The Malay language has a complex system of styles, titles and honorifics which are used extensively in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore.

Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore and several provinces in Indonesia regularly award honorary and life titles.  What follows in this article is specific to the Malaysian system.  References to Brunei and Indonesia are given when pertinent.

In Malaysia, all non-hereditary titles can be granted to both men and women.  Every title has a form of address which can be used by the wife of the title holder.  This form is not used by the husband of a titled woman; such a woman will bear a title which is the same as a titled man.

Former use
Singapore, whose Malay royalty was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891, has adopted civic titles for its leaders.

The Philippines historically used Malay titles during its pre-Hispanic period (especially under Bruneian influence), as evidenced by the titles of historical figures such as Rajah Sulayman, Lakandula, and Dayang Kalangitan.  Malay titles are still used by the royal houses of Sulu, Maguindanao, Buayan, and Maranao on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, but these are retained on a traditional basis, as the 1987 Constitution explicitly reaffirms the abolition of royal and noble titles in the republic.

Indonesia, meanwhile, as a republic, does not recognise hereditary rulers and aristocratic systems.

Usage
The sequence that should be used when formally writing or addressing a person's name is: honorary style, professional rank, royal hereditary title, federal title, state title, non-royal hereditary title, Doctor (of medicine or philosophy), Haji/Hajah (for Muslim men and women who have performed the Hajj), name.

For instance, in Brunei, the title for one of Bruneian traditional ministers (Pehin-Pehin Cheteria) whose honorary title would be Yang Berhormat, profession rank is Pehin Orang Kaya Seri Lela, state title is Dato Seri Setia and traditional Bruneian Malay prefix title for non-royalty is Awang.  An example would be Yang Berhormat Pehin Orang Kaya Seri Lela Dato Seri Setia Awang Haji Abdul Rahman bin Dato Setia Haji Mohamed Taib.

When in the home state, the state title may precede the federal title.  An example is the current Premier of Sarawak, Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg, whose federal title is Tan Sri and whose state title is Datuk Patinggi.  His title will be expressed as either:
Yang Amat Berhormat Tan Sri Datuk Patinggi (Dr.) Abang Haji Abdul Rahman Zohari bin Tun Datuk Abang Haji Openg (federally)
Yang Amat Berhormat Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri (Dr.) Abang Haji Abdul Rahman Zohari bin Tun Datuk Abang Haji Openg (in his home state).

Another exception is when a person has received an award from a state other than the person's home state; when visiting the award-bestowing state, that state's title will take the place of a home state's title (if any).  As an example, the current Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim will be titled as follows:
Yang Amat Berhormat Dato' Seri Anwar bin Ibrahim (federally)
Yang Amat Berhormat Datuk Seri Panglima Anwar bin Ibrahim (in Sabah)
Yang Amat Berhormat Dato' Seri Utama Anwar bin Ibrahim (in Penang)
Yang Amat Berhormat Dato' Seri Diraja Anwar bin Ibrahim (in Perlis)

A style carried by virtue of royal title always trumps those carried by non-royal titles.  Male royals may choose to append 'al-Haj' to their name instead of using 'Haji'.  The following example is correct:
Yang Amat Mulia General Tengku Dato' (name) al-Haj.

Malay royalty
The following titles are hereditary and reserved for royal families of the royal families of Brunei and nine royal states of Malaysia.  Brunei is the only absolute monarchy left in the Malay's world, and the monarchy has the power in the government.

Brunei
The following styles and official titles are used for members of the royal house in Brunei Darussalam.  As Brunei is an absolute monarchy, it is important to address royal family members with the correct title.  Improper usage may cause discomfort.

The Sultan and the Queen of Brunei are styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda (KDYMM PSB) (literally 'his/her most glorious majesty who is raised most high'):
Sultan dan Yang di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam is the official title of the Sultan of Brunei, styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan (His Majesty the Sultan);
Raja Isteri (literally 'King's Wife'; Queen Consort), is the official title of the ruler's most senior consort, styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Raja Isteri (Her Majesty the Queen);
Pengiran Isteri (literally 'Princess Consort') is the official title of the ruler's junior consort, styled as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (Her Royal Highness);
Begawan Sultan the office of the former abdicated sultan (last held by Omar Ali Saifuddien III who abdicated in favour of his son), styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan (His Majesty Begawan Sultan);
Begawan Raja is the official title for the queen mother, styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Suri Seri (Her Majesty Begawan Queen).

For those who have blood-ties with the royal family who are married, styled as Prince or Princess in English, and given the hereditary honorific prefix Pengiran:
Pengiran Muda Mahkota is the official title of the heir-apparent and the crown prince, styled as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness);
Pengiran Muda is the official title of a blood prince, they are styled differently:
The sons of the Sultan, if they do not have supplementary titles, are styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness);
The sons of the Pengiran Muda Mahkota are styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness);
Pengiran Anak Puteri is the title for the daughters of the Sultan, they are styled Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (Her Royal Highness);
Pengiran Anak Isteri the consorts of the sons of the Sultan, it differs according to different princes:
The consort of the Pengiran Muda Mahkota is styled Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (Her Royal Highness);
The consort of the Pengiran Perdana Wazir is styled Yang Teramat Mulia and has no English style;
The consort of the other sons of the Sultan is styled Yang Amat Mulia (His Nobleness);
Pengiran Anak is the title for the sultan's other grandchildren. However, they are styled differently:
Daughters of the Pengiran Muda Mahkota are styled Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness);
Other grandchildren of the Sultan are styled Yang Amat Mulia with no English equivalent;
Sons-in-law of the Sultan who are elevated to nobility are styled Yang Amat Mulia;
The lower royalty The Cheteria are all entitled to the style Yang Amat Mulia.

Exclusive royal titles for the descendant of Princess Norehsani, the only surviving female heir of the 26th Sultan of Brunei, Ahmad Tajuddin, the uncle of the current Sovereign Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah;
Tengku Putera for male, are styled Yang Amat Mulia (His Nobleness);
Tengku Puteri for female, are styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Nobleness).

A person who marries a distant member of the royal family (i.e.: Pengiran) is given the title Pengiran Anak; the title is lost if they divorce.
Pengiran Isteri the wife of a prince, usually with royal heritage;
Pengiran Bini the wife of a prince, usually with non-royal heritage.

According to the Royal Custom (Adat Istiadat), the title of Pengiran will be given to at least five generations of Pengiran Anak descendants (grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and great-great-grandchildren) and they will no longer use the Pengiran Anak titles.

The unmarried children of Pengiran are styled as Awangku for males and Dayangku for females.  Not to be confused with Brunei's equivalent of Mr. (Awang) and Ms. (Dayang), which applies to everyone with no royal titles.

Malaysia
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (KDYMM) (literally 'He/She Whom is The Dust of The Almighty') is used for the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and state rulers alike.  The title is a reference to the rulers being subjected to the Law of God, with their powers being dust compared to the power of Allah.  However, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong also uses the prefix 'Seri Paduka Baginda' (literally, 'Conqueror Majesty') and in English, his title is often translated as 'His Majesty'.  However, the style differs from state to state as according to states' tradition.

Federal
Titles of Malaysian royalty and rulers:
Yang di-Pertuan Agong (literally, 'He who is made Supreme Lord' but usually 'Supreme Head' or 'Paramount Ruler') is the official title of the ruler of all Malaysia, elected from among the nine heads of the royal families.  The title is often glossed 'King' in English.  He is styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda (His Majesty).
Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong (literally, 'Deputy of He who is made Supreme Lord', but usually 'Deputy Supreme Head' or 'Deputy Paramount Ruler') is the official title of the deputy ruler of all Malaysia who is also elected from among the nine heads of the royal families.  The title is often glossed 'Deputy King' in English.  He is styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Majesty).
Raja Permaisuri Agong (literally, 'The Supreme Lady') is the official title of the consort of the ruler of Malaysia.  The title is often glossed 'Queen' in English.  She is styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda (Her Majesty).
 (YDPN) is not a royal title, but the title of 'The Head of the State' (the 'Supreme Head') for the state of Penang, Melaka, Sabah, and Sarawak, which do not have hereditary rulers.   is installed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.  The title is sometimes translated as 'Governor' in English.  They are styled Tuan/Puan Yang Terutama (His/Her Excellency).

Negeri Sembilan
Yamtuan Besar, officially Yang di-Pertuan Besar (literally 'He who is made Chief Ruler',) is the title of the ruler of Negeri Sembilan.  He is styled as Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Tunku Ampuan Besar ('The Chief Royal Lady') is the title of the queen consort of royal parentage for Negeri Sembilan.  She is styled as Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tunku Ampuan ('The Dowager Chief Royal Lady') is the title of the queen dowager.  She is styled as Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tunku Puan Besar ('The Senior Dowager Chief Royal Lady') is the title of the senior queen dowager.  She is styled Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
The children of rulers have the title and style of Yang Amat Mulia (His Highness) Tunku.
The fiefs of the state, the Undangs are for the areas (luak) of Jelebu, Johol, Sungai Ujong, and Rembau.  They are all styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His Highness).  Their spouses are titled Tok Puan with the style Yang Mulia (Her Highness).
The Tunku Besar of Tampin, a semi-autonomous area ruled by the Al-Qadri family.  He is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His Highness).  His spouse is accorded the title of Tunku Isteri (of royal parentage) and Cik Puan Isteri (of non-royal blood) with the style of Yang Mulia (Her Highness).
The Tunku Besar (literally the 'Senior Prince') of Seri Menanti is the title of eldest son of the Yang di-Pertuan Besar.  He is styled Yang Amat Mulia (His Highness).

Selangor
Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan is the title of the ruler of Selangor.  He is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).  The style is also the title of the state anthem.
Tengku Ampuan Selangor is the title of the queen consort of royal parentage.  She is styled as Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tengku Permaisuri Selangor is the title for queen consort of non-royal blood.  She is styled as Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Che' Puan Besar Selangor is the title for second consort of the ruler (of non-royal blood) if he is still marries with queen consort.  She is styled as Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
Tengku Ampuan (literally 'Queen Dowager') is the title of the queen dowager is she of royal blood.  She is styled as Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Paduka Bonda Raja (literally 'Royal Mother') is the title of the Sultan's mother who was not installed as a Tengku Ampuan.  She is styled as Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Permaisuri  is the title of the queen dowager if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
Raja Muda Selangor (literally means 'Younger King') is the title of the heir apparent.  He is then styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Highness).
Raja Puan Muda Selangor (literally 'Younger Lady King') is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
Che' Puan Muda Selangor is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
The other children of the Sultan is titled and styled Yang Amat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tengku.
The palace dignitaries or Orang Besar Istana whom are responsible for any engagement involving the palace is titled and styled as Yang Dimuliakan (His Highness) Tengku. His spouse is accorded the honorific prefix of To' Puan.

Perlis
Raja and Yang di-Pertuan is the title of the ruler of Perlis.  He is styled as Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Raja Perempuan (literally 'Female Queen') is the title of the queen consort of Perlis.  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Raja Perempuan Besar is the title of the queen dowager.  She is styled Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Raja Muda (literally 'Younger King') is the title of the heir apparent.  He is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Raja Puan Muda (literally 'Younger Lady King') is the title of the consort of the heir apparent.  She is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
The other children of the Raja and Raja Muda are styled as Yang Amat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Syed/Sharifah, with the suffix house name of Jamalullail.

