Fatubessi (Fatubesse, Fatu Besi) ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Hatulia B (Gemeinde Ermera).

Geographie

Fatubessi liegt im Südwesten des Verwaltungsamts Hatulia B. Nördlich liegen die Sucos Mau-Ubo und Urahou und östlich der Suco Fatubolo. Im Süden und Westen befindet sich das Verwaltungsamt Hatulia mit den Sucos Manusae, Ailelo und Aculau. Die Südgrenze bildet der Fluss Eahora, den südlichen Teil der Westgrenze der Gamerama und die Nordwestspitze von Fatubessi wird eingerahmt von den Flüssen Guradi und Acolaco. Die Flüsse gehören alle zum System des Lóis. Fatubessi hat eine Fläche von 34,95 km² und teilt sich auf in die sechs Aldeias Assulau Hautete, Lebumeo, Matanoba (Matanova'), Peregrinação, Sabsoi und São Francisco.

Zwischen Guradi und Acolaco liegt das Dorf Buburia (Bubria), im Norden die Dörfer Oeleo und Tredu (Matanoba), im Osten Railete und Betorema, im Süden Assulau (Asulau) und Boro (Bono) und im Westen Lebumeo und Sabsoi (Sapso). Im Zentrum liegt die große Siedlung Fatubessi, der Hauptort von Hatulia B. den östlichen Teil bildet die Siedlung Mauka. Westlich des Hauptplatzes liegt der Ortsteil Laclo. Etwas südlich davon befinden sich die Siedlungen Guiaves-Laran (Nacahun) und Hurtali (Urtali) und nördlich das Dorf Maukali.

Im Dorf Fatubessi befinden sich eine Vorschule, eine Grundschule, ein provisorischer Hubschrauberlandeplatz und eine medizinische Station. Größere Straßen, die den Suco mit der Außenwelt verbinden fehlten noch Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts, weswegen die Wahlurnen für die Parlamentswahlen in Osttimor 2007 mit Pferden und Trägern zum Wahllokal in der Grundschule gebracht und wieder abgeholt werden mussten.

Einwohner
In Fatubessi leben 5.582 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 2.867 Männer und 2.715 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 846 Haushalte. Fast 99 % der Einwohner geben Tetum Prasa als ihre Muttersprache an. Kleine Minderheiten sprechen Habun oder Mambai.

Geschichte

Unterhalb der auf einem Hügel stehenden Kapelle Santuário de Nossa Senhora Peregrina im Ort Fatubessi steht ein Denkmal für den portugiesischen Gouverneur José Celestino da Silva (1894–1908), der in Fatubessi die Kaffeeplantagen der Sociedade Agrícola Pátria e Trabalho (SAPT) gründete. Zur Fazenda gehörten auch die Kapelle und die anderen wichtigen Gebäude des Ortes. Auch die Säule mit der Bronzebüste Silvas wurde im Januar 1940 von der Familie Silvas errichtet. Während der indonesischen Besatzung (1975–1999) wurde die Büste gestohlen und nach Westtimor verschleppt. Erst als die Bevölkerung sich beim indonesischen Gouverneur Mário Viegas Carrascalão beschwerte, wurde die Büste nach Fatubessi zurückgebracht.

1976 erreichten die indonesischen Invasoren auch die Region. In Fatubessi befand sich eine Widerstandsbasis (base de apoio ) gegen die Indonesier, die von 1976 bis 1978 bestand. Sie war das Hauptquartier für den Sector Fronteira Norte. Als der Angriff auf Fatubessi durch das indonesische Bataillon 611 begann, sollte die Bevölkerung in zwei Richtungen evakuiert werden. Einmal nach Südwesten zum Berg Taroman, zum anderen nach Südosten in Richtung Beco und dann weiter zum Berg Ucecai im gleichnamigen Suco (Verwaltungsamt Zumalai). Die erste Gruppe wurde vom indonesischen Militär im Verwaltungsamt Ermera aufgegriffen und in Fatubessi interniert. Die zweite Gruppe überquerte beim Ort Beco den Fluss Loumea und erreichte das Tiefland im Süden von Zumalai. Doch im Januar 1978 gerieten sie unter Beschuss der Indonesier am Fluss Mola. Wer in der Widerstandsbasis gefangen genommen wurde, kam in ein Transit Camp in Fatubessi, wo akuter Nahrungsmittelmangel herrschte. Der Hungertod war alltäglich.

Während der Unruhen von 1999 operierten zwischen dem 27. Januar und September in der Region die pro-indonesischen Milizen Darah Merah, Aitarak und Pancasila zusammen mit dem indonesischen Militär gegen Befürworter der Unabhängigkeit Osttimors. Zwischen dem 10. und 14. Mai wurden Fatubessi und andere Sucos der Region überfallen.

Politik

Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Olegario António da Silva zum Chefe de Suco gewählt und 2009 bestätigt. 2016 gewann Armando de Carvalho.

Persönlichkeiten
 Gilman Exposto dos Santos (1956–2019), Politiker

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Fatubessi (tetum; PDF; 8,5 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Fatubessi (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Hatulia (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Ermera (Gemeinde)

Fatubessi (Hatulia B)


Stefka Jordanowa (, engl. Transkription Stefka Yordanova; * 9. Januar 1947; † 16. Januar 2011 in Burgas) war eine bulgarische Sprinterin und Mittelstreckenläuferin.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften gewann sie 1971 in Sofia mit der bulgarischen Mannschaft Bronze in der 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel und 1973 in Rotterdam Gold über 800 m.

1970 wurde sie bulgarische Meisterin über 400 m.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 800 m: 2:01,42 min, 24. August 1973, Athen
 Halle: 2:02,65 min, 11. März 1973, Rotterdam

Weblinks
 Former European 800m indoor champion Yordanova dies, Meldung auf der Website der European Athletic Association, 18. Januar 2011

Fußnoten

800-Meter-Läufer (Bulgarien)
Sprinter (Bulgarien)
Geboren 1947
Gestorben 2011
Sportler (Burgas)
Bulgare
Frau

Stefka Jordanowa


Freundeskreis (meaning "Circle of Friends") also known as FK, were a German hip hop group from Stuttgart. They performed songs in German, English, French and Esperanto. The members were Max Herre, Don Philippe and DJ Friction.

They were a socially conscious German rap group that released three top twenty albums.

History

Freundeskreis
Freundeskreis were primarily known for their political lyrics, in which they advocate equality and international understanding. After the much-noticed first album, Quadratur des Kreises (Squaring the Circle), and its hit single "A-N-N-A" which peaked at #6 in the German charts, the band released its second album, Esperanto, named after the constructed language Esperanto. The reasoning for the name was that the group wished to show that they believe that hip hop should be the Esperanto of youth.

In 1999 and 2000, the band was back in the charts with the singles "Mit Dir" (With you; featuring Joy Denalane, who later become Herre's wife) and "Tabula Rasa Pt. II".  For the soundtrack of the film 23, Freundeskreis covered the song "Halt dich an deiner Liebe fest" (Hold on to your love) written by Rio Reiser, voicing it on Lee "Scratch" Perry's police & thieves riddim. Freundeskreis was one of the first bands to take part in the Kolchose, a group of hip hop artists from Stuttgart.

In 2001, the band took a break for the members to pursue solo careers, the most active being Herre, who has released a solo album and works as producer for his wife.

A Freundeskreis greatest hits album was released in July 2007 under the title FK10. After announcing their breakup in summer 2007, Freundeskreis gave their last concert in Stuttgart on 19 September 2007.

Conscious lyrics
Freundeskreis have been considered as a conscious hip-hop artist as their lyrics have educational themes. The song "Leg Dein Ohr Auf Die Schiene Der Geschichte" (lay your ear on the tracks of history) asks listeners to look beyond what they were taught in history lessons and learn the real lessons of history.

Excerpts from "Leg Dein Ohr Auf Die Schiene Der Geschichte""

viele Menschen schrecken zurück wenn sie "Geschichte" hör'n

Geschichte...

vier langweilige Stunden pro Woche in der Schule

(...)

neunzehnhundertdreiundsiebzig Geburtsjahr wichtig für mich

als auch geschichtlich denn da wurd' klar dass die C.I.A. 'ne Hure war

Rough translation:

many people step away when they hear "history"

History...

Four boring lessons in school a week

(...)

nineteenseventythree, birth year, important for me,

as well as historically, because then it became clear that the CIA was a whore

The rest of the song takes into account other historical events important to his year of birth, as well as other events throughout his childhood which are often overlooked. The chorus implores,

you're just a part of it so get to the heart of it

'cause if you don't go you won't know

you're just a part of it get to the heart of it

'cause if you don't go you never ever never ever gonna know

FK Allstars
FK Allstars was a collaboration of several hip hop, soul, and reggae artists, including Max Herre, Sekou Neblett, Afrob, Brooke Russell, Joy Denalane and Gentleman. Despite the FK Allstars band having its roots in hip hop, there are elements of reggae, soul, funk and jazz blended in.

Discography

Albums

Singles

See also
German hip hop
Esperanto music
Ich Zwerg

References

External links
 Four Music label (German)
 Freundeskreis homepage (German)

Esperanto music
German hip hop groups
Musical groups established in 1996

Freundeskreis


Mercedes Amalia Marchand (8 de abril de 1907 – 1998) educadora y propulsora del movimiento cooperativista en Puerto Rico, donde organizó más de 200 cooperativas juveniles.

Estudios
Realizó su bachillerato en Sociología y Supervisión y Administración Escolar en la Universidad de Puerto Rico. Obtuvo un certificado de la Unión Panamericana y de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. Además, adquirió estudios post-graduados en Puerto Rico y completó cursos a distancia con la Universidad Cooperativa en Inglaterra.

Profesión
Desde el 1928 trabajó como maestra de nivel elemental y secundario en el Departamento de Instrucción Pública, (ahora el Departamento de Educación), trabajando también como supervisora general, directora de la escuela técnica de currículo y directora de cuarto Segundas Unidades Rurales. También se desempeñó como profesora de metodología en la enseñanza de problemas de la comunidad y problemas sociales y económicos de Puerto Rico y profesora en el instituto de Cooperativismo en la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

Aportación al Movimiento Cooperativista
A partir de la década del 1940 se dedicó al movimiento cooperativista en Puerto Rico, siendo parte de varias juntas de directores de diversas cooperativas. Fue presidenta de la Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito de los Empleados del Departamento de Instrucción Pública, asesora de la Organización de Cooperativas de América (OCA) y la Administración de Fomento Cooperativo (AFC), miembro del comité de Currículo del Instituto de Cooperativismo de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, miembro de la comisión de revaluación del movimiento cooperativista de la AFC, consejera estatal y vitalicia de las cooperativas juveniles y Directora en la Asociación Nacional de Cooperativas de Crédito (CUNA), Capítulo de Puerto Rico.

Su trabajo en el movimiento cooperativo se centró mayormente en la implantación y promoción de las cooperativas juveniles en las escuelas públicas en Puerto Rico. Tanto así, que en el 1953 lideró el programa de Educación Cooperativista, asignada por el Departamento de Instrucción. Como parte del programa, escribió varios currículos, prontuarios y lecturas, tanto para el programa escolar como el universitario. Dentro de sus escritos están: Y crecerán los Pinos, La escuela y el cooperativismo: prontuario (1961), Un programa integral de educación cooperativa para la escuela (1975), El movimiento cooperativista en Puerto Rico: octavo grado y tercer año escuela superior (unidades en 1953 y lecturas en 1958) y La mujer en el movimiento cooperativo (1984). También fue autora de las letras que componen el himno al maestro cooperador: Mensajeros del Amor (1971).

Su dedicación fue tal que, junto a otros líderes cooperativistas, organizó más de 200 cooperativas juveniles en Puerto Rico. La líder cooperativista expresó: "No dejen de prestar interés por promover las fases educativas y las cooperativas juveniles que a la larga formarán los líderes cooperativistas del mañana, y sobre todo que siempre regresen a los principios fundamentales".

Referencias

Véase también
 Padre Joseph Alexander MacDonald
 Santiago Andrade
 Antulio Parrilla Bonilla
 Ramón "Moncho" Colón Torres

Enlaces externos
 https://web.archive.org/web/20101221090749/http://segurosmultiples.com/comunidad/SF_mercedes.marchand.es.pr.htm
 http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/Leyes2002/lexl2002220.htm

Profesores de Puerto Rico
Cooperativistas
Historia de Puerto Rico
Sociedad de Puerto Rico

Mercedes Amalia Marchand


فيلم هندي فيلم كوميدي مصري من إنتاج عام 2003.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول سيد الذي يعمل كوافير، ويسكن في حي شبرا مع صديق عمره عاطف، ويحس كل منهما أن العمر قد تقدم به دون أن يتزوج، يقرر سيد أن يخطب حبيبته عايدة، بينما يجد عاطف في ماري صورة لفتاة أحلامه. بعد أن فشل كل منهما في تجارب خطبة سابقة، يعثر الخطيبان على شقة في شبرا بسعر مناسب، في نفس الوقت الذي يتفق سيد وخطيبته مع صاحبة نفس الشقة على شرائها دون علمهما بالاتفاق الذي دار بين عاطف وصاحبة الشقة، تبدأ ماري في إشاعة الفرقة بين الصديقين، ومن ناحية عايدة فإنها تصر على الحصول على الشقة نفسها، وتهدد سيد الذي يحب الأفلام الهندية وموسيقى الراي أن تتركه. توافق عايدة على الزواج من عبده الذي يتردد على المحل الذي تعمل به انتقاماً مما فعله سيد، بينما يقوم عاطف بفسخ خطبته من ماري، بعد أن اكتشف نبل صديقه، وطمعها، ويقرر الصديقان أن يبحثا عن مستقبل جديد، وتجارب مختلفة.

بطولة
 أحمد آدم
 صلاح عبد الله
 منة شلبي
 رشا مهدي
 يوسف داود
 عادل الفار
 طارق علام
 أمل إبراهيم
 سلوى محمد علي
 شروق
 دعاء حجازي
 سامح حسين

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أحمد آدم
أفلام سامح حسين
أفلام صلاح عبد الله
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2003
أفلام منة شلبي

فيلم هندي (فيلم)


O Online Etymology Dictionary (Etymonline) (em português: Dicionário Etimológico Online) é um dicionário online gratuito, escrito e compilado por Douglas R. Harper, que descreve as origens das palavras da língua inglesa.

Descrição
Douglas Harper, o principal editor do Online Etymology Dictionary, compilou a história e a evolução de mais de 30 000 palavras, incluindo termos técnicos e norte-americanos. A maior parte da informação etimológica vem de An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, de Ernest Weekley, publicado em 1921. Outras fontes incluem o Middle English Dictionary e o Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Douglas Harper indica que apenas coletou as informações, avaliando as informações relatadas por outros. Em junho de 2015, o Dicionário Etimológico Online tem 50 000 verbetes.

Links externos

Dicionários

Online Etymology Dictionary


Johan af Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp (), kaldet Biskop Hans (født 18. marts 1606, død 21. februar 1655), var et medlem af fyrstehuset Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp, der som Johan 10. var protestantisk fyrstbiskop af Lübeck fra 1634 til 1655.

Johan var søn af Hertug Johan Adolf af Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp og nevø til den forrige fyrstbiskop af Lübeck Johan Frederik, som han efterfulgte i 1634.

Se også
 Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp
 Fyrstbispedømmet Lübeck

Referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Huset Oldenburg
Fyrstbiskopper af Lübeck
Personer fra Slesvig by

Johan af Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp


Neversdorf, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bölge. 7,22 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 714 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Heinz Stockrahm tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-leezen.de

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri
Schleswig-Holstein'deki belediyeler

Neversdorf


Međupodsavezna nogometna liga Daruvar – Virovitica je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1974./75.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bila "TVIN" iz Virovitice.

Ljestvica

 Gornje Bazje – također se piše i kao Gornje Bazije
 Obilićevo, skraćeno za Novo Obilićevo – tadašnji naziv za Zvonimirovo
 Miokovićevo – tadašnji naziv za Đulovac

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Zagrebačka zona 1974./75.
 1. općinska liga Virovitica 1974./75.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list"
 library.foi.hr,  "Virovitički list" - tjednik SSRN općine Virovitica, br. 927 (18/1975), god. XXV, objavljeno 13. lipnja 1975., str. 8 (22. kolo i završna ljestvica), preuzeto 29. srpnja 2021.

1974-75 MPSL Darvar-Virovitica
MPSL Daruvar-Virovitica
1974-75 MPSL Darvar-Virovitica

Međupodsavezna nogometna liga Daruvar – Virovitica 1974./75.


Tarpan war eine polnische Automarke.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Die Fabryka Samochodów Rolniczych aus Posen war eine Fabrik für Landwirtschaftsfahrzeuge. 1973 oder 1974 begann die Produktion von Personenkraftwagen. Der Markenname lautete Tarpan, benannt nach einem Wildpferd. 1996 endete die Produktion, als die Fabryka Samochodów Rolniczych aufgelöst wurde.

Fahrzeuge
Die Fahrzeuge waren Geländewagen, die sich auch als Nutzfahrzeuge in der Landwirtschaft eigneten. Eine Quelle bezeichnet das erste Modell als Tarpan 4x4.

Tarpan 233
Dies war das erste Modell. Es war als Pick-up mit Einzelkabine und Doppelkabine sowie als Kombi erhältlich. Das Fahrwerk kam je nach Quelle vom Warszawa oder vom FSC Żuk. Die Fachzeitschrift KFT führt aus, dass die Vorderachse vom Warzawa und die Hinterachse vom Żuk stammte. Um den Antrieb einschließlich Gelenkwellen unverändert von Warszawa bzw. Żuk beibehalten zu können, wurde mit 2700 mm ein identischer Radstand gewählt, der Rahmen selbst war jedoch eine steife Neukonstruktion mit geschlossenen Längsträgern.

Eine Quelle nennt den Vierzylindermotor des Warszawa mit 2120 cm³ Hubraum als Antriebsquelle, später den Vierzylindermotor vom Polski Fiat 125p. Eine andere Quelle nennt einen S-21-Motor mit OHV-Ventilsteuerung, 1481 cm³ Hubraum und 70 PS sowie einen 4V-M20-Motor mit 2417 cm³ Hubraum und 70 PS. Laut KFT waren anfangs sowohl der M 20- als auch der S 21-Motor mit Drei- oder Vierganggetriebe erhältlich.

Die Produktion für 1973 wurde mit 250 Fahrzeugen geplant und sollte in den darauffolgenden Jahren auf 10 000 Stück pro Jahr ansteigen.

Tarpan 235
Dieses Modell erschien 1978. Es hatte ein neues Fahrgestell, eine neue Vorderradaufhängung und eine überarbeitete Karosserie. Die Zuglast war mit 1 Tonne angegeben.  Der Motor stammte vom Polski Fiat 125p.

Tarpan 237
Die Produktion dieses Modells endete 1991.

Tarpan 237 D
Zu diesem Modell mit Dieselmotor liegen keine gesicherten Erkenntnisse vor.

Tarpan 239 D
Zu diesem Modell mit Dieselmotor liegen keine gesicherten Erkenntnisse vor.

Tarpan Tarpaniello
Dieser Prototyp entstand etwa 1980. Viele Teile kamen von Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO). Dieser Prototyp führte zum Honker.

Tarpan Honker
1988 oder 1989 folgte dieses Modell.  Es entstand in Zusammenarbeit mit Iveco. Motor und Fahrwerk kamen von Fiat und Nissan. Zur Wahl standen ein Benzinmotor mit 82 PS Leistung sowie ein Dieselmotor mit 106 PS Leistung. Eine andere Quelle nennt ab 1990 zunächst drei verschiedene Motoren: Den AA mit 1,5 Liter Hubraum und 75 PS, den AB mit 1,6 Liter und 82 PS sowie den CB mit 1,6 Liter und 86 PS vom FSO Polonez; und später andere Motoren. Dieselmotoren mit 2,5 Liter Hubraum und 75 PS Leistung sowie ein Turbodieselmotor mit 100 PS folgten. Dieses Modell war auch als Kleinbus und Pick-up erhältlich. Die Produktion bei FSR endete im Januar 1996.

Daewoo Motor Polska erwarb im März 1996 eine Lizenz bzw. Teile des Unternehmens und setzte die Produktion fort, ohne den Markennamen Tarpan weiter zu verwenden.

Stückzahlen
Zwischen 1973 und 1976 entstanden 8533 Fahrzeuge. 1977 stieg die Stückzahl auf über 5000 Fahrzeuge und 1978 auf über 6000 Fahrzeuge. Mitte der 1980er Jahre entstanden jährlich etwa 4000 Fahrzeuge.

Vertrieb in Deutschland
Das damalige staatliche Außenhandelsunternehmen Pol-Mot exportierte Fahrzeuge nach Deutschland.

Literatur

 Jiří Fiala: Geländewagen-Enzyklopädie. Edition Dörfler im Nebel Verlag, Eggolsheim, ISBN 3-89555-192-9.

Weblinks

 GTÜ Gesellschaft für Technische Überwachung mbH (abgerufen am 4. März 2012)

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Polen)
Unternehmen (Posen)
Geschichte von Posen

Tarpan (Automarke)


Suaedeae, tribus biljaka iz potporodice Salsoloideae, dio porodice štirovki. Sastoji se od tri roda i pr eko 100 vrsta

Tribusi i rodovi
 Suaeda Scop. (96 spp.)
 Bienertia Bunge ex Boiss. (4 spp.)
 Sevada Moq. (1 sp.)
 Lagenantha Chiov. (2 spp.)

Izvori

Salsoloideae

Suaedeae


Suflete pierdute în Atlantida (titlu original: Hearts in Atlantis) este un film american și australian din 2001 regizat de Scott Hicks. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Anthony Hopkins și Anton Yelchin. Scenariul este scris de William Goldman și este bazat pe nuvela omonimă din colecția Hearts in Atlantis de  Stephen King, nuvelă cu referințe către seria Turnul întunecat.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Anthony Hopkins - Ted Brautigan
 Anton Yelchin  - Robert "Bobby" Garfield
 Hope Davis - Elizabeth "Liz" Garfield
 Mika Boorem -  Carol Gerber/Molly
 David Morse - Adultul Robert "Bobby" Garfield
 Deirdre O'Connell - Mrs. Gerber
 Will Rothhaar - John "Sully" Sullivan
 Timmy Reifsnyder - Harry Doolin
 Alan Tudyk - Monte Man
 Tom Bower - Len Files
 Celia Weston - Alana Files
 Adam LeFevre - Don Biderman

Producție
Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 31 milioane $.

Primire
A avut încasări în SUA de 9,02 milioane $ în săptămâna premierei. Încasările totale s-au ridicat la 30,9 milioane $.  Filmul a avut parte de recenzii împărțite, Roger Ebert i-a dat 3.5 stele dintr-un total de 4. În august 2017, are un scor de 49% pe Rotten Tomatoes.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme bazate pe lucrările lui Stephen King

Filme din 2001
Filme americane
Filme australiene
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Scott Hicks
Filme Warner Bros.
Filme de mister
Filme thriller din anii 2000

Lucrări inspirate de Stephen King

Suflete pierdute în Atlantida (film)


Nasdaq-100 je američki burzovni indeks. Indeks uključuje 100 najvećih tvrtki po kapitalizaciji, čijim se dionicama trguje na burzi NASDAQ. Indeks ne uključuje tvrtke u financijskom sektoru.

Tvrtke koje više ne ispunjavaju pravila o kotiranju Nasdaq 100 zamjenjuju se novim tvrtkama jednom godišnje u trećem tjednu prosinca.

Povijest
Povijest indeksa počinje 1985. godine, kada su istovremeno uvedena dva nova indeksa: NASDAQ-100 i NASDAQ Financial-100. Prvi indeks uključivao je industrijska visokotehnološka poduzeća, drugi - financijska. Indeksna baza je u početku bila 250 bodova.

Godine 1998. su u indeks primljene strane tvrtke. U početku su zahtjevi za njih bili strogi, ali su bili ublaženi 2002. godine.

Povijesni maksimum od preko 4.700 bodova je postignut indeksom 2000.godine na valu Dotcom.

Od 2021. godine 57% NASDAQ 100 su tehnološke tvrtke. Sljedeći najveći sektor u industriji su potrošačke usluge s 21,99%. Zdravstvo čini 7,08% NASDAQ 100, tvrtke za robu široke potrošnje čine 6,14% NASDAQ 100, a industrijske tvrtke čine 5,92%.

Instrumenti kojima se trguje na NASDAQ-100
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Razlike od NASDAQ Composite indeksa
Nasdaq Composite Index uključuje dionice svih tvrtki kotiranih na NASDAQ burzi (ukupno preko 3.000).

Promjene u 2021.
21. srpnja Honeywell je zamijenio Alexion Pharmaceuticals nakon što je kupio AstraZenecu. 26. kolovoza Crowdstrike će zamijeniti Maxim Integrated Products, koji je kupljen od strane Analog Devices.

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البنغوليات أو المحرشفات  هي رتبة من ضمن شعبة الثدييات لها عدة مسميات محلية، لكن الاسم الشائع هو منجولين. تحتوي رتبته على فصيلة واحدة فقط بها سبعة أنواع، وهو بشكل عام حيوان قريب الشبه من اللاضرسيات في النمط المعيشي والشكل، خلا كونه يمتلك جلدا مركبا من قطع قرنية تشكل له درع واقي، إذ انه ينكمش على نفسه حين الخطر مثل القنفذ. موطنه جنوب شرق آسيا وبعض مناطق أفريقيا، سيما جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. المنجولين يأكل النمل والنمل الأبيض، فهو يخرجها من جحورها بواسطة مخالبه الحادة ويلتهمها بلسانه الطويل.

من آكلات الحشرات الضخمة آكل النمل الذي يعيش في أمريكا الجنوبية، ويبلغ طوله أحيانا مترين ويوجد عادة في السهول أو البراري المعشوشبة ولا أسنان له غير أن خطمه طويل فيه لسان لزج يلتصق به النمل، ويستخدم أيضا مخالبه القوية لنبش تلال النمل وبيوتها. وبعض أنواع آكلات النمل قزم يعيش في الأشجار متدليا من ذنبه، وكل هذه الأنواع تضع صغيرا واحدا كل مرة. وهناك نوع آخر ينقب بيوت النمل وتلالها وهو الأرماديلو (المدرع) الذي يعلو ظهره جلد سميك مدرع حرشفي المظهر يشبه الزحافات وأسنانه صغيرة قليلة، ويختلف حجم هذه الأنواع حيث أن الكبير منها قد يبلغ طوله مترا ونصف بينما حجم الأرماديلو القزم لا يتعدى عشرة سم، ولهذا الحيوان شعر على جانبي الجسم وعندما يخاف أو يشعر بالخطر يلتف على نفسه مثل القنفذ. وجميع أنواع الأرماديلو تعيش في أمريكا الجنوبية عدا نوع واحد منها انتقل إلى الجزء الجنوبي من أمريكا الشمالية. أما البنغول (أم قرفة) فتعيش في العالم القديم وهي مثل الأرماديلو ذات حراشف على ظهرها ورأسها وجنبيها حتى ذنبها والفم الصغير لا أسنان فيه وهي تبتلع الحصى مثل الطيور لتساعد معدتها على الهضم والحوامض الموجودة في النمل تساعد كذلك على الهضم وبعض هذه الأنواع يعيش على الأرض والبعض الآخر على الأشجار والنوع الضخم منها قد يبلغ مترين ونصف طولا وجميعها حيوانات ليلية تعيش منفردة.

مراجع خارجية
 مؤسسة الحياة البرية الأفريقية - آكل النمل

مراجع

آكلات النمل
أجناس الثدييات
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
ثدييات آسيا
ثدييات أمريكا الجنوبية

بنغوليات


Las galletitas Sonrisas son una tradicional marca comercial de galletitas producidas originalmente por Bagley, ahora Arcor. Está compuesta por dos tapas de galletas, presentando la superior tres orificios con los cuales se conforma una típica representación smiley. Si bien su fabricante ha probado distintas opciones de comercialización, cambiando el gusto del relleno o presentando galletas de una sola tapa, la variante característica es la rellena con mermelada de frambuesa. Sonrisas es una de las marcas más consumidas y reconocidas por los consumidores argentinos.

Referencias

Sonrisas

Sonrisas


Fifth Harmony er en amerikansk pigegruppe, der har eksisteret siden 2012. Gruppen består af Ally Brooke, Normani Kordei, Dinah Jane, Lauren Jauregui og tidligere Camila Cabello, indtil hun forlod gruppen i december 2016.

Kilder og henvisninger

Musikgrupper fra USA

Fifth Harmony


Úrvalsdeild é uma divisão principal do hoquei Islândia - Liga Hertz. Três equipamentos competem na liga: Akureyri Skating Club, Reykjavik Skating Club e the Mountains (anterior o Bear, mas se você gosta do Polymer 2018). Nas temporadas 2014-2018, o UMFK Esja também jogou na liga.

Saga
Íshokkí á Íslandi var upprunalega leikið á tjörnum og ám. Veðrið gerði erfitt fyrir að spila og gerðu aðstæður mjög krefjandi. 1987 var fyrsta vélfrysta skautasvellið byggt á Akureyri og síðan í Laugardalnum þremur árum síðar, árið 1990. Árið 1998 var reist Skautahöll í Laugardalnum, á Akureyri árið 2000 og svo í Egilshöll í Reykjavík 2003.

Fyrsta deildin í íshokkí var stofnuð 1991 með þremur liðum (SA, SR og Björninn) Deildin byrjar venjulega í september og lýkur í mars eða apríl.

Núverandi lið (2017-2018)

Á Akureyri
 SA Víkingar - Lið Skautafélags Akureyrar  (21*)
 Í Reykjavík
 SR - Skautafélag Reykjavíkur (5*)
 Fjölnir (áður Björninn) (1*)

* (*)  Fjöldi Íslandsmeistara titla.

Fyrrverandi lið
 Narfi frá Hrísey eða Narfi Ishokki (Spilaði á Akureyri)
 Húnar - Varalið/Aukalið Bjarnarins
 Fálkar - Varalið/Aukalið Skautafélags Reykjavíkur
 Jötnar - Varalið/Aukalið Skautafélags Akureyrar
UMFK Esja úr Reykjavík (æfði/spilaði í Laugardalnum)
Reykjavík, sameinað kvennalið SR og Fjölnis (spilar ekki í deildinni)

Íslandsmeistarar
Tímabil:
Árstíð 18 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 19 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 20 - Keflavik
Árstíð 21 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 22 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 23 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 24 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 25 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 26 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 27 - Keflavik
Árstíð 28 - Athugið: Árstíð 28, meistari finnst ekki.
Árstíð 29 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 30 - Keflavik
Árstíð 31 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 32 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 33 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 34 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 35 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 36 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 37 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 38 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 39 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 40 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 41 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 42 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 43 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 44 - Mazur Wydminy
Árstíð 45 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 46 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 47 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 48 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 49 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 50 - Skallagrimur
Árstíð 51 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 52 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 53 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 54 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 55 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 56 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 57 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 58 - LFC U21
Árstíð 59 - Pogoń Siedlce
Árstíð 60 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 61 - Pogoń Siedlce
Árstíð 62 - FENERBAHÇE FC
Árstíð 63 - Pogoń Siedlce
Árstíð 64 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 65 - Pogoń Siedlce
Árstíð 66 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 67 - Pogoń Siedlce
Árstíð 68 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 69 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 70 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 71 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 72 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 73 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 74 - V.V.V - Venlo
Árstíð 75 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 76 - FC Barcelona
Árstíð 77 - V.V.V - Venlo
Árstíð 78 - V.V.V - Venlo
Árstíð 79 - Task Mývatni
Árstíð 80 - Tímabil í gangi.

Úrvalsdeild ManagerZone


Gaspar da Silveira Martins (Cerro Largo, Uruguay, 5 de agosto de 1834 — Montevideo, 23 de julio de 1901) fue un magistrado y político brasileño. Fue diputado provincial y general, presidente de la entonces provincia de Río Grande del Sur, ministro de Hacienda y senador del Imperio del Brasil de 1880 a 1889.

Biografía
Abogado y político, inició su vida pública como juez municipal en Río de Janeiro, de 1858 a 1859. Después, fue diputado (provincial y general), senador, ministro de Hacienda, presidente de Río Grande del Sur y también consejero de estado.

Al inicio de su carrera era antimonárquico y liberal, e hizo duras críticas a los gobiernos conservadores de la década de 1870. A partir de la posterior división de la política brasileña entre republicanos y monárquicos, se alió a los defensores de la monarquía. En 1862 fue elegido diputado provincial por Río Grande del Sur y en 1865 fundó en Porto Alegre el diario A Reforma. Este diario, después trasladado a Río de Janeiro, fue el órgano oficial de los federalistas gaúchos. En 1872 asumió como diputado general. En 1873 dimitió, pocos meses después de asumir el Ministerio de Hacienda, por no aceptar un proyecto del gobierno que proscribía de los cargos públicos a los ciudadanos no católicos. En 1880 fue elegido senador mientras que en su tierra natal enfrentaba una dura competencia política por parte de Júlio de Castilhos, su histórico adversario.

En la medida en que el choque entre monárquicos y republicanos se agudizaba, optó por el parlamentarismo, transformándose en uno de sus mayores defensores. Poco tiempo antes de la proclamación de la república, fue consejero de estado y luego presidente de la provincia de Río Grande del Sur.

En 1889 estuvo en el centro de la crisis que culminó con la proclamación de la república: El mariscal Deodoro, amigo del Emperador, aceptó participar del cuartelazo solamente para lograr la destitución del gabinete del Vizconde de Ouro Preto y luego volver a su casa. Mientras tanto, Benjamin Constant divulgó la falsa versión de que Silveira Martins, adversario de Deodoro, sería el escogido para sustituir a Ouro Preto. Ese hecho desencadenó definitivamente la proclamación de la República, pues Deodoro da Fonseca no aceptaba  ver a un enemigo, que lo tildaba peyorativamente de «sargentão», como primer ministro. Debido a esto, el mariscal aceptó firmar el decreto que instituyó el gobierno provisorio republicano.

Con la deposición de Pedro II de Brasil, Silveira Martins marchó al exilio en Europa. En 1892, luego de su regreso a Brasil gracias a la amnistía concedida por Deodoro, criticó la conducta de los gobernantes republicanos, llamados por él como «dictadores comtistas». Participó de reuniones con otros monarquistas que pretendían restaurar la monarquía parlamentaria en Brasil. En una de ellas, insistió en vano para que Pedro II regresase a Brasil, después de que el mariscal Deodoro hubiese clausurado el Congreso Nacional. En seguida, propuso a la princesa Isabel que permitiese a los militares vinculados a la Revuelta de la Armada que llevasen a su hijo mayor, Pedro de Alcántara de Orleans-Braganza, príncipe de Gran Pará, para que fuese aclamado como Pedro III. La princesa le manifestó que «antes de todo era católica, y, como tal, no  podía dejar a los brasileños la educación del hijo, cuya alma debía salvar». Indignado, Silveira Martins respondió: «Entonces, señora, su destino es el convento».

En un congreso en Bagé, propuso una reforma constitucional y la adopción del parlamentarismo. No era su intención levantarse en armas y luchó para que no hubiese conflicto, pero fue derrotado por el inicio de la revolución Federalista, que duró de 1893 a 1895.

Con la victoria de Júlio de Castilhos y la consecuente pacificación, organizó un nuevo congreso federalista en Porto Alegre. A partir de entonces, prestó más atención a su vida en la estancia Rincón Pereyra, que poseía en Uruguay. Falleció repentinamente, en una habitación de un hotel de Montevideo.

El historiador y periodista Paulo José Pires Brandão, nieto materno y ahijado del consejero Antônio Ferreira Viana, conoció a Silveira Martins en la casa de su abuelo. En su libro Vultos do Meu Caminho lo describió como: «Alto, corpulento, grandes lentes, barba toda abierta y blanca, piel muy roja. Voz de trueno, gesto largo, no sabía hablar bajo, e incluso cuando conversaba era en tono de discurso, y su voz clara, sonora y fuerte invadía la sala donde estaba, los corredores, el salón, la casa entera, atravesando la calle. No hablaba al oído de nadie, no decía secretos, ni los tenía, porque su voz no daba diapasón a los susurros, no murmuraba: tronaba».

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página do gaúcho - Sobre Gaspar Silveira Martins  (en portugués)}
 Gaspar Silveira Martins e sua posição política em relação à forma de governo, a o parlamentarismo e a federação (en portugués, en pdf)
 O partido federalista do Rio Grande do Sul (1892 - 1928), Cadernos de História, Memorial do Rio Grande do Sul, N.º 13, Sérgio da Costa Franco. (en portugués, en pdf)

Nacidos en el departamento de Cerro Largo
Senadores del Imperio del Brasil
Ministros de Hacienda de Brasil
Diputados de Brasil
Gobernadores de Río Grande del Sur
Monárquicos de Brasil
Fallecidos en Montevideo

Gaspar da Silveira Martins


O NHoFlu Rio Branco (H-10) é um Navio Hidroceanográfico pertencente à Marinha do Brasil. É o terceiro navio a receber este nome. Foi construído pela INACE, após sua encomenda em 5 de dezembro de 2012. O navio faz parte do Projeto Cartografia da Amazônia, estando subordinado ao 9° Distrito Naval. O Rio Branco teve investimentos em equipagem estimados em 48 milhões de reais a fim de permitir o cumprimento máximo de sua função: mapear o leito dos rios, identificando obstruções que possam causar acidentes e removê-los. Além disso, devido a sua tecnologia, o navio também possui funções de pesquisas.

