelimb specialized in aquatic locomotion, and the jaws, rather than preserve a crushing mechanism, preserve shearing surfaces. As the skull is toothless, lightly built and lacks several strong muscle insertion areas, Smith suggested that leaves may have been an important part in the diet of Oviraptor. However, in 1995, Norell and colleagues reported the fragmented remains of a lizard in the body cavity of the holotype specimen, suggesting that Oviraptor was partially carnivorous.

In 2008, Stig Olav K. Jansen compared the skull of several oviraptorid species to those of birds and turtles to investigate which properties can predict a rhamphotheca. He found the lower jaws of oviraptorids to be very similar to those of parrots, and the upper jaws to be more similar to those of turtles. Based on these observations, Jansen suggested that oviraptorids were omnivorous as the sharply-developed rhamphotheca together with the prominent forelimbs would have been adapted to catch and tear small prey. Moreover, the pointed projections of the palate would have contributed in holding prey. Jansen pointed out that a fully herbivorous diet in oviraptorids seems unlikely as they lacked flat and wide tomia (cutting edges of the mandibles) to chew, and were unable to move the lower jaws sideways. However, he considered the lower jaws strong enough to have at least crushed elements like eggs, nuts or other hard seeds.

Longrich and colleagues in 2010 also rejected a durophagous (animals that practise shell-crushing) hypothesis, given that such animals typically develop teeth with broad crushing surfaces. The pointed shape of the dentary bones in the lower jaws suggests that oviraptorids had a sharp-edged rhamphotheca used for shearing food instead. The symphyseal (bone union) region at the front of the dentary may have given some ability for crushing, but as this was a relatively small area, it was probably not the main function of the jaws. Another argument against them having been eaters of mollusks is the fact that most oviraptorids have been found in sediments that are interpreted to represent mostly arid or semi-arid environments, such as Oviraptor in the Djadokhta Formation. The team also found that oviraptorids and dicynodonts share cranial features such as short, deep, and toothless mandibles; elongated dentary symphyses; elongated mandibular openings; and a pointed palate. Modern animals with jaws that resemble those of oviraptorids include parrots and tortoises; the latter group also has tooth-like projections on the palatal region. Longrich and colleagues concluded that due to the similarities between oviraptorids and herbivorous animals, the bulk of their diet would most likely have been formed by plant material. The jaws of oviraptorids may have been specialised for processing food, such as xerophytic vegetation−a vegetation that is adapted for environments with little water—that would have grown in their arid environments, but this is not possible to demonstrate, as little is known about the paleoflora of the Gobi Desert.

In 2018 however, Funston and colleagues supported the crushing jaw hypothesis. They pointed out that the stocky rostrum and robust lower jaws of oviraptorids suggest, in fact, a strong and nipping bite, which is rather similar to those of parrots. Funston and colleagues considered these anatomical traits of oviraptorids to be consistent with a frugivorous diet that incorporated nuts and seeds.

Reproduction

Since the description of the embryonic Citipati specimen in 1994, oviraptorids became more understood: instead of having been egg-eating animals, they actually brooded and cared for the nests. This specimen showed that the holotype of Oviraptor was likely a sexually mature individual that perished incubating the associated nest with eggs. This new behavior on oviraptorids became more clear with the report and short description of an adult nesting specimen of Citipati in 1995 by Norell and colleagues. The specimen was found on top of egg clutches, with its hindlimbs crouched symmetrically on each side of the nest and the forelimbs covering the nest perimeter. This brooding posture is found today only in modern avian dinosaurs and supports a behavioral link between the latter group and non-avian dinosaurs. In 1996, Dong and Currie described a new nesting oviraptorid specimen from the Bayan Mandahu Formation. It was found lying atop a nest composed by approximately 6 eggs as preserved, and these were laid in a mound-shaped structure with a circular pattern. As the specimen was found over the nest with its forelimbs covering the eggs and the partially preserved hindfoot near the center of the nest, Dong and Currie suggested that it was caught and buried by a sandstorm during incubation. They ruled out the possibility of oviraptorids being egg-thieves as they would have either consumed or instinctively abandoned the nest long before it was buried by a sandstorm or another meteorological phenomenon.

In 1999 Clark and team described in detail the previously reported Citipati nesting specimen and briefly discussed the holotype specimen of Oviraptor and its association with the nest AMNH 6508. They pointed out that the exact position in which the holotype was found over the nest is unclear as they were separated during preparation, and the nest appears to be not entirely complete with about 15 eggs preserved of which two damaged. Moreover, the semicircular arrangement of the nest indicates that the eggs were laid in pairs and in at least three rings, and this nest was originally circular, similar to a mound.

Thomas P. Hopp and Mark J. Orsen in 2004 analyzed the brooding behavior of extinct and extant dinosaur species, including oviraptorids, in order to evaluate the reason for the elongation and development of wing and tail feathers. Given that the most complete oviraptorid nesting specimen—at the time, the 1995 Citipati nesting specimen—was found in a very avian-like posture, with the forelimbs in a near-folded posture and the pectoral region, belly, and feet in contact with the eggs, Hopp and Orsen indicated that long pennaceous feathers and a feather covering were most likely present in life. The "wings" and tail of oviraptorids would have granted protection for the eggs and hatchlings against climate factors like the sunlight, wind, and rainfalls. However, the arms of this specimen were not extremely folded as in some modern birds, instead, they are more extended resembling the style of large flightless birds like the ostrich. The extended position of the arm is also similar to the brooding behavior of this bird, which is known to nest in large clutches like oviraptorids. Based on the forelimb position of nesting oviraptorids, Hopp and Orsen proposed brooding as the ancestral reason behind wing and tail feather elongation, as there was a greater need to provide optimal protection for eggs and juveniles.