Terengganu
Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan is the title of the ruler of the state of Terengganu.  He is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Tengku Ampuan Besar is the title of the queen consort of the state for queens of royal blood.  She is styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Permaisuri is the title of the queen consort if she is not of royal blood initially used by Sultanah Nur Zahirah until it was changed by Sultan Mizan.  A Permaisuri is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Sultanah is the title that is awarded to the consort of the Sultan.  She is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tengku Ampuan is the title of the queen dowager.  She is styled as Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tengku Ampuan Tua (literally 'Old Royal Lady') is the title of the senior queen dowager.  She is styled as Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tengku Besar is the title of the Sultan's mother if she has not been crowned.  She is styled as Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
Yang di-Pertuan Muda (literally 'He who is made the young Lord') is the title of the heir apparent.  He is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Tengku Puan Muda is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
To' Puan Seri is the honorific form of address for the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Amat Berbahagia (The Most Felicitous).
The other children of the Sultan is styled and titled Yang Amat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tengku.

Kedah
Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan is the title of the ruler of the state of Kedah.  He is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Sultanah is the title of the ruler's consort, of royal blood or not.  She is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tunku Ampuan (archaic) was the title of queen dowager of the ruler of royal blood.  She was styled Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Che' Puan Besar (literally 'Great Grand Lady') is the title of the queen dowager if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Raja Muda (literally 'Crown Prince') is the title of the heir apparent.  He is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Raja Puan Muda (literally 'Crown Princess') is the title of the consort of the heir apparent.  She is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tunku Mahkota (literally 'Deputy Crown Prince') is the title of the second heir apparent.  He is titled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Tunku Puan Mahkota (literally 'Deputy Crown Princess') is the title of the consort of the second heir apparent.  She is titled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
The other children of the Sultan and Raja Muda are titled and styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tunku.

Kelantan
 Al-Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Kelantan is the title of the ruler of the state of Kelantan.  He is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Raja Perempuan Kelantan (literally 'Lady King') is the title of the consort of the Sultan if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Sultanah Kelantan is the title of the consort of the Sultan if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Highness).
Raja Perempuan (literally 'Queen Dowager') is the title of the queen dowager if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tengku Mahkota Kelantan (literally 'Crown Prince') is the title of the heir apparent.  He is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Tengku Ampuan Mahkota Kelantan (literally 'Crown Princess') is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Che Puan Mahkota Kelantan (equivalent to 'Crown Princess') is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
The other children of the Al-Sultan are titled Yang Amat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tengku.  If they hold certain palace positions, they are titled Yang Berhormat Mulia (His/Her Highness The Honourable) Tengku.

Pahang
Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan is the title of the ruler of the state of Pahang.  He is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Tengku Ampuan Pahang (literally 'Queen Consort') is the title of the consort of the Sultan if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Sultanah Pahang is the title of the consort of the Sultan if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Tengku Ampuan Besar Pahang is the title of the queen dowager if she is of royal blood.  She is styled as Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Cik Puan Besar Pahang is the title of the queen dowager if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
Tengku Mahkota Pahang (literally 'Crown Prince') is the title of the heir apparent.  He is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Tengku Puan Pahang (literally 'Crown Princess') is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Cik Puan Pahang (equivalent to 'Princess Consort') is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
The children of the Sultan are titled and styled Yang Amat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tengku.  The children of the Tengku Mahkota are titled and styled Yang Mulia (His/Her Highness).

Johor
Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan is the title of the ruler of Johor.  He is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Majesty).
Permaisuri is the title for a queen consort of royal blood (direct daughter of the sultan) outside the Johor Sultanate's blood line.  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Majesty).
Sultanah is the title for his wife with non-royal blood or for his wife of noble birth (distant royal relatives).  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Majesty).
Tunku Ampuan (archaic) is the title for the consort of the Sultan if she is from a junior branch of the Johor Royal Family.  She was styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).  This was last used in 1895 for Tunku Ampuan Ungku Maimunah.
Tunku Puan is the title of the queen dowager of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
Enche' Besar is the title awarded to the mother of the Sultan if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
Tunku Mahkota (literally 'Crown Prince') is the title of the heir apparent.  He is styled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Isteri Tunku Mahkota (literally 'Consort of the Crown Prince') is the title for the consort of the heir apparent.  She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
Che' Puan Besar (literally 'Madame') is the honorific form of address for the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled as Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
Raja Muda (literally 'Younger King') is the title of the first son of the heir apparent.  The situation is similar to France where during the reign of Louis XIV, his son was titled the le Grand Dauphin and his grandson was also titled le Petit Dauphin.  He is titled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
The other children of the Sultan are titled and styled Yang Amat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tunku.
Related Royal paternal hereditary titles to Tunku, are Ungku and Tengku or prince.  Denotes particular lineages of the Royal Family of Johor with the style of Yang Mulia (His/ Her Highness).

Perak
Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan dan Raja Pemerintah is the title of the ruler of Perak.  He is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness).
Raja Perempuan Perak is the title of the consort of the ruler if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Raja Permaisuri Perak is the title of the consort of the ruler if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Raja Perempuan is the title of the queen dowager if she is of royal blood.  Would be granted the style of Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Raja Permaisuri is the title of the queen dowager is she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Raja Muda Perak is the title of the heir apparent.  He is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Raja Puan Besar Perak is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Che Puan Besar Perak is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
Raja di-Hilir Perak is the title of second heir apparent.  He is styled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
Raja Puan Muda Perak is the title of the consort of the second heir apparent if she is of royal blood.  She is styled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
Che Puan Muda Perak is the title of the consort of the second heir apparent if she is not of royal blood.  She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
The other children of the Sultan and Raja Bergelar is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Raja/Engku.

Federal titles
In Malaysia, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) grants honours to recipients nominated by the Government of Malaysia as awards which are honorary and non-hereditary.  These honours may also be revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or returned by the individual.  Some of the highest honours bestowed carries with them the titles of Tun, Tan Sri, or Datuk.

There is a maximum number of Malaysian subjects who may be award-holders at any one time.  These numerical limits apply only to Malaysian subjects.  Foreigners may be awarded such titles in a supernumerary and honorary capacity, and may use the title locally.

Tun
The Tun title has existed in Malaysian society for hundreds of years.  In ancient times, Tun was an honorific title used by noble people of royal lineage, inherited by the male descendants.  Over time, the Tun title has become a title conferred by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to the most-deserving recipient who has highly contributed to the nation.

Tun is the most senior federal title awarded to recipients of either the Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara (Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm) (SMN) or Seri Setia Mahkota (Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia) (SSM).  However, the SMN and SSM are not the highest federal awards, ranking fourth and fifth, respectively.  There may not be more than 25 (SMN) and 35 (SSM) living holders of each of these awards respectively at any one time.  The title for the wife of a Tun is called Toh Puan.  The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Amat Berbahagia or (The Most Felicitous).

The SMN is usually awarded to newly appointed  (YDPN), and to all the retired Prime Ministers of Malaysia, with the exception of Tunku Abdul Rahman (he is the Prince of the state of Kedah), Najib Razak, Muhyiddin Yassin, and Ismail Sabri Yaakob.  The most senior state titles of Dato Seri Utama and Datuk Seri Utama are of equivalent rank with Tun.

Examples:
Yang Amat Berbahagia (The Most Felicitous) Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad ;
Yang Amat Berbahagia (The Most Felicitous) Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik .

Tan Sri
Tan Sri is the second-most senior federal title and a honorific, used to denote recipients of the Panglima Mangku Negara (Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm) (PMN) and the Panglima Setia Mahkota (Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia) (PSM).  The wife of a Tan Sri is called Puan Sri.  The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Berbahagia or (The Felicitous).  State title Dato Sri and Dato Seri share equivalent rank with Tan Sri.

Examples:
Yang Berhormat Tan Sri Dato' Haji Muhyiddin Yassin ;
Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Gani Patail ;
Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Dr Runme Shaw, ;
Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Dato' Seri Michelle Yeoh ;
Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Dato Sri Dr Muhammad Shafee Abdullah .

Datuk

Datuk is a federal title that has been conferred since 1965.  It is limited to recipients of Panglima Jasa Negara (Commander of the Order of Meritorious Service) (PJN) and Panglima Setia Diraja (Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal Family of Malaysia) (PSD).  There may be up to 200 living PJN holders and 200 living PSD holders at any one time.  The wife of a Datuk is called a Datin.  The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Berbahagia (The Felicitous).

Examples:
Yang Berbahagia Datuk Lee Chong Wei ;
Yang Berbahagia Datuk Punch Gunalan ;
Yang Berbahagia Datuk Ahmad Fauzi Hasan;
Yang Berbahagia Datuk Prof. Dr. Mohamad Akram Laldin.

State titles
In Malaysia, state honours are awarded by the respective heads of the thirteen states.  Such titles are honorary and non-hereditary.  State titles may be revoked or suspended by the head of state, or may be returned by the individual.  Dato' Sri or Dato' Seri (sometimes Dato' is spelled and pronounced Datuk in some states) is the highest state title conferred by the Ruler on the most deserving recipients who have contributed greatly to the nation or state.  It ranks below the federal title Tun, and is an honour equivalent to federal title Tan Sri.  The wife of a recipient is Datin Sri or Datin Seri.  In many cases, the number of Malaysian nationals who may hold a state title or honour at one time is limited.  Such limits do not apply to foreigners.

