الشرود الذهني أو التشتت الذهني،  هو فقدان الإحساس بالمكان، والزمان. ومن الطبيعي أن تمر على الإنسان لحظات من السرحان، والشرود في الذهن، ولكن يزداد الأمر عن حده عند بعض الأشخاص، ليصبح «الشرود الذهني» شيء يلازمهم في كثير من الأوقات. وفي هذه الحالة، يجب البحث وراء الأسباب المسببة لذلك للتخلص منها. بالإضافة لذلك يعد الشرود بالذهن إحدى السمات الإنسانية الفريدة فهو عبارة عن فترات يتحول فيها انتباه الإنسان عن المهمة الحالية للتركيز على أفكار ليست لها علاقة بالمهمة.

الإيجابيات
إن الإنسان يقضي معظم وقت الشرود الذهني في وضع مخطط للمستقبل بدلا من من أن يقضيه في تخيل مواقف غير واقعية. فهو يعد استغلالاً جيداً للوقت لأنه يتيح لنا إجراء مهامنا اليومية بكفاءة مثل: إنهاء الواجبات المنزلية وممارسة كرة القدم. مما يزيد قدرة الإنسان حل المشكلات بطريقة إبداعية.

السلبيات
تسبب كثرة الشرود الذهني والسرحان في الإصابة بمشكلات نفسية وصحية كما يؤثر على الحياة بشكل عام ويؤدي إلى انخفاض الأداء في العمل والتقصير في المهام المختلفة التي يجب القيام بها وبالتالي قلة الإنتاج ووجود أزمات على المستوى المهني.

المقاييس العلمية
قد بحثوا العلماء عن الشرود الذهني ووصلوا إلى عدة طرق مثل إجراء  التجارب على بعض المتطوعين الذين جاءوا للدراسة حيثُ كان على المُشاركين تسجيل معلومات عن حالتهم بفترات عشوائية عند ممارسة حياتهم اليومية أو العملية وكجزء من التجربة، على المشاركين أن يسألوا أنفسهم بما كانوا يفكروا فيه في هذه اللحظة: هل كنت أنتبه للمهمة الحالية؟ أم كنت شارد الذهن؟.

أعراض الشرود الذهني

المراجع

استعراف
اضطراب نقص الانتباه مع فرط النشاط
انتباه
إحساس
تخيل
دراسات الوعي

شرود ذهني


Pistruii sunt ciorchini de celule concentrate de melanină care se văd foarte ușor la persoanele cu ten potrivit. Pistruii nu au un număr ridicat de celule producătoare de melanină sau melanocite, în schimb au melanocite care produc în exces granule de melanină (melanozomi) modificând culoarea celulelor din exteriorul pielii (keratinocite). Astfel, pistruii sunt diferiți de discromiile cutanate (lentigo) și alunițe.

Biologie
Apariția pistruilor este produsă de expunerea la lumina solară. Expunerea la radiația UV-B activează melanocitele crescând producția de melanină, ceea ce poate conduce la închiderea culorii pistruilor, aceștia devenind mai vizibili. Acest lucru înseamnă că pistruii pot apărea brusc după expunere prelungită la lumina solară, chiar dacă nu au existat înainte.

Pistruii predomină pe față, deși pot apărea pe orice porțiune de piele expusă la soare, precum brațe sau umeri. Concentrațiile mari de melanină pot conduce la înmulțirea pistruilor care pot acoperi o zonă întreagă a pielii, așa cum este fața. Pistruii sunt rari la sugari, și apar de obicei la copii înainte de pubertate.
După expunerea la soare fără protecție, pistruii vor reapărea dacă au fost îndepărtați cu creme sau laser, dar se estompează odată cu înaintarea în vârstă, în unele cazuri.

Pistruii nu sunt o boală a pielii, dar pistruiații au în general o concentrație mai mică de melanină foto-protectoare și sunt mai susceptibili la efectele negative ale radiației ultraviolete. Se recomandă ca persoanele a căror piele are tendință de pistruiere să evite expunerea la soare în exces și să folosească creme de protecție solară.

Genetică

Prezența pistruilor este legată de alele rare ale genei MC1R (receptorul melanocortinei 1), deși prezența uneia sau chiar a două copii ale acestei gene nu deosebește dacă o persoană va avea pistrui sau nu. De asemenea, persoanele fără o copie a MC1R au câteodată pistrui. Chiar și așa, persoanele cu un număr mare de zone cu pistrui au una sau mai multe variante ale genei MC1R. Dintre aceste variante, Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, și Asp294His sunt cele mai întâlnite la pistruiați. Gena MC1R este asociată și cu părul roșu, mai mult decât cu pistruii. Majoritatea roșcaților au două variante ale genei MC1R și aproape toți au una. Variantele care produc părul roșu sunt aceleași care produc și pistruii. Pistruii se pot găsi și în zone precum Japonia, în care părul roșu nu se găsește. Aceste persoane au varianta Val92Met care se găsește și la albi (caucazieni), deși are efecte minore asupra pigmentării acestora. Implicarea alelei R162Q în pistruiere este disputată.

Variantele genei MC1R care sunt corelate cu pistruii au început să apară în genotipul uman atunci când oamenii au început să plece din Africa. Varianta Val92Met a apărut acum 250.000-100.000 de ani, timp suficient ca această genă să fie transportată de oameni în Asia centrală. Se estimează că Arg160Trp ar fi apărut în urmă cu 80.000 de ani, iar Arg151Cys și Asp294His în urmă cu 30.000 de ani. Există o largă variație a genei MC1R la persoanele cu descendență europeană, datorită lipsei presiunilor puternice de mediu asupra genei. Alela originală a MC1R a codificat pielea neagră, cu conținut ridicat de melanină în celule. Conținutul ridicat de melanină este protector față de expunerea la soare, în zonele cu expunere mare la lumină UV. Nevoia s-a redus pe măsură ce oamenii s-au mutat la latitudini mai mari unde lumina solară are un conținut UV mai redus. Adaptarea pielii mai deschise este necesară pentru ca persoanele de la latitudini mai mari să mai poată absorbi UV suficient pentru producerea vitaminei D. Pistruiații tind să se bronzeze mai puțin și au pielea foarte deschisă, ceea ce ar fi ajutat persoanele care au exprimat aceste gene să absoarbă vitamina D.

Tipuri
Efelidele înseamnă pistrui care sunt plați și maro deschis sau roșii și se estompează după reducerea expunerii la soare. Efelidele sunt mai întâlnite la cei cu ten deschis, dar se găsesc și la persoane cu diverse culori ale pielii. Folosirea cremei de protecție solară poate inhiba apariția acestora.

Petele de la ficat (cunoscute și ca pete de la soare sau lentigo senilis) au aspectul unor pistrui mari, dar apar după mulți ani de expunere la soare. Acestea sunt mai obisnuite sa apara la oamenii în vârstă.

Vezi și
Alunițe

Note

Medicină

Pistrui


George Dimitriou Seremetis (griego: Γεώργιος Σερεμέτης) (* Skamnia Elassonas, 1879 - 1950) fue un destacado abogado griego y Nazi-alcalde de Salónica durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Seremetis nació en 1879 en Skamnia Elassonas, bajo el dominio del Imperio Otomano.  Al poco tiempo de su nacimiento, la ciudad de Larissa fue liberada y su familia se trasladó allí. En 1897, George Seremetis empezó sus estudios en la escuela de Leyes de la Universidad de Atenas. Se graduó en 1902, ejerciendo su profesión en Larissa durante diez años.

Se trasladó a Salónica en 1913 cuando la ciudad se liberó del dominio otomano. Entre 1914 y 1922, participó en la administración de la Asociación Colegio de abogados de Salónica y entre 1922 y 1926 fue su secretario general. En 1922, Seremetis contrajo matrimonio con Calliope Tatti con quien tuvo dos hijos.

De 1926 a 1945, fue elegido presidente del Colegio de abogados de Salónica por alta mayoría.

Falleció en 1950 de un ataque al corazón.

Referencias
 Armenopoulos, p. 47 of 1993

Enlaces externos

Abogados de Grecia
Alcaldes de Salónica
Nazis

George Seremetis


Ašot II. od Taoa (gruz. აშოტ II; umro 25. siječnja 954.), iz dinastije Bagrationi, bio je gruzijski knez Tao-Klardžetije s bizantskim naslovom kuropalata.

Ašot je bio drugi sin Adarnaza I., kralja Iberije/Kartlije i mlađi brat Davida II. (vladao 923. – 937.) David je naslijedio Adarnaza kao naslovnog kralja Iberije, ali ne i kao kuropalat, jer je bizantski car ovu počasti dao Ašotu. Izvorni Ašotov posjed bilo je vojvodstvo Donji Tao, a Gornji Tao je stekao smrću Gurgena II. 941. godine.  Oko 952. godine, od cara je primio armenski kanton Basiani. Zahvaljujući naslovu kuropalata, Ašot je konkurirao utjecaju i prestižu starijeg brata Davida II., kralja Iberije.

Tijekom Ašotova mandata, Giorgi Merčule sastavio je Život Grgura Handztelija. Aktivno je podržavao razvoj redovništva u Tao-Klardžetiji i obnovio glavnu crkvu samostana u Opizi. Umro je bez nasljednika, a njegove zemlje i naslovi prešli su u ruke njegovog brata kralja Sumbata I. Godina njegove smrti, 954., koju je naveo srednjovjekovni kroničar Sumbat, potvrđena je gruzijskim natpisom pronađenim u povijesnom selu Merenesi u današnjem distriktu Şenkaya u Turskoj 2017. godine.

Prema povjesničaru umjetnosti Vahtangu Džobadzeu, bareljef iz Opize, koji je u Gruziju dopremljen krajem Prvog svjetskog rata i koji je sada izložen u Državnom muzeju likovnih umjetnosti u Tbilisiju, ne predstavlja Ašota I. Kutopalata (umro 830.) i biblijskog kralja Davida, kako se nekad pretpostavljalo, nego obnovitelje samostana iz 10. stoljeća, Ašota II. i Davida II.

Izvori

Gruzijski vladari
Bagrationi

Ašot II. od Taoa


تادّارت جماعة قروية وقرية مغربية شمال شرق المملكة، تنتمي إلى إقليم جرسيف، شرقي مدينة فاس، تضم بلدة تادّارت 20.474 نسمة (إحصاء 2004). وبلغ تعداد سكانها 22138 نسمة حسب إحصاء 2014.

دواوير الجماعة
 حرشة لكار
 دوار علي اوحسين
 دوار قهوة الغالية
 دوار البعير
 دوار المسيرة

مصادر
 معطيات تقنية عن الجماعة القروية تادارت

جماعات قروية في الجهة الشرقية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم جرسيف
جماعات قروية في المغرب

تادرت


Brestanjevke (bršljanovke; lat. Araliaceae), biljna porodica iz reda Apiales (Celerolike) koja svoje ime nosi po rodu aralija ili brestanj (Aralia) kojemu pripada zasada 74 priznate vrste trajnica, polugrmova, grmova i drveća. Porodici brestanjevki pripadaju dvije potporodice sa 1714 vrsta

Ostali značajni predstavnici su Hedera (bršljan), Panax (panaks), Pseudopanax (Pseudopanaks), Tetrapanax (Tetrapanaks), Eleutherococcus (eleterokokus), Fatsia (fatsija), Kalopanax (Kalopanaks), Neopanax (Nejopanaks), Oplopanax (Oplopanaks).

U porodici brestanjevki znatan je broj ugroženih vrsta, a najviše u rodu Schefflera (šeflera), čak 22, dok je Schefflera actinophylla njezina jedina invazivna vrsta. Ovo drvo raste u tropskim predjelima Australije, Nove Gvineje i Jave, a poznato je pod eng. nazivom Queensland umbrella tree i octopus tree.

Aralija ili brestanj često se uzgaja kao sobna i parkovna ukrasna biljka.

