Atheist is an American death metal band from Florida, founded in 1987 by the vocalist and rhythm guitarist Kelly Shaefer, lead guitarist Rand Burkey, bassist Roger Patterson and drummer Steve Flynn. The band is known for its highly technical playing style, and its 1991 album Unquestionable Presence is regarded as a landmark of the technical death metal genre. After disbanding in 1994, the group reformed in 2006 and has since released one studio album and a live DVD.

History

The band was originally formed in 1984 in Sarasota, Florida, firstly under the name Oblivion and later as R.A.V.A.G.E. (which stands for "Raging Atheists Vowing A Gory End"). They released their first album, Piece of Time, in 1989. Shortly before entering the studio to record their 2nd album, Roger Patterson died on February 12, 1991 in a car accident at the age of 22. Shortly afterwards, they recruited ex-Pestilence and Cynic bassist Tony Choy to record their second album, Unquestionable Presence. Atheist disbanded for the first time in 1992, then reunited in 1993 to record a third album, Elements, fulfilling their contractual requirements, before disbanding for a second time in early 1994.

Seven years after their second break up, Shaefer decided to re-release and remaster their three albums with different bonus tracks.

Relapse Records re-issued the band's three albums in late 2005, as well as a vinyl box set containing the three albums plus the R.A.V.A.G.E. demo "On They Slay". Flynn formed the band Gnostic in the same year. In January 2006, Atheist announced they were regrouping to perform live during the summer and autumn. The line-up was Shaefer, Burkey, Choy and Flynn. Shaefer only provided vocals due to long battles with tendinitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. The Gnostic guitarist Sonny Carson played all of Shaefer's guitar parts, while Burkey was later replaced by Chris Baker of Gnostic.

On July 12, 2008, Shaefer issued a statement indicating that he and Flynn were working on new material. A month later, Shaefer announced that they had commenced the recording of a new studio album, which would be their first in over 15 years. The band toured Europe and the US in 2009 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of Piece of Time. A live DVD filmed at the Wacken Open Air Festival appeared towards the end of the year.

On July 11, 2010, Atheist revealed that their fourth studio album would be called Jupiter and was set for a November release. They inked a deal with Season of Mist and Jupiter was released on November 8, 2010.

On August 3, 2010, Shaefer and Flynn announced on behalf of the band that Tony Choy would not be appearing on Jupiter but was still likely to appear in live performances with the band due to his own musical aspirations. The band announced in 2014 that it was working on a fifth studio album.

In February 2018, Atheist signed with Agonia Records, which plans to release their fifth studio album.

Members
Current
 Kelly Shaefer – lead vocals , guitar
 Dylan Marks - drums  (2023-present)
 Yoav Ruiz Feingold – bass
 Jerry Witunsky – guitar
 Alex Haddad – guitar

Former

Guitarists
 Rand Burkey –
 Frank Emmi –
 Sonny Carson –
 Chris Baker –
 Jonathan Thompson – , bass
 Jason Holloway –
 Chris Martin –
 Daniel Martinez –

Bassists
 Roger Patterson –
 Tony Choy –
 Darren McFarland – live
 Travis Morgan –
 Sean Martinez – live

Drummers
 Marcel DeSantos – live
 Mickey Hayes – live
 Josh Greenbaum –
 Joey Muha – live
 Dylan Marks – live

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Piece of Time (1989)
 Unquestionable Presence (1991)
 Elements (1993)
 Jupiter (2010)

Live albums
 Unquestionable Presence: Live at Wacken (2009)

References

External links

 Official Facebook page

1984 establishments in Florida
American musical quintets
American technical death metal musical groups
American progressive metal musical groups
Death metal musical groups from Florida
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups disestablished in 1992
Musical groups reestablished in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 1994
Musical groups reestablished in 2006
Relapse Records artists
Season of Mist artists

Atheist (band)


Alfacar, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin güneyinde en fazla nüfusu sahip bulunan Endülüs otonom bölgesine bağlı sekiz eyaletten biri olan Granada'ya bağlı 170 belediyeden biridir. Alfacar belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 4766 kişidir.

Dış bağlantılar

 Alfacar Belediyesi
 Alfacar bilgiler ve haberler (İspanyolca)
 Alfacar

Granada'nın belediyeleri

Alfacar


Rezervația Naturală a Bașchiriei (în ) este o rezervație naturală a Rusiei situată în partea centrală a Uralilor Sudici din Bașchiria. Ea se întinde pe pantele muntoase împădurite din partea de vest a Uralilor sudici înspre râul Kaga și se află în zona de tranziție de la pădurea montană la stepă. Rezervația a fost înființată în 1930 în raionul Burzyansky din Bașkortostan.

Istoric
Rezervația a fost instituită la 11 iulie 1930 și desființată în 1951 de către Consiliul de Miniștri al Republicii Sovietice Socialiste Bașchiria pentru a face loc unui leskhoz, adică unei exploatări forestiere intensive de stat, după modelul socialist. Rezervația a fost reînființată în noiembrie 1958. Ea era formată din trei zone: Ouraltaou, Krakul de Sud și Pribelsk. Teritoriul Choulgan-Tach a fost separat în 1986 pentru a forma rezervația naturală Choulgan-Tach ce conține o peșteră celebră cu picturi rupestre care i-au dat numele.

Rezervația este delimitată la nord de râul Kaga, la est de ramura sudică a Uralilor sudici, la sud de râul Uzyan și la vest de munții Kraków. Cele mai multe vârfuri montane au muchiile netezite și acoperite cu păduri. Pădurea se află pe pantele munților, în partea de est a zonei de tranziție către stepă și pajiști joase.

O cartografiere detaliată a fost publicată în 2006, prin activitatea studenților geografi de la Universitatea din Moscova.

Geografie
Relieful rezervației este muntos. Piscurile sale sunt erodate, de o înălțime redusă și acoperite cu păduri, precum Muntele Massime, popular printre excursioniști. Versanții sudici sunt acoperiți cu păduri, precum și cu silvostepă, având poieni cu diferite ierburi. Fiecare zonă a rezervației are particularitățile sale.

Climat
Rezervația este situată la capătul sudic al ecoregiunii Tundra și pădurile montane din munții Ural, care este o zonă de întâlnire între zonele de vegetație din Europa și din Asia (peste Munții Ural). (WWF ID#610).

Clima rezervației este continental-umedă (Clasificarea climatică Köppen Dfc), fiind caracterizată prin mari variații de temperatură atât pe parcursul anului, cât și de la o zi la alta, cu veri răcoroase, ierni reci și precipitații relativ uniforme pe tot parcursul anului. Temperatura poate scădea până la -45° C iarna, iar înghețurile sunt frecvente pe vârfurile munților în timpul verii. Media anuală a precipitațiilor este de 500 mm, mai ales în timpul verii și toamnei.

Floră și faună
Datorită situării sale la punctul de întâlnire a mai multor ecoregiuni, rezervația are un nivel ridicat de biodiversitate. Vegetația este de tip siberian și european, central-asiatic și arctic. Pădurile acoperă 80% din teritoriul rezervației, fiind format în cea mai mare parte din păduri boreale de pin și zadă, precum și din păduri de mesteacăn. De-a lungul cursurilor inferioare ale râurilor sunt fâșii de păduri de arin sau de salcie. Au fost identificate în rezervație 812 de specii de plante rădăcinoase, 95 de specii de alge, 42 de fungi (macromicete), 322 de licheni și 124 de mușchi. Animalele din rezervație sunt cele tipice pădurilor din sudul munților Ural - ursul brun, veverița, râsul, veverița roșie și cocoșul de munte. Parcul conține 275 de specii de vertebrate, mai precis 196 de specii de păsări, 53 de specii de mamifere, 17 specii de pești, 6 specii de reptile și 3 specii de amfibieni. Curenții de apă reci și rapizi favorizează dezvoltarea păstrăvilor. O specie de albină endemică asemănătoare cu Apis mellifera, numită albină de Bourzian, este protejată în mod special.

Studii științifice și pericole
Rezervația a fost înființată pentru a proteja ecosistemul puțin înalt al Munților Ural și în special pădurile sale puțin afectate de activitatea umană. Cu toate acestea, în 1998 au fost înființate două colhozuri, dar acestea au fost declarate ilegale. În mod similar, în 2004, problema exploatării cromitului în apropierea satului Sagaï (aflat în mijlocul rezervației) a fost prezentată în fața Dumei de stat.

Management
În rezervație există un muzeu al naturii, dar intrarea în acest teritoriu necesită un permis din partea conducerii rezervației și doar un număr limitat de tururi ecologice sunt permise și numai însoțite de ghizi.

Referințe

Legături externe
  Informations sur la protection de la nature en Russie
  La réserve de Bachkirie sur le site OOPT-INFO
 Bashkirsky entry at ProtectedPlanet.net

Categoria Ia IUCN
Bașkortostan

Rezervația Naturală a Bașchiriei


ʽPaul Bocuse' est un cultivar de rosier moderne obtenu en 1992 par le rosiériste français Dominique Massad pour la roseraie Guillot qui l'introduit au commerce en 1997. Il rend hommage au fameux chef français Paul Bocuse (1926-2018) et fait partie de la collection .

Description
Ce rosier présente un buisson érigé pouvant atteindre 150 cm pour 120 cm de largeur. Il montre de grosses fleurs orange pâle abricot rappelant la forme des roses anciennes. Elles sont pleines (26-40 pétales) en coupe. Elles sont modérément parfumées, aux nuances légèrement fruitées. La floraison est remontante tout au long de la saison.

C'est un rosier qui résiste fort bien au froid rigoureux, jusqu'à -23,5° (zone de rusticité 5b à 10b), et supporte la chaleur estivale.

Il est issu d'un croisement [semis non nommé × ʽGraham Thomas' (Austin, 1983)] × ʽDavidoff'. Cette rose est devenue un grand succès des jardins contemporains.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
Cultivars de roses portant des noms de célébrités

Liens externes
Fiche descriptive et photographies sur Roses Guillot

Cultivar de rosier

Paul Bocuse (rose)


Upstate New York is a geographic region consisting of the area of New York State that lies north and northwest of the New York City metropolitan area. Although the precise boundary is debated, Upstate New York excludes New York City and Long Island, and most definitions of the region also exclude all or part of Westchester and Rockland counties, which are typically included in Downstate New York. Major cities across Upstate New York from east to west include Albany, Utica, Binghamton, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo.

Upstate New York is divided into several subregions: the Hudson Valley, the lower part of which is sometimes debated as to being upstate, the Capital District, the Mohawk Valley region, Central New York, the Southern Tier, the Finger Lakes region, Western New York, and the North Country.

Before the European colonization of the United States, Upstate New York was populated by several Native American tribes. It was home to the Iroquois Confederacy, an indigenous confederation of six tribes, known as the Six Nations. Henry Hudson made the first recorded European exploration of the region in 1609, and the Dutch erected Fort Orange (present-day Albany) in 1624, which was the first permanent European settlement in New York. The region saw many battles during the American Revolutionary War, with the Iroquois split between supporters of the loyalists and supporters of the revolutionaries. After the war ended, the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix kicked off a series of treaties and purchases that saw the Iroquois cede the vast majority of their land in Upstate New York to the newly formed United States.

The 1825 opening of the Erie Canal across Upstate New York transformed the economy of the region and the state. The canal greatly eased the movement of goods from across the upper Midwest and the cities along the Great Lakes through Upstate New York and to the port of New York City. As a result, Upstate New York became a hotbed for manufacturing during the Second Industrial Revolution, giving birth to such firms as General Electric, IBM, Kodak, and Xerox. The rapid industrialization led to a large influx of immigrants seeking jobs at factories across the region. Since the mid-20th century, American de-industrialization has contributed to economic and population decline, and the region is largely considered part of the Rust Belt.

There are a wide variety of land uses in the region, including urban, suburban, forested preserve, and rural landscapes. Due to its vast areas of rural land, Upstate also supports a strong agricultural industry, and is notable for its dairy, maple syrup, and fruit production (especially apples), as well as winemaking. Upstate New York includes a number of notable waterways, with the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers all originating in the region, and is bordered on its northern and western edges by the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes.  As a result, the region is a significant source of hydroelectric power (going back to the creation of the world's first hydroelectric dam by Nikola Tesla at Niagara Falls) and drinking water (with multiple reservoirs serving New York City). Upstate New York is home to numerous popular tourist and recreational destinations, including Niagara Falls, the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains, the Thousand Islands, the National Baseball Hall of Fame, and the Finger Lakes.

Definition

There is no clear official boundary between Upstate New York and Downstate New York. The most expansive definition of the Upstate New York region excludes only New York City and Long Island, which are always considered to be part of Downstate New York; this usage is common among New York City residents and significantly less farther north. This definition is used by the Department of Environmental Conservation. A cheeky joke among Manhattanites is that anything north of 14th Street is "upstate".

Another usage locates the Upstate/Downstate boundary farther north, at the point where New York City's suburbs segue into its exurbs, as the exurbs do not generally fall within the Census Bureau-defined New York–Newark Urban Area. This latter boundary places most of the Lower Hudson Valley, or Westchester and Rockland counties and about one-third of Putnam County, Downstate, while putting the northwestern edge of Rockland County as well as the northernmost quarter of Westchester County (including Peekskill) Upstate. Conversely, area residents often use Interstate 84 to delineate a boundary between Upstate and Downstate New York.

Yet another usage follows the U.S. Census definition of the New York metropolitan area prior to 2010, which includes all of included Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam counties. This definition was used by the plaintiffs in the federal redistricting case Rodriguez v. Pataki.

In New York state law, the definition of the Upstate boundary also varies: while Westchester is seemingly always considered Downstate under state law, some definitions include Rockland and Putnam counties in the downstate region, and others also include Orange and Dutchess counties; all of these counties are served by Metro-North Railroad lines. Ulster County, and, in the largest state-defined extent of Downstate, Columbia County, are also sometimes included. The division line between the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York places Sullivan County and Dutchess County in the Southern District, and Ulster and Columbia counties in the Northern District.

Residents of Upstate New York typically prefer to identify with subregions, such as the Hudson Valley (Middle and Upper), the Capital District, the Mohawk Valley, the North Country, Western New York or Central New York.

Within New York, surveys have had difficulty determining a consensus. In a 2016 poll of New York voters in which respondents were asked to choose among four definitions of where Upstate begins, three were about equally common, selected by between 25% and 30% of respondents each: north of New York City, north of Westchester County, and north of Poughkeepsie in Dutchess County. (The fourth, which also started north of Poughkeepsie but excluded Buffalo as a unique region neither Upstate nor Downstate, drew only 7%.) An informal 2018 poll found the Hudson Valley region is the most heavily disputed area regarding whether it is Upstate or Downstate.

A number of businesses and institutions in the area have "upstate" as part of their name. Examples of this include the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, the Upstate New York Chapter of the Arthritis Foundation serving 31 of New York's 62 counties, and the VA Healthcare Network Upstate New York, which includes all of New York State northward and westward from Kingston in Ulster County. Other organizations in New York with "upstate" in their name include the Upstate Collegiate Athletic Association (now known as the Liberty League), the Upstate Correctional Facility, the Upstate New York Club Hockey League, the Upstate New York Synod, and the Upstate Citizens for Equality.

History

Early history

Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was long inhabited by Iroquoian-speaking people, mainly west of the Hudson River and around the Great Lakes and Algonquian-speaking people, mainly east of the Hudson River. The conflict between the two peoples continued through the period of early European colonization, and the French, Dutch and English tended to ally with their trading partners among the indigenous peoples. The Haudenosaunee or Iroquois confederacy of the Five (later Six) Nations was a powerful force in its home territory.

The Five Nations' territory extended from the Mohawk River Valley through the western part of the state and into current Pennsylvania. From this home base they also controlled at various times large swaths of additional territory throughout what is now the northeastern United States. The Guswhenta (Two Row Wampum Treaty), made with the Dutch government in 1613, codified relations between the Haudenosaunee and European colonizers, and formed the basis of subsequent treaties.

In the mid-17th century, during the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois were victorious and dominated the tribes of Neutral Indians, Wenrohronon and the Erie Indians in western New York. Survivors were mostly assimilated into the Seneca people of the Iroquois; some are believed to have escaped to South Carolina, where they merged with other Indian tribes.

The region was important from the first days of both French and Dutch colonization in the seventeenth century. The New Netherland colony encompassed the Hudson Valley from Manhattan island north to the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, where Fort Orange (later Albany) was established in 1624. The fort at Schenectady was built in 1661. The upper Hudson Valley was the center of much of the colony's fur trade, which was highly lucrative, serving a demand for furs in Europe.

North and west of New Netherland, the French established trading posts along the St. Lawrence River and as far south as the shores of Onondaga Lake. They found both trading and proselytizing difficult among the Haudenosaunee, as Samuel de Champlain had alienated the Haudenosaunee during military forays from New France. In the 1640s, three French Jesuit missionaries to New France—St. René Goupil, St. Isaac Jogues, and St. Jean de Lalande—were killed near the Mohawk village of Ossernenon, which was located at the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk rivers, where the modern hamlet of Auriesville was later developed. They are considered to be the first three U.S. saints.

England seized New Netherland by force in 1664, renaming it New York. The Dutch recaptured the colony nine years later, but ceded it to England under the Treaty of Westminster of 1674.

