El subsuelo o sustrato es la capa de suelo debajo de la capa superficial de la tierra.

El subsuelo puede incluir sustancias como arcilla y/o arena, que solo han sido parcialmente desglosadas por aire, luz solar, agua, viento, entre otros, para producir suelo verdadero. Debajo del subsuelo está el sustrato, que puede ser rocoso, de sedimentos o depósitos eólicos, en gran medida afectados por factores formadores de suelo activo en el subsuelo. El subsuelo contiene partículas parcialmente degradadas, por lo general, de un tono más claro de color marrón o amarillo y contiene las raíces profundas de las plantas grandes, como los árboles.

Referencias

Tipos de suelo

Subsuelo


Silverdale est un quartier de Mission (Colombie-Britannique) situé dans la province de la Colombie-Britannique, dans le sud-ouest.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Municipalité en Colombie-Britannique

Silverdale (Colombie-Britannique)


رومان شيروكوف  ، من مواليد 6 يوليو 1981 في ديدوفيسك في روسيا ، لاعب كرة قدم روسي.

يلعب مع نادي زينيت سان بطرسبيرغ.

يلعب مع منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ديدوفسك
خلافات رياضية
رياضيون من محافظة موسكو
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو أف سي موسكو
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2016
لاعبو خيمكي
لاعبو روبين كازان
لاعبو زينيت سانت بطرسبرغ
لاعبو سبارتاك موسكو
لاعبو سسكا موسكو
لاعبو كرة قدم روس
لاعبو منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي ساتورن رامنسكوي
لاعبو نادي كراسنودار
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبون فائزون بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
مواليد 1981
مواليد في ديدوفسك
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة موسكو

رومان شيروكوف


Ardnamurchan (,  : headland of the great seas) is a  peninsula in the ward management area of Lochaber, Highland, Scotland, noted for being very unspoiled and undisturbed. Its remoteness is accentuated by the main access route being a single track road for much of its length. The most westerly point of mainland Great Britain, Corrachadh Mòr, is in Ardnamurchan.

From 1930 to 1975 Ardnamurchan also gave its name to a landward district of Argyll, which covered a much wider area, including the districts of Morvern, Sunart and Ardgour.

Geography
Strictly speaking, Ardnamurchan covers only the peninsula beyond the villages of Salen (in the south) and Acharacle (in the north), but nowadays the term is also used more generally to include the neighbouring districts of Sunart, Ardgour, Morvern, and even Moidart (which was part of the former county of Inverness-shire, not Argyll).

Ardnamurchan Point, which has the  Ardnamurchan Lighthouse built on it, is commonly described as the most westerly point of the British mainland although Corrachadh Mòr, a kilometre to the south, is a few metres farther west.

Geology
The north western corner of Ardnamurchan consists of a lopolith (previously interpreted as a ring dyke) that has been exposed at the surface. Evidence for such a structure can be identified from the phenocrysts in the rock exposures around the area of interest which show plagioclase crystals aligned towards the centre of the complex, an alignment caused by magmatic flow within a lopolith. Relatively small areas of lava that were ejected onto the surface are found in some parts of the peninsula, close to the inner edges of the area of interest. The sub-concentric rings of the geologic structure can easily be seen in satellite photographs and on topographic maps, though they are less obvious on the ground. At least seven other similar complexes of the same tectonic episode exist along the west coast of Britain, and these are popular sites for many university geological training courses.

History
Adomnan of Iona records St Columba visiting the peninsula in the 6th century, and gives the impression that it was settled by Irish Gaels at that time. He records three instances of signs performed by Columba on the peninsula.

Adomnan records in one instance that Columba prophesied to his companions the death of Kings Báetán mac Muirchertaig and Eochaid mac Domnaill before news arrived the same day at a place called 'paradise bay' to tell them the news. In the second instance, which is said to have occurred in an unnamed rocky spot in the interior, the parents of a boy brought their child to Columba to be baptized but no water could be found, and Columba prayed to God and water miraculously came out of a nearby rock and he prophesied that the child would live a sinful life and later be a saint.

In the third instance, which took place at a spot Adomnan called 'Sharp bay', there was a wicked man named Ioan mac Conaill maic Domnaill who was related to the Cenél nGabraín, and this man attacked Columba's friend and plundered his goods. Columba met this wicked man and called on him to repent, but he didn't listen and instead boarded his boat with the stolen goods. Columba then followed the boat, wading into the water up to his knees and prayed to God. He then prophesied to his companions that this man and his boat were going to meet with disaster on the sea, and according to Adomnan, the boat was sunk before reaching land with Ioan drowning at sea along with his stolen goods.

Donaldson identifies "Buarblaig" (now referred to as Bourblaige, about  east of Kilchoan on the other side of Ben Hiant, ) with Muribulg, where the Annals of Tigernach record a battle between the Picts and the Dalriads in 731. It may also be the 'Muirbole Paradisi' mentioned by Adomnán. Although its stone foundations still remain, the village of Bourblaige no longer exists, as it was destroyed in the Highland Clearances in the early 19th century.

According to early twentieth-century tradition in Ardnamurchan, two battles were fought in the bays between Gortenfern () and Sgeir a' Chaolais (). Archaeological finds in the vicinity of Cul na Croise ()—a bay between Sgeir a Chaolais and Sgeir nam Meann—consist of spears, daggers, arrow-heads, and a coin dating to the reign of Edward I, King of England. These artefacts could indicate that Cul na Croise was the site of conflict fought in the context of the strife between Edward I's representative, Alasdair Óg Mac Domhnaill, and the Clann Ruaidhrí brothers, Lachlann Mac Ruaidhrí and Ruaidhrí Mac Ruaidhrí. According to tradition, one of the battles fought in the area concerned a certain "Red Rover", and another fought nearby concerned an Irishman named "Duing" or "Dewing". Relics of a Viking ship burial in Cul na Croise have been given to the West Highland Museum at Fort William.

In 2011, a Viking ship burial, probably from the 10th century, was unearthed at Port an Eilean Mhòir on Ardnamurchan. Grave goods buried alongside a Viking warrior found in the boat suggest he was a high-ranking warrior. The Ardnamurchan Viking was found buried with an axe, a sword with a decorated hilt, a spear, a shield boss and a bronze ring pin. Other finds in the  grave in Ardnamurchan included a knife, what could be the tip of a bronze drinking horn, a whetstone from Norway, a ring pin from Ireland and Viking Age pottery.

Settlements

The population of the whole peninsula is around 2,000. Historically part of the former county of Argyll, it is now part of the Lochaber ward management area of the Highland local authority.

Villages in Ardnamurchan:
 Acharacle ()
 Achnaha ()
 Glenborrodale ()
 Kilchoan ()
 Kilmory ()
 Laga ()
 Ockle ()
 Portuairk ()
 Salen ()
 Sanna ()

Scottish Gaelic
Ardnamurchan has one of the highest concentrations of Scottish Gaelic speakers on the mainland, with 19.3% of the local population able to speak the language. The peninsula is also home to an annual Mòd, an eisteddfod-like festival and series of contests celebrating the Gaelic language, its culture, music, and literature.

Ardnamurchan has also been the home to a number of important figures in Scottish Gaelic literature.

Prior to his involvement in the Jacobite rising of 1745, the legendary Gaelic poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair worked as schoolmaster for the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge in Kilchoan, where his father had previously served as Rector for the Jacobite and High Church Non-Juring Anglican Communion.

Dr John MacLachlan, the author of , a poem on the Ardnamurchan Clearances, is unusual for his outspoken criticism of the Anglo-Scottish landlords responsible for the evictions. The poem influenced Somhairle MacGill-Eain, who wrote a poem to its author.

Economy
Ardnamurchan distillery is a Scotch whisky distillery located on the peninsula.

Culture

The peninsula has its own shinty team, Ardnamurchan Camanachd.

Fauna and scenery
Rare species such as the wildcat, pine marten, golden eagle and white-tailed eagle can be seen in Ardnamurchan.

Ardnamurchan is wild and unspoiled. Ardnamurchan Point, adjacent to the most westerly point on the British mainland, has a lighthouse and a view from a sheer rock face of the open Atlantic Ocean. The northern part of Ardnamurchan forms part of the Morar, Moidart and Ardnamurchan National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure their protection by restricting certain forms of development.

Famous people
The geologist Donald Duff FRSE (1927–98) bought a house there after surveying the area in the 1950s.
The button box accordion player, Fergie MacDonald, is from the area.
The preacher J. Douglas MacMillan came from Ardnamurchan.
The cameraman, CBeebies presenter and Strictly contestant Hamza Yassin has lived in the area for 12 years

See also
List of listed buildings in Ardnamurchan

Notes and references

External links
Ardnamurchan Tourist Association
All about Ardnamurchan

National scenic areas of Scotland
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in South Lochaber
Volcanoes of Scotland
Eocene volcanoes
Extinct volcanoes of Europe
Complex volcanoes
Highland Estates

Ardnamurchan


En arena er oprindelig en sandbelagt, plads i et romersk amfiteater, beregnet til gladiator- og dyrekampe, men i dag også en scene hvor der er optræden af forskellig slags.

Arena (scene)


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja
 Od 28. srpnja do 12. kolovoza – XXIII. Olimpijske igre – Los Angeles 1984.

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja
 Od 12. do 27. lipnja – Europsko prvenstvo u nogometu u Francuskoj: prvak Francuska

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1984.


ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් IV (ග්‍රීක: ; ක්‍රි.පූ. 323 – 309), හෙවත් නූතනයේ ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල වැරදි ලෙස ඊගස්, යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මහා ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් (මැසිඩෝනියාවේ තෙවන ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර්) සහ බැක්ට්‍රියාවේ රොක්සානා කුමරියගේ පුත්‍රයායි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට
Smith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, "Alexander IV", Boston, (1867).

බාහිර සබැඳි

Livius.org: Alexander IV
Wiki Classical Dictionary: Alexander IV

ක්‍රි.පූ. 323 උපත්
ක්‍රි.පූ. 309 මරණ

මැසිඩෝනියාවේ සිව්වන ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර්


Edduverðlaunin 2019 voru veitt á hátíð í Austurbæ í Reykjavík 22. febrúar 2019. Kynnir kvöldsins var Logi Bergmann Eiðsson. Rætt var um óvenju harða samkeppni um verðlaun fyrir kvikmynd ársins. Lof mér að falla var með flestar tilnefningar, en Kona fer í stríð vann verðlaunin.

2019

Edduverðlaunin 2019


تضمين التردد  إحدى تقنيات التضمين المستعملة في الاتصالات لتحميل إشارة المعلومات على تردد اخر (أعلى نسبيا) وذلك بواسطة تغيير التردد الحامل للإشارة كدالة في سعتها. في الإرسال الرقمي يوجد شبيه لهذا التضمين يدعى بتضمين إزاحة التردد FSK.

النظرية

لتكن إشارة المعلومات الأساسية (الرسالة) المراد إرسالها هي:

مقيدة السعة كما يلي

وليكن التردد الحامل هو

حيثfc تردد الحامل الأساسي وAc سعة الحامل.
فإن المضمن (وحدة التضمين) سيتغير مع الإشارة الأساسية للمعلومة المرسلة بالعلاقة

في هذه المعادلة،  هو التردد الاني لمولد الإشارة و هو انحراف التردد الذي يبين الإزاحة العظمى من fc في اتجاه واحد على افتراض أن xm(t) محدودة فيا لمجال ±1.

معامل التضمين
يعبر معامل التضمين عن مدى تغير الإشارة المضمنة حول مستواها قبل التضمين ويعبر عنه بالعلاقة

حيث  يمثل أعلى مركبة تردد في الإشارة xm(t), و هي القيمة العظمى للانحراف التردديإذا كانت ,يطلق على التضمين بـ تضمين تردد ضيق النطاق, ويكون عرض النطاق تقريبا . إذا كانت , يطلق على التضمين ''تضمين تردد واسع النطاق' وعرض نطاقه تقريبا . للنطاق العريض أثر فعال في جودة الإشارة.

قاعدة كارسون
تنص قاعدة كارسون أو قاعدة الإبهام على أن كل (~98%) القدرة لإشارة مضمنة تردديا تقع ضمن عرض النطاق  لها

حيث , الانحراف الترددي الأعظمي  من التردد الحامل .

دوال بسيل
هنا عرض لسعات التردد الحامل والجوانب لمعاملات تضمين ترددي مختلفة مبنية من دوال بيسيل.

تطبيقات

البث

يستخدم التضمين الترددي عموما في الترددات الراديوية العالية جدا تردد جد عالي لضمان بث إذاعي عالي الجودة من الموسيقى والصوت. كذلك أيضا في البث التلفزيوني التماثلي. تبث الإذاعات المحلية عادة النطاق الترددي FM في موجات الراديو (77-108 MHz) لضمان جودة الإشارة وعدم التداخل.

العتاد
يستعمل التضمين الترددي أيضا عند الترددات الراديوية المتوسطة في مسجلات أشرطة الفيديو VCR.

الصوت
تستخدم التضمين الترددي أيضاً في الترددات الصوتية لاصطناع الصوت (التلاعب بطبقاته).

إنظر أيضاً
 تضمين السعة
 التضمين
 تضمين الطور
 تضمين زائد

مراجع

أشكال تضمين راديوية
تاريخ الراديو
مصطلحات الإلكترونيات

تعديل التردد


Jalal es una villa de la India situada en el distrito de Bathinda, Estado de Punyab. Según el censo de 2011, tiene una población de 6,706 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Jalal


Andreas Kaplan (născut la 5 octombrie 1977) este rector la Școala de Afaceri ESCP Business School din Berlin și Paris. Anterior, el a îndeplinit funcția de decan pentru probleme academice al Școlii, iar înainte, cea de director de brand și comunicații, ambele în cadrul comitetului executiv al ESCP Business School. Kaplan este profesor de marketing și specializat în domeniul mediilor de socializare, cel al marketingului viral și cel al lumii digitale în general.

Viața
Kaplan s-a născut la 5 octombrie 1977 și a crescut în München, Germania. Mama lui este Anneliese Kaplan (croitoreasă), iar tatăl său, Vincenc Kaplan (lăcătuș).
Profesorul Kaplan deține un master în administrație publică de la École Nationale d'Administration, un master în științe de la ESCP Business School și o licență în științe de la Universitatea Ludwig Maximilian din München. Și-a finalizat abilitarea la Sorbona și doctoratul la Universitatea din Köln, în colaborare cu HEC Paris. Kaplan a fost doctorand invitat la INSEAD și a participat la Programul Internațional pentru Profesori la Școala de Management Kellogg, Universitatea Northwestern.

Înainte de a se alătura Școlii ESCP, Kaplan și-a început cariera ca profesor de marketing la Școala de Afaceri ESSEC și Sciences Po Paris.

Interesat îndeosebi de viitorul educației în domeniul managementului din Europa și de peisajul general al școlilor de afaceri, Kaplan a scris, de asemenea, articole care tratează managementul european, precum și învățământul superior și evoluția lor în viitor, în special având în vedere digitalizarea sectorului datorită apariției MOOC-urilor (cursuri online deschise maselor) și a SPOC-urilor (cursuri online private). Definind Europa ca deținând "o diversitate culturală maximă la distanțe geografice minime", Kaplan este un ferm susținător al educației în managementul intercultural.

Cercetare
Cercetările lui Kaplan abordează în principal analizarea și descifrarea sferei digitale. Cu peste 20.000 de menționări pe Google Scholar, profesorul Kaplan a fost inclus printre primii 50 de autori din lume în domeniul afaceri și management, potrivit companiei John Wiley & Sons. Kaplan a primi Premiul anual pentru Cel mai bun articol de la Business Horizons, sponsorizat de Elsevier, pentru lucrarea sa din 2012, "If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4x4" (Dacă iubești ceva, lasă-l să devină mobil: Marketing mobil și medii de socializare mobile 4x4)

În special articolul său din 2010, "Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media" (Utilizatori din lume, uniți-vă! Provocările și oportunitățile mediilor de socializare), publicat în Business Horizons, este larg menționat (de peste 15.000 de ori pe Google Scholar, de peste 5000 de ori în Scopus și de peste 500 de ori în Business Source Premier) și cunoscut în domeniu. Acest articol influent, "Users of the World, Unite!", a obținut în mod repetat primul loc în lista anuală alcătuită de Science Direct cu cele mai descărcate 25 de publicații din toate cele 24 de subiecte principale tratate în Science Direct, de la management la inginerie, psihologie sau neuroștiințe, și, prin urmare, a fost descărcat mai des decât oricare alta dintre cele aproximativ 13,4 milioane de lucrări din colecție.
Cercetările mai recente se ocupă de influența sferei digitale asupra învățământului superior, cum ar fi apariția MOOC-urilor și a SPOC-urilor, precum și de viitorul învățământului superior în general și al școlilor de afaceri în special.

Bibliografie

 Kaplan Andreas, Haenlein Michael (2019), "Siri, Siri in my Hand, who is the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence," Business Horizons, 62 (1), 15 - 25
 Kaplan Andreas (2018) "A School is a Building that Has 4 Walls - with Tomorrow Inside": Toward the Reinvention of the Business School, Business Horizons.
 Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael (2016) Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster, Business Horizons, Volume 59.
 Pucciarelli Francesca, Kaplan Andreas M. (2016) Competition and Strategy in Higher Education: Managing Complexity and Uncertainty, Business Horizons, Volume 59(3).
 Kaplan Andreas (2015) European business and management (Vol. I) – Cultural specificities and cross-cultural commonalities, Sage Publications Ltd., London
 Kaplan Andreas(2015) European business and management (Vol. II) – Business ethics and corporate social responsibility, Sage Publications Ltd., London
 Kaplan Andreas (2015) European business and management (Vol. III) – Contextual diversity and interdisciplinary aspects, Sage Publications Ltd., London
 Kaplan Andreas(2015) European business and management (Vol. IV) – Business education and scholarly research, Sage Publications Ltd., London
 Kaplan Andreas M. (2014) European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools, European Management Journal
 Kaplan Andreas M. (2012) If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4x4, Business Horizons, 55(2), 129-139
 Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael (2012) The Britney Spears universe: Social media and viral marketing at its best, Business Horizons, 55(1), 27-31
 Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael (2011) Editorial : Les médias sociaux sont définitivement devenus une réalité, Recherche et Applications en Marketing, 26(3),3-5
 Kaplan Andreas (2011) Social media between the real and the virtual: How Facebook, YouTube & Co. can become an extension of the real life of their users - and sometimes even more, Prospective Stratégique, 38 (Mars), 8-13
 Kaplan Andreas M. (2011) Twitter ou le pouvoir de 140 caractères, Expansion Management Review, 140, 104-113
 Kaplan A.M., Haenlein M. (2011) The early bird catches the news: Nine things you should know about micro-blogging, Business Horizons, 54(2), 105-113
 Kaplan A.M., Haenlein M. (2011) Two hearts in 3/4 time: How to waltz the Social Media – Viral Marketing dance, Business Horizons, 54(3), 253-263
 Deighton John, Fader Peter, Haenlein Michael, Kaplan Andreas M., Libai Barack., Muller Etan (2011) Médias sociaux et entreprise, une route pleine de défis : Commentaires invités, Recherche et Applications en Marketing, Vol. 26, 3, 117-124
 Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael (2010) Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media, Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68
 Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael (2009) Utilisation et potentiel commercial des hyperréalités : Une analyse qualitative de Second Life, Revue Française du Marketing, 222, 69-81
 Kaplan A.M., Haenlein M. (2006) Toward a Parsimonious Definition of Traditional and Electronic Mass Customization, Journal of Product Innovation management, 23(2), 168-182
 Kaplan Andreas, Haenlein Michael, Schoder Detlef (2006) Valuing the real option of abandoning unprofitable customers when calculating customer lifetime value, Journal of Marketing, 70(3), 5-20

Note

Economiști germani
Nașteri în 1977
Absolvenți ai Universității din München
Absolvenți ai Universității din Paris
Educatori germani
Economiști din secolul al XXI-lea

Andreas Kaplan


بلدية الحمَّة أو حَمَّة المَرِيَّة أو (نقحرة: الهاما دي المرية) , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 3.438 نسمة.

أعلام
 نيكولاس سالميرون

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية
أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية

حمة المرية


Selma Bajrami (Mramor (Tuzla, BiH), 4. srpnja 1980.) je poznata bosanskohercegovačka folk pjevačica. Izvodi zabavnu i folk glazbu. Prvi album pod nazivom "Kad suza ne bude" snimila je 1998. godine u Beogradu u studiju "Time". Autor pjesama je bio Milić Vukašinović. Drugi album 1999. godine je radila u studiju Miće Nikolića. S njega su se pored naslovne pjesme "Ljubav si ubio gade", izdvojile i pjesme "Život liječi rane" i "Pijanica". Svoj sljedeći album i prvi u produkciji Dejana Abadića, koji je izašao pod nazivom "Žena sa Balkana" 2002. godine, donio je neki novi zvuk, pjesme poput "Nano", "Škorpija", "Žena sirena" i "Bićeš moj" su krenule prema vrhovima folk top ljestvica. Zahvaljujući pjesmi "Žena sirena" Selma je od publike i kolega dobila nadimak koji, prema vlastitim riječima s ponosom nosi. Autori pjesama na Selminom albumu koji je izašao 2004. godine pod nazivom "Kakvo tijelo Selma ima" bili su Dragan Brajović Braja, Dragiša Baša i Nanin iz Tuzle. Zanimljivo je da je tekst za pjesmu "Ljubavi jedina" napisala sama Selma. Ovo je bio drugi album urađen u produkciji Dejana Abadića. U stankama između snimanja albuma Selma je imala par izleta u žanr zabavne glazbe. Njen rad sa sastavom IF iz Tuzle ostao je veoma zapažen, kao i njeno sudjelovanje na Eurosongu s pjesmom Ranka Bobana "Zaljubljena".

Diskografija
 Kad suza ne bude (Album 1998)
 Ljubav si ubio gade (Album 1999)
 Revolucija (Album 2001)
 Žena s Balkana (Album 2002)
 Kakvo tijelo Selma ima (Album 2004)
 Ostrvo tuge (Album 2007)
 Zakon sudbine (Album 2010)
 Selma (Album 2014)
 Mladje slađe ft. Enela Palavra (Single 2015)
 Zverka (Single 2016)
 Uzbuna (Single 2016)
 Sve mi nudi ft. Kexi (Single 2017)
 Incidentno (Single 2017)
 Rizik (Single 2018)
 Lažni gospodin (Single 2019)

Izvori

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Životopisi, Tuzla
Mramor (Tuzla, BiH)
Bosanskohercegovački pjevači

Selma Bajrami


භූතු යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ සී බංග්ලා සහ සී ටීවී නාළිකා ඔස්සේ විකාශය වන බෙංගාලි / හින්දි ළමා ප්‍රහසන-නාට්‍ය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවකි.

මෙහි මුල් කතාමාලාව සී බංග්ලා ඔස්සේ විකාශය විය. මෙම කථාව දිවෙන්නේ අන්‍යන්ට උදව් කිරීමට කැමති "භූතු" නම් භූත් දැරියක වටා ය. මෙම චරිතය කැස්පර් ද ෆ්‍රෙන්ඩ්ලි ගෝස්ට් ඇසුරෙන් නිමැවුණකි. මෙම වැඩසටහන හින්දියෙන් හඬකවා සී අන්මොල් නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ ලඩ්ඩූ ලෙස විකාශය වේ.

සී ටීවී නාළිකාව උදෙසා හින්දි බසින් ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය වූ මෙය 2017 අගෝස්තු 21 දින විකාශය කෙරිණි. මෙය බින් කුච් කහේ කතාමාලාව ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේ ය.  මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන්නේ අර්ශියා මුඛර්ජී, සානා අමීන් ෂෙයික්, කින්ෂුක් මහාජාන්, ආකන්ක්ශා චමෝලා සහ අංජලී ප්‍රියා විසිනි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ඉන්දියාවේ බෙංගාලි-භාෂා රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන්කරණය
සී ටීවී රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
ඉන්දියානු ළමා රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රහසන රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
2016 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා ඇරඹීම්
2017 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා අවසන් වීම්

භූතු


An Leymus ruoqiangensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Shen g Lian Lu ngan Y.H.Wu. An Leymus ruoqiangensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leymus

Leymus ruoqiangensis


El arroyo Cuñapirú (en guaraní: mujer flaca) es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Rivera, perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica del Río Uruguay.

Nace en la cuchilla Negra, cerca del límite con Brasil y desemboca en el río Tacuarembó tras recorrer alrededor de 59 km.

Sus principales afluentes son el Arroyo Corrales, el Arroyo Mangueras  y el Arroyo de los Médanos. En su recorrido tiene varios puentes: Paso de Castro, Paso de Serpa, Paso de la Calera y Ruinas del Cuñapirú.

Referencias

Cunzzapiru
Cunzzapiru
Toponimia guaraní del Uruguay
Cuenca del río Tacuarembó

Arroyo Cuñapirú


An Tuctoria fragilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jason Richard Swallen, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Raymond Reeder. An Tuctoria fragilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tuctoria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tuctoria

Tuctoria fragilis


Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen (span. Originaltitel La historia me absolverá) ist der später gewählte Titel der Verteidigungsrede, die Fidel Castro als Plädoyer hielt, als er am 16. Oktober 1953 wegen des von ihm organisierten Angriffs auf die Moncada-Kaserne vor Gericht gestellt wurde.

Entstehung des Textes
Sein am 16. Oktober gehaltenes Plädoyer musste Castro fast ohne juristische Nachschlagewerke ausarbeiten. Ebenso war es ihm nicht möglich, seine Rede aufzuschreiben, weshalb er gezwungen war, die gesamte Rede frei vorzutragen. Auf Basis seiner Rede schrieb Castro später im Gefängnis einen um zahlreiche ausführliche Zitate prominenter Vertreter der abendländischen Geistesgeschichte erweiterten Text, den er anschließend in Einzelteilen aus der Haft schmuggeln, unter Umgehung der Zensur drucken und ab Herbst 1954 im Untergrund als eine Art erstes Manifest der Kubanischen Revolution verbreiten ließ. Castro hatte bereits mehrere Monate zuvor eine andere programmatische Kampfschrift verfasst, die er im Dezember 1953 per Brief an den ihn unterstützenden Journalisten Luis Conte Agüero schickte, der sie in Castros Auftrag redigierte und ab Januar 1954 verbreitete. Die von Castro als "Manifest an die Nation" konzipierte Schrift unter dem Titel Botschaft an Kuba, das leidet entfaltete jedoch nicht die von Castro erhoffte Breitenwirkung.

Die veröffentlichte Fassung endet mit den berühmt gewordenen Worten "Verurteilt mich, es hat keine Bedeutung. Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen". Dieser Schlusssatz wird daher seit der gedruckten Erstauflage als Titel verwendet. Die Erstauflage enthielt ein Vorwort des angesehenen Intellektuellen Jorge Mañach, das für spätere Auflagen nicht mehr verwendet wurde, nachdem Mañach 1960 aus Protest gegen Castros prokommunistische politische Kurswende wie zuvor schon unter Batista ins Exil gegangen war. Das Vorwort enthielt unter anderem die Mañach gegebene Fehlinformation, bei dem Text handele es sich um eine wortgetreue Originalmitschrift der vor Gericht gehaltenen Verteidigungsrede.

Inhalt
Castro unternahm in seiner Rede keinen Versuch, seine Beteiligung am Angriff auf die Moncada-Kaserne oder seine Absichten hinsichtlich desselbigen zu bestreiten. Vielmehr war es sein Ziel, diesen Angriff durch die Anklage der Batista-Diktatur zu legitimieren.

So begann er zunächst damit, Unregelmäßigkeiten im Prozessverlauf zu kritisieren, und ging anschließend dazu über, die Ermordung und Folterung seiner gefangen genommenen Mitkämpfer anzuprangern.

Nach einer Beschreibung des Vorgehens beim Angriff auf die Moncada-Kaserne erwähnt Castro die Revolutionsgesetze, die er nach einem erfolgreichen Angriff über den Rundfunk verbreiten lassen wollte. Diese Revolutionsgesetze, eher reformistisch denn revolutionär gehalten,  hätten ihm zufolge die Verfassung von 1940 wieder einführen sollen. Darüber hinaus sollten nach diesem Gesetz die Kleinbauern das von ihnen gepachtete Land als Besitz zugeteilt bekommen. Ebenfalls sah das Gesetz vor, Fabrikarbeiter prozentual an den Gewinnen ihrer Betriebe zu beteiligen. Gleiches sollte für pachtende Bauern gelten. Des Weiteren hätte das Revolutionsgesetz die Konfiskation veruntreuter Gelder und Güter vorgeschrieben.

Anschließend sprach Castro die auf Kuba herrschenden Missstände wie Analphabetismus und schlechte Wohnbedingungen an und machte sowohl die Diktatur Batistas als auch die Korruption dafür verantwortlich.

Schließlich ging Castro dazu über, den Staatsstreich Batistas und somit seine Herrschaft für illegal zu erklären. Aus diesem Grund konnte sich Castro somit auf das in Artikel 40 der Verfassung (aus dem Jahre 1940) verankerte Recht zum Widerstand gegen eine illegitime Regierung berufen. Gleichzeitig belegte Castro auf diese Weise, dass es sich bei seinem Angriff nicht um einen verbotenen Aufstand gegen die verfassungsmäßigen Staatsgewalten gehandelt habe, da das Regime Batistas nicht verfassungskonform gewesen sei. Dabei kritisierte er ebenfalls die Judikative, die nichts gegen Batistas Verfassungsverstöße unternommen habe.

Historische Einordnung
Fünf Tage nach dem erfolglosen Angriff auf die Moncada-Kaserne in Santiago de Cuba am 26. Juli 1953 wurde Castro mit einigen Kameraden von einer Militärpatrouille überrumpelt und festgenommen.

Bereits im Vorfeld zu der Gerichtsverhandlung, in der Castro wegen der Organisation und Durchführung eines bewaffneten Aufstandes angeklagt wurde, wurden ungefähr 60 gefangen genommene Rebellen in den Gefängnissen gefoltert und ermordet.

Der Prozess gegen Castro und einige seiner Mitkämpfer begann am 21. September 1953 und endete am 16. Oktober desselben Jahres. In dessen Verlauf wurden insgesamt 29 Kämpfer zu Haftstrafen von drei, zehn und dreizehn Jahren verurteilt. Fidel Castro selbst wurde zu einer Haftstrafe von fünfzehn Jahren verurteilt.

Nach einem Jahr und sieben Monaten Haft auf der Isla de Pinos wurde Fidel Castro am 15. Mai 1955 auf Druck der Öffentlichkeit wieder freigelassen und ging am 7. Juli ins Exil nach Mexiko.

Ausgaben (Auswahl)
 Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen. Rotbuch, 2009, ISBN 978-3-86789-061-8.
 Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen. Hinder und Deelmann, 1968
 Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen. Verlag des Instituts für Geosoziologie und Politik, 1965

Literatur
 Fidel Castro, Volker Skierka: Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen. Rotbuch, 2009, ISBN 978-3-86789-061-8.
 Antonio Rafael de la Cova: The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuban Revolution. University of South Carolina Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-57003-672-9 (englisch)
 Nicola Miller: The Absolution of History: Uses of the Past in Castro's Cuba (PDF; 2,0 MB), in: Journal of Contemporary History Vol 38(I), 2003, S. 147–162, abgerufen via latinamericanstudies.org (englisch)
 Marta Rojas: El juicio del Moncada, Ciencias Sociales, Havanna 2012 (erste Auflage 1964)
 Carlos Widmann:  Das letzte Buch über Fidel Castro. München (Hanser Verlag) 2012. ISBN 978-3-446-24004-9

Weblinks
 Fidel Castro: La Historia me absolverá, offizielle Version der Rede in der Granma (spanisch)
 Fidel Castro: Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen, gekürzte Version der Rede im deutschsprachigen Fidel Castro Archiv

Einzelnachweise

Rede (20. Jahrhundert)
Kubanische Revolution
Fidel Castro
Ereignis 1953
Santiago de Cuba

Die Geschichte wird mich freisprechen


O observatório universitário em Göttingen é um centro de pesquisa histórica e o terceiro observatório universitário na área de língua alemã após as fundações em Viena e Graz. O edifício está localizado na Geismar Landstraße 11 em Göttingen e é afiliado à Universidade de Göttingen.

Histórico

Em 1802, George III do Reino Unido, que também era o príncipe-eleitor de Hanover, alocou 22 680 táleres para um novo observatório. Os planos foram desenvolvidos, como muitos dos edifícios da universidade, por Georg Heinrich Borheck. A construção foi adiada pelas Guerras Revolucionárias Francesas e estendida de 1803 até 1816. Na época, o edifício ficava nos arredores de Göttingen, para garantir uma visão desobstruída do céu noturno.

