الشيخ عبد المعز عبد الستار أحمد عضو الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين وأحد دعاة الإخوان المسلمين المعروفين في مصر وقطر، وأول من أرسله حسن البنا من الإخوان إلي فلسطين عام 1946. توفي الشيخ يوم الأربعاء 13 أبريل 2011 وصُلي عليه صلاة الجنازة في مقبرة بوهامور بدولة قطر عصر الخميس 14 أبريل 2011.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 عبد المعز عبد الستار، إخوان ويكي
 أغبطه وهم يدفنونه!، صحيفة المصريون، 18 أبريل 2011
 الشيخ عبد المعز عبد الستار: كنتُ أول من أرسله الإمام الشهيد حسن البنّا إلى فلسطين، مجلة المجتمع، 9 أغسطس 2008م
 الشيخ عبد المعز عبد الستار : بعض سرايا العصابات الصهيونية تدربت في مصر على أيدي الإنجليز !، مجلة المجتمع، 16 أغسطس 2008م

أعضاء مكتب إرشاد الإخوان المسلمين
إخوان مسلمون قطريون
إخوان مسلمون مصريون
علماء دين سنة مصريون
مواليد 1916
وفيات 1432 هـ
وفيات 2011

عبد المعز عبد الستار


The Royal Rumble is a professional wrestling event, produced annually in late January since 1988 by WWE, the world's largest professional wrestling promotion. It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. After the initial 1988 event was broadcast as a television special on the USA Network, the Royal Rumble has been shown on pay-per-view (PPV) since the 1989 event. It also became available to livestream on the WWE Network in 2015 and on Peacock in 2022. It is one of WWE's five biggest events of the year, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Survivor Series, and Money in the Bank, referred to as the "Big Five".

The Royal Rumble match is generally contested as the main event match of the annual event. There are some exceptions, such as the 1988, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2006, 2013, and 2023 events. In 1988, the main event was a tag team match, while for all the others, it was a men's world championship match. While originally only for men, a women's version of the Royal Rumble match was held as the main event at the 2018 event, which was also the first event to have two Rumble matches on one card. It subsequently became standard to have both a men's and women's Royal Rumble match at the annual event.

History

Event
The Royal Rumble match was created by wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer Pat Patterson and the event was established by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). After the match was first tested at a house show in October 1987, the first Royal Rumble event took place on January 24, 1988, and was broadcast live as a television special on the USA Network. The following year, the event started to be broadcast on pay-per-view (PPV), and thus became one of the "Big Four" annual PPVs, along with WrestleMania, Survivor Series, and SummerSlam, the promotion's four biggest shows of the year. From 1993 to 2002, it was considered one of the "Big Five", including King of the Ring, but that PPV event was discontinued after 2002. In August 2021, Money in the Bank became recognized as one of the "Big Five".

In May 2002, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) following a lawsuit with the World Wildlife Fund over the "WWF" initialism. In April 2011, the promotion ceased using its full name with the "WWE" abbreviation becoming an orphaned initialism. Also in March 2002, the promotion introduced the brand extension, in which the roster was divided between the Raw and SmackDown brands where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform on their respective weekly television shows—ECW became a third brand in 2006. The first brand extension was dissolved in August 2011, but it was reintroduced in July 2016 (other brands, including NXT, NXT UK, and 205 Live, would also be active during this second brand split). The Royal Rumble, along with the other original "Big Four" events, were the only PPVs to never be held exclusively for one brand during either brand split periods. The 2008 Royal Rumble was the first WWE pay-per-view to be available in high-definition. In 2015, the Royal Rumble began to air on WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network, which launched in February 2014, and in 2022, the event became available on Peacock as the American version of the WWE Network merged under Peacock in March 2021.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic that began affecting the industry in March 2020, WWE had to hold its events behind closed doors. The 2021 event was in turn held in WWE's bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome, which at the time was hosted at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida. WWE resumed live touring in July 2021 and the 2022 event was held at The Dome at America's Center in St. Louis, Missouri.

Due to the Rumble matches taking up a large amount of time (most Rumble matches last roughly one hour), the Rumble event tends to have a smaller card than most other pay-per-view events, which routinely have six to eight matches per card though with the Royal Rumble expanding to a five-hour show as well as a two-hour kickoff pre-show starting in 2018, the card then mainly featured anywhere from nine to twelve matches with two or three of those matches taking place on the kickoff show. In 2022, however, WWE phased out the pre-shows with the Rumble returning to around six matches on the card and a runtime of around three to four hours. The men's Royal Rumble match is usually located at the top of the card, though there have been exceptions, such as the 1988, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2006, 2013, 2018, and 2023 events. In these cases, 1988's main event was a tag team match, while the others were men's world championship matches, except in 2018. The 2018 Royal Rumble was the first to include a women's Royal Rumble match, which was the main event for that year. It was subsequently the first in which two Rumble matches were contested on one card and it is now standard for the event to include both a men's and women's Rumble match.

Match

The Royal Rumble match is based on the classic battle royal, in which a number of wrestlers (traditionally 30) aim at eliminating their competitors by tossing them over the top rope, with both feet touching the floor. The difference between a Royal Rumble and a standard battle royal is that in a standard battle royal, all participants start the match in the ring at the same time, where in a Royal Rumble match, two participants start and then the rest enter at timed intervals. The winner of the match is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated. Since the 1993 event, the prize for winning is a world championship match at WrestleMania, with the exception of the 2016 event, where the prize of the match was the championship itself as reigning champion Roman Reigns defended the title in the match. According to Hornswoggle, who worked for WWE from 2006 until 2016 and participated in two Rumbles, participants may learn their eliminations by knowing the two wrestlers who are eliminated before them and which wrestlers are entering the Royal Rumble before and after their elimination.

Events and winners

Video box set
In March 2007, WWE released a complete DVD box set titled Royal Rumble: The Complete Anthology, which showcases every Royal Rumble event in its entirety, up to the 2007 Royal Rumble.

References
 General

 Specific

Further reading

External links

 WWE.com: Royal Rumble match description
 WWE.com: Royal Rumble Facts & Figures
 Royal Rumble History at About.com
 WWE Royal Rumble

Recurring events established in 1988

Royal Rumble


Transuranijski elementi ili transurani su kemijski elementi kojima je atomski broj veći od 92, to jest veći od atomskoga broja uranija. Nema ih u prirodi, s iznimkom nekoliko elemenata u vrlo malim količinama. Nastaju u nuklearnim reaktorima i pri nuklearnim eksplozijama, a mogu se proizvesti i u ubrzivačima čestica bombardiranjem atomskih jezgara elemenata snopom iona ubrzanih do velikih brzina. Primjerice, uranij-238 pogođen neutronom postaje uranij-239, koji beta-negativnim radioaktivnim raspadom prelazi u neptunij-239, a neptunij beta-negativnim radioaktivnim raspadom prelazi u plutonij-239:

Svi su transuranijski kemijski elementi radioaktivni a djelovanjem sporih neutrona podložni su nuklearnoj fisiji. Primjerice, plutonij-239 pogođen neutronom raspast će se na ksenon, cirkon i tri neutrona:

Popis transurana
Prvih 11 transuranijskih elemenata pripadaju skupini aktinoida; to su elementi s atomskim brojem 93 do 103:
 neptunij (Np, atomski broj 93),
 plutonij (Pu, 94),
 americij (Am, 95),
 kirij (Cm, 96),
 berkelij (Bk, 97),
 kalifornij (Cf, 98),
 einsteinij (Es, 99),
 fermij (Fm, 100),
 mendelevij (Md, 101),
 nobelij (No, 102) i
 lawrencij (Lr, 103).

Ostali transuranijski elementi nazivaju se transaktinoidima ili superteškim elementima, a imena i kemijske simbole imaju:
 rutherfordij (Rf, 104),
 dubnij (Db, 105),
 seaborgij (Sg, 106),
 bohrij (Bh, 107),
 hasij (Hs, 108),
 meitnerij (Mt, 109),
 darmštatij (Ds, 110),
 roentgenij (Rg, 111),
 kopernicij (Cn, 112),
 nihonij (Nh, 113),
 flerovij (Fl, 114),
 moskovij (Mc, 115),
 livermorij (Lv, 116),
 tenesin (Ts, 117) i
 oganeson (Og, 118).

Djelovanje neutrona, prisilne nuklearne pretvorbe
Između neutrona i atomskih jezgri nema odbojne Coulombove sile, pa su te čestice vrlo prikladne za ispitivanje nuklearnih sila i jezgrenih reakcija. Poznato je da neutroni izlaze iz atomskih jezgri kad se laki elementi obasjavaju alfa-česticama. Kao izvor neutronskih zraka danas se mnogo upotrebljava smjesa radona i berilija. Radon emitira alfa-čestice s energijom od 5,3 MeV. One oslobađaju iz berilija neutrone s energijom od 10 MeV. Ti se neutroni zovu "brzi". Vrlo brzi neutroni mogu se proizvesti pri obasjavanju litija brzim deuteronima. Reakcija glasi:

Energetski je ta reakcija vrlo povoljna jer berilij ima znatno veću energiju vezanja od litija i deuterona. Pri tom procesu oslobađa se energija od 25 MeV. Emitirani neutroni imaju toliku energiju povećanu još za kinetičku energiju deuterona.

Važno je da se ispituju djelovanja neutrona različitih brzina. Brzi neutroni mogu se usporiti tako da se puste kroz laki materijal, na primjer parafin ili vodu. Pri elastičnom srazu s jednako teškim jezgrama neutron izgubi priličan dio svoje energije. Nakon mnogih srazova neutron poprimi toplinsku energiju atoma s kojima se sukobljuje. Takvi usporeni neutroni zovu se toplinski ili termički. Na sobnoj temperaturi neutron ima energiju oko 0,04 eV.

Rezultati o raspršenju brzih neutrona na atomskim jezgrama potvrđuju prijašnje rezultate. Ukupan broj raspršenih elektrona možemo zorno prikazati kao i pri raspršenju alfa-čestica, udarnim presjekom. Raspršenje brzih neutrona je takvo kao da atomske jezgre predstavljaju male zapreke s površinom R2∙π, R je polumjer atomske jezgre. Udarni presjeci reda su veličina 10-28 m2. To daje za promjer jezgre prihvatljivu veličinu od 10-14 m. Pokusima se opaža, da se udarni presjeci povećavaju prema teškim jezgrama. Oni rastu kao A2/3, što znači da polumjer jezgre raste s A1/3 u skladu s prijašnjim rezultatima.

Sasvim drugu sliku nalazimo za raspršenje sporih neutrona. Udarni presjek naglo raste kad se umanjuje brzina neutrona. Za male brzine udarni presjek može biti 1 000 puta veći od geometrijskog presjeka atomske jezgre. To nije u skladu s našim uobičajenim predodžbama. Te neobične pojave objasnila je tek valna mehanika. Osim toga, kod određenih brzina opaža se nagli porast udarnog presjeka. Ova mjesta rezonancije u uskoj su vezi s kvantnim skokovima atomskih jezgri u viša energetska stanja.

Pri elastičnom raspršenju neutrona ne mijenja se atomska jezgra, koja ih raspršuje. Zanimljivi su procesi kod kojih se vrše strukturne promjene jezgre. Razmotrit ćemo najvažnije tipove reakcija koje izazivaju neutroni.

Prelazni član između elestičnog raspršenja i nuklearnih pretvorbi čini proces, kod kojeg jedan brzi neutron pogađa atomsku jezgru, a jedan znatno sporiji biva odaslan. Atomska jezgra zadržava pri tom razliku energije i ostaje u pobuđenom stanju. Pobuđena jezgra može tad izbaciti još jedan neutron. Takav proces našli su prvi W. Bothe i Wolfgang Gentner 1937. obasjavajući fosfor 15P31 neutronima kojih je energija veća od 10 MeV:

Vidjeli smo da su neutroni vezani energijom oko 8 MeV uz jezgru. Brzi neutron koji prodre u atomsku jezgru ostavlja upravo potrebnu energiju za emisiju još jednog drugog neutrona. To je samo jedan od mnogih primjera kako jezgrene reakcije neposredno potvrđuju naše predodžbe o energijama vezanja.

Pri obasjavanju neutronima vrlo često mogu biti emitirani protoni. Tako nastale atomske jezgre često su beta-aktivne i emisijom elektrona uspostavljaju prvobitnu strukturu.

Vrlo često neutroni izazivaju pretvorbe jezgre kod kojih bivaju emitirane alfa-čestice. Taj proces je energetski vrlo povoljan i daje alfa-čestice sa znatno većom kinetičkom energijom od prvobitnog neutrona. Budući da alfa-čestice bivaju emitirane pri radioaktivnim procesima i pri bombardiranju atomskih jezgri, mogla bi se pojaviti misao da su one primarne, nesastavljene čestice. Tu pretpostavku obara proces kod kojeg jedan proton razbija atom litija 3Li7 na dvije alfa-čestice. Moglo bi se pretpostaviti da jedna alfa-čestica već postoji u litiju, no druga je tada načinjena s protonom.

Puštajući spore neutrone na uranij, Fermi je 1937. proizveo niz radioaktivnih beta-raspadanja, koje je protumačio pretvorbom uranija u transuranije, to jest elemente s rednim brojem 93, 94 i tako dalje. Fermijevo tumačenje zapalo je u krizu kad su I. Curie-Joliot i P. Savić kemijskom analizom pokazali da je jedan radioaktivni produkt srodan s lantanom, što se protivilo položaju transuranija u periodnom sustavu. Potaknuti tim rezultatom, nalaze O. Hahn i F. Strassmann među navodnim transuranijima i barij, te početkom 1939. osmislili hipotezu o cijepanju uranijeve jezgre (nuklearna fisija).

Pri obasjavanju sporim neutronima cijepa se rjeđi uranijev izotop-235 uz silno oslobađanje energije (oko 185 MeV) na približno dva jednaka dijela. Udarni presjek za taj proces iznosi oko 400∙10-28 m2. Vidjeli smo da kod teških elemenata višak neutrona raste. Prema tome raskinuti dijelovi imaju suviše neutrona i oni emitiraju elektrone, pretvarajući pritom svoje neutrone u protone. To su bila beta aktivna raspadanja, koja je Fermi pogrešno tumačio tvorbom transuranija.

Dijelovi uranija lišavaju se neutrona ne samo beta-aktivnošću nego i direktno. Kako su našli Joliot, Halban i Kowarski 1939., a i naslutili Hahn i Strassmann, pri cijepanju uranija biva emitiran jedan od tri neutrona. Emitirani neutroni su brzi. Njihove energije dosežu oko 1 MeV.

Ovo otkriće ukazalo je konačno na mogućnost praktičnog iskorištenja energije atomske jezgre. Uranijeva jezgra-235, koja se cijepa sporim neutronom, stvara opet sama neutrone, koji mogu izazvati, kad se uspore, daljnja cijepanja. Ove lančane reakcije mogu se zbiti samo u dovoljno velikoj količini uranija, gdje brzi neutroni izvrše dosta srazova tako da se uspore. Kritična količina (kritična masa) uranijeva izotopa-235 iznosi nekoliko kilograma.

Eksplozivni lančani proces ne može se proširiti u prirodnom uraniju jer tamo smeta glavni uranijev izotop-238. Odjeljivanje uranijevih izotopa vrlo je težak zadatak.

Nove mogućnosti u iskorišćavanju atomske jezgre otvorila su nova otkrića o glavnom uranijevu izotopu. Prije svega opazilo se da se i on može cijepati, ali se za to moraju upotrijebiti brzi neutroni s energijom oko 1,5 MeV. Neutroni koji bivaju emitirani pri cijepanju uranija-235 nemaju dovoljno velike energije da izazovu cijepanje težeg izotopa.

C. D. Anderson i Fermi opazili su 1939. da uranij-238 može apsorbirati spore neutrone s energijom od 25 eV. Udarni presjek za taj proces iznosi 1,2∙10-28 m2. Uranijeva jezgra koja je apsorbirala neutron, postaje beta-aktivna. Poslije vremena poluraspada od 23 minute raspada se na kemijski element s rednim brojem 93. Novi transuranij, nazvan neptunij Np, također je beta-aktivan i raspada se s vremenom poluraspada od 2,3 dana na transuranij s rednim brojem 94, koji je nazvan plutonij. Plutonij Pu je alfa-radioaktivan s vremenom poluraspada oko 25 000 godina. Njegovim raspadanjem nastaje uranijev izotop s atomskom težinom 235. Taj se proces može prikazati:

Za praktične primjene od golemog je značenja bilo otkriće, da spori neutroni cijepaju plutonij, kao i uranij-235. Time se pojavila mogućnost, da se plutonij upotrebi kao eksplozivan materijal. Što je najinteresantnije, stvaranje plutonija tehnički je mnogo jednostavniji problem nego odvajanje uranijevih izotopa. Proizvodnja plutonija vrši se u takozvanoj uranijevoj peći, gdje cijepanje lakšeg i rjeđeg izotopa u prirodnom uraniju služi, da se glavna uranijeva masa pretvori u plutonij. Nastali plutonij može se tada lako odvojiti kemijskim putem.

Cijepanje atomskih jezgara zapaženo je i kod protaktinija i torija. Uopće, sve atomske jezgre teže od torijeve mogu se cijepati. Mogućnost cijepanja proizlazi iz energije vezanja. Vidjeli smo, da se prosječna energija spajanja po čestici počinje umanjivati od mangana prema težim jezgrama. Dvije atomske jezgre koje imaju polovinu mase uranija, predstavljaju stanje niže energije. Teške atomske jezgre rasprsnu se na približno dva jednaka komada uz silno oslobađanje energije.

Cijepanje atomskih jezgri možemo lijepo prikazati modelom kapljice. Kad atomska jezgra apsorbira neutron, ona dolazi u energetski više, pobuđeno stanje. Kapljica zatitra. Titraji uzduž jedne osi mogu postati tako snažni da se kapljica rasprsne na dva dijela. Na osnovu tog modela obradio je teorijski cijepanje jezgre ruski fizičar J. I. Frenkel.

Izvori

Nuklearna fizika
Kemijski elementi

Transuranijski elementi


The Little Girl – Das Böse hat einen Namen ist ein spanischer Kinofilm aus dem Jahr 2012. Die Regie führte Antonio Chavarrías, der auch das Drehbuch geschrieben hat und den Film produzierte. Der Psychothriller erzählt die Geschichte von Daniel, der in der jungen Julia die Schwester eines alten Freundes wiedererkennt, die er in seiner eigenen Kindheit umgebracht hat. Dictado hatte seine Weltpremiere am 11. Februar 2012 im Rahmen der 62. Berlinale, bei der er im Wettbewerb vertreten war.

Handlung
Der junge Lehrer Daniel erhält in seiner Schule Besuch von Mario, einem labilen Schriftsteller, mit dem er in seiner Kindheit einen Sommer verbrachte, als sein Vater und dessen Mutter heiraten wollten. Der verstörte Mann bittet Daniel mit seiner Tochter zu sprechen, um ihr zu erklären, was damals vorgefallen ist, dieser lehnt jedoch ab. Nach Ende des Schultags erklärt Daniel seiner Freundin Laura, die ebenfalls Lehrerin ist und mit der er einen unerfüllten Kinderwunsch hat, die Umstände seiner Verbindung mit dem Schriftsteller und erzählt ihr, dass in diesem Sommer dessen jüngere Schwester Clara starb. Als Mario abends nach Hause kommt, steigt er zu seiner Tochter Julia in die Badewanne und begeht Selbstmord, indem er sich die Pulsadern aufschneidet.

Nachdem sie in einer Lehrerkonferenz die Nachricht vom Tod Marios in der Zeitung gelesen haben, besuchen Daniel und seine Freundin dessen Beerdigung, wobei sie auch dessen Tochter Julia kennenlernen, die vom Jugendamt betreut wird. Laura überredet ihn in der Folge, das Mädchen zumindest vorübergehend aufzunehmen. Sie ist ganz vernarrt in die Kleine und entwickelt eine tiefe Beziehung zu ihr, während Daniel auf Distanz bleibt und sich mehr und mehr an Clara erinnert fühlt. Sie sagt ihm, dass sie bereits vor ihrem ersten Treffen gewusst habe, wer er ist, und er spricht sie auf einer Geburtstagsfeier als Clara an, worauf sie auch reagiert. In der Folge erinnert Daniel sich daran, wie Clara und ihr Bruder Mario mit ihrer Mutter bei ihm und seinem Vater angekommen sind, wie Clara ein rotes Haarband seiner verstorbenen Mutter als Talisman gegen Monster geschenkt bekommen hat und wie Clara die beiden Jungen beim Spielen am Meer verfolgte und verriet, dass sie geraucht hatten. Er erinnert sich daran, wie Mario und er auf einem Friedhof gespielt haben und Clara dazu brachten in ein Grab hinabzusteigen und wie sie schließlich dort tot aufgefunden wurde, woraufhin ihre Mutter die beiden Jungen, anschrie und als Monster bezeichnete. Nicht nur physiognomisch ähnelt Julia Clara, sie trägt auch deren Haarband und deutet mehrfach an, Daniels Vergangenheit zu kennen. Neben den Erinnerungen plagen diesen auch Albträume. So träumt er davon, in sein Bad zu kommen und dort die Badewanne mit der Erde gefüllt vorzufinden, unter der Clara begraben wurde, und zieht aus dieser das rote Haarband.

Währenddessen erfährt Laura, dass sich jemand um das Sorgerecht für Julia bemüht. Als sie es Daniel erzählen möchte, findet sie ihn jedoch nach einer durchzechten Nacht um vier Uhr morgens im Zimmer des Mädchens. Sie stellt ihren Freund zur Rede und er erklärt, dass Julia ihn verletzen möchte. Daraufhin versucht sie ihn zu beruhigen, dass es keine Geister gebe, und erklärt, dass das Mädchen völlig normal sei. Sie schlägt vor, zu dritt in ein Wochenendhaus zu fahren. Während ihres Aufenthaltes dort, muss Laura in die Stadt zurück, weil sich eine Möglichkeit ergeben hat, doch das Sorgerecht zu erhalten. Dabei lernt sie die Großmutter Julias kennen und erfährt, dass diese in ihr ihre verstorbene Tochter Clara sieht. Die Großmutter bittet sie, das Mädchen vor den Monstern zu beschützen. Während ihrer Abwesenheit findet Daniel bei Julia den Zeichenblock Claras, auf dem diese jeden Tag ein Bild für ihre Mutter gemalt hat. Er verbrennt dieses, während das Mädchen in einen Schuppen gesperrt ist. Als Laura zurückkehrt, versucht er sie von Julia fernzuhalten. Als sie versucht, das Mädchen zu befreien, schlägt er sie nieder. Er zerrt Julia in den Wald, wo er sie lebendig begraben will, nachdem er sie um Vergebung gebeten hat. Während er Erde über Julia schippt, erinnert er sich daran, wie er Clara in dem Grab mit Erde beschmiss und die letztendlich unter der abgehenden Erde begrub, während ihr Bruder ihn noch davon abhalten wollte. Laura findet ihn, als Julia schon unter einer dünnen Erdschicht begraben ist, und rettet diese. Sie versucht Daniel zu erklären, warum es die Ähnlichkeiten mit Clara gab, dieser will sie aber nicht mit dem Mädchen gehen lassen. Bei einem Gerangel stürzt er in den Tod. In der letzten Szene des Films sieht man den toten Körper und wie sich der Nachthimmel in seinen Augen spiegelt.

Hintergrund
Dictado wurde von der Produktionsgesellschaft Oberon Cinematográfica produziert, die von Chavarrías 1990 selbst gegründet worden war. Den weltweiten Vertrieb übernahm Filmax International. Antonio Chavarrías bewegte sich mit seinem Film innerhalb der Genrekonventionen des Thrillers. Mit der musikalischen Ausgestaltung, den surrealen Traumsequenzen und den in Erdfarben gehaltenen Naturszenen schafft er eine ganz eigene bedrohliche Wirkung.

Literatur
 Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin (Hrsg.): 62. Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Berlin 2012, .

Weblinks

 Trailer auf youtube.com

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
Spanischer Film
Thriller


Sóller, Batı Akdeniz'de, İspanya'nın doğu sahiline yakın, İspanya'nın özerk bölgesi olan Balear Takımadaları'na ait bir belediye. Mayorka Adası'nda olup nüfusu; 12,118'dir. (2002)

Dış bağlantılar

 Belediye resmi sitesi

Sóller


Deveta vrata (eng. The Ninth Gate), američki horor film iz 1999. godine kojeg je režirao i producirao Roman Polanski. Snimljen je u koprodukciji SAD-a, Portugala, Francuske i Španjolske, a temelji se donekle na književnom predložku Artura Péreza-Revertea Klub Dumas iz 1993. godine.

Premijera filma bila je 25. kolovoza 1999. godine u Španjolskoj, a film u kojem je glavna zvijezda američki glumac Johnny Depp podbacio je na američkom tržištu, ali je u svijetu ostvario veliku zaradu.

Radnja filma

Dean Corso (Johnny Depp je stručnjak za procjenu, nabavu i prodaju rijetkih i starih knjiga te je u tom poslu iznimno uspješan. Po završetku posljednjeg uspješnog posla, Corso dobiva ponudu od tajanstvenog bogataša i kolekcionara okultnih knjiga Borisa Balkana (Frank Langella). Mora za njega pronaći druge dvije kopije stare knjige iz 17. stoljeća pod nazivom Deveta vrata Kraljevstva Sjenki za koju se vjeruju da ju je 1666. godine napisao sam Sotona. Jedan primjerak te knjige je u vlasništvu Balkana, ali on povjerava Corsu posao provjere njene autentičnosti usporedbom druga dva primjerka koje čuvaju bibliofili iz Europe. Čim je Corso prihvatio posao i uzeo knjigu, počinju se događati neobične stvari. Prvo je ubijen njegov prijatelj i vlasnik antikvarijata Bernie Ornstein (James Russo), a zatim Corso počinje primječivati kako ga posvuda prate. Jedan od motritelja je mladi crnac i Lianin tjelohranitelj (Tony Amoni), a druga je neobična i tajanstvena djevojka zelenih očiju (Emmanuelle Seigner) koja pazi na svaki njegov korak. Po dolasku u Europu, Andrewova udovica Liana Telfer (Lena Olin) uvjerava Corsa kako njen pokojni suprug zapravo nije namjeravao prodati knjigu te tvrdi kako je knjiga zapravo njena. Pokuša ga zavesti kako bi se domogla knjige, ali njen pokušaj završi neuspjehom. U Španjolskoj doznaje da je samo šest gravura u knjizi potpisao autor knjige Aristide Torchia koristeći svoje inicijale "A.T.", dok je preostale tri slike potpisao "L.C.F", odnosno Lucifer.

Corso putuje u Portugal kod vlasnika druge kopije, Vicotra Vargasa (Jack Taylor) gdje doznaje da su u njegovom primjerku druge tri slike označene inicijalima "L.C.F.", što čini razliku u odnosu na primjerak Telferove knjige koju mu je dao Balkan. Osim toga, i sami crteži nisu identični, već se razlikuju u nekim pojedinostima. Poslije Vargasova ubojstva, Corso nalazi njegovu poluspaljenu knjigu u kamenu i otkriva da su tri različita crteža istrgnuta iz nje. Zatim oslazi u Pariz kako bi se našao s trećom vlasnicom jednog od tri primjerka, barunicom Kessler (Barbara Jefford) kod koje otkriva da su opet druga tri crteža potpisana Luciferovim inicijalima. Uskoro shvaća da su upravo crteži koje potpisuje Lucifer ključ za prizivanje vraga. Međutim, za vrijeme istrživanja u knjižnici barunice Kessler, Corso je udaren u glavu i onesvješten, a knjižnica posvećena okultnim knjigama je zapaljena, a barunica ubijena. Nakon bijega iz zapaljene knjižnice, Corso se vratio u hotel da bi doznao kako je Balkanov primjerak knjige ukraden iz njegove hotelske sobe.

Glavne uloge

 Johnny Depp kao Dean Corso - uspješan stručnjak za procjenu i kupoprodaju starih i rijetkih knjiga. Pomalo je beskrupulozan, ambiciozan i spreman čak i prevariti kako bi ostvario uspjeh. Posao koji prihvaća za tajanstvenog bibliofila odovodi ga u Europu gdje se nađe u izazovnim situacijama koje se izmjenjuju oko triju jedinih preostalih primjeraka stare knjige za čiji se original vjeruje da ga je napisao osobno Sotona.

 Frank Langella kao Boris Balkan - beskrupulozni multimiljunaš i strastveni bibliofil kojemu je životni cilj stvoriti najveću knjižnicu starih i rijetkih knjiga posvećenu Sotoni. U svojoj knjižnici posjeduje brojne drevne okultne i magijske rukopise, kao i knjigu Devet vrata Kraljevstva Sjenki za koju želi doznati je li original iz 17. stoljeća, budući da postoje još tva rukopisa te knjige. Balkan je, iako je unajmio Corsa, uvijek korak ispred njega i nadzire njegov rad, a ne preza ni od ubojstva kako bi ostvario svoje mračne namjere.

 Lena Olin kao Liana Telfer - mlađa supruga i udovica Andrewa Telfera, jednog od vlasnika jednog primjerka knjige koji je počinio samoubojstvo na samo početku radnje filma. Kako se radnja razvija, tako postaje jasno da je glavni razlog njene udaje bila činjenica što je njen pokojni suprug imao dovoljno novca za kupiti jednu tako vrijednu i staru knjigu koju ona želi budući da je vještica, porijeklom iz propale francuske aristokratske obitelji. Budući da je njenu knjigu kupio upravo Boris Balkan, gđa Telfer se okomila na Corsa koji taj primjerak nosi sa sobom, kako bi ga se domogla.

 Emmanuelle Seigner kao Djevojka - nepoznata i tajanstvena djevojka koja se uvijek iznenada pojavi kada je Corsu potrebna pomoć. Neobična je, prilično šutljiva i iskazuje nadnaravne sposobnosti. Corso je uvjeren da ju je poslao Balkan kako bi ga nadzirao, ali unatoč tome ne može u potpunosti objasniti njenu ulogu u cijeloj priči.

 James Russo kao Bernie Ornstein - vlasnik antikvarijata za stare i rijetke knjige koji surađuje s Deanom Corsom. Njihov je odnos prijateljski na što ukazuje i činjenica da mu Corso povjerava Balkanovu knjigu kako bi mu je pričuvao.

 Barbara Jefford kao barunica Kessler - plemkinja i stručnjakinja za okultno koja je život posvetila pisanju o okultizmu i magiji te stvorila veliku i bogatu knjižnicu zasnovanu na toj temi. Jedna od većih dragocjenosti njene knjižnice je upravo jedan od tri primjerka djela Devet vrata Kraljevstva Sjenki koje je napisao Aristide Torchia. Corso je isprva došao u sukob s barunicom, kada je doznala da ga je unajmio Boris Balkan s kojim je u neprijateljskim odnosima, ali nakon što ju je uspio zainteresirati, dozvolila mu je rad u njenoj knjižnici na usporedbi Balkanovog i njenog primjerka knjige.

Lokacije snimanja filma

Film Deveta vrata snimljen je tijekom 1998. godine na nekoliko lokacija u Španjolskoj, Portugalu i Francuskoj. Osobito je zanimljiv dvorac Puivert, koji je smješten u departmanu Aude u Francuskoj, a koji se u filmu pojavljuje kao lokacija gdje se uz pomoć knjige može prizvati Sotona i otvoriti Deveta vrata za prolaz u drugu dimenziju postojanja. Druga važna lokacija iz filma je dvorac Ferrières, nekoć u vlasništvu obitelji Rothschild u kojem se odigrala scena okupljanja sotonskog kulta.

Glazba

Glabu za film Deveta vrata skladao je Wojciech Kilar koji je već 1994. godine surađivao na filmu s Romanom Polanskim.

Zarada

Proračun filma bio je 38 milijuna USD, a film je sveukupno zaradio 58,4 milijuna USD. Ostvario je podbačaj na američkom tržištu zaradivši ukupno 18,6 milijuna USD.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Deveta vrata (1999.) - imdb.com
 Deveta vrata - boxofficemojo.com
 Deveta vrata - rottentomatoes.com

Američki filmovi 1990-ih
Horori
Filmovi Romana Polanskog
Francuski filmovi 1990-ih
Španjolski filmovi 1990-ih

Deveta vrata


සීට් බෙල්ට් හෙවත් ආසන පටි පැලදීම රියදුරන්ට තම ආරක්ෂාව තහවුරු කිරීමකි

ආසන පටි


NGC 6568 je otvoreni skup u zviježđu Strijelcu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6568
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6568 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6550 - 6599

6568

NGC 6568


Los cuatro muleros est une chanson populaire espagnole.
Elle a été compilée par Federico García Lorca dans sa Collection de Chansons Populaires espagnoles,[1] et interprétée par des artistes tels que La Argentinita ou la soprano Teresa Berganza.

Histoire
Cataloguée dans la base de données du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'Andalousie en tant que chanson des muletiers des régions montagneuses, et plus ancienne que la copla andalouse de 1920,[3] bien que souvent associée aux chansons de la Guerre Civile espagnole,[4] sa mélodie a servi pour différentes coplas de miliciens lors de la défense de Madrid.

La version de Federico García Lorca
En 1931, Federico García Lorca et "La Argentinita" se réunissent pour enregistrer cinq disques pour le label La Voix de son maître. Les dix thèmes choisis parmi la musique traditionnelle espagnole sont : Zorongo gitano, Los cuatro muleros, Anda Jaleo, En el Café de Chinitas, Las tres hojas, Los mozos de Monleón, Los Pelegrinitos, Nana de Sevilla, Sevillanas del siglo XVIII et Las morillas de Jaén. C'est "La Argentinita" qui interprète la majeure partie des titres, accompagnée par Lorca au piano. Seul Anda Jaleo est également accompagné par un orchestre:

Autres versions

 La chanteuse et actrice mexicaine  l'a interprétée avec l'accent andalou dans le film Dos corazones y un cielo (1959).
 La chanteuse espagnole Flor de Córdoba l'a enregistrée pour RCA Victor en 1963.
 L'artiste espagnole Paquita Rico l'a enregistrée sous le titre « El quinto de los cuatro » pour  en 1966.

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Federico García Lorca
Chanson liée à la guerre d'Espagne

Los cuatro muleros


Delft Teknik Üniversitesi (Felemenkçe: Technische Universiteit Delft, TU Delft), Hollanda'nın Delft şehrinde yer alan ve 14.000 öğrenci, 2500 bilim insanıyla Hollanda'nın en büyük ve en geniş kapsamlı teknik üniversitesidir. Üniversite IDEA League'in üyesidir.

Tarihçe
Delft Teknik Üniversitesi 8 Ocak 1842 tarihinde Kral II. Willem tarafından Koninklijke Akademie (Kraliyet Akademisi) olarak inşaat mühendisleri yetiştirmesi amacıyla kurulmuştur. 22 Mayıs 1905'te Technische Hogeschool van Delft (Delft Teknik Yüksekokulu) adını alarak tam anlamıyla akademik bir kurum halini almıştır.

25 Eylül 1985'te ise yeni bir karar ile üniversite bugünkü adı olan Technische Universiteit Delft (Delft Teknik Üniversitesi) adını almıştır.

Fakülteler

TU Delft sekiz fakülteden oluşur:
 3mE; Makine, Denizcilik, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği
 BK; Mimarlık
 CiTG; İnşaat Mühendisliği ve Yer Bilimi
 EWI; Elektrik Mühendisliği, Matematik ve Bilgisayar
 IO; Endüstriyel Tasarım Mühendisliği
 LR; Havacılık Mühendisliği
 TBM; Teknoloji ve İşletme
 TNW; Uygulamalı Bilimler

Eğitim

Lisans programları
BSc dereceleri ile mezun olunur.
 Uçak Mühendisliği (Eğitim Dili: İngilizce veya Felemenkçe)
 Uygulamalı Yer Bilimi (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Uygulamalı Matematik (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Uygulamalı Fizik (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Mimarlık (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 İnşaat Mühendisliği (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Bilgisayar (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Elektrik Mühendisliği (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Endüstriyel Tasarım Mühendisliği (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Biyoloji ve Biyoteknoloji (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Deniz Teknolojileri (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Makine Mühendisliği (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Moleküler Bilim ve Teknoloji (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
 Sistem Mühendisliği (Eğitim Dili: Felemenkçe)
Exchange Program ile öğrenci kabulünde, öğrencilerden proof of English Proficiency olarak;

 A TOEFL ** (Test of English as a Foreign Language) IBT için en az 80 puan,
 IELTS ** (academic version) en az 6.0 puan,

belgelerinden birini istiyor.

Önemli mezunlar

Bilim ve teknoloji
 Dirk Coster, Hafniyum elementini bulan bilim insanı
 Herman Hertzberger, Mimar
 Jacobus van 't Hoff, Nobel Ödülü, Kimya
 Simon van der Meer, Nobel Ödülü, Fizik
 Elif Genceli, Meridianiite mineralini bulan bilim insanı

Yönetici pozisyonları
 Prens Johan-Friso
 Gerard Philips, Philips'in kurucusu
 Frits Philips, Philips'in eski yöneticisi
 Jeroen van der Veer, Royal Dutch Shell'in yöneticisi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Delft Teknik Üniversitesi ana sayfası.

Teknik Üniversitesi
Teknik üniversiteler
1842'de kurulan üniversiteler

Delft Teknik Üniversitesi


Dimităr Alexandrov Peev (în , ) a fost un scriitor bulgar de literatură științifico-fantastică, avocat, publicist și doctor în dreptul penal.

Biografie
Peev s-a născut în Plovdiv în 1919. A absolvit Universitatea din Sofia, apoi s-a specializat în medicină legală la Moscova. O perioadă a lucrat ca diplomat. A murit în 1996.

În literatura bulgară este cunoscut ca cel mai bun autor de romane  "polițiste" (despre miliție). Cel mai cunoscut roman al său, Alibi (Алиби), a fost publicat în Biblioteca Galactica (Библиотека Галактика). A mai publicat lucrări  satirice și umoristice.

Este fondatorul și primul editor al revistei "Cosmos" (Космос). Timp de mulți ani a fost  editor al ziarului "Orbita" (Орбита).

Lucrări scrise

Romane
 1958 - Ракетата не отговаря (cu Kiril Marichkov), roman SF
 1966 - Alibi, roman polițist

Povestiri SF
 1955  - "Полет във Вселената" ("Zbor în Univers")
 1962  - "Комуний"
 1962  - "На черната планета" ("Planeta neagră")
 1962- "Косъмът на Мохамед" ("Un fir din barba lui Mahomed")
 1964  - "Опитът успя" ("Experiența a reușit")
 1964 - "Неразчетеният надпис" ("Inscripție nedescifrată")
 1973  - "Гравитационната гробница" ("Mormânt gravitațional")
 1975  - "А43М приема гости" ("A43M primește oaspeții")
 1975  - "Училището - XXIII век" ("Școala - secolul XXIII")
 1978  - "Търсете ни тук"
 1978  - "Срещата" ("Întâlnire")

Cărți de popularizare a științei
 1986 "Силуети на ХХІ век"  (co-autor cu Agop Melkonyan și V. Dimitrov)
  "Изкуствени спътници и междупланетни полети" (Sateliți artificiali și zborurile interplanetare)
  "Човекът извън земята"
   "Животът на другите планети" (Viața pe alte planete)

În limba română
 "Un fir din barba lui Mahomed" (Косъмът на Мохамед) - în Enigma Văii Albe (Povestiri științifico-fantastice bulgare) - o antologie din 1967 în limba română de Victor Kernbach și Mihail Magiari. Povestirea a fost publicată inițial în 1964 în antologia în limba bulgară Човекът, който търси (Omul care caută).
 "Experiența a reușit" ( Опитът успя)  - în Enigma Văii Albe

Referințe și note

 Димитър Пеев, Fantasy-Wiki (bulgară)

Legături externe
 Dimităr Peev (zavinagi.org)

Vezi și
 Listă de autori de literatură științifico-fantastică
 Listă de scriitori bulgari
 Literatura științifico-fantastică în Bulgaria

Nașteri în 1919
Decese în 1996
Scriitori bulgari de literatură științifico-fantastică
Scriitori de popularizare a științei
Scriitori bulgari
Juriști bulgari
Avocați bulgari
Literatură bulgară

Dimităr Peev


Disiplin kurumları (Fransızca Institution disciplinaire) Michel Foucault tarafından Disiplin ve Ceza (1975) kitabında önerilmiş bir kavramdır.

Disiplin kurumları Foucault tarafından "disiplinler" (Fr;"disciplines") olarak adlandırılan bir grup teknolojiye özgüdür. Okul, hapishane, kışla veya hastane tarihsel disiplin kurumlarının örnekleridir, hepsi Sanayi Devrimi sırasında 19.yüzyılda modern biçimleriyle oluşturulmuşlardır. Bir nesneleştirme işlemi vücudu bilimsel bilginin bir öznesine dönüştürmektedir.

Terimler
Felsefi kavramlar
Siyaset felsefesi

Disiplin kurumları


Nossa Senhora de Machede Portekiz'de Évora belediyesine bağlı olan, 185,34 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.180 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Évora

Nossa Senhora de Machede


Claudiu Adrian Mihai Petrila ()

După junioratul la LPS Bihor Oradea, a fost testat la Sampdoria Genova, dar nu a fost reținut în lot; remarcat de CFR Cluj, a fost transferat acolo, unde a jucat la început doar la echipa a doua, în Liga a III-a. A debutat la CFR Cluj la vârsta de 18 ani, în decembrie 2018, în meciul cu Gaz Metan Mediaș, în care a intrat pe parcursul primei reprize în locul lui Ciprian Deac. Fostul său antrenor de la CFR Cluj, plecat de la echipă în 2018, Cristi Bobar, îl aprecia drept un junior promițător și polivalent, care poate juca în ambele benzi laterale, "un viitor Deac".

În toamna lui 2018, a fost convocat la echipa națională sub 19 ani a României, pentru turneul de calificare la Turneul de Elită, în care a jucat în toate cele trei meciuri, marcând câte un gol cu Grecia și Gibraltar.

Palmares
CFR Cluj
 Liga I (4): 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22

Note

Nașteri în 2000
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai CFR Cluj
Oameni în viață
Oameni din județul Bihor
Fotbaliști români

Claudiu Petrila


Martina Kaller-Dietrich (* 24. November 1963 in Bad Aussee) ist eine österreichische Historikerin und Lateinamerikanistin. Seit 2000 ist sie außerordentliche Universitätsprofessorin für Geschichte der Neuzeit an der Universität Wien. Sie fungiert als Präsidentin des  54. International Congress of Americanists (ICA), der im Juli 2012 in Wien stattfindet.

Leben
Nach einem Studium der Philosophie in Wien, Berlin und Mexiko-Stadt promovierte Kaller-Dietrich im Jahr 1988 mit einer Arbeit über "Identität in der Geschichte als Problem des aktuellen mexikanischen Selbstverständnisses an der Universität Wien. Eine philosophie-historische Analyse". Im Jahr 1990 wurde sie an der Universität Wien Assistentin am Lehrstuhl für außereuropäische Geschichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Lateinamerikas (Institut für Geschichte; Lehrstuhlinhaber Gerhard Drekonja). Im Jahr 2000 habilitierte Kaller-Dietrich mit einer ernährungsgeschichtlichen Arbeit mit dem Titel "Macht über Mägen. Essen als eigenmächtiges Tätigsein von Frauen in einem mexikanischen Dorf".
Martina Kaller-Dietrich hatte eine Reihe von Funktionen an der Universität Wien, in der österreichischen Lateinamerikaforschung sowie in der internationalen Forschungskooperation, insbesondere mit Lateinamerika, inne. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Entwicklung und Implementierung eines Curriculums für Globalgeschichte an der Universität Wien (aus dem später ein  Master für Globalgeschichte und die Beteiligung am Erasmus-Mundus-Programm  Global Studies entstanden) sowie Entwicklung und Implementierung eines Master of Arts in Latin American Studies an Universität Wien und Österreichischem Lateinamerika-Institut. 2007–2011 hatte sie die Leitung dieses interdisziplinären Lehrgangs inne. Darüber hinaus absolvierte Kaller-Dietrich eine Reihe von Gastprofessuren, u. a. an der  Universität Jaume I (Castellón/Spanien), University of Sydney (Australien), Harvard University (USA),  Universidad de la Tierra (Oaxaca/Mexiko), University of California Santa Barbara (USA) sowie Université de Paris III (Frankreich).
Für die Ausstellung "Essen unterwegs. Eine Ausstellung zu Mobilität und Wandel" vom 8. Mai bis 28. August 2011, im Schlossmuseum Linz  zeichnete sie als Kuratorin verantwortlich.

Nach der erfolgreichen Kandidatur der Universität Wien als Veranstaltungsort des 54. International Congress of Americanists (ICA), der im Juli 2012 stattfinden soll, fungiert sie als Präsidentin dieser akademischen Großveranstaltung.

