Carmine Raiola () a fost un impresar olandezo-italian de fotbal care a reprezentat jucători cunoscuți la nivel mondial, precum Zlatan Ibrahimović, Paul Pogba, Henrikh Mkhitaryan sau atacantul italian Mario Balotelli. Printre primii jucători reprezentați de Mino Raiola se numără cehul Pavel Nedvěd.

Biografie
Mino Raiola s-a născut în Nocera Inferiore, Salerno, în sudul Italiei.
Un an mai târziu a emigrat alături de părinții săi în Haarlem, Olanda. În tinerețe a lucrat ca și chelner la restaurantul tatălui său. În același timp a obținut o diplomă în drept. În tinerețe a jucat fotbal pentru echipa locală HFC Haarlem, dar a fost nevoit să se retragă, devenind șeful centrului de copii și juniori al clubului.

Și-a început activiatea de impresar în cadrul firmei Sports Promotions, intermediind transferurile unor jucători olandezi la cluburi din Italia, cel mai important fiind transferul atacantului Dennis Bergkamp de la Ajax la Internazionale. La scurt timp, Mino avea să părăsescă compania olandeză devenind impresar independent. Prima sa mutare ca și independent avea să fie trecerea lui Pavel Nedvěd de la AC Sparta Praga la S.S. Lazio în 1996.

În 2008, Raiola a fost investigat de către Federația Italiană de Fotbal pentru nereguli în realizarea unor transferuri.

În 2016, Raiola a intermediat cel mai scump transfer din istoria fotbalului, trecerea fotbalistului francez Paul Pogba de la Juventus Torino la Manchester United, pentru suma de 105 milioane de euro.
În urma acestei tranzacții, Mino Raiola s-a ales cu un onorariu de 49 de milioane de euro.

După transferul lui Pogba, Raiola a cheltuit șapte milioane de lire pentru a cumpăra casa în care a trăit Al Capone, între 1928-1947.

Deși anunțase că va candida la președinția FIFA împotriva lui Joseph Blatter, Mino Raiola și-a retras candidatura.

A locuit la Monaco. Mino Raiola a vorbit fluent șapte limbi străine: italiana, olandeza, engleza, germana, spaniola, franceza și portugheza.

Jucători și antrenori impresariați
 Zdeněk Grygera
 Zlatan Ibrahimović
 Martin Jol
 Felipe Mattioni
 Mario Balotelli
 Maxwell
 Pavel Nedvěd
 Kerlon
Henrikh Mkhitaryan
Paul Pogba
Étienne Capoue
Blaise Matuidi
Gregory van der Wiel
Romelu Lukaku
Gianluigi Donnarumma
Moise Kean
Matthijs de Ligt
Erling Haaland

Referințe

Nașteri în 1967
Nașteri pe 4 noiembrie
Decese în 2022
Decese pe 30 aprilie
Impresari de fotbal
Oameni de afaceri italieni

Mino Raiola


El Corte Inglés S.A. (), headquartered in Madrid, is the biggest department store group in Europe and ranks third worldwide. Its primary source of sales is from department stores, followed by internet sales. It is a family business, with most stock being held by relatives of the deceased businessmen Ramon Areces Rodriguez and César Rodríguez González (1882-1966), and the Ramon Areces foundation.

El Corte Inglés is Spain's and Portugal's only remaining department store chain. El Corte Inglés has been a member of the International Association of Department Stores since 1998. Stores tend to be very large in size and offer a wide range of products: stores may sell music, movies, portable and household electronics, furniture, hardware, books, clothes, groceries, gourmet food, cars and real estate.

History

In 1934, the founders Ramón Areces Rodriguez and Cesar Rodriguez Gonzalez bought a tailor's shop (which had opened in 1890) located on one of Madrid's most central streets, calle Preciados, at the corner of calle Carmen and calle Rompelanzas, and made it into a limited company.

The property where the shop was located had been owned by Julián Gordo Centenera since 1930. The prime location of the property soon attracted the attention of an Asturian businessman named Pepin Fernandez who was looking to expand a business called Sederias Carretas which he had started in 1934 with a capital contribution from his cousin Cesar Rodriguez Gonzales. His plan was to purchase all of the properties on the block to construct a new building to house his business, a vision which was later realized in the form of Galerias Preciados.

Around 1920, aged 15, Areces had gone to Havana, Cuba, and worked at the famous retail chain Almacenes El Encanto, where he learned the basics of department store business. Cesar Rodriguez had asked Pepin Fernandez to hire his nephew Ramon Areces in Sederias Carretas shortly after his return from Cuba. Pepin refused, so Cesar requested that he at least allow Ramon to operate El Corte Ingles while plans to acquire the block and construct the new building were finalized. Pepin, who had also learned the department store business at Almacenes El Encanto, accepted the request, and transferred ownership of El Corte Ingles to Cesar on 23 December 1935, and acquired the property where it was located on behalf of Sederias Carretas soon after. Once Cesar took ownership of El Corte Ingles, he designated Ramon Areces as manager, a position which he held until his death, including during the Spanish civil war.

When the war ended in 1939, El Corte Ingles relocated to calle Preciados, on the corner of calle Tetuan, near the location of Almacenes el Aguila, to make way for the new Galerias Preciados building.

After the move in 1940, Areces turned the tailor's shop into a sociedad limitada, registering with 1 million pesetas of capital, and shares divided equally between Cesar Rodriguez, who became the first president of El Corte Ingles S.L., and Ramon Areces, whose share of the capital contribution came from a loan facilitated by his uncle. As the business expanded, Cesar Rodriguez eventually became the majority shareholder, although Areces remained in charge of strategic decisions and the day-to-day operations of the business.

Between 1945 and 1946, El Corte Ingles acquired its new building and expanded to encompass 2000 square meters of retail space on 5 floors, and shifted to a department store organizational style similar to that of Galerias Preciados, which had been operational since 1943. The company saw continuous growth until 1952, when it converted its legal structure from a sociedad limitada to a sociedad anónima in which Cesar Rodriguez remained president and majority shareholder, a position which he held until his death in 1966. After this, Ramon Areces, who until  then had been managing director, became the president and largest shareholder.

The competition between El Corte Ingles and Galerias Preciados in the 1950s and 60's caused a revolution in Spanish retail distribution. Seasonal discounts, organized ad campaigns, air conditioned stores, massive use of publicity, large scale use of display windows, customer loyalty cards, point of sale data collection, and more. The expansion of El Corte Ingles began in 1962 with the opening of its second department store in Barcelona, and expansion continues until the present. Expansion also diversified into other formats including Hipercor, first introduced in Seville in 1980.

In 1969, the company started to branch out of the retail sector, first opening a travel agency, Viajes El Corte Ingles, in 1969, followed by a telecom and computing equipment wholesaler, Investronica, in 1980, and an IT services and software development company, Informática El Corte Inglés (IECISA), in 1986.

On the death of Areces in 1989, his nephew Isidoro Álvarez became his successor and continued expanding the business while emphasizing self-reliant financing methods, opaque management techniques, and careful investment.  In 1995, El Corte Inglés bought out Galerías Preciados, which was its only serious competitor and had entered bankruptcy. In addition to acquiring its arch-rival Galerias Preciados, El Corte Ingles also purchased all of the Marks & Spencer stores in the Iberian peninsula in 2001.

El Corte Ingles entered into a partnership with Repsol in 1998, through which El Corte Ingles would operate convenience stores at Repsol fuel stations. These stores were initially known as Repsol-Supercor, or Repsol-Opencor after 2008, while those not attached to fuel stations were called Opencor. In 2001, El Corte Ingles opened a retail fashion outlet called Sfera. Its first big-box store, Bricor, specializing in home decor and DIY supplies, opened in 2006.

In October 2013, the firm sold a 51% stake in the financing department to the Spanish banking group Grupo Santander for around €140 million. From 2014 to 2018 the CEO of the company was Dimas Gimeno.

In March 2018, El Corte Ingles closed its store on La Rambla of Barcelona.

In 2019, El Corte Ingles sold IECISA to GFI for €300 million.

In June 2020, El Corte Inglés bought the private security and services company MEGA 2 for 28 million euros.

International expansion
The first attempts at international expansion took place in 1981 with the acquisition of the Harris Company, a chain of mid-sized department stores in the United States. The venture was unsuccessful, and in 1998 El Corte Ingles made a deal with Gottschalks, in which Gottschalks took over management of the Harris Company's stores and gave El Corte Ingles 16% of Harris Company stock. This later turned out to be a total loss when Gottschalks declared bankruptcy in the aftermath of the 2007-2008 financial crisis.

This experience led to the company taking a much more conservative approach with its 2001 expansion in Portugal, with a store in Lisbon, followed in 2006 with a store in Vila Nova de Gaia, opposite the city of Porto. In 2006, just as it opened its second store outside of Spain (in Vila Nova de Gaia), the company announced expansion outside the Iberian Peninsula: Italy was to be the first country to host a store, but owing to the ongoing Eurozone crisis, the plan was suspended, as well as the opening of the third store in Portugal.

Various food products bearing the El Corte Inglés brand are marketed in Latin American stores.

Business
According to Deloitte's report on "Global Powers of Retailing," El Corte Ingles ranked 97th in 2020, down 27 places from 2019, when it ranked 69th. This made it the 3rd largest retailer by volume in Spain, behind Inditex and Mercadona. Total retail revenue in 2020 amount to €12,077 million. As of 2008, it was the second largest family business in Spain, and the 66th largest in the world.

The company's retail revenue and net profit both increased continuously until 2007, when they began to drop. The company has not since returned to its 2007 peak of revenue, which was close to €18,000 million, with €747.6 million net profits. Since then, both revenue and profits declined until 2015, and then increased until 2019.

Sales, employees, and profit

Total revenue

Net profit

Shareholders
Although the company is known for jealously guarding its privacy, numerous statements have indicated that the Ramón Areces Foundation is the biggest shareholder, with 37% of the company's shares willed to the foundation by its founder. Isidoro Alvarez controls these shares as president of the foundation, together with his own shares, which are believed to be somewhere between 15 and 27% of total shares, making him the largest shareholder.

Cartera de Valores IASA is the second biggest shareholder, with 22% of shares.

Approximately 9% of shares are owned by the children of Luis Areces, Ramon Areces' brother, via the Corporacion Ceslar.

Equal parts of approximately 3% were divided between the four brothers of the Areces Fuentes brothers, sons of Ramon Areces' other brother Celestino. The brothers acquired these shares through inheritance after the liquidation of the holding company. After a lengthy legal conflict, however, they sold their shares to El Corte Ingles.

Ingondel S.L. which held 6% of El Corte Ingles' capital, was property of descendants of César Rodríguez. It was acquired in 2009.

A 7% share is in the hands of Cartera Mancor, S.L., which is also made up of the descendants of César Rodríguez, by way of Paloma García Peña.

Approximately 3% is held by other members of the administrative council, and the remainder is divided between the treasure and some 3000 directors and executives of the company. It is presumed that these shareholders are always employees while they hold shares, since there are restrictions on the transfer of shares.

The administrative council of El Corte Ingles is composed of the following individuals:
 Marta Álvarez Guil. elected president 11 July 2019.
 Cristina Álvarez Guil.
 Jesús Nuño de la Rosa y Coloma.
 Fernando Becker Zuazua.
 Manuel Pizarro Moreno.
 Víctor del Pozo Gil.
 Hamad bin Jassem bin Jabr Al Thani, represented by Shahzad Shahbaz.
 Cartera Mancor, S.L, represented by Paloma García Peña.
 Corporación Ceslar, represented by Ana Carlota Areces Galán.
 Antonio Hernández-Gil (secretary).
 Juan Moral-de la Rosa (vice-secretary)

Areas of activity
The business group is divided into the following areas of activity, which are usually commercially configured as companies whose shareholding belongs in its entirety or overwhelmingly majority to El Corte Inglés S.A .:

Retail
 El Corte Inglés S.A. The parent company, dedicated to distribution through department stores. This was the main activity of the company since its inception. In 2010 it still accounted for 59% of total revenues and about 63.7% of net profit. As of 28 February 2013, El Corte Inglés has 86 centres, 84 in Spain and 2 in Portugal.
 Hipercor. Chain of hypermarkets dedicated to the distribution of food and household appliances. Hipercor was a response to the entry of French capital into the Spanish market in the 1980s, including Alcampo, Pryca and Continente, with the latter two merging and now operating under the Carrefour brand.  As of 28 February 2013, Hipercor has 42 centres in Spain.
 Bricor. Home improvement and home decor retailer. Bricor was a response to the consolidation of the sector by the Adeo group, which was formed from the Auchan group, which owned Alcampo, among other interests. The Auchan group also owns the Leroy Merlin, Aki and Bricomart brands in Spain. As of 28 February 2013, Bricor had 16 stores: 14 in Spain and 2 in Portugal.
 Supercor / Supercor Exprés. Supermarket and convenience store chain. Supercor emerged to compete with mid-sized local grocery stores at the end of the 1990s, such as Caprabo, Eroski, and Mercadona. Supercor Express is a smaller sized convenience store format which was adopted by the company in 2011. The sum total of convenience stores, including Supercor, Supercor Express, and Opencor was 238 as of 28 February 2013.
 Sfera. Fashion retailer stores group. It has 68 centres located in Spain and 3 in Portugal, plus franchises in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Belgium, Egypt, Greece, Kuwait and Mexico. It was conceived as a response to chains like H&M, and the Spanish brands Mango, Zara, and Springfield, the latter two of which belong to Inditex and Cortefiel respectively.

IT and communications
In the IT and communications fields, El Corte Inglés has three subsidiaries, which are listed in order of establishment:
 Informática El Corte Inglés (IECISA). Dedicated to IT consulting, software development and computing services.
 Investrónica. Consumer computing and telephony wholesaler, and former computer manufacturer under the Inves brand. Integrated in IECISA from 2015.
 Telecor. Telecommunications services for consumers and businesses.

Service sector

In the service sector, the El Corte Inglés group owns:
 Viajes El Corte Inglés. Travel agency group from a wholesale and retail point of view. As travel agency it has 599 branches worldwide, 506 of which are in Spain and 93 abroad.
 Seguros El Corte Inglés (CESS). Insurance company dedicated to insurance brokerage and financial and real estate mediation. It has 105 branches, most of which are located in the El Corte Inglés department stores, although some are dedicated Seguros El Corte Ingles storefronts.
 Financiera El Corte Inglés. A financial services company that finances purchases for customers and distributes the El Corte Inglés shopping card. Present in Spain and Portugal. 51% of Financiera El Corte Ingles''' capital belongs to Banco Santander as of 2014.
 MEGA 2. A security and terciary service company present in Spain and Portugal.
 Grupo Sicor. Provision of services related to physical and digital security, integral services, cleaning and maintenance, logistics, and employment.
 Sweno. A telecomm company.
 Sweno Energia. A residential and commercial electrical utility.
 Bitcor. A cryptocurrency company.

 Auxiliary businesses
El Corte Ingles owns 100% of a number of businesses auxiliary to their main business functions, unless otherwise noted.
 Industrias y Confecciones S.A. (INDUYCO). Integrated into the group in 2010.
 Ason Inmobiliaria de Arriendos S.L. A real estate and rental management company.
 Construcciones, Promociones e Instalaciones S.A. A construction and renovation company.
 Editorial Universitaria Ramón Areces S.A. A publisher of text books for Spanish universities.
 Tourmodial Operadores S.A. A travel services company.
 Parinver S.A. (75.83%). A holding company which owns some hotel groups and other businesses.
The company has partial ownership in other businesses:
 50% of Gestion de Puntos de Venta S.A. (GESPEVESA) which manages Opencor stores at Repsol fuel stations.
 50% of Sephora Cosmeticos España S. L. 6.15% of Euroforum Escorial S.A., a training and corporate events company.
 4,36 % of Parque Temático de Madrid S.A. which operates Parque Warner Madrid.
 1.7% of IAG.

 E-commerce
El Corte Inglés' website was the largest in terms of the number of its customers in Spain, with 3.7 million customers in 2011. In 2013, 3.5 million customers and 137 million visits were registered. In December 2016 they reached their monthly peak, with more than 14 million unique users and more than 30 million visits to www.elcorteingles.es, increasing to 32 million in January 2017, becoming the most visited Spanish commercial website in Spain. It was the second most visited ecommerce website in Spain in 2017, behind Amazon.com.

Since 1999 its General Director of Electronic Commerce and Distance Sales Division is Ricardo Goizueta Sagues and the Digital Director or Chief Digital Officer (CDO) is, since 2012, José María Fernández Ortega.

 Business model
Like Galerias Preciados in its time, El Corte Ingles' business model was based on introducing American style department stores to Spain during a period where Spain was emerging from economic isolation and autarky. As such, its business model revolved around the idea of a store where customer could buy everything, hence its slogan "The store for all your shopping" (La tienda de todas tus compras). Stores aimed not only to offer a wide variety of articles, but also goods of different levels of quality, with goods divided into departments with additional services such as home deliveries, wedding lists, repairs included in sale price, etc., as well as satisfaction and quality assurances through money-back guarantees.

This model depends on the performance of the following actors:

 Customers
The company's main business model has remained constant until the present. Its social and corporate responsibility documents emphasize five pillars of commitment to the customers: quality, service, assortment, specialization, and guarantees. This approach has been used to build customer loyalty.

In the food department, the company has launched a generic brand called Aliada.

The El Corte Ingles shopping card is a credit card which was introduced in 1968, and is one of the most popular in Spain, with 11.58 million active cards in Spain in 2017. Card holders have a one-month grace period to pay off the balance of their card, with an option to defer payment for up to three months without interest, although administrative fees apply. Payment can also be deferred with low interest payments for up to 36 months. The card also grants holders the right to at least 2 hours free parking in store parking garages, and allows the purchase of any product sold in El Corte Ingles centers. Since 2006, the card can also be used to pay for fuel at Repsol fuel stations.

 Human resources
In 2011, the company's workforce was made up of 99,323 employees, down from 102,699 the previous year. 93% of those had long-term contracts, and 71% were full-time. The median age of employees was 39 years, with 13 years of experience. 37% of total employees were male compared to 63% female, although in management males outnumbered females.

Annual reports indicated that in 2012, the total number of employees further declined to 96,678, 94% of whom were full time, and 64% of whom were female.

The relationship between El Corte Ingles and its employees has traditionally been formal, familiar, and paternalistic, with the company trying to establish feedback between the company and its employees. The company provides training and educational assistance, financial services, and discounts or financing for purchasing goods and services.

The company has received criticism for discriminating against women, harassment of labor unions, is directly implicated in exploitative labor practices. In the majority of the company's locations, union elections are won by Fetico or FASGA, a national retail union accused of being a yellow union by the UGT and CCOO. Some companies in the El Corte Ingles group, such as Induyco, have been criticized by groups like Oxfam for issues of precarious work and exploitation of textile workers in third world countries.

 Suppliers
The company has pursued  vertical integration since early on, especially with textiles, when Ramon Areces and other shareholders founded Induyco in 1949, and which became a sociedad anonimo in 1955. Induyco, in spite of having a non-proprietary relationship with El Corte Ingles, initially had El Corte Ingles as its exclusive wholesale client, and its employees were offered benefits as if they belonged to the same group. Later, Induyco still had El Corte Ingles as its majority client, although the relationship was no longer exclusive, though its share structure remained the same, and Isidoro Alvarez was the president. In 2010 El Corte Ingles integrated Induyco into its corporate structure, and in 2012 it ceased activities.

In the field of texties, in addition to Induyco, the company created Confecciones Teruel in 1975 and Industrias del Vestido in 1976. