El distrito de El Príncipe fue una división administrativa de las islas Filipinas durante las últimas décadas del dominio español. Su capital, "cabecera" en la terminología de la época, estaba en Baler. Se corresponde aproximadamente con la actual provincia de Aurora.

Geografía
De forma aproximadamente triangular con dos sus lados hacia el interior y un lado costero, correspondiendo a las ensenadas, casi contiguas, de Bahía de Baler y Seno de Casigurán. Tenía una extensión de 3.051 km² y a finales del  tan solo contaba con 4.100 habitantes empadronados. Los infieles son ilongotes en su mayor parte y negritos. Hacia el Norte moran los italones, raza muy salvaje y traidora, descendiente de los ilongotes.
El territorio, que incluía las estribaciones orientales de la Sierra Madre, se encontraba surcado por numerosos ríos de poca longitud que nacían en la cordillera y desembocaban en el océano.

Pueblos
En 1901 las principales localidades eran Baler, situada en terreno llano y fangoso, con unos 2.100 habitantes, Casiguran, en la costa, como la anterior, con unos 1800 habitantes, y San José de Casignan (en el interior), con unos 200. Dilásag es un pequeño pueblo cerca de la ensenada del mismo nombre, situado al norte, entre Sierra Madre y los confines de La Isabela.
El número total de pueblos esra de 4 con varias rancherías de infieles.

Islas e islotes próximos
Al sur de  punta del Encanto que cierra la bahía de Baler, entre las puntas Dimayabay y Dicapinisan, se halla la islita y punta Diotoring con algunos islotes. Entre la punta del Encanto y la desembocadura del río, cerca de Baler, se halla una serie de islotes, casi paralelos á la costa, llamados Los Confites.

Comunicaciones
A pesar de la relativa cercanía a Manila (150 km en línea recta), las comunicaciones con Baler se hacían vía marítima.

Historia
Durante la administración española de Filipinas, la isla de Luzón se encontraba dividida en provincias. De ellas se iban desgajando, cuando alcanzaban un nivel de desarrollo suficiente, territorios que se iban catalogando como distritos. El distrito de El Príncipe fue creado en 1856 al segregarse de la provincia de Nueva Écija los territorios situados entre los montes Caraballos y de la Sierra Madre, al oeste, y el Mar de Filipinas, al este.

En su capital tuvo lugar el célebre asedio en el que unas decenas de soldados españoles resistieron 11 meses atrincherados en la iglesia del pueblo contra los insurrectos filipinos entre 1898 y 1899, incluso cuando España había cedido las Filipinas a Estados Unidos.

Ocupación estadounidense
Tras el fin de la presencia española, en julio de 1901, las nuevas autoridades estadounidenses decretaron la desaparición del distrito de El Príncipe y su incorporación a la provincia de Tayabas, hoy Quezón). Entonces el distrito contaba con 11 000 habitantes.

Gobierno
A su frente se encontraba un comandante político-militar, puesto desempeñado por un capitán del Ejército el cual, en virtud de su cargo, era también delegado de Hacienda para la recaudación de impuestos, subdelegado de Marina, juez de primera instancia y administrador de la oficina de correos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Antiguos distritos de Filipinas

Distrito de El Príncipe


بطارية النظائر المشعة (بالإنجليزية: Radionuclidebattery) هي بطارية تنتج تيار كهربائي عن طريق الحرارة المتولدة عن النشاط الإشعاعي لبعض النظائر المشعة المناسبة. فهي لا تنتج الكهرباء عن طريق الانشطار النووي الذي يستغل في المفاعلات النووية وإنما باستغلال التحلل الإشعاعي الطبيعي للنظائر المشعة ويجب التفريق بينهما. تستخدم بطاريات النظائر المشعة في مسبارات الفضاء التي ترسل في بعثات لتصوير ودراسة الكواكب حولنا مثل فوياجر 1 وفوياجر 2.

بطاريات النظائر المشعة تكون عادة صغيرة الحجم وتنتج الكهرباء بدون الحاجة إلى أجزاء متحركة. والبطارية منها لا تحتاج إلى صيانة ويمكنها إنتاج التيار الكهربائي لمدد تتراوح بين 3 و10 سنوات. وهناك أنواع تطلق عليها «مولد نظائر مشعة» تستخدم في الطب للعلاج بالإشعاع، وهي تنتج نظير مشع ذي نصف عمر قصير مناسب للعلاج، ناشيئ عن نظير مشع له نصف عمر طويل، مثال على مولد النظير المشع مولد جاليوم-68.

مكونات بطارية النظائر المشعة

تنتج بطارية النظائر المشعة طاقتها الكهربائية عن طريق التحلل الإشعاعي للمواد المشعة، حيث تُستثمر الطاقة الحرارية الناتجة عن الانحلال الأشعاعي لإنتاج التيار الكهربائي عن طريق مجموعة مزدوجات حرارية. وهي تعمل بالبلوتونيوم-238 الشديد الإشعاع لأشعة ألفا المصحوبة بإصدار حرارة ، وبذلك فهي لا تحتاج إلى أجزاء متحركة.

تبلغ كفاءة إنتاج الكهرباء بين 3% إلى 8%. وتحتاج المزدوجات الحرارية فارقا كبيرا في الحرارة لإنتاج الكهرباء. ولذلك يسخن أحد أطراف المزدوج الحراري بالتلامس مع المصدر المشع بينما يشتت الطرف الآخر حرارته - ذو مساحة كبيرة نسبيا ولونه أسود - إلى محيطه المجاور فيبرد.

تتميز بطارية النظار المشعة بأن عمرها يعتمد على النظير المشع المختار حيث أنها لا تعتمد في عملها إلى أجزاء متحركة تتعرض للاستهلاك، ولا تحتاج مثل تلك البطارية إلى صيانة.

يمكن اعتبرها كبطارية وقد تم استخدامها على متن أقمار اصطناعية.

وحدة تسخين من النظائر المشعة

تستخدم وحدات التسخين على متن مسبارات الفضاء والمركبات الكوكبية للحفاظ على درجة الحرارة المناسبة لعمل الأجهزة العلمية وحمايتها من البرودة في الفضاء بعيدا عن الشمس. وقد استخدمت تلك الوحدات على لونوخود (من البلوتونيوم) وكاسيني-هويغنز (ثاني أكسيد البلوتونيوم PuO2). تحتوي كبسولة المولد الحراري على 2.7 جرام من ثاني أكسيد البلوتونيوم وهي محفوظة في حافظة من سبيكة البلاتين والروديوم. ويغطي الحافظة عازل من الجرافيت. تبلغ مقاييس الكبسولة الكلي 2.6 سنتيمتر في 3.2 سنتيمتر ويبلغ وزنها نحو 40 جرام وتعطي قدرة حرارية مقدارها 1 وات.

بطارية نظائر مشعة لمسبار فوياجر 2

كانت بعثة فوياجر 1 وفوياجر 2 -وهما من نفس التصميم - إلى زحل والمشتري البعيدان عن الشمس، فلم يمكن تزويدهما بخلايا شمسية لإمدادهما بالطاقة والكهرباء. ولذلك زود كل منهما بثلاثة بطاريات نظائر مشعة مكملة بمزدوجات حرارية كهربائية من السيليسيوم - الجرمانيوم تحول الحرارة الناتجة عن النشاط الإشعاعي إلى طاقة كهربائية. كل بطارية مزودة 4.5 كيلوجرام من البلوتونيوم-238 لها عمر النصف 87.7 سنة، وهي تطلق أشعة ألفا عند التحلل الإشعاعي. وتوجد كل بطارية في وعاء من البريليوم طوله 0.5 متر وقطره 0.4 متر ويزن 39 كيلوجرام.

وقت الإقلاع كانت قدرة البطاريات 470 وات وتعطي جهدا مستمرا قدره 30 فولت. وبسبب التحلل الإشعاعي مع الوقت بمعدل 0.78 % سنويا، ونظرا لاستهلاك المزدوجات الحرارية أيضا مع الوقت فيكون الانخفاض الكلي في الطاقة بمعدل 1.38 % سنويا. ولذلك كانت بعض الأجهزة على المسبارين تغلق بحيث لا تعمل بين الحين والآخر لتوفير الطاقة اللازمة لأجهزة التوجيه والاتصال بالأرض.

وكانت البطاريات مثبته على ذراع طويل على المسبار بحيث لا تتأثر كثيرا الأجهزة الإلكترونية والأجهزة العلمية بالإشعاع. وينطبق ذلك بصفة أساسية على أشعة الانكباح الذي ينشأ من نفاذ أشعة ألفا في غلاف البطاريات.

الوقود

هنالك عدة مواصفات للوقود المثالي لهذة الأجهزة :
 يجب أن تكون له فترة عمر معتدلة كي يستمر في توليد الحرارة لفترة كافية
 يفضل أن تكون نسبة الطاقة المتولدة من حجم معين من الوقود كبيرة
 يفضل ان تكون الاشعاعات المنبعثة على شكل اشعاع بيتا أو الفا كي يتم امتصاصها بسهولة وتحويلها إلى حرارة للاستفادة منها. وكلما قلت اشعاعات غاما كانت أفضل

المراجع

اقرأ أيضا

 فيزياء نووية
 بلوتونيوم
 مزدوجة حرارية
 كاسيني-هويغنز
 فوياجر 1
 وحدة تسخين بالنظائر المشعة

بطاريات كهربائية
تقانة نووية
طاقة نووية في الفضاء
مولدات كهربائية
نشاط إشعاعي

بطارية نظائر مشعة


La Copa Ecuador 1970 fue un torneo de fútbol ecuatoriano con formato distinto y predecesor de la Copa Ecuador nacida en 2018.

Este torneo se disputó únicamente con la finalidad de encontrar al representante de Ecuador para la Copa Ganadores de Copa 1970. Para ello la Asociación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol (hoy Federación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol) decidió que los equipos que terminaran desde el 4.º puesto hasta 8.º puesto del Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol 1969 fueran los participantes; Aucas, Barcelona, Dep.Quito, El Nacional, Emelec, Everest, Patria y Universidad Católica, pero la mayoría de equipos desistieron de participar, esto fue debido que no le daban la importancia al torneo por jugarse en enero y dar prioridad a la pretemporada los jugadores de dichos equipos, solo 3 equipos decidieron participar y esos fueron Barcelona, Everest y El Nacional, este último sería que se coronaria campeón tras ganar por marcador de 3-1 ante Everest, nunca se jugó el 3.º encuentro ni tampoco las revanchas ya que los equipos guayaquileños desistieron de seguir participando, por ello el cuadro militar jugaría la Copa Ganadores de Copa.

Sistema de Campeonato

En un inicio se jugaría con formato de play off entre los 8 equipos ubicados desde el 3.º hasta el 10.º puesto del Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol 1969, pero debido a la deserción masiva solamente jugarían los equipos ubicados en 4.º, 5.º, 8.º del Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol 1969, en encuentros de ida y vuelta.

Equipos programados a participar

Equipos que aceptaron participar

Partidos

Partido 1

Partido 2

Partido 3
El encuentro entre Barcelona y Everest nunca se jugó debido a que ambos equipos se retiraron del torneo. No hubo tercer partido.

Ganador

Referencias

Copa Ecuador

Copa Ecuador 1970


Simeon Groza, ortografiat adesea și ca Simion Groza (n. 1822, Rovina – d. 19 februarie 1885, Rovina) a fost un preot, revoluționar pașoptist, viceprefect al Legiunii Zarandului în perioada 1848–1849.

.

În timpul revoluției de la 1848
În timpul Revoluției Română din 1848 a fost unul dintre viceprefecții Legiunii Zarandului, comandată de Ioan Buteanu, respectiv, după moartea lui Buteanu, de Mihai Andreica.

Dispunând de o forță de circa 600 de oameni, în ambele bătălii de la Abrud, cea din 8–10 mai 1849, respectiv cea din 18–19 mai, a fost postat pe dealul Știurț (în partea de sud-vest a Abrudului). În a doua bătălie, maiorul Imre Hatvani a încercat să spargă încercuirea atacând chiar spre Știurț, astfel că Simeon Groza a ajuns să lupte corp la corp cu atacatorii.<ref name="IRA-XXV">Abrudeanu, cap. XXV, Luptele românilor cu ungurii din munții Abrudului în lumina raportului scris de însusi Avram Iancu</ref>

Între 8–17 iunie a avut loc incursiunea trupelor maghiare sub conducerea colonelului Farkas Kemény. Simeon Groza era în Pasul Buceș-Vulcan, dar forțele sale erau insuficiente pentru a-l opri pe Kemény, astfel că nu a angajat lupta, lăsându-l să treacă. Însă ulterior a atacat ariegarda, care transporta proviziile, capturându-le, fapt care s-a dovedit esențial în economia operațiunii. După ce Kemény a intrat în Abrud, Groza s-a postat la Știurț, la fel ca înainte. Hărțuiți și lipsiți de provizii, la 17 iunie Kemény a trebuit să se retragă, fiind urmărit și de Groza.Abrudeanu, cap. XXXVII, Popa Balint

 Preot în Rovina
După înființarea Comitatului Zarand a sprijinit, alături de Ioan Pipoș și Iosif Hodoș, înființarea Gimnaziului greco-ortodox din Brad. A fost preot la Rovina din 1844 și până la moarte. A fost îngropat în satul natal, iar în 1924, cu ocazia festivităților prilejuite de centenarul nașterii lui Avram Iancu, osemintele sale au fost strămutate, împreună cu crucea, în Cimitirul Eroilor de la Țebea, alături de cele ale lui Avram Iancu și Ioan Buteanu.Florin Dobrei, Personalități ecleziastice zărăndene, Simpozion în Brad, 12 octombrie 2014, accesat 2016-01-20

 Decorații
Pentru eroismul său a fost decorat cu:
 Ordinul Leopold ("Crucea de aur pentru merite, cu coroană"), în grad de cavaler, decorație care în epocă conferea un titlu nobiliar ereditar;
 O medalie "ca un ban de aur", conferită de Nicolae I al Rusiei prin generalul rus Alexander Nicolaevici Lüders.

 Note

 Bibliografie
 Ion Rusu Abrudeanu, Moții, calvarul unui popor eroic, dar nedreptățit'', București: Ed. Cartea Românească, 1928

Vezi și
 Mormântul lui Simeon Groza din Panteonul Moților

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1822
Decese în 1885
Decese pe 19 februarie
Preoți ortodocși români
Pașoptiști români
Români din Ungaria
Români din secolul al XIX-lea
Purtători al Ordinului Leopold (Austria)

Simeon Groza


Sahlen Field is a baseball park in Buffalo, New York, United States. Originally known as Pilot Field, the venue has since been named Downtown Ballpark, North AmeriCare Park, Dunn Tire Park, and Coca-Cola Field. Home to the Buffalo Bisons of the International League, it opened on April 14, 1988, and can seat up to 16,600 people, making it the highest-capacity Triple-A ballpark in the United States. It replaced the Bisons' former home, War Memorial Stadium, where the team played from 1979 to 1987.

The stadium was the first retro-classic ballpark built in the world, and was designed with plans for Major League Baseball (MLB) expansion. Buffalo had not had an MLB team since the Buffalo Blues played for the Federal League in 1915. However, Bisons owner Robert E. Rich Jr. was unsuccessful in his efforts to bring an MLB franchise to the stadium between 1988 and 1995. The stadium was a temporary home to the Toronto Blue Jays of MLB in 2020 and 2021 when they were displaced by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sahlen Field was previously home to the Buffalo Nighthawks of the Ladies Professional Baseball League in 1998, the Buffalo Bulls of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in 2000, and the Empire State Yankees of the International League in 2012. In addition to concerts and professional wrestling, the stadium has hosted major events including the National Old-Timers Baseball Classic (1988–1990), Triple-A All-Star Game (1988, 2012), StarGaze (1992–1993), World University Games (1993) and National Buffalo Wing Festival (2002–2019).

History

Professional baseball in Buffalo, 1877–1970

Buffalo began hosting professional baseball in 1877, when the Buffalo Bisons of the League Alliance began play at Riverside Park. Over the next century, the city hosted major and minor league teams including the Buffalo Bisons (IA, 1878, 1887–1888), Buffalo Bisons (NL, 1879–1885), Buffalo Bisons (PL, 1890), and the Buffalo Blues (FL, 1914–1915). The longest-tenured franchise was the minor league Buffalo Bisons, which was founded in 1886 and played exclusively in the International League starting in 1912. This club played at Olympic Park until 1923, at which point that venue was demolished and replaced by Offermann Stadium.

Buffalo was awarded an expansion franchise by the Continental League of Major League Baseball in January 1960, and made plans to play at War Memorial Stadium beginning with the 1961 season. However, the league folded before the season began. The Buffalo Bisons remained in the International League and began play at War Memorial Stadium in 1961, as Offermann Stadium had already been slated for demolition.

In April 1968, Robert O. Swados and his investment group, which included George Steinbrenner, presented their bid for a Buffalo expansion franchise to the National League Expansion Committee. This bid included plans for a $50 million domed stadium that was designed by the architects of the Astrodome and had a capacity of 45,000. Buffalo was one of five finalists for the 1969 Major League Baseball expansion, but franchises were awarded to the Montreal Expos and San Diego Padres in May 1968.

Erie County went on to modify the planned domed stadium to accommodate the Buffalo Bills, approving its construction as a 60,000-seat football venue in Lancaster that could also host baseball. However, bids for the stadium in 1970 came in over budget, and the project stalled. Bills owner Ralph Wilson threatened to move the Bills if action was not taken to replace the aging War Memorial Stadium, forcing Erie County to abandon the domed stadium in favor of building open-air Rich Stadium in Orchard Park. Major League Baseball had planned on relocating the struggling Washington Senators franchise to Buffalo, but when the domed stadium wasn't built it instead became the Texas Rangers. The Buffalo Bisons moved mid-season in 1970 and became the Winnipeg Whips, leaving Buffalo without professional baseball.

Planning and construction, 1978–1987

Mayor James D. Griffin and an investment group purchased the Jersey City A's of the Double-A class Eastern League for $55,000 in 1978, and the team began play as the Buffalo Bisons at War Memorial Stadium in 1979. This new franchise assumed the history of prior Buffalo Bisons teams that had played in the city from 1877 to 1970. Rich Products heir Robert E. Rich Jr. purchased the Bisons for $100,000 in 1983, and upgraded the team to the Triple-A class American Association in 1985 after buying out the Wichita Aeros for $1 million. The Bisons began drawing record crowds with promotional tie-ins, most notably annual post-game concerts by The Beach Boys.

Strong political support grew to replace the aging War Memorial Stadium with what was originally known as Downtown Buffalo Sports Complex. The City of Buffalo originally hired HOK Sport to design a $90 million domed stadium with a capacity of 40,000 on 13 acres of land, but the project was scaled back after New York State only approved $22.5 million in funding instead of the $40 million requested. A separate athletic facility to service the City Campus of Erie Community College was part of the proposed complex, and was eventually built several years later as the Burt Flickinger Center.

St. John's Episcopal Church originally occupied what would become the venue's land at the corner of Washington Street and Swan Street, and Randall's Boarding House originally occupied the adjacent lot on Swan Street. Mark Twain famously was a resident of the boarding house while editor of the Buffalo Express. Constructed between 1846 and 1848, the church remained in use until 1893 and was demolished in 1906.
The land then became the site of Ellsworth Statler's first hotel, Hotel Statler, in 1907. It was later renamed Hotel Buffalo after Statler built a new hotel on Niagara Square in 1923 and sold his former location. Hotel Buffalo was demolished in 1968, and the land became a parking lot. The City of Buffalo would later acquire the land through eminent domain.

HOK Sport (now known as Populous) designed the downtown venue as the first retro-classic ballpark in the world. The open-air venue was designed to incorporate architecture from the neighboring Joseph Ellicott Historic District, most notably the Ellicott Square Building and Old Post Office. The venue's exterior would be constructed from precast concrete, featuring arched window openings at the mezzanine level, rusticated joints, and inset marble panels. Located close to Buffalo Memorial Auditorium and along the newly built Buffalo Metro Rail, the venue would be an attractive and accessible destination for suburban residents. The same design firm would later bring this concept to Major League Baseball with Oriole Park at Camden Yards.

The baseball field itself would feature a Kentucky Bluegrass playing surface and have dimensions that were designed to mirror those of pitcher-friendly Royals Stadium. Buffalo Bisons management insisted the field have deep fences after War Memorial Stadium acquired a poor reputation for allowing easy home runs. Roger Bossard, head groundskeeper of Comiskey Park, served as consultant for the project.

The venue broke ground in July 1986, with structural engineering handled by Geiger Associates, and Cowper Construction Management serving as general contractor. It was originally built with a seating capacity of 19,500, which at the time made it the third-largest stadium in Minor League Baseball. This included a club level with seating for 3,500 and 38 luxury suites, general admission bleacher seating for 1,130 in right field, and a 250-seat restaurant with city and field views on the mezzanine level. Rich Products already owned and operated local restaurants under their B.R. Guest brand, and they assumed operation of the venue's restaurant and concessions.

The $42.4 million venue was mainly paid for with public funding. $22.5 million came from New York State, $12.9 million came from the City of Buffalo, $4.2 million came from Erie County, and $2.8 million came from the Buffalo Bisons. The New York State funding was contingent on the Bisons signing a 20-year lease with the City of Buffalo for use of the venue, which they did just prior to groundbreaking. The City of Buffalo and Erie County paid an additional $14 million for the construction of parking garages to service the venue and other downtown businesses.

A planned second phase of construction was a seating expansion contingent on Buffalo acquiring a Major League Baseball franchise. The original design by HOK Sport called for a third deck to be added in place of the roof, expanding the venue's capacity from 19,500 to 40,000. In May 1987, it was estimated this expansion could be completed within one offseason at a cost of $15 million.

Opening and reception, 1988–1989

Opening Day of the venue's inaugural season took place on April 14, 1988, and saw the Buffalo Bisons defeat the Denver Zephyrs 1–0. Bob Patterson of the Bisons threw the first pitch against Billy Bates, and the lone score came from a Tom Prince home run. Pam Postema, the first female umpire in the history of professional baseball, officiated the game. Prior to the event, The Oak Ridge Boys performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" and both Mayor James D. Griffin and Governor Mario Cuomo threw ceremonial first pitches.

The formal dedication of the venue took place on May 21, 1988, prior to the Buffalo Bisons defeating the Syracuse Chiefs in an interleague Triple-A Alliance game by a score of 6–5. Larry King threw the ceremonial first pitch and sat in on commentary with WBEN broadcasters Pete Weber and John Murphy.

In their first year at the venue after moving from War Memorial Stadium, the Buffalo Bisons broke the all-time record for Minor League Baseball attendance by drawing 1,186,651 fans during the 1988 season. The team had capped season ticket sales at 9,000 seats to ensure that individual game tickets would be available.

The inaugural Build New York Award was given to Cowper Construction Management by the General Building Contractors of New York State for their work on the venue.

The venue was lauded by mainstream media outlets, including feature stories by Newsday, New York Daily News, San Francisco Examiner, Sports Illustrated, The New York Times Magazine and Vancouver Sun. Eric Brazil wrote in his San Francisco Examiner column that the venue, "just may be baseball's prototype for the 1990s and beyond".

Pete McMartin wrote fondly of the venue in his June 1989 article for the Vancouver Sun, contrasting it with the recently opened SkyDome in Toronto:

MLB preparation and seating expansion, 1990–1995

In anticipation of Buffalo being awarded a major league franchise, Robert E. Rich Jr. began establishing minor league farm teams for the Buffalo Bisons organization. Rich Jr. acquired the Double-A Wichita Pilots and founded the Class A Short Season Niagara Falls Rapids. He renamed Wichita's team to the Wranglers and planned to upgrade their franchise to Triple-A upon the Bisons joining Major League Baseball.

The proposed seating expansion to accommodate Major League Baseball was revised by HOK Sport to preserve the aesthetic of the roof, which would now be kept and raised to cover a third deck. In this new design, less seating would be built on the third deck, and instead a new right field seating structure would be built in front of the Exchange Street parking ramp. In addition, expanded bleachers would be added in right field that could later be converted to permanent seating. Capacity after this expansion would increase from 19,500 to 41,530 at a cost of $30 million, but unlike the earlier design would take longer than a single offseason to complete. Prior to the 1990 season, 1,400 bleacher seats and a standing-room only area within the third-base mezzanine were added at a cost of $1.34 million, increasing the stadium's capacity from 19,500 to 21,050.

In September 1990, Bob Rich Jr. attempted to buy the Montreal Expos for $100 million and move the team to Buffalo, but owner Charles Bronfman declined his offer. That same month, Rich Jr. and his investment group presented their bid for a Buffalo expansion franchise to the National League Expansion Committee. Members of this investment group included Jeremy Jacobs, Larry King, Northrup R. Knox, Robert G. Wilmers, Robert O. Swados and Seymour H. Knox III. It was reported that the investment group was prepared to fund $134 million in private capital required for expansion, which included the $95 million franchise fee and initial operating costs. The largest share of the financial burden would fall on Rich Jr., who pledged a minimum of $10 million cash and the equity in his three minor league teams. Rich Jr. publicly voiced concerns in December 1990 that without a salary cap and revenue sharing, he would have to raise ticket prices to unaffordable levels while being unable to produce a competitive on-field product. 27,000 major league season ticket commitments were made by April 1991, consisting of 18,000 paid seat deposits and 9,000 complimentary deposits awarded to the existing Bisons season ticket holders. Buffalo was one of six finalists for the 1993 Major League Baseball expansion, but franchises were awarded to the Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins in June 1991. National League president Bill White later confirmed that Rich Jr. publicly questioning the league's financial structure sunk his bid.

In their fourth year at the stadium, the Buffalo Bisons once again broke the all-time record for Minor League Baseball attendance by drawing 1,240,951 fans during the 1991 season.

Rich Jr. offered to let the Montreal Expos finish their home schedule at the venue in September 1991 after Olympic Stadium was damaged, but the team instead played their final 13 home games on the road.

In June 1992, Rich Jr. attempted to buy the San Francisco Giants and move the team to Buffalo, but owner Bob Lurie declined his offer. The proposed name for the team would have been the New York Giants of Buffalo, as the franchise had previously played as the New York Giants from 1885 to 1957 in New York City. That same month, the City of Buffalo chose to exercise an escape clause and buy back $24.2 million in federal bonds they had earmarked for expanding the venue to accommodate Major League Baseball.

The 1988 to 1993 Buffalo Bisons seasons were the six highest-attended campaigns in Minor League Baseball history, with each season drawing over 1,000,000 fans.

Prior to the 1994 season, a restaurant called Power Alley Pub was constructed under the bleachers in right-center field. The restaurant provided seating with views of the field through the outfield wall.

Rich Jr. moved his Class A Short Season Niagara Falls Rapids after he was unable to secure repairs for the aging Sal Maglie Stadium. The team resumed play as the Jamestown Jammers in June 1994.

In July 1994, Rich Jr. notified the Major League Baseball Expansion Committee that he was interested in pursuing a Buffalo expansion franchise. However, he would retract this notification the following month after the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike commenced. Buffalo was withdrawn as a candidate for the 1998 Major League Baseball expansion, and franchises were awarded to the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays in March 1995.

Rich Jr. was offered an expansion franchise by the United Baseball League of Major League Baseball in November 1994 at a cost of $5 million, which would have played at the venue beginning with the 1996 season. However, franchises were awarded in February 1995 to Long Island, Los Angeles, New Orleans, San Juan, Vancouver and Washington before the league folded without ever playing a game.

The Buffalo Bisons considered sharing the venue with the Toronto Blue Jays for their 1995 season, as the Ontario Labour Relations Board prohibited non-union replacement players from competing at SkyDome during the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. The Blue Jays instead chose to play at their spring training home of Dunedin Stadium, but the strike ended in April 1995 and the team returned to SkyDome.

Alterations and seating reduction, 1996–2019

A new outfield fence was erected prior to the 1996 season at a cost of $50,000 so that the venue's playing surface mirrored the dimensions of Jacobs Field. Left-center field was reduced from 384 feet to 371 feet, center field was reduced from 410 feet to 404 feet, right-center field was reduced from 384 feet to 367 feet, and the height of the center field fence was reduced from 15 feet to 8 feet. This change allowed the Cleveland Indians, Buffalo's major league affiliate, to better evaluate their prospects, while also making the park more hitter-friendly.

The venue was home to the Buffalo Nighthawks of the Ladies Professional Baseball League before the league shut down mid-season in July 1998. The Nighthawks were in first place with an 11–5 record when the league folded, and were declared Eastern Division champions.

The park's original four-color dot matrix scoreboard in center field was retrofitted with a 38-foot wide by 19-foot tall Daktronics LED video screen in 1999 at a cost of $1.2 million.

The venue was home to the Buffalo Bulls of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in 2000. The Bulls finished the season with a 12–35 record and moved to Amherst Audubon Field the following year.

Major League Lacrosse staged an exhibition at the venue on August 11, 2000, as part of their Summer Showcase Tour. Robert E. Rich Jr. planned to purchase a Major League Lacrosse franchise at a cost of $1 million to begin play at the venue in June 2001. However, he withdrew support after determining that removing and replacing the pitcher's mound for lacrosse games would damage the field and put the Buffalo Bisons at a disadvantage.

The 20-year lease between the Buffalo Bisons and City of Buffalo for use of the venue was renegotiated in January 2003, with the addition of funding from Erie County.

Prior to the 2004 season, $5 million in renovations to the venue were completed, including removal of the stadium's right field bleachers and construction of a four-tier Party Deck in its place. The removal of the bleachers decreased the stadium capacity from 21,050 to 18,025.

A 4-foot wide by 8-foot tall digital billboard was installed on the corner of Washington Street and Swan Street before the 2007 season at a cost of $70,000.

The 20-year lease between the Buffalo Bisons and City of Buffalo for use of the venue expired following the 2008 season, and the city began offering year-to-year leases to the team thereafter.

The venue's luxury suites were consolidated and renovated beginning in 2010, reducing the total number from 38 to 26. A conference suite was constructed on the first-base side of the stadium at a cost of $250,000, and the year-round suite can accommodate business gatherings of up to 40 people.

Prior to the 2011 season, the park's original scoreboard in center field was removed and replaced by an 80-foot wide by 33-foot tall Daktronics high-definition LED video screen at a cost $2.5 million. That same year, a new $970,000 field drainage system and a new $750,000 field lighting system were added to the venue.

The venue was one of six that played home to the Empire State Yankees of the International League in 2012. The team was forced to play at alternate sites that season as PNC Field was undergoing renovations. The Yankees finished the season with a 84–60 record and advanced to the International League playoffs.

$500,000 was spent in improvements to the venue before the 2014 season, including a new sound system and the installation of new LED message boards down both baselines.

A campaign to replace the park's original red seating with wider green seating began in 2014. The stadium's capacity was reduced from 18,025 to 17,600 when 3,700 seats were replaced prior to the 2015 season at a cost of $758,000. 2,900 seats were replaced prior to the 2017 season, reducing capacity of the venue from 17,600 to 16,907. 2,000 seats were replaced prior to the 2019 season, reducing capacity of the venue from 16,907 to 16,600.

Following the 2019 season, protective crowd netting was installed throughout the venue at a cost of $475,000 to meet Major League Baseball safety standards.

MLB residency and renovation, 2020–2021

In June 2020, the Buffalo Bisons canceled their season at the venue due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Toronto Blue Jays, the Bisons' major league affiliate, announced the following month that they would play their 2020 season at the venue after the government of Canada denied them permission to play at Rogers Centre. The venue's first Major League Baseball game took place on August 11, 2020, in which the Toronto Blue Jays defeated the Miami Marlins 5–4 in extra innings. The Blue Jays finished the season with a 32–28 record, and advanced to the American League Wild Card Series.

Major League Baseball and the Blue Jays organization jointly funded renovations of the venue prior to the 2020 season at a cost of $5 million. Permanent upgrades included installation of LED field lighting, installation of instant replay technology, installation of Hawk-Eye for Statcast tracking, a resurfaced infield, and relocation of the home dugout to the third-base side of the stadium. Temporary facilities designed for the postponed MLB at Field of Dreams game were also utilized.

The Blue Jays used the venue for part of their 2021 season due to the ongoing pandemic, after having started the season at TD Ballpark. The Bisons accommodated this residency by temporarily relocating to Trenton Thunder Ballpark in Trenton, New Jersey. The venue drew higher attendance for MLB home games than the Miami Marlins, Oakland A's and Tampa Bay Rays drew at their own home venues. The Blue Jays played 49 Major League Baseball games at the venue over the course of two seasons, tying Hiram Bithorn Stadium for the all-time record of most regular season games hosted by a non-home ballpark.

The Bisons and Blue Jays jointly funded additional renovations of the venue prior to the 2021 season. These permanent upgrades included the installation of new light standards, new batting cages, new foul poles, a resurfaced outfield, and the relocation of both bullpens from foul territory to right-center field. The renovated venue was named Professional Baseball Field of the Year in November 2021 by Sports Turf Managers Association. The renovations were also nominated for Project of the Year at the 2021 Stadium Business Awards.

Sahlen Field sustained substantial damage in a fire on September 1, 2023, forcing three sections, an entrance gate and a portion of the concourse to be closed off. The fire started in a mobile concession stand. Sahlen Field continued to host Bisons games after the fire.

Naming rights

Pilot Air Freight of Philadelphia purchased the 20-year naming rights to the venue in 1986. The stadium would be named Pilot Field in exchange for the company paying the City of Buffalo $51,000 on an annual basis. Their name was stripped from the venue by the City of Buffalo in March 1995 after Pilot Air Freight defaulted on payments.

The stadium was then known as Downtown Ballpark until July 1995, when local HMO North AmeriCare purchased the naming rights and the stadium became North AmeriCare Park (colloquially known as The NAP). North AmeriCare agreed to pay the City of Buffalo $3.3 million over the course of 13 years. The Dunn Tire chain of tire outlets assumed North AmeriCare's remaining contract with the City of Buffalo in May 1999, and the venue became Dunn Tire Park.

Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Buffalo purchased the 10-year naming rights to the stadium in December 2008, and it was renamed Coca-Cola Field beginning with the 2009 season. Sahlen's purchased the 10-year naming rights to the stadium in October 2018, and it was renamed Sahlen Field beginning with the 2019 season.

Notable events

Baseball

The annual National Old-Timers Baseball Classic was held at the venue from 1988 to 1990.

The venue was host to the inaugural Triple-A All-Star Game on July 13, 1988. It would later host the 25th-annual Triple-A All-Star Game on July 11, 2012.

The June 3, 1990 game between the Buffalo Bisons and Oklahoma City 89ers, with a post-game concert by The Beach Boys, set the all-time single-game attendance record for baseball at the venue with 21,050 fans. An August 30, 2002, game between the Buffalo Bisons and Rochester Red Wings would later match that record.

The venue hosted an exhibition between Team USA and Korea on July 9, 1992, that saw Korea win the game 4–2. The exhibition was part of Team USA's 30-game tour of both Cuba and the United States to promote their appearance in the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Bartolo Colón of the Buffalo Bisons threw the venue's first and only no-hitter on June 20, 1997, against the New Orleans Zephyrs, sealing a 4–0 win.

The Buffalo Bisons defeated the Richmond Braves at the venue on September 17, 2004 in Game 4 of their championship series to win the Governors' Cup by a score of 6–1.

College baseball

The baseball events of the World University Games were held at the venue in July 1993. The Gold medal game took place on July 16, 1993, and saw Cuba defeat South Korea 7–1.

The venue hosted the inaugural Big Four Baseball Classic tournament from April 27, 2004, to April 28, 2004. In the championship game, the Niagara Purple Eagles defeated the St. Bonaventure Bonnies 8–7 in extra innings to win the Bisons Cup. The venue later hosted the second-annual Big Four Baseball Classic tournament from April 26, 2005, to April 27, 2005. In the championship game, the St. Bonaventure Bonnies defeated the Canisius Golden Griffins 12–3.

Softball

Jim Kelly held his inaugural Jim Kelly Shootout and Carnival of Stars charity event at the venue on June 7, 1992. The event drew a crowd of 14,500 and raised $150,000 for the Kelly for Kids Foundation. The second-annual Jim Kelly charity event, now renamed StarGaze, was held at the venue on June 13, 1993. The event drew a crowd of 10,000 and raised $100,000 for the Kelly for Kids Foundation.

Micah Hyde held his inaugural Micah Hyde Charity Softball Game at the venue on June 2, 2019. The event drew a crowd of 2,500 and raised $40,000 for the Imagine for Youth Foundation. The second-annual Micah Hyde Charity Softball Game on May 15, 2022, drew a crowd of 10,000 and raised $200,000 for the Imagine for Youth Foundation, with a portion of proceeds donated to families impacted by the 2022 Buffalo shooting. The third-annual Micah Hyde Charity Softball Game on May 7, 2023 drew a crowd of 16,000 and raised $470,000 for the Imagine for Youth Foundation

Concerts

The Buffalo Bisons have presented a yearly post-game Summer Concert Series at the venue since 1988, featuring performances from national touring acts and the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra.

The venue has regularly hosted local music festivals. WEDG presented their annual Edgefest at the venue in 1997 and 2003. WYRK has presented their annual Taste of Country at the venue since its inception in 2001. The June 12, 2015, Taste of Country event headlined by Dierks Bentley set the all-time attendance record for concerts at the venue with 27,000 fans. WKSE presented their annual Kiss the Summer Hello at the venue from 2001 to 2002, and again from 2009 to 2013. The Great Guitar Gig took place at the venue on June 15, 2003, as part of the second-annual Buffalo Niagara Guitar Festival.

The venue has also hosted national music festivals. Budweiser Superfest took place at the venue on July 7, 1989. Bluestime Jam took place at the venue on August 29, 1995. Counting Crows headlined a show at the venue on August 1, 2007, as part of their Rock 'n' Roll Triple Play Ballpark Tour.

In film

Goo Goo Dolls filmed the music video for their debut single "There You Are" at the venue in 1990.

A low-budget film called Angel Blues was shot at the venue in August 1993. It was directed by William Zabka and starred Michael Paloma, Loryn Locklin, Meredith Salenger, Richard Moll, David Johansen and Michael Horse.

Professional wrestling

Ballpark Brawl was a series of post-game professional wrestling events produced by the Buffalo Bisons and promoted by Christopher Hill, their Director of Sales and Marketing between 2003 and 2007. The promotion's Natural Heavyweight Championship paid homage to The Natural, which was filmed in Buffalo at War Memorial Stadium.

TNA Wrestling held their BaseBrawl event at the venue on June 18, 2011, that was headlined by Kurt Angle defeating Scott Steiner, and an appearance by Hulk Hogan. A second BaseBrawl event on June 22, 2012 was headlined by Bobby Roode defeating Jeff Hardy to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.

Other events

Reverend Billy Graham staged his Greater Buffalo-Niagara Crusade at the venue from August 1, 1988, to August 7, 1988.

Opening Ceremonies for the Empire State Games took place at the venue on July 24, 1996. Buffalo native Todd Marchant was the event's keynote speaker.

The venue was host to the annual Drum Corps International Tour of Champions, promoted locally as Drums Along the Waterfront, from its inception in 1997 to 2006.

The venue was host to the annual National Buffalo Wing Festival, featuring the U.S. National Buffalo Wing Eating Championship, from its inception in 2002 to 2019.

The inaugural Harvard Cup Hall of Fame Game took place at the venue on September 28, 2002. The Kensington Knights defeated the Bennett Tigers 26–0 in the venue's first-ever football game. The second-annual Harvard Cup Hall of Fame Game took place at the venue as a doubleheader on September 20, 2003. The Lafayette Violets defeated the Grover Cleveland Presidents 28–6, and the Hutch-Tech Engineers defeated the McKinley Macks 14–0.

Special features

Dimensions

The venue's play is greatly affected by its orientation and susceptibility to the winds of nearby Lake Erie. Center field faces South-Southeast, with a year-round 8 to 10 MPH breeze moving from the right field foul pole towards the left field foul pole. Right-handed batters therefore tend to have the most success hitting balls into left field and left-center, although left-handed batters hitting opposite field at a high trajectory also see their balls carried out of the park. The cozy field dimensions of 325 feet to left field and 371 feet to left-center aid the number of home runs hit in those directions. A 60-foot tall chain-link fence in left field protects motor vehicles on Oak Street from being struck. Cold winds in early months of the baseball season tend to prevent balls from exiting the park, while the warmer summer winds allow for greater carry. In 2019, Baseball America ranked it as the third-best International League ballpark to hit home runs in. The venue allowed 10% more runs than average during the 2020 Toronto Blue Jays season.

Ground rules

 A fair ball becoming lodged in the outfield fence padding is a ground rule double.
 A bounding fair ball striking the outfield fence padding and bouncing over the fence is an automatic double.
 A fair ball striking the foul pole caps or metal support piping beyond the outfield wall:
 is a home run if hit as a fly ball.
 is out of play if hit as a bounding ball.
 A bounding fair ball striking the unpadded cement wall to the immediate right and left of each foul pole is in play.
 A fair ball striking the bottom of the outfield fence is in play.

Concessions

Pub at the Park is a 250-seat bar and restaurant located within the venue's first-base mezzanine that features both indoor seating and outdoor patio seating with views of the field. It is open to the public for special events via an entrance on Washington Street, and exclusively to ticketholders with reservations on game days. The restaurant was formerly known as Pettibone's Grille from 1988 to 2016.

Concessions around the venue's concourse highlight local cuisine, with selections including beef on weck from Charlie the Butcher, craft beer from Consumer's Beverages and Resurgence Brewing Company, craft beer and wine from Southern Tier Brewing Company, hot dogs from Sahlen's, pierogies from Alexandra Foods, pizza from La Nova Pizzeria, pizza logs from Original Pizza Logs, and soft serve from Upstate Farms. Coca-Cola brand soft drinks and McCullagh brand coffee and iced coffee are also available throughout the stadium.

The venue supports contactless payment and online food ordering with mobile payment.

Tributes

The Buffalo Bisons have customarily marked the landing spot of every home run their players have hit into the right field parking lot since the venue's inaugural season in 1988. This feat is rarely accomplished because the balls have had to clear either the right field bleachers or the Party Deck that replaced them in order to reach the parking lot. Russell Branyan holds the record for most parking lot home runs, with three.

Robert E. Rich Sr., the founder of Rich Products and father of Buffalo Bisons owner Robert E. Rich Jr., died in February 2006. His initials are inscribed on the press box, above the owner's suite, in tribute. The venue hosted the annual Robert E. Rich Memorial Baseball Classic tournament between local high school teams from 2006 to 2008.

Former Mayor of Buffalo James D. Griffin was posthumously honored by the Buffalo Common Council in July 2008 after they voted to change the venue's address to One James D. Griffin Plaza.

A bronze sculpture of James D. Griffin titled The First Pitch, referencing his ceremonial first pitch at the venue's inaugural game, was unveiled outside the stadium in August 2012. The William Koch piece was commissioned by the Buffalo Bisons to honor Griffin's contributions in constructing the ballpark and bringing professional baseball back to Buffalo.

Plaques honoring all members of the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame are on permanent display within the Hall of Fame and Heritage Room, which was built on the venue's third-base concourse in 2013. The Heritage Room also contains rotating exhibits of memorabilia that honor Buffalo's baseball history. It is open to ticketholders one hour prior to the first pitch on gamedays, and stays open through the third inning.

The Buffalo Bisons hang a Championship Corner banner in left field that commemorates the team's many league and division championships, along with the retired numbers of Ollie Carnegie (6), Luke Easter (25), Jeff Manto (30) and Jackie Robinson (42).

Retired numbers of former Toronto Blue Jays players Roberto Alomar (12) and Roy Halladay (32), along with the retired number of Jackie Robinson (42), were inscribed above the venue's press box for the 2020 season. In addition, the number of former Toronto Blue Jays player Tony Fernández (1) was inscribed on the venue's outfield fence to honor his recent passing.

Transportation access

Sahlen Field is located at the Elm Street exit (Exit 6) of Interstate 190, and within one mile of both the Oak Street exit of Route 33 and the Seneca Street exit of Route 5.

A 816-space Allpro parking ramp is located behind right field on Exchange Street, and a pedestrian bridge over Washington Street connects it with a 457-space Allpro parking garage under the Seneca One Tower complex. The Allpro parking garage provides a charging station.

The venue is publicly served by Seneca Station of Buffalo Metro Rail, located one block West of the venue on Main Street. It is also served by Buffalo–Exchange Street station of Amtrak, located directly across from the venue on Exchange Street.

Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority maintains the Washington & Seneca bus stop located directly outside the venue's Seneca Street entrance, providing local service on Route 8 between downtown Buffalo and University Station. Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center is located two blocks North of the venue on Ellicott Street and provides intercity bus service.

Reddy Bikeshare maintains an automated station at the corner of Washington Street and Swan Street.

Climate

References
Specific

General

Further reading
 Overfield, Joseph M. The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball 1857-2020 (Billoni Associates Publishing, 2020).
 Rich, Bob. The Right Angle: Tales from a Sporting Life (Prometheus Books, 2011).
 Violanti, Anthony. Miracle in Buffalo: How the Dream of Baseball Revived a City (St. Martin's Press, 1991).

External links

1988 establishments in New York (state)
Baseball venues in New York (state)
Buffalo Bisons (minor league)
Buildings and structures in Buffalo, New York
Defunct college baseball venues in the United States
Defunct Major League Baseball venues
International League ballparks
Minor league baseball venues
Music venues completed in 1988
Music venues in New York (state)
Populous (company) buildings
Sports venues completed in 1988
Sports venues in Buffalo, New York
Sports venues in Erie County, New York
Sports venues in New York (state)
Toronto Blue Jays stadiums
Tourist attractions in Buffalo, New York

Sahlen Field


Little Sioux Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Little Sioux Township (Harrison County, Iowa)
 Little Sioux Township (Woodbury County, Iowa)

Little Sioux Township


S'il n'en reste qu'une est un roman de guerre féministe, écrit par Patrice Franceschi et paru en 2021. Le roman court relate le destin tragique de deux combattantes kurdes au cours de la guerre civile syrienne de 2014 à 2019
.

Résumé
En 2021, une journaliste australienne, Rachel Casanova, est envoyée au Kurdistan pour écrire sur les héros du conflit syrien. Elle visite d'abord la ville de Kobané occupée par les forces armées turques. Après une visite guidée encadrée, elle pénètre dans un cimetière militaire kurde profané par les islamistes et découvre une tombe insolite, où deux femmes sont enterrées ensemble. Mohamed, le guide de Rachel, lui explique que ces deux femmes, Tékochine et Gulistan, étaient des yapajas (combattantes kurdes des YPJ) renommées. Rachel pense tenir le thème de son reportage et décide d'enquêter. Son guide lui suggère de se rendre à Erbil au Kurdistan irakien pour rencontrer l'ancienne coprésidente kurde de la ville, Berivan Kobané.

A Erbil, Berivan raconte à Rachel comment Tékochine, agée de  40 ans, commandante d'un bataillon de yapajas, entièrement vouée à la cause Kurde et à la défense de la liberté, a réussi par son charisme à devenir une héroïne hors norme. En 2014 , lors d'une opération de défense des Yézidis, Tékochine découvre une jeune fille yézidie de 17 ans, blessée, ayant seule échappée au massacre de sa famille par les islamistes de Daech. Cette jeune fille , Gulistan,  est devenue par la suite aide de camp de Tékochine.

Lors de la bataille de Kobané en décembre 2014, Gulistan sauve la vie de Tékochine, prise dans les décombres pendant le combat contre Daech. .

Rachel part ensuite dans les montagnes du Qandil, pour rencontrer le général Qaraman qui lui donne le rapport de Tékochine sur la bataille de Raqqa en septembre 2017.

La dernière étape de son enquête emmène Rachel à se rendre clandestinement dans les montagnes du Diyarbakir pour rencontrer une résistante kurde, Tulin Clara, qui a reçu les dernières transmissions radio de Tékochine et Gulistan lors de la bataille de Sérikani, en octobre 2019 où les Kurdes, abandonnés par les occidentaux ont été massacrés par les islamistes soutenus par les Turcs.

Références historiques
 Si les personnages sont fictifs, les événements bataille de Kobané (2014), bataille de Raqqa (2017), et la bataille de Sérikani (2019) sont rééls.
 Tékochine est le nom d'une combattante kurde Kéwé Tékochine

Sélection et prix
Ce roman fait partie de la première sélection du Prix Goncourt 2021.

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

Culture kurde en France
Roman français paru en 2021
Roman de guerre
Roman féministe

S'il n'en reste qu'une


Küçükcamili, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Mecitözü kazasına bağlıyken, 19 Ocak 1930'da Hüseyinabat kazasına bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 50 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Küçükcamili, Alaca


Kolyoz veya Kolyos (Scomber japonicus), uskumrugiller (Scombridae) familyasından bir balık türü.

Özellikleri
Vücut uzun, yuvarlak, füze şeklindedir. Başın üzeri açık olduğundan beyin gözükür. Sırtı mavi renkte enine dalgalı hatlı, karına doğru ise gümüşi sarıdır. Sayısız miktarda benekler vardır. Birinci sırt yüzgecinin daha dik bir üçgen şeklinde, kuyruk yüzgecinin ucunun daha sivri ve hava kesesi olmayışı ile uskumrudan ayırt edilirler.

Dağılımı
Türkiye'de batı Karadeniz, Akdeniz, Ege Denizi, Marmara Denizinde görülür. Büyüklüğü ortalama 15–25 cm dir, maksimum 50 cm olur. Ağustos-Eylül aylarında ürerler.

Uskumrugiller

Kolyoz


The plantar reflex is a reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. The reflex can take one of two forms.  In healthy adults, the plantar reflex causes a downward response of the hallux (flexion). An upward response (extension) of the hallux is known as the Babinski response or Babinski sign, named after the neurologist Joseph Babinski. The presence of the Babinski sign can identify disease of the spinal cord and brain in adults, and also exists as a primitive reflex in infants.

While first described in the medical literature by Babinski in 1896, the reflex has been identified in art at least as early as Botticelli's Virgin and Child with an Angel, painted in the mid-15th century.

Methods

The lateral side of the sole of the foot is rubbed with a blunt instrument or device so as not to cause pain, discomfort, or injury to the skin; the instrument is run from the heel along a curve to the toes (metatarsal pads). Many reflex hammers taper at the end of the handle to a point which was used for testing the plantar response in the past; due to the tightening of infection control regulation this is no longer recommended. Either a single use device or the thumb nail should be used.

There are three responses possible:
Flexor: the toes curve down and inwards, and the foot inverts; this is the response seen in healthy adults.
Indifferent: there is no response.
Extensor: the hallux dorsiflexes, and the other toes fan out. If elicited in an adult, it indicates damage to the central nervous system, but it is a normal reflex in infants (see below). It is also known as the Babinski Sign.

As the lesion responsible for the sign expands, so does the area from which the afferent Babinski response may be elicited. The Babinski response is also normal while asleep and after a long period of walking.

Interpretation

The Babinski sign can indicate upper motor neuron lesion constituting damage to the corticospinal tract. Occasionally, a pathological plantar reflex  is the first and only indication of a serious disease process and a clearly abnormal plantar reflex often prompts detailed neurological investigations, including CT scanning of the brain or MRI of the spine, as well as lumbar puncture for the study of cerebrospinal fluid.

The phrase "negative Babinski sign" is sometimes used for the normal flexor plantar response.

In infants

Infants will usually show an extensor response. In one study of 256 healthy infants, the response to testing was extensor in 73.8%, flexor in 8.9%, and equivocal in 17.3% This extensor response occurs because the corticospinal pathways that run from the brain down the spinal cord are not fully myelinated at this age, so the reflex is not inhibited by the cerebral cortex. The extensor response usually disappears – giving way to the flexor response – by 12 months of age. Its persistence beyond age 2–3 indicates a problem in the brain or spinal cord.

Pathways
 Afferent: Nociception detected in the S1 dermatome and travels up the tibial nerve to the sciatic nerve to roots of L5,S1 and synapse in the anterior horn to elicit the motor response.
 Efferent: Motor response back through the L5,S1 roots to the sciatic nerve to its bifurcation.  Toe flexors are innervated by the tibial nerve. Toe extensors (extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus) are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve. Loss of normal adult descending pyramidal control of the reflex arc to suppress extensor withdrawal results in the upgoing toes in the plantar reflex known as Babinski's sign.

Relationship to Hoffmann's reflex

The Hoffmann's reflex is sometimes described as the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski sign because both indicate upper motor neuron dysfunction. Mechanistically, they differ significantly; the finger flexor reflex is a simple monosynaptic spinal reflex involving the flexor digitorum profundus that is normally fully inhibited by upper motor neurons. The pathway producing the plantar response is more complicated, and is not monosynaptic.

Babinski-like responses
The plantar reflex can be elicited in a number of ways, which were described in the late 19th and early 20th century. These have their own eponyms.

Bing sign – multiple pinpricks on the dorsum of the foot
Cornell sign – scratching along the inner side of the extensor hallucis longus tendon
Chaddock sign – stroking the lateral malleolus
 Doug's sign – electrically stimulating peripheral nerves during a nerve conduction study
Gonda sign – flexing and suddenly releasing the 4th toe
Gordon sign – squeezing the calf muscle
Moniz sign – forceful passive plantar flexion of the ankle
Oppenheim sign – applying pressure to the medial side of the tibia
Schaeffer sign – squeezing the Achilles tendon
 Silva sign – pinching the rectus femoris muscle
Stransky sign – vigorously abducting and suddenly releasing the little toe
Strümpell sign – patient attempts to flex the knee against resistance
Throckmorton reflex – percussion over the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe

Abnormal reflexes seen as flexion of toes
Bekhterev-Mendel reflex – flexion of the 2nd to 5th toes on percussion of the dorsum of the foot
Rossolimo sign – exaggerated flexion of the toes induced by rapid percussion on the tips of the toes

References

Reflexes

Plantar reflex


An Calamagrostis yatabei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Maximowicz. An Calamagrostis yatabei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis yatabei


An Indocalamus wilsonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Alfred Barton Rendle, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Chi Son Chao och Cheng De Chu. An Indocalamus wilsonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Indocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Indocalamus

Indocalamus wilsonii


Diversos eventos de segurança do espaço aéreo com objetos em alta altitude foram relatados em fevereiro de 2023, sendo a maioria na América do Norte.

Antecedentes e eventos
Após o avistamento de um balão chinês em 2023 (mais tarde derrubado na costa da Carolina do Sul), os Estados Unidos começaram a examinar mais de perto seu espaço aéreo em grandes altitudes, inclusive por aprimoramentos de radar que permitiram aos EUA categorizar e rastrear melhor objetos em movimento mais lento. O general Glen VanHerck, comandante do  Comando de Defesa Aeroespacial da América do Norte (NORAD), afirmou que em 2021, até 98% dos dados brutos de radar não foram analisados rotineiramente, porque os militares pretendiam filtrar o sinal de rádio emanado de bandos de pássaros ou balões meteorológicos (em oposição a ameaças potenciais). VanHerck disse que os ajustes dos EUA no monitoramento de radar em 2023, após a invasão do balão espião chinês, deram aos EUA "melhor fidelidade ao ver objetos menores". Os ajustes de aumento da vigilância aumentaram a detecção de objetos. Permanece desconhecido quando as incursões de balões começaram.

Em 14 de fevereiro, depois que um objeto não identificado de grande altitude foi detectado e abatido sobre o norte do Alasca, Yukon e Lago Huron, o porta-voz da Casa Branca, John Kirby, disse que a Comunidade de Inteligência dos EUA "não descartará a possibilidade de que possam ser balões que estavam simplesmente ligados a entidades comerciais ou de pesquisa e, portanto, benignos. Isso poderia muito bem ser, ou poderia emergir, como uma explicação importante aqui." A derrubada do objeto Yukon, em 11 de fevereiro de 2023, marcou a primeira atitude do NORAD para derrubar um objeto aéreo nos 64 anos de história da organização de alerta aeroespacial e soberania aérea dos Estados Unidos-Canadá. Os objetos abatidos no norte do Alasca, Yukon e Lago Huron eram todos menores do que o balão chinês abatido na Carolina do Sul.

Uma vez que vários dos objetos foram derrubados em locais relativamente inacessíveis, variando de gelo marinho na costa do Oceano Ártico do Alasca a terrenos alpinos remotos em Yukon e águas profundas da fronteira EUA-Canadá no meio do Lago Huron, os esforços de recuperação exigiram quantidades consideráveis de coordenação e cuidado.

Lista de eventos

Veja também

 Reconhecimento
 Reconhecimento aéreo
 Relações China-Estados Unidos

Relações entre China e Estados Unidos
Relações entre Canadá e China
Acidentes e incidentes envolvendo balões e dirigíveis
2023 nas relações internacionais
2023 nos Estados Unidos

Lista de eventos com objetos de alta altitude em 2023


الباريون  أو الرُجَيْحَن، على وزن فُعَيْلَن من أَرْجَحَ الميزانَ أَي أَثقله في الترجمات الحديثة، وهي كلمة إغريقية βαρύς (باري) وتعني الثقيل، وسبب التسمية أنه اعتقد وقت اكتشاف الباريون بأنه أثقل الجسيمات الأولية كتلةً، وينتمي إلى عائلة الجسيمات المركبة المحتوية على ثلاث كواركات، على عكس الميزونات التي هي من نفس العائلة، بينما تحتوي على كوارك واحد وضديد كوارك واحد. ولكن يبقى الباريونات والميزونات هما جزء من عائلة جسيمات أكبر وهي الهادرونات.

وقد اعتقد إلى وقت قريب جدا بأن هناك تجارب أظهرت بوجود بنتاكوارك- وهي باريونات «شاذة» مخلقة من أربعة كواركات ونقيض كوارك واحد. لكن مجتمع فيزياء الجسيمات ككل لا يرى بوجودها على الأرجح خلال عام 2006. وفي عام 2008 تم النظر بدلائل قد تكون وبشكل قوي ضد وجود بنتاكوارك المذكورة.

بما أن الباريونات تحتوي على كواركات، فإنها ترتبط مع بعضها بتآثر قوي. على عكس من اللبتونات التي لا تحتوي على كواركات فإن ارتباطها لايحتاج أن يكون تآثر قوي. معظم الباريونات هي بروتونات أو نيوترونات التي يتكون منها معظم المادة المنظورة المتوفرة في الكون، في حين أن الإلكترونات (العنصر الرئيسي الآخر للذرة) هي لبتونات. لكل باريون له جسيم مضاد نظير له (ضديد باريون)، حيث تستبدل الكواركات بكواركات مضادة نظيرة لها. فعلى سبيل المثال، يحتوي البروتون على اثنين كواركات علوية وواحد سفلي; ونظيره مضاد بروتون يحتوي على اثنين كواركات مضادة علوية وواحد كوارك مضاد سفلي.

قائمة الباريونات

القوائم التالية تعطي تفاصيل جميع الباريونات المعروفة والمتنبئ بها في تكوينات مجموع العزم الزاوي J  =  وJ =  مع المطابق الموجب.

الرموز الموجودة في تلك القوائم هي: I (مغزل نظائري), J (مجموع العزم الزاوي), P (نظير الشحنة), u (كوارك علوي), d (كوارك سفلي), s (كوارك غريب), c (كوارك ساحر), b (كوارك قعري), Q (الشحنة), B (رقم باريوني), S (الغرابة), C (نكهة (فيزياء الجسيمات)), B′ (قعرية (عدد كم)),، بالإضافة إلى نظام واسع من الجسيمات دون الذرية (أنظر إلى مقالة باريون للمزيد من الشرح المفصل حول تلك الرموز).

يحتوي الجدول على خصائص ومحتويات كوارك الجسيمات، أما الجسيمات المضادة فيجب تغيير الكوارك إلى كوارك مضاد (والعكس صحيح)، الرموز Q, B, S, C, وB′ ستكون بإشارات عكسية. العلامة † المجاورة لاسم الجسيم فهي ترمز إلى جسيم تم التكهن به حسب النموذج العياري ولكن لم يتم ملاحظته بعد. القيم التي باللون الأحمر فهي لم تثبت بالتجارب بعد، ولكنها تم التكهن بها بواسطة نموذج الكوارك وملائمة مع القياسات.

JP = + باريونات

†</sup> Particle has not yet been observed.
[a]  The masses of the بروتون and نيوترون are known with much better precision in وحدة كتل ذريةs (u) than in إلكترون فولت/c2, due to the relatively poorly known value of the شحنة أولية. In atomic mass unit, the mass of the proton is 1.007 276 466 88(13) وحدة كتل ذرية while that of the neutron is 1.008 664 915 60(55) وحدة كتل ذرية.
[b]  At least 1035 years. See proton decay.
[c]  For نيوترونs; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
[d]  PDG reports the عامل الجودة (Γ). Here the conversion τ =  is given instead.
[e]  The specific values of the name has not been decided yet, but will likely be close to (5810).
[f]  Some controversy exists about this data.
[g]  This is actually a measurement of the average lifetime of b-baryons that decay to a jet containing a same sign ∓∓ pair. Presumably the mix is mainly , with some .

انظر أيضا
 قائمة الميزونات
 قائمة الجسيمات
 التسلسل الزمني لاكتشاف الجسيمات

مراجع

باريونات
قوائم فيزيائية

قائمة الباريونات


Nicolae Grigorie-Lăcrița (pseudonimul lui  Nicolae Grigorie, n. 20 aprilie 1948, Lăcrița, județul Dolj) este autor a 101 cărți, 31 de lucrări, 160 studii și 2600 articole de economie și fiscalitate. O parte din aceste opere sunt recunoscute și folosite ca subiect de studiu și cercetare.

Studii
A absolvit Facultatea de Științe Economice din Craiova, curs de zi, secția Finanțe, promoția 1975. A devenit doctor în economie din anul 1982.

Activitate profesională
După terminarea facultății, a lucrat în unități de producție, în compartimentele: financiar-contabilitate; calculația costurilor, prețurilor și tarifelor; organizarea și normarea muncii; retribuirea muncii.

Între anii 1991 – 2012 a lucrat la Direcția Generală a Finanțelor Publice Dolj în activitățile de control fiscal, metodologie, asistență contribuabili.

Este doctor în economie (din 1981), conferențiar universitar, disciplinele predate fiind "Finanțe publice" și "Fiscalitate".

Practician de elită și deopotrivă teoretician, N. Grigorie – Lăcrița are publicate în literatura de specialitate 101 de cărți, 31 de lucrări, 160 studii și peste 2.600 de articole, pe probleme economice, cele mai multe pe teme de fiscalitate, foarte apreciate pentru utilitatea lor practică și contribuția adusă la îmbunătățirea legislației fiscale și a reglementărilor de aplicare a acesteia.

Colaborarea cu mass-media (ziare locale și centrale) s-a concretizat în publicarea, în aceastea, a peste 240 de articole.

Pe Internet, lucrările autorului pot fi găsite la o simplă căutare pe Google, folosind termenul "N. Grigorie – Lăcrița".

Dintre miile de propuneri și soluții exprimate pentru îmbunătățirea legislației fiscale și a reglementărilor de aplicare a acesteia, peste 100 au fost adoptate, contribuind la perfecționarea sistemului fiscal, al celui de pensii, al asigurărilor sociale de sănătate și de șomaj.

În perioada 1999 – 2005, a publicat, pe cont propriu, revista "Ghid Fiscal", devenită un instrument practic util pentru agenții economici și specialiștii din domeniul financiar-contabil. Aceasta a ajuns la un tiraj maxim de 28.000 de exemplare, cu o desfacere de până în 17 județe.

Este evaluator în specialitatea evaluare economică și financiară a întreprinderilor și expert contabil, membru al Corpului Experților Contabili și Contabililor Autorizați din România.

Cercetător de prestigiu și profund cunoscător al fiscalității în practică, N. Grigorie – Lăcrița a încheiat și a executat 45 contracte de cercetare științifică cu diferiți agenți economici din țară și străinătate, pe probleme de interes major, soluțiile oferite fiind susținute de aceștia, de organizațiile lor patronale și sindicale, în îmbunătățirea anumitor prevederi legale.

Grupul de presă și editură "Tribuna economică" București, editor a 11 dintre cele mai apreciate reviste din țară din domeniul economic, i-a acordat, în anul 1999, "LAURII  Tribunei economice" (echivalent al Premiului I pe țară, premiul care se acorda o dată la 5 ani), primind "Diploma", "Medalia" și "Coroana de LAUREAT" pentru contribuția la abordarea problemelor fiscalității. De asemenea, în anul 2004 i s-au acordat, pentru a doua oară, "LAURII  Tribunei economice", primind "Diploma" și "Medalia".

Bibliografie (incompletă)

Cărți
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Fiscalitate, probleme și soluții, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică- București-2006, ISBN 973-30-1667-5, ISBN 978-973-30-1667-0, 236 pag.
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Finanțe publice și fiscalitate, Ed. Sitech, Craiova-2007, ISBN 978-973-746-364-7, 171 pag.
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Convenția civilă în prestarea muncii, Ed. Sitech, Craiova-2007, ISBN 978-973-746- 516-0, 140 pag.
 N. Grigorie- Lăcrița, Maier Dan, Pop Radu, Roatiș Ovidiu, Mare Emil, Teșu Ramona, David Delia, Ciolacu Marin, Boiță Marius, Constantin Emilia, Man Aureliana, Elek Ladislau, Alexa Dan Cristian, Reglementări contabile conforme cu Directivele Europene, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București-2008 ISBN 978-973-30-1890-2, 222 pag.
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Dănescu Tatiana, Nedeluț Marinel, Ciolacu Marin, Simion Mircea laurențiu, Popeangă Gabriel, Man Aureliana, Pop Vasile Radu, Ciumag Marin, Dricu Cosmin. Reglementări contabile conforme cu Directivele Europene, în vigoare de la 01 ianuarie 2010, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București -2010, ISBN 978-973-30-2695-2, 395 pag.

Studii și articole
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Emilia Constantin, Normele metodologice de aplicare a Codului fiscal-Impozitul pe venit Tribuna Economică nr. 1/2008, ISSN 1018-0451 pg. 35-42
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Emilia Constantin Impozitul pe veniturile din transferul de proprietăți imobiliare, Tribuna Economică nr. 1/2008, ISSN 1018-0451 pg. 43-45, pg. 51-55
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Emilia Constantin Prevederi legale privind reprezentanțele persoanelor juridice străine, Tribuna Economică nr. 2/2008, ISSN 1018-0451 pg. 40-45, pg.51-54
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Emilia Constantin, Prevederi legale privind persoanele juridice străine, Tribuna Economică- Revista Impozite și Taxe, nr.1-2/2008, ISSN 1223- 5180 pg. 35-48
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță Marius, Man Aureliana, Emilia Constantin, Evitarea dublei impuneri, Tribuna Economică- Revista Impozite și Taxe, nr.1-2/2008, ISSN 1223-5180, pg. 35-48
 N. Grigorie-Lăcrița, Boiță M., Man A.-Sediul permanent în România, al nerezidenților, persoane juridice și fizice, Tribuna Economică-Revista Impozite și taxe, nr. 10/2007, București, ISSN 1223-5180, pg.38-55

Referințe

Legături externe
 Paradoxuri fiscale. autor Dr. N. Grigorie – Lăcrița
 Grigorie-Lacrita, Nicolae, Academia de Studii Economice, Bucuresti
 CCR, Monografii / Autor
 BNR, Catalogul Bibliotecii BNR
 https://legalquotes.wordpress.com/tag/nicolae-grigorie-lacrita/
 https://legestart.ro/author/grigorielacrita/

Economie
Economia României
Fiscalitate
Nașteri în 1948
Nașteri pe 20 aprilie
Autori români

Nicolae Grigorie-Lăcrița


Navsari (en guyaratí: નવસારી ) es una ciudad de la India capital del distrito de Navsari, en el estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 17  a 315 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 137 444 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Navsari


Christopher "Chris" Miller (født 1968) er en amerikansk stemmeskuespiller, animator, filminstruktør, manusforfatter og storyboardartist. Han er mest kendt for sin instruktion af Shrek den Tredje og Den Bestøvlede Kat, samt for at have lagt stemme i filmserien Madagaskar.

Eksterne henvisninger

Animatorer fra USA
Manuskriptforfattere fra USA
Stemmeskuespillere fra USA

Chris Miller


El accidente del Hawker 850 de Sky Lounge Services tuvo lugar el 4 de febrero de 2011, por parte de un avión privado tipo Hawker 850 operado por la aerolínea libanesa, Sky Lounge. El vuelo se iba a efectuar entre el aeropuerto internacional de Solimania en Irak al aeropuerto internacional de Esenboğa en la capital turca, Ankara. El vuelo se encontraba en la carrera de despegue en el aeropuerto internacional de Solimania hasta que a las 17:49 (hora local) el aparato se estrelló. Murieron los siete pasajeros y tripulantes que viajaban a bordo.

Causas
En el informe final se dijo que lo que causó el accidente fue:

 La falla de la tripulación de vuelo para descongelar la aeronave antes del despegue resultó en que la superficie superior de las alas de la aeronave, especialmente el ala derecha, se contaminara con hielo y nieve, lo que llevó a que el ala derecha se detuviera a una velocidad significativamente menor la velocidad de pérdida del ala limpia.
 Había hielo y nieve contaminados en las alas, el elevador y la superficie superior del estabilizador horizontal.
 El piloto tenía prisa y no eliminó estas contaminaciones.

Factores contribuyentes

 El síndrome de prisa llevó al capitán a ignorar el deshielo de la aeronave, a pesar de la evidencia física y la confirmación de la contaminación del hielo por el F/O, ya que estaba enfocando su atención en el deterioro de la visibilidad.
 La falta de asertividad de F/O al insistir en descongelar la aeronave antes del despegue no ayudó al capitán a revisar su decisión.
 La contaminación de nieve y hielo en la parte superior del ala, fuselaje y cola comprometerá las características normales de despegue.
 La advertencia de pérdida no se activó porque la velocidad de pérdida del ala y AOA estaba muy por debajo de la velocidad de pérdida del ala limpia.

Referencias

Accidentes e incidentes aéreos de 2011
Accidentes e incidentes aéreos causados por hielo

Accidente del Hawker 850 de Sky Lounge Services


In physics and probability theory, Mean-field theory (MFT) or Self-consistent field theory studies the behavior of high-dimensional random (stochastic) models by studying a simpler model that approximates the original by averaging over degrees of freedom (the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary). Such models consider many individual components that interact with each other.

The main idea of MFT is to replace all interactions to any one body with an average or effective interaction, sometimes called a molecular field. This reduces any many-body problem into an effective one-body problem. The ease of solving MFT problems means that some insight into the behavior of the system can be obtained at a lower computational cost.

MFT has since been applied to a wide range of fields outside of physics, including statistical inference, graphical models, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, epidemic models, queueing theory, computer-network performance and game theory, as in the quantal response equilibrium.

Origins
The idea first appeared in physics (statistical mechanics) in the work of Pierre Curie and Pierre Weiss to describe phase transitions. MFT has been used in the Bragg–Williams approximation, models on Bethe lattice, Landau theory, Pierre–Weiss approximation, Flory–Huggins solution theory, and Scheutjens–Fleer theory.

Systems with many (sometimes infinite) degrees of freedom are generally hard to solve exactly or compute in closed, analytic form, except for some simple cases (e.g. certain Gaussian random-field theories, the 1D Ising model). Often combinatorial problems arise that make things like computing the partition function of a system difficult. MFT is an approximation method that often makes the original solvable and open to calculation, and in some cases MFT may give very accurate approximations.

In field theory, the Hamiltonian may be expanded in terms of the magnitude of fluctuations around the mean of the field. In this context, MFT can be viewed as the "zeroth-order" expansion of the Hamiltonian in fluctuations.  Physically, this means that an MFT system has no fluctuations, but this coincides with the idea that one is replacing all interactions with a "mean-field".

Quite often, MFT provides a convenient launch point for studying higher-order fluctuations. For example, when computing the partition function, studying the combinatorics of the interaction terms in the Hamiltonian can sometimes at best produce perturbation results or Feynman diagrams that correct the mean-field approximation.

Validity
In general, dimensionality plays an active role in determining whether a mean-field approach will work for any particular problem. There is sometimes a critical dimension above which MFT is valid and below which it is not.

Heuristically, many interactions are replaced in MFT by one effective interaction. So if the field or particle exhibits many random interactions in the original system, they tend to cancel each other out, so the mean effective interaction and MFT will be more accurate. This is true in cases of high dimensionality, when the Hamiltonian includes long-range forces, or when the particles are extended (e.g. polymers). The Ginzburg criterion is the formal expression of how fluctuations render MFT a poor approximation, often depending upon the number of spatial dimensions in the system of interest.

Formal approach (Hamiltonian)
The formal basis for mean-field theory is the Bogoliubov inequality. This inequality states that the free energy of a system with Hamiltonian

has the following upper bound:

where  is the entropy, and  and  are Helmholtz free energies. The average is taken over the equilibrium ensemble of the reference system with Hamiltonian . In the special case that the reference Hamiltonian is that of a non-interacting system and can thus be written as

where  are the degrees of freedom of the individual components of our statistical system (atoms, spins and so forth), one can consider sharpening the upper bound by minimising the right side of the inequality. The minimising reference system is then the "best" approximation to the true system using non-correlated degrees of freedom and is known as the mean field approximation.

For the most common case that the target Hamiltonian contains only pairwise interactions, i.e.,

where  is the set of pairs that interact, the minimising procedure can be carried out formally. Define  as the generalized sum of the observable  over the degrees of freedom of the single component (sum for discrete variables, integrals for continuous ones). The approximating free energy is given by

where  is the probability to find the reference system in the state specified by the variables . This probability is given by the normalized Boltzmann factor

where  is the partition function. Thus

In order to minimise, we take the derivative with respect to the single-degree-of-freedom probabilities  using a Lagrange multiplier to ensure proper normalization. The end result is the set of self-consistency equations

where the mean field is given by

Applications
Mean field theory can be applied to a number of physical systems so as to study phenomena such as phase transitions.

Ising model

Formal derivation
The Bogoliubov inequality, shown above, can be used to find the dynamics of a mean field model of the two-dimensional Ising lattice. A magnetisation function can be calculated from the resultant approximate free energy. The first step is choosing a more tractable approximation of the true Hamiltonian. Using a non-interacting or effective field Hamiltonian,

,

the variational free energy is

By the Bogoliubov inequality, simplifying this quantity and calculating the magnetisation function that minimises the variational free energy yields the best approximation to the actual magnetisation. The minimiser is

which is the ensemble average of spin. This simplifies to

Equating the effective field felt by all spins to a mean spin value relates the variational approach to the suppression of fluctuations. The physical interpretation of the magnetisation function is then a field of mean values for individual spins.

Non-interacting spins approximation
Consider the Ising model on a -dimensional lattice. The Hamiltonian is given by

where the  indicates summation over the pair of nearest neighbors , and  are neighboring Ising spins.

Let us transform our spin variable by introducing the fluctuation from its mean value . We may rewrite the Hamiltonian as

where we define ; this is the fluctuation of the spin.

If we expand the right side, we obtain one term that is entirely dependent on the mean values of the spins and independent of the spin configurations. This is the trivial term, which does not affect the statistical properties of the system. The next term is the one involving the product of the mean value of the spin and the fluctuation value. Finally, the last term involves a product of two fluctuation values.

The mean field approximation consists of neglecting this second-order fluctuation term:

These fluctuations are enhanced at low dimensions, making MFT a better approximation for high dimensions.

Again, the summand can be re-expanded. In addition, we expect that the mean value of each spin is site-independent, since the Ising chain is translationally invariant. This yields

The summation over neighboring spins can be rewritten as , where  means "nearest neighbor of ", and the  prefactor avoids double counting, since each bond participates in two spins. Simplifying leads to the final expression

where  is the coordination number. At this point, the Ising Hamiltonian has been decoupled into a sum of one-body Hamiltonians with an effective mean field , which is the sum of the external field  and of the mean field induced by the neighboring spins. It is worth noting that this mean field directly depends on the number of nearest neighbors and thus on the dimension of the system (for instance, for a hypercubic lattice of dimension , ).

Substituting this Hamiltonian into the partition function and solving the effective 1D problem, we obtain

where  is the number of lattice sites. This is a closed and exact expression for the partition function of the system. We may obtain the free energy of the system and calculate critical exponents. In particular, we can obtain the magnetization  as a function of .

We thus have two equations between  and , allowing us to determine  as a function of temperature. This leads to the following observation:
 For temperatures greater than a certain value , the only solution is . The system is paramagnetic.
 For , there are two non-zero solutions: . The system is ferromagnetic.

 is given by the following relation: .

This shows that MFT can account for the ferromagnetic phase transition.

Application to other systems
Similarly, MFT can be applied to other types of Hamiltonian as in the following cases:
 To study the metal–superconductor transition. In this case, the analog of the magnetization is the superconducting gap .
 The molecular field of a liquid crystal that emerges when the Laplacian of the director field is non-zero.
 To determine the optimal amino acid side chain packing given a fixed protein backbone in protein structure prediction (see Self-consistent mean field (biology)).
 To determine the elastic properties of a composite material.
Variationally minimisation like mean field theory can be also be used in statistical inference.

Extension to time-dependent mean fields

In mean field theory, the mean field appearing in the single-site problem is a time-independent scalar or vector quantity. However, this isn't always the case: in a variant of mean field theory called dynamical mean field theory (DMFT), the mean field becomes a time-dependent quantity. For instance, DMFT can be applied to the Hubbard model to study the metal–Mott-insulator transition.

See also
 Dynamical mean field theory
 Mean field game theory
 Generalized epidemic mean field model

References

Statistical mechanics
Concepts in physics
Electronic structure methods

Mean-field theory


Totoloji üç ana kullanımı vardır:

 Totoloji (mantık), mantıki biçimi nedeniyle her daim doğru olan bir ifade.
 Totoloji (retorik), sözün gereksiz, herhangi bir ek bilgi içermeyen şekilde tekrar kullanımı.
 Truizm, tartışmaya hiçbir şey katmayan çok bariz bir iddia, söylem.

Totoloji


Circle Hits the Flame – Best Off... er det andet opsamlingsalbum af den danske rockgruppe Sort Sol, der udkom den 4. marts 2002 på Mercury Records og Columbia Records. Det indeholder sange fra gruppens fire studiealbum udgivet mellem 1991 og 2002 (Flow My Firetear, Glamourpuss, Unspoiled Monsters, og Snakecharmer). Det indeholder desuden tre nye sange, hvoraf "Holler High" og "Golden Wonder" blev udsendt som singler. Albummets tredje nye sang, "Circle Hits the Flame", er en engelsk version af "...Når solen stikker af", som Sort Sol skrev til radioprogrammet Tværs i 1994.

Albummet opnåede en førsteplads på hitlisten, og blev certificeret platin for 50.000 solgte eksemplarer.

Spor

Kilder

Opsamlingsalbum fra 2002
Sort Sol-album

Circle Hits the Flame – Best Off...


FK Karaorman 23 Haziran 1923 yılında Kuzey Makedonya'nın Struga kentinde kuruldu. Kurulduğundan beri çok fazla başarılara imza atamamalarına rağmen Kuzey Makedonya'nın en çok sevilen, en çok taraftarları olan kulüplerden biri. Karaorman tarihinin büyük bölümünde Kuzey Makedonya'nın İkinci Futbol Ligi'nde oynadı fakat üçüncü ve birinci ligde de oynamıştır. Zaten tarihlerindeki en büyük başarıları birinci lige girmek ve Kuzey Makedonya Kupası yarı finaline kadar çıkmak. Bunların dışında düzenlenen birçok turnuvalarda birinciliği vardır. Karaorman'ın ilk takımının dışında diğer takımları da çok fazla başarılar göstermiştirler.

Kuzey Makedonya'daki futbol kulüpleri
1923'te kurulan futbol kulüpleri

FK Karaorman


An Tillandsia myosura in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach ngan John Gilbert Baker. An Tillandsia myosura in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia myosura


Warum ist das Lemma nicht identisch mit dem beschriebenen Güterwagen, sondern wird auf ein Zeichnungsblatt abgestellt?  --Mef.ellingen (Diskussion) 18:49, 7. Mai 2012 (CEST)

Der Nml PfalzB 02 war ein Güterzugwagen mit Druckluftbremse und Heizleitung mit mehr als 10 t Ladegewicht und einer Ladelänge > 9,9 m. Die Wagen wurden 1902 zusammen mit 50 Stück für die Königlich Bayerischen Staatsbahnen beschafft. Mit dem Übergang auf die DRG wurden die Wagen als Gl in den Gattungsbezirk Dresden eingereiht.

Konstruktive Merkmale

Untergestell
Rahmen: komplett aus Walzprofilen zusammengenietet. Die äußeren Längsträger hatten einen U-förmigen Querschnitt. Lange, seitliche Laufbretter für den Einsatz in Personenzügen

Zugeinrichtung: Schraubenkupplungen, die Zugstange war durchgehend und mittig gefedert.

Stoßeinrichtung: Die ursprünglichen Stangenpuffer wurden später durch Hülsenpuffer ersetzt.

Laufwerk: Fachwerkachshalter aus Flacheisen, lange, gekröpfte Bauform, Gleitachslager und Radsätze mit Speichenradkörper, die mittlere Achse ist seitlich verschiebbar, die äußeren Achsen sind Vereinslenkachsen.

Bremse: Druckluftbremse System Schleifer, Handbremse im hochgesetzten Bremserhaus.

Wagenkasten
Rohbau: eisernes Wagenkastengerippe aus U- und L-Profilen, außen mit waagerechten Nut- und Federbrettern verkleidet. Innenraum diagonal mit Holzbrettern verkleidet. Flaches Dach, hochgesetztes Bremserhaus, beidseitig zugänglich, mit hoch gewölbtem Dach. Kein Übergang an den Stirnseiten.

Heizung: Die Fahrzeuge verfügten über eine Heizleitung.

Ladeöffnung: je Wagenseite eine Ladeöffnung, lichte Breite 1500 mm, lichte Höhe 2000 mm, verschlossen mit hölzerner Schiebetüre, auf Rollen stehend und durch eine Kopfstange geführt

Lüftung: je Fahrzeugseite vier Lüftungsgitter, von Innen mit Klappen verschließbar.

Literatur

Güterwagen (Deutschland)
Verkehr (Pfalz)
Bayerische Staatseisenbahnen

PfalzB Blatt G109


فروكتوزامين  (بالإنجليزية:Fructosamine) هو المُركَّب الذي يمكن اعتباره نتيجة رد فعل بين سكر الفواكه (الفركتوز) والأمونيا أو أمين (مع وجود جزيء من الماء تم إطلاق سراحه). فروكتوزامين أ عندما شكلت أيضا الكربونيل (Carbonyl) مجموعة من الجلوكوز تتفاعل مع المجموعة الأمينيه للبروتين، مثل الرابطة التساهمية لتنتقل من الأكسجين نهاية ذرة الكربون إلى المرحلة التالية بينما يتم الإفراج عن ذرة الكربون والماء. الفروكتوزامين تكونت من البروتينات في الدم مثل زلال المصل, وهي المعروفة باسم بروتين مصل غلايكاتد (نظام الأفضليات المعمم) أو زلال غلايكاتد (Glycated Albumin)، وتستخدم لتحديد تركيز البلازما والجلوكوز في الدم على مر الزمن وحتى أيضاً لتقييم مرضى السكري.

