Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit ( ; also known as Duquesne University or Duquesne) is a private Catholic research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Founded by members of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, Duquesne first opened as the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost in October 1878 with an enrollment of 40 students and a faculty of six. In 1911, the college became the first Catholic university-level institution in Pennsylvania. It is named for an 18th-century governor of New France, Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville.

Duquesne has since expanded to over 9,300 graduate and undergraduate students within a self-contained  hilltop campus in Pittsburgh's Bluff neighborhood. The school maintains an associate campus in Rome and encompasses ten schools of study. The university hosts international students from more than 80 countries although most students—about 80%—are from Pennsylvania or the surrounding region. Duquesne is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". There are more than 93,000 living alumni of the university including two cardinals and the current bishop of Pittsburgh.

The Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I. Duquesne men's basketball appeared twice in national championship games in the 1950s and won the NIT championship in 1955.

History

The Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost was founded on October 1, 1878, by Fr. Joseph Strub and the Holy Ghost Fathers, who had been expelled from Germany during Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf six years earlier. When the college was founded, it had six faculty members and 40 students. The college obtained its state charter in 1882. Students attended classes in a rented space above a bakery on Wylie Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh. Duquesne established itself at its current location on the Bluff and built the original five-story red brick "Old Main" in 1885. At the time, it was the highest point on the Pittsburgh skyline.

On May 27, 1911, under the leadership of Fr. Martin Hehir, the college became the first Catholic institution of higher learning in Pennsylvania to become a university. It was subsequently renamed Duquesne University of the Holy Ghost, after Ange Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis du Quesne, the French governor of New France who first brought Catholic observances to the Pittsburgh area. The year 1913 saw the university record its first woman graduate, Sister M. Fides of the Sisters of Mercy. In 1914, the graduate school was established.

The 1920s were a time of expansion for the developing university. The campus grew to include its first single-purpose academic building, Canevin Hall, as well as a gymnasium and a central heating plant. Institutionally, the school grew to include the School of Pharmacy in 1925, a School of Music in 1926, and a School of Education in 1929. Hard times, however, came with the Wall Street Crash of 1929; plans for expansion had to be shelved.

The beloved Fr. Hehir was succeeded in 1931 by Fr. J. J. Callahan. Though Fr. Callahan was not as able an administrator as Fr. Hehir, his tenure did see the university add numerous new programs, a short-lived School for the Unemployed, and, in 1937, the Nursing School. The university's sports programs also thrived during the Depression era, with some of the greatest triumphs of the basketball and football teams occurring in that time period—a 6–0 football defeat of Pitt in 1936 was a high point of student exuberance. A university library was completed in 1940.

Some of the darkest years of the university's history passed during World War II, when the university was led by the young Fr. Raymond Kirk. The school's enrollment, which had been 3,100 in 1940, dropped to an all-time low in the summer of 1944, with a mere one thousand students enrolled. Fr. Kirk's health broke under the strain of leading the school through such struggles, and he was relieved of his duties by Fr. Francis P. Smith in 1946. After the war, the school faced a wave of veterans seeking higher education. In contrast to the lean war-time years, the 1949 enrollment peaked at 5,500, and space became an issue. Fr. Smith took advantage of the Lanham Act, which allowed him to acquire three barracks-type buildings from Army surplus. The science curriculum was expanded, and the School of Business Administration saw its enrollment rise to over two thousand. Also during this time, a campus beautification project was implemented and WDUQ, Pittsburgh's first college radio station, was founded.

An ambitious campus expansion plan was proposed by Fr. Vernon F. Gallagher in 1952. Assumption Hall, the first student dormitory, was opened in 1954, and Rockwell Hall was dedicated in November 1958, housing the schools of business and law. It was during the tenure of Fr. Henry J. McAnulty that Fr. Gallagher's ambitious plans were put to action. Between 1959 and 1980, the university renovated or constructed various buildings to form the academic infrastructure of the campus. Among these are College Hall, the music school and the library, as well as a new Student Union and Mellon Hall, along with four more dormitories. Although Fr. McAnulty's years as president saw tremendous expansion, a financial crisis in 1970 nearly forced the closure of the university. Students rallied to the cause, however, and set a goal of raising one million dollars to "Save Duquesne University". Students engaged in door-to-door fundraising and gathered nearly $600,000, enough to keep Duquesne afloat until the end of the crisis in 1973. It was also during Fr. McAnulty's time as president that Duquesne University played an important role in the shaping of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, which has its roots in a retreat of several faculty members and students held in February 1967.

McAnulty was succeeded by Fr. Donald S. Nesti. Fr. Nesti's tenure in the 1980s saw construction begin on the A. J. Palumbo Center, which was dedicated in 1988, as well as an expansion of the law school. It was under the presidency of John E. Murray Jr., the university's first lay president, that the university developed into its modern institutional and physical form. Between 1988 and 2001, the university opened its first new schools in 50 years, including the Rangos School of Health Sciences, the Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, and the School of Leadership and Professional Advancement. Duquesne University continues to expand with its completion of the Power Center, a mixed-use development project on Forbes Avenue, and a new residence hall, which was completed in 2012.

The university plans to establish an osteopathic medical school which will admit its first class in the fall semester of 2024.

Campuses

Main campus

Duquesne University has more than tripled in size from its early  site on Boyd's Hill to its present  main campus in Pittsburgh's Uptown neighborhood. Of the 31 buildings that make up the Bluff campus, several are recent constructions or renovations, including a health sciences facility (Rangos Hall), two recording studios, two parking garages, a multipurpose recreation center (Power Center), and a theater-classroom complex (Bayer Hall).

The "Old Main" Administration Building was the first structure to be constructed on campus. The Victorian Gothic structure is still used to house the administrative offices of the university. Canevin Hall, named after bishop of Pittsburgh Regis Canevin, was constructed in 1922 and is the oldest classroom building on campus; it was renovated in 1968 and again in 2009. These two buildings, as well Bayer Hall, the Richard King Mellon Hall of Science (designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and the Victorian Laval House, are at the west end of Academic Walk, a thoroughfare that provides pedestrian-only access to most of the campus, including the Student Union. The Union, which houses meeting rooms, three dining facilities, a Starbucks, a PNC branch, a recreation center, and an art gallery, is the center of campus life and student activities. Located on the northern side of campus is the Gumberg Library, a five-story structure opened in 1978 and holding extensive print and electronic collections.

Forbes and Fifth Avenue expansion

The newest campus construction is the Power Center, named in honor of Father William Patrick Power, the university's first president. The multipurpose recreation facility on Forbes Avenue between Chatham Square and Magee Street, across from the university's Forbes Avenue entrance, adds to the student fitness facilities on campus. Other spaces include a Barnes & Noble bookstore containing a Starbucks café, Freshens, Red Ring Restaurant, and a conference center and ballroom. The  building was completed in early January 2008, and is the first stage of a development that aims to serve both the campus community and the surrounding neighborhood. In October 2010 the university announced the purchase of the eight story,  building at 600 Fifth Avenue from Robert Morris University, which had been RMU's Pittsburgh Center. This adds an additional 87 classrooms, 1,100 seats and new music facilities. Duquesne plans to utilize this building to allow further expansion of its graduate programs as applications have doubled since 2005. Duquesne also owns four other buildings along Fifth Avenue bordering on the PPG Paints Arena where the university now plays some of its home basketball games. The university announced plans on August 1, 2019, to build an  building along Forbes Avenue to house its new osteopathic medical school.
University owned WDUQ, NPR and jazz station, has relocated to offices in the Cooper Building and studios in Clement Hall.

Capital Region campus
Until 2009, Duquesne University had an extension of the School of Leadership and Professional Advancement in Wormleysburg. Classes were also available at Fort Indiantown Gap.

Italian campus
Since 2001, Duquesne has offered an Italian campus program. The facility, part of extensive grounds owned and managed by the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth, is west of downtown Rome and just beyond Vatican City. University materials describe the campus as "a walled property enclosing beautiful gardens and walkways, [with] classrooms, computer facilities (including Internet), a small library, dining hall, recreational areas, and modernized living quarters complete with bathrooms in each double room."

The curriculum at the Italian campus includes history, art history, Italian language, philosophy, theology, sociology and economics, appropriate to the historical and cultural setting of Rome. The faculty of the program, largely constituted by visiting professors and resident scholars, is supplemented by a few distinguished professors from the home campus.

Academics and rankings

Duquesne has a total student enrollment of 9,344 undergraduate and graduate students. The university has grown to comprise nine schools and other institutions, offering degree programs at the baccalaureate, professional, masters and doctoral levels in 189 academic programs. It is the only Spiritan institution of higher education in the world, and hosts international students from more than eighty different countries. The following institutions, along with their dates of founding, comprise Duquesne University:
 McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts (1878)
 Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences (formally split from College of Arts and Sciences in 1994)
 Thomas R. Kline School of Law of Duquesne University (1911)
 A.J. Palumbo School of Business Administration (1913)
 School of Pharmacy (1925)
 Mary Pappert School of Music (1926)
 School of Education (1929)
 School of Nursing (1937)
 Rangos School of Health Sciences (1990)

Student life

Residential life

More than 3,600 students live at Duquesne University in five residence halls and one apartment complex. Assumption Hall, built in the 1950s, was the first residential hall on Duquesne's campus, and can accommodate 300 residents. Freshman dormitories include St. Ann's Hall and St. Martin's Hall, which were opened in the 1960s. The largest dormitory facility is Duquesne Towers, which houses 1,200 students, including Greek organizations. Other facilities include Vickroy Hall, built in 1997, and Brottier Hall, which was formerly an apartment complex before its purchase by the university in 2004.

On March 10, 2010, the university announced plans to construct a new residence hall. The need for a new residence hall was explained in a news release as being as the result of "retention rates well above national averages and a desire voiced by students to remain on campus during their junior and senior years". The new hall was constructed on the former site of Des Places Hall, an academic building named after Claude Poullart des Places, the founder of the Spiritan congregation. The hall retained its name and was opened for the fall 2012 semester.

Student groups
Duquesne University hosts more than 150 student organizations, including 19 fraternities and sororities. Media organizations include a student radio station, WDSR (Duquesne Student Radio). Founded in 1984, it broadcasts solely through the Internet streaming audio. Other student media organizations include The Duquesne Duke campus newspaper and L'Esprit Du Duc, the university's yearbook. Duquesne also hosts a Student Government Association, a student-run Program Council, a Commuter Council, a representative Residence Hall Association, an Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, the Knights of Columbus, and numerous departmental Honor Societies.

Greek life
Fraternities on campus include Alpha Delta, Alpha Phi Delta, Delta Chi, Delta Sigma Pi, Gamma Phi (a local fraternity formed at Duquesne in 1916), Iota Phi Theta, Phi Kappa Theta, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Nu, Sigma Tau Gamma, and Tau Kappa Epsilon. Sororities include Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Phi, Alpha Sigma Tau, Delta Zeta, Gamma Phi Beta, Sigma Kappa, and Zeta Tau Alpha. Most Duquesne chapters have suites or wings on campus, in the Duquesne Towers building, although there are some chapters that are not housed on campus.

Performance art
Duquesne is the home of the Tamburitzans, the longest-running multicultural song and dance company in the United States. Their shows feature an ensemble of talented young folk artists dedicated to the performance and preservation of the music, songs, and dances of Eastern Europe and neighboring folk cultures. The performers are full-time students who receive substantial scholarship awards from the university, with additional financial aid provided by Tamburitzans Scholarship Endowment Funds.

The Mary Pappert School of Music hosts in-house and guest performers on a regular basis. Many music school ensembles also perform at Carnegie Music Hall in Oakland. Instrumental ensembles include the Symphony Orchestra (conductor Daniel Meyer), the Wind Symphony (conductor Robert Cameron) and Symphony Band (conductor Robert Cameron), the Contemporary Ensemble (conductor David Cutler), the Jazz Bands (conductors Sean Jones (trumpeter) and Mike Tomaro) and many other chamber groups. Vocal Ensembles include the Opera Workshop (director Meghan DeWald), the Voices of Spirit (conductor Dr. Caron Daley) and the Pappert Women's and Men's chorales. Performances are regular for each ensemble, and tours abroad are common for many.

The university also maintains three theater groups: the Red Masquers, Spotlight Musical Theatre Company, and the Medieval and Renaissance Players. The Masquers annually perform three main-stage plays, generally one classical, one modern, and one contemporary. In addition, the group performs two sets of one-act plays. "Premieres", which are student-written, are performed in the winter, while in the spring "One Acts for Charity" are selected from the works of professional playwrights. In recent years, the company has also participated in the Pittsburgh Monologue Project. Spotlight is a musical theatre company that produces two full-length Broadway musicals each year. The Renaissance and Medieval Players offer audiences a historical Medieval experience, performing religious plays, morality plays, and farces from the English Medieval and Early Renaissance periods, sometimes working in conjunction with the Red Masquers.

Athletics

The Duquesne Dukes play varsity football, men's and women's basketball, women's bowling, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's soccer, women's swimming & diving, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's outdoor track & field, women's indoor track & field, women's lacrosse, women's rowing, and women's volleyball at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level and in either the Atlantic 10 Conference or the Northeast Conference (football and bowling). In recent years, Duquesne football was a member of the NCAA Division I Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. Duquesne has two ice hockey teams that play ACHA hockey as members of College Hockey Mid-America (Division 1) and College Hockey East (Division 3).

The fight song for Duquesne is "Victory Song (Red and Blue)."

Insignia and tradition

Seal and coat of arms
The Duquesne University coat of arms was modified from that of the family of its namesake, the Marquis du Quesne. A red book was added to adapt the arms of a French governor to that of a university. The coat of arms was designed by a Spiritan father and alumnus, Father John F. Malloy. They were then examined and partly revised by Pierre de Chaignon la Rose, a prominent ecclesiastical heraldic artist at the time. The design was adopted early in 1923 and used for the first time carved in high relief above Canevin Hall, then under construction. The first time the arms were incorporated into the seal of the university was for the commencement program of 1926.

The formal heraldic blazon of the arms is as follows: Argent, a lion sable armed and langued gules holding a book of the same edged or; on a chief party per pale azure and of the third, a dove displayed of the first, areoled of the fourth; motto, "Spiritus est qui vivificat."

Alma mater
Alumnus Joseph Carl Breil, class of 1888, notable as being the first person to compose a score specifically for a motion picture, also composed the music for Duquesne University's alma mater. Father John F. Malloy, who also designed the university coat of arms, wrote the lyrics. The first performance of the song was in October 1920.

Alma Mater, old Duquesne, guide and friend of our youthful days.
We, thy sons and daughters all, our loyal voices raise.
The hours we spent at thy Mother knee and drank of wisdom's store
Shall e'er in mem'ry treasured be, tho' we roam the whole world o'er.
Then forward ever, dear Alma Mater, o'er our hearts unrivaled reign.
Onward ever, old Alma Mater! All hail to thee, Duquesne!

Class ring
The Duquesne University class ring was first adopted in the 1920s, the same decade as the seal and alma mater. The first incarnation was approved by a 1925 student committee, and was an "octagonal deep blue stone held in place by four corner prongs." Two years later, another student committee replaced the blue stone with a synthetic ruby. The ring's design continued to evolve until 1936, as the prongs were replaced with a continuous metal bezel. The words "Duquesne", "University", and "Pittsburgh", accompanied the graduation year around the four sides of the bezel, and the shank on both sides was decorated with a motif adapted from the university's coat of arms. Originally an option, the embossed gold Gothic initial "D" became standard in the late 1930s. The Duquesne alumni website notes, "The golden initial, oversized stone and octagonal shape make the Duquesne ring stand out from those of other colleges and universities."

Sustainability
Duquesne was the first university in Pennsylvania to receive the EPA's Energy Star Combined Heat and Power Award for its natural gas turbine located on campus. Duquesne also uses an innovative ice cooling system that cools buildings and reduces peak energy demand. Duquesne's new Power Center facility has also achieved a LEED Silver Rating. Furthermore, Duquesne's Center for Environmental Research and Education (CERE) offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in environmental science and management. Duquesne has been evaluated by the 2009 and 2010 College Sustainability Report Card.

MBA-Sustainable Business Practices
The Palumbo-Donahue School of Business offers a full-time MBA-Sustainable Business Practices. This Sustainable MBA integrates sustainability-oriented coursework and consulting projects into the curriculum. This program has earned considerable recognition since its launch. In 2008, the program was awarded the Page Prize for excellence in business sustainability education. In 2018, Dr Robert Sroufe received the Aspen Institute "Ideas Worth Teaching" award, which recognizes professors and classes that redefine business education and practice. In 2020, the program was recognized as the top sustainability-focused MBA in the United States and the fourth best program in the world by Corporate Knights magazine.

Labor practices
Like many US universities, Duquesne University has faced criticism for what has been described as hire-and-fire treatment of academics not on tenure track. Adjunct faculty have complained that they are paid approximately $12,000 annually for full-time work without the right to receive or buy into benefits or healthcare, and with the risk of their anticipated work being terminated with as little as two weeks' notice. Following concern that any complaints to administrators could lead to adjunct professors being dismissed, adjunct faculty have sought to unionize by joining the United Steelworkers union.  Particular criticism was applied to the university after the death of Margaret Mary Vojtko, an adjunct who was removed by campus police from her office, where she had been sleeping as she could not afford to heat her house while paying for chemotherapy. On a contract that did not pay for insurance, her pay had recently been cut by approximately a third.

The university has resisted attempts by adjunct faculty to join unions, arguing that its academic staff are exempt from employee rights due to its status as a religious institution. Former university president Charles Dougherty suggested that unionization "could lead to the compromise or loss of our Catholic and Spiritan identity".

Notable alumni

Duquesne has over 93,000 living alumni, and the School of Law reports that almost 30 percent of the practicing lawyers in western Pennsylvania are graduates of Duquesne.

Duquesne has many alumni in the media and sports fields. These include the late John Clayton, a writer and reporter for ESPN; actor Tom Atkins; and Terry McGovern, the television actor, radio personality, voice-over specialist, and acting instructor.  German filmmaker Werner Herzog attended Duquesne, but did not graduate. Sports personalities Leigh Bodden, Chip Ganassi, Mike James, baseball hall-of-famer Cumberland Posey, and Chuck Cooper, the first African-American basketball player to be drafted in the NBA, all graduated from Duquesne, as did both the founder and his principal owner son of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Art and Dan Rooney. Singer Bobby Vinton, MLB pitcher Joe Beimel, and big-band composer Sammy Nestico are also alumni. Norm Nixon, who holds the all-time assist record for the Duquesne Dukes, played for the Los Angeles Lakers. Indiana Pacers point guard T. J. McConnell spent two years playing for the Dukes. Miftah Ismail who is federal Minister of Finance and revenue in Pakistan is also an alumnus.

Duquesne has graduated at least three bishops and two cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, including Bishops David Zubik, who is the current ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh; former Bishop of Pittsburgh Vincent Leonard; and David Bonnar, the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown; and Cardinals Daniel DiNardo and Adam Maida. Figures in politics include Donald A. Bailey, Father James Cox, former Director of the CIA General Michael V. Hayden, former Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania Catherine Baker Knoll, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania Bud Shuster, and United States ambassadors Thomas Patrick Melady and Dan Rooney. Duquesne has many alumni in the sciences including George Delahunty.

References

External links

 Duquesne Athletics website

Educational institutions established in 1878
Universities and colleges in Pittsburgh
1878 establishments in Pennsylvania
Catholic universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Holy Ghost Fathers
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities

Duquesne University


Olaylar
 Halley kuyruklu yıldızı, Dünya'nın yakınından geçti (önceki: 837 ; sonraki : 989).

Doğumlar
 23 Kasım - I. Otto, Kutsal Roma imparatoru (ö. 973)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
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Ölümler
 11 Mayıs - VI. Leon, Bizans İmparatoru (d. 866)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Abdullah bin Muhammed, Endülüs Emevi Devleti hükümdarı
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 Oleg, Novgorod knezi, Kiev knezi

912


පරිගණකයcomputer තුළ මතක යොමු ලේකනගත කිරීමMemory Address Register (MAR) යනු මාධ්‍ය සැකසුම් ඒකකCPU ලේඛනයකි.කෙසේ නමුත් කුමන දත්තයක් සහිතව වුවද ගබඩා කරන මතක යොමු ලේඛනmemory address CPU තුලට ගලායයි.එසේ නැත්නම් කවර දත්තය සහිත වුවද යොමුව යැවීම හා ගබඩා කිරීම සිදුවිය හැක.

වෙනත් අයුරකින කියනවනම්,MAR විසින් ප්‍රවේශ වීමට අවශ්‍ය දත්තය පිහිටි ස්ථානය අල්වාගෙන සිටී.මතකය කියවාගෙන යන විට, MAR විසින් යොමු කරගෙන සිටින දත්ත,මතක දත්ත ලේකනගත කිරීම (MDR,memory data register) වෙත යවයි.ඉන් පසු CPU විසින් එම දත්ත භාවිතා කරනු ලබයි.
මතකයෙහි තැන්පත් කිරීමකදී MAR හි ගබඩා කරගෙන සිටින යොමු වලට අදාළ මතකයේ පිහිටුමෙහි MDR හි පවතින දත්ත ගෙන CPU විසින් ලිවිම සිදුවෙයි. මතක යොමු ලේකනගත යනු ක්‍ෂුද්‍ර වැඩසටහන්microprogram හා පරිගණක ගබඩා කරණයcomputer storage යන කොටස් දෙක අතර වු ඉතා කුඩා අතුරු මුහුණතෙහි භාගයක් තරම් කොටසක් නිරුපනය කරන්නකි.අනෙකුත් භාගය නම් මතක දත්ත ලේකනගත කිරීම ය(memory data register).
 සංකීර්ණ මතක අතුරු මුහුණතක් රහිතව ඉතා කෙටියෙන් මෙහි දක්වා ඇත

Memory address register


Charlton Kenneth Jeffrey Howard (Sydney, 17. kolovoza 2003.), poznatiji pod umjetničkim imenom The Kid Laroi (stilizirano the Kid LAROI), australski je pjevač, reper i tekstopisac.

Prvotno je stekao popularnost zbog prijateljstva i druženja s američkim reperom Juiceom Wrldom dok je on bio na turnejama u Australiji u 2018. i 2019. Stekao je brojne obožavatelje u rodnoj zemlji još i prije nego što će potpisati partnerski ugovor s menadžerom produkcije Grade A - Lil Bibby-ja, pod Columbia Recordsom.

Svjetsku pozornost po prvi puta je privukao pjesmom "Let Her Go" 2019. objavljenom na YouTube kanalu Lyrical Lemonade. Njegovom zajedničkom suradnjom s Juiceom Wrldom pod nazivom "GO" debitirao je na 52. mjestu američke glazbene ljestvice Billboard Hot 100. Njegov debitantski miksani album, F*ck Love (2020.), bio je na prvom mjestu australske ARIA ljestvice, što ga čini najmlađim australskim solo umjetnikom ikada koji je dostigao prvo mjesto ljestvice, a također je dostigao prvo mjesto i na Billboard 200. Proslavio se singlom "Without You", kao i s remixom istog sa Miley Cyrus te zajedničkim suradnjama "Unstable" i "Stay" s Justinom Bieberom, s kojima je dosegnuo prvih deset mjesta na Billboard Hot 100, a "Stay" je bila na samom vrhu čak sedam tjedana zaredom.

Rani život i odrastanje
Charlton Kenneth Jeffrey Howard rođen je 17. kolovoza 2003. godine u Waterloou u Novom Južnom Walesu, u južnom dijelu grada Sydneya. Ima tri godine mlađeg brata, Austina. Njegov otac, Nick Howard, glazbeni je producent i inženjer zvuka koji je radio s australskim zvijezdama kao što su Bardot i Delta Goodrem. Majka Sloane bila je "talent" menadžerica, osnivačica diskografske kuće i glazbena izvršna direktorica aboridžinskog podrijetla koja je nekoć vodila pobjednika reality-ja Popstarsa Scotta Caina.

Howardov pra-pradjed s majčine strane bio je dio "ukradene" (eng. stolen) generacije djece aboridžinskog podrijetla; preko ovog pretka on je Gamilaraay (ili Kamilaroi), od čega je izveo svoje umjetničko ime "Laroi".

Za glazbu se počeo zanimati kada mu je majka puštala poznate hip-hop izvođače poput Fugeesa, Tupaca Shakura, Lil Waynea i Kanyea Westa. Posebno ga je oduševio Westov album 808s & Heartbreak, a upravo ga je "potaknuo da i sam koristi auto-tune kao glazbenik jednog dana".

Njegov otac nije bio dosljedna uloga u njegovu životu i njegov je ujak kao rezultat toga postao njegova očinska figura. Godine 2015. ujak mu je bio ubijen. Howard mu stoga pripisuje svoje nadahnuće da "izbjegne njegovu sudbinu i učini ga ponosnim". Od kada su mu se roditelji rastavili kada je imao četiri godine, opisuje kako mu je "odrastanje postalo kaotičnije". Jednom je rekao da je njegova majka ponekad "prodavala drogu kako bi preživjela". U dobi od sedam godina preselio se u ruralni gradić Broken Hill u Novom Južnom Walesu i u to vrijeme živio sa majkom, bratom te bakom i djedom. Pohađao je privatnu školu, Sacred Heart Parish School, gdje je osvojio nagradu za govorništvo. Nakon što je napustio Broken Hill, neko je vrijeme pohađao drugu privatnu školu, Sacred Heart College u Adelaideu, sve dok zbog maltretiranja od strane drugih učenika njegova majka to više nije mogla priuštiti; ponovno su se vratili u Sydney 2017.

U Sydneyu je Howard pohađao Australsku gimnaziju izvedbenih umjetnosti uz stipendiju, ali je odustao sredinom devetog razreda kako bi nastavio svoju međunarodnu karijeru. Tijekom tog razdoblja njegova je obitelj živjela u zgradi "stambene komisije" u Redfernu, a on je lutao po domovima obiteljskih prijatelja. U intervjuu iz 2021. objasnio je da mu je majka u to vrijeme bila najbolja prijateljica te joj je želio pomoći u teškoj financijskoj situaciji, pa je tako našao privremeni posao u voćarnici.

Godine 2019. hip-hop podcast No Jumper snimio je dokumentarac o Howardu i njegovim prijateljima u Redfernu, a to područje su opisali kao "geto". On je detaljno opisao kako se "trudio postati veliko ime izvan Australije 'izgradnjom' međunarodnih odnosa" i izjavio: "Otišao bih i čekao ispred hotelskih soba velike umjetnike koji su dolazili u grad. Pokušao bih puštati svoju glazbu i pronaći različite načine da ih upoznam iza pozornice." Njegova se taktika isplatila kada je poslao prijateljicu "na misiju" da pušta njegovu glazbu reperu Swae Leeju u hotelu. I uspjelo je: upoznao je Swae Leeja i kasnije i sam surađivao s njim.

Stil i osobnost

Modni stil
Moda je bila veliki dio Howardove transformacije od stanovnika Redferna do međunarodne zvijezde. Za Spout Podcast objasnio da u Australiji nije imao puno novca i da je uglavnom nosio trenirke. Otkako se preselio u Kaliforniju, stil mu se uvelike prebacio na vrhunske dizajnere kao što su Celine, Louis Vuitton, Comme des Garçons te je postao poznat po svojim pletenim džemperima. Howard se pojavio u stilskim uvodnicima za časopise kao što je Flaunt i bio je na naslovnici časopisa Wonderland u jesen 2021.

Naglasak
Howardov naglasak i česta upotreba američkih kolokvijalizama često su dovođeni u pitanje s obzirom da u Sjedinjenim Državama živi tek od 2019. godine. U intervjuu sa Zachom Sangom, objasnio je da ima mnogo prijatelja iz Chicaga i da bi se razumio često mijenja fraze i prilagođava ih jer oni ne razumiju mnoge australske riječi.

Osobni život
Od 2020. Howard živi u Los Angelesu s majkom, mlađim bratom i ocem Nickom. Howard sebe vidi kao "ambasadora" Australije i rekao je Triple J-u da želi učiniti za Australiju ono što je Drake učinio da postavi Toronto i Kanadu na kartu.

Od srpnja 2020. do 2023. bio je u vezi sa modelom i internet osobom Katarinom Deme.

U kolovozu 2021. u objavi na Instagramu objavio je da se oporavlja od COVID-a 19 te da je tjedan dana bio u izolaciji. Objava je bila dostupna kratko vrijeme, prije nego što je uređena kako bi se uklonila ta informacija, a tweetao je video u kojem je izjavio da je u karanteni sa svojom djevojkom jer su oboje imali virus. Kasnije je objavio kako se oporavio.

Turneje

 The End of the World Tour (2022.)
 Bleed For You Tour (2023.)

Diskografija

Miksani albumi
 F*ck Love (2020.)
 F*ck Love (Savage) (2020.)
 F*ck Love 3: Over You (2021.)

 Studijski albumi
 The First Time (2023.)

 Nagrade i nominacije

 Izvori

 Vanjske poveznice
 The Kid Laroi: Billboard The Kid Laroi: AllMusic''

Australski pjevači

The Kid Laroi


Chronologie du rugby à XIII 2021 en rugby à XIII ◄◄  2022 en rugby à XIII ►► 2023 en rugby à XIII

Les faits marquants de l'année 2022 en rugby à XIII

Principales compétitions
 Coupe du monde
Championnat de France
Coupe de France
National Rugby League
State of Origin
Super League
Coupe d'Angleterre
Championship

Événements

Janvier

Février

Mars

Avril

Mai

 22 mai : Finale du Championnat de France au Parc des sports et de l'amitié à Narbonne. Carcassonne est sacré champion de France en battant 20-16 Limoux.
 28 mai : Finale de la Challenge Cup au Tottenham Hotspur Stadium à Londres. Wigan est sacré vainqueur de la Challenge Cup en battant 16-14 Huddersfield.

Juin

 8 juin : Première rencontre du State of Origin avec une victoire du Queensland 16-10 la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud.
 18 juin : En match amical à Warrington, l'Angleterre bat l'équipe  18-4.
 19 juin : En match amical à Albi, la France bat le pays de Galles 34-10.
 25 juin : En match amical à Auckland, la Nouvelle-Zélande bat les Tonga 26-6.
 25 juin : En match amical à Campbelltown, la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée bat les Fidji 24-14.
 25 juin : En match amical à Campbelltown, les Samoa battent les Îles Cook 42-12.
 26 juin : Deuxième rencontre du State of Origin avec une victoire du Nouvelle-Galles du Sud 44-12 contre le Queensland.

Juillet

 13 juillet : Troisième et dernière rencontre du State of Origin avec une victoire finale du Queensland qui remporte la série 2-1 en battant 22-12 la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud.

Août

Septembre

 24 septembre : Finale de la Super League à Old Trafford à Manchester. St Helens est sacré vainqueur de la Super League pour la quatrième fois d'affilée en battant 24-12 Leeds.

Octobre

 2 octobre : Finale de la National Rugby League à Accord Stadium à Sydney. Les Penrith Panthers conservent son titre en battant 28-12 les Parramatta Eels devant  spectateurs.
 15 octobre au 19 novembre :  Coupe du monde de rugby à XIII en Angleterre.

Novembre

 1er novembre au 19 novembre :  Coupe du monde féminine de rugby à XIII en Angleterre.
 3 novembre au 18 novembre :  Coupe du monde de rugby à XIII en fauteuil roulant en Angleterre.

Décembre

Principaux décès

 9 janvier : décès à 82 ans de John Raper, joueur et entraîneur de rugby à XIII international australien ;
 22 janvier : décès à 84 ans de Pierre Escourrou, joueur de rugby à XIII international français ;
 10 février : décès à 64 ans d'Olsen Filipaina, joueur et entraîneur de rugby à XIII international néo-zélandais;
 24 février : décès à 52 ans de Va'aiga Tuigamala, joueur de rugby à XIII international samoan ;
 15 avril : décès à 86 ans de Tony Brown, joueur de rugby à XIII international australien ;
 27 avril : décès à 78 ans de Victor Serrano, joueur de rugby à XIII international français ;
 28 avril : décès à 73 ans de Richard Alonso, joueur de rugby à XIII international français ;
 10 mai : décès à 71 ans de Glyn Shaw, joueur de rugby à XIII international gallois ;
 17 juin : décès à 86 ans de François Gril, joueur de rugby à XIII international français ;
 13 juillet : décès à 79 ans d'Alain Doulieu, joueur de rugby à XIII international français ;
 30 juillet : décès à 85 ans de Don Hammond, joueur de rugby à XIII international néo-zélandais ;
 3 août : décès à 85 ans de Serge Estieau, joueur de rugby à XIII international français ;
 11 août : décès à 49 ans de Paul Green, joueur et entraîneur de rugby à XIII international australien ;
 16 septembre : décès à 91 ans de Roger Rey, joueur de rugby à XIII international français ;
 19 septembre : décès à 73 ans de Julien Rascagnères, joueur et arbitre de rugby à XIII international français;

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens internes
 2022 en sport

Navigation

Rugby a XIII

2022 en rugby à XIII


Bloodgroup er íslensk rafpopphljómsveit sem á rætur að rekja til Egilsstaða. Hljómsveitin var stofnuð árið 2006 af systkinunum Lilju Kristínu, Halli Kristjáni og Ragnari Láka Jónsbörnum ásamt Færeyingnum Janusi Rasmussen.
Sveitin er ekki virk í dag en meðlimir hennar, Sunna og Janus, eru virk í öðrum verkefnum, Janus í Kiasmos með Ólafi Arnalds. Lilja Kristín er einnig með sólóverkefni sitt Lily the Kid.

Meðlimir

Núverandi
 Sunna Margrét Þórisdóttir (frá 2010)
 Hallur Kristján Jónsson
 Ragnar Láki Jónsson
 Janus Rasmussen

Fyrrverandi
 Lilja Kristín Jónsdóttir Söngur, 2006-2010
 Benedikt Freyr Jónsson (Benni B-Ruff)

Hljóðritaskrá

Breiðskífur
 Sticky Situation (2007)
 Dry Land (2009)
 Tracing Echoes (2013)

Tilvísanir

Íslenskar hljómsveitir

Bloodgroup


Billefluer (Celyphidae) er en familie af fluer. Billefluers scutellum, som er den bagerste rygplade på fluens thorax (brystdel), er stærkt forlænget og dækker bagkroppen og vingerne når de er sammenfoldede. Den er metalfarvet og ligner derved en billes dækvinger. Der er omkring 100 arter af billefluer i tropiske egne, bortset fra Central- og Sydamerika. Billefluer lever i fugtige områder. Larverne lever af forrådnende vegetation.

Billeder

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fluer

Billefluer


Monte Júcar es una localidad española perteneciente al municipio de Alberique, en la provincia de Valencia. Está situada en la parte centro-sur de la comarca de la Ribera Alta. Cerca de esta localidad se encuentran los núcleos de Gabarda, San Cristóbal y Villanueva de Castellón.

Demografía
Según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España, en el año 2010 Monte Júcar contaba con 218 habitantes censados.

Referencias

Localidades de la provincia de Valencia
Pedanías de la provincia de Valencia
Alberique

Monte Júcar


2012

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=16% | චිත්‍රපට
! width=15% | අධ්‍යක්ෂණය
! width=25% | රංගනය
! width=12% | වර්ග
! width=32% | කරුණු
|-
|සක්විති දඩයම
|සුමිත් ගල්හේන
|විජය නන්දසිරි , අර්ජුන කමලනාත්, අනූෂා දමයන්ති, රෙක්ස් කොඩිප්පිලි, සුසිලා කෝට්ටගේ
| විකට ප්‍රහසනය
|Released on January 12
|-
|මාතා
|බුද්ධික කීර්තිසේන
|දර්ශන් ධර්මරාජ්, යශෝධා රාධක්‍රිෂ්ණන්, ධර්මප්‍රිය ඩයස්, තුමිඳු දොඩම්තැන්න, රාජා ගනීෂන්, බුද්ධික ජයරත්න , විමුක්ති ජයසුන්දර , මහේන්ද්‍ර පෙරේරා, රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය
|යුද්ධ
|Released on January 20
|-
|කුස පබා
|සුනිල් ආරියරත්න
|ජැක්සන් ඇන්තනී, පූජා උමාශංකර්, රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය, රොෂාන් රණවන, වීණා ජයකොඩි, චාන්දනී සෙනෙවිරත්න, කුසුම් රේණූ, පාලිත සිල්වා , මහින්ද පතිරගේ ,මහේන්ද්‍ර පෙරේරා
|ඓතිහාසික, සාහිත්‍ය
|Released on January 26
|-
|වස්සානයේ සෙනෙහස
|ඩෙන්සිල් ජයවීර
|චන්දික නානායක්කාර , උමයංගනා වික්‍රමසිංහ , විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ, ජනක් ප්‍රේමලාල් , රොඩ්නි වර්ණකුල, [[

2012 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව


El XXX Campeonato Mundial de Halterofilia se celebró en Estocolmo (Suecia) entre el 26 y el 30 de agosto de 1953 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Halterofilia (IWF) y la Federación Sueca de Halterofilia.

En el evento participaron 70 halterófilos de 19 federaciones nacionales afiliadas a la IWF.

Medallistas

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados en la pág. web Lift Up .

1953
Halterofilia en 1953

Campeonato Mundial de Halterofilia de 1953


Francisco Pizarro puede referirse a:

 Francisco Pizarro, explorador y conquistador español célebre por haber liderado la conquista del Perú.
 Francisco Pizarro, futbolista chileno.
 Francisco Pizarro, municipio de Colombia.
 Francisco Pizarro Fortunat, exfutbolista peruano.
 Jirón Francisco Pizarro, calle de la ciudad de Trujillo, en el Perú.
 Una de las tres estatuas ecuestres dedicadas al conquistador español esculpidas por el estadounidense Charles Cary Rumsey.
 Francisco Pizarro Martínez, diplomático mexicano

Francisco Pizarro (desambiguación)


Karakurum (Halha Moğolcası: Harhorin, Geleneksel Moğolca: Kara Kurum) Moğolistan İmparatorluğu'nun 13. yüzyılda başkenti. İmparatorluğa yalnızca 30 yıl başkentlik yapmıştır.

Moğolistan'ın güneybatısındaki Övörkhangay ilindedir, bugünkü Harhorin kenti yakınlarındadır. Orhun kalıntılarının da bulunduğu Dünya Kültür Hazineleri Alanı Karakurum'da bulunur.

Tarihçe

Kuruluş
Orhun Vadisi Hiung-nu, Göktürk ve Uygur imparatorluklarına beşiklik etti. Göktürkler, Hangay Dağları yakınlarındaki Ötüken'de yerleşti, Uygurlar Karabalgasun'u başkent yaptılar ancak daha sonra ülkenin merkezini Karakurum'a taşıdılar. Bu alan muhtemelen Moğolistan'ın en eski tarım alanlarındandır..

Cengiz Han'ın 1218/19 yıllarında Harzemşahlar'a karşı sefere çıkmak için ordularını Karakurum adında bir yerde topladığı belirtilmektedir, kenti ele geçiren Moğol Devleti 1220'de yeni bir başkent oluşturma isteğiyle kenti yeniden yapılandırmaya başladı. 1235'e kadar, Karakurum küçük bir kentti, Cengiz'den sonra Moğolların başına geçen Oktay Kağan'ın Çinlilere yenilmesinden sonra kentin çevresine surlar dikilmeye başlandı.

Bolluk dönemi
Oktay ve vârisleri döneminde, Karakurum Ön Asya ve Orta Asya'nın önemli siyasi merkezlerinden oldu. Möngke kent yerleşkesi genişledi ve büyük Budist tapınakları yapıldı.

Rubruck'lu William
Rubruck'lu William, bir Flemenk-Fransız misyoner ve Papalık elçisi olarak 1254'te Karakurum'a vardı. William şehre dair en ayrıntılı anlatımlardan birini kaleme aldı; yazdıkları hiç de kenti över nitelikte değildi. Kenti Paris yakınlarında bir köy olan Saint-Denis'le kıyaslıyor ve Karakurum'u buradan daha aşağıda görüyor; Saint-Denis'teki kraliyet manastırının Karakurum'daki han sarayından on kat daha görkemli olduğunu söylüyordu. Bunun yanında Karakurum'u çok kozmopolit ve dini inançlara hoşgörüyle yaklaşılan bir yer olarak tasvir ediyor, Möngke Han'ın sarayının bir parçası olarak betimlediği gümüş ağacın Karakurum'un simgesi olduğunu anlatıyordu. Surlarla çevrili kentin dört ana yöne bakan dört kapısı olup, sabit evlerden oluşan iki mahallesinin birinde "Sarazenlerin", birinde "Hitayların" yaşadığını, on iki pagan tapınağı, iki cami ve bir Nesturi kilisesi bulunduğunu kaydetti.