O conceito para a criação do Rio Branco surgiu na INACE que utilizou setenta por cento de tecnologia e pesquisas nacionais no desenvolvimento da embarcação. Portanto, o navio é dotado de capacidades técnicas que o permitem obter medições da atmosfera fluvial, servindo de base para desenvolvimentos futuros no âmbito do desenvolvimento de navios essencialmente brasileiros. A construção do navio se iniciou em 6 de dezembro de 2014, sendo lançado em 20 de outubro de 2014 e comissionado na frota a 17 de dezembro de 2014.

Navios da Marinha do Brasil

NHoFlu Rio Branco (H-10)


مصرف العراق هو مصرف عراقي حكومي، تأسس في بغداد حيث كان يسمى مصرف العراق الاشتراكي وتم تغيير اسمه إلى مصرف العراق بعد سقوط نظام صدام حسين.

فروع المصرف
للمصرف عدد من الفروع في بغداد والمحافظات.

المراجع

اقتصاد العراق
بنوك أسست في 1991
بنوك العراق
تأسيسات سنة 1991 في العراق
شركات مقرها في بغداد
منظمات مقرها في بغداد
شركات عراقية أسست في 1991

مصرف العراق


An Glyceria occidentalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Vancouver Piper, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni J.C.Nelson. An Glyceria occidentalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Glyceria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Glyceria

Glyceria occidentalis


Hilton Hall est un manoir du  actuellement utilisé comme bureau et centre d'affaires à Hilton, près de Wolverhampton, dans le Staffordshire. Il s'agit d'un bâtiment classé Grade I.

Histoire
Le manoir d'origine est commandé par Sir Henry Swinnerton au début du  . En 1547 a lieu le mariage de Margaret Swynnerton avec Henry Vernon de Sudbury, Derbyshire : tous deux sont membres d'une importante famille récusante . La maison et le domaine passent à Margaret en 1562, à la mort de son père Humphrey Swynnerton, l'acte étant daté du 8 mai 1564, et incorporé dans les domaines de Vernon à sa mort en 1587 .

La maison est modifiée, dans le style géorgien précoce, au début des années 1720 par Henry Vernon, haut shérif du Staffordshire . Elle est considérablement agrandie au début des années 1830, lorsqu'un troisième étage est ajouté au bâtiment principal, reproduisant habilement la conception géorgienne et élevant le fronton des années 1720 avec ses armoiries au niveau supérieur; les douves sont en partie comblées et une extension inférieure créée à l'arrière de la maison principale pour les cuisines et les locaux de service. Le bloc principal a des pilastres d'angle géants coiffés d'urnes .

La famille Vernon érige une tour hexagonale inhabituelle dans le parc, qu'elle dédie à la mémoire de l'amiral Edward Vernon et de sa capture de Portobello, au Panama, aux Espagnols en 1739. Le monument est classé Grade II.

La famille vend le domaine aux religieuses de l'Ordre de Saint-Joseph de Bordeaux pour l'utiliser comme couvent en 1955 . Entre 1986 et 1999, il est occupé par Tarmac plc en tant que siège social . C'est maintenant un bureau commercial et un centre d'affaires .

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Staffordshire

Hilton Hall


The sultans of Zanzibar () were the rulers of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, which was created on 19 October 1856 after the death of Said bin Sultan, who had ruled Oman and Zanzibar as the sultan of Oman since 1804. The sultans of Zanzibar were of a cadet branch of the Al Said Dynasty of Oman.

In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman, falling under the control of the sultan of Oman. In 1832, or 1840 (the date varies among sources), Said bin Sultan moved his capital from Muscat in Oman to Stone Town. He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labour. Zanzibar's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent, whom Said encouraged to settle on the island. After his death in 1856, two of his sons, Majid bin Said and Thuwaini bin Said, struggled over the succession, so Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate principalities; Thuwaini became the sultan of Oman while Majid became the first sultan of Zanzibar. During his 14-year reign as sultan, Majid consolidated his power around the East African slave trade. His successor, Barghash bin Said, helped abolish the slave trade in Zanzibar and largely developed the country's infrastructure. The third sultan, Khalifa bin Said, also furthered the country's progress toward abolishing slavery.

Until 1886, the sultan of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the east African coast, known as Zanj, and trading routes extending further into the continent, as far as Kindu on the Congo River. That year, the British and Germans secretly met and re-established the area under the sultan's rule. Over the next few years, most of the mainland possessions of the Sultanate were taken by European imperial powers. With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty in 1890 during Ali bin Said's reign, Zanzibar became a British protectorate. In August 1896, Britain and Zanzibar fought a 38-minute war, the shortest in recorded history, after Khalid bin Barghash had taken power after Hamid bin Thuwaini's death. The British had wanted Hamoud bin Mohammed to become sultan, believing that he would be much easier to work with. The British gave Khalid an hour to vacate the sultan's palace in Stone Town. Khalid failed to do so, and instead assembled an army of 2,800 men to fight the British. The British launched an attack on the palace and other locations around the city. Khalid retreated and later went into exile. Hamoud was then installed as sultan.

In December 1963, Zanzibar was granted independence by the United Kingdom and became a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the sultan. Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown a month later during the Zanzibar Revolution. Jamshid fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. In April 1964, the republic was united with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which became known as Tanzania six months later.

Sultans of Zanzibar

Family tree

Sayyid Said, Sultan of Muscat, Oman and Zanzibar (1797–1856)
Sayyid Thuwaini, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1821–1866)
 Sayyid Harub (1849–1907)
  IX. Sayyid Khalifa II (26 August 1879 – 9 October 1960; r. 9 December 1911 – 9 October 1960) 9 Al-Said
  X. Sayyid Abdullah (13 February 1911 – 1 July 1963; r. 9 October 1960 – 1 July 1963) 10 Al-Said
  XI. Sayyid Jamshid (b. 16 September 1929; r. 1 July 1963 – 17 January 1964; Head of the Zanzibari royal house: 17 January 1964 – present) 11 Al-Said
 V. Sayyid Hamad (1857 – 25 August 1896; r. 5 March 1893 – 25 August 1896)  5 Al-Busaid
 Sayyid Muhammad (1826–1863)
 VII. Sayyid Hamud (1853 – 18 July 1902; r. 27 August 1896 – 18 July 1902)  7  Al-Said
 VIII. Sayyid Ali II (7 June 1884 – 20 December 1918; r. 18 July 1902 – 9 December 1911)  8 Al-Busaid
 I. Sayyid Majid (1834 – 7 October 1870; r. 19 October 1856 – 7 October 1870) 1 Al-Busaid
 II. Sayyid Barghash (1837 – 26 March 1888; r. 7 October 1870 – 26 March 1888) 2 Al-Busaid
  VI. Sayyid Khalid (15 December 1874 – 19 March 1927; r. 25–27 August 1896) 6 Al-Busaid
 III. Sayyid Khalifa I (1852 – 13 February 1890; r. 26 March 1888 – 13 February 1890) 3 Al-Busaid
 IV. Sayyid Ali I (September 1854 – 5 March 1893; r. 13 February 1890 – 5 March 1893) 4 Al-Busaid

See also

Tanzania
Politics of Tanzania
List of governors of Tanganyika
President of Tanzania
List of heads of state of Tanzania
Prime Minister of Tanzania
List of prime ministers of Tanzania
President of Zanzibar
List of heads of government of Zanzibar
List of rulers of Oman

Footnotes

 Majid bin Said, the youngest son of Said bin Sultan, became the Sultan of Oman after his father's death on 19 October 1856. However, Majid's elder brother, Thuwaini bin Said, contested the accession to power. Following a struggle over the position, it was decided that Zanzibar and Oman would be divided into two separate principalities. Majid would rule as the Sultan of Zanzibar while Thuwaini would rule as the Sultan of Oman.
 From 1886, the United Kingdom and Germany had plotted to obtain parts of the Zanzibar Sultanate for their own empires. In October 1886, a German-British border commission established the Zanj as a 10 nautical mile (19 km) wide strip along most of the coast of East Africa, stretching from Cape Delgado (now in Mozambique) to Kipini (now in Kenya), including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. Over the next few years, almost all of these mainland possessions were lost to European imperial powers.
 Hamoud bin Mohammed, the son-in-law of Majid bin Said, was supposed to become the Sultan of Zanzibar after Hamid bin Thuwayni's death. However, Khalid bin Bhargash, son of Bargash bin Said, seized the Sultan's palace and declared himself the ruler of Zanzibar. The British, who had supported Hamoud, responded on 26 August by issuing an ultimatum to Khalid and his men to leave the palace within one hour. After he refused, the Royal Navy began firing at the palace and other locations in Stone Town. Khalid assembled an army of 2,800 and stationed them all around the town. Thirty-eight minutes later, Khalid retreated to the German consulate, where he was granted asylum. This conflict, known as the Anglo-Zanzibar War, was the shortest war in recorded history. Khalid later went into exile in Dar es Salaam until being captured by the British in 1916.
After attending the coronation of King George V, Ali decided to abdicate from the throne to live in Europe.
 Abdullah bin Khalifah died from complications of diabetes.
 Jamshid bin Abdullah overthrown on 12 January 1964 during the Zanzibar Revolution. Jamshid managed to flee to Great Britain with his family and ministers.

References

Bibliography

External links

Omani Arab Rule In Zanzibar

Zanzibar, Sultans
Zanzibar
Sultans

List of sultans of Zanzibar


Rúbaň este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Nové Zámky din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 966 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Rúbaň este atestată documentar din 1268.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Rúbaň


Rıza Tüzün (1920, Bulgaristan - 12 Nisan 1979, İstanbul), Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu.

Hayatı
İstanbul Erkek Lisesi ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nde öğrenim gördü. On dört yaşında ilk kez sahneye çıktı. 1952'ye kadar çeşitli özel tiyatro topluluklarıyla çalıştı. Dekbazlık adlı oyunla dikkat çekti. 1952'de İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları'na girdi. 250'nin üzerinde oyunda rol aldı. Birçok filmde Ali Şen'i ve Nubar Terziyan'ı seslendirdi. Ayrıca filmlerde oynadı.

Tiyatro
 Aynaroz Kadısı
 Balıkesir Muhasebecisi
 Buzlar Çözülmeden
 Fazilet Eczanesi
 Hani Öldürsene Canikom
 Kibarlık Budalası
 Mum söndü
 Paydos
 Romeo ve Juliet
 Sahildeki Kanepe
 Seferi Ramazan Bey'in Nafile Dünyası

Filmografi

Oyuncu olarak

 1949: Gönülden Yaralılar
 1951: Kendini Kurtaran Şehir
 1952: Kanun Namına
 1952: Dağların Kızı Ruhsar
 1952: İngiliz Kemal Lawrence'e Karşı
 1952: Kocatepe'nin Beş Atlısı
 1953: Beklenen Şarkı
 1953: Katil
 1953: Zafer Güneşi
 1954: Bulgar Sadık / Kaçın Türkler Geliyor
 1955: Basmacı Güzeli
 1955: Görünmeyen Adam İstanbul'da
 1955: Kardeş Kurşunu
 1957: Kurt Mustafa
 1959: Yalnızlar Rıhtımı
 1961: Otobüs Yolcuları
 1961: Ya Ben Ya O
 1961: Yabancı Adam
 1962: Gönül Avcısı
 1963: Bahçevan
 1963: Sıralardaki Heyecanlar
 1963: Aşk Tomurcukları
 1963: Beyaz Güvercin
 1965: Yumruk Yumruğa
 1966: Ay Yıldız Fedaileri
 1970: Kara Gözlüm
 1970: Küçük Hanımefendi
 1970: Darıldın mı Cicim Bana
 1970: İç Güveysi
 1973: Yunus Emre
 1974: Şenlik Var / Bal Kız
 1974: Yaşar Ne Yaşar Ne Yaşamaz
 1975: Evcilik Oyunu
 1977: Güneşli Bataklık
 1977: Ölmeyen Şarkı

Seslendirme olarak
 1968: Batıda Kan (Gabriele Ferzetti)
 1973: Gelin (Ali Şen)
 1976: Deli Şahin (Ali Şen)
 1977: Çağrı (Andre Morell)
 1977: Sakar Şakir (Ali Şen)
 1978: İyi Aile Çocuğu  (Nubar Terziyan)
 1978: Köşeyi Dönen Adam (Ali Şen)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Beyazperde'de Rıza Tüzün
 IMDb'de Rıza Tüzün
 Sinemalar.com'da Rıza Tüzün
 SinemaTürk'te Rıza Tüzün
 TSA'de Rıza Tüzün

Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
1920 doğumlular
Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş doğumlular
1979 yılında ölenler
Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları sanatçıları
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler

Rıza Tüzün


Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra (10 May 1844 – 15 April 1923) was a Nicaraguan-born President of Costa Rica from 1902 to 1906. Esquivel became a naturalized Costa Rican in 1869.

He was also a lawyer and a university professor. After his presidential term, he served as the president of the Supreme Court of Costa Rica from 1917 to 1920.

President of Costa Rica
He first ran for the presidency in 1889 but was defeated by José Joaquín Rodríguez. He took up the challenge of running for president in the 1901 elections, which he consequently won. This was his second presidential bid and 1902 saw the start of his only presidency.

His government had to assume a nation with a still weak and little developed economy; however, his government managed to advance the development of the railroad to the Pacific and the establishment of the lyrics of the national anthem.

References

1844 births
1923 deaths
People from Rivas Department
Naturalized citizens of Costa Rica
Nicaraguan emigrants to Costa Rica
Presidents of Costa Rica
Vice presidents of Costa Rica
Foreign ministers of Costa Rica
Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica judges
19th-century Costa Rican people
20th-century Costa Rican politicians

Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra


Tinglish (or Thaiglish, Thenglish, Thailish, Thainglish, etc.) refers to any form of English mixed with or heavily influenced by Thai. It is typically produced by native Thai speakers due to language interference from the first language. Differences from standard native English occur in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. The term was coined in 1970, and several alternative terms have been proposed since its inception, such as Thainglish (1973), Thaiglish (1992), Tinglish (1994), Thinglish (1976), Thenglish (2003), and Tenglish (2012).

Characteristics and examples
Characteristics and examples (direct translation) include :
 omission of pronouns
 zero copula
 use of present tense + already, in contrast to past tense of Standard English
 non-standard use or omissions of articles, declension, prepositions, and conjugation.
 addition of Thai final particles, e.g., I don't know na
 any and every are used interchangeably
 different use of conditional constructions
 no use of double negatives
 moving "S" on singular verbs to the subject, for instance "He's talk too much" instead of "He talks too much"
 omission of prepositions, for instance "I wait you" instead of "I'll wait for you" or "I listen him" for "I listened to him".
 "very" and "very much" are used interchangeably, for instance "I very love my daughter" and "She beautiful very much".

Examples of words and phrases
Examples (direct translation) include:

Pronunciation

As some sounds in English do not exist in the Thai language, this affects the way native Thai speakers pronounce English words, as displayed in loanwords.

Adaptation of consonants
English consonants with corresponding sounds in Thai are simply carried over, while others are adapted to a similar-sounding consonant.
, , and  are devoiced to , , and : "goal" →  , "zip" → , "jam" → .
 becomes the affricate : "shirt" → .
The "th" sounds  and  are replaced by  or : "thank you" →
Initial  is replaced by , but final  is replaced by : "level" → , "serve" → .
Initial consonant clusters with  followed by a voiceless unaspirated stop do not occur in Thai, so  is added between these consonants: "start" →
Final  became  in older loanwords, whereas modern adaptation generally favors  instead: "grill" → .
Final consonant clusters are generally truncated to only the sound directly after the vowel: "act" → .

Adaptation of vowels

 Diphthongs and triphthongs are generally simplified to long vowels, such as the  in "blade" becoming . Exceptions are diphthongs ending in  and , which are instead reanalysed as the Thai diphthongs ending in  and : "tie" → , "view" → .

Tone assignment
All Thai syllables must have one of five tones (mid, low, falling, high, rising). English words adapted into Thai are systematically given these tones according to certain rules. English loanwords are often unusual in that tone markers are normally omitted, meaning that they are often pronounced with a different tone from that indicated by their spelling.

 Monosyllabic words that end in sonorants take the mid tone, while those that end in obstruents either take the low tone or the high tone, with the high tone predominant.
 For polysyllabics, the nonfinal consonants follow similar rules to monosyllabics, although they always take high tone when ending in obstruents.
 The tone of final consonants that end in sonorants depend on where the stress falls in the original English word. If the final syllable is stressed, the mid tone is taken, while non-final stress correlates with the falling tone being taken.
 Final consonants ending in obstruents take the low, high, or falling tone in descending order of frequency.
According to Wei and Zhou (2002), Thai is a tonal language, whose syllables take approximately the same time to pronounce, Thai people often have difficulty with English word stress. They, instead, stress the last syllable by adding high pitch (Choksuansup, 2014).
When it comes to vowels, there are 21 phonemes in Thai compared with 15 vowels in English; therefore, it is relatively easy for Thai people to imitate the English vowels. However, the two systems have a significant discrepancy: Thai vowels are distinguished by shortness and length, while for English, it is laxness and tenseness. That explains why Thai English speakers perceive and produce lax sounds as short sounds and tense sounds as long sounds, which gives their pronunciation its uniqueness (Kruatrachue, 1960).
In terms of consonants, there are a number of English consonants which do not exist in Thai. This makes it difficult for the Thai to perceive the difference among some sounds and produce them correctly. Instead, they replace the English consonants with the most similar sounds in Thai (Trakulkasemsuk, 2012):
 /r/ can be pronounced as /l/ or dropped.
/tʃ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are altered by Thai /tɕʰ/ (aspirated voiceless fortis palatal stop with slight affrication).
/dʒ/ is substituted by Thai /tɕ/ (weakly glottalized unaspirated voiceless fortis palatal stop).
/θ/  become either / t̪⁼/ (voiceless unaspirated apical alveolar stop), /t/, or /s/.
/ð/ is replaced by /d/
/v/ is pronounced as /w/, and /z/ as /s/
In addition, consonant cluster /st/ does not exist in Thai, so they pronounce it as /sə.t/; for example: stop /sə.tɑːp/. Ending sounds are oftentimes omitted (Choksuansup, 2014).

References

External links
Investigating Thai Loan Phonology, Sound Systems of English, LG.236, Lecture 8, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Thammasat University, 8 Sep 2008.

Thai language
Macaronic forms of English

Tinglish


The Socialist Party (, PS) is a social democratic French-speaking political party in Belgium. As of the 2019 elections, it is the third largest party in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives and the largest Francophone party. The party is led by Paul Magnette. The party supplies the Minister-president of the French Community (Rudy Demotte), and the Brussels-Capital Region (Rudi Vervoort). In the German-speaking community, the party is known as the Sozialistische Partei (SP).

The PS is very commonly part of governing coalitions, and dominates most local authorities because of the extremely fragmented nature of Belgian political institutions, particularly in Francophone areas. In the years since 1999, the PS has simultaneously controlled five regional executive bodies: the Government of the French Community, the Walloon Government, the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region, as well as the COCOF, a local subsidiary in Brussels of the French Community Government, and the Government of the German-speaking Community.

The party, or its members, have from time to time been brought into connection with criminal activities and political scandals, mostly concerning bribery and financial fraud (Cools assassination, Agusta scandal, Dassault Affair, Carolorégienne affair, ICDI affair). The Carolorégienne affair caused Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe to step down as Minister-President of the Walloon region.

Electoral results
The PS performed well in the 2003 general election, but were overtaken as the largest Francophone party by the Reformist Movement in the 2007 general election.

In the 10 June 2007 general elections, the party won 20 out of 150 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 4 out of 40 seats in the Senate. The PS was a member of the Leterme I Government, Van Rompuy I Government, Leterme II Government and currently the Di Rupo I Government of 6 December 2011, with former PS leader Elio Di Rupo serving as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Timeline
Results for the Chamber of Representatives, in percentages for the Kingdom of Belgium.

Ideology
The ideology and image of the PS is a mix of social-democracy, combined with a modern electoral marketing. In its political program, the party claims to be progressive and ecosocialist.

Notable figures

Chairmen
 André Cools, 1978–1981 (previously leader of the Walloon branch of the BSP/PSB)
 Guy Spitaels, 1981–1992
 Philippe Busquin, 1992–1999
 Elio Di Rupo, 1999–2011
 Thierry Giet, 2011–2013 (ad interim)
 Paul Magnette, 2013–2014 (ad interim)
 Elio Di Rupo, 2014–2019
 Paul Magnette, 2019–

Other
 Rudy Demotte
 André Flahaut
 Jean-Claude Marcourt
 Philippe Moureaux
 Laurette Onkelinx
 Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe

Electoral results

Chamber of Representatives

Senate

Regional

Brussels Parliament

Walloon Parliament

German-speaking Community Parliament

European Parliament

See also
 Charter of Quaregnon

References

External links

 Official website of German-speaking section

Francophone political parties in Belgium
Social democratic parties
Full member parties of the Socialist International
Party of European Socialists member parties
Regionalism (politics)
Political parties established in 1978
1978 establishments in Belgium
Socialist parties in Belgium
Progressive Alliance
Centre-left parties in Europe

Socialist Party (Belgium)


Fra Bono (Bonaventura) Šarić-Drežnjak (Sarić) (Drežnica, 25. ožujka 1848. – Humac, 11. lipnja 1910.), hrvatski katolički svećenik i ustanički vođa

Životopis
Rodio se je u Drežnici, od oca Šimuna i majke r. Jurić. Bio je bolježljivo dijete, pa su roditelji dali zavjet da će ga dati u fratre ako prizdravi. Učio je čitati i pisati kod svoga ujaka fra Bone Jurića, župnika u Vidošima. Pri učenju pomogao mu je i fra Franjo Grahovac. 1865. je u Fojnici ušao u novicijat. Uzeo je redovničko ime Bonaventura (Bono). Jednostavne zavjete položio je 9. ožujka 1865., a svečane zavjete u Fojnici 5. kolovoza 1869. godine. Bogoslovlje studirao u Đakovu i Gučoj Gori. Zaredio se je za svećenika 9. ožujka 1873., a mladu misu rekao isti dan. Od 1872. do 1876. bio je zamjenik fra Pavla Vukadina u Uzdolu. Djelovao u ramsko-livanjskom kraju. Bio kapelan i učitelj u Bugojnu i Rami te kao kapelan u Čukliću kod fra Mije Marjanovića.

Jednom je s još četvoricom klerika medu kojima bijaše i fra Stjepan Krešić iz Livna došao fra Anti Kneževiću i zamolili su ga neka ih pusti u domovinu i da pripravljaju ustanak. "Đakovački pokret" je toj skupini franjevaca usadio klicu i bili su oni koji su poveli ili sudjelovali u ustanku u Bosni 1875. i 1876. godine.

Zato što je ubijen fra Lovro Karaula, planuo je ustanak katolika u livanjskom kraju 20. srpnja 1875. koji je organizirao fra Stjepan Krešić. Kad je čuo da je i on na popisu za smaknuće otišao je u ustanike.

Rujna 1875. otišao je među eškije u Kamešnicu.  Fra Stjepan Krešić i fra Bonaventura Šarić-Drženjak i organizirali su livanjsko-prološku ustaničku četu koja je tri godine kontrolirala planinske predjele Livna, Glamoča, Grahova i Kupresa. U Šarićevoj četi bilo je oko 400 ljudi. Ustanici su ga izabrale za vojvodu. S ustanicima je proveo tri godine u svim uvjetima. Utječući na oslobođenje kršćana, od osmanske vlasti, vratio se u Hercegovinu. Primirje Rusije i Turske nije zadovoljilo ustanike te su organizirali svoju vladu i proglasili se neovisnim.

Nakon što je Austro-Ugarska zaposjela BiH, ustanici su položili oružje, fra Bonaventuru su uhitili i deportirali u Austriju u zatvor. Bosanski franjevci su se angažirali i zahvaljujući tome je oslobođen. Poslije oslobađanja je odmah otišao u Rim zatražiti odrješenje od kazni zbog ratovanja pa se vratio potom u Bosnu. Po prispijeću u Bosnu, napustio je svoju bosansku franjevačku provinciju i prešao u hercegovačku kostodiju 1884. godine.

U Hercegovini je šest godina bio župnik u Viru, gdje je dao sagraditi crkvu i posvetio ju je sv. Jurju. Izabrao je tog sveca, jer je ubio aždaju, kao trajnu poruku svoga vremena. Župnik župe sv. Jure u Viru bio je od 1885. do 1893. godine. Poslije tri godine (1895. – 1898.) bio je župnik u Drežnici, a župnikovao je i u Šujici, Rošku Polju, Bukovici, a kao kapelan bio je na Širokom Brijegu, Gradnićima, Humcu, Županjcu i Čerinu.

Najstarijem muzeju u Bosni i Hercegovini u ostavštinu je od svog vojvodstva dao crnogorsku kapu, zarobljenu sablju, bisage, kožnu torbu i očenaše. Umro je na Humcu 11. lipnja 1910. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Andrija Nikić: Ustanak u livanjskom kraju 1875.-1878. i fra Bono Šarić, Franjevačka knjižnica i arhiv, 2000., Google Knjige

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Bosanskohercegovački franjevci
Hrvatska vojna povijest
Hrvati u Bosni i Hercegovini

Bono Šarić


Johann August Grunert (n. 7 februarie 1797 la Halle (Saale) - d. 7 iunie 1872 la Greifswald) a fost un matematician german.

A început studiile în orașul natal și le-a continuat la Göttingen.
A fost profesor de matematică și fizică la Colegiul de la Targan, apoi la Școala Militară și membru în Comisia de examinare a elevilor militari.

În 1828 intră că profesor de matematică la Brandenburg, apoi în 1833 la Universitatea din Greifswald, de unde se transferă la Academia din Eldena, la Catedra de Matematică Teoretică și Practică.

În 1841 a înființat revista Archiv der Mathematik, a cărei apariție a încetat în 1920.

Activitate științifică
A determinat semnele funcțiilor trigonometrice sinus și cosinus în cercul unitar.
A studiat sistematic trigonometria sferică, creată de Alexis-Claude Clairaut în 1733.
A studiat secțiunile conice.

S-a ocupat și de statistică, de analiză superioară și de unele probleme de astronomie.

Scrieri
 1822: Mathematische Abhandlungen (Altona);
 1824: Lehrbuch der Kegelschnitte;
 1826: Die Statik fester Körper (Halle)
 1833: Sphäroidische Trigonometrie (Berlin);
 1837: Elemente der Differential und Integralrechnung (Leipzig);
 1843: Géométrie plane, Stéréométrie, Trigonométrie plane et géodésie;
 1850: Lehrbuch der Mathmatik für die obern Klassen (Brandenburg).

Note

Nașteri în 1797
Decese în 1872
Matematicieni germani din secolul al XIX-lea
Membri ai Academiei Regale Suedeze
Membri ai Academiei Maghiare de Științe

Johann August Grunert


قائمة بالأبطال في 1957 البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية لكرة المضرب (المعروفة الآن باسم أمريكا المفتوحة):

الكبار

فردي رجال

 مالكوم آندرسن هزم  آشلي كوبر 10-8 7-5 6-4

فردي سيدات

 ألثا غيبسون هزم  لويس بروه كلاب 6-3, 6-2

مراجع

الرياضة في مدينة نيويورك في 1957
أحداث أغسطس 1957 الرياضية
أحداث أغسطس 1957 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة
أحداث سبتمبر 1957 الرياضية
أحداث سبتمبر 1957 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة
البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1957

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية 1957 (كرة مضرب)


Ulfberhtsværd er en gruppe germanske sværd fra 800- til 1000-tallet, med en indlagt inskription med +VLFBERHT+ (og variationer). Ordet Ulfberht er et frankisk personnavn, der blev basis for et varemærke af en slags, som blev brugt af adskillige smede i flere århundreder. Der er blevet fundet mellem 100 til 170 Ulfberht-sværd. Det er blev fundet i det meste af Europa, men særligt i Skandinavien.