In the eighteenth century, the British consolidated their hold on the region. William Johnson, a Scottish trader, established an estate in the Mohawk Valley, living among the Mohawk, learning their language, and forging an alliance with them. He was appointed as the British Indian agent to the Iroquois. The British also encouraged settlement in the Mohawk Valley by other Europeans, including German Palatines beginning in the 1720s.

In what became known as the Albany Congress in 1754, delegates from seven of the thirteen British North American colonies met at Albany to pursue a treaty with the powerful Mohawk. Benjamin Franklin, a Pennsylvania delegate, proposed a plan for uniting the seven colonies that greatly exceeded the scope of the congress. The delegates spent most of their time debating this Albany Plan of union, one of the first attempts to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes". The delegates approved an amended version, but the colonies rejected it.

To counter the French militarily, the British established forts along Lake Ontario and at portages between the Mohawk Valley and the adjacent Lake Champlain and Lake Ontario watersheds. The region became the area for many conflicts of the French and Indian War, such as the Battle of Fort Oswego (1756) and the Siege of Fort William Henry (which was later depicted in the work of James Fenimore Cooper), during the Seven Years' War.

The British conquered New France by 1760 with the fall of Quebec. France formally ceded New France to the British in the Treaty of Paris of 1763. The same year, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which established the western and northern boundary of the Province of New York at the limits of the Hudson, Mohawk and Delaware River watersheds. The area between that boundary and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, including west of the Appalachian Mountains, was to be the "Indian Reserve."

American Revolution

Between 1774 and 1783, deeply divided colonists waged civil war on each other directly and by proxy, through attacks such as the Seneca-led Cherry Valley and the Mohawk-led Cobleskill massacre. In 1779, the Sullivan Expedition, a campaign by the Continental Army ordered by General George Washington, drove thousands of the Haudenosaunee from their villages, farms and lands in the region in an effort to both avenge and prevent such attacks.

The region was strategically important to the war plans of both the British and the Continental forces. British efforts to divide the New England colonies from the rest led to battles including the Battle of Valcour Island and the Battle of Saratoga, a significant turning point in the war. While New York City remained in the hands of the British during most of the war, the upstate region was eventually dominated by the Colonial forces. At the end of the war, the Continental Army was headquartered in Newburgh. Uncertain that the Continental Congress would pay back wages, some Continental officers threatened an uprising in what became known as the Newburgh Conspiracy.

Post-revolutionary period
After the American Revolution, the Treaty of Paris established the border between New York and British North America. The 45th Parallel became the border with Quebec or Lower Canada. The St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, the Niagara River and Lake Erie became the border with Upper Canada. Great Britain continued to occupy military installations along the American shores of the Great Lakes until 1794, including Fort Niagara at the mouth of the Niagara River and Fort Ontario at the mouth of the Oswego River.

The government of the new State of New York seized the property of New Yorkers who had remained loyal to the British crown. Thousands emigrated to colonies that remained under British rule, such as Nova Scotia and the newly established Upper Canada (now Ontario). Haudenosaunee who had fought with the British also fled. The British Crown granted a large tract of land in Upper Canada to their Haudenosaunee allies, who established the Grand River settlement.

In the federal Treaty of Canandaigua, the new United States recognized the title of the remaining Haudenosaunee to the land north and west of the Proclamation Line of 1763. Nevertheless, New York state officials and private land agents sought through the early 19th century to extinguish Indian title to these lands via non-Federally-sanctioned treaties, such as the Treaty of Big Tree. The Treaties of Buffalo Creek were designed to finally remove the last of the native claims in Western New York as part of the federal Indian Removal program, but the purchaser failed to buy most of the land in time, and some of the tribes objected to their exclusion. Three of the four reservations remain in the region to this day; one of the reservations leased out their land to form the city of Salamanca, and the coexistence of the predominantly white city and the reservation has been a source of contention since the 1990s.

Both before and after the Revolution, boundary disputes with other colonies and their successor states also complicated American settlement. In conflict with the New York Colony's claims west of the Hudson Valley, which placed the entire region in the sprawling Albany County, the Pennsylvania Colony claimed much of the Southern Tier until 1774, while the Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed all of the region west of Massachusetts to the Great Lakes.

The Province of New York also claimed jurisdiction east to the Connecticut River. To pursue this claim north of Connecticut and Massachusetts, New York granted lands to settlers in what is now Vermont at the same time that New Hampshire made grants of the same lands. When Vermont declared independence in 1777, the new Republic of Vermont recognized the New Hampshire grants over those of New York. New Yorkers who lost land in Vermont came to be known as the "Vermont Sufferers" and were granted new lands in 1788 in the town of Bainbridge, New York.

The dispute with Massachusetts over lands to the west of Massachusetts was settled in the 1786 Treaty of Hartford by dividing the rights to the land. The treaty granted sovereignty to the State of New York, but granted to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts the "pre-emptive" right to seek title to the land from the Haudenosaunee. The eastern boundary of the Massachusetts lands was thus known as the Preemption Line. This line runs from the Pennsylvania line due north to Lake Ontario, passing through Seneca Lake. The line was surveyed a second time due to initial errors. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts sold this land in large tracts, including the Phelps and Gorham Purchase and the Holland Purchase.

Many of the settlers of what then became Central and Western New York came from the New England states. The Central New York Military Tract, where many of the townships were given the names of classical military and literary figures by Robert Harpur, was established to grant land to Revolutionary War veterans. Some of Northern New York was founded by the hundreds of Canadian exiles who had fought in the First and Second Canadian Regiments of the Continental Army, who were banished from Canada due to their rebellion against the Crown.

19th century

Battles of the War of 1812 (1812–1815) were fought on the Niagara Frontier; in the Champlain Valley, including the Battle of Plattsburgh; in the St. Lawrence Valley; and on Lake Ontario, including the Battle of Sackets Harbor. The city of Buffalo was razed by the British as well. After the war, the US government began to construct Fort Montgomery just south of the border at Rouses Point on Lake Champlain. Subsequently, it was discovered that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile south of the surveyed line, putting the fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", in Canada. This was not resolved until 1842 with the Webster–Ashburton Treaty, in which Great Britain and the United States decided to leave the border on the meandering line as surveyed.

Slavery existed in New Netherland and the Province of New York. New York was in the 1690s the largest importer of slaves among the American colonies. Slavery did not end with the American Revolution, although John Jay introduced an emancipation bill into the State Assembly as early as 1777. Sojourner Truth was held as a slave in the Hudson Valley from the time she was born in 1797 until she escaped in 1826. Through efforts of the New York Manumission Society and others, New York began to adopt a policy of gradual emancipation in 1799. The law passed in 1817 that would finally emancipate slaves did not take effect for ten years, giving slaveowners an entire decade to sell their slaves away to other states. When the law finally took effect, the last 2,800 slaves in New York State were emancipated on July 4, 1827.

Although routes for travel on foot and by canoe had existed across the region for hundreds of years, transportation of agricultural goods to market was expensive and slow. Influenced by the canals being built in Britain, leading citizens of New York began to press for the construction of a canal across the state. Governor DeWitt Clinton prevailed upon the legislature to charter and fund construction of a canal from Albany to Buffalo. Construction of the Erie Canal began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. The canal allowed the area to become an important component of the 19th century industrial expansion in the United States. The canal also promoted trade with British North America and settlement of newer states in western territories. Later in the century the New York Central Railroad followed the "water-level route" from New York City to the Great Lakes, contributing to the industrialization of cities along its route.

Several times in the nineteenth century, Upstate New York served as a staging area and refuge for Canadian rebels against Great Britain, as well as Irish-American invaders of Canada, straining British–American relations. In 1837 and 1838, in the aftermath of the Lower Canada Rebellion, some Québécois rebels escaped south to the North Country, while on the Niagara Frontier, events of the Upper Canada Rebellion, also known as the Patriot War, took place. In the late 1860s, some of the Fenian raids were launched across the Niagara Frontier; Fenians also assembled in Malone.

Although now largely discredited, the report of the 1905–1907 Mills Commission, charged with investigating the origins of baseball, named Cooperstown as the place where baseball was invented in the 1830s or 1840s by Abner Doubleday. Cooperstown is the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. (Modern research suggests that the game was actually developed in its modern form in New York City.)

In the pre–Civil War era, Upstate New York became a major center of radical abolitionist activity and was an important nexus of the Underground Railroad. Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act was particularly heated in the region, as evidenced by such events as the Jerry Rescue. The American women's rights movement was also born in Upstate New York at this time. The Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, was held at Seneca Falls in 1848. The Rochester Convention, the second such convention, was held two weeks later in Rochester.