Schwerpunkte in Forschung und Lehre
Die Arbeitsschwerpunkte von Martina Kaller-Dietrich liegen in den interdisziplinären Lateinamerikastudien, in der Globalgeschichte, Food History, Entwicklungsforschung, Geschlechtergeschichte, historia intelectual sowie in Methoden und Theorien der Geschichte.
Anfang der 1990er Jahre untersuchte Kaller-Dietrich zusammen mit Markus Brunner und Wolfgang Dietrich in einem Forschungsprojekt die Geschichte österreichischer Wahrnehmung von und Politiken gegenüber Zentralamerika, insbesondere Guatemala (vgl. die Veröffentlichung "Projekt Guatemala", Wien 1993). Die Themen Entwicklung, Entwicklungspolitik und deren Kritik bildeten auch in den Jahren danach einen wichtigen Schwerpunkt ihrer Arbeit. Ab 1995 wandte sich Kaller-Dietrich verstärkt Fragen von Nahrung, Geschlechter- und Machtverhältnissen in historischer Perspektive zu. Sie begann hierzu intensive Forschungsarbeiten in Oaxaca (Mexiko), die in ihre Habilitationsschrift "Macht über Mägen. Essen als eigenmächtiges Tätigsein von Frauen in einem mexikanischen Dorf" mündeten (approbiert im Jahr 2000). Das zentrale Motiv dieser und späterer Analysen stellt der "Widerstand gegen die diagnostische Macht der Ernährung" dar. Immer wieder im Mittelpunkt stand hierbei die Kulturpflanze Mais.
Im Jahr 2008 veröffentlichte Kaller-Dietrich die erste eingehende Biographie des Philosophen, Autors und Theologen Ivan Illich. In dieser werden insbesondere Illichs Kritik von Fortschritt, Entwicklung und modernen Institutionen (Schule, Medizin) im Kontext der intellektuellen und politischen Debatten seiner Zeit herausgearbeitet.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)

 Essen unterwegs. Eine kleine Globalgeschichte von Mobilität und Wandel am Teller. Linz 2011
 Ivan Illich (1926–2002). Sein Leben, sein Denken. Wien 2007.
 Lateinamerika 1870-2000. Geschichte und Gesellschaft (Hrsg. gemeinsam mit Walther Bernecker, Barbara Potthast und Hans Werner Tobler). Wien 2007.
 Macht über Mägen: Essen machen statt Knappheit verwalten. Haushalten in einem mexikanischen Dorf. Wien 2002.
 Mais – Geschichte und Nutzung einer Kulturpflanze (Hrsg. gem. mit Daniela Ingruber).Wien/ Frankfurt am Main 2001.
 Projekt Guatemala. Hintergründe und Vordergründe der österreichischen Wahrnehmung eines zentralamerikanischen Landes (mit Markus Brunner und Wolfgang Dietrich). Frankfurt am Main/ Wien 1993.

Weblinks
 Homepage von Martina Kaller-Dietrich

Lateinamerikahistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Universität Wien)
Absolvent der Universität Wien
Person (Bad Aussee)
Österreicher
Geboren 1963
Frau

Martina Kaller-Dietrich


Alba Marbà Marbà Ribalta (* 1990 in Solsona) ist eine spanische Reggae-Musikerin und Schauspielerin. Sie singt auf Spanisch und Katalanisch.

Sie spielt in der spanischen Fernsehproduktion (TV3) "No me la puc treure del cap" von 2012 mit. Alba Marbà studierte Jazz mit dem Schwerpunkt Gesang an der L'Aula de Música Moderna i Jazz in Barcelona. Sie spielte zunächst in der Band Sherpah Percussion und war als Backing- und Lead-Sängerin aktiv. Daneben spielte sie in den Bands Remendaos, Tremenda Descarga Latina, Duet Pep Grau & Alba Marbà i Alberto el Mamífero. Mit ihrem Soloprojekt bewegt sie sich musikalisch im Übergangsbereich von Reggae und Pop. 2011 veröffentlichte sie ihr erstes eigenes Album mit dem Namen "Camino".

Diskografie
 2011: Camino

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Katalonien)
Reggae-Sänger
Popmusiker
Spanier
Geboren 1990
Frau

Alba Marbà


Sequoyah (Cherokee: , , or , ; ,  1770 – August 1843), also known as George Gist or George Guess, was a Native American polymath and  neographer of the Cherokee Nation. In 1821, he completed his independent creation of the Cherokee syllabary, making reading and writing in Cherokee possible. His achievement was one of the few times in recorded history that an individual who was a member of a pre-literate group created an original, effective writing system. His creation of the syllabary allowed the Cherokee nation to be one of the first North American Indigenous groups to have a written language. Sequoyah was also an important representative for the Cherokee nation, by going to Washington, D.C. to sign two relocations and trading of land treaties.

After seeing its worth, the people of the Cherokee Nation rapidly began to use his syllabary and officially adopted it in 1825. It unified a forcibly divided nation with new ways of communication and a sense of independence. By the 1850s, their literacy rate reached almost 100%, surpassing that of surrounding European-American settlers.

The Cherokee syllabary has had international influence. As diffusion spread, it is believed to have inspired the development of 21 known scripts or writing systems, used in a total of 65 languages in North America, Africa, and Asia.

Early life
Sequoyah's important status has led to several competing accounts of his life that are speculative, contradictory, or fabricated. As noted by John B. Davis, there were few primary documents describing facts of Sequoyah's life. Some anecdotes were passed down orally, but these often conflict or are vague about specific times and places.

Sequoyah was born in the Cherokee town of Tuskegee, Tennessee, around 1778. James Mooney, a prominent anthropologist and historian of the Cherokee people, quoted a cousin as saying that as a little boy, Sequoyah spent his early years with his mother. In the people's matrilineal kinship system, children were considered born into their mother's family and clan, and her male relatives were most important to their upbringing. His name is believed to come from the Cherokee word siqua meaning 'hog'. However, Davis says the name may have been derived from sikwa (either a hog or an opossum) and vi meaning a place or an enclosure. This is a reference either to his childhood deformity or to a later injury that left Sequoyah disabled. According to a descendent of his, he was born with the name 'Gi sqwa ya' which means 'there's a bird inside.' After repeatedly failing to complete his farm duties, his name was changed to Sequoyah which means 'there's a pig inside.'

His mother, Wut-teh, is debated to be either the daughter, sister, or niece of a Cherokee chief. Historians believe her to be related to the chiefs who have been identified as the brothers Old Tassel and Doublehead. John Watts (also known as Young Tassel) was a nephew of the two chiefs, so it is likely that Wut-teh and John Watts were related in some fashion. Due to native customs, Sequoyah learned everything from his mother like the Cherokee language and his first job of a tradesman.

Sources differ as to the true identity of Sequoyah's father. John B. Davis cites Emmet Starr's book, Early History of the Cherokees, as the source for saying that Sequoyah's father was a Virginian fur trader from Swabia named Nathaniel Guyst, Guist, or Gist. Other sources state that his father also could have been an unlicensed German peddler named George Gist, who came into the Cherokee Nation in 1768, where he married and fathered a child. Another source identified his father as Nathaniel Gist, son of Christopher Gist, who became a commissioned officer with the Continental Army associated with George Washington during the American Revolution. Gist would have been a man of some social status and financial backing, Josiah C. Nott claimed he was the "son of a Scotchman". The Cherokee Phoenix reported in 1828 that Sequoyah's father was a half-blood and his grandfather a white man.

The New Georgia Encyclopedia presents another version of Sequoyah's origins, from the history Tell Them They Lie: The Sequoyah Myth (1971), by Traveller Bird, who claims to be a Sequoyah descendant. Bird says that Sequoyah was a full-blood Cherokee who always opposed the submission and assimilation of his people into the white man's culture. The encyclopedia noted that Bird presented no documentary evidence of his assertions, but his account has gained some credibility in academic circles.

In any case, the father was absent before Sequoyah was born. Various explanations have been proposed, but the reason is unknown. Wuh-teh did not remarry afterward (assuming she married her son's father in the first place). Sequoyah had no siblings, and his mother raised him alone. According to Davis, Sequoyah never went to school and never learned English. He and Wuh-teh spoke only Cherokee. As a youth, he spent much of his time tending cattle and working in their garden, while his mother ran a trading post.

Sequoyah became lame early in life, though how, when and where are not known. Some reports indicate this may have been caused by injury in battle; others say the cause was a hunting accident. Davis wrote that an early issue of the Cherokee Advocate said that "...he was the victim of a hydrarthritic trouble of the knee joint, commonly called 'white swelling'." One doctor speculated that he had "anascara [sic]". In any case, lameness prevented him from being a successful farmer or warrior.

Despite his lack of schooling, Sequoyah displayed much natural intelligence. As a child, he had devised and built milk troughs and skimmers for the dairy house that he had constructed. As he grew older and came in contact with more white men, he learned how to make jewelry. He became a noted silversmith, creating various items from the silver coins that trappers and traders carried. He never signed his pieces, so there are none that can be positively identified as his work.

Sequoyah may have taken over his mother's trading post after her death, which Historian John B. Davis claimed occurred about the end of the 18th century. His store became an informal meeting place for Cherokee men to socialize and, especially, drink whiskey. Sequoyah developed a great fondness for alcohol and soon spent much of his time drunk. After a few months he was rarely seen sober, neglecting his farm and trading business, and spending his money buying liquor by the keg.

Fortunately, he realized that he was not making good decisions, and took up new interests. He began to draw, then he took up blacksmithing, so he could repair the iron farm implements that had recently been introduced to the area by traders. Self-taught as usual, he made his own tools, forge and bellows. He was soon doing a good business either repairing items or selling items he had created himself. His spurs and bridle bits were in great demand because he liked to decorate them with silver. Although he maintained his store, he both stopped drinking and stopped selling alcohol.

Up to this point, while Sequoyah was not formally educated, he recognized the advantage that comes with an established written language. He believed one of white people's many advantages was their written language as it allowed them to expand their knowledge, partake in many forms of media, and have a better network of communication. The Cherokee's disadvantage was having to rely solely on memory which sparked his interest in wanting to create some form of a written language for the Cherokee nation.

By 1809, Sequoyah is believed to have started developing what became his Cherokee syllabary, in hopes of unifying the Cherokee nation and making them more independent (see section below). In 2008 archeologist Kenneth B. Tankersley (Cherokee Nation) of the University of Cincinnati announced having found carvings from the syllabary in a cave in southeastern Kentucky, where Sequoyah is known to have had relatives. This cave was the traditional burial site of a Cherokee chief, Red Bird. Some 15 identifiable Cherokee syllabary symbols were found carved into the limestone, accompanied by a date of 1808 or 1818. In addition, there were petroglyphs that appeared to include ancient Cherokee symbols, in addition to bears, deer and birds.

Move to Alabama
It is unclear when Sequoyah initially moved to Alabama from Tennessee. Many Cherokee began migrating there even before ceding their land around Sequoyah's birthplace in 1819, as they were under continual pressure by European-American settlers. Some sources claim he went with his mother, though there is no confirmed date for her death. Others have stated that it was around 1809, when he started his work on the Cherokee syllabary. Another source claims it was in 1818. However, this date is too late, because Sequoyah was already living in Alabama when he enlisted in the army.

In 1813–14, Sequoyah served as a warrior of the Cherokee Regiment (Col. Gideon Morgan, Commander) at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the "Red Sticks" (Creek, or Muskogee, renegades). His white comrades called him either George Guess or George Gist. The Creek War had started during the period of the War of 1812, and represented an effort by traditional Creek to assert their power within the people and expel the European Americans.

During his time serving, he witnessed first hand the disadvantage of not having a written language. Unlike the white soldiers, he and his fellow Cherokee warriors could not write letters to home, read their military orders, or write down any events or thoughts that occurred during their service. This only pushed his determination to create a reading and writing system for the Cherokee language. In his early stages of developing the writing system, he faced criticism from his peers because they believed putting words to paper was witchcraft.

In 1817, Sequoyah signed a treaty which traded Cherokee land in the southeast for land in Arkansas. But in 1819 he backed out of the treaty which resulted in the loss of his first Alabama home, causing him to move to Willstown (modern day Fort Payne), Alabama.