{|class=wikitable style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none"
!title!!awarding state(s)!!associated honour(s)!!variant
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|Dato Sri||rowspan=2|||Knight Grand Commander of Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak (SBS)||Pehin Sri
|-
|Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak (PNBS)||Dato Sri
|-
|rowspan=29 align=center|Dato' Seri||rowspan=6|||Member of the Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa (DMK)||Dato' Seri Utama
|-
|(SMDK)||Dato' Seri Utama
|-
|Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (SHMS)||Dato' Seri Diraja
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Glorious Order of the Crown of Kedah (SGMK)||Dato' Seri Wira
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Exalted Order of the Crown of Kedah (SPMK)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah (SSDK)||Dato' Seri
|-
|rowspan=4|||Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SUNS)||Dato' Seri Utama
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Grand Order of Tuanku Jaafar (SPTJ)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Tuanku Muhriz (SSTM)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SSNS)||Dato' Seri
|-
|rowspan=3|||Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN)||Dato' Seri Utama
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DPPN)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DGPN)||Dato' Seri
|-
|rowspan=6|||Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (Ordinary Class) (SPSA)||Dato' Seri Diraja
|-
|Perak Family Order of Sultan Nazrin Shah (Ordinary Class) (SPSN)||Dato' Seri Diraja
|-
|Grand Knight of the Azlanii Royal Family Order (DSA)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Grand Knight of the Order of Taming Sari (SPTS)||Dato' Seri Panglima
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP)||Dato' Seri
|-
|rowspan=5|||Member of the Order of Dato' Bendahara Sri Jamalullail (DBSJ)||Dato' Seri DiRaja Bendahara Negara
|-
|Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (SSPJ)||Dato' Seri Diraja
|-
|Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (SSSJ)||Dato' Seri Diraja
|-
|Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail of Perlis (SPSJ)||Dato' Seri Setia DiRaja
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis (SPMP)||Dato' Seri
|-
|rowspan=2|||Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah (SSIS)||Dato' Setia
|-
|rowspan=3|||Knight of the Order of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu (SUMZ)||Dato' Seri Utama
|-
|Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu (SSMZ)||Dato' Seri
|-
|Member Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu (SSMT)||Dato' Seri
|-
|rowspan=3 align=center|Dato' Sri||rowspan=3|||Grand Royal Knight of the Grand Royal Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SDSA)||Dato' Sri Diraja
|-
|Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP)||Dato' Sri
|-
|Grand Knight of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (SIMP)||Dato' Indera
|-
|rowspan=5 align=center|Datuk Seri||rowspan=2|||Grand Knight of Order of the Territorial Crown (SUMW)||Datuk Seri Utama
|-
|Grand Commander of Order of the Territorial Crown (SMW)||Datuk Seri
|-
|rowspan=2|||Knight Grand Commander of Exalted Order of Malacca (DUNM)||Datuk Seri Utama
|-
|Grand Commander of Exalted Order of Malacca (DGSM)||Datuk Seri
|-
|||Grand Commander of Order of Kinabalu (SPDK)||Datuk Seri Panglima
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|Dato' Sri||rowspan=2|||Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP)||Dato' Patinggi
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DA)||Dato' Amar
|-
|colspan=4 style=background-color:#cccccc|
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|Dato'||rowspan=2|||Order of Meritorious Service to Sarawak (DJBS)||Datu'
|-
|Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak (PSBS)||Dato'
|-
|rowspan=45 align=center|Dato'''||rowspan=6|||Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ)||Dato|-
|Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor (SSIJ)||Dato'
|-
|Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor (SMIJ)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor (DSIJ)||Dato'
|-
|Knight of the Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor (DMIJ)||Dato'
|-
|rowspan=5|||Knight Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (DHMS)||Dato' Paduka
|-
|(DMDK)||Dato' Diraja
|-
|Knight Commander of the Glorious Order of the Crown of Kedah (DGMK)||Dato' Wira
|-
|Knight Commander of the Exalted Order of the Crown of Kedah (DPMK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah (DSDK)||Dato'
|-
|rowspan=10|||Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (SPMK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (DPMK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (SJMK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (DJMK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Noble Crown of Kelantan (SPKK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Noble Crown of Kelantan (DPKK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Loyalty to the Crown of Kelantan (SPSK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Loyalty to the Crown of Kelantan (DPSK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Services to the Crown of Kelantan (SPJK)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Services to the Crown of Kelantan (DPJK)||Dato'
|-
|rowspan=5|||Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (DSNS)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (DPNS)||Dato'
|-
|Knight Commander of the Grand Order of Tuanku Jaafar (DPTJ)||Dato'
|-
|Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Tuanku Muhriz (DSTM)||Dato'
|-
|Knight of the Order of Loyal Service to Negeri Sembilan (DBNS)||Dato'
|-
|rowspan=2|||Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (DSAP)||Dato|-
|Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (DIMP)||Dato|-
|rowspan=2|||Companion of the Order of the Defender of State (DMPN)||Dato'''
|-
|Officer of the Order of the Defender of State (DSPN)||Dato
|-
|rowspan=3|||Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (DPCM)||Dato'|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of Taming Sari (DPTS)||Dato' Pahlawan|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (DPMP)||Dato'|-
|rowspan=6|||Knight Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (DSSJ)||Dato' Paduka|-
|Grand Commander of the Order of Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail of Perlis (DWSJ)||Dato' Wira|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis (DPMP)||Dato'|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (DSPJ)||Dato'|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (DPPJ)||Dato'|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail of Perlis (DPSJ)||Dato'|-
|rowspan=2|||Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS)||Dato'|-
|Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah (DSIS)||Dato'|-
|rowspan=4|||Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SPMT)||Dato'|-
|Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu (DSMZ)||Dato'|-
|Member Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu (DSMT)||Dato'|-
|Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (DPMT)||Dato'|-
|rowspan=6 align=center|Datuk||||Knight Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (PMW)||Datuk|-
|rowspan=3|||Knight Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DCSM)||Datuk Wira|-
|Companion Class I of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DMSM)||Datuk|-
|Companion Class II of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DPSM)||Datuk|-
|||Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK)||Datuk|-
|||Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (PGBK)||Datuk|}

Pehin
This title is mainly used in Brunei Darussalam.  An example of the title in Brunei would be Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Setia Bakti Di-Raja Dato Laila Utama Haji Awang Isa, the former Minister of Home Affairs and the current Special Adviser to the Sultan of Brunei.  The titles refers to the traditional ministers posts in Brunei.

Pehin Sri
This title is mainly used in Sarawak.  Awarded to individuals who have been appointed as Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak or equivalent or higher.  An example of the title in Sarawak would be Tun Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud, Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak.

Seri Setia
This title is mainly used in Malacca.  Awarded to individuals who have been appointed as Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca or equivalent or higher.  An example of the title in Malacca would be Tun Seri Setia (Dr.) Haji Mohd Ali Rustam, Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca.

JP
Justice of Peace (JP) ranks below all Dato or Datuk.  In Malaysia, Justices of Peace have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally-qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates.  However, state governments continue to appoint Justices of Peace as honours.  In 2004, some associations of JPs pressed the federal government to allow JPs to sit as second-class magistrates to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts.

Special cases
If a person has been awarded several honours from different states, the title used varies.  For example, sometimes former Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad is usually referred to as YABhg Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad anywhere in Malaysia.  However, different terms of address may be used in the states that he visits.  In Sarawak, he will be referred to as YABhg Tun Pehin Sri Mahathir Mohamad as he received the Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak (SBS) from the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak.  While in Sabah, he is referred to as Tun Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, as he received the Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) from the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah.

Honorary styles
The following are used as styles, both before a person's title, and by themselves as forms of address:Tuan Yang Terutama (TYT) () – the style of a state governor, equivalent to 'Your/His Excellency', and also as a title for serving Ambassadors to Malaysia, e.g. T.Y.T. Tuan Brian D. McFeeters.  Previously, the archaic equivalent to the style His Excellency was Paduka Yang Mulia (PYM).  This was used by Singapore, Indonesia, and in Malaysia; for other Republic's leaders, while the style for Governors / Yang di-Pertuas were Yang Terutama.Yang Amat Berhormat (YAB) () – the style of the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the Premier of Sarawak, the chief ministers and the Menteri Besars of the states, and Tuns who are members of parliament.  It used to be 'the Right Honorable', but since Malaysia withdrew as a member of the Privy Council in the 1990s, the right to use 'Right Honorable' has been revoked.Yang Berhormat (YB) () – the style of members of parliament and state legislative assemblymen.  The prefix Yang Berhormat is also used for recipients of the First and Second Classes of the Johor's Orders of Chivalry, regardless of whether a member of parliament or not.Yang Berhormat Mulia (YBM) () - the style for a member of royalty who is also a member of parliament (e.g. Yang Berhormat Mulia Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji, the MP for Raub). This style is also used by royals with high ranking federal titles such as Tun or Tan Sri (eg. Yang Berhormat Mulia Tun Raja Uda).Yang Amat Arif (YAA) () – the style of the Chief Justice of Malaysia, the President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia, the Chief Judge of the High Court of Malaya, and the Chief Judge of the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak.Yang Arif (YA) () – the style of a judge of the Federal Court or Court of Appeal, as well a judicial commissioner or judge of the High Court of Malaya or the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak.  It does not apply to session court judges or magistrates.Yang Amat Berbahagia (YABhg) () – the style of persons with the titles Tun or Toh Puan, and the spouses of state governors, the spouse of the prime minister, the spouse of the deputy prime minister, as well as the spouses of state chief ministers.Yang Berbahagia (YBhg) () (and variants thereof) – the styles of persons with a chivalrous title.Yang Hormat (YH) () – the style for recipients of the First and Second Classes of the Pahang's Orders of Chivalry.

The English versions of these styles follow British usage.  Thus the prime minister, cabinet ministers, senators, state executive councillors and judges of the High Court and above are styled the Honorable or the Right Honorable, although technically it is a solecism to style the prime minister or heads of courts Right Honourable as they are not members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

Other Malay titles by inheritancePermata or Paramata, jewel or princess.Raja Muda crown prince or heir apparent.Simban, literally means 'worshipped'.Pengiran, equivalent to Tengku or prince.Raja ruler determined by hereditary lineage.Tunku, equivalent to Ungku & Tengku or prince.  A hereditary (paternal) title from one of the lineages of the Royal Family of Johor with the style of Yang Mulia (His/ Her Highness).Teuku, name of the royal lineage inherited by the male line used by the Achehnese.  The title Cut, for female will be inherited if her father is a descendant of Teuku or Ulee Balang (title for king/ruler).Raden, a royal family name used in the several Malay Sultanates in Kalimantan, used extensively by the Pontianak Malays.Abang is a title that is particularly found in Sarawak.  Its use is rooted in the appointments of Datuk Patinggi, Datuk Temenggung, Datuk Bandar and Datuk Imam,  centuries before the British colonisation.  The children of these state dignitaries carry the title Abang (male) and Dayang (female).  When an Abang marries a Dayang or a commoner, the issue will get to keep the title.  The issue of a Dayang does not carry a title if they have a non-Abang father.  However, if a Dayang marries a male aristocrat bearing a different title than hers, her issue will be named according to the husband's given title.Awang is the term used for addressing men in Brunei equivalent to Mr. or as a given hereditary name amongst Sarawakian Malay.  Anyone who inherited the name of Awang and Awangku through patrilineal family lineage may later claim the title Pengiran since they are also related to the Brunei Sultanate.  This, however, requires the approval of elders who must consider if he is  mature enough to carry the title – or once he has married.  The change is only eligible for those who inherit the name Awang from their family line.  As for the rule of inheritance of the name, it is the same as Abang.Dayang is the term used for addressing women in Brunei and it is equivalent to Ms. Dayang is also the female issue of an Abang and an Awang (see Abang and Awang).Syed (Malay), Sayyid or Sayed (Philippines), is a title inherited by male descendants, through the male line, from the Prophet Muhammad via his grandsons Hassan and Hussein.  Female descendants are known as Syarifah, Sharifah, or Sayyidah.Meor is a title inherited by the male issue of a Syarifah and non-Syed father.  For females, the first letter of the name comes with 'Ma' as in Ma Mastura.  This is typically used in Perak and few other states such as Terengganu and Kelantan.Megat (Malay), or Pamegat or Gat (Philippines), the title was historically inherited by a lineage from a royal maternal family with a commoner father.  In the Philippines, this survives in common high-born surnames Gatdula and Gatsalian, along with the Order of the Philippines Gat (similar to a knight).Puteri is a title inherited by the female descendant of a Megat.  In the Philippines, Puteri, commonly spelled as Putri, Potri, Potli, or Potre, is used to denote any royal princess of hereditary issue.Tun is a title inherited by the issue of a Puteri, the female descendant of a Megat and a commoner father, in turn inheritable through the male line.  In Pahang, it is the title of a male or female descendant of a Sultan through the female line.  In the upper part of Terengganu, Tun is a title inherited by descendants of the now-abolished Bendahara of Terengganu.Wan is a title inherited through the male line, given to a son or a daughter of a royal-family mother who married a commoner.  This is typically found in Patani, Pahang, Kelantan, Kedah, Terengganu, and Natuna-Anambas.  In Kedah, Wan is the title used by descendants of certain former chief ministers of the state, e.g. the descendants of Wan Mohd Saman.  Wan can also be used as the title for a girl's name, though this is uncommon, e.g. Wan Azizah Wan Ismail.  Wan can also be found in Sarawak, and is somehow related to the state's Syed lineage.  A female issue of Wan carries the title Sharifah.  A Wan may later claim the title Tuanku.  This, however, can only be done after he gains the approval of the elders and is considered mature enough to carry the title.  The change is only eligible for those who inherit the name Wan from their family line.  The issue of a Sharifah does not carry a title if he/she has a non-Wan father.Nik is a title inherited by the issue of a male Nik.  It is typically found in Patani, Kelantan, and Terengganu.Che is a title inherited by the issue of a male Che descendants, and were also used by some Malay nobles in ancient time.  Certain lineage of Raja Jembal descendants also uses the Che title.  However the Che title can also be passed down from a descendant of a female Nik and non-Nik male.  The Che title is commonly found in Pattani, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu.

