Carbon monoxide poisoning typically occurs from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels. Symptoms are often described as "flu-like" and commonly include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion. Large exposures can result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, or death. The classically described "cherry red skin" rarely occurs. Long-term complications may include chronic fatigue, trouble with memory, and movement problems.

CO is a colorless and odorless gas which is initially non-irritating. It is produced during incomplete burning of organic matter. This can occur from motor vehicles, heaters, or cooking equipment that run on carbon-based fuels. Carbon monoxide primarily causes adverse effects by combining with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) preventing the blood from carrying oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin. Additionally, many other hemoproteins such as myoglobin, Cytochrome P450, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase are affected, along with other metallic and non-metallic cellular targets.

Diagnosis is typically based on a HbCO level of more than 3% among nonsmokers and more than 10% among smokers. The biological threshold for carboxyhemoglobin tolerance is typically accepted to be 15% COHb, meaning toxicity is consistently observed at levels in excess of this concentration. The FDA has previously set a threshold of 14% COHb in certain clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide. In general, 30% COHb is considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning. The highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level was 73% COHb.

Efforts to prevent poisoning include carbon monoxide detectors, proper venting of gas appliances, keeping chimneys clean, and keeping exhaust systems of vehicles in good repair. Treatment of poisoning generally consists of giving 100% oxygen along with supportive care. This should generally be carried out until symptoms are no longer present and the HbCO level is less than 3%/10%.

Carbon monoxide poisoning is relatively common, resulting in more than 20,000 emergency room visits a year in the United States. It is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. In the United States, non-fire related cases result in more than 400 deaths a year. Poisonings occur more often in the winter, particularly from the use of portable generators during power outages. The toxic effects of CO have been known since ancient history. The discovery that hemoglobin is affected by CO emerged with an investigation by James Watt and Thomas Beddoes into the therapeutic potential of hydrocarbonate in 1793, and later confirmed by Claude Bernard between 1846 and 1857.

Background
Carbon monoxide is not toxic to all forms of life, and the toxicity is a classical dose-dependent example of hormesis. Small amounts of carbon monoxide are naturally produced through many enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions across phylogenetic kingdoms where it can serve as an important neurotransmitter (subcategorized as a gasotransmitter) and a potential therapeutic agent. In the case of prokaryotes, some bacteria produce, consume and respond to carbon monoxide whereas certain other microbes are susceptible to its toxicity. Currently, there are no known adverse effects on photosynthesizing plants.

The harmful effects of carbon monoxide are generally considered to be due to tightly binding with the prosthetic heme moiety of hemoproteins that results in interference with cellular operations, for example: carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin which affects gas exchange and cellular respiration. Inhaling excessive concentrations of the gas can lead to hypoxic injury, nervous system damage, and even death.

As pioneered by Esther Killick, different species and different people across diverse demographics may have different carbon monoxide tolerance levels. The carbon monoxide tolerance level for any person is altered by several factors, including genetics (hemoglobin mutations), behavior such as activity level, rate of ventilation, a pre-existing cerebral or cardiovascular disease, cardiac output, anemia, sickle cell disease and other hematological disorders, geography and barometric pressure, and metabolic rate.

History
Humans have maintained a complex relationship with carbon monoxide since first learning to control fire circa 800,000 BC. Primitive cavemen probably discovered the toxicity of carbon monoxide upon introducing fire into their dwellings. The early development of metallurgy and smelting technologies emerging circa 6,000 BC through the Bronze Age likewise plagued humankind with carbon monoxide exposure. Apart from the toxicity of carbon monoxide, indigenous Native Americans may have experienced the neuroactive properties of carbon monoxide through shamanistic fireside rituals.

Early civilizations developed mythological tales to explain the origin of fire, such as Vulcan, Pkharmat, and Prometheus from Greek mythology who shared fire with humans. Aristotle (384–322 BC) first recorded that burning coals produced toxic fumes. Greek physician Galen (129–199 AD) speculated that there was a change in the composition of the air that caused harm when inhaled, and symptoms of CO poisoning appeared in Cassius Iatrosophista's Quaestiones Medicae et Problemata Naturalia circa 130 AD. Julian the Apostate, Caelius Aurelianus, and several others similarly documented early knowledge of the toxicity symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning as caused by coal fumes in the ancient era.

Documented cases by Livy and Cicero allude to carbon monoxide being used as a method of suicide in ancient Rome. Emperor Lucius Verus used smoke to execute prisoners. Many deaths have been linked to carbon monoxide poisoning including Emperor Jovian, Empress Fausta, and Seneca. The most high-profile death by carbon monoxide poisoning may possibly have been Cleopatra or Edgar Allan Poe.

In the fifteenth century, coal miners believed sudden death was caused by evil spirits; carbon monoxide poisoning has been linked to supernatural and paranormal experiences, witchcraft, etc. throughout the following centuries including in the modern present day exemplified by Carrie Poppy's investigations.

Georg Ernst Stahl mentioned carbonarii halitus in 1697 in reference to toxic vapors thought to be carbon monoxide. Friedrich Hoffmann conducted the first modern scientific investigation into carbon monoxide poisoning from coal in 1716, notably rejecting villagers attributing death to demonic superstition. Herman Boerhaave conducted the first scientific experiments on the effect of carbon monoxide (coal fumes) on animals in the 1730s. Joseph Priestley is credited with first synthesizing carbon monoxide in 1772 which he had called heavy inflammable air, and Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolated carbon monoxide from coal in 1773 suggesting it to be the toxic entity.

The dose-dependent risk of carbon monoxide poisoning as hydrocarbonate was investigated in the late 1790s by Thomas Beddoes, James Watt, Tiberius Cavallo, James Lind, Humphry Davy, and many others in the context of inhalation of factitious airs, much of which occurred at the Pneumatic Institution.

William Cruickshank discovered carbon monoxide as a molecule containing one carbon and one oxygen atom in 1800, thereby initiating the modern era of research exclusively focused on carbon monoxide. The mechanism for toxicity was first suggested by James Watt in 1793, followed by Adrien Chenot in 1854 and finally demonstrated by Claude Bernard after 1846 as published in 1857 and also independently published by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in the same year.

The first controlled clinical trial studying the toxicity of carbon monoxide occurred in 1973.

Historical detection
Carbon monoxide poisoning has plagued coal miners for many centuries. In the context of mining, carbon monoxide is widely known as whitedamp. John Scott Haldane identified carbon monoxide as the lethal constituent of afterdamp, the gas created by combustion, after examining many bodies of miners killed in pit explosions. By 1911, Haldane introduced the use of small animals for miners to detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide underground, either white mice or canaries which have little tolerance for carbon monoxide thereby offering an early warning, i.e. canary in a coal mine. The canary in British pits was replaced in 1986 by the electronic gas detector.

The first qualitative analytical method to detect carboxyhemoglobin emerged in 1858 with a colorimetric method developed by Felix Hoppe-Seyler, and the first quantitative analysis method emerged in 1880 with Josef von Fodor.

Historical treatment
The use of oxygen emerged with anecdotal reports such as Humphry Davy having been treated with oxygen in 1799 upon inhaling three quarts of hydrocarbonate (water gas). Samuel Witter developed an oxygen inhalation protocol in response to carbon monoxide poisoning in 1814. Similarly, an oxygen inhalation protocol was recommend for malaria (literally translated to "bad air") in 1830 based on malaria symptoms aligning with carbon monoxide poisoning. Other oxygen protocols emerged in the late 1800s. The use of hyperbaric oxygen in rats following poisoning was studied by Haldane in 1895 while its use in humans began in the 1960s.

Incidents
The worst accidental mass poisoning from carbon monoxide was the Balvano train disaster which occurred on 3 March 1944 in Italy, when a freight train with many illegal passengers stalled in a tunnel, leading to the death of over 500 people.

Over 50 people are suspected to have died from smoke inhalation as a result of the Branch Davidian Massacre during the Waco siege in 1993.

Weaponization

In ancient history, Hannibal executed Roman prisoners with coal fumes during the Second Punic War.

The extermination of stray dogs by a carbon monoxide gas chamber was described in 1874. In 1884, an article appeared in Scientific American describing the use of a carbon monoxide gas chamber for slaughterhouse operations as well as euthanizing a variety of animals.

As part of the Holocaust during World War II, the Nazis used gas vans at Chelmno extermination camp and elsewhere to murder an estimated 700,000 or more people by carbon monoxide poisoning. This method was also used in the gas chambers of several death camps such as Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec. Gassing with carbon monoxide started in Action T4. The gas was supplied by IG Farben in pressurized cylinders and fed by tubes into the gas chambers built at various mental hospitals, such as Hartheim Euthanasia Centre. Exhaust fumes from tank engines, for example, were used to supply the gas to the chambers.

Recently, carbon monoxide gas chambers have been used to facilitate capital punishment exemplified by execution practices at the San Quentin State Prison.

Physiology

Carbon monoxide is produced naturally by many physiologically relevant enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions best exemplified by heme oxygenase catalyzing the biotransformation of heme (an iron protoporphyrin) into biliverdin and eventually bilirubin. Aside from physiological signaling, most carbon monoxide is stored as carboxyhemoglobin at non-toxic levels below 3% HbCO.

Therapeutics
Small amounts of CO are beneficial and enzymes exist that produce it at times of oxidative stress. A variety of drugs are being developed to introduce small amounts of CO, these drugs are commonly called carbon monoxide-releasing molecules. Historically, the therapeutic potential of factitious airs, notably carbon monoxide as hydrocarbonate, was investigated by Thomas Beddoes, James Watt, Tiberius Cavallo, James Lind, Humphry Davy, and others in many labs such as the Pneumatic Institution.

Signs and symptoms
On average, exposures at 100 ppm or greater is dangerous to human health. In the United States, the OSHA limits long-term workplace exposure levels to less than 50 ppm averaged over an 8-hour period; in addition, employees are to be removed from any confined space if an upper limit ("ceiling") of 100 ppm is reached.

Acute poisoning

The main manifestations of carbon monoxide poisoning develop in the organ systems most dependent on oxygen use, the central nervous system and the heart. The initial symptoms of acute carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, nausea, malaise, and fatigue. These symptoms are often mistaken for a virus such as influenza or other illnesses such as food poisoning or gastroenteritis. Headache is the most common symptom of acute carbon monoxide poisoning; it is often described as dull, frontal, and continuous. Increasing exposure produces cardiac abnormalities including fast heart rate, low blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmia; central nervous system symptoms include delirium, hallucinations, dizziness, unsteady gait, confusion, seizures, central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, respiratory arrest, and death. Less common symptoms of acute carbon monoxide poisoning include myocardial ischemia, atrial fibrillation, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, high blood sugar, lactic acidosis, muscle necrosis, acute kidney failure, skin lesions, and visual and auditory problems. Carbon monoxide exposure may lead to a significantly shorter life span due to heart damage.

One of the major concerns following acute carbon monoxide poisoning is the severe delayed neurological manifestations that may occur. Problems may include difficulty with higher intellectual functions, short-term memory loss, dementia, amnesia, psychosis, irritability, a strange gait, speech disturbances, Parkinson's disease-like syndromes, cortical blindness, and a depressed mood. Depression may occur in those who did not have pre-existing depression. These delayed neurological sequelae may occur in up to 50% of poisoned people after 2 to 40 days. It is difficult to predict who will develop delayed sequelae; however, advanced age, loss of consciousness while poisoned, and initial neurological abnormalities may increase the chance of developing delayed symptoms.

Chronic poisoning
Chronic exposure to relatively low levels of carbon monoxide may cause persistent headaches, lightheadedness, depression, confusion, memory loss, nausea, hearing disorders and vomiting. It is unknown whether low-level chronic exposure may cause permanent neurological damage. Typically, upon removal from exposure to carbon monoxide, symptoms usually resolve themselves, unless there has been an episode of severe acute poisoning. However, one case noted permanent memory loss and learning problems after a three-year exposure to relatively low levels of carbon monoxide from a faulty furnace.

Chronic exposure may worsen cardiovascular symptoms in some people. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure might increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Long-term exposures to carbon monoxide present the greatest risk to persons with coronary heart disease and in females who are pregnant.

In experimental animals, carbon monoxide appears to worsen noise-induced hearing loss at noise exposure conditions that would have limited effects on hearing otherwise. In humans, hearing loss has been reported following carbon monoxide poisoning. Unlike the findings in animal studies, noise exposure was not a necessary factor for the auditory problems to occur.

Fatal poisoning
One classic sign of carbon monoxide poisoning is more often seen in the dead rather than the living – people have been described as looking red-cheeked and healthy. However, since this "cherry-red" appearance is more common in the dead, it is not considered a useful diagnostic sign in clinical medicine. In autopsy examinations, the appearance of carbon monoxide poisoning is notable because unembalmed dead persons are normally bluish and pale, whereas dead carbon-monoxide poisoned people may appear unusually lifelike in coloration. The colorant effect of carbon monoxide in such postmortem circumstances is thus analogous to its use as a red colorant in the commercial meat-packing industry.

Epidemiology
The true number of cases of carbon monoxide poisoning is unknown, since many non-lethal exposures go undetected. From the available data, carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common cause of injury and death due to poisoning worldwide. Poisoning is typically more common during the winter months. This is due to increased domestic use of gas furnaces, gas or kerosene space heaters, and kitchen stoves during the winter months, which if faulty and/or used without adequate ventilation, may produce excessive carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide detection and poisoning also increases during power outages, when electric heating and cooking appliances become inoperative and residents may temporarily resort to fuel-burning space heaters, stoves, and grills (some of which are safe only for outdoor use but nonetheless are errantly burned indoors).

It has been estimated that more than 40,000 people per year seek medical attention for carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States. 95% of carbon monoxide poisoning deaths in the United States are due to gas space heaters. In many industrialized countries, carbon monoxide is the cause of more than 50% of fatal poisonings. In the United States, approximately 200 people die each year from carbon monoxide poisoning associated with home fuel-burning heating equipment. Carbon monoxide poisoning contributes to the approximately 5613 smoke inhalation deaths each year in the United States. The CDC reports, "Each year, more than 500 Americans die from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, and more than 2,000 commit suicide by intentionally poisoning themselves." For the 10-year period from 1979 to 1988, 56,133 deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning occurred in the United States, with 25,889 of those being suicides, leaving 30,244 unintentional deaths. A report from New Zealand showed that 206 people died from carbon monoxide poisoning in the years of 2001 and 2002. In total carbon monoxide poisoning was responsible for 43.9% of deaths by poisoning in that country. In South Korea, 1,950 people had been poisoned by carbon monoxide with 254 deaths from 2001 through 2003. A report from Jerusalem showed 3.53 per 100,000 people were poisoned annually from 2001 through 2006. In Hubei, China, 218 deaths from poisoning were reported over a 10-year period with 16.5% being from carbon monoxide exposure.

Causes

Carbon monoxide is a product of combustion of organic matter under conditions of restricted oxygen supply, which prevents complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2). Sources of carbon monoxide include cigarette smoke, house fires, faulty furnaces, heaters, wood-burning stoves, internal combustion vehicle exhaust, electrical generators, propane-fueled equipment such as portable stoves, and gasoline-powered tools such as leaf blowers, lawn mowers, high-pressure washers, concrete cutting saws, power trowels, and welders. Exposure typically occurs when equipment is used in buildings or semi-enclosed spaces.

Riding in the back of pickup trucks has led to poisoning in children. Idling automobiles with the exhaust pipe blocked by snow has led to the poisoning of car occupants. Any perforation between the exhaust manifold and shroud can result in exhaust gases reaching the cabin. Generators and propulsion engines on boats, especially houseboats, has resulted in fatal carbon monoxide exposures.

Poisoning may also occur following the use of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) due to faulty diving air compressors.

In caves carbon monoxide can build up in enclosed chambers due to the presence of decomposing organic matter. In coal mines incomplete combustion may occur during explosions resulting in the production of afterdamp. The gas is up to 3% CO and may be fatal after just a single breath. Following an explosion in a colliery, adjacent interconnected mines may become dangerous due to the afterdamp leaking from mine to mine. Such an incident followed the Trimdon Grange explosion which killed men in the Kelloe mine.

Another source of poisoning is exposure to the organic solvent dichloromethane, also known as methylene chloride, found in some paint strippers, as the metabolism of dichloromethane produces carbon monoxide. In November 2019, an EPA ban on dichloromethane in paint strippers for consumer use took effect in the United States.

Prevention

Detectors

Prevention remains a vital public health issue, requiring public education on the safe operation of appliances, heaters, fireplaces, and internal-combustion engines, as well as increased emphasis on the installation of carbon monoxide detectors. Carbon monoxide is tasteless, odourless, and colourless, and therefore can not be detected by visual cues or smell.

The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission has stated, "carbon monoxide detectors are as important to home safety as smoke detectors are," and recommends each home have at least one carbon monoxide detector, and preferably one on each level of the building. These devices, which are relatively inexpensive and widely available, are either battery- or AC-powered, with or without battery backup. In buildings, carbon monoxide detectors are usually installed around heaters and other equipment. If a relatively high level of carbon monoxide is detected, the device sounds an alarm, giving people the chance to evacuate and ventilate the building. Unlike smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors do not need to be placed near ceiling level.

The use of carbon monoxide detectors has been standardized in many areas. In the US, NFPA 720–2009, the carbon monoxide detector guidelines published by the National Fire Protection Association, mandates the placement of carbon monoxide detectors/alarms on every level of the residence, including the basement, in addition to outside sleeping areas. In new homes, AC-powered detectors must have battery backup and be interconnected to ensure early warning of occupants at all levels. NFPA 720-2009 is the first national carbon monoxide standard to address devices in non-residential buildings. These guidelines, which now pertain to schools, healthcare centers, nursing homes, and other non-residential buildings, include three main points:
1. A secondary power supply (battery backup) must operate all carbon monoxide notification appliances for at least 12 hours,
2. Detectors must be on the ceiling in the same room as permanently installed fuel-burning appliances, and
3. Detectors must be located on every habitable level and in every HVAC zone of the building.

Gas organizations will often recommend getting gas appliances serviced at least once a year.

Legal requirements

The NFPA standard is not necessarily enforced by law. As of April 2006, the US state of Massachusetts requires detectors to be present in all residences with potential CO sources, regardless of building age and whether they are owner-occupied or rented. This is enforced by municipal inspectors and was inspired by the death of 7-year-old Nicole Garofalo in 2005 due to snow blocking a home heating vent. Other jurisdictions may have no requirement or only mandate detectors for new construction or at time of sale.

Despite similar deaths in vehicles with clogged exhaust pipes (for example in the Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 and February 2013 nor'easter) and the commercial availability of the equipment, there is no legal requirement for automotive CO detectors.

World Health Organization recommendations
The following guideline values (ppm values rounded) and periods of time-weighted average exposures have been determined in such a way that the carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) level of 2.5% is not exceeded, even when a normal subject engages in light or moderate exercise:
 100 mg/m3 (87 ppm) for 15 min
 60 mg/m3 (52 ppm) for 30 min
 30 mg/m3 (26 ppm) for 1 h
 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) for 8 h
 7 mg/m3 (6 ppm) for 24 h (for indoor air quality, so as not to exceed 2% COHb for chronic exposure)

Diagnosis

As many symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning also occur with many other types of poisonings and infections (such as the flu), the diagnosis is often difficult. A history of potential carbon monoxide exposure, such as being exposed to a residential fire, may suggest poisoning, but the diagnosis is confirmed by measuring the levels of carbon monoxide in the blood. This can be determined by measuring the amount of carboxyhemoglobin compared to the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

The ratio of carboxyhemoglobin to hemoglobin molecules in an average person may be up to 5%, although cigarette smokers who smoke two packs per day may have levels up to 9%. In symptomatic poisoned people they are often in the 10–30% range, while persons who die may have postmortem blood levels of 30–90%.

As people may continue to experience significant symptoms of CO poisoning long after their blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration has returned to normal, presenting to examination with a normal carboxyhemoglobin level (which may happen in late states of poisoning) does not rule out poisoning.

Measuring
Carbon monoxide may be quantitated in blood using spectrophotometric methods or chromatographic techniques in order to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in a person or to assist in the forensic investigation of a case of fatal exposure.

A CO-oximeter can be used to determine carboxyhemoglobin levels. Pulse CO-oximeters estimate carboxyhemoglobin with a non-invasive finger clip similar to a pulse oximeter. These devices function by passing various wavelengths of light through the fingertip and measuring the light absorption of the different types of hemoglobin in the capillaries. The use of a regular pulse oximeter is not effective in the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning as these devices may be unable to distinguish carboxyhemoglobin from oxyhemoglobin.
Breath CO monitoring offers an alternative to pulse CO-oximetry. Carboxyhemoglobin levels have been shown to have a strong correlation with breath CO concentration. However, many of these devices require the user to inhale deeply and hold their breath to allow the CO in the blood to escape into the lung before the measurement can be made. As this is not possible in people who are unresponsive, these devices may not appropriate for use in on-scene emergency care detection of CO poisoning.

Differential diagnosis

There are many conditions to be considered in the differential diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning. The earliest symptoms, especially from low level exposures, are often non-specific and readily confused with other illnesses, typically flu-like viral syndromes, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, chest pain, and migraine or other headaches. Carbon monoxide has been called a "great mimicker" due to the presentation of poisoning being diverse and nonspecific. Other conditions included in the differential diagnosis include acute respiratory distress syndrome, altitude sickness, lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, meningitis, methemoglobinemia, or opioid or toxic alcohol poisoning.

Treatment

Initial treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning is to immediately remove the person from the exposure without endangering further people. Those who are unconscious may require CPR on site. Administering oxygen via non-rebreather mask shortens the half-life of carbon monoxide from 320 minutes, when breathing normal air, to only 80 minutes. Oxygen hastens the dissociation of carbon monoxide from carboxyhemoglobin, thus turning it back into hemoglobin. Due to the possible severe effects in the baby, pregnant women are treated with oxygen for longer periods of time than non-pregnant people.

Hyperbaric oxygen

Hyperbaric oxygen is also used in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning, as it may hasten dissociation of CO from carboxyhemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase to a greater extent than normal oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen at three times atmospheric pressure reduces the half life of carbon monoxide to 23 (~80/3 minutes) minutes, compared to 80 minutes for oxygen at regular atmospheric pressure. It may also enhance oxygen transport to the tissues by plasma, partially bypassing the normal transfer through hemoglobin. However, it is controversial whether hyperbaric oxygen actually offers any extra benefits over normal high flow oxygen, in terms of increased survival or improved long-term outcomes. There have been randomized controlled trials in which the two treatment options have been compared; of the six performed, four found hyperbaric oxygen improved outcome and two found no benefit for hyperbaric oxygen. Some of these trials have been criticized for apparent flaws in their implementation. A review of all the literature concluded that the role of hyperbaric oxygen is unclear and the available evidence neither confirms nor denies a medically meaningful benefit. The authors suggested a large, well designed, externally audited, multicentre trial to compare normal oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen. While hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used for severe poisonings, the benefit over standard oxygen delivery is unclear.

Other
Further treatment for other complications such as seizure, hypotension, cardiac abnormalities, pulmonary edema, and acidosis may be required. Increased muscle activity and seizures should be treated with dantrolene or diazepam; diazepam should only be given with appropriate respiratory support. Hypotension requires treatment with intravenous fluids; vasopressors may be required to treat myocardial depression. Cardiac dysrhythmias are treated with standard advanced cardiac life support protocols. If severe, metabolic acidosis is treated with sodium bicarbonate. Treatment with sodium bicarbonate is controversial as acidosis may increase tissue oxygen availability. Treatment of acidosis may only need to consist of oxygen therapy. The delayed development of neuropsychiatric impairment is one of the most serious complications of carbon monoxide poisoning. Brain damage is confirmed following MRI or CAT scans. Extensive follow up and supportive treatment is often required for delayed neurological damage. Outcomes are often difficult to predict following poisoning, especially people who have symptoms of cardiac arrest, coma, metabolic acidosis, or have high carboxyhemoglobin levels. One study reported that approximately 30% of people with severe carbon monoxide poisoning will have a fatal outcome. It has been reported that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may increase the likelihood of delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS) after carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. A device that also provides some carbon dioxide to stimulate faster breathing (sold under the brand name ClearMate) may also be used.

Pathophysiology

The precise mechanisms by which the effects of carbon monoxide are induced upon bodily systems are complex and not yet fully understood. Known mechanisms include carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin, myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and restricting oxygen supply, and carbon monoxide causing brain lipid peroxidation.

Hemoglobin

Carbon monoxide has a higher diffusion coefficient compared to oxygen, and the main enzyme in the human body that produces carbon monoxide is heme oxygenase, which is located in nearly all cells and platelets. Most endogenously produced CO is stored bound to hemoglobin as carboxyhemoglobin. The simplistic understanding for the mechanism of carbon monoxide toxicity is based on excess carboxyhemoglobin decreasing the oxygen-delivery capacity of the blood to tissues throughout the body. In humans, the affinity between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide is approximately 240 times stronger than the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen. However, certain mutations such as the Hb-Kirklareli mutation has a relative 80,000 times greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen resulting in systemic carboxyhemoglobin reaching a sustained level of 16% COHb.

Hemoglobin is a tetramer with four prosthetic heme groups to serve as oxygen binding sites. The average red blood cell contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules, therefore 1 billion heme sites capable of binding gas. The binding of carbon monoxide at any one of these sites increases the oxygen affinity of the remaining three sites, which causes the hemoglobin molecule to retain oxygen that would otherwise be delivered to the tissue; therefore carbon monoxide binding at any site may be as dangerous as carbon monoxide binding to all sites. Delivery of oxygen is largely driven by the Bohr effect and Haldane effect. To provide a simplified synopsis of the molecular mechanism of systemic gas exchange in layman's terms, upon inhalation of air it was widely thought oxygen binding to any of the heme sites triggers a conformational change in the globin/protein unit of hemoglobin which then enables the binding of additional oxygen to each of the other vacant heme sites. Upon arrival to the cell/tissues, oxygen release into the tissue is driven by "acidification" of the local pH (meaning a relatively higher concentration of 'acidic' protons/hydrogen ions) caused by an increase in the biotransformation of carbon dioxide waste into carbonic acid via carbonic anhydrase. In other words, oxygenated arterial blood arrives at cells in the "hemoglobin R-state" which has deprotonated/unionized amino acid residues (regarding nitrogen/amines) due to the less-acidic arterial pH environment (arterial blood averages pH 7.407 whereas venous blood is slightly more acidic at pH 7.371). The "T-state" of hemoglobin is deoxygenated in venous blood partially due to protonation/ionization caused by the acidic environment hence causing a conformation unsuited for oxygen-binding (in other words, oxygen is 'ejected' upon arrival to the cell because acid "attacks" the amines of hemoglobin causing ionization/protonation of the amine residues resulting in a conformation change unsuited for retaining oxygen). Furthermore, the mechanism for formation of carbaminohemoglobin generates additional 'acidic' hydrogen ions that may further stabilize the protonated/ionized deoxygenated hemoglobin. Upon return of venous blood into the lung and subsequent exhalation of carbon dioxide, the blood is "de-acidified" (see also: hyperventilation) allowing for the deprotonation/unionization of hemoglobin to then re-enable oxygen-binding as part of the transition to arterial blood (note this process is complex due to involvement of chemoreceptors and other physiological functionalities). Carbon monoxide is not 'ejected' due to acid, therefore carbon monoxide poisoning disturbs this physiological process hence the venous blood of poisoning patients is bright red akin to arterial blood since the carbonyl/carbon monoxide is retained. Hemoglobin is dark in deoxygenated venous blood, but it has a bright red color when carrying blood in oxygenated arterial blood and when converted into carboxyhemoglobin in both arterial and venous blood, so poisoned cadavers and even commercial meats treated with carbon monoxide acquire an unnatural lively reddish hue.

At toxic concentrations, carbon monoxide as carboxyhemoglobin significantly interferes with respiration and gas exchange by simultaneously inhibiting acquisition and delivery of oxygen to cells and preventing formation of carbaminohemoglobin which accounts for approximately 30% of carbon dioxide exportation. Therefore, a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning may experience severe hypoxia and acidosis (potentially both respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis) in addition to the toxicities of excess carbon monoxide inhibiting numerous hemoproteins, metallic and non-metallic targets which affect cellular machinery.

Myoglobin

Carbon monoxide also binds to the hemeprotein myoglobin. It has a high affinity for myoglobin, about 60 times greater than that of oxygen. Carbon monoxide bound to myoglobin may impair its ability to utilize oxygen. This causes reduced cardiac output and hypotension, which may result in brain ischemia. A delayed return of symptoms have been reported. This results following a recurrence of increased carboxyhemoglobin levels; this effect may be due to a late release of carbon monoxide from myoglobin, which subsequently binds to hemoglobin.

Cytochrome oxidase

Another mechanism involves effects on the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme chain that is responsible for effective tissue utilization of oxygen. Carbon monoxide binds to cytochrome oxidase with less affinity than oxygen, so it is possible that it requires significant intracellular hypoxia before binding. This binding interferes with aerobic metabolism and efficient adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Cells respond by switching to anaerobic metabolism, causing anoxia, lactic acidosis, and eventual cell death. The rate of dissociation between carbon monoxide and cytochrome oxidase is slow, causing a relatively prolonged impairment of oxidative metabolism.

Central nervous system effects

The mechanism that is thought to have a significant influence on delayed effects involves formed blood cells and chemical mediators, which cause brain lipid peroxidation (degradation of unsaturated fatty acids). Carbon monoxide causes endothelial cell and platelet release of nitric oxide, and the formation of oxygen free radicals including peroxynitrite. In the brain this causes further mitochondrial dysfunction, capillary leakage, leukocyte sequestration, and apoptosis. The result of these effects is lipid peroxidation, which causes delayed reversible demyelination of white matter in the central nervous system known as Grinker myelinopathy, which can lead to edema and necrosis within the brain. This brain damage occurs mainly during the recovery period. This may result in cognitive defects, especially affecting memory and learning, and movement disorders. These disorders are typically related to damage to the cerebral white matter and basal ganglia. Hallmark pathological changes following poisoning are bilateral necrosis of the white matter, globus pallidus, cerebellum, hippocampus and the cerebral cortex.

Pregnancy

Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnant women may cause severe adverse fetal effects. Poisoning causes fetal tissue hypoxia by decreasing the release of maternal oxygen to the fetus. Carbon monoxide also crosses the placenta and combines with fetal hemoglobin, causing more direct fetal tissue hypoxia. Additionally, fetal hemoglobin has a 10 to 15% higher affinity for carbon monoxide than adult hemoglobin, causing more severe poisoning in the fetus than in the adult. Elimination of carbon monoxide is slower in the fetus, leading to an accumulation of the toxic chemical. The level of fetal morbidity and mortality in acute carbon monoxide poisoning is significant, so despite mild maternal poisoning or following maternal recovery, severe fetal poisoning or death may still occur.

References

External links
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Carbon Monoxide – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
 International Programme on Chemical Safety (1999). Carbon Monoxide, Environmental Health Criteria 213, Geneva: WHO

Poisoning
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Natural gas safety
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Carbon monoxide poisoning


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Košarka 3 na 3 na Mediteranskim igrama

Košarka 3 na 3 na Mediteranskim igrama 2018.


İskenderun Demir ve Çelik A.Ş. (kısaca: İsdemir), Türkiye'nin en büyük demir-çelik işletmesidir. Hatay'ın Payas ilçesinde 16.757.238 m² alan üzerine kurulmuştur. İsdemir; Türkiye'nin kuruluş tarihi itibarı ile üçüncü, uzun mamul üretimi açısından ise en büyük entegre tesisidir. İsdemir, 2008 yılında devreye aldığı 3,5 milyon ton/yıl sıcak haddeleme kapasitesi ile de Türkiye'nin uzun ve yassı ürün üreten tek entegre tesisidir. {Https://www.isdemir.com.tr/kurumsal/ }

Uzun çelik üretmek üzere 3 Ekim 1970 tarihinde kurulan İskenderun Demir ve Çelik A.Ş., 1 Şubat 2002 tarihinde Erdemir Grubu bünyesine katılmıştır. Ülkemizdeki uzun/yassı ürün dengesizliğinin giderilmesine yönelik olarak Cumhuriyet tarihinin tek seferde gerçekleştirilen en yüksek meblağlı yatırımı olan Modernizasyon ve Dönüşüm Yatırımlarının hayata geçirilmesinin ardından İskenderun tesislerinde 2008 yılında yassı nihai mamul üretimine başlanmıştır.

Türkiye çelik sektörünün gelişimi açısından hayati önem taşıyan yassı mamul üretim kapasitesinin artırılmasında önemli bir rol oynayan İSDEMİR'de, kütük ve kangal uzun mamullerinin üretimi de sürdürülmektedir.

Hatay'ın Payas ilçesinde 6,8 milyon m² fabrika alanına kurulmuş olan İSDEMİR bugün yaklaşık 5,3 milyon ton sıvı çelik kapasitesine sahiptir. Ayrıca 3,5 milyon tonu yassı ürün, 2,5 milyon tonu uzun ürün olmak üzere 6 milyon ton nihai mamul üretim kapasitesine ulaşmıştır.

Ürünler

 Rulo ya da rulodan sac: Kalınlıkları 1.20-25.00 mm arasında değişen rulo ürünler veya rulodan boya kesilmiş/dilinmiş sac ürünler.
 Levha: Kalınlıkları 6.00 - 200.00 mm ve genişlikleri 1000–3600 mm arasında olan ürünler.
 Nervürlü inşaat çeliği imalatına uygun çelikler
 Köşebent ve profil imalatına uygun yapı çelikleri
 Gemi profili imalatına uygun çelikler
 Otomotiv sanayisine uygun krom alaşımlı yüksek karbonlu çelikler

Dış bağlantılar
 İsdemir resmî sitesi
 İsdemir forum-isdemirin buluşma adresi
 Özelleştirme İdaresi Başkanlığı - İsdemir bilgileri

Kaynakça

Borsa İstanbul'daki şirketler
Demir ve Çelik A.Ş.
Türk demir-çelik şirketleri
Hatay ekonomisi
1966'da kurulan şirketler

İskenderun Demir ve Çelik A.Ş.


(qui signifie « lézard de Laguna Brava ») est un genre de dinosaures sauropodes titanosauriens de la formation Ciénaga del Río Huaco du Crétacé supérieur de La Rioja, en Argentine. Il n'est représenté que par une espèce, .

Étymologie
Le nom générique Bravasaurus est dérivé du parc national de Laguna Brava en Argentine. Le nom spécifique fait référence aux personnes, les arreiros ou chauffeurs en espagnol, qui transportaient du bétail à travers les Andes au XIXe siècle.

Description
Bravasaurus mesurait environ  de long. Il est connu par l'holotype CRILAR-Pv 612, qui se compose de l'os carré droit et du quadratojugal, de quatre vertèbres cervicales, cinq dorsales et trois caudales, de quelques côtes dorsales, de trois arcs hémaux, de l'humérus gauche, d'un cubitus fragmentaire, du métacarpien IV, un ilium gauche partiel, le pubis droit, un ischion partiel, le fémur gauche et les deux fibulas, et le paratype CRILAR-Pv 613, qui consiste en une dent isolée, l'ilium droit, le fémur droit et des côtes dorsales.

Classification
L'analyse phylogénétique des descripteurs place Bravasaurus comme membre dérivé des Lithostrotia, dans le clade Aeolosaurini, qu'ils récupèrent comme sous-clade de Rinconsauria, différent des autres cladogrammes. Leur cladogramme est présenté ci-dessous :

Paléoenvironnement
La localité holotype, le site de la Quebrada de Santo Domingo, conserve l'une des plus grandes concentrations d'œufs de titanosaure au monde. Les auteurs de la description suggèrent un lien avec Bravasaurus ou son contemporain Punatitan, qui a été décrit dans le même article.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Titanosauria
Genre de dinosaures non aviens (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 2020

Bravasaurus


ماجد إغبارية (1958- 2002)، عالم نظم معلومات. اسمه الكامل ماجد حردان إغبارية من عرب 48، كان بروفسوراً في جامعة تل أبيب. ولد لأبوين فقيرين في قرية معاوية بجانب مدينة أم الفحم بفلسطين بتاريخ 16 شباط، 1958م، وتوفي بتاريخ 3 آب، 2002م. خلال فترة حياته القصيرة، حيث توفي عن عمر 44 سنة حصل على درجتي بروفسورية وحقق إنجازات بحثية في مجال نظم المعلومات جعلته أحد أبرز الباحثين في هذا المجال على الإطلاق  فضلاً عن حصول عدد من أوراقه البحثية على جوائز أفضل ورقة بحثية في مجالاتها. بدءاً من 2004 قامت رابطة مكائن الحوسبة ACM بإطلاق اسمه على جائزة أفضل ورقة بحث في مجال نظم المعلومات.

حياته وصفاته
 توفيت والدته سنة 1967م، ورغم أنه لم يكن الأخ الأكبر في أسرته إلا أنه تحمل مسؤولية إعالة إخوته، فخرج للعمل في البناء ولم يكن عمره يتجاوز 14 عامًا؛ وذلك ليساهم في الإنفاق على أشقائه الخمسة وشقيقاته السبع.
 وصفه أخوه حاتم إغبارية أو أبو علو بأنه كان عطوفاً وكثير الحنان على إخوته وأخواته، وأنه كان قدوةً للجميع.
 وصفه أستاذه وصديقه د.حاتم محاميد بأنه كان عبقرياً في المدرسة وكان طويل السكوت وهادئ الطبع، ولا يتكلم إلا إذا سأله أحد.
 وصفه أقرانه ومعارفه بأنه كان شديد التواضع تجاه إنجازاته العلمية وكان طويل القامة، وأنه كان بسيطاً ودمث الأخلاق.
 قال عنه أصدقائه وزملائه بأنه كان محباً للعبة كرة القدم منذ صغره، وكان يلعبها مع رفاقه في المدرسة في قريته معاوية، وأنه عندما كسرت رجله بقي متابعاًً للعبة؛ كما أكد أصدقائه الأمريكيين حبه للعبة القدم الأمريكية بعد أن سافر للدراسة في أمريكا، حيث يقول أحد زملائه من الأساتذة الأمريكيين: «كنت على مدار ثلاثين عامًا اهتم بلعبة كرة القدم وأشاهد المباريات وأعرف الفرق جميعها، وأشهر اللاعبين وجميع القوانين المتعلقة باللعبة وترتيب الفرق في لوائح الدوري، أما ماجد فبعد ثلاثة أشهر فقط من سكنه بأمريكا كان يعرف كل هذه المعلومات وأكثر مني بكثير».
 يقول صديقه د. حاتم محاميد عن البروفسور ماجد أبو علو أنه كان محافظاً وحريصاً على إقامة الصلاة في المسجد وفي كل وقت، وأنه كان يوصي أهله وأقاربه بالصلاة كآخر وصية له في حياته.
 تزوج سنة 1999م، ولديه ابن واحد أسماه «محمد»، وكان يحسن معاملة زوجته ويشاركها في تحمل أعباء البيت وتربية ابنهما الصغير وقد قال عنه صديقه د. حاتم محاميد قبل وفاته بأنه كان شديد العطف والحنان على ابنه وأنه كان لا يكلف زوجته عناء حمل ابنهما الباكي عندما تكون مشغولة في تدبير المنزل.
 وصف صديقه الحميم والمحامي حسين أبو حسين بأن إرادته من حديد وأنه ساعدته في محاربة مرضه بقوة وصلابة في آخر أيام حياته؛ كما أن الأطباء كانوا يستغربون منه كيف كان ينهض كل مرة من العملية الجراحية التي أجريت له ثم يعود إلى عمله في التدريس مباشرة؛ كما كان إنساناً متفائلاً على الدوام، لم يتذمر من مرضه أو ينبس ببنت شفة.

علمه وعمله

 بعد أن أنهى دراسته في المرحلة الثانوية اضطر بسبب ظروفه الاقتصادية الصعبة للانقطاع عن الدراسة للعمل في مجال البناء، ثم عاد للدراسة سنة 1978م ليكمل مشواره العلمي في الجامعة العبرية بالقدس.
 حصل على شهادة البكالوريوس بامتياز من الجامعة العبرية بالقدس في تخصص الإحصاء والاقتصاد.
 بعد حصوله على شهادة البكالوريوس بسنة، عيّن معيداً في نفس الجامعة التي تخرج منها.
 أكمل دراسته في الجامعة العبرية للحصول على شهادة الماجستير في تخصص إدارة الأعمال.
 في سن الرابعة والعشرين حصل على منحة من جامعة تل أبيب لنيل شهادة الدكتوراة في تخصص النظم المعلوماتية.
 بعد حصوله على درجة الدكتوراة من جامعة تل أبيب، تم دعوته كأستاذ زائر للمحاضرة في جامعة هاواي بالولايات المتحدة، ثم محاضراًً في جامعة بروكسل في ولاية فيلادلفيا لمدة أربع سنوات، وفي تلك السنوات التي أمضاها كمحاضر في الجامعات الأمريكية حصل على لقب بروفيسور.
 بعد أن حصل البروفيسور ماجد إغبارية على شهادة الدكتوراة بتقدير امتياز في فترة وجيزة، بدأ نجمه يسطع فتعاقد مع شركة أبحاث أمريكية وتنقل بين الجامعات الأميركية يعمل مدرساً وباحثاً علمياً.
 صنّف البرفسور ماجد إغبارية عالمياً كالباحث الأول سنة 1997م في مجال النظم المعلوماتية.
 ترأس البروفسور ماجد إغبارية 17 مؤتمراً عالمياً حول النظم المعلوماتية، مما ساعد على إذاعة اسمه وانتشاره عالمياً.
 حصل على عدد من المراكز الأولى في حقول البحث العلمي منذ سنة 1991م؛ وتم رصد أبحاثه في دراسات عالمية.
 تنقل منذ سنة 1996م بين جامعة تل أبيب الإسرائيلية وجامعة كليرمونت الأمريكية.
 انضم سنة 1998م للهيئة الأكاديمية لجامعة تل أبيب، ويعتبر العربي الوحيد الذي حصل على صفة عضو في الهيئة العلمية لجامعة تل أبيب والتي يحق لها المصادقة على رسائل الدكتوراة.
 ترأس بعض الأقسام في كلية الإدارة بجامعة تل أبيب، وكان آخرها رئيس قسم النظم المعلوماتية
 احتل المركز الأول كأكثر الباحثين في مجال النظم المعلوماتية نشراً للأبحاث في الفترة من سنة 1981م إلى سنة 1991م.
 أعيد تصنيفه مرةً أخرى ليكون الباحث الأكثر إنتاجاً في مجاله للفترة من 1991 إلى 1997، وكان الفارق يبدو دائماً كبيراً بين البروفسور ماجد إغبارية وبين من كان يليه من الباحثين.
 في الدراسة الأخيرة التي قامت بها الدورية الخاصة بجمعية نظم المعلومات AIS بعنوان «تقييم للإنتاجية البحثية في الحقل الأكاديمي لتكنولوجيا المعلومات» وصلت عدد أبحاثه المنشورة إلى 23 بحثاً بمقدار تقييمي 10.58 في حين وصل عدد أبحاث من تلاه مباشرة 13 بحثا منشوراً بمقدار تقييمي 6.5.
 وكان ماجد قد صُنف وفقاً لصحيفة «يديعوت أحرونوت» العبرية والكثير من المجلات أنه أحد أكثر 10 شخصيات لها تأثيراً عظيماً في العالم.

مرضه
 في تشرين الأول من سنة 1996م نقل البروفسور ماجد إغبارية إلى المستشفى بسبب شعوره بألم في رجليه، وتبين عندها وجود مشاكل صحية في ظهره.
 من خلال الفحوصات وصور الأشعة تبين وجود أورام سرطانية في عموده الفقري، أجريت على إثرها بعد أسبوعين عملية جراحية؛ أخبره الطبيب بعدها أنه سيعيش لمدة ثلاثة أشهر على الأكثر.
 بعد ثلاثة أسابيع من إجرائه العملية الجراحية عاد إلى التدريس، ثم اضطر للعودة إلى فلسطين لإجراء عملية جراحية أخرى في مستشفى إيخيلوف.
 أجريت له منذ عام 1996م سبع عمليات جراحية لم تمنعه من إكمال مشواره في التدريس.
 قبل شهرين من تاريخ دخوله المستشفى في كليرمونت يوم 18-7-2002م أخذت حالته الصحية في التدهور، ووضع في سرير مرضه بمساعدة أجهزة التنفس الاصطناعي والكثير من الأدوية المخدرة، حتى فارق الحياة بتاريخ 3-8-2002م.

مواقع خارجية
 موقع إسلام أون لاين

مراجع

علماء عرب
علماء وعالمات حاسوب
مواليد 1958
وفيات 2002
خريجو الجامعة العبرية في القدس
مهاجرون فلسطينيون إلى الولايات المتحدة

ماجد إغبارية


Tomé Abduch (São Paulo, 19 de junho de 1975) é um  político brasileiro, filiado ao Republicanos. Nas eleições de 2022, foi eleito deputado estadual por São Paulo com 221.656 votos (0,95% dos votos válidos).

Televisão
Começou a carreira televisiva atuando como comentarista político, primeiramente ao lado de Gabriela Prioli com intervenções de Reinaldo Gottino no quadro "O Grande Debate", do telejornal CNN Novo Dia da CNN Brasil. Em maio de 2021, o integrante do programa Pânico, André Marinho e o comentarista político Tomé Abduch trocaram socos durante uma transmissão, após divergências quanto à continuidade do apoio de ambos ao então presidente Jair Bolsonaro. Ajudou organizar o Movimento Nas Ruas, fundado em julho de 2011 que tem por objetivo o combate a corrupção e impunidade. Sua fundadora é a atual deputada federal Carla Zambelli.

Ligações externas

Naturais da cidade de São Paulo
Membros do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira
Membros do Partido Novo
Membros do Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro
Membros do Republicanos (partido político)
Deputados estaduais de São Paulo

Tomé Abduch


Causette este o revistă franceză adresată sexului feminin, creată de Editiile Gynéthic, o casă de editură independentă fondată în ianuarie 2009 de Gregory Lassus-Debat și Gilles Bonjour.

Conținut redacțional
Deviza sa este « mai feminină cu creierul decât cu  » plus féminine du cerveau que du capiton ». Linia sa editorială privilegiază ancheta jurnalistică, reportajul, portretul și interviul cu umor și un ton decalat, față de clasicul găsit în astfel de reviste. The Times, care a caracterizat revista ca fiind « un simbol al renașterii feministe franceze, Causette transgreseaza toate regulile presei feminine franceze»1.

Revista se revendică în a fi feministă fără a vrea să se închidă într-o imagine stereotipă a acestui termen.

Istoric

Creația și primii anii
Revista scoate primele numere pe 7 martie 2009, cu o zi înainte de Ziua internațională a drepturilor femeilor. Fondatorul declară că fondurile de demarare a revistei provin dintr-un credit la consumație și dintr-un aport financiar al familiei Gilles Bonjour7.  Cofondatorul și directorul de publicație Gregory Lassus-Debat ( revista fiind prima sa experiență ca responsabil al unei firme) declară că revista dorește să ia în considerație femeile nu ca consumatoare ci ca «  ființe sociale dotate de inteligență și subiectivitate, interesate de lumea care le înconjoară, și doritoare în a petrece un moment agreabil » 5. Prima apariție conține un portret al Fadela Amara, un altul al unei prostituate în vârstă și un reportaj despre Republica democratica Congo. Acest prim număr nu conține decât o singură pagină de publicitate. 5.

Revista este la început una bilunara și apoi devenind o revistă lunară în 2011. 6.

2012-2013: Dezvoltarea revistei
În februarie 2012, Causette devine prima revistă feminină care a fost recunoscută «  publicație de informare politică și generală » de către ministerul de Cultură și devenind membra a asociației Presse et Pluralisme.

Pe 6 septembrie 2012, Causette este aleasă « cea mai bună revistă de Presă » a anului de către juriul Marele Premiu media CBnews8.

Pe 19 decembrie 2012, Causette câștigă primul său proces după anularea citării să apară ca acuzat ca urmare a defăimării inițiate de Rémi Pauvros, primar al Maubeuge9. Revista scrisese că anumite acțiuni de viol colectiv asupra unei colaboratoare a primarului, nu fusese comunicate parchetului, așa cum primarul era obligat să o facă9.

Pe 24 aprilie 2013, Causette primeste premiul « Coup de Cœur » în unanimitate a juriului a celei mai bune reviste a anului, premiu organizat de Syndicatul editorilor de presă de reviste.  10.

2013: Polemică și tensiuni sociale
În iunie 2013, revista publică un articol care declanșează critici asupra unei afaceri de atingeri sexuale asupra unui minor de 15 ani: Causette este atunci acuzată de autoconformare sexistă față de pedofilia feminină. Revista va prezenta atunci scuzele de rigoare. 12.

În septembrie 2013, maniera de dirijare a  lui Gregory Lassus-Debat este criticată și salariații revistei redactează o scrisoare «  semnată de către întreaga masă salarială și jurnaliști independenți » în care se denunță « managementul prin frică » 6. » Atmosfera de lucru este una foarte proastă în sânul echipei revistei: mai multe demisii au fost declarate și inspectoratul muncii a deschis o anchetă. 6. Revista obținând o bună progresie a vânzărilor, se deduce că o anumită presiune a fost făcută de salariați în decursul timpului.  Felul de dirijare a lui Gregory Lassus-Debat, 31 de ani la acea perioadă, este foarte criticat, este considerat ca fiind o persoană foarte colerică, de neîncredere, punând interes pe partea afectivă. » Neavând din punct de vedere oficial postul de director de redacție, jurnaliștii se plâng că Gregory Lassus-Debat  intervenea asupra articolelor pe care le comanda, corecta și modifica. 6. Gregory Lassus-Debat explică că este vorba mai degrabă de probleme de persoane și amintește că fondând Causette și inventând linia editorială a acestei reviste, se consideră capabil să o dirijeze. 6.

În noiembrie  2013, o nouă controversă se declanșează după apariția unui dosar anti prostituție, un articol în mod special intitulat « 55 de motive pentru a rezista tentației »  Era vorba despre un articol ce enumera într-o manieră ce se dorea umoristică motivele pentru care nu trebuie să se facă apel la serviciile prostituatelor. Militantele feministe consideră acest articol ca fiind unul insultant și disprețuitor față de prostituate.  Sindicatul muncii sexuale . (STRASS) publică un comunicat pe site-ul lor în care acuză revista de fobie de prostituate,  sexisme, de incitare la viol și rasism. Revista  Les Inrockuptibles deplânge la sfârșitul lunii octombrie 2013 absența explicațiilor date de Causette ca urmare a acestei controverse. O jurnalistă va explica mai târziu în 2014, că nimeni nu-și asumă aceste glume și că membrii ai redacției au încercat în zadar să împiedice publicarea dar că Gregory Lassus-Debat a dorit neapărat ca articolul să apară. Grégory Lassus-Debat a explicat că era vorba de ironie prin observare.

Acestă controversă nu va ameliora climatul ce predomină jurnalul. O moțiune de neîncredere față de redactoarea șefă și o grevă sunt votate în noiembrie 2013 și o mediere este condusă de Sindicatul național al jurnaliștilor, ce constată o anumită lipsă de rigoare a direcției jurnalului.

Din 2014
În martie 2014, pentru celebrarea a 5 ani, Causette publică cartea Războiul invizibil: revelații despre violențele sexuale în armata franceză (co-ediție Les Arènes-Causette). Causette a desprins din redacția sa două din jurnalistele sale, Julia Pascual și Leila Minano, pentru această anchetă care a durat aproape 2 ani. A doua zi de la publicarea cărții, Ministerul Apărării (Franța) lansează o anchetă internă în sânul armatei franceze.

În aprilie 2015, revista primește premiul cel mare a revistei anului la categoria « Pasiune » din partea juriului Sindicatului Editorilor de Presă. Dar câteva zile după, revista este plasată în redresare judiciară. 17. Revista suferă de un deficit de 600.000 euro, provenit din lipsa de beneficii ca urmare a nepublicării a 2 numere în tipul grevei din 2014, din finanțarea rupturii convenționale de contracte de muncă care au urmat acestui conflict și gravelor erori  cotabile realizate de cabinetul exterior responsabil de conturile revistei. 17.

În martie 2015, conform site-ului de actualitate  BuzzFeed, societatea editorială Causette, Gynethic, este condamnată pentru fapte de hărțuire morală asupra unei angajate, Anne-Laure Pineau, sentința confirmată în prima instanță pe 23 iunie 2016. La această condamnare se adaugă fapte de « încălcare a obligației de siguranță a rezultatului » ceea ce califică faptul că angajatorul nu a luat măsurile necesare pentru a asigura sănătatea salariatului. 18.

În octombrie 2017, suferind de reale dificultăți financiare, Causette lansează un apel la donații către cititoarele revistei. 19. Vânzările scad cu 20% într-un singur an, în aceeași măsură în care 95% din cifra de afaceri este legată de vânzarea la chioșc și din abonamente. Ceva mai mult de 100.000 € sunt recoltați, în același timp cu o reluare a vânzărilor începând din mai 2017.

Depunerea bilanțului și controverse asupra mărcii
Revista depune bilanțul pe 15 decembrie 2017. La începutul lui 2018, tribunalul de comerț din Paris autorizează Revista să își continue activitatea până la sfârșitul lunii februarie, în așteptarea unui dosar de reluare.

Reluarea se avea dificilă prin faptul că marca Causette nu aparține Editiilor Gynéthic, societatea care publică revista și este obiectul unei proceduri judiciare. Revista este deținută de cofondatorul și directorul Grégory Lassus-Debat, care nu dorește să se separe de ea. 24. Echipa revistei dorește să depună plângere împotriva lui Grégory Lassuz-Debat pentru abuz al proprietății sociale și primirea abuzivă a unui bun social, estimând că a cedat în 2011 marca în nume propriu, ceea ce îi permitea să o închirieze pe urmă la societatea editorială, pentru o sumă anuală care atingea  108.000 euro în 2016-2017.

Difuzare
Din spusele editorului, primul număr al revistei Causette a apărut în 20.000 de exemplare pe 7 martie 2009.
Din 2010, OJD certifică cifra de difuzare a revistei. În 2013, difuzarea totală se ridică la 67.208 exemplare.

În martie 2013, pentru aniversarea a 4 ani, un tiraj de 147.000 exemplare sunt distribuite în mai mult de 17000 puncte de vânzare în toată Franța metropolitană, în Martinica, Guadaloupe, Réunion, Québec și Elveția, Belgia și Polinezia. Revista este difuzată și pe internet în format electronic.

Pe 21 martie 2013 Causette primește o stea de la OJD pentru a recompensa cel mai bun progres de vânzare în procentaj între 2011 și 2012 (+44,1 %)26.
Pe 9 aprilie 2014, Causette primește o stea de la OJD pentru a recompensa cel mai bun progres de vânzare în volum între 2012 și 2013 (+28,1 %)26. Totuși vânzările scad cu 11 % în 2014, și cresc apoi până la aproximativ 67.000 exemplare lunare în primul trimestru din 2015.

Note

1.	↑ « Magazine Hailed as a Symbol of France's Feminist Renaissance » [archive], The Times, 2 décembre 2010.

2.	↑ Sabrina Champenois, « Tout feu tout femmes » [archive], sur liberation.fr, 4 avril 2011(consulté le 5 août 2011).

3.	↑ « Presse magazine féminine : on fait la causette ? » [archive], sur jefaisletemps.com, 7 juin 2015 (consulté le 30 octobre 2015).

4.	↑ « Edito du numéro #5 » [archive], sur causette.fr, novembre 2009 (consulté le30 octobre 2015).

5.	↑ a, b, c et d Emmanuelle Bourget, « Causette, un nouveau féminin en kiosques », Rue89, 6 mars 2009 (lire en ligne [archive]).

6.	↑ a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k et l Isabelle Hanne, « Cassure à «Causette» », Libération, 19 février 2014(lire en ligne [archive]).

7.	↑ Marie Kirschen, « «Pour rien au monde je ne voudrais retourner travailler à Causette» », BuzzFeed, 18 août 2016 (lire en ligne [archive])

8.	↑ CBnews [archive].

9.	↑ a et b Carole Boinet, « Procès de Causette : le verdict est tombé », Les Inrockuptibles, 19 décembre 2012 (lire en ligne [archive]).

10.	↑ « Les Magazines de l'année 2013 » [archive], sur Graphiline.com, 30 avril 2013 (consulté le13 février 2015).

11.	↑ Cécile Schilis-Gallego, « Après le Nouvel Obs, Causette se prend les pieds dans la pédophilie féminine », Slate.fr, 28 juin 2013 (lire en ligne [archive]).

12.	↑ Grégory Lassus-Debat et Liliane Roudière, « « Une liaison particulière » : Causette s'explique et s'excuse », Rue89, 29 juin 2013 (lire en ligne [archive]).

13.	↑ a et b Carole Boinet, « Causette : nouvelle polémique autour d'un article contre la prostitution », Les Inrockuptibles, 30 octobre 2013 (lire en ligne [archive]).

14.	↑ « Causette est abo, Causette est minable, Causette est abominable » [archive], sur STRASS(consulté le 13 février 2015).

15.	↑ AFP, « Violences sexuelles contre les femmes soldats : une enquête est ouverte », Libération, 27 février 2014 (lire en ligne [archive]).

16.	↑ « Les Magazines de l'année 2015 » [archive], sur lapressemagazine.fr, 16 avril 2015.

17.	↑ a, b et c « Le magazine féminin « Causette » placé en redressement judiciaire », Le Monde.fr, 29 avril 2015 (lire en ligne [archive]).

18.	↑ «Pour rien au monde je ne voudrais retourner travailler à Causette» [archive] (consulté le24 juin 2016)

19.	↑ a et b « En grand danger, le magazine féministe "Causette" pourrait disparaître », Challenges, 14 octobre 2017 (lire en ligne [archive]).

20.	↑ « Causette lance un appel aux dons », Le Figaro, encart « Économie », samedi 14 / dimanche 15 octobre 2017, page 26.

21.	↑ a et b Jérôme Lefilliâtre, « Liquidé, le magazine «Causette» attend son sauveur » [archive], sur liberation.fr, 9 janvier 2018 (consulté le 10 janvier 2018).

22.	↑ « Le magazine Causette dépose le bilan », La Voix du Nord, 20 décembre 2017 (lire en ligne [archive])

23.	↑ Arrêt sur Images, « En pleine affaire Weinstein, pourquoi Causette pourrait disparaître » [archive], sur Medium, 9 janvier 2018 (consulté le 9 janvier 2018)

24.	↑ a et b Jérôme Lefilliâtre, « A «Causette», une histoire de propriété intellectuelle met en péril le titre », Libération.fr, 6 février 2018 (lire en ligne [archive])

25.	↑ OJD [archive].

26.	↑ a et b OJD [archive].

Legături externe

 https://www.causette.fr/

Fondări în 2009
Reviste din Franța
Feminism
Egalitatea de gen

Causette


د.محمد محسن جديع حسن البصيري، من مواليد 1955، وزير النفط ووزير الدولة لشؤون مجلس الأمة في الكويت سابقاً، ونائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي عن الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية - حدس.

شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1992 في الدائرة العشرين، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 883 صوت وخسر الانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1996 في الدائرة العشرين، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 1329 صوت وخسر الانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 في الدائرة العشرين، وحصل على المركز الأول برصيد 2364 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003 في الدائرة العشرين، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 2109 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006 في الدائرة العشرين، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 3947 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في الدائرة الرابعة، وحصل على المركز السابع عشر برصيد 4332 صوت وخسر الانتخابات.

سيرته
 وزير النفط ووزير دولة لشؤون مجلس الأمة.
 وزير المواصلات ووزير دولة لشؤون مجلس الأمة.
 حاصل على شهادة دكتوراه في الهندسة الميكانيكية.
 عضو مجلس الامة في الاعوام 1999 و2003 و2006.
 نائب رئيس مجلس الامة 2009.
 عضو جمعية المعلمين وجمعية الصحافيين وجمعية المهندسين
 ترأس فرع جمعية الاصلاح الاجتماعي في الجهراء ورابطة أعضاء هيئة التدريس بالهيئة العامة للتعليم التطبيقي والتدريب 1992 - 1999
 رئيس تحرير مجلة المجتمع منذ عام 1992

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 معالي وزير المواصلات: د. محمد محسن البصيري
 محمد محسن جديع حسن البصيري، Kuwait Politics Database
 توزير البصيري..أزمة جديدة في «حدس» الكويتية، إسلام أون لاين، 31 مايو 2009

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006
إخوان مسلمون كويتيون
مواليد 1955
وزراء شؤون مجلس الأمة كويتيون
وزراء مواصلات كويتيون
وزراء نفط كويتيون

محمد البصيري


was a town located in Kimotsuki District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,189 and a density of 84.24 persons per km². The total area was 85.34 km².

On March 22, 2005, Ōnejime, along with the town of Tashiro (also from Kimotsuki District), was merged to create the town of Kinkō.

External links
 Official website of Kinko

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in Japan

Ōnejime, Kagoshima


Tayga (asıl kökeni Altayca: tayγa, ormanla kaplı dağa verilen isim) Yakutça "orman" sözcüğünden gelir. Bu sözcük Ruslar tarafından kuzey yarımkürede, özellikle Sibirya'da tundranın bittiği yerlerde başlayan soğuk, bataklık ve ormanlık bölgeleri tanımlamak için Altay dili Şor lehçesindeki tayγa kökenli taĭgá terimi kullanılmıştır. Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika'daki buna benzer bölgeler için de tayga ismi kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Ama tayga günümüz kullanımında artık yalnızca orman anlamına gelmez; Kuzey Yarımkürede tundranın güneyinde oluşmuş bir bitki örtüsü sınırının adıdır.

İklim ve coğrafya

Tayga, dünyanın en uzun biyomunda, sert bir karasal iklimli kuşakta ve yaz ile kış arasında en çok sıcaklık farkı olan, Köppen iklim sınıflandırmasında D grubu iklim bölgeleri içinde sınıflandırılır.

Topraklar
Tayga toprağı çok genç eğilimli ve besin değerince verimsiz; derin olmayan, adı geçen ılıman yaprak döken ormanlarda organik açıdan zenginleşmekte olan toprak cinsidir. Derinliği az olan toprağı geniş ölçüde dondur, bitkilerin bu toprakta gelişmesi çok zordur. Ayrıca dökülen yapraklar ve yosunlar uzun zaman soğuk olan orman tabanında aynen kalırlar.

Bitey

Başlıca iki tür tayga vardır: kapalı ormanlar, çok sık aralıklı ağaçlı yosunlu toprakla örtülü, ve likenli ağaçlık yer, ağaçlar aralıklı-mesafede ve likenli taban örtülü. İkincisi daha fazla genelde en kuzeydeki taygadır. En kuzeydeki tayga yalnız ormanla kaplı değil, daha fazla aralıklı (seyrek) yani sık sık bodur büyüme formundadır; bundan başka, buzsuz asimetrik kara ladin (Picea mariana) sıkça görülür, ki rüzgâr yönündeki tarafında azalmış ağaç yaprakları görülür.

Tayga ormanlarında başlıca kozalaklı, iğne yapraklı olan karaçam (melez çamı), ladin (alaçam), köknar ve çam hakimdir. Her dem yeşil ağaç türleri (ladin, köknar ve çam) sert tayga kışlarında hayatta kalabilirler, buna karşın karaçam, tüm diğer ağaçlardan en fazla soğuğa dayanıklı olan yaprak dökenidir. Tayga ağaçları çok derin olmayan toprakta, derin olmayan kökleri, bu arada bir yığın mevsimsi değişiklik yaparak onların biyokimyasal yapısı ile "sertleşme" denilen donmaya dayanıklıdırlar. Bir daralan koni şeklinde biçimli kuzeysel kozalaklı ağaçları, ve onların aşağıya doğru-sarkık dalları da, onların üzerindeki karların dökülmesine yardımcı olur.

Yılın çoğunluğunda ufukta kalan güneş yüzünden, bitkilerin ışık etkisi ile sentezleme yoluyla enerji kazanması çok zordur. Çam ve ladinler iğne yapraklarını kaybetmezler, kış sonunda ve ilkbaharda eski yaprakları ile ışık etkisi ile sentezleme yaparlar.