Life after the creation of the syllabary
Sequoyah's syllabary was completed about 1821 but it was not accepted by the Cherokee nation at first. But after the people began to see its value, the syllabary quickly spread and Sequoyah was awarded a medal from the Cherokee National Council in 1824. This same year, Sequoyah moved from Alabama to Arkansas. Four years after his move, he would reluctantly sign a treaty that exchanged the Cherokee land in Arkansas for Indian Territory (modern day Oklahoma). He was one of the "Old Settler" delegates that went to Washington, D.C. to sign the treaty.

In 1829, Sequoyah settled in present day Sallisaw, Oklahoma, with his wife and daughter. In 1838, the Cherokees from the southeast were relocated to Indian Territory under Chief John Ross. After this relocation, Sequoyah set out to unite the 16 other Old Settlers with the Ross Party because they already established their own government. In 1839, Sequoyah and the 16 other Old Settlers and about 15 representatives of the Ross party signed the Act of Union, and a new Cherokee constitution was created.

Soon after the signing of the new Cherokee constitution, Sequoyah went to Mexico in search for other Cherokees who migrated there. He was hoping to spread his teachings of the syllabary and convince the migrated Cherokees to relocate to Indian Territory.

Syllabary and Cherokee literacy
As a silversmith, Sequoyah dealt regularly with European Americans who had settled in the area. He was impressed by their writing, and referred to their correspondence as "talking leaves". He knew that the papers represented a way to transmit information to other people in distant places, which his fellow American soldiers were able to do but he and other indigenous people could not. A majority of the Cherokee believed that writing was either sorcery, witchcraft, a special gift, or a pretense; Sequoyah accepted none of these explanations. He said that he could invent a way for Cherokees to talk on paper, even though his friends and family thought the idea was absurd.

Creation

Around 1809, Sequoyah began creating a system of writing for the Cherokee language. Over the years, his approach was to use a pictograph or logographic system, where every word in the language had a character or symbol. As he failed to plant his fields, endangering his survival, his friends and neighbors thought he had lost his mind. His wife is said to have burned his initial work, believing it to be witchcraft. He realized that his first approach was impractical because it would require too many pictures to be remembered. He tried making a symbol for every idea, but this also caused too many problems to be practical.

Sequoyah's final attempt was to develop a symbol for each syllable in the language. Using the Bible as a reference along with adaptations from English, Greek, and Hebrew letters, by 1821 he created 86 symbols, later to be 85 symbols, that depict the syllables of the Cherokee language. The syllabary is not an alphabet but a chart or guide to represent each symbol that stands for a consonant-vowel sequence or a syllable. The symbols are written in a chart layout, with the columns being each vowel and the rows being each consonant.

Teaching the syllabary
Sequoyah's six-year old daughter, Ayokeh (also spelled Ayoka), helped him in his process to create the syllabary by being the first person to learn from it. Word spread in their town that they created a new way to communicate, and they were charged and brought to trial by the town chief. Sequoyah and Ayokeh were separated but still communicated by sending letters to one another. Eventually the warriors presiding over their trial, along with the town, believed that Sequoyah did in fact create a new form of communication, and they all wanted him to teach it to them.

He traveled to the Indian Reserves in the Arkansas Territory, where some Cherokee had settled west of the Mississippi River. When he tried to convince the local leaders of the syllabary's usefulness, they doubted him. Sequoyah asked each leader to say a word, which he wrote down, and then called his daughter in to read the words back. This demonstration convinced the leaders to let him teach the syllabary to a few more people. This took several months, during which it was rumored that he might be using the students for sorcery. After completing the lessons, Sequoyah wrote a dictated letter to each student, and read a dictated response. This test convinced the western Cherokee that he had created a practical writing system.

When Sequoyah went to the eastern tribes, he brought a sealed envelope containing a written speech from one of the Arkansas Cherokee leaders. By reading this speech, he convinced the eastern Cherokee to also learn the system. And from there it continued to be taught across the Cherokee tribes and towns in the east.

The syllabary was not hard for the Cherokee people to learn, and by 1830, 90% of Cherokees were literate in their own language.  Over time, naturally, tribes began to form their own dialects depending on what region they lived in. There are two main dialects, the Eastern and Western. The Eastern Dialect, also referred to as middle or Kituwa dialect, is spoken in the Qualla boundary in western North Carolina. This land was purchased by the Cherokees in the 1870s. The Western Dialect, also known as Overhill or Otali dialect, is spoken in eastern Oklahoma and North Carolina. There was a Southern dialect, also called lower dialect, spoken in South Carolina and Georgia until around 1900. But since no more Cherokee tribes reside there, that style of dialect is no more.

Use in official documents and print

In 1825 the Cherokee Nation officially adopted the writing system. The Syllabary provided mass literacy for the Cherokee Nation, which was one of the first indigenous groups to have a functional written language. By the end of 1825, the Bible and hymns were translated into Cherokee. In 1826, the Cherokee National Council commissioned George Lowrey and David Brown to translate and print eight copies of the laws of the Cherokee Nation in the Cherokee language using Sequoyah's new system.

In 1828, the Cherokee Phoenix, religious pamphlets, educational materials, and legal documents were all made using the syllabary. The Cherokee Phoenix was the first bilingual newspaper in North America because it had both English and Cherokee languages. This newspaper helped keep unity in a dispersed Cherokee Nation by allowing them to have their own network of communication and information. The syllabary was used for over 100 years to make newspapers, books, religious texts, and almanacs (calendars).

When the Cherokee Nation purchased their first printing press, some of Sequoyah's handwritten symbols needed to be modified. To make the symbols more clear, they were replaced by adaptations from the Roman alphabet, and used in the Syllabary from that point on.

Life in Indian Territory
After the Nation accepted his syllabary in 1825, Sequoyah traveled to the Cherokee lands in the Arkansas Territory. There he set up a blacksmith shop and a salt works. He continued to teach the syllabary to anyone who wished.

In 1828, Sequoyah journeyed to Washington, D.C., as part of a delegation to negotiate a treaty for land in the planned Indian Territory. While in Washington, D.C., he sat for a formal portrait painted by Charles Bird King (see image at the top of this article). He holds a copy of the syllabary in his left hand and is smoking a long-stemmed pipe. During his trip, he met representatives of other Native American tribes. Inspired by these meetings, he decided to create a syllabary for universal use among Native American tribes. Sequoyah began to journey into areas of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, to meet with tribes there.

In 1829, Sequoyah moved to a location on Big Skin Bayou, where he built Sequoyah's Cabin that became his home for the rest of his life. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. (The present-day city of Sallisaw, Oklahoma, developed near here.) The house was operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society until it was purchased by the Cherokee Nation on 9 November 2016.

In 1839, when the Cherokee were bitterly divided over the issue of removal to Indian Territory, Sequoyah joined with Jesse Bushyhead to try to reunite the Cherokee Nation. Sequoyah, representing the Western Cherokee, and Bushyhead representing the Eastern Cherokee, made a joint plea at a tribal council meeting at Takatoka on 20 June 1839. They succeeded in getting a voice vote to hold a new council of all Cherokee to resolve the reunification issues. This is when the Act of Union and a new Cherokee Constitution was created.

Final journey and death

Sequoyah dreamed of seeing reunification of the splintered Cherokee Nation. In the spring of 1842, he began a trip to locate other Cherokee bands who were believed to have fled to Mexico and attempted to persuade them to return to the Cherokee Nation, by then mostly residing in Indian Territory. He was accompanied by his son, Teesy (Chusaleta), as well as other Cherokee men identified as Co-tes-ka, Nu-wo-ta-na, Cah-ta-ta, Co-wo-si-ti, John Elijah, and The Worm:

Sometime between 1843 and 1845, he died due to an estimated respiratory infection during a trip to San Fernando de Rosas in Coahuila, Mexico. A letter written in 1845 by accompanying Cherokee stated that he had died in 1843:

The village of San Fernando de Rosas was later renamed as Zaragoza.

In 1938, the Cherokee Nation Principal Chief J. B. Milam funded an expedition to find Sequoyah's grave in Mexico. A party of Cherokee and non-Cherokee scholars embarked from Eagle Pass, Texas, on January 1939. They found a grave site near a fresh water spring in Coahuila, Mexico, but could not conclusively determine the grave site was that of Sequoyah.

In 2011, the Muskogee Phoenix published an article relating a discovery in 1903 of a gravesite in the Wichita Mountains by Hayes and Fancher, which they believed was Sequoyah's. The two men said the site was in a cave and contained a human skeleton with one leg shorter than the other, a long-stemmed pipe, two silver medals, a flintlock rifle and an ax. However, the site was far north of the Mexican border.

International influence
Sequoyah's work has had international influence, encouraging the development of syllabaries for other, previously unwritten languages. The news that an illiterate Cherokee had created a syllabary spread throughout the United States and its territories. A missionary working in northern Alaska read about it and created a syllabary, what has become known as Cree syllabics. This syllabic writing inspired other indigenous groups across Canada to adapt the syllabics to create writing for their languages.

A literate Cherokee emigrated to Liberia, where he discussed his people's syllabary. A Bassa language speaker of Liberia was inspired to create his own syllabary, and other indigenous groups in West Africa followed suit, creating their own syllabaries.

A missionary in China read about the Cree syllabary and was inspired to follow that example in writing a local language in China. The result of the diffusion of Sequoyah's work has been the development of a total of 21 known scripts, which have been used to write more than 65 languages.

Legacy

Due to Sequoyah's contributions and achievements in Cherokee history, there are statues, monuments, museums, and paintings dedicated in his honor across the United States and in various genres.

Science:
 The genus of the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is named after Sequoyah.

Museums:

 The Carnegie Museum of Art, Architecture Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Sequoyah Alphabet
 The Sequoyah Birthplace Museum in Monroe County, eastern Tennessee, features his life and Cherokee culture.
 In 1964, Sequoyah was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum

Paintings and pictures:

 Artist Henry Inman painted a portrait of Sequoyah ca. 1830; it now hangs in the United States National Portrait Gallery
 Sequoyah is pictured on the reverse of the 2017 Sacagawea Dollar coin

Statues and memorials:

 Oklahoma gave a statue of Sequoyah to the National Statuary Hall Collection in 1917. This was the first statue representing a Native American to be placed in the hall. It was created by Vinnie Ream, and is displayed in the Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.
 A monument honoring Chief Sequoyah of the Cherokee Nation was dedicated in September 1932 at Calhoun, Georgia. 34.530286°N 84.936806°W
 1939, a bronze panel with a raised figure of Sequoyah, by Lee Lawrie, was erected in his honor at the Library of Congress
 A Sequoyah memorial was installed in front of the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in North Carolina

Landmark:

 Sequoyah's Cabin, where he lived during 1829–1844 in the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 in Oklahoma.Other:
 On 20 December 1980 the United States Postal Service issued a 19¢ stamp in his honor in the Great Americans series.

Other:

 Addressing the exalted place Sequoyah holds in Cherokee imagination, the Cherokee composer and musicologist Jack Kilpatrick (composer) wrote: "Sequoyah was always in the wilderness. He walked about, but he was not a hunter. I wonder what he was looking for."
 Johnny Cash sang about Sequoyah in his 1964 song "The Talking Leaves"
 Sequoyah School in Pasadena was named in honor of Sequoyah.
 Sequoyah briefly appears as a character in Unto These Hills, an outdoor drama that has been performed in Cherokee, NC since 1950.

In 1824, the General Council of the Eastern Cherokee awarded Sequoyah a large silver medal in honor of the syllabary. According to Davis, one side of the medal bore his image surrounded by the inscription in English, "Presented to George Gist by the General Council of the Cherokee for his ingenuity in the invention of the Cherokee Alphabet." The reverse side showed two long-stemmed pipes and the same inscription written in Cherokee. Sequoyah was said to wear the medal throughout the rest of his life and it was buried with him.