Other titlesHaji (or Hajjah for female) can be used by people who have completed the Hajj.  This title is abbreviated as 'Hj.' or 'Hjh.'.Tuan literally means 'master'.  Due to its colonial overtones, this term is mostly obsolete, although the title can still be added to Syed and Haji.  It is used for non-titled members of Parliament and State Assemblymen.  In some states like Kelantan, it could also denote one of the royal family.  As an equivalent of Sir, it is used in formal correspondence.  When addressing an audience, the plural form 'tuan-tuan' (gentlemen) is used, usually combined as 'tuan-tuan dan puan-puan' (gentlemen and ladies).Encik (abbreviated 'En.') is equivalent to Mr., and can be used by all men.  Warrant Officers in the Singapore Armed Forces are also referred to as Encik informally.Puan (abbreviated 'Pn.') can be used by all married women.  It is equivalent to Madam, not Mrs., as most married women in Malay-speaking countries do not use the names or surnames of their husbands.  For married women who use their husbands' names, they can be addressed as Puan (husband's name).  It is also used in formal correspondence.  When addressing an audience, the plural form 'puan-puan' (ladies) is used, usually combined with 'tuan-tuan' as 'tuan-tuan dan puan-puan'.Cik is equivalent to Miss, and can be used by all unmarried women.

Related issues
Not all Datuks have lived exemplary lives, and some have been convicted of crimes.  The various rulers have recently taken steps to ensure the integrity of the institution by means of consultation and the revoking of the given titles.

Mahathir Mohamad mentioned that one of the problems with titles in Malaysia is the numbers of them given out.  He stated in an interview "Personally, I feel if you want to give value to anything, it must be limited... if you produce a million Ferrari cars, nobody will care about buying a Ferrari."

The Sultan Nazrin Shah of Perak, stated "That is my view.  You degrade the award and the Ruler has the right to revoke it.  In my opinion, it should be taken away."  He also stated that "Sometimes, I think we give away too many datukships... it dilutes and devalues the award."

In the first government following the independence of Malaya in 1957, 5 of 15 cabinet Ministers were Datuks.  The Minister of Finance of Malaysia at the time, Tan Siew Sin, held the title Justice of Peace.  Later, he was granted a Federal award which carried the title Tun.  The father of Malayan independence, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, received no awards and carried the title Tunku, which he inherited as the prince of the state of Kedah.  He was honorarily referred to as Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM).  The Senate held only 14 Datuks, and House of Representatives held only seven.

The Malacca government was criticised for awarding the Datuk title to a non-Malaysian Indian actor, Shah Rukh Khan, for making movies and promoting the Malacca state internationally.

Negeri Sembilan
In 2018, the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan revoked the state honours bestowed upon Mohammad Najib Abdul Razak and his wife, Rosmah Mansor.

Pahang
The Sultan of Pahang revoked the titles of two Datos in 2004.

Selangor
The Datos of Selangor attempted to set up an association of Selangor Dato's.  It received approval from the registrar of societies, but was shelved when the Sultan forbade any Dato' from joining or otherwise risk losing their title.
Four Datuks were removed in 2003 by the Sultan of Selangor.
Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim had his title revoked by the Sultan of Selangor on 3 November 2014.
In 2019, the Sultan of Selangor revoked the state honours bestowed upon Najib Razak and his wife, Rosmah Mansor, on 12 September 2022.

See also

Bendahara
Datu – Philippine equivalent of Malay term Dato
Datuk (Minangkabau) – traditional title in Minangkabau community
Style (manner of address)
Yang di-Pertuan Negara

References

External links
Special list of federal and state honours, awarded 2002–2009 — The Star, via Archive.org
Correct forms of address in
Selangor Sultan strips trader of title — August 2007, Malaysian Bar
NasionCom founder charged with graft — 20 May 2008, The Star, via Archive.org

Malay culture

Bruneian culture
Malaysian culture
Singaporean culture

Malaysian nobility
Honorifics by language

Malay styles and titles


La cordillera de Bismarck  es una cadena montañosa en las tierras altas centrales de Papúa Nueva Guinea. La cordillera lleva el nombre del canciller alemán Otto von Bismarck. Desde la década de 1880 hasta 1914 esta parte de la isla era una colonia alemana.

El punto más alto es el monte Wilhelm de 4.509 m. Sobre los 3.400 metros, el paisaje es alpino, con la presencia de tundra, a pesar del clima tropical. El río Ramu tiene su fuente en la cordillera.

Véase también
Cordillera de Owen Stanley
Geografía de Papúa Nueva Guinea
Geografía de Oceanía

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Cordilleras de Papúa Nueva Guinea

Cordillera de Bismarck


Annual Review of Immunology, abgekürzt Annu. Rev. Immunol., ist eine jährlich erscheinende Fachzeitschrift, die Übersichtsartikel veröffentlicht. Die Erstausgabe erschien im April 1983. Die Zeitschrift veröffentlicht Artikel aus allen Bereichen der Immunologie.

Der Impact Factor des Journals lag im Jahr 2014 bei 39,327. Nach der Statistik des ISI Web of Knowledge wird das Journal mit diesem Impact Factor in der Kategorie Immunologie an erster Stelle von 148 Zeitschriften geführt.

Herausgeber sind Daniel R. Littman (New York University, USA) und Wayne M. Yokoyama (Washington University, St. Louis, USA).

Weblinks
 Artikelindex der aktuellen Ausgabe

Einzelnachweise

Immunologische Zeitschrift
Englischsprachige Jahreszeitschrift
Ersterscheinung 1983
Medizinische Fachzeitschrift (Vereinigte Staaten)

Annual Review of Immunology


Svjetionik Otočić Palagruža je svjetionik na vrhu otočića Vela Palagruža, na sredini Jadranskog mora, između talijanske i hrvatske obale.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Palagruža
Palagruško otočje

Svjetionik Otočić Palagruža


الصيغة  هي فذلكة تستعمل في الرياضيات والعلوم للتعبير عن المعلومات باستعمال الرموز مثل الصيغ الكيميائية أو عن العلاقة بين المقادير. من أشهر الصيغ هي صيغة أينشتاين:  التي تظهر العلاقة بين الطاقة  والكتلة  في نظريته عن النسبية.

الصيغ الرياضية
الصيغة الرياضية هي طريقة لإيجاد حل للمتغيرات في المعادلات. مثلًا، يتطلب إيجاد قيمة حجم جسم كروي . الغوص في عمليات التكامل المعقدة. إلا أنه من الممكن للرياضيين، بعد نجاح عملية التكامل الأولى، من إيجاد صيغة رياضية مبسطة تعرّف الحجم بالنسبة لمتغيرات أخرى مثل شعاع الكرة .في هذا المثال، صيغة المعادلة هي: .

من الجدير ملاحظته أنه تم ترميز القيم المتغيرة مثل الـ  والـ بأحرف واحدة للتبسيط، مما يعني أن إيجاد الحل هو بسيط وسريع وعملي لصيغ شديدة التعقيد.

وفي الرياضيات، لا يوجد فرق أساسي بين مصطلح «تعبير رياضي»  و«صيغة رياضية»، إلا أن الصيغة تنفرد باستعمالها كتعبير رياضي قائم بحد ذاته يمكن فهمه بالبديهة.

معظم الدراسات الرياضية تدور حول صيغ بأشكال مختلفة من معادلات تربيعية لمعادلات الحركة المستعملة في رياضيات الميكانيكا الفيزيائية. في السياق العام، تطبق الصيغ لإيجاد حلول لمسائل عملية من واقع الحياة. وهناك بعض الصيغ التي تفسر ظواهر تحصل في كل مكان، مثل صيغة «القوة = الكتلة × التسارع» التي تُطبق في أي مكان في الكون. أما بعض الصيغ الأخرى فتنشأ لحل مسائل محددة مثل استعمال موجة جيبية لتفسير حركتي المد والجذر في خليج ما. وفي كل الأحوال، تكون الصيغة الرياضية أساس كل العمليات الحسابية.

الصيغ الحاسوبية
في مجال الحوسبة، تستعمل الصيغ الرياضية لتوصيف عمليات حسابية بين عدد من المتغيرات. ومن المتفق عليه أن تصور الصيغ في هذا المجال بشكل أوامر حاسوبية مثل:

«مجمع الفاكهة» = «عدد التفاح» + «عدد البرتقال»

أما في مجال الجداول الممتدة ، فتشكل صيَّغها من نسق من المحارف تشتمل على عناوين خلايا الجدول  مثل: "A1+A2=". بحيث A1 و A2 ترمزان للخليتين في عامود (A) والسطرين (1) و (2) على التوالي. وتظهر النتيجة في الخلية نفسها التي تحوي الصيغة.

صيغ مع وحدات موصوفة
يمكن توصيف أي كمية فيزيائية كحاصل ضرب لقيمة عددية بوحدة قياس فيزيائية. وبالتالي، فالصيغة، في هذه الحالة، تصف العلاقة بين الكميات الفيزيائية. ومن الشروط الأساسية لصحة هذه الصيغ هي استعمال نفس البعد في كل طرف رياضي (term) من الأطراف المستعملة في الصيغة، وبمعنى آخر، تحويل كل طرف ليمثل قيمة من نفس الوحدة أو حاصل ضرب وحدات متجانسة. فمثلًا، في مثال حجم الكرة السابق الذكر، فإذا أردنا حساب حجم كرة ذات شعاع  يساوي 2 «سنتمتر» فيكون الحجم يساوي 33.51 سنتمتر3.

هناك مجهودات كبيرة للتدريب والتوعية في للمحافظة على استعمال وحدات بشكل متوافق في العمليات الحسابية أو إلى تحويلها إلى الوحدة المناسبة لنجاح العملية الحسابية. وهناك العديد من الخوارزميات والمبادئ المتعلقة بالموضوع مثل أسلوب «تحليل كمية لا بعدية» أو «تحويل الوحدات بواسطة نعوت المعامل» .

في معظم الحالات، يًستعمل برامج حاسوبية للقيام بهذه العمليات الحسابية. إلا أن الحاسوب يتلقى القيم العددية ولا يستطيع تحديد الوحدات. لذلك، فان معظم خوارزميات الصيغ الحاسوبية تُتطور بحيث تكون الوحدات محددة ومعروفة لتخريج النتائج بشكل صحيح. وتُعَرف الوحدات عادة بشكل واضح منعًا للالتباس. فمثلًا، لنفترض أن برنامج حاسوبي سيقوم بتحويل الأحجام من «ملعقة طاولة» إلى سم3. المعادلة هي:

فلا يمكن استعمال هذه المعادلة بشكل صحيح إلا إذا حُدِدَت الوحدات التي يجب استعمالها مثل وحدة V هي ملاعق ووحدة R هي سم. لذلك يجب تحديد هذه الوحدات إما في الإرشادات أو في واجهات التطبيق نفسه.

راجع أيضًا
 تدوين رياضي
 جداول ممتدة
 صيغة كيميائية
 كمية لا بعدية

مراجع

تدوين رياضي
جبر ابتدائي

صيغة رياضية


محمد العجيمي (2 سبتمبر 1960 -)، ممثل كويتي. جاءت شهرته بالتسعينات، وذلك بعد دخوله للمجال الفني بعشر سنوات، حيث قدم عدة أعمال مسرحية وتلفزيونية برزت اسمه.