Through the nineteenth century, Upstate New York was a hotbed of religious revivalism. A number of sects, such as the Shakers and the Oneida Community, established themselves in Upstate New York during that time. This led evangelist Charles Grandison Finney to coin the term the "Burned-Over District" for the region. Because of the comparative isolation of the region, many of the sects were Nonconformist, and because of their non-traditional tenets they had numerous difficulties with government and other local people. The region is considered to be the cradle of Mormonism. The Mormons, Seventh-day Adventists and Spiritualists are the only 21st century survivors of the hundreds of sects created during this time; some more mainstream churches, such as the Wesleyan Church and Free Methodist Church (both offshoots of Methodism that originated in political disputes with the mainline Methodist church), also survive.

In the 19th century, extractive industries changed the landscape. Potash was manufactured as the land was cleared for farming. Logging was rampant in the Adirondacks. Iron was mined in the Adirondacks and the North Country. By the 1870s, business leaders, concerned about the effect of deforestation on the water supply necessary to the Erie Canal, advocated for the creation of forest preserves in the Adirondacks and the Catskills. The Adirondack Park and Catskill Park were created and strengthened by a series of legislation between 1885 and 1894, when the "forever wild" provision of the New York State Constitution was added.

20th century

During the era immediately following World War II, Upstate reached what was probably its peak influence in the national economy. Major local corporations such as IBM, General Electric, Kodak, Xerox and Carrier had national success, producing cutting-edge products for business, government and consumers, and leadership in corporate culture. The opening of the New York State Thruway in the mid-1950s gave the region superior access to other eastern markets. This regional advantage faded as many local firms relocated certain operations to other states, or downsized in the face of foreign competition, similar to events in other areas in the American Rust Belt. There have, however, been recent efforts at economic revitalization. In April 2021, GlobalFoundries, a company specializing in the semiconductor industry, moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley, California to its semiconductor chip manufacturing facility in Malta, New York.

Since the late 20th century, with the decline of manufacturing and its jobs, the area has generally suffered a net population loss, most heavily in Western New York. By contrast, many Amish and Mennonite families are recent arrivals to the area and have helped revive agriculture as part of the economy. Beginning in 1974, many Mennonite families moved to the Penn Yan area of Yates County from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, seeking cheaper farmland. Amish communities have also been established in St. Lawrence, Montgomery, Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties, and are making farming profitable.

Artisans are reviving traditional specialty cheeses and developing growing markets for their products, including shipping some items to the New York metropolitan market. A Greek-style yogurt, Chobani, is being produced Upstate by a recent immigrant, who has expanded his operation nationally.

Additionally, Upstate New York continues to boast low crime rates, high educational prospects, and readily affordable daily essentials, earning Syracuse, Rochester, Albany, Schenectady, and Buffalo spots in the Forbes magazine list of top ten places to raise a family in the United States.

Five of the six Iroquois nations have filed land claims against New York State (or have sought settlement of pending claims), based on late 18th-century treaties following the American Revolutionary War with the State of New York (which did not have constitutional authority to treat with American Indian nations) and the United States.

Geography

The headwaters of the Delaware, Susquehanna, Mohawk, Hudson, and Allegheny rivers are located in the region. Several regions Upstate are characterized by major mountain ranges, large lakes, and extensive forests.

The Allegheny Plateau extends into west and central New York from the south. The Catskill Mountains lie within Lower New York in the southeastern part of the state, closer to New York City. The Catskills and the Allegheny Plateau are part of the Appalachian chain. By contrast, Northern New York contains the Adirondack Mountains, which are sometimes mistaken as part of the Appalachians but are in fact a southern extension of the Canadian Shield.

In the more mountainous eastern parts of Upstate New York, along the valleys of the Hudson River and the Mohawk River, have been historically important travel corridors and remain so today. Western New York in the vicinity of Buffalo is very flat, as it was once the bottom of a glacial lake. The only "hills" in Niagara County are the Niagara Escarpment, which formed the Falls.

Upstate New York has a long shared border with the Canadian province of Ontario stretching from Western New York across Northern New York. It is primarily divided by water boundaries along Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. At the conflux of New York, Québec and Ontario lies the Mohawk Nation of Iroquois. To the east, across the remainder of the North Country region, New York shares a land border with the province of Québec.

Upstate counties and towns are generally larger in area and smaller in population, compared with those Downstate, although there are exceptions. The state's smallest county in population (Hamilton County) and largest county in area (St. Lawrence County on the state's northern border) are both in Upstate New York, within the North Country and Thousand Islands regions of northern New York. The counties with the largest in population (Kings County) and smallest in area (New York County) are both parts of New York City.

Climate

Upstate New York is well known for its cold and snowy winters, particularly in comparison to the more temperate climate of Downstate New York. The snowy reputation is especially true for the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Oswego and Syracuse, and is largely due to lake-effect snow from Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. The villages of Old Forge and Saranac Lake, both in the Adirondacks, often vie on winter nights with places like International Falls, Minnesota, and Fargo, North Dakota, for the coldest spot in the nation.

Many of the features of Upstate New York landscapes, such as the Finger Lakes and the drumlins that dot the region, are the result of glaciers during the Ice Age.

Statistics for selected cities

Geographic divisions

Metropolitan areas and major cities

 Albany (state capital) - Schenectady - Troy (Capital District)
 Binghamton (Triple Cities)
 Buffalo - Cheektowaga (largest metropolitan area with the largest city (Buffalo))
 Elmira
 Glens Falls
 Ithaca
 Kingston
 Poughkeepsie - Newburgh - Middletown
 Rochester
 Syracuse (Central New York)
 Utica - Rome (Mohawk Valley)
 Watertown - Fort Drum

Subregions

 Adirondack Mountains
 Capital District (Albany and the surrounding area)
 Catskill Mountains
 Central-Leatherstocking Region (includes Cooperstown)
 Central New York (Syracuse and the surrounding area)
 Finger Lakes (between Rochester and Syracuse)
 Holland Purchase
 Hudson Valley (excluding Rockland and Westchester counties)
 Mohawk Valley (includes Utica and Schenectady)
 North Country (northern frontier of New York)
 Shawangunk Ridge
 Ski country (the northern boundary of the Southern Tier, includes Cortland, Clymer and Ellicottville)
 Southern Tier (just north of Pennsylvania, excluding the Catskills; includes Binghamton, Corning and Elmira)
 Tug Hill
 Western New York (the westernmost tip; includes Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Jamestown, and sometimes Rochester)

Demographics

As of 2020, the population of New York State was 20,201,249, with 14,045,410 living in the New York metropolitan area, leaving 6,155,839 for the entire rest of the state. Upstate New York with its larger area has a population density much lower than Downstate. By area, Upstate is typified by farmland and forest, many large lakes, and two (major) mountain ranges, with metro areas dotting the map. Residents of English colonial ancestry are common, as well as German, Irish, and Italian, with most metropolitan counties having a similar number of residents from each group.

The North Country is heavily French Canadian. Italian Americans are the largest ethnic group in Oneida County and Schenectady County, as well as in some counties in the Hudson Valley that are closest to New York City. Irish Americans represent the largest ethnic group from the Capital District, Syracuse, Binghamton, and the rest of the Hudson Valley, though the regions also have large Italian American populations. Irish population is consistently above 15% in most of Upstate New York (reaching over 20% in the upper Hudson Valley), compared to less than 8% in most of New York City.

Buffalo and Utica also contain notably large contingent of residents with Polish and other Slavic ancestries. African Americans, and Americans of African descent, while not as numerous as in New York City, make up at least 25% of the residents in cities such as Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, and Albany.

There is also a significant presence of the indigenous Haudenosaunee or Six Nations in the region, who retain enclaves of tribal land: the Seneca Nation and Tonawanda Seneca Nation in Western New York, the Onondaga nation south of Syracuse and the Oneida nation of Oneida County in Central New York, and in the North Country, the Mohawk Nation caught between Franklin County, Ontario, and Québec. Members of the Six Nations also live across Upstate New York outside of tribal lands.

Economy

The median household income across New York State was $75,157 in 2021, however most upstate counties fall short of the statewide average. As of January 2023, the minimum wage in New York State, excluding New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County is $14.20 per hour, with a plan to increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour. There are two Fortune 500 companies located in Upstate New York: Constellation Brands, in Victor, in Ontario County, and Corning Inc. Depending on the definition of Upstate, there are nine or ten foreign trade zones in Upstate New York (nine are located in counties almost always considered Upstate, and one is located in Orange County). The Upstate economy remains behind the economy of the New York Metropolitan Area, and downstate represented 88 percent of the job growth for the entire state. Between 2010 and 2018, job growth in Brooklyn alone exceeded that of Upstate New York.

Upstate New York boasts a sizeable mining sector. New York State is among the top third of states in the United States by value of minerals produced, much of which is from upstate regions. Central New York is a major salt producing area, contributing to the state's position as the third largest producer of salt in the U.S. Additionally, New York State ranks first in the production of garnet, the state gemstone, and is the only state that produces wollastonite. Mining of these two minerals within New York takes place entirely within upstate counties. Logging is also an important sector in the region. In 2019, New York State produced 124 million cubic feet of timber, 50.4% of which was sugar maple wood. Sawmills producing wood in New York are almost all within the upstate region.

