This is a list of aviation-related events from 1979.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was American Airlines Flight 191, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 which crashed just after takeoff from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, U.S. on 25 May, killing all 271 people on board, as well as two on the ground.

Events
 Eight Bell 212s delivered to the Civil Aviation Administration of China are the first helicopters supplied to the People's Republic of China by an American manufacturer.

January
 Continental Airlines inaugurates service between Houston, Texas, and Washington, D.C.
 January 1 – Trans World Airlines becomes a subsidiary of Trans World Corporation.
 January 12
Pilatus Aircraft acquires Britten-Norman.
Three hijackers commandeer a Tunis Air Boeing 727-2H3 making a domestic flight in Tunisia from Tunis to Djerba, demanding the release of prisoners. The airliner diverts to Tripoli, Libya, where the hijackers surrender.
 Braniff International Airways becomes the only American airline to operate the Concorde as two Braniff pilots land an Air France and a British Airways Concorde simultaneously on parallel runways at Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport after flying from Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia outside Washington, D.C., ceremonially inaugurating a new interchange service allowing the Concorde to operate over the United States. The service functions by having Air France and British Airways crews fly the aircraft from Europe to Washington Dulles, where the aircraft are temporarily leased and re-registered to Braniff and flown by Braniff crews as Braniff aircraft to Dallas-Fort Worth. The process is reversed on the return trip, with Braniff crews flying the planes as Braniff aircraft to Washington Dulles, where they are "sold" back and re-registered to Air France and British Airways before being flown back to Europe by French and British crews. Braniff begins revenue service with the Concorde between Dallas-Fort Worth and Washington Dulles on January 13, charging 10 percent more than it charges for first class on its Boeing 727s flying the route.
 January 15 – After its pilot turns off its de-icing system too soon on approach to Minsk-1 Airport in Minsk in the Soviet Union's Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Antonov An-24B (registration CCCP-46807) loses longitudinal stability due to icing and crashes  from the airport, killing 13 of the 14 people on board.
 January 16 – Six hijackers aboard a Middle East Airlines Boeing 707 bound from Beirut, Lebanon, to Amman, Jordan, demand the release of prisoners. The hijackers surrender at Beirut International Airport.
 January 24 – An Air Algerie Nord 262A-44 (registration 7T-VSU) on approach to Boudghene Ben Ali Lotfi Airport in Béchar, Algeria, flies too low and crashes  from the airport, killing 14 of the 23 people on board.
 January 27 – A 49-year-old California woman hijacks United Airlines Flight 8 – a Boeing 747 with 131 people on board, including actor Sam Jaffe – as it flies from Los Angeles, California, to New York City. She threatens to blow up the plane if an actor – she demands that it be either Charlton Heston, Jack Lemmon, or Lindsay Wagner – does not read her message on U.S. national television from Los Angeles International Airport, where Heston stands by in case he is needed. About two hours after the airliner lands at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, she releases about 25 passengers. Police finally overpower and arrest her about 11 hours after the incident began.
 January 30 – Varig Boeing 707-320C PP-VLU, a cargo plane, disappears over the Pacific Ocean 30 minutes after departing Tokyos Narita International Airport. Its wreck is never found. Lost along with the six people on board are 153 paintings by Manabu Mabe. The captain had been the pilot of Varig Flight 820, which had crashed in France in 1973.

February
 McDonnell Douglas completes the last A-4 Skyhawk. In the 25 years since the first prototype flew in 1954, the Douglas Aircraft Company and McDonnell Douglas have built 2,960 Skyhawks.
 February 8 – A TAM Airlines Embraer EMB-110C Bandeirante (registration PT-SBB) strikes trees during its initial climb after takeoff from Bauru Airport in Bauru, Brazil, and crashes into flames, killing all 18 people on board.
 February 12 – Members of the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) shoot down Air Rhodesia Flight 827, the Vickers Viscount Umniati, with a Strela 2 (NATO reporting name "SA-7 Grail") surface-to-air missile in the Vuti African Purchase Area of Rhodesia east of Lake Kariba, killing all 59 people on board.
 February 18 – Flying from Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in bad weather to rescue a crewman in distress aboard the Japanese fishing vessel Kasei Maru #18, the United States Coast Guard Sikorsky HH-3F Pelican helicopter CG-1432 loses power and ditches in heavy seas in the North Atlantic Ocean 180 nautical miles ( southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts. One Canadian Armed Forces and three U.S. Coast Guard personnel aboard die; Kasei Maru No. 18 rescues one U.S. Coast Guard crewman and recovers the bodies of the other four men.
 February 19 – American former child actor Norman Ollestad Sr. dies instantly when the chartered Cessna 172 he is riding in crashes in California's San Bernardino Mountains in adverse weather at an altitude of . The pilot dies soon afterwards. The two survivors, Ollestad's girlfriend and his 11-year-old son, future author Norman Ollestad Jr., attempt to descend the mountain. She dies in a fall, but the younger Ollestad survives.
 February 26 – Production of the A-4 Skyhawk ends after 26 years, with the delivery of the 2,690th and final aircraft to the United States Marine Corps.
 February 27 – Four hijackers commandeer Aeroflot Flight 212 – a Tupolev Tu-154 with 34 people on board – shortly after it takes off from Oslo, Norway, for a flight to Stockholm, Sweden. They threaten to blow up the airliner with glass bottles filled with kerosene. The plane lands at Stockholm, where the crew overpowers the hijackers.
 February 28 – Since January 1, Tanzania has shot down 19 Ugandan aircraft during the Uganda-Tanzania War. The losses drive the Ugandan Air Force out of the war.

March
 March 10 – The United States Air Force sends Boeing E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft to monitor the civil war in Yemen.
 March 14
A CAAC Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident 2E (registration B-274) on a training flight crashes into a factory in Beijing, China, during its initial climb after takeoff from Beijing Xijiao Airport, killing all 12 people on the plane and at least 32 people on the ground, although some sources estimate that up to 200 people are killed.
After two missed approaches at Doha International Airport in Doha, Qatar, Alia Royal Jordanian Flight 600, the Boeing 727-2D3 City of Petra (registration JY-ADU), attempts to divert to Dhahran International Airport in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. While climbing away from Doha International, the airliner stalls at an altitude of  and crashes, striking the ground at a speed of 170 knots (. It breaks into three pieces, killing 45 of the 64 people on board.
 March 16 – A man hijacks Continental Airlines Flight 62 – a Boeing 727 with 95 people on board flying from Phoenix to Tucson, Arizona – demanding a ransom of US$200,000 and transportation to Cuba. The airliner lands at Tucson, where he is arrested about two hours later.
 March 17 – After receiving a false warning of a fire in its No. 1 engine shortly after takeoff from Vnukovo Airport in Moscow, an overloaded Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-104B (registration CCCP-42444) flown by an inexperienced pilot attempts to return to the airport. On approach, the airliner strikes a power line transmission tower, bounces off a hill, passes over a highway, and crashes in a frozen ploughed field, its wings and cockpit separating from its fuselage. The crash kills 58 of the 119 people on board.
 March 25 – Qantas retires its last Boeing 707 and becomes the world's first airline with a fleet made up exclusively of Boeing 747s.
 March 26 – An Interflug Ilyushin Il-18D cargo plane (registration DM-STL) attempts to abort its takeoff from Quatro de Fevereiro Airport in Luanda, Angola, after its No. 2 engine fails. The plane strikes the instrument landing system localizer antenna, breaks up, and burns, killing all 10 people on board.
 March 29 – Quebecair Flight 255, a Fairchild F-27, suffers an engine explosion minutes after takeoff from Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. While attempting to return to the airport, the airliner crashes into a hillside, killing 17 of the 24 people on board.
 March 31 – 550 senior officers of the Iranian armed forces, many of them Iranian Air Force and Iranian Army generals, have been killed or driven out of military service since the Iranian Revolution deposed the Shah of Iran on 11 February.

April
 Retired Formula One world motor racing champion Niki Lauda founds Lauda Air. The airline will begin flight operations in 1985.
 April 4
A man takes a woman hostage at knifepoint at a security screening point at Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia, and takes her with him as he forces his away aboard Pan American World Airways Flight 816, a Boeing 747SP-21 (registration N530PA) preparing for a flight to Auckland, New Zealand. He demands to be flown via Singapore to Rome – where he wishes to speak to the Pope and to an Italian Communist leader – and then on to Moscow. Police forcefully rescue the hostage, after which the hijacker produces two beer cans with wicks in them, one of which he holds in one hand; holding one of them in one hand and a match in the other hand, he threatens to blow up the plane. The police use a high-pressure fire hose to knock him off balance and when he ducks behind a seat with one of the beer cans, they shoot him. He later dies of his wounds. The beer cans are found to contain gunpowder.
Trans World Airlines Flight 841, a Boeing 727-31 with 89 people on board on a flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport in Minneapolis, Minnesota, suddenly rolls sharply to the right over Saginaw, Michigan, and goes into a spiral dive from  including two 360-degree rolls despite corrective measures taken by both the autopilot and the human pilot, losing  of altitude in 63 seconds before the flight crew manages to pull out of the dive at . Eight passengers suffer minor injuries caused by exposure to high G forces. The plane makes an emergency landing at Detroit, Michigan, without further incident.
 April 23 – SAETA Flight 11, a Vickers 785D Viscount (registration HC-AVP) disappears during a domestic flight in Ecuador from Quito to Cuenca with the loss of all 57 people on board. The plane's wreckage will be discovered in 1984 at a location 25 nautical miles (29 miles; 46 kilometers) off course on high ground in Ecuador's Pastaza Province.

May
 May 1 – Continental Airlines inaugurates service to the South Pacific, flying from Los Angeles, California, to Australia via Honolulu, American Samoa, Fiji, and New Zealand.
 May 7 – Beechcraft announces its intention to re-enter the commuter airliner market. It had last produced a commuter airliner in late 1977.
 May 25 – American Airlines Flight 191, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 crashes at O'Hare International Airport, Chicago shortly after take-off after its number one engine detaches during its takeoff, killing all 271 on board and two more on the ground, making it the deadliest air disaster in American history.
 May 27 – A Mauritanian Air Force de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo crashes in the Atlantic Ocean off Dakar, Senegal, killing all 12 people on board. The prime minister of Mauritania, Lieutenant Colonel Ahmed Ould Bouceif, is among the dead.
 May 30 – Downeast Airlines Flight 46, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 200 (registration N68DE) strikes trees and crashes on approach to Knox County Regional Airport in Rockland, Maine, killing all 17 of the 18 people on board.