مراجع

تشخيص بيطري
سكري
سكريات أحادية
فحوصات الدم
منتجات نهائية متقدمة للغلوزة
هيكسوزامين

فروكتوزامين


Allisson Beserra Bacelar (Teresina-PI, 31 de março de 1983) é um jornalista piauiense, notório por seu trabalho junto à CCOM (Coordenadoria de Comunicação) do Estado do Piauí.

Bacelar é co-autor do livro, "Advogados do Piauí - Seleção de Ouro", considerado  pioneiro na área de guias de advogados no Piauí, mas que causou polêmica à época de sua publicação com a acusação de "ferir o código de ética da OAB/PI, que deixa clara a proibição de propaganda por parte dos advogados". Para o presidente da OAB-PI, Sigifroi Moreno, porém, não se pode considerar que o livro infringiu nenhum código de ética, uma vez que ele "não tem finalidade de comércio" mas sim "de retratar historicamente alguns advogados".

Em 2012, Bacelar foi o idealizador da exposição "Os Empreendedores", que homenageou 30 personalidades do empreendedorismo piauiense.

Livros
 2012 – Advogados do Piauí - Seleção de Ouro (co-autoria com Dina Magalhães)
 2016 – Líderes em ação (editorial)

Honrarias
 2017 – Ordem do Mérito Renascença do Piauí
 2019 – Medalha do Mérito Militar do Comando Geral da PM do Piauí
 2022 – Placa-homenagem da Junta Comercial do Piauí (Jucepi) pela "contribuição para o desenvolvimento econômico do estado".

Jornalistas do Piauí

Allison Bacelar


Johan Michael Keyser (født 15. januar 1749 på Bragernæs, død 1. december 1810 i Kristiansand) var en norsk biskop. Han  var far til universitetshistorikeren Fredrik Wilhelm Keyser, historikeren Rudolf Keyser og teologen Christian Nicolai Keyser, samt onkel til fysikeren og kemikeren Jens Jacob Keyser.

Faderen, Christen Nielsen, var købmand, moderen, Anne Rosine, født Keyser (død 1754), var datter af en vinhandler fra Frankfurt. Da han tidlig blev forældreløs, kom han i huset til mormoderen, der satte ham i skole hos præsten Peder Hesselberg, en fremtrædende repræsentant for den herrnhutiske retning i Norge. I 1763 blev han sendt til Frederiksborg Skole, hvorfra han dimitteredes 1765, og fik examen philosophicum 1766. Fattigdom nødede ham til at drage hjem til Norge som Huslærer, og først efter 2 1/2 år kunne han atter drage til København, hvor informationer atter optog hans tid. 5 år havde han været huslærer hos møntdirektør Knoph, da han fik tilbud om at ledsage 2 unge grever Wedel fra Ostfriesland til Halle. Sygdom og vanskeligheden ved at styre de unge grevers økonomi nødede ham snart til at vende tilbage til København, hvor han 1777 fik attestats. Hjemkommen til Norge vandt han snart biskop Schmidts yndest og blev ved hans anbefaling 1777 residerende kapellan til Ullensaker, hvor han forblev til 1791, da han blev sognepræst til Oslo og Tugthuset. Her havde han den smerte, at Oslo Hospital med kirken brændte 1794, hvorpå han flyttede ind til Kristiania, hvor han året efter blev udnævnt til slotspræst og sognepræst til Aker. Her fik han efter plan af den residerende kapellan Peder Juul (1804) i stand en bedre ordning af fattigvæsenet, hvorved indtægterne forøgedes, og – som hans eftermand Pavels siger – sognet bebyrdedes med mange indstrømmende fattiglemmer. Færdig med dette ville han begynde på en forbedret ordning af skolevæsenet, da han 12. juli 1805 uventet blev kaldet til Kristiansands bispestol. Han var en mild, sagtmodig, gennempastoral personlighed, der vandt hjerterne overalt. Som prædikant fik han af sin biskop 1777 det vidnesbyrd, at de enfoldige kunde forstå ham, og de lærde kededes ikke ved at høre ham. I de prædikener fra hans senere år, der findes, ses han at have lagt sig efter det moraliserende foredrag, hvori han uden at afvige fra kristendommens grundsandheder stundum optager rationalistiske talemåder. Som biskop var han den hele tid så sygelig, at han kun lidet fik udrettet.

Kilder

Biskopper fra Norge
Nordmænd i 1700-tallet
Nordmænd i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Drammen

Johan Michael Keyser


Os Campeonatos Mundiais de Ginástica Estética de Grupo são os campeonatos mundiais para o esporte de ginástica estética de grupo. A Ginástica Estética de Grupo é uma disciplina atualmente não reconhecida pela Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Os Campeonatos Mundiais são organizados anualmente desde 2000 pela Federação Internacional de Ginástica Estética de Grupo (IFAGG).

Categorias
Os Campeonatos Mundiais são organizados todos os anos paras as categorias Juvenil e Sênior ao mesmo tempo. Cada ginasta pode competir em apenas uma das seguintes categorias:

 Campeonato Mundial Juvenil
 Campeonato Mundial Sênior
 Troféu IFAGG Misto Juvenil
 Troféu IFAGG Sênior Misto
 Troféu IFAGG Programa Curto Juvenil
 Troféu IFAGG Programa Curto Sênior
 Troféu IFAGG Programa Curto Misto Juvenil
 Troféu IFAGG Programa Curto Misto Sênior

Nota As equipes mistas são constituídas por ginastas femininas com pelo menos um ginasta masculino.

Edições

Medalhistas

Sênior

Juvenil
Nota: O primeiro evento do Campeonato Mundial Juvenil foi realizado em 2005.

Quadro de medalhas
2000-2022
 Última atualização após o Campeonato Mundial de Ginástica Estética de Grupo de 2022

Competição de equipes

Sênior
Nota: A cerimônia de premiação do ranking de países é organizada desde 2011.

Juvenil

Quadro de medalhas
2000-2019
 Última atualização após o Campeonato Mundial de Ginástica Estética de Grupo de 2019

Ligações externas
 Federação Internacional de Ginástica de Grupo Estética

Referências

Mundial


An Cynorkis debilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Cynorkis debilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cynorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cynorkis

Cynorkis debilis


Someshwar es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Udupi, estado de Karnataka.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 130  a 371 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 26 292 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Someshwar


Zhe may refer to:

 Zhe (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet
 Zhe, a proposed gender-neutral pronoun (with: zhim, zhers, zhimself)
 Maclura tridiydcuspidata (or zhè), a tree native to East Asia
 Že, a letter of the Perso-Arabic alphabet
 Zhejiang, a province of China
 Qiantang River, the river after which Zhejiang Province was named
Schools
 Zhe school (guqin), a school of musicians for the guqin
 Zhe school (painting), painters of Southern School, which thrived during Ming dynasty of China
People
 Viceroy of Min-Zhe, title of government official of China
 Su Zhe (1039-1112), a politician and essayist from Meishan, China
 Zou Zhe (1636-c.1708), noted Chinese painter during Qing Dynasty
 Jiao Zhe, a Chinese footballer
 Feng Zhe (1987- ), a male Chinese gymnast
 Chen Zhe (1993- ), a professional snooker player from Shanxi, China
 Li Zhe (disambiguation), various people
 Shi Zhe (1905-1998), a Chinese interpreter
 Song Zhe, a diplomat, ambassador of the People's Republic of China

Zhe


Leonhard Gall ne le 24 août 1884 à Munich et mort le 20 janvier 1952 dans la même ville, est un architecte allemand connu pour ses réalisations pour le Troisième Reich.

Biographie
Il devient membre du NSDAP en 1932 .

En tant qu'assistant en chef du bureau munichois de l'architecte allemand Paul Troost, il a notamment participé à la conception de la chancellerie de Munich. Il sera également son assistant sur l'un des premiers grands projets architecturaux du Troisième Reich, la Maison de l'art allemand. Après la mort de Troost en 1934, c'est Leonard Gall qui prit en charge le projet aux côtés de la veuve de Troost, Gerty.

Il fait partie de la liste Gottbegnadeten (en français, la liste de ceux « qui bénéficient de la grâce de Dieu ») liste établie par le ministère du Reich à l'Éducation du peuple et à la Propagande et par Adolf Hitler en 1944 pour désigner les artistes les plus importants du régime nazi. Gall est assez apprécié du Führer pour faire partie des 24 membres de la liste d'exception (Sonderliste), considérés comme « irremplaçables » (unersetzlich).

Il est également co-rédacteur en chef du journal

En 1943, Gall devient vice-président de la chambre des beaux-arts du Reich et administrateur de la  fondation initiée par Joseph Goebbels et destinée à soutenir financièrement les artistes nécessiteux .

Réalisations

 Führerbau ( Maxvorstadt, Munich.)  Les premiers plans sont réalisés par Paul Troost en 1931. Le bâtiment sera achevé par Gall en 1937, trois ans après la mort de Troost.
 Berghof (Obersalzberg)  Il réalise en collaboration avec Gerdy Troost le design d'intérieur.

Articles connexes
 Architecture nazie
 Paul Troost
 Liste Gottbegnadeten

Notes et références

Nazisme dans l'art et la culture
Personnalité du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands
Architecture nazie
Artiste du Troisième Reich
Naissance en août 1884
Naissance à Munich
Naissance dans le royaume de Bavière
Décès en janvier 1952
Décès à Munich
Décès à 67 ans

Leonhard Gall


Stephen Buckley, né le  à Leicester, est un peintre et graveur britannique.

Biographie
Stephen Buckley naît le  à Leicester.

Il étudie au département des beaux-arts de l'université de Newcastle de 1962 à 1967 et à l'université de Reading de 1967 à 1969. Il reçoit un prix à Manchester en 1968. Il enseigne au Canterbury College of Art en 1969, au Chelsea College of Art en 1970 et au Leeds College of Art en 1970-1971. En 1972-1973, il est artiste en résidence au King's College de Cambridge.

Expositions
 1966, Durham University.
 1975, Jacomo-Santiver, Paris.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1944
Naissance à Leicester
Peintre britannique du XXe siècle
Peintre britannique du XXIe siècle
Graveur britannique du XXe siècle
Graveur britannique du XXIe siècle

Stephen Buckley


A solas con Chayanne es el nombre del segundo álbum en vivo del cantante puertorriqueño Chayanne. Fue lanzado al mercado por Sony Music Latin el 7 de febrero de 2012. Fue grabado durante un concierto en el Auditorio Nacional en la ciudad de México D.F., México como parte de su gira No hay imposibles.

Al igual que su álbum anterior en vivo, Vivo (2008), el álbum fue lanzado en formato CD y DVD. También es el primer Blu-ray Disc lanzado por Chayanne. A solo tres días de su lanzamiento alcanzó a ser disco de oro en Venezuela.

Contiene una versión reinterpretado en vivo de Amorcito corazón, originalmente popularizado por el cantante mexicano Pedro Infante y fue lanzado como sencillo para la promoción del álbum.

Lista de canciones

Versión CD

Versión DVD y Blu-ray Disc

Álbumes de 2012
Álbumes en vivo de Chayanne
Álbumes en vivo de 2012
Álbumes de pop
Álbumes en español

A solas con Chayanne


L'Amour steht für folgende Bedeutungen:

 L'Amour, ein Familienname – zu Namensträgern siehe dort
 L'Amour (1973), amerikanischer Spielfilm von Paul Morrissey und Andy Warhol
 L'Amour (1990), französische Tragikomödie von Philippe Faucon
 L'Amour (2000), deutsch-schweizerisch-französisches Filmdrama von Philip Gröning
 L'Amour (Album), Musikalbum des kanadischen Singer-Songwriters Lewis (1983)

L’Amour


Vlkovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Kežmarok din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 480 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Vlkovce este atestată documentar din 1268.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vlkovce