Tayga'da kozalaklı, iğne yapraklı ormanların yanında, huş ağacı, titrek kavak, söğüt ve üvez ağacı gibi bazı yapraklı ağaçlar da görülür. Toprağa yakın yerlerde pek çok otsu bitkiler de yetişir. Belli bir aralıkla çıkan doğal yangınlar (20 ile 200 yıl arasında tekrarlayan) ağaç örtüsünü temizleyerek, güneş ışınlarının orman tabanına ulaşarak yeni filizlenmelerini sağlar. Bazı türlerden Banks çamı (Pinus banksiana) gibi bitkiler, yaşam aşamasında doğal yangınlar zorunludur. Banks çamının kozalakları yalnız bir yangın sonunda açılıp tohumlarını dağıtarak, yeni temizlenmiş toprakta çoğalır. Çimen ve çayırlar güneş gören her yerde, yosun ve likenler (temriye) de nemli zeminde ve ağaçların yan gövdelerinde yetişirler.

Direy
Tayga, bir sürü büyük olan otoburlara, memelilere kemiriciler takımından hayvanlara ev sahipliği yapar. Kuzey Kanada tayga ormanlarında nesli tükenme tehlikesi olan Ren geyiği (Rangifer tarandus), Kutup ayısı (Ursus maritimus), Kuzey Amerika boz ayısı (Ursus arctos horribilis) ve kutup porsuğu (Gulo gulo) gibi hayvan türleri vardır. Ancak yırtıcı, yağmacı kuşlar (baykuş ve kartal gibi) ve diğer daha küçük etobur hayvanlardan, tilki ve gelincik gibileri de kemiricilerden beslenir.

Tehditler

İnsani faaliyetler
Sovyetler Birliğinin dağılmasından sonra Sibirya taygasındaki ağaçların büyük bir bölümü yok edilmiştir. Rusya'nın ormanları bir oranla her yıl 12 milyon hektar yok olmaktadır.

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Artikel Boreale Wälder Nordeurasiens: die Taiga
 Taiga bei Waldportal.org

Coğrafya terminolojisi
Köppen iklim sınıflandırması
Fiziyografik vilayetler
Türkçe kelime ve deyimler

Tayga


Montes hace referencia a:

Lugares

 Montes, freguesia del municipio de Alcobaça, Portugal.
 Trás-os-Montes, región histórica de Portugal.
 Montes, localidad del departamento de Canelones, Uruguay.
 Montes, municipio del departamento de Canelones, Uruguay.
 Montes, municipio del Estado Sucre, Venezuela.

Personas
 Montes, apellido toponímico
Adelo Montés Diana
Adolfo González Montes
Agustín Viesca y Montes
Alberto Fernández Montes de Oca
Álvaro Montes
Amador Fernández Montes
Amparo Montes
Ana Belén Montes
Andrés Montes
Antonio Montes García
Beatriz C. Montes
Carlos Montes
Clara Montes
César Montes
Conchita Montes
Cristián Montes
Diana María Vizcarra Montes
Eduardo Montes Bradley
Elisa Montés
Ezequiel Montes Ledesma
Federico Montes
Felipe Montes
Fernando Lozano Montes
Fernando Montes de Oca
Francisco Arce Montes
Francisco de Montes
Francisco Montes Cañadas
Francisco Montes de Oca
Gina Montes
Gracia Montes
Graciela Montes
Gustavo Montes Rodríguez
Gustavo Vázquez Montes
Hugo Montes
Ignacio Montes de Oca y Obregón
Isidoro Montes de Oca
Ismael Montes
Israel Beltrán Montes
Jesús Sanz Montes
Joan Montes
Joaquín de Montes y Jovellar
Jorge Montes Moraga
José Alberto Montes
José Francisco Montes Fonseca
José Franco y Montes
José Luis Montes
José María Viesca y Montes
José María Montes
José Montes de Oca
Juan José Montes de Oca (1806-1876), médico argentino
Juan José Montes de Oca, abogado argentino
Juan Montes de Oca
Julio Mariscal Montes
Julio Óscar Trelles Montes
Leopoldo Montes de Oca
Luciano Montes de Oca
Luis Montes (desambiguación)
Luis Schmidt Montes
Magdalena Montes
Manuel Augusto Montes de Oca
Manuel Collado Montes
Manuel Montes de Oca
Manuel Ramos Montes
Marco Antonio Montes de Oca
Marcos Montes
Mauricio Montes
Mélida Anaya Montes
Miguel Montes
Nacho Montes (actor)
Nicolás Storace Montes
Oscar Antonio Montes
Pablo Montes López
Ramón Montes de Oca
Reginaldo Montes
Ricardo Ernesto Montes i Bradley
Rodrigo Franco Montes de Peralta
Salvador Montes de Oca
Saúl Montes Bradley
Segundo Montes
Tomás José Ruiz Montes
Toribio Montes
William Montes

Montes


Postupak izgubljenog voska  je postupak lijevanja metalnih skulptura, te nakita i medalja, najčešće u bronci ili mjedi, te srebru ili zlatu. Postupkom je moguće dobiti najfinije detalje izvornika izvedenog u nekom drugom materijalu, primjerice gipsu, glini ili drvetu. Najstariji primjeri uporabe potječu iz 3700 prije nove ere(Nahal Mishmar, Izrael). Danas postupak varira od lijevaonice do lijevaonice, no osnovni je   način rada   svugdje   približno jednak.

Postupak
Odljev se može izraditi ili direktno po samom voštanom modelu ili po voštanoj kopiji modela izvedenog u nekom drugom materijalu(indirektna metoda rada). Sljedeće su faze rada kod indirektne metode dobivanja odljeva.

Izrada modela Umjetnik izrađuje model u vosku, glini ili nekom drugom materijalu
Izrada kalupa Prema voštanom izvorniku načini se kalup, najčešće izveden u 2 ili više dijelova
Vosak U kalup se ulije rastopljeni vosak te se dobije šuplji voštani odljev
Uklanjanje voska Šuplji voštani otisak se vadi iz kalupa koji se zatim može ponovno koristiti
Dorada voštanog odljeva Tragovi spojeva se izglade te voštani model u toj fazi dobiva konačni izgled, izgled koji će imati i sam metalni odljev
Postavljanje kanala za uljevanje metala i odvod zraka
Izrada ljevačkog kalupa Voštani se odljev po postavljanju kanala za lijevanje i odvod zraka prevlači vatrostalnom smjesom
Paljenje Voštani se odljev istopi i dobivamo šupljinu koja svojim oblikom točno reproducira voštani odljev
Testiranje i korigiranje ljevačkog kalupa
Lijevanje metala
Razbijanje kalupa i vađenje odljeva
Cizeliranje tj. dorada odljeva

Dodatna literatura
Sias, F.R. Lost-Wax Casting: Old, New, and Inexpensive Methods, Pendleton 2006.

Vanjske poveznice
10/15/1904;The " Cire-perdue " Process of Bronze Casting

Umjetnička obrada metala

Postupak izgubljenog voska


مشكلة عام 2000 (وكما تعرف بـمشكلة Y2K ، خطأ الألفية، خطأ Y2K) ( problem بالإنجليزية؛ وحرف  رمز كلمة khilioi «ألف» اليونانية) حدثت مع اقتراب الألفية الثانية عام 2000 حيث كان المبرمجون قد اعتمدوا في إدخال الأرقام إلى الحاسوب في مجال البرمجة، على طريقة تخزين أرقام السنة التي تتكون من أربعة أرقام إلى رقمين فقط لتقليل كمية الذاكرة المستهلكة.حيث يتم تمثيل سنة 1998 إلى 98، وسنة 1999 تم تخزينها علي هيئة 99 حتى الآن لاتوجد مشكلة فالحاسب يعرف ان 98 تتلوها 99 وتُعْرَض ك1999 ان أردنا ذلك لكن بوصول عام 2000 سيصبح هذين الرقمين هما 00 مما يؤدى إلى كتابتها 1900 فبالإضافة إلى حدوث تعارض مع أي ادخال حقيقى ل1900 فان ذلك سيسبب مشكلة حقيقية مع الأنظمة المُمَيكنة التي تقوم بالعد والإحصاء (كحواسيب المصانع والمستشفيات والحكومة) حيث أن 00 ليس الرقم التالى في العدّ لتسعة وتسعين.

في عام 1997، طوّر معهد المعايير البريطاني (BSI) معيار DISC PD2000-1، والذي يحدد \ «متطلبات المطابقة لسنة 2000 \» كأربع قواعد:
 لن يسبب أي تاريخ غير صالح أي انقطاع في العمليات.
 حساب الفترات بين التواريخ أو التسلسل الزمني سيتم بشكل صحيح بالرغم من تواجدها في قرون مختلفة.
 في جميع الواجهات ووحدات التخزين، يجب أن يكون القرن واضح ولا لبس فيه، بحيث يكون إما محدداً أو يتم حسابه بواسطة خوارزمية.
 سنة 2000 يجب أن تكون محسوبة كسنة الكبيسة.
أدرك الجمهور تدريجيًا «ذعر عام 2000»، في السنوات التي سبقت بداية القرن الحادي والعشرين، توقعت الشركات الفردية أن الضرر العالمي الناجم عن الخطأ سيكلف ما بين 400 مليون دولار و600 مليار دولار لإصلاحه. أدى عدم وضوح المخاطر المحتملة لهذا الخطأ إلى تخزين البعض الطعام والماء والأسلحة، وشراء مولدات احتياطية، وسحب مبالغ مالية كبيرة تحسبًا لنهاية العالم الناجمة عن الحاسوب.

على عكس التوقعات العامة، حدثت أخطاء كبيرة قليلة فعليًا في عام 2000، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى الإجراءات الوقائية التي اتخذها العديد من مبرمجي الحاسوب وخبراء تكنولوجيا المعلومات. فحصت الشركات والمؤسسات في بعض البلدان، ولكن ليس كلها، أنظمة الحواسيب وأصلحتها وحدثتها لمعالجة المشكلة. وصف رئيس الولايات المتحدة بيل كلينتون، الذي نظم جهودًا لتقليل الضرر في الولايات المتحدة، عام 2000 بأنه «التحدي الأول للقرن الحادي والعشرين الذي جرت مواجهته بنجاح»، وكان يثني عادةً على المبرمجين الذين عملوا على تجنب الكارثة المتوقعة عند استرجاع الحدث.

أسباب المشكلة
تُعزى أسباب المشكلة إلى أمرين هما:
 عملية تمثيل السنة بوحدتين أو خانتين رقمية أصبحت مشكلة مع الأخطاء المنطقية الناشئة عن الانتقال من x99 إلى x00. وقد تسبب هذا لعمل بعض التواريخ ذات الصلة بشكل غير صحيح وبالتحديد الأوقات والتواريخ بعد 1 يونيو 2000 والتواريخ الأخرى المهمة. بدون اتخاذ إجراءات تصحيحية، أنظمة العمل الطويلة تنهار عندما \\ \"... 97، 98، 99، 00 ... \\\" الترقيم التصاعدي الافتراضي أصبح فجأة غير صالح.
 بعض المبرمجين قد أساء الفهم القاعدة التي تنص على بالرقم من أن أي سنة تقبل القسمة على 100 هي ليست بسنة كبيسة إلا في حالة أنها تقبل القسمة على 400 فهي سنة كبيسة. لذا كانت سنة 2000 سنة كبيسة.

عدد الأجهزة الحاسوبية التي فشلت بالرغم من الاجراءات الإصلاحية لحل هذه المشكلة عندما انقلبت الساعات عام 2000 غير معروف؛ ويُعزى ذلك إلى تحفظ المنظمات على الإبلاغ بوجود المشكلة في أنظمتها. وتتواجد أدلة على أن هناك فشل في التأريخ لمصرف واحد على الأقل متعلّق بمشكلة بY2K.

الحلول البرمجية
استُخدمت أساليب عديدة مختلفة لحل مشكلة عام 2000 في النظم القديمة. فيما يلي ستة منها:

توسيع التاريخ

وسعت السنوات المكونة من رقمين لتشمل القرن (أصبحت مكونة من أربعة أرقام) في البرامج والملفات وقواعد البيانات. اعتبر هذا الحل «الأنقى» ونتج عنه تواريخ دقيقة ودائمة وسهلة الصيانة. ولكن، كانت هذه الطريقة مكلفة، وتتطلب جهودًا هائلة للاختبار والتحويل، وأثرت غالبًا على كامل الأنظمة.

إنشاء نوافذ التاريخ

احتفظ بالسنوات المكونة من رقمين، وحددت البرامج قيمة القرن فقط عند الحاجة إلى وظائف معينة، مثل مقارنات التواريخ والحسابات. (تشير «نافذة» القرن إلى فترة المئة عام التي ينتمي إليها التاريخ.) كانت هذه التقنية، التي تطلبت تثبيت تصحيحات صغيرة من التعليمات البرمجية في البرامج، أسهل في الاختبار والتنفيذ من توسيع التاريخ، وبالتالي أقل تكلفة بكثير. ورغم أنها ليست حلًا دائمًا، فقد صممت إصلاحات إنشاء النوافذ غالبًا للعمل لعدة عقود. اعتقد أن هذا مقبول، إذ ستسبتدل الأنظمة القديمة في النهاية بتكنولوجيا أحدث.

ضغط التاريخ

يمكن ضغط التواريخ إلى أرقام ثنائية مكونة من 14 بت. يسمح هذا بالاحتفاظ بتنسيق بنية البيانات، باستخدام عدد صحيح للسنوات. يمكن لهذة الإجرائية تمثيل 16384 سنة مختلفة؛ تختلف الإجرائية الصحيحة حسب اختيار الحقبة.