June
 Three Iraqi Air Force aircraft bomb several Iranian villages near the northern Iran-Iraq border which Iraq suspects house Kurdish rebels.
 Continental Airlines inaugurates service linking Denver, Colorado, with Washington, D.C., Las Vegas, Nevada, and San Francisco and San Jose, California. It also begins service between Houston, Texas, and Tampa, Florida.
 June 6 – In the wake of the May 25 crash of American Airlines Flight 191, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration revokes the Douglas DC-10's type certificate, grounding all DC-10s pending modifications to their slat actuation and position systems and stall warning and power supply changes. Until July 13, all U.S. DC-10s will remain grounded and foreign DC-10s will be prohibited from operating in the United States.
 June 7 – An Indian Air Force Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. HAL-748-LFD Srs. 2M crashes in the Karmwal Pass in the Himalayas near Leh, India, at an altitude of , killing all 28 people on board.
 June 8 – Apparently wanting to be flown to the United States to see his estranged wife and children, 36-year-old seaman Phillip Sillery enters the cockpit of a Trans Australia Airlines Douglas DC-9-31 armed with a sawn-off 12-gauge shotgun and hijacks the airliner during a domestic flight in Australia from Coolangatta to Brisbane. After the plane lands at Brisbane's Eagle Farm Airport, Sillery allows all the passengers to disembark. As he holds the shotgun to the captain′s head, a stewardess knocks him off balance, allowing the co-pilot to grab him. The crew then overpowers Sillery, who is arrested.
 June 11
A United States Forest Service Douglas C-47A-90-DL Skytrain carrying personnel, two dogs, and  of equipment to the Moose Creek Ranger Station on Idaho's Selway River suffers the failure of its left engine, after which its right engine catches fire, explodes, and detaches from the aircraft. The C-47 glides to a crash-landing in which it strikes a tree and lands in a river in a narrow canyon at an altitude of . Nine of the 12 people on board die immediately, and one of three survivors succumbs to his injuries before reaching a hospital.
Eduardo Guerra Jimenez, who had flown from Cuba to the United States in 1969 in a stolen Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force MiG-21 (NATO reporting name "Fishbed") fighter, hijacks Delta Air Lines Flight 1061 – a Lockheed L-1011 Tristar with 207 people on board flying from New York City to Fort Lauderdale, Florida – and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba, where he is arrested. The airliner then flies to Miami, Florida. It is the first hijacking of a U.S. airliner to Cuba in 4½ years and the 170th hijacking of a U.S. airliner in history.
 June 12 – Flying the Gossamer Albatross from Folkestone Warren, England, to a French beach south of Cap Gris-Nez in 2 hours 49 minutes, Bryan Allen becomes the first person to cross the English Channel in a pedal-powered aircraft.
 June 17 – Air New England Flight 248, a de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter 300, crashes at Camp Greenough in the Yarmouth Port section of Yarmouth, Massachusetts, while on approach to a landing at Barnstable Municipal Airport in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The pilot, Air New England co-founder George Parmenter, dies, but the other nine people on board all survive, including author Robert Sabbag.
 June 20
Nikola Kavaja, a Serbian nationalist and anti-communist, hijacks American Airlines Flight 293, a Boeing 727, shortly before it lands in Chicago, Illinois, intending to gain control of an aircraft that he can crash into Yugoslav Communist Party headquarters in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He allows the passengers and most of the crew to debark, then orders the crew to fly the 727 to LaGuardia Airport in New York City. There he demands and receives a Boeing 707, which he orders to be flown to Shannon, Ireland, where he intends to take control of the 707 for the suicide flight to Belgrade, but the hijacking ends when he surrenders to authorities in Shannon.
U.S. Navy Lieutenant Donna L. Spruill pilots a Grumman C-1 Trader to an arrested landing aboard the aircraft carrier , becoming the first female U.S. Navy pilot to carrier-qualify in fixed-wing aircraft.
 June 23 – The Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic transport, withdrawn from passenger service in June 1978, re-enters service, with the longer-range Tu-144D model beginning Aeroflot cargo-only domestic flights in the Soviet Union between Moscow and Khabarovsk.
 June 27 – Israeli Air Force F-15 Eagles shoot down four Syrian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s. These are the first kills for the F-15.
 June 28 – French documentary filmmaker Philippe Cousteau, son of Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Simone Cousteau, dies at Lisbon, Portugal, while at the controls of a PBY-6A Catalina amphibian flying boat for a high-speed taxi run on the Tagus to test the hull for leaks after a water landing. One of the plane's propellers separates and cuts through the cockpit, killing him.
 June 30 – Wanting to return to Cuba to join the revolution of Fidel Castro after living in Puerto Rico and armed with a bottle, 46-year-old Cuban exile Igoberto Gonzalez Sanchez hijacks Eastern Airlines Flight 932, a Lockheed L-1011 Tristar with 306 people on board flying from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami, Florida. Crew members and passengers subdue him, and he is arrested after the airliner arrives at Miami.

July
 July 1 – North Central Airlines and Southern Airways merge to form Republic Airlines, with headquarters at Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
 July 2 – The Swiss airline Crossair begins scheduled service, offering flights from Zürich, Switzerland to Nuremberg, West Germany, Innsbruck, Austria, and Klagenfurt, Austria.
 July 9 – A hijacker commandeers an Aerolineas Condor Fokker F27 Friendship during a domestic flight in Ecuador from Tulcán to Quito, demanding to be flown to Costa Rica. The hijacker is taken down at Quito.
 July 11 – A Garuda Indonesia Fokker F-28 Fellowship crashes into Mount Sibayak on Sumatra in Indonesia, killing all 61 people on board.
 July 13 – The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration restores the Douglas DC-10's type certificate, allowing U.S. DC-10s to fly and foreign DC-10s to operate in the United States for the first time since June 6.
 July 20 – A hijacker takes control of United Airlines Flight 320 – a Boeing 727 with 126 people on board flying from Denver, Colorado, to Omaha, Nebraska – and demands to be flown to Cuba. The hijacker is taken down at Omaha.
 July 23 – The British government announces plans to privatise British Airways and publicly sell British Aerospace shares.
 July 25 – A hijacker commandeers a Biman Bangladesh Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship during a domestic flight in Bangladesh from Jessore to Dacca and demands ransom money. The airliner diverts to Calcutta, India, where the hijacker surrenders.
 July 27 – Israeli Air Force Kfir C.1 fighters escorting reconnaissance aircraft over Lebanon encounter Syrian Air Force MiG-21 (NATO reporting name "Fishbed-J") fighters and shoot one down with a Shafrir-2 air-to-air missile. It is the only aerial victory by a Kfir C.1 in Israeli service.
 July 31
 Dan-Air Flight 0034, a Hawker Siddeley HS 748, crashes into the sea while attempting to take off from Sumburgh Airport on the Shetland Mainland in Scotland, drowning 17 of the 47 people on board.
 Western Airlines Flight 44, a Boeing 737-200, mistakenly lands at Buffalo, Wyoming, instead of its intended destination, which is Sheridan, Wyoming. No one is injured, and the only damage is to the tarmac at the airport, which was not designed to support the weight of the jetliner. The incident prompts a legal battle and subsequent landmark aviation ruling in Ferguson v. NTSB in June 1982.

August
 Six months after the Iranian Revolution, all 79 of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Forces F-14 Tomcats have been sabotaged to prevent them from firing AIM-54 Phoenix air-to-air missiles, and most of its combat aircraft are not operational; most Iranian helicopters are not airworthy, and Iran has made plans to cannibalize half of its helicopters for spare parts in order to fly the remainder.
 August 2 – New York Yankees catcher Thurman Munson is practicing takeoffs and landings at the controls of a Cessna Citation I/SP with a friend and a flight instructor on board at Akron-Canton Regional Airport in Green, Ohio, when the Citation comes down short of the runway and crashes during a landing attempt, killing Munson and injuring the other two men.
 August 3 – An Aeroflot Let L-410M Turbolet experiences an engine failure on approach to Rzhevka Airport in Leningrad Oblast in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Its crew attempts a go-around, but the airliner crashes  northeast of the airport, killing 10 of the 14 people on board.
 August 4 – An Indian Airlines Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. HAL-748-224 Srs. 2 crashes in the Kiroli Hills while on approach to Santacruz Airport in Bombay, India, killing all 45 people on board.
 August 5 – Three armed men seeking to escape from the Spanish Foreign Legion hijack an Iberia Douglas DC-9-32 (registration EC-BIT) at Puerto del Rosario in the Canary Islands. After a stop at Lisbon, Portugal, the plane flies them to Geneva, Switzerland, where they surrender.
 August 11 – Two Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134 jetliners collide in mid-air over Dniprodzerzhynsk in the Soviet Unions Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, killing all 156 people aboard the two planes. Among the dead are 17 players and staff of the then-Soviet-top-division Pakhtakor Football Club team.
 August 14 – Steve Hinton sets a new piston-engined airspeed record in a specially-modified P-51 Mustang named the RB51 Red Baron. He reaches  over Nevada.
 August 16 – A hijacker commandeers Eastern Airlines Flight 980 – a Boeing 727 with 91 people on board – during a flight from Guatemala City, Guatemala, to Miami, Florida, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The hijacker surrenders at Miami.
 August 22 – A hijacker takes control of United Air Lines Flight 739 – a Boeing 727 with 120 people on board – during a flight from Portland, Oregon, to Los Angeles, California. The plane diverts to San Francisco, California, then returns to Portland, where the hijacker surrenders.
 August 24
During a domestic flight in the Soviet Union from Norilsk to Krasnoyarsk, all four engines of an Aeroflot Antonov An-12TB (registration CCCP-12963) flame out. The crew attempts to reach Yeniseysk Airport in Yeniseysk, but has to make a forced landing on a wooded hillside  from Yeniseysk. The airliner bursts into flames, and 11 of the 16 people on board die.
A hijacker commandeers a Libyan Arab Airlines Boeing 727 during a domestic flight in Libya from Benghazi to Tripoli, demanding to be flown to a non-Arab country. The plane diverts to Larnaca, Cyprus, where the hijacker surrenders.
 August 29 – When a crew member inadvertently extends a flap while an Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-124V (registration CCCP-45038) cruises at  during a flight from Kyiv in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to Kazan in the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the airliner goes into a spin. It disintegrates at an altitude of  and crashes near Kirsanov, killing all 63 people on board.
 August 30 – A U.S. Navy CH-53D Sea Stallion helicopter of Air Transport Squadron 24 (VR-24) lifts a  statue of the Madonna and Child too large to transport by land to the top of Mount Tiberius on the Italian island of Capri, replacing one destroyed by lightning.

September
 Aer Lingus becomes the first airline other than Alitalia to be used by Pope John Paul II, when he flies aboard the specially modified Boeing 747 St. Patrick (registration EI-ASI) from Rome to Dublin and later from Shannon, Ireland, to Boston, Massachusetts.
 September 3
Aeroflot Flight A-513, an Antonov An-24B (registration CCCP-46269), strikes a hill at a speed of  while on approach to Amderma Airport in Amderma in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. It breaks up, and its main wreckage comes to rest on a beach  from the edge of the Kara Sea. The crash kills 40 of the 43 people on board.
Both engines of a Sterling Airways Aérospatiale SN.601 Corvette (registration OY-SBS) catch fire while it is on approach to Nice Côte d'Azur Airport in Nice, France. It crashes into the Mediterranean Sea  southwest of the airport, killing all 10 people on board.
 September 7 – Three members of the "Imam Sadr Movement" hijack an Alitalia Douglas DC-8-62H (registration I-DIWW) with 183 people on board during a flight from Beirut, Lebanon, to Rome, Italy. They demand information on the 31 August 1978 disappearance of Mousa Sadr in Libya. They release the passengers at Rome, then force the airliner to fly to Tehran, Iran, where they surrender after a statement they wrote is broadcast on radio and television.
 September 12 – A man armed with what appears to be a pistol hijacks a Lufthansa Boeing 727-230 during a domestic flight in West Germany from Frankfurt-am-Main to Cologne. He demands a meeting with Chancellor of Germany Helmut Schmidt in the presence of the news media. Seven hours of negotiations ensue after the plane lands at Cologne; the hijacker then reads a message to political leaders calling for a more humane world before releasing the passengers and four of the seven crew members. After several more hours of negotiations, he releases the rest of the crew and surrenders. His weapons turns out to be a toy pistol.
 September 14
Aero Trasporti Italiani (ATI) Flight 12, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 (registration I-ATJC), crashes into Conca d'Oru at a height of  on Sardinia near Sarroch, Italy, while trying to fly around thunderstorms on approach to Cagliari Elmas Airport in Cagliari, killing all 31 people on board.
A Butler Aircraft Company Douglas DC-7 (registration N4SW) operating on a company business flight strikes trees on the crest of  Surveyor Mountain and crashes  northwest of Klamath Falls, Oregon, killing all 12 people on board.
 September 21
 There is a big fire at Bombay Airport which kills a few people. Authorities battle the blaze for many hours.

October
 October 1 – The United States Air Force transfers all of the Aerospace Defense Command's interceptor squadrons and bases and air warning radar stations to the Tactical Air Command.
 October 7 – Swissair Flight 316, a Douglas DC-8-62 (registration HB-IDE), overruns the runway while landing at Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece. The tail and left wing separate from the fuselage and the airliner comes to rest on a public road. A fire breaks out, and 14 of the 154 people on board die of burns or smoke inhalation.
 October 16 – Three hijackers commandeer a Libyan Arab Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship (registration 5A-DDU) during a domestic flight in Libya from Hun to Tripoli and force it to fly to Malta, where they surrender.
 October 27 – A Mexican government Beechcraft 200 Super King Air (registration XC-PGR) operated by the Office of the General Prosecutor strikes a power pole at a height of  north of San Ysidro, California, while on approach to Tijuana International Airport in Tijuana, Mexico, and crashes, killing all 10 people on board.
 October 30
Sir Barnes Wallis, inventor of the bouncing bomb, geodetic airframe, and earthquake bomb, dies at the age of 82.
A hijacker claiming to have a bomb commandeers Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 784 – a Boeing 727 with 108 people on board flying from Los Angeles to San Diego, California – demanding to be flown to Mexico. The airliner diverts to Tijuana, Mexico, where the hijacker surrenders.
 October 31
 Midway Airlines begins flight operations, using three Douglas DC-9s from Trans World Airlines to offer service from Chicago′s Midway Airport to Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland, Ohio, to Kansas City, Missouri, and to Detroit, Michigan.
Western Airlines Flight 2605, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10, mistakenly lands on a closed runway in fog at Benito Juarez International Airport in Mexico City, Mexico, strikes a parked truck, crashes, and bursts into flames. Seventy-two of the 89 people on board die.