Potporodice i rodovi

 Subfamilia Hydrocotyloideae Burmeist.
 Trachymene Rudge (67 spp.)
 Hydrocotyle L. (183 spp.)
 Subfamilia Aralioideae Eaton
 Tribus Cussonieae Seem.
 Cussonia Thunb. (20 spp.)
 Tribus Aralieae Rchb.
 Harmsiopanax Warb. (3 spp.)
 Cephalaralia Harms (1 sp.)
 Aralia L. (76 spp.)
 Motherwellia F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Panaceae Hook. fil.
 Fatsia Decne. & Planch. (3 spp.)
 Plerandra A. Gray (34 spp.)
 Neocussonia Hutch. (16 spp.)
 Astropanax Seem. (14 spp.)
 Crepinella Marchal (32 spp.)
 Frodinia Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (2 spp.)
 Didymopanax Decne. & Planch. (37 spp.)
 Sciodaphyllum P. Browne (147 spp.)
 Schefflera J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (17 spp.)
 Schefflera s. lat. (12 spp.)
 Heptapleurum Gaertn. (318 spp.)
 Oplopanax (Torr. & A. Gray) Miq. (3 spp.)
 Seemannaralia R. Vig. (1 sp.)
 Tetrapanax (K. Koch) K. Koch & Fintelm. (1 sp.)
 Merrilliopanax H. L. Li (3 spp.)
 Gamblea C. B. Clarke (4 spp.)
 Woodburnia Prain (1 sp.)
 Trevesia Vis. (10 spp.)
 Dendropanax Decne. & Planch. (95 spp.)
 Kalopanax Miq. (1 sp.)
 Osmoxylon Miq. (62 spp.)
 Sinopanax H. L. Li (1 sp.)
 Meryta J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (34 spp.)
 Polyscias J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (184 spp.)
 Anakasia Philipson (1 sp.)
 Raukaua Seem. (6 spp.)
 Pseudopanax K. Koch (12 spp.)
 Astrotricha DC. (20 spp.)
 Panax L. (12 spp.)
 Nanopanax A. Haines (1 sp.)
 Cheirodendron Nutt. ex Seem. (6 spp.)
 Chengiopanax C. B. Shang & J. Y. Huang (2 spp.)
 Eleutherococcus Maxim. (35 spp.)
 Tribus Hedereae Dumort.
 Hedera L. (15 spp.)
 Cephalopanax G. M. Plunkett, Lowry & D. A. Neill (2 spp.)
 Oreopanax Decne. & Planch. (146 spp.)
 Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. (44 spp.)
 Macropanax Miq. (17 spp.)
 Metapanax J. Wen & Frodin (2 spp.)
 Heteropanax Seem. (10 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Porodice celerolikih
Biljne porodice

Brestanjevke


Cable (Nathan Christopher Charles Summers) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with X-Force and the X-Men. The child Nathan first appeared as a newborn infant in The Uncanny X-Men #201 (Jan. 1986) created by writer Chris Claremont and penciler Rick Leonardi, while the adult warrior Cable was created by writer Louise Simonson and artist/co-writer Rob Liefeld, and first appeared in The New Mutants #87 (March 1990). Initially, Cable's origin was undecided and he was assumed to be a separate character. It was later decided that he was actually an older version of the child Nathan, having later become a time traveler.

Nathan Summers is the son of the X-Men member Cyclops (Scott Summers) and his first wife Madelyne Pryor (Jean Grey's clone). This makes him the "half"-brother of Rachel Summers (a child of Scott and Jean from the "Days of Future Past" timeline) and Nate Grey (a child created from Scott and Jean's DNA from the timeline of the "Age of Apocalypse" storyline). The mutant terrorist Stryfe is a clone of Cable and one of his deadliest enemies. Cable is also the adoptive father of Hope Summers.

Born in the present-day, Nathan was infected with a deadly techno-organic virus while still an infant. He was sent into a possible future timeline where he could be treated and live his life. In this future world, Nathan grew into the warrior Cable and became an enemy of the villain Apocalypse. He later returned to the present-day era, initially arriving some years before his own birth. Since making his home in the modern era, he has worked alongside the X-Men (including Cyclops and Jean Grey) and reformed the New Mutants group into the original X-Force. He had frequent battles against the near-invincible assassin Deadpool, who later became an on-again, off-again ally for years. In the 2018 Extermination mini-series, Cable was killed and replaced by a younger, time-displaced version of himself who decided that the older one was ineffective in his crusade. This younger Cable (sometimes called "Kid Cable") operated until 2021, when the original, older iteration was revived.

Cable was a recurring character in X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–1997), voiced by Lawrence Bayne, introducing him to a wider audience. The character made his live-action cinematic debut in Deadpool 2 (2018), portrayed by Josh Brolin.

Publication history

Creation

Nathan Christopher Charles Summers is the son of Scott Summers (aka Cyclops), and Madelyne Pryor (who was later revealed in the "Inferno" storyline to be a clone of Jean Grey). Writer Chris Claremont, who had written the series since issue #94 (Aug. 1975), revealed Madelyne to be pregnant in X-Men/Alpha Flight #1 (Dec. 1985). The next depiction of her pregnancy was in The Uncanny X-Men #200, when she goes into premature labor. In the following issue, #201 (Jan. 1986), Nathan first appears as a newborn infant.

The character's first appearance as the adult warrior Cable was at the end of The New Mutants #86 (Feb. 1990). He does not appear anywhere in the issue's story except for the "next issue" teaser. This was followed by a full appearance in The New Mutants #87 (March 1990). At first, Cable was not intended to be the adult version of Nathan Summers, but was created as a result of unrelated editorial concerns. Editor Bob Harras wanted to "shake things up" for the book, and felt a new leader was needed, a sharp contrast from the group's founder and first mentor, Professor X. The book's writer, Louise Simonson, thought a military leader would be a good idea, and Harras tasked the book's artist, Rob Liefeld, to conceptualize the character. Harras may also have suggested the character's bionic eye. Both Simonson and Liefeld each separately conceived of the leader being a mysterious time traveler from the future. Liefeld chose the name Cable for the character. Liefeld explains the creation of the character:

Harras and writer/artists Jim Lee and Whilce Portacio, who were writing the X-Men spinoff X-Factor that starred Cyclops and the other four original X-Men, decided that Nathan would be sent into the future and grow up to become Cable. Liefeld, who conceived that Cable and his archenemy Stryfe were one and the same, disliked this idea. (Eventually Stryfe was revealed to be a clone of Cable.) In the 1991 X-Factor storyline, Nathan is infected by the villain Apocalypse with a techno-organic virus. Because he can only be saved by the technology of the far-future, Scott reluctantly allows Sister Askani, a member of a clan of warriors dedicated to opposing Apocalypse, to take Nathan into the future so that he can be cured, a one-way trip from which she tells him she and Nathan will be unable to return.

New Mutants and X-Force
In his first adult appearance, Cable is seen in conflict with Stryfe's Mutant Liberation Front, the United States government, and Freedom Force. The New Mutants intervene and he asks for their help against the Mutant Liberation Front. Cable sees them as potential soldiers in his war against Stryfe, and becomes their new teacher and leader. He comes into conflict with Wolverine, who is revealed to harbor a feud with Cable. Despite this, the two warriors and the New Mutants team up against the MLF. Cable also leads the New Mutants against Cameron Hodge and the Genoshans in the 1990 "X-Tinction Agenda" storyline.

With the aid of Domino, Cable reorganizes the New Mutants into X-Force. The New Mutants ended with issue #100, with Cable and other characters then appearing the following month in X-Force #1. The X-Force series provided further detail for the character's back story revealing that he was from the future and that he had traveled to the past with the aim of stopping Stryfe's plans as well as preventing Apocalypse's rise to power. Cable traveled between the 1990s and his future with his ship Graymalkin, which contained a sentient computer program called Professor, the future version of the program built into X-Factor's Ship.

In 1992, the character starred in a two issue miniseries, Cable: Blood and Metal, written by Fabian Nicieza, pencilled by John Romita, Jr., and inked by Dan Green, published in October and November of that year. The series explored Cable and the villain Stryfe's ongoing battle with one another, and its effect on Cable's supporting cast.

Cable vol. 1, Soldier X and Major X

Shortly after Blood and Metal, Cable was given his own ongoing series titled Cable. Issue #6 (Dec. 1993) confirmed the character to be Nathan Christopher Summers, the son of Cyclops (Scott Summers) and Madelyne Pryor (Jean Grey's clone) who had been taken to the future in X-Factor #68 (July 1991), introduced by writer Chris Claremont, and appeared in Uncanny X-Men #201 (Jan. 1986). The series ran for 107 issues from May 1993 until September 2002 before being relaunched as Soldier X, which lasted 12 more issues until Aug. 2003.

The 1994 miniseries The Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix provided further information on the character's back story. In the future, Mother Askani, a time-displaced Rachel Summers, pulled the minds of Scott and Jean into the future where, as "Slym" and "Redd", they raised Cable for twelve years. During their time together, the "family" prevented Apocalypse from transferring his essence into a new body, ending his reign of terror. It is furthermore established that Mister Sinister created Cyclops' son Nathan (who became the time-traveling soldier Cable) to destroy Apocalypse.

The 2019 miniseries Major X further revealed that at some point in a possible future, where mutants live together in a Utopian society called the X-Istence, Cable has fathered a son named Alexander Nathaniel Summers. Wearing a red-and-black costume that completely covers him from head-to-toe, Alexander under the Major X alias, traveled to the past in search of Cable with the hope he can help save his reality from fading away.

Cable & Deadpool, Cable vol. 2

After his solo series ended, Cable was paired with the mercenary Deadpool in a new ongoing series titled Cable & Deadpool. The series largely dealt with Cable's efforts to change the world for the better, including turning his old spaceship Greymalkin into the floating utopian island of Providence. The first story arc of the series features a Cable who has learned to suppress his techno-organic virus to a nearly effortless degree, allowing him to access the better part of his vast psionic powers. He gains a power level similar to his Nate Grey counterpart from The Age of Apocalypse reality and tries to use them to force the people of the world to live in peace.

Avengers: X-Sanction
On July 27, 2011, Marvel announced at the San Diego Comic Con the return of Cable. The new project, originally titled as "Cable Reborn", was re-titled as Avengers: X-Sanction, written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Ed McGuinness. The miniseries served as a lead-in to the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline beginning in April 2012.

Cable and X-Force
Cable's next appearance was in a new series, Cable and X-Force by writer Dennis Hopeless and artist Salvador Larroca.  The series debuted in December 2012 and features Cable and a new fugitive team, unofficially referred to by the Marvel Universe media as the new "X-Force". This version of X-Force initially consists of Cable, Colossus, Doctor Nemesis, Domino, and Forge. This series focuses on eliminating disasters based on mysterious visions that Cable is receiving, resorting to occasionally more brutal methods than the prime X-teams would use. After the events of "Avengers X-Sanction" Cable is forced to wear an eye patch and an advanced harness for his non-functioning left arm that was created by Forge. Although Hope healed his arm, it is useless because it is not his original arm as it has been destroyed a few times, notably in his battles with Silver Surfer and Bastion.

X-Force
Continuing from Cable and X-Force Cable puts together a new X-Force team with Psylocke, Dr. Nemesis, Fantomex, Marrow and new recruit MeMe to track down and deal with mutant threats using lethal force. The story is written by X-Men: Legacy writer Simon Spurrier. Cable is infected with an extra-dimensional Super Soldier Serum that provides superpowers at the cost of killing them in around a year, however Cable is injected with an early version designed to kill him in a day. Cable's daughter Hope accidentally copies this virus, since it is based on superpowers, and has to be placed into a coma to save her life. Cable cannot defeat the virus either, so he creates a new clone each day to replace himself but each clone still has only one day to live. Cable and X-Force eventually track down the man Volga who created the biotech virus and defeat him. However, Fantomex goes insane from needing to "be the best" and betrays the team using new god-like powers derived from a digitized form of the Volga Effect he had copied during a tryst with Meme. Nemesis and Forget-Me-Not unleashes hundreds of Cable clones to fight him, with Hope eventually stopping Fantomex and saving Cable after the last clone is killed wherein her father stepped up to bat while about to catch fire from Volga's poison. Hope then takes over as leader of X-Force and "fires" Cable for his morally questionable methods.

Cable and Deadpool: Split Second
After traveling through time and fixing several mistakes that a future Deadpool caused, Cable and present-Deadpool eventually fix the timeline. The effects on the timeline causes Cable to revert to his original "status quo", with his robotic arm and his original telekinesis and telepathic power set.

Uncanny Avengers
Cable is seen in the year 2087 dealing with some unidentified issue related to Stryfe, in the aftermath of an Inhuman attack that covers the city of Boston in sentient plant life led by the Shredded Man. He and his A.I. Belle eventually joins the rest of the Uncanny Avengers helping Synapse in the present and helps deal with the Inhuman causing the problems, before deciding to join the team when he learns the team's true mission is dealing with the Red Skull with Professor Xavier's brain and powers. After Captain America disbands the Uncanny Avengers in the aftermath of the "Civil War II" storyline and Cable and Rogue team up with villains Sebastian Shaw and Toad to find a cure for the Terrigen Mists, Rogue continues the team in their mission to stop the Red Skull.

Cable vol. 3/4, Death, Young Cable
After the events of Secret Wars storyline, Cable stars in his third ongoing monthly series, as part of Marvel's 2017 "X-Men: ResurrXion" relaunch of its X-Men and Inhumans-related books. In this series, Cable is depicted as a member of an organization that protects the Marvel universe timeline from damage caused by time travel. The first arc of this series "Conquest", sees Cable tracking down a time-traveling villain. The second arc, "The Newer Mutants", has Cable assemble a team trying to determine who is murdering Externals. The third arc, "Past Fears", spans five eras of Cable's history and sees him battling a techno-organic villain known as Metus.

During after the Dawn of X series by Jonathan Hickman called "Extermination", Cable was assassinated by his younger self taking his place on Krakoa among Mutantkind. "Old" Cable returns and obtains a position in S.W.O.R.D., but assisted his younger self defeating Stryfe, ensuring the younger one is sent back in time.