عن حياته
بدأ مشواره الفني على خشبة المسرح الجامعي أثناء دراسته بكلية العلوم السياسية في جامعة الكويت وذلك بعام 1979. ثم درس في المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية في عام 1993، وعُرف بتأديته لأدوار الشر والكوميديا. وهو متزوج ولديه ثلاثة أبناء.

من أعماله

المسلسلات
 الميناء - سهرة تلفزيونية.
 الجوهرة والصياد.
 على الدنيا السلام.
 مدينة الرياح.
 نصيب.
 عاد ولكن.
 خذ وخل.
 عبد الله البري وعبد الله البحري.
 رجل سنة 60.
 الخوف.
 سوق المقاصيص.
 الاختيار.
 قلوب مهشمة.
 صالح وطالح.
 عذاري.
 حبل المودة.
 أحلام لا تعرف الدموع.
 عقاب.
 لعنة امرأة.
 بيت صالح السكراب.
 زمن مريان.
 باب الفرج.
 علمني كيف أنساك.
 امرأة تبحث عن المغفرة.
 الملافع.
 هابي هاوس.
 الحب الحلال.
 الخافي أعظم.
 دفعة القاهرة.
 مني وفيني.
 أنا عندي نص.
 والدي العزيز.
 كسرة ظهر.

المسرحيات

 رجل مع وقف التنفيذ. 1986م.
 عيال الديرة.
 حامي الديار.
 الدكتور صنهات.
 البمبرة.
 أرض وقرض.
 ليلى والذيب.
 بباي وبوتمبة.
 الكرة مدورة.
 لولاكي.
 وراهم وراهم.
 أزمة وتعدي.
 لولاكي.
 انتخبو أم علي.
 ولعها شعللها.
 كينغ كونغ والسلاحف.
 بشت المدير.
 صباح الخير يا كويت.
 لعيونك.
 عذبيني.
 عايلة عشر نجوم.
 الخواف.
 زوج سعادة الوزيرة.
 مولود بحبة فياغارا - مسرحية تلفزيونية.
 خمسة بيبان.
 قروب بوخلي.
 ليلة ربيع عين وقمراء.
 ينانوة جليعة 2.

السينما
 1993: ليلة القبض على الوزير.
 2011: هالو كايرو.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة الكويت
كوميديون كويتيون
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1960

محمد العجيمي


La Coupe du Portugal de football 1999-2000 est la  de la Coupe du Portugal de football, considéré comme le deuxième trophée national le plus important derrière le championnat.

La finale est jouée le 21 mai 2000, à l'Estádio Nacional do Jamor, entre le FC Porto et le Sporting Clube de Portugal. Les deux équipes ne peuvent se départager, score final 1 à 1 après prolongation, un deuxième match est nécessaire. Les deux équipes se retrouvent au même endroit le 25 mai, cette fois-ci Porto gagne la partie 2 à 0 et remporte son dixième trophée.

Finale

Voir aussi
 Championnat du Portugal de football 1999-2000

1999-2000
Portugal
Sport au Portugal en 1999
Sport au Portugal en 2000

Coupe du Portugal de football 1999-2000


Romancing the Stone is a 1984 action adventure romantic comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis, written by Diane Thomas and produced by Michael Douglas, who also starred in the film alongside co-stars Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito. The film follows a romance novelist who must venture beyond her New York City comfort zone to Colombia in order to save her sister from criminals who are holding her for ransom as they search for a priceless treasure.

Thomas wrote the screenplay in 1979. Zemeckis, who at the time was developing Cocoon, liked Thomas's screenplay and offered to direct but 20th Century Fox initially declined, citing the commercial failure of his first two films I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Used Cars. Zemeckis was eventually dismissed from Cocoon after an early screening of Romancing the Stone failed to further impress studio executives. Alan Silvestri, who would collaborate with Zemeckis on his later films, composed the score.

Romancing the Stone was released on March 30, 1984, to positive reviews from critics and earned over $115 million worldwide at the box office. A sequel, The Jewel of the Nile, was released in December 1985.

Plot
Joan Wilder is a successful, but lonely, romance novelist in New York City. After finishing her latest novel, Joan leaves her apartment to meet her editor, Gloria. On the way she is handed a letter by her neighbor, Mrs. Irwin, that contains a map, sent by her recently murdered brother-in-law, Eduardo. While she is gone, a man tries to break into her apartment and is discovered by her apartment building's superintendent, whom he kills. Returning to her apartment, Joan finds it ransacked. She then receives a frantic phone call from her sister Elaine, Eduardo's widow. Elaine has been kidnapped by antiquities smugglers, cousins Ira and Ralph, and instructs Joan to go to the Colombian coastal city of Cartagena with the map she received; it is Elaine's ransom.

Flying to Colombia, Joan is diverted from the rendezvous point by Colonel Zolo—the same man who ransacked her apartment looking for the map—by tricking her into boarding the wrong bus. Instead of heading to Cartagena, this bus goes deep into the interior of the country. Ralph realizes this and begins following Joan. After Joan accidentally distracts the bus driver by asking where they are going, the bus crashes into a Land Rover, wrecking both vehicles. As the rest of the passengers walk away, Joan is menaced by Zolo but is saved by the Land Rover's owner, an American exotic bird smuggler named Jack T. Colton. For getting her out of the jungle and to a telephone, Joan promises to pay Jack $375 in traveler's cheques.

Jack and Joan travel the jungle while eluding Zolo and his military police. Reaching a small village, they encounter a drug lord named Juan, who is a big fan of Joan's novels and happily helps them escape from Zolo.

After a night of dancing and passion in a nearby town, Jack suggests to Joan that they find the treasure themselves before handing over the map. Zolo's men enter the town, so Jack and Joan steal a car to escape—but it is Ralph's car, and he is sleeping in the back. They follow the clues and retrieve the treasure, an enormous emerald called El Corazón ("The Heart"). Ralph takes the emerald from them at gunpoint, but Zolo's forces appear, distracting Ralph long enough for Jack to steal the jewel back. After being chased into a river and over a waterfall, Jack and Joan are separated on opposite sides of the raging river; Joan has the map, but Jack has the emerald. Jack directs Joan to Cartagena, promising that he will meet her there.

In Cartagena, Joan meets with Ira, who takes the map and releases Elaine. But Zolo and his men arrive, with a captured Jack and a severely beaten Ralph. As Zolo tortures Joan, Jack tries to kick the emerald into a crocodile pool behind Zolo. Zolo is able to catch the emerald, but then a crocodile jumps up and bites his hand off, swallowing the emerald with it. A shootout ensues between Zolo's soldiers and Ira's gang. Joan and Elaine dash for safety, pursued by the maimed Zolo, as Jack tries to stop the crocodile from escaping. He begrudgingly releases it, to          instead try to save Joan.

A crazed Zolo charges at Joan; she dodges his wild knife slashes and he falls into a crocodile pit. As the authorities arrive, Ira and his men escape, but Ralph is left behind. After a kiss, Jack dives into the water after the crocodile with the emerald, leaving Joan behind with her sister.

Later, Joan is back in New York City, and has written a new novel based on her adventure. Gloria—Joan's publisher—is moved to tears by the story and tells Joan she has another best-seller on her hands. Returning home, she finds Jack waiting for her in a sailboat named the Angelina, after the heroine of Joan's novels, and wearing boots made from the crocodile's skin. He jokes that the crocodile got "a fatal case of indigestion" from the emerald, which he sold, using the money to buy the boat of his dreams. They go off together, planning to sail around the world.

Cast

 Michael Douglas as Jack T. Colton – A brash, rugged American bird hunter living in Colombia who assists Joan in her adventure. He hopes to save up for a sailboat and leave Colombia so he can travel the world.
 Kathleen Turner as Joan Wilder – A successful but lonely romance novelist from New York City. She longs to meet and fall in love with a man resembling the heroic male characters from her own writing.
 Danny DeVito as Ralph – An antiquities smuggler from Queens who takes Joan's sister hostage and pursues Colton and Wilder through the jungle in hopes of acquiring the map.
 Zack Norman as Ira – Ralph's cousin and partner in crime. He has an affinity for crocodiles.
 Alfonso Arau as Juan – "The Bellmaker", a man implied to be a drug smuggler who happens to be a huge fan of Joan's work. He helps Colton and Wilder in their escape from Zolo's forces.
 Manuel Ojeda as Colonel Zolo – Elaine's husband's killer and Deputy Commander of the secret police. After failing to obtain the map from Joan in New York, he follows her to Colombia in pursuit.
 Holland Taylor as Gloria Horne – Joan's friend and publisher.
 Mary Ellen Trainor as Elaine Wilder
 Eve Smith as Mrs. Irwin
 Joe Nesnow as Super
 José Chávez as Santos
 Evita Muñoz as Hefty Woman
 Camillo García as Bus Driver
 Rodrigo Puebla as Bad Hombre
 Paco Morayta as Hotel Clerk
 Kymberly Herrin as Angelina
 Bill Burton as Jesse Gerrard
 Ted White as Grogan

Production

Screenplay
The screenplay was written five years earlier by Malibu waitress Diane Thomas in what would end up being her only screenplay made into a movie. She died in a car crash a year and a half after the film's release.

Casting
Sylvester Stallone was originally considered for the role of Jack T. Colton. Other leads considered include Burt Reynolds, Clint Eastwood, Paul Newman, and Christopher Reeve for the part of Jack Colton and Debra Winger as Joan Wilder.

Filming
Filming locations included Veracruz, Mexico (Fort of San Juan de Ulúa), Huasca de Ocampo, Mexico, and Snow Canyon, Utah. The scene where Turner and Douglas get separated on opposite banks on a whitewater river was filmed on the Rio Antigua near the town of Jalcomulco, Veracruz.

Turner later said of the film's production, "I remember terrible arguments [with Robert Zemeckis] doing Romancing. He's a film-school grad, fascinated by cameras and effects. I never felt that he knew what I was having to do to adjust my acting to some of his damn cameras – sometimes he puts you in ridiculous postures. I'd say, 'This is not helping me! This is not the way I like to work, thank you! Zemeckis would go on to work with Turner again, casting her as the voice of Jessica Rabbit in 1988's Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

Reception

Box office
Studio insiders expected Romancing the Stone to flop to the point that, after viewing a rough cut of the film, the producers of the then-under-development Cocoon fired Zemeckis as director of that film. However, it became a surprise hit and 20th Century Fox's only big hit of 1984. The film eventually grossed over US$115 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1984. Zemeckis later stated that the success of Romancing the Stone allowed him to make Back to the Future (1985).

Critical
Romancing the Stone holds an 86% approval rating on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 56 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Romancing the Stone reaches back to the classic Saturday morning serials of old with an action-filled adventure enlivened by the sparkling chemistry between its well-matched leads."

Upon the release of Romancing the Stone, Time magazine called the film "a distaff Raiders rip-off". The Washington Post remarked that "Though fitfully thrilling and amusing, [Joan Wilder's] adventures degenerate into a muddle. Neither screenwriter Diane Thomas nor director Robert Zemeckis, good-humored as they strive to be, maintains a coherent perception of how the plot should be contrived to trump the heroine's overactive fantasy life." They elaborated that the stone makes an uncompelling MacGuffin, Joan's character development is incongruous and ultimately unsatisfying, and Joan and Jack lack romantic chemistry. By contrast, Time Out commented that "The script is sharp and funny, the direction sure-footed on both the comedy and action fronts", and compared the film favorably to its contemporary in the same genre, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). Roger Ebert called it "a silly, high-spirited chase picture", saying he greatly enjoyed the film's imaginative perils, colorful cast of villains, and believable relationship between its two lead characters. He likewise compared it favorably to other Raiders of the Lost Ark clones.