Sonraki zamanlar
1260'ta Kubilay Han Moğol hanedanında kendini Moğol Hanı olarak duyurdu. Bunun üzerine küçük kardeşi Arık Böke'yi saf dışı bırakmak için başkenti Şangdu'ya taşıdı. Daha sonra ise başkent zamanın söyleyişi ile Hanbalık, bugünkü adıyla Pekin oldu. Karakurum Avar hükümdarının 1271'de Çin'e girmesiyle yönetici kent özelliğini büyük ölçüde yitirdi. Daha da kötüsü, Arık Böke'nin yaptığı savaşlar, bilhassa  Kaydu Han ile yaptığı mücadeleler kenti sarstı. 1260'ta, Kubilay Han kentin tüm tahıl gereksinimini engelledi ve 1277'de Kaydu Han Karakurum'u işgal etti, yalnız Yuan Hanedanı kentten çıkarıldı ve bir sonraki yıl komutan Bârin Han kent yönetimini devraldı. 1298/99'de prens Ulus Buka Karakurum'daki tüccarevlerini ve tahıl ambarlarını yağmaladı. Ancak, 14. yüzyılın ilk yarısında kent yeniden bir canlanma dönemine girdi: 1299'da kent doğuya doğru büyütüldü. 1311'de ve daha sonra 1342-1346 yılları arasında budist ibadethaneleri onarıldı.

Gerileme dönemi
1368'de Yuan Hanedanlığı'nın yıkılmasıyla birlikte Biliktü Kağan Karakurum'a yerleşti. 1388'de, Ming Hanedanlığı'ndan kamutan Hu Da şehre girip, Karakurum'u yağmaladı. Saghang Sechen, Erdeni-yin Tobči'de kentin 1415'te yeniden yapılandırılması için Kurultay'dan yetki alındığını iddia etti, ancak arkeolojik veriler bu iddiayı kanıtlayacak bulgulara ulaşamadı. Bununla birlikte, 16. yüzyılda Dayan Han kenti bir kez daha başkent yaptı. Çeşitli zamanlarda kent Börçigin ve Oyrat kavimleri arasında el değiştirdi.

Bayındırlık
1585'te Abatay Han kent yakınlarında Halhalar için bir Tibet Budizmi merkezi olan Erdene Zuu Manastırı'nı inşa etti. Bu inşaat yapılırken çeşitli malzemeler kullanıldı.

Karakurum'un gerçek konumu uzun itilaflara neden oldu. İlk ipuculardan Erdene Zuu'nun Karakurum'da olduğu 18. yüzyılda zaten biliniyordu. Ancak 20. yüzyıla kadar buranın Karabalgasun veya Ordu-Balık olabileceği düşünülüyordu. 1889'da, Nikolai Yadrintsev'in eski Moğol başkentini bulmak için yaptığı araştırmalar, Türk tarihinin ilk Türkçe yazılı belgeleri sayılan Orhun Yazıtları'nın bulunmasını sağladı. Yadrintsev'in yaptığı araştırmalardaki görüşleri Wilhelm Radloff tarafından da desteklendi.

İlk arkeolojik kazılar 1933/34 yıllarında D. Bukinich tarafından yapıldı. 1948/49 yıllarında ise Sovyet-Moğol arkeologlar bir kazı çalışması başlattı Bu kazılarda Sergei Kiselyov Ögedey Sarayı'nın kalıntılarını buldu, ancak bu sonuçtan şüpheler vardı. Kazı çalışmaları Moğol-Alman kazıcılarca 2000-2004 yıllarında tekrar başladı. Yeni bulgular bu yerin Ögedey'in Sarayı değil büyük bir budist tapınağı olduğunu söylüyordu.

Çalışmalarda: asfalt yollar, bazı tuğla ve birçok kerpiç yapılar, yerden ısıtma sistemleri, yatak-soba, bakırın işlendiğine dair kanıtlar, altın, gümüş, işlenmiş demir, cam, metal paralar ve kemik parçaları gibi birçok nesne ortaya çıkarıldı. Ayrıca dört tane de fırın bulundu.

Çağdaş dönem
Başbakan Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj 2004 yılında eski başkent Karakurum yerinde yeni bir şehir inşa etmek için bir proje geliştirmeye karar verdi. Uzmanlardan oluşan bir çalışma grubu atadı. Ona göre, yeni Karakurum örnek ve Moğolistan'ın başkenti olma vizyonuyla biçimlenecek bir tasarım olacaktı. Ancak Elbegdorj'un istifası ve Miyeegombiin Enkhbold'un başbakan olmasıyla birlikte tasarı rafa kaldırıldı.

Kaynak eserler
 Dschingis Khan und seine Erben (sergi katalogu), Münih 2005
 Qara Qorum-City (Mongolia). 1: Preliminary Report of the Excavations, Bonn 2002

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 public domain text posted on-line by The United States Library of Congress: Ülke çalışması: Moğolistan.
  İpek Yolu ve Karakurum, [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/map.html İpek Yolu kentleri , Vaşingtın Üniversitesi, 2004.
 Bir Moğol hazinesi: Karakurum , UNESCO Courier, Namsrain Ser-Odjav tarafından, Mart 1986 .
 William of Rubruck'un Moğol hesabı
 Fotoğraflarla Moğol tarihi
 Moğol-Alman kazıları

Moğol İmparatorluğu
Moğolistan'daki şehirler
İpek Yolu'ndaki siteler
Moğolistan'daki arkeolojik sitler

Karakurum


El 0 es par. En otras palabras, la «paridad» —es decir la cualidad de un número entero de ser par o impar— que le corresponde al número cero es la de un número par. El cero cumple con la definición de número par: es un entero múltiplo del dos, 0 = 0 × 2. Como resultado, el cero comparte todas las propiedades que caracterizan a los números pares: 0 es divisible exactamente por 2; 0 está entre dos números impares; 0 es la resta de un entero a sí mismo; un conjunto con 0 objetos puede separarse en dos conjuntos iguales.

Puesto que las definiciones de número par varían, otro acercamiento consiste en considerar la manera en que el cero sigue los mismos patrones que los demás números pares. Las reglas aritméticas de paridad, como por ejemplo , requieren que 0 sea par. El cero es el elemento neutro del grupo de los enteros pares, y es el punto de partida para definir los subsiguientes números naturales generados recursivamente. Las aplicaciones de esta recursión, que van desde la teoría de grafos hasta la geometría computacional, dan por sentado que el cero es par.

Entre el público en general, la paridad del cero puede ser fuente de confusión. En experimentos de «tiempo de reacción», la mayoría de la gente tarda más en clasificar al 0 como par que al 2, 4, 6 u 8.

Por qué el cero es par
Es fácil probar directamente que el cero es un número par.
 Un número se dice que es par si es un múltiplo entero del 2. Entonces, por definición, el cero es par: .

Esta demostración comienza con una definición estándar de "número par". También es posible explicar por qué el cero es par sin hacer mención a definiciones formales. Las explicaciones siguientes deben ser comprendidas en términos fundamentales de conceptos de números.

Fundamentos

El conteo básico utiliza números. Dado un conjunto de elementos, es común utilizar números para describir cuántos objetos hay en el conjunto. Cero es la cuenta de ningún objeto; en términos más precisos, es el número de objetos que hay en el conjunto vacío. El concepto de paridad es utilizado al formar grupos de dos objetos: si los objetos de un conjunto pueden agruparse de a dos, sin dejar ninguno sin pareja, entonces el número de objetos del conjunto es par; si un objeto queda aislado, entonces el número de objetos del conjunto es non.

El conjunto vacío contiene cero grupos de dos, y ningún objeto queda aislado con este agrupamiento. No es evidente sin embargo visualizar cero elementos de dos, o poner atención en la no-existencia del objeto aislado; esta concepción de la paridad del cero puede ser ilustrada al comparar al conjunto vacío con otros conjuntos, como en el diagrama de la derecha.

La recta numérica provee una visualización más uniforme de los números, incluyendo los números positivos, los números negativos y al cero. Cuando los pares y los nones se destacan visualmente, el patrón se vuelve evidente:

Los pares y nones se alternan. Comenzando en cualquier número par, contar hacia arriba o hacia abajo de dos en dos lleva a otro número par, y no hay ninguna razón para excluir al cero.

La paridad puede establecerse más formalmente con ayuda de expresiones aritméticas. Todo entero es o bien de la forma  o bien  los primeros números son pares, los siguientes nones. Por ejemplo, 1 es non puesto que  y 0 es par dado que  Una tabla con estos valores refuerza la idea expresada en la recta numérica.

Paridad

La definición precisa de un término matemático, tal como «par significa entero múltiplo de dos» es, en última instancia, una convención. Algunos términos o definiciones matemáticas se construyen explícitamente para excluir casos triviales o degenerados. Los números primos constituyen un conocido ejemplo; la definición de "número primo" ha variado históricamente de "entero positivo con a lo sumo 2 factores" a "entero positivo con exactamente 2 factores", con el notable efecto de que el 1 ya no se puede considerar primo. La mayoría de los autores hacen notar que esta definición conviene mejor a los teoremas matemáticos que conciernen números primos. Por ejemplo, el teorema fundamental de la aritmética es más cómodo de enunciar si el 1 no se considera primo.

De modo análogo, sería posible redefinir el término «par» de modo que no incluyera al cero. Sin embargo, en este caso, la nueva definición haría más difícil establecer teoremas concernientes a los números pares. Los efectos pueden notarse, por ejemplo, en las leyes que gobiernan la aritmética de los números enteros pares e impares:
 par ± par = par
 non ± non = par
 par × entero = par.
Al hacer una excepción con el cero en la definición, estas reglas serían incorrectas y tendrían que ser cuando menos modificadas. Por otra parte, respetar las leyes obedecidas por los números pares positivos, y requerir que sigan siendo válidas para todos los enteros, fuerza la definición usual y la consecutiva paridad del cero.

Véase también
 Números pares e impares
 Cero
 0,9 periódico

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Aritmética elemental
Cero
Paridad (matemáticas)

Paridad del cero


Edward Charles Allan "Eddie" Brock, Marvel Comics tarafından yayınlanan Amerikan çizgi romanlarında görünen kurgusal karakterdir. Karakter David Michelinie ve Todd McFarlane tarafından yaratıldı. The Amazing Spider-Man #300'de (Mayıs 1988) ilk tam görünümünü yapmadan önce Web of Spider-Man #18'de (Eylül 1986)   küçük bir rol aldı. Venom ortakyaşamının orijinal ve en iyi bilinen ev sahibidir. Karakter o zamandan beri Venom da dahil olmak üzere birçok Marvel Comics yayınında yer aldı. Örümcek Adam'ın en önde gelen kötü adamlarından biri olarak bilinir ve Yeşil Cin ve Doktor Ahtapot ile birlikte üç baş düşmanından biri olarak kabul edilir. Daha sonra bir anti kahramana dönüştü ve Örümcek Adam'ın hayatını mahvetmek yerine iyilik yapmak için ilk hedefinden yavaş yavaş uzaklaştı.

Çizgi Romanların Modern Çağında çıkış yapan karakter, çizgi romanların dışında, uzun metrajlı filmler, animasyon televizyon dizileri, video oyunları, aksiyon figürleri ve ticaret kartları dahil olmak üzere çeşitli Marvel ürünlerinde yer aldı. Topher Grace, Spider-Man 3'te (2007) Eddie Brock/Venom'u canlandırırken, Tom Hardy, Sony'nin Spider-Man Evreninde, Venom (2018) ve devam filmi Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021) filmlerinde karakteri canlandırıyor. Hardy ayrıca Marvel Sinematik Evren filmi Spider-Man: No Way Home'da (2021) göründü.

Örümcek Adam karakterleri
Marvel Comics film karakterleri
İnsanüstü güce sahip Marvel Comics karakterleri
Erkek film karakterleri
Kurgusal muhabirler
Kurgusal kanser olan kişiler
1988'de tanıtılan çizgi karakterler
Kötü aksiyon filmi karakterleri

Eddie Brock


Girolamo Riggio (falecido em 1589) foi um padre católico romano que serviu como Prelado de Santa Lucia del Mela de 1585 a 1589.

Biografia
Em 1585, Girolamo Riggio foi nomeado pelo Papa Sisto V como Prelado de Santa Lucia del Mela. Serviu como Prelado de Santa Lucia del Mela até à sua morte em 1589.

Mortos em 1589
Bispos do século XVI
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Sisto V

Girolamo Riggio


Pinus muricata, the bishop pine, is a pine with a very restricted range: mostly in California, including several offshore Channel Islands, and a few locations in Baja California, Mexico. It is always on or near the coast.

In San Luis Obispo County it is found alone or in stands scattered on the coastal mountains and hills from Morro Bay to Shell Beach. A few stands of the tree are seen on the hills above the Sycamore Canyon Resort in Avila Beach. Within the City of San Luis Obispo, the Terrace Hill Open Space has several scattered specimens. Bishop pine seems to prefer already disturbed, unvegetated areas where it probably faces less competition from oaks and shrubs.