إعادة تقسيم التاريخ

حولت أكواد السنة/ الشهر/ اليوم المكونة من ستة أرقام في قواعد البيانات القديمة، التي لم يكن ممكنًا تغيير حجمها اقتصاديًا، إلى أكواد من ثلاثة أرقام للسنوات (مثلت 1999 بـ099 و2001 بـ101) وثلاثة أرقام للأيام (التاريخ الترتيبي في العام). لزم تعديل تعليمات الإدخال والإخراج لحقول التاريخ فقط، ولكن لم تتطلب معظم عمليات التاريخ الأخرى وكامل عمليات السجل أي تغيير. أدى هذا إلى تأخير مشكلة التمديد النهائي حتى نهاية عام 2899.

مجموعات البرمجيات

مجموعات البرامجيات، مثل المدرجة في قائمة أفضل 10 إصلاحات لمشكلة عام 2000 لحاسوبك على موقع CNN.com: (» الأكثر... مجانية«) والتي تصدرتها مجموعة Millennium Bug  (خلل الألفية) بقيمة 50 دولارًا.

برامج الجسر

خوادم التاريخ تستخدم بيانات الاتصال للوصول إلى حقول التاريخ أو إضافتها أو تحديثها.

أخطاء موثقة

 قبل عام 2000
 في 1 يناير 1999، توقفت عدادات سيارات الأجرة في سنغافورة عن العمل، في حين أعطت سيارات أجرة في السويد أجور غير صحيحة.
 في 28 ديسمبر 1999، توقفت 10,000 ماكينة سحب بطاقات صادرة عن شركة هونغ كونغ وشنغهاي للخدمات المصرفية ومصنعة بواسطة شركة راكال عن معالجة معاملات بطاقات الائتمان وبطاقات المدين. واعتمدت المتاجر على المعاملات الورقية حتى بدأت الآلات في العمل مرة أخرى في 1 يناير.

في 1 يناير 2000
عند حلول 1 يناير 2000، حدثت مشاكل اعتبرت بسيطة عمومًا. لم تحدث العواقب دائمًا عند منتصف الليل بالضبط. إذ تكن بعض البرامج نشطة في تلك اللحظة ولم تظهر المشاكل إلا عند استدعاءها. لم تكن جميع المشاكل المسجلة مرتبطة ارتباطًا مباشرًا ببرمجة مشكلة عام 2000 من حيث السببية؛ حدثت أخطاء تكنولوجية طفيفة على أساس منتظم.

شملت المشاكل المبلّغ عنها:

 في أستراليا، فشلت آلات التحقق من صحة تذاكر الحافلات في ولايتين في العمل.
 في إيشيكاوا، اليابان، تعطلت معدات مراقبة الإشعاع في منتصف الليل؛ ولكن، ذكر المسؤولون أنه لا يوجد خطر على العامة.
 في أوناغاوا، اليابان، دق إنذار الخطر في محطة للطاقة النووية بعد دقيقتين من منتصف الليل.
 في اليابان، بعد دقيقتين من منتصف الليل، وجدت شركة الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية أوساكا ميديا بورت أخطاء في جزء إدارة التاريخ من شبكة الشركة. أصلحت المشكلة بحلول 02:43 ولم تقطع أي خدمة.
 في اليابان، ذكرت شبكة الاتصالات المتنقلة إن تي تي (إن تي تي دوكومو، أكبر مشغل خلوي في اليابان، أن بعض طرازات الهواتف المحمولة كانت تحذف الرسائل الجديدة المستلمة، بدلًا من الرسائل القديمة، عند امتلاء الذاكرة.
 في فرنسا، قالت الخدمة الوطنية للتنبؤ بالطقس، ميتيو فرانس، إن خلل عام 2000 جعل التاريخ على صفحة ويب يظهر خريطة مع توقعات الطقس ليوم السبت على أنها ليوم «01/01/19100».
 في شيفيلد بالمملكة المتحدة، أرسلت تقييمات مخاطر غير صحيحة لمتلازمة داون إلى 154 امرأة حامل وأجريت عمليتي إجهاض كنتيجة مباشرة لخطأ في تقدير عمر الأمهات. ووُلد أربعة أطفال مصابين بمتلازمة داون لأمهات قيل لهن إنهن في مجموعة منخفضة الخطورة.
 في الولايات المتحدة، حدد المرصد البحري الأمريكي، الذي يدير الساعة الرئيسية التي تحفظ التوقيت الرسمي للبلاد، التاريخ على موقعه على الإنترنت بـ1 يناير 19100.
 في الولايات المتحدة، وكنتيجة مباشرة لخطأ عام 2000، توقفت الحواسيب في منتصف الليل في محطة تحكم أرضية عن معالجة المعلومات من عدد غير محدد من أقمار التجسس الصناعية. نفذ الجيش خطة طوارئ بحلول الساعة 03:00 صباحًا، وأستعاد جميع الوظائف الطبيعية في نحو يومين.
 في الولايات المتحدة، توقفت 150 ماكينة سلوت في يانصيب ديلاوير في راسينو عن العمل.

بعد يناير 2000
في 1 مارس 2000

أبلغ عن مشاكل في 1 مارس 2000، الذي تلا أول يوم سنة كبيسة لمشكلة عام 2000، ولكن كانت معظم هذه المشاكل ثانوية.

 في اليابان، فشلت نحو خمسة بالمئة من صرفات مكاتب البريد في العمل.
 في نفس البلد، أتلفت بيانات من حواسيب مكتب الأرصاد الجوية.
 في بلغاريا، أُصدرت وثائق الشرطة مع تواريخ انتهاء في 29 فبراير 2005 و29 فبراير 2010 (وهي ليست سنوات كبيسة) وضبط تاريخ النظام الافتراضي إلى عام 1900.
 في الولايات المتحدة، تضرر نظام معالجة رسائل خفر السواحل.
 في مطار ريغان الوطني، طالت صفوف تسجيل الوصول بعد أن تضررت برامج مناولة الأمتعة.

 في قاعدة أوفوت الجوية جنوب أوماها، نبراسكا، تعذر الوصول إلى سجلات أجزاء صيانة الطائرات.

في 31 ديسمبر 2000 أو 1 يناير 2001
لم تتعرف بعض البرامج بشكل صحيح على عام 2000 باعتباره سنة كبيسة، ولذلك عملت على أساس أنها سنة مؤلفة من 365 يومًا. في اليوم الأخير من عام 2000 (اليوم 366)، عرضت هذه الأنظمة أخطاء مختلفة. وكانت أخطاء طفيفة عمومًا.

 في النرويج، تأخرت بعض القطارات حتى أخرت ساعاتها لمدة شهر.
 أثر «خلل شبيه بمشكلة عام 2000» على نظام لاسلكي تابع لحكومة مدينة نيويورك، الذي تعطل لمدة 10 أيام بسبب مشكلة تغيير التاريخ في نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي. وشملت البنى التحتية المتضررة «إشارات المرور، وأجهزة قراءة لوحات السيارات التي استخدمها رجال الشرطة والوظائف الرئيسية الأخرى».

مراجع

أخطاء البرمجة
تقويم
سيناريوهات نهاية العالم
علم الحاسوب
علم الحاسوب في 2000
كوبول
مخاطر
مخاطر تكنولوجية
ثقافة إنترنت في 2000

مشكلة سنة 2000


Chichimecacihuatzin I. bila je "aztečka carica" — kraljica supruga Tenōchtitlana.

Bila je kći kralja Cuauhtototzina, unuka kralja Tezcacohuatzina, nećakinja kraljice Miahuaxihuitl te supruga svog bratića, kralja Montezume I.

Djeca Montezume i Chichimecacihuatzin:
Atotoztli II.
Chichimecacihuatzin II.
Iquehuacatzin
Mahchimaleh

Chichimecacihuatzin je bila baka careva Axayacatla, Tizoca i Ahuitzotla, kao i kraljice Chalchiuhnenetzin.

Povezani članci
Popis astečkih careva

Izvori

Kraljice Tenochtitlána

Chichimecacihuatzin I.


Lifeboat er en dansk spillefilm fra 2018 instrueret af Josefine Kirkeskov Nielsen.

Eksterne henvisninger

Spillefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2018

Lifeboat


Robert B. Neller (født 1953 i East Lansing) er en amerikansk firestjernet general i United States Marine Corps. I september 2015 blev han den 37. Commandant of the Marine Corps, hvor han afløste Joseph Dunford. Før var han chef for U.S. Marine Forces Command.

Neller er én ud af syv personer i Joint Chiefs of Staff som rådgiver USA's præsident og Forsvarsministeriet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Biografi på marines.mil

Generaler i United States Marine Corps
Personer fra Michigan

Robert Neller


Misyoloji, teolojide çoğunlukla kilise bilimi konusu altında işlenen bir konudur. Genel anlamda misyonerlik, misyoner faaliyetler ve evangelizm benzeri konuları ele alır. Hristiyan teolojisi ve özellikle de kilise bilimi içerisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir.

Kaynakça

İlahiyat
Kilise bilimi
Hristiyan ilahiyatı
Katolik ilahiyatı ve doktrinleri

Misyoloji


Das Damendoppel der French Open 1971 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Paris.

Titelverteidigerinnen waren Gail Chanfreau und Françoise Dürr. Das Finale bestritten Gail Chanfreau und Françoise Dürr gegen Helen Gourlay und Kerry Harris, das Chanfreau und Durr in zwei Sätzen gewann.

Setzliste

Hauptrunde

Viertelfinale, Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Obere Hälfte 3

Obere Hälfte 4

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte 3

Untere Hälfte 4

Weblinks

Damendoppel
1971

French Open 1971/Damendoppel


Live in Germany es el título de un álbum en directo del grupo español de rock Héroes del Silencio, publicado el 22 de noviembre de 2011, quince años después de la separación del grupo.

El disco, publicado en los formatos CD + DVD, vinilo y en línea, recoge una actuación en directo del grupo en la sala Gin Club Rock de Coblenza (Alemania) en 1993.

Características
El concierto de Coblenza se celebró el 2 de octubre de 1993, año en que Héroes del Silencio llevaron a cabo una extensa gira por Europa, y fue grabado por las cámaras de la cadena de televisión alemana SWF3.

La gira servía como presentación a nivel continental del álbum El espíritu del vino, por lo que la mayoría de los temas interpretados correspondieron a este álbum. Debido a su emisión por televisión, rápidamente se convirtió en una de las grabaciones piratas más conocidas de la banda, gracias a su calidad de sonido e imagen.

La presentación del álbum corrió a cargo de los miembros del grupo Pedro Andreu, Juan Valdivia y Joaquín Cardiel, durante una rueda de prensa en la que se informó de su difusión simultánea en España, Alemania, Suiza y Austria.

Lista de canciones
Todos los temas compuestos por Enrique Bunbury, Juan Valdivia, Joaquin Cardiel y Pedro Andreu.

CD

DVD

Integrantes y personal
 Enrique Bunbury - Voz, armónica, guitarra acústica.
 Juan Valdivia - Guitarra
 Joaquín Cardiel - Bajo, coros.
 Alan Boguslavsky - Guitarra rítmica, coros.
 Pedro Andreu - Batería

 Masterizado por José Ma. Rosillo en Madrid, en Octubre de 2011.
 Paco Rubio - Foto de portada
 Archivos de EMI Music Spain, HDS - Fotografía
 Pedro Delgado - Diseño gráfico, logos y dibujos.
 Agradecimientos a Kike Gallego.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Héroes del Silencio

Álbumes en vivo de 2011
Álbumes en vivo de Héroes del Silencio
Álbumes de EMI Records
Álbumes en español
Álbumes de rock en español
Álbumes de rock de España
Álbumes de hard rock

Live in Germany (álbum de Héroes del Silencio)


Kazuto Tsuyuki (født 14. august 1984) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Nagoya Grampus, Tokushima Vortis og Roasso Kumamoto.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kazuto Tsuyuki


Brisé, Pas Brise (Fransızca "kırık adım") olarak da bilinir. Klasik balede kanat çırpmaya benzer (battu) küçük adımlara verilen isimdir.

Doğru atılmış bir brisé, canlı ve sert olmalıdır. Aslında, esas brisé, bir bacak vuruşuyla yapılan bir çeşit assemblé'dir. Balerin ya da balet, bacağını, diğer bacağından uzaklaştırarak, assemblédeki gibi yana ve havaya doğru savurur ve sonra bu bacağıyla, diğer bacağının (destek almak için kullandığı bacağının) önüne veya arkasına nazikçe vurur. Yere iki ayağı üzerinde, genelde beşinci duruşta ayakları çapraz, dizleri ise kırık olarak (demiplié) düşer. Esas brisé, zamanlamada, yerin üzerine (genelde kayarak) yürüyüşte ve bacakların vuruş şekli-konumunda değişiklikler yapılarak çeşitlendirilebilir.

Bale tekniği

Brisé


Denel Dynamics Skua jest bespilotna letjelica s turbomlaznim motorom koja se koristi za simulaciju brzih jurišnih letjelica tijekom vježbi zemlja-zrak, zrak-zrak i testiranja oružja. Proizvodi ga Denel Dynamics odjel južnoafričkog državnog zrakoplovnog i obrambenog konglomerata Denel.