Upstate New York also has a substantive outdoor recreation industry. The Adirondack Park, by far the largest in the state, is annually visited by between 7 and 12 million people, a greater number than annually visit the Grand Canyon. In 2020, over 241,000 jobs in New York State were supported by the outdoor recreation industry, and the sector plays an especially important role in rural parts of the state. New York State has the largest number of ski resorts in the United States at 52. The majority of these are located in Upstate New York, and by most definitions of the region, it contains more than ski resorts than Michigan, the state with the next highest total.

Agriculture

A number of agricultural products are grown in Upstate New York, including dairy, corn, hay, fruits, cabbage, and potatoes. The region has a significant dairy industry, and New York State is the largest producer of yogurt, cottage cheese, and sour cream and third-largest producer of dairy overall in the United States. Chobani, the largest producer of yogurt in the United States, is located in Upstate New York. The region is also a significant producer of wine. New York State produces the second most wine of any state, the majority of wine produced being from Upstate Regions (85% of which was produced in the area surrounding the Finger Lakes). New York State is also the second-largest producer of apples, snap peas, maple syrup, and cabbage in the United States, with agricultural output of these goods being highest in upstate counties.

Manufacturing

Upstate New York also has a significant manufacturing sector. A number of semiconductor manufacturers are located in the region, including the headquarters and a manufacturing facility of GlobalFoundries, the world's fourth largest semiconductor manufacturer, in Malta, in Saratoga County. Other facilities entering the region include a Micron location in Clay, in Onondaga County, and a Wolfspeed facility in Marcy, in Oneida County. In addition to semiconductor manufacturing, Upstate New York has notable glass production. Corning Inc., one of the largest glassmakers in the world and the developer of Gorilla Glass, is located in Corning, New York. In the late nineteenth century, the region was considered one of the centers of glassmaking in the country, earning Corning the name "The Crystal City". Other manufacturing includes Tesla's Gigafactory 2 in Buffalo.

Energy

Upstate New York has a significant energy sector, and the region accounts for over half of the energy production in the state. The majority of Upstate electricity produced comes from nuclear and renewable sources. In 2017, these sources accounted for 91% of energy produced in the Upstate region, as defined by the New York State Independent Systems Operator. New York State as a whole is the third highest producer of hydroelectric power in the United States, the majority of which is produced in Upstate. The third-largest conventional hydroelectric power plant in the United States, Robert Moses Niagara Hydroelectric Power Plant, is located in the region. Upstate New York also produces all of the state's nuclear energy, and all three of New York State's Nuclear Power Plants are located in Upstate after the closure of the Indian Point Energy Center in 2021. Nuclear Power, the second largest in-state mode of electricity generation, is produced at the James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant and the Nine Mile Nuclear Power Plant, both in Scriba, and the R.E. Ginna Plant, in Onatrio, NY.  Other major modes of energy production in the region include wind, and natural gas.

Culture

The other regions of New York are culturally and economically distinct from the New York City area and in many ways from each other. By area, most of New York is characterized by agricultural and forested rural communities, and by small and medium-sized cities and their surrounding suburbs located along major transportation corridors. The state's major metropolitan areas outside of New York City are Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, and Albany-Schenectady-Troy, each of whose population exceeds 500,000.

The different regions of New York are influenced by and have affinities with other adjacent regions. Western New York has cultural and economic ties to the other Great Lakes states as well as Southern Ontario and is effectively, along with Northwestern Pennsylvania, an eastward extension of Midwestern United States culture. The Capital District, the Hudson Valley, the Mohawk Valley and the Plattsburgh area have ties to New England. The North Country, the extreme northern portion of the state, also has strong cultural, economic, linguistic and familial ties to Quebec and Eastern Ontario. Thus, Plattsburgh has close ties to its neighbors in the Montreal area as well as Vermont. Much of New York receives television and radio broadcasts from Canada, and there are often other cross-border ties, both historical and familial. A similar relationship can be seen in northern New England.

Upstate New York from Western New York east to Utica is linguistically part of the Inland North region of American English dialectology, a region which includes Midwestern cities as far west as Chicago and Milwaukee. The Hudson and lower Mohawk Valley regions have more in common dialectologically with western New England and New York City. The boundary between the use of the words pop and soda to refer to soft drinks falls farther west than the edge of the Inland North, running just to around the city of Rochester. Buffalo and areas west of Rochester use pop, like the rest of the Inland North to the west, whereas areas east of Rochester, like Syracuse and Binghamton, use soda, like New England and New York City. In Ithaca and Elmira, the border is less clear, with some people having grown up with pop and some with soda; however, current trends see Ithaca, at least, turning to mostly "soda".

Foodways indigenous to regions of Upstate New York include:
 Buffalo wings and beef on weck sandwich (Buffalo)
 Cornell chicken barbecue (Ithaca)
 garbage plate (Rochester)
 white hot dogs, known as a white hot or Coney (Rochester, Central and Western New York)
 salt potatoes (Syracuse)
 spiedies (Binghamton)
 chicken riggies, tomato pies, Utica greens, and halfmoon cookies (Utica)
 Michigan hot dogs, a variety of the Coney Island hot dog (Plattsburgh)
Although legends lay claim that the potato chip was invented in Saratoga Springs, it has achieved such universal popularity that it is no longer identified with the region. Winemaking is a growing industry in the Finger Lakes as well as in Chautauqua County, where Welch's operates one of the oldest extant grape juice factories in the United States. In the center of the Finger Lakes region, Ithaca is known for the Bo Burger, a cheeseburger with a fried egg on top.

Two of the most important rock festivals of the 20th century were held in Upstate New York. In 1969 the Woodstock Festival was held in Bethel, New York, while in 1973 another multiday festival was held at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.

Some literary, documentary and cinematic depictions of Upstate present a sense of small town, simple lifestyles, such as It's a Wonderful Life, set in a small upstate town (probably based on Seneca Falls) in the 1940s.

Politics

Often attributed to the region's semi-rural to rural character, there is more conservatism in culture and politics than found in the more urban downstate area, and the region is the power base of the state's Republican Party. Upstate New York does, however, have several Democratic-dominated counties, including Erie County (Buffalo), Monroe County (Rochester), Onondaga County (Syracuse), Tompkins County (Ithaca), and Albany County (Albany).

As a whole, Upstate New York is roughly equally divided in federal elections between Democrats and Republicans. In 2004, John Kerry defeated George W. Bush by fewer than 1,500 votes (1,553,246 votes to 1,551,971) in the Upstate Region.

Relationship with New York City

New York City is dependent on Upstate New York for a variety of services: the latter is the source of the city's water supply via the Delaware Aqueduct and the Catskill Aqueduct; much of the city's electric power supply comes from state-owned hydroelectric plants at Niagara Falls and the St. Lawrence River; and most of the state's prisons are upstate; hence the popular term "being sent up the river" (however, the term originally referred to Sing Sing, which is "up the Hudson River" from New York City, but being in Ossining in Westchester County is still in the "downstate" region). Conversely, the operation of state facilities providing these services is an important part of the upstate economy.

Historic events

The Albany Congress, 1754
Battle of Valcour Island, 1776
Battle of Oriskany, 1777
Battles of Saratoga, turning point of the American Revolutionary War, 1777
Cherry Valley massacre, 1778
Sullivan Campaign, 1779
Second Great Awakening in the burned-over district, early 1800s
Battle of Plattsburgh, 1814
The Morgan Affair, 1826
Publication of the Book of Mormon, 1830
The Caroline Affair, 1837
Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention held in the United States, 1848
Jerry Rescue, 1851
Angola Horror train wreck, 1867
First execution via the electric chair, in Auburn Prison in 1890
Assassination of President William McKinley in Buffalo, 1901
Anarchist Leon Czolgosz, McKinley's assassin, convicted at trial and electrocuted in Auburn Prison, 1901
Split Rock Explosion, 1918
Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937
Continental Charters Flight 44-2, 1951
Allegheny Reservoir construction, 1961–1967
Northeast blackout of 1965
Woodstock music festival, 1969
Attica Prison riot, 1971
Hurricane Agnes, 1972
Winter Olympics, 1980
Collapse of New York State Thruway bridge over Schoharie Creek, 1987
New York State Labor Day derechos, 1998
Northeast blackout of 2003
Lake Storm Aphid, 2006
Continental Airlines Flight 3407, 2009
Binghamton shooting, 2009
Hurricane Irene, 2011
Tropical Storm Lee, 2011
Winter Storm Knife, 2014
Clinton Correctional Facility escape, 2015

Journalists

Gordon Ackerman
Samuel Hopkins Adams, muckraker, born in Dunkirk
Wolf Blitzer, raised in Buffalo
Amy Dickinson, Chicago Tribune advice columnist; grew up on a dairy farm in Freeville
Frederick Douglass (1818–1895), editor and publisher of abolitionist newspapers: The North Star, published in Rochester, Frederick Douglass Weekly, Frederick Douglass' Paper, Douglass' Monthly and New National Era
Ira Joe Fisher, author and weatherman, born and raised in Little Valley
Megyn Kelly, television news anchor and political commentator
Verlyn Klinkenborg, member of the New York Times editorial board; writer and farmer
Francis Mallison of Rome; journalist, editor and public servant. Editor of the Rome Sentinel, reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle. He and editor Joseph Howard Jr. organized the "Great Civil War Gold Hoax", for which he was held as a prisoner of war.
Henry Jarvis Raymond, born in Lima, founder of the New York Times. He was the newspaper's editor until his death.
Andy Rooney, radio and television writer and broadcaster
Tim Russert, host of NBC's Meet the Press, born and raised in Buffalo
William James Stillman, author, diplomat, and photographer; born in Schenectady
Dorothy Thompson, journalist and radio broadcaster; born in Lancaster
Tom Toles, political cartoonist; from Buffalo
Scott Wallace of Utica, author of The Unconquered: In Search of the Amazon's Last Uncontacted Tribes'
James Watson Webb, born in Claverack and raised in Cooperstown; publisher of the New York newspapers the Morning Courier and the New York Enquirer, which he consolidated as the Courier and Enquirer. He also became a United States diplomat and a New York politician in the Whig and Republican parties.
John Zogby of Utica, pollster and blogger

Social, political and religious movements

Abolitionism in the United States
Anti-Masonic Party
The Anti-Rent War
Ararat, City of Refuge
Brothertown
The Chautauqua Institution
The Frankean Synod
Ganienkeh Territory
The Inspirationalists
Kanatsiohareke
Latter Day Saint movement
Lily Dale
The Millerites
Modern Spiritualism
The Oneida Community
The Second Great Awakening
The Shakers
The Universal Friends
Women's suffrage

Spiritual and religious figures

Jehudi Ashmun, religious leader and social reformer born in Champlain, New York. He was an agent of the American Colonization Society which promoted the settlement of blacks at Monrovia, Liberia, and was effectively governor of the colony from 1824 to 1828.
Antoinette Brown, minister, abolitionist and suffragist. Born in Henrietta, she was the first woman to be ordained a minister in the United States. She served a congregation in South Butler.
Saint Marianne Cope, Catholic religious sister who ministered to the leper colony in Hawaii without contracting the disease
Avery Dulles, S.J., born in Auburn; noted theologian and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Charles Grandison Finney
Harry Emerson Fosdick, clergyman; born in Buffalo, and graduated from Colgate University
George Washington Gale
Beriah Green
Handsome Lake
Mother Ann Lee
Oren Lyons
David Marks
William Miller
Mordecai Manuel Noah
John Humphrey Noyes
The Public Universal Friend
Walter Rauschenbusch, a Christian theologian, Baptist minister and a key figure in the Social Gospel movement in the United States; born in Rochester. His father was a preacher who taught at the Rochester Theological Seminary.
Joseph Smith
Saint Kateri Tekakwitha

Major highways

The New York State Thruway
The Adirondack Northway
The Taconic State Parkway
Interstate 81
Interstate 84
Interstate 86, incorporating the Southern Tier Expressway and the Quickway
Interstate 87
Interstate 88
Interstate 90

 Major universities and colleges
Public
State University of New York (SUNY)

SUNY Alfred
University at Albany
Binghamton University
SUNY Brockport
University at Buffalo
SUNY College at Buffalo
SUNY Canton
SUNY Cobleskill
SUNY Cortland
SUNY Delhi
Empire State College
SUNY ESF
SUNY Fredonia
SUNY Geneseo
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
Morrisville State College
SUNY New Paltz
SUNY Oneonta
SUNY Oswego
SUNY Plattsburgh
SUNY Potsdam
SUNY Upstate Medical University

United States Military Academy at West Point

Private

Alfred University
Bard College
Canisius College
Cazenovia College
Clarkson University
The College of Saint Rose
Colgate University
Cornell University
D'Youville College
Elmira College
Hamilton College
Hartwick College
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Houghton College
Iona University
Ithaca College
Keuka College
Le Moyne College
Manhattan College
Marist College
Mount Saint Mary College
Nazareth College
Niagara University
Paul Smith's College
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Roberts Wesleyan College
University of Rochester
Rochester Institute of Technology
Russell Sage College
St. Bonaventure University
St. John Fisher University
St. Lawrence University
Skidmore College
Siena College
Syracuse University
Union College
Utica College
Vassar College
Wells College

 Major tourist attractions and destinations

Adirondack Mountains
Ausable Chasm
Baseball Hall of Fame (in Cooperstown)
Catskill Mountains
Corning Museum of Glass
Enchanted Forest Water Safari (in Old Forge)
Erie Canal
Farmers' Museum (in Cooperstown)
Finger Lakes
Fort Niagara
Fort Ontario
Fort Stanwix
Fort Ticonderoga
Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame (in Goshen)
Howe Caverns
International Boxing Hall of Fame (in Canastota)
Lake George
Lake Placid
Letchworth State Park
National Distance Running Hall of Fame (in Utica)
National Museum of Dance (in Saratoga Springs)
National Women's Hall of Fame (in Seneca Falls)
Niagara Falls
Saratoga Race Course
Seabreeze Amusement Park (in Irondequoit)
Six Flags Darien Lake
Six Flags Great Escape Resort (in Queensbury)
Sylvan Beach
Thousand Islands
Turning Stone Resort Casino (in Verona)
Watkins Glen International Raceway

See also

 Downstate Illinois
 Hoaxes and legends of upstate New York
 List of people from New York (state)
 Northern Michigan
 Outline of New York
 Sports in upstate New York
 Bills–Jets rivalry

 Explanatory notes

References

Further reading

 Koch, Daniel (2023). Land of the Oneidas: Central New York State and the Creation of America, From Prehistory to the Present.'' Albany: State University of New York Press.
  (Excerpt focused on 1945–1960 in Ithaca, New York)

External links

 Old Abandoned Buildings of Northern NY, the urban decay of upstate New York, in pictures from the area
 Exploring Upstate, travel, culture, and history in Upstate New York
 New York History Net
 Oral History of Franklin County, history of Franklin County, New York, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
 TGR Forum Passionate debate devoted to defining the spatial and cultural extent of "Upstate" New YorK,  -

Regions of New York (state)

Upstate New York


ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ මාල දිවයින අතර දිගු කාලයක පටන් පවතින්නේ දැඩි මිතුදමකි. දෙරටම ඉන්දියන් සාගරයේ, දූපත් රාජ්‍යයන් වන අතර, 1985 දෙසැම්බර් ඇරඹි සාර්ක් සංවිධානයේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෝ දෙදෙනෙකුද වෙයි. මාල දිවයින 1965 ජුලි මසදී නිල වශයෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සමග සබඳතා ඇරඹූ අතර වර්ථමානයේ ඔවුන්ගේ මහ කොමසාරිස් කාර්යාලයක් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ නගරය තුල පිහිටුවා තිබෙයි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවද සිය මහකොමසාරිස් කාර්යාලයක්, මාල දිවයිනේ මාලේ හී පිහිටුවා තිබෙයි.

ඉතිහාසය

මාල දිවයිනට මුලින්ම සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පැමිණියේ දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ සිට බව පැවසෙයි. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 4-5 සියවස් වලදී ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ද, ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 12 වන සියවස තුලදී නැගෙනහිර අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ අරාබි ජාතිකයින්ද මෙම දිවයිනට පා තබන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. මාලදිවයින් පුරාවෘත්තයකට අනූව, KoiMale නම් සිංහල කුමරෙකු, ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ සමග මාල දිවයින් කලපුවක අතරමං වී තිබෙන අතර, පසුව ඔවුහු දිවයිනෙහි නැවතී රට පාලනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුනු බව පැවසේ. මාල දිවයිනේ ව්‍යවහාර කරන දිවෙහි භාෂාව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිංහල භාෂාවට බොහෝ සෙයින් සමාන වෙයි. 19 වන ශත වර්ෂයේදී මාල දිවයින, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ පාලනයට නතු වූ අතර, 1965 දී ඉන් නිදහස ලැබීය. නිදහස ලැබූ එම වසරේදීම මාල දිවයින, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සමග රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සම්බන්ධතා ගොඩ නගා ගන්නා ලදී.

සංචාර
2007 පෙබරවාරියේදී, ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනපති මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මහතා මාල දිවයිනෙහි තෙදින නිල සංචාරයක නිරත වූ අතර, එහිදී දෙරට අතර සබඳතා වර්ධනය කර ගැනීම, වෙළඳාම, සංචාරක, අධ්‍යාපන සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය යන අංශ වල නව සම්බන්ධතා ගොඩනංවා ගැනීම පිළිබඳ අවධානය යොමු කරන ලදී.

2009 ජුනි මසදී, එවක මාල දිවයිනේ ජනපතිවරයා වූ මොහොමඩ් නශීඩ් මහතා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙදින නිල සංචාරයක් සිදු කරන ලදී. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් දෙමළ කොටි ත්‍රස්ථවාදය අතු ගා දැමීම පිළිබඳව නශීඩ් මහතා එහිදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනපතිට සිය ප්‍රසාදය පල කරන ලදී.

ආර්ථික සබඳතා

1970 දශකය වන විට, මාලදිවයිනේ ආනයන වලින් 65% ක්ම සිදු වූවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙනි. මාල දිවයිනේ ආර්ථිකය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය සමග බැදී පවතින අතර, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවද දකුණු ආසියාවේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් වේ. මේ නිසා දෙරට සංචාරක ක්ෂේත්‍රය තුලදී සමීප සහයෝගීතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යයි.

කොළඹ සහ මාලේ අග නුවරවල් යා කරමින් මුහුදු පත්ලේ ෆයිබර්-ඔප්ටික් රැහැන් එලීමේ, අමෙරිකා ඩොලර් මිලියන 20ක් වටිනා ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක්, 2006 වර්ෂයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙලිකොම් ආයතනය, මාල දිවයිනේ රාජ්‍ය දුරකථන සමාගම වූ Dhivehi Raajjeyge Gulhun ආයතනය සහ ජපානයේ NEC සංස්ථාවේ එකතුවීම සහිතව ක්‍රියාවට නංවන ලදී.

ලෝක බැංකුවේ කොටසක් වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර මූල්‍ය සහයෝගීතාවය, 2005 වර්ෂයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සහ මාල දිවයිනේ කුඩා සහ මධ්‍ය පරිමාණ ව්‍යපාර නගා සිටුවීම වෙනුවෙන්, අමෙරිකා ඩොලර් මිලියන 10 ආධාරයක් දෙරටට ලබා දෙන ලදී.

පාරිසරික අභියෝග

2004 සුනාමි ව්‍යසනයට ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ මාල දිවයින, දරුණු ලෙස ගොදුරු වූ අතර, 2005 වසරේදී එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ආධාර යටතේ, දෙරටෙහි පූර්ව සුනාමි අනතුරු හැඟවීමේ පද්ධතියක් ස්ථාපනය කෙරිණි.

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විදේශ සබඳතා

මූලාශ්‍ර

මාලදිවයින්-ශ්‍රී ලංකා සබඳතා


Wilhelm Róbert Wessman (f. 4. október 1969) er íslenskur viðskiptafræðingur og forstjóri og eigandi, stofnandi og forstjóri lyfja- og líftæknifyrirtækjanna Alvotech og Alvogen.

Róbert ólst upp á Seltjarnarnesi til sex ára aldurs en fluttist þá í Mosfellsbæ. Foreldrar hans eru Wilhelm Wessman framkvæmdastjóri og Ólöf Svafarsdóttir Wessman snyrtifræðingur. Hann lauk stúdentsprófi frá Menntaskólanum við Sund og útskrifaðist sem viðskiptafræðingur frá Háskóla Íslands árið 1993. Að útskrift lokinni hóf hann störf hjá Samskip þar sem hann starfaði í sjö ár, fyrst í fjárreiðudeild og síðar í söludeild en starfaði einnig í eitt og hálft ár fyrir félagið í Þýskalandi. Um tíma kenndi hann stærðfræði í Háskóla Íslands.

Starfsferill

 Stofnandi og sjórnarformaður, Alvogen
 Stjórnarmaður, Fuji Pharma Co. Ltd.
 Stjórnarformaður, Lotus
 Stofnandi og stjórnarformaður, Alvotech
 Forstjóri, Actavis

Alvogen
Róbert hóf störf í lyfjageiranum árið 1999 er hann var ráðinn forstjóri Delta sem síðar sameinaðist Pharmaco en varð svo að fyrirtækinu Actavis árið 2002 en þá tók Róbert við starfi forstjóra þess og gegndi starfinu til ársins 2008. Árið 2009 stofnaði Róbert samheitalyfjafyrirtækið Alvogen í Bandaríkjunum.  Eignarhald á félaginu var lengi nokkuð óljóst en árið 2018 birti Morgunblaðið gögn sem sýndu fram á að þriðjungshlutur í félaginu væri undir sjálfseignarstofnun sem Róbert hafði komið á fót á aflandseyjunni Jersey árið 2015.

Í upphafi árs 2021 steig fyrrum samstarfsmaður Róberts hjá Alvotech fram og bar hann þungum sökum og gagnrýndi stjórnarhætti og ósæmilega hegðun Róberts. Stjórn Alvogen rannsakaði starfshætti Róberts og taldi ekki ástæðu til að aðhafast frekar. Alvogen stefndi starfsmanninum fyrir trúnaðarbrot í starfi. Starfsmaðurinn dróg ásakanir sínar til baka 2022 og lýsti yfir trausti á niðurstöður stjórnar um starfshætti Róberts. Sættir í málinu náðust haustið 2022 og Alvogen felldi niður málshöfðunina.

Alvotech
Árið 2013 stofnaði Róbert líftæknilyfjafyrirtækið Alvotech. Höfðustöðvar og hátæknisetur Alvotech er í Vísindagörðum Háskóla Íslands í Vatnsmýri í Reykjavík. Fyrirtækið er einnig með starfsemi í Bandaríkjunum, Þýskalandi og Sviss. Alvotech framleiðir og selur líftæknilyfjahliðstæður um allan heim. Róbert er starfandi stjórnarformaður fyrirtækisins. Alvotech var skráð á Nasdaq New York 2022 og á First North markaðinn í Kauphöll Íslands.

Tilvísanir
Fólk fætt árið 1969
Stúdentar úr Menntaskólanum við Sund
Íslenskir viðskiptafræðingar
Íslenskir auðmenn
Íslenskir milljarðamæringar
Íslenskir viðskiptamenn

Róbert Wessman


Taka (lat. Tacca), rod korjenastih trajnica koji je nekada uključiv an u vlastitu porodicu Taccaceae Dumort., unutar reda bljuštolike (Dioscoreales), a danas porodici bljuštovki. Priznato je 16 vrsta koje rastu po tropskim predjelima Južne Amerike, Afrike, Australije, jugoistočne Azije.

Neke vrste ovog roda uzgajaju se kao dekorativno bilje, T. chantrieri, T. integrifolia i  T. leontopetaloides.

Vrste
 Tacca ampliplacenta L.Zhang & Q.J.Li
 Tacca ankaranensis Bard.-Vauc.
 Tacca bibracteata Drenth
 Tacca borneensis Ridl.
 Tacca celebica Koord.
 Tacca chantrieri André
 Tacca ebeltajae Drenth
 Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl.
 Tacca khanhhoaensis V.S.Dang & Vuong
 Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze
 Tacca maculata Seem.
 Tacca palmata Blume
 Tacca palmatifida Baker
 Tacca parkeri Seem.
 Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth
 Tacca reducta P.C.Boyce & S.Julia
 Tacca subflabellata P.P.Ling & C.T.Ting

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Bljuštovke

Taka (biljni rod)


17693 Wangdaheng este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17693 Wangdaheng este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Xinglong în cadrul programului Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,99 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 10,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

17693 Wangdaheng


An Fimbristylis tenera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schult.. An Fimbristylis tenera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis tenera


Marie Françoise « Fanny » Bernard (née Martin ) (16 septembre 1819 - 9 octobre 1901) était l'épouse du pionnier de la recherche expérimentale en physiologie, Claude Bernard. Elle a été choquée par son utilisation de la vivisection et a créé une société anti-vivisection.

Marie Françoise Martin épousa Claude Bernard le mercredi 7 mai 1845, et c'est la dot du père de Marie-Françoise Martin, médecin, qui permit à Claude Bernard de poursuivre ses études auprès de François Magendie au Collège de France à Paris. Ils eurent trois enfants : Jeanne-Henriette, Marie-Claude et un fils décédé en bas âge.

Marie Françoise s'opposa aux méthodes de recherche de son mari. Magendie, Claude Bernard et ses collègues physiologistes - des hommes comme Charles Richet en France et Michael Foster en Angleterre - étaient vivement critiqués pour la vivisection qu'ils pratiquaient sur les animaux, en particulier les chiens. Des anti-vivisectionnistes infiltrèrent parfois les conférences de Magendie à Paris, où il disséquait des chiens sans anesthésie, criant prétendument " Tais-toi, pauvre bête ! " pendant qu'il travaillait dessus.

