Foxtel is an Australian pay television company—operating in cable television, direct broadcast satellite television, and IPTV streaming services. It was formed in April 2018, superseding an earlier company from 1995. The service was established as a 50/50 joint venture between News Corporation (now the present day News Corp; through News Limited, now News Corp Australia) and Telstra, with News Corp and Telstra holding 65% and 35% ownership shares respectively.

It shares many features with the Sky service in the UK and Ireland — including the iQ box, the electronic programme guide, a similar remote control, and Red Button Active.

History

In 1995, a venture between News Corporation (in particular 20th Century Fox Media) and Telstra took place whereby Telstra would transmit a TV signal through its coaxial network and News Corporation would be the basis for offering channel negotiations and connections. Foxtel was formed ("Fox" representing News Corporation's Fox and "Tel" representing Telstra). On 23 October 1995, Foxtel commenced a 20 channel service, delivered over the Telstra Hybrid Fibre Coaxial network.

In May 1998, Australis Media, the owner of a satellite television service known as Galaxy, was declared insolvent. In June 1998, Foxtel was able to significantly boost its customer base by acquiring Galaxy subscribers from the liquidator of Australis Media and immediately commenced supplying programming to Galaxy's subscribers on an interim basis. In February 1999, Foxtel began offering its own satellite service to new customers.

Publishing and Broadcasting Limited bought half of News Corporation's shares in October 1998, giving each quarter ownership.

In 2002, a Content Sharing Agreement between Foxtel and Optus Television was approved by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC).

On 11 July 2011, Austar announced that "it had entered into definitive transaction agreements with Liberty Global, Inc. (LGI) and Foxtel Management Pty Limited (Foxtel) under which Foxtel would acquire Austar by a series of transactions including a scheme of arrangement (Scheme)." This takeover involved a minority shareholder approval on 30 March 2012, the approval of the ACCC on 10 April 2012, and has had approval from a Second Court Hearing. Austar shares were suspended from the ASX on 16 April 2012 and delisted on 27 April 2012. The takeover was completed on 24 May 2012.

News Corporation acquired Consolidated Media Holdings in November 2012, bringing its stake in Foxtel to 50%, up from 25%. On 15 June 2015, Foxtel officially agreed to buyout 15% shares in Ten Network Holdings, subject to approval from the ACCC. Prior to the acquisition, Discovery backed out from bidding partnership with Foxtel. Ten was later fully acquired by American media group CBS Corporation (now Paramount) in 2017.

In June 2017, Foxtel announced that it would be undergoing a major rebrand – the first in its 22-year history – as part of a move to convey an image that "Foxtel is for everyone". The former logo (inspired from the American Fox network's 1996–present logo), described by the company as "quite aggressive, quite arrogant, quite elitist", would be replaced with an all lowercase logo, and its Foxtel Play service would rebranded to Foxtel Now.

On 6 March 2018, News Corp Australia announced a merger of Fox Sports (Australia) with Foxtel (co-owned by News Corp Australia and Telstra). News Corp owns a 65 percent stake in the combined entity, with Telstra owning 35 percent. The combining of the two businesses places emphasis on live-streaming sports and entertainment.

On 4 May 2020, it was announced that Foxtel would be closing down its owned & operated music video networks and replacing them with a new suite of MTV, Nick and CMT-branded channels, as part of a wider deal with Paramount.

On 26 February 2022, Foxtel suspended broadcast distribution of the Russian television network RT in Australia.

In late September 2022, Foxtel extended their partnership with WWE to become Australia's exclusive home of WWE. Foxtel is to relocate WWE Network into Foxtel's Binge streaming service in January 2023, following the launch of its dedicated linear TV channel in December 2022.

Ratings
Foxtel grew rapidly in 2007, with most of Foxtel's highest-ever rating events being broadcast that year, including the 2007 AFC Asian Cup quarter-final between Australia and Japan, which drew an average of 419,000 viewers, an Australian pay television record at that time. This ratings record has since been eclipsed by the 2011 Rugby World Cup on Fox Sports 1 averaging around 500,000 viewers, which was smashed by the 2012 London Olympics Coverage, broadcast on 8 dedicated channels in both HD and SD formats, which saw an average of 946,432 viewers tuning in on the opening weekend, with around 600,000 to 700,000 viewers nightly thereafter.

As of 2012, Fox Sports channels, particularly Fox Footy, average between 90,000 and 300,000 + viewers for NRL/AFL matches throughout the week.
The highest-rated light entertainment shows are The Simpsons most weeknights on FOX8 with around 110,000 viewers, as well as Family Guy with around 70,000 viewers. A&E has also recorded healthy audience numbers for its TruTV & A&E US syndicated shows from the US – Pawn Stars (85,000), Hardcore Pawn (85,000), and Storage Wars (90,000). BBC UKTV also consistently rates well with British soaps EastEnders (80,000) and Coronation Street (65,000). The LifeStyle channel has experienced audiences in excess of 100,000 people for its Premiere shows Location Location Location Australia, Grand Designs Australia, Selling Houses Australia, Disney Channel (Australia) and The Real Housewives of Melbourne brings strong ratings.

Availability
Foxtel transmits its cable service via Telstra hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) cable into the Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth metropolitan areas, along with the Gold Coast. Foxtel now also transmits its satellite service into these cities as well as all over Australia, including regional areas since the takeover of Austar. Previous Austar customers are now 100% Foxtel customers with the conversion from Austar to Foxtel in regional Australia now complete. Foxtel on Mobile launched on Telstra's Next G Network in late 2006 and is now available within Telstra Next G (HSDPA/850 MHz) coverage areas, which covers 99% of the population.

With the transfer in ownership of Telstra's HFC network to NBNCo for the provision of broadband services, Foxtel announced in 2022 that it would be abandoning HFC in favour of satellite services. The transition is scheduled to be completed in 2023, after which no Foxtel services will be provided on HFC.

Telstra's network and Foxtel were created to combat the threat posed to Telstra's local call business by the combination of Optus TV content bundling with Optus' local telephony services; Foxtel was the content arm of Telstra's defence strategy, while Telstra's multimedia broadband network was originally the sole delivery system.

In 2002, Foxtel and Optus Television agreed to a content-sharing arrangement. Programming competition between the two companies has now dissipated. Prior to its acquisition by Foxtel in 2011, Austar, a regional pay television operator, also carried most Foxtel programming.

, Foxtel is Australia's largest pay television operator, with programming available to over 70% of Australian homes, and delivered to over 1.65 million, either directly or by Foxtel's wholesale customers. In April 2008, Foxtel's penetration into Australian homes passed 30%. This penetration rate is significantly lower compared with market penetration rates in the US (over 85%) and in Western Europe (over 55%). This is due to the fact that Australian pay-TV fees are significantly more expensive and pay-TV began delivering its service much later in Australia than in the US.

Foxtel announced its maiden annual profit in 2006, more than 10 years after it commenced services. The installation and maintenance of Foxtel services is Telstra's responsibility. In many markets Telstra has outsourced installation and maintenance to large communications contractors, including ABB Communications and Siemens-Thiess Communications Joint Venture.

In 2007, Network 10 formed an agreement with Foxtel to allow them to carry a digital version of Ten's programming. Included in the deal is electronic program guide data, which allows Foxtel iQ users to schedule recordings on Ten. Before the agreement, Ten was carried in an analogue format on cable only.

In 2008, Seven Network finally entered an agreement to allow Foxtel to carry its SD signal.

In 2008, the first Pay TV package comparison site YouCompare was launched to allow Foxtel packages and pricing to be compared to SelecTV, however this service was ceased along with the ceasing of SelecTV's service in late 2010.

On 24 November 2009, Foxtel added 7two to the East Coast (satellite) and 7two and GO! to cable subscribers. ABC3 was recently introduced on 4 December 2009 to all Foxtel and Austar subscribers.

On 20 May 2010, Foxtel and Microsoft announced a new way of receiving Foxtel through Xbox 360's online service Xbox LIVE. The service launched November 2010 with 30+ channels and an additional 12 Video-on-demand channels. It also provided Foxtel's movie service, known as Foxtel On Demand, to non-subscribers for the first time on a pay-per-view basis. Further linear channels were added in April 2011 with the addition of 7 Telstra BigPond channels.

In June 2011, Foxtel launched an over-the-top service on Telstra's IPTV set top box called Foxtel on T-Box carrying the same services as the Foxtel on Xbox service. Also as of June 2011, Foxtel's subscribers numbered just over 1.65 million.

In November 2014, Foxtel added 2 new SD channels, 9 new HD channels and rebranded 2 sports channels to satellite and cable subscribers.

Channels
Foxtel defines a virtual channel order that groups channels by their content.

General entertainment channels are from 100 to 150 which includes metropolitan/state-based localised advertising primary channels the Nine Network, ABC TV, SBS TV, the Seven Network and Network 10, with general entertainment and informational channels Crime, Arena, LifeStyle, Fox8, Showcase, Foxtel One, WWE, Comedy, Sleuth, Comcast's Universal TV, BBC First, LifeStyle Food, LifeStyle Home, Sci-Fi, Docos, Discovery, History, A&E, CI, Warner Bros. Discovery's Animal Planet, Discovery Turbo, Investigation Discovery, TLC and BBC Earth.

Metropolitan/state-based localised advertising multichannels are from 152 to 172 for ABC TV Plus/ABC Kids, 7two, 7mate, 7Bravo, 7flix, 9Go!, 9Life, 9Gem, 9Rush, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, SBS Viceland, SBS Food and NITV.

Special interest channels are from 173 to 179 which includes Aurora, TVSN and Expo.

Religious channels are from 180 to 189 which includes Australian Christian Channel, TBN Inspire, Daystar and SBN.

High definition and Ultra High definition channels are from 200 to 299 which includes metropolitan/state-based localised advertising versions of the ABC HD, 7HD, 7mateHD, 9HD, 9Gem HD, 10 HD, SBS HD and SBS Viceland HD, as well as timeshifted versions of general entertainment and informational channels for a two-hour delay of Fox8, Fox Crime, Fox One, Fox Comedy, Arena, LifeStyle, LifeStyle Food, BBC UKTV, Showcase, Fox Sleuth, Fox Sci-Fi, Discovery and Discovery Turbo. As well as national channels A&E, Fox8 (native & SD upscaled), BBC First, Discovery and BBC Earth.

Movie packaged channels are from 400 to 499 which includes Foxtel Movies Hits (themed movies and pop-up events), Ultra HD, Premiere, Action, Comedy, Romance, Kids, Family, Thriller, Drama, Greats, LMN and SBS World Movies.

Metropolitan/state-based localised advertising Sports Channels packaged channels are from 500 to 599 which includes Fox Sports News 500, Fox Cricket 501, Fox League 502, Fox Sports 503, Fox Footy 504, Fox Sports 505, Fox Sports 506, Fox Sports Ultra HD 508, Disney's ESPN and ESPN 2, Main Event (pay-per-view), Sky Racing 1, Sky Racing 2, Sky Thoroughbred Central, Racing.com, Fox Sports News, Fox Cricket, Fox League, Fox Sports, Fox Footy, Fox Sports More, ESPN and ESPN2.

Metropolitan/state-based localised advertising News and Coverage  channels are from 600 to 699 which includes Sky News Australia, Sky News Weather Channel, Sky News Extra, Sky News UK, Fox News (U.S sister channel of Sky News Australia), Warner Bros. Discovery's CNN International,  NBCUniversal's MSNBC and CNBC, ABC News, SBS WorldWatch, BBC News, Bloomberg Television, Al Jazeera English, CGTN, CGTN Documentary and NHK World-Japan.

Pre-Teenage entertainment channels are from 700 to 799 which includes CBeebies, Warner Bros. Discovery's Cartoon Network and Boomerang, DreamWorks Channel and ABC Me.

Music video channels (operated by Paramount) are from 800 to 829 which includes MTV Hits, NickMusic, CMT, Club MTV and MTV 80s.

Audio only channels are from 830 to 899 which includes Foxtel Music (formerly known as Air Active), SBS AM, SBS FM and SBS Chill.

Foreign language channels are from 900 to 989 which includes Greek radio Ant1 Radio and Antenna, Italian radio Rai Radio 1 and Rai Italia.

Interactive services available are Foxtel Music and Modem Connection Test. Also available on iQ3, iQ4 and iQ5 set top boxes are ABC iView, ABC Kids, SBS On Demand, 9Now, 10 play, Netflix, Disney+, Paramount+, F1 TV, Optus Sport, YouTube, YouTube Kids, Vevo and Amazon Prime Video apps.

Defunct channels
Channels that were re-branded include: 13th Street (rebranded as Fox Sleuth), Syfy (rebranded as Fox Sci-Fi), 111 Funny (split and rebranded into Fox Hits and Fox Funny), W (renamed SoHo), Fashion TV (replaced by FX/Fashion TV moved to Fetch TV), BBC HD (replaced by BBC UKTV HD), Fox Kids Australia (shared with Fox Classics), Weather 21 (replaced by The Weather Channel), The Weather Channel (replaced by Sky News Weather), Encore (renamed to Showtime Greats) (replaced by Showtime Action, Showtime Comedy and Showtime Drama, both swallowed with Foxtel Movies), VH1 Australia (Replaced by MTV Classic), MTV Live HD, Air Active (which was replaced by Foxtel Music), KidsCo (Replaced by Discovery Kids), Fuel TV, Speed (both replaced by Fox Sports 505 & 506 respectively), SoHo (Replaced by Binge), Channel [V] (Replaced by [V] Hits, later renamed [V]), MTV Music and MTV Dance (relaunched as MTV Hits and Club MTV respectively), MTV Classic (replaced by MTV 80s).

HD multichannels that were replaced by other HD channels include 10 Bold (replaced by 10 HD, 10 Bold was reduced to SD) and 9Gem (replaced by 9HD, rebranded today as 9Gem and was reduced to SD). 9Gem later relaunched an HD simulcast.

Channels completely discontinued include the BeIN Sports channels, MTV, Nickelodeon and Nick Jr., Disney XD, Disney Channel, Disney Junior Binge, Discovery Science, Discovery Kids, Foxtel Movies Disney, Eurosport, Your Money, The Soundtrack Channel, Movie Network (replaced by Foxtel Movies), Showtime Network (replaced by Foxtel Movies), TechTV, Fashion TV (replaced by FX/Fashion moved to Fetch TV), Ovation, KidsCo, History+2, Starpics (replaced by Foxtel Movies), Gamesworld Interactive Games and the Interactive Sports Selector. Also discontinued in July 2020 were music channels [V], Max, Country Music Channel and Foxtel Smooth (replaced by NickMusic, MTV Classic and CMT respectively, with Foxtel Smooth closed down).

TV1 and SF ceased transmission at 11:59pm, 31 December 2013 after Foxtel chose not to renew their contracts as they wanted to bring as many channels in house as they did with their movie offerings.

STUDIO ceased transmission at 11:59pm, 27 March 2015 after choosing not to renew the contract with SBS Television. This was replaced by Foxtel Arts in both SD & HD on Channel 132.

Turner Classic Movies (TCM) was discontinued on 13 December 2016.

The Comedy Channel ceased transmission at 1 September 2020.

Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ceased transmission at 13 February 2020.

Paramount channels MTV, Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. ceased transmission on 1 August 2023. The channels continue to operate on other providers in Australia and New Zealand, and Foxtel continues to carry Paramount's music video networks. By September 2023, all MTV music channels (except CMT) were switched from localised feeds to the global feed.

Audio only channels includes ABC NewsRadio, ABC Radio National, ABC Local Radio stations, ABC Classic FM, Triple J, Double J and ABC Jazz.

Current services
Although originally launching in 1995 with just a cable service, Foxtel has branched out into many new services since its inception including broadband and phone services in 2014.

Foxtel Go
Foxtel subscribers are able to access live and on-demand content within packages they are subscribed to through the internet via Foxtel Go.

Foxtel launched the Foxtel Go service on 7 November 2012. Originally, it was only available on iPad, but from 20 February 2013 it was also available on iPhone, and later on Mac, Windows PC and selected Android devices. Foxtel Go was launched after the success of its London 2012 app, which simulcast 8 live high definition channels that were also offered on the standard Foxtel service.

Access to the Foxtel Go app is free for residential customers with a set-top box and a Foxtel or Foxtel Now subscription, allowing access to any channel that they are subscribed to. Only five devices can be linked to an account during any given month with only two being able to view content at the same time.

Unlike Mobile Foxtel (provided by Telstra) – which only provides a loop of selected shows – Foxtel Go offers a live simulcast of a subset of channels available through the traditional cable and satellite services. The service also has no time limits; Mobile Foxtel offers only 15 minutes of programming per session, or a maximum 200 minutes per month.

The channels currently available to subscribers are:

Essentials – Fox Showcase; Fox Hits; Fox8; Fox Funny; BoxSets; Fox Arena; Lifestyle; MTV Hits; Club MTV; NickMusic; MTV 80s; Sky News; Sky News Weather; Sky News Extra; Sky News UK; Fox Sports News; CNN; Fox News; BBC News; CNBC; Bloomberg; NHK World-Japan; Fox Comedy; TLC; E!; Lifestyle Food; Lifestyle Home; Foxtel Arts.

Drama Plus – UKTV; Fox Crime; BBC First; Universal TV; Fox One; Fox Sci-Fi; Fox Sleuth.

Kids – Cartoon Network; CBeebies; Boomerang

Sport – Fox Sports, Fox Cricket; Fox League; Fox Footy; ESPN; ESPN 2

Movies – Premiere; Kids; Action; Comedy; Romance; Family; Drama; Hits; Thriller; Greats; LMN; SBS World Movies.

Docos – A&E; History; Discovery Channel; Discovery Turbo; Animal Planet; Investigation Discovery; Crime + Investigation; BBC Earth.

The Foxtel Go also offers an on demand service for most channels listed above including sports channels.

Foxtel Now

Foxtel Now (formerly Foxtel Play) is an internet television alternative to the traditional Foxtel subscription, offering customers a no lock in contract subscription starting at $10. The service offers over 50 live channels and hundreds of hours of video on-demand content across 6 subscription packages.

The service is available across a range of devices such as computers, TVs and video game consoles. In addition, subscribers have access to Foxtel's Foxtel Go app expanding access to smartphones and tablets.

On 4 October 2016, Foxtel announced that a new look Foxtel Play streaming service will roll out from December 2016 and that Foxtel Play will be a simpler, cheaper and more flexible IP-delivered product.

As part of a company wide rebrand in June 2017, Foxtel announced that from 7 June, Foxtel Play would be renamed Foxtel Now and would gain HD streaming and Chromecast support with a lower starting price of $10 per month (later increased to $25 per month).

Foxtel magazine
Foxtel's magazine is Australia's most-read paid-for monthly magazine, with a monthly reach of about 700,000. It is published for Foxtel by Medium Rare Content Agency, and distributed to Foxtel subscribers (who choose to pay for this service) by via post.

Streamotion

Streamotion Pty Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of Foxtel that develops and operates over-the-top subscription streaming services. Currently, the group operates Kayo, Binge and Flash, as well as WatchNRL and WatchAFL internationally.

Kayo Sports

Kayo Sports is Foxtel's subscription streaming service for its sports content. The service was launched in November 2018 and offers both live streams and highlights packages from Fox Sports as well as ESPN, beIN Sports and Racing.com. In addition to this, a multiscreen feature is also available, allowing subscribers to view multiple live events simultaneously.

Binge

Binge is Foxtel's entertainment focused streaming service that was launched on 25 May 2020. Set up to compete with the likes of Disney+, Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and Stan, the service features content from major networks and studios including HBO, Warner Bros, Paramount Global, Sony Pictures, Universal Pictures, FX (even though it has already begun losing its titles to Disney+) and the BBC. The service also features a selection of live streamed linear Foxtel cable networks including FOX One, LifeStyle, Fox Arena and BBC First.

Flash

Flash News is Foxtel's news aggregation OTT platform that was launched on 14 October 2021. The service offers live news coverage from major linear cable networks including Sky News Australia, Sky News UK, CNN, BBC News, and Fox News.

Past services
Foxtel Digital
Foxtel On-Demand

Foxtel HD

Foxtel announced their high definition service, originally called Foxtel HD+, on 30 January 2008. It became officially available on 19 May 2008 at a nominal price of $10 AUD despite similar "HD" resolution broadcast channels already available on free-to-air television. HD+ launched with four channels; BBC HD, ESPN HD, Fox Sports HD and a timeshared documentary channel for Discovery HD World and National Geographic HD programming. Foxtel Box Office also began simulcasting in high definition.

On 15 November 2009, another ten high definition channels were launched; Fox Sports 2 HD, Fox Sports 3 HD, Fox8 HD, Movie One HD, Showcase HD, Showtime Action HD, Showtime Premiere HD, Starpics 1 HD, Starpics 2 HD and W HD. BBC HD was relaunched as UKTV HD and the timeshared documentary channel was split into full-time versions of Discovery HD World and National Geographic HD. The pricing and packaging of the HD+ channels was also revised.

BBC Knowledge HD, MTVN Live HD, Nat Geo Wild HD and Speed HD launched almost a year later on 1 November 2010. ESPN 2 HD and Lifestyle HD launched on 1 March 2011. A&E HD, Fox Footy HD and FX HD launched in late February 2012. Eight new high definition channels for the London Olympics began broadcasting on 25 July 2012. Foxtel launched eight new high definition movie channels on 1 January 2013, replacing the five existing high definition movie channels from Showtime and The Movie Network. The new channels included Action/Adventure HD, Comedy HD, Drama/Romance HD, Family HD, Masterpiece HD, Premiere HD and Thriller/Crime HD. Main Event HD began broadcasting on 3 September 2013.

Syfy HD launched on 1 January 2014. Foxtel added Disney Movies HD on 10 April 2014. UKTV HD was replaced with BBC First HD on 3 August 2014. On 3 November 2014, nine new high definition channels were launched; 13th Street HD, Arena HD, BoxSets HD, Eurosport HD, Fox Sports 4 HD, Fox Sports News HD, History HD, Universal HD and World Movies HD. Speed HD was also relaunched as Fox Sports 5 HD at the same time. Binge HD launched on 5 October 2015. Sky News National HD began broadcasting on 1 December 2015, with Sky News Business HD beginning on 19 January 2016. Foxtel Arts HD began broadcasting in March 2016. On 1 April 2016, Sky Thoroughbred Central HD launched. Sky News Election Channel HD launched on 1 May 2016. Foxtel added another high definition movie channel with More Movies HD launching on 1 July 2016.