Powers and abilities
Cable was born with telepathic and telekinetic abilities. The extent to which he has been able to utilize these powers has varied dramatically throughout his appearances. Originally, both were limited by his need to restrain his techno-organic infection, and his powers were negligible compared to his more traditional fighting skills. Following the subsidence of the infection, they gradually increased to the point where they were similar in magnitude to those of Nate Grey, to whom he is genetically identical. At their height, he demonstrated the ability to simultaneously levitate the floating city of Providence and combat the Silver Surfer.

Following that story, his powers were burnt out and he replaced both with technological substitutes. He later lost and regained his abilities again when he was de-aged during House of M while mending Deadpool's maligned physiology as he progressed to his proper age. Cable himself stating that both his telepathy and telekinesis have faded to nothing.

Cable has fought Wolverine to a stalemate, and defeated Captain America in hand-to-hand combat and defeated Falcon, Red Hulk and Iron Man using both brute force and wit, all while Cable was in severe pain and hours away from dying of his techno-organic infection.

When Professor Xavier's son Legion travels back in time to kill Magneto in the "Legion Quest" storyline, Beast notes that Cable possesses "latent time-travel abilities". With the assistance of Shi'ar technology, Professor Xavier "jump-starts" this ability while Jean Grey telekinetically holds Cable's body together, allowing Cable to send his consciousness into the past.

His techno-organic body parts possess enhanced strength and durability, and his techno-organic left eye gives him enhanced eyesight, allowing him to see farther than a normal human and in the infrared spectrum. He is also able to interface his techno-organic body parts with other types of machinery, an ability that allows him to hack into computers, open electronic locks, and travel through time.

In the "Messiah War" storyline, during the fight with his clone, Stryfe, Cable demonstrates the ability to hide others from Stryfe's mental view, implying that at least he retains some of his telepathic powers. He also still possesses some of his telekinesis, but he is using it solely to keep the techno-organic virus in his body at bay. As well as holding onto just enough telepathic power to simulate technopathy and facilitate technopathy through the use of future Stark Industries technology.

As of the end of the "Avengers: X-Sanction" storyline, Hope Summer has apparently cured Cable of the techno-organic virus using the Phoenix Force, and appears to at least have his telepathy. As a result, his cybernetic eye and arm have been restored to flesh and blood, although almost nonfunctional and atrophied, forcing Cable to wear an eyepatch (hiding a -like implant) and use an enhanced brace, made by Forge and laden with special weaponry. Due to a future Hope's tampering with his mind, he also gained the ability to see multiple possible future events before they unfolded.

After being afflicted by a derivative of the super soldier formula begotten from an alternate reality. Cable was left incapacitated as the faulty chemical weapons test would cause his physiology to self-destruct if left unchecked. To compensate for his genetic instability, he had Dr. Nemesis place his body in suspended animation until they could find a cure for his condition. In the meantime, Cable would operate his X-Force team through short-lived clones whom had a fraction of his precognition and a shortened lifespan due to being carbon copies with the faulty Volga Effect serum coursing in their systems. Making his clones useful for kamikaze attacks as they only last about a day's time before violently detonating on their own or when they whistle an audio failsafe to trigger it.

In Deadpool & Cable: Split Second, Cable once again loses most of his powers, but retains his precognition. He regains them along with his cybernetics as a result of Deadpool repairing Cable's personal timeline.

Cable not only regained his psionic abilities, he had even regained the underlying potential he had always possessed since infancy. Having engaged in a psionic battle with a clone of the Red Skull, who had stolen the brain of the deceased Charles Xavier, the clone revealed that Mr. Summers was in fact an omega level mutant. Nathan often makes use of a spear-like morph weapon called the Psi-Mitar, which was originally a long staff with a spear point on one end and a scythe blade on the other, used primarily by the Askani. It functions as a focus and amplifier for telepathic or telekinetic power, which it can combine then project as powered psychic force blasts.

Apart from his superhuman abilities, Cable has been said to have a brilliant mind for military tactics.

Reception
 In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Cable 6th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.
 In 2018, CBR.com ranked Cable 11th in their "8 X-Men Kids Cooler Than Their Parents (And 7 Who Are Way Worse)" list.
 In 2018, CBR.com ranked Cable 1st in their "X-Force: 20 Powerful Members" list.

Other versions
In addition to his mainstream Marvel Universe incarnation, Cable has been depicted in other fictional universes.

Cable and Deadpool
In the Cable and Deadpool series storyline "Enema of State", Deadpool and the mutants Cannonball and Siryn discover several alternate versions of Cable as they traverse several alternate universes, searching for the Cable who was native to their own reality. They first encounter an evil incarnation of Cable who has become one of the four Horsemen of Apocalypse, taking the name War. Other versions include a guru-type known as "Brother Nathan" living on an Earth where all violence has been abolished, a Phalanx-possessed Cable consumed by the techno-organic virus within his body, and an infant version cared for by Mister Sinister on a quiet Nebraska farm in the "House of M" reality. Deadpool eventually realizes the infant is indeed his version of Cable, de-aged. Returning the child to their home universe, Deadpool cares for Nathan until an injection of Deadpool's DNA allows him to rapidly grow back into adulthood.

Earth X
In the reality of the Earth X series and its sequel comics, the Techno-organic virus has overtaken Cable's body, transforming him into a blob of organic metal.

Deadpool Pulp
In the Deadpool Pulp timeline, Cable is a human military officer called General Cable native to the early 20th century. Along with his colleagues General Stryfe and J. Edgar Hoover, he hires former CIA Agent Wade Wilson to get back a stolen nuclear briefcase.

Wolverine: Rahne of Terra
In the fantasy world depicted in the graphic novel Wolverine: Rahne of Terra, Cable's counterpart is a wizard called the Mage, who carries the Warlock Staff and a crossbow.

Ultimate Marvel
Introduced in Ultimate X-Men, Ultimate Cable is actually an older Logan/Wolverine who lives in a possible future having lost his healing factor and leaving him an amputee, losing his left arm. He time travels to his past to prepare Professor Xavier for a coming battle with Apocalypse. After Apocalypse's death, Cable fades out of existence, having now changed the past and prevented his rule.

What If...?
A two-part storyline in the series What If... asks, "What If Cable Destroyed the X-Men?" In this story, Cable clashes with Professor X and the X-Men over their beliefs and differences in methods. Ultimately, Cable leads a faction of mutants loyal to him and assassinates the Professor, Cyclops, and Jean Grey before embarking on a violent crusade. Cable is ultimately killed by Wolverine, but his actions have already led to the further mistrust and oppression of mutants. Magneto attempts to take control of the United States in the chaos, but is killed by a new model of plastic Sentinels, who decide that enslaving humanity is the best way to root out mutants. Wolverine assembles a new team of X-Men to fight the Sentinel rule.

X-Men Forever
X-Men Forever volume 2 and the sequel series X-Men Forever 2 take place in an alternate universe written by Chris Claremont that picks up after the events of X-Men #3 (1991). The series depicts stories and ideas Claremont would have done if he hadn't left the series in 1991. In this timeline, Nathan was still saved during the "Inferno" event, but was aged somehow from a toddler into an older child. Wishing to distance him from the dangers the X-Men face, Cyclops sends Nathan to live with his great-grandmother and grandfather in Alaska. An attack by mysterious agents causes Nathan to be moved to the protective custody of the Starjammers. He is shown to possess telepathic powers. Cable appears in one panel of the series but no connection between Cable and Nathan is made, possibly because Claremont intended to follow the original idea that they were separate characters.

In other media

Television
Cable appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Lawrence Bayne. This version hails from the year 3999, in which he leads his army Clan Chosen in a desperate war against Apocalypse's forces. Additionally, his metal arm is a bionic construct rather than the result of a techno-organic virus.

Film
Josh Brolin was cast in a four-picture deal with 20th Century Fox to play Nathan Summers / Cable in their X-Men film series, with Deadpool 2 as his first appearance. In May 2017, producer Hutch Parker discussed the future of the franchise, stating that the introduction of Cable with his time-traveling abilities makes an interconnection between the then-upcoming New Mutants, Deadpool 2, and Dark Phoenix, as well as previous films a possibility.

In Deadpool 2, Cable is depicted as a mysterious time-traveling soldier from a devastated future who travels back in time to assassinate the young mutant Russell Collins before he kills Cable's unnamed wife and daughter Hope. After running afoul of Deadpool's X-Force and the Juggernaut, Cable joins forces with the former, during which Deadpool rescues Russell and averts Cable's future. Cable subsequently sacrifices his ability to return to his time to save Deadpool and stay in the present to ensure his family have a brighter future.

Video games
 Cable appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes, voiced again by Lawrence Bayne.
 Cable appears as an exclusive hidden character in the PSP version of X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse.
 Cable appears as a hidden character in X-Men: Gamesmaster's Legacy.
 Cable appears in X-Men: Reign of Apocalypse.
 Cable appears as a boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Keith Ferguson. In the Pro-Registration campaign, the heroes fight and defeat Cable before seeing him arrested. However, he and Hercules are later broken out by Captain America. In the Anti-Registration campaign, Cable commands the player for a mission. Following the Prison 42 incident, Cable goes missing and is presumed dead. He was later added as a playable character in the Xbox 360 and PS3 versions of the game via downloadable content, and was part of the initial roster of heroes in the PS4, Xbox One, and PC versions.
 Cable makes a cameo appearance in Deadpool's ending in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. Additionally, Deadpool received a "Cablepool" costume via DLC.
 Cable appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
 Cable appears as an unlockable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 Cable appears in Deadpool,  voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 Cable appears as a playable character in Marvel Heroes, voiced by James M. Connor.
 Cable appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 Cable appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 Cable appears as a paid DLC playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by James M. Connor.
 Cable appears as a purchasable outfit in Fortnite Battle Royale.

Miscellaneous
Cable appears in the X-Men/Spider-Man novel trilogy Time's Arrow by Tom DeFalco. While searching various timelines for a living version of wife Aliya, Cable stumbles onto Kang the Conqueror's plot to attack the multiverse.

Influence
Artist Alex Ross drew upon his dislike of Liefeld's design of Cable when Ross designed the character Magog for the 1996 miniseries Kingdom Come. Following writer Mark Waid's instructions that the character's appearance be based on aspects of superhero design trends of the time that they disliked, Ross said of Cable, "That's a character that Mark Waid invented that was really just put to me like come up with the most God awful, Rob Liefeld sort of design that you can. What I was stealing from was – really only two key designs of Rob's – the design of Cable. I hated it. I felt like it looked like they just threw up everything on the character – the scars, the thing going on with his eye, the arm, and what's with all the guns? But the thing is, when I put those elements together with the helmet of Shatterstar – I think that was his name – well, the ram horns and the gold, suddenly it held together as one of the designs that I felt happiest with in the entire series."

Collected editions

The stories have been collected in a number of trade paperbacks.

Mini-series

Cable and X-Force (2013 series)

Oversized hardcovers

References

External links
 Cable at Marvel.com

 Spotlight On...Cable at UncannyXmen.net
 Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards

Avengers (comics) characters
Characters created by Chris Claremont
Characters created by Louise Simonson
Characters created by Rob Liefeld
Comics characters introduced in 1990
Cyborg superheroes
Deadpool characters
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters with precognition
Fictional gunfighters in comics
Fictional mercenaries in comics
Fictional schoolteachers
Fictional technopaths
Marvel Comics characters who can teleport
Marvel Comics characters who have mental powers
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics cyborgs
Marvel Comics film characters
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics telekinetics
Marvel Comics telepaths
New Mutants
Time travelers
X-Men supporting characters

Cable (character)


Gall eða gallepli er óeðlilegur útvöxtur á plöntum sem er viðbragð við skaða, sýkingu eða skordýra sem vaxa í vefnum. Nokkrar skordýrategundir sérhæfa sig í að örva gallvöxt sem er þá bæði fæða og vörn fyrir lirfur. Þráðormar geta einnig valdið gallvexti.

Gallepli á eik eru með mjög hátt hlutfall sútunarsýru og voru eitt hið besta hráefni í blek, blönduð við járnsúlfat.

Orðsifjar
Gallepli er talið koma úr latnínu: galla, 'eikar-epli'.

Tilvísanir

Tenglar
 Lifandi Vísindi - Geta tré fengið krabbamein
 Vísindavefurinn - Hvernig var blek búið til
 British Plant Gall Society
 A Field Guide to Plant Galls of the North East U.S.
 To Be or Not To Be a Gall: The Story of Strange Growths on Plants
 Insect Galls. Brandeis University
 Galls in Goldenrod, (Solidago)

Gallepli


Tour des Fjords (før kendt som Rogaland Grand Prix til 2012) er et landevejscykelløb, der arrangeres hvert år i Norge mellem Stavanger og Bergen.