The common name "bishop pine" resulted from the tree having been first identified near the Mission of San Luis Obispo in San Luis Obispo, California. This tree has a large number of common names and other prior scientific names, due primarily to numerous variant forms. Other English names that have occasionally been used are prickle cone pine, Obispo pine, Santa Cruz pine and dwarf marine pine.

Description
Pinus muricata is a coniferous evergreen tree growing to a height of , rarely up to , with a trunk diameter of up to . The species is often smaller, stunted and twisted in coastal exposures. It is drought-tolerant and grows on dry, rocky soil.

The needles are in pairs, green to blue-green, and   long. Cones occur in one to five clusters. The cones are strongly reflexed down the branch,  long; the scales are stiff, thin on the side of the cone facing the stem, but greatly thickened on the side facing away and with a stout  spine; both features adaptive to minimise squirrel predation and fire damage to the cones. The cones remain unopened for many years until fire or strong heat causes them to open and release the seeds.

Forms
There are two Pinus muricata forms:
 a southern form with bright green needles
 a northern form with dark blue-green needles.

The resin composition also differs. The dividing line between the two is very sharp, five miles (8 km) south of the boundary between Mendocino County and Sonoma County, California. Experimental attempts to hybridize the two forms have consistently failed, indicating that their taxonomic relationship may be more distant than the very small differences in appearance would suggest.

Ecology

Pinus muricata is found with several oak and cypress associates within the California Coast Ranges. There are also a number of common understory flora associates including sword fern, salal and western poison oak. Notable occurrences of P. muricata is in association with Mendocino cypress as a pygmy forest on coastal terraces in Mendocino County and Sonoma County, including one location within Salt Point State Park. It is classified an endangered species in Mexico.

Uses
Pinus muricata has been used in plantations with resultant growth rates higher than in the wild, but with adverse impacts to biodiversity.

This plant has ornamental value, and is cultivated in parks and gardens. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References

External links

muricata
Trees of Baja California
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Trees of mild maritime climate

Pinus muricata


Cinema
 Zhui bu (), filme de 2017 dirigido por John Woo

Jogos eletrônicos
 Manhunt (série de jogos eletrônicos), publicada pela Rockstar Games

Televisão
 Manhunt (série de televisão), exibida pelo Discovery Channel

Desambiguações de cinema
Desambiguações de televisão

Manhunt


Poslijeporođajna tuga, također poznata i kao poslijeporođajni blues i baby blues, vrlo je često, ali kratkotrajno stanje koje počinje ubrzo nakon poroda i može se manifestirati raznim simptomima kao što su promjene raspoloženja, razdražljivost i plačljivost. Majke mogu osjetiti simptome lošeg raspoloženja pomiješane s intenzivnim razdobljima sreće. Do 85 % rodilja zahvaćeno je poslijeporođajnom tugom, a simptomi počinju nekoliko dana nakon poroda i traju do dva tjedna. Osiguravanje adekvatne količine sna i emocionalne podrške okoline pomaže bržem izlasku iz baby bluesa. Ako su simptomi toliko jaki da utječu na svakodnevno funkcioniranje ili traju dulje od dva tjedna, trebalo bi procijeniti radi li se o povezanim poslijeporođajnim stanjima, poput poslijeporođajne depresije i poslijeporođajne anksioznosti. Nejasno je može li se ovo stanje prevenirati, no edukacija i osnaživanje važni su kako bi se ublažio stres rodilja.

Znakovi i simptomi
Simptomi poslijeporođajne tuge mogu se značajno razlikovati od osobe do osobe i od trudnoće do trudnoće. Mnogi simptomi baby bluesa preklapaju se i s normalnim simptomima koje doživljavaju novi roditelji i s poslijeporođajnom depresijom. Osobe s poslijeporođajnom tugom imaju simptome koji su blaži i manje ometaju njihovo svakodnevno funkcioniranje u usporedbi s onima s poslijeporođajnom depresijom. Simptomi poslijeporođajne tuge uključuju, ali nisu ograničeni na:

 Plačljivost ili plač "bez razloga"
 Promjene raspoloženja
 Razdražljivost
 Anksioznost
 Dovođenje u pitanje vlastite sposobnosti da se brine o djetetu
 Poteškoće u donošenju izbora
 Gubitak apetita
 Umor
 Poteškoće sa spavanjem
 Poteškoće s koncentracijom
 Simptomi lošeg raspoloženja pomiješani s radošću

Početak
Simptomi poslijeporođajne tuge najčešće počinju unutar prvih par dana po porodu i dostižu vrhunac obično četvrtog ili petog dana po porodu.

Trajanje
Posslijeporođajna tuga može trajati od nekoliko dana do dva tjedna. Ako simptomi traju više od dva tjedna, treba uzeti u obzir mogućnost razvoja poslijeporođajne depresije.

Uzroci
Uzroci poslijeporođajne tuge nisu jasno utvrđeni. Većina hipoteza o etiologiji poslijeporođajne tuge i poslijeporođajne depresije bazira se na raskrižju značajnih bioloških i psihosocijalnih promjena uslijed porođaja.

Psihosocijalni uzroci
Trudnoća i babinje značajni su životni događaji koji povećavaju ženinu ranjivost na poslijeporođajnu tugu. Čak i uz planiranu trudnoću, normalno je imati osjećaj sumnje ili žaljenja, a potrebno je vrijeme da se roditelji priviknu na novorođenče. Osjećaji koje obično prijavljuju novi roditelji i promjene u životnoj rutini, a koji mogu mogu doprinijeti razvoju baby bluesa su, među ostalim:

 Umor nakon trudova i porođaja
 Briga za novorođenče koje zahtijeva pažnju 24 sata dnevno
 Nedostatak sna
 Nedostatak podrške obitelji i prijatelja
 Trzavice u partnerskim odnosima
 Promjene u kućnim i radnim rutinama
 Financijski stres
 Nerealna očekivanja koje roditelji stavljaju pred sebe
 Društveni ili kulturni pritisak na ženu da se brzo "oporavi" nakon trudnoće i poroda
 Preispitivanje sposobnosti brige o novorođenčetu
 Ljutnja, gubitak ili krivnja, posebno za roditelje nedonoščadi ili bolesne djece

Čimbenici rizika
Većina proučavanih čimbenika rizika nije jasno i dokazala povezanost s poslijeporođajnom tugom. To uključuje sociodemografske faktore, kao što su dob i bračni status, opstetričke faktore, kao što su komplikacije u porodu ili niska porođajna težina djeteta.

Čimbenici za koje se najdosljednije pokazalo da predviđaju poslijeporođajnu tugu su osobna i obiteljska povijest depresije. Ovo je od posebnog interesa s obzirom na dvosmjerni odnos između poslijeporođajne tuge i poslijeporođajne depresije: čini se da je povijest postporođajne depresije čimbenik rizika za razvoj poslijepodođajne zuge, a s poslijeporođajnom tugom dolazi do većeg rizika razvoja naknadne postlijeporođajne depresije.

Patofiziologija

Estrogen i progesteron
Istraživanja nisu otkrila dosljednu povezanost između koncentracija estrogena i progesterona i razvoja poslijeporođajnih poremećaja raspoloženja. Neki istraživači vjeruju da neusklađeni rezultati mogu biti posljedica varijacija u osjetljivosti na hormonalne promjene u različitim podskupinama žena.

Ostalo
Nova istraživanja sugeriraju potencijalnu povezanost između crijevnog mikrobioma i perinatalnih poremećaja raspoloženja i anksioznosti.

Dijagnoza

Klasifikacija
Ispravna dijagnostička klasifikacija poslijeporođajne tuge nije jasno utvrđena. Poslijeporođajna tuga se dugo smatrala najblažim stanjem u spektru poslijeporođajnih psihijatrijskih poremećaja, što uključuje poslijeporođajnu depresiju i poslijeporođajnu psihozu. Međutim, postoji određena rasprava u literaturi o mogućnosti da poslijeporođajna tuga može biti neovisno stanje.

Kriteriji
Ne postoje standardizirani kriteriji za dijagnozu poslijeporođajne tuge. Za razliku od poslijeporođajne depresije, poslijeporođajna tuga nije dijagnoza uključena u Dijagnostički i statistički priručnik za mentalne poremećaje.

Znanstvenici su upotrijebili razne dijagnostičke alate u prospektivnim i retrospektivnim studijama postporođajnog bluesa, kao što su Edinburška skala za procjenu postnatalne depresije (EPDS) i Beckov indeks depresije (BDI), kao i razvoj specifičkih skala poput Upitnika za majčinski blues i Stein skale.

Diferencijalna dijagnoza
Iako su simptomi poslijeporođajne tuge prisutni u većine majki i stanje je kratkotrajno, važno je imati na umu povezana psihijatrijska stanja jer se preklapaju u prezentaciji i u sličnom intervalu početka.

 Poslijeporođajna anksioznost
 Simptomi tjeskobe i razdražljivosti često su prevladavajući kod poslijeporođajne tuge. Međutim, u usporedbi s poslijeporođajnom anksioznošću, simptomi kod baby bluesa su manje izraženi, prolaze sami od sebe i traju manje od dva tjedna.
 Poslijeporođajna depresija
 Poslijeporođajna depresija i poslijeporođajna tuga mogu biti nerazlučivi kada počnu prvi simptomi. Međutim, simptomi baby bluesa su manje izraženi, prolaze sami od sebe i traju manje od dva tjedna. Čini se da su majke koje imaju jake simptome baby bluesa pod povećanim rizikom od razvoja depresije.
 Poslijeporođajna psihoza
 Iako oba stanja mogu pratiti razdoblja ushita i depresivnog raspoloženja, promjene raspoloženja u poslijeporođajnoj psihozi znatno su teže i mogu uključivati maniju, halucinacije i deluzije. Poslijeporođajna psihoza je rijetko stanje i pogađa 1-2 na 1000 žena. Poslijeporođajna psihoza klasificira se kao hitno psihijatrijsko stanje i zahtijeva bolnički prijem.

Prevencija

Probir
Ne postoje posebne preporuke za probir nakon poroda. Ipak, brojne strukovne organizacije preporučuju rutinski probir za depresiju i/ili procjenu emocionalnog stanja tijekom trudnoće i nakon poroda. Univerzalni probir pruža priliku za identifikaciju žena sa subkliničkim psihijatrijskim stanjima tijekom tog razdoblja i onih s većim rizikom od razvoja težih simptoma. Konkretne preporuke su:

 Američko društvo opstetričara i ginekologa (ACOG): ACOG je 2018. preporučio univerzalni probir za depresiju i anksioznost korištenjem provjerenog alata barem jednom tijekom trudnoće ili nakon poroda, uz potpunu procjenu raspoloženja i mentalnog zdravlja tijekom pregleda nakon poroda. Ovo je dodatak postojećim preporukama za godišnji probir depresije kod svih žena.
 Američka akademija za pedijatriju (AAP): 2017. godine, AAP je preporučio univerzalni probir majki na postporođajnu depresiju tijekom prvog mjesečno, dvomjesečnog, četveromjesečnog i šestomjesečnog pregleda djeteta.
 Radna skupina za preventivne usluge Sjedinjenih Država (USPSTF): 2016. godine USPSTF je preporučio probir depresije u općoj odrasloj populaciji, uključujući trudnice i žene nakon poroda. Njihove preporuke nisu uključivale smjernice za učestalost probira.

Primarna prevencija
S obzirom na nedosljedne dokaze o uzrocima postporođajne tuge, nejasno je bi li strategije prevencije bile učinkovite u smanjenju rizika od razvoja ovog stanja. Međutim, educiranje žena tijekom trudnoće o baby bluesu može im pomoći da se pripreme za ove simptome koji su često neočekivani i zabrinjavajući u okruženju uzbuđenja i iščekivanja djeteta. Majke koje razviju baby blues često razvijaju i značajan osjećaj srama ili krivnje zbog tjeskobe ili depresije tijekom razdoblja u kojem se očekuje da majka bude sretna. Važno je uvjeriti roditelje da su simptomi lošeg raspoloženja nakon poroda česti i prolazni. Porodničari mogu preporučiti da se pacijentice i njihove obitelji pripreme unaprijed kako bi osigurale da će majka imati odgovarajuću podršku i odmor nakon poroda. Osim toga, trebali bi pružiti edukaciju i potrebne resurse obitelji i prijateljima o znakovima upozorenja težih perinatalnih psihijatrijskih stanja koja se mogu razviti, poput poslijeporođajne depresije i poslijeporođajne psihoze.

Liječenje
Postporođajni blues je prolazno stanje. Očekuje se da će znakovi i simptomi nestati unutar dva tjedna od početka bez ikakvog liječenja. Ipak, postoji niz preporuka za ublažavanje simptoma, uključujući:

 Osiguravanje dovoljno sna
 Odvajanje vremena za opuštanje i obavljanje aktivnosti koje vesele
 Traženje pomoći od obitelji i prijatelja
 Obraćanje drugim novim roditeljima
 Izbjegavanje alkohola i drugih lijekova koji mogu pogoršati simptome raspoloženja
 Uvjeravanje da su simptomi vrlo česti i da će proći

Ako se simptomi ne povuku u roku od dva tjedna ili ako ometaju funkcioniranje, osobe se potiče da kontaktiraju svog liječnika. Rana dijagnoza i liječenje težih poslijeporođajnih psihijatrijskih stanja, poput poslijeporođajne depresije, poslijeporođajne anksioznosti i poslijeporođajne psihoze, ključni su za poboljšanje ishoda i kod roditelja i kod djeteta.