Colin Greenland reviewed Romancing the Stone for Imagine magazine, and stated that "Good-humoured, sparky stuff in the manner of Raiders of the Lost Ark."

Filmsite.org included it as one of the best films of 1984, and Entertainment Weekly included it on its list of films that made 1984 one of the best years for Hollywood films.

Then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan viewed the film at Camp David in May 1984.

Awards
Award wins:
 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy – Kathleen Turner
 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress – Kathleen Turner
 Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing – ADR
 Stuntman Award for Most Spectacular Stunt – Vince Deadrick Jr., Terry Leonard

Award nominations:
 Academy Award for Best Film Editing – Donn Cambern, Frank Morriss
 American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film – Donn Cambern, Frank Morriss
 Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay – Diane Thomas

In other media

Books
The novelization of Romancing the Stone was credited to Joan Wilder, although (along with a novelization of the sequel movie, The Jewel of the Nile) it was actually written by Catherine Lanigan.

Television
In the season five, episode eight episode of the American adult animated sitcom Family Guy titled "Barely Legal", Mayor Adam West deploys the entire Quahog Police Department to Cartagena, Colombia to search for Elaine Wilder after the mayor had watched the film, leaving Joe Swanson behind (as he was not deployed due to his disability and the fact that parts of Cartagena are not wheelchair-accessible) with the police station's skeleton crew.

Sequels
The success of Romancing the Stone led to a sequel, The Jewel of the Nile, without Zemeckis directing but with Douglas, Turner, and DeVito all returning. The film was released in December 1985 and was commercially successful, but received weaker reviews than the first film.

Since 1985, numerous attempts have been made to produce further sequels to the film. Another sequel, called The Crimson Eagle, would have had Jack and Joan take their two teenage children to Thailand where they are blackmailed into stealing a priceless statue. Filming was scheduled to begin in 1987, following Michael Douglas's shooting of Wall Street, but the production was delayed and ultimately never made it past the development stage. DeVito reunited Douglas, Turner, and himself in his 1989 film The War of the Roses.

In 2005 and again in 2008, Douglas was developing a second sequel, tentatively titled Racing the Monsoon.

Since 2007, 20th Century Fox has considered producing a remake of Romancing the Stone, with the possibility of a reboot series. The roles of Jack Colton and Joan Wilder would be filled by Taylor Kitsch (or Gerard Butler) and Katherine Heigl, respectively. By 2011, the remake was re-worked as a television series.

See also
 High Risk (1981)
 Green Ice (1981)
 The Jewel of the Nile (1985)
 Florida Straits (1986)
 The Lost City (2022)

References

Bibliography

 Eliot, Marc. Michael Douglas: A Biography. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2013. .
 Leigh, Mark. Epic Fail: The Ultimate Book of Blunders. London: Virgin Books, 2014. .
 Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1988. .
 Turner, Kathleen. Send Yourself Roses: Thoughts on My Life, Love, and Leading Roles. New York: Springboard Press, 2008. .

External links

1984 films
1984 romantic comedy films
1980s adventure comedy films
1980s action adventure films
American action adventure films
American adventure comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1980s English-language films
Films about writers
Films set in Colombia
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Mexico
Films about treasure hunting
Jungle adventure films
Films shot in Utah
Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
20th Century Fox films
Estudios Churubusco films
Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
Films produced by Michael Douglas
Films scored by Alan Silvestri
1980s American films
1980s Mexican films

Romancing the Stone


Tha Carter III es el sexto álbum de estudio del rapero estadounidense Lil Wayne, estrenado el 10 de junio de 2008 por Cash Money Records. La portada del álbum muestra una fotografía de Lil Wayne de bebé, y es similar a portadas de otros álbumes de hip-hop como Illmatic y Ready to Die.

El álbum debutó en el número 1 del Billboard 200, vendiendo 1.005.545 copias en su primera semana. Consiguió 2.88 millones de ventas a final de 2008 y produjo cuatro sencillos que tuvieron éxito en las listas. Desde su lanzamiento, Tha Carter III recibió aclamación general de los críticos, y recibió numerosos reconocimientos, incluyendo un Grammy al mejor álbum de rap en los Premios Grammy de 2009.

Recepción

Rendimiento comercial
Con unas ventas aproximadas de 423 000 copias el primer día, el álbum vendió 1.005.545 copias en su primera semana en los Estados Unidos. Se convirtió en el álbum con el mayor número de ventas en su primera semana en EE. UU. en 2008, y el primer álbum en sobrepasar el millón de ventas en una semana desde The Massacre de 50 Cent. Tha Carter III también alcanzó la cima del Canadian Albums Chart, vendiendo 21 000 unidades. En el resto del mundo, el álbum tuvo un éxito moderado, llegando al puesto 23 en el Reino Unido y al 34 en el Irish Albums Chart. En la segunda semana, el álbum vendió 309 000 copias, convirtiéndose en el álbum más vendido de Lil Wayne hasta la fecha.

Tha Carter III vendió aproximadamente 2.88 millones de copias en 2008, convirtiéndose en el álbum más vendido de 2008. El 12 de febrero de 2009, el álbum fue certificado triple platino por la RIAA, tras haber vendido 3 millones de unidades. En julio de 2011, Tha Carter III había vendido 3.6 millones de copias en EE.UU.

Recepción de los críticos
Tha Carter III recibió aclamación general de los críticos. Acumula un total de 84 puntos sobre 100 sobre la base de sus críticas, lo que indica "aclamación universal", de acuerdo con Metacritic.

Reconocimientos
Tha Carter III se clasificó en el primer puesto en la lista de Blender de los mejores álbumes de 2008. También se clasificó en la tercera posición de la lista de los 50 mejores álbumes de 2008 según Rolling Stone. La revista Billboard lo clasificó en el puesto 103.º de los 200 mejores álbumes de la década. En los Premios Grammy de 2009, fue nominado a Álbum del año y Mejor álbum de rap, ganando esta última categoría. Además, "Lollipop" ganó en la categoría Mejor actuación de rap y "A Milli" ganó en Mejor actuación de rap en solitario.

Lista de canciones

Listas

Listas semanales

Certificaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tha Carter III en Metacritic

Álbumes de 2008
Álbumes de Lil Wayne
Álbumes en inglés
Álbumes de hip hop
Álbumes de Cash Money Records

Tha Carter III


Tritrinaks (lat. Trithrinax), maleni biljni rod vazdazelenog drveća iz porodice palmovki (Arecaceae) kojemu pripada svega tri vrste, to su T. brasiliensis, T. campestris i T. schizophylla koje rastu po suptropskim područjima Južne Amerike, jug Brazila i susjedni predjeli, Paragvaja, Bolivije, Urugvaja i Aregentine.

Vrste ovoga roda otporne su na hladnoću, toplinu, vjetar, sušu, i druge nepovoljne uvjete, kao što je siromašno tlo. Cvijet ima tri lapa (sepalum), tri latice (petalum), šest prašnika (stamen) i tri karpele.

Opisao ga je njemački botaničar Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius 1837 godine.

Izvori

Coryphoideae

Tritrinaks


An Goodyera rostrata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley. An Goodyera rostrata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Goodyera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Goodyera

Goodyera rostrata


Østerfjolde Sogn (på tysk Kirchspiel Ostenfeld) er et sogn i det sydvestlige Sydslesvig, tidligere i Sønder Gøs Herred (Husum Amt), nu i kommunerne Vedbæk, Vinnert og Østerfjolde i Nordfrislands Kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

I Østerfjolde Sogn findes flg. stednavne:
 Rød (Rott)
 Vedbæk (Witbek)
 Vinnert eller Vinnerød (Winnert)
 Østerfjolde (Ostenfeld)

Litteratur
 Jens Peter Trap: Statistisk-topographisk beskrivelse af hertugdømmet Slesvig, Kjøbenhavn 1864, side 239

Eksterne henvisninger
 Østerfjolde Menighed / Kirchengemeinde Ostenfeld

Noter

Sogne i Sydslesvig

Østerfjolde Sogn


Réhahn ()  un fotograf francez stabilit în , Vietnam.

Istoria
În 2007, în prima lui călătorie în Vietnam, cu un ONG francez, a început să exploreze țara și cultura sa diferită cu ajutorul aparatului foto, adunând mai mult de 50.000 de fotografii. În 2011, el a decis în cele din urmă să se stabilească în micul oraș Hoi An.

Réhahn a fost listat pe locul 4 în top 10 cei mai buni fotografi de călătorie pe boredpanda.com în decembrie 2014, împreună cu fotografi de renume.

Pe 15 ianuarie 2014, Réhahn a lansat prima sa carte, Vietnam, Mozaic de Contraste, cu 150 de fotografii. Cel de-al doilea volum a fost lansat în noiembrie 2015, cu încă 150 fotografii, mai mult axat pe triburile etnice din Vietnam.

În 2016, el a fost clasat pe locul al 2-lea în topul crelor mai populari fotografi francezi pe internet.

Pe 8 martie 2016, fotografia "Zâmbet ascuns" a fost introdusă în colecția Muzeului Femeilor în Hanoi.

Bibliografie
 Vietnam, Mozaic de contraste, ianuarie 2014 ( ISBN 978-604-936-436-5)

Referințe

Legături externe
 "Site-ul oficial al Réhahn"
 "Vietnam ușa de ogen van een insider"  , National Geographic, 10 martie 2015
 "Việt Nam trong mắt nhiếp ảnh gia Pháp", BBC, Vietnam, 15 iunie 2015.
 "Oamenii din Spatele Locuri: Aventuri în Vietnam", Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, la 1 decembrie 2014.
 "Artist francez pune la expoziția de fotografie" , Saigon Ori, 3 martie 2015
 "Captivant ochii verzi din Rajasthan", Daily Mail, 21 mai 2015
 "Sguardi e sorrisi del Vietnam: il meraviglioso mosaico di Rehahn", Repubblica, 16 martie 2015

Nașteri în 1979
Fotografi francezi
Francezi în viață
Nașteri pe 4 mai
Oameni din Normandia

Réhahn


Edwyn Sinclair Alexander-Sinclair (né Alexander ;  - ) est un officier écossais de la Royal Navy, connu pour avoir tiré les premiers coups de feu de la bataille du Jutland, et pour avoir dirigé une escadre de croiseurs légers dans la Baltique pour soutenir l'indépendance de l'Estonie et de la Lettonie de 1918 à 1919.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair est né à Malte, deuxième fils du capitaine John Hobhouse Inglis Alexander de la Royal Navy, qui sert comme aide de camp de la reine Victoria, et d'Isabella Barbara Hume, fille de Thomas Cochrane Hume. Il hérite de la propriété de Southbar de son frère aîné en 1892 et deux ans plus tard, il adopte le nom supplémentaire de Sinclair en héritant du domaine de Freswick dans le Caithness.

Ses grands-parents paternels sont Boyd Alexander, Lord de Southbar et Ballochmyle, et Sophia Elizabeth Hobhouse, fille de Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, 1 Baronet et sœur de John Hobhouse,  baron Broughton. Le frère aîné de son père est l'homme politique Sir Claud Alexander, 1 baronnet.

Carrière militaire
Alexander-Sinclair entre dans la Royal Navy en tant que cadet en 1879 à l'âge de 14 ans, devenant un midshipman 2½ ans plus tard. Edwyn Sinclair Alexander-Sinclair fait ses études à Twyford School. Il a été nommé lieutenant en 1890 et sert comme lieutenant de pavillon de l'amiral Tracey et de l'amiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, obtenant une promotion de commandant en janvier 1901. Il a ensuite deux commandements en mer, le destroyer  à partir de février 1902 servant à la Mediterranean Station à partir de mai de la même année ; et après l'avoir payé en janvier 1904, le navire de dépêche  jusqu'en 1905.

