Apocalyptic literature is a genre of prophetical writing that developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millennialist early Christians. Apocalypse () is a Greek word meaning "revelation", "an unveiling or unfolding of things not previously known and which could not be known apart from the unveiling".

As a genre, apocalyptic literature details the authors' visions of the end times/end of the age as revealed by an angel or other heavenly messenger. The apocalyptic literature of Judaism and Christianity embraces a considerable period, from the centuries following the Babylonian exile down to the close of the Middle Ages.

Origins
Apocalyptic elements can be detected in the prophetic books of Joel and Zechariah, while Isaiah chapters 24–27 and 33 present well-developed apocalypses. The second half of the Book of Daniel (chs. 7–12) offers a fully matured and classic example of this genre of literature.

Unfulfilled prophecy

The non-fulfillment of prophecies served to popularize the methods of apocalyptic in comparison with the non-fulfillment of the advent of the Messianic kingdom. Thus, though Jeremiah had promised that after seventy years Israelites should be restored to their own land, and then enjoy the blessings of the Messianic kingdom under the Messianic king, this period passed by and things remained as of old. Some believe that the Messianic kingdom was not necessarily predicted to occur at the end of the seventy years of the Babylonian exile, but at some unspecified time in the future. The only thing for certain that was predicted was the return of the Jews to their land, which occurred when Cyrus the Persian conquered Babylon in circa 539 BC. Thus, the fulfillment of the Messianic kingdom remained in the future for the Jews.

Haggai and Zechariah explained the delay by the failure of Judah to rebuild the temple, and so hope of the kingdom persisted, until in the first half of the 2nd century the delay is explained in the Books of Daniel and Enoch as due not to man's shortcomings but to the counsels of God. Regarding the 70 years of exile predicted in Jeremiah 29:10, the Jews were first exiled in 605 BC in the reign of king Jehoiakim and were allowed to return to their land in c. 536 BC when King Cyrus conquered Babylon. This period was approximately 70 years, as prophesied by Jeremiah. Others connect the 70 years of Jeremiah with the 70 weeks of years mentioned by the angel in Daniel 9. Enoch 85 interprets the 70 years of Jeremiah as the 70 successive reigns of the 70 angelic patrons of the nations, which are to come to a close in his own generation. The Book of Enoch, however, was not considered inspired Scripture by the Jews, so that any failed prophecy in it is of no consequence to the Jewish faith.

The Greek empire of the East was overthrown by Rome, and prompted a new interpretation of Daniel. The fourth and last empire was declared to be Roman by the Apocalypse of Baruch chapters 36–40 and 4 Ezra 10:60–12:35. Again, these two books were not considered inspired Scripture by the Jews, and thus were not authoritative on matters of prophecy. In addition, earlier in Daniel chapter 7 and also in chapter 2, the fourth world empire is considered to be Rome since Babylon, Medo-Persia (Achaemenid Empire), Greece, and Rome were world empires which all clearly arrived in succession.

Such ideas as those of "the day of Yahweh" and the "new heavens and a new earth" were re-interpreted by the Jewish people with fresh nuances in conformity with their new settings. Thus the inner development of Jewish apocalyptic was conditioned by the historical experiences of the nation.

Traditions
Another source of apocalyptic thought was primitive mythological and cosmological traditions, in which the eye of the seer could see the secrets of the future. Thus the six days of the world's creation, followed by a seventh of rest, were regarded as at once a history of the past and a forecasting of the future. As the world was made in six days its history would be accomplished in six thousand years, since each day with God was as a thousand years and a thousand years as one day; and as the six days of creation were followed by one of rest, so the six thousand years of the world's history would be followed by a rest of a thousand years.

Object and contents

The object of this literature in general was to reconcile the righteousness of God with the suffering condition of His righteous servants on earth.  Early Old Testament prophecy taught the need of personal and national righteousness, and foretold the ultimate blessedness of the righteous nation on the present earth. Its views were not systematic and comprehensive in regard to the nations in general. Regarding the individual, it held that God's service here was its own and adequate reward, and saw no need of postulating another world to set right the evils of this one.

But later, with the growing claims of the individual and the acknowledgment of these in the religious and intellectual life, both problems, and especially the latter, pressed themselves irresistibly on the notice of religious thinkers, and made it impossible for any conception of the divine rule and righteousness to gain acceptance, which did not render adequate satisfaction to the claims of both problems. To render such satisfaction was the task undertaken by apocalyptic, as well as to vindicate the righteousness of God alike in respect of the individual and of the nation. Later prophecy incorporated an idea of future vindication of present evils, often including the idea of an afterlife.

Apocalyptic prophets sketched in outline the history of the world and mankind, the origin of evil and its course, and the final consummation of all things. The righteous as a nation should yet possess the earth, either via an eternal Messianic kingdom on earth, or else in temporary blessedness here and eternal blessedness hereafter. Though the individual might perish amid the disorders of this world, apocalyptic prophets taught that the righteous person would not fail to attain through resurrection the recompense that was due in the Messianic kingdom or, alternatively, in heaven itself.

Comparison to prophecy

Message
Some may distinguish between the messages of the prophets and the messages of proto-apocalyptic and apocalyptic literature by saying that the message of the prophets was primarily a preaching of repentance and righteousness needed for the nation to escape judgment; the message of the apocalyptic writers was of patience and trust for that deliverance and reward were sure to come. Neither the prophets nor the apocalyptic authors are without conflict between their messages, however, and there are significant similarities between prophecy and apocalyptic writings.

Apocalyptic literature shares with prophecy revelation through the use of visions and dreams, and these often combine reality and fantasy. In both cases, a heavenly interpreter is often provided to the receiver so that he may understand the many complexities of what he has seen. The oracles in Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah, and Jeremiah give a clear sense of how messages of imminent punishment develop into the later proto-apocalyptic literature, and eventually into the thoroughly apocalyptic literature of Daniel 7–12. The fully apocalyptic visions in Daniel 7–12, as well as those in the New Testament's Revelation, can trace their roots to the pre-exilic latter biblical prophets; the sixth century BCE prophets Ezekiel, Isaiah 40–55 and 56–66, Haggai 2, and Zechariah 1–8 show a transition phase between prophecy and apocalyptic literature.

Dualistic theology
Prophecy believes that this world is God's world and that in this world His goodness and truth will yet be vindicated. Hence the prophet prophesies of a definite future arising out of and organically connected with the present. The apocalyptic writer despairs of the present and directs his hopes to the future, to a new world standing in essential opposition to the present. This becomes a dualistic principle, which, though it can largely be accounted for by the interaction of certain inner tendencies and outward sorrowful experience on the part of Judaism, may ultimately be derived from Mazdean influences. This principle, which shows itself in the conception that the various nations are under angelic rulers, who are in a greater or less degree in rebellion against God, as in Daniel and Enoch, grows in strength with each succeeding age, till at last Satan is conceived as "the ruler of this world" or "the god of this age."

Conception of history
Apocalyptic writing took a wider view of the world's history than did prophecy. Whereas prophecy had to deal with governments of other nations, apocalyptic writings arose at a time when Israel had been subject for generations to the sway of one or other of the great world-powers. Hence to harmonize Israel's difficulties with belief in God's righteousness, apocalyptic writing had to encompass such events in the counsels of God, the rise, duration and the downfall of each empire in turn, until, finally the lordship of the world passed into the hands of Israel, or the final judgment arrived. These events belonged in the main to the past, but the writer represented them as still in the future, arranged under certain artificial categories of time definitely determined from the beginning in the counsels of God and revealed by Him to His servants, the prophets. Determinism thus became a leading characteristic of Jewish apocalyptic, and its conception of history became mechanical.

Hebrew Bible

Characteristics
The revelations from heavenly messengers about the end times came in the form of angels or from people who were taken up to heaven and returned to earth with messages. The descriptions not only tell of the end times, but also describe both past and present events and their significance, often in heavily coded language. When speaking of the end times, apocalyptic literature generally includes chronologies of events that are to occur, and frequently places them in the near future, which gives a sense of urgency to the prophet's broader message. Though the understanding of the present is bleak, the visions of the future are far more positive, and include divinely delivered victory and a complete reformation of absolutely everything. Many visions of these end times mirror creation mythologies, invoke the triumph of God over the primordial forces of chaos, and provide clear distinctions between light and dark, good and evil. In such revelations, humankind is typically divided into a small group that experiences salvation, while the wicked majority is destroyed. Since the apocalyptic genre developed during the Persian period, this dualism may have developed under the influence of Persian thought. The imagery in apocalyptic literature is not realistic or reflective of the physical world as it was, but is rather surreal and fantastic, invoking a sense of wonder at the complete newness of the new order to come.

Canonical

Proto-apocalyptic
 Isaiah 24–27; 33; 34–35
 Jeremiah 33:14–26
 Ezekiel  38–39
 Joel 3:9–17
 Zechariah 12–14

Apocalyptic
 Daniel 7–12

Some are possibly falsely attributed works (pseudepigraphic) except for the passages from Ezekiel and Joel. Of the remaining passages and books, some consider large sections of Daniel attributable to the Maccabean period, with the rest possibly to the same period. Some consider Isaiah 33 to be written about 163 BCE; Zechariah 12–14 about 160 BCE; Isaiah 24–27 about 128 BCE; and Isaiah 34–35 sometime in the reign of John Hyrcanus. Jeremiah 33:14–26 is assigned by Marti to Maccabean times, but this is disputed.

Non-canonical
 3 Enoch
 Apocalypse of Abraham
 Apocalypse of Adam
 Apocalypse of Moses
 Apocalypse of Sedrach
 Apocalypse of Zephaniah
 Apocalypse of Zerubbabel
 Aramaic Apocalypse
 Gabriel's Revelation
 Genesis Apocryphon
 Greek Apocalypse of Baruch
 Greek Apocalypse of Daniel
 Greek Apocalypse of Ezra
 Sefer Elijah
 Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch

New Testament
In the transition from Jewish literature to that of early Christianity, there is a continuation of the tradition of apocalyptic prophecy. Christianity preserved the Jewish apocalyptic tradition (as Judaism developed into Rabbinism) and gave it a Christian character by a systematic process of interpolation. Christianity cultivated this form of literature and made it the vehicle of its own ideas. Christianity saw itself as the spiritual representative of what was true in prophecy and apocalyptic.

Canonical
Matthew 24
The Sheep and the Goats
Mark 13
2 Thessalonians 2
1 Timothy 4
2 Peter 3
Jude 14-15
Book of Revelation

Non-canonical
 Apocalypse of Golias
 Apocalypse of Paul
 Apocalypse of Peter
 Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
 Apocalypse of Samuel of Kalamoun
 Apocalypse of Stephen
 Apocalypse of Thomas
 Coptic Apocalypse of Elijah

Gnostic

 Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter
 First Apocalypse of James
 Second Apocalypse of James
 Coptic Apocalypse of Paul

See also
 Apocalypse Series
 Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
 Apocalypticism
 Christian eschatology
 Hindu eschatology
 Islamic eschatology
 Jewish eschatology
 List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
 Messianic Age
 Millennialism
 Ragnarök

Notes

References

 Charlesworth, James H. ed., The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments, Gsrden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1983.
 Collins, John Joseph The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature,  (The Biblical Resource Series), Grand Rapids: Eerdman, 1998 (second edition).
 Coogan, Michael A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009.
 Cook, David, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics), Syracure, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
 Cook, Stephen L., The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003.
 Frye, Northrop, 1957. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957.
 Goswiller, Richard, Revelation, Pacific Study Series, Melbourne, 1987.
 Reddish, Mitchell G. Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader, Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.

External links
  (Thorough historical introduction).
 (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John)

  (sourced in

Apocrypha
Christian literary genres
Literary genres

Religious literature

Apocalyptic literature


හොරස්ගේ ඇස යනු, ආරක්ෂාව, රාජකීය බලය සහ මනා සෞඛ්‍යය පිළිබඳ  පුරාතන ඊජිප්තියානු සංකේතයකි.

ගණිතය

පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවෙහි බොහෝ භාග ලියන ලද්දේ  ඒකක භාග  (ලවය  1 වන භාගයක්) දෙකක හෝ වැඩි ගණනක එකතුවක් ලෙසින් වන අතර, ලියන්නන් වෙත උත්තර සහිත වගු තිබුණි ( රයින්ඩ් ගණිතමය පැපිරසය 2/n වගුව බලන්න).   මේ අනුව,   වෙනුවට, යමෙක් ලියුවේ  +  ලෙසටයි.

එක සංඛ්‍යාව දෙකෙහි පළමු බල හය වෙතින් බෙදූ විට ලැබෙන භාග නිරූපණය කිරීමට පුරාතන ඊජිප්තියානුවන් විසින් හොරස්ගේ ඇසෙහි වෙනස් කොටස් භාවිතා කල බවට සිතනු ලැබෙයි:

හොරස්ගේ ඇස නම් රූපාක්ෂරය=𓂀

 𓂄ඇසෙහි දකුණු පැත්ත =
 𓂂කණිනිකාව =
 𓂃ඇහිබැම =
 𓂁ඇසෙහි වම් පැත්ත =
 𓂅වක ගැසුනු වලගය =
 𓂆කඳුලු බිඳුව =

රයින්ඩ් ගණිතමය පැපිරසය තුල "හොරස් ඇස භාග" පිළිබඳ වගු අඩංගු වෙයි. 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇

ආශ්‍රිත

හොරස්ගේ ඇස


Paratropididae es una pequeña familia de arañas migalomorfas, que forman parte de la superfamilia (Theraphosoidea).