In response to Optus Sports winning the rights to the English Premier League, Foxtel launched six new high definition sports channels on 15 May 2016. These included beIN Sports 1 HD, beIN Sports 2 HD, beIN Sports 3 HD, Chelsea TV HD, LFCTV HD and MUTV HD. Sky News Election Channel HD was replaced with A-PAC HD in January 2017. Movie Greats HD was added on 23 March 2018. Sky News UK HD launched as a standalone channel on 27 May 2018 with A-PAC HD also rebranding to Sky News Extra HD. Fox News Channel HD launched in November 2018.

A retransmission of the free-to-air networks' high definition channels is also available to high definition cable subscribers and satellite subscribers with an iQ3 set-top box or later. These channels include ABC HD, SBS HD, SBS Viceland HD, SBS World Movies HD, 7HD, 7mateHD, 9HD, 9Gem HD and 10 HD.

Foxtel's high definition channels are broadcast in H.264 in both 720p and 1080i resolutions. As of 2011, almost a third of Foxtel's customers were receiving the HD service.

Foxtel Download
On 1 October 2009, Foxtel launched an online download service which allows all cable and satellite customers to access Foxtel content via their computer. The service were free for customers, who can download programmes from channels within their subscription package. There were one live streaming channel, ESPN3, while the remainder of the service provides episodes of programs from 38 channels. Then CEO, Kim Williams, highlighted that Foxtel planned to expand its live streaming channel range later in the year to coincide with the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics and the launch of thirty new channels for Foxtel Digital and HD. This service has been the source of great controversy as there was no support for Linux, Mac or any 64 bit Windows Operating Systems, leaving many users unable to install the client.
Foxtel Download was discontinued in September 2012, with the service no longer being available to subscribers.

Mobile Foxtel
Launched in late 2006 to coincide with Telstra's NextG 3G Mobile phone network, Mobile Foxtel (previously Foxtel By Mobile) offers 33 standard channels of programming for a small subscription fee, optimised for mobile devices. the channels on the service were: Sky News National, Your Money, CNN, Fox Sports News, Fox8, The Comedy Channel, MTV, E! Entertainment, Fashion TV, Discovery Mobile, Disney Channel, Eurosport, Union Extreme Sports, Cartoon Network, TV1, National Geographic, ABC, SBS One and Eurosportnews.

With the exception of CNN, Fashion TV, Eurosportsnews, Eurosport, Fox News, BBC World News and Fox Sports News, which were direct simulcasts of the actual channel and Sky News channels which are taken from the Sky News Active service, all channels are pre-produced loops that do not directly correlate to the full scale satellite/cable channel. There were a limit of 200 minutes per month, with 15 minutes per session, may apply to the service, although this has not been strictly enforced.

The service was discontinued on 27 July 2016.

Foxtel on Xbox 360 and Internet TV
Foxtel launched in November 2010 for the Xbox 360 games console, offering 38 channels, catch-up television and on-demand movie streaming. It requires both an Xbox Live Gold subscription and a Foxtel subscription. Samsung Smart TVs received the same service at no additional cost in July 2012. This has been replaced with Foxtel Now.

Presto

In 2014, Foxtel launched a movie streaming operation Presto, which was initially priced at $19.99, but was halved a few months later. Presto was spin-off a television streaming service with Seven West Media in early 2015.

Foxtel announced the Presto service will be closed in January 2017, and customers moved to a Foxtel Now service.

Fox Movies
In August 2018, Foxtel launched a streaming VOD (video on demand) movie service called FoxFlicks. This service is available to subscribers who have either the movie pack or platinum pack with the new iQ4 set-top-box. It has since been rebranded as Foxtel Movies.

Live2Air
In December 2006, airline Virgin Australia (then known as Virgin Blue) announced a partnership with Foxtel and Austar to introduce a "Live2Air" service on most flights by mid-2007, providing live satellite TV to passengers via the in-flight entertainment system. The Live2Air system offered 24 Foxtel channels and was only available on selected Boeing 737 aircraft, and was phased out beginning in 2012.

Devices
Foxtel devices are manufactured by Pace plc on behalf of Foxtel - they have manufactured a variety of devices including:

Foxtel Standard
There is a variety of Foxtel standard units. These lack the recording features of the iQ models, but can be connected to a VCR or DVR. Foxtel has phased out the standard boxes for all new installations and provides the iQ3, iQ4 or iQ5 instead. The additional features of the iQ models (such as recording) can be deactivated if the customer does not wish to pay for them, in effect making them operate as if they were a legacy model.

Foxtel iQ
Foxtel launched Foxtel iQ in early 2005. It is a timeshifting personal digital recorder in which subscribers are able to record programmes onto a 160 GB hard drive inside the set-top unit for later viewing. Foxtel iQ includes a feature called Series Link, which lets the viewer choose to record all future episodes in a given television series (availability is limited to certain programmes). Foxtel iQ also allows viewers to use live rewind and pause features during television programmes. Two new services, On Demand and Remote Record, launched in 2007. Remote Record was launched on 1 January 2007 and allows users to log into the interactive TV guide on the Foxtel website and then command their iQ at home to record shows, while On-Demand was launched on 8 February 2007. This service is based on Sky+, which was launched on News Corporation's UK television platform Sky in 2001.
There are currently two models of Foxtel iQ, with identical functionality to the user but different audio-visual output abilities. Both models have two tuners, allowing users to record two programmes (or record one and watch one) simultaneously.
Pace plc are the set top box provider for iQ, of which they claim that the cable version of iQ is the first DVB-based cable digital video recorder.

The updated version of the original iQ unit is physically smaller, however allows for better quality recordings and HDMI up-scaling as well as an Ethernet Port to allow Box Office downloads. It can also order On-Demand titles without the need of the phone line connected to the model. These boxes are referred to as the iQ1.5, to differentiate them from the original iQ boxes. As of 1 March 2017, these boxes are no longer available to new customers.

Foxtel iQ2
The second-generation iQ2 box was launched alongside the Foxtel HD+ service in mid-2008. Equipped with a 320GB HDD, iQ2 is capable of recording 30 hours of HD and 90 hours of SD content and offers, double that of the original iQ. The unit also offers HDMI connectivity.

The iQ2 is equipped with four tuners, of which one is reserved for on demand content. This allows users to record two programs at once while watching a third live.

As of 2011, 75 per cent of Foxtel subscribers are using an iQ series unit, 40 per cent are using Multi-Room, and 40 per cent are using iQ2 (and therefore, HD).

On 2 November 2011, Foxtel started notifying subscribers of the option to upgrade (at an additional one-off $200 upgrade fee) to a 1TB model with 4 times the recording capacity. As of 17 August 2020, these boxes are no longer available to new customers.

Foxtel iQ3
Foxtel's third-generation model, iQ3, was first referenced by CEO Richard Freudenstein in March 2012, and was released to customers on 23 March 2015. The iQ3 contains increased internet connectivity with the inclusion of Wi-Fi and the ability to re-watch certain broadcast programmes to the start using on-demand technology. The iQ3 includes a 1TB HDD (3x the capacity of the previous iQHD) and a bluetooth remote. After the release, many customers had complaints due to the unstable nature of the iQ3 graphical user interface and additionally accused Foxtel of releasing an 'unfinished product'. Foxtel denied such claims along with rumours that up to 2,000 iQ3 boxes were quickly launched in response to market rival Netflix launching in Australia in April 2015. As of November 2015, instability issues are yet to be resolved. However, an iQ3 software update in late 2019 allows integration with Netflix titles when connected to a television unit with an application for the service.

Foxtel iQ4
Foxtel's fourth-generation model, iQ4 was launched in August 2018 and is 4K compatible. Foxtel launched Foxtel 4K—a dedicated 4K channel on 7 October 2018, with the broadcast of the Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000.

Foxtel iQ5
The iQ5 is Foxtel's latest set top box which came out in September 2021 and can operate in two different modes depending on what service is available at customer's premises. It can be connected to an existing Satellite service, where a dish is already installed and working, or connected to the internet to stream Foxtel content in internet-only mode.

Advertising on Foxtel
When Foxtel was launched in 1995, advertising during programmes was banned under Australian Government legislation for the first two years. Foxtel has since significantly increased advertising across its platform, although still today legislation prevents Foxtel and other pay TV businesses from earning more than 50 per cent of their revenue from advertising. Sometimes, viewers are exposed to up to 5 minutes worth of adverts for every 8 minutes of programming. Certain programming on select channels are ad-free such as films or live games on Fox Sports, as well as select premium networks such as Fox Showcase.

Legislation affecting Foxtel

Anti-siphoning
The Australian anti-siphoning laws also prevent Foxtel and other pay TV suppliers from acquiring exclusive rights to specific sporting events such as cricket, golf, tennis and the football codes. Under the legislation pay TV licensees are prevented from bidding for major sporting events until a right is acquired by the ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine and Ten networks. In 2009, the Minister for Communications announced a review of the legislation. In an Olympics year, the Australian anti-siphoning list runs to over 1300 events and is one of the longest in the world.

Third party access
Foxtel prevents users from using their subscription card in a third-party decoder, and requires all users to watch the service on a supplied set-top box, included with the subscription, however some users have reported being able to watch certain channels on a computer with a DVB-C card and using sasc-ng to decrypt the video content using card readers to read the decoding keys stored on the card used in Foxtel's iQ.

Foxtel Networks
On 24 May 2012, Foxtel merged with Austar, resulting in Foxtel gaining Austar's shares in XYZnetworks (which Foxtel closed and created Foxtel Networks), as well as their shares in Main Event.
The channels owned by Foxtel include:

Former channels

Logo history

See also

Fox Broadcasting Company
Subscription television in Australia

Notes

References

External links

Direct broadcast satellite services
Australian companies established in 1995
Australian subscription television services
Australian brands
Companies based in Sydney
Telecommunications companies established in 1995
Mass media companies established in 1995
Joint ventures
Telecommunications companies of Australia
News Corp Australia
Telstra

Foxtel


Vilho "Ville" Eino Ritola () a fost un atlet finlandez specializat pe alergare pe distanțe medii și mari. A fost unul dintre "finlandezii zburători", considerați între anii 1920 și 1930 unii dintre cei mai buni atleți din lume. Din doi participări la Jocurile Olimpice a câștigat cinci medalii de aur și trei medalii de argint. Paavo Nurmi a fost marele său rival.

Note

Legături externe

  Ville Ritola la olympic.org

Atleți finlandezi
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1924
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1928
Medaliați olimpici cu aur finlandezi
Medaliați olimpici cu argint finlandezi
Alergători

Ville Ritola


Loughton may refer to:

Places in the United Kingdom
Loughton, Essex
Loughton tube station, the London Underground station in Loughton
Loughton Camp, an Iron Age hill fort in Epping Forest near Loughton
Loughton Urban District, a local government district from 1900 to 1933
Loughton, Milton Keynes
All Saints Church, Loughton, the oldest church in Loughton, Milton Keynes
Loughton, Shropshire

Other uses
Loughton (surname)

Loughton (disambiguation)


The ngultrum (;  , symbol: Nu., code: BTN) is the currency of the Kingdom of Bhutan. It can be literally translated as 'silver' for ngul and 'coin' for trum. It is subdivided into 100 chhertum ( , spelled as chetrums on coins until 1979). The Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan, the central bank of Bhutan is the minting authority of the ngultrum banknotes and coins. The ngultrum is currently pegged to the Indian rupee at parity.

History

Until 1789, the coins of the Cooch Behar mint circulated in Bhutan. Following this, Bhutan began issuing its own coins known as chetrum, mostly silver  rupees. Hammered silver and copper coins were the only types issued until 1929, when modern style silver  rupee coins were introduced, followed by bronze 1 paisa in 1931 (dated 1928). Nickel  rupee coins were introduced in 1950. While the Cooch Behar mint coins circulated alongside Bhutan's own coins, decimalization was introduced in 1957, when Bhutan's first issue of coins denominated in naya paisa. The 1966 issues were 25 naya paisa, 50 naya paisa and 1 rupee coins, struck in cupro-nickel.

While the Bhutanese government developed its economy in the early 1960s, monetization in 1968 led to the establishment of the Bank of Bhutan. As monetary reforms took place in 1974, the Ngultrum was officially introduced as 100 Chhetrum equal to 1 Ngultrum. The Ngultrum retained the peg to the Indian rupee at par, which the Bhutanese coins had maintained.

The term derives from the Dzongkha ngul, "silver" and trum, a Hindi loanword meaning "money."

The Ministry of Finance issued its first banknotes in 1974 in denominations of Nu.1, Nu.5, Nu.10 and Nu.100. This was followed by the establishment of the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan as the central bank of Bhutan in 1982, which took over the authority to issue banknotes in 1983, replacing the authority of the Ministry of Finance.

Coins
In 1974, aluminum Ch.5 and Ch.10, aluminium-bronze Ch.20, and cupro-nickel Ch.25 and Nu.1 were introduced. The Ch.5 was square and the Ch.10 was scallop-shaped. A new coinage was introduced in 1979, consisting of bronze Ch.5 and Ch.10, and cupro-nickel Ch.25 and Ch.50 and Nu.1 and Nu.3. Aluminium-bronze Ch.25 was also issued dated 1979. Ch.5 and Ch.10 have largely ceased circulating. Currently, coins are available in denominations of Ch.20, Ch.25, Ch.50 and Nu.1.

Banknotes

Previous series
On June 2, 1974, Nu.1, Nu.5 and Nu.10 notes were introduced by the Royal Government of Bhutan, followed by Nu.2, Nu.20, Nu.50, and Nu.100 in 1978. On August 4, 1982, the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Act was enacted, although the RMA did not begin operations until November 1, 1983, and did not issue its own family of notes until 1986.

Present series

In 2006, the Monetary Authority introduced its latest series of notes, with denominations of Nu.1, Nu.5, Nu.10, Nu.20, Nu.50, Nu.100, Nu.500, and Nu.1000. These notes use a hybrid substrate.

Commemorative notes

Exchange rate

See also
 Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan
 Economy of Bhutan

References

Panish, Charles K: "Early Coinage of Bhutan". The American Numismatic Society, Museum Notes 17, New York 1971, p. 247-254 and plates XLVII-XLVIII.
Rhodes, Nicholas:The Coinage of Bhutan. Oriental Numismatic Society, Information Sheet no 16, January 1977.
Rhodes, Nicholas: "Coinage in Bhutan".Journal of Bhutan Studies.. The Centre of Bhutan Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, Thimphu, Autumn, 1999, p. 84-113.
Rhodes, Nicholas: "The Monetisation of Bhutan". Journal of Bhutan Studies.. The Centre of Bhutan Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, Thimphu, Winter 2000, p. 85-103.

External links
 Analysis of Pegged Exchange Rate Between Bhutan and India
 Bhutan Currecy & Banks in Bhutan

Historical and current banknotes of Bhutan
 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/jbs/pdf/JBS_01_01_04.pdf
 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/jbs/pdf/JBS_02_02_03.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120806142959/http://picasaweb.google.com/Vercrusse/Bhutan_Coins02

Economy of Bhutan
Fixed exchange rate
Currencies of Bhutan
Currencies introduced in 1974

Bhutanese ngultrum


Worry dolls (also named trouble dolls; Spanish Muñeca quitapena) are small, mostly hand-made dolls that originate from the highland indigenous people of Guatemala.

Description and material

Worry dolls are mostly hand-made. In Guatemala, they are made of wire, wool and colorful textile leftovers. The dolls are then dressed in traditional Mayan style. The size of the doll can vary between ½ inch and 2.0 inches. In western culture, the dolls are mostly made of pressed paper, adhesive tape, paper and colorful wool. Here, the dolls can be remarkably larger in size.

Function
In the dolls' original Guatemalan tradition, a local legend about the origin of the Muñeca quitapena refers to a Maya princess named Ixmucane. The princess received a special gift from the sun god which would allow her to solve any problem a human could worry about.

In traditional and modern times, worry dolls are given or lent to brooding, anxious or sorrowful children. They would tell their doll about their sorrows, fears and worries, then hide it under their pillow before going to sleep at night. It is said that the child relinquishes their worries to the dolls during the night and by the next morning, all sorrows are said to have been taken away by the worry doll and they can move forward refreshed the next day

Worry dolls have also played a role in modern pediatrics and child psychiatry. During a psychological interview with children, some counselors have offered a worry doll to the child as some kind of imaginary, but trustworthy "listener", "allayer" and "contact person". The doll, in turn, will work for psychiatrists, psychologists, educators and parents as some kind of "agent" and "troubleshooter" between child and adult.

Today, worry dolls are sold in huge quantity in Guatemala and Mexico. Nuns and poor children sell them to tourists as souvenirs. The dolls are quite popular since they are so small and thus easy to carry around.

References

External links

Dolls
Guatemalan folklore
Guatemalan culture

Worry doll


Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, en japonés 三菱電機株式会社 (Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki-gaisha) es un fabricante japonés de materiales eléctricos y arquitectónicos y uno de los mayores fabricantes mundiales de paneles fotovoltaicos, competidor directo de Sharp, Kyocera, BP Solar y Shell Solar. Fundada el 15 de enero de 1921, Mitsubishi Electric forma parte del conglomerado Mitsubishi y está listada en el índice TOPIX 100.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial

Empresas fundadas en 1921
Empresas de electrónica de Japón
Fabricantes de ascensores
Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi Electric


An Koellensteinia kellneriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Koellensteinia kellneriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Koellensteinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Koellensteinia

Koellensteinia kellneriana


Ioan Buzea (n. 1888, Zărnești – d. 1976, București) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Ioan Buzea s-a născut în 1888 în satul Zărnești. Stabilit în satul Milaș, a devenit un mare proprietar de pământ. A fost membru al Comitetului Național Român Milaș, iar după 1918 a fost inspector financiar județean.
A decedat la București în anul 1976.

Activitate politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat al cercului electoral Teaca, comitatul Cojocna.

Note

Bibliografie
 Coord. Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Cluj Napoca, 1998
 Mircea Vaida-Voevod, Gelu Neamțu, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I și II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2008

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1888
Decese în 1976
Inspectori financiari
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Membri ai Marelui Sfat Național Român

Ioan Buzea


Jewgeni Witaljewitsch Mironow (, wiss. Transliteration Evgenij Vital'evič Mironov; * 29. November 1966 in Saratow, Sowjetunion) ist ein bedeutender russischer Film-, Fernseh- und Theaterschauspieler. Als Filmschauspieler ist er einer der führenden Charakterdarsteller seines Landes, seit 2004 trägt er den Titel Volkskünstler Russlands.

Leben

Mironow wurde als Sohn von Witali und Tamara Mironow in der Stadt Saratow geboren. Sein Vater war zeitlebens Chauffeur, trotzdem war die Familie sehr künstlerisch interessiert und auch im Amateurbereich tätig. So wuchs der Junge in einem ihn schon seit frühester Kindheit prägenden Elternhaus auf. Schon als Schüler entschied er sich, unbedingt Schauspieler zu werden. Seine Schwester Oksana Mironowa ist eine bekannte Balletttänzerin in Moskau.

Bereits als 14-Jähriger wurde er an der auch für Jugendliche offenen Schauspielschule Slonov Drama School in Saratow aufgenommen. Dort blieb er bis 1986. Dann wechselte er nach Moskau, wo er von 1986 bis 1990 am Moscow Art Theatre Studio School studierte. 1990 schloss er sich dem Oleg-Tabakow-Ensemble an, dem er teilweise als Schauspieler bis heute treu geblieben ist.

Obwohl er vor 1988 schon kleine Rollen in Filmen gespielt hatte, begann seine eigentliche Karriere beim Film in diesem Jahr mit dem Film The Keresene Salesman's Wife. Von da an ging es Schlag auf Schlag und viele weitere Produktionen für das Fernsehen und das Kino folgten.

Seine große Leidenschaft blieb aber das Theater. Seine bekannteste Rolle hatte er dort in dem Stück The Passions of Bumbarash, dass von 1993 bis 2011 durchgehend mit ihm in einer der Hauptrollen lief. Seit 2006 ist er zudem Künstlerischer Leiter des Theaters der Nationen in Moskau. Im selben Jahr gründete er dann seine eigene Theaterkompanie, die Yevgeny Mironow Theatre Company. Zu den bekannten internationalen Regisseuren von Stücken, in denen er mitspielte, zählen Peter Stein und Thomas Ostermeier.

Engagiert ist er auch im Präsidialen Rat für Kunst und Kultur und hat dort eine Beratertätigkeit. Dieser Rat ist für das Kulturleben auf politischer Ebene in Russland zuständig. Jewgeni Mironow lebt und arbeitet in Moskau. Er gilt gemeinhin als einer der besten und bedeutendsten lebenden Schauspieler Russlands.

Filmographie (Auswahl)

 1991: Gulag 3
 1992: Liebe ()
 1993: Da Capo – Noch einmal mit Gefühl ()
 1994: Die Sonne, die uns täuscht ()
 1999: Mama ()
 2002: Das Irrenhaus ()
 2002: Die Verwandlung (, Verfilmung von Franz Kafkas Erzählung "Die Verwandlung")
 2003: Idiot ()
 2006: Piranha ()
 2008: Das Lager – Wir gingen durch die Hölle (In Tranzit)
 2011: Dostojewski ()
 2013: Pepel ()
 2014: Titanium – Strafplanet XT-59 ()
 2017: Die Zeit der Ersten
 2017: Mathilde – Liebe ändert alles ()
 2022: Land of Legends

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)

 Nika (höchster russischer Filmpreis), 1995, 2006, 2011
 Staatspreis der Russischen Föderation, 1996
 Alexander-Solschenizyn-Literaturpreis (für seine Literaturverfilmungen), 2004
 Andrei-Tarkovsky-Preis, 2005
 Russe des Jahres, 2006
 Orden der Ehre, 2011.
 Verdienstorden für das Vaterland IV. Klasse, 2016

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website (russisch/englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Kinderdarsteller
Volkskünstler Russlands
Träger des russischen Ordens der Ehre
Träger des Verdienstordens für das Vaterland
Träger des Staatspreises der Russischen Föderation
Russe
Geboren 1966
Mann

Jewgeni Witaljewitsch Mironow


Stadionul Olimpic din Baku este un stadion multifuncțional care are 68.700 de locuri. A fost proiectat și construit conform standardelor internaționale pentru stadioane stabilite de Uniunea Asociațiilor Europene de Fotbal (UEFA), Federația Internațională de Fotbal Asociație (FIFA) și Asociația Internațională a Federațiilor de Atletism (IAAF). Acesta este cel mai mare stadion din Azerbaidjan.

Construcția de 225.000 de metri pătrați amplasată pe o suprafață de 650.000 de metri pătrați a fost finalizată în luna februarie a anului 2015. Structura de șase etaje, cu o înălțime de 65,7 metri de lângă lacul Boyukshor din Baku, Azerbaidjan, a fost inaugurată pe 6 martie 2015. Principalul beneficiar al stadionului este Echipa națională de fotbal a Azerbaidjanului, care în trecut juca pe Stadionul Republican Tofiq Bahramov. Stadionul va găzdui trei meciuri în grupe și sferturile de finală ale Campionatului European din 2020.

Construire

Proiectul a fost finanțat de către SOCAR. Stadionul a fost proiectat și construit de compania turcească Tekfen Construction and Installation Co.,Inc,.

Pe lângă stadion, au fost construite o mai multe hoteluri, o parcare supraetajată cu o capacitate de 3617 locuri și spațiu verde (81.574 de metri pătrați).

Fațada stadionului este acoperită cu 35.000 de metri pătrați de LED-uri și panouri acoperite cu membrană ETFE sub formă de paralelogram.

La ceremonia de deschidere a participat președintele Azerbaidjanului, Ilham Aliyev, și președinții de atunci ai FIFA, respectiv UEFA, Sepp Blatter și Michel Platini.

Campionatul European de Fotbal 2020

Referințe

Legături externe
 Stadionul Olimpic din Baku, stadiumdb.com

Stadioane din Azerbaidjan
Stadioane ale Campionatului European de Fotbal 2020

Stadionul Olimpic din Baku


بلدية سان فيسينتي ديل راسبايج , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 49.341 نسمة. تضم الحرم الرئيس لجامعة أليكانتي.

أعلام
 خوانما أسيفيدو
 دانيال أدوغار
 كوسم
 ألبيرتو كاربونيل
 داريو بوفيدا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت

سان فيسينتي ديل راسبايج


أندريا زيمن Andrea Simmen (ولدت في 15 ديسمبر 1960 في زيورخ - وماتت في 19 يوليو 2005 في فلاخ بسويسرا) هي كاتبة سويسرية.

عملت أندريا زيمن طاهية ومهندسة ديكور وبستانية. كما بدأت تكتب. وقد تفرغت للكتابة الأدبية في عام 1990, فنشرت العديد من الروايات والقصص. وفي أعوام 1991 و 1993 و 1995 نشرت مجموعاتها القصصية «أنا ضحية النقطتين» و «منظر طبيعي به رعاة» و «ربما يدعى باول». ونشرت في عام 2001 رواية Der eingeschneite Hund.

حصلت على عدة جوائز أدبية.

مراجع

كتاب وكاتبات ألمان
مواليد 1960
مواليد في زيورخ
وفيات 2005

أندريا زيمن


Crkva sv. Andrije, rimokatolička crkva na području Grada Trogira, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Andrije smještena je na vrhu brijega Balana na Čiovu. Crkva je jednobrodna s polukružnom apsidom, a orijentirana je u smjeru istok-zapad. Nad ulaznim vratima nalazi se kameni romanički srpasti luk. S južne i sjeverne strana vrata nalazi se po jedan prozor kvadratnog oblika s jednostavnim, glatkim kamenim pragovima. Pretpostavke istraživača su da stariji dio crkve pripada ranoromaničkoj fazi, a u 16.st. došlo je do rušenja izvornog pročelja te prigradnje novijeg dijela. U središnjem dijelu svetišta pred apsidom nalazi se zidani oltar iz 7.st. Unutrašnjost crkve je presvođena kamenom samo u starijem dijelu dok noviji dio crkve ima drvenu krovnu konstrukciju.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4902 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Trogiru
Čiovo
Trogir

Crkva sv. Andrije u Trogiru


Nizamabad, auch Indhooru (Telugu: నిజామాబాదు జిల్లా; Urdu: نظام آباد ضلع) ist ein Distrikt des indischen Bundesstaats Telangana. Der Verwaltungssitz ist die Stadt Nizamabad.

Geographie
Der Distrikt liegt im Norden von Telangana. Er wird im Westen von den Bundesstaaten Karnataka und Maharashtra, im Norden vom Distrikt Adilabad, im Osten vom Distrikt Karimnagar und im Süden vom Distrikt Medak umrahmt.

Der Distrikt hat eine Fläche von 7956 km², davon sind 1812 km² (22,8 Prozent) bewaldet. Die bedeutendsten Flüsse im Bezirk sind Godavari, Manjira, Maneru, Phalungi und Yedlakattavagu. Zudem gibt es zwei größere Seen im (oder teilweise im) Distrikt: den Nizam Sagar See und das Upper Manair Reservoir.

Klima
Das Klima des Bezirks charakterisiert sich durch heiße Sommer und ist im Allgemeinen trocken, außer während der Monsunzeit. April und Mai ist Sommerzeit mit großer Trockenheit und hohen Temperaturen. Der Südwestmonsun ab der zweiten Juniwoche bis zur zweiten Oktoberwoche bringt den ergiebigsten Regen. Der anschließende Nordostmonsun bis Ende Dezember bringt etwas geringere, aber immer noch bedeutende Regenmengen. In den Monaten Januar bis März ist Winter mit kühleren Temperaturen. Der langjährige Durchschnitt der Niederschlagsmenge beträgt 813 mm pro Jahr. Der Südwestmonsun bringt 696 mm und der Nordostmonsun 72 mm. Sonst fällt nur noch wenig Regen. Dies führt zur Austrocknung der Anbauflächen in der Trockenzeit, die von Januar bis Mai dauert. Der kälteste Monat ist der Dezember (Durchschnitt 21,64° – Tagesminimum 15°, -maximum 28°), der wärmste der Mai (Durchschnitt 32,83° – Minimum 26°, Maximum 40°). Während der Mosunzeit herrscht eine Luftfeuchtigkeit von bis zu 80 Prozent. Diese fällt in der Trockenperiode auf 30 Prozent.

Bevölkerung
Bei der letzten Volkszählung 2011 wurden 2.552.073 Einwohner gezählt. Davon waren 1.252.191 Männer (49,1 Prozent) und 1.299.882 Frauen. Zu den scheduled castes (den registrierten unterprivilegierten Kasten) gehörten 2001 348.158 Personen (14,8 Prozent), zu den scheduled tribes (den registrierten indigenen Völkern oder Stämmen, Adivasi) 165.735 (7,1 Prozent) Menschen. 587.800 Personen (23,03 Prozent) lebten 2011 in städtischen Gebieten. Die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung des Distrikts Nizamabad spricht Telugu. Eine bedeutende Anzahl Personen spricht Urdu als Muttersprache. Im ganzen Bezirk gibt es 922 bewohnte Dörfer.

Wirtschaft
er Großteil der Bevölkerung ist in der Landwirtschaft beschäftigt. Hauptsächlich werden Reis, Mais, Sojabohnen, Mungbohnen, Zuckerrohr, Sonnenblumen, Baumwolle, Urdbohnen, Sorghumhirse (Sorghum bicolor) und Kurkuma angebaut. Daneben ist Handweberei ein bedeutender Erwerbszweig. Es gibt im ganzen Distrikt nur wenige kleine Industrieunternehmen (Energiegewinnung, Granitwerke und Zuckerfabriken). An Bodenschätzen findet man verschiedene Gesteinsarten (Kalksteine, Granit etc.), die industriell genutzt werden. In den Städten leben die Leute vom Handel mit Gütern und Dienstleistungen.

Geschichte
Nizamabad ist Teil der Region Telangana und teilt dessen Geschichte. Den heutigen Namen erhielten Bezirk und Hauptort zu Ehren von Mir Mahbub Ali Khan Asaf Jah VI, dem damaligen Nizab von Hyderabad. Bis 1956 war das Gebiet eine Region im Hyderabad State. Seither ist Nizamabad eine Verwaltungseinheit innerhalb des damals neu geschaffenen Staats Andhra Pradesh.

Verwaltung
Der Distrikt Nizamabad umfasst 36 Mandals (Talukas) und 922 bewohnte Dörfer.

Fiskalisch ist der Distrikt heute in die drei Steuerbezirke Bodhan, Kamareddy und Nizamabad eingeteilt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Distrikt in Telangana

Nizamabad (Distrikt)


Demirşeyh, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. 31 Aralık 1991 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye çevrilen kasabanın belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Yönetim

Belediye başkanlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Demirşeyh, Sungurlu


Stefano Marchetti (* 10. November 1986 in Trient) ist ein italienischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit September 2020 bei Asiago Hockey in der Alps Hockey League unter Vertrag steht.

Karriere
Stefano Marchetti begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler beim SHC Fassa, für deren Profimannschaft er von 2002 bis 2009 in der Serie A1 aktiv war. Anschließend verbrachte er zwei Jahre bei dessen Ligarivalen SG Pontebba. Zur Saison 2011/12 wurde der Verteidiger vom amtierenden Meister Asiago Hockey verpflichtet. Mit dem Team aus Venetien gewann er 2013 und 2015 die Italienische Meisterschaft und 2013 auch den Supercup. In der Saison 2016/17 spielte er für den Klub parallel in der neu gegründeten Alps Hockey League.

Von 2017 bis 2020 stand Marchetti beim HC Bozen in der österreichischen Eishockey-Liga unter Vertrag.

International
Für Italien nahm Marchetti im Juniorenbereich an der Division I der U18-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 2004 sowie den Division-I-Turnieren der U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften 2005 und 2006 teil.

Im Seniorenbereich stand er erstmals im Februar 2009 in Riga bei der Olympiaqualifikation für die Spiele in Vancouver im Kader der Italiener, die aber nach Niederlagen gegen Lettland (1:4) und die Ukraine (2:3) bei nur einem Sieg gegen Ungarn (4:1) den Sprung ins Endturnier verpassten. Erfolgreicher lief es für ihn bei der Weltmeisterschaft im selben Jahr, als die Azzurri das Turnier der Division I im polnischen Toruń gewinnen und damit in die Top-Division aufsteigen konnten. In der Top-Division stand er im italienischen Kader bei den Titelkämpfen 2010 und 2012, ohne jeweils jedoch den Abstieg verhindern zu können. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2013 der Division I in Budapest stand er erneut im italienischen Kader und stieg mit seiner Mannschaft dank eines 2:1-Erfolges gegen die Gastgeber wieder in die Top-Division auf. Auch 2015 und 2016 stand er wieder in der Division I auf dem Eis. Zudem vertrat er seine Farben bei der Olympiaqualifikation für die Winterspiele in Pyeongchang 2018.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2009 Aufstieg in die Top-Division bei der Weltmeisterschaft der Division I, Gruppe B
 2013 Italienischer Meister und Supercupsieger mit Asiago Hockey
 2013 Aufstieg in die Top-Division bei der Weltmeisterschaft der Division I, Gruppe A
 2015 Italienischer Meister mit Asiago Hockey
 2016 Aufstieg in die Top-Division bei der Weltmeisterschaft der Division I. Gruppe A
 2018 EBEL-Sieger mit dem HC Bozen

Karrierestatistik
Stand: Ende Saison 2019/20

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Italien)
Eishockeyspieler (SHC Fassa)
Eishockeyspieler (SG Pontebba)
Eishockeyspieler (Asiago Hockey)
Eishockeyspieler (HC Bozen)
Sportler (Trient)
Italienischer Meister (Eishockey)
Italiener
Geboren 1986
Mann

Stefano Marchetti


Fallmeisterei ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Mönchsroth im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Die Einöde besteht aus einem Wohngebäude mit fünf Nebengebäuden. Im Nordwesten grenzt das Gewerbegebiet von Mönchsroth an, im Südosten das Waldgebiet Espan. Dort befindet sich ein römischer Wachtturm. Im Südwesten liegt das Flurgebiet Hofbuck mit zahlreichen kleineren Weihern.

Geschichte
Das Hochgericht und die Grundherrschaft über die Fallmeisterei hatte das oettingen-spielbergische Oberamt Mönchsroth. Das Anwesen gehörte zur Realgemeinde Mönchsroth.

Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Fallmeisterei dem 1809 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt und der im selben Jahr gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Mönchsroth zugeordnet.

Mittlerweile ist Fallmeisterei als Haus Nr. 6 der Wittenbacher Straße aufgegangen.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Oswald und Ägidius (Mönchsroth) gepfarrt. Die Katholiken sind nach St. Margareta (Wilburgstetten) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Mönchsroth
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung

Fallmeisterei (Mönchsroth)


Exaplátanos, en , auparavant appelé Kapíniani (), jusqu'en 1925, est un village et un ancien dème du district régional de Pella en Macédoine-Centrale, Grèce. En 2010, le dème est fusionné au sein de celui d'Almopie.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème s'élève à  tandis que celle du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Centralev
Ancien dème en Grèce

Exaplátanos


Morgan Scott Peck (1936–2005) was an American psychiatrist and best-selling author who wrote the book The Road Less Traveled, published in 1978.

Early life
Peck was born on May 22, 1936, in New York City, the son of Zabeth (née Saville) and David Warner Peck, an attorney and judge. His parents were Quakers. Peck was raised a Protestant (his paternal grandmother was from a Jewish family, but Peck's father identified himself as a WASP and not as Jewish).

His parents sent him to the prestigious boarding school Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, when he was 13. In his book, The Road Less Traveled, he confides the story of his brief stay at Exeter, and admits that it was a most miserable time. Finally, at age 15, during the spring holiday of his third year, he came home and refused to return to the school, whereupon his parents sought psychiatric help for him and he was (much to his amusement in later life) diagnosed with depression and recommended for a month's stay in a psychiatric hospital (unless he chose to return to school). He then transferred to Friends Seminary (a private K–12 school) in late 1952, and graduated in 1954, after which he received a BA from Harvard in 1958, and an MD degree from Case Western Reserve University in 1963.

Career
Peck served in administrative posts in the government during his career as a psychiatrist. He also served in the US Army and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. His army assignments included stints as chief of psychology at the Army Medical Center in Okinawa, Japan, and assistant chief of psychiatry and neurology in the office of the surgeon general in Washington, DC. He was the medical director of the New Milford Hospital Mental Health Clinic and a psychiatrist in private practice in New Milford, Connecticut. His first and best-known book, The Road Less Traveled, sold more than 10 million copies.

Peck's works combined his experiences from his private psychiatric practice with a distinctly religious point of view. In his second book, People of the Lie, he wrote, "After many years of vague identification with Buddhist and Islamic mysticism, I ultimately made a firm Christian commitment – signified by my non-denominational baptism on the ninth of March 1980..." (Peck, 1983/1988, p11). One of his views was that people who are evil attack others rather than face their own failures.

In December 1984, Peck co-founded the Foundation for Community Encouragement (FCE), a tax-exempt, nonprofit, public educational foundation, whose stated mission is "to teach the principles of community to individuals and organizations." FCE ceased day-to-day operations from 2002 to 2009. In late 2009, almost 25 years after FCE was first founded, the organization resumed functioning, and began offering community building and training events in 2010.

Personal life
Peck married Lily Ho in 1959, and they had three children. In 1994, they jointly received the Community of Christ International Peace Award.

While Peck's writings emphasized the virtues of a disciplined life and delayed gratification, his personal life was far more turbulent. For example, in his book In Search of Stones, Peck acknowledged having extramarital affairs and being estranged from two of his children. In 2004, just a year before his death, Peck divorced Lily and married Kathleen Kline Yates.

Death
Peck died at his home in Connecticut on September 25, 2005. He had had Parkinson's disease and pancreatic and liver duct cancer. Fuller Theological Seminary houses the archives of his publications, awards, and correspondence.

The Road Less Traveled

The Road Less Traveled, published in 1978, is Peck's best-known work, and the one that made his reputation. It is, in short, a description of the attributes that make for a fulfilled human being, based largely on his experiences as a psychiatrist and a person.

The book consists of four parts.  In the first part Peck examines the notion of discipline, which he considers essential for emotional, spiritual, and psychological health, and which he describes as "the means of spiritual evolution".  The elements of discipline that make for such health include the ability to delay gratification, accepting responsibility for oneself and one's actions, a dedication to truth, and "balancing".  "Balancing" refers to the problem of reconciling multiple, complex, possibly conflicting factors that impact an important decision—on one's own behalf or on behalf of another.

In the second part, Peck addresses the nature of love, which he considers the driving force behind spiritual growth.  He contrasts his own views on the nature of love against a number of common misconceptions about love, including:
 that love is identified with romantic love (he considers it a very destructive myth when it is solely relying on "falling in love"),
 that love is related to dependency,
 that true love is linked with the feeling of "falling in love".
Peck argues that "true" love is rather an action that one undertakes consciously to extend one's ego boundaries by including others or humanity, and is therefore the spiritual nurturing—which can be directed toward oneself, as well as toward one's beloved.

In the third part Peck deals with religion, and the commonly accepted views and misconceptions concerning religion.  He recounts experiences from several patient case histories, and the evolution of the patients' notion of God, religion, atheism—especially of their own "religiosity" or atheism—as their therapy with Peck progressed.

The fourth and final part concerns "grace", the powerful force originating outside human consciousness that nurtures spiritual growth in human beings.  To focus on the topic, he describes the miracles of health, the unconscious, and serendipity—phenomena which Peck says:
nurture human life and spiritual growth,
are incompletely understood by scientific thinking,
are commonplace among humanity,
originate outside the conscious human will.

He concludes that "the miracles described indicate that our growth as human beings is being assisted by a force other than our conscious will" (Peck, 1978/1992, p281).

Random House, where the then little-known psychiatrist first tried to publish his original manuscript, turned him down, saying the final section was "too Christ-y." Thereafter, Simon & Schuster published the work for $7,500 and printed a modest hardback run of 5,000 copies. The book took off only after Peck hit the lecture circuit and personally sought reviews in key publications. Later reprinted in paperback in 1980, The Road first made best-seller lists in 1984 – six years after its initial publication.

People of the Lie

First published in 1983, People of the Lie: Toward a Psychology of Evil [subsequent vols subtitled The Hope For Healing Human Evil and Possession and Group Evil] () followed on from Peck's first book. Peck describes the stories of several people who came to him whom he found particularly resistant to any form of help. He came to think of them as evil and goes on to describe the characteristics of evil in psychological terms, proposing that it could become a psychiatric diagnosis. Peck points to narcissism as a type of evil in this context.

Theories

Love

His perspective on love (in The Road Less Traveled) is that love is not a feeling, it is an activity and an investment. He defines love as, "The will to extend one's self for the purpose of nurturing one's own or another's spiritual growth" (Peck, 1978/1992, p85). Peck expands on the work of Thomas Aquinas over 700 years ago, that love is primarily actions towards nurturing the spiritual growth of another.

Peck seeks to differentiate between love and cathexis. Cathexis is what explains sexual attraction, the instinct for cuddling pets and pinching babies' cheeks. However, cathexis is not love. All the same, love cannot begin in isolation; a certain amount of cathexis is necessary to get sufficiently close to be able to love.

Once through the cathexis stage, the work of love begins. It is not a feeling. It consists of what you do for another person. As Peck says in The Road Less Traveled, "Love is as love does." It is about giving yourself and the other person what they need to grow.

Discipline

The Road Less Traveled begins with the statement "Life is difficult". Life was never meant to be easy and is essentially a series of problems which can either be solved or ignored. Peck wrote of the importance of discipline, describing four aspects of it:

 Delaying gratification: Sacrificing present comfort for future gains.
 Acceptance of responsibility: Accepting responsibility for one's own decisions.
 Dedication to truth: Honesty, both in word and deed.
 Balancing: Handling conflicting requirements.

Peck argues that these are techniques of suffering, that enable the pain of problems to be worked through and systematically solved, producing growth. He argues that most people avoid the pain of dealing with their problems and suggests that it is through facing the pain of problem-solving that life becomes more meaningful.

Neurotic and legitimate suffering

Peck believes that it is only through suffering and agonizing using the four aspects of discipline (delaying gratification, acceptance of responsibility, dedication to truth, and balancing) that we can resolve the many puzzles and conflicts that we face. This is what he calls undertaking legitimate suffering. Peck argues that by trying to avoid legitimate suffering, people actually ultimately end up suffering more. This extra unnecessary suffering is what Scott Peck terms neurotic suffering. He references Carl Jung 'Neurosis is always a substitute for legitimate suffering'. Peck says that our aim must be to eliminate neurotic suffering and to work through our legitimate suffering to achieve our individual goals.

Evil

Peck discusses evil in his 3-volume book People of the Lie, and also in a chapter of The Road Less Traveled. Peck characterizes evil as a malignant type of self-righteousness in which there is an active rather than passive refusal to tolerate imperfection (sin) and its consequent guilt. This syndrome results in a projection of evil onto selected specific innocent victims (often children), which is the paradoxical mechanism by which the People of the Lie commit their evil. Peck argues that these people are the most difficult of all to deal with, and extremely hard to identify. He describes in some detail several individual cases involving his patients. In one case which Peck considers as the most typical because of its subtlety, he describes Roger, a depressed teenage son of respected, well-off parents. In a series of parental decisions justified by often subtle distortions of the truth, they exhibit a consistent disregard for their son's feelings, and a consistent willingness to destroy his growth. With false rationality and normality, they aggressively refuse to consider that they are in any way responsible for his resultant depression, eventually suggesting his condition must be incurable and genetic.

Peck makes a distinction between those who are on their way to becoming evil and those who have already crossed the line and are irretrievably evil. In the first instance, he describes George. Peck says, "Basically, George, you're a kind of a coward. Whenever the going gets a little bit rough, you sell out." Of note, this is the kind of evil that inspired the film Session 9. When asked where evil lives, Simon concludes, "I live in the weak and the wounded." On the other hand, those who have crossed the line and are irretrievably evil are described as having malignant narcissism.

Some of his conclusions about the psychiatric condition that he designates as "evil" are derived from his close study of one patient he names Charlene. Although Charlene is not dangerous, she is ultimately unable to have empathy for others in any way. According to Peck, people like her see others as playthings or tools to be manipulated for their own uses or entertainment. Peck states that these people are rarely seen by psychiatrists, and have never been treated successfully.

Evil is described by Peck as "militant ignorance". The original Judeo-Christian concept of "sin" is as a process that leads us to "miss the mark" and fall short of perfection. Peck argues that while most people are conscious of this, at least on some level, those that are evil actively and militantly refuse this consciousness. Peck considers those he calls evil to be attempting to escape and hide from their own conscience (through self-deception), and views this as being quite distinct from the apparent absence of conscience evident in sociopathy.

According to Peck, an evil person:
 is consistently self-deceiving, with the intent of avoiding guilt and maintaining a self-image of perfection
 deceives others as a consequence of their own self-deception
 projects his or her evils and sins onto very specific targets (scapegoats) while being apparently normal with everyone else ("their insensitivity toward him was selective" (Peck, 1983/1988, p 105))
 commonly hates with the pretense of love, for the purposes of self-deception as much as deception of others
 abuses political (emotional) power ("the imposition of one's will upon others by overt or covert coercion" (Peck, 1978/1992, p298))
 maintains a high level of respectability, and lies incessantly to do so
 is consistent in his or her sins. Evil persons are characterized not so much by the magnitude of their sins, but by their consistency (of destructiveness)
 is unable to think from the viewpoint of their victim (scapegoating)
 has a covert intolerance to criticism and other forms of narcissistic injury

Most evil people realize the evil deep within themselves, but are unable to tolerate the pain of introspection, or admit to themselves that they are evil. Thus, they constantly run away from their evil by putting themselves in a position of moral superiority and putting the focus of evil on others. Evil is an extreme form of what Peck, in The Road Less Traveled, calls a  character and personality disorder.

Using the My Lai massacre as a case study, Peck also examines group evil, discussing how human group morality is strikingly less than individual morality. Partly, he considers this to be a result of specialization, which allows people to avoid individual responsibility and pass the buck, resulting in a reduction of group conscience.

Though the topic of evil has historically been the domain of religion, Peck makes great efforts to keep much of his discussion on a scientific basis, explaining the specific psychological mechanisms by which evil operates. He was also particularly conscious of the danger of a psychology of evil being misused for personal or political ends. Peck considered that such a psychology should be used with great care, as falsely labeling people as evil is one of the very characteristics of evil. He argued that a diagnosis of evil should come from the standpoint of healing and safety for its victims, but also with the possibility even if remote, that the evil themselves may be cured.

Ultimately, Peck says that evil arises out of free choice. He describes it thus: Every person stands at a crossroads, with one path leading to God, and the other path leading to the devil. The path of God is the right path, and accepting this path is akin to submission to a higher power. However, if a person wants to convince himself and others that he has free choice, he would rather take a path which cannot be attributed to its being the right path. Thus, he chooses the path of evil.

Peck also discussed the question of the devil. Initially he believed, as with "99% of psychiatrists and the majority of clergy" (Peck, 1983/1988, p182), that the devil did not exist; but, after starting to believe in the reality of human evil, he then began to contemplate the reality of spiritual evil. Eventually, after having been referred several possible cases of possession and being involved in two exorcisms, he was converted to a belief in the existence of Satan. Peck considered people who are possessed as being victims of evil, but of not being evil themselves. Peck, however, considered possession to be rare, and human evil common. He did believe there was some relationship between Satan and human evil, but was unsure of its exact nature. Peck's writings and views on possession and exorcism are to some extent influenced and based on specific accounts by Malachi Martin; however, the veracity of these accounts and Peck's own diagnostic approach to possession have both since been questioned by a Catholic priest who is a professor of theology. It has been argued that it is not possible to find formal records to establish the veracity of Father Malachi Martin's described cases of possession, as all exorcism files are sealed by the Archdiocese of New York, where all but one of the cases took place.

The four stages of spiritual development

Peck postulates that there are four stages of human spiritual development:

 Stage I is chaotic, disordered, and reckless. Very young children are in Stage I. They may defy and disobey and are unwilling to accept a will greater than their own. They are egoistical and lack empathy for others. Criminals are often people who have never grown out of Stage I.
 Stage II is the stage at which a person has blind faith in authority figures and sees the world as divided simply into good and evil, right and wrong, us and them. Once children learn to obey their parents and other authority figures (often out of fear or shame), they reach Stage II. Many religious people are Stage II. With blind faith comes humility and a willingness to obey and serve. The majority of conventionally moralistic, law-abiding citizens never move out of Stage II.
 Stage III is the stage of scientific skepticism and questioning. A Stage III person does not accept claims based on faith, but is only convinced with logic. Many people working in scientific and technological research are in Stage III. Often they reject the existence of spiritual or supernatural forces, since these are difficult to measure or prove scientifically. Those who do retain their spiritual beliefs move away from the simple, official doctrines of fundamentalism.
 Stage IV is the stage at which an individual enjoys the mystery and beauty of nature and existence. While retaining skepticism, s/he starts perceiving grand patterns in nature and develops a deeper understanding of good and evil, forgiveness and mercy, compassion and love. His/her religiousness and spirituality differ from that of a Stage II person, in the sense that s/he does not accept things through blind faith or out of fear, but from genuine belief. S/he does not judge people harshly or seek to inflict punishment on them for their transgressions. This is the stage of loving others as yourself, losing your attachment to your ego, and forgiving your enemies. Stage IV people are labeled  mystics.

Peck argues that while transitions from Stage I to Stage II are sharp, transitions from Stage III to Stage IV are gradual. Nonetheless, these changes are noticeable and mark a significant difference in the personality of the individual.

Community building

In his book The Different Drum: Community Making and Peace, Peck says that community has three essential ingredients:

 Inclusivity
 Commitment
 Consensus

Based on his experience with community building workshops, Peck says that community building typically goes through four stages:

 Pseudocommunity: In the first stage, well-intentioned people try to demonstrate their ability to be friendly and sociable, but they do not really delve beneath the surface of each other's ideas or emotions.  They use obvious generalities and mutually established stereotypes in speech.  Instead of conflict resolution, pseudocommunity involves conflict avoidance, which maintains the appearance or facade of true community.  It also serves only to maintain positive emotions, instead of creating a safe space for honesty and love through bad emotions as well.  While they still remain in this phase, members will never really obtain evolution or change, as individuals or as a bunch.
 Chaos: The first step towards real positivity is, paradoxically, a period of negativity. Once the mutually sustained facade of bonhomie is shed, negative emotions flood through:  members start to vent their mutual frustrations, annoyances, and differences.  It is a chaotic stage, but Peck describes it as a "beautiful chaos" because it is a sign of healthy growth (this relates closely to Dabrowski's concept of disintegration).
 Emptiness:  To transcend the stage of "Chaos", members are forced to shed that which prevents real communication. Biases and prejudices, need for power and control, self-superiority, and other similar motives which are only mechanisms of self-validation and/or ego-protection, must yield to empathy, openness to vulnerability, attention, and trust. Hence, this stage does not mean people should be "empty" of thoughts, desires, ideas or opinions. Rather, it refers to emptiness of all mental and emotional distortions which reduce one's ability to really share, listen to, and build on those thoughts, ideas, etc. It is often the hardest step in the four-level process, as it necessitates the release of patterns which people develop over time in a subconscious attempt to maintain self-worth and positive emotion. While this is therefore a stage of "Fana (Sufism)" in a certain sense, it should be viewed not merely as a "death", but as a rebirth—of one's true self at the individual level, and at the social level of the genuine and True community.
 True community: Having worked through emptiness, the people in the community enter a place of complete empathy with one another. There is a great level of tacit understanding. People are able to relate to each other's feelings. Discussions, even when heated, never get sour, and motives are not questioned. A deeper and more sustainable level of happiness obtains between the members, which does not have to be forced. Even, and perhaps especially, when conflicts arise, it is understood that they are part of positive change.

The four stages of community formation are somewhat related to a model in organization theory for the five stages that a team goes through during development. These five stages are:

 Forming where the team members have some initial discomfort with each other, but nothing comes out in the open. They are insecure about their role and position with respect to the team. This corresponds to the initial stage of pseudocommunity.
 Storming where the team members start arguing heatedly, and differences and insecurities come out in the open. This corresponds to the second stage given by Scott Peck, namely chaos.
 Norming where the team members lay out rules and guidelines for interaction that help define the roles and responsibilities of each person. This corresponds to emptiness, where the community members think within and empty themselves of their obsessions to be able to accept and listen to others.
 Performing where the team finally starts working as a cohesive whole, and to effectively achieve the tasks set of themselves. In this stage individuals are aided by the group as a whole, where necessary, to move further collectively than they could achieve as a group of separated individuals.
 Transforming This corresponds to the stage of true community. This represents the stage of celebration, and when individuals leave, as they invariably must, there is a genuine feeling of grief, and a desire to meet again. Traditionally, this stage was often called "Mourning".

It is in this third stage that Peck's community-building methods differ in principle from team development. While teams in business organizations need to develop explicit rules, guidelines and protocols during the norming stage, the emptiness stage of community building is characterized, not by laying down the rules explicitly, but by shedding the resistance within the minds of the individuals.

Peck started the Foundation for Community Encouragement (FCE) to promote the formation of communities, which, he argues, are a first step towards uniting humanity and saving us from self-destruction.

The Blue Heron Farm is an intentional community in central North Carolina, whose founders stated that they were inspired by Peck's writings on community. Peck himself had no involvement with this project, however.

The Exosphere Academy of Science & the Arts uses community building in their teaching methodology to help students practice deeper communication, remove their "masks", and feel more comfortable collaborating and building innovative projects and startups.

Based on research by Robert E. Roberts (1943–2013), Chattanooga Endeavors has used Community Building since 1996 as a group intervention to improve the learning experience of former offenders participating in work-readiness training. Roberts' research demonstrates that groups that are exposed to Community Building achieve significantly better training outcomes.

Characteristics of true community

Peck describes what he considers to be the most salient characteristics of a true community:
 Inclusivity, commitment, and consensus: members accept and embrace each other, celebrating their individuality and transcending their differences.  They commit themselves to the effort and the people involved. They make decisions and reconcile their differences through consensus.
 Realism: members bring together multiple perspectives to better understand the whole context of the situation. Decisions are more well-rounded and humble, rather than one-sided and arrogant.
 Contemplation: members examine themselves. They are individually and collectively self-aware of the world outside themselves, the world inside themselves, and the relationship between the two.
 A safe place: members allow others to share their vulnerability, heal themselves, and express who they truly are.
 A laboratory for personal disarmament: members experientially discover the rules for peacemaking and embrace its virtues. They feel and express compassion and respect for each other as fellow human beings.
 A group that can fight gracefully: members resolve conflicts with wisdom and grace. They listen and understand, respect each other's gifts, accept each other's limitations, celebrate their differences, bind each other's wounds, and commit to a struggle together rather than against each other.
 A group of all leaders: members harness the "flow of leadership" to make decisions and set a course of action. It is the spirit of community itself that leads, and not any single individual.
 A spirit: The true spirit of community is the spirit of peace, love, wisdom and power. Members may view the source of this spirit as an outgrowth of the collective self or as the manifestation of a Higher Will.

Bibliography
 The Road Less Traveled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values and Spiritual Growth (Simon & Schuster, 1978)
 People of the Lie: The Hope For Healing Human Evil (Simon & Schuster, 1983)
 What Return Can I Make? Dimensions of the Christian Experience(Simon & Schuster, 1985) (republished by Harpers in 1995 under the new title, Gifts For the Journey: Treasures of the Christian Life)
 The Different Drum: Community Making and Peace (Simon & Schuster, 1987)
 A Bed By the Window: A Novel of Mystery and Redemption (Bantam Books, 1990)
 The Friendly Snowflake: A Fable of Faith, Love and Family (Turner Publishing, 1992)
 A World Waiting To Be Born: Civility Rediscovered (Bantam, 1993)
 Meditations From the Road (Simon & Schuster, 1993)
 Further Along the Road Less Traveled (Simon & Schuster, 1993)
 In Search of Stones: A Pilgrimage of Faith, Reason and Discovery (Hyperion Books 1995)
 In Heaven As on Earth: A Vision of the Afterlife (Hyperion, 1996)
 The Road Less Traveled and Beyond: Spiritual Growth in an Age of Anxiety (Simon & Schuster, 1997)
 Denial of the Soul: Spiritual and Medical Perspectives in Euthanasia and Mortality (Harmony Books (Crown), 1997)
 Golf and the Spirit: Lessons for the Journey (Harmony Books, 1999)
 Glimpses of the Devil: A Psychiatrist's Personal Accounts of Possession, Exorcism, and Redemption (Free Press, January 19, 2005)

References

Further reading

 Boomer Guru: How M. Scott Peck Guided Millions but Lost Himself on the Road Less Traveled by Arthur Jones (Capparoe Books, 2015)
 "'Road Less Traveled' Author Dies at 69" – obituary in San Francisco Chronicle, September 28, 2005
 "Pop psychiatrist who ignored his bestselling advice on adultery" – obituary in The Guardian, September 25, 2005

External links

 The Foundation for Community Encouragement

1936 births
2005 deaths
American Christian writers
Protestants from New York (state)
American psychiatrists
American self-help writers
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Friends Seminary alumni
Harvard University alumni
Neurological disease deaths in Connecticut
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Popular psychology
United States Army officers

M. Scott Peck


Positive outcome bias  may refer to:

 Publication bias, the tendency for researchers to publish research which had a positive outcome. "Positive" in this sense means "eventful" as opposed to "uneventful"
 Unrealistic optimism, a bias in prediction in which people overestimate the probability of good things happening to them. "Positive" in this sense means "good" as opposed to "bad" feelings

Positive outcome bias


Album FIDE (rus. Альбом ФИДЕ, eng. FIDE Album) je zbirka najboljih djela šahovskih kompozitora na svijetu za određeno vremensko razdoblje. U pravilu je to za tri godine. Izlazi pod egidom FIDE. Izdavač je Hrvatski šahovski savez, naklada Šahovska naklada, Zagreb. U Albumu FIDE obuhvaćaju izabrane probleme vrhunskog stvaralaštva u periodu od 1914. – 1982. Pokretač je hrvatski velemajstor FIDE u šahovskom komponiranju Nenad Petrović. Petrović je realizirao prvih 13 svezaka Albuma FIDE. U njemu se sustavno objavljuju najbolje svjetske matne zadaće.

Hrvati u Albumu FIDE (barem 30 bodova)
(popis nepotpun)

Vidi još
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Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Popis izdanja Albuma FIDE
Rang lista svih kompozitora s barem 70 bodova u Albumu FIDE za period 1914-2015
Abecedni popis svih kompozitora koji su objavljeni u Albumu FIDE i njihov ukupan broj ostvarenih bodova

Problemski šah
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Album FIDE


Kathleen Hanna (født 12. november 1968) er en amerikansk musiker, forfatter, feministisk aktivist og en vigtig person i bevægelsen Riot Grrrl i begyndelsen af 1990'erne. Hun var forsanger i punkbandet Bikini Kill og udgav i 1998 et soloalbum under navnet Julie Ruin, der senere udviklede sig til bandet Le Tigre. Siden 2013 har primært optrådt med bandet The Julie Ruin.

Karriere og privatliv
Kathleen Hanna startede sin karriere som forsanger og sangskriver i bandet Bikini Kill, som blev dannet i Olympia, Washington i 1990. Bandet (som trak sig tilbage i 1998) bestod af udover Kathleen Hanna af guitarist Billy Karren, bassist Kathi Wilcox og trommeslager Tobi Vail. Bandet fik stor succes, bl.a. med den Joan Jett-producerede single "Rebel Girl" i 1993. I 1998 besluttede bandet sig for at holde en pause, men udsendte på trods af dette en række singler 'posthumt'.

Under pausen fra Bikini Kill udgav Hanna i 1997 et soloalbum under navnet Julie Ruin på pladeselskabet Kill Rock Stars. Albummet gik forud for den musik, hun ville komme til at lave med Le Tigre, der i begyndelsen var tænkt som en live-konstellation til Julie Ruin-projektet.

Le Tigre blev dannet i 1998 i New York City og bestod af Kathleen Hanna, Johanna Fateman og Sadie Benning. Senere blev Sadie Benning erstattet af JD Samson. Bandet spillede elektropunk, og selvom det ikke udgav albums efter 2004, gendannedes de igen i 2016, hvor de bl.a. udgav singlen med titlen "I'm With Her", der skulle støtte Hillary Clinton i hendes valgkamp mod Donald Trump.

Kathleen Hannas projekt The Julie Ruin startede i 2009, og inkluderer bl.a. Bikini Kill-medlemmet Kathi Wilcox. Herudover består bandet af Carmine Covelli, Sara Landeau og Kenny Mellman. The Julie Ruin udgav deres første album Run Fast i 2013, og senere Hit Reset i 2016.

Kathleen Hanna har siden 2006 været gift med punksangeren Adam Horovitz, der er forsanger i bandet Beastie Boys.

Aktivisme og kulturel betydning
Riot Grrrl bevægelsens idé var at skabe en opposition til, hvad de anså for værende, en mandsdomineret og kvindeundertrykkende musikkultur. Bevægelsen sættes ofte i forbindelse med politisk aktivisme og den tredje bølge feminisme. Til koncerter, via flyers, og magasiner mm. skabte bevægelsen rum og steder, hvor kvinder kunne diskutere spørgsmål vedrørende køn, race, seksualitet og ligestilling. Bandet Bikini Kill gjorde sig særligt bemærket ved at skabe tryggere rammer for kvinder ved koncerter, f.eks. ved at bede publikum om vise hensyn til kvinder foran scenen og endda også give kvinder mulighed for at tale om seksuelt misbrug og undertrykkelse til koncerterne. Som forsangeren i punkbandet Bikini Kill var Kathleen Hanna en vigtig del af Riot Grrrls-bevægelsen, og bandets eftermæle og betydning kan spores både inden for og uden for musikindustrien i nutidige fænomener som f.eks. bandet Pussy Riot.

Diskografi

Bikini Kill
 Revolution Girl Style Now! (1991)
 Pussy Whipped (1993)
 Reject All American (1996)

Julie Ruin
 Julie Ruin (1997)

Le Tigre
 Le Tigre (1999)
 Feminist Sweepstakes (2001)
 This Island (2004)

The Julie Ruin
 Run Fast (2013)
 Hit Reset (2016)

Referencer

Feminister fra USA
Sangere fra USA
Musikere fra USA
Guitarister fra USA
Aktivister fra USA

Kathleen Hanna


Revolutionære kommunisters front () var et islandsk trotskistisk parti, der blev grundlagt i 1970 ved omdannelse af en eksisterende socialistisk ungdomsorganisation.

Historie
Æskulýðsfylkingin - samband ungra sósíalista (Ungdomsfronten - unge socialisters forbund) var stiftet som Socialistpartiets ungdomsorganisation i begyndelsen af november 1938, kort efter grundlæggelsen af partiet. Fra midten af 1960'erne blev organisationen samlingssted for forskellige grupper af unge fra den yderste venstrefløj. I 1968 blev Socialistpartiet nedlagt i forbindelse med Folkealliancens omdannelse til et politisk parti, hvilket efterlod Ungdomfronten uden et klart formål. I 1970 brød organisationen med Socialistpartiets arvtager Folkealliancen og omskabtes til et politisk parti under navnet Fylkingin - baráttusamtök sósíalista (Fronten - socialisternes kampgruppe). Efter hårde interne kampe vandt den trotskistiske fraktion magten over partiet i 1976, og ansøgte om medlemskab af Fjerde Internationale i 1976, hvorefter partiet skiftede navn til Fylking baráttusinnaðra kommúnista (Revolutionære kommunisters front).

Partiet stillede op til altingsvalgene i 1974, 1978 og 1979; det fik 0,2% af stemmerne ved de to første valg og 0,4% i 1979.

Ved indgangen til 1980'erne var tidsånden ikke længere med venstrefløjen og Fronten oplevede faldende tilslutning. I 1984 besluttede partiet derfor at indgå i Folkealliancen, men sideløbende fortsætte med at fungere som selvstændig organisation. Året efter skiftede organisationen navn til Baráttusamtök sósíalista (Socialisternes kampgruppe) i et forsøg på at appellere bredere, men gik gradvis i opløsning i de følgende år.

Tidsskrift
Gennem alle årene var organisationens talerør tidsskriftet Neisti.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Tidsskriftet Neisti på Tímarit.is

Kilder
 Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir & Sigríður Harðardóttir (red.): Íslenska Alfræðiorðabókin A-G. Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík 1990.
 Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir & Sigríður Harðardóttir (red.): Íslenska Alfræðiorðabókin H-O. Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík 1990.
 Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir & Sigríður Harðardóttir (red.): Íslenska Alfræðiorðabókin P-Ö. Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík 1990.

Tidligere politiske partier i Island

Revolutionære kommunisters front


Silvio Suárez (n. Itacurubí del Rosario, Paraguay, 5 de enero de 1969) es un exfutbolista paraguayo, que jugó como Defensa. Además fue convocado por la selección de su páis, con la que disputó 5 ediciones de la Copa América.

Clubes

Palmarés

Referencias
  Ficha en BDFA.

Futbolistas de Paraguay
Futbolistas de Paraguay en la Copa América 1991
Futbolistas de Paraguay en la Copa América 1993
Futbolistas de Paraguay en la Copa América 1995
Futbolistas de Paraguay en la Copa América 1999
Futbolistas del Club Olimpia
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Talleres (Córdoba)
Futbolistas del 12 de Octubre Football Club
Sampedranos (Paraguay)

Silvio Suárez


Kanarski hrast ("alžirski hrast"; lat. Quercus canariensis), poluzimzeleno drvo iz sjeverne Afrike (Maroko, Alžir, Tunis), južnog Portugala i Španjolske.

Sinonimi
 Quercus corymbifolia Ehrenb. ex Boiss.
 Quercus cypri Kotschy ex A.DC.
 Quercus esculenta K.Koch
 Quercus gibraltarica K.Koch
 Quercus mirbeckii Durieu
 Quercus nordafricana Villar
 Quercus salzmanniana (Webb) Cout.
 Quercus viveri Sennen

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrastovi

Kanarski hrast


Toke (også kendt som Val-Toke) (formentlig født i 940'erne, død 986) var søn af Gorm den Gamle og konge af Skåne 971-986, indsat af sin storebror Harald Blåtand samt måske tillige jarl af Vendsyssel. Det var tidligere antaget, at han var nævnt på en runesten i Aars ved Aars Kirke, den såkaldt Års-stenen, hvor der står:
Forsiden: Asser satte denne sten efter sin 'drot' Val-Toke.
Bagsiden: Stenen forkynder at den længe vil stå her, den skal nævne Val-Tokes varde.
Endvidere nævnes han på  i Skåne, en sten rejst af Eskil efter Toke Gormsen, som han omtaler som sin hullan drōttin. Indskriften på Hällestad-sten 1 lyder:
Eskil satte denne sten efter Toke Gormssøn, der var ham en huld drot (herre). Han flygtede ikke ved Uppsala. Drenge (våbenfæller) satte efter deres bror stenen på højen støt med runer. De gik Gorms Toke nærmest.

Han nævnes endvidere på  og .

I 971 omtales han som først i tyverne og dette år lod hans bror Harald ham udnævne som konge i Skåne.

Han havde, ifølge nogle angivelser, en søn ved navn Asbjørn Tokesen.

Toke døde under slaget ved Fyrisvollene, som fandt sted i  986. Sammen med ham og mange andre døde også en Asbjørn, der af flere er blevet udlagt som Tokes søn, selvom 'beviset' for et sådan familieskab dog ikke er entydigt. Odinkar, biskop i Ribe, nævnes også som en søn af "Toki, hertug af Vendsyssel" i Adam af Bremens krønike.

Referencer

Toke
Toke
Personer fra vikingetiden
Danskere i 900-tallet
Danske konger der faldt i slag

Toke Gormsen