Carl Friedrich Gauss tornou-se o primeiro diretor do Observatório, e viveu lá entre 1815 e 1855. Gauss providenciou a instalação de dois círculos meridianos (produzidos por Johann Georg Repsold e Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach em 1818 e 1819.

Gauss foi sucedido por Wilhelm Weber e Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, que serviram como diretores provisórios (embora nenhum deles fosse astrônomo), e Dirichlet foi substituído, após sua morte, pelo ex-assistente de Gauss, Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues. Em 1868, a instituição de pesquisa foi dividida em seções teóricas e práticas. Klinkerfues continuou a administrar o observatório até sua morte em 1884, após o que a direção passou para Wilhelm Schur em 1886. Ao longo de 1887/1888 Schur liderou uma remodelação completa do observatório. Os principais projetos incluíram a renovação do telhado do salão principal e a substituição da cúpula obsoleta. Em contraste com seu antecessor, Klinkerfues, Schur foi muito bem sucedido na modernização do equipamento inadequado do observatório, adquirindo um novo e grande heliômetro Repsold em 1888. Ele também, com a ajuda de um assistente, catalogou e organizou mais de 11 000 livros e brochuras em biblioteca do observatório durante um período de um ano e meio, terminando em 1899.

Após a morte de Schur, Karl Schwarzschild assumiu o cargo em 1901 e foi sucedido primeiro por Johannes Franz Hartmann e depois por Hans Kienle, Paul ten Bruggencate, Hans-Heinrich Voigt, Rudolf Kippenhahn, Klaus Fricke, Klaus Beuermann e, finalmente, Stefan Dreizler.

Referências
Göttingen
Universidade de Göttingen

Observatório de Göttingen


An Navia scirpiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni L.B.Sm., Steyerm. ngan Harold Ernest Robinson. An Navia scirpiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Navia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Navia

Navia scirpiflora


Brixhe ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
Peggy Brixhe (1925–2014), portugiesische Badmintonspielerin
Pierre Brixhe (* 1998), belgischer Handballspieler

Brixhe


Juan López de Agurto de la Mata (22 de dezembro de 1572 – 24 de dezembro de 1637) foi um prelado católico que serviu como Bispo de Coro (mais tarde Bispo de Caracas) (1634–1637) e Bispo de Porto Rico (1630–1634).

Biografia
Juan López de Agurto de la Mata nasceu em San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Tenerife, Espanha). A 20 de julho de 1630, foi nomeado pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado a 10 de fevereiro de 1631, pelo Papa Urbano VIII, como Bispo de Porto Rico. No dia 8 de agosto de 1634, foi nomeado pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado pelo Papa Urbano VIII como Bispo de Coro. A 20 de junho de 1637, a Diocese de Coro passou a chamar-se Diocese de Caracas, Santiago da Venezuela. Serviu como Bispo de Caracas até à sua morte a 24 de dezembro de 1637.

Mortos em 1637
Nascidos em 1572
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Urbano VIII

Juan López de Agurto de la Mata


Rolls-Royce Trent XWB er en britisk serie af turbofane jetmotorer udviklet af Rolls-Royce. Motoren driver udelukkende passagerflyet Airbus A350 og er udviklet fra Rolls-Royce Trent 1000. Den første motortest blev lavet den 14. juni 2010. Dens listepris er ca. US$35 millioner (229 millioner kr.).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Flymotorer

Rolls-Royce Trent XWB


USS Marcus Island (CVE-77) was the twenty-third of fifty s built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after an engagement on 31 August 1943 over Minami-Tori-shima, known on American maps as Marcus Island. She was launched in December 1943, commissioned in January 1944, and she served in the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, the Philippines campaign, as well as the Battle of Okinawa. She spent the majority of her World War II as a flagship for various escort carrier formations, serving as the headquarters for Rear Admiral William D. Sample and Felix Stump. During the Philippines campaign, she participated in the Battle off Samar, the largest naval engagement in history, and during the Battle of Mindoro, she had multiple near-brushes with Japanese kamikazes. Post-war, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet, repatriating U.S. servicemen from throughout the Pacific. She was decommissioned in December 1946, being mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was broken up in 1960.

Design and description

Marcus Island was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carrier ever built, and was designed specifically to be rapidly mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, had a beam of , and a draft of . She displaced  standard and  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Her compact size limited the length of the flight deck and necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors  anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as twelve Oerlikon  cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty  cannons, and the number of Bofors  guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Although Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to function with a crew of 860 and an embarked squadron of 50 to 56, the exigencies of wartime often necessitated the inflation of the crew count. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. During the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, Marcus Island carried 16 FM-2 Wildcat fighters and 12 TBM-1C Avenger torpedo bombers for a total of 28 aircraft. At the beginning of the Philippines campaign, she carried 17 FM-2 Wildcats and 12 TBM-1C Avengers for a total of 29 aircraft. During the Battle of Mindoro, she carried 24 FM-2 Wildcats and 9 TBM-1C Avengers for a total of 33 aircraft. This increase in fighter capabilities was due to the threat of kamikaze attacks. During the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf, she carried 26 FM-2 Wildcats and 9 TBM-1C Avengers for a total of 35 aircraft. By the Battle of Okinawa, she carried 20 FM-2 Wildcats, 11 TBM-3 Avengers, and a TBM-3P photo-reconnaissance plane for a total of 32 aircraft.

Construction

Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington, under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942. She was laid down on 15 September 1943 under the name Kanalku Bay, under Frank Knox's directive naming escort carriers for "sounds, bays, and islands". She was laid down as MC hull 1114, the twenty-third of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. On 6 November 1943, she was renamed to Marcus Island as part of a modified convention that set escort carriers to be named after "sounds, bays, and islands, and famous American battles". She was launched on 16 December 1943; sponsored by Mrs. S.L. LaHache; transferred to the Navy and commissioned at Astoria, Oregon on 26 January 1944, with Captain Charles F. Greber in command.

Service history

World War II

Upon being commissioned, Marcus Island underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast. Upon its completion, she began transporting aircraft from the West Coast to bases in the South Pacific, with her first ferry mission starting on 19 May. Finishing her transport run on 1 July, she embarked Composite Squadron (VC) 21, and departed westwards from San Diego on 20 July.

Marianas and Palau Islands campaign
She arrived in Tulagi of the Solomon Islands on 24 August, where she  joined Task Group 32.7, the Western Escort Carrier Group. As Task Unit 32.7.1's flagship, Rear Admiral William D. Sample raised his flag over Marcus Island. Her task group was assigned to provide close air support for the marines participating in the planned landings on Peleliu and Angaur of the Palau Islands, as a part of the larger Mariana and Palau Islands campaign.

Marcus Island commenced pre-invasion strikes on 12 September, softening up Japanese positions on Peleliu and Angaur. Marcus Island began close air support operations on 15 September, the day of the landings. On the first day of the landings, her aircraft contingent lost an Avenger along with its pilot in combat, although losses were generally light for the rest of the battle. She continued providing air cover and launching strikes until 2 October, when she retired to Manus of the Admiralty Islands, arriving on 4 October.

Philippines campaign

Battle of Leyte

At Manus, Marcus Island joined Task Group 77.4, the escort carrier group tasked with supporting the return to the Philippines as part of the Seventh Fleet. She maintained her status as a flagship for Task Unit 77.4.2, also known as "Taffy 2". She, accompanied by eighteen other escort carriers and their screens of battleships, cruisers, and destroyers, steamed on 12 October for Leyte Gulf, where they were expected to support the landings on Leyte. "Taffy 2" was positioned to the direct south of "Taffy 3", which was positioned to the east of the San Bernardino Strait. Arriving off the island on 18 October, her aircraft began carrying out naval patrols and strikes against predesignated targets. Once the Sixth Army had landed on 20 October, her aircraft transitioned towards a focus on close air support, supporting the initial advances for the next few days. On that day, Rear Admiral Sample insisted on accompanying one of Marcus Islands Avengers as it conducted a close air support mission, and was wounded by shrapnel when the aircraft had a shell penetrate and explode within its fuselage. During the initial landings, the Marcus Islands air contingent flew 261 sorties over Leyte.

Battle off Samar

On 23 October, the Battle of Leyte Gulf began. The majority of the Japanese naval fleet had been concentrated in an attempt to repel the Americans from the Philippines, the seizure of which would have cut the vital oil supply lines from Southeast Asia. Vice Admiral William Halsey Jr., commander of the Third Fleet, detached his surface ships to engage the diversionary Northern Force. Therefore, on the early morning of 25 October, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force emerged into the waters of Leyte Gulf, catching Taffy 3, some  north of Marcus Island, by surprise.

With "Taffy 3" helplessly overmatched, the entirety of Taffy 2's aircraft was recalled to join the defense. Marcus Island only had a single Avenger available, as the rest had been sent to airdrop supplies to the 96th Division. By the time these Avengers returned, the battle had already concluded. Nonetheless, Marcus Island dispatched all her available aircraft, and her sole Avenger recorded a torpedo hit on the portside aft of what was probably the  . Her fighters strafed and bombed the advancing Japanese ships, recording fourteen hits and shooting down five Japanese planes. Marcus Island was also obliged to refuel and rearm seven Avengers originating from "Taffy 3" which had been diverted.

While the American forces had been distracted with the Battle off Samar and its immediate aftermath, Vice Admiral Naomasa Sakonju's six ship transport unit was in the process of unloading 2,000 troops onto Ormoc Bay, on the Western coast of Leyte.  After unloading the troops in the morning of 26 October it was sighted while attempting to retire westwards. A strike group of twenty-three Avengers and twenty-nine fighters was assembled to strike the Japanese ships. Marcus Island contributed twelve of its aircraft to the strike group, and the strike group reached the Japanese ships at 10:00 in the morning, sinking one and crippling another, which later sank.

Battle of Mindoro

On the morning of 30 October, Marcus Island and three of her sister ships withdrew from Leyte towards Manus, having been reorganized into Task Unit 77.4.4, still maintaining her status as flagship. Throughout the month of November, she provided air cover for convoys traveling near the eastern Philippines, which had been harassed by Japanese planes based on Mindanao. In late November, Marcus Island left Seeadler Harbor for Kossol of the Palau Islands. On 10 December, Marcus Island steamed for Mindoro as a flagship for Task Unit 77.12.7, providing air screening for the Mindoro attack group.

On 15 December, during the morning of the Mindoro landings, Marcus Island and her sisters came under intense kamikaze attack. At around 4:30, about 40 Japanese aircraft, divided approximately in half between kamikazes and escorts, began taking off from Clark Field and Davao to engage Task Group 77.12. At 8:00, TG 77.12 began turning back towards Leyte, having been relieved of their duties covering the landing forces by Army Air Forces aircraft, but the Japanese kamikazes pursued closely.