Alexander-Sinclair est promu capitaine en 1905 et est nommé commandant du Royal Naval College, Osborne, où il sert jusqu'en 1908, date à laquelle il est nommé membre de l'Ordre royal de Victoria. Entre mai 1911 et août 1913, il est capitaine du , le navire amiral du Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth (commandant en chef).

En 1914, au début de la Première Guerre mondiale, Alexander-Sinclair est capitaine du cuirassé dreadnought , avant de battre pavillon sur le  à partir de 1915 en tant que commodore du  escadron de croiseurs légers. Il est nommé Compagnon de l'Ordre du Bain pour son rôle dans la destruction du Zeppelin L 7 le 4 mai 1916. Le 31 mai 1916, c'est le 1st Light Cruiser Squadron sous les ordres d'Alexander-Sinclair qui engage pour la première fois des navires de reconnaissance de la flotte allemande de haute mer et signale "ennemi en vue", ce qui conduit à la bataille du Jutland, après quoi il reçoit une mention dans des dépêches (citation militaire) du Vice-Amiral Sir David Beatty, commandant de la flotte de croiseurs de bataille, et l'Ordre russe de St. Vladimir, troisième classe avec épées. Promu contre-amiral le 26 avril 1917, il commande alors le 6e escadron de croiseurs légers, battant pavillon du . En novembre 1918, Alexander-Sinclair a l'honneur de conduire la flotte allemande qui s'est rendue à l'internement à Scapa Flow, et est nommé Chevalier Commandeur de l'Ordre du Bain.

Peu après, en décembre 1918, le 6 escadron d'Alexander-Sinclair est envoyé dans la Baltique, à la demande du gouvernement estonien, pour participer à la guerre d'indépendance de l'Estonie. Ils livrent 6 500 fusils, 200 mitrailleuses et deux canons de campagne. L'escadron britannique capture également deux destroyers russes, le Spartak et le Avtroil, et les remet à l'Estonie, qui les rebaptise Vambola et Lennuk. Alexander-Sinclair bloque ensuite la base de la marine russe à Cronstadt jusqu'à ce qu'il soit relevé par le 1 escadron de croiseurs légers commandé par le contre-amiral Walter Cowan. Il est amiral-superintendant de la base navale de Portsmouth de 1920 à 1922, et après avoir été promu vice-amiral le 4 avril 1922, il commande le 1 escadron de combat de l'Atlantic Fleet (flotte de l'Atlantique) de 1922 à 1924. Il sert ensuite comme commandant en chef de la station de Chine (China Station) de 1925 à 1926, et après avoir été promu amiral le 4 octobre 1926,  il est commandant en chef de The Nore de 1927 à 1930. Il prend sa retraite en 1930.

Distinctions honorifiques

Décorations britanniques
  - Chevalier Grand-croix de l'Ordre du Bain

  - Membre de l'Ordre royal de Victoria

 Citation militaire britannique

Décorations étrangères
  - Croix de la Liberté [VR I/1] (Estonie)

  - Ordre de Saint-Vladimir, troisième classe avec épées (Russie)

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  Alastair Wilson & Joseph F. Callo: Who's Who in Naval History: From 1550 to the Present (Routledge, 2004)
  Bourne, J.M., Who's Who in World War One (Routledge, 2001)

Liens externes

 The Dreadnought Project: Edwyn Sinclair Alexander-Sinclair

Naissance en décembre 1865
Naissance à Malte
Décès en novembre 1945
Décès en Écosse
Décès à 79 ans
Officier de la Royal Navy durant la Première Guerre mondiale
Chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre du Bain
Membre de l'ordre royal de Victoria
Récipiendaire de la croix de la Liberté (Estonie)
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Saint-Vladimir de 3e classe

Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair


A spire is a conical or pyramidal structure tapering at the top of a building.

Spires or The Spires may also refer to:

Places

Geography
Speyer (formerly Spires in English), a city in Germany
The Spires (Tasmania), a mountain range in the South West Wilderness, Tasmania, Australia

Buildings and structures
The Spires (Houston), thirty-ninth tallest skyscraper in Houston, Texas completed in 1983
 The Spires, a commercial conference centre, operated out of Church House, Belfast by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland
 The Spires Shopping Centre, a shopping centre in Chipping Barnet, north London, England

People
Arthur "Big Boy" Spires (1912–1990), an American blues singer and guitarist
Elizabeth Spires (born 1952), an American poet and university professor
Greg Spires (born 1974), a former American football defensive end in the National Football League
Jamie Spires (born 1976), an English cricketer
Kit Spires (born 1954), an American politician
Nick Spires (born 1994), an English-Swedish basketball player

Education
Oxford Spires Academy, a state funded secondary school for children aged 11–18 in Glanville Road, East Oxford
Spires Academy, a secondary school for students aged 11–16 in Canterbury, Kent
The Spires College, a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in the Devon town of Torquay, England

Other uses
SPIRES (Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System}, a database for publications in High-Energy Physics
Saint Mary Spires, the athletic teams that represent the University of Saint Mary in Leavenworth, Kansas

See also
 Spire (disambiguation)

Spires (disambiguation)


Afrikaans dil bilgisi, Afrikaans dilinde konuşup yazabilmeyi sağlayan kurallar bütünüdür. Hint-Avrupa dilleri içinde en çözümlemeli dil bilgisi olduğu söylenebilir.

Fiillerin mastar ve zaman kipi halleri arasında fark yoktur. İki fiil dışında; olmak ve sahip olmak:

En basit cümle yapısı olan "O bir doktordur" ya da "Ben bir öğretmenim" gibi "olmak" fiili içeren yapılar da aşağıdaki gibidir:

Yardımcı Fiiller

Morfoloji

Sözcük Sırası
Afrikaans cümlelerde sözcüklerin takip ettiği sıraya "STOMPI" kuralı denir. Bu, İngilizce'de sözcük türlerinin baş harflerinden oluşmuştur. (Subject + Time + Object + Manner + Place + Infinitive) Bu sıra şöyledir:

Fiiller

Geçmiş Zaman

Ek breek - Kırıyorum
Ek het gebreek - Kırdım

Gelecek Zaman

Ek sal kom - Geleceğim

Bunun olumsuzu olarak:

sou + mastar. Örneğin,

Ek sou kom - Gelecektim

İsimler

Almanca'dan farklı olarak, Afrikaans'ta sözcüklerin cinsiyetleri yoktur. Ama isimlerin tekil ve çoğul hâlleri arasında fark vardır. En yaygın çoğul eki -e'dir. Ama bunun yanında -s eki de epey yaygındır. Örneğin;

Dil bilgisi
Dillerine göre dilbilgisi

Afrikaans dilbilgisi


Tatsuya Kamohara (født 8. juni 1983) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sagan Tosu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tatsuya Kamohara


1707 වසරෙහිදී, එංගලන්තයේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සහ ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව යන ආයතන දෙකම විසින්  එක්සත් වීමේ පණත  අපරානුමත කිරීමෙන් පසුව, මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සංස්ථාපනය කෙරිණි. මෙම පණත් විසින්, නව එක්සත් මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය තැනුනු අතර  ලන්ඩන් නගරය අසබඩ   වෙස්ට්මිනිස්ටර් මාළිගයෙහි, එංගලන්ත පාර්ලිමේන්තුව මුලින් පැවති ස්ථානයෙහි තනි පාර්ලිමේන්තුවක් පිහිටුවනු හැකි වන පරිදී, වෙන්ව පැවති එංගලන්ත සහ ස්කොට්ලන්ත පාර්ලිමේන්තු විසුරුවා හරින ලදි. එක්සත් වීමේ පණත 1800 විසින්, 1801 ජනවාරි 1 දින සිට බලපවත්වන පරිදී,  තනි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව  ස්ථාපනය කරමින්, වෙන්ව පැවති බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ අයර්ලන්ත පාර්ලිමේන්තු ඒකාබද්ධ කරන තෙක්,   ශත වර්ෂයකට කිට්ටු කාල සීමාවක් මෙම පාර්ලිමේන්තුව පැවතියේය.

සම්භවය
1706 වසරෙහි එක්සත් වීමේ සම්මුතියට අනතුරුව, එම සම්මුතිය අපරානුමත කරමින්, එංගලන්තයේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සහ ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව යන ආයතන දෙකෙහිම,    එක්සත් වීමේ පණත සම්මත වීමෙන් පසුව, නව මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය තැනිණි.

ආශ්‍රිත

මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව


بلدية الديانيوفا ديل كامينو ، هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة قصرش والتي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 836 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قصرش
بلديات قصرش

الديانيوفا ديل كامينو


දෙවන එළිසබෙත් රැජිණ වූ කලී නිදහස් ජනපද දහසකද, මුහුදෙන් එතෙර යටත් විජිතයන් වලද පාලිකාවයි. ඇය වාසය කරනුයේ එක්සත් රාජධානිය තුළයි. ඇය සතුව තිබූ පැරණි රාජධානිය ඇයගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන් විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද, දේශයන් වලින්ද සමන්විත විය. ඇගේ පියාවූ හය වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු 1952 පෙබරවාරි මස මියයාමෙන් පසු ඇය සිහසුනට පත්වුවාය.

එක්සත් රාජධානියට අමතරව ඇය කැනඩාව, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, නවසීලන්තය, ජැ‍මෙයිකාව, බර්බඩෝසය, ග්‍රෙනාඩාව, පැපුවා නිව්ගිනියාව, සොලමන් දූපත්, තුවාලූ, ශාන්ත ලුසියා, ශාන්ත වින්ස්ටන් සහ ග්‍රෙනඩ්න්ස්, ඇන්විගුවා සහ බාබුවා, බෙලිසය සහ ශාන්ත කෙට්ස් සහ හෙවිස් යන රටවලද රැජිණ ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි. එම සෑම රටකම අග්‍රාණ්ඩුකාර තනතුර දරනු ලබන්නේ එතුමිය විසිනි.

මෙම රටවල් 16 පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය රාජධානි ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. ඔවුන් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ අනෙකුත් රාජ්‍යවල ජනගහනය මිලියන 129 ඉක්මවයි.

න්‍යායාත්මකව ඇයගේ බලය අති විශාලය. නමුත් ප්‍රායෝගිකව ඇය දේශපාලනමය කටයුතු  සඳහා මැදිහත් වන්නේ කලාතුරකිනි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය තුළදී නම් ඇය තම රජයේ අමාත්‍යවරුන් සමඟ විවිධ සම්බන්ධතා මඟින් රටෙහි අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු වලට දායක වෙයි. II වන එළිසබෙත් රැජිණ වෙනත් තනතුරු රැසක් ද දරනු ලබන්නීය. ඒවා නම් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලයේ ප්‍රධානියා, එංගලන්ත දේවස්ථානවල ප්‍රධානියා, නොමැන්ඩ් හි සිටුවර, මෑන්හි ප්‍රධානියා,  ෆිජිහි ප්‍රධානියා යන ඒවාය.

ඇයගේ සුවිශාල රාජ්‍යයේ විශාල වෙනස්කම් අද වනවිට සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. එනම් බොහෝ රාජ්‍යයන් අද බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයෙන් අත්මිදී ස්වාධීනව කටයුතු කිරීමට උත්සාහ දරති.