Sværdene for størstedelens vedkommende et sted mellem vikingesværd og riddersværd. De fleste af klingerne er af type X ifølge Oakeshott-typologien. De blev første gang beskrevet af den norske arkæolog Anders Lorange i 1889.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sværd fra Europa
Oldsager fra Vikingetiden

Ulfberhtsværd


Os scripts de Tolkien são sistemas de escritas artificiais inventados pelo filólogo e escritor de fantasia JRR Tolkien (autor de série O Senhor dos Anéis) dentro do contexto fictício da Terra-média. Os mais conhecidos são Cirth, Sarati e Tengwar.

Contexto
Tolkien desde a adolescência inventou escritas, scripts e, idiomas (chamadas de glossopoeia por Tolkien, do grego γλώσσα glôssa, "linguagem, língua" e ποιῶ poiô, "fazer" o paralelo entre sua idéia de mito ou mythopoeia). Mais tarde, além de filólogo e poeta, tornou-se um linguista calígrafo (doutor em Letras e professor universitário de língua).

Em meados de 1915, ele já trabalhava há alguns anos em seu projeto linguístico "linguagem de fadas sem sentido", o que tornou-se mais tarde em duas línguas élficas: Quenya, baseada no finlandês, e Sindarin, baseada no galês. Alguns scripts foram projetados para uso com seus idiomas construídos, outros para fins mais práticos. O Privata Kodo Skauta (Código Escoteiro Privado) de 1909 foi projetado para ser usado em seu diário pessoal; tinha um alfabeto e alguns ideogramas de palavras. No final de sua vida, ele criou um novo alfabeto inglês estruturado, denominado Tengwar, mas escrito em caracteres semelhantes aos do latim e do grego.

Em ordem cronológica, os roteiros da Terra-média de Tolkien são:

 Tengwar de Rúmil, ou Tiw, ou Sarati
 Runas gondolínicas (runas usadas na cidade de Gondolin)
 Escrita valmarica
 Andyoqenya
 qeniático
 Tengwar de Fëanor
 O Cirth de Daeron, ou Certar

Além disso, existem algumas variantes pré-Fëanorianas, incluindo Falassin, Noriac, Banyaric e Sinyatic, e alguns alfabetos não pertencentes à Terra-média, em manuscritos da década de 1920, e um Alfabeto Goblin usado em The Father Christmas Letters.

Cirth

O Cirth, que significa "runas", é uma escrita semi-artificial, baseada em alfabetos rúnicos real, inventada para suas línguas construídas. Cirth é escrito com letra maiúscula quando se refere ao sistema de escrita; as próprias letras podem ser chamadas de cirth. No contexto fictício da Terra-média, o Certhas foi criado pelos Sindar ou Elfos Cinzentos para seu idioma, o Sindarin. Sua extensão e elaboração era conhecida como Angerthas Daeron, pois foi atribuída ao Sinda Daeron, apesar do fato de que provavelmente foi arranjada pelos Noldor (os elfos do segundo clã) para representar os sons de outras línguas como Quenya e Telerin. Embora tenha sido posteriormente amplamente substituído pelo Tengwar, o Cirth foi, no entanto, adotado pelos anões para escrever tanto sua língua khuzdul quanto as línguas dos homens. O Cirth foi adaptado, em sua forma mais antiga e simples, por várias raças, incluindo Homens e até Orcs.

Sarati

O Sarati foi o primeiro roteiro de Tolkien para os Elfos . Ele eventualmente se desenvolveu no Tengwar, supostamente criado por Fëanor . Conhecido como o primeiro sistema de escrita de Arda, o Sarati foi inventado pelo cronista Ñoldorin Rúmil de Valinor no ano Valiano de 1179. Foi ele "quem primeiro alcançou sinais adequados para a gravação de fala e música" O sistema de escrita é oficialmente chamado de Sarati, pois cada letra da escrita representa um "sarat". No entanto, Tolkien às vezes chamou o sistema de escrita de "O Tengwar de Rúmil", tengwar significando "letras" na língua élfica Quenya . "Sarati" é o nome em quenya para a escrita de Rúmil.

Sarati geralmente era escrito de cima para baixo, mas originalmente era escrito da esquerda para a direita, ou boustrophedon, indo para a esquerda e para a direita alternadamente, como um boi puxando um arado para frente e para trás em um campo. Ao escrever em quenya, o sinal para "a" geralmente é omitido, pois é a vogal mais comum em quenya. Isso torna Sarati um abugida com uma vogal inerente de "a" (conjunto de sinais utilizados para representar os fonemas da língua).

Tengwar

Dentro do contexto da Terra-média, os Tengwar foram inventados pelo elfo Fëanor e usados primeiro para escrever as línguas élficas quenya e telerin . Mais tarde, um grande número de idiomas da Terra-média foram escritos usando o Tengwar, incluindo Sindarin. Tolkien usou o Tengwar para escrever amostras em inglês.

A inscrição no Anel, um dístico na língua Negra do Verso do Anel, foi escrita na escrita Élfica Tengwar, com floreios pesados, já que Mordor não tinha escrita própria.

Referências

O Senhor dos Anéis
Terra Média
Línguas artificiais

Scripts de Tolkien


Ernst Wahner (* 30. September 1821 in Ogen, Landkreis Grottkau, Provinz Schlesien; † 11. April 1908 in Oppeln) war ein deutscher Gymnasiallehrer. Er steht für den preußischen Katholizismus in Schlesien und in den Breslauer Corps.

Leben
Wahner besuchte von 1835 bis 1843 das Königliche katholische Gymnasium in Neisse. Nach dem Abitur studierte er Philosophie, Geschichte, Geografie, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften an der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Breslau und der Königlichen Universität zu Greifswald. Er wurde Mitglied der Corps Borussia Breslau (1844) und Saxonia Breslau (1847) sowie Corpsschleifenträger der Guestfalia Greifswald (1845) und der Lusatia Breslau (1847). In Breslau zählten Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel, Richard Roepell, Joseph Kutzen, Friedrich Haase, Karl Ernst Christoph Schneider, Peter Joseph Elvenich, Christlieb Julius Braniß, Ernst Eduard Kummer, Johann Ludwig Christian Carl Gravenhorst, Georg Friedrich Pohl und Heinrich Göppert zu seinen Lehrern. Zwischenzeitlich diente er als Einjährig-Freiwilliger im Grenadier-Regiment "König Friedrich Wilhelm II." (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 10. Als Unteroffizier beim 1. Bataillon des 10. Landwehr-Regiments in Breslau bestand er am 7. April das Examen pro facultate docendi. Während der fünf Monate im Großherzogtum Posen wurde er am 22. Juni wurde er durch Allerhöchste Kabinettsorder zum Offizier ernannt. Mit der Auflösung des Bataillons entlassen, trat er am 1. November am Matthias-Gymnasium das Probejahr an, von dem die zweite Hälfte erlassen wurde. Im Frühjahr 1849 wurde er in den Breslauer Straßenkämpfen eingesetzt. Nach kurzer Wiederaufnahme der Lehrtätigkeit diente er ununterbrochen bis zum 1. Mai 1850. "Auf dringende Reklamation" entlassen, wurde er ein halbes Jahr später mit der Mobilmachung der ganzen Preußischen Armee wieder eingezogen. Am 26. März 1851 wieder entlassen, unterrichtete er an den Königlich Katholischen Gymnasien in Gleiwitz, Glogau und Oppeln. Die Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin promovierte ihn 1854 mit der Dissertation "De Achaeorum foederis origine atque institutis" zum Dr. phil. Später wurde er zum Gymnasialprofessor ernannt.

Werke
Nach Programm Oppeln Gymnasium
 Zur Geschichte Jakob I. Königs von Großbritannien und Ireland. Nach einem Manuskript eines deutschen Zeitgenossen, 2 Teile. Oppeln 1857, 1859.
 Das Marsch-Carree in Xenophons Anabasis III. 4. 19–23. Oppeln 1865.
 Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Oppelns aus dem polnischen Erfolgekriege (1733–1738), und noch einmal der Bolkoweg oder die Kaiserstrasse bei Oppeln. Oppeln 1870.
 Versuch einer Geschichte des Jesuiten-Collegiums bzw. Gymnasium zu Oppeln. Oppeln 1875.
 Wie die Oppelner Jesuiten in den Besitz der Parochie zu Deutsch-Piechar mit dem sogenannten Gnadenbilde gelangt sind. 1675–1678. Oppeln 1878.
 Zur Geschichte der Stadt Oppeln. Oppeln 1890.

Einzelnachweise

Historiker
Gymnasiallehrer
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Ehrenmitglied eines Corps
Person (Breslau)
Militärperson (Preußen)
Geboren 1821
Gestorben 1908
Mann

Ernst Wahner


An Gorgonidium vargasii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Josef Bogner ngan Dan Henry Nicolson. An Gorgonidium vargasii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gorgonidium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gorgonidium

Gorgonidium vargasii