Contemporary use of Cherokee
Cherokee is mainly spoken in Oklahoma, North Carolina, and Arkansas; between 1500 and 2100 people actively speak Cherokee in these three main areas. In a 2018 survey, it states that there are 1,200 Cherokee speakers who live in the Cherokee nation of Oklahoma, 217 speakers in the Eastern North Carolina, and 101 speakers in the United Keetoowah tribe of Cherokee in Arkansas. And that the majority of the Cherokee speakers are people over 40.

Today, in the Cherokee nation (northeast Oklahoma) the syllabary is present on street signs and buildings, is the co-official language with English, and is taught in schools in Oklahoma and North Carolina. The Cherokee nation in the 21st century is trying to integrate this language into people's daily lives. Their goal in 2008 is to increase immersion programs in schools, encourage older Cherokee members to teach the younger generations, and in 50 years to have about 80% more of fluent Cherokee speakers. People of all ages are taught the language, parents and adults, children in schools, and it is offered at several universities in Oklahoma and North Carolina.

During the time when white settler Indian Removal policies removed indigenous tribes from their lands, a process now known as the Trail of Tears, the use of the Cherokee language dropped dramatically. Use of any indigenous language in the government run Indian boarding schools resulted in some kind of physical punishment. In the late 20th century, there was a revitalization of the Cherokee language with programs, run by three sovereign Cherokee tribes, and online courses.

Namesake honors
 A small Mississippian arrowhead found throughout the Midwest and upper south was named Sequoyah by James Brown in 1968.
 The Sequoia trees in California were named Sequoia gigantea in 1847 by Austrian biologist Stephan Endlicher. While it was assumed that this was in honor of Sequoyah, this hypothesis has been questioned. Twenty-first century research in Austria has established that Endlicher, also a published linguist, was familiar with Sequoyah's work. See Chief Sequoyah, a Sequoia tree in Sequoia National Park.
 A crystalline chemical compound found by distilling the needles of the trees was described by Georg Lunge and Th. Steinkaukler in 1880 and named sequoiene.
 The caterpillar of the sequoia-borer moth, a sesiid moth, was named Bembecia sequoiae.
 The name of the district where Sequoyah lived in present-day Oklahoma was changed to the Sequoyah District in 1851. When Oklahoma was admitted to the union, that area was recorded as Sequoyah County.
 The proposed State of Sequoyah was named in his honor.
 Sequoyah Research Center is dedicated to collecting and archiving Native American writing and literature.
 Mount Sequoyah in the Great Smoky Mountains.
 Mount Sequoyah in Fayetteville, Arkansas was named in honor of him after the city donated the top of East Mountain to the Methodist Assembly for a retreat.
 The Sequoyah Hills neighborhood of Knoxville, Tennessee.
 The Tennessee Valley Authority Sequoyah Nuclear Plant was named for him.
 The Sequoyah Marina on Norris Lake in Tennessee, upstream from Norris Dam on the Clinch River.
 The USS Sequoia was a yacht officially used for decades by American presidents (it is now privately owned).
 Sequoyah Caverns and Ellis Homestead is in Valley Head, Alabama.
 Sequoyah Country Club, Oakland, California
 Sequoyah Council – A Boy Scouts of America Council located in Northeast Tennessee.
 The Sequoyah Book Award is chosen annually by students in Oklahoma.
 Many schools have been named for him, including
 Sequoyah High School, (now a middle school) Doraville, Georgia (Designed by architect John Portman)

College of the Sequoias, Visalia, California
Sequoyah High School (Georgia), Canton (Cherokee County), Georgia
Sequoyah High School (Oklahoma), a Native American boarding school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Sequoyah High School (Tennessee), Madisonville, Tennessee
Sequoia High School (Redwood City, California)
Sequoya Elementary School, Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Sequoyah Elementary School, Shawnee, Oklahoma
Sequoia Junior High School, Simi Valley, California
Sequoyah Elementary School, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Sequoia Elementary School, San Diego, California
Sequoya Elementary School, Russellville, Arkansas
Sequoya Middle School, Broken Arrow, Oklahoma
Sequoya Elementary School, Derwood, Maryland
Sequoyah School, Pasadena, California

See also
 History of writing
 Bob Benge, Cherokee leader
 Old Tassel
 List of people who disappeared
 Hastings Shade (1941–2010), fifth-generation direct descendant of Sequoyah
 Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee chief)

Notes

References

Bibliography
Bender, Margaret. (2002) Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Feeling, Durbin. Cherokee-English Dictionary: Tsalagi-Yonega Didehlogwasdohdi. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee Nation, 1975: xvii
Holmes, Ruth Bradley; Betty Sharp Smith (1976). Beginning Cherokee: Talisgo Galiquogi Dideliquasdodi Tsalagi Digoweli. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. .
Foreman, Grant, Sequoyah, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 1938.
Langguth, A. J. Driven West: Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears to the Civil War. New York, Simon & Schuster. 2010. .
McKinney, Thomas and Hall, James, History of the Indian Tribes of North America. (Philadelphia, PA, 1837–1844).
McLoughlin, William G., After the Trail of Tears: The Cherokees' Struggle for Sovereignty 1839–1880. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. 1993. .

External links

 "Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet" , Cherokee Phoenix, 13 August 1828
 "Sequoyah", Tiro Typeworks
 "Sequoyah (aka George Gist)", a North Georgia Notable
 The Cherokee Nation Official Website
 "The Official Cherokee Font" at the Cherokee Nation Official Website

1770s births
1843 deaths
1840s missing person cases
18th-century Native Americans
19th-century American inventors
American blacksmiths
American writers with disabilities
American silversmiths
Creators of writing systems
Cherokee Nation people (1794–1907)
Cherokee Nation politicians (1794–1907)
Missing person cases in Mexico
Native Americans in the War of 1812
People from Knox County, Tennessee
People from Tennessee in the War of 1812
People of the Creek War
People of Indian Territory
Cherokee Nation military personnel (1794–1907)
American politicians with disabilities

Sequoyah


Coprosma baueri es una especie de arbusto de la familia de las rubiáceas. Es un endemismo de Australia donde se encuentra en la costa central de Nueva Gales del Sur.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o árbol pequeño. Las ramitas jóvenes pubérulas. Las hojas de color verde claro, brillante, no es fétida cuando se aplastan; con pecíolo de 8-15 mm de largo, glabras; lámina obovada, de 2.5-6 cm de largo, 1.5-4 cm de ancho; atenuada la base sobre el pecíolo, los márgenes ligeramente recurvados; el ápice redondeado; venas primarias visibles por el haz y el envés 4 a cada lado del nervio central, con domacios pequeños y estípulas triangulares, de 1-1.5 mm de largo. El cáliz oscuro. La corola verde, 3-4 mm de largo. Las flores masculinas en grupos de 3-8; filamentos de 3-4 mm de largo, anteras de 2 mm de largo. Las flores femeninas 1-3 juntas. Frutas de color naranja, un poco obovoides de 6-7 mm de largo.

Taxonomía
Coprosma baueri fue descrita por Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher y publicado en Iconographia Genera Plantarum: t. 111, en el año 1841.
Sinonimia
Pelaphia retusa Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.

Referencias

baueri

Coprosma baueri


Brian Molko (10 Aralık 1972), indie/rock grubu Placebo'nun solisti ve gitaristidir. Placebo grubunun diğer iki üyesi bassist Stefan Olsdal ve davulcu Steve Forrest'tır. Grup ilk yıllarında cinsel kimlikleriyle epey konuşulmuştur; zira Molko biseksüel, Olsdal eşcinsel ve Hewitt heteroseksüeldir.

Geçmişi

Brüksel doğumlu olan Brian Molko'nun babası Amerikalı bir bankacıydı ve oğlunun da kendi izinden gitmesini isterken, oldukça dindar olan İskoç annesi de Brian'ın bir rahip olmasını istiyordu. Gençlik yıllarını Lüksemburg'da geçiren Brian'ın hayali ise bir müzisyen olmaktı.

Brian 17 yaşına gelince de evi terk edip Londra'ya taşınır. Daha önce Lüksemburg'da aynı okulda okuduğu ama tanışma fırsatı bulamadığı Stefan Olsdal ile tesadüfen tanışırlar ve Placebo adlı bir grup kurarlar. Grubun davulcusu ise Robert Schultzberg'dir. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra davullar o sıralar Breed adlı bir grupta çalmakta olan Steve Hewitt'e teslim edilir.

1996 yılında grup Caroline Records'la ilk albüm için anlaşma yapar ve grupla aynı adı taşıyan debut albüm çıkar. Nancy Boy ve Bruise Pristine listelerde başarılı bir seyir izler. Grup U2, Weezer ve Sex Pistols gibi gruplarla turnelere çıkar. Hewitt'in grupla ilk resmi şovu 1997 yılında New York'ta Madison Square Garden'da David Bowie'nin 50. yaş günü partisinde gerçekleşir. Grup 1998 tarihli Without You I'm Nothing adlı albümlerinin isim parçasında Bowie ile düet yapmıştır.

Kırılgan ve depresif şarkılar içeren Without You I'm Nothing albümünün ilk single'ı Pure Morning listelerde büyük başarı elde eder. Placebo bu albümle birlikte hayran kitlesini hızla artırır. Cruel Intentions filminde de kullanılan parçaları Every You Every Me ile oldukça popüler olurlar.

Todd Hayes'ın glam rock temalı filmi Velvet Goldmine'da Flaming Creatures adlı bir grubu canlandırarak ilk sinema deneyimlerini yaşarlar.

Without You I'm Nothing'i takip eden 3. stüdyo albümleri 2000 tarihli Black Market Music'dir ve ilk defa olarak politik şarkı sözleri de yazarlar.

2003 tarihli Sleeping With Ghost albümünün ardından, 2004 yılında bir single toplama albümü yayınlarlar: Once More With Feeling: Singles 1996-2004.

Bu arada Brian Molko başka gruplarla ortak çalışmalar yapar. Alpinestars albümü "White Noise"da Carbon Kid, Trash Palace albümü "Poisitions"da Metric System ve Je t'aime, Moi Non Plus, Jane Birkin albümü "Rendez-Vous"da Smile, Timo Maas'ın "Pictures" adlı albümünde 3 parçada vokallerde yer almıştır.

Placebo grubunun, Brian Molko, Stefan Olsdal ve Steve Hewitt üçlüsü olarak birlikte yaptıkları son albüm 2006 ürünü Meds albümüdür.

Steve Hewitt'in gruptan ayrılışının ardından Placebo yeni davulcuları Steve Forrest ile beraber ilk albümleri olan "Battle for the Sun" albümünü 2009 Haziranında yayınlamışlardr.

Diğer
Brian Molko'nun profesyonel fotoğrafçı Helena Berg ile olan ilişkisinden Cody isimli bir oğlu olmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Some Stranger's Place-Bir Brian Molko Sitesi

1972 doğumlular
İskoç erkek şarkıcılar
İtalyan asıllı İskoçlar
Fransız asıllı İskoçlar
Britanyalı tenorlar
Britanyalı LGBT müzisyenler
LGBT şarkıcılar
Biseksüel müzisyenler
Çift cinsiyetlilik
Yaşayan insanlar
Placebo üyeleri
21. yüzyıl erkek şarkıcıları
Britanyalı LGBT şarkıcılar

Brian Molko


Proba de snow-board, slopestyle feminin de la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 de la Pyeongchang, Coreea de Sud a avut loc pe 11 și 12 februarie 2018 la Pheonix Snow Park.

Program
Orele sunt orele Coreei de Sud (ora României + 7 ore).

Rezultate finală
Finala a început la ora 10:33.

Referințe

Snow-board la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018

Snow-board la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 - Slopestyle (feminin)


Pigerne fra Berlin (tysk originaltitel: Ku'damm 56 (sæson 1), Ku'damm 59 (sæson 2), Ku'damm 63 (sæson 3)) er en tysk miniserie produceret for ZDF.

I seriens første sæson portrætteres over nogle måneder livet for tre giftemodne kvinder samt deres mor i det stadigt konservative Vesttyskland i 1956. I hovedrollen er Monika Schöllack (Sonja Gerhardt), der forventes at blive en god husmor, men hellere vil være fri til at danse rock and roll.

Anden sæson blev udsendt i Tyskland i marts 2018.

En tredje sæson i tre dele Ku'damm 63 udspiller sig i 1963.

Plot

Første sæson
I 1956 er Caterina Schöllack (Claudia Michelsen) leder af danseskolen Galant, der ligger på Kurfürstendamm i Berlin. Hendes ældste datter Helga Schöllack (Maria Ehrich) skal giftes med den nyuddannede advokat Wolfgang von Boost (August Wittgenstein), mens datteren Eva Schöllack (Emilia Schüle) er sygeplejerske og prøver på at blive gift med sin meget ældre kollega Jürgen Fassbender (Heino Ferch). Den tredje datter Monika er imidlertid netop blevet smidt ud af sin husholdningsskole og må flytte tilbage til Kurfürstendamm.

I løbet af sæsonen bliver konflikterne større. Wolfgang viser sig efter brylluppet at være homoseksuel, Eva forelsker sig i den østtyske fodboldspiller Rudi Hauer (Steve Windolf), og Monika bliver voldtaget af Joachim Frank (Sabin Tambrea) samt indleder et løst forhold til sin dansepartner Freddy Donath (Trystan Pütter), der gør hende gravid. Alt imens må Caterina kæmpe med sit hemmelig forhold til medarbejderen Fritz Assmann (Uwe Ochsenknecht), samt afsløringen at hendes mand Gerd Schöllack (Robert Schupp) overlevede Østfronten og er blevet overbevist kommunist i Østberlin.

I sidste afsnit affinder Helga sig med sin mand, Eva forlover sig med Fassbender, og Caterina forlades af Assmann. Afsnittet slutter med, at Monika muntert går hen ad Kurfürstendamm, da hun og Freddy skal til mesterskaberne i rock'n'roll i Köln.

Anden sæson
Seerne møder karaktererne igen tre år senere i 1959. Monika og Freddy danser og spiller musik og har nu en lille datter. Anden sæson fokuserer angiveligt mere på kvindefrigørelse.

Kildehenvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

 Traileren for sæson 1
 Traileren for sæson 2
 "Ku'damm og virkelighedens '63"  19. marts 2021 af Morten Rohde

Tyske tv-serier fra 2010'erne

Pigerne fra Berlin


Zigarrenfabrik steht für:
 Zigarrenfabrik, Fabrik, in der Zigarren hergestellt werden, siehe Zigarre #Herstellung
 Gail'sche Zigarrenfabrik
 Zigarrenfabrik (Heilbronn)
 Dannemann Cigarrenfabrik

Siehe auch:
 Zigarettenfabrik
 Tabakfabrik

Zigarrenfabrik


Hemming Halfdansson (tué en 837) est  « un chef très chrétien de race danoise ».

Contexte
Hemming est sans doute le fils de Halfdan, un chef danois qui devient le vassal de Charlemagne en 807. Il appartient probablement à la famille royale danoise dont  « Hemming » est l'un des noms favoris. L'onomastique  relève le roi danois  qui règne de 810 à 812 et  , qui est rappelé au Danemark de Francie par ses  frères Harald Klak et Reginfrid après la mort de . Cet Hemming est probablement la même personne que Hemming Halfdansson. Il revient sans doute de Francie,
puisqu'il n'y a aucune trace antérieure de lui dans la politique danoise, après que ses frères aient été chassés par les fils de  Godfrid en 813.

Il est probable que Hemming ait reçu des Francs en donation Walcheren, une forteresse en Frise, comme bénéfice, qui avait été peut-être déjà été détenue antérieurement par son père. Il la reçoit certainement en 841 des Danois Harald et Rorik. Il est tué au côté du comte franc Eccihard, en la défendant contre une attaque des  Vikings en 837. Probablement corespensable de la défense de la Frise avec le comte Eccihard contre les Vikings, comme l'indique un capitulaire de 821 qui se réfère aux  « comtes qui sont  responsables de la défense côtière ». Si Hemming apparait comme le supérieur, comme Thégan de Trèves l'indique dans son Gesta Hludowici imperatoris, un récit du règne de  Louis le Pieux, dans lequel il le nomme en premier lorsqu'il rapporte sa mort, suivi par  « un autre chef, Eccihard, et de nombreux nobles de l'empereur ». Selon une autre possibilité, Hemming aurait été un courtisan envoyé par l'empereur afin de soutenir le chef local, Eccihard.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .

Personnalité danoise du IXe siècle
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom
Décès en 837
Noblesse du royaume du Danemark au haut Moyen Âge

Hemming Halfdansson


Impregnacija (kasnolat. impraegnare: natopiti, navlažiti; oploditi) je prožimanje, promakanje poroznih čvrstih materijala (drva, papira, tekstila, kože) prikladnim impregnacijskim sredstvima (otopinama, emulzijama, suspenzijama) radi zaštite (od vlage, atmosferilija, štetočina, plijesni, gljivica), stvaranja otpornosti (na primjer prema vatri) ili poboljšanja svojstava (na primjer nepropusnosti za vodu), a time i radi povećanja njihove trajnosti. Prema vrsti materijala i njegovoj namjeni odabire se impregnacijsko sredstvo i postupak (uranjanje, tlačenje, ličenje). Impregnacija se najviše primjenjuje u drvnoj industriji (građevna stolarija), tekstilnoj industriji (vodootporne tkanine), elektrotehnici (izolacijski materijali) i drugo.

Impregnacija drva

Radi zaštite i vodoodbojnosti drvo se impregnira otopinom soli cinka, bakra, žive, alkalijskim fluoridima, kromatima ili uljevitim sredstvima kao što je karbolineum.

Impregnacija tekstila

Tekstilni se materijali najčešće impregniraju radi postizanja vodoodbojnosti, a tomu služe perfluorirani spojevi, silikonske, parafinske i voštane emulzije i drugo. Takva se obrada često naziva hidrofobiranje, a uz perfluorirane spojeve i oleofobiranje, što označuje da je tako obrađen materijal zaštićen od kvašenja vodom i uljem (obrada protiv prljanja).

Impregnacija električne izolacije

U elektrotehnici se impregniraju izolacijski materijali od svilenih, pamučnih ili drugih vlakana, a i gotovi namoti električnih strojeva i naprava, koji nakon impregniranja, na primjer izolacijskim lakovima, imaju potrebna svojstva (nepropusnost za vlagu, bolji odvod topline i bolja izolacijska svojstva).

Izvori

Građevinski materijali
Tekstilna industrija
Elektrotehnika

Impregnacija


Medmindre loven giver udtrykkelig hjemmel for fravigelse, må en bekendtgørelse ikke være i strid med loven - med andre ord - den må ikke derogere loven, idet loven har større vægt en den administrative forskrift, jf. Zahle s. 202.

Juridiske begreber

Derogation


Huse til mennesker er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1972 instrueret af Jørgen Roos og efter manuskript af Viggo Clausen.

Handling
En debatfilm om moderne karrébebyggelse. Er det golde, kolde, menneskefjendtlige betonødemarker - eller har beboerne muligheder for at udfolde sig, individuelt eller kollektivt? Fungerer beboerdemokratiet - eller er det en narresut? Er der tilstrækkelige fællesfaciliteter - og fungerer de til beboernes tilfredshed? Filmen samler en række indtryk og udtalelser fra flere "centre" i Københavns omegn.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1972

Huse til mennesker


Hadisa katliamı 19 Kasım 2005 tarihinde bir grup Amerikalı askerlerin, aralarında çok sayıda çocuk, kadın ve yaşlılar olan bir grup Iraklı sivili suçsuz yere öldürmeleri olayıdır. 24 sivil ölmüştür.

Irak Savaşı
Irak'taki katliamlar

Hadisa katliamı


سايون هي إحدى شركات صناعة السيارات، تم إنشاء الشركة من قِبل شركة تويوتا للسيارات عام 2003م بهدف جذب فئة الشباب في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. غالبية سيارات سايون ذات دفع أمامي.
و للشركة حالياً خمس طرازات إنتاج وهم: إكس بي (xB)، تي سي (tC) وإكس دي (xD)، اف ار- اس (FR-S)، أي كيو (IQ)

كان أول ظهور لها في معرض نيو يورك للسيارات عام 2002م حيث قدمت ثلاث سيارات اختبارية، ثم ظهرت بسيارات إنتاجها في معرض لوس أنجلوس للسيارات في يناير عام 2003م.

في 2016 قررت تويوتا إغلاق سايون بعد تدهور المبينة من ما ادا إلى إلغاء الطراز.

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 2016 في كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 2002 في كاليفورنيا
تصنيع السيارات مقرها في كاليفورنيا
سيارات فارهة
شركات تصنيع مركبات انحلت في 2016
شركات تصنيع مركبات أسست في 2003
شركات تصنيع مقرها في منطقة لوس أنجلوس الكبرى
شركات سابقة مقرها في منطقة لوس أنجلوس الكبرى
شركات مقرها في توررانسي (كاليفورنيا)
مصانع سيارات منحلة في الولايات المتحدة

سايون


Parodia nivosa ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Parodia in der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Das Artepitheton nivosa stammt aus dem Lateinischen, bedeutet 'voller Schnee' und verweist auf die weiße Bedornung der Art.

Beschreibung
Parodia nivosa wächst einzeln. Die trübgrünen kugelförmigen bis kurz zylindrischen Triebe erreichen Wuchshöhen von bis zu 15 Zentimeter und Durchmesser von 8 Zentimeter. Der Triebscheitel ist dicht weiß bewollt. Die bis zu 21 Rippen sind spiralförmig angeordnet und stark in konische Höcker untergliedert. Die auf ihnen befindlichen Areolen sind weiß. Die vier weißen Mitteldornen sind gerade und borstenartig. Sie weisen eine Länge von bis zu 2 Zentimeter auf. Die etwa 18 fein borstenartigen Randdornen sind weiß und 1,5 bis 1,8 Zentimeter lang.

Die leuchtend roten bis dunkelroten Blüten erreichen Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 3 Zentimeter und Längen von bis zu 3 Zentimeter. Ihr Perikarpell und die Blütenröhre sind mit Wolle und Borsten besetzt. Die Narben sind hellgelb. Die anfangs rosafarbenen kugelförmigen Früchte sind bei Reife grau. Sie weisen Durchmesser von 3 bis 5 Millimeter auf. Die Früchte enthalten glänzend braune (oder schwarze?) 0,5 Millimeter lange Samen, die glatt oder leicht strukturiert sind.

Verbreitung, Systematik und Gefährdung
Parodia nivosa ist argentinischen Provinz Salta in der Quebrada del Toro und eventuell in der Provinz Jujuy in Höhenlagen von 1700 bis 2500 Metern (selten bis 3200 Meter) verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Curt Backeberg wurde 1934 veröffentlicht.

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wird die Art als "", d. h. als vom Aussterben bedroht geführt.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Parodia (Kakteen)
Nivosa

Parodia nivosa