الخِزْعَة أو التشخيص النسيجي  هو اختبارٌ طبي يجريه جراح أو طبيب أشعة تدخّلي أو طبيب قلب تدخّلي بأخذ عينة من خلايا أو أنسجة ليتم فحصها؛ وهي عملية إزالة طبيّة لجزئ حيّ ليتم التحقق من وجود علة أو مرض. يفحص الأنسجة عالم أمراض تحت المجهر كما يمكن فحصها كيميائيا. في حالة إزالة انتفاخة أو منطقة مريبة بالكامل تسمى الخزعة في تلك الحالة خزعة استئصالية. في حالة إزالة عينة من النسيج مع المحافظة على المجسم النسيجي الخلوي تسمى خزعة داخلية أو صُلبية. عند إزالة عينة من نسيج أو سائل باستخدام إبرة بحيث لايتم المحافظة على المجسم النسيجي الخلوي للعينة، فهذه العملية تعرف بالخزعة الإبرية. تؤخذ الخزعة عموما للحصول على رؤية داخلية على حالات قد تكون سرطانية أو التهابية.

المنشأ
الخزعة "biopsy" ترجع إلى أصول إغريقية من كلمتي «الحياة» و «النظر».عالم الجلدية  Ernest Besnier أتى بكلمة biopsy في عام 1879.

التاريخ
إحدى بدايات استعمال الخزعة لتشخيص حالات المرضى كانت على أيدي الطبيب العربي الزهراوي (1013- 1107). حيث أن الزهراوي استعمل إبرة لمعاينة التهاب في الرقبة نتيجة لتضخم الغدة الدرقية، وقام الزهراوي من تشخيص الحالة.

التعرف على الحالة الصحية باستخدام الخزعة

السرطان

في حالة الشك بوجود سرطان، يمكن استعمال عدة لأخذ الخزعة. يتم استخدام خزعة استئصالية في محاولة إزالة تامة الآفة. عندما يتم فحص وتشخيص الآفة، يتم فحص المنطقة الجراحية (المنطقة المحيطة بمكان استئصال الخزعة) لتحري وجود انتشار للتورم خارج نطاق الخزعة السابقة.
«النطاق الخالي» أو«النطاق السلبي» يعنيان  أنه لا توجد آفة على حدود الخزعة بينما يعني «النطاق الإيجابي» وجود الآفة وأن الأمر قد يتطلب استئصالًا بنطاق أوسع، بحسب التشخيص. في حالة كون الإزالة الكاملة للآفة غير مجدٍ لعدة أسباب، يمكن استئصال وتد من النسيج عن طريق خزعة استئصالية. في بعض الحالات، يمكن تجميع عينة عن طريق جهاز يعمل على «عض» العينة. تستعمل إبر بعدة مقاسات لتجميع النسيج في جوف الخزعة. الإبر ذات الاقطار الصغيرة تستعمل لتجميع الخلايا وتجمُعات الخلايا يطلق عليها مسمى الخزعة الإبرية الرقيقة.في حالة كون إزالة كاملة لآفة غير مجدية لعدة اسباب، يمكن إستئصال وتد من النسيج عن طريق خزعة إستئصالية. في بعض الحالات، يمكن تجميع عينة عن طريق جهاز يعمل على «عض» العينة. تستعمل إبر بعدة مقاسات لتجميع النسيج في جوف الخزعة. الإبر ذات الاقطار الصغيرة تستعمل لتجميع الخلايا وتجمُعات الخلايا يطلق عليها مسمى الخزعة الإبرية الرقيقة.

الخزعة السرطانية السائلة
السرطان مرض جيني غير متجانس والخزع الاستئصالية تعطي صورة مقطعية لبعض التغيرات السريعة الديناميكية الجينية التي تحدث في الأورام؛ هذا عدى كون الخزعة الاستئصالية اجتياحية ولا يمكن استخدامها على نحوٍ متكرر، وهي غير مفيدة في فهم توسع الأورام وانتشارها. على خلاف ذلك الخزع السائلة أو اختبار للدم اللذي تم تطويره من قبل شركة Epic Sciences يوفر معلومات قيمة لخبراء الأورام عن طريق دراسة الخلايا السرطانية الدواة وبقايا الحمض النووي للورم التي تتساقط باستمرارفي الدم.
أثبت التحليل الحساس للغاية للخلايا السرطانية الدوارة وجود مستويات عالية من غير التجانس على مستوى الخلية الواحدة من حيث كلا التعبير الجيني للبروتون ومكانه، والخلايا السرطانية الدواة تظهر كلا الخزعة الأولية والتغيرات الملحوظة في المنظقة التي إنتشر فيها الورم. عبر التحري وإيجاد تغيرات جينية في الخلايا السرطانية الدواة والخلايا الخالية من الحمض النووي في الدم تستطيع الخزعة السائلة توفير معلومات قيمة عن مرحلة انتشار الورم وعن العلاج الفعال وعن خطر ا٫تشار الورم. هذا التطور التكنلوجي قد يتيح الفرصة لتشخيص السرطان والتحكم به من عمليات فحص دم متكررة عوضا عن استخدام الخزعة التقليدية.

الحالات المرضية لماقبل السرطان
يمكن فحص أي آفة مريبة في  للمناطق سهلة الوصول. في الأصل كونها جلدية أو منطقة خارجية. الأشعة السينية، تلحقها الأشعة المقطعية، والأشعة المغناطيسية، والأشعة فوق صوتية مصحوبتا بالمنظار الداخلي..

الحالات المرضية الالتهابية
خزعة من الشريان الصدغي تكون غالبة الممراسة عند الشك بوجود التهاب وعائي في حالة داء الأمعاء الالتهابي (داء كرون والتهاب القولون التقرحي).يتم أخذ خزع اعتيادية لتقييم فعاليات المرض ولتحليل التغيرات التي تصحب الإصابة.

تؤخذ الخزعة عادة من جزئ من الآفة في حالة عدم معرفة مسبب المرض. يُشخّص الالتهاب الوعائي مثلا يتم عادة عبر الخزعة.
 أمراض الكلى: الخزعة والفحص المجهري الإلكتروني الفلوري هما الأساس في تشخيص حالات التغير في وظائف الكلى. كما أن فحص  المناعي المتألق يلعب دور أساسي في تشخيص التهاب  كُبَيباتِ الكُلَى.
 أمراض معدية: تضخم العقد اللمفاوية قد يكون بسبب عدة التهابات أو بسبب أمراض المناعة الذاتية.
 أمراض حيوية: بعض الحالات المرضية تؤثر على الجسم ككل، لكن بعض المناطق يتم أختيارها لأخذ الخزعة لكونها سهلة الوصول. لداءٌ النشْوانِيهو حالة يثم فيها ترسب البروتين في أنسجة الجسم.
 زراعة الأعضاء: يتم أخذ خزعة للعضو المراد التبرع به لتحقق من عدم وجود تعارض أو رفض للعضو، أو يتم أخذها لتأكد من ان المرض الذي تطلب الزراعة لم يعاود.
 الخصوبة: يتم أخد خزعة للخصية لتقييم خصوبة الرجل وايجاد أسباب عدم الخصوبة إذا وجدت، مثلا عندما تكون جودة الحيوان المنوي منخفظة، لكن الهرمونات في النطاق الطبيعي.

نخاع العظم
كون خلايا الدم تتكون في النخاع العظمي، فإن خزعة للنخاع العظمي تستخدم لتشخيص الحالات المرضية المتعلقة بخلايا الدم في حالة تعذّر التشخيص عن طريق مجرى الدم. في أمراض الخلايا الدموية (كسرطان الدم) يتم استخدام النخاع العظمي للتشخيص.

انظر أيضًا
 خزعة الجسم القطبي

المراجع

إجراءات وتقنيات جراحية
علم الأشعة التدخلي

خزعة


Agrilus kuangcenensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1940.

Referências

kuangcenensis

Agrilus kuangcenensis


Katsuhiro Hamada (født 7. oktober 1991) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder FC Ryukyu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Katsuhiro Hamada


Karl Johan Juaaka Lyberth (født 1952 i Uumannaq) er en grønlandsk musiker, lyriker og forfatter. Han blev i 1970'erne populær på de store Aasivik sommerstævner hvor han spillede med Aasivik Band. I 2014 blev han nomineret til Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris for romanen Naleqqusseruttortut udgivet i 2012. Han er gift med Asii Chemnitz Narup.

Han har med Aasivik Band  udgivet pladerne "Kalaaleqatikka – mine frænder" (1978) og "Oqaluttuat – fortællinger" (1983). Han har også udgivet børnepladen "Fam", Grønlands første børneplade indspillet i 1979 sammen med børn under et Aasivik-stævne i Uummannaq-fjorden. I 2000 modtog han Det Grønlandske Hjemmestyres Kulturpris. I 2011 udgav han sin først plade siden 1983, en samling kærlighedssange med titlen Naasumik paju.

Referencer

Musikere fra Grønland
Sangere fra Grønland
Sangskrivere fra Grønland
Forfattere fra Grønland

Juaaka Lyberth


ملك المجر من 1540 إلى 1570م، ثم أول أمير لترانسلفانيا من 1570 إلى 1571م.

ولد في 18 يوليو 1540م في مدينة بودا في المجر، ثم تولى عرش المجر في نفس السنة وهو لم يزل طفلاً بعد وفاة والده الملك "يانوش زابوليا"، وكان تحت وصاية والدته الملكة إيزابيلا التي حكمت البلاد باسمه وبتأييد ودعم من السلطان العثماني سليمان القانوني.

عرف الملك جون سيجسموند بتسامحه الديني، وكان يعتنق التوحيدية. وشجع التوحيديين ليؤسسوا أول كنيسة لهم في إمارة ترانسلفانيا في رومانيا. كما شجع الحوار والمناظرات العامة بين التوحيديين الكاثوليك واللوثريين والكالفنيين.

في عام 1570م تنازل جون سيجسموند عن عرش المجر لأسرة الهابسبورج، وأصبح أول أمير لترانسلفانيا، ثم توفي في 14 مارس 1571م وهو لم يزل شاباً.

مراجع

أمراء ترانسيلفانيا
أشخاص مجريون في القرن 16
أشخاص من بودابست
بروتستانت مجريون
دوقات أوبولي
كاثوليك متحولون للبروتستانتية
لوثريون متحولون إلى الكالفينية
مجريون من أصل إيطالي
مجريون من أصل بولندي
مجريون من أصل سلوفيني
ملكيون من ترانسيلفانيا
ملوك المجر
مواليد 1540
مواليد في بودا (بودابست)
نبلاء من بودابست
وفيات 1571
وفيات في ألبا يوليا
المملكة المجرية الشرقية

جون سيجسموند


Rudolf Bahro (18 November 1935 – 5 December 1997) was a dissident from East Germany who, since his death, has been recognised as a philosopher, political figure and author. Bahro was a leader of the West German party The Greens, but became disenchanted with its political organization, left the party and explored spiritual approaches to sustainability.

Early life and education
Bahro was the eldest of three children of Max Bahro, a livestock-industry consultant, and Irmgard Bahro (née Conrad). Until 1945, the family lived in Lower Silesia: first in the spa town of Bad Flinsberg and then in neighboring Gerlachsheim, where Bahro attended the village school. Towards the end of World War II Max Bahro was drafted into the Volkssturm, and, after his capture, detained as a Polish prisoner. As the Eastern Front approached, the family was evacuated and Bahro was separated from his mother and siblings during the flight (the rest of Bahro's family, with the exception of his father, died of typhoid soon afterwards). Bahro lived with an aunt in Austria and Hesse, spending several months in each location and eventually reuniting with his father, who was managing a widow's farm in Rießen (now part of Siehdichum).

From 1950 to 1954, Bahro attended high school in Fürstenberg (now part of Eisenhüttenstadt). Since it was assumed that all high-school students would join the Free German Youth (FDJ), Bahro reluctantly joined in 1950. This was, as he later commented, the only time he did something against his will under pressure. In 1952 he applied for membership in the Socialist Unity Party (SED), which he joined in 1954. Bahro was regarded as intelligent, and graduated from high school with honors. He attended Humboldt University in Berlin from 1954 to 1959 and studied philosophy. Among his teachers were Kurt Hager (who later became the philosopher of the SED), Georg Klaus and Wolfgang Heise. The topic of his thesis was "Johannes R. Becher and the relationship of the German working class and its party to the national question of our people".

Until 1956, Bahro was an admirer of Lenin and Stalin; Khrushchev's leaked "secret speech" in February 1956 changed his views. He followed the Polish October and the Hungarian Revolution with great interest, expressed his solidarity with the insurgents in a wall newspaper and openly criticized the restricted-information policy of the GDR leadership. As a result of his views, national security spied on him for two years.

Party work
After passing the government licensing examination, the SED sent Bahro to Sachsendorf (a part of Lindendorf). He edited a local newspaper, Die Linie (The Line) and encouraged the area's farmers to join the LPG agricultural cooperative. In 1959 Bahro married Gundula Lambke, a Russian language teacher. The couple had two daughters (one of whom died at birth) and a son, in addition to Gundula's daughter. In 1960 Bahro was appointed to the party leadership of the University of Greifswald, where he founded the Unsere Universität ("Our University") newspaper and served as editor-in-chief. The same year saw the publication of his first book, a collection of poems entitled In dieser Richtung (In This Direction). Beginning in 1962, Bahro worked as a consultant for the Corporate Executive Committee of the Union of Science (one of the divisions of the Free German Trade Union Federation) in Berlin; in 1965 he was appointed deputy chief of the Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ) student magazine, Forum. During Bahro's tenure with the FDJ he was hampered by conflict with the increasingly restrictive policies of the SED, which made him a target of criticism. Due to the unauthorized publication of an article by Volker Braun, Bahro was dismissed as deputy chief in 1967.

Evolution of ideas
From 1967 to 1977 Bahro worked for a number of companies in the rubber and plastics industry as an organization development specialist. Seeing conditions in the factories soon brought him to the conclusion that the East German economy was in a crisis and the primary reason for this was that workers had little voice in the workplace. He expressed this view in a December 1967 letter to the Chairman of the State Council, Walter Ulbricht, proposing a transfer of workplace responsibility to the workers with grassroots democracy. A few weeks later, the Prague Spring began; Bahro took a lively interest, supported the movement. In May 1968 he was interviewed by a member of the Central Committee, who made it clear that his solidarity with the "counter-revolution" was no longer tolerated. This led Bahro to develop his ideas systematically, and to publish them. His decision was reinforced by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 21 August. This was, as Bahro later said, "the blackest day" of his life and the reason for his final break with the SED. He decided not to make the break publicly, to protect his book project.

In 1972 Bahro began part-time work on his dissertation on development conditions of high-school and technical-college groups in the VEBs (state-owned enterprises of the GDR). At the same time, he secretly wrote a thematically broader manuscript which later became The Alternative. In 1973, Gundula filed for divorce; both spouses said later this was as a precautionary measure to protect the children against government reprisals. However, in 1974 Gundula informed state security about the secret book project and handed over a copy of the manuscript; after that, Bahro was under surveillance.

In 1975 Bahro submitted his dissertation at the Technical University Leuna-Merseburg, which was evaluated favorably by three reviewers. The Stasi intervened, engineering two opposing reviews. His work on The Alternative was unhindered, but Bahro was convinced that he would be unable to disseminate his book to the GDR citizenry. In December 1976 he learned that one of his samizdats had fallen into Stasi hands, which prompted him to finish his work quickly. Intermediaries arranged a contract with Europäische Verlagsanstalt, a West German publisher. Swiss musicologist Harry Goldschmidt smuggled the finished manuscript into West Berlin, and copies of the manuscript reached individuals in the GDR by mail.

Later in West Germany, Bahro said that the theoretical bases for The Alternative were Karl August Wittfogel's 1957 Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power and earlier Marxist works. He was unable to cite Wittfogel because of the latter's anticommunism. Wittfogel also influenced Bahro's later ecological work.

The Alternative
The Alternative is divided into three parts:
 The non-capitalist path to an industrial society
 Anatomy of socialism
 Strategy for a communist alternative
The introduction begins with the premise that the Communist movement did not lead to the theoretically expected situation, but instead continued on the capitalist path with only superficial changes. "Alienation and the subaltern mentality of the working masses continue on a new level." The book analyzes the reasons for this, and offers solutions.

The first part is a historical analysis of the development of socialism in the Soviet Union. Bahro concludes that in the Soviet Union (and, consequently, also in countries such as the GDR) not the theoretically expected socialism but a form of proto-socialism had emerged. For the reason, he posits that at the time of the October Revolution the Soviet Union was far from the stage of development presumed in Marx's theory of history. Nevertheless, the path chosen by Lenin was correct. Bahro regards Stalin's subsequent massive industrialization as a necessary development, justifying the party purge as inevitable.

In the second part, Bahro analyzes the existing social system, which he believes was incorrectly called "real socialism" when in reality it was still a class society. He detailed how this society worked, and argues that this provided the rationale for the observed economic stagnation.

In the third part, he developed solutions, including a call for a new revolution which would transform not only the social circumstances but the people. Its intention is to overcome the subaltern mentality, the "form of existence and way of thinking of ordinary people." He demanded the abolition of the division of labor; all should participate in science, art and menial work.

Response
On 22 August 1977, the West German magazine Der Spiegel published an extract from The Alternative and an interview with Bahro, during which he admitted writing the book. The next day, Bahro was arrested and taken to the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen prison. That evening, West German television stations ARD and ZDF broadcast Bahro's interview.

In early September, the book went on sale. The first edition was sold out before delivery, and was translated into other languages. The Alternative sparked debate in the West European left about the nature of socialism. For Herbert Marcuse, Bahro's book was "the most important contribution to Marxist theory and practice that has appeared in recent decades"; a similar view was expressed by the Trotskyist Ernest Mandel. To Lawrence Krader, Bahro was the "conscience of the revolution, the strength of the truth". Rudi Dutschke was critical, classifying Bahro as detached from Leninism with too little respect for human rights and calling his suggestions "totally unrealistic".

These analyses were accompanied by a broad wave of publicly expressed solidarity with Bahro, climaxing in a letter by Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass in The Times on 1 February 1978 which was also signed by Arthur Miller, Graham Greene, Carol Stern, Mikis Theodorakis and other celebrities. In the GDR, however, Bahro's recognition was suppressed and he was told nothing of the reaction to his book and subsequent arrest. About half of the copies of The Alternative which Bahro had posted shortly before his arrest in the GDR were intercepted by the authorities. His influence of East German students was limited.

To write and publish a book was, in itself, legal in the GDR; however, Bahro was accused of working for the West German intelligence service (from whom he was thought to have obtained his information). On 30 June 1978, Bahro was convicted in camera of treason and betraying state secrets, and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. Evidence indicates a kangaroo court, with a predetermined verdict; an appeal to the Supreme Court of the GDR filed by defense attorney Gregor Gysi was summarily rejected as unfounded.

The verdict immediately sparked violent protests and expressions of solidarity in the West. The Committee for the Release of Rudolf Bahro organized an international conference, held 16 to 19 November 1978 in West Berlin and attended by over 2,000 participants. The depth of solidarity is illustrated by an appeal to the State Council of the GDR in the Frankfurter Rundschau of 11 May 1979, organized by Bahro Committee in 12 countries and signed by a number of celebrities. Bahro was awarded the Carl von Ossietzky Medal by the International League for Human Rights (Berlin) and made a member of the Swedish and Danish chapters of PEN International.

On 11 October 1979, the 30th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, Bahro was granted amnesty. On 17 October he was deported with his former wife, their two children and his partner Ursula Beneke to the Federal Republic of Germany, in accordance with his July request.

West German work
In West Germany Bahro soon joined the nascent Green party, making a commitment to unite socialist and values-based conservatism currents in the new party since compromise was a necessity. A 1980 book formulated elements of a new policy: the relationship between ecology and socialism. Breaking from his position in The Alternative, Bahro now felt that classical Marxism was no longer appropriate.

Another new motif in Bahro's thinking was religion. While in custody he had studied the Bible, and when he moved to the west he noticed unhappiness in spite of material prosperity. He interpreted this as a lack of introspection and transcendence, rejecting the traditionally materialistic outlook of socialism. The goal of human emancipation was represented (in different ways) by Karl Marx and Jesus Christ. In this context, Bahro referred to early Christianity and liberation theology.

At the beginning of 1980, Bahro studied with Oskar Negt at the Leibniz University Hannover. His thesis appeared as a book, A Plea for Creative Initiative. In 1983, he earned his habilitation in social philosophy.

In 1982, Bahro adopted a more radical position due to the contemporary economic crisis. He advocated a restructuring of society in economic, environmental and social-policy terms, which should be linked to a broad retreat from the world market and a move away from capitalist industry. Bahro also became involved in the peace movement, advocating a nuclear-free Europe.

Bahro's Dare Commune was an alternative community during the early days of the Greens. He believed that the transformation of society must begin on a small scale, requiring a change in the people themselves and a rediscovery of spirituality. Bahro was influenced by the Congregation of the Benedictines and the mystical experience of God.

In 1981 Bahro visited the North Korea, where he was received as a guest of the state. He saw this as his most important trip, to a state he admired with a system "to satisfy all the basic requirements of security". As part of a lecture tour of the United States in summer 1983, Bahro enjoyed several weeks at Rajneeshpuram with Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (Osho).

After the Green Party entered the Bundestag for the first time in March 1983, the question arose whether they would join a coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (the SPD) or remain in opposition. Bahro strongly favored the latter option (which placed him in opposition to Joschka Fischer), and believed in renewal rather than reform. In his December 1984 "Hamburg speech", Bahro made a comparison with the political and social situation in the Weimar Republic: At that time, there had also been a broad movement in society which was dissatisfied with prevailing conditions and wanted change. What mattered now was to prevent the errors and political disasters of the past. In the Weimar Republic, the "brown" pole of the political spectrum (the Nazis) overpowered the left with "nationalist mythology in disguise; therefore, resistance to capitalist development" could not begin. Bahro's "popular uprising" could occur this time without violence, but it was important that the Greens "are not lost" in the system. Bahro also called for the conquest of the right-left divide; to escape its minority position, the Greens should also "penetrate the territory of the Bavarian CSU". Bahro's Hamburg speech ended with the allegation that Joschka Fischer's supporters had a lust for power, a situation that could lead to civil war and subsequent dictatorship.

During the summer of 1985 Bahro left the Greens and focused on his new book, which was published in 1987 as Logic of Salvation. In it he described a "logic of self-extermination" and its consequences for humanity at present, presenting a "logic of life" requiring a "leap in consciousness" and a withdrawal from the industrial "mega-machine". It was important to implement a "rescue policy", before the worsening environmental crisis leads to an emergency government. Bahro called for long-term goals, the elimination of short-term tactics and government decentralization. He advocated an "invisible church", which would provide the necessary spiritual dimension. As a conservative on the left, he noted common ground with CDU politician and critic Kurt Biedenkopf. Inspired by Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika, Bahro hoped for a "prince of environmental change" and suggested the establishment of a consensus-oriented body similar to the British House of Lords. The book met a mostly negative response, and Bahro's references to a prince and an invisible church were criticized.

In 1986, Bahro held "learning workshops" at his home in Worms, which featured discussion of his ideas and meditation. He met Beatrice Ingermann, who had been conducting a similar project since 1983 that was also a community in the Eifel. Bahro joined her group; they married in 1988, and had a daughter.

In Berlin after the fall of the Wall
Seeing the rapid decline of the GDR, at the end of 1989 Bahro went to East Berlin to fight against the feared  "sellout of the GDR," its absorption by the Federal Republic. He wanted to work to ensure that the regime could keep its autonomy and maintain what he thought was its greatest political achievement: the primacy of politics over economics.

On 16 December 1989, Bahro had the opportunity of speaking to the assembled delegates of the extraordinary party conference of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, whose chairman had, a week ago, been his former legal counsel, Gysi. The main item on the agenda was whether the party should continue or be dissolved. What was finally decided was that the party should continue under a new name: Socialist Unity Party of Germany – Party of Democratic Socialism (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands – Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, abbreviated SED-PDS). Bahro's request to address the conference as a guest speaker found only a slight majority (54%), and he was granted only 30 minutes, not the requested 45 minutes. Bahro was annoyed at this and had to improvise. After reading out the names of all the people who had helped him with his book, Die Alternative, he criticized the previous speaker, Minister President and Deputy Party Chairman Hans Modrow, as well as Karl Marx, Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. He went on to present his vision of a "socio-ecological" restructuring of the GDR. His radical environmental ideas, which were hardly known in the GDR at that time, were far removed from the problems that interested the delegates, and his polemical introduction provoked fierce resentment. Bahro concluded that he no longer had anything in common with this party.

In the spring of 1990, he began setting up an "Institute for Social Ecology" at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Instead of the usual discussion of the ecological crisis, he wanted this institute to address the issue holistically and, above all, study the deeper social and cultural causes of the crisis and develop practical alternatives. Bahro thus set up his own school of social science that is not to be confused with others that also go by the name of social ecology.

On 16 June 1990, again represented by Gysi, Bahro was rehabilitated by the Supreme Court of the GDR. On 15 September, shortly before the end of the GDR, the Minister of Education and Science appointed him associate professor of social ecology at Humboldt University. From the winter semester 1990/1991, Bahro regularly held lectures on issues of the environmental crisis, where he further developed the theories that he had put forward in his book Logik der Rettung (published in English as Avoiding social and ecological disaster: the politics of world transformation: an inquiry into the foundations of spiritual and ecological politics). The lectures, to which he frequently invited guest speakers, were aimed at students in all years and also attracted an audience from outside the university. In the first years, the main lecture hall (auditorium maximum)  of the university was consistently full, and this also resulted in increased sales of his book on which the lectures were based. However, the Institute remained a temporary arrangement that could only exist thanks to financial support from the Schweisfurth Foundation. It was not until 1995 that the institute was integrated into the university as a working group of the Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture.

In 1990, there were accusations that Bahro was striving for "eco-dictatorship". This accusation was made particularly aggressively by the , a right-wing organization founded in Zurich which, in a work entitled The Fascism of the New Left, claimed that Bahro's real goal was an "eco-fascist dictatorship". Bahro indignantly denied this but soon found himself confronted with more accusations of this nature. The accusations were based on quotations from his book Logik der Rettung. In 1992, a former party colleague of his, Jutta Ditfurth joined the debate when, in her book Feuer in die Herzen [Putting Fire in the Hearts], she accused him of turning to esoteric, authoritarian and nationalist ideas.

In addition to his activities in Berlin, until 1991 Bahro also active in the Lernwerkstatt [Learning Workshop] a non-profit organization in Niederstadtfeld, and he planned similar experiments with new sustainable living and economic systems in the former GDR. A conversation with the Minister-President of Saxony, Kurt Biedenkopf, in the summer of 1991 led to the socio-ecological futurology project LebensGut in the village of Pommritz, near Bautzen. There, the socio-ecological research begun at the Humboldt University is also being continued, mainly by Bahro's former associate Maik Hosang.

In September 1993, Bahro's wife Beatrice committed suicide following a marital dispute. He was so devastated that he had to cancel a semester of lectures. In the spring of 1994, he also became physically ill, and in the autumn of that year he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bahro was convinced that his illness was the consequence of traumatic experiences such as the suicide of his wife and resisted conventional therapy, instead trying various alternative methods of diagnosis and therapy and temporarily moving into a monastery. Only after his condition deteriorated dramatically, he agreed to another course of chemotherapy. In May 1995, on his sickbed, he married his girlfriend and companion Marina Lehnert, who had been caring for his daughter for some time.

After a year's break due to illness, in summer 1996 Bahro resumed teaching, but only to a limited extent. He gave his last lecture in July 1997. After that, he caught pneumonia and the cancer broke out again.

Rudolf Bahro died in Berlin on 5 December 1997 and was buried at the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin.

Publications available in English

 The Alternative In Eastern Europe, New Left Books/Verso,  [1977 (German), 1978 (English)]
 Socialism and Survival [1980 (German); 1982 (English)]
 From Red To Green [1984]
 Building The Green Movement [1986]
 Avoiding Social & Ecological Disaster: The Politics of World Transformation [1987 (German), 1994 (English)]

Selected publications

 "Rapallo? Why Not? Reply to Gorz". Telos 51 (Spring 1982). New York: Telos Press

References

External links

 Ralph Miliband, A Commentary on Rudolf Bahro's Alternative
 Janet Biehl, Criticism of Bahro's claimed ecofascism
 James Hart & Ullrich Melle, Answer to this criticism and general analysis of Bahro's ideas

1935 births
1997 deaths
East German journalists
East German writers
Ecosocialists
German anti-capitalists
German communists
German male non-fiction writers
German Marxists
German politicians
German socialists
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
People from Lubań County
Deutscher Memorial Prize winners
Anti-Stalinist left
People convicted of treason against East Germany

Rudolf Bahro


شارع ساي تشوي يونغ عباراة عن شارعين بمنطقة كولون في هونغ كونغ , وعلى الرغم من أنهما شارعان لكنهما يجمعان في شارع واحد حيث لايربط بينهما سوى مركز الشرطة مونغ كوك .

نبذة تاريخية

الشارع كان عبارة عن مزرعة للبقلة في قرية مونغ كونغ، سنة 1924 ومع مرور الوقت بدأ تبنى في القرية مباني عالية، قبل أن يتم بناء مركز للشرطة فيه ويتم توسيعه من الشمال والجنوب ليصبح بهذا الشكل .

مراجع

شوارع في هونغ كونغ
مونغ كوك
طرقات في كولون

شارع ساي تشوي يونغ


Cannon City is an unincorporated community in Cannon City Township, Rice County, Minnesota, United States, five miles northeast of Faribault.

The community is located at the junction of Rice County Road 20 (Cannon City Boulevard) and Crystal Lake Trail.

Cannon City was platted in 1855, and named after the nearby Cannon River.

The community of Cannon City was the model for Metropolisville in the novel The Mystery of Metropolisville by Edward Eggleston.

References

Unincorporated communities in Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Rice County, Minnesota

Cannon City, Minnesota


A oitava temporada da série de televisão estadunidense The Flash, que é baseada no personagem Barry Allen / Flash da DC Comics, estreou na The CW em 16 de novembro de 2021. É ambientado no Universo Arrow, compartilhando continuidade com as outras séries de televisão do universo, e é um spin-off de Arrow. A temporada é produzida pela Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television e DC Entertainment, com Eric Wallace atuando como showrunner.

A temporada foi encomendada em 3 de fevereiro de 2021. As filmagens começaram naquele mês de agosto e devem ser concluídas em abril seguinte. Grant Gustin estrela como Barry, com os principais membros do elenco Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Danielle Nicolet, Kayla Compton, Brandon McKnight e Jesse L. Martin também retornando de temporadas anteriores.

Episódios

Elenco e personagens

Principal

 Grant Gustin como Barry Allen / Flash
 Candice Patton como Iris West-Allen
 Jesse L. Martin como Capitão Joe West
 Danielle Nicolet como Meta-Advogada Cecile Horton
 Danielle Panabaker como Dra. Caitlin Snow / Nevasca
 Kayla Compton como Allegra Garcia
 Brandon McKnight como Chester P. Runk

Recorrente

 Jordan Fisher como Bart West-Allen / Impulso
 Jessica Parker Kennedy como Nora West-Allen / XS
 Tony Curran como Despero
 Jordan Fisher como Bart Allen / Impulso
 Carmen Moore como Kristen Kramer
 John Wesley Shipp como Jay Garrick / Flash

Convidados Especiais
 Brandon Routh como Ray Palmer
 Rachel Drance as Taylor
 Lindy Booth as Vanya
 Shayan Bayat as Aariz
 Agam Darshi as Queen
 Ryan Jefferson Booth as King
 Morena Baccarin a voz da Gideon
 Kandyse McClure as Xotar
 Chyler Leigh como Alex Danvers / Sentinela
 Cress Williams como Jefferson Pierce / Raio Negro
 Javicia Leslie como Ryan Wilder / Batwoman
 Osric Chau como Ryan Choi/ The Atom
 Tom Cavanagh como Eobard Thawne / Flash-Reverso / Flash
 Neal McDonough como Damien Darhk
 Katherine McNamara como Mia Queen / Arqueiro Verde
 Courtney Ford como Nora Darhk
 Rick Cosnett como Eddie Thawne
 Max Adler como Jaco Birch / Hotness
 Robbie Amell como Ronnie Raymond / Firestorm
 Mika Abdalla as Tinya Wazzo / Phantom Girl

Produção

Desenvolvimento
A temporada foi anunciada em 3 de fevereiro de 2021, junto com 11 outras séries da CW, incluindo Batwoman e Legends of Tomorrow.

Roteiro
Falando sobre os eventos da temporada, o showrunner Eric Wallace disse que Barry Allen/The Flash se tornaria "o líder de equipe mais confiante, incrivelmente poderoso e seguro". Wallace então comentou que a série voltaria ao relacionamento de Barry e Iris West-Allen. Wallace deu a entender que relacionamentos múltiplos, incluindo Joe West e Cecile Horton, seriam explorados e aprofundados na temporada, bem como que Kristen Kramer e August Heart podem retornar nesta temporada.

O formato de história em quadrinhos da série continuará na oitava temporada. Wallace observou que uma das histórias em quadrinhos apresentaria um novo vilão que é "um sujeito muito assustador e, quando ele aparecer, podemos mergulhar os pés no mundo do horror e do sobrenatural". Em setembro de 2021, Wallace revelou que Joe West "terá uma perspectiva incrivelmente diferente da vida, e isso o levará a uma grande escolha."

Wallace também revelou que o enjoo de Iris será tratado após "Armagedom", e que resolvê-lo é "uma grande parte de toda a temporada, e levará toda a temporada para resolver isso. E isso terá grandes ramificações para Relacionamento e casamento de Barry e Iris."

Elenco
A estrela da série Grant Gustin retorna no papel-título de Barry Allen/The Flash. Em maio de 2021, não estava claro se Candice Patton e Danielle Panabaker retornariam, uma vez que ainda estavam "negociando novos acordos para retornar". Um mês depois, as duas atrizes, junto com Jesse L. Martin, fecharam seus negócios. Danielle Nicolet retorna como Cecile Horton. Em agosto de 2021, foi anunciado que as aparições convidadas para o evento "Armageddon incluiriam Tom Cavanagh como Eobard Thawne/Flash Reverso, Javicia Leslie como Batwoman, Brandon Routh como The Atom, Cress Williams como Jefferson Pierce/Black lighting, Chyler Leigh como Sentinel, Katherine McNamara como Mia Queen, Osric Chau como Ryan Choi e Neal McDonough como Damien Darhk, com Tony Curran se juntando ao elenco como Despero logo depois em uma capacidade não revelada. Courtney Ford participa como Nora Darhk no quinto episódio, enquanto Katie Cassidy, Juliana Harkavy e Ben Lewis aparecem por meio de imagens de arquivo como Laurel Lance, Dinah Drake e William Clayton.

Em outubro de 2021, foi anunciado que Rick Cosnett repetiria seu papel como Eddie Thawne em um episódio de flashback singular após o evento "Armageddon". Em novembro de 2021, foi anunciado que Max Adler seria ator convidado como Jaco Birch/Hotness em um episódio da quarta temporada. Mais tarde naquele mês, foi anunciado que Robbie Amell voltaria como Ronnie Raymond/Firestorm para dois episódios. Em dezembro de 2021, a novata Mika Abdalla foi anunciada como Tinya Wazzo/Phantom Girl.

Filmagem
As filmagens começaram em 16 de agosto de 2021 e estão programadas para terminar em 25 de abril de 2022.

Conexão com Arrowverso
Os primeiro cinco episódios da temporada foram episódios de eventos cruzados, apresentando outros atores e heróis do Arrowverse. O presidente da CW, Mark Pedowitz, disse que os episódios "não seriam exatamente um crossover, mas teriam uma sensação de crossover". Uma dessas aparições potenciais foi Cress Williams, reprisando seu papel da série Arrowverse Black Lightning como Jefferson Pierce/Black Lightning, que indicou em maio de 2021 que havia sido abordado para fazer uma aparição especial na temporada e estava em negociações para aparecer. Williams disse que estava "deprimido" para aparecer, já que gostava de fazer parte da "Crisis on Infinite Earths, ele e Gustin se cruzou e sentiu que se davam bem durante as cenas juntos. Pedowitz também indicou na época que outros atores também haviam sido abordados. Reelaborando em julho de 2021, Wallace disse que o evento de cinco episódios não seria como um crossover típico de Arrowverse, observando que "Eu acho que isso dará às pessoas aquela sensação de escopo que você às vezes sente - tanto emocionalmente quanto nas sequências de ação - com um crossover, sem realmente ter 20 personagens em uma cena." Restrições foram postas em prática devido a pandemia COVID-19 que limitaram algumas opções da tripulação. Em agosto de 2021, foi anunciado que o evento de crossover seria conhecido como "Armageddon", com vários heróis e vilões do Arrowverse retornando. Wallace descreveu o evento com "os episódios Flash mais emocionantes de todos os tempos", com "alguns momentos verdadeiramente épicos e grandes surpresas".

Marketing
No evento virtual DC FanDome 2021, em outubro de 2021, as estrelas Grant Gustin e Candice Patton revelaram as novas botas douradas como parte do traje da nova temporada. O primeiro trailer do evento "Armageddon" foi lançado em 19 de outubro de 2021, três dias após DC FanDome. O pôster oficial foi lançado em 3 de novembro de 2021.

Lançamento
A temporada estreou na The CW em 16 de novembro de 2021.

Duas semanas antes da estreia, em 5 de novembro de 2021, a CW anunciou sua programação de meia temporada para seus shows, anunciando que depois de "Armageddon", The Flash iria ao ar às quartas-feiras a partir de 9 de março de 2022. Antes da estreia da temporada, Eric Wallace confirmou que a temporada teria apenas 18 episódios.

Avaliações

Temporadas de séries de televisão
The Flash (2014)

The Flash (8.ª temporada)


The Fairey Barracuda was a British carrier-borne torpedo and dive bomber designed by Fairey Aviation. It was the first aircraft of this type operated by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) to be fabricated entirely from metal.

The Barracuda was developed as a replacement for the Fairey Albacore biplanes. Development was protracted due to the original powerplant intended for the type, the Rolls-Royce Exe, being cancelled. It was replaced by the less powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. On 7 December 1940, the first Fairey prototype conducted its maiden flight. Early testing revealed it to be somewhat underpowered. However, the definitive Barracuda Mk II had a more powerful model of the Merlin engine, while later versions were powered by the larger and even more powerful Rolls-Royce Griffon engine. The type was ordered in bulk to equip the FAA. In addition to Fairey's own production line, Barracudas were also built by Blackburn Aircraft, Boulton Paul, and Westland Aircraft.

The type participated in numerous carrier operations during the conflict, being deployed in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean against the Germans, Italians, and Japanese respectively during the latter half of the war.  One of the Barracuda's most noteworthy engagements was a large-scale attack upon the German battleship Tirpitz on 3 April 1944. In addition to the FAA, the Barracuda was also used by the Royal Air Force, the Royal Canadian Navy, the Dutch Naval Aviation Service and the French Air Force. After its withdrawal from service during the 1950s, no intact examples of the Barracuda were preserved despite its once-large numbers, although the Fleet Air Arm Museum has ambitions to assemble a full reproduction.

Design and development

Background
In 1937 the British Air Ministry issued Specification S.24/37, which sought a monoplane torpedo bomber to satisfy Operational Requirement OR.35. The envisioned aircraft was a three-seater that would possess a high payload capacity and a high maximum speed.  Six submissions were received by the Air Ministry, from which the designs of Fairey and Supermarine (Type 322) were selected. A pair of prototypes of each design were ordered. On 7 December 1940, the first Fairey prototype conducted its maiden flight. The Supermarine Type 322 did not fly until 1943 and, as the Barracuda was already in production by then, its development did not progress further.

The Barracuda was a shoulder-wing cantilever monoplane  It had a retractable undercarriage and non-retracting tailwheel. The hydraulically-actuated main landing gear struts were of an "L" shape which retracted into a recess in the side of the fuselage and the wing, with the wheels within the wing. A flush arrestor hook was fitted directly ahead of the tail wheel. It was operated by a crew of three, who were seated in a tandem arrangement under a continuous-glazed canopy. The pilot had a sliding canopy while the other two crew members' canopy was hinged. The two rear-crew had alternate locations in the fuselage, the navigator's position having bay windows below the wings for downward visibility. The wings were furnished with large Fairey-Youngman flaps which doubled as dive brakes. Originally fitted with a conventional tail, flight tests suggested that stability would be improved by mounting the stabiliser higher, similar to a T-tail, an arrangement that was implemented on the second prototype. For carrier stowage the wings folded back horizontally at the roots; the small vertical protrusions on the upper wingtips held hooks that attached to the tailplane.

The Barracuda had originally been intended to be powered by the Rolls-Royce Exe X block, sleeve valve engine, but production of this powerplant was problematic and eventually abandoned, which in turn delayed the prototype's trials. Instead, it was decided to adopt the lower-powered 12-cylinder V-type Rolls-Royce Merlin Mark 30 engine (1,260 hp/940 kW) to drive a three-bladed de Havilland propeller and the prototypes eventually flew with this configuration. Experiences gained from the prototype's flight testing, as well as operations with the first production aircraft, designated Barracuda Mk I, revealed the aircraft to be underpowered which apparently resulted from the weight of extra equipment that had been added since the initial design phase. Only 23 Barracuda Mk Is were constructed, including five by Westland Aircraft. These aircraft were only used for trials and conversion training.

Carrier landing the Barracuda was relatively straightforward due to a combination of the powerful flaps/airbrakes fitted to the aircraft and good visibility from the cockpit. Retracting the airbrakes at high speeds whilst simultaneously applying rudder would cause a sudden change in trim, which could throw the aircraft into an inverted dive. Incidents of this occurrence proved fatal on at least five occasions during practice torpedo runs; once the problem was identified, appropriate pilot instructions were issued prior to the aircraft entering carrier service.

Further development
The definitive version of the aircraft was the Barracuda Mk II which had the more powerful  Merlin 32 driving a four-bladed propeller. A total of 1,688 Mk IIs were manufactured by several companies, including Fairey (at Stockport and Ringway) (675), Blackburn Aircraft (700), Boulton Paul (300), and Westland (13). The Barracuda Mk II carried the metric wavelength ASV II (Air to Surface Vessel) radar, with the Yagi-Uda antennae carried above the wings.

The Barracuda Mk III was a Mk II optimised for anti-submarine work; changes included the replacement of the metric wavelength ASV set by a centimetric ASV III variant, the scanner for which was housed in a blister under the rear fuselage. 852 Barracuda Mk IIIs were eventually produced, 460 by Fairey and 392 by Boulton Paul.

The Barracuda Mk IV never left the drawing board. The next and final variant was the Barracuda Mk V, in which the Merlin was replaced with the larger Rolls-Royce Griffon engine. The increased power and torque of the Griffon necessitated various changes, which included the enlargement of the vertical stabiliser and  increased wing span with tips being clipped. The first Barracuda Mk V, which was converted from a Mk II, did not fly until 16 November 1944. Fairey had only built 37 aircraft before the war in Europe was over.

Early Merlin 30-powered Barracuda Mk 1s were deemed to be underpowered and suffered from a poor rate of climb, but once airborne the type proved relatively easy to fly. During October 1941, trials of the Barracuda Mk 1 were conducted at RAF Boscombe Down, which found that the aircraft possessed an overall weight of 12,820 lb (5,830 kg) when equipped with 1,566 lb (712 kg) torpedo. At this weight the Mk 1 had a maximum speed of 251 mph (405 km/h) at , a climb to  took 19.5 minutes, with a maximum climb rate of 925 ft/min (4.7 m/s) at 8,400 ft (2,560 m), and a service ceiling of .

The later Barracuda Mk II had the more powerful Merlin 32, providing a 400 hp (300 kW) increase in power. During late 1942 testing of the Mk II was performed at RAF Boscombe Down. When flown by naval test pilot Lieutenant Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner at 14,250 lb (6,477 kg) it achieved a climb to  in 13.6 minutes, with a maximum climb rate of 840 ft/min (4.3 m/s) at 5,200 ft and an effective ceiling of . During June 1943, further testing at Boscombe Down by test pilot Baker-Falkner demonstrated a maximum range while carrying either a 1,630 lb (750 kg) torpedo or a single 2,000 lb bomb (909 kg), of 840 statute miles (1,360 km), and a practical range of 650 statute miles (1,050 km), while carrying 6 x 250 lb (114 kg) bombs reduced the range to 780 miles (1,260 km) and 625 miles (1,010 km), respectively.

During the earlier part of its service life the Barracuda suffered a fairly high rate of unexplained fatal crashes, often involving experienced pilots. Experienced test pilot Baker-Falkner was brought in to address the issues and boost morale amongst operational squadrons. During 1945 the cause was traced to small leaks developing in the hydraulic system. The most common point for such a leak to happen was at the point of entry to the pilot's pressure gauge and was situated such that the resulting spray was directed straight into the pilot's face. The chosen hydraulic fluid contained ether and, as the aircraft were only rarely equipped with oxygen masks and few aircrew wore them below 10,000 ft/3,000 m anyway, the pilot quickly became unconscious during such a leak, inevitably leading to a crash. At the end of May 1945 an Admiralty order was issued that required all examples of the type to be fitted with oxygen as soon as possible, and for pilots to use the system at all times.

Operational history

British service

The first Barracudas entered operational service on 10 January 1943 with 827 Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) under the command of Lieutenant Commander Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner, the former Admiralty test pilot at RAF Boscombe Down, who were deployed in the North Atlantic. Eventually a total of 24 front-line FAA squadrons were equipped with Barracudas. While intended to principally function as a torpedo bomber, by the time the Barracuda arrived in quantity relatively little Axis-aligned shipping remained, so it was instead largely used as a dive-bomber. From 1944 onwards, the Barracuda Mk II was accompanied in service by radar-equipped, but otherwise similar, Barracuda Mk IIIs; these were typically used to conduct anti-submarine operations.

The Royal Air Force (RAF) also operated the Barracuda Mk II. During 1943 the first of the RAF's aircraft were assigned to No. 567 Sqn., based at RAF Detling. During 1944 similar models went to various squadrons, including 667 Sqn. at RAF Gosport, 679 Sqn. at RAF Ipswich and 691 Sqn. at RAF Roborough. Between March and July 1945 all of the RAF's Barracudas were withdrawn from service.

During July 1943, the Barracuda first saw action with 810 Squadron aboard  off the coast of Norway; shortly thereafter, the squadron was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to support the landings at Salerno, a critical element of the Allied invasion of Italy. During the following year, the Barracuda entered service in the Pacific Theatre.

As the only British naval aircraft in service stressed for dive bombing following the retirement of the Blackburn Skua the Barracuda participated in Operation Tungsten, an attack on the  while it was moored in Kåfjord, Alta, Norway. On 3 April 1944, Strike Leader Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner led two Naval Air Wings with a total of 42 aircraft dispatched from British carriers  and  scored 14 direct hits on Tirpitz using a combination of  and  bombs for the loss of one bomber. This attack damaged Tirpitz, killing 122 of her crew and injuring 316, as well as disabling the ship for over two months during the critical period leading up to the Normandy invasion. However, the slow speed of the Barracudas contributed to the failure of the subsequent Operation Mascot and Operation Goodwood attacks on Tirpitz during July and August of that year, but were effective as diversionary tactics whilst the Normandy landings in Operation Overlord were underway.

On 21 April 1944 Barracudas of No 827 Squadron aboard Illustrious began operations against Japanese forces. The type participated in air raids on Sabang in Sumatra, known as Operation Cockpit. In the Pacific theatre, the Barracuda's performance was considerably reduced by the prevailing high temperatures; reportedly, its combat radius in the Pacific was reduced by as much as 30%. This diminished performance was a factor in the decision to re-equip the torpedo bomber squadrons aboard the fleet carriers of the British Pacific Fleet with American-built Grumman Avengers.

In the Pacific, a major problem hindering the Barracuda was the need to fly over Indonesian mountain ranges to strike at targets located on the eastern side of Java, which necessitated a high-altitude performance that the Barracuda's low-altitude-rated Merlin 32 engine with its single-stage supercharger could not effectively provide. Additionally, the carriage of maximum underwing bomb loads resulted in additional drag, which further reduced performance. However, the Light Fleet Carriers of the 11th ACS (which joined the BPF in June 1945) were all equipped with a single Barracuda and single Corsair squadron; by Victory over Japan Day, the BPF had a total of five Avenger and four Barracuda squadrons embarked on its carriers.

A number of Barracudas participated in trial flights, during which several innovations were tested, including RATOG rockets for boosting takeoff performance (which ended up being regularly used when operating off escort carriers at high weights), and a braking propeller, which slowed the aircraft by reversing the blade pitch.

Following the end of the conflict, the Barracuda was relegated to secondary roles, for the most part being used as a trainer aircraft. The type continued to be operated by FAA squadrons up until the mid-1950s, by which time the type were withdrawn entirely in favour of the Avengers.

Canadian service
On 24 January 1946, the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) took delivery of 12 radar-equipped Barracuda Mk II aircraft; this was a Canadian designation, in British service these aircraft were referred to as the Barracuda Mk. III. The first acquired aircraft were assigned to the newly-formed 825 Sqn. aboard aircraft carrier HMCS Warrior. The majority of Canadian aircraft mechanics had served during the war and had been deployed on numerous British aircraft carriers, notably  and  which, along with some Canadian pilots, the RCN crewed and operated on behalf of the RN. During 1948, the Warrior was paid off and returned to Britain along with the Barracuda aircraft.

Variants
Barracuda Two prototypes (serial numbers P1767 and P1770) based on the Fairey Type 100 design.
Mk I First production version, Rolls-Royce Merlin 30 engine with 1,260 hp (940 kW), 30 built
Mk II Upgraded Merlin 32 engine with 1,640 hp (1,225 kW), four-bladed propeller, ASV II radar, 1,688 built
Mk III Anti-submarine warfare version of Mk II with ASV III radar in a blister under rear fuselage, 852 built
Mk IV Mk II (number P9976) fitted with a Rolls-Royce Griffon engine with 1,850 hp (1,380 kW), first flight 11 November 1944, abandoned in favour of Fairey Spearfish.
Mk V Griffon 37 engine with 2,020 hp (1,510 kW), payload increased to 2,000 lb (910 kg), ASH radar under the left wing, revised tailfin, 37 built

Operators

 Royal Canadian Navy

 French Air Force - Postwar

Dutch Naval Aviation Service in exile in the United Kingdom
No.860 Squadron (Dutch) Fleet Air Arms

 Fleet Air Arm

810 Naval Air Squadron
812 Naval Air Squadron
814 Naval Air Squadron
815 Naval Air Squadron
816 Naval Air Squadron
817 Naval Air Squadron
818 Naval Air Squadron
820 Naval Air Squadron
821 Naval Air Squadron
822 Naval Air Squadron
823 Naval Air Squadron
824 Naval Air Squadron
825 Naval Air Squadron
826 Naval Air Squadron
827 Naval Air Squadron
828 Naval Air Squadron
829 Naval Air Squadron
830 Naval Air Squadron
831 Naval Air Squadron
831 Naval Air Squadron
837 Naval Air Squadron
841 Naval Air Squadron
847 Naval Air Squadron
860 Naval Air Squadron
700 Naval Air Squadron
701 Naval Air Squadron
702 Naval Air Squadron
703 Naval Air Squadron
705 Naval Air Squadron
706 Naval Air Squadron
707 Naval Air Squadron
710 Naval Air Squadron
711 Naval Air Squadron
713 Naval Air Squadron
714 Naval Air Squadron
716 Naval Air Squadron
717 Naval Air Squadron
719 Naval Air Squadron
731 Naval Air Squadron
733 Naval Air Squadron
735 Naval Air Squadron
736 Naval Air Squadron
737 Naval Air Squadron
744 Naval Air Squadron
747 Naval Air Squadron
750 Naval Air Squadron
753 Naval Air Squadron
756 Naval Air Squadron
764 Naval Air Squadron
767 Naval Air Squadron
768 Naval Air Squadron
769 Naval Air Squadron
774 Naval Air Squadron
778 Naval Air Squadron
783 Naval Air Squadron
785 Naval Air Squadron
786 Naval Air Squadron
787 Naval Air Squadron
796 Naval Air Squadron
798 Naval Air Squadron
799 Naval Air Squadron

 Royal Air Force
 No. 567 Squadron RAF
 No. 618 Squadron RAF
 No. 667 Squadron RAF
 No. 679 Squadron RAF
 No. 691 Squadron RAF

Surviving aircraft
Over 2,500 Barracudas were delivered to the FAA, more than any other type ordered by the Royal Navy at that date. However, unlike numerous other aircraft of its era, none were retained for posterity and no complete examples of the aircraft exist today.

Since the early 1970s, the Fleet Air Arm Museum has been collecting Barracuda components from a wide variety of sources throughout the British Isles; it has the long-term aim of rebuilding an example.
In 2010, help was sought from the team rebuilding Donald Campbell's record-breaking speed boat, Bluebird, as the processes and skills involved were related to those needed to recreating the aircraft from the crashed remains, so between May 2013 and February 2015 'The Barracuda Project' operated as a sister project to the Bluebird rebuild. The tail section of  LS931 was reconstructed using only original material. During September 2014, the wreckage of a rear fuselage was delivered to the workshops to undergo the same processes. In February 2015, the Barracuda sections were transported back to the Fleet Air Arm Museum, where the work continues.

During 2018 the wreckage of a Fairey Barracuda was discovered by engineers surveying the seabed for an electricity cable between England and France. According to Wessex Archaeology it is the only example of the type to have ever been found in one piece and represents the last of its kind in the UK. During 2019 the wreckage was successfully recovered and it was intended at that time to be reassembled and transported to the Fleet Air Arm Museum for preservation.

Specifications (Barracuda Mk II)

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Bishop, Chris (Ed) "The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II." Orbis Publishing Ltd, 1998. .
 Brown, Eric, CBE, DCS, AFC, RN.; William Green, and Gordon Swanborough. "Fairey Barracuda". Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980, pp. 99–108. .
 Brown, J. David. Fairey Barracuda Mks. I-V (Aircraft in profile 240). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972.
 Brown, David. HMS Illustrious Aircraft Carrier 1939-1956: Operational History  (Warship Profile 11). London: Profile Publications, 1971.
 Fredriksen, John C. International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000. ABC-CLIO, 2001. .
 Hadley, D. Barracuda Pilot. London: AIRlife Publishing, 2000. .
 Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. .
 Harrison, W.A. Fairey Barracuda, Warpaint No.35. Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: Hall Park Books Ltd., 2002.
 Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. .
 Kilbracken, Lord. Bring Back my Stringbag. London, Pan Books Ltd., 1980 (also London: Peter Davies Ltd, 1979), .
 Lewis, Peter. Squadron Histories: R.F.C., R.N.A.S. and R.A.F. 1912–59. London: Putnam, 1959.
 Mason, Tim. The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down, 1939-1945. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 1998. .
 Smith, Peter C. Dive Bomber!: Aircraft, Technology, and Tactics in World War II. Stackpole Books, 2008.
 Taylor, H.A. Fairey Aircraft Since 1915. London: Putnam, 1974. .
 Thetford, Owen. British Naval Aircraft since 1912. London: Putnam, Fifth edition, 1982. .
 Willis, Matthew. "Database: The Fairey Barracuda." Aeroplane Monthly, May 2009, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 57–77.

External links

 The Barracuda Project Barracuda restoration project
 The Fairey Swordfish, Albacore, & Barracuda
 Newsreel film of the Barracuda's attack on Tirpitz
 Newsreel about the life and death of the Tirpitz showing the Barracuda in action

1940s British bomber aircraft
World War II British bombers
Carrier-based aircraft
Barracuda
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
World War II torpedo bombers
World War II dive bombers

Fairey Barracuda


Le phare de Prong est un phare situé à l'extrémité sud de Bombay (aujourd'hui Mumbai), en Inde, dans la région de Colaba (Navy Nagar). Il a été construit en 1875 par Thomas Ormiston au prix de 620255 roupies. Il s'agit d'une tour circulaire de 41 mètres de haut avec une base de 23 mètres de diamètre. Le faisceau peut être vu à une distance de 30 kilomètres (19 milles marins). C'est l'un des trois phares de la ville. La tour est peinte en trois bandes horizontales, respectivement rouge, blanche et noire. Pendant la domination britannique, le phare avait un canon pour sécuriser la baie. Le phare a un accès restreint car il est terrain militaire. Il n'est accessible qu'à marée basse avec une autorisation spéciale de la marine indienne.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 The lighthouses of Mumbai harbour - Timestravel Article
 Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships

Phare en Inde
Bombay

Phare de Prong


Transgas bezeichnet:
 RWE Transgas, ein Gashandelsunternehmen in Tschechien
 Transgas-Pipeline, eine Erdgaspipeline von der Ukraine über die Slowakei und Tschechien nach Österreich und Deutschland
 Transgas (Kanada) (eigene Schreibweise TransGas), eine Erdgaspipeline sowie das betreibende Unternehmen in Saskatchewan, Kanada
 Transgas Flüssiggas Transport und Logistik GmbH & Co. KG, ein deutsches Unternehmen für Transport und Handel von Flüssiggas

Siehe auch:
Transgaz

Transgas


L'équipe de France dispute en 2022 les qualifications deux compétitions majeures, la Coupe du monde 2022  etle championnat d'Europe 2023, sous la conduite de Jean-Aimé Toupane, entraîneur nommé en octobre 2021.

Contexte

Qualifications pour pour la Coupe du monde 2022

Le 3 janvier, le comité de sélection composé de Jacques Commères (Directeur de la Performance et des Équipes de France), Céline Dumerc (General Manager) et Jean-Aimé Toupane (entraîneur de l'Équipe de France féminine), convoque seize joueuses pour le tournoi de qualification pour la Coupe du monde 2022 organisé à Belgrade du 10 au 13 février.

Parmi les convoquées, on retrouve l'ossature de l'équipe olympique (10 des 12 joueuses présentes à Tokyo). Les jeunes Kendra Chéry et Assitan Koné sont pour la première fois appelées en stage, alors que Marième Badiane y fait son retour après une pause maternité. Convoquées l'an passé, Ornella Bankolé et Aby Gaye ne sont pas appelées, pas plus que la franco-américaine Bria Hartley de retour de blessure. Fin janvier, Alix Duchet blessée est remplacée par Lisa Berkani. D'autres forfaits sont enregistrés en février : touchée par la Covid Sarah Michel est remplacée par Sara Chevaugeon ; Nwal-Endéné Miyem blessée à la cheville, Sandrine Gruda au genou. En l'absence de Gruda et Miyem, c'est Alexa Chartereau qui est désignée capitaine.

Parmi les 14 joueuses restantes, seules Assitan Koné et Caroline Hériaud ne sont pas retenues et doivent quitter Belgrade : ce sont les premières titularisations de Lisa Berkani (5 sélections) et de Kendra Chéry (aucune), le retour d'Olivia Époupa et de Marième Badiane, la confirmation de Mamignan Touré (2 sélections) dans le groupe de base de Jean-Aimé Toupane alors que la France est privée de cinq éléments majeurs des campagnes 2021 : Endy Miyem, Sandrine Gruda, Valériane Vukosavljević, Alix Duchet et Sarah Michel.

Les Françaises sont opposées successivement au Mali, au Nigeria et à la Chine, les trois premières équipes du groupe étant qualifiées. en vertu d'un contrat signé avec France Télévisions, les trois rencontres sont diffusées en direct sur France 4.

 Entraîneur : Jean-Aimé Toupane
 Assistants :  Cathy Melain, David Gautier, Grégory Halin

Dans la première rencontre la France s'impose de justesse contre le Mali emmené par la jeune Sika Koné (26 points à 10 sur 10 aux tirs et 9 rebonds), 19 ans et leader de son équipe. Les Françaises ont pu compter sur leur adresse à longue distance (14/27) mais ont perdu 29 balles pour seulement 19 passes décisives. Grâce à la défaite du Mali face à la Chine (84-64), la France se qualifie malgré une défaite 65 à 67 face aux Nigérianes. Après avoir dominé le premier quart temps 28 à 11, les Françaises ont perdu les trois suivants pour s'incliner de deux points face aux coéquipières de Victoria Macaulay (19 points à 7/11 aux tirs, 4 rebonds et 4 passes décisives pour 26 d'évaluation en 28 minutes) avec encore 29 pertes de balles et une adresse à trois points qui leur a cette fois fait défaut (9 sur 28 avec 3 sur 10 pour Johannes, 1 sur 4 pour Williams et 0 sur 2 pour Touré).

Coupe du monde 2022

L'équipe de France est assez largement renouvelée, devant composer avec les forfaits pour blessure d'Endy Miyem et d'Alix Duchet, de la retraite de Diandra Tchatchouang et la pause de Valériane Vukosavljević.

La présélection comporte 22 joueuses, sachant que trois joueuses (Gabby Williams, Marine Johannès et Iliana Rupert) ne prendront pas part au début de la préparation en raison de la saison WNBA 2022. Janelle Salaün est convoquée pour la première fois, tandis que la Tarbaise Ana Tadić est appelée pour la première fois dans le groupe après avoir été partenaire d'entraînement en 2021. Deux joueuses sont appelées en tant que partenaires d'entraînement, les prometteuses Pauline Astier et Dominique Malonga, cette dernière étant contrainte de quitter rapidement le groupe en raison de douleurs au genou.

Après le début de rassemblement à l'INSEP, Olivia Époupa « n'est pas déclarée apte pour prendre part à la campagne de préparation [pour] raisons médicales » et doit déclarer forfait. L'encadrement de l'équipe de France décide de convoquer une joueuse supplémentaire, en la personne de la meneuse tarbaise Marie Pardon, appelée pour la première fois en équipe de France sénior. Avant le premier match de préparation, Aby Gaye, touchée au genou, doit déclarer forfait, tout comme Janelle Salaün, gênée au poignet ; Tima Pouye est la première joueuse non retenue. Quelques jours après le début du stage à Pau, Ornella Bankolé quitte à son tour le groupe, qui enregistre le retour de Marine Johannès.

Déjà préservée en début de préparation, Sandrine Gruda est contrainte de déclarer forfait avant les matchs de préparation joués à Pau, en raison d'une lésion musculaire au mollet gauche. Sarah Michel devient en son absence la nouvelle capitaine de l'équipe de France, tandis qu'Alexia Chartereau demeure vice-capitaine.

Avant le match de préparation contre la Belgique à Pau, le groupe est réduit à quinze joueuses, Sara Chevaugeon et Caroline Hériaud étant ainsi libérées.

La liste des douze joueuses retenues pour la Coupe du Monde est révélée la veille du dernier match de préparation contre les États-Unis : Marie Pardon, Assitan Koné, Mamignan Touré et Pauline Astier sont les dernières joueuses à quitter le groupe, tandis qu'Iliana Rupert, retenue par les finales WNBA, n'aura disputé aucun match de préparation.

Deux jours avant le début de la compétition, Marine Johannès est contrainte de déclarer forfait en raison d'une lésion musculaire à la cuisse droite et est remplacée par Mamignan Touré. Ainsi, cinq joueuses (Lisa Berkani, Kendra Chéry, Marie-Ève Paget, Ana Tadić et Mamignan Touré) disputent leur premier tournoi en équipe nationale, tandis que cinq joueuses majeures médaillées aux Jeux olympiques de Tokyo (Alix Duchet, Marine Johannès, Endy Miyem, Sandrine Gruda et Valériane Vukosavljević) seront absentes de la compétition.

 Entraîneur : Jean-Aimé Toupane
 Assistants :  Cathy Melain, David Gautier, Grégory Halin

Qualifications pour le championnat d'Europe 2023

Lien interne
 Équipe de France féminine de basket-ball

Références

2022
Basket-ball en France en 2022

Équipe de France féminine de basket-ball en 2022


Underwater hockey (UWH),  (also known as Octopush in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (or pusher).

A key challenge of the game is that players are not able to use breathing devices such as scuba gear whilst playing, they must hold their breath. The game  originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, a founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater hockey is now played worldwide, with the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. The first Underwater Hockey World Championship was held in Canada in 1980 after a false start in 1979 brought about by international politics and apartheid.

History

Originally called "Octopush" (and still known locally by that name in the United Kingdom), the original rules called for teams of eight players (hence "octo-"), a bat reminiscent of a tiny shuffleboard stick called a "pusher" (hence the "-push"), an uncoated lead puck called a "squid", and a goal known at first as a "cuttle" but soon thereafter a "gulley". Apart from 'pusher' and to a lesser extent 'Octopush' much of this original terminology is now consigned to history.

Underwater hockey was started in the United Kingdom by Alan Blake in 1954. Blake was a founder-member of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club (British Sub-Aqua Club No.9), he and other divers including John Ventham, Jack Willis, and Frank Lilleker first played this game in the Guildhall Baths in Portsmouth, United Kingdom.

Despite this, CMAS, the world governing body for underwater hockey, still erroneously maintains on its website that the sport originated with the British Royal Navy in the same time period.

The first rules were tested in a 1954 two-on-two game and Alan Blake made the following announcement in the November 1954 issue of the British Sub-Aqua Club's then-official magazine Neptune: "Our indoor training programme is getting under way, including wet activities other than in baths, and our new underwater game "Octopush". Of which more later when we have worked out the details".

The first Octopush competition was a three-way tournament between teams from Southsea, Bournemouth, and Brighton underwater hockey clubs in early 1955. Southsea won then, and they are still highly ranked at national level today winning 20 out of 52 national championships.

The sport spread to Durban, South Africa in the mid/late 1950s, thanks to the spearfishermen of the Durban Undersea Club (DUC), when dirty summer seas prevented the young bloods from getting their weekly exercise and excitement. The first games were played in the pool of club member Max Doveton. However it soon became so popular that weekly contests were held in a municipal pool. The UK's Octopush used a small paddle to push the puck whilst the South Africans used a mini hockey stick. Whilst the "long stick" version of underwater hockey did spread outside of South Africa, the UK's 'short stick' version ultimately prevailed and is how UWH is universally played now.

In the Americas, the game first came to Canada in 1962 via Norm Leibeck, an unconventional Australian scuba diving instructor and dive shop owner, who introduced the sport to a Vancouver dive club. Ten years later, the Underwater Hockey Association of British Columbia (UHABC) was formed and received support from the BC government.

Underwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966, again because of Norm Leibeck, the same Australian who returned from Canada with his Canadian bride Marlene, and it now attracts players from a wide range of backgrounds there. The first Australian Underwater Hockey Championships were held in Margaret River, Western Australia in 1975. A Women's division was added to the championships in 1981 and a Junior division commenced in 1990.

In Asia, the game first came to the Philippines in the late 1970s through growing awareness of Octopush within the scuba diving community.

Footage from British Pathe of an early game at Aldershot Lido in 1967, and from British Sub-Aqua Club archives, is evidence of the evolution of the sport in terms of equipment and playing style. It can be seen that the game was much slower and the puck was not flicked at all, in contrast to the modern sport where the substantial changes in equipment, team size, and other factors have helped make the game the international sport it is today, with 68 teams from 19  countries competing at the 18th World Championship in 2013 at Eger in Hungary making this the pinnacle in terms of international competition to date.

Geography

Play

Two teams of up to ten players compete, with six players in each team in play at any one time. The remaining four players are continually substituted into play from a substitution area, which may be either on deck or in the water outside the playing area.

Before the start of play the puck is placed in the centre of the pool, and the players wait in the water whilst touching the wall above the goal they are defending. At the start-of-play signal (usually a buzzer or a gong) members of both teams are free to swim anywhere in the play area and try to score by manoeuvring the puck into the opponents' goal using only their stick. Players hold their breath as they dive to the bottom of the pool (a form of dynamic apnoea, as in free-diving). Play continues until either a goal is scored, when players return to their wall to start a new point, or a break in play is signalled by a referee (whether due to a foul, a time-out, or the end of the period of play).

Games consist of two halves of typically ten to fifteen minutes (depending on tournament rules;  20 minutes at World Championship tournaments) and a short half-time interval of usually three minutes. At half time the two teams switch ends.

A typical playing formation is 3-3 (three offensive players or forwards, and three defensive players or backs) of which 3-2-1 (three forwards, two mid-fielders and a back) is a variation. Other options include 2-3-1 (i.e., two forwards, three mid-fielders, and a back), 1-3-2, or 2-2-2. Formations are generally very fluid and are constantly evolving with different national teams being proponents of particular tweaks in formations, such as New Zealand with their 'box' (2-1-2-1) formation. As important to tournament teams' formation strategy is the substitution strategy; substitution errors might result in a foul (too many players in the play area) that can result in a player from the offending team being sent out, or maybe a tactical blunder (with too few defenders in on a play).

There are a number of penalties described in the official underwater hockey rules, ranging from the use of the stick against something (or someone) other than the puck, playing or stopping the puck with something other than the stick, and "blocking" (interposing one's self between a teammate who possesses the puck and an opponent; one is allowed to play the puck but not merely block opponents with one's body). If the penalty is minor, referees award an advantage puck: the team that committed the foul is pushed back  from the puck, while the other team gets free possession. For major penalties such as a dangerous pass (e.g. striking an opponent's head) or intentional or repeated fouls, the referees may eject players for a specified period of time or for the remainder of the game, or even - in the case of very serious or deliberate fouls - for the remainder of a tournament.  A defender committing a serious foul sufficiently close to his own goal may be penalised by the award of a penalty shot or even a penalty goal awarded to the fouled player's team.

Often players who are most successful in this game are strong swimmers, have a great ability to hold and recover their breath, and are able to produce great speed underwater while demonstrating learned skills in puck control. It is also important that they are able to work well with their team members and take full advantage of their individual skills.

Variations of play

4-a-side
4-a-side underwater hockey is when there is four people per team playing at a given time. The teams usually consist of up to eight players with four subs. 4-a-side competitions are usually not very competitive and are not played at an international level. Common examples of 4-a-side competitions are the Hamilton 4-asides (hosted in Hamilton, New Zealand) and Dunedin 4's (hosted in Dunedin, New Zealand).

Equipment

Players wear a diving mask, snorkel and fins, and carry in one (either) hand a short stick or pusher for playing the puck. A full list of equipment is given below:

Swimwear

There are usually no restrictions on swimwear, however baggy trunks or shorts are not recommended as they reduce speed and increase drag in the water. Typical swimwear is swim briefs or jammers for male players and athletic style racerback two-piece swimsuits with drawstring bottoms or one-piece swimsuits for female players.  Additionally, wetsuits are not allowed according to Rule 3.3.8 of the CMAS International Rules for Underwater Hockey, Eleventh Edition.

Mask

A diving mask is used for several reasons:
 Players can equalise their ears (using the Valsalva manoeuvre) as the nose is covered
 Unlike swim goggles, a mask sits outside the eye's orbit, reducing the effects of any impact
 Improved underwater vision
A low-volume mask with minimal protrusion from the face reduces the likelihood of the mask being knocked causing it to leak or flood and temporarily obstruct the player's vision. The published rules require masks to have two lenses to reduce the risk and extent of possible injury from puck impact; the danger of a single lens mask is that the aperture may be large enough to allow a puck to pass through it on impact, and hence into the player's eyes. A number of webbing strap designs are available to replace the original head strap with a non-elastic strap that can reduce the possibility of the player being unmasked.

Snorkel
A snorkel enables players to watch the progress of the game without having to lift their head from the water to breathe. This allows them to keep their position on the surface, ready to join play once they are able. In order to maximise the efficiency of breathing and reduce drag underwater snorkels are often short with a wide bore and may include a drain valve. The published rules mandate that they must not be rigid or have any sharp edges or points.

The snorkel may accommodate an external mouthguard which may be worn in conjunction with, or instead of, an internal mouthguard.

Fins

Fins allow the player to swim faster through the water. A wide variety of fins are used in the sport, but large plastic/rubber composite fins or smaller, stiffer fibreglass or carbon fibre fins are commonplace at competitions. As with any of the equipment, the published rules mandate fins without sharp edges or corners. All sharp edges must be covered up by a protective film or tape to prevent injury. Players are also normally required to use closed-heel fins (without buckles) as a further injury prevention measure.

Even well-fitting full-foot fins can occasionally be pulled off during play, either because of physical contact with something in the playing area or as a result of the power the wearer is transmitting through them into the water. When this occurs, stopping to refit a lost fin takes time and reduces a team to only five players. Fin grips, also known as fin retainers or fin keepers, are triple-strap devices enabling a closed-heel fin to be held more securely on a player's foot. They are worn around the arch, the heel and the instep to try and prevent the wearer's foot from slipping out of the foot-pocket of the fin.

Stick

The stick (also referred to as a pusher) is relatively short and is coloured either white or black to indicate the player's team. The stick may only be held in one hand, which is usually determined by the player's handedness, although players may swap hands during play. The shape of the stick may affect playing style and is often a very personal choice. A wide variety of stick designs are allowed within the constraints of the rules of the game, the principal rules being that the stick (including the handle) must fit into a box of  and that the stick must not be capable of surrounding either the puck or any part of the hand. A rule concerning the minimum radius of edges tries to address the risk of injury should body contact occur. Construction materials may be of wood or plastics and current rules now supersede those that previously required sticks to be homogeneous, although they almost always are anyway. Many underwater hockey players manufacture their own sticks to their preferred shape and style, although there are increasingly more mass-produced designs to suit the majority (such as Bentfish, Britbat, CanAm, Dorsal, Stingray etc.).

Puck

The puck is approximately the size of an ice hockey puck but is made of lead or lead-based material - (adult size weighs , junior ) - and is encapsulated or surrounded by a plastic covering which is usually performance-matched to different pool bottoms (e.g. tiles, concrete etc.) to facilitate good grip on the stick face while preventing excessive friction on the pool bottom. The puck's weight brings it to rest on the pool bottom, though it can be lofted during passes.

Caps

Safety gear includes ear protection, usually in the form of a water polo cap and as a secondary indicator of the player's team (coloured black/dark or white/pale as appropriate). Water referees wear red caps.

Glove

A glove should be worn on the playing hand to protect against pool-bottom abrasion and, in some designs, for protection against puck impact on knuckles and other vulnerable areas, however no rigid protection is permitted. Players may choose to wear a protective glove on both hands, either as additional protection from the pool bottom or, for ambidextrous players, to switch the stick between hands mid-play.  A glove used in competition must be a contrasting colour to the wearer's stick, but not orange which is reserved for referees' gloves - this is so water referees might be able to better distinguish between a pusher making a legal contact with the puck and a hand making an illegal contact with the puck. It is also usually preferred that a players glove is a different colour to the puck. As the puck is usually pink or orange it means players should avoid gloves coloured black, white, red, orange, yellow and pink. A referee at any match or tournament can ask a player to use different kit before they play, hence players should be careful when choosing the colour of their gloves. Blue is often used due to the limitations on glove colours, but others have also been used.

Goal

The goals (or 'gulleys') are  wide and are sited on the pool bottom at opposite ends of the playing area in the centre of the end lines. They consist of a shallow slope leading up to a trough into which the puck may be pushed or flicked.

Goals are commonly constructed from aluminium, galvanised steel or stainless steel. This makes them negatively buoyant and durable in the chlorinated water of swimming pools.

Referees

Officiating the game are two (or three) water referees (i.e. in the pool with full snorkelling gear, and wearing a distinctive red cap, orange gloves and golden yellow shirt) to observe and referee play at the pool bottom, and one or more poolside deck referees to track time (both playing times and penalty times for penalised players), maintain the score, and call fouls (such as excessive number of players in play, failure to start a point from the end of the playing area, or another foul capable of being committed at or noticed from the surface). The deck (chief) referee responds to hand signals given by the water referees to start and stop play, including after an interruption such as a foul or time-out, or indeed to stop play if they themself see a rule infringement.

The Official Rules, which are available for download in PDF form without charge, define (with illustrations) a valid goal, the fouls and signals, the dimensions of the playing area, sticks, and goals, team composition and substitution procedure, and additional rules and arrangements for multi-team tournaments and championships.

Spectators

At a club or training level, underwater hockey is not seen as particularly spectator-friendly. Very few pools have underwater viewing ports, and since the action is all below the surface, an observer would usually have to enter the water to see the skill and complexities of the game. Spectators may either put on mask, fins and snorkel and enter the pool for a view of the playing area, or possibly take advantage of the work of underwater videographers who have recorded major tournaments. Such tournaments often have live footage on large screens for the spectators. The 2006 (Sheffield, England) and 2010 (Durban, South Africa) Underwater Hockey World Championships were screened poolside and simultaneously webcast live to spectators around the world, while the 2008 European Championship in Istanbul, Turkey had excellent video coverage but no live streaming.

Filming the games is challenging even for the experienced videographer, as the players' movements are fast and there are few places on the surface or beneath it which are free from their seemingly frenzied movements. Games are often played width-wise across a 50-metre pool to provide spaces in between simultaneous games for player substitutes, penalty boxes, coaches and camera crews. However, research and development of filming techniques is ongoing.

Organisers of major tournaments are usually the point of contact for acquiring footage of underwater hockey matches. Although no official worldwide repository exists for recorded games, there are many websites and instructional DVDs. A wide variety of related footage can be found on video sharing sites.

Injuries

Since this is an underwater sport, surface spectators may be unaware of just how physical underwater hockey is. Although it is a limited-contact sport, there is a significant risk of injury. Many injuries are typical sports injuries such as sprains, torn muscles and light scratches. More major injuries might include deeper cuts, broken fingers, impacts to the head causing concussion or dental trauma, and there is also a minor risk of life-threatening injury from being struck on the head with the possibility of a major concussion or blackout underwater. There is an obvious risk of drowning if knocked unconscious underwater, but the players are under observation by the referees during competition, and players in any case tend to be very aware of what their teammates are doing or not doing; in practice an unconscious or seriously injured player is likely to be noticed and assisted or rescued very promptly. Personal protective equipment is available to reduce injury risks, and the published rules make items such as gloves, mouth guards and ear guards mandatory. There is a risk of pulmonary capillary stress failure (Hemoptysis) in some players.

International competition
Underwater hockey enjoys popularity in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States,  as well as to a lesser extent in other countries such as Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, China, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Namibia, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, UAE and Zimbabwe.

World Championships

Historically, the Underwater Hockey World Championships have been held every two years since 1980.  At the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) 14th World Underwater Hockey Championship held in August 2006 in Sheffield, England, at the time a record 44 teams from 17 countries competed in six age and gender categories. Participating countries were Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Hungary, France, Italy, Japan, Jersey C.I., the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States.

Subsequent world championships have been  less well-attended including the WAA World Championship held in 2008 in Durban, South Africa, until the 18th CMAS World Championship was held in Eger, Hungary in August 2013. This event once again saw all age and gender divisions, now including men and women in U19, U23, Masters and Elite categories compete. There were 68 teams competing across the eight age/gender divisions from 19 participating countries, making this World Championship the largest competition in the history of the sport to date.  During the 18th World Championships a decision was made by the federations to split the competition into two events with Junior Grades (U19, U23) to be accommodated in a separate event to be held every two years from 2015 with the competition for the Elite and Masters grades in Stellenbosch, South Africa in 2016.

At Elite level New Zealand are the current Men's World Champions, and Australia are the current Women's World Champions.

At Masters level USA are the current Men's World Champions, and France are the current Women's World Champions.

At U24 level Turkey are the current Men's World Champions, and New Zealand are the current Women's World Champions.

At U19 level New Zealand are the current Men's World Champions, and New Zealand are the current Women's World Champions.

European Championships

The Underwater Hockey European Championships are also every two years on alternate years to the world championships.

South East Asian Games

Underwater Hockey was included as a sport for the first time in South East Asia Games in 2019.

Governing bodies

Political turmoil within the CMAS Underwater Hockey Commission (Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques), the underwater hockey world governing body, came to a head soon after the 2006 Underwater Hockey World Championships, resulting in the CMAS Underwater Hockey Commission members resigning en masse and soon thereafter forming an alternative 'world governing body' solely for the sport of UWH, known as the World Aquachallenge Association (WAA), and which was officially ratified at the 1st WAA World Championship in April–May 2008.  Consequently, from this point the UWH community had two world governing bodies, CMAS and WAA.

CMAS has continued to organise international world competitions on a bi-annual basis.  CMAS tried unsuccessfully to hold another World Underwater Games event in 2009 after a successful event in 2007.  These were intended to be multi-disciplinary events thereby grouping UWH with other CMAS-represented sports including fin swimming and underwater rugby.  The 1st World Games were held in Bari, Italy in 2007 while the 2nd was scheduled for Tunisia in 2009 but was cancelled and rescheduled as an UWH-only event held in Kranj, Slovenia during August 2009. It was billed as a World Championship but only one non-European country competed (South Africa); France won the Open division while Great Britain took the Women's title.  In the years in between World Games CMAS holds Zone Championships (e.g. the 15th European Championship in Eger, Hungary during 2017).

WAA attempted to continue with the original World Championship series on a biennial basis during years ending with an even number. The 1st WAA Championships (renumbered; it would have been the CMAS 15th) was held in 2008 in Durban, South Africa. The 2nd competition was scheduled for Medellin, Colombia in August 2010 but it proceeded as an International Event without WAA sanctioning and became the precursor for the development of the independent America's Cup International Tournament.

The European (CMAS) and the rest of the World (WAA) events following the split were held over exactly the same period in 2008 a continent apart. This dichotomy of championships coupled with the real possibility of future sanctions by CMAS on their member countries' organisations and athletes led to many countries being forced to choose which competition to send their team to. As a result, neither competition in 2008 was as well attended as had been the case in previous years, nor as competitive. Subsequently, no WAA sanctioned events have taken place since 2008.  However, in Europe at least, well-organised international tournaments without CMAS or WAA influence (such as at Breda in the Netherlands, Barcelona in Spain, or České Budějovice in the Czech Republic) continue to be regularly attended by a range of club teams from across the continent.

In 2009, a new CMAS Underwater Hockey Commission was appointed for a 4-year period to guide the sport on a technical level and gradually it has reconsolidated the sport and produced a development plan to cope with future growth. The commission continues to work to develop relationships with CMAS Board of Directors and obtain support for its development plan.

As part of this plan the Commission developed an Age Group-based International Championship incorporating Under 19, Under 23 and Masters (Men >35, Women >32) Grades.  This Championship was held in July 2011 in Dordrecht, Netherlands. The event was to be sanctioned by CMAS but the Dutch organising team withdrew their hosting bid and proceeded to host the event successfully with 36 teams participating. As the event was non-compliant with the CMAS Competition procedures, Scotland was able to compete as a separate country rather than within a combined entity as Great Britain.

As the surviving governing body, as of August 2013 CMAS has the following countries and territories affiliated with its Underwater Hockey Commission: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, United States of America.

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Official CMAS UWH Commission page
 Alan Blake - How Octopush was created
 Official WAA web page
 Championship Records
 Underwater Hockey Tourist
 Video of an underwater hockey game USA vs. South Africa at Archive.org

Hockey
Freediving
Sports originating in the United Kingdom
Sports originating in England
Team sports
Mixed-sex sports
Variations of hockey
Stick sports

Underwater hockey


La entrada Yichun puede referirse a.

Yichun. Ciudad-prefectura en la provincia de Heilongjiang;
Yichun. Ciudad-prefectura en la provincia de Jiangxi; o
Yichun. Dialecto del Chino gan.

Yichun (desambiguación)


Pando (llamada oficialmente San Xoán de Pando) es una parroquia y una aldea española del municipio de Becerreá, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por dos entidades de población:
 Pando
Veiga (A Veiga)

Demografía

Parroquia

Aldea

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Becerreá
Localidades de Becerreá
Localidades de la provincia de Lugo

Pando (Becerreá)


Glod (nórdico antiguo: Glöð que significa "brasas brillantes") es una legendaria reina de los jotuns (gigantes) que aparece en la saga nórdica Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar. Hija de Grímr de Grímsgarðr en Jötunheim y esposa de Logi, con quien tuvo dos hijas muy hermosas, Eisa y Eimyrja.

Véase también
 Fornjót

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Flateyjarbok: En samling af Norske Konge-saegar, 3 Vols. Ed. Guðbrandur Vigfússon and Unger, C. R. (1860–1868). Christiania [Oslo]: P. T. Mallings forlagsboghandel.
 Anderson, Rasmus B. (1877). Viking Tales of the North. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co.
 Anderson, Rasmus B. (1880). The Younger Edda. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co.

Jotuns

Glod


Emilie Linder (11 octobre 1797 - 12 février 1867) est une peintre et mécène suisse.

Jeunesse et formation
Sophia Emilie Linder naît le 11 octobre 1797 à Bâle, en Suisse, la fille du peintre Franz Lukas Linder et d'Anna Maria Dienast. Les Linders sont une famille établie bâloise de fabricants textiles. Elevée dans la foi protestante, elle devient orpheline à quinze ans. Son grand-père, Johann Konrad Dienast-Burckhardt, la prend sous sa protection et encourage son talent pour l'art.

Elle est courtisée par Franz Xaver von Baader et Clemens Brentano mais n'épousera aucun d'eux. En 1831, le premier lui dédiera ses Quarante phrases d'un érotique religieux.

En 1825, Emilie Linder voyage en Italie du Nord et du Centre avec Joseph Schlotthauer et sa femme. Entre 1828 et 1831, elle s'installe à Rome et étudie les peintres italiens. En Italie, elle se lie d'amitié avec Johann Friedrich Overbeck, chef du mouvement nazaréen des peintres chrétiens romantiques allemands.

In 1832, elle s'installe définitivement à Munich où elle se fait connaître comme peintre et tient un salon intellectuel et artistique.

Peintures

Elle est l'une des principales correspondantes de Clemens Brentano durant ses années de réclusion à l'Abbaye de Münster. En 1860, Ernst von Lasaulx lui dédie son ouvrage Philosophie des beaux-arts.

Héritage
En 1847, Emilie Linder fait don de toute sa collection d'art, y compris de nombreuses peintures nazaréennes majeures, à la galerie d'art publique de Bâle. Ces œuvres sont exposées ensuite au Kunstmuseum (Bâle).

Elle fait également don d'une fortune considérable au diocèse catholique de Bâle, ce qui permet de faire construire la première église catholique de la ville après la Réforme : l'.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1797
Décès en février 1867
Peintre suisse du XIXe siècle
Femme peintre suisse
Mécène suisse
Décès à 69 ans

Emilie Linder


Bhavra es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Jhabua, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Historia

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 369  a 415 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 10 820 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Bhavra


Cymbarieae, tribus volovotkovki, dio reda medićolike (Lamiales). Postoji pet rodova sa 11 vrsta.

Rodovi
 Siphonostegia Benth. (3 spp.)
 Schwalbea L. (1 sp.)
 Monochasma Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. (2 spp.)
 Cymbaria L. (3 spp.)
 Bungea C. A. Mey. (2 spp.)

Izvori

Volovotkovke

Cymbarieae


Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff ( - ) est un homme politique britannique, député de Basingstoke en 1934-1935. Membre du Parti conservateur, il est connu pour sa proximité avec l'extrême-droite.

Biographie
Arrière-petit-fils du missionnaire protestant Joseph Wolff, Henry Drummond Wolff rejoint le Parti conservateur et devient député de Basingstoke entre 1934 et 1935. En dépit de ses propres origines juives, Henry Drummond Wolff affiche des opinions profondément antisémites et soutient financièrement la British Union of Fascists. Pendant les années 1930, Henry Drummond Wolff visite plusieurs fois l'Allemagne nazie et devient un intermédiaire non-officiel entre Londres et Berlin.

Naissance en juillet 1899
Décès en février 1982
Député du Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni)
Décès à 82 ans

Henry Drummond Wolff


Claude Monet pictând în atelierul său sau Monet în barca sa este o pictură în ulei pe pânză din 1874 a pictorului francez Édouard Manet. Pictura îl prezintă pe prietenu său, Claude Monet pictând în "barca sa atelier" alături de soția sa. Aceasta era o barcă veche pe care Monet a cumpărat-o în jurul anului 1871 sau 1872, de pe care a remarcat lumina de pe Sena - Daubigny avea și o el o barcă-atelier numită Bottin. Împreună cu Familia Monet în grădina lor și Argenteuil, a fost unul dintr-o serie de tablouri realizate în timpul unei veri pe care Manet a petrecut-o alături de Monet. Lucrarea se află acum în Neue Pinakothek.

Note

Picturi din 1874
Picturi realizate de Édouard Manet

Claude Monet pictând în atelierul său