Vindere

Rogaland Grand Prix

Tour des Fjords

Referencer

Tour des Fjords


Grenlandski ledeni pokrov ili Grenlandski ledeni štit  (danski: Grønlands indlandsis, grenlandski: Sermersuaq) je ledeni pokrov na sjevernoj Zemljinoj polutci. Najveća je ledenjačka masa na njoj. Druga je po veličini na svijetu, poslije Antarktičkog ledenog pokrova. Grenlandski se prostire na visokim zemljopisnim širinama. U njemu je oko 10 % svjetskih zaliha slatke vode. U literaturi ga se naziva inland ice (led u unutrašnjosti) i prema danskoj riječi inlandsis.

Površine je 1,710.000 km2 i zbog toga ga ne nazivamo ledenom kapom, nego pokrovom. Pokriva oko 80% površine Grenlanda. U dužinu se proteže do 2 400 km, a najveće je širine 1 100 km. Debljina pokrova je od dvije do tri tisuće metara na najdebljem mjestu.

Otapanje Grenlandskog pokrova je pobuđeno je globalnim zatopljenjem, a u moguće je u nekakvoj svezi s termohalinskom cirkulacijom, sjevernoatlantskom meridijanskom obrtajućom strujom, na koju utječe Hladna kaplja.

Izvori

Vodene mase na Grenlandu
Ledene mase

Grenlandski ledeni pokrov


Fra Undertrykkelse til Befrielse er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1946, der er instrueret af Nicolai Lichtenberg.

Handling
Autentiske optagelser fra Besættelsestidens Danmark.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1946

Film om Besættelsen
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Fra Undertrykkelse til Befrielse


An Lepidobolus basiflorus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John S. Pate ngan Kathy A. Meney. An Lepidobolus basiflorus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepidobolus, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepidobolus

Lepidobolus basiflorus


Emma Holten (født 29. maj 1991) er en dansk-svensk debattør og foredragsholder. Hun er cand.mag i Moderne Kultur og Kulturformidling og kønspolitisk rådgiver i Oxfam IBIS.

Emma Holten blev oprindelig kendt i Danmark og internationalt for i 2014 at tage til genmæle mod hævnporno. Nøgenbilleder af hende blev spredt på internettet i 2011 mens hun læste på Københavns Universitet. Denne oplevelse førte til hendes engagement som aktivist for retten til privatliv på internettet og samtykke. I 2016 viste den tyske tv-station RTL stjålne nøgenbilleder af Emma Holten uden hendes samtykke, hvad der førte til et sagsanlæg og efterfølgende undskyldning og erstatning til Holten.

Emma Holten er siden blevet kendt som en af de unge stemmer i dansk feminisme.

Emma Holten har været redaktør på magasinet Friktion, som hun var med til at stifte i 2011.

Kilder

Eksterne links
 http://www.emmaholten.com/

Debattører fra Danmark
Foredragsholdere fra Danmark
Feminister_fra_Danmark

Emma Holten


Gottfried Adolph Daum (* 18. Juni 1679 in Grossenhain; † 7. Februar 1743 in Potsdam) war ein Großkaufmann und Unternehmer in Preußen, der 1712 gemeinsam mit David Splitgerber, seinem stillen Teilhaber, das auf militärischen Bedarf ausgerichtete Handelshaus Daum & Comp. gründete. Mit der Erweiterung auf zivile Handels- und Bankgeschäfte und der Übernahme von gepachteten königlichen Manufakturen entwickelte sich das Handelshaus unter der späteren Firma Splitgerber & Daum zu einem der größten Wirtschaftsunternehmen in Preußen.

Allgemeines
Der Aufstieg Preußens zur europäischen Großmacht war das Ergebnis einer zielstrebigen militärisch-merkantilistischen Wirtschaftspolitik. Splitgerber & Daum waren Teil des Systems, dessen zentraler Bestandteil – ganz im Sinne der angestrebten Autarkie – das Manufakturwesen war. Einige dieser für die Rüstung wichtigen Betriebe wurden von ihnen jahrzehntelang in Pacht genommen und unter eigenem Risiko betrieben. Förderung und Gunst gewährten ihnen die beiden preußischen Könige Friedrich Wilhelm I. (Soldatenkönig) und Friedrich II. (Friedrich der Große).

Herkunft
Gottfried Adolph Daum stammte aus Sachsen. Seine Eltern waren der Rechtsanwalt (Juris Practici) Gottfried Christian Daum und Barbara Elisabeth Daum, geb. Uschner. Als beruflicher Hintergrund wird eine militärische Laufbahn in brandenburgisch-preußischen Diensten angenommen. Kontakte zur Artillerie und Verbindungen zu anderen Landesherren liegen nahe, denn die ersten Aufträge kamen aus verschiedenen deutschen Staaten und betrafen hauptsächlich Artilleriemunition.

Gründung
Beide Männer waren mittellos. Sie begannen ihre Unternehmungen 1712 in einer möblierten Zweizimmer-Wohnung im Haus der Witwe des Hofapothekers Reichenau (auch Reichenow) in der Gertraudenstraße an der Petrikirche in Berlin. Der Sohn der Witwe war Hofmedikus und gehörte wie der verstorbene Vater zum preußischen Hofstaat. Eine enge Verbindung kam später durch die Heirat Splitgerbers mit der Tochter des Hofarztes zustande. Als Hauptfinanzier in der ersten Zeit nennen die Geschäftsbücher den Obristen der kursächsischen Artillerie, Samuel von Schmettau (ab 1741 preußischer Feldmarschall). Weitere Geldgeber aus Daums Kreisen waren unter anderem der vermögende Schneider Eugeling aus Halle (Daums erster Schwiegervater), der Apotheker Ohloff (auch Oloff), Magdeburg und Potsdam, (Daums zweiter Schwiegervater) und der preußische Königliche Rat Christian Köppen (aus der Familie des künftigen Schwiegersohnes).

Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Splitgerber und Daum war der 1723 erneuerte Vertrag von 1712, der auch wieder unter gegenseitiger brüderliche Liebe geschlossen wurde. Das große Vertrauen zueinander zeigt die Regelung für den Todesfall. Dem überlebenden Teil stand das alleinige Recht der Geschäftsführung zu, während sich die Erben jeder Einrede zu enthalten hatten.

Beginn als Heereslieferant
Erste Lieferungen von Artillerie-Ausrüstung (Montierungen), Kanonenkugeln und Hohlgeschossen gingen an den benachbarten kursächsischen Hof. Auch nach Mecklenburg wurde Munition geliefert. Ab 1716 begann die Zusammenarbeit mit den Hohenzollern. Der Soldatenkönig bestellte ebenfalls als erstes Artilleriemunition. Es folgte ein Auftrag über 2000 Musketen. Eine weitere Lieferung Kanonenkugeln ging nach Amsterdam.

Auf Betreiben des Hofes waren Splitgerber & Daum auch an der Russischen Handels-Compagnie beteiligt, die die Armee des Zaren mit Uniform-Tuchen aus preußischer Produktion belieferte. Mit diesem umfangreichen und profitablen Geschäft gelang für einige Jahre die Verdrängung der englischen Konkurrenz.

Neben den Geschäften im militärischen Bereich, die jahrelang den größten Teil des Umsatzes ausmachten, entwickelte sich das allgemeine Handels- und Bankgeschäft nur langsam. Anfänglich wurden auch kleinste Aufträge für Privatkunden ausgeführt. Ein ebenso bescheidener Anfang zum Aufbau der späteren Hochseeflotte war eine Viertel-Beteiligung am Schiff Potsdam im Heimathafen Stettin (1725). Ein weiterer Schiffsanteil kam 1732 hinzu (Schoner Der Kurfürst).

Gründung der Gewehrfabrik
In Ergänzung zu den Munitionslieferungen an das preußische Heer hatte Gottfried Daum 1721 den Soldatenkönig auf den Gedanken gebracht, eine eigene Gewehrfabrik einzurichten. Zur Umsetzung des Planes steuerte er auch gleich die Lösung des schwierigsten Problems bei, nämlich die Anwerbung der ausländischen Fachkräfte. Während Daum monatelang damit beschäftigt war, Arbeiter im fernen Lüttich anzuwerben, ließ der König die Produktionsstätten und die Wohnhäuser samt Gärten nach den Angaben der als Vorhut eingetroffenen Meister errichten. 1722 konnten Splitgerber & Daum dann die Königliche Gewehrfabrik Potsdam-Spandau pachten. Später kamen in Spandau und Potsdam noch kleine Kirchen hinzu, die der König den katholischen Arbeitern zugesichert hatte. Einen französisch sprechenden Geistlichen bezahlte er ebenfalls. Als Gottfried Daum die Leitung der Gewehrfabrik übernahm, verlegte er seinen Wohnsitz nach Potsdam.

Die Jahre 1723–1743
Nach der Übernahme der Gewehrfabrik bewarb Daum sich auch um die Pacht des Hochofens von Zehdenick, den bereits der Große Kurfürst 1664/66 an der Stelle eines schon im Mittelalter betriebenen Eisenhüttenwerks neu hatte errichten lassen. Hauptprodukt waren Kanonenkugeln, womit das Land unabhängig von teuren Importen wurde. Der 1725 mit Splitgerber & Daum geschlossene Pachtvertrag umfasste auch die Schürfrechte für den im nördlichen Teil Brandenburgs vorkommenden Raseneisenstein, dem Grundstoff der dortigen Eisenherstellung. Ein Lager für die Kanonenkugeln richtete Daum 1726 auf dem Gelände der Gewehrfabrik in Spandau ein.

Neben der Gewehrfabrik und dem Hochofen wurden noch weitere königliche Manufakturen gepachtet, die jedoch trotz großer Mühen weniger ertragreich waren. Gründe hierfür waren die von der Krone festgesetzten hohen Monopol-Preise bei gleichzeitig minderer Qualität der Erzeugnisse und der nicht einzudämmende Schmuggel und Schleichhandel mit billigerer und besserer Ware, aber auch die fehlende Kompetenz der Unternehmer, sowie das konfliktbeladene Dreiecksverhältnis zwischen der Krone, den Arbeitern und den Pächtern.

Bei der gepachteten Königlichen Gewehrfabrik Potsdam-Spandau trat das generelle Probleme auf, dass Gewehre nur in Zeiten der Aufrüstung und der Kriege bestellt wurden, während Splitgerber & Daum in Friedenszeiten die Löhne weiter zahlten, um die Fachkräfte zu halten. Der König drückte außerdem die von ihm selbst zuvor festgesetzten Preise. Die Schwierigkeiten führten dazu, dass Splitgerber & Daum nach fünf Betriebsjahren vom Projekt zurücktreten wollten. Die weitere Zusammenarbeit gelang durch einige vom König genehmigte Waffenexporte. Beträchtliche Umsätze brachten schließlich die von Friedrich II. gleich nach seiner Thronbesteigung begonnenen Schlesischen Kriege, die den Unternehmern jahrelang außerordentliche Gewinne einbrachten. Zu den Leistungen an das Militär gehörte 1741 auch eine Getreidelieferung für 400.000 Taler. Außerdem wurden erneut 76.000 Bomben und Granaten geliefert, nachdem bereits 1738 das Arsenal mit 80.000 Kanonenkugeln und Granaten aufgefüllt worden war.

Um die Abhängigkeit vom preußischen Hof und von militärischen und kriegerischen Entwicklungen zu überwinden, wurde – hauptsächlich von Splitgerber – das allgemeine Handels- und Bankgeschäft vorangetrieben. Dazu gehörten die Einrichtung von Kommissionslagern an deutschen und europäischen Handelsplätzen und weitere Schiffsinvestitionen. Die rege Reisetätigkeit von Daum nach Dresden, Hamburg, Amsterdam, Kopenhagen, Lissabon u. a. sind Zeichen der Expansion.

Auch wenn der Handel damals üblicherweise ohne Branchen-Abgrenzung betrieben wurde, so beeindruckt bei Splitgerber & Daum doch die unglaubliche Warenvielfalt. Es scheint, als ob sie jeden Kundenwunsch erfüllen konnten. Sie lieferten Rohstoffe, Baumaterialien, Kolonialwaren, Pferde, Nahrungsmittel, Textilien, Weine, exotische Pflanzen und Tiere, Bücher, Marmorskulpturen, Möbel, Gemälde, Porzellan, Gold, Silber, Tabak, Arzneimittel und vieles mehr. Der Hofstaat wurde ebenso versorgt, wie bürgerliche Kreise oder die Kollegen in anderen Manufakturen, in Handel und Gewerbe. Die von Friedrich II. so geliebten Windspiele kamen von Splitgerber & Daum. Für jeden Kunden gab es ein eigenes Konto. Guthaben wurden verzinst.

Kleine wie große finanzielle Transaktionen wickelte das Handelshaus diskret ab, sei es, dem vom sparsamen Vater knapp gehaltenen Kronprinzen Friedrich einige Tausend Taler vorzustrecken oder adeligen Schmuck als Pfand zu nehmen und zu verwerten, sei es, dass staatliche Gelder verwaltet, transportiert und ausgezahlt werden mussten. Zuverlässigkeit sicherte dem Handelshaus über Generationen hinweg Anerkennung und Aufstieg.

Zu den Zeichen des Erfolgs bei Splitgerber und Daum gehörten der immer luxuriöser werdende Lebensstil mit Silbergeschirr, goldenem Zahnstocher, den bei den Hofmalern Joachim Martin Falbe und Antoine Pesne bestellten Porträts und der Erwerb von Immobilien an verschiedenen Standorten. Das Geschäftshaus in der Gertraudenstraße wurde 1735 erbaut und blieb bis 1910 Hauptsitz. Ein Jahr später bezog Gottfried Daum ein neu erbautes Haus in Potsdam im Wert von 60.000 Talern und Splitgerber kaufte 1741 das später Splitgerbersches Palais genannte Haus am Quarrée (Platz vor dem Brandenburger Tor), das 1835 zur französischen Botschaft wurde (heute Pariser Platz Nr. 5 mit dem Neubau der Botschaft). Außerdem gab es weiteren Grundbesitz in Potsdam und Stralau. Die Fertigstellung seines Berliner Hauses in der Breitestraße (ehemals Nr. 15) gegenüber dem Ribbeck-Haus erlebte Daum nicht mehr. Er starb 1743 in Potsdam.

Familiäres
Daum war zweimal verheiratet. Aus der ersten Ehe (1713) mit Charlotta Agatha, geb. Eugeling, stammt die Tochter Christina Charlotta (geb. 1714), die später den Kriegsrat Friedrich Gotthold Köppen heiratete und in das Splitgerbersche Palais zog. Aus der zweiten Ehe (1727) mit Caroline Marie, geb. Ohloff, gingen der Sohn Friedrich Carl Daum, (geb. 1727) und die Tochter Caroline Marie Elisabeth (* 27. Juli 1730, † 10. März 1810) hervor. Diese heiratete 1753 den Kammerdiener und engen Vertrauten Friedrichs II., Michael Gabriel Fredersdorf (1708–1758), mit dem sie keine Kinder hatte, und in zweiter Ehe den Kammerherrn Friedrichs II., Johann Labes, durch den sie später zur Großmutter Achim von Arnims wurde, den sie in ihrem Haus am Quarrée (Arnimsches Palais) gegenüber dem Splitgerberschen Palais großzog.
Gottfried Daum starb als einer der reichsten Männer Preußens. Sein vererbter Geschäftsanteil belief sich auf 650.000 Taler und entsprach damit etwa einem Drittel des gesamten preußischen Staatsschatzes, den Friedrich Wilhelm I. 1740 seinem Sohn Friedrich II. hinterlassen hatte.

Spätere Entwicklung
Nach Daums Tod führte David Splitgerber die Geschäfte des Handelshauses allein weiter, wie es der Vertrag von 1723 vorsah. Sein neuer Partner auf der Eigentümerseite war die Daumsche Erbengemeinschaft. Das Handelshaus dehnte seine Aktivitäten mit der Gründung von Zweigniederlassungen, Zuckerraffinerien, Beteiligungen an überseeischen Handelskompanien und dem Aufbau einer Hochseeflotte weiter aus.
Nachfolger Splitgerbers in der Geschäftsführung waren seine Schwiegersöhne, allen voran Johann Jacob Schickler, Stammvater der Schickler-Dynastie und als bedeutendster Enkel: David Schickler.
Die Bankgeschäfte erlangten immer größere Bedeutung und führten schließlich zur Aufgabe der anderen Unternehmungen. Das Bankhaus (ab 1795 Gebr. Schickler) war an Eisenbahn- und Industriefinanzierungen in Preußen beteiligt. 1910 erfolgte die Fusion zum Bankhaus Delbrück, Schickler & Co.

Ehrung
Daumstraße in Berlin

Literatur
 Nadja Stulz-Herrnstadt: Berliner Bürgertum im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. de Gruyter, Berlin-New York 2002, ISBN 9783110165609
 Peter Bahl: Der Hof des Großen Kurfürsten. Böhlau-Verlag, Köln 2001, ISBN 3-412-08300-3
 Ingrid Mittenzwei / Erika Herzfeld: Brandenburg-Preußen 1648–1789. Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3373000041, S. 224, 226, 258, 308
 Wilhelm Treue: Wirtschafts- und Technikgeschichte Preußens. de Gruyter, Berlin-New York 1984, ISBN 9783110095982
 Wolfgang Schneider: Berlin, Eine Kulturgeschichte in Bildern und Dokumenten. Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag, Leipzig/Weimar 1980
 Hugo Rachel, Johannes Papritz, Paul Wallisch: Berliner Großkaufleute und Kapitalisten. Band 2: Die Zeit des Merkantilismus 1648–1806. Gsellius, Berlin 1938
 Friedrich Lenz, Otto Unholtz: Die Geschichte des Bankhauses Gebrüder Schickler. Festschrift zum 200-jährigen Bestehen, Verlag G. Reimer, Berlin 1912, digitalisiert von der Universität Toronto
 Johann David Erdmann Preuß: Friedrich der Große. Band 1, Nauck, Berlin 1832
 Heinrich Ludwig Manger: Baugeschichte von Potsdam. Friedrich Nicolai, Berlin-Stettin 1789

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Berlin-Chronik
 Berlin-Chronik von 1695 bis 1740

Unternehmer (18. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (Berlin)
Bankier
Kaufmann
Person (Königreich Preußen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1679
Gestorben 1743
Mann

Gottfried Adolph Daum


Ostrovu Mare este o insulă situată pe Dunăre, în dreptul localității Gogoșu din județul Mehedinți și în amonte de hidrocentrala Porțile de Fier II. Cu lungimea de cca. 14,00 km, o lățime cuprinsă între 500 și 3.000 de metri și o suprafață de 22 km2, este una dintre cele mai mari insule românești de pe Dunăre.

Ca încadrare teritorial-administrativă aparține comunei Gogoșu din județul Mehedinți, Oltenia, România.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de insule în România

Legături externe
 Poziția pe harta satelitară - wikimapia.org

Insulele României
Insule de pe Dunăre

Ostrovu Mare (Mehedinți)


محافظة سان لويس هي إحدى محافظات الأرجنتين تنقسم إلى 9 مقاطعات صغيرة يطلق عليها اسم حزب.

أعلام
 ايمانويل جيفارا
 أنخيل ليز

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Provincia de San Luis - الموقع الرسمي (بالأسبانية)

دول وأقاليم أسست في 1820
محافظات الأرجنتين
محافظة سان لويس

سان لويس (محافظة)


JWH-122 (alternativni naziv: - ) je psihotropna tvar. Dio skupine novih psihoaktivnih tvari. U Hrvatskoj su uvrštene izmjenama i dopunama uvrštene na Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga donesenim od strane Ministarstva zdravstva i socijalne skrbi Republike Hrvatske ( Narodne novine br.: 19, 11. veljače 2011.).
Kemijsko ime je 4-metilnaftalen-1-il-(1-pentilindol-3-il)metanon. JWH-122 je sintetički agonist kanabinoidnih receptora i pripada skupini naftoilindola (JWH-015, JWH-073, JWH-018 i JWH-398).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
https://www.uredzadroge.hr
https://www.nijd.uredzadroge.hr

Psihoaktivne droge

JWH-122


Erzbischof Konrad steht für folgende Personen:

 Konrad I. von Abensberg (um 1075–1147), Erzbischof von Salzburg
 Konrad von Querfurt († 1142) (um 1100–1142), Erzbischof von Magdeburg
 Konrad II. von Babenberg (um 1115–1168), Erzbischof von Salzburg
 Konrad I. von Wittelsbach (um 1120/1125–1200), Erzbischof von Mainz und von Salzburg
 Konrad von Hochstaden (um 1205–1261), Erzbischof von Köln
 Konrad IV. von Fohnsdorf († 1312), Erzbischof von Salzburg
 Konrad von Vechta (um 1370–1431), Erzbischof von Prag

Erzbischof Konrad


Osterhorn er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Hörnerkirchen under Kreis Pinneberg. Kreis Pinneberg ligger i den sydlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Osterhorn ligger omkring 8 km nord for Barmstedt. Osterhorn ligger ved jernbanen mellem Elmshorn og Neumünster. Sydvest for kommunen går motorvejen A 23 fra Elmshorn mod Itzehoe. Det naturhistoriske museum Osterhorner Moor ligger i kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Pinneberg

Osterhorn


Budgetloven er den lov, som implementerer  finanspagtens krav om balance på de offentlige finanser i dansk lovgivning. Den blev vedtaget af et bredt flertal i Folketinget i maj 2012 og har i praksis haft virkning fra finansåret 2014.

Budgetloven indebærer, at det strukturelle offentlige underskud årligt højst må udgøre ½ pct. af BNP. Den fastlægger desuden et for Danmarks vedkommende nyt udgiftspolitisk styringssystem med udgiftslofter for henholdsvis stat, kommuner og regioner. Grænseværdierne er fastsat for at sikre, at den offentlige økonomi under en lavkonjunktur ikke vil kunne overskride underskudsgrænsen i EU's Stabilitets- og Vækstpagt på 3 pct. af BNP.

Baggrund

Før budgetloven var de udgiftspolitiske rammer baseret på mål for væksten i det offentlige forbrug. Overskridelser i forhold til disse målsætninger havde ingen juridiske konsekvenser for den siddende regering. Budgetloven indebærer, at skiftende regeringer er underlagt det samme sæt juridisk bindende finanspolitiske spilleregler.

Rammer

Der indføres nogle særlige udgiftslofter for de offentlige delsektorer. Disse lofter sigter mod at opfylde budgetlovens finanspolitiske målsætninger om budgetbalance. Udgiftslofterne udgør en øvre grænse for de årlige udgifter på følgende områder:

 Staten, hvor der dels fastsættes en øvre grænse for de statslige nettodriftsudgifter, udgifter til tilskud mv., dels en øvre grænse for de statslige udgifter i finansåret til indkomstoverførsler mv.
Kommunerne, hvor der fastsættes en øvre grænse for de kommunale nettodriftsudgifter til service.
Regionerne, hvor der fastsættes en øvre grænse for de regionale nettodriftsudgifter til sundhedsområdet og til udviklingsopgaver.
De kommunale bloktilskud nedsættes, hvis kommunerne overskrider udgiftsrammerne i deres budgetter. Alle kommuner skal i så fald bidrage, men de kommuner, der står for overskridelsen rammes hårdest. Budgetloven griber således ind i de årlige forhandlinger mellem finansministeriet og KL om det kommende års kommunale udgiftsloft.

Kritik
KL har udtrykt kritik af budgetlovens indbyggede automatik, fordi omprioriteringsbidraget, som fjerner over 7 mia. kr. fra kommunernes budgetter i finansårene 2016 - 2019, lægger et pres på den kommunale økonomi.
Samtidig har kommunerne en økonomisk udfordring med integration af flygtninge, som gør det vanskeligt at "planlægge et år ud i fremtiden, som budgetloven dikterer." En anden, mere principiel kritik går ud på, at budgetloven begrænser Folketingets muligheder for at benytte finansloven som overordnet økonomisk – politisk instrument.

Noter

Eksterne links
''Lov om kommunal udligning og generelle tilskud til kommuner'', jf. lbk. nr. 798 af 24/06/2013, Retsinformation
Finansministeriet::Budgetloven
Økonomisk politik
EU-traktater

Budgetloven


Olaylar

 1806 - Napolyon Bonapart komutasındaki Fransız Ordusu Berlin'e girdi.
 1810 - ABD, eski İspanyol kolonisi olan Batı Florida'yı ilhak etti.
 1904 - New York metrosu açıldı.
 1913 - Mustafa Kemal, Sofya Ataşemiliterliği'ne atandı.
 1922 - İtilaf Devletleri, TBMM hükûmeti ve İstanbul hükûmeti temsilcilerini 13 Kasım 1922'de Lozan'da toplanacak barış konferansına davet ettiler.
 1922 - İtalya'da Benito Mussolini liderliğindeki Ulusal Faşist Parti mensupları ve yandaşları Roma'ya yürümeye başladı.
 1924 - Sovyetler Birliği'nde Özbekistan'ın kuruluşu.
 1939 - DuPont, naylonu keşfettiğini duyurdu.
 1953 - Birleşik Krallık, Güney Avustralya'da Totem 2 adını verdiği bir nükleer deneme yaptı.
 1954 - ABD Hava Kuvvetlerine atanan ilk siyahi general Benjamin O. Davis Jr. oldu.
 1957 - Genel seçimler: Demokrat Parti, oyları düşse de, 610 milletvekilliğinin 424'ünü kazanarak iktidarını korudu. CHP 178 milletvekili çıkardı.
 1958 - Pakistan'ın ilk Cumhurbaşkanı İskender Mirza, General Muhammed Eyüb Han tarafından düzenlenen kansız bir darbeyle görevden uzaklaştırıldı. Muhammed Eyüb Han, 20 gün önce bizzat Mirza tarafından sıkıyönetimin başına getirilmişti.
 1960 - Millî Birlik Komitesi, 147 profesör, doçent ve asistanı görevden aldı. Gerekçe "tembel", "yeteneksiz", "reform düşmanı" olmalarıydı. Üniversitedeki tasfiye tartışma ve tepkilere yol açtı. Öğretim üyeleri, Mart 1962'de görevlerine dönebildiler.
 1971 - Kongo Cumhuriyeti'nin adı Zaire olarak değiştirildi.
 1978 - Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü, Mısır Devlet Başkanı Enver Sedat ve İsrail Başbakanı Menahem Begin paylaştı.
 1982 - Çin, nüfusunun 1 milyarı aştığını açıkladı.
 1991 - Türkmenistan, Sovyetler Birliği'nden bağımsızlığını kazandı.
 1992 - Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin PKK'ya karşı Hantur Dağı'nda başlattığı harekâtta 100 PKK'lı öldürüldü.
 1995 - Litvanya, üyelik için Avrupa Birliği'ne başvurdu.
 1998 - Gerhard Schröder, Almanya Başbakanı seçildi.
 1999 - Parlamento oturumu sırasında otomatik silahlı kişilerce yapılan saldırıda Ermenistan Başbakanı Vazgen Sarkisyan ve 8 üst düzey yetkili öldü.
 2005 - Paris'te iki Müslüman çocuğun ölümüyle birlikte şiddetli protesto hareketleri başladı.
 2008 - Türksat 3A Uydusu devreye girdi ve uydu frekansları değişti.