1947 එළිසබෙත් රැජිණ පිලිප් කුමරු සමඟ විවාහ වුවාය. ඔහු උපත ලැබුවේ ග්‍රීසියේ සහ ඩෙන්මාකයේ කුමරු ලෙස වුවද, ජාති ප්‍රවේශනයෙන් පසු ඔහු පිලිප් මවුන්ට්බැටන් සහ එඩින්බරහි සිටුවර යන නම් වලින් හඳුන්වනු ලැබීය. වර්තමානය වනවිට මෙම දෙපළට දාව දරුවන් හතර දෙනකු සහ මුණුපුරන් අටදෙනකු ඇත. අටවැන්නාවූ විස්කවුන්ට් සෙවර්න් උපත ලැබුවේ 2007 දෙසැම්බර් 17, එඩ්වඩ් කුමරු සහ සොපී කුමරියට දාවය.

දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිණ
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සිහසුනට හිමිකරුවෝ

දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිණ - එක්සත් රාජධානිය


Bertha Pallan Thurston Cody (Condado de Chautauqua, Nova Iorque; 30 de agosto de 1907 – Los Angeles, Califórnia, 8 de outubro de 1978) foi uma arqueóloga americana, trabalhando como assistente em arqueologia no Museu do Sudoeste. Ela também foi casada com o ator Iron Eyes Cody. Ela é considerada a primeira arqueóloga nativa americana de ascendência Abenaki e Senecas.

Primeiros anos
Bertha (Yeawas) "Birdie" Parker nasceu em 1907 no condado de Chautauqua, Nova Iorque. Sua mãe, Beulah Tahamont (mais tarde Folsom), era atriz; quando adolescente, ela e sua mãe teriam se apresentado com Ringling Bros e Barnum e Bailey Circus como parte do espetáculo "Pocahontas". Seu pai, Arthur C. Parker, era um arqueólogo e o primeiro presidente da Sociedade de Arqueologia Americana. Seus avós maternos eram os atores Elijah "Chief Dark Cloud" Tahamont e Margaret (Dove Eye) Camp. Quando criança, ela ajudou seu pai em suas escavações.

Seus pais se divorciaram em 1914, e os Tahamonts (Elijah, Margaret e Beulah) se mudaram para Los Angeles, com Bertha a reboque, para trabalhar em filmes de Hollywood. Bertha e sua mãe também se apresentaram com Ringling Bros e Barnum & Bailey Circus como parte de um show "Pocahontas" durante sua adolescência.

Carreira arqueológica
Mark Raymond Harrington, seu tio, contratou Parker como cozinheira do acampamento e secretária de expedição. logo após se casar com sua tia Endeka. Ela participou de escavações no local da Mesa House e outros locais, e Harrington ensinou seus métodos arqueológicos no campo. Em 1929, ela descobriu e fez uma escavação solo no sítio pueblo de Scorpion Hill; os achados foram exibidos no Museu do Sudoeste.

Bertha trabalhou em Gypsum Cave em 1930, um local que Harrington promoveu como tendo as primeiras evidências de ocupação humana da América do Norte durante o Pleistoceno.

Como secretária da expedição, Bertha trabalhava na limpeza, conserto e catalogação de achados; além disso, ela explorou as salas da caverna em seu tempo livre e foi capaz de alcançar algumas das fendas mais inacessíveis. Em uma dessas ocasiões, ela descobriu o crânio de uma espécie de preguiça gigante extinta, Nothrotherium shastense Sinclair, ao lado de ferramentas humanas antigas, na Sala 3. Harrington observou que a descoberta foi a mais importante da expedição, porque atraiu o apoio de instituições adicionais, notadamente o Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia e, mais tarde, a Instituição Carnegie de Washington.

Durante esta expedição, Bertha também descobriu o local de Corn Creek depois de ver osso de camelo fóssil saindo de um leito de lago em erosão.

De 1931 a 1941, Bertha trabalhou como Assistente de Arqueologia e Etnologia no Museu do Sudoeste. Ela publicou uma série de artigos arqueológicos e etnológicos na revista do museu, Masterkey, desde o início da década de 1930 até a década de 1960. Estes incluíam artigos como "California Indian Baby Cradles", "Kachina Dolls" e vários artigos sobre a tribo Yurok, incluindo "Some Yurok Customs and Beliefs".

Bertha Parker Pallan Thurston Cody é notável no campo da arqueologia por seu papel como pioneira: ela foi uma das primeiras (se não a primeira) arqueóloga nativa americana. Ela certamente foi a primeira em sua capacidade de conduzir este trabalho com um alto nível de habilidade, mas sem educação universitária, fazendo descobertas e obtendo insights que impressionaram os arqueólogos treinados ao seu redor.

Vida pessoal
Bertha casou-se com Joseph Pallan no início da década de 1920 e teve uma filha, Wilma Mae ("Billie") Pallan em 1925. Quando o casamento terminou, ela se mudou para Nevada para trabalhar em um sítio arqueológico para o Museu do Sudoeste, dirigido por Mark Raymond Harrington. Harrington havia se casado recentemente com a tia de Bertha, Endeka Parker. Durante a expedição da Gypsum Cave, Bertha conheceu, em 1930, e depois casou-se, em 1931, com o paleontólogo James Thurston após a expedição. Em 1931, ambos adoeceram durante seu trabalho nas Cavernas de Gesso; Bertha ficou doente devido às grandes quantidades de guano da caverna e Thurston morreu subitamente de um ataque cardíaco ao levantar uma pedra no local. Esta doença fez com que Bertha voltasse a morar com seus pais por um tempo em Los Angeles.

Ela foi contratada, primeiro como secretária, e depois como arqueóloga e etnóloga assistente, para o Museu do Sudoeste. Em 1936, casou-se com o ator Espera Oscar de Corti, também conhecido como Iron Eyes Cody.

Em 1942, sua filha de dezessete anos, Billie, estava visitando a fazenda de sua avó Beulah quando ela morreu de um ferimento de bala acidental. Bertha e Iron Eyes mais tarde adotaram dois filhos, Robert "Tree" Cody e Arthur William Cody (1952–1996). Bertha e Iron Eyes foram figuras centrais no sucesso do Los Angeles Indian Center, um local de encontro para índios urbanos que se mudaram para Los Angeles.

Morte
Bertha Parker Pallan morreu em 1978, aos 71 anos. Sua lápide simplesmente lê "Sra. Olhos de Ferro Cody".

Obras publicadas
A seguir estão listados como aparecem em uma lista compilada por Marge Bruchac.

Masterkey é o diário do Southwest Museum.

Publicada como Bertha Parker Thurston

 1933. Scorpion Hill. Masterkey. v. VII, pp. 171–177. (em inglês)
 1933. A night in a Maidu shaman's house. Masterkey.v.VII, pp. 111–115. (em inglês)
 1934. How he became a medicine-man. Masterkey. v. VIII, pp. 79–81. (em inglês)
 1935. How a Maidu-medicine man lost his power; relacionada a Bertha Parker Thurston, por um herbalista indiano chamado Maidu. Masterkey. v. IX, p. 28–29. (em inglês)
 1936. A rare treat at a Maidu medicine-man's feast. Masterkey. v. X, pp. 16–21. (em inglês)

Publicada como Bertha Parker Cody

 1939. A tale of witchcraft as told by a Tewa Indian of New Mexico. Masterkey. v. XIII, pp. 188–189. (em inglês)
 1939. A Maidu myth of the first death; por Bertha Parker Cody, conforme dito por Mandy Wilson de Chico, California." Masterkey. v. XIII, p. 144. (em inglês)
 1939. A Maidu myth of the creation of Indian women; por Bertha Parker Cody, conforme dito por Mandy Wilson, Maidu Indian of Chico, California. Masterkey. v. XIII, p. 83. (em inglês)
 1939. Kachina dolls. Masterkey. v. XIII, pp. 25–30. (em inglês)
 1940. Pomo bear impersonators. Masterkey. 1940. v. XIV, pp. 132–137. (em inglês)
 1940. California Indian baby cradles. Masterkey. v. XIV, pp. 89–96. (Southwest Museum Leaflets, No. 12) (em inglês)
 1940. Photograph: Amanda Wilson and granddaughter (Southwest Museum MSS 160:143:58) (em inglês)
 1941. A note on basket care. Masterkey. v. XV, pp. 23–24. (em inglês)
 1941. Gold ornaments of Ecuador. Masterkey.v. XV, pp. 87–95. (em inglês)
 1942. Simply strung on a single strand. Masterkey. v. XVI, pp. 175–176. (em inglês)
 1942. Some Yurok customs and beliefs. Masterkey. v. XVII, pp. 81–87. (em inglês)
 1943. Some Yurok customs and beliefs." Masterkey. v. XVI, pp. 157–162. (em inglês)
 1955. Enrique crosses the divide." [Obituary]. Masterkey. vol.XXX, p. 102. (em inglês)
 1961. Clarence Arthur Ellsworth [1885-1961]; mais notável pintor da Índia."Masterkey. vol. XXXV, (no. 1), pp. 75–77. (em inglês)

Publicada pelo nome de Jane Van Stralen, sua entrevistadora da tribo Yurok.

 1941. Yurok tales, as told by Jane Van Stralen to Bertha Parker Cody. Masterkey. v. XV, pp. 228–231. (em inglês)
 1942. Yurok fish-dam dance; contada por Jane Van Stralen sobre Bertha Parker Cody." Masterkey. v. XVI, pp. 81–86. (em inglês)

Ligações externas

Mortos em 1978
Nascidos em 1907
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Povos originários)

Bertha Parker Pallan


Anaïs Marin est la rapporteure spéciale des Nations unies sur la situation des droits de l'homme en Biélorussie. Elle a succédé à Miklós Haraszti.

Biographie
Diplômée de Science Po Paris et docteure en science politique après une thèse effectuée au CERI et portant sur « l'influence de la paradiplomatie de Saint-Pétersbourg sur la politique étrangère de la fédération de Russie dans les années 1990 »), elle est actuellement chercheuse à l'université de Varsovie après avoir été au .

En tant qu'experte de la Biélorussie, elle a coopéré avec plusieurs groupes de réflexion européens et a contribué à des rapports analytiques et à des recommandations politiques pour divers gouvernements (Institut finlandais des affaires internationales) ainsi que pour des structures telles que le Parlement européen, le Forum de la société civile du Partenariat oriental ou l'Institut d'études de sécurité de l'Union européenne. Elle a participé à des missions d'observation électorale de l'OSCE/BIDDH, notamment en Biélorussie. Elle a publié de nombreux articles sur les politiques intérieures biélorusses.

Publications
 Avec Isabelle Facon, Vladimir Baranovsky, Moscou et le monde. L'ambition de la grandeur : une illusion ? Autrement, 2008
 La dissuasion par la coopération. La Finlande, modèle de résilience face aux défis du « sharp power » russe. Dans Stratégique 2019/1-2 (N° 121-122)
 Le Bélarus dans L'Union Eurasiatique. Partenaire Particulier Cherche à Préserver Ses Intérêts. Dans Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 2017/3-4 (N° 48)
 Les relations militaires de la Russie avec le Bélarus : une alliance qui laisse Moscou sur sa faim. Dans Revue Défense nationale 2017/7 (N° 802)
 Argument Baltique : faux prétexte et modèle juste. Dans Outre-Terre 2009/3 (n° 23)

Références

Liens externes

 Voir ses publications sur academia.edu

Rapporteur spécial des Nations unies
Droits de l'homme en Biélorussie
Docteur de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris

Anaïs Marin