November
 November 1 – After the Liberian oil tanker Burmah Agate and the Liberian cargo ship Mimosa collide in the Gulf of Mexico off Galveston, Texas, just outside Galveston Bay, the United States Coast Guard Sikorsky HH-52A Seaguard helicopter Rescue 1426 airlifts 22 men to safety from Mimosa, which is out of control and steaming in circles, to safety aboard a nearby offshore oil platform in three trips; on its first trip alone, the helicopter carries 12 Mimosa crewmen along with its own crew of three. Low on fuel, Rescue 1426 returns to its base at Coast Guard Air Station Houston, Texas. In 2016, Rescue 1426 will become the first U.S. Coast Guard aircraft placed on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia.
 November 4 – The Iranian hostage crisis begins as Iranian students take over the United States Embassy in Tehran. The United States quickly halts all spare-parts shipments and technical assistance to the Iranian Air Force and imposes an embargo on Iran, and the United Kingdom also cuts off most military shipments to Iran.
 November 11 – Hawaiian Airlines celebrates 50 years of accident-free air passenger service.
 November 15 – A bomb planted by the Unabomber in the cargo hold of a Boeing 727 operating as American Airlines Flight 444 from Chicago, Illinois, to Washington, D.C., malfunctions, failing to detonate but giving off large quantities of smoke. Twelve of the 78 people on board are treated for smoke inhalation. The attack brings the Federal Bureau of Investigation into the Unabomber investigation for the first time because attacking the airliner is the Unabombers first federal crime.
 November 19 – An Ecuadorian Army IAI Arava 201 crashes on takeoff from Camilo Ponce Enriquez Airport in Loja, Ecuador, killing all 16 people on board. General Rafael Rodríques Palacios and his wife and daughter are among the dead.
 November 23 – Armed with a plastic knife and a bottle opener, a 25-year-old male passenger hijacks a Japan Air Lines Douglas DC-10-40 with 356 people on board during a domestic flight in Japan from Osaka to Tokyo′s Haneda Airport and demands to be flown to the Soviet Union. To refuel, the airliner diverts to Tokyo's Narita International Airport, where the hijacker is overpowered and arrested before refueling is completed.
 November 24 – A hijacker commandeers American Airlines Flight 395 – a Boeing 727 with 74 people on board flying from San Antonio to El Paso, Texas – and demands to be flown to Iran. Police storm the airliner and arrest the hijacker at El Paso.
 November 26 – A flight attendant reports a fire aboard Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740, a Boeing 707-340C, 18 minutes after takeoff from Jeddah International Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The fire spreads rapidly, causing panic in the passenger cabin and incapacitating the flight crew and the aircraft crashes, killing all 156 people on board.
 November 28
 A Douglas DC-10 operating as Air New Zealand Flight 901 crashes on Mount Erebus in Antarctica during a sightseeing flight, killing all 257 people aboard.
 The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration suspends the Airline Transport Pilot certificate of Western Airlines pilot Lowell G. Ferguson and charges him with violating four sections of the Federal Aviation Regulations in the mistaken landing at the wrong airport of Western Airlines Flight 44 – of which he was the pilot in command – on July 31. Ferguson will appeal the suspension, eventually leading to the landmark Ferguson v. NTSB decision of June 1982.

December
 December 12 – A Commercializadora Aérea Mixta Boliviana (CAMBA) Martin 4-0-4 cargo aircraft (registration CP-1440) crashes after takeoff near Apolo Airport in Apolo, Bolivia, killing 10 of the 11 people on board.
 December 18 – A SATENA Douglas C-54D-10-DC Skymaster (registration FAC-1106) crashes into the mountain Cerro Toledo between Arauca and Cúcuta, Colombia, at an altitude of , killing all 21 people on board.
 December 22 – A Peruvian Air Force de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo crashes into the jungle near Puerto Esperanza, Peru, killing all 29 people on board.
 December 23
A Douglas Airways GAF Nomad N.22B (registration P2-DNL) crashes during a runway overshoot at Manari Airport in Manari, Papua New Guinea, killing all 16 people on board.
The Turkish Airlines Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship Trabzon crashes into a hill near Kuyumcuköy in the Çubuk district of Ankara Province while on approach to Esenboğa Airport in Ankara, killing 41 of the 45 people on board.
 December 25
The Soviet–Afghan War begins as Soviet Air Force Antonov An-12s (NATO reporting name "Cub") and An-22s (NATO reporting name "Cock") airlift the first Soviet troops into Afghanistan, bringing in 5,000 troops in the first 24 hours.
A Soviet Air Forces Ilyushin Il-76M (NATO reporting name "Candid") transporting paratroopers of the Soviet Airborne Troops to Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan, crashes into the top of a mountain  from Kabul at an altitude of  while descending toward Bagram at night, killing all 43 people on board. At the time, it is the deadliest aviation accident in the history of Afghanistan.

First flights
 Antonov An-32 ("Cline")

February
 February 28 –  PAC Cresco

March
 March 9 –  Dassault Mirage 4000
 March 22 –  CP-140 Aurora

April
 April 10 –  Westland 30 G-BGHF
 April 19 –  Learjet 55

May
 May 15 –  Dassault Mirage 50
 May 18 –  Piper PA-42 Cheyenne
 May 30 – Cessna Citation III

June
June 3 – PZL Kania
 June 12 –  Rutan Long-EZ prototype, N79RA
 June 13 – MBB/Kawasaki BK 117
 June 13 – Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
 June 28 – Akaflieg Darmstadt D-39

July
 July 17 – Taylor Bird
 July 21 – Bell 214ST
 July 23 – PZL M-20 Mewa
 July 24 –  Bell XV-15 –  first transition from helicopter to airplane mode.

August
 August 2 – Schweizer SGS 1-36 Sprite
 August 21 – Van's Aircraft RV-4

September
September 26 – Westland Commando
September 27 – Eurocopter AS355

October
 October 17 – Cessna T303 Crusader
 October 18 – McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Super 80
 October 27 –  Panavia Tornado ADV

November
 November 16 – PZL W-3 Sokół
 November 30 –  Piper Malibu

December
 December 2 – Gulfstream III
 December 12 –  SH-60 Seahawk 161169
 December 14 –  Edgley Optica G-BGMW
 December 21 –  NASA AD-1
 December 22 –  Aérospatiale Epsilon

Entered service
 Westland Lynx with the British Army′s Army Air Corps
 Mid-1979 – Beechcraft Model F90 Super King Air

January
 January 6 – F-16 Fighting Falcon with the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing USAF.

May
 Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet with the French Air Force

References

Aviation by year

1979 in aviation


Queen Anne's lace is a common name for a number of plants in the family Apiaceae.
including:
 Ammi majus, native in the Nile River Valley
 Anthriscus sylvestris, a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant
 Daucus carota, native to temperate Eurasia and naturalized in Australia and North America; the wild form of the domesticated carrot

Queen Anne's lace


L'évacuation de 2022 des républiques populaires de Donetsk et de Lougansk est l'évacuation massive des résidents des républiques populaires autoproclamées de Donetsk et de Lougansk vers la Russie à partir de . L'évacuation, prétendument due à la menace d'une attaque ukrainienne imminente, est organisée en raison de la prochaine invasion russe de l'Ukraine.

Contexte

Le , le chef de la république populaire de Donetsk (RPD), Denis Pouchiline, enregistre une vidéo annonçant l'évacuation de la RPD, en raison d'une prétendue attaque ukrainienne imminente. La vidéo n'est pas publiée. Le même jour, Leonid Passetchnik, chef de la république populaire de Lougansk (RPL), a enregistré une vidéo similaire annonçant l'évacuation de la république autoproclamée, dans laquelle il disait .

L'Ukraine a nié les allégations de lancement d'une offensive contre les deux républiques. Selon la BBC News, le pré-enregistrement par les autorités pro-russes des vidéos annonçant l'évacuation suggère que les mesures d'escalade précédant l'invasion russe sont planifiées à l'avance.

Évacuation

Annonce
Le , Pouchiline a annoncé que les habitants de la RPD devaient évacuer vers la Russie en raison de la menace d'attaque de l'Ukraine. Plus tard, Passetchnik fit de même et annonça que la population civile de la RPL devait être évacuée vers la Russie. Pouchiline et Passetchnik publient les vidéos enregistrées le , avec leurs métadonnées originales.

Le président russe Vladimir Poutine ordonne la création de camps de réfugiés en Russie pour la population évacuée des parties du Donbass occupés par la Russie. Dmitri Peskov, l'attaché de presse de Poutine, a déclaré qu'il n'avait aucune information sur ce qui se passait en RPD.

Exécution
Le premier train pour l'évacuation est parti en Russie le . Selon le ministère des Situations d'urgence de Russie,  évacués du Donbass étaient arrivés en Russie dans les deux premiers jours suivant l'annonce de l'évacuation. Les autorités ukrainiennes ont signalé que la plupart des habitants de Donetsk et de Louhansk n'avaient pas quitté leur domicile. Certaines personnes sont parties par peur, et non par les allégations d'une offensive ukrainienne.

Notes et références

Février 2022
2022 en Ukraine
2022 en Russie
Évacuations de personnes

Évacuation de 2022 des républiques populaires de Donetsk et de Lougansk


Over the Hills and Far Away is the first EP by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish, released on 25 June 2001 through Spinefarm Records in Finland, and Drakkar Records in the rest of Europe. It was also released by Toy's Factory in Japan and Century Media Records in the US. Bassist Sami Vänskä left the band after its recording, due to musical differences between him and Tuomas Holopainen. He was replaced by the bassist and male vocalist, Marko Hietala.

The editions by Drakkar and Century Media contain different live tracks taken from the live DVD From Wishes to Eternity, recorded in Tampere, Finland, on 29 December 2000.

The EP debuted at number one on the Finnish Singles Chart and spent twelve weeks in the top three, topping it for another four weeks and spending six weeks at number two. It charted for a total of 49 weeks, including two weeks in early 2004. The EP has been awarded double-platinum certification in Finland and has sold over 36,000 copies to date, becoming the sixth-best-selling single of all time in Finland. Over the Hills and Far Away entered also the European charts, in the Top 100 of Germany, Austria, France and Switzerland.

The EP has two new songs and a remake of Angels Fall First's "Astral Romance", sung by Tony Kakko beside Tarja Turunen. The title song is by Northern Irish singer and guitarist Gary Moore, and has backing vocals by Tuomas Holopainen and Kakko. "It had a bit of a karaoke vibe because the backing track was so similar," Moore observed. "I don't mean that insultingly, but it was almost identical. I believe they're a pretty big band now, so it's cool that they did it." Tapio Wilska sings on "10th Man Down".

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for Over the Hills and Far Away adapted from liner notes.

Nightwish
Tarja Turunen – vocals
Tuomas Holopainen – keyboards, backing vocals on "Over the Hills and Far Away", mixing
Emppu Vuorinen – guitars
Sami Vänskä – bass guitar, cover photo
Jukka Nevalainen – drums

Additional musicians
Tapio Wilska – vocals on "10th Man Down"
Tony Kakko – vocals on "Astral Romance", backing vocals on "Over the Hills and Far Away"

Production
Tero Kinnunen – producer, mixing, recording
Mikko Karmila – recording, mixing
Mika Jussila – mastering

Charts

Certifications

See also
List of best-selling singles in Finland

References

External links
Nightwish's Official Website

Nightwish albums
2001 debut EPs
Spinefarm Records EPs
Century Media Records albums
EPs by Finnish artists
Albums recorded at Finnvox Studios

Over the Hills and Far Away (EP)


Coast Guard One er flyvekontroltjenestens officielle kaldesignal på  United States Coast Guards fly, der befordrer USA's præsident. Ved udgangen af 2015 var kaldesignalet aldrig blevet benyttet.

Når vicepræsidenten er ombord er kaldesignalet Coast Guard Two. Dette er blevet benyttet én gang, da Joe Biden som vicepræsident den 29. september 2009 overfløj oversvømmede områder ved Atlanta i en Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk helikopter.

Se også
 Air Force One

Referencer

United States Coast Guard
Kaldesignaler
Militærfly fra USA

Coast Guard One


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 567 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 567 en Finlande
 Route nationale 567 en France

Route 567


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2000 en Australie  :

Évènement
 - :
 - :
 15- :
 vers le  :
  :
 août :
  :
 11- : Manifestations S11 à Melbourne contre le Forum économique mondial.
 - :  session du Comité du patrimoine mondial
 - :

Arts et littérature

  roman de Jon Cleary.
  roman de .
  roman de Garth Nix.
  roman d'Alex Miller.
  roman de Frank Moorhouse.
  roman de Rodney Hall.
  roman de Peter Temple.
  roman de .
 L'espoir est une terre lointaine, roman de Colleen McCullough

Films australiens

 L'Antenne
 Bootmen
 Chopper
 Cut
 La Déesse de 1967
 Le Gâteau magique
 Liées par le secret
 Miss Détective
 Psycho Beach Party
 Space Cowboys

Sport
 L'Australie organise les Jeux olympiques d'été.

Naissance
 Ellie Carpenter, footballeuse.
 , athlète paralympique.
 , footballeuse.
 , sprinteur.
 David Fifita, joueur de rugby à XIII.
 Nicholas Hamilton, acteur, chanteur et musicien.
 , footballeuse.

Décès
 , femme d'affaires.
 Roma Mitchell, juriste.
 , biologiste.
 , journaliste et architecte.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

2000 en Australie
Chronologie de l'Australie au XXe siècle
Histoire de l'Australie

2000 en Australie


Les élections générales ontariennes de 2022 se tiennent le  pour élire les 124 membres de la  législature de l'Ontario.

Le scrutin voit la victoire du Progressiste-conservateur du Premier ministre sortant Doug Ford.

Contexte

Depuis , les élections en Ontario se tiennent le premier jeudi du mois de juin lors de la  suivant la dernière élection générale. L'Assemblée législative de l'Ontario peut être dissoute plus tôt par le  en cas de motion de censure envers le gouvernement ou si le premier ministre déclenche une élection anticipée.

Le gouvernement sortant ayant une majorité de sièges à l'assemblée, il est pratiquement impossible qu'une motion de censure soit adoptée. Pour le cas d'une élection anticipée, les députés de l'Ontario ont voté unanimement le  une motion spécifiant que le gouvernement ne déclencherait pas d'élection avant la date prévue par la législation sur les élections à date fixe.

Forces en présence

Système électoral
L'Assemblée législative est composée de  pourvus au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour dans autant de circonscriptions électorales.

Campagne

Débat
Le premier débat a lieu le  à North Bay et porte essentiellement sur les enjeux du nord de la province.

Le second et dernier débat a lieu le  à Toronto et est diffusé en direct sur les ondes de TVOntario mais également sur d'autres chaînes de télévision dans la province.

Pour le public franco-ontariens, un débat alternatif en français est organisé le  et diffusé sur ICI Radio-Canada Télé et TFO.

Controverses

Parti progressiste-conservateur
 Stephen Lecce, candidat dans King—Vaughan, s'excuse pour sa participation à une collecte de fonds dite « vente aux enchères d'esclaves » en 2006. Trois candidats du Nouveau Parti démocratique demandent que Lecce retire sa candidature.
 Will Bouma, candidat dans Brantford—Brant, aurait siégé à un magazine chrétien qui condamne l'homosexualité.
 Vincent Ke, candidat dans Don Valley-Nord, est visé par une enquête de la police provinciale de l'Ontario réclamé par le Parti libéral sur l'incorporation de 15 compagnies et associations qui ont des liens avec le candidat.

Parti libéral
 Le Parti libéral annule la candidature d'Aiden Kallioinen dans Sault Ste. Marie à la suite d'une chronique de Warren Kinsella dans le Toronto Sun jugeant le choix d'un jeune homme blanc plutôt que l'avocate autochtone Naomi Sayers.
 Barry Stanley, candidat dans Parry Sound—Muskoka, est exclu du parti pour une publication d'un livre contenant une hypothèse farfelue sur les causes de l'homosexualité.
 Alec Mazurek, candidat dans Chatham-Kent—Leamington, est exclu du parti à la suite des messages sur les médias sociaux dans lesquelles il a employé des mots insultants et dégradants pour les hommes gais et les femmes. Il est remplacé par Audrey Festeryga, qui à son tour, retire sa candidature après une accusation de fraude par le Nouveau Parti démocratique.
 Noel Semple, candidat dans Etobicoke-Centre, demeure dans la course malgré des propos peu nuancés sur les personnes LGBTQ+ dans le passé. Les faits ont été dévoilés par le Nouveau Parti démocratique.

Parti vert
 Nafeesa Alibhai, candidat dans Davenport, quitte le parti en raison d'un différend sur la question israélo-palestinienne.

Nouveau parti bleu

 Keith Benn, candidat dans Sarnia—Lambton, a mis en doute le fait que les terrains d'anciens pensionnats pour Autochtones puissent contenir les restes de très nombreux élèves disparus, notant qu'il n'y a pas encore eu d'exhumation. Il a aussi établi un lien entre les personnes transgenres et la maladie mentale et a déploré le fait que ces choses soient enseignées à l'école de nos jours.

Autres partis

 Nadia Sadiq, candidate pour l'Ontario Provincial Confederation of Regions Party dans Timmins, se voit enlever ses pancartes par la ville de Timmins en raison du non-respect du processus pour obtenir le droit de les installer. La candidate avait demandé l'aide de la police pour retrouver les responsables.

Sondages

Par âge

Autres catégories d'âge

Résultats

Références

 Références des sondages

Liens externes
 Site officiel d'Élections Ontario

2022
Ontario
Politique en juin 2022

Élections générales ontariennes de 2022


An Cephalostachyum burmanicum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Richard Neville Parker ngan C.E.Parkinson. An Cephalostachyum burmanicum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cephalostachyum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cephalostachyum

Cephalostachyum burmanicum


Hybanthus enneaspermus, es una especie arbustiva perteneciente a la familia Violaceae. Se encuentra en Asia, África y Australia.

Descripción

Es una planta herbácea perennifolia que alcanza  hasta  60 cm de alto, glabra o peluda. Las hojas son lineares a lanceoladas, de 1-5 cm de largo, los márgenes recurvados a revolutos, en ocasiones planos, con estípulas acuminadas, de 1-4 mm de largo. Las flores son solitarias, con sépalos de 3-4 mm de largo. El pétalo inferior amplio espatulado; los pétalos superiores lineal-oblongos,  de 3-4 mm de largo, el par lateral de 4,5-5 mm de largo. El fruto es una cápsula de 4-9 mm de largo; con 5-12 semillas.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra entre los matorrales a lo largo de los ríos, en praderas abiertas, lugares arenosos cerca de las costas, por debajo de 500 metros de altitud, en Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwán, en África tropical, Asia tropical y Australia.

Taxonomía
Hybanthus enneaspermus fue descrita por (Linneo) F.Muell. y publicado en Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 10: 81, en el año 1876.
Variedades aceptadas
Hybanthus enneaspermus var. latifolius (De Wild.) Engl.
sinonimia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

enneaspermus
Plantas de interior

Hybanthus enneaspermus


Pinus mugo, known as dwarf mountain pine, mountain pine,  scrub mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine, bog pine, creeping pine, or mugo pine, is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe and Southeast Europe.

Description
The tree has dark green leaves ("needles") in pairs,  long.

The cones are nut-brown,  long.

Taxonomy
There are three subspecies:
 Pinus mugo subsp. mugo — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern Alps, Balkan Peninsula), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to  tall with matt-textured symmetrical cones, which are thin-scaled.
 Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to  tall with glossy-textured asymmetrical cones, the scales of which are much thicker on the upper side.Some botanists treat the western subspecies as a separate species, Pinus uncinata, others as only a variety, P. mugo var. rostrata. This subspecies in the Pyrenees marks the alpine tree line or timberline, the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.
 Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.

An old name for the species, , is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error "mugho" (first made in a prominent 18th-century encyclopedia) is still often repeated.

Distribution
Pinus mugo is native to the subalpine zones of the Pyrenees, Alps, Ore Mountains, Carpathians, northern and central Apennines, and higher Balkan Peninsula mountainsRila, Pirin, Korab, Accursed Mountains, etc. It is usually found from , occasionally as low as  in the north of the range in Germany and Poland, and as high as  in the south of the range in Bulgaria and the Pyrenees. Also in Kosovo it is found in the Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park.

In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, P. mugo was introduced in the late 1700s and the 1800s, when it was planted in coastal regions for sand dune stabilization, and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become invasive, displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania P. mugo only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.

Ecology
Pinus mugo is classed as a wilding conifer, and spreads as an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand, coastal Denmark, and other areas of Scandinavia.

Cultivation
Pinus mugo is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a small tree or shrub, planted in gardens and in larger pots and planters. It is also used in Japanese garden style landscapes, and for larger bonsai specimens. In Kosovo, its trunk is used as construction material for the vernacular architecture in the mountains called "Bosonica".

Cultivars
Numerous cultivars have been selected. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

 'Humpy'
 'Kissen'
 'Mops'
 'Ophir'

Cultivars with seasonal changes in foliage color include Pinus mugo 'Wintergold' and Pinus mugo 'Ophir'.

Uses
A recent trend is the increase in use of the mugo pine in cooking. Buds and young cones are harvested from the wild in the spring and left to dry in the sun over the summer and into autumn. The cones and buds gradually drip syrup, which is then boiled down to a concentrate and combined with sugar to make pine syrup.
The syrup is usually sold as "pinecone syrup"
or "pine cone syrup".

Gallery

See also
 Pinus × rhaetica

References

Sources
 Christensen, K.I. (1987). Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 7: 383–408.

External links

 Gymnosperm Database - Pinus mugo
 Arboretum de Villadebelle - photos of cones (scroll down page)
 Pinus mugo and Pinus uncinata - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

mugo
Flora of Europe
Flora of the Alps
Flora of the Carpathians
Flora of the Pyrenees
Flora of Austria
Flora of Bulgaria
Flora of the Czech Republic
Flora of Germany
Flora of Italy
Flora of Poland
Flora of Slovakia
Flora of Spain
Flora of Switzerland
Trees of Europe
Plants described in 1764
Least concern plants
Edible plants
Garden plants of Europe
Plants used in bonsai
Ornamental trees

Pinus mugo


Giorgio Abetti (5. oktober 1882 – 24. august 1982) var en italiensk astronom, der især forskede i Solen.

Han var født i Padua som søn af den anerkendte astronom Antonio Abetti. Han blev uddannet ved universitetet i Padua og universitetet i Rom og tog sin eksamen i Padua i 1904.

Abetti arbejdede først som assistent i Heidelberg, fra 1908 i Chicago ved Mount Wilson-observatoriet, 1909 i Neapel, og fra 1910 ved Collegio Romano-observatoriet i Rom som assisterende astronom. I 1921 efterfulgte han sin far som direktør for Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, hvilken stilling han bestred indtil 1953. I nogenlunde samme periode (1921–1957) var han også professor ved Universitetet i Firenze.

Giorgio Abetti ledede ekspeditioner for at observere solformørkelser til Sibirien (i 1936) og Sudan (i 1952). Han var også gæsteprofessor ved Universitetet i Cairo 1948–49 og i 1950 i USA.

Han var vicepræsident for den Internationale Astronomiske Union i 1938, og har modtaget Medaglia d ' argento fra det italienske Geographic Society (1915), Premio reale fra Accademia dei Lincei (1925), og Janssen-medaljen (1937).

Nedslagskrateret Abetti på Månen og asteroiden 2646 Abetti er opkaldt til ære for både ham og hans far.

Bibliografi
Han er forfatter til flere populære værker om astronomi:
 Handbook of Astrophysics
 Nebulae and Galaxies
 Solar Research
 Stars and Planets
 The Exploration of the Universe
 The History of Astronomy (1952, engelsk udgave)
 The Sun (1957)

Henvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger
 Giorgio Abetti: i viaggi e la scoperta dell'America

Astronomer fra Italien
Italienere i 1900-tallet
Solen
Personer fra Padova

Giorgio Abetti


An Gymnadenia pyrenaeensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wolfram Foelsche. An Gymnadenia pyrenaeensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gymnadenia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gymnadenia

Gymnadenia pyrenaeensis


Litecoin (LTC, sau Ł) este o criptomonedă peer-to-peer, o versiune îmbunătățită la Bitcoin. Litecoin a fost creat în octombrie 2011 de către Charles Lee, sub licență MIT. După Bitcoin, Ethereum și Ripple, Litecoin este a patra mare criptomonedă la capitalizarea de piață. Litecoin utilizează algoritmul scrypt.  În noiembrie 2013 Litecoin a atins rata de capitalizare de 1 miliard de dolari.

Cea mai mică subunitate Litecoin este Litoshi (0,00000001 LTC). Alte subunități sunt  microcoin (µLTC) 0,000001LTC și millicoin (mLTC) 0,001 LTC.

Spre deosebire de Bitcoin, Litecoin oferă confirmări mai rapide ale tranzacțiilor (timpul de generare de 2,5 minute a unui bloc) și folosește un algoritm scrypt de tip proof-of-work ce necesită multă memorie de calcul. Sistemul poate rula mai multe tranzacții datorită generării mai rapide a noilor blocuri, iar blockchain-ul Litecoin va fi mai mare.

Plățile în LTC sunt făcute la adrese care se bazează pe semnătură digitală și sunt reprezentate prin serii de 33 de caractere (litere și cifre), începând întotdeauna cu litera L.

În mai 2017 software-ul Litecoin a obținut opțiunea de suport SegWit. Viteza tranzacțiilor a crescut semnificativ după activarea SegWit în rețeaua Litecoin. Complexitatea calculului Litecoin este selectată în așa fel încât, în medie, un bloc este generat în 2,5 minute, ceea ce este de 4 ori mai rapid decât Bitcoin, ceea ce vă permite să obțineți confirmarea tranzacției mai rapid. O tranzacție este în general considerată finalizată după 6 blocuri sau 15 minute.

În septembrie 2017 au avut loc primele tranzacții atomare. În decurs de 4 zile au fost efectuate tranzacții între Litecoin și Decred, Litecoin și Vertcoin, Litecoin și Bitcoin.

Valoarea 1 Litecoin este în jurul valorii de 187 $ pe piața deschisă. Numărul total de litecoins este 84.000.000, și în circulație depășește 49 de milioane. În august 2021 rata de capitalizare Litecoin a constituit 12,2 miliarde de dolari.

Note

Vezi și
Funcție hash

Legături externe

 Pagina web Litecoin.ro
 Litecoin Wiki

Bibliografie
Elliott Branson: Litecoin: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide for Understanding Litecoins And What You Need to Know,  CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014, ISBN: 1507878192

Criptomonedă
Comerț electronic

Litecoin


Conceptul de tărie ionică (întâlnit mai rar și sub formă de forță ionică) a fost introdus de către Lewis și Randall în 1921, în timpul descrierii coeficienților de activitate în cazul electroliților tari. Tăria ionică în cazul unei soluții reprezintă o măsură a concentrației ionilor prezenți în acea soluție. Compușii ionici, în timpul solubilizării lor în apă, disociază în ionii componenți. Concentrația totală de electrolit în soluție afectează în mod direct proprietăți importante ale soluției, precum constanta de disociere, solubilitatea diferitelor săruri și chiar tăria ionică.

Tăria ionică se poate exprima în termeni de molaritate (mol/L) sau molalitate (mol/kg solvent), așadar acest aspect trebuie specificat pentru înlăturarea confuziilor.

Cuantificare
Tăria ionică molară a unei soluții, I, este dependentă de concentrația tuturor ionilor prezenți în acea soluție.

unde:
fracția 1/2 apare în formulă deoarece sunt incluși atât cationii, cât și anionii,
ci este concentrația molară a ionului i (M, mol/L),
zi este sarcina ionului.

Pentru un electrolit de tipul 1:1, precum este clorura de sodiu, caz în care fiecare ion are sarcina 1, tăria ionică va fi egală cu concentrația. Pentru un electrolit de tipul MgSO4, totuși, în care fiecare ion are sarcina 2, tăria ionică a soluției va fi de patru ori mai mare decât valoarea concentrației echivalente clorurii de sodiu:

Vezi și
 Constantă de disociere
 Strat dublu electric
 Chimie coloidală

Referințe

Chimie analitică
Chimie coloidală
Chimie fizică
Electrochimie

Tărie ionică


L'Audi 80 B2 (Type 81 pour la traction avant ou Type 85 pour la traction intégrale quattro) est un véhicule d'Audi NSU Auto Union AG (Audi AG à partir de 1985) qui a été lancé à la fin de l'été 1978 en tant que deuxième génération de l'Audi 80. Elle a remplacé l'Audi 80 B1.

La Coupé et la Quattro sont dérivées de l'Audi 80 B2. Ces deux modèles ont été présentés au public au printemps 1980.

La gamme de modèles 80 B2 a été remplacée à l'été 1986 par la gamme de modèles Audi 80 B3 (Type 89).

Historique du modèle

Général

L'Audi 80 B2 est présentée au public en septembre 1978. Cette gamme de l'Audi 80 était proposée en berline deux et quatre portes. La deux portes n'a été livrée qu'au printemps 1979.

Par rapport au modèle précédent, la carrosserie a grossi. La forme a d'abord été dessinée par le designer Claus Luthe; après son passage d'Audi à BMW, l'apparence a été fortement révisée par Giorgetto Giugiaro. Le châssis avec, des jambes de force MacPherson et des triangles sur le châssis avant et un axe de manivelle de torsion rigide à l'arrière, une direction à pignon et crémaillère et des freins à commande hydraulique (freins à disque à l'avant et généralement des freins à tambour à l'arrière) est resté fondamentalement le même.

En août 1980, un modèle diesel d'une cylindrée de 1,6 litre est ajouté à la gamme.

Comme de nombreux véhicules d'Audi et de Volkswagen, la B2 a également été proposée en tant que "Formel E" à partir de février 1981. Cette version à économie d'énergie avait une boîte de vitesses standard à cinq rapports avec une cinquième vitesse à rapport élevé pour la réduction de vitesse (appelée «boîte de vitesses 4 + E») et un système start & stop, avec lequel le moteur se coupait, par exemple lors d'un arrêt à un feux de circulation, lorsque l'on appuyait sur un petit bouton sur le levier d'essuie-glace et le moteur redémarrait lorsque les pédales d'embrayage et d'accélérateur étaient enfoncées. Toutefois, l'intérêt du public pour cette variante n'a pas été à la hauteur des attentes, bien qu'elle consomme environ un litre de carburant aux  de moins que le modèle standard.

En août 1981, la gamme de modèles est réorganisée. À partir de l'été 1981, l'Audi 80 CD avec un moteur cinq cylindres à carburateur de 1,9 litre et 115 ch a été ajoutée à la gamme en tant que modèle le plus sophistiqué. Appuie-tête avant et arrière, tissu en velours de style "nid d'abeille", siège conducteur réglable en hauteur, boîte de vitesses 4+E, tachymètre, accoudoir central à l'arrière, volant à quatre branches en cuir, système de nettoyage des phares, roues en aluminium, couvertures Nirosta sur les pare-chocs, bas de caisse avant couleur carrosserie, gouttières et bandes décoratives mattoxées et les moulures des fentes des fenêtres en Nirosta faisaient partie de la finition CD. L'Audi 80 CD n'était proposée qu'en berline quatre portes.

À partir de février 1982, l'Audi 80 diesel était disponible avec un turbocompresseur, la puissance s'établissant alors à 51 kW (70 ch). Comme particularité, ce moteur était également proposé avec l'équipement CD et seulement dans les modèles quatre portes.

Après l'Audi Quattro présentée en mars 1980, l'Audi 80 quattro 5E de 100 kW (136 ch) apparue en novembre 1982 est la deuxième Audi à transmission intégrale permanente. Extérieurement, elle a été adaptée à l'Audi Coupé B2/Audi quattro. Ce modèle, connu en interne sous le nom de Type 85, était la première berline à traction intégrale d'Audi - et au fil des ans, chaque modèle Audi est également devenu disponible avec, en option, la transmission quattro. Cependant, la part des ventes prévue, 30 %, était loin d'être atteinte, et ce type de transmission n'a joué un rôle significatif chez Audi que des années plus tard.

Le niveau de finition GTE a de nouveau été proposé de février 1983 à mars 1984. Cette fois basée sur le moteur de 1,8 l et 82 kW (112 ch) et équipée d'une boîte à cinq rapports. L'Audi 80 GLE a été supprimée. Seules 3 couleurs étaient proposées pour la GTE de l'année modèle 83, à savoir Alpinweiß, Zermattsilbermetallic et Montegoschwarzmetallic. Les tiers inférieur des portes ont reçu une bande décorative avec le lettrage GTE, les roues standard de  en aluminium ont été peintes en Alpinweiß, tout comme les anneaux Audi dans la calandre et les emblèmes à l'arrière.

Lifting
En août 1984, un lifting a été effectué (simultanément à celui de l'Audi Coupé B2) : elle a des pare-chocs et des jupes latérales plus larges, les parties avant et arrière sont conçues pour être plus massives et la calandre et les phares sont inclinés pour montrer un air de famille avec la nouvelle Audi 100 C3 alors recarénée. Les feux arrière, désormais en deux parties, ont été agrandis et correspondent donc également à ceux de l'Audi 100 C3; le seuil de chargement a été abaissé jusqu'à la hauteur du pare-chocs. Les feux arrière intérieurs ont donc été intégrés au couvercle du coffre.

À l'intérieur, le tableau de bord et l'habitacle ont été modernisés, de nouveaux tissus et motifs de couleurs ont été introduits et la gamme de modèles a été réorganisée. Les moteurs essence de 1,6 L et 1,8 L ont été renouvelés. Les deux moteurs de 1,8 litre étaient proposés dans la Quattro à traction intégrale. Bien qu'elles ressemblaient à une Type 81, les modèles Quattro ont conservé la désignation Type 85.

L'Audi 80 CS était exclusivement proposée pour les Pays-Bas à partir de 1985. Avec les variantes de moteur de 55 kW (75 ch), bien connues, et une boîte de vitesses à quatre vitesses ou la finition "4+E" avec le moteur de 66 kW (90 ch) et la boîte de vitesses 4+E. Afin de relancer les ventes de l'Audi 80, l'habitacle de l'Audi 80 GTE est proposé en octobre 1985 pour les modèles équipés des moteurs de 75 et 90 ch. Au début, il y avait six couleurs extérieures (Amazonasblaumetallic et Zermattsilbermetallic), et à partir de 1986, il y en avait quatre (Tornadorot, Alpinweiß, Steingraumetallic et Grapithmetallic). L'équipement standard était le même que celui de la GTE à l'exception des instrumentations supplémentaires. Presque tous les moteurs de ce modèle ont pu être livrés à partir d'avril 1986.

En même temps que la révision, un modèle sœur a été ajouté à l'Audi 80, l'Audi 90. Les moteurs cinq cylindres, bien connus, étaient désormais réservés à ces modèles améliorés et plus luxueux, qui ont reçu des matériaux de meilleure qualité à l'intérieur et des inserts en acier inoxydable sur les bandes de pare-chocs, ainsi que les phares à large bande, les pare-chocs et les seuils plus volumineux de l'Audi Coupé GT. L'Audi 90 était également disponible en version quattro. L'Audi 90 turbo diesel jouait plutôt un rôle secondaire sur le marché - c'était la seule Audi 90 à avoir un moteur quatre cylindres.

En août 1986, la production de la B2 est arrêtée au profit de sa successeur (nommée Type 89 interne).

Anecdotes
En raison de retards initiaux dans le démarrage de la production en série, certains véhicules de pré-série ont été livrés aux concessionnaires en tant que véhicules de démonstration. Elles différaient du modèle de série par un faisceau de câbles différent, l'utilisation d'accessoires de couleurs carrosseries (poignées de porte, etc.) et d'unités légèrement différentes, dont certaines provenaient de l'Audi 100 construite à l'époque. De plus, dans la mesure du possible, presque tous les assemblages vissés de ces véhicules étaient réalisés avec des vis à six pans creux, que l'on trouvait encore rarement dans la construction automobile à l'époque.

Tous ces véhicules étaient peints dans la couleur Farbton Inarisilber-Metallic (un vert argenté avec le code couleur VAG L94A), qui était cependant un peu plus jaune sur les véhicules de pré-série que la couleur désignée de manière identique sur les modèles de série. À l'origine non destinés à la vente aux clients, certains de ces véhicules se sont retrouvés sur le marché (d'occasion) par le biais de ventes aux employés. Elles se distinguaient par une protection contre la rouille parfois nettement meilleure que celle du modèle de série, mais aussi par des problèmes permanents d'approvisionnement en pièces de rechange, de réparations électriques et de travaux de peinture.

Dans la série "Eberhoferkimi", une Audi 80 B2 avec un équipement de police spécial peut souvent être considérée comme la voiture de patrouille du personnage principal, Franz. Franz doit supporter la malveillance de cette youngtimer, la voiture est ridiculisée comme une "voiture commémorative de l'inspection de police 1".

Niveaux de finition

D'août 1978 à août 1981
Audi 80 (équipement de base, 40 et 44 kW)
Audi 80 L (intérieur de haute qualité, 40 et 44 kW)
Audi 80 S (équipement de base, 55 kW)
Audi 80 LS (intérieur de haute qualité, 55 et 63 kW)
Audi 80 GLS (meilleur équipement, 55 et 63 kW)
Audi 80 D (équipement de base, moteur diesel)
Audi 80 LD (intérieur de haute qualité, moteur diesel)
Audi 80 GLD (meilleur équipement, moteur diesel)
Audi 80 GLE (meilleur équipement, moteur à injection de 81 kW)

D'août 1981 à août 1984
Audi 80 C (version de base)
Audi 80 CL (équipement de base)
Audi 80 GL (intérieur de haute qualité)
Audi 80 CD (meilleur équipement) seulement avec moteur 1,9 l (carburateurs 5S jusqu'à l'année modèle 83 incluse) et 2,0 l (injection 5E à partir de l'année modèle 84) de 85 kW et moteur turbo-diesel de 1,6 l et 51 kW
Audi 80 GTE (équipement sportif, uniquement avec moteur de 1,8 l et 82 kW, a remplacé la GLE à partir de l'année modèle 83. Modèle limité spécial "Sprinter und Langläufer" de 1984 avec de série, rétroviseur extérieur à droite, feu de brouillard arrière, vitrage isolant thermique vert, roues 6Jx14 à rayons en aluminium avec pneus 185/60R14 et Radio/cassette "Kassel Stéréo CR")
Audi 80 GLE (meilleur équipement, moteur à injection de 1.6 l et 81 kW, remplacé par l'Audi 80 GTE à partir de l'année modèle 83)
Audi 80 LC (modèle spécial de 1982, extérieurement similaire à l'Audi 80 C avec les housses de siège de l'Audi 80 CL, de série avec, appuie-tête arrière, phares antibrouillard et feux arrière antibrouillard)
Audi 80 SC (modèle spécial de 1984, extérieurement similaire à l'Audi 80 GTE mais sans bas de caisse avant et arrière, pneus 175/70R13 avec gros enjoliveurs en plastique, housses de siège de l'Audi 80 GL, grande console centrale avec compartiment de rangement pour cassette et vitrage isolant thermique vert)
Audi 80 quattro (uniquement avec transmission intégrale quattro et moteur 5 cylindres à injection de 100 kW (à partir de l'année modèle 83) ou, en tant que modèle économique, avec moteur 5 cylindres à injection de 85 kW à partir de l'année modèle 84)

D'août 1984 à août 1986
Audi 80 (équipement de base)
Audi 80 CC (intérieur de haute qualité)
Audi 80 CD (meilleur équipement, seulement en quatre portes)
Audi 80 quattro (uniquement avec transmission intégrale quattro et 66 kW)
Audi 80 CC quattro (extension de l'équipement, à partir d'août 1984)
Audi 80 SC² (modèle spécial de 1986, comme l'Audi 80 CD, de série avec, vitrage isolant thermique vert, système de verrouillage centralisé, feu de brouillard arrière, boîte à gants éclairée, grande console centrale, grands accoudoirs à l'avant, appuie-tête et radio "gamma", seulement en quatre portes)
Audi 80 GTE² (équipement sportif, uniquement avec moteur à injection de 81/82 kW, deux ou quatre portes)
Audi 80 GT² (modèle spécial, uniquement pour l'année modèle 1986, ressemble à la GTE à l'intérieur, à l'exception des instrumentations supplémentaires manquants et des petits accoudoirs à l'avant, avec également des équipements sportifs - un moteur turbo diesel de 51 kW ou des moteurs essence jusqu'à 66 kW, seulement en quatre portes. Vers mi-1986, l'équipement a été à nouveau élargi avec des roues 6Jx14 en aluminium et des pneus 185/60R14, vitrage isolant thermique vert et feux de brouillard)
Audi 80 CS (modèle spécial, uniquement disponible aux Pays-Bas et en Belgique)

²également disponible en version quattro

Modèles d'exportation
L'Audi 80 B2 a été produite pour les États-Unis à partir de mars 1979 et proposée en Amérique du Nord sous le nom d'Audi 4000.

Les caractéristiques distinctives sont la gamme de moteurs, ainsi que l'équipement plus luxueux (correspondant au niveau de finition CD), qui diffère des modèles produits pour l'Europe, en raison des normes d'émission plus stricte aux États-Unis et du comportement d'achat des clients sur le marché nord-américain.

À partir du printemps 1983, elle était également disponible sous le nom d'Audi 4000 quattro.

Les variantes suivantes y étaient disponibles :

Sports mécaniques

Avant même qu'Audi ne puisse remporter un grand succès en rallye avec l'Audi Quattro, l'Audi 80 GLE a été utilisée de 1979 à 1981 dans la Touring Cup à travers l'Europe. En 1980, le duo des pilotes Hans-Joachim Nowak/Willi Bergmeister devient champion d'Europe des voitures de tourisme.

Notes et références

 Informationsseite zum Audi 80 Typ 81/85
 Interessengemeinschaft zum Audi Typ 81/85
 Modellgeschichte Audi 80 Typ 81/85

80
Automobile des années 1970
Automobile des années 1980

Audi 80 II


Miroslav Petrović (Tuzla, 1962. – Tuzla, 20. listopada 2010.), hrvatski kulturni djelatnik iz Bosne i Hercegovine i visoki lokalni dužnosnik

Životopis
Rođen se 1962. godine u Tuzli. U rodnom gradu završio Rudarskom fakultetu 1989. godine. Na istoj ustanovi magistrirao 1994., a doktorirao 1999. godine. U Njemačkoj se specijalizirao na Rudarskoj akademiji u Freibergu. Bio je izvanrednim profesorom i šefom katedre za pripremu i ispitivanje mineralnih sirovina i materijala. Bio je samoprijegorni i požrtvovni profesor. Premda se teže razbolio, odbio je otići u prijevremenu mirovinu. Njegov Rudarsko geološko građevinski fakultet izašao mu je tad u susret i omogući mu da takoreći iz doma drži predavanja i obrazuje studente.

Bio je predsjednik tuzlanskog ogranka HKD Napredak od 1996. do 2009. godine. Napredovao u hijerarhiji Napretka te je bio članom Središnje uprave HKD Napretka od 2005. do 2008. godine. Također je bio odbornikom Upravnog odbora društva Hrvatski dom od 1994. do 2004. godine. Od 2001. do 2004. godine u predsjedništvu soljanskog ogranka Matice hrvatske. Obnašao dužnost doministra obrazovanja, znanosti, kulture i športa Županije Soli od 1999. do 2000. godine.

U povodu njegove smrti 21. listopada je upriličena komemoracija u Narodnom kazalištu u Tuzli, ispraćaj ispred Komemorativnog centra u Tuzli te pokop na groblju Sv. apostola Filipa i Jakova na Breškama.

Djela
Napisao je i objavio 54 znanstvena i stručna rada. Autor je dvaju sveučilišnih udžbenika te triju skripta za potrebe studenata Rudarsko-geološkog građevinskog fakulteta. Sudionik u izradi oko 20 projekata i studija.

Nagrade
Dobio više nagrada i priznanja, među kojima i Tuzlansku plaketu.

Izvori

Životopisi, Tuzla
Breške
Hrvatski znanstvenici
Bosanskohercegovački znanstvenici
Hrvatski kulturni djelatnici iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatski političari u Bosni i Hercegovini

Miroslav Petrović (kulturni djelatnik)


Marcello Crescenzi (Roma, 27 de outubro de 1694 - Ferrara, 24 de agosto de 1768) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Roma em 27 de outubro de 1694. De uma família antiga e ilustre. Segundo filho do Marquês Giovanni Battista Crescenzi, signore de Castel Montorio, e Ortensia Serlupi

Educação
Educação inicial em casa; mais tarde, estudou na Universidade La Sapienza , em Roma, onde obteve o doutorado in utroque iure , direito canônico e civil, em 17 de maio de 1721.

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 16 de março de 1720. Cânon do capítulo da patriarcal basílica vaticana, Roma, 5 de janeiro de 1721. Prelado doméstico do Papa Inocêncio XIII. Referendário dos Supremos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica da Justiça e da Graça, 21 de agosto de 1721. Relator da SC do Bom Governo. Presidente da Câmara Apostólica, 13 de setembro de 1724. Relator da SC do Bom Governo, 1725. Vigário da basílica de S. Maria em Trastevere, Roma. Auditor da Sagrada Rota Romana, Outubro de 1726; tomou posse em 16 de maio de 1727.

Episcopado
Eleito arcebispo titular de Nazianzo, em 14 de julho de 1739. Nomeado núncio na França, em 30 de julho de 1739. Consagrado, em 10 de agosto de 1739, igreja de S. Maria em Vallicella, Roma, pelo cardeal Antonio Saverio Gentili, assistido por Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini , arcebispo titular de Filippi, e por Cristoforo Almeida, arcebispo titular de Perga. Assistente do Trono Pontifício, 10 de agosto de 1739. Vice-legado em Avignon, de 8 a 18 de setembro de 1739.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 9 de setembro de 1743; o papa enviou-lhe o barrete vermelho com um breve apostólico datado de 20 de setembro de 1743; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 5 de dezembro de 1743; e o título de S. Maria em Traspontina, 16 de dezembro de 1743. Legado em Ferrara, 23 de setembro de 1743; tomada de posse em 30 de janeiro de 1744; a legação foi prorrogada por um triênio em 27 de junho de 1746. Transferida para a sé de Ferrara em 22 de agosto de 1746. Participou do conclave de 1758 , que elegeu o Papa Clemente XIII. Legado em Ferrara por um triênio, 13 de julho de 1761; a legação foi prorrogada por mais um triênio até 1766; ocupou o cargo até que o cardeal Girolamo Spinola o substituiu em janeiro de 1768.

Morte
Morreu em Ferrara em 24 de agosto de 1768, às 2 horas da manhã, de febre alta e pneumonia, após receber os últimos sacramentos, em Ferrara. Seu corpo foi embalsamado e exposto na catedral arquiepiscopal de Ferrara, onde ocorreu o solene funeral em 28 de agosto; e sepultado naquela catedral (1) .

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Bento XIV

Marcello Crescenzi


An Rhynchostele madrensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Soto Arenas och Gerardo A. Salazar. An Rhynchostele madrensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchostele, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Rhynchostele

Rhynchostele madrensis


BYO Split Series Volume III is a split album featuring the American punk rock bands Rancid and NOFX. It was released on March 5, 2002 through BYO Records' as the third entry in their BYO Split Series.

The album contains six songs by each band, with each band's songs being covers of songs originally performed by the other band.

Two versions of this CD were released. One with a green cover, which had the songs performed by NOFX followed by the songs performed by Rancid, and one with an orange cover, which placed Rancid's songs ahead of NOFX's (the order of the songs by each band remains identical).

Following the album's release, NOFX's cover of Radio evolved into a live staple having been played at multiple NOFX shows ever since.

Track listing

References

BYO Split Series
2002 albums
NOFX albums
Rancid (band) albums
Covers albums
Albums produced by Ryan Greene

BYO Split Series Volume III


Spiraeeae es una tribu de plantas en la subfamilia Amygdaloideae perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas.

Géneros
Géneros según NBCI
''Aruncus - Holodiscus - Kelseya - Luetkea - Pentactina - Petrophytum - Sibiraea - Spiraea - Xerospiraea

Referencias

  1825. Prodr. 2: 541.
  & al. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Spiraeeae (Rosaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 105–118.

Enlaces externos

Spiraeeae


جامع الشيخ محيي الدين بن عربي ويعرف أيضًا بجامع الخنكار أو جامع السَّليمي: وهو جامع يقع في مدينة دمشق عاصمة الجمهورية العربية السورية، في منطقة الصالحية - في حي الشيخ محيي الدين، على ضفاف نهر يزيد، في منطقة تعرف باسم أبو جرش.

التسمية
جاءت تسمية الجامع بالشيخ محيي الدين نسبةً إلى الشيخ المتصوِّف الكبير الإمام أبي بكر محيي الدين محمد بن علي بن محمد بن عربي بن أحمد بن عبد الله الحاتمي الطائي الأندلسي، وجثمانه يقبع في المسجد.

وعُرِف المسجد بعدَّة أسماء:
 الجامع السَّليمي نسبة إلى السلطان سليم الأول.
 جامع الخنكار أي جامع السلطان.
 الجامع المحيوي نسبة للشيخ محيي الدين.

أصل الجامع
كان الجامع في الأصل بناءً صغيرًا فيه مِنبرٌ ومِحراب وضريح للشيخ محيي الدين، ولدى وصول السلطان العثماني سليم الأول إلى مدينة دمشق، ولأهمية الجامع أمر السلطان بترميم الجامع وإعادة بنائه، وكان ذلك في عام 1518 م. ويُحكى أن السلطان بادر إلى بناء الجامع بعد أن رأى الشيخ محيي الدين في منامه، وطلب منه الشيخ أن يبنيَ له مقامًا فوق ضريحه، فأسند مهمَّة تصميم الجامع الجديد للمصمِّم والمهندس العثماني شهاب الدين بن العطار.

وصف الجامع

كان للجامع باب حجَري كُتب عليه: (الحمد لله، أمر بإنشاء هذا الجامع الشريف الإمامُ الأعظم ملك العرب والعجم خادمُ الحرمين الشريفين، السلطان سليم بن السلطان بايزيد، بإشارة محمد بدرخان خلَّد الله ملكه وسلطانه، كان ابتداء عِمارته في التاسع من شوَّال سنة ثلاث وعشرين وتسعمائة، والفراغ منه في الرابع والعشرين من محرَّم سنة أربع وعشرين وتسعمائة) وهو التاريخ الذي أعاد فيه السلطان سليم بناءه.

يتألف المسجد الجامع من صحن كبير منسَّق على الطِّراز العثماني، ومرصوف بالرُّخام الملوَّن والحجر الأبيض والأصفر، وفيه بِركة صغيرة على الطِّراز الدمشقي، ورواق كبير مرفوع على أربع قناطرَ في الجهة الجنوبية من الصحن. أما في الجهة الجنوبية فيقع حرم المسجد الذي يقوم على خمس قناطرَ وأربعة أعمدة جيء بها من عِمارة نائب الشام جان بلاط، وفوق القناطر الأربع خمسُ قناطرَ أصغر حجمًا، ومحراب الجامع خشبي، وقبَّته مكسوَّة بالقيشاني، وله مئذنة. وتزين جُدرانَ الجامع الكثيرُ من اللوحات البلاطية منها ما هو ذو طِراز دمشقي عثماني، ومنها ما هو ذو طِراز دمشقي مملوكي.

وزوِّد الجامع قديمًا بناعورة (سواقي مائية) ذات بكَرات، ما زالت قائمةً حتى اليوم، سُمِّيَت بناعورة الشيخ محيي الدين كانت ترفع مياه نهر يزيد، وهي من الابتكارات والآثار الإسلامية الهامة، وبجانب الجامع «تكية سليمانية» كانت تزوِّد الفقراء بالطعام والشراب.

أما ضريحُ الشيخ محيي الدين فيقعُ داخلَ غرفة مزخرفة مقبَّبة (أي لها قبَّة) في الزاوية الجنوبية الشرقية للجامع، يُنزَل إليها بسُلَّم حجَري، وقد أُحيط الضَّريح بشبكة فضية في وسط الغرفة، وإلى جانبه قبرُ ولدَيه سعد الدين وعماد الدين، وإلى اليمين قليلًا قبرُ محمود سري باشا صهر الخديوي إسماعيل حاكم مصرَ، وقبرُ الأمير المجاهد عبد القادر الجزائري المتوفَّى عام 1882 م، الذي نُقِلَ رُفاته فيما بعد إلى الجزائر، وبجانبه قبرُ الشيخ محمد أمين خربطلي ناظر الجامع الأسبق، ودُفن في قبر الأمير عبد القادر الجزائري الشيخ محمد بن طه سُكَّر من شيوخ قرَّاء الشام، أقرأ القرآن سنوات طويلة في جامع الشيخ محيي الدين.

الإشراف على الجامع
جامع الشيخ محيي الدين تابع لوِزارة الأوقاف السورية، التي تهتم بأموره، وتقوم بترميمه بين وقت وآخر.

وقيل: إن الرئيس المصري جمال عبد الناصر زار الجامع أيام الوحدة السورية المصرية.

مصادر
 وزارة الأوقاف السورية الموقع الرسمي - مقالة الوزارة بعنوان جامع محي الدين

مراجع وهوامش

مبان ومنشآت في دمشق
مساجد دمشق
معالم إسلامية
تأسيسات سنة 1518 في سوريا العثمانية

جامع الشيخ محي الدين بن عربي


جان غاليسي  (13 مايو 1949 في بوردو) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الوسط .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من بوردو
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو بيسانكون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو ليبورن
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1949
مواليد في بوردو
لاعبو نادي أنغوليم
لاعبو كرة قدم من بوردو

جان غاليسي


An Leptochloa longa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach. An Leptochloa longa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leptochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leptochloa

Leptochloa longa


කෙඳි කදා හෝ ෆයිබර්ග්ලාස් හෝ (ඇමරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි: Fiberglass; පොදුරඳමඬුලු ඉංග්‍රීසි fibreglass; රුසියානු: Стеклопластик, //ස්ටික්ලාප්ලාස්ටික්//; චීන: 玻璃鋼, //පෝලීගාං?//) යනු කදා කෙඳි ගෙනැ කෙඳි-වැරැකැවූ ප්ලාස්ටික පන්නයකි. කෙඳි අහඹු සේ සකසා, කැඩුණු නූල් පැදුරක් සේ හැඳින්වෙන පතකට සමතලා කැරුණු හෝ කදා රෙදිවලින් වියුණු හෝ වියැ හැකි. ප්ලාස්ටික් අනුකෘතිය තැප්සිටු බහු අවයවික අනුකෘතියක් වියැ හැකි - බොහෝ විට ඉපොක්සි, පොලියෙස්ටර රෙසින්, හෝ වයිනයිල් එස්ටර ෙරසින් හෝ තැප් ප්ලාස්ටික් හෝ ඈ තැප් සැකසුම් බහු අවයවක(?) මත පදනම් වේ.

කාබන කෙඳි වලට වඩා ලාභදායී හා නැමිහුරු, බරින් බොහෝ ලොහොවලට වඩා සවිමත්, නො-යකැති (non-magnetic), නො-පිරියැවි, විදු-යකැති රවිසුරුම්වලට තරාදිසි (transparent), ගැටමුසු (complex) හැඩයනට හැඩගැසියැ හැකි අතර බොහෝ තතු යටතේ රසායනිකව නො-සකුරු (නිෂ්ක්‍රීය) වේ. යෙදැවුම් අතර අහස් යාන්, බෝට්ටු, බමවන රිය (මෝටර් රථ), නාන තටාක හා පිරිවැසි (enclosures), පිහිනුම් තටාක, උණුසුම් තටාක, සෙප්ටික් ටැංකි, දිය ටැංකි, සෙවිලි, නල, ආවරණ, විකලාංග වාත්තු, පෙනපිලුම් පුවරු (සර්ෆ්බෝඩ්) හා බැහැරි දොරු(?) හම් (door skins) වේ.

ඉතිහස

කෙඳි

නිපැයුම

කපන ලද නූල් පැදුරු

ප්‍රමාණ කිරීම

ගුණ

ගැනෙනා කදා කෙඳි පන්න

ඇතැම් සුලබ කෙඳි කදා පන්නවල වගුව

යෙදැවුම්

රඳාර ටැංකි

නිවාස ඉදිකැරුම

තෙල් සහ ගෑසි කෘතිම එසැවි සැටි

නල එළීම

කෙඳි කදා යොදාගැනුම් පිළිබඳ නිදසුන්

ඉදිකිරීම් ක්රම

කෙඳි එතීම

කෙඳි කදා අතින් ඇතිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම

කෙඳි කදා ඉසීමෙන් ඇතිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම

Pultrusion මෙහෙයුම

ඇද ගැහීම

සුව උවදුරු

මේකත් බලන්නැ

 තොග වාත්තු සංයෝගය
 කෙඳි කදා ෂීට් ලැමිෙන්ටින්
 G10 (ද්‍රව්‍ය)
 කෙඳි කදා වැරැකැවූ කොන්ක්රීට
 හොබාස්
 Ignace Dubus-Bonnel
 තහඩු අච්චු සංයුතිය

යොමු කිරීම්

බැහැරි ඈඳි

කෙඳි කදා (ෆයිබර්ග්ලාස්)


An Rapatea undulata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolpho Ducke. An Rapatea undulata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rapatea, ngan familia nga Rapateaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rapatea

Rapatea undulata


واس يشار إليه أحيانًا باسم روبير واس  شاعر نورماندي في القرن الثاني عشر عاش تقريبا بين عامي 1100  - 1174  وكان قد ولد في جيرزي إحدى جزر القنال الإنكليزي وترعرع في الأرض الرئيسية نورماندي ودرس كاهن في بايو

سيرته
كل ما هو معروف عن حياة وايس يأتي من مراجع السيرة الذاتية في قصائده. أهمل ذكر تاريخ ميلاده، العام الأكثر قبولا لميلاده هو بين 1099 و 1111.
وايس هوالاسم المستخدم في جيرزي حتى القرن السادس عشر، حيث كان اسمه الوحيد؛ لم تستخدم الألقاب في ذلك الوقت. كان الاسم الأول شائعًا في دوقية النورماندي، المستمد من الاسم الشخصي الجرماني واسو. تم تقديم تهجئة ونطق هذا الاسم بطرق مختلفة في النصوص، ووفقًا للمكان الذي ينتمي إليه الناسخون. في الإصدارات المختلفة من الروم دي رو، يظهر اسمه خمسة مرات بWace، ثم Gace (مرة واحدة)، VACE، Vacce، Vaicce (ثلاث مرات معا). حتى القرن الحادي عشر، كانت الهجاء w يتوافق مع النطق [w] (كما هو الحال في اللغة الإنجليزية) في شمال نورماندي (بما في ذلك جزر القنال)، لكنه تحول إلى [v] في القرن الثاني عشر. جنوب الإيزوجلوس  مقبل بالتقريب ، [w] قد تحول إلى [gw] ولاحقًا [g] (كما في الفرنسية المشتركة). واليوم، أصبح الاسم «فاس» Vasse في نورماندي وشمال فرنسا  وجاسGasse جنوبًا (بما في ذلك نورماندي أيضًا).

هناك تكهنات بأنه قد يكون من أصل أرستقراطي بسبب إرساله إلى كاين لتعليمه، وهو امر كان من المستحيل فعليًا بالنسبة للعامة انذاك. قد تكون كتاباته المفصلة حول المسائل البحرية قد نشأت من تربيته في الجزيرة.

حوالي 1130 عاد وايس إلى كاين وتولى العمل الكنسي، ربما كمدرس.

تاريخ وفاة وايس غير مؤكد. فالحدث الأخير الموصوف في رومان دي رو يعود إلى عام 1174. في رو، يذكر والاس أيضًا هنري الملك الشاب بأنه حي. عاش هذا الأخير حتى عام 1183، مما يعني أن واس ربما لم يراجع رو بعد ذلك التاريخ.

أعماله
تشمل أعماله الباقية ، وأبيات شعر في تاريخ بريطانيا، رومان دي رو، وغيرها من الأعمال في الشعر، بما في ذلك حياة مارغريت العذراء والقديس نقولا.

كتب واس وهما حكاية بروتوس 1155  عن الجد الأسطوري للبريطانيين وحكاية رو 1160 - 1174  عن الجد الأسطوري للنورمان وقد كتبتا بالفرنسية النورماندية، وقد فوضه هنري الثاني من إنكلترا لكتابة العملين وقد أمن له هنري وظيفة في كنيسة بايو وقد كتبتا بالفرنسية النورماندية.

رومان دي بروت
استند كتاب رومان دي بروت (1155 م) إلى تاريخ ملوك بريطانيا الأسطوري للمؤلف جيفري مونماوث. لا يمكن اعتباره كتابا تاريخيا، على الرغم من أن واس غالبًا ما يميز بين ما يعرفه وما لا يعرفه. يروي واس تاريخ تأسيس بروتوس الطروادي لبريطانيا، الذي فر من طروادة بعد سقوطها، إلى نهاية التاريخ البريطاني الأسطوري الذي أنشأه جيفري مونموث. يتم تفسير شعبية هذا العمل من خلال الإمكانية الجديدة لقراءة أسطورة آرثر بلغة عامية يستوعبها جمهور واسع. في وسط القسم آرثر من النص، كان واس هو أول من ذكر أسطورة المائدة المستديرة للملك آرثر والأول من ينسب اسم إكسكاليبر إلى سيف آرثر، على الرغم من أنه يضيف بشكل عام فقط تفاصيل بسيطة إلى نص جيفري.

يقال أنه أهدى حكاية بروت إلى إليانور آكيتيان زوجة هنري وكتب العمل بأبيات من ثمان مقاطع. وتمت إضافة العديد عليها من كتاب لاحقين وأثرت على حكاية تريستان التي كتبها توماس مالوري وكذلك فقد كتب لايامون عن قصة بروت عام 1200 تقريبا.

رومان دي رو
كان عمله اللاحق، رومان دي رو، وفقًا لواس، بتكليف من هنري الثاني ملك إنجلترا. تم تخصيص جزء كبير من رومان دي رو لويليام الفاتح وغزو النورمان لإنجلترا. ترجع مصادر وايس إلى الرواية الشفهية داخل أسرته حيث أن روايته حول التحضيرات للغزو وموقعة هاستنجز ربما لم تكن تعتمد فقط على الأدلة الوثائقية ولكن أيضًا على شهادة شهود العيان من العلاقات القريبة - على الرغم من أنه لم يكن هناك شهود عيان على قيد الحياة عندما بدأ العمل على النص-. يتضمن رومان دو رو أيضًا ذكرًا لمظهر المذنب هالي. قد يعكس النقص النسبي في شعبية رومان دو رو فقدان الاهتمام في تاريخ دوقية نورماندي بعد دمج البر الرئيسي نورماندي في مملكة فرنسا في عام 1204.

وحكاية رو تحكي حول الدوقات النورمان لنورماندي من رولو إلى روبرت كورتوز. وكانت أقل خيالية من سابقتها وكان غوستاف كورتينغ قد جزءها حيث قال أنها قائمة على أعمال دودو ووليام أوف جوميغس، ويمكن أيضا انه استخدم مصادر مثل الأعمال الملكية  لوليام مالمسبوري، ولكن من دون شك اعتمد على التقاليد المحكية ومما يبدو فقد استعمل مخيلته أيضا. وكانت القصيدة أيضا قد كتبت بأبيات من ثمان مقاطع

نقل هنري لاحقا الرعية من روببر إلى بينوا دو سان مور الذي كتب نسخة منافسة وأصبح عمل واس غير مكتمل.

لغة
تعتبر اللغة الرومانسية التي كتب بها وايس بمثابة لهجة نورمانية قديمة للغة النورمندية، وهي لهجة للفرنسية القديمة، أو على وجه الخصوص مقدمة للجريزية. ينظر الكتاب في جيرزي إلى واس باعتباره مؤسس أدب جيرزي، ويشار إلى الجريزية أحيانًا بأنها لغة واس على الرغم من أن الشاعر نفسه سابق لتطوير الجريزية كلغة أدبية. واس هو أول كاتب جيرزي معروف.

على الرغم من أن اسم روبرت قد نُسب إلى واس، إلا أن هذا التقليد يعتمد على القليل من الأدلة. ويُعتقد عمومًا في هذه الأيام أن واس كان له اسم واحد فقط. وباعتباره رجل دين مقرئ، فقد كان فخوراً بلقبه «مايستر» (Maister) وبالتالي يشار إليه أحيانًا باسم «مايستر واس».

هناك حجر تذكاري من الجرانيت تم وضعه على مبنى واس داخل مبنى الولايات في ساحة جيرزي روايال. يتضمن الحجر اقتباسًا من رومان دي رو يعبر عن فخر الشاعر بمكان مولده:

 الجيرزية الحديثة:

الفرنسية الحديثة:

مذكرة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

مصادر

 Bratu, Cristian, « Je, auteur de ce livre »: L'affirmation de soi chez les historiens, de l'Antiquité à la fin du Moyen Âge. Later Medieval Europe Series (vol. 20). Leiden: Brill, 2019 ().
 Bratu, Cristian, "Translatio, autorité et affirmation de soi chez Gaimar, Wace et Benoît de Sainte-Maure." The Medieval Chronicle 8 (2013): 135–164.
 Charles Foulon, "Wace" in Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد: جامعة أوكسفورد. 1959.
 Wace, Roman de Brut, ed. I. Arnold, 2 vols., باريس، 1938–1940.
 Weiss, Judith, Wace's Roman de Brut. A History of the British. Text and Translation, Exeter, 2006.
 Arnold, I., and Pelan, M., La partie arthurienne du Roman de Brut, Paris, 1962.
 Wace, Roman de Rou, ed. J. Holden, 3 vols. Paris, 1970–1973.
 Wace, Roman de Rou, ed. G. Burgess, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2004.

 Encyclopedia Britannica 1978

شعراء فرنسيون في القرن 12
كتاب فرنسيون في القرن 12
مواليد 1115
مواليد القرن 12
مؤرخون بريطانيون
وفيات 1183
وفيات القرن 12

روبير واس


ميهالي كوزما ، من مواليد 1 نوفمبر 1949 ، لاعب كرة قدم هنغاري سابق.

لعب مع منتخب هنغاريا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مجريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
رياضيون مجريون مغتربون في بلجيكا
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من المجر
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون أولمبيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو منتخب المجر لكرة القدم
لاعبو بودابست هونفيد
مدربو كرة قدم مجريون
مدربو بودابست هونفيد
مواليد 1949
لاعبو نادي واترشاي ثور

ميهالي كوزما


Marea Pată Întunecată (cunoscută și sub numele de GDS-89, de la Great Dark Spot - 1989) a fost una din seriile de pete întunecate de pe Neptun, asemănătoare cu Marea Pată Roșie de pe Jupiter. GDS-89 a fost prima pată mare întunecată de pe Neptun care urma să fie observată în 1989 de către sonda spațială a NASA Voyager 2. La fel ca pata de pe Jupiter, marile pete întunecate sunt furtuni anticiclonice. Cu toate acestea, interiorul lor este relativ fără nor și, spre deosebire de pata lui Jupiter, care a durat sute de ani, durata lor de viață pare să fie mai scurtă, formându-se și risipindu-se o dată la câțiva ani. Bazându-se pe observațiile făcute de Voyager 2 și de atunci de telescopul spațial Hubble, Neptun pare să-și petreacă oarecum mai mult de jumătate din timpul său de rotație în jurul soarelui cu o mare pată întunecată. Aproape tot ceea ce se știe despre Neptun se bazează pe cercetarea efectuată de Voyager 2.

Caracteristici
Pata întunecată având o formă eliptică (cu dimensiunile inițiale de 13.000 × 6.600 km sau 8.100 × 4.100 mile) al GDS-89 a avut aproximativ aceeași dimensiune ca și Pământul și a fost asemănător, în general, cu aspectul Marii Pete Roșii de pe Jupiter. În jurul acestuia, vânturile au fost măsurate suflând cu până la 2.400 kilometri pe oră, cea mai mare viteză din sistemul solar. Marea Pată Întunecată este considerată a reprezenta o gaură în norul de metan al lui Neptun. Pata a fost observată la momente diferite, cu dimensiuni și forme diferite.

Marea Pată Întunecată a generat nori albi mari la sau chiar sub stratul de tropopauză similari cu norii de mare altitudine cirrus găsiți pe Pământ. Spre deosebire de norii de pe Pământ, care sunt compuși din cristale de gheață, norii cirrus ai lui Neptun sunt alcătuiți din cristale de metan înghețat. Și în timp ce nori cirrus, de obicei, se formează și apoi se dispersează într-o perioadă de câteva ore, norii din Marea Pată Întunecată erau încă prezenți după 36 de ore sau două rotații ale planetei.

Petele întunecate ale lui Neptun sunt considerate a apărea în troposferă la altitudini mai mici decât cele la care se găsesc norii luminoși din partea superioară. Deoarece au trăsături stabile care pot persista timp de câteva luni, se crede că sunt structuri vortex.

Dispariție

Când pata urma să fie fotografiată din nou în noiembrie 1994 de către telescopul spațial Hubble, dispăruse complet, lăsând astronomii să creadă că a fost acoperită sau că a dispărut. Persistența norilor însoțitori arată că unele foste pete întunecate pot continua să existe ca cicloane, chiar dacă ele nu mai sunt vizibile ca o caracteristică întunecată. Punctele întunecate se pot disipa atunci când migrează prea aproape de ecuator sau, eventual, prin alte mecanisme necunoscute.

Cu toate acestea, în 2016 a apărut o pată aproape identică în emisfera nordică a lui Neptun. Această pată nouă, numită Marea Pată Întunecată din Nord (NGDS - Northern Great Dark Spot), a rămas vizibilă de câțiva ani. Nu se știe dacă această pată este încă prezentă pe planetă, deoarece observațiile prin utilizarea telescopului Hubble sunt limitate.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Neptune's Great Dark Spot of 1989 , Windows to the Universe
 Neptune's Great Dark Spot: Gone But Not Forgotten, Astronomy Picture of the Day, 8 mai 1996

Neptun

Marea Pată Întunecată


El Bautismo de Cristo es una pintura al óleo sobre lienzo (350x210 cm) de Cima da Conegliano, que data de 1492 y se ubica en San Juan Bragora en Venecia. Su realización destaca por su luminosidad, rasgo característico de la técnica de este pintor.

En la obra se presenta a Jesucristo en posición erguida, con las manos juntas en señal de sumisión al acto de bautismo que está realizando Juan el bautista, bajo la mirada del Espíritu Santo en forma de paloma y un coro de ángeles en el cielo.

Véase también
 Pintura del Quattrocento
 Anexo:Pintores italianos del Quattrocento

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pinturas representando a Jesús
Pinturas representando a Juan el Bautista
Aves en el arte

Bautismo de Cristo (Cima da Conegliano)


Tablica

Tablica jesenskog dijela prvenstva

Završna tablica sezone

2013./14.
Zagrebačka-0-JŽNL

Jedinstvena Zagrebačka ŽNL 2013./14.


Carl Wallner ime je sljedećih osoba:
 Carl Wallner (glumac, 1859.) (1859. – 1935.), austrijski kazališni glumac i redatelj
 Carl Wallner (glumac, 1861.) (1861. – poslije 1902.), austrijski kazališni glumac i ravnatelj
 Carl Raimund Wallner (1881–1934), njemački matematičar

Vidi i:
 Karl Wallner (*1963.), austrijski redovnik-cistercit, svećenik i teolog

Carl Wallner


Para el equipo de fútbol, véase Tuzos de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas.
Los Tuzos de la UAZ es un equipo del Circuito de Básquetbol del Noreste con sede en Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.

Historia

Inicios
Los Tuzos de la UAZ tuvieron sus inicios en el CIBANE en el 2011, y jugaban sus partidos de local en el Gimnasio "Profesor Marcelino González".

Actualidad
Los Tuzos de la UAZ ingresaron a la LPB en el 2015, y juegan sus partidos de local en el Gimnasio de la UAZ .

Véase también
 Liga Premier de Baloncesto.
 Circuito de Básquetbol del Noreste.
 Federación Mexicana de Baloncesto.
 Asociación Deportiva Mexicana de Básquetbol.
 Campeonato de Clubes Campeones de Centroamérica.
 Zacatecas.
 Estado de Zacatecas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la Federación Mexicana de Baloncesto
 Sitio Oficial de la Asociación Deportiva Mexicana de Básquetbol

Equipos del Circuito de Básquetbol del Noreste
Deporte en la ciudad de Zacatecas
Baloncesto en 2011
Deporte en México en 2011
Deporte en la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

Tuzos de la UAZ