Doğumlar
 1728 - James Cook, İngiliz denizci ve kâşif (Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda'nın kâşifi) (ö. 1779)
 1782 - Niccolò Paganini, İtalyan besteci ve kemancı (ö. 1840)
 1811 - Isaac Singer, Amerikalı mucit, aktör ve iş insanı (ö. 1875)
 1844 - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, İsveçli gazeteci, politikacı ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1916)
 1858 - Theodore Roosevelt, ABD'nin 26. Başkanı ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1919)
 1862 - Andrey Krasnov, Rus botanikçi ve fitocoğrafyacı (ö. 1914)
 1889 - Enid Bagnold, İngiliz yazar (ö. 1981)
 1894 - John Lennard-Jones, İngiliz matematikçi (ö. 1954)
 1910 - Juan Ambou, İspanyol komünist devrimci ve İspanya Komünist Partisi üyesi siyasetçi (d. 2006)
 1914 - Ahmet Kireççi, Türk güreşçi ve 1948 Londra Olimpiyat Oyunları şampiyonu (ö. 1978)
 1914 - Dylan Marlais Thomas, İngiliz şair (ö. 1953)
 1918 - Akaki Uruşadze, Gürcü filolog (ö. ?)
 1920 - Anthony Meyer, İngiliz siyasetçi, diplomat (ö. 2004)
 1923 - Roy Lichtenstein, Amerikalı pop sanatçısı (ö. 1997)
 1923 - Spartak Belyayev, Sovyet-Rus teorik fizikçi (ö. 2017)
1931 - Nevâl es-Saadavi, Mısırlı feminist yazar, aktivist ve psikiyatrist (d. 2021)
 1932 - Jean-Pierre Cassel, Fransız sinema oyuncusu (ö. 2007)
 1932 - Sylvia Plath, Amerikalı şair, yazar ve Pulitzer Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1963)
 1939 - John Cleese, İngiliz aktör ve yazar
 1940 - John Gotti, Amerikalı gangster (ö. 2002)
 1945 - Joos Ulrich Heintz, Arjantinli ve İsviçreli matematikçi
 1952 - Roberto Benigni, İtalyan aktör, senarist, yönetmen ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1957 - Glenn Hoddle, İngiliz futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1972 - Anke Van dermeersch, Belçikalı politikacı
 1972 - Maria Mutola, Mozambikli atlet
 1976 - Merche Romero; Portekiz asıllı model, oyuncu ve televizyon sunucusu
 1978 - Vanessa Mae, Singapurlu müzisyen
 1980 - Ali Aliyev, Kazak futbolcu
 1980 - Ünsal Arık, Türk boksör
 1981 - Volkan Demirel, Türk sporcu
 1982 - Patrick Fugit, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1983 - Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ, Türk aktör ve manken
1983 - Marie Moute, Fransız oyuncu
 1986 - Furkan Palalı, Türk oyuncu ve manken
 1986 - Alba Flores, İspanyol dizi oyuncusu
 1988 - Andreas Stavrou, Rum futbolcu
 1994
Ahsen Eroğlu, Türk oyuncu
Euna Kim, Güney Koreli şarkıcı
 1995 - Levan Şengelia, Gürcü millî futbolcu
Kurt Zouma, Fransız futbolcu
1996 - Kim Woo-seok, Güney Koreli şarkıcı
1997 - Lonzo Ball, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu.

Ölümler

 939 - Æthelstan, 924 ile 927 yılları arasında Anglo-Saksonların Kralı ve 927 ile 939 yılları arasında İngilizlerin Kralı (d. 894)
 1331 - Ebu'l-Fida, Kürt filozof, komutan, İslam tarihçisi, coğrafyacı ve (1320-1331) döneminde Eyyubiler Hama Emiridir (d. 1273)
 1430 - Vytautas, Orta Çağ Litvanyası'nın en ünlü hükümdârlarından biri (d. 1350)
 1439 - II. Albert, Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu'nun kralı (d. 1397)
 1449 - Uluğ Bey, Timur İmparatorluğu'nun 4. Sultanı, matematikçi ve gök bilimci (d. 1394)
 1505 - III. İvan, Rus çarı (d. 1440)
 1553 - Miguel Servet, İspanyol ilâhiyatçı, hekim, haritacı ve hümanist (d. 1509 / 1511)
 1605 - Celaleddin Muhammed Ekber (Ekber Şah), Babür İmparatoru (d. 1542)
 1845 - Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, Fransız fizikçi (d. 1875)
 1880 - Trasivulos Zaimis, Yunan devlet adamı (d. 1822)
 1954 - Franco Alfano, İtalyan müzisyen (d. 1883)
 1962 - Enrico Mattei, İtalyan yönetici ve politikacı (d. 1906)
 1967 - Kurt Schneider, Alman psikiyatrist (d. 1887)
 1968 - Lise Meitner, Amerikalı kimyacı ve fizikçi (nükleer fisyonu keşfeden) (d. 1878)
 1980 - John H. van Vleck, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (d. 1899)
 1990 - Xavier Cugat, İspanyol müzisyen (d. 1900)
 1990 - Ugo Tognazzi, İtalyan sinema oyuncusu (d. 1922)
 1992 - David Bohm, ABD'li bir fizikçisidir (d. 1917)
 2003 - Rod Roddy, Amerikalı televizyon ve radyo sunucusu (d. 1937)
 2006 - Semih Balcıoğlu, Türk karikatürist (d. 1928)
 2009 - John David Carson, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1952)
 2009 - Elli Pappa, Yunan yazar, gazeteci ve aktivist (d. 1920)
 2010 - Néstor Kirchner, Arjantinli siyasetçi (d. 1950)
 2012 - Hans Werner Henze, Alman besteci (d. 1926)
 2013 - Lou Reed, Amerikalı rock and roll şarkıcısı ve güftecisi (d. 1942)
 2015 - Ayerdhal, Fransız gerilim ve bilimkurgu yazarı (d. 1959)
 2015 - Philip French, İngiliz bir sinema eleştirmeni ve radyo yapımcısıdır (d. 1933)
 2016 - Brian Hill, eski İngiliz futbolcudur (d. 1941)
 2016 - Ruben Hovsepyan, Ermeni yazar, siyasetçi, çevirmen ve editör (d. 1939)
 2016 - Nelson Pinedo, Kolombiyalı şarkıcı (d. 1928)
 2016 - Takahito, Japonya prensi (d. 1915)
 2017 - Peter John Lawrenson, Britanyalı elektrik mühendisleri (d. 1933)
 2017 - Deon Stewardson, İngiliz asıllı Güney Afrikalı oyuncu (d. 1951)
 2017 - Katalin Szőke, Macar yüzücü (d. 1935)
 2018 - Ntozake Shange, Amerikalı oyun yazarı, şair ve romancıdır (d. 1948)
 2018 - Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, Taylandlı milyarder iş insanı ve spor yöneticisidir (d. 1958)
 2019 - John Conyers, Amerikalı siyasetçi (d. 1929)
 2019 - Anne Phela, İngiliz asıllı Avustralyalı oyuncu, dublaj sanatçısı ve aktivist (d. 1948)
 2020 - Hikmet Karagöz, Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1946)
 2020 - Jan Niemiec, Polonya doğumlu Ukraynalı Roma Katolik episkopos (d. 1958)
 2020 - Andrea Tabanelli, Paralimpik İtalyan profesyonel körling oyuncusu (d. 1961)
 2021 - Bernd Nickel, Alman eski millî futbolcudur (d. 1949)
 2022 - Stan Bingham, Amerikalı siyasetçi, iş adamı ve yayıncı (d. 1945)
 2022 - Joe Frank, Amerikalı siyasetçi (d. 1942)
 2022 - Vladimir Gligorov, Makedon asıllı Sırp ekonomist ve akademisyen (d. 1945)
 2022 - Joyce Molyneux, İngiliz yemek şefi, yazar ve işletmeci (d. 1931)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Türkmenistan Bağımsızlık Günü

1027
27

27 Ekim


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Asenovgrad ya da önceden Stanimaka (Bulgarca: Асеновград, Türkçe: İstanimaka, Vodene-i Balâ veya Vodene-i Zir), Bulgaristan'ın güneyinde, Filibe ilinde bulunan bir şehirdir. Filibe şehrine yakındır.

Tarihçe
Asenovgrad, MÖ 300-400 yıllarında Traklar tarafından Stenimahos adıyla kurulmuştur. MÖ 72 civrında şehir Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Karadeniz'e akınları sonucunda Roma toprağı olmuştur. Uzun süren barış ortamı, 251'de Gothların saldırıp şehri harab etmeleri ile bozulmuş, ancak şehir tekrar inşa edilmiştir. 395'te Roma ikiye bölününce, Asenovgrad Bizans tarafında kalmıştır. 700'lerde, Slavların göçleriyle nüfus artmış ve şehir bir slav şehrine dönüşmüştür.

Bulgaristan ile Bizans arasındaki savaşta şehir, Bulgarların güçlü bir askeri dayanağı olmuştur.
Latin İmparatorluğu ile gerilen ilişkiler üzerine, Bulgar Çarı II. İvan Asen şehrin yakınlarındaki Stanimaha Kalesi'ni güçlendirmiştir. Bu sebeple şehrin adı, 1934'te "Asen'in şehri" demek olan Asenovgrad yapılmıştır.Bundan önce ismi Stanimaka idi.Osmanlı egemenliği zamanında bu şehir Kanuni Sultan Süleyman tarafından Balkanların pek çok vilayetine yaptırılan vakıflarla gelişmiş ve tipik bir Anadolu kasabası görünümünü almıştır.

Şehirde biri faal birisi de inşaat halinde olan iki adet Cami de bulunmaktadır.
Şehrin yakınındaki kale, Asenovgrad'ın sembolüdür.

Ek bilgi: Dünya halter sporunun en başarılı sporcularının çıktığı bölgeler; Türkiye, Kırcaali ve Asenovgrad yöreleridir. Buradaki insanlarda Türk asıllı  soydaş olmakla beraber Jivkov döneminde büyük baskı altında tutulmuş ve gelir kapısı olarak görülmüşlerdir. Dünya rekortmeni Türk halterci Naim Süleymanoğlu' nun babası'nın köyü buradadır.

Kültür
Şehrin güney kısmında içki imalathaneleri bulunmaktadır. Asenovgrad şarapları ülkenin her yerinde beğenilmektedir.

Kardeş şehirler
 Derince, Kocaeli, Türkiye
 Nausa, İmatya, Yunanistan
 Kılkış, Yunanistan
 Pirlepe, Makedonya
 Starıy Oskol, Rusya

Kaynakça

Bulgaristan'daki şehirler
Filibe ili
Rodop Dağları
Antik Yunan kentleri
MÖ 4. yüzyılda kurulan yerleşim birimleri

Asenovgrad


කිසියම් ක්‍රියාවලියක් (Process) සඳහා ප්‍රධාන මතකය ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන විට දෘඩ තැටියෙහි ඉඩ ප්‍රධාන මතකය ලෙස භාවිත කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගන්නා ක්‍රමවේදයකි.