In 2005, Tamaki Sato and team reported an unusual oviraptorid specimen from the Nanxiong Formation. This new specimen was found preserving mainly the pelvic region with two eggs inside and thereby indicating a female. The size and position of the eggs suggest that oviraptorids retained two functional oviducts, but had reduced the number of eggs ovulated to one per oviduct. David J. Varricchio and colleagues in 2008 found that the relatively large egg clutch-size of oviraptorids and troodontids is most similar to those of modern birds that practice polygamous mating and extensive male parental care, such as ratite birds, suggesting similar habits. This reproductive system is most likely to represent the ancestral condition for modern birds, with biparental care (where both parents participate) being a later development. In 2014, W. Scott Persons and colleagues suggested that oviraptorosaurs were secondarily flightless and several of the traits in their tails may indicate a propensity for display behaviour, such as courtship display. The tail of several oviraptorosaurs and oviraptorids ended in pygostyles, a bony structure at the end of the tail that, at least in modern birds, is used to support a feather fan. Furthermore, the tail was notably muscular and had a pronounced flexibility, which may have aided in courtship movements.

In 2018, Tzu-Ruei Yang and colleagues identified cuticle layers on several egg-shells of maniraptoran dinosaurs including those of oviraptorids. These particular layers are composed of proteins, polysaccharides and pigments, but mainly of lipids and hydroxyapatite. In modern birds they serve to protect the eggs from dehydration and invasion of microorganisms. As most oviraptorid specimens have been found in formations of caliche-based sedimentation, Yang and colleagues suggested that the cuticle-coated eggs would have been a reproductive strategy adapted for enhancing their hatching success in such arid climates and environments.

In 2019 Yang and colleagues re-evaluated the hypothesis of thermoregulatory contact incubation using complete oviraptorid nests from the Nanxiong Formation, and provided a detailed reconstruction of the architecture of the oviraptorid clutch. They noted that adult oviraptorid specimens in association with nest were not necessarily incubating the eggs as they could represent a female in the process of laying eggs, and the multi-ring clutch prevented sufficient heat transfer from the parent to the inner rings of eggs. An average oviraptorid nest was built as a gently-inclined mound with a highly organized architecture: the eggs were likely pigmented and arranged in pairs with each pair arranged in three to four elliptical rings. As the parent was likely operating from the nest center, this region was devoid of eggs. Yang and colleagues concluded the oviraptorid nesting style was so unique that they lack modern analogs, therefore, using oviraptorid reproduction may not be the best example to inform about the evolution of bird reproductive strategies. However, the team was unable to determinate if the juvenile Oviraptor AMNH 33092 had hatched from the nest associated with the holotype.

Paleoenvironment

Oviraptor is known from the Bayn Dzak locality of the Djadokhta Formation in Mongolia, a formation that dates back to the Late Cretaceous about 71 million to 75 million years ago. The paleoenvironment of the Djadokhta Formation is interpreted as having a semiarid climate, with sand dune and alluvial settings similar to the modern Gobi Desert. The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by intermittent streams and was sometimes affected by dust and sandstorms, and moisture was seasonal. Though this formation is largely considered to preserved highly arid environments, several short-lived water bodies have been reported from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality, based on fluvial sedimentation. Furthermore, it is thought that later in the Campanian age and into the Maastrichtian, the climate would shift to the more humid fluvial environment seen in the Nemegt Formation.

The Djadokhta Formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and an upper Turgrugyin Member. The known remains of Oviraptor have been produced by the Bayn Dzak member, which has also yielded the dinosaurs Bainoceratops, Pinacosaurus, Protoceratops, Saurornithoides, Velociraptor, and Halszkaraptor. Further dinosaur fauna from this member includes that of the Ukhaa Tolgod locality, composed of Apsaravis, Byronosaurus, Citipati, Gobipteryx, Khaan, Khol, Shuuvuia, Tsaagan, and Minotaurasaurus.

Taphonomy
The pose of the holotype of Oviraptor along with the association of eggs, suggest that it was trapped over the nest during a sandstorm, and burial was relatively rapid given that the body had no opportunity to become fully disarticulated or scavenged by predators. The paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter also agreed in that sandstorms may have been the most likely event that the eggs found in the deposits were buried. Among elements, the skull have become particularly flattened and distorted during the fossilization process.

See also
 Timeline of oviraptorosaur research

References

External links

 Oviraptor nest AMNH 6508 photographs at AMNH
 Oviraptor holotype skull photograph at AMNH

Oviraptorids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Fossils of Mongolia
Djadochta fauna
Campanian life
Fossil taxa described in 1924
Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn

Oviraptor


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Acceleratoare de particule
Universitatea Stanford
United States Department of Energy National Laboratories

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory