Dvorac Kerestinec, renesansno – barokni kaštel u mjestu Kerestinec, u općini Sveta Nedelja, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.
Povijesni izvori uspjeli su zabilježiti sudjelovanje kerestinečkih kmetova, nastanjenih oko dvorca, u velikoj Seljačkoj buni koja se dogodila 1573. godine. Uz njega se veže i Kerestinečka buna iz 1936. godine. Prije Drugog svjetskog rata dvorac služio kao sabirni logor, a nakon rata u njemu se smješta vojska.

Opis
Dvorac je smješten jugoistočno od Samobora, u nizini, usred prostranog perivoja. Sagradila ga je grofovska obitelj Erdödy 1575. g., kao nizinsku tvrđavu s četiri ugaone kule, okruženu vodenim rukavcima. Dvorac je krajem 18. st., prelaskom u vlasništvo obitelji Palavini barokiziran, o čemu svjedoči dekoracija sjevernog pročelja kao i dviju kula koje ga flankiraju. Nakon potresa 1883. godine, u kojem je pretrpio velika oštećenja, slijedi obnova te dolazi do izmjena na dvorišnim fasadama. Svojom poviješću, arhitektonskim oblikovanjem te veličinom perivoja spada među najznačajnije građevine samoborske okolice, a jednako tako značajan je i u pregledu dvoraca kontinentalne Hrvatske.

Sam dvorac je građevina četverokutnog tlocrta s cilindričnim kutnim kulama i otvorenim arkadnim hodnikom s dvorišne strane. Riječ je o renesansnom kaštelu s fortifikacijskim elementima.

Povijest
Radovi su počeli 1565. godine, znatno je proširen i utvrđen 1575. i kasnije, a nakon što su osmanske čete poharale ovaj kraj, grofovi Erdödy napustili su utvrdu na Okiću i naselili se u Kerestincu. Erdödyjevi su upravljali Okićkim (Kerestinečkim) vlastelinstvom sve do 1860. godine, a u "castellumu Kerestinecz", kako se spominje 1578., uglavnom su imali svoje kastelane.

Vlasnici, obitelj Erdody, 1576. godine počinju preuređivati dvorac. Nadograđivan je u 18. i 19. stoljeću. Godine 1861. kao vlasnik upisan je H. Pallavicini, a 1904. godine A. pl. Turk. Na početku XX. stoljeća kupuje ga R. Hafner, koji gradi nove gospodarske zgrade, te sasvim uređuje dvorac. Antun Mihalović kupuje ga 1922. godine.

Najveća šteta na dvorcu je nastala za vrijeme velikog potresa 1880. godine koji je pogodio cijeli zagrebački kraj.

Za vrijeme NDH 1941. postala je časnička škola za obrazovanje naboljih časnika, a sabirnim logorom postao je 19. travnja 1941. odlukom Redarstvenog ravnateljstva za Zagreb.

U novije vrijeme, dvorac je bio vojarna JNA, a potom i Hrvatske vojske. Postao je poznat po sudskih presudama za mučenja tijekom ranih devedesetih kada stječe nadimak "Krvavi dvorac".

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1720 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Današnja namjena
Tijekom godine u dvorcu se održavaju se razne manifestacije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Dvorac Kerestinec na Facebooku.

Dvorci u Hrvatskoj
Zaštićene stambene građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Građevine u Svetoj Nedelji (Zagrebačka županija)

Dvorac Kerestinec


A falácia da conjunção (também conhecida como o problema de Linda) é uma falácia formal que ocorre quando se assume que condições específicas são mais prováveis do que uma única condição geral.

Definição e exemplo básico

O exemplo mais citado dessa falácia se originou com Amos Tversky e Daniel Kahneman. Embora a descrição e a pessoa retratadas sejam fictícias, a secretária de Amos Tversky em Stanford se chamava Linda Covington, e ele deu o nome dela à famosa personagem do puzzle.Linda tem 31 anos, é solteira, falante e muito inteligente. Ela se formou em filosofia. Quando era estudante, ela se preocupava profundamente com questões de discriminação e justiça social, e também participava de manifestações antinucleares.

O que é mais provável?

 Linda é caixa de banco.
 Linda é caixa de banco e participa do movimento feminista.A maioria dos inquiridos escolheu a opção 2. No entanto, a probabilidade de dois eventos ocorrerem juntos (em "conjunção") é sempre menor ou igual à probabilidade de qualquer um ocorrer sozinho - formalmente, para dois eventos A e B, essa desigualdade pode ser escrita como  e  .

Por exemplo, mesmo escolhendo uma probabilidade muito baixa de Linda ser uma caixa de banco, digamos Pr(Linda ser caixa de banco) = 0,05 e uma alta probabilidade de ela ser feminista, digamos Pr(Linda ser feminista) = 0,95, e então, assumindo independência, Pr(Linda ser caixa de banco & Linda ser feminista) = 0,05 × 0,95 = 0,0475 < Pr(Linda ser caixa de banco).

Tversky e Kahneman argumentam que a maioria das pessoas entende esse problema errado porque usa um procedimento heurístico (um procedimento facilmente calculado) chamado representatividade para fazer esse tipo de julgamento: a opção 2 parece mais "representativa" de Linda com base na descrição dela, mesmo que fique claro matematicamente que é menos provável.

Em outras demonstrações, eles argumentaram que um cenário específico parecia mais provável devido à representatividade, mas cada detalhe adicionado tornaria o cenário cada vez menos provável. Desta forma, pode ser semelhante à vivacidade enganosa ou às falácias da bola de neve. Mais recentemente, Kahneman argumentou que a falácia da conjunção é um tipo de negligência da extensão.

Avaliar uma conjunção de dois eventos como mais provável do que apenas um dos eventos é um exemplo de erro de conjunção; a tendência humana de fazer isso em geral é conhecida como falácia da conjunção. Essa distinção é importante porque uma pessoa fazendo o raciocínio poderia cometer esses erros sem necessariamente ter uma tendência a cometer tais erros em geral, assim como as pessoas podem fazer apostas com um bom valor esperado em geral e ainda perder dinheiro em apostas específicas.

Avaliação conjunta vs. separada
Em algumas demonstrações experimentais, a opção conjunta é avaliada separadamente de sua opção básica. Em outras palavras, um grupo de participantes é pedido para classificar a probabilidade de que Linda seja uma caixa de banco, uma professora do ensino médio e várias outras opções, e outro grupo é convidado a classificar a ordem se Linda é uma caixa de banco e ativa no movimento feminista vs. o mesmo conjunto de opções (sem "Linda é uma caixa de banco" como uma opção). Nesse tipo de demonstração, diferentes grupos de sujeitos classificam Linda como caixa de banco e ativa no movimento feminista mais do que Linda como caixa de banco.

Experimentos de avaliação separados precederam os primeiros experimentos de avaliação conjunta, e Kahneman e Tversky ficaram surpresos quando o efeito ainda foi observado sob avaliação conjunta.

Em avaliação separada, o termo efeito de conjunção pode ser preferido.

Outros exemplos
Embora o problema de Linda seja o exemplo mais conhecido, os pesquisadores desenvolveram dezenas de problemas que suscitam de forma confiável a falácia da conjunção.

Tversky & Kahneman (1981)
O relatório original de Tversky & Kahneman (posteriormente republicado como capítulo de um livro) descreveu quatro problemas que geraram a falácia da conjunção, incluindo o problema de Linda. Havia também um problema semelhante com um homem chamado Bill (que cabe bem no estereótipo de um contador — "inteligente, mas sem imaginação, compulsivo e geralmente sem vida" — mas que não cabe bem no estereótipo de um músico de jazz), e dois problemas em que os participantes foram pedidos de fazer previsões para 1981.

Especialistas em política foram solicitados a avaliar a probabilidade de que a União Soviética invadisse a Polônia e os Estados Unidos rompessem as relações diplomáticas, tudo no ano seguinte. Eles avaliaram em média como tendo 4% de probabilidade de ocorrer. Outro grupo de especialistas foi solicitado a avaliar a probabilidade de simplesmente os Estados Unidos romperem as relações com a União Soviética no ano seguinte. Eles deram uma probabilidade média de apenas 1%.

Em um experimento realizado em 1980, os entrevistados foram perguntados o seguinte:Suponha que Björn Borg chegue à final de Wimbledon em 1981. Classifique os resultados a seguir, do mais para o menos provável.

 Borg vai ganhar a partida.
 Borg vai perder o primeiro set.
 Borg perderá o primeiro set, mas ganhará a partida.
 Borg vai ganhar o primeiro set, mas perder a partida.Em média, os participantes classificaram "Borg perderá o primeiro set, mas ganhará a partida" como sendo mais provável do que "Borg perderá o primeiro set".

Tversky & Kahneman (1983)
Tversky e Kahneman seguiram suas descobertas originais com um artigo de 1983 que examinou dezenas de novos problemas, a maioria deles com múltiplas variações. A seguir estão alguns exemplos.Considere um dado regular de seis lados com quatro faces azuis e duas vermelhas. O dado será lançado 20 vezes e a sequência de azuis (A) e vermelhos (V) será registrada. Você é solicitado a selecionar uma sequência, de um conjunto de três, e ganhará R$25 se a sequência escolhida aparecer em lançamentos sucessivos do dado.

 VAVVV
 AVAVVV
 AVVVVV65% dos participantes escolheram a segunda sequência, embora a opção 1 esteja contida nela e seja mais curta do que as outras opções. Em uma versão em que a aposta de R$25 era apenas hipotética, os resultados não diferiram significativamente. Tversky e Kahneman argumentaram que a sequência 2 parece "representativa" de uma sequência causal.Uma pesquisa de saúde foi conduzida em uma amostra representativa de homens adultos em British Columbia de todas as idades e ocupações.

 O Sr. F. foi incluído na amostra. Ele foi selecionado por acaso na lista de participantes.

 Qual das afirmações a seguir é mais provável? (marque um)

 O Sr. F. teve um ou mais ataques cardíacos.
 O Sr. F. teve um ou mais ataques cardíacos e tem mais de 55 anos.A probabilidade das conjunções nunca é maior do que de seus conjuntos. Portanto, a primeira escolha é mais provável.

Críticas
Críticos como Gerd Gigerenzer e Ralph Hertwig criticaram o problema de Linda por motivos como o texto e o enquadramento . A questão do problema de Linda pode violar máximas conversacionais, pois as pessoas presumem que a questão obedece à máxima da relevância. Gigerenzer argumenta que algumas das terminologias usadas têm significados polissêmicos, cujas alternativas ele afirmava serem mais "naturais". Ele argumenta que o significado de provável ("o que acontece frequentemente") corresponde à probabilidade matemática em que as pessoas devem ser testadas, mas os significados de provável ("o que é plausível" e "se há evidência") não. O termo "e" tem até mesmo sido argumentado como tendo significados polissêmicos relevantes. Muitas técnicas foram desenvolvidas para controlar essa possível interpretação errônea, mas nenhuma delas mudou o efeito.

Notas

Referências

Bibliografia

Vieses cognitivos
Falácias lógicas

Falácia da conjunção


An Bulbinella potbergensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pauline Lesley Perry. An Bulbinella potbergensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbinella, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bulbinella

Bulbinella potbergensis


"Disco Maghreb" é uma canção do DJ e produtor francês DJ Snake, lançada em 31 de maio de 2022. O nome da música se refere a uma gravadora de mesmo nome com sede em Orã, que produzia músicas de raï na década de 80

DJ Snake disse ter imaginado Disco Maghreb como uma "ponte entre diferentes gerações e origens, conectando o norte da África, o mundo árabe e além", ainda afirmando que a música é uma "carta de amor ao meu povo".

No Spotify, a música possui mais de 6 000 000 reproduções.

Antecedentes
No dia 23 de maio de 2022, Snake postou uma publicação no Instagram anunciando a música junto de sua data de lançamento, dizendo ser muito especial para ele.

Depois disso, começou a postar imagens e vídeos durante a produção do videoclipe até o lançamento da música, em 31 de maio.

Videoclipe
Um videoclipe da música foi lançado no canal  do Youtube de Snake, em 31 de maio de 2022, com direção de Elias Belkeddar e com Romain Gavras como produtor executivo. Atualmente, a música possui mais de 50 milhões de visualizações.

DJ Snake

Disco Maghreb


Gürçeşme, Zonguldak ilinin Devrek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Çomaklar köyüne bağlı Tabakçılar mahallesi iken, buradan ayrılarak Gürçeşme adıyla köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 59 km, Devrek ilçe merkezine 2 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Devrek belde ve köyleri

Gürçeşme, Devrek


Divlit Yanardağı, Kula volkanizması, Ege Bölgesi'nin doğudan batıya uzanan en büyük tektonik çukurlarından "Gediz Oluğu"   üzerinde yer alır. Dolayısıyla buradaki ilginç yeryüzü biçimlerinin oluşumunda volkanik faaliyetler, tektonik hareketler, akarsu ve atmosfer olayları etkilidir. Özellikle Kaplan ve Sandal köyleriyle Kula ilçesinin kuzeyinde yer alan volkan konileri,eski volkan yapıları,lav platoları, lav akıntıları, korniş, volkanik ve göl tortulları üstünde kırgıbayır ve peribacaları görülür.

Salihli'den Demirci'ye uzanan yola girip kuzeydoğuya doğru yaklaşık 25 kilometre gittikten sonra, Demirköprü Baraj Gölü'nün kıyısında biri büyük, diğeri küçük iki volkan konisi görülür. Yöre halkının "Çakallar Tepesi" ya da "Divlittepe" dediği büyük koniyle yaklaşık 1 kilometre ötesindeki "Küçük Divlit" baraj gölünün mavi sularıyla ilginç bir görünüm oluşturur. Yamacında terk edilmiş Çakallar köyünün bulunduğu tepe, Kula volkanizmasının en genç oluşumudur ve bu alanda günümüzden 10-12 bin yıl önce yaşamış insanlara ait ayak izleri bulunur. (Kula, Manisa)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kula-Salihli Jeoparkı
 Türkiye'deki dağlar listesi
 Türkiye'deki yanardağlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Uydudan Kula volanik bölgesi

Türkiye'deki yanardağlar
Kula
Manisa ilinin dağları

Divlit Yanardağı


Die isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1942 war die 31. Spielzeit der höchsten isländischen Fußballliga.

Es nahmen fünf Teams am Bewerb teil, in dem jede Mannschaft jeweils einmal auf jede andere traf. Danach spielten die beiden erstplatzierten punktegleichen Teams in einem Playoff um den Meistertitel. Aufgrund eines Unentschiedens im ersten Spiel musste dieses Finale wiederholt werden. Schließlich gewann Valur Reykjavík den achten Titel der Vereinsgeschichte.

Tabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der ersten Spalte aufgelistet, die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe. Die Ergebnisse sind immer aus Sicht der Heimmannschaft angegeben.

Playoffs
Da die beiden bestplatzierten Teams der Abschlusstabelle punktegleich waren, wurde der Meister in einem Playoff ermittelt. Dieses musste wegen eines Remis wiederholt werden.

Weblinks und Referenzen

Fußballsaison 1942
1942

Isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1942


An Scleria afroreflexa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kaare Arnstein Lye. An Scleria afroreflexa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Cameroon. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria afroreflexa


A (Dolph) Leo Oppenheim (7 de junio de 1904 - 21 de julio de 1974) uno de los más destacados asiriólogos de su generación fue el editor encargado del Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (Diccionario Asirio de Chicago) del "Instituto Oriental de Chicago" en 1955-1974 y John A. Wilson Profesor de Estudios Orientales de la Universidad de Chicago.

Oppenheim nació en Viena, donde recibió su doctorado en la Universidad de Viena en 1933. Sus padres murieron en el Holocausto nazi, y su esposa 'Elizabeth''' apenas pudo escapar, pero ambos emigraron a los Estados Unidos, donde, después de un par de años de pobreza, se convirtió en un investigador asociado en la Universidad de Chicago de 1947, y un miembro de la facultad en 1950. Se convirtió en un editor asociado de la Universidad de Diccionario Asirio de Chicago en 1952. El diccionario se había planeado desde 1921, y con el tiempo se extendería a más de 20 volúmenes publicados. Asistido por Erica Reiner, Oppenheim será editor en el cargo hasta su repentina muerte, todavía en el apogeo de sus facultades intelectuales.

E. A. Speiser dijo una vez que Oppenheim había leído más escritura cuneiforme que cualquier otra persona viva; refiriéndose a su profundo conocimiento de la lengua acadia, discernimiento de la vida cotidiana y la cultura mesopotámica.

La obra más famosa A. Leo Oppenheim es la "Antigua Mesopotamia: Retrato de una civilización muerta".

 Obras

  (reimpresión ISBN 0-226-63186-9)

  (editado por Erica Reiner y Johannes Renger)

 Referencias

 Literatura
 Robert D. Biggs, J. A. Brinkman (eds.) From the Workshop of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary. Studies Presented to A. Leo Oppenheim. Chicago 1964
 Hans Erich Hirsch. En: Archiv für Orientforschung 25, 1974–77, pp. 347–349
 Eerle Leichty. En: Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 95, 1975, pp. 369–370

Enlaces externos
 Oppenheim, Adolf Leo (en inglés)

Sobrevivientes de campos de concentración nazis
Asiriólogos de Estados Unidos
Alumnado de la Universidad de Viena
Profesores de la Universidad de Chicago
Profesores de Estados Unidos
Premio Gordon J. Laing
Orientalistas de Austria
Nacionalizados de Estados Unidos
Austríacos del siglo XX
Judíos de Austria
Nacidos en Viena
Fallecidos en Berkeley (California)

Adolph Leo Oppenheim


أرداسا (Άρδασσα) هي مدينة في كوزاني في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 897 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في كوزاني (مقاطعة)

أرداسا


"පරම් සුන්දරී" () is a 2021 Hindi-language song composed by A. R. Rahman for the Hindi film Mimi. Based on the Marathi film Mala Aai Vhhaychy! (2011) by Samruddhi Porey, the film was directed by Laxman Utekar and starred Kriti Sanon in the lead. The song is written by Amitabh Bhattacharya and sung by Shreya Ghoshal. The song was released as the lead single along with the soundtrack album on 16 July 2021. The music video for the song was released on the same day, and had viewed more than 200 million times on YouTube. The song peaked at No. 184 on the  Billboard Global Excl. U.S. chart.

පරම් සුන්දරී


Rumpenheim er en bydel i Offenbach am Main. I december 2015 havde Rumpenheim omkring 5.280 indbyggere.

Byer i Hessen
Offenbach am Main

Offenbach-Rumpenheim


Maithili () is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Nepal. It is native to the Mithila region, which encompasses parts of the Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand as well as the Nepalese provinces of Koshi and Madhesh. It is one of the 22 officially recognised languages of India. It is the second most commonly spoken Nepalese language, as well as one of the fourteen provincial official languages of Nepal. It was once described by linguist Sir George Abraham Grierson as the "sweetest language".

The language is predominantly written in Devanagari, but there are two other historically important scripts: Tirhuta, which has retained some use until the present, and Kaithi.

Official status
In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised Indian language, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts in India. The Maithili language is included as an optional paper in the UPSC Exam. In March 2018, Maithili received the second official language status in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

Gopal Jee Thakur of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the first Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha who speaks in the Maithili language in the Parliament of India. He is currently the MP for Darbhanga.

The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Maithili be made an official administrative language in Koshi province and Madhesh Province.

Geographic distribution
In India, Maithili is spoken mainly in Bihar and Jharkhand in the districts of Darbhanga, Saharsa, Samastipur, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Begusarai, Munger, Khagaria, Purnia, Katihar, Kishanganj, Sheohar, Bhagalpur, Madhepura, Araria, Supaul, Vaishali and Deoghar as well as other districts of Santhal Pargana division. Darbhanga, Madhubani, Saharsa and Purnia constitute cultural and linguistic centers.

In Nepal, Maithili is spoken mainly in the Outer Terai districts including Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusa, Sunsari, Siraha, Morang and Saptari Districts. Janakpur is an important linguistic centre of Maithili.

Classification
In the 19th century, linguistic scholars considered Maithili as a dialect of a Bihari language along with other languages of Bihar. Hoernlé compared it with the Gaudian languages and recognised that it shows more similarities with the Bengali languages than with Hindi. Grierson recognised it as a distinct language and published its first grammar in 1881.

Chatterji grouped Maithili with the Magadhi Prakrit.

Dialects

Maithili varies greatly in dialects. The standard form of Maithili is  Central Maithili which is mainly spoken in Darbhanga, Begusarai district , Madhubani district and Saharsa district in Bihar, India.
Bajjika (Western Maithili) is spoken in Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali and Sheohar districts of Bihar in India. Western Maithili is listed as a distinct language in Nepal and overlaps by 76–86% with Maithili dialects spoken in Dhanusa, Morang, Saptari, and Sarlahi Districts.
Thēthi Maithili is spoken mainly in Kosi, Purnia and Munger divisions and Patna's Mokama in Bihar, India and some adjoining districts of Nepal.
Angika Dialect (Southern Maithili) is spoken in and around the Bhagalpur, Banka, Jamui, Munger and Santhal Pargana division.
Eastern Maithili mainly spoken in Kishanganj, Araria, Purnia also some part of Katihar.
Several other dialects of Maithili are spoken in India and Nepal, including Dehati, Deshi, Kisan, Bantar, Barmeli, Musar, Tati and Jolaha. All the dialects are intelligible to native Maithili speakers.

Origin and history
The name Maithili is derived from the word Mithila, an ancient kingdom of which King Janaka was the ruler (see Ramayana). Maithili is also one of the names of Sita, the wife of King Rama and daughter of King Janaka. Scholars in Mithila used Sanskrit for their literary work and Maithili was the language of the common folk (Abahattha).

The beginning of Maithili language and literature can be traced back to the 'Charyapadas', a form of Buddhist mystical verses, composed during the period of 700-1300 AD. These padas were written in Sandhya bhasa by several Siddhas who belonged to Vajrayana Buddhism and were scattered throughout the territory of Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Several of the Siddhas were from the Mithila region such as Kanhapa, Sarhapa etc. Prominent scholars like Rahul Sankrityanan, Subhadra Jha and Jayakant Mishra provided evidence and proved that the language of  Charyapada is ancient Maithili or proto Maithili.
Apart from Charyapadas, there has been a rich tradition of folk culture, folk songs and which were popular among the common folks of the Mithila region.

After the fall of Pala rule, disappearance of Buddhism, establishment of Karnāta kings and patronage of Maithili under Harisimhadeva (1226–1324) of Karnāta dynasty dates back to the 14th century (around 1327 AD). Jyotirishwar Thakur (1280–1340) wrote a unique work Varnaratnākara in Maithili prose. The Varna Ratnākara is the earliest known prose text, written by Jyotirishwar Thakur in Mithilaksar script, and is the first prose work not only in Maithili but in any modern Indian language.

In 1324, Ghyasuddin Tughluq, the emperor of Delhi invaded Mithila, defeated Harisimhadeva, entrusted Mithila to his family priest and a great Military Scholar Kameshvar Jha, a Maithil Brahmin of the Oinwar dynasty. But the disturbed era did not produce any literature in Maithili until Vidyapati Thakur (1360 to 1450), who was an epoch-making poet under the patronage of king Shiva Singh and his queen Lakhima Devi. He produced over 1,000 immortal songs in Maithili on the theme of love of Radha and Krishna and the domestic life of Shiva and Parvati as well as on the subject of suffering of migrant labourers of Morang and their families; besides, he wrote a number of treaties in Sanskrit. His love-songs spread far and wide in no time and enchanted saints, poets and youth. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu saw the divine light of love behind these songs, and soon these songs became themes of Vaisnava sect of Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore, out of curiosity, imitated these songs under the pseudonym Bhanusimha. Vidyapati influenced the religious literature of Asama, Bengal, Utkala and gave birth to a new Brajabuli /Brajavali language.

The earliest reference to Maithili or Tirhutiya is in Amaduzzi's preface to Beligatti's Alphabetum Brammhanicum, published in 1771. This contains a list of Indian languages amongst which is 'Tourutiana.' Colebrooke's essay on the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages, written in 1801, was the first to describe Maithili as a distinct dialect.

Many devotional songs were written by Vaisnava saints, including in the mid-17th century, Vidyapati and Govindadas. Mapati Upadhyaya wrote a drama titled Pārijātaharaṇa in Maithili. Professional troupes, mostly from dalit classes known as Kirtanias, the singers of bhajan or devotional songs, started to perform this drama in public gatherings and the courts of the nobles.
Lochana (c. 1575 – c. 1660) wrote Rāgatarangni, a significant treatise on the science of music, describing the rāgas, tālas, and lyrics prevalent in Mithila.

During the Malla dynasty's rule Maithili spread far and wide throughout Nepal from the 16th to the 17th century. During this period, at least seventy Maithili dramas were produced. In the drama Harishchandranrityam by Siddhinarayanadeva (1620–57), some characters speak pure colloquial Maithili, while others speak Bengali, Sanskrit or Prakrit.

After the demise of Maheshwar Singh, the ruler of Darbhanga Raj, in 1860, the Raj was taken over by the British Government as regent. The Darbhanga Raj returned to his successor, Maharaj Lakshmishvar Singh, in 1898. The Zamindari Raj had a lackadaisical approach toward Maithili. The use of Maithili language was revived through personal efforts of MM Parameshvar Mishra, Chanda Jha, Munshi Raghunandan Das and others.

Publication of Maithil Hita Sadhana (1905), Mithila Moda (1906), and Mithila Mihir (1908) further encouraged writers. The first social organisation, Maithil Mahasabha, was established in 1910 for the development of Mithila and Maithili. It blocked its membership for people outside of the Maithil Brahmin and Karna Kayastha castes. Maithil Mahasabha campaigned for the official recognition of Maithili as a regional language. Calcutta University recognised Maithili in 1917, and other universities followed suit.

Babu Bhola Lal Das wrote Maithili Grammar (Maithili Vyakaran). He edited a book Gadya Kusumanjali and edited a journal Maithili.
In 1965, Maithili was officially accepted by Sahitya Academy, an organisation dedicated to the promotion of Indian literature.

In 2002, Maithili was recognised on the VIII schedule of the Indian Constitution as a major Indian language; Maithili is now one of the twenty-two Scheduled languages of India.

The publishing of Maithili books in Mithilakshar script was started by Acharya Ramlochan Saran.

Phonology

Vowels

All vowels have nasal counterparts, represented by "~" in IPA and ँ on the vowels, like आँ  ãː .
All vowel sounds are realised as nasal when occurring before or after a nasal consonant.
 Sounds eː and oː are often replaced by diphthongs əɪ̯ and əʊ̯.
ɔ is replaced by ə in northern dialects and by o in southernmost dialects.
There are three short vowels that were described by Grierson, but are not counted by modern grammarians. But they could be understood as syllable break: ॳ ,  इ ,  उ  . Or as syllable break ऺ in Devanagari and "." in IPA.
 ꣾ is a Unicode letter in Devanagari, (IPA ) which is not supported currently on several browsers and operating systems, along with its mātrā (vowel sign).

The following diphthongs are present:
 अय़(ꣾ)  - अय़सन (ꣾ सन)  'like this'
 अव़(ॵ) - चव़मुख(चॏमुख)  'four faced'
 अयॆ  - अयॆलाः  'came'
 अवॊ (अऒ)  - अवॊताः  'will come'
 आइ  - आइ  'today'
 आउ  - आउ  'come please'
 आयॆ (आऎ)  - आयॆल  'came'
 आवॊ (आऒ)  - आवॊब  'will come'
 यु (इउ)  - घ्यु  'ghee'
 यॆ (इऎ)  - यॆः  'only this'
 यॊ (इऒ)  - कह्यो  'any day'
 वि (उइ)  - द्वि  'two'
 वॆ (उऎ)  -  वॆ:  'only that'

A peculiar type of phonetic change is recently taking place in Maithili by way of epenthesis, i.e. backward transposition of final /i/ and /u/ in all sort of words. Thus:

Standard Colloquial - Common Pronunciation
 अछि  - अइछ  'is'
 रवि  - रइब  'Sunday'
 मधु  - मउध  'honey'
 बालु  - बाउल  'sand'

Consonants
Maithili has four classes of stops, one class of affricate, which is generally treated as a stop series, related nasals, fricatives and approximant.

 Fricative sounds  only occur marginally, and are typically pronounced as a dental fricative  in most styles of pronunciation.  ः is always added after a vowel.

Stops
There are four series of stops- bilabials, coronals, retroflex and velar, along with an affricate series. All of them show the four way contrast like most of the modern Indo-Aryan languages:

 tenuis, as , which is like ⟨p⟩ in English spin
 voiced, as , which is like ⟨b⟩ in English bin
 aspirated, as , which is like ⟨p⟩ in English pin, and
 murmured or aspirated voiced, as .

Apart from the retroflex series, all the rest four series show full phonological contrast in all positions. The retroflex tenius  and  show full contrast in all positions.  and  show phonological contrast mainly word-initially. Both are defective phonemes, occurring intervocalically an word finally only if preceded by a nasal consonant. Word finally and postvocalically,  surfaces as . Non-initially, both are interchangeable with   and  respectively.

Fricatives
 and  are most common fricatives. They show full phonological opposition. , which is present in tatsama words, is replaced by  most of the times, when independent,  and prevocalic  is replaced by ,  or .  occurs before  and  before .  and  occurs in Perso-Arabic loanwords, generally replaced by  and  respectively.  and  also occurs in Sanskrit words (jihvamuliya and upadhmaniya), which is peculiar to Maithili.

Sonorants
 and  are present in all phonological positions.  occurs only non-initially and is followed by a homorganic stop, which may be deleted if voiced, which leads to the independent presence of .  occurs non-initially, followed by a homorganic stop, and is independent only in tatsama words, which is often replaced with .  occurs only non-initially and is followed by a homorganic stop always. It is the only nasal which does not occur independently.
 In most styles of pronunciation, the retroflex flap  occurs marginally. It is usually pronounced as an alveolar tap  sound, and is often interchanged with .
 Approximant sounds  and  fricative sounds , mainly occur in words that are borrowed from Sanskrit or in words of Perso-Arabic origin. The conjunct ष्प (IAST ṣp) is pronounced  in Maithili e.g. पुष्प . The conjunct ह्य (IAST hy) is pronounced  as in ग्रऻह्य (grahya) .

There are four non-syllabic vowels in Maithili-
i̯, u̯, e̯, o̯ written in Devanagari as य़, व़, य़ॆ, व़ॊ. Most of the times, these are written without nukta.

Morphology

Nouns
An example declension:

Adjectives
The difference between adjectives and nouns is very minute in Maithili. However, there are marked adjectives there in Maithili.

Pronouns

Pronouns in Maithili are declined in similar way to nominals, though in most pronouns the genitive case has a different form. The lower forms below are accusative and postpositional. The plurals are formed periphrastically.

Orthography

Beginning in the 14th century, the language was written in the Tirhuta script (also known as Mithilakshara or Maithili), which is related to the Bengali-Assamese script. By the early 20th century, this script was largely associated with the Mithila Brahmans, with most others using Kaithi, and Devanagari spreading under the influence of the scholars at Banaras. Throughout the course of the century,  Devanagari grew in use eventually replacing the other two, and has since remained the dominant script for Maithili. Tirhuta retained some specific uses (on signage in north Bihar as well as in religious texts, genealogical records and letters), and has seen a resurgence of interest in the 21st century.

The Tirhuta and Kaithi scripts are both currently included in Unicode.

Literature

Sample text
The following sample text is Maithili translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Maithili in the Tirhuta alphabet

Maithili in the Devanagari alphabet

Maithili in IAST

Translation

See also
 Languages with official status in India
 List of Indian languages by total speakers

Notes

Citations

Further reading

External links

 UCLA Language Materials Project : Maithili
 National Translation Mission's (NTM) Maithili Pages
 Videha Ist Maithili
 Maithili Books

Bihari languages
Culture of Mithila
Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
Languages attested from the 14th century
Languages of Bihar
Languages of India
Languages of Jharkhand
Languages of Nepal
Languages officially written in Indic scripts
Official languages of India
Sahitya Akademi recognised languages
Languages of Bagmati Province
Languages of Koshi Province
Languages of Madhesh Province
Languages of Lumbini Province
Languages written in Devanagari

Maithili language


An Olyra latispicula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Robert Soderstrom ngan Fernando Omar Zuloaga. An Olyra latispicula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Olyra, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Olyra (Poaceae)

Olyra latispicula


بلدية روكويتاس دي مار , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 65,886 نسمة.

أعلام
 كارمن مارتين

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية
مدن ساحلية في إسبانيا

روكويتاس دي مار


The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.

The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus, and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe.

Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure – the cortical homunculus (Latin: "little man") in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them. The superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule are the primary areas of body or spatial awareness. A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to hemineglect.

The name comes from the  parietal bone, which is named from the Latin paries-, meaning "wall".

Structure

The parietal lobe is defined by three anatomical boundaries: The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe; the parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes; the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) is the most lateral boundary, separating it from the temporal lobe; and the longitudinal fissure divides the two hemispheres. Within each hemisphere, the somatosensory cortex represents the skin area on the contralateral surface of the body.

Immediately posterior to the central sulcus, and the most anterior part of the parietal lobe, is the postcentral gyrus (Brodmann area 3), the primary somatosensory cortical area. Separating this from the posterior parietal cortex is the postcentral sulcus.

The posterior parietal cortex can be subdivided into the superior parietal lobule (Brodmann areas 5 + 7) and the inferior parietal lobule (39 + 40), separated by the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The intraparietal sulcus and adjacent gyri are essential in guidance of limb and eye movement, and—based on cytoarchitectural and functional differences—is further divided into medial (MIP), lateral (LIP), ventral (VIP), and anterior (AIP) areas.

Function
Functions of the parietal lobe include:
 Two point discrimination – through touch alone without other sensory input (e.g. visual)
 Graphesthesia – recognizing writing on skin by touch alone
 Touch localization (bilateral simultaneous stimulation)

The parietal lobe plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various parts of the body, knowledge of numbers and their relations, and in the manipulation of objects. Its function also includes processing information relating to the sense of touch.  Portions of the parietal lobe are involved with visuospatial processing. Although multisensory in nature, the posterior parietal cortex is often referred to by vision scientists as the dorsal stream of vision (as opposed to the ventral stream in the temporal lobe). This dorsal stream has been called both the "where" stream (as in spatial vision) and the "how" stream (as in vision for action). The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) receives somatosensory and visual input, which then, through motor signals, controls movement of the arm, hand, and eyes.

Various studies in the 1990s found that different regions of the posterior parietal cortex in macaques represent different parts of space.
 The lateral intraparietal (LIP) area contains a map of neurons (retinotopically-coded when the eyes are fixed) representing the saliency of spatial locations, and attention to these spatial locations.  It can be used by the oculomotor system for targeting eye movements, when appropriate.
 The ventral intraparietal (VIP) area receives input from a number of senses (visual, somatosensory, auditory, and vestibular). Neurons with tactile receptive fields represent space in a head-centered reference frame. The cells with visual receptive fields also fire with head-centered reference frames but possibly also with eye-centered coordinates
 The medial intraparietal (MIP) area neurons encode the location of a reach target in eye-centered coordinates.
 The anterior intraparietal (AIP) area contains neurons responsive to shape, size, and orientation of objects to be grasped as well as for manipulation of the hands themselves, both to viewed and remembered stimuli. The AIP has neurons that are responsible for grasping and manipulating objects through motor and visual inputs.  The AIP and ventral premotor together are responsible for visuomotor transformations for actions of the hand.

More recent fMRI studies have shown that humans have similar functional regions in and around the intraparietal sulcus and parietal-occipital junction. The human "parietal eye fields" and "parietal reach region", equivalent to LIP and MIP in the monkey, also appear to be organized in gaze-centered coordinates so that their goal-related activity is "remapped" when the eyes move.

Emerging evidence has linked processing in the inferior parietal lobe to declarative memory. Bilateral damage to this brain region does not cause amnesia however the strength of memory is diminished, details of complex events become harder to retrieve, and subjective confidence in memory is very low. This has been interpreted as reflecting either deficits in internal attention, deficits in subjective memory states, or problems with the computation that allows evidence to accumulate, thus allowing decisions to be made about internal representations.

Clinical significance
Features of parietal lobe lesions are as follows:
 Unilateral parietal lobe
 Contralateral hemisensory loss
 Astereognosis – inability to determine 3-D shape by touch.
 Agraphaesthesia – inability to read numbers or letters drawn on hand, with eyes shut.
 Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia
 Asymmetry of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN)
 Sensory seizures
 Dominant hemisphere
 Conduction aphasia
 Dyslexia – a general term for disorders that can involve difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols
 Apraxia – inability to perform complex movements in the presence of normal motor, sensory and cerebellar function
 Gerstmann syndrome – characterized by acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation
 Non-dominant hemisphere
 Contralateral hemispatial neglect
 Constructional apraxia
 Dress apraxia
 Anosognosia – lack of awareness of the existence of one's disability
 Bilateral hemispheres
 Bálint's syndrome

Damage to this lobe in the right hemisphere results in the loss of imagery, visualization of spatial relationships and neglect of left-side space and left side of the body. Even drawings may be neglected on the left side. Damage to this lobe in the left hemisphere will result in problems in mathematics, long reading, writing, and understanding symbols. The parietal association cortex enables individuals to read, write, and solve mathematical problems. The sensory inputs from the right side of the body go to the left side of the brain and vice versa.

The syndrome of hemispatial neglect is usually associated with large deficits of attention of the non-dominant hemisphere. Optic ataxia is associated with difficulties reaching toward objects in the visual field opposite to the side of the parietal damage. Some aspects of optic ataxia have been explained in terms of the functional organization described above.

Apraxia is a disorder of motor control which can be referred neither to "elemental" motor deficits nor to general cognitive impairment. The concept of apraxia was shaped by Hugo Liepmann about a hundred years ago. Apraxia is predominantly a symptom of left brain damage, but some symptoms of apraxia can also occur after right brain damage.

Amorphosynthesis is a loss of perception on one side of the body caused by a lesion in the parietal lobe. Usually, left-sided lesions cause agnosia, a full-body loss of perception, while right-sided lesions cause lack of recognition of the person's left side and extrapersonal space. The term amorphosynthesis was coined by D. Denny-Brown to describe patients he studied in the 1950s.

Can also result in sensory impairment where one of the affected person's senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste and spatial awareness) is no longer normal.

See also
 Lobes of the brain
 Temporoparietal junction

References

Cerebrum

Parietal lobe


Gara Ploiești Triaj este o gară care deservește municipiul Ploiești, România.

Ploiești Triaj

Gara Ploiești Triaj


Pinus pumila, commonly known as the Siberian dwarf pine, dwarf Siberian pine, dwarf stone pine, Japanese stone pine, or creeping pine, is a tree in the family Pinaceae native to northeastern Asia and the Japanese isles. It shares the common name creeping pine with several other plants.

Description

The Siberian dwarf pine is a coniferous evergreen shrub ranging from  in height, exceptionally up to , but may have individual branches that extend farther along the ground in length. In the mountains of northern Japan, it sometimes hybridises with the related Japanese white pine (Pinus parviflora); these hybrids (Pinus × hakkodensis) are larger than P. pumila, reaching  tall on occasion.

The leaves are needle-like, formed in bundles of five and are 4–6 centimetres long. The cones are 2.5–4.5 cm long, with large nut-like seeds (pine nuts).

Distribution
The range covers the Far East, Eastern Siberia, north-east of Mongolia, north-east of China, northern Japan and Korea. Siberian dwarf pine can be found along mountain chains, above the tree line, where it forms dense, uninterrupted thickets; it also grows on the headlands above the Okhotsk and Bering Seas, Tatarsk and Pacific coast (the Kurils).

P. pumila grows very slowly. It can live up to 300 and, in some instances, 1,000 years.  In the colder conditions of Siberia, there are specimens which are 250 years old and older.

Ecology
The seeds are harvested and dispersed by the spotted nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes).

Cultivation
This plant is grown as an ornamental shrub in parks and gardens. The cultivar P. pumila 'Glauca' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

See also

 Pinus pumila × P. sibirica

References

External links
 Conifers Around the World: Pinus pumila - Hai-Matsu.

pumila
Flora of China
Flora of Eastern Asia
Flora of Mongolia
Flora of the Russian Far East
Flora of Siberia
Edible nuts and seeds

Pinus pumila


185577 Hhaihao este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
185577 Hhaihao este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Lulin de Ye Quan-Zhi și Hong Qin Lin. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,97 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 2,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 185001-186000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

185577 Hhaihao


Garde Civique eller Burgerwacht (borgervæbning) en Belgisk paramilitær militis, som blev operettet i  oktober 1830 kort efter den  belgiske revolution. Garden blev grundlagt ved sammenlægning af forskellige militsgrupper, som var dannet af middelklassen under det anarki, som fulgte revolutionen. Den fungerede som et halvmilitært "gendarmeri", med den primære rolle at opretholde den sociale orden i Belgien indtil den blev opløst i 1920.

Organisation
Garden  var organiseret på lokalt niveau, oprindelig i alle kommuner med over 30.000 indbyggere. Den bestod af borgere mellem 21 og 50 år, som ikke allerede havde militære forpligtelser som soldater eller reservister. De som var mellem 21 og 32 år skulle gennemføre træning ti gange om året, mens den anden klasse - aldersgruppen 33–50 kun skulle opgive deres adresser med faste mellemrum. En tredje klasse bestod af ældre frivillige, som havde hverken udstyr, uniform eller våben, men som forventedes at yde støtte i deres lokale regioner. Garde Civique var i fredstid underlagt indenrigsministeriet, ikke krigsministeriet. Det var adskilt fra det belgiske gendarmeri (Rijkswacht), som var en del af hæren.

De fleste gardeenheder var infanteri, men der var nogle artilleri og beredne enheder. Ved udbruddet af 1. verdenskrig bestod Garde Civique af 33 kompagnier chasseurs-à-pied (let infanteri), 17 artilleribatterier, 4 eskadroner chasseurs-à-cheval (let kavaleri) og 3 kompagnier sapeurs-pompiers (bevæbnede brandmænd).Omkring halvdelen af disse specielle korps var koncentreret i byområderne i Bruxelles, Antwerpen, Gent og Liège, hvilket afspejlede den historiske rolle, som Garden havde som en styrke, der opretholdt ro og orden.

Formål og uniform
Gardens udtalte mål var at opretholde orden og bevare Belgiens uafhængighed og integritet.

Hver regional enhed i Garden havde sin egen mørkeblå eller grønne uniform, som fulgte det generelle mønster i de uniformer, som blev båret af den regulære hær, men med en række variationer. Infanteriet bar en bredskygget hat med kvast, kavaleriet en skind busby og artilleriet en shako. De 40.700 civilgardister, der gjorde tjeneste i den aktive del  ("1. Ban") af styrken skulle selv anskaffe deres egne uniformer.

Rolle i 1. Verdenskrig I

Garde Civique blev mobiliseret ved den tyske invasion i Belgien den 4. august 1914. Deres tiltænkte opgaver var at sikre kommunikationslinjer, bevogte broer og andre installationer, eskortere fanger og vedligeholde orden udenfor de egentlige kampområder. De tyske militære myndigheder valgte imidlertid at betragte medlemmer af Garden som franc-tireurs (irregulære styrker) og som sådan ikke underlagt underlagt international ret, hvis de blev taget til fange. Der blev stillet krav om at de skulle afvæbnes og opløses. I lyset af tyske nedskydninger af belgiske civile gidsler i den første del af invasionen, blev sådanne trusler taget alvorligt, og den 31. oktober 1914 udsendte Kong Albert 1. et dekret om opløsning af Garden. De fleste af dens yngre medlemmer overgik til den regulære belgiske hær.

Endelige opløsning
Da han kom ind i det befriede belgiske område i oktober 1918 blev kong Albert efter sigende mødt af en saluterende veteran fra Garde Civique i fuld galla, som havde holdt sit udstyr og riffel gemt under de fire år med tysk besættelse. Sådanne episoder kunne imidlertid ikke undgå det faktum, at garden havde været af begrænset militær betydning, og ikke længere var nødvendig i rollen med at sikre den sociale orden, som havde været dens primære rolle i det 19. århundrede. Styrken blev derfor formelt opløst i 1920.

Henvisninger

Eksterne kilder
 "Si Bruxelles m'était conté...Garde civique". Hentet 31. januar  2013.
 "1914 La Garde civique dans tous ses états". www.quefaire.be. Hentet 31. januar 2013.  (Museums udstilling 2012-2013)

Belgiens militær

Garde Civique


ලුඩ්විග් ලාසරුස් සාමෙන්හොෆ් () (ලෙයිසර් ලෙයිවි සාමෙන්ගොව් , 1859 දෙසැම්බර් 15 -1917 අප්රේrල් 14) යනු ජාත්‍යන්තර සන්නිවේදනය සදහා මිනිසා විසින් නිර්මාණය කළ නිර්මිත භාෂාවක් වන එස්පෙරාන්තොහි නිර්මාතෘවරයාය. ඔහු අක්ෂිවේදියෙකි, වාග් විද්‍යාඥයෙකි.
විද්‍යාඥයෝ
එස්පෙරාන්තො

එල්. එල්. සාමෙන්හොෆ්


Sklop kuća Marinković u gradiću Komiži, predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Sklop kuća obitelji Marinković u Komiži, poznat i kao sklop kuća u moru, nalazi se na malom rtu istočno od komiške rive. Izgrađen je tijekom 17. – 18. st. sa stilskim odlikama jednostavne barokne gradnje. Sastoji se iz nekoliko kuća s dvorištima, a iznimnu mu slikovitost daje njegov položaj te renesansno - barokni balkoni i kasnobarokni grbovi.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7178 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - kulturno-povijesna cjelina, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "urbana cjelina".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Komiži

Sklop kuća Marinković u Komiži


Bahrenfleth er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Krempermarsch under den sydlige del af Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Bahrenfleth ligger ved floden Stör, omkring 12 km nord for Glückstadt.

I kommunen ligger landsbyerne og bebyggelserne Neuenkirchen, Bahrenflether Sandweg, Brokreihe, Fiefhusen, Großbahrenfleth, Großwisch, Hohenweg, Kätnerdeich, Kleinbahrenfleth, Kleinwisch, Kuhdamm, Uhrendorfer Deich og Uhrendorfer Weg.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Bahrenfleth


L'Ami y'a bon es una película del año 2004.

Sinopsis
Francia declara la guerra a Alemania en 1939. Las colonias francesas representan una importante reserva de hombres. Aby es llamado a filas, debe salvar a la madre patria. Deja su país, Senegal, y va a Francia. La debacle del ejército francés hace que Aby acabe en un campo de prisioneros en Alemania. No volverá a su país hasta 1945, después de ser liberado.

Premios
 Festival de Cinéma de Contis, France 2005.

Referencias

L'Ami y'a bon


William Goldman () este un romancier american, scenarist și dramaturg.  A câștigat două premii Oscar pentru scenariile sale, primul pentru filmul western Butch Cassidy și Sundance Kid (1969) și al doilea pentru Toți oamenii președintelui (1976), în care rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorul Robert Redford.

Printre alte creații notabile ale sale se numără romanul thriller Marathon Man și romanul fantastic de comedie The Princess Bride, ambele adaptate de Goldman în filme, Maratonistul (1976) și respectiv File de poveste (1987).

Referințe și note

Legături externe

 .

Nașteri în 1931
Decese în 2018
Dramaturgi americani
Romancieri americani
Scenariști americani

William Goldman


නූතන ප්රඅහාරක ගුවන් යානා නිර්මාණයේ දී සිරිත් පරිදි බහු විධ හැකියාවන්ගෙන් යුත් සැලසුම් නිර්මාණයට අමතරව තෙරපුම දෛශික ලෙස හැසිරවීම, කෙටි දුර ප්රිමාණයක් තුළ ගුවන්ගත වීමේ සහ ගොඩ බෑමේ හැකියාව, සංයුක්ත ද්රිව්ය  භාවිතය, සුපිරි පියාසැරිය, රහස්ය්භාවය, වඩාත් දියුණු රේඩාර් තාක්ෂණය සහ සංවේදක මෙන්ම ගුවන් නියමුවාගේ කාර්යභාරය අවම කිරීම සඳහා නිර්මාණය කෙ‍රුණු ගුවන් පාලන උපාංග ආදිය භාවිතය සම්බන්ධව ද අවධානය යොමු කෙරේ. 4.5 වැනි පරම්පරාවට අයත් ප්රභහාරක ගුවන් යානා තුළ අන්තර්ගත වූ වීදුරුවලින් යුත් නියමු කුටි සහ නියමුවා පළඳින හෙල්මටයට සම්බන්ධ කෙරුණු වීඩියෝ තිර යනාදිය තවදුරටත් වැඩි දියුණු කොට වඩාත් දියුණු ගුවන් යානා සැලසුම් තුළට අන්තර්ගත කොට ඇත. මෙම නව සැලසුම් තුළට හතරවැනි පරම්පරාවට අයත් ගුවන් යානාවල රහස්ය භාවය සඳහා වූ උපක්‍රම, VTOL සහ F-117 , B-2 සහ AV-8 හැරියර් වැනි සංයුක්ත ගුවන් යානා යනාදියෙන් උගත් නව කරුණු ද අන්තර්ගත කෙරේ.

ගුවන් යානා

ප්රsහාරක ගුවන් යානා - පස්වෙනි පරම්පරාවට අයත් ප්ර2හාරක ගුවන් යානා


تعداد الولايات المتحدة 1990 كان التعداد الواحد والعشرون للسكان يجرى في الولايات المتحدة. تم إجراء التعداد في 1 أبريل 1990. تم تقدير العدد الكلي للسكان بحوالي 248,709,873 بزيادة 9.8% عن التعداد السابق في عام 1980.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 بيانات تاريخية لتعداد سكان الولايات المتحدة

الولايات المتحدة في 1990
تعداد سكان الولايات المتحدة
تعداد السكان في 1990

تعداد الولايات المتحدة 1990


Drăgășani es una ciudad con estatus de municipiu de Rumania en el distrito de Vâlcea.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 167  a 194 km de la capital, Bucarest.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 21 124 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades del distrito de Vâlcea

Drăgășani


Țânțarul  tigru asiatic (Aedes albopictus) este o specie invazivă de țânțar din familia culicide originară din pădurile tropicale din Asia de Sud, introdusă prin import de anvelope uzate și de plante acvatice ornamentale ca "bambusul norocos" (Dracaena sp.) în Europa, Orientul Mijlociu, Asia, Australia, America de Nord, America Centrală, America de Sud, Caraibe și Africa. Trăiește în scorburi și anvelope. Zboară jos și înțeapă picioarele în timpul zilei, la umbră. Înțepătura este foarte pruriginoasă. Pe lângă disconfortul pe care îl produc prin înțepăturile lor, acești țânțari pot transmite omului câteva boli virale deosebit de grave, și anume: denga, febra galbenă, febra Chikungunya, febra Zika, encefalita ecvină, probabil febra West Nile etc. Țânțarul  tigru asiatic este, de asemenea, un vector pentru filarii (Dirofilaria immitis și Dirofilaria repens), care parazitează câteva specii de mamifere carnivore, mai ales câinele, mai puțin pisica.

Țânțarul tigru asiatic a fost găsit în București în anul 2012 și, ulterior, în fiecare sezon estival, în perioada 2013-2016.

Note

Bibliografie
 Liviu F. Prioteasa, Sorin Dinu, Elena Fălcuță, and Cornelia S. Ceianu. Established Population of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes albopictus in Romania, 2012–14. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 31(2):177–181, 2015.
 Cornelia S. Ceianu, Elena Fălcuță, Liviu Florian Prioteasa. Aedes albopictus specie invazivă cu potențial vector, controlabilă prin implementarea unui program integrat de management al vectorilor. Laboratorul Infecții Transmise prin Vectori și Entomologie Medicală; INC Cantacuzino. 2016
 Vacus Gérard. Expansion géographique d'Aedes albopictus. Quel risque de maladies émergentes en France métropolitaine?. Memoire pour l'obtention du diplome de medecine agricole. Institut National de Medecine Agricole. 2012
 A global brief on vector-borne diseases. World Health Organization 2014
 Reiter P. Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe?. Eurosurveillance, Volume 15, Issue 10, 11 March 2010
  Francis Schaffner, Alexander Mathis. Dengue and dengue vectors in the WHO European region: past, present, and scenarios for the future. The Lancet Infectious Diseases.  Volume 14, Issue 12, December 2014, Pages 1271–1280
 Hadura Abu Hasan. Studies on Host-Seeking, Resting Behaviour and Control of the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy. September, 2014
 Guillaumot, L. "Les moustiques et la dengue." Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle–Caledonie. 2005.
 Aedes aegypti, le moustique. Direction des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales de Nouvelle-Calédonie (DASS-NC)
 La lutte antivectorielle - Méthodes à usage individuel et communautaire. Sous la direction de Jan A. Rozendaal. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Genève 1999
  La dengue. Bulletin Médical Calédonien et Polynésien. N° 34 - Octobre 2003
 Pompon Vincent. Le chikungunya: une arbovirose ré-émergente. Thèse pour le Diplôme d'État de Docteur en Pharmacie. 01 juin 2015. Université d'Angers
 Legros Vincent. Etude dynamique et proteomique de l'interaction entre Aedes albopictus et les arbovirus de la dengue et du chikungunya. These pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Veterinaire diplome d'etat. Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse. 2014
 Aurélie Bacq. Place du pharmacien d'officine dans la lutte contre les arboviroses (dengue et chikungunya) : exemple d'epidemies a la Reunion. Thèse pour le diplôme d'état de Docteur en Pharmacie. Universite de Limoges. Faculté de Pharmacie. 2014

Legături externe

 Albopictus Subgroup. Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory
 Cum ne apărăm de țânțarii purtători de virusul West Nile. Persoanele cu risc să dezvolte meningoencefalită, o boală ce poate fi mortală, 27 Iulie 2021, ziare.com

Aedes
Specii de animale invazive
Specii de insecte
Insecte dăunătoare

Țânțarul tigru asiatic


كوكبة الأسد الأصغر ليو الصغرى هي كوكبة صغيرة وخافتة في نصف الكرة السماوية الشمالي. اسمها اللاتيني "
Leo Minor ", "الأسد الأصغر " ، على النقيض من كوكبة الأسد أو الأسد الأكبر . فإنها تقع بين الكوكبة الأكبر والأكثر تميزا الدب الأكبر إلى الشمال و كوكبة الأسد إلى الجنوب. لم تعتبر ليو الصغرى كوكبة منفصلة في علم الفلك الكلاسيكي ؛ وعينت حدود كوكبة الأسد الأصغر من قبل الفلكي البولندي يوهانيس هيفليوس في 1687 و محاولاتها لاتخاذ مكانتها ككيان مستقل هو أمر مشكوك فيه، حيث ان نظام توزيع الأحرف اليونانية قد أخفق هنا إذ أن النجم الوحيد الذي تم تخصيصه هو β وهو ليس أسطع نجم في المجموعة. النجم الرئيسي هو 46 الأسد الأصغر . ولقد أدرج هيفيليوس الكوكبة لأول مرة في خرائطه عام 1690 .

وأهم نجوم الكوكبة هي
 46 الأسد الأصغر
 بيتا الأسد الاصغر
 21 الأسد الأصغر
 10 الأسد الأصغر
 37 الأسد الأصغر

يوجد هناك 37 نجما قدرها الظاهري ألمع من القدر 6.5 في الكوكبة ؛ ثلاثة منها أكثر إشراقا من القدر 4.5. النجم 46 الأسد الأصغر العملاق البرتقالى من القدر 3.8 ، ويقع على بعد نحو 95 سنة ضوئية من الأرض. , بيتا الأسد الأصغر هو ثاني ألمع نجم بقدر ظاهري 4.4 ,والنجم الوحيد في الكوكبة لة تسمية باير. وهو نجم ثنائي ، هو عملاق برتقالي والأمع من شريكة الخافت وهو نجم أصفر-أبيض في النسق الأساسي للنجوم. إن ألمع ثالث نجم هو 21 الأسد الأصغر، نجم أبيض سريع الدوران من نجوم النسق الأساسي نوع-A بقدر متوسط 4.5.

R الأسد النجم الوحيد المثير للاهتمام وهو من فئة ميرا ويصل قدره إلى 6.3 عند أوجه ويهبط إلى 13 عند أدنى حد له.
و تشمل الكوكبة أيضا اثنين من النجوم تمتلك نظام كوكبي، وزوج من المجرات المتفاعلة،ونجوم صدى التأين الزائفة الفريدة من نوعها وهي من أجرام السماء العميقة.

مصادر

اكتشافات يوهانيس هيفليوس
الكوكبات الشمالية
كوكبات
كوكبة الأسد الأصغر

الأسد الأصغر (كوكبة)


Dionizije Njaradi (rusinski Дионизий Няради) (Ruski Krstur, 10. listopada 1874. – Mrzlo Polje, 14. travnja 1940.) bio je grkokatolički Križevački biskup i vodeći rusinski intelektualac svog vremena.

Životopis
Dionizije Njaradi rođen je u Ruskom Krsturu 1874. godine, od oca Janka i majke Ane, rođene Turinski, kao najstariji sin. Imao je dva brata i dvije sestre. Brat Mihajlo je bio učitelj u Ruskom Krsturu. Drugi brat Janko poginuo je u Prvome svjetskom ratu. Sestre su se zvale Marija i Ana.

Četiri razreda osnovne škole završio je u Ruskom Krsturu, prvi razred gimnazije u Vinkovcima, školske 1887./88. godine. U Zagrebu je 1888. godine upisan u Grkokatoličko sjemenište u Zagrebu i završio gimnaziju i nakon toga bogoslovski studij. Konačno je svoju izobrazbu okončao doktoratom iz teologije.

Za podđakona ga je posvetio križevački vladika Julije Drohobecki 21. prosinca 1898. godine. a za đakona 25. prosinca 1898. godine. Isti vladika ga je posvetio i za svećenika, 1. siječnja 1899. godine u Petrovcima.

Poslije zaređenja za svećenika, najprije je bio postavljen za prefekta u Grkokatoličkom sjemeništu u Zagrebu i kasnije za upravnika župe u Šidu. Godine 1902. postavljen je za rektora Grkokatoličkog sjemeništa u Zagrebu. U isto vrijeme je bio i župnik sv. Ćirila i Metoda u Zagrebu. Na ovoj dužnosti je bio sve do 1914. godine.

Između 1908. i 1914. godine predavao je vjeronauk u srednjim školama u Zagrebu. U to vrijeme je izdao Molitvenik i Udžbenik za vjeronauk učenicima srednjih škola.

Dana 3. lipnja 1914. godine bio je postavljen za Administratora križevačke eparhije u duhovnim i svjetovnim poslovima. U to vrijeme nastala je afera oko financija vladike Julije Drohobeczkoga, koji je neosporno obnovio cijelu Križevačku eparhiju, te je zaslužan za posebno opširnu obnovu katedrale u Križevcima i izgradnju ljetne biskupske rezidencije s neo-bizantskom crkvom u Pribiću, a oslonio se na financijska obećanja Bečkog dvora. Kada Dvor nije ispunio financijska obećanja vladika Julije došao je u velike nevolje. Pošto je Sveta stolica povjerila istragu Njaradiju i nakon toga istoga imenovala biskupom, te administratorom Križevačke eparhije nastao je razdor između dijela klera. No, ovaj konflikt nije dugo trajao. Za biskupa je posvećen 9. siječnja 1915. godine u crkvi svetog Srđa i Baha u Rimu. Rukopoložio ga je Lazar Mladenov CM, vladika Satalenski, apostolski vikar Makedonskog vikarijata za katolike bizantskog obreda oko Soluna.

Za vrijeme boravka u Prešovu, 16. ožujka 1939. godine, mađarske trupe okupirale su teritorij Karpatske Ukrajine (1938.-1939.). Nekoliko dana nakon okupacije, vladika Njaradi je deportiran u Budimpeštu i odveden u kućni pritvor. Posredovanjem apostolskog nuncija, vladika se vratio u Križevačku eparhiju.

Umro je 14. travnja 1940. godine prigodom kanonske vizitacije u Mrzlom Polju, u Žumberku. Pokopan je u Ruskom Krsturu 19. travnja 1940. godine.

Biskupska djelatnost
Godine 1905. uveo je rekolekcije, odnosno, duhovne vježbe za svećenike.

Pomogao je u osnivanju tiskare u Bačkoj, kao i u Ukrajini. Pisao je knjige, molitvenike, udžbenike za vjeronauk. Osnivao je u Eparhiji crkvena društva, djelovao je u ekumenskom duhu u crkvi, u cilju ostvarivanja crkvenog jedinstva.

Bio je posebno prisutan u crkvenom i kulturnom životu Rusina iz čije sredine je poniknuo. U Rusinskom narodnom prosvjetnom društvu, pored Havrijila Kosteljnika, i vladika Dionizij je imao ogromnu ulogu kao veliki dobrotvor.

U križevačkoj Eparhiji uveo je monaške redove monaha i sestara Bazilijanaca (OSBM) i sestara Službenice Bezgrješne Djevice Marije. Osnovao je manastir u Križevcima 15. kolovoza 1915. godine, gdje su se nastanile monahinje reda sv. Bazilija Velikog, a u Kucuri 1. listopada 1915. godine, dom službenica, Službenice Bezgrješne Djevice Marije. Osnovao je sirotište u Križevcima, 12. travnja 1919. godine. Osnovao je također manastire časnih sestara Vasilijanki u Šidu, Osijeku i Mikluševcima. Ukupno je osnovao osam manastira u biskupiji. Nije istina da prethodno nije bilo manastira u Križevačkoj eparhiji, kao što se na drugim mjestima tvrdi, jer je prethodna Marčanska eparhija i kasnije Križevačka eparhija imala izvorne manastire bez povezanosti s rimokatoličkim shvaćanjem redova. Rimokatolici zovu tada sve grkokatoličke monahe Baziljancima. No, ovaj novi red, koji uvodi Njaradi, je zapravo kasnije nastao kroz reformu Jozafata Kuncevića. Postojao je i Studitski manastir u Kamenici (Bosna), osnovan od slavnog mitropolita Andreya Šeptickog iz Lavova u Galiciji. Ovaj manastir je dao dva monaha koji su kasnije postali sveci: Klimentiy Šeptickiy i Leonid Federov. Time je Kamenički manastir neusporediv duhovni izvor Križevačke eparhije. Premda je Studijski manastir (1909.-1924.) osnovan u vrijeme kad su bosanski Grkokatolici spadali pod jurisdikciju rimokatoličkog biskupa u Sarajevu (1914.-1924.) bio je već početkom 1924. godine, dakle prije nego što su pravoslavne državne i crkvene strukture iz Banja Luke nasilno prognale grkokatoličke monahe iz manastira u prosincu 1924. godine, predan Križevačkoj eparhiji.

Za križevačkog vladiku imenovan je 18. listopada 1920. godine.

Kao biskup, slao je mlade bogoslove na sveučilišta u Innsbruck, Lavov i u Rim. Brinuo se je o materijalnom položaju svećenika.

U Potkarpatskoj Rusiji djelovao je kao Apostolski Administrator u Prešovu od 30. listopada 1922. do 22. veljače 1927. godine.

Godine 1926. je u Velehradu na grobu sv. Metoda, posvetio Petra Gebeja za mukačevskog biskupa, a 1927. godine u crkvi svetog Klimenta u Rimu posvetio je bl. Pavla Gojdića za prešovskog vladiku.

U Križevačkoj biskupiji je u to vrijeme također djelovao. Okupljao je vjernike, branio bizantski obred i staroslavenski jezik, borio se s onima koji su, najviše iz neznanja, zastupali stav da je grkokatolička eparhija nepotrebna i da bi sve grkokatolike trebalo prevesti na zapadni obred. On je naglašavao značaj staroslavenskog liturgijskog jezika i istočnog obreda.

Uvodio je misije po parohijama. Misije su najprije vodili Isusovci iz Zagreba a kasnije Redemptoristi iz prešovske eparhije.

Redovno je održavao kanonske vizitacije.

Godine 1932. osnovao je zbor sv. Ćirila i Metoda koji se proslavio u zemlji i u inozemstvu.

Vladika Dionizije osnovao je osam novih župa i izgradio 13 novih kapela i crkava. Osnovane parohije su Cerovljani (1917.), Strumica (1924.), Lepenica (1930.), Derventa (obnovljena 1930.), Beograd (1930.), Lišnja (1931.), Kamenica (1933.), Gospođinci (1939.). Crkve i kapele su sagrađene u Cerovljanima (1917.), Kamenici (1922.), Lipovljanima (1924.), Strumici (1925.), Sibinju (1929.), Banjoj Luci (1931.), Detljaku (1936.), Devetini (1937.), Lepenici i Srđevićima (1938.) i u Jablanu (1939.).

Kada je 1938. godine Karpatska Ukrajina proglašena za samostalnu državu, Kongregacija za Istočnu Crkvu 15. studenoga 1938. godine imenovala je vl. Dionizija za Apostolskog Vizitatora s pravima Apostolskog Administratora u Karpatskoj Ukrajini. Usko je surađivao s Lavovskim mitropolitom Andreyom Šeptitskom, koji ga je smatrao najboljim prijateljem. Ovu službu je obavljao do 24. ožujka 1939. godine, kada je ta država ukinuta. Ugarska vojska je tada okupirala novoproglašenu Karpatsku Ukrajinu i prisilno je pripojila Mađarskoj, a vladika je po naredbi regenta Mikloš Hortija bio deportiran u Budimpeštu, odakle se kasnije vratio u Križevce, u tadašnju Jugoslaviju.

Književni rad
Godine 1912. je izdao Život sv. Jozafata, a osim njegovog životopisa i kratku povijest grkokatolika.

Molitvenik Gospodu pomolimsja bio je prvi poznati molitvenik za grkokatolike. Sadržao je liturgije, čitavu crkvenu godinu i molitve za sve potrebe. Prvo izdanje molitvenika je tiskano u Žovkvi u Galiciji, u tiražu od 800 komada. Drugo izdanje istog molitvenika je tiskano isto u Žovkvi 1911. godine, u nakladi od 5.000 primjeraka. Tiskano je i treće izdanje, u Užgorodu, s nakladom od 5000 primjeraka.

Osnovao je službeni glasnik Križevačke eparhije Eparhijski Vjesnik. Prvi broj časopisa izlazi 22. veljače 1915. godine u Križevcima.

Godine 1917. izdao je Knjižicu za članove udruženja Živog rožarija u Eparhiji križevačkoj. Knjižica je objavljena u Zagrebu. Imala je 120 stranica a sadrži molitve obične, dužnosti kršćana, kratki vjeronauk i objašnjenje kako treba moliti krunicu.

Godine 1919. izdao je udžbenik za vjeronauk u nakladi od 10.000 primjeraka. Prije toga, za Rusine u Bačkoj, Slavoniji i Srijemu izdao je isti udžbenik 1913. godine i to prvo izdanje u Žovkvi a drugo u Beču 1920. godine.

Na rusinskom jeziku 1920. godine objavio je knjigu Istine katoličke vjere. To je bio prvi udžbenik za vjeronauk na rusinskom jeziku. Knjiga je imala 132 straníce i tiskana je u Vidnju.

Godine 1924. je u Žovkvi objavio Žitije sv. Kirila i Metodija, knjigu napisanu literarnim jezikom. Knjiga Žitije sv. Kirila i Metodija objavljena je i u Novom Sadu 1927. godine, a objavilo ju je rusinsko narodno-prosvjetno društvo.

Hrišćanski nauk izdao je 1929. godine, a za vjernike u Makedoniji izdao je poseban udžbenik.

Godine 1932. izdao je objašnjenje Božanske liturgije na rusinskom jeziku Služba Božja ili Liturgija Knjiga je sadrži 136 stranice i tiskana je u Đakovu.

U Đakovu je 1935. godine tiskao i knjigu Pradjedovska vjera u svijetlu povijesti. U knjizi je na 80 stranica izložio crkvenu povijest Rusina od svetog Vladimira i svete Olge do suvremenog doba.

U Ruskom Krsturu je 1938. godine objavio knjigu O ženidbi koja na 56 stranica razmatra crkveni, ali i nacionalni, socijalni i društveni aspekt braka.

Na hrvatskom jeziku objavio je Sveti Josafat Kuncevič i Grof Andrija Šepticki.

Pisao je rasprave o Crkvi, mnoge članke i radove koje je objavljivao u Spomenici, Katoličkom listu i Vrhbosni.

Za vrijeme svog boravka u Prešovu kao apostolski administrator, pokrenuo je Ruske slovo, novine koje još i danas izlaze.

U Užgorodu je pokrenuo pitanje osnivanja tiskare. Tu je izdao Život sv. Ćirila i Metoda. Tamo je pokrenuo izlaženje lista Dušpastir.

Među Rusinima u Bačkoj i Srijemu, pokrenuo je Ruske Novine i izdanje kalendara. Među Ukrajincima u Bosni i Slavoniji, pokrenuo je Ridno Slovo i kalendar. Za Žumberčane dao je poticaj za izdavanje Žumberačkih Novina i Spomenice.

U razdoblju između 1921. i 1941. godine redovno je u Ruskom kalendaru objavljivao vjerske, povijesne i druge članke i studije.

Izvori

Životopisi, Križevci
Hrvatski kršćanski teolozi
Hrvatski grkokatolički biskupi
Grkokatolički teolozi

Dionizije Njaradi


James Mason Crafts (March 8, 1839 – June 20, 1917) was an American chemist, mostly known for developing the Friedel–Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with Charles Friedel in 1876.

Biography
James Crafts, the son of Royal Altamont Crafts and Marianne Mason (daughter of Senator Jeremiah Mason), was born in Boston, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard University in 1858.  Although he never received his Ph.D., he studied chemistry in Germany at the Academy of Mines (1859) of Freiberg, and served as an assistant to Robert Bunsen at Heidelberg, and then with Wurtz in Paris (1861).

It was in Paris that Crafts first met Charles Friedel, with whom he later carried out some of his most successful research.  Crafts returned to the United States in 1865. In 1868, he was appointed as the first professor of chemistry at the newly founded Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he remained until 1870.

During the following four years Crafts served as professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), but in 1874 took a leave of absence, joined Friedel in Paris, and devoted himself exclusively to scientific research. Upon his second return to the United States, in 1891, Crafts became professor of organic chemistry at MIT (1892–97), where he also served as president from 1898 to 1900. In 1900, Crafts resigned the presidency, and again turned to the investigation of problems in organic and physical chemistry.

Scientific work

Craft's investigations were largely in the field of organic chemistry, but his name is connected also with many interesting achievements in physics and in physical chemistry.  He invented a new hydrogen thermometer; measured the densities of iodine at very high temperatures; demonstrated an interesting regularity in the variation of the boiling points of chemically allied substances with the external pressure; prepared a number of new compounds of the element silicon, which are interesting because of their chemical resemblance to the corresponding compounds of carbon; and also prepared new compounds of arsenic.  But his most important achievement was the discovery, jointly with Friedel, of one of the most fruitful synthetic methods in organic chemistry, the Friedel–Crafts reaction.

Hundreds of new carbon compounds have been brought into existence by this method (New International Encyclopedia), which is based on the catalytic action of the chloride of aluminium.

Recognition

In recognition of Crafts's services to science, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1867 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1872. The French government made him a chevalier of the Legion of Honor (1885), and the British Association for the Advancement of Science made him one of its corresponding members. Harvard University conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1898. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1916.

The Crafts entry at MIT's Senior House dormitory is named in his honor.

Selected writings
 A chronologically-arranged list of Crafts' papers is in the biographical note of Cross.
 Qualitative Analysis (1869,  and several later editions)

References

Further reading

1839 births
1917 deaths
American physical chemists
Cornell University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Scientists from Boston
Members of the American Philosophical Society

James Crafts


Osh Bazaar (en ) est l'un des plus grands bazars de Bichkek, au Kirghizistan. Il est situé sur le côté ouest de la ville, non loin de la gare routière de l'Ouest.

À Osh Bazaar, il est possible d'acheter des produits alimentaires, presque tous les produits ménagers courants, des vêtements, des souvenirs, et même des instruments de musique.

Références

Articles connexes
 Bazar
 Marché
 Commerce de détail

Bazar

Osh Bazaar


Kentrell DeSean Gaulden (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, SAD, 20. listopada 1999.), poznatiji pod umjetničkim imenom YoungBoy Never Broke Again, široj javnosti i kao NBA YoungBoy, američki je reper, tekstopisac i glazbeni producent.

Krajem 2017. potpisao je ugovor s Atlantic Recordsom. U siječnju 2018. izdao je singl "Outside Today", koji je dostigao 31. mjesto Billboard Hot 100 ljestvice. Pjesma je postala vodeći singl za njegov debitantski studijski album Until Death Call My Name (2018.) koji je došao do sedmog mjesta američke Billboard 200.

U listopadu 2019. objavio je singl "Bandit" s Juice Wrldom, koji je postao njegov prvi singl među deset najboljih. Tjedan dana kasnije, objavio je miksani album AI YoungBoy 2 (2019), koji je debitirao na prvom mjestu Billboardove 200 ljestvice. U travnju 2020. izdao je novi miksani album, 38 Baby 2, njegov drugi projekt na vrhu ljestvice. Kasnije je te godine, objavio svoj drugi studijski album Top, koji je postao njegov treći projekt na vrhu ljestvice u manje od godinu dana. U rujnu 2021., Sincerely, Kentrell objavljen je tijekom njegovog boravka u zatvoru te se ponovno našao na vrhu ljestvica, čineći ga trećim izvođačem uz Tupaca Shakura i Lil Waynea koji je imao album na prvom mjestu ljestvice dok je bio u zatvoru. U kolovozu 2022. izdao je svoj četvrti studijski album, The Last Slimeto, koji je označio njegov posljednji studijski album s Atlantic Recordsom. U siječnju 2023. objavio je svoj peti, I Rest My Case.

Unatoč uspjesima, karijera mu je obilježena poviješću pravnih problema koji su započeli još od 2016., stoga je izdao nekolicinu projekata tijekom boravka u zatvoru.

Diskografija

 Until Death Call My Name (2018.)
 Top (2020.)
 Sincerely, Kentrell (2021.)
 The Last Slimeto (2022.)
 I Rest My Case (2023.)

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica
 Billboard

Izvori
Američki hip hop glazbenici

Američki tekstopisci
Američki glazbeni producenti

YoungBoy Never Broke Again


Thomas Brussig () este un scriitor contemporan de limbă germană din Germania, cunoscut pentru romanele sale cu caracter satiric despre viața din fosta Republică Democrată Germană

Biografie
Brussig s-a născut în Berlinul de Est. A urmat cursurile primare și gimnaziale la școala "Heinrich-Hertz", după care a urmat un liceu de construcții, pe care l-a absolvit în 1984. După liceu a fost încorporat în Armata Națională a Poporului din fosta RDG. După satisfacerea stagiului militar și până la începutul anilor 1990 a avut mai multe slujbe temporare cum ar fi: paznic de muzeu, personal de îngrijire și portar de hotel etc. Începând cu 1990 a studiat timp de trei ani sociologia la Universitatea Liberă din Berlin, după care s-a mutat la Universitatea de Teatru și Film din Potsdam, pe care a absolvit-o în anul 2000. În prezent Brussig lucrează ca scriitor și scenarist independent, locuind împreună cu partenera și copiii săi la Berlin și în Mecklenburg.

Activitate
Brussig a debutat ca romancier în 1991 cu Wasserfarben ("Acuarele"). Consacrarea sa a venit în 1995, odată cu publicarea romanului comic Helden wie wir ("Eroi ca noi"). În romanele sale, Brussig satirizează diferite evenimente din Germania de Est. Cărțile sale au fost traduse în 28 de limbi până în prezent. A primit numeroase premii și distincții și a fost membru în diferite jurii literare. În semestrul de vară al anului universitar 2012 a fost titularul cursului "Poetik" de la Universitatea din Koblenz-Landau.

Opere
 Wasserfarben. (inițial sub pseudonimul Cordt Berneburger). Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin, 1991, .
 Helden wie wir. Verlag Volk und Welt, Berlin, 1995, .
 Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee. Verlag Volk und Welt, Berlin, 1999, .
 Leben bis Männer. S. Fischer, Frankfurt pe Main, 2001, .
 Wie es leuchtet. S. Fischer, Frankfurt pe Main, 2004, .
 Berliner Orgie. Piper, München, 2007, .
 Schiedsrichter Fertig. Residenz-Verlag, St. Pölten, 2007, .
 Der Wurm am Turm, împreună cu Kitty Kahane (coautoare). Hansisches Druck- und Verlagshaus, Frankfurt pe Main, 2011, .
 Das gibts in keinem Russenfilm. S. Fischer, Frankfurt pe Main, 2015, .
 Beste Absichten. S. Fischer, Frankfurt pe Main, 2017, .

Traduceri în limba română
 Aleea Soarelui, traducător Mara Yvonne Wagner, Editura Humanitas, București, 2003,

Distincții
 1999: Premiul pentru scenariu pentru Sonnenallee
 2000: Premiul Hans Fallada al orașului Neumünster
 2000: Berliner Bär (Premiul pentru cultură al orașului Berlin)
 2005: Medalia Carl Zuckmayer

Note

Bibliografie
 Ralf Schnell, Geschichte de deutschsprachigen Literatur seit 1945, Verlag:J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart-Weimar, 2005
 Pagina oficială a lui Thomas Brussig
 Thomas Brussig

Vezi și
 Literatura germană

Legături externe

 Thomas Brussig

Nașteri în 1964
Scriitori germani din secolul al XX-lea

Thomas Brussig


Fogassot  o Fogaçot fue un poeta español del , que figura muy ventajosamente en el Cancionero de París.

Fue notario en Barcelona y floreció en la corte literaria del rey Juan I de Aragón. Se le debe un poema en diez estrofas sobre la Detenció y presó del Ilm. Senyor Don Karles, princep de Viana, escrito en Bruselas en 1460. La transcripción que Tornes Amat hace de unos fragmentos de esta obra es de Tastu. Todos los historiadotes literarios ponderan los méritos de Fogassot, cuyas obras dicen forman escuela dentro del humanismo literario del .

Referencias

Poetas de España del siglo XV

Fogassot


رواية اسمها سورية رواية أو مشروع روائي في ثلاثة أجزاء تضم أكثر من 1600 صفحة تسرد سيرة حياة مائة من الشخصيات السورية السياسية و الأدبية و الفنية و الاجتماعية و العسكرية و الدينية التي أثرت في الحياة و المجتمع السوري على مدار أكثر من مائة و خمسين عاما. منسق المشروع و صاحب الفكرة هو الصحافي و الناقد الأدبي نبيل صالح شاركه بها أربعون كاتبا بين أديب ومفكر ومؤرخ وناقد وروائي سوري.

الرواية

الرواية بأجزائها الثلاثة حملت اسمها الرسمي (رواية اسمها سورية.. مئة شخصية ساهمت في تشكيل وعي السوريين في القرن العشرين). كتبت سير الشخصيات بشكل روائي و رتبت وفق التسلسل الزمني مما سهل لاحقا الترابط المنطقي، الزمني و التسلسلي للأحداث.

الإهداء كان باختصار : «إلى الوزير الشهيد، رمز الاستقلال والحرية: يوسف العظمة». يقول نبيل صالح في تقديمه للموسوعة: التاريخ هو حركة الذئاب في الزمن، وكذلك هي الرواية.

المشاركون

رئيس التحرير: نبيل صالح

لجنة الإشراف: د. محمد محفل- د. أحمد برقاوي- جمال باروت- د. يوسف سلامة.

هيئة التحرير:

فواز حداد- ممدوح عزام- د. عابد إسماعيل- عادل محمود- وائل السواح- سعاد جروس- حسن م.يوسف- نجم الدين سمان- علي الكردي- ناظم مهنا- خضر الآغا- محمد منصور- طه خليل- وفيق يوسف- عقبة زيدان- راشد عيسى- روزا ياسين حسن- عمر كوش- د.سعد الدين كليب- وليد إخلاصي- خيري الذهبي- نبيل سليمان- وفيق خنسة- ياسين رفاعية- عادل أبو شنب - ميشيل كيلو- د.عمر الدقاق- حسين العودات- حسين شحادة- حمدان حمدان- صلاح الدين المحمد- د.نضال الصالح- أحمد بوبس- د.محمد محفل- د.أحمد برقاوي- د.يوسف سلامة- محمد جمال باروت- نبيل صالح.

وصلات خارجية
 «رواية اسمها سورية»دراماترسم تضاريس المجتمع السوري عبر150عاماً
 «رواية اسمها سورية» كتاب يخوض في الممنوع سورياً
 «رواية اسمها سورية» تحلل الشيفرة الثقافية للسوريين
 نبيل صالح : «رواية اسمها سورية» كتاب يكشف أسرار الوحدة الوطنية
 «رواية اسمها سورية» استقراء لفلسفة تاريخ سورية الحديث

تاريخ سوريا
روايات سورية
روايات تجري أحداثها في سوريا

رواية اسمها سورية


1964 Yaz Olimpiyatları ya da resmî adıyla , 10-24 Ekim 1964 tarihleri arasında Japonya'nın başkenti Tokyo'da düzenlenmiş uluslararası çok sporlu etkinlik.

Sporlar

Madalya durumu

(*) Batı ve Doğu Almanya ortak takımla katıldı.

1964 Yaz Olimpiyatları


Dominik Grancorve O.P. (Dubrovnik, ? – 20. rujna 1435.) bio je prelat Katoličke Crkve koji je služio kao biskup trebinjsko-mrkanski od 1425. do 1435.

Životopis

Rodom je Dubrovčanin. Pripadao je Dominikanskom redu i bio je član samostana sv. Dominika. Zbog svoje učenosti i razboritosti uživao je u cijelom gradu osobit ugled. Vlada Dubrovačke Republike ga je 1416. godine poslala zbog nekih diplomatskih poslova ugarsko-hrvatskom kralju Žigmundu Luksemburškom.

Nakon smrti biskupa Ivana Muzarića, papa Martin V., imenuje ga, 4. srpnja 1425., biskupom trebinjsko-mrkanskim. Dubrovačka Republika mu je dala u posjed, 18. lipnja 1423., za uzdržavanje (mensa episcopalis) nenastanjeni otočić Veliki Školj u Moluntu koji je bio vrlo pogodan za ispašu stoke i ribolov.

Umro je 20. rujna 1435. godine.

Izvori

Literatura

Knjige

Mrežna sjedišta

Životopisi, Dubrovnik
Hrvatski dominikanci
Trebinjsko-mrkanski biskupi

Dominik Grancorve


Ilia Alekseyevich Karpenkov (; Mineralnye Vody, 17 de fevereiro de 1997) é um jogador russo de basquete profissional.

Ele conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 na disputa 3x3 masculino com a equipe do Comitê Olímpico Russo, ao lado de Kirill Pisklov, Stanislav Sharov e Alexander Zuev.

Basquetebolistas da Rússia
Basquetebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Ilia Karpenkov


Hjalmer Larsen (født 16. august 1995 i Odense), kendt under kunstnernavnet Hjalmer, er en dansk singer-songwriter. Han er søn af Kim Larsen.

Karriere
Hjalmer Larsen pladedebuterede i 2017 med singlen "Hvis du går", der udkom den 16. juni 2017 på Universal. Sangen var medtaget på Hjalmer Larsens debut-EP/LP Skabt til at være ung, der udkom senere på året i november 2017 med syv sange. Forinden udgivelsen af mini-albummet havde Hjalmer Larsen optrådt på bl.a. Smukfest i august 2017.

Han udgav i 2018 singlen "Samme fejl" skrevet sammen med sangskriveren og sangeren Basim og medvirkede med sangerinden Medina på singlen "Folk som os", skrevet af bl.a. Medina og Larsen. Han medvirker endvidere på sin far Kim Larsens posthume album Sange fra første sal på guitar, keyboards og sang.

Familie
Hjalmer Larsen er søn af Kim Larsen og Liselotte Kløvborg Larsen og er storebror til Lui Larsen.

Diskografi

Album

 Skabt til at være ung (2017)
 Midt i en drøm eller noget der ligner (2019)
 Alt blir bedre (2022)

Singler
 "Hey du" (2020)
 "Verden I Farver" (2020)
 "Hvis Du Går" (2017)
 "Marie" (2017)
 "Smukkeste Problem" (2017)
 "Mandag Morgen" (2017)
 "Samme Fejl" (2018)
 "Dig Og Mig" (2018)
 "Som Man Siger" (2018)
 "Folk Som Os" (2019)
 "Istedgade" (2019)
 "Kongespil" (2019)
 "Weekend Baby" (2021)
 "Kommer Tilbage" (2021)
 "Overtænker" (2022)
 "Kom Sommer" (2022)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Danmark
Sangskrivere fra Danmark
Personer fra Odense

Hjalmer Larsen


STS-88 was the first Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). It was flown by Space Shuttle Endeavour, and took the first American module, the Unity node, to the station.

The seven-day mission was highlighted by the mating of the U.S.-built Unity node to the Functional Cargo Block (Zarya module) already in orbit, and three spacewalks to connect power and data transmission cables between the Node and the FGB. Zarya, built by Boeing and the Russian Space Agency, was launched on a Russian Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan in November 1998.

Other payloads on the STS-88 mission included the IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC), the Argentine Scientific Applications Satellite-S (SAC-A), the MightySat 1 Hitchhiker payload, the Space Experiment Module (SEM-07) and Getaway Special G-093 sponsored by the University of Michigan.

Crew

Launch attempts

Mission highlights

Node 1, named Unity, was the first space station hardware delivered by the Space Shuttle. It has two Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMA), one attached to either end. One PMA (PMA-1) is permanently mated to Zarya, and the other (PMA-2) is used for orbiter dockings and crew access to the station. Unity also contains an International Standard Payload Rack used to support on-orbit activities, which was activated after the fifth Shuttle/Station assembly flight.

To begin the assembly sequence, the crew conducted a series of rendezvous maneuvers similar to those conducted on other Shuttle missions to reach the orbiting FGB. On the way, Currie used the Shuttle's robot arm to place Node 1 atop the Orbiter Docking System. Cabana completed the rendezvous by flying Endeavour to within  of the FGB, allowing Currie to capture the FGB with the robot arm and place it on the Node's Pressurized Mating Adapter.

Once the two elements were docked, Ross and Newman conducted two scheduled spacewalks to connect power and data cables between the Node, PMAs and the FGB. The day following the spacewalks, Endeavour undocked from the two components, completing the first Space Station assembly mission.

Endeavours astronauts toured the new International Space Station on Thursday, 10 December 1998, entering the Unity and Zarya modules for the first time, and establishing an S-band communications system that enables U.S. flight controllers to monitor the outpost's systems. Reflecting the international cooperation involved in building the largest space complex in history, Commander Robert Cabana and Russian Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev opened the hatch to the U.S.-built Unity connecting module and floated into the new station together.

The rest of the crew followed and began turning on lights and unstowing gear in the roomy hub to which other modules would be connected in the future. Each passageway within Unity was marked by a sign leading the way into tunnels to which new modules would later be connected.

About an hour later, Robert Cabana and Sergei Krikalev opened the hatch to the Russian-built Zarya control module, which was the nerve center for the station in its embryonic stage. Joined by Pilot Frederick Sturckow and Mission Specialists Jerry Ross, James H. Newman and Nancy Currie, Cabana and Krikalev hailed the historic entrance into the International Space Station and said the hatch opening signified the start of a new era in space exploration.

Ross and Newman went right to work in Unity, completing the assembly of an early S-band communications system that allows flight controllers in Houston to send commands to Unitys systems and to keep tabs on the health of the station with a more extensive communications capability than exists through Russian ground stations. The astronauts also conducted a successful test of the videoconferencing capability of the early communications system, which was used by the first crew to permanently occupy the station in November 2000 (Expedition 1). Newman downlinked greetings to controllers in the station flight control room in Houston and to astronaut Bill Shepherd, who commanded the first crew and lived aboard the station with Krikalev and Cosmonaut Yuri Gidzenko.

Krikalev and Currie replaced a faulty unit in Zarya which controlled the discharging of stored energy from one of the module's six batteries. The battery had not been working properly in its automatic configuration, but the new unit was functioning normally shortly after it was installed.

The astronauts also unstowed hardware and logistical supplies stored behind panels in Zarya, relocating the items for use by the Shuttle crew that was to visit the station in May 1999 and by Shepherd's expedition crew. The astronauts also completed their initial outfitting of the station.

The hatches to Zarya and Unity were closed before Endeavour undocked from the new station, leaving the new complex to orbit the Earth unpiloted.

Mission timeline

Launch preparations
At 12:15 am EST on Monday, 23 June 1997, an Air Force C-5 air cargo plane arrived at the Shuttle Landing Facility carrying Unity (Node 1). On 1 February 1998, Endeavour was towed to Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1. On 15 October 1998, Endeavour was moved from Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1 to the Vehicle Assembly Building. On 21 October 1998, Endeavour was transported atop the Crawler Transporter to Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A.

3–4 December (Flight Day 1, Launch)
Space Shuttle Endeavour launched at 3:35:34 am EST from the Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A. STS-88 was the first shuttle flight to the International Space Station. After launch, the crew opened the shuttle's payload bay doors, deployed the Ku-Band antenna, and activated the shuttle's Hitchhiker payload. The crew also started preparing for the multiple engine firings that will be performed to bring shuttle Endeavour within the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System's reach of the Zarya FGB. At launch, Zarya was 240 statute miles above the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and the module was on its 222nd orbit of the Earth since its launch.

4 December (Flight Day 2)
On Flight Day 2, the crew of Endeavour performed several tasks to get ready for the docking on Sunday and the extra-vehicular activities (EVA) to be completed on the mission. Nancy Currie conducted a photo survey of Unity and Endeavours payload bay, using the shuttle's robotic arm, Canadarm. Jerry Ross and Jim Newman checked out the spacesuits they would use on the three EVAs and prepared the shuttle's airlock for use during the spacewalks. Rick Sturckow, who would be choreographing the EVAs from inside the shuttle, joined Ross and Newman to check out the SAFER units to be worn during the spacewalks in case Ross or Newman were to become separated from Endeavour during one of the spacewalks.

5 December (Flight Day 3)
On Flight Day 3, Currie used Canadarm to grapple and place Unity onto the Orbiter Docking System at 6:45 pm EST. The crew pressurized PMA-2 and entered it. They put several caps over vent valves to prepare for the entrance into Unity later in the week. Commander Bob Cabana performed a debris avoidance maneuver to move Endeavour out of the way of a casing from a Delta II rocket that launched on 6 November from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

6 December (Flight Day 4, Docking with Zarya)
On Flight Day 4, Bob Cabana fired Endeavour's rockets several times to maneuver the shuttle within Canadarm's reach of the Zarya FGB. At 6:47 pm EST, Currie grappled Zarya. Later, at 9:07 pm EST, Cabana fired Endeavours downward jets to bring the two modules together.

7 December (Flight Day 5, EVA 1)
During a 7-hour, 21-minute spacewalk, astronauts Jerry Ross and Jim Newman helped activate the Unity node, the first module to the U.S. segment of the International Space Station. They connected 40 connectors and cables running along the 35-ton,  space station. At 10:49 pm EST, flight controllers in Houston saw Unity'''s systems come on.

8 December (Flight Day 6)
On the 6th day of Endeavour's STS-88 mission, Mission Specialists Jerry Ross and Jim Newman relaxed after their long spacewalk on Flight Day 5. Ross, Newman, Nancy Currie, and Sergei Krikalev prepared equipment for Flight Day 7's EVA. Commander Bob Cabana and Pilot Rick Sturckow fired Endeavours main reaction control system jets for 22 minutes to raise the ISS approximately 5 statute miles. The crew conducted interviews with ABC News, Discovery Channel, and MSNBC.

9 December (Flight Day 7, EVA 2)
At 3:33 pm EST, Mission Specialists Jerry Ross and Jim Newman commenced on a 7-hour, 2-minute EVA to continue the installation of Unity. The two spacewalkers first installed two antennas on the outside of Unity. The astronauts also removed launch restraint pins on the four radial common berthing mechanisms of Unity. They installed covers on Unitys two data relay boxes to protect them from sunlight. Lastly, Newman freed a backup rendezvous system antenna on the Zarya FGB.

10 December (Flight Day 8, Entrance into the ISS)
Flight Day 8 was a historic day as the International Space Station was opened for the first time on orbit. At 2:54 pm EST, Commander Bob Cabana and Russian Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev opened the hatch to the Unity Node of the new International Space Station. The other members of the crew started unstowing gear and turning on the lights. At 4:12 pm EST, Cabana and Krikalev opened the hatch into Zarya. Jerry Ross and Jim Newman assembled a S-band communications system in Unity, and Krikalev and Nancy Currie replaced a problematic battery discharging unit in Zarya.

11 December (Flight Day 9)
On Flight Day 9, Pilot Rick Sturckow and Mission Specialist Nancy Currie continued unstowing hardware in Unity. After turning off the lights, the crew later closed the hatches to Zarya and Unity. The crew prepared for the mission's third and final spacewalk on Flight Day 10. Endeavours crew also conducted interviews with CNN and CBS News.

12 December (Flight Day 10, EVA 3)
At 3:33 pm EST, astronauts Jerry Ross and Jim Newman commenced on a 6-hour, 59-minute EVA to finish the installation of the Unity Node to Zarya. The two stowed tools on the side of Unity to prepare for the spacewalks on STS-96, the next mission to the ISS. Ross also freed another antenna on Zarya, similar to the one Newman freed on EVA-2. The spacewalkers also tested the redesigned SAFER jet packs, to be used in the event an astronaut became separated from the spacecraft during a spacewalk. After the EVA, Pilot Rick Sturckow depressurized the vestibule between Endeavour and PMA-2 to prepare for the undocking of the two spacecraft on Flight Day 11.

13 December (Flight Day 11, Undocking)
On Flight Day 11, Space Shuttle Endeavour undocked from the International Space Station. At 3:25 pm EST, Pilot Rick Sturckow backed Endeavour  away from the station and started a nose-forward fly-around of the station, so that the crew could take pictures of the space station. At 4:49 pm EST, Sturckow performed a final separation burn. Later, the crew deployed SAC-A, a small satellite for the Argentinean National Commission of Space Activities.

14 December (Flight Day 12)
On the last full day on orbit, the crew deployed a small Air Force satellite called MightySat-1. The crew tested the orbiter's aerosurfaces and steering jets to be used on landing day and stowed equipment.

15 December (Flight Day 13, Landing)
Flight Day 13 was landing day for Space Shuttle Endeavour and its crew of six. At 7:07 pm EST, the orbiter's payload bay doors were closed for entry. Flight Director John Shannon gave the go for the crew to fire the orbital maneuvering system engines for the deorbit burn at 9:46 pm EST so that Endeavour could slow down to enter the Earth's atmosphere. At 10:54 pm EST, Endeavour and crew landed on the Kennedy Space Center's Runway 15. Endeavour'' wrapped up a 4.7 million mile mission, and the first to the International Space Station.

Extra-vehicular activity

Three extra-vehicular activity (EVA) spacewalks were scheduled and completed during STS-88.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.
Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

Media

See also

List of human spaceflights
List of International Space Station spacewalks
List of Space Shuttle missions
List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
Outline of space science
Space Shuttle

References

External links

 NASA mission summary
 STS-88 Video Highlights

Spacecraft launched in 1998
Space Shuttle missions
Articles containing video clips
University of Michigan
Spacecraft which reentered in 1998
December 1998 events
1998 in Florida

STS-88


Taras, Yunan mitolojisinde Poseidon ve peri Satyrion'un oğlu. Mora yarımadasından güney İtalya'ya kadar seyahat etmiştir. Güney İtalya'daki Taras isimli Yunan koloni şehrinin kurucusu olarak anılır. Bu şehir Latince "Tarentum", bugün ise "Taranto" olarak adlandırılmıştır.

 Ayrıca; bugün "Taras" Doğu Avrupa'da, özellikle Ukrayna'da, sıkça kullanılan bir isimdir.

Yunan mitolojisinde kişiler
Mitolojik krallar
Poseidon'un çocukları
Lakonia mitolojisi
Magna Graecia

Taras


İskila adı tarihte ilk olarak Sümer kaynaklarında yer alır ve ünlü Gılgamış destanında iškila-bi biçiminde yer almaktadır.

İskila, Hitit öncesi dönemde iç ve kuzey Anadolu'da yaşayan Hatti uygarlığının önemli bir kentidir. Hititbilimci Sedat Alp'in yaptığı haritalar ile tam olarak yeri saptanmış olup bu yer günümüzde İskilip olup bu kentin adında çok az bir değişim olarak halen aynı yerde yaşamaktadır.

Hititler|Hitit öncesi dönemde iç ve Kuzey Anadolu'da yaşayan Hatti uygarlığın'ın önemli bir kentidir.

İskila, (Hitit dili: Iškila) Hitit öncesi kadim devirde kuzey iç anadolu'da yaşayan Hatti / Kaşkalar için önemli bir şehirdir.

İskila adı Hitit ve kadim Mısır medeniyetine ait kayıtlarda geçer. Bu kayıtlara göre İskila bir Kaşka /Hatti yerleşmesidir. O devirde Mısırlılar, Hititlilerden ısrarla Kaşkalı insanlar istemektedir.

Bu özel istek nedeni olarak Iskila'lıların ulaşmış olduğu tarım ve ziraat kültürünün neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Iskila'lıların özellikle bağ ve bahçe kültüründe birçok mevye ve bitkiyi yeryüzünde ilk kez kültüre aldıkları düşünülür. Bir tez aşamasında olan bu görüş kanıtlanmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Erken Bizans dönemi kayıtlarına göre İskila, Rodos'tan göçen esir kabilelerin konakladığı yerdir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İskilip

Kaynaklar ve dış bağlantılar
 Ahmet Ünal - Hititlər Devrinde Anadolu, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2003 İstanbul
 iškila
 Hitit yazılarında; iškila
 iškila-bi (Gılgamış Destanı, Sümer)

İskilip
Sümer kentleri

İskila