Prognoza
Većina majki koje razviju poslijeporođajnu tugu doživljavaju potpuno povlačenje simptoma za dva tjedna. Međutim, brojne prospektivne studije identificirale su težeg oblika baby bluesa kao neovisni čimbenik rizika za razvoj naknadne poslijeporođajne depresije. Potrebno je više istraživanja kako bi se u potpunosti razjasnila povezanost između poslijeporođajne tuge i poslijeporođajne depresije.

Epidemiologija
Poslijeporođajna tuga je vrlo često stanje koje pogađa oko 50-80 % rodilja prema većini izvora. Međutim, procjene pojavnosti prilično variraju u literaturi, od 26 do 85 %, ovisno o korištenim kriterijima. Teško je dobiti precizne postotke s obzirom na nedostatak standardiziranih dijagnostičkih kriterija, nedosljednost prijava i metodološka ograničenja retrospektivnog izvješćivanja o simptomima.

Dokazi pokazuju da poslijeporođajna tuga postoji u različitim zemljama i kulturama, međutim postoji značajna heterogenost u prijavljenim stopama incidencije. Na primjer, izvješća o učestalosti baby bluesa u literaturi variraju, pa je postotak pojavnosti u Japanu 15 % , a npr. za Iran 60 %. Nedovoljno prijavljivanje simptoma zbog kulturnih normi i očekivanja može biti jedno od objašnjenja ove heterogenosti.

Muškarci
Nedostaje literatura o tome pojavljuje li se u očeva poslijeporođajna tuga. Međutim, s obzirom na slične uzroke poslijeporođajne tuge i poslijeporođajne depresije u žena, moglo bi biti relevantno ovo ispitati.

Meta-analiza iz 2010. objavljena u The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) s više od 28.000 sudionika u raznim zemljama pokazala je da prenatalna i poslijeporođajna depresija pogađa oko 10 % muškaraca. Ovu analizu ažurirao je neovisni istraživački tim 2016. godine, koji je utvrdio da je incidencija 8,4% u više od 40.000 sudionika. Obje su incidencije bile značajno veće od prethodno prijavljenih stopa od 3-4 % iz dvije velike kohortne studije u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, što može odražavati heterogenost među zemljama. Obje meta-analize pokazale su veće stope u Sjedinjenim Državama (12,8-14,1 %) u usporedbi s međunarodnim studijama (7,1-8,2 %).  Nadalje, postojala je umjerena pozitivna korelacija između očeve i majčine depresije ( r = 0,308; 95% CI, 0,228-0,384).

Izvori

Porođaj
Žensko zdravlje

Poslijeporođajna tuga


RPG, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Silahlı Kuvvetler ve Askerlik
 RPG-7, Sovyetler Birliği yapımı ve dünyada en çok kullanılan güdümsüz tanksavar silah.

Oyun
 Rol yapma oyunu, (Role Playing Game) oyuncuların oynadıkları karakterlerin rollerine bürünerek birleşik bir hikâye yarattıkları oyun türüdür.

Teknoloji ve Bilgisayar
 IBM RPG, IBM'in System i sunucuları ve diğer sistemlerinde kullanılan bir programlama dili.

RPG


Osladolike (lat. Polypodiales), biljni red u razredu Polypodiopsida ili papratnica. Sastoji se od 26  porodica s preko 9700 vrsta.

I red i porodica Polypodiaceae dobili su ime po rodu oslad (Polypodium).

Porodice

 Ordo Polypodiales Link
 Familia Saccolomataceae Doweld (21 spp.)
 Saccoloma Kaulf. (12 spp.)
 Orthiopteris Copel. (9 spp.)
 Familia Cystodiaceae J. R. Croft (1 sp.)
 Cystodium J. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Familia Lonchitidaceae C. Presl ex M. R. Schomb. (2 spp.)
 Lonchitis L. (2 spp.)
 Familia Lindsaeaceae C. Presl (250 spp.)
 Sphenomeris Maxon (3 spp.)
 Odontosoria (C. Presl) Fée (35 spp.)
 Nesolindsaea Lehtonen & Christenh. (2 spp.)
 Osmolindsaea (K. U. Kramer) Lehtonen & Christenh. (7 spp.)
 Tapeinidium (C. Presl) C. Chr. (19 spp.)
 Xyropteris K. U. Kramer (1 sp.)
 Lindsaea Dryand. (183 spp.)
 ×Lindsaeosoria W. H. Wagner (0 sp.)
 Familia Pteridaceae E. D. M. Kirchn. (1380 spp.)
 Subfamilia Parkerioideae Burnett
 Acrostichum L. (3 spp.)
 Ceratopteris Brongn. (8 spp.)
 Subfamilia Cryptogrammoideae S. Linds.
 Coniogramme Fée (26 spp.)
 Cryptogramma R. Br. (8 spp.)
 Llavea Lag. (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Pteridoideae C. Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Taenitis Willd. ex Spreng. (16 spp.)
 Pterozonium Fée (14 spp.)
 Jamesonia Hook. & Grev. (62 spp.)
 Tryonia Schuettp., J. Prado & A. T. Cochran (5 spp.)
 Pteris L. (339 spp.)
 Actiniopteris Link (5 spp.)
 Onychium Kaulf. (10 spp.)
 Cosentinia Tod. (1 sp.)
 Gastoniella Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (3 spp.)
 Anogramma Link (3 spp.)
 Pityrogramma Link (24 spp.)
 Cerosora Baker ex Domin (4 spp.)
 Austrogramme E. Fourn. (6 spp.)
 Syngramma J. Sm. (16 spp.)
 Subfamilia Vittarioideae (C. Presl) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Adiantum L. (233 spp.)
 Rheopteris Alston (1 sp.)
 Vaginularia Fée (6 spp.)
 Hecistopteris J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 Radiovittaria (Benedict) E. H. Crane (10 spp.)
 Haplopteris C. Presl (41 spp.)
 Antrophyopsis (Benedict) Schuettp. (4 spp.)
 Antrophyum Kaulf. (33 spp.)
 Polytaenium Desv. (13 spp.)
 Scoliosorus T. Moore (1 sp.)
 Ananthacorus Underw. & Maxon (1 sp.)
 Vittaria J. E. Sm. (7 spp.)
 Subfamilia Cheilanthoideae Horvath
 Calciphilopteris Yesilyurt & H. Schneid. (4 spp.)
 Baja Windham & L. O. George (1 sp.)
 Bommeria E. Fourn. (5 spp.)
 Cheilanthes p. p. (skinneri clade) (3 spp.)
 Myriopteris Fée (42 spp.)
 Pellaea Link (50 spp.)
 Paragymnopteris K. H. Shing (6 spp.)
 Astrolepis D. M. Benham & Windham (8 spp.)
 Argyrochosma (J. Sm.) Windham (19 spp.)
 Mildella Trevis. (2 spp.)
 Cheilanthes p. p. (1 sp.)
 Notholaena R. Br. (34 spp.)
 Mineirella Ponce & Scataglini (4 spp.)
 Cheiloplecton Fée (1 sp.)
 Pentagramma Yatsk., Windham & E. Wollenw. (6 spp.)
 Aleuritopteris Fée (44 spp.)
 Oeosporangium Vis. (28 spp.)
 Cheilanthes Sw. (59 spp.)
 Cheilanthes sensu lato (26 spp.)
 Mickelopteris Fraser-Jenk. (1 sp.)
 Hemionitis L. (6 spp.)
 Doryopteris p. p. (7 spp.)
 Gaga Pryer, Fay W. Li & Windham (19 spp.)
 Aspidotis (Nutt. ex Hook.) Copel. (4 spp.)
 Trachypteris André (4 spp.)
 Adiantopsis Fée (34 spp.)
 Doryopteris s. lat. (11 spp.)
 Doryopteris J. Sm. (23 spp.)
 Lytoneuron (Klotzsch) Yesilyurt (16 spp.)
 Ormopteris J. Sm. (5 spp.)
 Familia Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsy (238 spp.)
 Microlepia C. Presl (52 spp.)
 Dennstaedtia T. Moore (59 spp.)
 Oenotrichia Copel. (2 spp.)
 Leptolepia Mett. ex Kuhn (1 sp.)
 Monachosorum Kunze (4 spp.)
 Paesia A. St.-Hil. (12 spp.)
 Hiya H. Shang (4 spp.)
 Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. (4 spp.)
 Hypolepis Bernh. (69 spp.)
 Blotiella R. M. Tryon (20 spp.)
 Histiopteris (J. Agardh) J. Sm. (11 spp.)
 Familia Cystopteridaceae (Payer) Shmakov (37 spp.)
 Cystopteris Bernh. (25 spp.)
 Acystopteris Nakai (3 spp.)
 Gymnocarpium Newman (9 spp.)
 ×Cystocarpium Fraser-Jenk. (0 sp.)
 Familia Diplaziopsidaceae X. C. Zhang & Christenh. (4 spp.)
 Diplaziopsis C. Chr. (3 spp.)
 Homalosorus Small ex Pic. Serm. (1 sp.)
 Familia Desmophlebiaceae Mynssen, A. Vasco, Sylvestre, R. C. Moran & Rouhan (2 spp.)
 Desmophlebium Mynssen, A. Vasco, Sylvestre, R. C. Moran & Rouhan (2 spp.)
 Familia Hemidictyaceae Christenh. & H. Schneid. (1 sp.)
 Hemidictyum C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Familia Aspleniaceae Newman (828 spp.)
 Asplenium L. (765 spp.)
 Hymenasplenium Hayata (63 spp.)
 Familia Rhachidosoraceae X. C. Zhang (8 spp.)
 Rhachidosorus Ching (8 spp.)
 Familia Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic. Serm. (1181 spp.)
 Subfamilia Phegopteridoideae Salino, A. R. Sm. & T. E. Almeida
 Macrothelypteris (H. Itô) Ching (9 spp.)
 Phegopteris (C. Presl) Fée (7 spp.)
 Pseudophegopteris Ching (26 spp.)
 Subfamilia Thelypteroideae C. F. Reed
 Thelypteris Schmidel (2 spp.)
 Coryphopteris Holttum (70 spp.)
 Metathelypteris (H. Itô) Ching (17 spp.)
 Amauropelta Kunze (236 spp.)
 Oreopteris Holub (3 spp.)
 Steiropteris (C. Chr.) Pic. Serm. (28 spp.)
 Hoiokula S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Cyclogramma Tagawa (9 spp.)
 Stegnogramma Blume (7 spp.)
 Leptogramma J. Sm. (29 spp.)
 Ampelopteris Kunze (1 sp.)
 Cyclosorus Link (3 spp.)
 Mesophlebion Holttum (17 spp.)
 Meniscium Schreb. (25 spp.)
 Goniopteris C. Presl (137 spp.)
 Pakau S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Menisorus Alston (6 spp.)
 Pelazoneuron (Holttum) A.R. Sm. & S.E. Fawc. (19 spp.)
 Glaphyropteridopsis Ching (11 spp.)
 Mesopteris Ching (6 spp.)
 Grypothrix (Holttum) S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (13 spp.)
 ×Chrinephrium Nakaike (0 sp.)
 Menisciopsis (Holttum) S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (7 spp.)
 Chingia Holttum (25 spp.)
 Plesioneuron (Holttum) Holttum (60 spp.)
 Strophocaulon S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Amblovenatum J. P. Roux (7 spp.)
 Abacopteris Fée (14 spp.)
 ×Chrismatopteris Quansah & D. S. Edwards (0 sp.)
 Trigonospora Holttum (7 spp.)
 Pseudocyclosorus Ching (13 spp.)
 ×Glaphypseudosorus Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid. (0 sp.)
 Christella Lév. (70 spp.)
 Pronephrium C. Presl (40 spp.)
 Reholttumia S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (28 spp.)
 Pneumatopteris Nakai (32 spp.)
 Sphaerostephanos J. Sm. (192 spp.)
 Familia Woodsiaceae (A. Gray) Herter (51 spp.)
 Woodsia R. Br. (31 spp.)
 ×Woodsimatium Li Bing Zhang, N.T.Lu & X.F.Gao (0 sp.)
 Physematium Kaulf. (20 spp.)
 Familia Onocleaceae Pic. Serm. (5 spp.)
 Matteuccia Tod. (1 sp.)
 Onocleopsis Ballard (1 sp.)
 Onoclea L. (1 sp.)
 Pentarhizidium Hayata (2 spp.)
 Familia Blechnaceae Newman (265 spp.)
 Subfamilia Woodwardioideae Gasper, V. A. O. Dittrich & Salino
 Lorinseria C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Anchistea C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Woodwardia J. E. Sm. (13 spp.)
 Subfamilia Stenochlaenoideae (Ching) J. P. Roux
 Salpichlaena Hook. (4 spp.)
 Telmatoblechnum Perrie, D. J. Ohlsen & Brownsey (2 spp.)
 Stenochlaena J. Sm. (6 spp.)
 Subfamilia Blechnoideae Gasper, V. A. O. Dittrich & Salino
 Struthiopteris Scop. (3 spp.)
 Brainea J. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Spicantopsis Nakai (3 spp.)
 Sadleria Kaulf. (6 spp.)
 Cleistoblechnum Gasper & Salino (1 sp.)
 Blechnidium T. Moore (1 sp.)
 Blechnopsis C. Presl (2 spp.)
 Lomaridium C. Presl (16 spp.)
 Lomaria Willd. (6 spp.)
 Icarus Gasper & Salino (1 sp.)
 Cranfillia Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (24 spp.)
 Blechnum L. (23 spp.)
 Austroblechnum Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (34 spp.)
 Neoblechnum Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (1 sp.)
 Oceaniopteris Gasper & Salino (8 spp.)
 Doodia R. Br. (19 spp.)
 Diploblechnum Hayata (6 spp.)
 Lomariocycas J. Sm. (18 spp.)
 Parablechnum C. Presl (65 spp.)
 Familia Athyriaceae Alston (769 spp.)
 Deparia Hook. & Grev. (79 spp.)
 Anisocampium C. Presl (4 spp.)
 Cornopteris Nakai (14 spp.)
 Pseudathyrium Newman (2 spp.)
 ×Schnellerathyrium Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid. (0 sp.)
 Ephemeropteris R. C. Moran & Sundue (3 spp.)
 Athyrium Roth (181 spp.)
 Diplazium Sw. (486 spp.)
 Familia Hypodematiaceae Ching (26 spp.)
 Hypodematium Kunze (23 spp.)
 Leucostegia C. Presl (3 spp.)
 Familia Didymochlaenaceae Ching ex Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (12 spp.)
 Didymochlaena Desv. (12 spp.)
 Familia Dryopteridaceae Herter (2149 spp.)
 Subfamilia Polybotryoideae H. M. Liu & X. C. Zhang
 Polybotrya Willd. (39 spp.)
 Maxonia C. Chr. (1 sp.)
 Cyclodium C. Presl (13 spp.)
 ×Cyclobotrya Engels & Canestraro (0 sp.)
 Olfersia Raddi (4 spp.)
 Trichoneuron Ching (1 sp.)
 Polystichopsis (J. Sm.) Holttum (7 spp.)
 Stigmatopteris C. Chr. (26 spp.)
 Subfamilia Elaphoglossoideae (Pic. Serm.) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Bolbitis Schott (67 spp.)
 Lomagramma J. Sm. (18 spp.)
 Arthrobotrya J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 Teratophyllum Mett. ex Kuhn (10 spp.)
 Mickelia R. C. Moran, Labiak & Sundue (10 spp.)
 Elaphoglossum Schott ex J. Sm. (755 spp.)
 Pleocnemia C. Presl (20 spp.)
 Rumohra Raddi (10 spp.)
 Megalastrum Holttum (99 spp.)
 Lastreopsis Ching (21 spp.)
 Parapolystichum Keyserl. (30 spp.)
 Subfamilia Dryopteridoideae B. K. Nayar
 Ctenitis C. Chr. ex C. Chr. (144 spp.)
 Phanerophlebia C. Presl (10 spp.)
 Polystichum Roth (405 spp.)
 ×Dryostichum W. H. Wagner (0 sp.)
 Cyrtomium C. Presl (37 spp.)
 Dryopteris Adans. (343 spp.)
 Arachniodes Blume (73 spp.)
 Subfamilia nesigurno Atalopteris Maxon (3 spp.)
 Familia Lomariopsidaceae Alston (61 spp.)
 Cyclopeltis J. Sm. (7 spp.)
 Dryopolystichum Copel. (1 sp.)
 Dracoglossum Christenh. (2 spp.)
 Lomariopsis Fée (51 spp.)
 Familia Nephrolepidaceae Pic. Serm. (29 spp.)
 Nephrolepis Schott (29 spp.)
 Familia Tectariaceae Panigrahi (338 spp.)
 Subfamilia Pteridryoideae ined.
 Malaifilix Li Bing Zhang & Schuettp. (1 sp.)
 Draconopteris Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (1 sp.)
 Polydictyum C. Presl (4 spp.)
 Pteridrys C. Chr. & Ching (22 spp.)
 Subfamilia Arthropteridoideae ined.
 Arthropteris J. Sm. (13 spp.)
 Subfamilia Tectarioideae ined.
 Triplophyllum Holttum (27 spp.)
 Hypoderris R. Br. (3 spp.)
 Tectaria Cav. (267 spp.)
 Familia Oleandraceae (J. Sm.) Ching ex Pic. Serm. (30 spp.)
 Oleandra Cav. (30 spp.)
 Familia Davalliaceae (Gaudich.) M. R. Schomb. (65 spp.)
 Davallia J. E. Sm. (65 spp.)
 Familia Polypodiaceae J. & C. Presl (1737 spp.)
 Subfamilia Loxogrammoideae H. Schneid.
 Dictymia J. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Loxogramme (Blume) C. Presl (39 spp.)
 Subfamilia Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Drynaria (Bory) J. Sm. (33 spp.)
 Pichisermollodes Fraser-Jenk. & Challis (14 spp.)
 xSellimeris Fraser-Jenk., Sushil K. Singh & J. Fraser-Jenk. (0 sp.)
 Selliguea Bory (112 spp.)
 Gymnogrammitis Griffith (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Platycerioideae B. K. Nayar
 Platycerium Desv. (17 spp.)
 Hovenkampia Li Bing Zhang & X. M. Zhou (3 spp.)
 Pyrrosia Mirb. (64 spp.)
 Subfamilia Microsoroideae B. K. Nayar
 Tribus Thylacoptereae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Thylacopteris Kunze ex J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 Tribus Goniophlebieae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Goniophlebium (Blume) C. Presl (34 spp.)
 Tribus Lecanoptereae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Bosmania Testo (3 spp.)
 Lecanopteris Reinw. (24 spp.)
 Tribus Microsoreae V. N. Tu
 Microsorum Link (46 spp.)
 Leptochilus Kaulf. (33 spp.)
 Podosorus Holttum (1 sp.)
 Tribus Lepisoreae Ching ex E. Hennipman, P. Veldhoen & K. U. Kramer
 Lepisorus (J. Sm.) Ching (100 spp.)
 Subfamilia Polypodioideae Sw.
 Synammia C. Presl (3 spp.)
 Pleurosoriopsis Fomin (1 sp.)
 Polypodium L. (54 spp.)
 Pleopeltis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (93 spp.)
 Phlebodium (R. Br.) J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 xPhlebosia Viane & Pompe (0 sp.)
 Pecluma M. G. Price (47 spp.)
 Microgramma C. Presl (31 spp.)
 Niphidium J. Sm. (11 spp.)
 Campyloneurum C. Presl (64 spp.)
 Adetogramma T. E. Almeida (1 sp.)
 Serpocaulon A. R. Sm. (48 spp.)
 Subfamilia Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue
 Terpsichore A. R. Sm. (16 spp.)
 Parrisia Shalisko & Sundue (2 spp.)
 Adenophorus Gaudich (10 spp.)
 Lomaphlebia J. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Grammitis Sw. (30 spp.)
 Cochlidium Kaulf. (17 spp.)
 Leucotrichum Labiak (6 spp.)
 Alansmia M. Kessler, Moguel, Sundue & Labiak (24 spp.)
 Luisma Murillo & A. R. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Enterosora Baker (29 spp.)
 Ceradenia L. E. Bishop (76 spp.)
 Ascogrammitis Sundue (18 spp.)
 Mycopteris Sundue (18 spp.)
 Galactodenia Sundue & Labiak (5 spp.)
 Melpomene A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (30 spp.)
 Stenogrammitis Labiak (25 spp.)
 Lellingeria A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (52 spp.)
 Moranopteris R. Y. Hirai & J. Prado (32 spp.)
 Ctenopterella Parris (21 spp.)
 Grammitis sensu lato, part 1 (6 spp.)
 Chrysogrammitis Parris (2 spp.)
 Notogrammitis Parris (12 spp.)
 Grammitis sensu lato, part 2 (5 spp.)
 Archigrammitis Parris (7 spp.)
 Micropolypodium Hayata (3 spp.)
 Prosaptia C. Presl (70 spp.)
 Oreogrammitis Copel. (195 spp.)
 Dasygrammitis Parris (8 spp.)
 Scleroglossum Alderw. (10 spp.)
 Tomophyllum (E. Fourn.) Parris (37 spp.)
 Xiphopterella Parris (14 spp.)
 Calymmodon C. Presl (60 spp.)
 Acrosorus Copel. (9 spp.)
 Grammitidaceae Newman; sinonim od Polypodiaceae''