At 8:22, three kamikaze Zeros were spotted approached Marcus Island from the port quarter, at about  in altitude, when one Zero disappeared into a cloud, and the other two reoriented themselves towards her. One Zero crossed over the carrier towards her starboard quarter, whilst the other one made a steep bank to remain at her port. The first kamikaze skimmed over her flight deck, making impact with the water just  off her starboard bow, glancing a lookout platform and killing one. Scarcely ten seconds after the first attack, the second Zero dove on Marcus Island, but careened into the water  off her port bow. As it entered the water, its bomb detonated, spraying shrapnel across the flight deck and injuring six of her crew. A few minutes later, a Yokosuka D4Y dive bomber attempted to make a run against Marcus Island, but it missed with its bomb and was shot down. Marcus Island was able to continue her air support operations on Mindoro.

Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
Marcus Island retired from operations off of Mindoro on 16 December, returning to the Admiralty Islands on 23 December. There, she joined Task Unit 77.4.4, the San Fabian Protective Group as its flagship, which was assigned to participate in the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf, assisting the Sixth Army as it landed on Luzon. Task Unit 77.4.4 was responsible for providing air screening for Task Force 78, the San Fabian Task Force, commanded by Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey. During the night of 4–5 January 1945, as TF 78 passed through the Surigao Strait, it encountered two Japanese midget submarines. As one of the midget submarines raised its periscope to look around, a plane from Marcus Island dropped a depth charge onto it, leaving it dead in the water and with a severe list. It was finished off by an escorting destroyer, which rammed it.

Marcus Island arrived in Lingayen Gulf on 6 January, where she provided an air screen to fend off kamikazes. On the morning of 8 January, her morning patrol of fighters a group of Japanese planes, shooting down four. Nonetheless, a kamikaze damaged . On 10 January, Kadashan Bay was ordered to transfer her entire stock of aircraft to Marcus Island and withdraw. During time period, Marcus Island averaged to a launching or landing every 3.8 minutes of operations, setting a record for an escort carrier in combat. On 9 January, as the landings proceeded, Marcus Island assisted in providing close air support, sinking two small Japanese coastal on the north shore of Luzon. As a result of casualties, on 10 January, the screening escort carriers were reconstituted into Task Unit 77.4.6, the Close Covering Carrier Group.

On 17 January, Marcus Island, along with the rest of Task Group 77.4, retired from the waters off of Luzon, joining Rear Admiral Russell S. Berkey's Close Covering Group, stationed west of northern Mindoro. On 29 January, she supported unopposed landings at Zambales in Luzon, before heading to Ulithi in the Caroline Islands, arriving on 5 February. En route, Captain Howard Vaniman Hopkins took over command of the vessel. On 6 February, Rear Admiral Sample left Marcus Island, and she embarked Rear Admiral Felix Stump, commander of Carrier Division 24. At Ulithi, she unloaded VC-21 and took on Composite Squadron (VC) 87 on 14 February. She spent the rest of February conducting training, before heading for Leyte Gulf in early March to conduct rehearsals for Operation Iceberg, the planned landings on Okinawa.

Battle of Okinawa

Marcus Island departed Ulithi on 21 March, as the flagship for Task Unit 52.1.2. She arrived south of Kerama Retto on 26 March, where she commenced air operations. On 5 April, Composite Observation Squadron (VOC) 1, which had previously been operating onboard Wake Island was embarked by Marcus Island. In turn, she exchanged her aircraft contingent to Wake Island, which had been damaged by a kamikaze, to be ferried back to Guam.

On 29 April, Marcus Island left Okinawa in a convoy along with her sisters  and .  During the Battle of Okinawa, planes of her air contingent had flown 1,085 sorties, shooting down 11 Japanese aircraft and destroying another 13 grounded aircraft. She took on a load of damaged aircraft at Guam, steaming on 5 May for the West Coast, arriving back at San Diego on 22 May. She sailed westwards again on 10 July, ferrying troops and replacement aircraft to Pearl Harbor and Guam. She returned to Naval Air Station Alameda on 15 August, the same day that the Surrender of Japan was announced.

Postwar
At Alameda, Marcus Island was assigned to the Operation Magic Carpet fleet, which repatriated U.S. servicemen from throughout the Pacific. Her first Magic Carpet trip went to Okinawa, making stops at Pearl Harbor and Guam, arriving in San Francisco on 24 October. For the rest of 1945, she conducted more Magic Carpet runs to Guam and Pearl Harbor.

Marcus Island left San Diego on 12 January 1946, transiting the Panama Canal and stopping at Norfolk, before arriving in Boston Harbor on 2 February. On 12 December, she was decommissioned and mothballed, joining the Boston group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, mooring at the South Boston Naval Annex. On 12 June 1955, she was redesignated as a helicopter aircraft carrier, receiving the hull symbol CVHE-77. On 7 May 1959, she was further redesignated as an aviation transport, receiving the hull symbol AKV-27. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 September 1959, and she was sold for scrapping on 29 February 1960 to Comarket Inc. She was ultimately broken up in Japan during June 1960. Marcus Island received four battle stars for her World War II service.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Marcus Island


N1 (Rusça: Н-1, Носитель-1, Nositeli, "Taşıyıcı") Sovyet kozmonotlarını Ay'a götürmek üzere 1960'larda geliştirilen dev uzay roketi. Dört fırlatma denemesinin de başarısız olması üzerine 1976 yılında proje resmen iptal edildi. Sovyetlerin insanlı Ay projeleri olduğunu inkâr etmeleri nedeniyle Perestroyka dönemine kadar varlığı gizli tutuldu.

Tarihçe
Başmühendis Sergey Korolyov'un tasarım bürosu OKB-1, N1'i geliştirmeye 1959'da başladı. Orijinal tasarıma göre N roketleri uzay istasyonlarına yük taşıyacak ve insanlı Mars uçuşlarında kullanılacaktı. Birkaç N roketi önerildi. N1 bunlardan en büyük olanıydı. N2 biraz daha küçüktü ve başka bir Sovyet tasarım bürosu tarafından geliştirilen UR-200 roketiyle rekabet etmek için ortaya atılmıştı. N3, Sovyetlerin geleneksel kıtalararası R-7 roketinin yerini almak üzere tasarlanmıştı. Bu aşamada üretime başlanmamıştı, N roketleri henüz kâğıt üzerindeki bir projeydi.

1961'den itibaren Korolyov'un tasarım bürosuna N1 roketinin geliştirilmesi için ödenek verileye başlandı. Mayıs 1961'deki bir hükûmet raporunda ilk test uçuşu için 1965 yılı öngörülüyordu.

Mayıs 1961'de ABD başkanı John F. Kennedy, 1960'lı yıllar bitmeden Ay'a insan gönderme hedefini ortaya koyarak Uzay Yarışını başlatmıştı. Korolyov, bunun üzerine Sovyetler'in Ay'a Soyuz adında yeni bir uzayaracıyla gitmesi fikrini ortaya attı. Soyuz'ları uzaya taşıyacak roket N1 olacaktı.

Korolyov, roket motorları tasarımcısı Valentin Gluşko ile N1'in kullanacağı yakıt konusunda uzlaşamadı. Gluşko, kıtalararası balistik füzelerde kullanılan ve basit motor düzeneklerine izin veren asimetrik dimetilhidrazin yakıtını öneriyordu. Oysa Korolyov'a göre bu yakıtın ağırlığı, itme gücüne oranla fazlaydı, ayrıca zehirli olduğu için güvenlik sorunu çıkarıyordu. Korolyov, kerosen ve sıvı oksijen karışımı bir yakıt kullanmak istiyordu. Jet motorları tasarımcısı Nikolay Kuznetsov ile bu yakıtı kullanan bir motor geliştirmesi için anlaştı. Kuznetsov, NK-15 adında küçük motorlar üretmeyi önerdi. N1'de bu küçük motorlardan çok sayıda kullanılarak büyük bir itme gücüne ulaşılacaktı. Ancak çok sayıda motor kullanılması, N1'in yapısını karmaşık bir hale getiriyordu.

Sovyet roket sistemlerinin başlıca destekçisi olan silahlı kuvvetler, N1 projesine sıcak bakmıyor, askeri kullanımı olmayan, siyasi nedenlerle ortaya atılmış bir proje olarak görüyordu.

Korolyov'un 1966'daki ölümü üzerine yerine yardımcısı Vasili Mişin geçti. Mişin, Korolyov'un siyasi kıvraklığına ve gücüne sahip değildi. Bu durum önce N1 projesinin, sonra da Sovyet Ay projesinin başarısızlıkla sona ermesine katkı eden nedenlerden biri oldu.

Yapısı
N1, 105 metrelik yüksekliği, büyük kaldırma gücü ve ağırlığıyla dev bir roketti. 21. yüzyılın ilk yıllarına kadar üretilen roketler arasında Saturn V'den sonra ikinci sıradaydı. Ay'a gidecek olan ek itme kademeleri, Soyuz uzayaracı ve LK ay modülü ile birlikte N1-L3 adını alıyordu. N1-L3, beş kademeden oluşmaktaydı ve 2.788 ton ağırlığındaydı. Kabaca bir koni şeklindeydi. En altta 1. kademenin dev sıvı oksijen tankı, bunun üzerinde kerosen tankı ve diğer kademelerin giderek küçülen tankları sıralanıyordu.

Birinci kademe olan Blok A, iki halka üzerinde sıralnan 30 NK-15 motorundan oluşuyordu. Dış halkada 24, bunun yarısı çaptaki iç halkada 6 motor vardı. Bunlar dünyanın ilk aşamalı patlamalı roket motorlarıydı. Motorların farklı güçlerle çalıştırılması mümkündü böylece roketin doğrultusu ve dönüşü ayarlanabiliyordu. Blok A, toplam 4.620 ton itiş gücü sağlıyordu, bu Saturn V roketinin 3.469 tonluk itiş gücünün çok üzerindeydi.

İkinci kademe, Blok B, tek bir halka üzerindeki sekiz adet NK-15V motorundan güç alıyordu. NK-15 motoruyla -15V arasındaki fark, egozos çıkışlarıyla yüksek atmosfer performansı için yapılan ayarlamalardı.

Üst kademe Blok V, kare şeklinde yerleştirilen dört NK-21 motorundan oluşuyordu.

N1'in geliştirilmesi sürecinde ilk tasarımdaki motorlar oldukça değişikliğe uğradı. Sonuç olarak ortaya çıkan modele N1F adı verildi, ancak bu ileri tasarım projenin iptal edilmesi nedeniyle asla uçmadı.

N1, ABD'nin Apollo tasarısı'ndan toplamda daha büyüktü, biraz daha kısaydı ama taban çapı daha fazlaydı. Genel olarak sağladığı itme gücü de Saturn V'den daha fazlaydı. Ancak tüm kademelerinde kerosen yakıtı kullanması nedeniyle toplam performansı Saturn V'nin altında kalıyordu. N1 istifi, dünya yörüngesine 95 ton yük taşıyabilirken Saturn V, yaklaşık 130 ton taşıyabiliyordu. ABD'nin sıvı hidrojen jet motorlarıyla erken başlayan tecrübeleri, üst kademelerde bu yüksek performanslı yakıtı kullanmaya cesaret etmelerine izin vermişti, böylece roket ağırlığını ciddi miktarda düşürebilmişlerdi.

Sorunlar
N1'in en büyük sorunu, çok sayıda küçük motoru yakıt ve oksijan tanklarına bağlayan boruların karmaşık tesisatıydı. Saturn V'nin devasa F1 motorunun mu, yoksa N1'in çok sayıda küçük motorunun oluşturduğu tesisat karmaşasının yarattığı sorunları çözmenin mi daha kolay olduğu, roketçilik tarihinin ilginç sorularından biridir. Saturn V'nin sadece beş motorunun bile tesisat sorunları çıkardığı düşünülürse, N1 Blok A'daki 30 motor, felakete davetiye çıkarmaktaydı.

Bir diğer sorun, N1'in fırlatıldığı Baykonur Uzay Üssü'nün deniz kenarında olmaması nedeniyle tüm ulaşımın demiryoluyla yapılmasıydı. Bu nedenle roket parçalara ayrılarak naklediliyor, üste tekrar monte edildikten sonra rampaya dikiliyordu. Bu nedenle motorlarda meydana gelen karmaşık sorunların önceden görülmesi ve giderilmesi mümkün olmuyordu.

Bu sorunlar nedeniyle N1 asla başarılı bir uçuş yapamadı. Dört fırlatma testi de başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı. Bunlardan birinde Baykonur Üssü büyük zarar gördü. En uzun uçuş, hemen hemen birinci kademenin ayrılmasına kadar, 107 saniye sürdü. 1969'da iki, 1971 ve 1972'de birer sınama fırlatması yapıldı.

Vasili Mişin, Apollo tasarısının başarısından sonra da ABD'nin Skylab'ına benzer büyük bir uzay istasyonunu yörüngeye taşıyabilme umuduyla sınama uçuşlarına devam etti. 1974'te proje resmen sona erdirildi ve Mişin'in yerine rakibi Valentin Gluşko geçti. İki N1F uçuşa hazırlanıyordu ancak bu da gerçekleşmedi.

N1 projesini dev Proton roketine benzer hipergolik bir roket olan Vulkan, 1976'dan itibaren ise Energiya/Buran programı izledi.

Fırlatma denemeleri
 21 Şubat 1969: Fırlatmadan 69 saniye sonra, 12.200 m yükseklikte infilak etti.
 3 Temmuz 1969: Fırlatma sırasında gevşek bir perçin yakıt pompasına emildi ve 1. kademenin infilak etmesine, bu arada roketin ve fırlatma kulasinin imha olmasına neden oldu. Bu, roketçilik tarihinin en büyük kazasıydı.
 24 Haziran 1971: Roket fırlatmadan sonra giderek hızlanan şekilde kendi çevresinde dönmeye başladı ve 51 saniye sonra bütünlüğünü kaybederek parçalandı.
 22 Kasım 1972: 1. Kademe Pogo salınımı nedeniyle araç fırlatmadan 107 saniye sonra imha oldu.

Kalıntılar
Son iki N1 aracı, Sovyetlerin Ay projesinin gizli kalması için imha edildi. Sovyetler, bir Uzay Yarışı'nın var olduğunu inkâr ederek kendi Ay projelerinin ABD'yi kandırmak için hayal edilen kâğıt üzerindeki bir proje olduğunu iddia ettiler. Bunların yalan olduğu ancak Perestroyka ve Glasnost'tan sonra ortaya çıktı.

N1 roketlerinden geri kalan bazı yakıt tankları, uzun süre Baykonur Üssü civarında yere saçılmış vaziyette bırakıldı, bir kısmı gölgelik olarak kullanıldı.

İlginç bir şekilde, N1F'nin ileri model motorları sağlam kaldı. Roket bir bütün olarak güvensiz olsa da, tek tek motorların güvenilir ve sağlam olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sağlam kalan 50 motordan 36 tanesi, Rusya tarafından tanesi 1,1 milyon dolara Aerojet General şirketine üretim lisansıyla birlikte satıldı. Aerojet, daha sonra bu motorları Japon J-1 ve J-2 roketlerinde kullanılmak üzere sattı. Motorların başka projelerde de kullanılması için özel şirketlerin çalışmaları aralıklı olarak devam etti.

Kaynakça

Sovyet insanlı Ay programı
Sovyet uzaya fırlatma araçları
Ay görevleri
Ay'ın keşfi
1969'da uzay çalışmaları
1969'da Sovyetler Birliği
1971'de uzay çalışmaları
1971'de Sovyetler Birliği

N1 roketi


Dance Dance Revolution 2nd mix es el segundo videojuego de la serie Dance Dance Revolution, publicada por Konami el 19 de enero de 1999. A pesar de que este juego es exclusivo de Japón, algunas máquinas están disponibles a nivel mundial. El 21 de abril de 1999 se incluye la versión Link que contiene algunas canciones nuevas y el soporte para memory cards de PlayStation. El 26 de agosto de 1999, se ha publicado una versión para PlayStation renombrada 2nd ReMix, que contiene 34 canciones. El 17 de enero de 2000, se ha publicado una versión para Dreamcast, que consta de 43 canciones, algunas para 3rdMIX y otras para DDR norteamericana para PlayStation. El 16 de noviembre de 2011, es revivida gracias al arcade DDR X3 y su soporte con el sistema e-AMUSEMENT.

Cambios
 Al elegir dificultades, está desbloqueado la dificultad Another, pero pide código para la dificultad Maniac, más difícil que el another.
 La barra de vida tiene contorno metálico, lo que facilita su visión.
 se usa casi los mismos códigos que su precuela para cambiar las opciones relacionadas con las flechas (ejemplo: 4 arriba para cancelar las opciones).
 Con las versiones club, 3rdMIX (plus) y X3, se incorpora las flechas Vivid, siendo revertidas a note o flat mediante códigos.
 Desde el 2ndMIX Link, tiene soporte con Memory Cards PlayStation, caso que fue eliminada desde Supernova a favor del sistema e-Amusement.

Lista de canciones
En esta lista se incluye las canciones de las versiones arcade (No incluye versiones club ni link).

Está basado en la arcade DDR X3. Esta lista no incluye a "Strictly Business", que es exclusivo para la arcade original, las canciones step battle y las versiones de consolas. Las versiones de consolas incluyen cambios de listas de canciones (como 2ndREMIX, que tiene canciones de la versión link y la mayoría de esta lista). Canciones con claqueta contiene video en entregas post-supernova.

Canciones de la versión Link

Además de la lista de arriba, se agregan las 5 siguientes canciones que no están en la arcade DDR X3:

Provenientes de beatmania IIDX
Adicionalmente, si se une beatmania IIDX al juego (exc. en DDR X3), se activan las canciones que provienen de ese juego. Solo 1st STYLE, Substream y 2nd STYLE son las versiones permitidas. En caso de canciones divididas, se especificará el estilo o la dificultad en IIDX, ya que en DDR no tiene soporte para canciones divididas entre dificultades ni estilos.

Enlaces externos
2nd MIX portal (en japonés)

Videojuegos de 1999
Videojuegos de música
Videojuegos arcade
Videojuegos para PlayStation
2ndMIX

DanceDanceRevolution 2ndMIX


The Forest je preživljavačka horor videoigra koju su razvili i objavili Endnight Games. Igra se odvija na zabačenom, pošumljenom poluotoku, gdje su igrački lik Eric Leblanc i njegov sin Timmy preživjeli u avionskoj nesreći. Igra sadrži nelinearni gameplay u okruženju otvorenog svijeta koje se igra iz perspektive prvog lica, bez zadanih misija ili zadataka, potičući igrača da samostalno donosi odluke za svoj opstanak. Nakon četverogodišnje beta faze ranog pristupa, igra je objavljena za Microsoft Windows u travnju 2018. i za PlayStation 4 u studenom 2018. Igra je bila komercijalni uspjeh, prodavši preko pet milijuna primjeraka do kraja 2018. godine. Nastavak, Sons of the Forest, je u izradi.

Gameplay
U The Forest-u, igrači kontroliraju Erica LeBlanc-a i moraju preživjeti na šumovitom poluotoku u potrazi za njegovim sinom Timmyjem nakon razorne avionske nesreće. Igrači moraju preživjeti stvaranjem skloništa, oružja i drugih alata za preživljavanje. Naseljavaju poluotok, zajedno s raznim šumskim bićima, plemenom kanibalističkih mutanata, koji žive u selima na površini i u dubokim pećinama ispod poluotoka. Iako nisu uvijek neprijateljski raspoloženi prema igraču, njihovo uobičajeno ponašanje je agresivno, posebno tijekom noći.

Međutim, programeri su željeli da igrači postave pitanje je li kanibalističko pleme poluotoka neprijatelj igrača ili obrnuto. Na primjer, kada se prvi put susretnu s igračem, kanibali mogu oklijevati napasti i umjesto toga promatrati igrača iz daljine, pokušati komunicirati s igračem kroz obličja, i poslati ophodnju oko igračeve baze. U borbi redovito pokušavaju zaštititi jedni druge od ozljeda, uklanjaju baklje, okružuju igrača, skrivaju se iza zaklona, vuku ranjene plemenike na sigurno, drže se podalje, koriste taktičke odluke, ne šire se prekomjerno na nepoznati teritorij i povremeno se predaju iz straha. Također se boje požara, a ponekad će se suzdržati i od približavanja igraču ako se u blizini nalazi vatra ili baklja. Iako nema postavljenih misija, postoji neobavezni zaključak igre.

Kako igrač napreduje kroz igru i istražuje špilje ispod šumske površine, susretat će se sa sve bizarnijim mutacijama, uključujući deformirane bebe i mutante s nekoliko dodatnih dodataka. Igra također sadrži dnevni i noćni ciklus, s igračem koji može izgraditi sklonište i zamke, loviti životinje te sakupljati zalihe tijekom dana, a noću se braniti od mutanata.

Kao što se vidi u uvodu igre, igrač posjeduje vodič za preživljavanje kojoj je autor lik koji se može igrati, koja sadrži mnoge korisne savjete i opće informacije o preživljavanju u divljini. Vodič za preživljavanje je također kritičan jer omogućava igraču da izradi nacrte za različite strukture koje igraču mogu pomoći u preživljavanju. Igrač može odabrati izgraditi određenu strukturu, a zatim odabrati određeno mjesto na kojem će tu strukturu smjestiti u svijet. Jednom kad se postavi nacrt, igrač tada mora prikupiti potrebne resurse, poput štapova, kamenja, cjepanica, itd. Kako bi dovršio određenu strukturu. Igrač može birati između različitih građevina i zgrada u vodiču za preživljavanje. To uključuje osnovna skloništa za preživljavanje, drvene kabine, kućice na drvetu, platforme na drvetu, kao i prilagođene konstrukcije, koje igrač može izmijeniti u smislu veličine, oblika i položaja. Većina skloništa i zgrada koje igrač može izgraditi također imaju opciju za spremanje igre. Zapravo je ovo jedina dostupna metoda za spremanje, jer u igri ne postoji funkcija automatskog spremanja. Vodič za preživljavanje također nudi informacije o divljini poluotoka. Jednom kad igrač naiđe na prethodno nepoznatu vrstu životinje ili biljke, igrač ga bilježi te se pojavljuje u vodiču. Vodič također sadrži "popis obveza", koji sadrži opće ciljeve koje bi igrač trebao slijediti, kao što je gradnja skloništa ili istraživanje različitih špilja.