Elle se sépara de lui en 1870.

À l'âge de 19 ans, Claude Bernard écrivit une pièce intitulée Arthur de Bretagne, qui ne fut publiée qu'après sa mort. Marie Françoise et ses filles dirent que la pièce contenait une préface qui les diffamait. Il est possible qu'elles aient intenté une action en justice ayant pour but de faire détruire tout copie de la pièce. Cependant, elle fut produite à la radio en 1936 et une republiée en 1943.

Experimental Animals: A Reality Fiction
En 2016, l'autrice américaine de littérature expérimentale Thalia Field a publié Experimental Animals : A Reality Fiction, un roman très documenté dans lequel elle écrit sur Claude Bernard et le mouvement de défense des droits des animaux du XIXe siècle du point de vue de Marie-Françoise « Fanny » Bernard.

Voir aussi
 Affaire du chien brun
 Frances PowerCobbe
 Anna Kingford
 Caroline Earl White

Références

Liens externes

Militant français
Expérimentation animale

Marie Françoise Bernard


Sidney Tushingham (1884–1968) was a painter and etcher who specialised in rustic scenes of villages and small-town life.

He was born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England, where he started  his artistic career as a china painter. He attended Burslem School of Art and progressed to the Royal College of Art. He worked as a vase painter at Royal Doulton in 1922 as he established his career as a society painter. He also became known for his etchings of pre-war Britain, Italy and Spain, and was a member of the Society of Graphic Art, where he exhibited in 1921.

He died in Haywards Heath, West Sussex in 1968.

External links
 Allison Gallery (two works)
 Child's Gallery (one work)

References

1884 births
1968 deaths
Alumni of Burslem School of Art
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
20th-century English painters
English male painters
English etchers
People from Burslem
20th-century British printmakers
20th-century English male artists

Sidney Tushingham


Integrability may refer to:

 Bronshtein-integrability (informal)
 Frobenius integrability
 Riemann-integrability
 Lebesgue-integrability; see Lebesgue integral
 Liouville-integrability
 Darboux-integrability

See also
 Integrable system (mathematics, physics)
 System integration (information technology)
 Interoperability (information technology)

Integrability


Au Togo, la préfecture des Lacs est une division administrative de second ordre (class A - Région administrative) de la Région maritime.

La préfecture des Lacs est située à 66 mètres d'altitude et sa population s'élève à  personnes en 2016 avec  naissances cette année là. La langue parlée est le éwé.

La préfecture des Lacs est aussi connu(e) comme Komla Kondji, Komlan Kopé.

Article connexe
 Région maritime

Liens externes

Lacs

Préfecture des Lacs


Der Bürgerentscheid über die Abwahl des Oberbürgermeisters der Stadt Duisburg fand am 12. Februar 2012 statt. Er führte zur Abwahl von Adolf Sauerland, der aufgrund des Unglücks bei der Loveparade 2010 stark unter Druck geraten war.

Vorgeschichte

Ein Beschluss des Stadtrats von Duisburg zur Abwahl des Oberbürgermeisters am 13. September 2010 scheiterte, da eine hierfür erforderliche Zweidrittelmehrheit nicht erreicht wurde. 41 Ratsmitglieder stimmten für eine Abwahl Sauerlands, 28 stimmten dagegen. Fünf Ratsmitglieder waren bei der Abstimmung nicht anwesend.

Am 18. Mai 2011 verabschiedete der Landtag von Nordrhein-Westfalen auf Antrag der Linken das Gesetz zur Einleitung von Abwahlverfahren von Bürgermeistern und Landräten durch Bürgerbegehren. Erst durch dieses Gesetz wurde eine Abwahl von Bürgermeistern und Landräten in Nordrhein-Westfalen möglich.

Daraufhin sammelte die Bürgerinitiative Neuanfang für Duisburg, bestehend aus Werner Hüsken, Theo Steegmann und Harald Jochums, bis Mitte Oktober über  Unterschriften für einen Bürgerentscheid über eine Abwahl des Duisburger Oberbürgermeisters Adolf Sauerland, von denen das Wahlamt  anerkannte. Dies entsprach fast 22 % bzw. fast 19 % der knapp  wahlberechtigten Bürger Duisburgs, womit das für diesen Bürgerentscheid notwendige Quorum von 15 % erreicht wurde. Der Termin der Abwahl wurde auf den 12. Februar 2012 festgelegt.

Ergebnis des Bürgerentscheids

Die Wahlbeteiligung lag bei 41,53 %, da insgesamt  Bürger stimmberechtigt waren. Damit stimmten 35,52 % aller Wahlberechtigten für die Abwahl Sauerlands. Für eine Abwahl nötig gewesen wären mindestens 25 % der Stimmen aller Wahlberechtigten und mehr als 50 % der abgegebenen gültigen Stimmen.
Damit wurde der Duisburger Oberbürgermeister abgewählt.

Folgen
Am 15. Februar 2012 stellte der Wahlausschuss die Abwahl fest, so dass Adolf Sauerland mit Ablauf dieses Tages aus dem Amt als Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Duisburg ausschied.

Die Amtsgeschäfte übernahmen kommissarisch der Stadtdirektor Peter Greulich (Aufgaben des Verwaltungschefs) und der bisherige Erste Bürgermeister Benno Lensdorf (Repräsentationsaufgaben, Leitung der Ratssitzungen). Der Ältestenrat verständigte sich auf den 17. Juni 2012 als Wahltermin für den Nachfolger, vorbehaltlich der Zustimmung des Regierungspräsidiums Düsseldorf.  Bei der Wahl am 17. Juni 2012 erhielt Sören Link (SPD) 48,3 % der Stimmen und kam damit vor seinen CDU-Kontrahenten Benno Lensdorf, der 21,12 % erzielte, verfehlte aber die absolute Mehrheit. In der Stichwahl am 1. Juli 2012 erzielte Sören Link 71,96 % der Stimmen und wurde zum neuen Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Duisburg gewählt.

Weblinks

 Stimmzettel zur Abstimmung über die Abwahl des Oberbürgermeisters der Stadt Duisburg WDR, Zeitgeschichtliches Archiv
 Wahlbuch. Bürgerentscheid 12. Februar 2012 Stadt Duisburg (PDF, 16,7 MB, 922 Seiten)

Einzelnachweise

Duisburg
Politik (Duisburg)
Geschichte (Duisburg)
Volksabstimmung in Deutschland


Adkinsella, monotipski rod fosilnih koralja iz vremena krede pronađenih na području današnjeg teksaškog okruga Bell na Crow Ranchu. Vrsta A. edwardsensis potječe iz albijskog stadija donje krede.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Corallosphere, Adkinsella

Koralji

Adkinsella


Ayukawa Nobuo (japanisch 鮎川 信夫, eigentlich Kamimura Ryūichi (上村 隆一); geboren 23. August 1920 in Tokio; gestorben 17. Oktober 1986) war ein japanischer Lyriker und Literaturkritiker.

Leben und Wirken
Ayukawa Nobuo studierte an der Waseda-Universität, übersetzte das Gedicht Das wüste Land von T. S. Eliots und  war dann 1939  mit  Tamura Ryūichi und Kuroda Saburō   Gründer des Literaturmagazins "Arechi" (荒地) – "Wüstes Land", das dann in den 1940er Jahren einflussreich war. 1942 gab er das Studium auf und schloss sich der Landesverteidigungseinheit "Tōbu nana rentai" (東部七連隊) an.

Als einflussreiches Mitglied der Arechi-Autoren leistete in der Zeit nach dem Pazifikkrieg einen großen Beitrag für die Entwicklung der Dichtkunst in Japan. Er vertrat mit polemischer Schärfe seine Auffassung, dass Dichtkunst soziale und politische Verantwortung trägt.

Eine Sammlung seiner Gedichte (Ayukawa Nobuo shishū) erschien 1955. Als Literaturkritiker veröffentlichte er 1949 den Essay Gendaishi to wa nani ka (Was ist moderne Dichtung?) über die zeitgenössische japanische Lyrik. Eine Sammlung seiner Essays über Lyrik veröffentlichte er 1964 unter dem Titel Ayukawa Nobuo shiron shū.

Literatur
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Ayukawa Nobuo. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 88.

Weblinks
 Fred S. Moramarco, Al Zolynas: "The poetry of men's lives: an international anthology", University of Georgia Press, 2004, ISBN 9780820323510, S. 67

 Japanese Authors - Modern Japanese Authors, A - I
 Biographien Ayukawa Nobuo in der Kotobank, japanisch

Autor
Schriftsteller (Tokio)
Lyrik
Literaturkritiker
Literatur (Japanisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Japaner
Geboren 1920
Gestorben 1986
Mann

Ayukawa Nobuo