Sistemática
Categorización en 2 subfamilias según Joel Hallan.

 Glabropelmatinae Raven, 1985
 Melloina Brignoli, 1985
 Melloina gracilis (Schenkel, 1953)  (Venezuela)
 Melloina rickwesti Raven, 1999 (Panamá)

 Paratropidinae Simon, 1889
 Anisaspis Simon, 1891
 Anisaspis tuberculata Simon, 1891  (St. Vincent)

 Anisaspoides F. O. P-Cambridge, 1896
 Anisaspoides gigantea F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1896  (Brasil)

 Paratropis Simon, 1889
 Paratropis papilligera F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 (Brasil)
 Paratropis sanguinea Mello-Leitão, 1923 (Brasil)
 Paratropis scruposa Simon, 1889  (Perú)
 Paratropis seminermis Caporiacco, 1955 (Venezuela)

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Paratropididae
 Taxonomía de las arañas

Referencias
 Platnick, Norman I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology - Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World.

Enlaces externos

Paratropididae
Familias de arácnidos

Paratropididae


Double Team (llamada La Colonia en los países de habla hispana) es una película estadounidense de acción de 1997. Dirigida por Tsui Hark, protagonizada por Jean-Claude Van Damme, Dennis Rodman y Mickey Rourke.

Argumento
Jack Quinn (Van Damme) es un agente antiterrorista que va tras la pista de Stavros (Mickey Rourke), un peligroso terrorista, en la que será su última misión. Quinn fracasará en su intento de dar caza a Stavros y quedará recluido de por vida en La Colonia.

La Colonia es una especie de retiro forzado para "agentes fracasados", allí la única obsesión de Quinn será escapar y rescatar a su esposa embarazada, que ha sido capturada por su mortal enemigo Stavros. Para ello contará con la ayuda de Yazz (Dennis Rodman) un traficante de armas poco cuerdo y bastante excéntrico.

Reparto

Localizaciones
Double Team se filmó en Amberes, Bélgica, Niza y Arlés, Francia, y en Roma, Italia. Mientras que la cinta da a entender que la pelea final entre Quinn y Stavros se lleva a cabo en el Coliseo de Roma, las escenas fueron filmadas en las Arenas de Arlés al sur de Francia.

Recepción
Un relativo fracaso comercial y en la crítica, la cinta fue nominada y "ganó" tres Premios Golden Raspberry: Peor Actor de Reparto (Rodman), Peor Nueva Estrella (también Rodman) y Peor Pareja en la Pantalla (Rodman y Van Damme). Recaudó solamente 48 millones de dólares contra un presupuesto de $30 millones. La actuación de Rodman fue duramente criticada por la audiencia y los críticos de cine.

Referencias
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120324233813/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119013/business

Películas de acción
Películas en inglés
Películas sobre la amistad
Películas rodadas en Bélgica
Películas rodadas en Francia
Películas rodadas en Italia
Películas ambientadas en Bélgica
Películas ambientadas en Roma

La colonia (película)


Campofilone (im lokalen Dialekt: Camfillù, Campfillù oder Campufiló) ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Fermo in den Marken. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 12 Kilometer südöstlich von Fermo an der Adriaküste und grenzt an die Provinz Ascoli Piceno. Die nördliche Gemeindegrenze bildet der Aso.

Verkehr
Entlang der Küstenlinie führen die Strada Statale 16 Adriatica und die Autostrada A14 (von Bologna nach Tarent) durch die Gemeinde.

Söhne und Töchter
 Armando Trasarti (* 1948), katholischer Geistlicher und Bischof von Fano-Fossombrone-Cagli-Pergola

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in den Marken
Weinbauort in Italien

Campofilone


Tumor marker එකක් යනු සමහර පිළිකා තත්ත්ව හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා රුධිරය, මුත්‍රා හෝ දේහ පටක තුල පරීක්ෂා කළ හැකි සාධකයකි.

Tumor marker


El presidente provisional del Senado de la Nación Argentina es el funcionario de mayor rango en la Cámara Alta, excepto ante la presencia del presidente titular del Senado ostentado por el vicepresidente de la Nación Argentina. El presidente provisional es el segundo en la línea de sucesión a la Presidencia de la Argentina. Este funcionario es elegido por sus compañeros al principio de cada año legislativo, que tiene lugar durante los primeros diez días del mes de diciembre. Los partidos minoritarios en la cámara eligen a tres vicepresidentes.

Lista de presidentes provisionales del Senado

Referencias

Senado de la Nación Argentina

Presidente provisional del Senado de la Nación Argentina


ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියෙකු යනු ගොඩනැගිලි සැලසුම්කරනය හා පිරිසැලසුම පිළිබඳව පුහුණුව හා වරලත් සහ, ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් තැනී‍මේ ක්‍රියාවලිය අධීක්ෂණය කිරීමෙහි නිරතවන්නෙකු වෙයි. ශබ්දනිෂ්පත්තියේ ආකාරයට, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියා යන අරුත දෙන ඉංග්‍රීසි වදන වන architect ආකි‍ටෙක්ට් බිඳී එන්නේ ලතින් architectus ආකි‍ටෙක්ටස් යන්නෙන් වන අතර, එය බිඳී ඇත්තේ ග්‍රීක arkhitekton  ආකි‍ටෙක්ටෝන් (arkhi-, ආකි-, ප්‍රධාන + tekton, ටෙක්ටෝන්,ගොඩනගන්නා), එනම් ප්‍රධාන  ගොඩනගන්නා යන්නෙනි.

ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පී


Crkva Gospe Snježne je katolička crkva u naselju Dubranec koje je u sastavu grada Velika Gorica i zaštićeno kulturno dobro

Opis dobra
Crkva je podignuta na brijegu, uz glavnu cestu. Prvotna barokna crkva dovršena je 1716. g., ali je 1886. g. cjelovito obnovljena i opremljena prema nacrtima Hermana Bollea u historicističkim oblicima kada je dobila današnji izgled. Jednobrodna je građevina s pravokutnom lađom i užim, izduženim poligonalnim svetištem te sakristijom s oratorijem na istočnoj strani. Ispred glavnog pročelja naslonjen je masivni troetažni zvonik pokriven piramidalnom kapom, koji u prizemlju ima klasicistički portal s timpanonom, a na katu prikaz Raspeća u punoj plastici.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4070 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Velikoj Gorici

Crkva Gospe Snježne u Dubrancu


Le Statut du mineur de fond en France, appelé plus souvent "statut du mineur" est un spécificité du droit social français mise en place au premier semestre 1946 dans le cadre de la "Bataille du charbon" menée pour mettre fin aux graves pénuries d'électricité qui découlaient d'une production charbonière nationale en fort déclin pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale. Reconnaissant spécifiquement une profession globalement plus exposée que les autres aux maladies et accidents professionnels, en particulier la silicose et le risque de coup de grisou, il servira de modèle social pour l'ensemble du monde ouvrier, en étant le pivot et l'une des justifications de la loi créant les Charbonnages de France par nationalisation des compagnies jusque-là privées.

Droit
La loi du 14 février 1946 porte  via un décret avant le 15 mars 1946, échéance repoussée au 14 juin 1946, pour cause de consultations.

Ce décrêt fondateur du 14 juin 1946, qualifié par l'historien Pascal Raggi de  créé  le premier le système des commissions paritaires de discipline et de conciliation.

Il précède ceux d'EDF (22 juin 1946) et de la Fonction Publique (19 octobre 1946). Ce statut a créé le premier des commissions paritaires de discipline et de conciliation. Symboliquement, la loi entre en vigueur en mai-juin 1946, exactement cinq ans après la grande grève patriotique de 1941.

Contenu

Salaires de 12% à 28% plus élevé que dans la métallurgie parisienne
Le statut du mineur vise à renforcer l'attractivité du métier en lui apportant des avantages sociaux plus attractifs que d'autres. Il crée des garanties de rémunération, avec une majoration importante pour les plus exposés aux maladies et accidents professionnels, car ils travaillent au fond, sous le forme d'un coefficient obligatoire : 12% de plus que la métallurgie parisienne pour les salariés au jour et 30% pour ceux au fond, faisant des mineurs la corporation la mieux payée .

Le statut du mineur prévoit aussi la garantie d'emploi et rend obligatoire pour tous les mineurs , le départ en retraite à , un jour par mois de plus que le congé légal mais aussi une  et au moins  à partir de  d'ancienneté. La durée du travail est plafonnée à  40 au fond et  au jour. Le repos dominical est payé double si non récupéré et l'augmentation à l'ancienneté est rendue obligatoire.

Les règles de sécurité et leur application
Les règles de sécurité et leur application sont désormais l'apanage des délégués élus par les mineurs: leur avis n'est plus seulement consultatif.

Sécurité sociale minière
La loi sur la sécurité sociale minière votée en 1946 instaure un régime de prise en charge totale de la santé du salarié des Houillères et sa famille.

La silicose devient une maladie professionnelle, reconnue par la loi du 02/08/1945, qui exige pour les silicosés et leurs ayants droit des indemnisations ainsi qu'une médecine de prévention.

Logement gratuit
En 1946, le Statut du Mineur créé un droit au logement gratuit. La loi prévoit que les nouvelles "Houillères" régionales assurent transport, logement et chauffage.

Durée du travail
La durée hebdomadaire du travail est fixée à  40 pour les mineurs fond et  au jour. Les ouvriers bénéficient d'heures supplémentaires rémunérées et majorées, mais aussi d'un repos dominical payé double quand il ne peut pas être récupéré. Le congé annuel va jusqu'à 24 jours.

Médecins du travail indépendants et salariés
Les médecins du travail doivent être indépendants, via l'embauche de personnel qualifié : : jusque-là, .

Formations des Houillères, publiques et laïques
La formation professionnelle se renforce autour de la création du fameux « CAP de mineur » et ses déclinaisons (houille, électro, mécanicien…) mais aussi du « CAP du jour » (ajusteurs, tourneurs, chaudronniers…). On peut les obtenir en cinq ans dans 74 centres d'apprentissage, la durée de la formation, en partie dans une mine-image, visant à renforcer les conditions de sécurité et faire diminuer la quantité de poussière absorbée par les poumons des mineurs.

La nationalisation des mines de charbon « a entraîné de nombreuses améliorations des conditions de vie des familles des mineurs (...) les écoles des Houillères, d'enseignement catholique, deviennent alors publiques et laïques » selon Josiane Lorthios, présidente de l'association du Comité historique de Mazingarbe, une ville du bassin minier dans le Pas-de-Calais. La montée en technicité favorisera les reconversions dans l'automobile une quinzaine d'années plus tard.

Les garanties salariales et d'approvisionnement vont aussi jouer un rôle important peu après l'adoption du statut, dans le contexte des émeutes de la faim de 1947 en France.

Réactions syndicales
La presse syndicale y voit un progrès considérable. La Tribune des mineurs, journal de la CGT, parle alors d'une  dès son numéro du 23 janvier 1946, lorsque la genèse de la loi se précise.

Histoire

Genèse

Contexte économique
Après-guerre, les gouvernements européens ont besoin d'une reprise de la production électrique, nécessaire afin de pouvoir opérer la reconstruction sans les retards qui avaient eu lieu après la guerre de 14-18.

La pénurie sur le marché mondial ne se résorbera que peu à peu par l'appel au charbon américain, tandis que la demande d'électricité flambe, dépassant rapidement le niveau de consommation du temps de paix.

Les barrages hydrauliques souffrent eux aussi de problèmes dus à l'Occupation. Du coup, la consommation de charbon français pour l'électricité représente en 1947 le double de celle de 1938. Dès le début de l'année 1945 est lancée la bataille du charbon pour faire face aux nombreuses coupures d'électricité causée par la pénurie.

Contexte politique
Après leur forte progression aux élections législatives constituantes  d' (26,2 % des voix et ), les communistes revendiquent la direction du gouvernement. Leur participation insistante et militante à la bataille du charbon étaie cette demande aussi et elle va jouer un rôle important dans la création du statut du mineur.

Lors du remaniement ministériel du 21 novembre 1945, ils obtiennent la vice présidence et 5 ministères sur 20, au lieu de 2 en 1944, mais surtout l'accès aux . Marcel Paul succéde à Robert Lacost comme ministre de la production industrielle et  Ambroise Croizat est nommé ministre du Travail, chargé aussi de la Sécurité sociale à partir du 26 janvier et jusqu'au 16 décembre 1946. Il est chargé d'une des plus importantes réformes de l'après-guerre, tandis que  Marcel Paul a la mission de créer EDF en nationalisant les compagnies de production d'électricité, qui ne parviennent pas à faire face à la demande.

Le « statut du mineur de fond » est le résultat de négociations au sein du gouvernement qui voit Auguste Lecoeur, responsable du charbon au gouvernement l'emporter sur son ministre de tutelle, Marcel Paul, qui aurait préféré un statut commun avec celui d'EDF/GDF. D'autres États européens, notamment la Belgique et l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, mirent sur pied exactement à la même époque pour certains ou un peu plus tard pour d'autres, .

Contexte social
Pendant la bataille du charbon qui a suivi la guerre, les mineurs ont droit à des rations alimentaires plus copieuses, alors que la situation plus générale du pays dans le domaine du ravitaillement se détériore et vire ensuite aux graves émeutes de la faim de 1947, mais qui restent très faibles, malgré la pénibilité de leur travail, causant une malnutrition qui, conjuguée à l'effort de production intense entraine un affaiblissement physique et fait chuter le rendement du travail.

Le "Statut du mineur" . Il accompagne , nouvelle société employant  et confiée à un président "politique" : le communiste Victorin Duguet, dont les neuf filiales gèrent les différents "bassins" miniers, sept d'entre elles fusionnnant beaucoup plus tard en 1969 pour réduire leur nombre à trois et créer les "Houillères des bassins du centre et du Midi".

Fin des années 1950

Tentative d'extension aux autres pays européens
À la fin des années 1950, la montée en puissance d'une énergie concurrente, le pétrole, et les conflits entre pays européens incitèrent les syndicats de mineurs à rechercher la création d'.

Autres statuts professionnels en France
L'extension aux autres statuts professionnels pour des professions assurant la participation à l'exécution d'un service public, a eu lieu dans les mois et les années suivantes, notamment dans les grandes entreprises proches, par leur mission, de Charbonnages de France au moment des nationalisations d'EDF et GDF. Concernant ces deux dernières, le personnel a été à son tour soumis à un statut remontant à 1946. Celui de la SNCF a été décidé par un décret du  juin 1950 fixant le statut des cheminots. La mise en place d'un statut de la fonction publique est par ailleurs confiée à un autre ministre communiste Maurice Thorez, leader du PCF mais impopulaire à l'extérieur de cette formation, qui est chargé du dossier.

Bibliographie
 Èvelyne Desbois, Bruno Mattéi, et Yves Jeanneau, La foi des charbonniers. Les mineurs dans la Bataille du charbon 1945-1947, Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2014 .
 Judith Rainhorn, Santé et travail à la mine. Sixe-xxie siècle, Éditions Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2016
 Alain Boscus, Xavier Daumalin, Mauve Carbonell, Sylvie Daviet et Gérard Chastagnaret, Territoires européens du charbon. Des origines aux reconversions, Presses universitaires de Provence, 2017

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais
 Histoire de l'extraction du charbon
 Mines de charbon de France

Notes et références

1945 en France
1946 en France
1947 en France

Statut du mineur de fond en France


Microsoft Exchange can refer to:

 Microsoft Exchange Server, an email server software product from Microsoft
 Microsoft Exchange Client, also once known as "Windows Messaging", the former companion client software for Exchange Server that was embedded into some versions of Microsoft Windows
 Microsoft Exchange Hosted Services, an email filtering system

Microsoft Exchange


Flor de Piedra est un groupe de musique argentin, originaire de Buenos Aires. Formé en , il est considéré comme le pionnier du genre appelé cumbia villera, un style musical originaire des bidonvilles de la province de Buenos Aires.

Biographie
Le groupe est formé par le claviériste et compositeur Pablo Lescano, qui, au milieu des années 1990, était membre d'Amar Azul. Lescano propose que son nouveau projet reflète dans ses chansons des thèmes plus crus, tels que la consommation de drogues, la critique du système (notamment le ménémisme) et les injustices, comme la pauvreté, la violence institutionnelle, la discrimination, la violence policière et la marginalisation, entre autres. Cependant, Lescano n'a produit qu'en tant qu'initiateur et n'a même pas collaboré au groupe, mais sa sœur Romina Lescano l'a fait, et le chanteur du projet était Daniel Lescano (qui n'a aucun lien avec Pablo).

Le groupe enregistre alors son premier album de cumbia villera, , sorti en 1999, mais au moment de le présenter aux grandes maisons de disques, celles-ci décident de ne pas le distribuer, soit par manque d'intérêt, soit par méfiance quant au succès possible du nouveau genre, soit par condamnation du thème et de la proposition agressive de la villera, soit par un mélange de tous ces facteurs. Après le refus des grandes stations, le groupe envoie son album à une radio illégale, qui l'accepte. Le morceau  (« Espèce de furoncle ») est considérée comme la première chanson de cumbia villera à succès. De façon inattendue, Sos un botón, qui critique un ami connu du groupe devenu policier et accusé d'être un «  », s'est fait une place au milieu de toutes les chansons de cumbia pasatista et a commencé à prendre le public d'assaut, et c'est ainsi que le label Leader Music a finalement contacté Flor de Piedra pour l'informer qu'il était intéressé par le groupe. L'album devient un succès commercial et est certifié disque d'or.

Après la sortie de leur deuxième album, intitulé  (2000), qui, comme son prédécesseur, est un succès, le groupe se « dissout » à la fin de l'année 2000 (Pablo Lescano quitte le groupe ainsi que certains des musiciens). Cinq ans après la séparation de Flor de Piedra, Lescano forme le groupe à succès Damas Gratis et Daniel Lescano, alors chanteur, décide de continuer avec le groupe, formant Dany Lescano y La Roka en 2001. Le groupe n'ayant pas le succès escompté, il se dissout l'année suivante et forme un autre groupe.

Discographie
 1999 :  (disque d'or)
 2000 :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Groupe musical argentin
Groupe musical formé en 1999
Groupe musical séparé en 2000
Groupe de cumbia

Flor de Piedra


An Gomesa calimaniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Guiard, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark W. Chase och Norris Hagan Williams. An Gomesa calimaniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gomesa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gomesa

Gomesa calimaniana


An Uncinia subsacculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerald A. Wheeler ngan Paul Goetghebeur. An Uncinia subsacculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Uncinia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Uncinia

Uncinia subsacculata


Monako veya resmî adı Monako Prensliği (Fransızca: Principauté de Monaco veya Monaco; Monakoca: Munegu veya Principatu de Munegu), 1297 yılında kurulmuş, Avrupa'da Kuzeybatı Akdeniz kıyılarında yer alan bağımsız bir şehir devleti ve prensliktir. Vatikan'dan sonra Avrupa'daki en küçük bağımsız ülke olan mikrodevlet, Fransa tarafından kuzey, batı ve doğu yönlerinde çevrelenmişken, ülkenin güney ve güneydoğu kısımları Akdeniz ile komşudur. Monako ayrıca İtalya sınırından yaklaşık 15 km uzaklıkta yer almaktadır.

Ülke Monte Carlo semtindeki gösterişli kumarhaneleri, içinde barındırdığı limanları ve kraliyet ailesi ile ünlüdür.

Tarih

Monako 1191 yılında Kutsal Roma İmparatoru VI. Heinrich'in izniyle 1228 yılında bir Ceneviz Cumhuriyeti kolonisi olarak kuruldu. 1297 yılında François Grimaldi ve askerleri Monako Kayası'nı ele geçirdiler. O zamandan beri Monako toprakları Grimaldi ailesi tarafından yönetilmektedir.

1793-1814 yılları arasında Monako, Fransa'nın egemenliği altında var. Viyana Kongresi'nde Monako'nun Sardinya-Piemonte Krallığı'na bağlanması kararlaştırıldı. 1861 yılından sonra Monako bağımsız bir prenslik haline geldi. 1911 yılında kabul edilen yeni anayasaya kadar Monako Prensi Monako'nun mutlaki hükümdarı sayılıyordu.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda, 1943 yılında, İtalyan Ordusu Monako'yu işgale başladı ve faşist bir yönetim oluşturarak işgal etti. Kısa bir süre sonra, Mussolini'nin çökmesinin ardından, Nazi Wehrmacht orduları Monako'yu işgal etti. Çok sayıda Monakolu Yahudi toplama kamplarına gönderildi. Savaştan sonra Monako Prensi III. Rainier 1949 yılında dedesinin ölümü üzerine tahta çıktı. Prens Rainier kadınlara oy hakkını kabul etti ve idam cezasını kaldırdı. 1993 yılında Monako Birleşmiş Milletlere üye oldu. 31 Mart 2005 tarihinde prens Rainier hastalanarak görevi oğluna devretti. 6 Nisan 2005 tarihinde ölünce oğlu II. Albert Monako Prensi olarak tahta çıktı.

Coğrafya
Monako'nun uzunluğu 3.350 m'dir. Genişliği en geniş yerde 1.000 m'yi bulurken en dar yerde 245 m'dir. Fontvieille semti de dahil olmak üzere ülkedeki pek çok kıyı bölgesi sonradan denize beton doldurularak oluşturulmuştur. Günümüzde de buna benzer projeler vardır; fakat hayata geçirilememiştir.

Semtler
Kara sınırları Fransa ile çevrili olan ülke, eski Monako şehri ve sonradan inşa edilen alanlardan oluşur. Monako'nun başlıca yerleşim birimleri (semtleri) nüfusları ile şunlardır:

Ekonomi
Monako, 185.742 ABD Doları ile dünyanın en yüksek kişi başına GSYİH nominal değerine, 132.571 ABD Doları ile kişi başına düşen GSYİH'ye ve 183.150 ABD Doları ile kişi başına düşen GSYİH'ye sahiptir. Ayrıca her gün Fransa ve İtalya'dan yola çıkan 48.000'den fazla işçiyle  %2'lik bir işsizlik oranına sahiptir. CIA The World Factbook'a göre Monako, dünyanın en düşük yoksulluk oranına ve kişi başına düşen en yüksek milyoner ve milyarder sayısına sahiptir. Monako, 2012'de art arda dördüncü kez metrekare başına 58.300 dolarla dünyanın en pahalı emlak piyasasına sahip olmuştur. Dünyanın en pahalı dairesi, 2016 yılında Forbes'a göre 335 milyon dolar değerinde olan Odeon Kulesi'ndeki bir çatı katı olan Monako'da bulunmaktadır.

Monaco'nun ana gelir kaynaklarından biri turizmdir. Kumarhanesi ve iklimi her yıl birçok yabancıyı cezbetmektedir. Aynı zamanda 100 milyar Euro'nun üzerinde fon bulunduran büyük bir bankacılık merkezi haline gelmiştir. Monako'daki bankalar özel bankacılık, varlık ve varlık yönetimi hizmetleri sağlama konusunda uzmanlaşmıştır. Monako, Avrupa'da kredi kartı puanlarının kullanılamadığı tek yerdir. Otel puanları biriktirilemez veya işlemler kaydedilemez, bu da yerel halkın çoğu tarafından aranan mahremiyetin artmasına izin verir. Prenslik, ekonomik temelini hizmetler ve kozmetik ve biyotermik gibi küçük, yüksek katma değerli, kirletici olmayan endüstriler şeklinde başarıyla çeşitlendirmeye çalışmıştır.

Devlet, tütün ve posta hizmeti de dahil olmak üzere birçok sektörde tekelleri elinde tutuyor. Telefon şebekesinin (Monaco Telecom) tamamı devlete aitti; şu anda yalnızca %45'ine sahipken, kalan %55'lik kısım hem Kablolu ve Kablosuz İletişim (%49) hem de Compagnie Monégasque de Banque'ye (%6) aittir. Ancak yine de tekel konumundadır. Yaşam standartları yüksektir, kabaca müreffeh Fransız metropol alanlarındakilerle karşılaştırılabilir.

Monako, Avrupa Birliği üyesi değildir. Bununla birlikte, Fransa ile bir gümrük birliği yoluyla çok yakından bağlantılıdır ve bu nedenle para birimi Fransa'nınkiyle aynıdır, Euro, 2002'den önce Monako, Monegasque frangı olan kendi madeni paralarını bastı . Monako, ulusal tarafında Monegasque tasarımlarıyla euro madeni para basma hakkını elde etti.

Demografi

Monako'da etnik açıdan Fransızların sayısı Monakolulardan daha fazladır. Fransızlar %28,4 ile ülkenin en büyük etnik grubudur. Monakolular %21,6 ile onları takip eder. Diğer etnik gruplar ise şöyledir: İtalyanlar (%18,7), İngilizler (%7,5), Belçikalılar (%2,8), Almanlar (%2,5), İsviçreliler (%2,5) ve Amerikalılar (%1,2).

Monako dünyanın en yüksek beklenen yaşam süresi sahiptir. 2017 verilerine göre bir Monakolunun ortalama olarak beklenen yaşam süresi 89.4 yıldır.

Dil
Monako'nun resmi dili Fransızcadır; fakat İtalyanca, İtalya'dan gelen kişilerce ana dil olarak konuşulmaktadır. İngilizce ise Monako'daki Amerikalılar, İngilizler, Kanadalılar ve İrlandalılar tarafından konuşulur. Ulusal dil Monako dilidir; fakat bu dil küçük bir topluluk tarafından konuşulmaktadır. Monaco Ville bölgesinde tabelalar Fransızca ve Monako dili olarak yazılmıştır.

Din
Bu mikro ülkede resmi din Hristiyanlığın Katoliklik mezhebidir. Fakat Monako'da inanç konusunda özgürlük vardır. Hristiyan toplum Monako nüfusunun %83,2'sini oluşturmaktadır. Monako'da beş Katolik kilisesi ve bir de katedral bulunmaktadır. Koruyucu aziz Devota'dır.

Monako'da yalnızca bir Anglikan kilisesi bulunmaktadır. Bu kilise Monte Carlo'da yer almaktadır. 2007 itibarıyla bu kiliseye bağlılığı bulunan 135 Anglikan vardır. Bu kilisenin kütüphanesinde yaklaşık 3000 İngilizce kitap bulunmaktadır.

1948 yılında kurulan "Association Culturelle Israélite de Monaco" sayesinde Monakolu Yahudiler bir sinagog, İbrani okulu ve koşer ürünler satan bir gıda mağazası kazanmıştır. Yaklaşık bin kişilik Yahudi cemaatinin %40'ını Birleşik Krallık'tan gelenler oluşturmaktadır. Geri kalan kısım ise Kuzey Afrika'dan gelmiştir. Buradaki Yahudi nüfusunun üçte ikisini Kuzey Afrika'dan gelen Sefarad Yahudileri oluşturur. Üçte biriyse Aşkenaz Yahudisidir.

Altyapı ve ulaşım
Yüzölçümü bu kadar küçük olmasına rağmen ülkede bir stadyum bulunur. Havaalanı yerine heliportu ve tren istasyonu bulunmaktadır ve Fransa demiryolunun küçük bir parçası geçmektedir. Karayolu ve denizyolu gelişmiştir.

Fontvieille semti ile Monaco Ville'in bulunduğu yarımadanın arasında küçük, Monte Carlo ile Monaco Ville'in arasında ise büyük bir yat limanı bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Monaco

Avrupa'daki başkentler
Şehir devletleri
Avrupa ülkeleri
Fransızca konuşan ülkeler
İtalyanca konuşan ülkeler
Liberal demokrasiler
Avrupa Konseyi ülkeleri
Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi ülkeler
Akdeniz'deki liman kentleri
Prenslikler
1297'de kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler
Batı Avrupa
Güney Avrupa
Akdeniz İçin Birlik ülkeleri
Uluslararası Frankofoni Örgütü üyesi ülkeler

Monako


Brian David Kendrick (), este un wrestler profesionist american cu numele "Brian Kendrick" pentru compania profesionista de wrestling WWE la Raw.

Cu toate acestea, este, de asemenea, cunoscut în compania Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) unde a luptat sub numele lui real.

În Wrestling
 Manevre de final
Bully Choke/Captain's Hook (Bridging reverse chinlock, uneori trecut de la un inverted headlock takeover) – 2016–prezent
Cobra clutch with bodyscissors – 2010
Sliced Bread #2 (Circuit independent/WWE/TNA) The Kendrick (WWE) (Shiranui)

Campionate și realizări
 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 TNA X Division Championship (1 data)

 World Wrestling Entertainment
 World Tag Team Championship (1 data) – cu Paul London
 WWE Tag Team Championship (1 data) – cu Paul London
 WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1 data)

Referințe

Nașteri în 1979

Brian Kendrick


An Platanthera heyneana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Platanthera heyneana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platanthera

Platanthera heyneana


Koenraad Vanhoutte (Ostende, ) é um padre católico da diocese de Bruges e bispo auxiliar da Arquidiocese de Mechelen-Bruxelas .

Biografia
Vanhoutte vem de Moere, uma vila de polder perto de Gistel, de onde também vem o bispo de Antuérpia, Johan Bonny. Ele freqüentou a escola no Onze-Lieve-Vrouwecollege em Gistel (atual Sint-Godelievecollege) e Ostend. Foi ordenado sacerdote em Moere em 17 de julho de 1983. Ele é bacharel em filosofia (Universidade Católica de Lovaina) e doutorado em teologia (Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana de Roma). Desde 29 de junho de 1985 leciona liturgia e doutrina sacramental geral como professor no Seminário Maior de Bruges.

Em 1 de julho de 2005, foi nomeado Vigário Episcopal para as Paróquias e Liturgia, sucedendo ao falecido Vigário Noël Vangansbeke. Em setembro de 2005, tornou-se cônego do capítulo da catedral. Tornou-se responsável pela pastoral paroquial, pela liturgia e pela formação dos leigos. Foi membro do Conselho Episcopal, do Conselho Episcopal Ampliado, do Colégio dos Consultores e do Conselho Diocesano de Presbíteros. Em 30 de junho de 2006, foi também nomeado presidente do Seminário Maior, após a morte inesperada do cônego Eric Vanden Berghe. Ele ocupou esse cargo até 2016.

Como vigário, Vanhoutte liderou o projeto 'Prédio Paroquial 2008-2012'. Foi presidente da Comissão Litúrgica Diocesana e membro da Comissão Interdiocesana de Cuidados Litúrgicos. Foi responsável pela 'De Bremstruik' em Roeselare e presidente da Obra para as vocações ao sacerdócio, da Academia Teológica - CCV e da Plataforma de Formação Permanente.

Koen Vanhoutte não era incontroverso. Como administrador, por exemplo, ele teria demonstrado poucas emoções e agido de forma calculada, inteligente, mas autoritária. Também foi alegado que ele tomou alguns padres pedófilos sob sua proteção. Sob o bispo Jozef De Kesel, ele também foi chamado de 'bispo sombra'.

Administrador Diocesano
Em cada diocese, o bispo é assistido por vários órgãos consultivos, aos quais preside. Estes são o Conselho Episcopal, o Conselho Episcopal Alargado, o Conselho Sacerdotal Diocesano e o Conselho Económico da diocese. Além disso, há o Colégio dos Consultores, composto por alguns membros escolhidos pelo bispo no conselho dos presbíteros e ao qual é atribuída responsabilidade principalmente quando não há mais bispo. O Colégio dos Consultores é geralmente composto pelos vigários da diocese que são membros do conselho diocesano de presbíteros e alguns membros cooptados do conselho de presbíteros.

Vagando uma sede episcopal, compete ao colégio diocesano de consultores eleger sem demora um substituto temporário. Após a renúncia de Dom Roger Vangheluwe , o Colégio de Consultores da Diocese de Bruges reuniu-se para este fim em 26 de abril de 2010 na Casa Episcopal. Este colégio, composto pelos cônegos e vigários Herman Vandecasteele (presidente), Jean-Pierre De Rudder, Kristiaan Depoortere, Antoon Vansteeland, Filip Debruyne e Koen Vanhoutte, complementado pelo cônego Jan Tilleman e pelo padre Jozef Craeynest, eleito em 26 de abril de 2010 Koen Vanhoutte ao administrador diocesano. Ele aceitou a comissão, fez o juramento e pronunciou o credo . O administrador diocesano administrava a diocese, segundo os cânones 416-430 docódigo eclesiástico , até que o papa nomeie um novo bispo.

Nos círculos eclesiásticos, Koen Vanhoutte era frequentemente mencionado como um possível sucessor de Vangheluwe. No entanto, após a especial comoção provocada pelo bispo anterior, considerou-se mais preferível a nomeação de alguém de fora da diocese e que já possuísse a dignidade episcopal. Em 25 de junho de 2010, Jozef De Kesel , Bispo Auxiliar de Mechelen-Bruxelas , foi nomeado 26º Bispo de Bruges. Em 10 de julho, tomou posse de sua diocese, durante uma cerimônia na Catedral de São Salvador . Isso encerrou a atribuição do administrador diocesano, que mais uma vez assumiu seus cargos anteriores em tempo integral.

Em 14 de julho de 2010, o bispo o nomeou Vigário Geral, mantendo seus poderes anteriores, sucedendo o Vigário Geral Herman Vandecasteele, que recebeu uma dispensa honrosa.

Em 14 de dezembro de 2015, Koen Vanhoutte foi reeleito administrador diocesano depois que Jozef De Kesel tomou posse da sede da Arquidiocese de Mechelen-Bruxelas. Vanhoutte ocupou este cargo até 4 de dezembro de 2016, data em que Lode Aerts assumiu suas funções como o 27º bispo de Bruges. Continuou como vigário geral, sem permanecer presidente do seminário.

Bispo Auxiliar
Em 18 de maio de 2018, o Papa Francisco nomeou Vanhoutte Bispo Titular de Thagora e Bispo Auxiliar da Arquidiocese de Mechelen-Bruxelas, para o Vicariato de Brabante Flamengo e Mechelen, sucedendo Leon Lemmens, falecido em junho de 2017 .

Ele escolheu como lema Veni sancte Spiritus – Vinde, Espírito Santo. A consagração episcopal foi estabelecida em 2 de setembro de 2018, na Catedral de St. Rumbold em Mechelen.

Após sua nomeação como bispo, houve uma resposta muito positiva de alguns setores. Ele foi descrito no boletim digital Kerknet como 'servo' e 'firme'. Alguém o descreveu como 'integridade', 'equanimidade' e 'pontual'.  O Cardeal De Kesel o descreveu como 'muito devoto, com grande empenho e energia, profundamente religioso e muito preocupado com as pessoas e comunidades religiosas'.  Houve também votos negativos.

Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana
Bispos católicos da Bélgica

Koenraad Vanhoutte


جزيرة شدوان تقع بالقرب من مدخل خليج السويس وخليج العقبة بالبحر الأحمر وتبعد عن الغردقة 35 كم وعن السويس 325 كم.

تشتهر الجزيرة بسياحة وممارسة رياضة الغوص والغطس والصيد ولكن لا يسمح فيها بالسباحة وهي جزيرة صخرية منعزلة لا تزيد مساحتها على 70 كيلو متر يبلغ طولها 16 كم ويتراوح عرضها بين 35كم.

معركة شدوان

مراجع

جزر البحر الأحمر
جزر مصر
محافظة جنوب سيناء
مواقع الغوص تحت الماء في مصر

شدوان


Engelbrechtsche Wildnis Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 5,13 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2010 itibarıyla 935 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Maren Nagel tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-herzhorn.de

Kaynakça

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Engelbrechtsche Wildnis


Türkiye'de müzikoloji, Avrupa'nın doğu müziğiyle ilgilenmesine paralel olarak 1910'lardan sonra gelişmiştir.

Müzikoloji ve Kaynakları (İstanbul 2006) kitabında Türkiye'de müzikolojinin başlangıcı ve gelişmesinden kısaca söz edilmektedir. Avrupa'da müzikolojinin başlangıcı "müzik ilmi" kelimelerinin 1850'lerde kullanılmasına bağlanır. Türk müzik tarihinde Farabi, İbn Sina, Safiyyüddin Abdülmü'min, Abdülkadir Maragî, Ladikli gibi nazarî ve Ali Ufkî, Kantemiroğlu gibi nota eserleri yazan müzikolog denebilecek insanlar varsa da eserlerini günümüz tekniğinde ve bilgisi ölçüsünde yazmamışlardır. Müzikoloji'nin 1850'de kurulmasından sonra Türkiye'de müziğin bilimsel masaya oturtulması ve incelenmesi gerektiğini anlayıp buna göre ilk müzik araştırmacılarını teşvik edenler, gelenekten gelen bilgi ve tecrübelerini öğrencilerinden Rauf Yekta Bey ile Suphi Ezgi'ye aktarmışlar, onları yönlendirmişlerdir. Daha sonra Hüseyin Sadettin Arel'in de katıldığı ilk müzikolojik çalışmaların Rauf Yekta Bey, Suphi Ezgi tarafından 1913-1920 arasında yapıldığı kabul edilmektedir.

Türkiye'de ilk ciddi anlamda müzikolog olarak anılmaya değer kişi Rauf Yekta Bey'dır (1871-1935). Rauf Yekta Bey, çoğunlukla meşk sistemiyle gelen notaları yazıya geçirme çalışmaları yanında teori konusuna da eğilmiş, "24 aralıklı ses sistemi" denilen o günün şartlarında Türk müziği teorisinde yeni bir görüş ortaya atmıştır. Aynı dönemde Suphi Ezgi (1869-1962), Hüseyin Sadettin Arel (1880-1955), Murat Uzdilek hem nota hem de nazariyat ve Türk müziğinin müdafaası sahasında yazdıkları eserlerle müzikolojik çalışmalara katılmışlardır.

Suphi Ezgi'nin Nazari ve Ameli Türk Müziği (I-V, İstanbul 1933-53), Hüseyin Sadettin Arel'in Türk Musikisi Kimindir (İstanbul 1969) kitapları önemlidir. Bu noktada kısaca isimlerini sayacağımız Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal (1900-1961), Veysel Arseven (1919-1977), Ferruh Arsunar (1908-1965), Sâdi Yâver Ataman (1908- 1994), Gültekin Oransay, Etem Ruhi Üngör, Cem Behar, Yalçın Tura, Cevad Memduh Altar ve daha birçokları çalışmalarıyla müzikolog olarak anılabilirler. 1900 yıllarından sonra Türk müziğini H. Usbeck, K. Reinhard, U. Reinhard, K. Signell,W. Feldman gibi yabancılar da araştırma konusu yapmışlardır.

Türkiye'de müzik eğitimi amaçlı Dârülelhan'dan bu yana birçok okul kurulmuştur. Musiki Muallim Mektebi, Konservatuvarlar zaman zaman siyasi sebeplerle (eğitime önem verilmesi, Türk müziğinin yasaklanması vs.) yeterli bilimsel araştırma yapamadılar. 1982'den sonra üniversite çatısında kurulan konservatuvarlardan bilimsel çalışmalar beklenmekle birlikte bu kuruluşlar da pek az ciddi müzikolojik yayın yapabildiler. Türkiye'de en eski müzikoloji bölümü Ege Üniversitesi'nde Dr. Erdoğan Okyay'ın da aralarında bulunduğu müzikbilimcilerce kurulmuş, kısa süre sonra atanan Prof. Dr. Gültekin Oransay sayesinde akademik bir yapıya kavuşmuştur.

Müzikoloji
Müzikoloji

Türkiye'de müzikoloji


ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකන්වරු යනු එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි දේශපාලන පක්ෂයකි.  ජෝන් ක්වින්සි ඇඩම්ස්ගේ (1825–1829) පාලන සමයෙහිදී, ජනාධිපතිවරයාගේ පාක්ෂිකයන් හැඳින්වුනේ ඇඩම්ස්ගේ මිනිසුන් හෝ ජැක්සන්-විරෝධින් ලෙසය. 1828 වසරේදී, එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා  ලෙසින්, ඇන්ඩෲ ජැක්සන් තේරී පත්වූ විට, මෙම කණ්ඩායම විරුද්ධ පක්ෂයෙහි කොටසක් බවට පත් විය. "ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකන්" යන පදය භාවිතයේ පවතින්නේ, වසර 1830 දින වකවානුවෙහි සිටය.

වසර 1825 දී ජෝන් ක්වින්සි ඇඩම්ස් ජනාධිපති ධූරයට පත් වීමට පෙර සිටදීම, දශකයකට වැඩි කාල සීමාවක් තුල පැවති එකම ඇමරිකානු දේශපාලන පක්ෂය වූ ඩිමොක්‍රටික්-රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය, බිඳී යාම ඇරඹුනේ, එහි අධස්ථලය සහ අනන්‍යතාව අහිමිකර ගනිමිනි. අපේක්ෂකයන් තොරා ගැනීමට එහි දේශපාලන බල මණ්ඩල තවදුරටත් රැස් නොවූයේ ඒවාට වෙනත් අභිරුචියන් තිබූ නිසාය. 1824 මැතිවරණයෙන් පසුව, ඇඩම්ස්ට පක්ෂපාති සහ  ඇන්ඩෲ ජැක්සන්ට පක්ෂපාතී ලෙසින්, කණ්ඩායම් දෙකක් පෙල ගැසිනි. ( ඩැනියෙල් වෙබ්ස්ටර් සහ ඇඩම්ස් වුව වැනි), බොහෝ  පූර්ව- ෆෙඩරලිස්ට් පාක්ෂිකයන්  ඇතුළුව, ඇඩම්ස්-පාක්ෂික දේශපාලනඥයින්, ක්‍රමයෙන් විකාසයට පත් වූයේ ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය තැනීම කෙරෙහි වූ අතර,  ජැක්සන්ට පක්ෂපාතිත්වය දැක්වූ දේශපාලනඥයෝ, නූතන ඩිමොක්‍රටික් පක්ෂය සංස්ථාපනය කිරීමට, පසුකාලීනව උපකාරී වූහ.

ජෝන් ක්වින්සි ඇඩම්ස්  වෙත පක්ෂපාතිත්වය දැක්වූ තත් කාර්ය හවුල් සන්ධානය,  1828 වසරෙහිදී යළි-පත්වීම උදෙසා ඔහුගේ උත්සාහය ව්‍යර්ථව පරාජයට පත්වීමත් හා සමගම බිඳී ගියේය. නව ජනාධිපති ජැක්සන් හට එල්ලවූ ප්‍රධාන විපක්ෂය වූයේ, හෙන්රි ක්ලේ විසින් තනා ක්‍රියාත්මක කරවූ ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය හෝ  ජැක්සන්-විරෝධීන්  වූහ. ඇඩම්ස්වාදීන්ගේ ජාතිකවාදී දර්ශනයම දැරූ එයට අවශ්‍යවූයේ, ජාතික සම්පත් භාවිතා කරමින් ප්‍රබල ආර්ථිකයක් ගොඩනැංවීමයි.  ජාතික වශයෙන් මුදල් යෙදවෙන අභ්‍යන්තර දියුණුකිරීම් සහ ආරක්ෂණවාදී අයබදු ක්‍රමයකින් සමන්විත වන හා,  වේගවක් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනයක් වෙත අනුග්‍රහය දක්වන, ක්ලේගේ ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රමය එහි  පදනම විය. වඩාත් වැදගත් ලෙසින්, පක්ෂයේ අභිප්‍රාය වූයේ, විවිධ පළාත් වල වෙනස්වූ අපේක්ෂාවන් බද්ධ කරමින්,ජාතික සමගිය සහ එකමුතුකම නැංවීමය. ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය විසින් ඒකාබද්ධ රජ්‍යය දුටුවේ සංයුක්ත, ඓන්ද්‍රීය සමස්තයක් ලෙසිනි. එබැවින්, ජාතික අපේක්ෂාවන් සඳහා, ඔහු විසින් නිමැවුනු  විස්තීර්ණ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණය වෙනුවෙන්,  උත්කෘෂ්ට ලෙසින්  ක්ලේ සැලකීමට පොදු ජනයා උත්සුක වූහ. අනෙක් අතට, ජාතික අපේක්ෂාවන් පසෙක ලා, ප්‍රාදේශීය අවශ්‍යතා සැපිරීමට ඡන්ද ආයාචනා කිරීම සිදුකරන,  "පක්ෂ" දේශපාලනඥයන්  ලෙසින් හඳුනාගත්තවුන්, ඔවුන් විසින් හෙළදකිනු ලැබීය. 1831 වසරෙහි අගභාගයෙහිදී, ජාතික සම්මේලනයක් පැවැත්වූ පක්ෂය, ජනාධිපතිධූරය සඳහා ක්ලේගේ නමද, උපජනාධිපති ධූරය සඳහා ජෝන් සාජන්ට්ගේ නමද යෝජනා කළහ. මැසානික්-විරෝධින්, කලකිරුනු ජැක්සනියානුවන් සහ, දශකයකට පෙර අවසන් දේශපාලන ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයෙහිදී  ෆෙඩරලිස්ට්වරුන් ලෙසින් සිටියවුන් හා සමගින්,   ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකානුවන්ගේ සමගි සන්ධානයක් ගොඩනගා තරග වැදුනු ක්ලේගේ පරාජයෙන් අනතුරුව, වසර 1833-34 කාලසීමාවේදී   විග් පක්ෂය බිහිවුනි. මෙම කෙටි කාලසීමාවෙහිදී, අනෙකුත් කුඩා පක්ෂ සමග සන්ධානගතවූ එය, ජනාධිපති ජැක්සන් සහ ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයන්ට විරුද්ධව, විග් පක්ෂය තැනීය.

මෙයද බලන්න
හොඳ හිත යුගය
දෙවන පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත
 තෝමස් බ්‍රවුන්; පොලිටික්ස් ඇන්ඩ් ස්ටේට්ස්මන්ෂිප්: එසේස් ඔන් ද ඇමරිකන් විග් පාටි. කොලොම්බියා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලීය මුද්‍රණාලය. 1985.
 කැරල්, ඊ. මැල්කම්; ඔරිජින්ස් ඔෆ් ද විග් පාටි  ඩියුක් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලීය මුද්‍රණාලය. 1925. පරිච්ඡේදය 1
 මයිකල් එෆ්. හෝල්ට්; ද රයිස් ඇන්ඩ් ෆෝල් ඔෆ් ද ඇමරිකන් විග් පාටි: ජැක්සෝනියන් පොලිටික්ස් ඇන්ඩ් ද ඕන්සෙට් ඔෆ් ද සිවිල් වෝ. 1999
 රොබට් වී. රෙමිනි, හෙන්රි ක්ලේ: ස්ටේට්ස්මන් ෆො ද යූනියන් (1993)

 1825 වසරෙහිදී සංස්ථාපිත දේශපාලන පක්ෂ
ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකන්
එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි දේශපාලන පක්ෂ
1833 වසරෙහිදී විසුරුවාහැරීම්

ජාතික රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය


ෆ්‍රැන්සියම් () ස්වභාවික වශයෙන් අවසානයට හමුවූ මුලද්‍රව්‍යයි. මෙය බෙහෙවින් ක්ෂාර වූ ලෝහ පරමාණුවකි. පරමාණුක අංකය 87 වේ.

සමස්ථානික
ෆ්‍රැන්සියම් හි සමස්ථානික 34ක් සොයාගෙන ඇති අතර ඒවාහි පරමාණුක ස්කන්ධය 199 සිට 232 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.ෆ්‍රැන්සියම් -221 සහ ෆ්‍රැන්සියම්-223 පමණක් ස්වාභාවිකව සිදුවේ.
ෆ්‍රැන්සියම්-223 වඩාත් ස්ථායී වෙ.වඩාත් අස්ථායිම සමස්තානිකය වන්නේ ෆ්‍රැන්සියම්-215 වෙ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ෆ්‍රැන්සියම්


بوسيف أولاد عسكر أو أولاد عسكر إحدى البلديات الجبلية لولاية جيجل، تابعة إداريا لدائرة الطاهير، تقع بالجهة الجنوبية لولاية جيجل على ارتفاع يزيد عن  عن سطح البحر، أعلى نقطة بها هي الداموس، يحدها من الشمال بلدية برج الطهرو بلدية الشقفة، من الشرق بلدية  أولاد رابح وبلدية أولاد يحي خدروش وبلدية بوراوي بلهادف، من الغرب بلدية الشحنة ومن الجنوب بلدية ترعي بينان وبلدية عميرة أراس وبلدية تسالة التابعة لولاية ميلة، عدد سكانها في يزيد عن  ، مقر البلدية يقع بسوق الثلاثاء.

القرى
وتتكون من عدة قرى ومشاتي أهمها: الزويتنة (مقر البلدية سابقا)، المنازل، سوق الثلاثاء (مقر البلدية)، أولاد عربي، قاع الزان، أولاد علوة، أولاد خالد وأطروي، سوقها الأسبوعي يوم الثلاثاء بمقر البلدية بالإضافة إلى سوق يوم الجمعة بالزويتنة والذي يعد أكبر أسواق المنطقة.

التركيبة السكانية
عرش أولاد عسكر من بين أكبر الأعراش بالمنطقة، يتكون من مشاتي المنازل، أولاد علوة، الطهراوية، قاع الزان، رأس الزان، أولاد عربي، الدار الكبيرة، القعدة، أطروي، النغرة والواد،

تاريخ
عند فشل المستعمر في احتلال مدينة جيجل من جهة البحر قام بتنظيم حملة الاحتلال من قسنطينة مرورا ببني هارون فالميلية ولكن الواد الكبير كان عائقا في وجه المستعمر فقرر العبور من أعلى الواد الكبير من جهة بوغرداين(بين بلديتي ترعي باينان ورجاص الحاليتين) ولكن سكان عرش أولاد عسكر والعروش المحاذية له (بني فتح، بني يدر وبني عافر) صدوا المستعمر بأكثر من 4000 فارس بمنطقة لاربعاء وهزموا الفرنسيين شر هزيمة، بعدها تراجع المستعمر ونظم حملة جديدة حيث انتهج سياسة الأرض المحروقة بمساعدة الخونة واخترق لاربعاء مرورا بالمنازل فبني فتح ثم العنصر فجيجل سنة 1851.

إبان ثورة التحرير المجيدة، كانت أولاد عسكر مقرا للولاية التاريخية الثانية بمنطقة تسمى _ابرير _ وقد شيد نصب تذكاري بها تخليدا لأرواح الشهداء الأبرار، كانت بها ثلاث مستشفيات لجيش التحرير الوطني بغابة الزاوية، وعدة مهابط للطائرات المروحية الإستعمارية بتوزلامت، لاربعاء، أولاد خالد وأرسا بالزويتنة، وتعد معركة جبل موشاون أهم معركة خلال الفترة الإستعمارية بالإضافة إلى الكمين الليلي الذي نصبه المجاهدون بالدار الكبيرة _منزل أولاد الخلفة_ والذي كبّدوا فيه قوات المستعمر خسائر فادحة في الأرواح، تم إسقاط عددا كبيرا من طائرات العدو من منطقة تافراجت نظرا لصعوبة اختراقها وعلوها وسهولة استهداف الطائرات من هذه المنطقة المحصنة طبيعيا.

وتعد بلدية أولاد عسكر منطقة ثورية إبان الاحتلال الفرنسي سقط فيها شهداء يعدون بالآلاف كما تتميز بمناظر خلابة تبهر الزوار زيادة على جوها الجميل والهواء النقي كما تحتوي على "3" متوسطات وثانوية ومستشفى وثكنة عسكرية.

عانت أولاد عسكر من ويلات العشرية السوداء وفقدت العشرات من أبنائها كما أن عددا كبيرا جدا من العائلات نزحت إلى المدن المجاورة بحثا عن الأمن،

المصادر

بلديات ولاية جيجل

بوسيف أولاد عسكر


Roy Paul ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Roy Paul (Fußballspieler) (1920–2002), walisischer Fußballspieler
 Roy Paul jr. (* 1972), jamaikanischer Badmintonspieler

Roy Paul


Le Vieux-Caire (arabe مصر القديمة, prononciation égyptienne : Masr El-Adeema) est un quartier historique du Caire, en Égypte, sur la rive droite du Nil. Il comprend le site d'une forteresse de l'époque romaine et des colonies de l'ère islamique antérieures à la fondation du Caire proprement dit, en 969. Il est également considéré comme faisant partie de ce que l'on appelle le « Caire historique » ou le « Caire islamique », et est un site du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO.

Localisation

Le Vieux-Caire se situe au sud du centre-ville du Caire et à l'ouest du Caire islamique. À l'ouest, le quartier est bordé par le Nil et l'île de Roda.

Histoire

Bâtiments romains et Caire copte

La forteresse de Babylone est une forteresse romaine autour de laquelle de nombreuses églises des chrétiens égyptiens ont été construites.

Le quartier du Caire copte fait également partie du Vieux-Caire. Il comprend des ruines de fortifications romaines et de nombreuses églises anciennes. Les sites touristiques présents sont le musée copte, la forteresse de Babylone, l'« église suspendue » et d'autres églises coptes.

Le comte Gabriel Habib Sakakini Pacha (1841-1923) a construit un palais et une église dans le quartier d'El-Sakakini en 1897 et a établi le cimetière catholique romain dans le Vieux-Caire.

Ancienne ville musulmane

Le Vieux-Caire contient les vestiges des cités antérieures au Caire, telles que Fostat, al-Askar et al-Qatta'i.

Après la conquête musulmane de l'Égypte en 641, le commandant Rashidun Amr ibn al-As établit Fostat juste au nord du Caire copte. À la demande du calife Omar ibn al-Khattâb, la capitale égyptienne est déplacée d'Alexandrie vers la nouvelle ville sur la rive orientale du Nil. La mosquée Amr ibn al-As, la première mosquée d'Afrique, et la mosquée Ibn Touloun se trouvent dans ce quartier. La synagogue Ben Ezra fondée au  se trouve également à Fostat, dans laquelle a été découverte au  la guéniza de la plus grande importance, couvrant quelque mille années de vie juive.

L'empire des Omeyyades s'étendait de l'Espagne jusqu'à l'Indus. Par la suite, les Abbassides ont déplacé la capitale à Bagdad. En Égypte, ce changement de pouvoir impliquait de déplacer le contrôle de la ville omeyyade de Fostat légèrement au nord, vers la ville abbasside d'Al-'Askar. Conçue principalement comme une ville suffisamment grande pour abriter une armée, elle était disposée selon un modèle de quadrillage qui pouvait facilement être subdivisé en sections distinctes.

L'apogée de la dynastie abbasside se situe pendant le règne de Hâroun ar-Rachîd (r. 786-809), avec l'augmentation des impôts sur les Égyptiens, qui se soulèvent dans une révolte paysanne en 832 à l'époque du calife Al-Ma'mūn (r. 813-833).

Les gouverneurs égyptiens locaux ont acquis une autonomie croissante et, en 870, le gouverneur Ahmad Ibn Touloun déclare l'indépendance de l'Égypte (bien que toujours sous le règne du calife abbasside). Comme symbole de cette indépendance, en 868 Ibn Touloun fonde une autre capitale, Al-Qatta'i, un peu plus au nord d'Al-'Askar. La capitale y reste jusqu'en 905, date à laquelle la ville est détruite.

Après la destruction d'Al-Qatta'i, la capitale administrative de l'Égypte revient à Fostat. Cependant, Fostat a ensuite été détruit par un incendie  qui a brûlé de 1168 à 1169, comme mesure défensive contre l'attaque du royaume des croisés de Jérusalem.

À cette époque, la capitale est déplacée vers Al-Qāhirah (Le Caire), fondée en 969, où elle est restée jusqu'à nos jours. Les limites du Caire se sont étendues pour finalement englober les trois capitales antérieures de Fostat, d'Al-Qatta'i et d'Al-'Askar, dont les vestiges sont aujourd'hui visibles dans le Vieux-Caire, dans la partie sud de la ville.

Au cours de la seconde moitié du , deux dernières transformations majeures ont eu lieu au Caire : le port de Boulaq et un quartier appelé Azbakeya dans la partie nord-ouest de la ville. Les périmètres de la ville étaient restés inchangés au cours des 300 dernières années selon la carte réalisée par l'expédition française en 1798. Avec la conquête de Chypre par Barsbay en 1428, Boulaq devient le principal port du Caire. À la fin du , Boulaq a même pu assumer le rôle de principal port commercial du Vieux-Caire.

Conservation et restauration
L'effort de conservation des monuments égyptiens existe depuis le . En 1881, Tawfiq Pacha fonde le .

En 1979, l'UNESCO a désigné le Vieux-Caire, dans le cadre du Caire historique plus étendue, comme site du patrimoine mondial, la qualifiant de « l'une des plus anciennes villes islamiques du monde, avec ses célèbres mosquées, madrasas, hammams et fontaines » et « le nouveau centre du monde islamique, atteignant son âge d'or au  »

Notes et références

Le Caire
Quartier de ville au Caire

Vieux-Caire


Nogometna liga Dalmacije (također i pod nazivom Prvenstvo Dalmacije) je bila nogometna liga petog ranga nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije te rang ispod Hrvatske lige, a rang iznad Oblasne lige Dalmacije.
Natjecanje je organizirao Oblasni odbor Nogometnog saveza Hrvatske za Dalmaciju sa sjedištem u Splitu. Sudjelovalo je jedanaest momčadi, a prvak je bila momčad Zmaja iz Makarske.

 Ljestvica

 Poveznice
 Treća savezna liga 1950.
 4. rang prvenstva Jugoslavije 1950.
 Oblasna nogometna liga Dalmacije 1950.

 Izvori
 Šest decenija Nogometnog saveza Općine Split 1920-1980, Split, 1980.
 Jurica Gizdić i dr.: 80 godina Splitsko-dalmatinskog saveza, Split, 2001.
 Jurica Gizdić: 90 godina Splitsko-dalmatinskog nogometnog saveza, Split, 2010.
 Milorad Dujmović Micko, Ante Livaja: Nogometni klub Dinara Knin 1913-2013'', Knin, 2013.
 hrnogometdb, sezona 1950., ostale lige

1950
1950
Dalmacija

Nogometna liga Dalmacije 1950.


Die Mühlenstraße ist eine im Stadtgebiet Altstadt in Stralsund. Die Mühlenstraße verbindet den Alten Markt mit der Heilgeiststraße und der Straße Bielkenhagen in der Nähe des Kniepertores; die Mönchstraße kreuzt die Mühlenstraße.

Geschichte
Die Straße erhielt ihren Namen von einer Wassermühle, die in der Nähe der heutigen Nr. 20/21 stand.

Die Mühlenstraße erhielt ihren heutigen Namen auf der gesamten Länge erst im Jahr 1869, bis dahin hieß der Abschnitt zwischen dem Alten Markt und der Mönchstraße Auf dem Esel, später Breitschmiedstraße.

Die heutigen Hausnummern wurden im 19. Jahrhundert vergeben. Die Häuser mit den Nummern 1 bis 26 befinden sich, aufsteigend, auf der vom Alten Markt aus gesehenen rechten Straßenseite, die Häuser Nr. 27 bis 56, absteigend, auf der linken Straßenseite.

In der Straße stehen 24 Gebäude unter Denkmalschutz (siehe Liste der Baudenkmale in Stralsund).

Gebäude

Literatur
 Andreas Neumerkel, Jörg Matuschat: Von der Arschkerbe bis Zipollenhagen. Stralsunder Straßen und ihre Geschichte. 3. Auflage. Druck- und Verlagshaus Kruse, Stralsund 2007, ISBN 978-3-941444-01-0.
 Friederike Thomas, Dietmar Volksdorf: Die Altstadtinsel Stralsund – Illustrierte Denkmalliste. Die Baudenkmale der Altstadt in Text und Bild. Hrsg. vom Bauamt der Hansestadt Stralsund. Selbstverlag, Stralsund 1999, .

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Innerortsstraße in Stralsund

Mühlenstraße (Stralsund)


Scările de temperatură (sau scările termometrice sau scalele de temperatură) sunt modalități empirice de a măsura cantitativ temperatura. Scările empirice, de orice natură, măsoară cantitatea de energie absorbită, cedată sau transferată, sub forma sa de transfer energetic numită căldura, în relația cu un parametru și obiect fix, termometrul. Nu există măsurări și scale de natură absolut "corectă", întrucât toate scările termometrice sunt convenții, de natură mai mult sau mai puțin corectă din punct de vedere științific. De aceea, în chip inerent, scalele termometrice variază.

Temperatura absolută, precum în starea termometrică Kelvin, este temperatura termodinamică, fiind clar legată de principiul Zero al termodinamicii.

Descriere formală
Echilibrul termic este, conform principiului de zero al termodinamicii, o relație de echivalență. Ca atare, toate sistemele termodinamice pot fi divizate conform unei clase de echivalență, notată aici cu M. Presupunând că setul M are cardinalitatea de c, atunci se poate construi o funcție injectivă de tipul  ƒ: M → R , prin care orice sistem termodinamic va avea un număr asociat cu acesta, astfel încât dacă și numai dacă două sisteme termodinamice au aceeași valoare, atunci acestea vor fi la echilibru termodinamic. Cele de mai sus descriu proprietatea specifică a temperaturii de a avea atașată un set de valori care constituie o scală de temperatură.

Din punct de vedere practic, orice scară termometrică este bazată întotdeauna pe o singură proprietate fizică a unui sistem termodinamic simplu, numit termometru. Acesta este definit de funcția sa de măsurare a variației stării termodinamice a sistemului pe care îl măsoară și cu care se află la echilibru termic. Astfel de scări termometrice se numesc scale termometrice empirice.

Cel de-al doilea principiu al termodinamicii oferă o definire naturală și fundamentală a temperaturii termodinamice, pornind de la punctul de zero absolut, 0 K sau - 273,16 C. Astfel, o scară pentru temperatura absolută s-a realizat foarte similar cu celelalte scale empirice de temperatură.

Scala gazului ideal
Când presiunea se apropie de zero, toate gazele reale se comportă aidoma gazului ideal.

Gazul ideal reprezină un fel de "scală termometric mixtă". Se bazează pe proprietățile universale al unul gaz, ceea ce prezintă un avantaj major față de o substanță oarecare. Are, desigur, o componentă masiv empirică din moment ce pune gazul într-o poziție caracteristică de aplicabilitate limitată. Totuși, o caracteristică importantă a gazului ideal este acuratețea reprezentării sale pe scala termodinamic, atunci când este definit corect.

Scale și conversii între diverse scale termometrice

Diagramă comparativă pentru diverse scări de temperatură

Scala Celsius

Scala Fehrenheit

Scala Kelvin

Scara Rankine

Scala Reamur

Scara internațională (din 1990)

Alte articole
 Celsius
 Echilibru termodinamic
 Gaz
 Kelvin
 Temperatură
 Temperatură absolută

Note, referințe

Legături externe
 Museo Galileo — Conversii între varii scale termometrice
 Imagini pentru scale termometrice
 You Tube - Termometre (video)
 Zatopi — Kelvin Papers (Absolute Temperature)

Concepte fizice fundamentale
Mărimi fizice
Termodinamică

Scară termometrică


Stargirl je američka televizijska serija koju je razvio Geoff Johns. Premijerno prikazana na platformi DC Universe streaming. Temelji se na superheroju DC Comics Courtney Whitmore koju su stvorili Johns i Lee Moder. Serija prati srednjoškolku Courtney Whitmore, koja otkriva kozmički štap i postaje inspiracija novoj generaciji superheroja koji se zovu Justice Society of America (JSA).

Dc Universe seriju je naručila u srpnju 2018., Bassinger je odabrana za glavnu glumicu u rujnu, s dodatnim kastinzima za obitelj, JSA i Injustice Society of America (ISA) do veljače 2019. Snimanje serije započelo je u ožujku 2019. u gradskom području Atlante u Georgiji. Prva sezona serije se počela premijerno prikazivati 18. svibnja 2020., sezona se sastoji od 13 epizoda. Sljedeći dan emitirana je na mreži The CW. U srpnju 2020. serija je obnovljena za drugu sezonu, s podnaslovom Summer School, koja je premijerno prikazana 10. kolovoza 2021. kao izvorna serija The CW-a. U svibnju 2021. serija je obnovljena za treću sezonu, s podnaslovom Frenemies, čija je premijera krenula 31. kolovoza 2022. Dana 31. listopada 2022. objavljeno je da će serija biti otkazana nakon tri sezone.

Prije premijere serije, likovi iz serije bili su predstavljeni kao cameo tijekom crossover epizode Arrowversea "Crisis on Infinite Earths", postavljajući Stargirl kao postojeću na Zemlji paralelnoj sa serijama Arrowversea.

Radnja
Deset godina nakon što su gotovo svi junaci Justice Society of America poginuli u bitci s Injustice Society of America, srednjoškolka Courtney Whitmore otkriva Starmanov kozmički štap, saznavši da je njezin očuh Pat Dugan bio Starmanov pomoćnik, postaje inspiracija cijeloj novoj generaciji superjunaka.

Uloge

Glavni likovi
 Brec Bassinger kao Courtney Whitmore / Stargirl: srednjoškolka koja pronalazi moćno oružje, kozmički štap i postaje superheroj Stargirl. Kao Stargirl postaje vođa druge reinkarnacije Justice Society of America (JSA).
 Yvette Monreal kao Yolanda Montez / Wildcat II: Nekada popularna studentica na Blue Valley Highu sve dok je skandal nije učinio sramotom katoličkim roditeljima. Vješt boksač, postaje jedna od Courtneyinih prijateljica i članica nove JSA kao nova Wildcat.
 Anjelika Washington kao Beth Chapel / Doctor Mid-Nite II: Društveno odbačena štreberica koja postaje jedna od Courtneyinih prijatelja i članica nove JSA kao novi Doctor Mid-Nite.
 Cameron Gellman kao Rick Tyler / Hourman II: Srednjoškolski delinkvent s problemima ljutnje i sin bivšeg Hourmana čiji su roditelji poginuli u namještenoj prometnoj nesreći kad je imao sedam godina. Postaje jedan od Courtneyinih prijatelja i član nove JSA kao novi Hourman.
 Trae Romano kao Mike Dugan: Sin Pata Dugana i Courtneyin polubrat. U jednoj epizodi bude izabran za novog Thunderbolta.
 Amy Smart kao Barbara Whitmore: Courtneyina majka i supruga Pata Dugana, koja nastoji uskladiti privatni i poslovni život. Nakon braka s Patom, u početku je bila surogat majka svom posinku Mikeu te Courtneyinim suigračima iz JSA nakon što je otkrila tajne Pat i Courtney.
 Luke Wilson kao Pat Dugan / S.T.R.I.P.E.: Courtneyin očuh, bivši pomoćnik Starmana, mehaničar koji posjeduje garažu u kojoj skladišti i skriva 15-metarsko robotsko vozilo koje je izrađeno od rezervnih automobilskih dijelova. Pat je mentor i očinska figura Courtney i njezinim suigračima iz JSA, dok koristi garažu pod nazivom The Pit Stop kao prednju stranu. Unatoč svojim superjunacima, Pat želi osigurati normalan život svojoj obitelji.
 Hunter Sansone kao Cameron Mahkent: Student Blue Valley Higha, umjetnik i sin Jordana Mahkenta koji se sviđa Courtney.
 Meg DeLacy kao Cindy Burman: Kći Dragona Kinga, djevojka Henryja Kinga mlađeg i najpopularnija studentica Blue Valley Higha. Iako je vođa školskih navijačica, odlučna je krenuti očevim stopama. U potrazi za tim, stekla je moćni oklop i štap iz kojeg baca plamen, uz to ima poboljšane sposobnosti i rukuje oštricama koji izlaze iz njezine kože.
 Nick Tarabay kao Eclipso (sezona 2, gost u 1.sez): Entitet zarobljen unutar crnog dijamanta kojeg Cindy dobiva.
 Jake Austin Walker kao Henry King Jr. (sezona 1, gost u 2.sez): Student i nogometaš na Blue Valley Highu. Nakon što je doživio emocionalni stres nakon što mu je otac postao psihotičan, razvija psihičke moći.
 Neil Jackson kao Jordan Mahkent / Icicle (sezona 1, gost u 2.sez): Vođa ISA, biznismen s moći kriokineze i osnivač tvrtke The American Dream koja je odgovorna za revitalizaciju Blue Valley.
 Christopher James Baker kao Henry King Sr. / Brainwave (sezona 1, gost u 2.sez): Član ISA sa psihološkim sposobnostima, otac Henryja Kinga mlađeg i uspješan neurokirurg u medicinskom centru Blue Valley.

Sporedni likovi
Henry Thomas kao Charles McNider / Doctor Mid-Nite: Član izvorne JSA-e koji je bio detektiv i briljantan, napredan medicinski pionir s posebnim naočalama opremljenim umjetnom inteligencijom, kojeg je Beth kasnije nazvala "Chuck", po uzoru na njegovu osobnost kako bi joj pomogao u borbi protiv kriminala.
Thomas također daje glas "Chucka" u prvoj sezoni, dok Alex Collins u drugoj sezoni.
Eric Goins kao Steven Sharpe / Gambler: Član ISA-e koji je majstor u umjetnosti obmane. Sharpe je financijski direktor The American Dream s egocentričnom osobnošću.
Neil Hopkins kao Lawrence "Crusher" Crock / Sportsmaster: Član ISA-e koji drži oružje športske tematike i vjeruje da su sve njegove mete samo dio igre za pobjedu. Crusher je vlasnik teretane u Blue Valleyu zvane Ripped City, oženjen je Paulom Brooks i otac je Artemis Crock.
Joy Osmanski kao Paula Brooks / Tigress: Član ISA-e koji lovi najopasnije ljude na svijetu. Učiteljica tijelesnog odgoja u Blue Valley Highu, supruga "Crusher" Crocka i majka Artemis Crock.
Mark Ashworth kao Justin / Shining Knight: Tajanstveni domar u srednjoj školi Blue Valley s amnezijom, koji je ranije bio stoljetni osvetnik, vitez iz Camelota koji nosi Excalibur i član Seven Soldiers of Victory.
Ysa Penarejo kao Jenny / Jade (sezona 2): kćer Alana Scotta / Green Lanterna koja je odrasla u sirotištu i nastoji pronaći svojeg brata.
Alkoya Brunson kao Jakeem Thunder (sezona 2): Mikeov najbolji prijatelj.
Jonathan Cake kao Richard Swift / The Shade (sezona 2): Besmrtni superzlikovac koji može stvarati i kontrolirati sjene. Nekada je bio dio ISA-e sve dok nije otišao jer je Icicleov "Project New America" smatrao glupošću. Nakon osnutka "Project New Amrica", Shade se ponovno pojavljuje kao putujući kolekcionar predmeta.
Hina Khan kao Anaya Bowin (sezona 1): Ravnateljica srednje škole Blue Valley, vješta violinistica, majka Isaaca Bowina i potajno članica ISA-e. Fiddlerova žena.
Nelson Lee kao Dr. Shiro Ito / Dragon King (sezona 1): Bliski saveznik ISA-e i otac Cindy Burman. Kontroverzni znanstvenik koji skriva svoje unakaženo lice i eksperimentira na sebi i svojim pacijentima. Izvorno je bio japanski carski ratni zločinac iz Drugog svjetskog rata koji je navodno pogubljen zbog svojih zločina prije nego što je potajno upao u ISA-u.
Solomon Grundy: ogromni zombi i član ISA-e, pojavljuje se kroz CGI.

Gosti
Joel McHale kao Sylvester Pemberton / Starman: Član izvornog JSA-a koji je koristio kozmički štap protiv gravitacije koji je izumio znanstvenik Ted Knight, a koji Courtney kasnije pronalazi.
McHale također prikazuje čovjeka koji se pojavljuje na kraju epizode "Stars & S.T.R.I.P.E. Two Part", koji tvrdi da je Pemberton.
Lou Ferrigno Jr. kao Rex Tyler / Hourman: Član izvornog JSA-a i otac Ricka Tylera koji je bio "kemičar i ovisnik o adrenalinu" sa sposobnošću stjecanja super snage sat vremena dnevno koristeći tvar koju je sam izumio u svojoj amajliji u obliku pješčanog sata.
Brian Stapf kao Ted Grant / Wildcat: Član izvornog JSA-e koji je bio bivši boksač teške kategorije i vješt ulični borac koji je nosio egzoodijelo koje je umjetno pojačalo njegovu prirodnu atletsku snagu.
Adam Aalderks kao Matt Harris: Brat supruge Rexa Tylera, Wendi, i ujaka po majci Ricka Tylera. On preuzima skrbništvo nad Rickom nakon što ISA ubila Rex i Wendi.
Geoff Stults kao Sam Kurtis: Courtneyin otac i Barbarin bivši dečko koji se pokušava ponovno povezati s Courtney deset godina nakon njegova nestanka.
Olive Abercrombie kao Rebecca McNider: Rodica Charlesa McNidera koja je postala jedna od Eclipsovih žrtava.
Ethan Embry ka Johnny Thunder: Član JSA-e koji je posjedovao ružičastu olovku.
Jim Gaffigan kao glas Thunderbolta: Duh 5. dimenzije koji stanuje u ružičastoj olovci.
John Wesley Shipp kao Jay Garrick / The Flash (sezona 2): Član JSA-e koji se kreće velikom brzinom. Shipp je također igrao inačicu Garricka u seriji The Flash (2014.).
Joe Knezevich kao William Zarick / Wizard (sezona 1): Čarobnjak i član ISA-e koji koristi magiju. Viječnik Blue Valleya.
Cynthia Evans kao Denise Zarick (sezona 1): Supruga Williama Zaricka i majka Joeya Zaricka.

Popis sezona
Serija se u Hrvatskoj prikazivala na HBO kanalima, 1. sezona premijerno se prikazivala od 5. rujna do 28. studenoga 2020. na HBO 3 kanalu, s reprizama na HBO i HBO 2.

2. sezona je premijerno prikazivana od 11. listopada 2021. na HBO kanalu, a završila je 25. prosinca 2021. na HBO 3 kanalu.

3. sezona se premijerno prikazivala od 31. kolovoza 2022. od  11. travnja 2023. na HBO kanalu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Američke serije
Dramske serije
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2020.
Televizijske serije koje su završile 2023.

Stargirl (televizijska serija)


Un hematom este o aglomerare de sânge închistat în afara vaselor de sânge, provocată de o boală sau traumă, inclusiv de o rană, prin ruperea spontană sau traumatică a vaselor capilare. Un hematom este inițial în formă lichidă răspândit printre țesuturi, inclusiv în sacii dintre țesuturi unde se poate coagula și solidifica înainte ca sângele să fie reabsorbit în vasele de sânge. O echimoză este un hematom al cu diametrul mai mare de 10 mm.

Ele pot apărea între/în multe porțiuni ale corpului, cum ar fi pielea și alte organe, țesuturi conjunctive, oase, articulații și mușchi.

O aglomerare de sânge (sau chiar o hemoragie) poate fi agravată de către medicamente anticoagulante. Infiltrarea și aglomerarea sângelui pot să apară dacă heparina este administrată pe cale intramusculară; pentru a evita acest lucru, heparina trebuie administrată intravenos sau subcutanat.

El nu trebuie să fie confundat cu hemangiomul, care este o aglomerare anormală a vaselor de sânge la nivelul pielii sau organelor interne.

Semne și simptome
Unele hematoame sunt vizibile sub suprafața pielii (numite de obicei vânătăi) sau simțite, eventual, ca umflături. În cele mai multe cazuri hematomul de forma unui sac de sânge se dizolvă în cele din urmă; cu toate acestea, în unele cazuri, ele pot continua să crească din cauza infiltrațiilor de sânge sau să nu se manifeste nici o schimbare. Dacă sacul de sânge nu dispare, atunci poate fi necesar să fie curățat pe cale chirurgicală.

Hematoamele pe articulații pot reduce mobilitatea unui membru și prezintă aproximativ aceleași simptome ca și o fractură.

În cele mai multe cazuri, mișcarea și exercițiul mușchiului afectat este cel mai bun mod de a introduce aglomerarea înapoi în fluxul de sânge.

Clasificare

Tipuri
 Hematom subcutanat (sub piele)
 Craniului/creierului:
 Hematom subgaleal – între galea aponeurotica și periost
 Cefalohematom – între periost și craniu. De obicei cauzate de apariția vidului.
 Hematom epidural – între craniu și dura mater
 Hematom subdural – între dura mater și arahnoida mater
 Hematom subarahnoidian – între mater arahnoida și pia mater (spațiul subarahnoidian)
 Othematom – între piele și straturile de cartilaj ale urechii
 Hematom pe piept (sân)
 Hematom pericondrial (ureche)
 Hematom perianal (anus)
 Hematom subungual (unghii)

Grade
 Peteșie – hematom punctiform mic cu un diametru mai mic de 3 mm
 Purpură – o vânătaie cu diametrul de aproximativ 1 cm, în general de formă rotundă
 Echimoză – extravazare subcatanată a sângelui într-un strat subțire sub piele, cauzând vânătăi sau pete de culoare roșie-albastră, cu un diametru de peste 1 cm

Etimologie
Cuvântul "hematom" provine din grecescul αἷμα haima "sânge" și -ωμα -oma, un sufix care indică boală sau morbiditate.

Referințe

Legături externe

Anatomie patologică

Hematom


Barch est un nom propre germanique qui peut faire référence à :

Patronyme

 Famille Barch, famille russe d'origine allemande :
 Iakov Savvitch Barch (1692-1755), vice-amiral russe.
 Ivan Iakovlevitch Barch (1728-1806), amiral russe, fils du précédent;
 Krys Barch (1980-), joueur canadien de hockey sur glace ;

Sigle
 BArch (BundesArchiv, archives fédérales), archives centrales de l'État fédéral en Allemagne.

Patronyme germanique

Barch


James Grubbs Martin (born December 11, 1935) is an American chemist and politician who served as the 70th governor of North Carolina from 1985 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the U.S. Representative for North Carolina's 9th congressional district from 1973 to 1985.

Martin was the third Republican elected to the office as governor of North Carolina after Reconstruction, and the fifth overall. As of , he was also the only Republican to serve two full terms as governor of the state.

Early life and education
James Grubbs Martin was born on December 11, 1935, in Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia and subsequently raised in South Carolina. He graduated from Davidson College in 1957 with a Bachelor of Science degree. Shortly after graduation, on June 1, he married Dorothy Ann McAulay of Charlotte, North Carolina. An avid tuba player, he was a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity and Beta Theta Pi Social Fraternity while an undergraduate at Davidson.

Academic career
Martin received his PhD in chemistry from Princeton University in 1960, after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder reaction." He then served as an associate professor of chemistry at his alma mater Davidson College until 1972. As a professor at Davidson, he advised the school's Young Republicans chapter.

Political career
Martin registered as a member of the Republican Party in 1961 or 1962. He later explained, "I joined with the minority party because I felt the south needed two-party competition." In 1966, he was elected to the Mecklenburg County Board of Commissioners. He served for seven years, chairing the body from 1967 to 1968, and briefly in 1971. He was a president of the North Carolina Association of County Commissioners.

House of Representatives (1973–1985)
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1972 representing the Charlotte-based 9th Congressional district.  He served there for six terms. He served as a Ways and Means Committee member, and as a House Republican Research Committee chairman. He became the first elected official to receive the Charles Lathrop Parsons Award, given by the American Chemical Society for outstanding public service by an American chemist, in 1983.

In 1984, with incumbent governor Jim Hunt leaving office due to the term limit, Martin ran for the Republican nomination and won.  He defeated state attorney general Rufus Edmisten by a nine-point margin.  He was helped by the coattails from Ronald Reagan's landslide re-election victory.  He was also helped when Lieutenant Governor Jimmy Green endorsed him after being defeated by Edmisten in the Democratic primary.  Green was from eastern North Carolina, and his endorsement helped Martin win support among conservative Democrats in that part of the state.

Governor of North Carolina (1985–1993)

While most political figures running for office were prone to make promises covering a wide range of issues from education to health care, Martin made one promise that garnered a lot of attention; he said he would address all of the priorities in the state, but his only promise was that construction on Interstate 40 from Raleigh to Wilmington, North Carolina would be finished before he left office. The long-neglected and last leg of I-40 from Barstow, California would open up the southeastern coastal area to the rest of the state.  He was true to his promise; the last unfinished leg of I-40 was finished before the end of his first term.

Martin was easily reelected in 1988, defeating Lieutenant Governor Bob Jordan by 13 points. In so doing, he became the only member of his party to have been elected to two terms as governor of North Carolina. He was part of a 28-year trend of Governors of North Carolina who were named James, having been preceded and succeeded by Jim Hunt, who in turn was preceded in his first term by James Holshouser.

Later life
In 1993, he retired from political life and became chairman of the board of the James Cannon Research Center of Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, NC. In 2012, he was appointed to lead an investigation into academic improprieties at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. For the United States presidential election in 2016 Martin endorsed fellow Republican John Kasich.

Works
 Revelation through Science (2016)

Legacy
In January 2017, the Pope Center for Higher Education Policy changed its name to the James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal, named after Governor Martin. Gov. Martin also serves on the board of directors for the Martin Center.

Gallery

References

Works cited

External links

 Official
James G. Martin Papers, 1973–1992 at the University of North Carolina
 General information

1935 births
21st-century American chemists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American politicians
Academics from South Carolina
American male non-fiction writers
Beta Theta Pi
County commissioners in North Carolina
Davidson College alumni
Davidson College faculty
Living people
Republican Party governors of North Carolina
People from Savannah, Georgia
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
Politicians from Charlotte, North Carolina
Princeton University alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Writers about religion and science
Writers from Charlotte, North Carolina
21st-century American male writers
Members of Congress who became lobbyists

James G. Martin


Lidija Laforest Čukvas (Herceg-Novi, 12. listopada 1926. – Zagreb, 18. prosinca 2016.), hrvatska dizajnerica, slikarica, grafičarka, fotografkinja, rođenjem iz Crne Gore, iz Herceg-Novog. Studentica iz prve generacije studenata Akademije primijenjenih umjetnosti u Zagrebu.

Životopis
Iz obitelji Laforest. Potomak je stare ugledne plemićke obitelji Thiard de Bissy iz francuske Burgundije. Unuka austrijskog fotografa Franza Thiarda de Laforesta  (Beč, 1838. – Kotor, 1911.) koji je zbog posla živio u više gradova na jadranskoj obali. Konačno se nastanio u Kotoru koncem 19. stoljeća. Sin Feliks (Kotor, 1898. - Zagreb, 1961.) preselio je u Herceg-Novi u kojem se 1926. godine rodila mu kći Lidija. Otac je od novske obitelji Prnjat kupio nekretnine u Njegoševoj ulici. Nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata te su nekretnine obitelji Laforest oduzete. Otac je dočekao da mu za života vrate atelje na adresi Jova Dabovića 8. Preselila je u Zagreb 1945. godine gdje je završila Obrtnu školu, današnju Školu za primijenjenu umjetnost i dizajn, slikarsko-grafički odsjek. Pohađala Krizmanovu privatnu školu radi pripreme za upis na Akademiju primijenjenih umjetnosti u Zagrebu. Akademiju je upisala i na njoj diplomirala 1955. godine. Poslije je stekla i zvanje majstorice fotografije. Članica ULUPUH-a. Poslije očeve smrti vodila je u rodnom Herceg-Novome obiteljsku fotografsku radnju. Poslije očeve smrti vraćena im je i vila oduzeta nacionalizacijom. Lidija ju je potom prodala te je tu od 1978. godine gradska turistička organizacija.

Priredila je i dizajnirala zajedno sa Stevom Lepetićem prvi prospekt u koloru za hercegnovsku Turističku organizaciju. Radila je i za Turističku organizaciju Crne Gore. Likovni opus čine joj grafike, crteži, fotografije te primijenjena dizajnerska rješenja poput serije turističkih brošura i letaka za Boku kotorsku. Uglavnom nije samostalno izlagala.
Donirala je zbirku djedovih i očevih fotografija Pomorskom muzeju Crne Gore u Kotoru.
Radovi Lidije Laforest su u fundusu Muzeja za umjetnost i obrt u Zagrebu i Plavom dvorcu u Cetinju u Crnoj Gori.

Umrla je 2016. godine. Ispraćaj je bio u krematoriju na Mirogoju, a posmrtni ostaci naknadno su pokopani na gradskom groblju u Škaljarima.

Vidi
Sunčana ura u Tkalčićevoj

Izvori

Dizajneri
Hrvatski slikari
Hrvatski grafičari
Hrvatski fotografi
Životopisi, Zagreb
Životopisi, Herceg Novi

Lidija Laforest


The Boeing Sonic Cruiser was a concept jet airliner with a delta wing–canard configuration.  It was distinguished from conventional airliners by its delta wing and high-subsonic cruising speed of up to Mach 0.98.  Boeing first proposed it in 2001, but airlines generally preferred lower operating costs over higher speed.  Boeing ended the Sonic Cruiser project in December 2002 and shifted to the slower (Mach 0.85), but more fuel-efficient 7E7 (later named 787 Dreamliner) airliner.

Design and development

The Sonic Cruiser was born from one of numerous outline research and development projects that began in the 1990s at Boeing with the goal to look at potential designs for a possible new near-sonic or supersonic airliner. The Sonic Cruiser was publicly unveiled on March 29, 2001, shortly after the launch of the A380 by rival Airbus. Boeing had recently withdrawn its proposed 747X derivative from competition with the A380 when not enough airline interest was forthcoming, and instead proposed the Sonic Cruiser as a completely different approach. Instead of the A380's massive capacity, requiring a hub and spoke model of operation, the Sonic Cruiser was designed for rapid point-to-point connections for 200 to 250 passengers. Critics stated that Boeing had timed its announcement in an attempt to distract from the launch of the A380.

Boeing's 2001 patent detailed the breadth of delta wing-canard concepts studied, which included a supersonic variant with four engines capable of cruising at Mach 1.5 to 3.0, various tail, engine location, and inlet and outlet configurations, smaller supersonic and subsonic business jets, and what Boeing called a "modular" system, where the cruise speed could be changed from supersonic to near-sonic by an interchangeable nose; the "Sonic Cruiser" was a near-sonic variant. The origin has been traced back to 1995, with the formation of an internal Airplane Creation Process Strategy team, which had designed a plane code-named Project Glacier that strongly resembled the initial Sonic Cruiser drawings by fall 2000. In early 2001, Boeing CEO Alan Mulally began privately publicizing the concept to potential customers, touting its improved speed at an efficiency similar to existing designs.

Don Carty (American Airlines) and Sir Richard Branson (Virgin Atlantic) were openly enthusiastic for the Sonic Cruiser, and Branson expected to make a tentative order of three to six aircraft in May 2001. The March 29, 2001 announcement was followed by a larger media event at the Paris Air Show on June 19, where futurist John Naisbitt and Mulally praised the concept, unveiled as a -scale model. Popular Science named the Sonic Cruiser to its list of the Best of What's New in 2001.

Configurations

Boeing continued to tweak the design through the summer of 2001. Initial sketches released to the public were highly conjectural. A patent drawing filed by Boeing in early 2001 put the baseline aircraft's dimensions at approximately  in length, with a wingspan of . With a delta wing and canards arrangement, and flying just short of the speed of sound at Mach 0.95–0.98 (about  at altitude), the Sonic Cruiser promised 15–20% faster speed than conventional airliners without the noise pollution caused by the sonic boom from supersonic travel. As an example, a flight using the Sonic Cruiser from London to Singapore was expected to be two hours shorter than one using a conventional airliner. In addition, the landing and takeoff noise was expected to meet Stage 4 requirements. The aircraft was designed to fly at altitudes in excess of  to avoid existing air traffic, with a range between . Boeing estimated the Sonic Cruiser's fuel efficiency would be comparable to best performing twin-engine wide body airliners in 2002 on a per-passenger basis.

Boeing intended to use advanced composite and titanium materials to reduce weight and further improve fuel efficiency. In order to successfully build a commercial airplane with such a high advanced materials content (projected to be 60–70% of the airframe by weight), Boeing lined up a consortium of international partners with experience in aerostructures. By the end of 2001, those materials were being applied to an aircraft in Project Yellowstone, a competing project using more conventional airplane designs. That aircraft, being designed under Yellowstone as the replacement for the 757/767, was later announced as the 7E7, with "E" standing for "Efficient". As a baseline reference model using advanced materials, the proposed 7E7 would consume 10% less fuel than the Sonic Cruiser, and 17–20% less than the 767-300.

The design team at Boeing was finalizing the Sonic Cruiser configuration throughout 2002. Wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics analysis were used to refine the Sonic Cruiser concept. Based on artwork released by Boeing in July 2002, the Sonic Cruiser now sported two taller vertical tails with no inward cant, and the forward canard was set at zero degrees dihedral. By that time, three different designs had been advanced: one was the original canard-delta wing design, and two were more conventional mid-fuselage wing designs in the interest of better compatibility with existing airport jetway equipment, although those two designs were unable to offer the same performance as the original configuration.

Cancellation and subsequent research
In the end, most airlines favored lower operating costs over a marginal increase in speed, and the project did not attract the interest for which Boeing had been hoping. In some cases, the increased speed would lead to operational complications; aircraft could arrive at airports prior to the end of the morning curfew. Demand for air travel fell dramatically after the September 11 attacks, and Boeing began publicizing Project Yellowstone to potential customers for the first time in February and March 2002. Branson, an early supporter of the Sonic Cruiser, was openly skeptical of the aircraft's prospects by July 2002: "Unless more runways are built the Sonic Cruiser is going to struggle because airlines will not have the slots to use the aircraft." None of the prospective operators prioritized improved aircraft speed in a meeting with Boeing held in October 2002.

The Sonic Cruiser project was finally abandoned by December 2002 in favor of the slower but more fuel-efficient Project Yellowstone/7E7 (later renamed Boeing 787 Dreamliner). Much of the research from the Sonic Cruiser was applied to the 787, including carbon fiber reinforced plastic for the fuselage and wings, bleedless engines, cockpit and avionics design.

In 2010, Boeing published a paper detailing several concepts for a supersonic airliner with reduced passenger count, derived from its work with the Sonic Cruiser and earlier NASA work on a High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) concept. The concepts, developed under a NASA grant, included the 765-072B (approximately 100 passengers with a cruise at Mach 1.6–1.8), a smaller 765-076E business jet (30 passengers, Mach 1.6), and a larger 765-107B, nicknamed 'Icon-II' (120 passengers, Mach 1.8). All of the concepts had a range less than .

On April 16, 2012, Boeing published an application for a patent for an aircraft configuration similar to that of the Sonic Cruiser; the patent was granted in 2014.

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
Haenggi, Michael. "The Sonic Future?". Boeing Widebodies. MBI, 2003. .

External links

 , unveiled by Alan Mulally at the Paris Air Show on June 19, 2001
 "Boeing Sonic Cruiser Will Change The Way The World Flies". Boeing, June 19, 2001.
 "Boeing Testing Sample Sonic Cruiser Fuselage". Boeing, July 24, 2002.
 "'Giant strides' on sonic cruiser". Seattle PI, November 4, 2001.

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Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Sonic Cruiser
Canard aircraft
Twinjets

Boeing Sonic Cruiser


Tirul cu arcul a fost inclus în programul olimpic în perioada 1900–1908, apoi la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1920 de la Antwerpen și de Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1972 de la München.

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Tir cu arcul la Jocurile Olimpice