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Papratnice

Osladolike


Hastedt bezeichnet:

 Hastedt, Ortsteil von Bremen-Hemelingen
 Hastedt (Hemsbünde), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Hemsbünde, Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme), Niedersachsen

Hastedt ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Heiner Hastedt (* 1958), deutscher Philosoph und Professor
 Regina Hastedt (1921–2007), deutsche Schriftstellerin
 Wilhelm Hastedt (1835–1904), Brauereibesitzer, Mitglied des Deutschen Reichstags

Hastedt (Begriffsklärung)


Lego Château est un univers de la gamme de jeux Lego qui s'inspire de la période médiévale ou de légendes fantastiques. Il met en scène des chevaliers, des châteaux forts ou d'autres créatures magiques. Jusqu'en 1991, le terme est également utilisé pour qualifier un sous-thème de l'univers, qui regroupe les factions occupant des châteaux.

Historique
Le thème Lego Château débute en 1978 en Europe et en 1981 en Amérique du Nord, par une première période dite « classique ». Cette dernière est marquée par l'apparition des premiers châteaux forts et de figurines représentant des soldats en armes. En 1984, le catalogue Lego propose des modèles plus réaliste et davantage fidèle au contexte médiéval européen, avec la création de nouvelles pièces spécifiques au thème Château (cheval moulé d'une pièce, pan de mur avec meurtrière, angle d'une tourelle). L'univers se diversifie alors que les figurines portent des uniformes et des armoiries distinctes. De 1984 à 1992, les différentes factions sont regroupées sous le nom générique « Castle/Château » et ne sont pas reconnues officiellement comme un thème (à l'exception des Forestiers). Différents noms sont proposés pour identifier ces factions, ce qui donne naissance à des régionalismes. Les thèmes suivants sont ensuite créés :  Faucons noirs, Croisés et Chevaliers noirs. Lego utilisera éventuellement ces catégories dans ses outils de promotion, même quand elle fait référence aux modèles antérieur à 1992. En 1993, un thème fantastique est intégré avec la faction des Maîtres dragons. La magie fera son retour dans l'univers Château, avec l'arrivée des Chevaliers de la peur en 1997.

Factions et modèles

Période classique (1978-1983)

Cette période commence avec un premier château doté d'un pont-levis et accompagné de 14 figurines. Il est surnommé le « Château jaune » en raison de la couleur des briques.

Faucons noirs/Black falcons (1984-1994)

Ces chevaliers se reconnaissent par leur emblème d'un oiseau noir et argent présent sur le torse et le bouclier. Sinon, leur uniforme mêle le bleu et le noir.

Ils font leur apparition en 1984, en même temps que les Croisés, avec deux modèles : la Catapulte (6030) et le Château du chevalier (6073)

Le modèle de jeu Bélier (6062) suggère une rivalité avec la faction des Croisés, car ces derniers y opèrent un bélier attaquant un mur défendu par trois soldats des Faucons noirs.

Sortie en 1986, la Forteresse du faucon noir (6074) est reconnue pour ses qualités esthétiques et fut si populaire qu'elle fit l'objet d'une réédition en 2002 (10039) sous la collection Legends. Selon l'agrégateur Brick Insights, ce modèle s'est vu accorder une note moyenne de 94, la deuxième plus élevée de l'univers Château. Le forum Eurobrick évoque « sa grande jouabilité et même s'il est un peu petit, le château offre assez d'espace pour les six figurines et plus encore. La chapelle à l'arrière est fantastique grâce à son toit et tous ses petits détails ».

Croisés/Crusaders/Lion knights (1984-1992)

Ces chevaliers se reconnaissent par l'emblème d'un lion sur leur bouclier (lion bleu sur fond jaune ou lion jaune sur fond bleu). Leur uniforme intègre parfois du noir, du gris ou du bleu et toujours du rouge. Ils affrontent les Faucons noirs et ils alimentent une rivalité avec les Forestiers.

Ils font leur apparition en 1984, en même temps que les Faucons noirs, avec cinq modèles, dont le plus imposant est le Château du roi (6080).

La Forteresse de la montagne du roi (6081) est le premier modèle de château monté sur une base surélevée avec une rampe et voit la première apparition de la figurine du fantôme fluorescent.

L'Auberge (6067) a fait l'objet d'une réédition en raison de sa popularité. L'agrégateur Brick Insights, accorde à ce modèle une note de 93 pour la version originale et 96 pour sa réédition (10000), soit la note la plus élevée de l'univers Château. Le forum Eurobrick vante « ses nombreux détails et son look ainsi que ses possibilités illimitées. Deux factions sont incluses dans le modèle, ce qui permet des options de paix ou de conflits. L'auberge peut être intégrée à un château, un donjon, un avant-poste ou une ville ».

or

Forestiers/Forest people (1987-1992)

Inspirée de la légende de Robin des Bois, cette faction occupe des châteaux envahis par la végétation, ou d'autres constructions mêlant la pierre aux arbres. On les reconnaît à leur chapeau, tunique et pantalon vert. Leurs rivaux sont les Croisés et les Chevaliers noirs.

Ils font leur apparition en 1987, avec le modèle Avant-poste camouflé (6066).

Le Passage des forestiers (6071) se démarque comme un « modèle très détaillé où tout s'agence parfaitement. Il comprend des éléments uniques tels que la figurine de la dame des forestiers et la base avec le motif d'une rivière imprimée ».

Chevaliers noirs/Black knights (1988/1994)

Les fortifications de cette faction se caractérisent par leur couleur noire, par opposition aux précédentes qui occupent plutôt des châteaux de pierre grise. Sinon, leur bouclier arbore un dragon bleu et jaune, sur fond rouge. Les chevaliers noirs entretiennent des rivalités avec toutes les autres factions actives pendant leurs années.

Les Chevaliers noirs font leur entrée avec le Château du monarque noir (6085) en 1988, soit le modèle de jeu qui compte le plus grand nombre de pièces des différentes factions de la série Château jusqu'à présent. À l'époque, la faction des Chevaliers noirs n'était pas officiellement reconnus par la compagnie Lego.