Igrač također posjeduje inventar kojemu se može pristupiti u bilo kojem trenutku igre. Bilo koji predmet koji igrač sakupi u svijetu pohranjuje se u inventar koji ima realističan dizajn te pokazuje gdje je svaki predmet pohranjen. Predmeti koji se mogu staviti u inventar uključuju alate, oružje, životinjsko meso, krzno i kože, bilje i cvijeće, mapu, kompas, kao i druge stvari. Inventar također uključuje sustav izrade. Izrada u igri temelji se na igračevom znanju o kombiniranju različitih komponenata u korisne predmete i alate. Na primjer, da bi izradio osnovnu sjekiru, igrač mora prikupiti i kombinirati štap, kamen, kao i uže. Jednom kada igrač skupi i postavi sve potrebne predmete na prostor za izradu, postat će vidljiva ikona zupčanika, koja ukazuje na to da je igrač sposoban izraditi određeni alat/oružje. U inventaru igrač također može odabrati da postavi dva željena predmeta/oružje za brzi odabir tako što će ih dodijeliti D-padu na PS4 kontroleru ili određenim tipkama na računalu.

Igrač također ima HUD prikaz na donjem desnom dijelu zaslona. HUD prikazuje ukupnu razinu života, energije, stamine, gladi, i žeđi igrača. Dostupna količina stamine izravno je povezana s količinom energije igrača. Glad se mjeri pomoću ikone koja prikazuje ljudski želudac, dok ikona žeđi prikazuje kapljicu vode. Voda se može dobiti iz različitih izvora, uključujući brojna jezera i rijeke prisutne u svijetu, iako je većina onečišćenih i može uzrokovati nuspojave igraču. Zagađena voda može se prokuhati kako bi se pročistila. Druga mogućnost je izgradnja kolektora za vodu koji skuplja kišnicu u kornjačinom kornjaču. Hranu se može dobiti od raznih životinja, biljaka, pa čak i drugih ljudi na svijetu.

Priča
Igra započinje Ericom LeBlancom koji sjedi u zrakoplovu sa svojim sinom Timmyjem prije nego što se iznenada sruši na udaljeni, gusto pošumljeni poluotok. Eric i njegov sin uspijevaju preživjeti nesreću, ali dezorijentirani Eric nemoćno promatra kako Timmyja otima muškarac prekriven crvenom bojom prije nego što padne u nesvijest. Nakon buđenja u srušenom zrakoplovu, Eric izlazi u potragu za svojim sinom, ali ubrzo otkriva da su poluotok zauzeli divlji, kanibalistički mutanti i prisiljen se braniti od njih. Šuma sadrži tragove koji pomažu Ericu u pronalaženju otmičara njegovog sina, kojeg se rijetko može vidjeti u daljini kako promatra Erica, ali pobjeći će ako mu se približi. Većina tragova koji vode do Timmyja nalaze se u špiljskom sustavu ispod poluotoka.

Na kraju, Eric otkriva napušteni kompleks podzemnih laboratorija u vlasništvu Sahara Therapeutics-a, velike istraživačke tvrtke odgovorne za eksperimentiranje s bićima na poluotoku. Po ulasku u laboratorij, Eric pronalazi osoblje laboratorija mrtvo i otkriva da su proučavali artefakt nazvan "Resurrection Obelisk" (Obelisk Uskrsnuća). Stvoren od misteriozne skupine zvane "The Ancient Ones" (Drevni), artefakt ima moć vratiti mrtve u život, ali zahtijeva žrtvu djeteta. Istražujući laboratorije, Eric saznaje da je otmičar njegovog sina, dr. Matthew Cross, bio istraživač u toj ustanovi prije nego što je kćer Megan izgubio od "Armsyja", mutanta s nekoliko ruku. Izluđen Meganinom smrću, Cross je pribjegao korištenju artefakta za oživljavanje Megan i oteo Timmyja da ga koristi kao žrtvu. Eric na kraju pronalazi Obelisk Uskrsnuća i otvara ga samo kako bi pronašao Timmyjevo tijelo, kojega je Cross već žrtvovao da bi vratio Megan.

Unatoć tome da je prekasno spasio sina, Eric ubrzo otkriva Crossa mrtvog i da je oživljena Megan mutirala u agresivno, kanibalističko čudovište. Eric se suočava s djetetom, koje mutira dalje prije nego što ga napadne. Eric ubija mutiranu Megan i pokušava njezinim tijelom uskrsnuti Timmyja, ali postupak je neuspješan jer je potrebna živa žrtva. Eric tada dolazi do najviše točke u objektu i otkriva drugi artefakt poznat kao "Power Obelisk" (Obelisk Snage), koji funkcionira kao vrsta EMP uređaja sposobnog srušiti zrakoplove kad se aktivira, što implicira da ga je Cross ranije koristio za izazivanje pada zrakoplova kako bi pronašao žrtvu. Eric se tada suočava s odlukom aktiviranja artefakta ili isključivanja istog.

Igra ima dva završetka. U prvom Eric koristi drugi artefakt da bi izazvao još jednu zrakoplovnu nesreću, namjeravajući pronaći žrtvu djeteta kako bi Timmyja vratio u život. Godinu dana kasnije, Eric i njegov uskrsli sin očito su spašeni i pozvani su u talk show za promociju Ericove knjige, bilježeći njegova iskustva na poluotoku. Međutim, tijekom emisije Timmy se sruši i počne se snažno tresti, što implicira da prolazi kroz iste mutacije koje su utjecale i na Megan. Ako se igrač približi Timmyju, na kraju će se povući iz njega. Ako se to učini, igrač će uzeti perspektivu Timmyja, koji je sada puno stariji, prikupljajući informacije o poluotoku i "Site 2" (Mjesto 2) za nepoznatu svrhu, istovremeno pokušavajući suzbiti njegove mutacije. U drugom kraju, Eric isključuje artefakt i štedi živote svih u avionu, po cijenu da Timmy ostane mrtav. Eric tada napušta objekt i spali Timmyjevu fotografiju, odlučivši ostati sam na neodređeno vrijeme na poluotoku.

Razvoj
The Forest je nadahnut kultnim filmovima kao što su The Descent i Cannibal Holocaust te videoigrama poput Don't Starve, i prihvaćena je kao dio Steam Greenlight- a 2013. Kanadski programeri Endnight Games rekli su da je Disney bio inspiracija za igru, komentirajući kako ne žele da cijela igra bude u potpunosti "mračna i depresivna". Igra se razvija kako bi bila kompatibilna s Oculus Rift-om za virtualnu stvarnost. Nakon dodavanja kooperativne opcije tijekom razvoja, tim je izjavio da želi da se igra kloni masivnog multiplayer osjećaja drugih igara, kao što su DayZ i Rust.

Razvojni tim ima iskustva s filmskim vizualnim efektima, radeći na filmovima poput The Amazing Spider-Man 2 i Tron: Legacy. Početni proračun za igru iznosio je 125.000 USD. Igra je prvi put objavljena za Microsoft Windows putem ranog pristupa 30. svibnja 2014. prije nego što je službeno objavljena 30. travnja 2018. Kasnije je objavljena za PlayStation 4 6. studenog 2018. Igra je izgrađena pomoću Unity motora za igre.

Recenzije
Igra je dobila pozitivne kritike tijekom razdoblja ranog pristupa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službeni wiki

Videoigre za Windows
Pucačine u prvom licu
Videoigre iz 2018.

The Forest (video igra)


MobileCoin é uma criptomoeda peer-to-peer desenvolvida pela MobileCoin Inc., fundada em 2017 por Josh Goldbard e Shane Glynn.

Visão geral da tecnologia
A MobileCoin tem foco no anonimato transacional (fungibilidade), facilidade de uso, velocidade de transação, baixo impacto ambiental e taxas baixas. A mecânica do MobileCoin baseia-se em Stellar (para consenso) e Monero (para privacidade), usando CryptoNote juntamente com provas de conhecimento zero para ocultar detalhes das transações dos usuários.

A empresa MobileCoin afirma que a criptomoeda pode facilitar pagamentos descentralizados para transações diárias mais rápidos do que a maioria das outras criptomoedas.

MobileCoin é uma blockchain de criptomoeda unidimensional. Os blocos usam um protocolo de consenso originalmente desenvolvido para a rede de pagamento Stellar. As transações são validadas em enclaves seguros SGX e são baseadas em criptografia de curva elíptica. As entradas de transação são mostradas na blockchain com provas de associação de Merkle e são assinadas com assinatura de anel vinculável de multicamadas Schnorr-style, e os valores de saída (comunicados aos destinatários via ECDH) são ocultados com compromissos de Pedersen e comprovados em uma faixa legítima com não-provas interativas de conhecimento zero. [fonte não primária necessária]

Grande parte da tecnologia da MobileCoin vem de criptomoedas anteriores com foco na privacidade como Monero, que foi reescrita em Rust para a MobileCoin. [fonte não primária necessária]

Criptomoedas

MobileCoin


Circular breathing is a technique used by players of some wind instruments to produce a continuous tone without interruption. It is accomplished by breathing  through the nose while simultaneously pushing air  through the mouth using air stored in the cheeks.

History
The technique was developed independently by several cultures and is used for many traditional wind instruments.

In the 13th century, Mongolian metalsmiths who specialized in gold and silver used circular breathing techniques for crafting various decorative and ornamental items. In crafting such items, craftsmen were required to blow continuously to the flame through a pipe with a needle-like hole to make the hard metal melt or soften. From that necessity, craftsmen mastered a circular cycle of breathing by simultaneously inhaling through their noses while they blew without any pauses.

The introduction of the circular breathing technique in the art of ancient wind players was a productive invention in its performing technique.

Uses

It is used extensively in playing the Eastern zurna, the Mongolian limbe, the Sardinian launeddas, the Egyptian arghul, the Australian didgeridoo, as well as many traditional oboes and flutes of Asia and the Middle East. This technique should be mastered by saluang player, a traditional bamboo flute from Minangkabau ethnic, West Sumatra, Indonesia before doing music performance. A few jazz and classical wind and brass players also use some form of circular breathing.

Although many professional wind players find circular breathing highly useful, few pieces of European orchestral music composed before the 20th century actually require its use. However, the advent of circular breathing among professional wind players has allowed for the transcription of pieces originally composed for string instruments which would be unperformable on a wind instrument without the aid of circular breathing. A notable example of this phenomenon is "Moto Perpetuo", transcribed for trumpet by Rafael Méndez from the original work for violin by Paganini.

In 1997, a Guinness World Record was set for longest held musical note.  Kenny G used circular breathing to sustain an E-flat on a saxophone for 45 minutes and 47 seconds. In February 2000, Vann Burchfield set a new Guinness world record for circular breathing, holding one continuous note for 47 minutes, 6 seconds, surpassing Kenny G's record. Mark Atkins on Didgeridoo Concerto (1994) played for over 50 minutes continuously.

On Sunday, 14 May 2017, Nigerian saxophonist Femi Kuti broke Mark Atkins' record by playing for 51 minutes, 38 seconds; after successfully breaking Kenny G's record the previous week.

Method

Performing
The musician fully inhales and begins to exhale and blow outward. When the lungs are nearly empty, the last volume of air is blown into the mouth, and the cheeks are inflated with part of this air. Then, while still blowing this last bit of air out by squeezing the cheeks, the musician must very quickly fill the lungs by inhaling through the nose prior to running out of the air in the mouth. If done correctly, by the time the air in the mouth is nearly exhausted the musician can begin to exhale from the lungs once more, ready to repeat the process again. Essentially, circular breathing bridges the gap between exhalations with air stored in the cheeks, an extra air reserve to play with while sneaking in a breath through the nose.

Learning
The usual first difficulty is to inhale through the nose while blowing out air stored in the cheeks. To some this may be a big hurdle, to others it is no problem at all. This technique may be practiced by holding a finger in front of a thin air stream out of the lips and listening to the wind sound.

The next difficulty is to switch between cheek air and lung air without an unwelcome and uncontrolled jolt in the air pressure; this is achieved by learning to use the cheeks and the throat as a system of shock absorbers. A very simple method by which this is practiced is using a thin straw to blow on to the surface of a cup of water from just above water level, and watching the depression that the air stream creates on the water's surface. The aim is to blow continually and switch between cheek air and lung air without any change in the depth of this depression or groove or hole on the water's surface.

The traditional method of learning in zurna groups is to have one elder player lead as the chanter zurna and asking the younger players to hold the unchanging "drone tone"s. Professional zurna groups may play non-stop for as long as the party lasts, and a drone tone may be held for the whole evening. This is possible thanks to the disk that the lip may lean and rest against, because otherwise, the lip muscles that resist the air pressure get tired first.

Instruments with circular breathing integral to technique

 Alboka
 Algoze
 Arghul
 Aulos
 Clarinet
 Didgeridoo
 Dizi
 Duduk
 Hornpipe
 Kaval
 Kèn bầu
 Khlui
 Launeddas
 Mey
 Mijwiz
 Mizmar
 Pi
 Practice chanter
 Pungi
 Quadruple reed
 Sipsi
 Sralai
 Saluang
 Suling
 Suona
 Zurna

References

Bibliography

 Moschner, S. "Circular Breathing: A New Approach".
 Dick, R. Circular Breathing for the Flutist. New York:, 1987
 Dury, S. Die Zirkularatmung auf der Flöte. Frankfurt: Zimmermann, 1992.
 Fischer J. "Vom Traum der Unendlichkeit oder Versuch einer Anleitung zur Zirkularatmung für  Blockflötisten". Tibia (1993). No. 1, pp. 346–35.
 Katchmarschik, V. "Some Mysteries of Ancient Greek Aulets". Journal of the International Double Reed Society (July 1994) No. 22, pp. 93–99.
 Katschmartschik, W.  "Zur Geschichte und zur  Entstehung  der Methode des 'permanenten  Ausatmen'". Brass Bulletin (1989) No. 67, pp. 32–35.(English, German, French)
 Katschmartschik, W. "Zur Etwicklungsgeschichte der  Permanentatmung". Tibia (1993), No. 1, pp. 346–351.  ]
 Katschmartschik, W. "Permanent Exhalation (PA) in Wind Instruments Performing Technique (Problems of History and Physiology)". Diss. Kyiv State Music Academy (1995).  ]
 (Donetsk-Lviv: Donetsk State Musical Academy) (2009) Vol. 9, pp. 220–230. Katschmartschik, W. "Физиологический механизм перманентного выдоха" [The physiological mechanism of permanent exhalation. Музичне мистецтво Musical Art]
 Kynaston, P. Trent. "Circular Breathing". Studio Publ. Recordings
 Nicolet, A. Studien zum Spielen Neuer Musik. Pro musica nova. Cologne: Gerig, 1973

Circular breathing


An Andropogon trichozygus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Andropogon trichozygus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Andropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Andropogon

Andropogon trichozygus


The administrative units of Pakistan comprise four provinces, one federal territory, and two disputed territories: the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan; the Islamabad Capital Territory; and the administrative territories of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan. As part of the Kashmir conflict with neighbouring India, Pakistan has also claimed sovereignty over the Indian-controlled territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh since the First Kashmir War of 1947–1948, but has never exercised administrative authority over either region. All of Pakistan's provinces and territories are subdivided into divisions, which are further subdivided into districts, and then tehsils, which are again further subdivided into union councils.

History of Pakistan

Early history

Pakistan inherited the territory comprising its current provinces from India following the Partition of India on 14 August 1947. Two days after independence, the Muslim-majority Murshidabad district in Bengal was moved out of the Dominion of Pakistan and put within the Dominion of India due to a boundary adjustment by the Radcliffe Commission which was aimed at keeping the Hooghly River entirely within India. At its inception, Pakistan consisted of two wings, which were separated from each other by around  of Indian territory. The western wing consisted of a merger of the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Sind Province, and Baluchistan CCP. The eastern wing consisted of East Bengal. What later became the Princely states of Pakistan chose at first to remain independent.

In 1948, Karachi was separated from Sind Province to form the Federal Capital Territory. In 1950, the North-West Frontier Province absorbed the princely states of Amb and Phulra while West Punjab (designated 'West' to distinguish it from India's Punjab in the east) was renamed to simply Punjab. In 1952, the four princely states in the southwest formed the Baluchistan States Union.

In 1955, the One Unit policy was launched by then-Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra, whereby all the provinces and princely states of the western wing were merged to form the provincial wing of West Pakistan, with Lahore serving as its provincial capital. Simultaneously, East Bengal was redesignated as East Pakistan, with Dacca serving as its provincial capital. The One Unit policy aimed to reduce expenditure and to eliminate provincial prejudices, but the military coup of 1958 brought difficulties when the first military President, Ayub Khan, abolished the office of the Chief Minister of West Pakistan in favour of Governor rule.

On 7 September 1958, after four years of negotiations (including six months of intense negotiations), Pakistan purchased the enclave of Gwadar from Oman for . Gwadar formally became a part of Pakistan on 8 December 1958, ending 174 years of Omani rule. In 1960, the federal capital was moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi and in 1961, the Federal Capital Territory was also merged into West Pakistan. In 1966, the capital was again moved to the newly constructed city of Islamabad. In 1962, Dacca was made the legislative capital of the country due to East Pakistan's high population. Following the 1963 Sino–Pakistan Agreement, a part of the Gilgit Agency (controlled by Pakistan since the First Kashmir War) was formally relinquished by Pakistan to the People's Republic of China (the Trans-Karakoram Tract/Shaksgam Valley in northeastern Kashmir) with the provision that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan.

Since 1970
In 1970, the second military President, Yahya Khan, abolished the political structure of West Pakistan and established four new provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province. In 1971, the Bengali-majority wing of East Pakistan seceded from the Pakistani union following the Bangladesh Liberation War, consequently forming the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh. In 1974, the remaining princely states of Hunza and Nagar were abolished and their territories merged into the Gilgit Agency, following which the Northern Areas were formed. In 1975, portions of the districts of Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan were separated to form the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. In 1981, the region surrounding Islamabad was separated from Punjab province, and renamed to the Islamabad Capital Territory.

In August 2000, divisions were abolished as part of a plan to restructure local governments, followed by elections in 2001. Many of the functions previously handled at a provincial level had been transferred to individual districts and tehsils. In 2008, the government restored the former divisions and appointed commissioners.

In 2009, the Northern Areas were renamed to Gilgit-Baltistan, and retained its formal status as an autonomous territory. In 2010, the North-West Frontier Province was formally renamed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In 2018, the National Assembly of Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly passed the historic FATA Merger Bill with the Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment. On 31 May 2018, the final step in the merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was completed, as then-President Mamnoon Hussain signed the 25th Constitutional Amendment Bill into law. The amendment's signing abolished the Federally Administered Tribal Areas as a separate political entity and merged them into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Tiers of governance

The diagram below outlines the six tiers of government:

Division

The Provinces and administrative territories of Pakistan are subdivided into administrative "divisions", Divisional Commissioner is the administrative head of a division. Divisional Commissioner is appointed by the government of Pakistan from Pakistan Administrative Service

District

The District Coordination Officer is the administrative head of the District Administration. They have wide-ranging responsibility for overseeing, improving and directing the approved plans of the District Government.

The Zila Nazim used to be the executive head of the District Administration until 2010 when the government gave their powers to the District Coordination Officers also. Their role is similar to district governor or prefect, with responsibility for implementing government strategy and developing initiatives arising out of it.

In order to decentralize administrative and financial authority to be accountable to Local Governments, for good governance, effective delivery of services, and transparent decision making through institutionalized participation of the people at grassroots level, elections to the local government institutions are held after every four years on none party basis by the Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan.

Tehsil

Among the three tiers of local government, tehsil government is the second tier. It is where the functions, responsibilities, and authorities of districts government are divided into smaller units, these units are known as "tehsils". The tehsils are used all over Pakistan except Sindh province where the word "taluka" is used instead, although the functions and authorities are the same. The head of the Tehsil government is "Tehsil Nazim" who is assisted by the tehsil Naib-Nazim. Every tehsil has a Tehsil Municipal Administration, consisting of a tehsil council, Tehsil Nazim, tehsil/taluka municipal officer (TMO), chief officer and other officials of the local council.

Union council

Members of the union council including Union Administrator and Vice Union Administrator are elected through direct elections based on adult franchise and on the basis of joint electorate. However, for the election to the reserved seats for women in Zila Council proportionately divided among tehsils or towns shall be all members of the union councils in a tehsil or town. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to organize and conduct these elections.

Current administrative units

Note: (a) 2023 Population total excludes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltisan

Proposed provinces
 Bahawalpur Province
 South Punjab Province / Saraikistan Province
 South Balochistan / Brahuistan Province
 Karachi Province / Jinnahpur Province / Muhajir Sooba
 Hazara Province
 Qabailistan Province
 Gilgit-Baltistan Province / Balawaristan Province / Karakoram Province
 Review of the Divisions of Pakistan for New Provinces

See also

 Abbreviations of administrative units of Pakistan
 Cantonment (Pakistan), permanent military stations, which may include significant civilian populations
 Former administrative units of Pakistan
 Former princely states of Pakistan
 ISO 3166-2:PK
 List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index
 List of capitals in Pakistan
 List of cities in Pakistan by population
 List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product
 List of Pakistani administrative divisions by highest elevation
 Local government in Pakistan
 Divisions of Pakistan
 Districts of Pakistan
 Tehsils of Pakistan
 Union councils of Pakistan

Notes

References

External links
 Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir
 Government of Balochistan
 Government of Gilgit-Baltistan
 Government of Islamabad Capital Territory
 Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 Government of Punjab
 Government of Sindh

Lists of subdivisions of Pakistan

Administrative units of Pakistan