Konstrukcija zrakoplova
Skua ima kompozitnu konstrukciju, raspon krila mu je 3,57 m, a duljina 6,00 m. Učvršćivači ispod krila mogu nositi mete i opremu za poboljšanje prepoznatljivosti do 160 kg. Unutarnji prostor za teret ima kapacitet od 70 kg. Spušta se padobranom i slijeće u obrnutom položaju na zračne jastuke, što omogućuje slijetanje na vodu.

Performanse

 Najveća brzina: 0,86 Macha na 10 000 m
 Domet: 200 km (linija vidljivosti)
 Nadmorska visina: od 10 m do 10 700 m
 Izdržljivost: 85 minuta na 10 000 m i 0,75 Macha

Sustav
Sustav uključuje između četiri i osam bespilotnih letjelica, lansirno vozilo, mobilnu zemaljsku kontrolnu stanicu (GCS) i različitu opremu za podršku.

Lanser montiran na kamion uključuje pokretač motora. Mobilni GCS sadrži sustav kontrole leta i telemetrijsku opremu koja se koristi za upravljanje letjelicom. GCS može istovremeno kontrolirati dva drona u letu.

Upotreba

 Skua je korišten tijekom razvoja A-Darter SRAAM-a.
 Testiranje brazilske MAA-1 Piranha rakete zrak-zrak.
 Ispitivanje Umkhonto projektila zemlja-zrak od strane Denel Dynamicsa i za operativnu raketnu obuku od strane južnoafričke mornarice.

Izvori

Vojne bespilotne letjelice
Južnoafrička vojna oprema

Denel Dynamics Skua


9038 Helensteel este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
9038 Helensteel este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Siding Spring de Duncan I. Steel. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,62 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 14,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

9038 Helensteel


Essiac este un ceai din plante promovat ca fiind un tratament alternativ pentru cancer.

A fost utilizat încă din 1922, de către asistenta medicală Rene Caisse, pentru tratarea pacienților bolnavi de cancer și alte boli grave.

Pentru a prepara acest remediu, Rene a combinat rădăcina de brusture, măcriș de pădure (inclusiv rădăcină), rubarbă și ulm.
După ce rețeta a devenit din ce în ce mai cunoscută, ea a fost îmbunătățită cu trifoi roșu, kelp, năsturel și schinel.

Note

Medicină alternativă

Essiac


Ratlam (en hindi; रतलाम जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Madhya Pradesh. Código ISO: IN.MP.RL.

Comprende una superficie de 4 861 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Ratlam. Dentro del distrito, también se encuentra la localidad de Badawada.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 1 454 483 habitantes, de los cuales 717 118 eran mujeres y 737 365 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Ratlam

Distrito de Ratlam


246913 Slocum este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
246913 Slocum este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Dominion Astrophysical Observatory de Christopher Aikman. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,54 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 12,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 246001-247000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

246913 Slocum


Walter Nimtz (* 14. April 1913 in Züllchow, Kreis Randow; † 24. Juni 2000 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Historiker. Er war Direktor des Museums für Deutsche Geschichte in Berlin.

Leben
Nimtz, Sohn einer Arbeiterfamilie, war bereits frühzeitig in der Arbeiterjugendbewegung organisiert. Nach 1933 nahm er aktiv am Widerstandskampf gegen das NS-Regime teil. Vor 1945 war er als Angestellter in Stettin, nach 1945 als Funktionär für die SED in Sachsen-Anhalt tätig. Als Leiter der SED-Kreisparteischule in Halle (Saale) wurde er im Oktober 1947 zum Studium an die Parteihochschule "Karl Marx" delegiert, an der er nach Abschluss des Studiums 1948 als Dozent und Leiter des Lehrstuhls für Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung bis 1963 lehrte. 1959 promovierte Nimtz zum Dr. phil. an der Parteihochschule und wurde dort 1960 zum Professor berufen.

Von 1963 bis 1966 war Nimtz Leiter des Museums für Deutsche Geschichte in Berlin, anschließend wurde er zum stellvertretenden Direktor des Zentralinstituts für Geschichte an der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR ernannt. Von 1972 bis 1977 war er zudem Vizepräsident der Historiker-Gesellschaft der DDR.

Schriften (Auswahl)

Monographien
 Die Grundaufgabe und der Charakter der Novemberrevolution 1918 in Deutschland. Berlin, Parteihochschule "Karl Marx", Dissertation vom 15. Oktober 1959.
 Die Novemberrevolution 1918 in Deutschland mit einem Dokumentenanhang. 2., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Dietz, Berlin 1965 (1. Auflage, 1962).
 (Hrsg.): 120 Jahre deutsche Arbeiterbewegung in Bildern und Dokumenten. 2., veränderte und erweiterte Auflage. Dietz, Berlin 1965 (1. Auflage, 1964).

Artikel
 Über den Charakter der Novemberrevolution von 1918/1919 in Deutschland. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (1958), Heft 3, S. 687–715,
 Die historische Bedeutung der Oktoberkonferenz der Spartakusgruppe. In: Einheit, 13. Jg. (1959), Heft 9, S. 1327–1339.
 Die erste Koalitionsregierung mit der Sozialdemokratie in Deutschland im Oktober 1918. In: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, 10. Jg. (1968), Sonderheft zum 50. Jahrestag der Novemberrevolution, S. 3–45.

Auszeichnungen
 Vaterländischer Verdienstorden in Bronze (1959) und in Silber (1966)
 Nationalpreis der DDR (1968)

Literatur
 Nimtz, Walter. In: Collegium Politicum an der Universität Hamburg, Arbeitsgruppe Historiographie (Hrsg.): Geschichtswissenschaftler in Mitteldeutschland. Ferd. Dümmlers Verlag, Bonn, Hannover, Hamburg, München 1965, S. 71.
 Walter Habel (Hrsg.): Wer ist wer? Das Deutsche who's who. Teilband II. Arani-Verlag, Berlin-Grunewald 1965, S. 235.
 Walter Nimtz. 65 Jahre. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (1978), S. 737.
 Walter Nimtz. 70 Jahre. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (1983), S. 353.
 Gabriele Baumgartner, Dieter Hebig (Hrsg.): Biographisches Handbuch der SBZ/DDR. 1945–1990. Band 2: Maassen – Zylla. K. G. Saur, München 1997, ISBN 3-598-11177-0, S. 601.

Einzelnachweise

Neuzeithistoriker
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des Museums für Deutsche Geschichte Berlin
Marxistischer Historiker
Person (Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus)
Träger des Nationalpreises der DDR III. Klasse für Wissenschaft und Technik
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Silber
SED-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1913
Gestorben 2000
Mann

Walter Nimtz


Pokrajina Siena (talijanski: Provincia di Siena) je pokrajina u talijanskoj regiji Toskani. Njen glavni grad je grad Siena.

Zemljopis

Pokrajina je podijeljena na sedam povijesnih područja:

 Alta Val d'Elsa
 Chianti senese
 Gradsko područje (Monteriggioni i Siena)
 Val di Merse
 Crete senesi Val d'Arbia
 Val di Chiana senese
 Val d'Orcia i Amiata

Konfiguracija cijele pokrajine je brdsko-planinska: na sjeveru je Colline del Chianti - Monte Amiata je najviša točka na 1738 metara, a na jugu je Monte Cetona. Na zapadu su Colline Metallifere, dok Val di Chiana leži na istoku.

Povijesno gledano, pokrajina odgovara bivšoj Republici Sieni.

Glavna zanimanja su poljoprivredna (pšenica, grožđe i voće) kao i uzgoj svile. Poznato vino Chianti se proizvodi u ovoj provinciji baš kao i u drugim dijelovima Toskane, dok je Chianti Colli Senesi, međutim, ograničen samo na ovu provinciju.

Osim grada Siena glavni gradovi su Poggibonsi, Colle di Val d'Elsa, Montepulciano, Chiusi i San Gimignano.

Općine
Ukupno je 36 općina (singular: comune) u provinciji  .

Glavne općine po naseljenosti, prema popisu 2015., su:

Popos svih općina u provinciji Sieni:

 Abbadia San Salvatore
 Asciano
 Buonconvento
 Casole d'Elsa
 Castellina in Chianti
 Castelnuovo Berardenga
 Castiglione d'Orcia
 Cetona
 Chianciano Terme
 Chiusdino
 Chiusi
 Colle di Val d'Elsa
 Gaiole in Chianti
 Montalcino
 Montepulciano
 Monteriggioni
 Monteroni d'Arbia
 Monticiano
 Murlo
 Piancastagnaio
 Pienza
 Poggibonsi
 Radda in Chianti
 Radicofani
 Radicondoli
 Rapolano Terme
 San Casciano dei Bagni
 San Gimignano
 San Giovanni d'Asso
 San Quirico d'Orcia
 Sarteano
 Siena
 Sinalunga
 Sovicille
 Torrita di Siena
 Trequanda

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene stranice (na talijanskom)

Pokrajine Toskane

Siena (pokrajina)


Morris Markin () (July 15, 1893 – July 8, 1970) was a Russian-born American businessman who founded the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company (which would later become the Checker Motors Corporation).

Early years

Born in to a Jewish family in Smolensk, a city in western Russia, Morris Markin worked in a clothing factory during his young years. His determination and hard work got him promoted to a supervisor position by the age of nineteen, when he emigrated to the United States in November 1912. When he arrived at Ellis Island, he spoke no English and couldn't afford to pay the bond required to enter the country. A janitor at the facility loaned him the twenty-five dollars he needed for the bond.

From New York City, Markin went to Chicago to live with his uncle. He held several jobs as an errand boy, the last for a tailor who taught him the trade. When the tailor died, Markin purchased the business on credit from the widow. He worked hard and saved enough money to bring seven brothers and two sisters to the States. Markin then teamed up with one of the brothers and opened a factory which made pants under government contracts during World War I. This company prospered after the war.

Formation of Checker Cab

In 1921, Markin entered the automobile business when he collected an auto body manufacturing company from an engineer named Lomberg. Markin had loaned fifteen-thousand-dollars to Lomberg earlier in an effort to keep the company afloat. When it failed, Lomberg returned to Markin to ask for more money. Markin refused and took over the company for his debt. He then picked up a failed automobile manufacturer, Commonwealth Motors, and with it the accountant, Ralph E. Oakland. Then, in a bold move, Markin purchased the defunct Handley-Knight chassis plant and the Dort body plant in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He moved his entire operation to Kalamazoo and on February 2, 1922 formed the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company.

In 1929, he purchased the Yellow Cab Company from John Hertz.

References

External links
Internet Checker Taxicab Archive

1893 births
1970 deaths
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American founders of automobile manufacturers
Businesspeople from Chicago
People from Smolensk
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Russian Jews
Yellow Cab Company
20th-century American businesspeople

Morris Markin


ඇන්ජෙලෝ ඩේවිස් මැතිව්ස්(ඉංග්‍රීසිAngelo Davis Mathewsඋපත 2 ජුනි 1987) ශ්‍රීලංකා ක්‍රිකට් වංසකථාව තුළ බිහිවූ තවත් අනගිබනීය නායකයෙකි.වර්තමාන ශ්‍රීලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ එක්දින සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර නායකත්වය හොබවන අතර වෘත්තිය ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයකු වශයෙන් කටයුතු කරයි.

ජයග්‍රාහී  20-20 ලෝක කුසලානය  2014   ශ්‍රීලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ප්‍රධානතම ක්‍රීඩකයකු මෙන්ම අවසන් තරඟය දක්වා පැමිණි ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය 2011සහ  ක්‍රිකට් 20-20 ලෝක කුසලානය 2012 තරගාවලියන්හි ශ්‍රීලංකා කණ්ඩායමේ සාමාජිකයෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරන ලදි.
ලංකාවේ බිහිවුණු විශිෂ්ට ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රිඩකයන් අතර මොහු විශිෂ්ට ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රිඩකයෙකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

 Angelo Mathews (Player Profile) ESPN Cricinfo
 Angelo Mathews (Player Profile) Wisden India
 Official Site
 Angelo Mathews Island Cricket
 Angelo Mathews (Player Profile)  Cricket Archive

ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ

ඇන්ජෙලෝ මැතිව්ස්


A Paróquia Anglicana de Todos os Santos é uma igreja cristã de tradição anglicana, na cidade portuária de Santos, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foi estabelecida em abril de 1918, como uma capelania da Igreja da Inglaterra, com as funções principais tanto de dar suporte à comunidade de anglicanos residentes, como para marinheiros de todas as nacionalidades que passassem pelo porto.

Atualmente, é a única igreja estabelecida na Baixada Santista que está ligada à Comunhão Anglicana e faz parte da Diocese Anglicana de São Paulo, da Igreja Episcopal Anglicana do Brasil.

A missão da Paróquia de Todos os Santos é proclamar Jesus Cristo de uma maneira inclusiva, através do ensino e do jeito anglicano de viver.

Seu atual pároco residente é o Reverendo Dr. Josué Flores.

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Santos (São_Paulo)
Igrejas anglicanas
Igrejas do século XX

Paróquia Anglicana de Todos os Santos