Der Große Preis von Argentinien 1953 fand am 18. Januar im Autódromo 17 de Octubre bei Buenos Aires statt und war das erste von neun Rennen der Automobil-Weltmeisterschaft 1953.

Hintergrund
Mit dem Großen Preis von Argentinien fand erstmals ein Weltmeisterschaftslauf außerhalb Europas statt, sieht man  von den 500 Meilen von Indianapolis ab, die nur pro forma zur Fahrerweltmeisterschaft zählten; ein Austausch der amerikanischen und europäischen Fahrer fand nur ganz selten statt. Die neue Saison wurde, wie schon 1952, nach den Regeln der Formel 2 ausgetragen. Die einzige wirkliche Neukonstruktion für die Saison war der Maserati A6SSG, der allerdings erst zu den europäischen Rennen fertig wurde. Stammfahrer waren neben González und Bonetto der nach seinem Unfall in Monza 1952 wiedergenesene Juan Manuel Fangio. Ferrari hatte den im Vorjahr ungeschlagenen Typ 500 nur geringfügig modifiziert. Zur Stammbesetzung des Teams gehörte neben Ascari, Villoresi und Farina zum ersten Mal auch ein Nicht-Italiener, Mike Hawthorn, dessen Übertritt zu einem italienischen Team in England Kontroversen auslöste. Für Gordini, die mit unveränderten Fahrzeugen antraten, fuhren erneut Behra, Manzon und Trintignant.
Nur 16 Fahrer meldeten zum Rennen. Für die zahlreichen Privatteams in Europa waren die Transportkosten nicht zu bewältigen. Die Werksteams ergänzten die Fahrerbesetzungen durch einheimische Fahrer, so fuhr Oscar Gálvez den vierten Maserati, Gordini stellte einen Wagen für Pablo Birger und Carlos Menditéguy bereit. Adolfo Schwelm-Cruz durfte einen Cooper steuern.

Training
Wie erwartet, dominierten Ferrari und Maserati das Training. Ascari erzielte die Pole-Position vor Fangio. Dahinter folgten Villoresi und Farina. Bonettos Aufhängung war im Training gebrochen,  sodass er seinen Maserati nur in der letzten Startreihe platzieren konnte.

Rennen
Vor dem Rennen sah sich die Polizei vor das Problem gestellt, dass zahlreiche Zuschauer direkt neben der Strecke standen. Da der Eintritt frei war, kamen viel mehr Menschen als erwartet.  Obwohl die Fahrer Bedenken anmeldeten, wurde das Rennen mit nur einer geringen Verzögerung gestartet. Alberto Ascari übernahm sofort die Führung vor González und Fangio, während Hawthorn den Motor abwürgte und auf den letzten Platz zurückfiel. Zusammen mit Villoresi, der bereits in der zweiten Runde einen Boxenstopp einlegen musste, kämpfte er sich durchs Feld zurück auf die vorderen Plätze. In der 32. Runde ereignete sich einer der folgenschwersten Unfälle in der Geschichte des Motorsports, der heute fast vergessen ist. Farina verlor beim Versuch, einem über die Straße laufenden Zuschauer auszuweichen, die Kontrolle über sein Fahrzeug und fuhr in eine Zuschauermenge. Zehn Zuschauer  – nach anderen Angaben sogar 15 –  wurden getötet und zahlreiche verletzt. Farina selbst blieb nahezu unverletzt. Aus heutiger Sicht unvorstellbar ging das Rennen weiter. Durch das entstehende Chaos bemerkte kaum einer, dass Lokalmatador Fangio in der 36. Runde mit defekter Aufhängung ausfiel. Dadurch gelangte Manzon an die zweite Stelle, verlor sie aber wieder bei einem missglückten Boxenstopp zum Reifenwechsel. Er musste schließlich in der 68. Runde aufgeben, nachdem er ein Rad verloren hatte. Ascari fuhr einem ungefährdeten Start-Ziel-Sieg entgegen, während González seinen zweiten Platz an Villoresi verlor. Der Tank seines Maseratis war nicht groß genug, um eine Renndistanz ohne Nachtanken durchzustehen.

Meldeliste

Klassifikation

Startaufstellung

Rennergebnis

WM-Stand nach dem Rennen
1953 erfolgte die Punktevergabe nach folgendem Schema:

 Es zählten nur die vier besten Ergebnisse aus neun Rennen. Streichresultate sind in Klammern gesetzt.
 Die mit * gekennzeichneten Zahlen schließen den Punkt für die schnellste Runde ein.
 gleichfarbig markierte Felder weisen auf geteilte Fahrzeuge hin.

Einzelnachweise

1953
Argentinien
Autódromo Juan y Oscar Alfredo Gálvez

Großer Preis von Argentinien 1953


USS Newman K. Perry (DD-883/DDR-883), was a  of the United States Navy.

Namesake
Newman Kershaw Perry was born on 28 November 1880 in South Carolina. He was appointed Naval Cadet on 9 September 1897 and commissioned Ensign on 7 June 1903. Stationed on the , he was killed by a boiler explosion on that ship at San Diego on 21 July 1905.

Construction and commissioning
Newman K. Perry was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas on 10 October 1944, launched on 17 March 1945 by Mrs. Laura P. Gunter, sister of Ensign Perry and commissioned on 26 July 1945.

Service history

1945–1949
Following shakedown, Newman K. Perry served briefly with the Atlantic Fleet. On 7 November 1945, she got underway for Pearl Harbor, whence she traveled to Japan for three months' occupation duty. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 28 March 1946 and was assigned to Joint Task Force 1 for "Operation Crossroads", the 1946 atomic bomb test series at Bikini. Sailing for the Marshall Islands on 27 May, she witnessed tests "Able" and "Baker" and, in August, steamed for the United States.

On 18 August she arrived at San Diego whence she operated until 25 August 1947. Then, with DesDiv 132, she headed west, arriving at Yokosuka on 13 September. Three days later she sailed to Qingdao to commence a series of patrol, escort, search and rescue, ASW, and hydrographic survey missions and exercises along the China coast and off Taiwan and Okinawa. Relieved on 5 May 1948, she returned to San Diego, trained naval reservists through the summer, and in October entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for overhaul.

The destroyer departed San Francisco on 15 January 1949 and until April conducted exercises off the west coast. On 4 April, she departed San Diego with DesDiv 182 for Newport, Rhode Island, her new homeport, arriving 21 April.

1950–1968
After her return to Destroyer Forces, Atlantic Fleet, she rotated tours with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea and midshipmen and reservist training cruises, and fleet, squadron and type training exercises with the 2nd Fleet. Redesignated a radar picket destroyer in 1950, she conducted her scheduled operations as DDR–883 until 1964 when Newman K. Perry underwent the FRAM I refit at the Boston Naval Shipyard until February 1965. The most visible alteration were the new bridge, the addition of a hangar and landing deck aft for the Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH drone and the addition of an ASROC launcher between the funnels. Modernized into a "regular" destroyer again, she resumed the designation DD-883.

In October 1965 she collided with the aircraft carrier  in the Mediterranean, killing one and injuring another.  A change in operations in 1959 took her to Charleston, South Carolina, which served as her homeport for several years before she resumed operations out of Newport.

A second change in operations took her to the Western Pacific for her overseas deployment in 1966. Departing Newport with Destroyer Division 201 on 4 October, she transited the Panama Canal, stopped in Hawaii, Japan, Okinawa and the Philippines, and arrived on station in the Mekong Delta of South Vietnam on 23 November. Assigned to fire support duties, she shelled enemy coastal storage areas until the 28th. She then shifted to Phú Quốc island, off the Cambodian-South Vietnamese border, to support Vietnamese and Special Forces units for five days, returning to the Delta area in December. Other assignments on that tour with the 7th Fleet took her along the coast to the DMZ and then to the Gulf of Tonkin for plane guard and search and rescue missions. On 8 March 1967, she departed the combat zone for Hong Kong before returning to Subic Bay for the last time. On the 27th she departed the Philippines for the Mediterranean and Newport, arriving on 8 May.

After overhaul at Boston, Newman K. Perry began 1968, with Caribbean exercises and on 4 April departed Newport for the Mediterranean to resume her annual deployments with the 6th Fleet.

1969–1981

In the 1971 Newman K. Perry was assigned to the Naval Reserve Force (NRF) as a unit of Destroyer Squadron 28.  She was based in Newport, Rhode Island with a composite crew of active and reserve sailors.  In Oct 1974, she hit a buoy foundation in NY harbor, opening a hole in the scoop injection of the forward engine room. After emergency repairs, she spent the night tied to a pier in Hoboken, NJ.  Choppy seas from a storm that night broke open a steam pipe in the forward boiler room, as the ship was slammed into the pier for most of the night.  A month in drydock at Todd Shipyards in Brooklyn followed.  Then she left for Norfolk to test guns, where a forward turret misfired, causing further damage.  She was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 27 February 1981.

ROKS Kyong Ki
Newman K. Perry was  transferred to South Korea in 1981 for service in the Republic of Korea Navy and renamed ROKS Kyong Ki. South Korea decommissioned Kyong Ki in 1997. She later was damaged by fire and scrapped in 1999.

References

External links

Gearing-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Orange, Texas
1945 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Republic of Korea Navy

USS Newman K. Perry


"සිංගප්පූරු සුළු නගර සැලසුම" ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වුනු, 1822 වසරෙහි ජැක්සන් සැලසුම යනු,  වසර තුනකට පෙරදී පමණක් ඇරඹුනු,  අදක්ෂ එහෙත් සඵල වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කල යටත්විජිතයක්වූ සිංගප්පූරුව තුල නාගරික සංවර්ධනයෙහි කිසියම් පිළිවෙලක් අනුගමනය කිරීම පවත්වා ගෙන යෑම සඳහා  සකස් කෙරුණු නාගරික සැලසුමකි. එහි භෞතික සංවර්ධනය අධීක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ කාර්යභාරය පැවරී සිටි, යටත්විජිතයෙහි ඉංජිනේරුවා සහ භූමි මිනින්දෝරුවා වූ ලුතිනන් පිලිප් ජැක්සන් අනුව යමින් මෙය නම් කර ඇත.

මුලින්, 1819 සිට 1823 දක්වා සිංගප්පූරුව පාලනය කල විලියම් ෆාකුවාර් විසින් ඇයගේ වරාය හරහා සිදුවුනු වෙළෙඳාමෙහි හුදු ප්‍රමාණය තුලින් යටත්විජිතය සමෘද්ධිමත් වීමට ඉඩහැරිය අතර, යටත්විජිතය ක්‍රමවත්ව සැලසුම් නොකරමින් එය ආවාට ගියාට වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ හැරියේය. යටත්විජිතයෙහි ස්ථාපක, ශ්‍රීමත් ස්ටැම්ෆර්ඩ් රැෆල්ස්, 1822 ඔක්තොම්බරයෙහිදී යළි පැමිණෙත්ම, පැවති අවුල් සහිත බව පිළිබඳ අසතුටු වෙමින්, නගරයෙහි පිරිසැලසුම සංශෝධනය කිරීම සඳහා , ලුතිනන් ජැක්සන්ගේ නායකත්වය යටතේ සුළු නගර කමිටුවක් පිහිටුවේය. ජැක්සන් සැලසුම මෙසේ සකස්කෙරුනු අතර, වාර්ගික ලෙසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නාවූ උපකොට්ඨාශයන්ට සිංගප්පූරුව  බෙදමින් ජාලක රටාවකට යටත්විජිතයෙහි වින්‍යාසය සැලසුම් කෙරෙනු ලබන රටාවක් එය විසින් නිර්මාණය කෙරිණි. ප්‍රදේශ සතරක් ලෙසින්  වාර්ගික නේවාසික ප්‍රදේශ වෙන්කෙරිණි.

යුරපියන් ටවුන් තුල නිවැසියේ යුරෝපියානු වෙළෙන්දන්, යුරේසියානුවෝ සහ ධනවත් ආසියානුවෝ වූහ. කම්පුං ග්ලාම් සමන්විතවූයේ සිංගප්පූරුවට සංක්‍රමණය වූ මුස්ලිම්වරුන්, වාර්ගික මැලේවරුන් සහ අරාබිවරුන් වෙතින් වන අතර, බුගිස්වරුන්, අරාබිවරුන් සහ සුල්තාන්වරයා සඳහා ලෙසින් තවදුරටත් කොටස් තුනකට බෙදා වෙන් කොට තිබුණි.

යුරපියන් ටවුන් වෙතින් බටහිර දෙසට වන්නට පරිපාලන සහ වාණිජ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක පිහිටියේය. ගංගාවට බටහිරට වන්නට පිහිටි කඳු ප්‍රදේශයක් වෙතින් කුඩා ඉඩම් කොටසක් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරනු ලදුව එය වාණිජ චතුරස්‍රය බවට පත්වූ අතර, පසුව එය රැෆල් වෙත ගරු කරනු වස්  රෑෆල්ස් ප්ලේස් ලෙසින් යළි-නම් කෙරිණි.

ජැක්සන් සැලසුම


Craina (în , în , în , în , în ) a fost din 973 (după alte surse din 976) o marcă vecină Ducatului Carintia. După despățirea de Carintia în 1002, Craina a fost o marcă de graniță independentă, Marca de Carniola, care avea proprii ei margrafi. Din 1364 a fost ducat și din 1849 țară a coroanei austriece. După sfârșitul Primului Război Mondial în 1918, Craina a revenit Sloveniei, care aparținea de Statul slovenilor, croaților și sârbilor încorporat curând în Regatul sârbilor, croaților, și slovenilor căruia, în 1929, regele Alexandru I Karađorđević i-a schimbat numele în Regatul Iugoslaviei (Kraljevina Jugoslavija). În zilele noastre, fostul Ducat al Crainei este o parte a Republicii Slovene, fără a avea statutul unei regiuni administrative. Fosta capitală a ducatului, Ljubljana (în ; după 1918, în Slovenia s-a folosit doar versiunea slovenă a numelui), este astăzi capitala Sloveniei.

Vezi și
 Marca de Carniola
 Kraină
 Kraina
 Krainele Rusiei,
 Krainele Imperiului Rus,
 Kraj – denumirea celei mai mari unități administrative din Cehia și Slovacia,

Craina
Regiuni din Europa
Diviziuni teritoriale ale Sloveniei

Craina


Robert Parker may refer to:

Sir Robert Parker, 1st Baronet (c. 1655–1691), English politician; Member of Parliament for Hastings, 1679–1685
Robert Parker, Baron Parker of Waddington (1857–1918), British law lord
Robert Parker (cricketer) (born 1942), Australian cricketer
Robert Parker (dancer), British dancer, principal dancer at Birmingham Royal Ballet
Robert Parker (historian) (born 1950), Wykeham Professor of Ancient History at Oxford University
Robert Parker (judge) (1796–1865), lawyer, judge and politician in New Brunswick
Robert Parker (minister) (1564–1614), English Puritan scholar and divine
Robert Parker (music producer), electronic musician from Stockholm, Sweden
Robert Parker (musician) (1847–1937), New Zealand organist, choirmaster and conductor
Robert Parker (singer) (1930–2020), American R&B singer
Robert Parker (sound engineer) (1936–2004), Australian sound engineer and broadcaster
Robert Parker (water polo) (born 1987), British water polo player
Robert A. Parker (born 1936), astronaut
Robert B. Parker (1932–2010), author of the Spenser detective novels
Robert C. Parker (born 1957), United States Coast Guard officer
Bob Parker (accounting scholar) (Robert Henry Parker, 1932–2016), British accounting scholar
R. Hunt Parker (1892–1969), American jurist
R. W. Parker (1912-1984), American football and track coach
Robert Ladislav Parker, American geophysicist and mathematician
Robert LeRoy Parker (1866–1908?), birth name of American outlaw Butch Cassidy
Robert Parker (wine critic) (born 1947), American wine critic
Robert Manley Parker (born 1937), American judge
Robert Townley Parker (1793–1879), British Member of Parliament for Preston
Robert Redmayne Parker (born 1954), Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland
Robert W. Parker (composer) (1960-2020), American composer
Robert Parker (coach) (1960-2021), American track and field coach
Robert W. Parker (general), U.S. Air Force general
Col. Robert Parker, ring name of wrestler Robert Fuller
Johnson v. Parker defendant, employer of John Casor

See also
Rob Parker (disambiguation)
Bobby Parker (disambiguation)
Bob Parker (disambiguation)
Bert Parker (disambiguation)

Robert Parker


Neu Duvenstedt Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 5,71 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 149 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Heinrich Dietrich Janzen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-wittensee.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Neu Duvenstedt


Učiteljski fakultet u Zagrebu je fakultet u Zagrebu.

Dijelom je Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Programi Učiteljskog fakulteta

Preddiplomski studijski program
Preddiplomski sveučilišni studij –  Rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje koji traje tri godine i čijim se završetkom stječe 180 ECTS bodova, te koji se ustrojava kao redoviti i izvanredni studij na tri lokacije: Središnjici u Zagrebu, Odsjeku u Čakovcu i Odsjeku u Petrinji

Diplomski studijski programi
Diplomski sveučilišni studij – Rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje koji traje dvije godine i čijim se završetkom stječe 120 ECTS bodova te koji se ustrojava kao redoviti izvanredni studij

Integrirani preddiplomski i diplomski studijski programi
Integrirani preddiplomski i diplomski sveučilišni studij –  Učiteljski studij koji traje pet godina i čijim se završetkom stječe 300 ECTS bodova te koji se ustrojava kao redoviti studij (uključuje program modula) i izvodi na tri lokacije: Središnjici u Zagrebu, Odsjeku u Čakovcu i Odsjeku u Petrinji.

Integrirani preddiplomski i diplomski sveučilišni studij – Učiteljski studij; smjerovi engleski jezik, njemački jezik koji traje pet godina i čijim se završetkom stječe 300 ECTS bodova te koji se ustrojava kao redoviti studij i izvodi u Središnjici u Zagrebu.

Djelatnost Učiteljskoga fakulteta

(a) obrazovanje magistara primarnoga obrazovanja

(b) obrazovanje prvostupnika predškolskoga odgoja koje je odlukom Sveučilišta 2011. promijenjeno u obrazovanje sveučilišnog studija prvostupnika i magistara predškolskog odgoja

(c) pedagoško, psihološko, didaktičko i metodičko obrazovanje studenata nastavničkih fakulteta i umjetničkih akademija Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

(d) doktorski studij

Katedre

 Katedra za obrazovanje učitelja engleskog jezika

 Katedra za obrazovanje učitelja njemačkog jezika – interkulturalna germanistika

 Katedra umjetničkog područja

 Katedra za filozofiju i sociologiju

 Katedra za hrvatski jezik i književnost, scensku i medijsku kulturu

 Katedra za informacijske znanosti

 Katedra za kineziološku edukaciju

 Katedra za matematiku i statistiku

 Katedra za metodike

 Katedra za pedagogiju i didaktiku

 Katedra za prirodoslovlje, geografiju i povijest

 Katedra za psihologiju

Upisi na Program stjecanja pedagoških kompetencija za strukovne učitelje, suradnike u nastavi i mentore

Učiteljski fakultet u Zagrebu, Savska cesta 77, nudi i izvodi Program stjecanja pedagoških kompetencija za strukovne učitelje, suradnike u nastavi i mentore (Program SPK).
Program SPK je program edukacije za stjecanje pedagoških kompetencija za obavljanje poslova strukovnog učitelja i suradnika u nastavi u ustanovama za strukovno obrazovanje, te stjecanje pedagoških kompetencija mentora za izvođenje praktične nastave i vježbi kod poslodavca.
Program SPK traje dva semestra, a njegovim završetkom stječe se 60 ECTS-bodova.

Vanjske poveznice

Službena web-stranica

Fakulteti u Hrvatskoj
Sveučilište u Zagrebu

Učiteljski fakultet u Zagrebu


St. George is a neighborhood on the northeastern tip of Staten Island in New York City, along the waterfront where the Kill Van Kull enters Upper New York Bay. It is the most densely developed neighborhood on Staten Island, and the location of the administrative center for the borough and for the coterminous Richmond County. The St. George Terminal, serving the Staten Island Ferry and the Staten Island Railway, is also located here. St. George is bordered on the south by the neighborhood of Tompkinsville and on the west by the neighborhood of New Brighton.

What is now St. George was initially occupied by the Lenape Native Americans, then colonized by the Dutch and the British. The first residential developments arose in the 1830s, and through the late 19th century, the area was a summer resort. Until the construction of the ferry–railroad terminal in 1886, present-day St. George was considered to be part of New Brighton. The section around the current ferry and railroad terminal was renamed after developer George Law, whom Erastus Wiman promised to "canonize" in exchange for relinquishing the land rights for the terminal. Several government buildings and landmarks were constructed in St. George in the early 20th century, and further developments on the waterfront commenced in the early 21st century.

St. George is part of Staten Island Community District 1. St. George is patrolled by the 120th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

History

Precolonial and colonial period
Originally, Staten Island was inhabited by the Munsee-speaking Lenape Native Americans. The Lenape relocated during different seasons, moving toward the shore to fish during the summers, and moving inland to hunt and grow crops during the fall and winter. The present-day area of New York City was inhabited in 1624 by Dutch settlers as part of New Netherland. In 1664, the Dutch gave New Netherland to the British, and six years later the British finalized a purchase agreement with the Lenape.

At the time of British handover, several British, Dutch, and French settlers occupied the area, but did not have an established title to the land. A series of surveys were conducted through 1677, and several parcels were distributed to different landowners. Among them were the  "Duxbury Glebe", given to Ellis Duxbury in 1708, bequeathed to the Protestant Episcopal Church of St. Andrew's ten years later, and then leased for 54 years by John Bard in 1765. Another tract was granted to Lambert Jansen Dorlant in 1680, whose western boundary was a brook on present-day Jersey Street. By 1748, it had been purchased by Salmon Comes, who ran a ferry to Manhattan. By 1765, part of the Dorlant tract was owned by John Wandel, a molasses distiller who operated a plant at the Kill Van Kull near Richmond Terrace and Westervelt Avenue, taking advantage of the Jersey Street brook. Two Native American roads intersected near the distiller: Shore Road (today's Richmond Terrace) on the North Shore, and a road that wound southward on St. Marks Place and then Hamilton and Westervelt Avenues.

Fort Hill, one of the hills overlooking the harbor, was the location on Duxbury's Point or Ducksberry Point, fortified by the British during the American Revolutionary War. Hessian troops, contracted by the British, were stationed near the Jersey Street brook, which then became known as Hessian Springs. After the end of the war, the area remained primarily rural through the early 19th century. The area became part of the town of Castleton upon the town's incorporation in 1788. The New York state government took  of Duxbury Glebe in 1799, upon which it established the New York Marine Hospital (also "The Quarantine"), a contagious disease hospital. The state then gave  to the federal government for the U.S. Light-House Depot Complex, a lighthouse facility.

19th century

Early ownership
Among the first people to promote the widespread development of Staten Island was former U.S. vice president Daniel D. Tompkins, who purchased land in the northern part of Staten Island in the early 1810s. Tompkins purchased Abraham Crocheron's farm, located on present-day Jersey Street south of Richmond Terrace, in 1814. The next year, he acquired  from St. Andrew's Church, and two years after that, he bought Philip Van Buskirk's land claim, located between the two disconnected pieces of land. Tompkins also incorporated the Richmond Turnpike Company to build present-day Victory Boulevard in 1816, started operating a ferry to Manhattan in 1817, and laid out the adjacent village of Tompkinsville for development between 1819 and 1821. Tompkins then expanded the Van Buskirks' old farmhouse, using it as his primary residence. He died in 1825.

Tompkins's property within present-day St. George was sold in April 1834 to Manhattan developer Thomas E. Davis, who continued to buy land through the following year. Davis came to own all the land on Staten Island's northeastern shore, bounded to the south by Victory Boulevard, to the west by Sailors' Snug Harbor, and to the north and east by the waterfront. He planned to develop the area into a summer retreat called New Brighton, renaming Shore Road to Richmond Terrace, and the first five Greek Revival summer bungalows were erected in 1835. Davis sold the development to a five-person syndicate for $600,000 in 1836, and the New Brighton Association was incorporated that April. The area on the northeast shore, including present-day St. George, thus came to be called New Brighton.

Increasing development
Development on the New Brighton street grid proceeded according to a plan that surveyor James Lyons had created in 1835. Streets were arranged around existing topography. When the New Brighton Association laid out streets in northeastern Staten Island, many of these roads were named after notable politicians, with such names as Hamilton Avenue, Jay Street, and Madison Street. Other streets were named after people or places that were associated with the development of the area, including Tompkins, Davis, or the Stuyvesant family (who were early investors). For instance, St. Marks Place was named after Davis's developments on St. Marks Place in Manhattan, while Westervelt Avenue was named after Tompkins's son-in-law. Several of these street names replaced preexisting appellations.

Work on the street grid and development of the land continued, but in March 1837, one major investor declared bankruptcy following the Panic of 1837. The same year, the Pavilion Hotel opened in a mansion along the shore, being converted from a residence. The association continued to lay out streets. However, in 1840, four of the five original New Brighton Association investors' properties were foreclosed upon. The foreclosed lots were thus repurchased by Thomas E. Davis in 1844. According to a survey conducted the following year, several streets had been laid out in modern-day St. George, including Carroll Place, Hamilton Avenue, St. Marks Place, Richmond Terrace, and numerous smaller streets. Most development was on the waterfront, where there were mansions with carriage buildings, as well as smaller homes and the Pavilion Hotel. St. Peter's Church on Carroll Street was dedicated in 1844 as the island's first Roman Catholic house of worship.

By the 1840s and 1850s, New Brighton began to develop into a summer resort area. In addition to the existing Pavilion, hotels in modern-day New Brighton included the Peteler (later St. Marks) Hotel, as well as the Belmont Hotel. Additionally, new houses such as Italianate villas were built, while existing Richmond Terrace mansions were expanded or received new annexes and gardens. Several greenhouses were also built in the neighborhood, particularly on the land of the merchant John C. Green, part of whose estate is now the site of Curtis High School. The silk printer John Crabtree established a printing plant for his company, Crabtree and Wilkinson, on the eastern bank of the Jersey Street brook in 1844. The factory had over 180 workers and a small residential and commercial community by 1853, and the establishment of similar factories led to the population of New Brighton doubling between 1840 and 1860.

In 1858, angry Staten Island residents burned down the Quarantine in what became known as the Staten Island Quarantine War. Three years afterward, the onset of the American Civil War resulted in large changes to the neighborhood's land use. Initially, the local economy suffered due to cessation of trade with the Southern United States, but because of the Union Army's demand for material, many entrepreneurs and workers moved to New York City, including to Staten Island's North Shore. According to a 1865 article from the Richmond County Gazette, "the demand for dwelling houses upon the island has never before been equalled." During this time, many new houses were designed in the Second Empire style and/or as duplexes, particularly on as-yet-undeveloped plots along Westervelt Avenue or St. Marks Place. The end of the Civil War, cheaper building materials, and technological improvements resulted in an increase in real estate prices on the North Shore, and by the early 1870s, the area was described as being prosperous, with real estate in high demand.

The Panic of 1873 resulted in a near-cessation of building activity on the North Shore. By the late 1870s, industries had started to move to the area again, such as J. B. King and Company, whose plaster mill opened in 1877. A water system was established upon the Staten Island Water Supply Company's 1879 incorporation, and a sewage system was added between 1884 and 1890.

Renaming and late 19th century
In the 1880s, the area closest to the ferry terminals on the northeastern shore became known as "St. George", after developer George Law, who acquired rights to the New Brighton waterfront at bargain prices. According to island historians Charles Leng and William T. Davis, the businessman Erastus Wiman, who was expanding the Staten Island Railway to New Brighton, promised to "canonize" Law if the latter agreed to relinquish the land rights for a new railroad–ferry terminal there. St. George was selected for the terminal due to the site being the closest point from Staten Island to Manhattan, approximately a  distance. The St. George Terminal opened in early 1886. It was served by a Staten Island Ferry route to Manhattan's Whitehall Terminal, as well as three routes of the Staten Island Railway: the North Shore Branch to Elm Park station (later to New Jersey), the East Shore Branch to Tottenville station, and the South Beach Branch to South Beach station.

With the completion of the Staten Island Railway, Wiman's Staten Island Amusement Company started operating locations in both St. George and Erastina (now Mariners Harbor). The St. George location opened in 1886 and included an illuminated fountain, as well as public events and competitions, a 60-piece military band, and the St. George Cricket Grounds. The fountain was removed from the site by 1887, and the amusements in St. George ceased to exist by 1889. The grandest and last hotel of St. George and New Brighton was the Hotel Castleton, built in 1889 and destroyed by fire in 1907.

The completion of new transportation options also resulted in further real estate development, especially around the areas close to New Brighton and St. George stations. Developers such as John M. Pendleton and Anson Phelps Stokes constructed cottages and houses in the northern part of St. George, while existing property owners expanded their properties. Many newer houses, meanwhile, were designed in the Queen Anne, Shingle, and Colonial Revival styles. In 1898, Staten Island was consolidated with New York City, and this move accelerated development of the region. At this time immigrant groups settled in New Brighton in greater numbers; Italians and African-Americans along the Kill Van Kull, and Jewish communities on the eastern boundary of the village near St. George and Tompkinsville. George Cromwell, the first Staten Island borough president following the unification of New York City, decided to move the Richmond county capital from Richmondtown to St. George, citing its convenience to Manhattan.

20th century

Post-unification development

In the years after unification, the North Shore became quickly urbanized, and the political and economic center of Staten Island shifted to the region. Development of St. George turned mostly to residential and commercial uses by the 1900s. Several government buildings were also built in the area because of Cromwell's decision to make St. George the primary civic center for Staten Island. The area's first secondary school, Curtis High School, opened in 1904. The ferry service to Whitehall Terminal was transferred to municipal operation the following year. Subsequently, St. George became more urbanized due to easy access to the ferry, and because of its consolidation with New York City. By 1912, electric street lights were being installed, and various commercial and government buildings were being erected in St. George. Other city services were also brought to Staten Island following unification, such as schools, emergency facilities, new roads, and utilities including an underground water supply.

The architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings developed several buildings in St. George, including the St. George Library Center of the New York Public Library (1907), the present Staten Island Borough Hall (1906), and the Richmond County Courthouse (1919). The Staten Island Museum moved to its present location in the neighborhood in 1918. The 120th Police Precinct building on Richmond Terrace was finished in 1923, resulting in the consolidation of three former New York City Police Department precincts on the North Shore. Other notable buildings developed in St. George during the 1920s and 1930s include the St. George Theatre (1927), the Staten Island Federal Office Building (1931), the Richmond County Family Court (1931), and the Staten Island Savings Bank (1936). Development of buildings in St. George increased following World War I, with one person stating that Stuyvesant Place "look[ed] like a ravine" due to the pace of new residential construction. The New York Herald said in 1919 that "In St. George are excellent public and private schools as well as churches, stores and modern apartment buddings."

The Staten Island Tunnel, a railroad/rapid transit tunnel to Brooklyn, was proposed in 1912 in conjunction with the Dual Contracts of the New York City Subway. It was hoped that the completion of the tunnel would spur the development of inner Staten Island and St. George, as a trip to Manhattan via the tunnel was expected to take only 12 to 15 minutes, compared to 25 on the ferry. However, after several delays and a groundbreaking in 1923, the project was canceled in 1925. Another plan for an expanded ferry terminal with a 26-story office complex was proposed in 1930, but never built.

Later 20th century
As early as 1919, "St. George" was used to describe the northeastern waterfront of Staten island as well as the hills immediately adjacent to the ferry terminal. By the 1930s, the "St. George" name had come to generally describe the northeastern corner of Staten Island, including what was formerly known as New Brighton. Around this time, many of the older housing stock in St. George were converted to small apartment buildings. The U.S. Light-House Depot Complex was turned over to the United States Coast Guard in 1936. After a fire burned down the St. George Terminal in 1946, a rebuilt terminal opened in 1951 with a parking lot, new ferry slips, and improved connections to buses and the railroad.

By the 1960s, office space was being developed around Bay Street. The opening of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in 1964 created a connection between Staten Island and the rest of New York City that did not require passing through St. George, and led to the development of neighborhoods further inland. Furthermore, the Coast Guard complex closed in 1965, its operations being moved to Governors Island.  By the 1970s, there was a decline in demand for St. George's residential stock. Only one project was completed on the North Shore waterfront in that decade, a 440-unit apartment building near the ferry terminal. Developer William Zeckendorf and materials company Alcoa had jointly proposed a 27-story residential complex on the waterfront about  south of the terminal, replacing ten industrial buildings formerly used by the American Dock Company. However, the site remained unused until 1981, when construction started on a smaller development called the Bay Street Landing. Further inland, St. George was mostly composed of single-family housing situated amid the area's steep topography and winding roads. Several parcels, such as the former Daniel Low Terrace, lay undeveloped.

Revival
The community underwent a revival starting in the late 1980s, when a group of developers proposed the St. George Seaport at Brighton, a $750 million retail and commercial complex based on Manhattan's South Street Seaport. Redevelopment of the area continued through the 1990s. In 1994, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the St. George Historic District, which includes 78 houses and St. Peter's Church. The Brighton Heights Reformed Church, a city and national landmark in St. George, burned down in 1996 and was rebuilt three years later. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, younger families were starting to move to St. George, since housing in the neighborhood was cheaper compared to in the rest of the city.

In the first decade of the 21st century, several prominent structures in St. George were renovated or opened. The first of these was Richmond County Bank Ballpark (now named SIUH Community Park) which opened in 2001 along with an adjacent waterfront promenade. This was followed by the reopening of the St. George Theater in 2004, the opening of the Postcards 9/11 memorial in 2004, and the renovation of the ferry terminal in 2005. By the mid-2000s, new development was starting to cluster on the waterfront near the ferry terminal. In 2007, several media reports noted that artists and musicians were moving to Staten Island's North Shore so they could be near Manhattan but afford more space to live and work. However, residential development slowed following the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Further improvements came to St. George in 2008 when a zoning district called the Special St. George District was designated by the New York City Department of City Planning. The following year, Pier 1 was renovated to create a public space with a fishing pier.

Development on the shore and on Bay Street continued through the 2010s. The National Lighthouse Museum opened in 2015, and the Empire Outlets mall opened in May 2019. Another large project to draw visitors to St. George, the New York Wheel, was canceled in 2018 over delays and rising costs. Lighthouse Point, located south of St. George Terminal, was expected to open in late 2019, but was delayed shortly before completion.

Demographics

For census purposes, the New York City government classifies St. George as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called West New Brighton-New Brighton-St. George. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of West New Brighton-New Brighton-St. George was 33,551, a change of 1,397 (4.2%) from the 32,154 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 26.4% (8,859) White, 31.7% (10,630) African American, 0.3% (100) Native American, 5% (1,691) Asian, 0% (10) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (123) from other races, and 2.5% (835) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.7% (11,303) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 1, which comprises St. George and other neighborhoods on the North Shore, had 181,484 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.0 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 24% are between the ages of between 0–17, 27% between 25 and 44, and 26% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 13% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 1 was $48,018, though the median income in St. George individually was $46,646. In 2018, an estimated 21% of St. George and the North Shore residents lived in poverty, compared to 17% in all of Staten Island and 20% in all of New York City. One in fourteen residents (7%) were unemployed, compared to 6% in Staten Island and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 51% in St. George and the North Shore, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 49% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , St. George and the North Shore are considered high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Political representation

In the United States House of Representatives, St. George is located within New York's 11th congressional district. St. George is also part of the 23rd State Senate district and the 61st Assembly district. In the New York City Council, St. George is part of District 49.

Buildings and structures

Government structures

St. George contains several structures that serve judicial or executive functions for the Staten Island borough government. The Staten Island Borough Hall, at 2–10 Richmond Terrace, was built in 1906 and was designed by Carrère and Hastings in the French Renaissance style. Adjacent to it is the former Richmond County Courthouse at 12–24 Richmond Terrace, built in 1919 and also designed by Carrère and Hastings, though in the Neoclassical style. One block northwest is the Richmond County Family Court, originally the Staten Island Family Courthouse, a Neoclassical structure at 100 Richmond Terrace designed by Sibley & Fetherston and completed in 1931. A structure for the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, designed in the Art Deco style, is located on Hamilton Avenue. The present Richmond County Supreme Court, at 26 Central Avenue, opened in 2015 after more than a decade of construction and planning.

The United States Coast Guard operated the Office Building and U.S. Light-House Depot Complex until 1965. It was the major center for lighthouse supply, maintenance and experimentation for nearly 150 years. The site consists of  of waterfront property with five historic USLHS buildings, a public plaza and an  pier.

Additionally, the Staten Island Federal Office Building at 45 Bay Street is an Art Deco limestone building completed in 1931. It includes the neighborhood's post office. The Staten Island Savings Bank at 13-15 Hyatt Street was built in 1936 in the Federal style.

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission has designated the Staten Island Borough Hall, Richmond County Courthouse, Richmond County Family Court, and the Office Building of the U.S. Coast Guard Station as official city landmarks. The Staten Island Borough Hall. Richmond County Courthouse, and USCG Station office building were also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Religious structures
The Brighton Heights Reformed Church, located at 320 St. Marks Place, was protected as a NRHP site and as a city landmark in 1982 and 1967, respectively. The original church burned down in an accidental fire in 1996 and was rebuilt in 1999. St. Peter's Church on Carroll Street, dedicated in 1844, was the island's first Roman Catholic house of worship. It remains one of Staten Island's most historically important churches, with more than half of the island's Catholic churches having been derived from St. Peter's parish.

Houses
The Fort Hill area comprises the remains of the streets and homes where the descendants of the Tompkins, Westervelt, and Low families lived. The area included the mansions of Daniel D. Tompkins, Anson Phelps-Stokes, and Daniel Low. Another prominent landowner was August Belmont, whose name is enshrined in Belmont Place. Many of the houses remaining today represent the homes and summer homes of the Low-Tompkins extended family and friends. The residential Fort Hill area includes many examples of Victorian, Tudor, Shingle style, and Art Deco architecture, in addition to one house modeled after a Spanish castle. On the waterfront, there are two Greek Revival houses on St. George's waterfront, at 404 and 272 Richmond Terrace. These are the last remnants of a "Temple Row" that existed on the waterfront in the mid-19th century.

There are also several apartment buildings in St. George. The Ambassador Apartments, built in 1932 in the Art Deco style, is located at 30 Daniel Low Terrace. The 20-story Castleton Park Apartments, at 165-185 St. Marks Place, are estimated to be the tallest buildings on Staten Island.

The August and Augusta Schoverling House, Vanderzee-Harper House and four of the "Horton's Row" houses at 411–417 Westervelt Avenue are designated as official city landmarks. A part of the neighborhood is located in the St. George/New Brighton Historic District, designated in 1994. The historic district consists of 78 houses as well as St. Peter's Church. The houses are in a mix of Victorian styles, such as Queen Anne, Shingle style, Colonial Revival, and Tudor.

Attractions
The Hyatt Street side of a municipal parking lot faces the St. George Theatre. This part of the lot is noted for the greenmarket held on it during spring, summer and fall. The lot encompasses a paved-over graveyard of the former quarantine hospital, whose remains were reburied nearby.

Entertainment and shopping

The 2,800-seat St. George Theatre is located on Hyatt Street at the intersection with Central Avenue. The theater hosts a variety of activities, including educational programs, architectural tours, television and film shoots, concerts, comedy, and Broadway touring companies.  The theater was built for Staten Island theater operator Solomon Brill and opened in 1929. Eugene De Rosa was the St. George Theatre's main architect, and was assisted by Staten Island resident James Whitford, while the ornate Spanish and Italian Baroque interior of the St. George Theatre was designed by Nestor Castro. The theatre was renovated in 2004. The upper stories are used as office floors.

The SIUH Community Park (formerly named Richmond County Bank Ballpark) located on the waterfront was home of the Staten Island Yankees, a minor league farm club of the New York Yankees from 2001 to 2020. It is now home to the Staten Island FerryHawks of the independent Atlantic League. The 7,171-seat stadium opened in 2001.

Empire Outlets, an outlet mall in St. George, opened in May 2019. The mall is located next to the site of the New York Wheel, a  tall giant Ferris wheel that was canceled in 2018. The two projects initially went through the approval process simultaneously and shared consultants on issues such as traffic and the waterfront, but were separate projects with separate funding.

Museums and memorials
The Staten Island Museum building, built in St. George in 1927 with an addition in 1999, is located at Wall Street and Stuyvesant Place two blocks northwest of the St. George Terminal. The museum explores the arts, natural science, and local history of the island.

In 1998, planning started for a National Lighthouse Museum dedicated to the history of the United States Lighthouse Service. After several delays due to a lack of funds, the museum opened in 2015, within Building 12 of the USLHS/US Coast Guard depot.

The St. George waterfront is the location of Postcards, a September 11 memorial that opened in 2004. The memorial includes two white marble wing sculptures, each standing  high, which represent large postcards to loved ones.

Police and crime

St. George and the North Shore are patrolled by the 120th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 78 Richmond Terrace. The 120th Precinct ranked 12th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 94 per 100,000 people, St. George and the North Shore's rate of violent crimes per capita is more than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 719 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.

The 120th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.3% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported seven murders, 14 rapes, 118 robberies, 384 felony assaults, 124 burglaries, 338 grand larcenies, and 136 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

The 120th Precinct building was erected in 1920–1923 in the Italian Renaissance style. In 2000, it was designated as a New York City landmark.

Fire safety
St. George is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 155/Ladder Co. 78, located at 14 Brighton Avenue.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in St. George and the North Shore than in other places citywide. In St. George and the North Shore, there were 96 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 22.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). St. George and the North Shore have a relatively average population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 12%, the same as the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in St. George and the North Shore is , less than the city average. Sixteen percent of St. George and the North Shore residents are smokers, which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In St. George and the North Shore, 24% of residents are obese, 9% are diabetic, and 26% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-seven percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," equal to the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in St. George and the North Shore, there are 28 bodegas.

The nearest major hospital is Richmond University Medical Center in West New Brighton.

Post office and ZIP Code
St. George is located within the ZIP Code 10301. The United States Postal Service operates the Saint George Station at 45 Bay Street.

Education

St. George and the North Shore generally have a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . While 37% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 15% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Staten Island residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of St. George and the North Shore students excelling in math rose from 49% in 2000 to 65% in 2011, though reading achievement declined from 55% to 51% during the same time period.

St. George and the North Shore's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is slightly higher than the rest of New York City. In St. George and the North Shore, 25% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 73% of high school students in St. George and the North Shore graduate on time, about the same as the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates five public schools in St. George:
 PS 16 John J Driscoll (grades PK-5)
 PS 31 William T Davis (grades PK-5)
 PS 74 Future Leaders Elementary School (grades K-5)
 Curtis High School (grades 9–12); the first high school on Staten Island, it is a city landmark
 Ralph R McKee Career and Technical Education High School (grades 9–12)

Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL)'s St. George Library Center is located at 5 Central Avenue, across from Staten Island's Borough Hall and County Courthouse. The St. George Library Center, Staten Island's main library, was built in 1906–1907; it was designed by Carrère and Hastings in the Georgian Revival style. The branch contains three stories, including a basement. The first floor contains the main reading room, while the second floor contains a children's collection, and the lower level contains a collection for young adults.

Transportation

St. George Terminal is a ferry, railway, bus, and park and ride complex at Richmond Terrace and Bay Street. Opened in 1886, it was renovated multiple times, most recently in 2005. The renovated terminal has panoramic views of the harbor and incoming ferries.

St. George Terminal is served by nearly all Staten Island bus routes, except for the , as well as the Staten Island Railway and the Staten Island Ferry. Additionally, St. George is also served by the NYC Ferry's St. George route.

Telephone exchange
In 1924, the "Saint George" telephone exchange was established in the new North Staten Island building of New York Telephone, one of the island's five such exchanges. It became "SAint George 7"  when New York City's service underwent a major upgrade six years later. This three-digit prefix, now identified by numbers as "727", is the last of the five pre-upgrade exchanges still in service. Due to the abbreviation of "Saint" in the name of "Saint George", some historic telephone books such as those of the NYPD mistakenly gave the exchange as "ST. George 7", which directed the caller to an exchange in Manhattan.

Notable people
 Paul Newman and his wife Joanne Woodward, both actors, lived in the Ambassador, an Art Deco apartment building on Daniel Low Terrace between Crescent Avenue and Fort Hill Circle, in their early days in film.
 Actor Martin Sheen lived in the Ambassador building, and his son Emilio Estevez was born there.
 Max Rose, Democratic congressman for New York's 11th congressional district from 2018 to 2020, lives in St. George .

References

Notes

Sources

  Consists of the following consecutively numbered volumes:

External links

 St. George Civic Association web site
 St. George Historic Preservation web site

Neighborhoods in Staten Island
County seats in New York (state)

St. George, Staten Island


Pauline Therese Luise af Württemberg (født 4. september 1800 i Riga, død 10. marts 1873 i Stuttgart) var dronning af Württemberg fra 1820 til 1864. Derefter blev hun enkedronning.

Hun var gift med kong Wilhelm 1. af Württemberg (konge i 1816– 1864), og hun var brordatter af kong Frederik 1. af Württemberg (konge i 1806–1816) samt sønnedatter af Frederik 2. Eugen af Württemberg (regerende hertug i 1795–1797). Desuden blev hun mor til Karl 1. af Württemberg (konge i 1864–1891) og mormor til Wilhelm 2. af Württemberg (konge i 1891–1918).

Forfædre
Pauline Therese Luise af Württemberg var datter af Ludvig, prins af Württemberg (1756–1817) og Henriette af Nassau-Weilburg (1780–1857).

Hun var barnebarn af regerende hertug Frederik 2. Eugen af Württemberg (1732–1797), regerende fyrste Karl Christian af Nassau-Weilburg (1735–1788), regentinde og tronfølger i Nederlandene Caroline af Oranien-Nassau-Diez (1743–1787).

Hun var oldebarn af regerende hertug Karl Alexander af Württemberg (1684–1737), regerende fyrste Karl August af Nassau-Weilburg (1685–1753), arvestatholder af Nederlandene Vilhelm 4. af Oranien (1711–1751) og Princess Royal Anne af Storbritannien (1709–1759).

Pauline Therese af Württembergs morbror Alexander af Württemberg (1804–1885) blev farfar til den britiske dronning Mary af Teck og oldefar til kongerne Edward 8. af Storbritannien og Georg 6. af Storbritannien samt tipoldefar til dronning Elizabeth 2. af Storbritannien.

Familie
I 1820 giftede Pauline Therese af Württemberg sig med kong Wilhelm 1. af Württemberg. Derved blev hun stedmor til hans børn fra tidligere ægteskaber.

Pauline Therese og Wilhelm 1. fik tre børn, deriblandt Karl 1. af Württemberg (konge i 1864–1891). De blev mormor og morfar til Wilhelm 2. af Württemberg (konge i 1891–1918).

Kilder

Dronninger af Württemberg
Huset Württemberg
Personer fra Riga

Pauline Therese, dronning af Württemberg


العباس بن الفضل بن يعقوب تولى قيادة جزيرة صقلية ويعتبر الفاتح الحقيقي لجزيرة صقلية، لما توفي صاحب صقلية أبو الأغلب إبراهيم بن عبد الله الأغلب، قدم أهلها على أنفسهم العباس بن الفضل هذا، وكتبوا إلى محمد بن الأغلب بن خبر. فأقر العباس، وكتب إليه بعهده بولاية صقلية. فجاهد كثيرا، وغزا طويلا. وكان له في الروم مواقف كثيره.
وفي سنة 237 ولي حبيب بن نصر التميمي المظالم بالقيروان بتقديم القاضي سحنون إياه عليها. وفي أغزى العباس بصقلية أرض الروم، فغنم غنائم وفتوحات عظيمة.

غزواته
وفي سنة 238 أغزى العباس بن الفضل صاحب صقلية الروم فقتل الله المشركين. وبعث العباس برؤوسهم إلى مدينة بالرم، وقام ويطأ أرضهم، ويسبى من ظفر بهم منهم. ثم قفل إلى صقلية.
وفي سنة 239 كان الجهاد بصقلية في غزوة العباس بن الفضل وبث السرايا في كل موضع، وغنم وقصربانة وقطانية وسرقوسة وغيرها، وحاصر مدينة بنيرة ستة أشهر حتى صالحوه على ستة آلاف رأس قيضها منهم. وقفل إلى حضرة بلرم، وفتح مدينة سبرينة.
وفي سنة 240، توفي الفقيه سحنون - - وفيها كان الجهاد أيضا بصقلية: غزا العباس بن الفضل صاحبها بلاد الروم وبث السرايا، فغنموا غنائم عظيمة.
وفي سنة 241، غزا العباس بن الفضل أيضا الروم بصقلية وأقام في جبل مانع ثلاثة أشهر يضرب كل يوم حول يلنة فيقتل ويصيب، وتتوجه سراياه فتغنم في كل جهة. وأغزى أخاه علي بن الفضل في البحر، فأصاب وغنم وانصرف برؤوس كثيرة.

وفاته:
وفي سنة 242، توفي أبو العباس محمد بن الأغلب صاحب أفريقية ليلتين خلتا من المحرم، فكانت ولايته خمس عشرة سنة وثمانية أشهر واثنتي عشرة يوما ومات وهو ابن ستة وثلاثين سنة. وولي بعده ابن أخيه.

قالوا عنه
عباس بن الفضل الذي قاد جيوش أبي الأغلب إبراهيم أمير صقلية والذي تولى القيادة من بعده وكان له الفضل في فتح المسلمين قصربانه التي كانت من أهم المعاقل الدفاعية للجيش البيزنطي وذلك سنة 244هـ 859م) وفي إلحاق هزيمة نكراء بأسطول بنزنطية قرب سيراكوزا واعتبر المؤرخون الأوروبيون عباس بن الفضل من أمهر وألمع القادة المسلمين الذين واجهتهم الجيوش الأوروبية.

المراجع

صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
عرب في القرن 9
وفيات 242 هـ
وفيات 861

عباس بن الفضل


Vinsas Janušonis (* 23. Januar 1950 in Alytus) ist ein  litauischer Mediziner und Politiker.

Leben
Bis 1976 absolvierte das Studium an der Medizinuniversität
und arbeitet seitdem im Krankenhaus Klaipėda. 1988 promovierte er und 1993 habilitierte sich in Russland. Ab 1995 lehrt er an der Universität Klaipėda und ist seit 2001 Professor an der Vytautas-Magnus-Universität Kaunas. Von 2000 bis 2001 war er  Gesundheitsminister Litauens im Kabinett Paksas II.

Bibliografie
 Sveikatos palaikymas ir stiprinimas, 1988 m.
 Medicinos pagalbos kokybė ir valdymas, 1990 m.
 Profilaktinė medicina Lietuvoje, 1992 m.
 Aušrininkas daktaras Jonas Šliūpas Lietuvos medicinos baruose, su kitais, 1995 m.
 Sveikatos apsaugos sistemos organizacijų valdymas, 2000 m.
 Kokybės sistemos: kūrimas ir valdymas sveikatos apsaugos organizacijose (su Jurgita Popoviene). – Klaipėda: S. Jokužio leidykla-spaustuvė, 2004. – 270 p. – ISBN 9986-31-100-4
 Rizikos valdymas sveikatos priežiūros organizacijose: monografija. – Klaipėda: S. Jokužio leidykla-spaustuvė, 2005. – 253 p.: iliustr. – ISBN 9986-31-142-X
 Profesorius habilituotas daktaras Vinsas Janušonis: bibliografijos rodyklė (sud. Ramutė Stankevičienė). – Klaipėda: Eglės leidykla, 2009. – 160 p.: portr. – ISBN 978-9955-542-92-6
 Sveikatos priežiūra: vadyba ir kokybė: mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys, 1999–2009 metai. – Klaipėda: S. Jokužio leidykla-spaustuvė, 2010. – 541 p.: iliustr. – ISBN 978-9986-31-284-0

Weblinks

Gesundheitsminister (Litauen)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Klaipėda)
Hochschullehrer (Vytautas-Magnus-Universität Kaunas)
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)
Person (Alytus)
Krankenhausleiter (Litauen)
Sowjetbürger
Litauer
Geboren 1950
Mann

Vinsas Janušonis


Anastasius (Greek: Ἀναστάσιος), (? – January 754) was the patriarch of Constantinople from 730 to 754.  He had been preceded by patriarch Germanos I (715 — 730). Anastasios was heavily involved in the controversy over icons (images). He was immaculately succeeded in ecumenical rite by Constantine II of Constantinople.
His opinion of icons changed twice. First he opposed them, then he favored them, and finally he opposed them again.

Background
In 726, Emperor Leo III the Isaurian published an edict forbidding the use of images in the Church. His soldiers consequently removed images from churches throughout the Byzantine Empire. Germanos, the patriarch of Constantinople, protested the edict.  He wrote a letter appealing to Pope Gregory II in Rome in 729. Emperor Leo deposed Germanos as patriarch soon afterwards. Pope Gregory opposed Leo and urged him to retract the edict, which Leo refused to do.

Anastasios's Patriarchate
Leo appointed Anastasios patriarch of Constantinople in 730, based largely on his support for iconoclasm. The controversy over the policy would dominate his tenure and fuel the decisive breach between the Eastern and Western churches. Pope Gregory II died in 731, but his successor, Pope Gregory III, continued to resist the new policy, even to the extent of encouraging armed rebellion against Imperial authority in Italy.

In 731 or 733 or by 740, Leo III attached Illyricum and Southern Italy (Sicily and Calabria) to Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople, transferring the papal authority to the Eastern Church.

In 741 Leo died and was succeeded as Emperor by his son Constantine V, who almost immediately needed to depart the capital to defend the eastern frontier against the Umayyad Caliphate.  Constantine's brother-in-law Artabasdos, who was kouropalates ("master of the palace"), and commanded both the Opsikion theme and the Armeniac theme, took advantage of the new Emperor's absence from the capital to seize the throne.  To gain support from those opposed to the iconoclastic policy, Artabasdos reversed it and declared himself the "Protector of the Holy Icons."  Patriarch Anastasios quickly switched sides and suddenly became an ardent defender of icons, which Artabasdus reinstalled in the churches.  Anastasios even excommunicated Constantine V and declared him a heretic.

Constantine gathered the loyal segments of his army and marched to Constantinople in 743.  He defeated Artabasdos and had him executed. Anastasios was stripped of his office, whipped and blinded and then paraded through the streets in shame.  After Anastasios changed his position on the icon issue again, reverting to his former opinion against icons, he received the Emperor's pardon and was restored as patriarch.  Anastasios lived until 754.

Bibliography
Notes

References

 - Total pages: 443

754 deaths
8th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
Byzantine Iconoclasm
Year of birth unknown
Leo III the Isaurian

Anastasius of Constantinople


Eppur Si Muove, Alman senfonik metal grubu Haggard'ın 3. albümü. 26 Nisan 2004 tarihinde Drakkar Entertainment'tan çıkmıştır. Eppur Si Muove albüm boyunca hikâyesi anlatılan Galileo' nun ölmeden önce söylediği son sözleridir. Yaşamı süresince Vatikan'ın baskıları yüzünden kabul ettiği Dünya'nın dönmediğine ilişkin teze göndermede bulunarak Eppur Si Muove - (Yine de Dünya dönüyor) demiştir. Albüm adını aynı adlı parçadan alıyor.

Parça listesi
 All'inizio è La Morte (06:50)
 Menuetto In Fa-Minore (01:16)
 Per Aspera Ad Astra (06:40)
 Of a Might Divine	(08:20)
 Gavotta In Si-Minore (00:58)
 Herr Mannelig (04:50)
 The Observer (04:40)
 Eppur Si Muove (08:19)
 Largetto / Epilogo Adagio	(02:13)
 Herr Mannelig (short version) (06:10)

2004 albümleri
Doom metal albümleri
Haggard albümleri
Senfonik metal albümleri

Eppur Si Muove


Ogata Kōrin (; 1658 – June 2, 1716) was a Japanese landscape illustrator, lacquerer, painter, and textile designer of the Rinpa School.

Kōrin is best known for his byōbu folding screens, such as Irises and Red and White Plum Blossoms (both registered National Treasures), and his paintings on ceramics and lacquerware produced by his brother Kenzan (1663–1743). Also a prolific designer, he worked with a variety of decorative and practical objects, such as round fans, makie writing boxes or inrō medicine cases.

He is also credited with reviving and consolidating the Rinpa school of Japanese painting, fifty years after its foundation by Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637) and Tawaraya Sōtatsu  (c. 1570 – c. 1640). In fact the term "Rinpa", coined in the Meiji period, means "school of [Kō]rin". In particular he had a lasting influence on Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828), who replicated many of his paintings and popularized his work, organizing the first exhibition of Kōrin's paintings at the hundredth anniversary of his death.

Biography
Kōrin was born in Kyoto into a wealthy merchant family, dedicated to the design and sale of fine textiles. The family business, named Karigane-ya, catered to the aristocratic women of the city. His father, Ogata Sōken (1621–1687), who was a noted calligrapher in the style of Kōetsu and patron of Noh theater, introduced his sons to the arts. Kōrin was the second son of Sōken. His younger brother Kenzan was a celebrated potter and painter in his own right, with whom he collaborated frequently. Kōrin studied under Yamamoto Soken (active ca. 1683–1706) of the Kanō school, Kano Tsunenobu (1636–1713) and Sumiyoshi Gukei (1631–1705), but his biggest influences were his predecessors Hon'ami Kōetsu and Tawaraya Sōtatsu.

Sōken died in 1687, and the elder brother took over the family business, leaving Kōrin and Kenzan free to enjoy a considerable inheritance. After this, Kōrin led a very active social life, but his spending ran him into financial difficulties the following years, partly due to loans made to feudal lords. This forced him to pawn some of his treasured possessions. A letter sent by him to a pawnbroker in 1694 regarding "one writing box with deer by Kōetsu" and "one Shigaraki ware water jar with lacquer lid" survives.

Kōrin established himself as an artist only late in life. In 1701, he was awarded the honorific title of hokkyō ("Bridge of the Dharma"), the third highest rank awarded to Buddhist artists, and in 1704 he moved to Edo, where lucrative commissions were more readily available. His early masterpieces, such as his Irises are generally dated to this period. During this time, he also had the opportunity to study the ink paintings of medieval monk painters Sesshū Tōyō (1420–1506) and Sesson Shukei (c. 1504 – c. 1589). These are seen as important influences in his work from that period, the Rough Waves painting for example.

In 1709, he moved back to Kyoto. He built a house with an atelier on Shinmachi street in 1712 and lived there the last five years of his life. His masterpieces from that last period, such as the Red and White Plum Blossoms screens, are thought to have been painted there.

Kōrin died famous but impoverished on June 2, 1716, at the age of 59. His grave is located at the Myōken-ji temple in Kyoto. His chief pupils were Tatebayashi Kagei, Watanabe Shikō and Fukae Rōshu, but the present knowledge and appreciation of his work are largely due to the early efforts of his brother Kenzan and later Sakai Hōitsu, who brought about a revival of Kōrin's style.

Works

 is a pair of six-panel byōbu folding screens made circa 1701–1705, using ink and color on gold-foiled paper. The screens are among the first works of Kōrin as a hokkyō. It depicts abstracted blue Japanese irises in bloom, and their green foliage, creating a rhythmically repeating but varying pattern across the panels. The similarities of some blooms indicate that a stencil was used. The work shows influence of Tawaraya, and it is representative of the Rinpa school. It is inspired by an episode in the Heian-period text The Tales of Ise.

Each screen measures 150.9 by 338.8 centimetres (59.4 in × 133.4 in). They were probably made for the Nijō family, and were presented to the Nishi Honganji Buddhist temple in Kyoto, where they were held for over 200 years. They were sold by the temple in 1913, and are now held by the Nezu Museum, where they are exhibited occasionally (last time, from April 12 to May 14, 2017). They are listed as a National Treasure of Japan.

Kōrin made a similar work about five to twelve years later, another pair of six-panel screens, known as . It is a more explicit reference to the "Yatsuhashi (Eight Bridges)" episode from The Tales of Ise, including the depiction of an angular bridge that sweeps diagonally across both screens.

The screens were made using ink and color on gold-foiled paper and measure 163.7 by 352.4 centimetres (64.4 in × 138.7 in) each. They have been held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City since 1953, and were last displayed in 2013.

Both Irises screens were displayed together for the first time in almost a century in 2012 at the "Korin: National Treasure Irises of the Nezu Museum and Eight-Bridge of the Metropolitan Museum of Art" exhibition at the Nezu Museum.

 is a pair of two-folded screens made using ink and color on gold-foiled paper. It is a replica of an original work by Tawaraya which depicts Raijin, the god of lightning, thunder and storms in the Shinto religion and in Japanese mythology, and Fūjin, the god of wind. Later, Sakai Hōitsu, another prominent member of the Rinpa school, painted his own version of the work. All three versions of the work were displayed together for the first time in seventy-five years in 2015, at the Kyoto National Museum exhibition Rinpa: The Aesthetics of the Capital.

The screens measure 421.6 by 464.8 centimetres (166 in × 183 in) each. At some point Hōitsu owned them, and in fact he painted one of his most famous works, Flowering Plants of Summer and Autumn, in the back of these screens. The monumental two-sided byōbu screens became a symbol of the Rinpa tradition, but both sides of the screens have since been separated to protect them from damage. They are now part of the collection of the Tokyo National Museum, where they are exhibited occasionally.  They are listed as an Important Cultural Property.

 is a pair of two-panel byōbu folding screens painted by Kōrin using ink and color on gold-foiled paper. A late masterpiece, completed probably circa 1712–1716 in his atelier in Kyoto, it is considered his crowning achievement. The simple, stylized composition of the work depicts a patterned flowing river with a white plum tree on the left and a red plum tree on the right.  The plum blossoms indicate the scene occurs in spring.

No documentation exists from before the 20th century on the commission or provenance of the screens.  They receive mention in no Edo-period publications on Kōrin's works and were not copied by his followers, which suggests they were not well known.  A journal article in 1907 is the first known publication about them, and their first public display came in a 200th-anniversary exhibition of Kōrin's work in 1915.

In addition to the use of tarashikomi, the work is notable for its plum flowers depicted using pigment only, without any outline, now a popular technique known as Kōrin Plum Flowers.

Each screen measures 156.5 × 172.5 centimetres (61.6 × 67.9 in). Red and White Plum Blossoms belonged for a long time to the Tsugaru clan, but were purchased by Mokichi Okada in the mid-1950s. Along with the rest of Okada's collection, it is now owned by the MOA Museum of Art in Atami, where they are displayed for one month per year in late winter, the season when the plum blossoms bloom.  It is listed as a National Treasure of Japan.

Gallery

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Randall, Doanda. (1960). Kōrin. New York: Crown. OCLC 1487440

External links

1658 births
1716 deaths
17th-century Japanese painters
18th-century Japanese painters
Botanical illustrators
Buddhist artists
History of art in Japan
Japanese lacquerware artists
Japanese textile artists
Artists from Kyoto
Rinpa school

Ogata Kōrin


An Juncus alatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet ngan Paul Amédée Ludovic Savatier. An Juncus alatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Juncus

Juncus alatus


New Scotland may refer to:

 Nova Scotia, Canadian province, Latin for New Scotland
 New Scotland, Chatham-Kent, Ontario, Canada
 New Scotland, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario, Canada
 New Scotland, New Brunswick, a community in Moncton Parish, New Brunswick, Canada
 New Scotland, New York, United States
 New Scotland, Mpumalanga, in former Eastern Transvaal, South Africa

See also

 Scotland (disambiguation)
 Nova Scotia (disambiguation)
 Scottish place names in other countries
 New Scotland Yard

New Scotland


Aromatizirano voćno vino je vrsta voćnog vina. Ovaj se prehrambeni proizvod dobiva od voćnog vina čiji sadržaj stvarnog alkohola je najmanje 13,0 % vol., ali najviše 22,0 % vol. ukupnog alkohola i u čijoj se proizvodnji koriste prirodne arome, prirodni aromatski pripravci te aromatične biljke i njihovi plodovi. Pri tome je dopuštena uporaba aditiva i pomoćnih sredstava sukladno odredbama Pravilnika o prehrambenim aditivima. Pored toga, smiju se dodavati voćni sok, koncentrirani voćni sok, alkohol voćnog podrijetla, voćna rakija i šećer (saharoza) i pri tome udio temeljnog vina mora iznositi najmanje 75 %.

Izvori

Voćarstvo
Vino

Aromatizirano voćno vino


Louis-Sébastien Mercier () a fost un dramaturg și scriitor francez.

Tinerețe și educație
S-a născut la Paris într-o familie săracă: tatăl său era un artizan priceput care șlefuia spade și brațe metalice. Cu toate acestea, Mercier a beneficiat de o educație decentă.

Cariera literară
Mercier și-a început cariera literară scriind epistole eroice. El a ajuns devreme la concluzia că Nicolas Boileau și Jean Racine au distrus limba franceză și că adevăratul poet trebuie să scrie în proză.

A scris piese de teatru, pamflete și romane și a publicat prodigios. Mercier folosea adesea pasaje de la o lucrare la alta și extindea eseuri pe care le-a scris anterior. Observațiile aprige ale lui Mercier asupra împrejurimilor sale și a senzației jurnalistice a scrisului său au însemnat că opera sa a rămas orbitoare în ciuda naturii compoziției sale. "Nu există un scriitor mai bun de consultat", a scris Robert Darnton, "dacă cineva dorește să înțeleagă cum arăta Parisul, suna, mirosea și se simțea în ajunul Revoluției".

Cele mai importante dintre lucrările sale diverse sunt L'An 2440, rêve s'il en fut jamais (Anul 2440 sau un vis cum n-a mai fost, 1770), L'Essai sur l'art dramatique (1773), Néologie ou Vocabulaire (1801), Le Tableau de Paris (1781– 1788), Le nouveau Paris (1799), Histoire de France (1802) și Satire contre Racine et Boileau (1808).

El a decretat tragedia franceză ca o caricatură a obiceiurilor antice și străine în versuri bombastice și a pledat pentru drame așa cum a fost înțeleasă de Diderot. Filozofilor le era complet ostil. El a negat că știința modernă a făcut vreun avans real; chiar și-a purtat conservatorismul până a susținut că Pământul era o câmpie circulară în jurul căreia se rotește Soarele.

Mercier a scris vreo șaizeci de drame, printre care Jean Hennuyer (1772), La Destruction de la ligue (1782), Jennval (1769), Le Juge (1774), Natalie (1775) și La Brouette du vinaigrier (1775).

L'An 2440 (Anul 2440)

L'An 2440, rêve s'il en fut jamais (literal, "Anul 2440: Un vis dacă a existat vreodată", apărut în română ca Anul 2440 sau un vis cum n-a mai fost) este un roman utopic care are loc în anul 2440. O lucrare extrem de populară (a avut peste douăzeci și cinci de ediții după prima apariție în 1770), descrie aventurile unui bărbat fără nume, care, după ce a purtat o discuție aprinsă cu un prieten filosof despre nedreptățile Parisului, adoarme și se trezește într-un Paris al viitorului. Darnton scrie că "în ciuda caracterului său auto-proclamat de fantezie ... L'An 2440 ar trebui să fie citit ca un ghid serios al viitorului. Acesta a oferit o perspectivă uimitoare nouă: viitorul ca fait accompli și prezentul ca trecutul îndepărtat. Cine ar putea rezista tentației de a participa la un astfel de experiment gânditor? Și odată angajat în el, cine nu a putut să vadă că expune putrezirea societății în fața ochilor săi, Parisul secolului al XVIII-lea? "

Eroul lui Mercier remarcă tot ceea ce îi surprinde fantezia în acest Paris futurist. Spațiul public și sistemul de justiție au fost reorganizate. Gunoiul cetățenilor săi este confortabil și practic. Spitalele sunt eficiente și se bazează pe știință. Nu există călugări, preoți, prostituate, cerșetori, maeștri dansatori (adică profesori), bucătari de patiserie, armate gata de luptă, sclavie, arest arbitrar, taxe, bresle, comerț exterior, cafea, ceai sau tutun și toată literatura inutilă și imorală scrisă anterior a fost distrusă.

Viitorul lui Mercier nu este deloc utopic. Extremele bogăției și sărăciei au fost abolite; cu toate acestea, săracii încă există. Există o dezvoltare economică mică, iar populația Franței a crescut doar cu 50%.

Opinii politice
În politică a fost moderat și, ca membru al Convenției, a votat împotriva pedepsei cu moartea pentru Ludovic al XVI-lea. În timpul terorii iacobine, a fost închis, dar a fost eliberat după căderea lui Robespierre, pe care l-a numit "Sanguinocrat" (aproximativ cu sensul de Conducător prin vărsare de sânge).

Lucrări

1760: Hécube à Pyrrhus, héroïde, s.l.
1762: Hypermnestre à Lyncée, héroïde, s.l.
1762: Canacée à Macarée et Hypermnestre à Lyncée, héroïdes nouvelles par l'auteur d'Hécube, s.l.
1762: Philoctète à Péan, son père, héroïde, s.l.
1763: Crizéas et Zelmine, poème, s.l.
1763: Épître d'Héloïse à Abailard, imitation nouvelle de Pope, London
1763: Médée à Jason, après le meurtre de ses enfants, héroïde, suivi d'un morceau tiré de Dante, s.l.
1763: Sénèque mourant à Néron, héroïde, s.l.
1763: Le Bonheur des gens de lettres, discours, Bordeaux
1764: Discours sur la lecture, Paris
1764: Saint-Preux à Wolmar après la mort de Julie, ou dernière lettre du roman de la Nouvelle Héloïse, Paris
1764: La Boucle de cheveux enlevée, poème héroï-comique de Pope, trad., Amsterdam
1764: Héroïdes et autres pièces de poésie, Paris
1765: Calas sur l'échafaud à ses juges, poème, s.l.
1765: Éloge de René Descartes, Genève et Paris, Chez la Vve Pierres
1766: Le Génie, poème, Londra și Paris
1766: Discours sur les malheurs de la guerre et les avantages de la paix, The Hague
1766: Histoire d'Izerben, poète arabe, trad. de l'arabe, Amsterdam and Paris, Cellot
1767: Éloge de Charles V, roi de France surnommé Le sage, Amsterdam
1767: Les Amours de Chérale, poème en six chants, suivi du bon génie, Amsterdam
1767: Lettre de Dulis à son ami, Londra și Paris, Vve Duchesne
1767: L'Homme sauvage, histoire trad. de Pfeil, Amsterdam
1767: La Sympathie, histoire morale, Amsterdam
1767: Virginie, tragédie en cinq actes, Paris, Vve Duchesne
1768: Que notre Âme peut se suffire à elle-même, épître philosophique qui a concouru pour le prix de l'Académie française, in 1768, Londra
1768: Contes moraux, ou les Hommes comme il y en a peu, Paris, Panckoucke
1768: Songes philosophiques, Londra și  Paris, Lejay
1768: Zambeddin, histoire orientale, Amsterdam și Paris, Delalain
1768: Fragments d'un éloge de Henri IV, roi de France, Paris
1769: Les Cerises, conte en vers, Paris, Lejay
1769: Jenneval ou le Barnevelt français, five-act drama in prose, Paris
1770: Le Déserteur, drame en cinq actes et en prose, Paris, Lejay
1770: Songes d'un ermite, à l'Hermitage de Saint-Amour, Paris, Hardy
1770: Olinde et Sophronie, drame héroïque en cinq actes et en prose, Paris, Lejay
1771: L'An 2440, rêve s'il en fut jamais, Amsterdam, Van-Harrevelt
1772: Le Faux Ami, drame en trois actes en prose, Paris, Lejay
1772: L'Indigent, drame en quatre actes en prose, Paris, Lejay
1772: Jean Hennuyer, évêque de Lisieux, three-act drama, London
1773: Du théâtre ou Nouvel essai sur l'art dramatique, Amsterdam, E. van Harrevelt
1774: Childéric, premier roi de France, drame héroïque en trois actes, en prose, Londra & Paris, Ruault
1774: Le Juge, drame en trois actes, în proză, Londra & Paris, Ruault
1775: La Brouette du vinaigrier, drama în trei acte, London and Paris
1775: Nathalie, drame en quatre actes, Londra și Paris, Ruault
1775: Premier mémoire par le Sieur Mercier contre la troupe des Comédiens français, Paris, Vve Herissant
1775: Mémoire à consulter et consultation par le Sieur Mercier contre la troupe des comédiens ordinaires du Roi, Paris, Clousier
1776: Molière, five-act drama in prose, imitated from de Goldoni, Amsterdam și Paris
1776: Éloges et discours académiques qui ont concouru pour les prix de l'Académie française et de plusieurs autres académies, par l'auteur de l'ouvrage intitulé l'an deux mille quatre cent quarante, Amsterdam
1776: Jezzenemours, roman dramatique, Amsterdam
1776: Les Hommes comme il y en a peu et les Génies comme il n'y en a point, contes moraux orientaux, persans, arabes, turcs, anglais, français, etc., les uns pour rire, les autres à dormir debout, Nouv. éd. Bouillon, impr. de la Soc. Typographique, Neuchâtel
1776: Éloges et discours philosophiques, Paris
1777: Les Comédiens, ou le Foyer, comédie en un acte et en prose, Paris, Successeurs de la Vve Duchesne
1778: De la Littérature et des littérateurs suivi d'un Nouvel examen de la tragédie française, Yverdon
1778: Théâtre complet, Amsterdam
1778: La Vertu chancelante, ou la Vie de Mlle d'Amincourt, Liège și Paris
1779: Le Campagnard, ou le Riche désabusé, drame en deux actes et en prose, The Hague
1780: Le Charlatan, ou le docteur Sacroton, comédie-parade en un acte, en prose, The Hague and Paris, Vve Ballard et fils
1780: La Demande imprévue, three-act comedy, Paris, Vve Ballard et Vve Duchesne
1781: Tableau de Paris, Hambourg et Neuchâtel, S. Fauche
1781: L'Homme de ma connaissance, comedie în două acte în proză, Amsterdam and Paris, Vve Ballard et fils
1781: Le Gentillâtre, comedie în trei acte în proză, Amsterdam and Paris
1781: Le Philosophe du Port-au-Bled, s.l.
1782: Zoé, drame en trois actes, Neuchâtel, Impr. de la Société typographique
1782: Les Tombeaux de Vérone, drame en cinq actes, Neuchâtel, Impr. de la Société typographique
1782: La Destruction de la Ligue, ou la réduction de Paris, pièce nationale en quatre actes, Amsterdam and Paris)
1782: L'Habitant de la Guadeloupe, comedie în cinci acte, Neuchâtel, Impr. de la Société typographique
1783: Portraits des rois de France, Neuchâtel, Impr. de la Société typographique
1783: La Mort de Louis XI, roi de France, pièce historique, Neuchâtel
1784: Montesquieu à Marseille, Lausanne, J.-P. Heubach et Paris, Poinçot
1784: Mon Bonnet de nuit, Neuchâtel, Impr. de la Société typographique
1784: Charles II, roi d'Angleterre, en certain lieu, comédie très morale en cinq actes très courts, par un disciple de Pythagore, Venise [i.e. Paris]
1784: Les Hospices, s.l.
1785: L'Observateur de Paris et du royaume, ou Mémoires historiques et politiques, Londra
1785: Portrait de Philippe II, roi d'Espagne, Amsterdam
1785: Histoire d'une jeune Luthérienne, Neuchâtel, Impr. Jérémie Vitel
1786: L'An 2440, rêve s'il en fut jamais, 2e éd. suivi de l'Homme de fer, songe, Amsterdam
1786: Les Entretiens du Palais-Royal de Paris, Paris, Buisson
1787: Notions claires sur les gouvernements, Amsterdam
1788: Songes et visions philosophiques, Amsterdam and Paris
1788: Tableau de Paris, nouv. éd. corrigée et augmentée, Amsterdam
1788: Les Entretiens du jardin des Tuileries de Paris, Paris, Buisson
1788: La Maison de Molière, five-act comedy in prose, Paris, Guillot
1789: Lettre au Roi, contenant unprojet pour liquider en peu d'années toutes les dettes de l'État soulageant le peuple du fardeau des impositions, Amsterdam et Paris, chez les Marchands de nouveautés
1789: Adieux à l'année, s.l.n.d.
1790: Le Nouveau Doyen de Killerine, three-act comedy in prose, Paris
1790: Réflexions très importantes sur les nouvelles élections des municipalités, s.l.
1791: De Jean-Jacques Rousseau considéré comme l'un des premiers auteurs de la Révolution, Paris, Buisson
1791: Adresse de l'agriculture à MM. de l'Assemblée nationale régénératrice de l'Empire français, Paris, C.-F. Perlet
1792: Fragments de politique et d'histoire, Paris, Buisson
1792: Fictions morales, Paris, Impr. du Cercle social
1792: Le Vieillard et ses trois filles, three-act play in prose, Paris, Cercle social
1792: Le Ci-Devant noble, three-act comedy, Paris, Impr. du Cercle social
1792: Réflexions d'un patriote : Ier sur les assignats ; IIe sur les craintes d'une banqueroute nationale ; IIIe sur les causes de la baisse des changes étrangers ; IVe sur l'organisation de la garde nationale ; Ve sur les finances et impositions ; VIe sur les assemblées primaires ; VIIe sur les droits de patentes avec une Adresse aux Français, Paris, Impr. H.-J. Janse
1792: Les Crimes de Philippe II, roi d'Espagne, drame historique, s.l.
1793: Isotisme ou le Bon Génie, poème en prose suivi de la Sympathie, histoire morale, Paris
1793: Opinion de Louis Sébastien Mercier sur Louis Capet, Paris, Impr. de Restif
1793: Philédon et Prothumie, poème érotique suivi de fragments des Amours de Chérale, Paris
1794: Timon d'Athènes en cinq actes, en prose, imitation de Shakespeare, Paris, Impr. T. Gérard
1794: Fénelon dans son diocèse, pièce dramatique en trois actes et en prose, Paris, marchands de nouveautés
1796: Discours de L.-S. Mercier prononcé le 18 floréal sur René Descartes, Paris, Impr. Nationale
1796: Rapport fait au nom d'une commission spéciale sur l'enseignement des langues vivantes, Paris, Impr. Nationale
1796: Second Rapport fait au nom d'une commission spéciale sur l'enseignement des langues vivantes, Paris, Impr. Nationale
1796: Rapport et projet de résolution au nom d'une commission, sur la pétition des peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, architectes, relativement au droit de patente, Paris, Impr. Nationale
1796: Motion d'ordre et discours sur le rétablissement d'une loterie nationale, Paris, Impr. Nationale
1796: Opinion de L.-S. Mercier sur les sépultures privées, Paris, Impr. Bertrand-Quinquet
1797: Hortense et d'Artamon, two-act comedy in prose, Paris, Cercle social
1797: Le Libérateur, two-act comedy, Paris, Cercle social
1797: Opinion de L.-S. Mercier sur le message du Directoire, converti en motion, tendant à astreindre les électeurs au serment décrété pour les fonctionnaires publics, Paris, Impr. Bertrand-Quinquet
1798: Le Nouveau Paris, Paris, Fuchs
1798: Mon dictionnaire, s.l.n.d.
1799: L'An deux mille quatre cent quarante, rêve s'il en fût jamais, suivi de L'homme de fer, songe, Paris, Bresson et Casteret, Dugour et Durand
1801: Néologie ou Vocabulaire de mots nouveaux, à renouveler ou pris dans des acceptions nouvelles, Paris, Moussard. Nouvelle édition établie, présented and annotated by Jean-Claude Bonnet, Belin, 2009.
1802: Histoire de France, depuis Clovis jusqu'au règne de Louis XVI, Paris, chez Cérioux et Lepetit jeune
1803: Satyres contre les astronomes, Paris, Terrelonge
1804: Charité, Versailles, Ph.-D. Pierres, Paris, Bossange, Masson & Besson
1806: De l'impossibilité du système astronomique de Copernic et de Newton, Paris, Dentu
1806 L'Apollon pythique, ou des Arts matériellement imitatifs, Paris
1808: Satyres contre Racine et Boileau, Paris, Hénée
1809: La Maison de Socrate le sage, five-act comedy, prose, Paris, Duminil-Lesueur Read on line

Vezi și
 Societatea Prietenilor Adevărului

Note

Bibliografie
  Robert Darnton, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), 118.
  Darnton,  Forbidden Best-Sellers, 120.

Surse
   Bibliotheca Augustana
 Léon Béclard, Sébastien Mercier, sa vie, son œuvre, son temps d'après des documents inédits, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1903, réimp. Hildesheim; New York: G. Olms, 1982.
 Jean-Claude Bonnet, Le Paris de Louis Sébastien Mercier   : cartes et index topographique, Paris, Mercure de France, 1994.
 Jean-Claude Bonnet, Louis Sébastien Mercier (1740-1814)   : un hérétique en littérature, Paris, Mercure de France, 1995.
 Élisabeth Bourguinat, Les Rues de Paris au XVIIIe siècle   : le regard de Louis Sébastien Mercier, Paris, Paris Musées, 1999.
 Paulette L. Castillo, Les Deux Paris de Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Thèse d'honneur de 1977 de Smith College, Northampton.
 Anne-Marie Deval, Sébastien Mercier, precurseur, Thèse de l'Université de Californie à Los Angeles, 1968.
 R. Doumic în Revue des deux mondes (15 luna iulie 1903)
 Louis de Bordes de Fortage, Sébastien Mercier à Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Gounouilhou, 1918.
 Gilles Girard, Inventaire des manuscrits de Louis-Sébastien Mercier conservés à la Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Reims, Département de français de l'université, 1974.
 Hermann Hofer, Louis-Sébastien Mercier précurseur et sa avere   : avec des documents inédits   : recueil d'études sur l'influence de Mercier, Munchen, Fink, 1977.
 Anne Le Fur, Le Paris de Louis Sébastien Mercier   : cartes et index toponymique, Paris, Mercure de France, 1994.
 Mario Mormile, La Néologie révolutionnaire de Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Roma, Bulzoni, 1973.
 René Pomeau, L'Imaginaire d'anticipation de Louis-Sébastien Mercier à George Orwell, Paris, Palais de l'Institut, 1998.
 Enrico Rufi, Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Paris, éditions CNRS, 1996.
 Laurent Turcot, Le promeneur à Paris au XVIIIe siècle . Paris, Gallimard, 2007.
 Nedd Willard, La Moralité du théâtre de Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Paris, [sn], 1955.
 Nedd Willard, Le Génie et la folie au dix-huitième siècle, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1963.

Legături externe

 Louis Sébastien Mercier on data.bnf.fr

 Full text of L'an deux mille quatre cent quarante. Rêve s'il en fut jamais
 German translation, full text: Das Jahr zwey tausend vier hundert und vierzig: Ein Traum aller Träume
 English translation (only the second of two volumes): Memoirs of the Year Two Thousand Five Hundred
 Also the first volume! Memoirs of the Year Two Thousand Five Hundred

Vezi și
 Listă de dramaturgi francezi
 Listă de scriitori francezi

Nașteri în 1740
Decese în 1814
Scriitori francezi de literatură științifico-fantastică
Eseiști francezi
Înmormântări în cimitirul Père Lachaise
Pages with unreviewed translations
Oameni din Paris

Louis-Sébastien Mercier


Beşir Balcıoğlu (1909, İstanbul -  2 Haziran 1978), Türk diplomat ve büyükelçi.

2 Haziran 1978'de Madrid'de Türkiye'nin Madrid büyükelçisi Zeki Kuneralp'in makam aracında, Kuneralp'in hanımı Necla Kuneralp ve büyükelçilik şoförü ile birlikte, Ermeni Soykırımı Intikam Komandoları'nın (JCAG) 3 üyesi tarafından gerçekleştirilen silahlı saldırı sonucu öldü.

Bacanağı Zeki Kuneralp'i ziyaret etmek üzere Madrid'e gelen Balcıoğlu, suikast sabahı bir müze ziyaretine hazırlandı. Kuneralp işleri nedeniyle eşini ve bacanağını daha rahat olduğundan büyükelçilik makam aracıyla müzeye yollamak istedi. Beşir Balcıoğlu ve Necla Kuneralp'in büyükelçiliğin önünden arabaya bindikleri sırada suikastçiler uzaktan Balcıoğlu'nu Kuneralp zannederek harekata devam kararı aldılar. Makam aracı büyükelçiliğin biraz ilerisindeki Jenner ve Fortuny sokaklarının kesiştiği köşede makinalı tüfeklerle yaylım ateşine tutuldu. Balcıoğlu, Kuneralp ve o sıralar 6 aylık hamile eşi olan İspanyol araç şoförü Antonio Torres hayatlarını kaybettiler. Torres, Türk diplomatlarına karşı yapılan suikast eylemlerinde o güne kadar hayatını kaybeden ilk yabancı uyruklu kişi olarak kayıtlara geçti.

Balcıoğlu ve Kuneralp'in naaşları uçakla Türkiye'ye getirildi ve devlet töreniyle toprağa verildi. Beşir Balcıoğlu, suikaste uğradığı sırada emekli bir büyükelçi olmasına rağmen, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti adına hayatını kaybettiği için şehit sıfatıyla anılmaktadır. Ailesine "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Övünç Madalyası" verilmiştir. Kızı Gülsün Birand Birleşmiş Milletler'de uzun yıllar çalışmıştır.

Oğlu Emin Mahir Balcıoğlu, Sakıp Sabancı ve İstanbul Modern müzelerinde müdürlük yapmış bir mimardır. Torunu Can Balcıoğlu ise Bağımsız Model Birleşmiş Milletler Delegeleri Birliği kurucu başkanıdır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk diplomatlara düzenlenen suikastlar listesi
 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı

1909 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu diplomatlar
1978 yılında ölenler
Suikast sonucu ölen Türk diplomatlar
İspanya'da ateşli silahtan ölenler
Madrid'de ölenler
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Türkiye'nin başkonsolosları
Türkiye'nin Sudan büyükelçileri

Beşir Balcıoğlu


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M/S Helge er et dansk passagerskib hjemmehørende i Svendborg Havn i Svendborg. Skibet blev sat i drift i 1924, og blev i maj 2012 udpeget til et bevaringsværdigt skib af Skibsbevaringsfonden.

Fra juli 1924 blev skibet indsat i færgedrift på Svendborgsund året rundt. Fra 1955 sejlede Helge kun fra pinse til september.
Siden midten af 1980'erne har skibet udelukkende sejlet med turister i Sydfynske Øhav. Helge har siden 2005 været ejet af Svendborg Kommune.

Rutesejlads
Fra sin faste kajplads i Svendborg Havn sejler Helge til Vindebyøre på Tåsinge, hvorefter turen igen går tilbage til Fyn og Christiansminde, ved den østlige udkant af Svendborg. Herfra sejles der mod syd igennem Thurø Sund til Troense. Derfra går det stik øst mod Thurø, hvor der er anløb i Grasten. Sidste stop er ved Valdemars Slot på Tåsinge. Derefter sejles der af samme rute tilbage til Svendborg, og den samlede sejltid er 110 minutter.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 M/S Helge på www.svendborg-havn.dk
 Helges historie på Den lille svendborgguide

Transport i Svendborg
Færger i Danmark
Bevaringsværdige skibe
Etableret i 1924

M/S Helge


Det lysner er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1992 med instruktion og manuskript af Kim Peter Gyldenkvist.

Handling
En europæisk rapport om en tilstand anno 1992.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1992

Det lysner


An Alocasia simonsiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alistair Hay. An Alocasia simonsiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alocasia, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Papua New Guinea. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Alocasia

Alocasia simonsiana


Joy Dorothy Harvey (née en 1934) est une historienne des sciences américaine.

Sa vie
Harvey a obtenu un doctorat de l'université Harvard en 1983. Elle a été rédactrice en chef adjointe du «Darwin Correspondence Project» et a écrit une biographie de Clémence Royer, la première traductrice française de Darwin. Elle et Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie ont collaboré au The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science.

Œuvres
 « Médecine et politique : Mary Putnam Jacobi et la Commune de Paris », Anthropologie dialectique, vol. 15 (1990),
 l'autre côté du miroir : French Neurophysiology and English Interpretations, in Claude Debru, Jean Gayon et Jean-François Picard, dir., Les sciences biologiques et médicales en France, 1920-1950, 1994.
 'Charles Darwins "Stratégies sélectives": die französische versus die englische Reaktion', Rezeption von Evolutionstheorien im 19. Jahrhundert, 1995,
 Presque un homme de génie : Clémence Royer, le féminisme et la science du  siècle . Nouveau-Brunswick : Rutgers University Press, 1997
 "Histoire des sciences, histoire et sciences et sciences naturelles : enseignement de premier cycle de l'histoire des sciences à Harvard, 1938-1970", Isis, vol. 90 (1999), p. S270-S294.
 (éd. avec Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie ) The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the MidTwentieth Century . New York : Routledge, 2000
 « Les anges » de Darwin : les femmes correspondantes de Charles Darwin », dans Intellectual History Review, vol. 19, numéro 2 (2009), .

Références

Liens externes

Femme de lettres américaine
Historienne des sciences
Historienne américaine
Étudiant de l'université Harvard
Naissance en 1934

Joy Harvey


بلدية مونيستيرايو , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة بطليوس، التي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، والتي تقع في غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 4.610 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بطليوس
بلديات بطليوس

مونيستيرايو


La gare d'Ensival est une gare ferroviaire belge fermée de la ligne 37, de Liège à Hergenrath se trouvant à Ensival, ancienne commune rattachée à la ville de Verviers, dans la province de Liège en Région wallonne.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare d'Ensival est établie au  (PK) 23,5 de la ligne 37, de Liège-Guillemins à Hergenrath (frontière allemande) entre les gares ouvertes de Verviers-Central et Pepinster. Le tunnel d'Ensival, long de , se trouve à  des anciens quais.

Histoire
La section de Chaudfontaine à Verviers-Ouest de la  (Malines - Liège - frontière prussienne) est livrée à l'exploitation le  par l'Administration des chemins de fer de l'État belge. Le  de l'année suivante, une halte provisoire est créée à titre d'essai sur le talus surplombant Ensival

Le succès de cette halte gérée depuis la gare de Verviers (Ouest) motive sa transformation en station dès le . Des installations pour le déchargement des marchandises et le chargement de remorques sur wagons sont mentionnées en 1862. La même année, la construction d'un bâtiment de gare en briques est adjugée. Un second bâtiment, mieux positionné, le remplace en 1901 pour l'accueil des voyageurs et le guichet. La cour à marchandises est implantée en contrebas de la ligne.

Les tramways et autobus de Verviers apporteront une forme de concurrence aux trains pour la desserte d'Ensival. Le bâtiment de 1862, qui servait surtout de locaux de service et de logement de fonction pour le chef de station est démoli en 1969. Celui de 1901 est désaffecté en 1963 et démoli en 1976 ; Ensival devenant une simple halte que les trains de la SNCB cessent de desservir le .

Une aire de stationnement et des box de parking sont aménagés à l'emplacement des deux bâtiments disparus. Le site de la cour aux marchandises est utilisé par l' consacré à la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec une collection de véhicules militaires.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Les deux bâtiments des recettes, démolis depuis, étaient implantés face à face de part et d'autre des voies. L'aspect d'un éventuel bâtiment plus ancien demeure inconnu.

En 1862 est construit un bâtiment à étage de style fonctionnel teinté de néo-renaissance flamande qui se caractérise notamment par ses pignons à gradins (huit en tout). Il appartient au type standard alors en vigueur aux Chemins de fer de l'État belge construit par dizaines dans tout le pays et correspond à la variante la plus grande (sept travées). Une marquise de quai en fer (elle aussi de type standardisé) couvre le quai attenant. Avec le temps, il est agrandi par deux petites ailes sans étages supérieurs.

Le bâtiment de 1901 est quant à lui un exemplaire unique, au style éclectique, accolé au remblai. Le rez-de-chaussée côté voies correspondant au premier étage côté rue ; un passage ouvert dans le mur de soutènement donnant accès au tunnel sous voies. La façade de cet édifice est en briques avec une série d'ornements en pierre de taille et des lignes de refends (continues au niveau inférieur ; uniquement présentes sur les pilastres à l'étage). Il comporte sept travées dont quatre étroites avec une importante avancée côté rue et un fronton néo-classique au niveau de l'entrée médiane. La frise à bandes lombardes et les trois pignons triangulaires avec une grande fenêtre en oculus ont une ressemblance surprenante avec les gares standard de la compagnie privée du Grand Central Belge, bien que cette dernière, nationalisée en 1897, n'ait jamais exploité de chemin de fer dans la région. Une marquise de quai vitrée fait face à celle du bâtiment de 1862 et se prolonge vers la gauche par un abri en métal, en verre et en briques coiffant le mur et l'entrée du souterrain. Plusieurs éléments de façade, notamment au rez-de-chaussée, se retrouvent sur le nouveau bâtiment de la gare de Herstal, bien plus vaste, érigé à la même époque.

Les bâtiments de gare articulés sur deux niveaux pour donner accès à des voies surélevées sont rares en Belgique avant l'entre-deux-guerres. La ligne 37, bâtie dans un territoire accidenté et fortement urbanisé, constitue une exception avec trois bâtiments de cette sorte : Chaudfontaine (construite en 1843), Ensival ainsi que le bâtiment d'origine de Pepinster, désaffecté du service voyageurs dès la fin du .

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ligne 37 (Infrabel)
 Liste de gares en Belgique

Liens externes

Transport à Verviers
Ligne 37 (Infrabel)
Gare disparue dans la province de Liège
Gare mise en service en 1844

Gare d'Ensival