La situation change en 1992, alors que Lego lance officiellement leur thème avec, entre autres, la sortie du Château du maître du donjon (6086). Ce modèle est considéré comme l'un des favoris de cette faction, avec une note de 93 sur l'agrégateur Brick Insights. Le site Brickset vante son design qui joue avec une grande palette de couleurs et ajoute que « le modèle contient un grand nombre d'items et de figurines, toutes différentes, ainsi que de nombreux éléments assurant la jouabilité. Nous avons un pont-levis, une sortie secrète, une tour hantée et une prison souterraine ».

Bande de loups/Wolfpack (1992-1993)

La Bande de loups est une faction de bandits qui croisent le fer avec les Chevaliers noirs. On les reconnaît à leur capuche couvrant leurs cheveux hirsutes, leur air négligé et une tunique marron arborant une tête de loup argenté. Si la littérature Lego évite habituellement d'attribuer une valeur axiologique morale à ses factions, la Bande de loups est néanmoins présentée comme un groupe de bandits sans scrupules.

Leur seule fortification est la Tour de la Bande de loups (6075), une tour au milieu des eaux, dotée d'un pont, qui est isolée et difficile d'accès.

Maîtres dragons/Dragon masters (1993-1995)

Premier thème fantastique de la série Château, les Maîtres dragons occupent des fortifications creusées à même le roc. Leur emblème est le dragon et ils sont dirigés par le magicien Majisto, la première figurine à porter un nom propre dans l'univers Château. Dans le catalogue de 1993, on le voit, à cheval sur un dragon, fondre sur une bande de Chevaliers noirs.

Chevaliers du roi/Royal knights (1995-1996)

Les Chevaliers du roi se reconnaissent à leur emblème d'une tête de lion ainsi que leurs fortifications mêlant le noir, le gris et le bleu. Ce thème est surtout reconnu pour avoir introduit la figurine du squelette ainsi que d'un roi portant une couronne et une longue épée argentée.

Forêt noire/Dark forest (1996)

En souvenir des précédents Forestiers, Lego lance 3 nouveaux modèles imitant le style de leur prédécesseurs.

Chevaliers de la peur/Fright night (1997-1998)
Les Chevaliers de la peur introduisent des sorcières, dragons noirs et autres éléments magiques. Leur emblème est la chauve-souris et leur Château du seigneur de la nuit (6097) est la construction la plus élevée de l'univers Château.

Autres thèmes
Lego continue à sortir d'autres sous-thèmes, liés de près ou de loin à l'univers Château :

 Ninja (1998)
 Knights' Kingdoms (2000)
 Knights' Kingdoms II (2004)
 Castle (2007)
 Kingdoms (2011)
 Castle II (2013)
 Nexo Knights (2016)

Références

Bibliographie

Gamme Lego

Lego Château


මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන'
(ඉංග්‍රීසි:  Maithripala Sirisena''') (උපත 1951 සැප්තැම්බර් 3) ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලඥයෙකු වන අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හත්වන විධායක ජනධිපතිවරයා වෙයි. ඔහු බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ යාගොඩ දි උපත ලැබුව ද ජනාධිපතිවරණයට ඉදිරිපත් වූයේ උතුරු මැද පළාතෙන් වන අතර එම පළාතෙන් පත් වූ පළමු ජනාධිපතිවරයා ද ඔහු ය. ඔහු 1989 දී දේශපාලනයට පිවිස 1994 සිට අමාත්‍යංශ කිහිපයක් ද දරා තිබෙන අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂයේ මහ ලේකම් ධූරය ද සෞඛ්‍යය අමාත්‍යවරයා  ධූරය ද 2014 නොවැම්බර් මස විපක්ෂ සන්ධානයේ "පොදු අපේක්ෂක" ලෙස 2015 ජනාධිපතිවරණය සඳහා ඔහුගේ අපේක්ෂකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන තෙක් දරන ලදී.

දේශපාලන දිවිය

මුල් යුගය
නව යෞවනයෙකු ලෙස සිරිසේන කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදය ගැන උනන්දු විය. 1967 දී ඔහු පොළොන්නරුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂයේ (ශ්‍රීලනිප) තරුණ ලීගය එක් විය. ඔහු 1971 ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ කැරැල්ල කාලයේදී සිරගත කරන ලදී. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂයේ සාමාජිකත්වය නැඟිට, 1981 දී එහි දේශපාලන මණ්ඩල සභික, එක්වීමට ඔහු 1983 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂයේ සමස්ත ලංකා තරුණ සංවිධානයේ සභාපති බවට පත් විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

සටහන්

1951 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ලංකික දේශපාලනඥයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂයෙහි දේශපාලනඥයන්
චරිත කතා

මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන


Super ego () est un film allemand réalisé par Benjamin Heisenberg, sorti en 2014.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Titre français : Super ego
 Réalisation : Benjamin Heisenberg
 Scénario : Benjamin Heisenberg et Josef Lechner
 Musique : Lorenz Dangel
 Pays d'origine : Allemagne
 Genre : comédie dramatique
 Date de sortie : 2014

Distribution
 Georg Friedrich : Nick Gutlicht
 André Wilms : Curt Ledig
 Bettina Stucky : Rosa
 Susanne Wolff : Norah / Telefonstimme
 Nicolas Wackerbarth : Interviewer
 Saskia Walker : Interviewerin
 Gonny Gaakeer : Masseurin Britt
 Philippe Graber : Franz
 Eisi Gulp : Zahnarzt
 Hildegard Schroedter : Zahnarzthelferin
 Hakan Orbeyi : Bernhard
 Elisabeth Orth : Frau Tischmann
 Maria Hofstätter : Mutter
 Margarita Broich : Fanny
 Markus Schleinzer : Jasper
 John Keogh : David
 Maryam Zaree : Jeanne (non créditée)

Liens externes

Film allemand sorti en 2014
Comédie dramatique allemande
Film sur la psychologie
Film sur le nazisme
Film en allemand

Super ego


Mikkel Fønsskov (født 20. februar 1984) er en dansk journalist, TV-vært og forlagsredaktør. Han er forhenværende vært på Aftenshowet på DR1.

Uddannelse
Mikkel er opvokset i Skaarup nær Svendborg og er uddannet journalist fra Syddansk Universitet. Han har også en master i europæiske studier på universitetet LUISS i Rom.

Fønsskov har boet i Berlin og det undrer stadig Fønsskov at danskerne ikke er mere bevidste om Tysklands rolle. Han sagde engang: »Vi glemmer, at Danmark i den grad står på skuldrene af Tyskland, især kulturelt. Når det regner på præsten, drypper det på degnen, og i mange år var Danmark degnen, der nød godt af udviklingen i Tyskland. Vi er influeret af Tyskland på godt og på ondt. Jeg forstår godt, at politikken i det 20. århundrede ødelagde det venskabelige sammenhold mellem Danmark og Tyskland, men det virker som en unaturlig efterkrampe, at vi stadig ignorerer de knap 100 millioner mennesker syd for grænsen, som har så stor betydning for os.« Han rejser hvert år til Tyskland 8-9 gange.

Karriere
Han startede sin TV-karriere som journalist på TV2 Nord. I 2012 skiftede han til DR. Siden 2020 har han arbejdet som redaktør på Gyldendal.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Journalister fra Danmark
Tv-værter fra Danmark
Personer fra Svendborg

Mikkel Fønsskov


Agrilus ophthalmoedrus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1935.

Referências

ophthalmoedrus

Agrilus ophthalmoedrus


The bird genus Balearica (also called the crowned cranes or Balearic cranes) contains two extant species in the crane family Gruidae: the black crowned crane (B. pavonina) and the grey crowned crane (B. regulorum).

The species today occur only in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert, and are the only cranes that can nest in trees. This habitat is one reason the relatively small Balearica cranes are believed to closely resemble the ancestral members of the Gruidae.

Like all cranes, they eat insects, reptiles, and small mammals.

Taxonomy
The genus Balearica was erected by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) as the type species. The name is from the Latin Baliaricus for "of the Balearic Islands".

The crane family (Gruidae) is divided into the subfamily Gruinae of typical cranes and the subfamily Balearicinae of crowned cranes.

Extant species

Fossil record
Crowned cranes seem to have been more widespread prehistorically. Compared to the true cranes, genus Grus, which were always common in the Holarctic and adjacent regions, the present genus appears to have had a more Atlantic distribution, ranging into Europe and North America; it is not known from the fossil record of Asia, as none have yet been discovered.
Balearica rummeli (Early Miocene of Germany) – formerly Basityto
Balearica excelsa (Early–Middle Miocene of France) – formerly Grus and Ornithocnemus
Balearica exigua (Miocene of Nebraska)

References

Bird genera

Balearica


Casanova est un téléfilm réalisé par Simon Langton, diffusé pour la première fois en 1987.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Casanova
 Réalisation : Simon Langton
 Scénario : George MacDonald Fraser
 Photographie : José Luis Alcaine
 Musique : Michel Legrand
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis - Royaume-Uni - Italie - Allemagne
 Genre : biographie
 Date de première diffusion : 1987

Distribution
 Richard Chamberlain : Giacomo Casanova
 Faye Dunaway : Madame D'Urfe
 Sylvia Kristel : Maddalena
 Ornella Muti : Henriette
 Hanna Schygulla : la mère de Casanova
 Sophie Ward : Jacqueline
 Frank Finlay : Razetta
 Roy Kinnear : Balbi
 Kenneth Colley : Le Duc
 Richard Griffiths : Cardinal
 Patrick Ryecart : De Bernis
 Jean-Pierre Cassel : Louis XV
 Traci Lind : Heidi
 Christopher Benjamin : Massimo
 Paul Geoffrey : le Capitaine des dragons
 Aitana Sánchez-Gijón : Therese
 Fernando Hilbeck : Grimani

Liens externes

Téléfilm diffusé en 1987
Téléfilm britannique des années 1980
Téléfilm américain des années 1980
Téléfilm italien des années 1980
Téléfilm allemand des années 1980
Téléfilm biographique
Film biographique sur un écrivain
Film sur Giacomo Casanova
Film avec une musique composée par Michel Legrand
Film se déroulant au XVIIIe siècle
Film se déroulant à Venise

Casanova (téléfilm, 1987)


Ön bellek algoritmaları, bilgisayarda saklanan ön bellek bilgilerini optimize eden komutlardır. Ön bellek büyüklüğü sınırlıdır ve ön bellek doluysa, bilgisayar (kullanıcı) hangi parçaların tutulacağı ve yeni parçalara yer açmak için hangi parçaların atılacağına karar vermek zorundadır.

Ön bellek algoritması örnekleri
 En Son Kullanılan (İngilizce: Least Recently Used): Öncelikle son zamanlarda en az kullanılan parçaları atar. Biri algoritmanın son zamanlarda en az kullanılan parçayı attığından emin olmak isterse, neyin ne zaman kullanıldığını takip etmek zorundadır. Bu yüksek tutarlı bir yoldur. En son kullanılan parçanın çıkarılması koşuluna dayanan bir olasılıksal yöntem yeterliyse, Pseudo-LRU algoritması kullanılabilir. Bu yöntem çalışmak için ön bellekte sadece bir bitlik parçaya gereksinim duyar.
 En Az Sıklıkla Kullanılan (İngilizce: Least Frequently Used): Bu yöntem bir parçanın ne kadar sıklıkla gerektiğini sayar. İlk önce az sıklıkla kullanılan parçalar çıkarılır.
 Belady's Min: İlerideki uzun bir zaman diliminde gerekmeyecek olan bilginin çıkarılması prensibine dayanan en verimli ön bellek algoritmalarından biridir.Ne var ki, bilginin ne kadar zaman sonra gerekeceğini tahmin etmek imkânsız olduğundan, donanımsal olarak gerçekleşemez. Yine de, diğer yöntemlerin etkinliğini ölçmek için kullanılabilir.

Diğer kriterler
 Tutar: Edinmesi güç olan parçaların saklanması. Örneğin, belleğe taşınması uzun zaman alan parçalar.
 Büyüklük: Parçalar farklı büyüklüğe sahipse küçük parçaları saklamak için büyük bir taneyi çıkarmak istenebilir.
 Zaman: Bazı ön bellekler süresi geçen bilgileri tutar (Haber ön bellekleri, DNS ön bellekleri veya Web tarayıcısı ön belleği). Süreleri bittiği için bilgisayar bu parçaları çıkarabilir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Bellek yönetimi algoritmaları
Algoritmalar

Önbellek algoritmaları


Hljeb je hrid u blizini Cavtata i pripada Cavtatskim otocima. Hrid je djelomično prekrivena oskudnom vegetacijom.

Površina hridi iznosi 5344 m2. Duljina obalne crte iznosi 387 m, a iz mora se uzdiže 11 metara.

Hrid je dio ornitološkog rezervata galeba klaukavca.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Fotografije hridi Hljeb (ciopa.hr)

Cavtatski otoci

Hljeb (otok)


Centrolepidoideae (Centrolepidaceae nom. cons.), potporodica jednogodišnjeg bilja i polugrmova. Neki autori vode je kao porodicu u redu travolike, dok je po drugima potporodica porodice Restionaceae. Porodicu je opisao Endl. 1836.

Rodovi uključeni u nju su Centrolepis Labill., Aphelia R. Br. i Gaimardia Gaudich.

Izvori

Restionaceae

Centrolepidoideae


Conturul norilor este un film românesc din 2004 regizat de Marius Șopterean. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Matei Șopterean.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2004 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2004

Conturul norilor