සටහන්

පරිගණක විද්‍යාව

අතථ්‍ය මතකය


Cabombaceae, manja porodica dvosupnica u redu Nymphaeales kojoj pripada šest poznatih i priznatih živih vrsta. Ime porodice došlo je po rodu kabomba (Cabomba). Postoji šest vrsta vodenih trajnica, od kojih samo jedna čini monotipski rod brazenija (Brasenia) koji je prisutan na svim kontinentima, dok rodu kabomba pripada ostalih pet vrsta. Rod kabomba autohtonm je u Americi, često se koristi u akvaristici kao ornamentalna biljka, pa je introduciran u mnoge druge zemlje.

Pluricarpellatia peltata je fosilna vrsta s područja današnjeg sjeveroistočnog Brazila

Rodovi
 genus: Brasenia Schreb.
 genus: Cabomba Aubl.
 †genus Pluricarpellatia Mohr et al. 2008

Izvori

Lopočolike

Cabombaceae


بلدية تشوفار ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 356 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

تشوفار


Bu sayfa, nüfusa göre ülkeler ve bağımlı toprakların bir listesidir. Egemen devletleri, yerleşik bağımlı bölgeleri ve bazı durumlarda egemen devletlerin kurucu ülkelerini içerir ve listeye dahil edilme esas olarak ISO standardı ISO 3166-1'e dayanır. Örneğin, Birleşik Krallık tek bir varlık olarak kabul edilirken, Hollanda Krallığı'nı oluşturan ülkeler ayrı ayrı değerlendirilir. Buna ek olarak, bu liste ISO 3166-1'de bulunmayan sınırlı tanınırlığa sahip bazı devletleri de içermektedir. Ayrıca, Birleşmiş Milletlerin 2023 itibariyle 8,045 milyar olarak tahmin ettiği dünya nüfusuna kıyasla her ülkenin nüfusu yüzde olarak verilmiştir.

Yöntem
Bu tabloda kullanılan rakamlar, ulusal nüfus sayımı otoritesi tarafından yapılan en güncel tahminlere veya projeksiyonlara dayanmaktadır ve genellikle yuvarlanmıştır.

Güncellenmiş ulusal verilerin mevcut olmadığı durumlarda, rakamlar Birleşmiş Milletler Ekonomik ve Sosyal İşler Departmanı Nüfus Bölümü tarafından 2022 yılı için yapılan tahminlere veya projeksiyonlara dayanmaktadır.

Derlenen rakamlar her ülkede aynı zamanda veya aynı doğruluk düzeyinde toplanmadığından, sonuçta ortaya çıkan sayısal karşılaştırmalar yanıltıcı sonuçlar doğurabilir. Ayrıca, tüm ülkelerden gelen rakamların toplanması dünya toplamına eşit olmayabilir.

Birleşik Krallık ülkeleri gibi egemen devletlerin ayrılmaz parçalarını oluşturan alanlar, ilgili egemen devletlerin bir parçası olarak sayılır. Avrupa Birliği gibi egemen devlet olmayan diğer oluşumlar ve çeşitli ülkelerin Antarktika üzerindeki hak iddiaları gibi kalıcı nüfusa sahip olmayan bağımsız bölgeler dahil değildir.

Nüfusa göre egemen devletler ve bağımlı topraklar
Not: Birleşmiş Milletlerin 193 üye devletine ve Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulundaki iki gözlemci devlete numaralandırılmış bir sıra atanmıştır. Bağımlı bölgelere ve egemen devletlerin parçası olan kurucu ülkelere numaralı bir sıra tahsis edilmemiştir. Buna ek olarak, sınırlı tanınırlığa sahip egemen devletler de dahil edilmiş, ancak bir numara sıralaması verilmemiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Nüfus yoğunluklarına göre ülkeler listesi

Notlar

Kaynakça

Nüfusla ilgili konulara göre ülke listeleri

Nüfusa göre ülkeler ve bağımlı topraklar listesi


Opatov () ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Luby in Tschechien.

Geographische Lage
Das Dorf liegt anderthalb Kilometer östlich von Luby am Südwesthang des Opatovský vrch (650 m) über dem Quellgrund des Baches Opatovský potok.
Zu Opatov gehören die Ansiedlungen Libocký Důl (Leibitschgrund), Pětidomí (Funfhaus) und Zálubí (Egetten).

Geschichte
Viele Orte des Schönbacher Ländchens sind vom Kloster Waldsassen aus gegründet worden, die 1348 Rüdiger von Sparneck erwarb. Ab der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bildete Abtsroth eine Gemeinde im Gerichtsbezirk Wildstein bzw. Bezirk Eger.

1939 zählte Abtsroth mit den Ortsteilen Egetten, Fünfhaus und Leibitschgrund 877 Einwohner. Zwischen 1938 und 1945 war die Gemeinde Teil des deutschen Landkreises Eger. 1960 erfolgte die Eingemeindung nach Luby.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Literatur
 Karl Mädler: Zur Geschichte des Schönbacher Ländchens. In: Unser Egerland. Schriftenreihe für lebendige Heimatpflege. Heft 25. Wunsiedel 1925. S. 41–46.

Einzelnachweise

Ortsteil in Tschechien
Luby

Opatov (Luby)


Sveta Gertruda Velika (Eisleben, Njemačka, 6. siječnja 1256. – Helfta, Njemačka, oko 1302.) - njemačka svetica, benediktinska redovnica, mističarka

Životopis
Rođena je u njemačkoj pokrajini Thüringen 1256. S pet godina roditelji su je poslali u samostan, koji je u to vrijeme bio svojevrsni internat za djevojčice. Samostan je vodila Gertruda iz Hackeborna. Sv. Mechtilda iz Hackeborna, mlađa sestra opatice Gertrude, brinula se o mladoj Gertrudi. Gertruda i Mechtilda bile su jako povezane i ta je povezanost samo još dublje rasla s vremenom, omogućujući Mechtildi veliki utjecaj na Gertrudu. Puno se družila i sa sv. Mechthildom iz Magdeburga. Zbog tih velikih kćeri Crkve, a posebno zbog svete Gertrude Velike, Helfta je dugo smatrana "krunom njemačkih ženskih samostana".

Gertruda je u samostanu studirala književnost. Naučila je latinski jezik. Osobito je voljela poeziju, i to svjetovnu, zbog čega je kasnije bila kritizirana.

U dobi od dvadeset i pet godina, prema vlastitom kazivanju, doživjela je prvo viđenje. To ju je navelo, da sama počne pisati. Ubrzo je postala vješta u pisanju. Pisala je crkvene rasprave pune poezije, sastavljala priručnike tekstova iz Biblije itd. Gertrudini tekstovi dugo su ostali skriveni, zbog čega se za života nije osobito proslavila.

Mnogo je molila za siromašne duše u čistilištu. Misama, pokorom i dobrim djelima mnogim dušama je skratila čistilišne muke i otvorila im vrata nebeska. Dok bi svećenik na svetoj misi podizao hostiju, ona bi molila: "Gospodine, Sveti Oče, prikazujem Ti svetu hostiju za sve one koji su na zemlji, u čistilištu i na Nebu…"

Umrla je oko 1302. godine. Gertrudini tekstovi otkriveni su i objavljeni tek dvjesto godina nakon njezine smrti.

Štovanje
Katolička Crkva Gertrudu je proglasila svetom 1677. godine.

Bibliografija
 Marija od Presvetog Srca (uredila), Molitve svete Gertrude i Matilde, Samostan sv. Klare, Split, 2006. (278 str.), ISBN 9536261693
 Objave / Gertruda Velika, Apostolatski centar "Sav Tvoj", Zagreb, 2014.
 Objave svete Gertrude, Verbum, Split, 2022. (475 str.), ISBN 9789532358124

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Objave sv. Gertrude Velike, www.monfortanci.com

Njemački sveci
Njemačke katoličke redovnice
Kršćanski mistici
Benediktinci

Sveta Gertruda


حلاوة المولد، هي نوع من الحلوى التي نشأت في مصر في مناسبة المولد النبوي الشريف. وساعدوا في نشرها لتكون هناك حلوى لكل مناسبة كنوع من التقرب السياسي من المصريين.

وارتبطت ظاهرة حلاوة المولد بذكرى ميلاد النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، وترجع هذه الظاهرة لعهد الفاطميين في مصر.

وحلويات المولد هى واحدة من مظاهر الاحتفال بالذكرى، حيث تنظم المواكب بالخيول، ويجتمع كبار القوم مع الحاكم في إحدى المساجد الكبرى، وتنشد الأشعار والتواشيح التي تروي السيرة النبوية والمديح النبوي.

وتوزع الحلوى على الفقراء وعلى الأطفال في الشوارع، ويتفنن الطهاة أو الطباخون في ابتكار أشكال متعددة من الحلويات في هذا اليوم.

حلاوة السودانية أو الفولية
حلوى الفولية هى واحدة من حلويات المولد النبوي الشهيرة، وتتكون من فول سوداني، وسكر، وماء، وعسل جلوكوز، مع بعض الإضافات.

حلاوة الحمصية
هى حلوى تصنع من الحمص كمكون أساسي في هيئة صلبة متماسكة، وتقطع في شكل دائري أو مكعبات، وتصنع بخليط حلوى عادي أو في شكل حلوى حمصية بيضاء.

ويمكن صناعة هذه الحلوى بالمنزل بسهولة، حيث تتكون من الحمص والسكر والماء، مع بعض الإضافات من الزيوت والليمون والجيلاتين وغيرها.

وطريقة عمل خليط الحلوى لا يتطلب خطوات معقدة، ونشير إلى طريقة صناعة خليط هذه الحلوى هى نفس الطريقة المستخدمة في صناعة السمسمية والفولية.

حلاوة السمسمية
حلاوة السمسمية من الحلويات الشهيرة في مناسبات المولد، ويمكن صناعتها في البيت بالعسل و بدون العسل، وهى حلوى صلبة متماسكة مكونها الرئيسي هو السمسم.

حلاوة اللديدة أو جوز الهند
حلاوة جوز الهند أو اللديدة أو الجوزية هى حلوى طرية مصنوعة من جوز الهند كمكون أساسي،بالإضافة للحليب والعسل والزبيب.

حلوى الملبن
حلاوة الملبن هى حلوى طرية شهية تصنع من السكر والنشا والجيلاتين، ويمكن صناعتها بدون الجيلاتين، ويضاف إليها المكسرات حسب الرغبة.

العروسة والحصان الحلاوة
العروسة الحلاوة والحصان الحلاوة، من أشهر حلويات المولد توزع على الأطفال، وتقدم هدايا للعروسين، وتصنع من سكر ولون مضاف حسب الرغبة.

وعمل هذه الحلوى يتطلب توفر قالب على شكل عروسة أو حصان أو جمل أو أي شكل حسب الرغبة، والقالب يتشكل من جزئين من الخشب.

حلويات البسيمة
البسيمة هى حلوى لذيذة يتم صناعتها من السميد والدقيق وجوز الهند والسكر، بالإضافة للحليب والماء والسمن، ولها طرق متعددة في فنون صناعتها.

أخرى
البندقيه , اللوزيه , الفستقيه , الجزريه

المراجع

ثقافة مصرية
حلويات شرقية

حلاوة المولد


An Fimbristylis macassarensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Fimbristylis macassarensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis macassarensis


Hindarfífill (fræðiheiti: Doronicum austriacum) er fjölær jurt af körfublómaætt, ættuð frá fjöllum mið og suður Evrópu.

Hann verður um meter á hæð, jafnvel 1,5m. Blómgast í júlí-ágúst. Sjaldgæfur í ræktun hérlendis

Tilvísanir

Körfublómaætt

Hindarfífill


Treći stupanj nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1984./85. su činile republičke lige

Hrvatska

Hrvatska liga – Istok

Hrvatska liga – Jug

Hrvatska liga – Sjever

Hrvatska liga – Zapad

Bosna i Hercegovina

Crna Gora

Kosovo

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Prva savezna liga 1984./85.
 Druga savezna liga 1984./85.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

1984-85
 3

Nogometno prvenstvo Jugoslavije – 3. ligaški rang 1984./85.


An Leptothrium rigidum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Leptothrium rigidum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leptothrium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leptothrium

Leptothrium rigidum


Lozi, also known as siLozi and Rozi, is a Bantu language of the Niger–Congo language family within the Sotho–Tswana branch of Zone S (S.30), that is spoken by the Lozi people, primarily in southwestern Zambia and in surrounding countries. This language is most closely related to Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa), Tswana (Setswana), Kgalagari (SheKgalagari) and Sotho (Sesotho/Southern Sotho). Lozi, sometimes written as Rotse, and its dialects are spoken and understood by approximately six per cent of the population of Zambia. Silozi is the endonym (the name of the language used by its native speakers) as defined by the United Nations. Lozi is the exonym.

The Lozi language developed from a mixture of two languages: Luyana and Kololo. The Luyana people originally migrated south from the Kingdom of Luba and Kingdom of Lunda in the Katanga area of the Congo River basin, either  late in the 17th century or early in the 18th century. The language they spoke, therefore, was closely related to Luba and Lunda. They settled on the floodplains of the upper Zambezi in what is now western Zambia and developed a kingdom, Barotseland, and also gave their name to the Barotse Floodplain or Bulozi.

The Kololo were a Sotho people who used to live in what is now the Free State province of South Africa. The Kololo were forced to flee from Shaka Zulu's Mfecane during the 1830s. Using tactics they had copied from the Zulu armies, the Kololo conquered the Luyana on the Zambezi floodplains and imposed their rule and language. However, by 1864 the indigenous population revolted and overthrew the Kololo. By that time, the Luyana language had been largely forgotten; the new hybrid language is called Lozi or Silozi and is closer to Sesotho than to any other neighbouring languages in Zambia.

Lozi is also spoken in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia (Zambezi Region).

Phonology
Lozi has 5 vowels:

20 consonants are in Lozi:

Tone is marked as high or low.

Orthography

Lozi uses the Latin script, which was introduced by missionaries. In 1977, Zambia standardised the language's orthography.

Vocabulary

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Lozi of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):

References

External links

Lozi alphabet and pronunciation at Omniglot
A sample paragraph in Lozi
Silozi-English Dictionary, glossaries, beginner's guide, other info
 Lozi English Dictionary from Webster's Online Dictionary - The Rosetta Edition
PanAfrican L10n page on Lozi
OLAC resources in and about the Lozi language
Medical phrases in Lozi

Lozi language stories
Sibetta, O.Kwibisa, Ze Patezwi ba Banca, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014
Silozi language stories, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014

Sotho-Tswana languages
Languages of Botswana
Languages of Namibia
Languages of South Africa
Languages of Zambia
Languages of Zimbabwe
Library of Congress Africa Collection related
Lozi people

Lozi language


Johann Christoph Thielemann (* 9. März 1682 in Wiegmar (Wechmar?); † 4. August 1755) war ein Orgelbauer aus Arnstadt in Thüringen.

Leben und Werk
Johann Christoph Thielemann erlernte den Orgelbau bei Christoph Donati dem Älteren und erlangte 1735 das Gothaische Hoforgelmacherprivileg. Zu seinen Schülern gehörten Johann Stephan Schmaltz, Carl Christian Hoffmann und Johann Bätz.

In Teilen erhalten geblieben sind bis heute nur die Orgeln in Grabsleben, Tenneberg und Wölfis, wobei die restaurierte Gräfenhainer Orgel das einzige noch spielbare Originalinstrument darstellt. 1754 bat Thielemann um Unterstützung wegen seiner "jetzigen großen Dürftigkeit". Gegenüber der herzoglichen Kammer versprach der bereits seit 1746 bei ihm arbeitende Carl Christian Hoffmann, den "alten Hof-Orgelmacher Thielemann auf dessen noch übrige Lebenszeit unentgeltlich zu versehen". Ein Sterbeort ist nicht belegt.

Werkliste
Seine Werke sind in folgenden Kirchen nachweisbar.

Die Größe der Instrumente wird in der fünften Spalte durch die Anzahl der Manuale und die Anzahl der klingenden Register in der sechsten Spalte angezeigt. Ein großes "P" steht für ein selbstständiges Pedal.

Literatur
 Hermann Fischer, Theodor Wohnhaas: Lexikon süddeutscher Orgelbauer. Florian Noetzel Verlag, Heinrichshofen-Bücher, Wilhelmshaven 1994, ISBN 3-7959-0598-2, S. 416.

Weblinks
 Website des Freundeskreises der Thielemannorgel in Gräfenhain

Einzelnachweise

Orgelbauer (18. Jahrhundert)
Orgelbauer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Orgellandschaft Thüringen
Geboren 1682
Gestorben 1755
Mann

Johann Christoph Thielemann


زبـديــن Zebdine''' قرية في قضاء النبطية التابع لمحافظة النبطية في الجنوب اللبناني.

تعلو زبدين عن سطح البحر 535 مترا، وهي تقع على تلة تشرف على طريق النبطية - حاروف. وتبعد عن مدينة النبطية كيلومترين، وعن بيروت 75 كيلومترا. وتبلغ مساحتها العقارية 4000 دونما، فيما يبلغ عدد سكانها 4000 نسمة تقريباً، منهم 1466 ناخبا (إحصاء 2005) وعدد وحداتها السكنية 975 وحدة و 225 وحدة تجارية.

نقل عدد كبير من أبناء البلدة سجلات نفوسهم إلى بيروت وأصبح يوجد عدد كبير منهم فيها، خصوصاً عائلة قبيسي وغيرها ممن أصبح أفرادها ضمن «لوائح شطب» الناخبين بالعاصمة، وخاصة في منطقة المصيطبة وأحيائها.

التسمية
يرى أنيس فريحة في معجم أسماء المدن والقرى اللبنانية أن اسم زبدين مشتق من زبد  وهو اسم اله سامي معناه العطاء والسماء وتم إطلاقه على آلهة عدة عبر التاريخ، فيكون معناه أتباع الإله زبد كما شرح فريحة.

لكن أقوى شرح للاسم نراه في ارتباطه بكلمة الزبداني وهو اسم المدينة والمصيف الشهير في سورية، بحيث يصبح الاسمان مشتقان من جذر واحد، إذ أثبتت الدراسات اللغوية أن لزبداني (بكسر الأول وسكون الثاني) أصل آرامي (سرياني) واحد، هو زبد (بكسر الزين وسكون الباء) وجمعه هو زابادوناي Zabadonay وحين انتقلت الكلمة لليونانية بالقرن الرابع قبل الميلاد تغيرت إلى زابادوني Zabadony والأصل في الآرامية والعربية واحد، حيث المفرد منها زبد، ومعناه اللب أو لب الخير وخلاصته، أو زبدة الشيء، فدخلت إلى العربية باللفظ والمعنى نفسه.

ولأن الكلمة كانت تحمل معنى مقدسا عند الآراميين فقد أوجدوا لها إلهاً، وصنعوا له تمثالاً عبدوه وبنوا له المعابد والهياكل وجعلوه ابن الشمس (الإله الأكبر) وهو إيل المعروف في التاريخ، فسموه زبدئيل وهو اسم تسمى به ملوك آدوم والأنباط وتدمر، وما تزال بقاياه في عدد من مناطق العالم العربي، فهناك زيدل في لبنان، غربي شتورة. كما هناك ربدئيل في العراق، إضافة إلى زبدان في الجزيرة السورية على نهر الخابور، إلى جانب زبلان في اليمن، وهناك أيضا جبل زاباد. لذلك فان معنى زبدين يشير بقوة إلى مكان عبادة زبد، أو لنقل معبد زبد، أكثر مما هو أتباع الاله زبد لأنه اسم مكان، لا اسم قوم.

يثبت ذلك، أي ارتباط الاسم باله قديم، هو وجود بقايا معبد آرامي، من أعمدة وغيرها، كان مخصصا لعبادة الإله زابادوني، وهذا الاسم هو الاسم القديم لمدينة ومصيف الزبداني حاليا في سورية. وقد يكون الاسم من الآرامية سبدين أيضا، أي جهاز العروس، أو ربما كانت له علاقة بالزيدة وإنتاجها، بحيث يمكن للكلمة أن تعني مكان صنع الزبدة وهو تأويل ضعيف أمام قوة معبد زبد وهو المرجح على كل التفسيرات. لذلك فان زبدين، هذه البلدة الصغيرة بجنوب لبنان، وأي زبدين أخرى، معناها: معبد الاله زبد، وهو اله خرافي وأسطوري. أما سكان كل قرية اسمها زبدين فيعبدون الها واحدا خالق الكون والبشر ورب السماء والأرض والعالمين.

هناك قريتان في لبنان تحملان اسم زبدين أيضا، احداهما زبدين في قضاء جبيل، والثانية لا تبعد عنها أكثر من عشرة كيلومترات واسمها كرم زبدين وهي إحدى قرى وادي خالد في محافظة عكار. توجد أيضا قرية بزبدين وهي في قضاء بعبدا بمحافظة جبل لبنان. كما أن إحدى مزارع شبعا اللبنانية التي تحتلها إسرائيل اسمها مزرعة زبدين وتضم 571 منزلا. أما خارج لبنان فتوجد قرية اسمها زبدين في سورية، وهي إحدى قرى الغوطة بمحافظة ريف دمشق. توجد أيضا قرية في فلسطين اسمها «زبدة» في قضاء جنين، ويقولون ان اسمها كان زبدين، فاختصره سكانها الذين يقولون ان اسم زبدين هو آرامي الأصل ويعني مكان صنع الزبدة. كما هناك قرية زبدا الوسطيه في الأردن.

القرى المجاورة
تقع زبدين وسط هلال جغرافي من القرى المتآلفة سكانيا في ما بينها، خصوصا من ناحية النسيج الاجتماعي والتاريخي الواحد، وهذه القرى هي: شوكين، جبشيت، حاروف (أقربها إلى زبدين) تول، كفور، مزرعة كفر الجوز، كفر رمان. أما النبطية فهي المدينة وعاصمة القضاء، ولا تبعد سوى كيلومترين عن زبدين.

الأحياء
تنقسم زبدين إلى أحياء هي: الضيعة - ظهر المغارة - رأس الربعة - الحارة الفوقا - الميسة - عين الجمل - القناي - خلة المهدي - الحليش وقلعة المرج.

التعليم
بدأت الدراسة في البلدة مطلع القرن العشرين على يد الشيخ عبد جمعة الذي كان يدير الكُتّاب في زبدين لتعليم القرآن ومبادئ اللغة والحساب، ثم أُنشئت مدرسة ذات معلم منفرد بأوائل الستينيات وتحولت إلى ابتدائية بإدارة أحمد مكي (حبوش) وتبعه محمد حسن موسى ثم حسن محمد قبيسي منذ مطلع السبعينيات حتى 1975 تاريخ توقفها عن العمل. وأخيراً تم بناء مدرسة متوسطة حديثة بمبادرة من «جمعية الهدى - زبدين» ومساهمة من قبل مجلس الجنوب. وقد بدأت بالعمل في العام الدراسي 1998/1999 بإدارة الأستاذ خليل زهري. كما تم أيضا في 2002 افتتاح المدرسة الأكاديمية الخاصة بمساهمة من بعض رجال الأعمال.

برز من أبناء زبدين عدد كبير في الحقول العلمية والاقتصادية والصحافية والاعلامية والسياسية والدينية في لبنان وبلاد الاغتراب، منهم من يعمل في مجالات الطب والهندسة الجوية والمعمارية وغيرها من المجالات0

آثارُها
يقال إن زبدين القديمة كانت إلى الشمال من الحالية، وبمحلة تدعى «الخربة» أما الآن فتقع في الموقع الذي كان مخصصا لمدافن البلدة القديمة، بدليل العثور علـى مغـاور عدة هناك، وآخرها كان في العام 2000 حيث تم اكتشاف مغارة وسط البلدة في داخلها 16 لحداً وبقايا هياكل عظمية.

مناخ زبدين
هواؤها معتدل برطوبة قليلة وتتعاقب عليها الفصول الأربع كبقية قرى الجنوب، وأجمل ما تبدو فيه زبدين هو حين يحل عليها الربيع، حيث يعتدل المناخ والهواء وتنتعش النفوس وتزهو المناظر بالزهور والورود وتفترش الخضرة السهول والجبال المحيطة بالقرية. أما في الصيف فتتحول زبدين إلى عروس بهية حيث يأتيها أبناؤها المقيمين في بيروت، أو حتى من بلاد الاغتراب، لتمضية عطلات نهاية الأسبوع، ومنهم من يمضي فيها أياما كثيرة من الصيف، فيحلو السمر ويتعارف أهلها المقيمون بأبنائها غير المقيمين. والمناخ في فصل الشتاء بارد بعض الشيء، وأحيانا تتساقط الثلوج على زبدين، فتبدو جميلة ومبتهجة أيضا. وفي الخريف يعتدل الطقس إلى حد ما، لكنه يظل باردا بعض الشي ومحتملا.

Zebdîne, Nabatîyé, Lebanon

Also known as Wadi Zebdine, Ouadi Zebdine, Zibdine, Zebdeene, or Zibdeene

The timezone in Zebdine is Asia/Beirut

Sunrise at 05:37 and Sunset at 17:52. It's light

Latitude: 33.3747222°, Longitude: 35.4630556°

Temperature: 13 °C / 55.4 °F Wind: 4.6 km/h North Cloud: Few at 2000 ft Broken at 2500 ft

من علماء زبدين
الشيخ أسد الله بن محمود آل صفا العاملي الزبديني: ولد عام 1294 هـ في زبدين، وتوفي عام 1353 هـ. كان عالما وأديبا وشاعرا، تولى القضاء الشرعي الجعفري في صيدا، ودرس على السيد حسن يوسف مكي في النبطية، نشر الكثير من السعر في مجلة العرفان.

المراجع

الوصلات الخارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لقرية زبدين
 Zebdine,Lebanon Page
أنظر المزيد عن زبدين
صورصور حديثة صور مميزة

قرى جبل عامل

زبدين (النبطية)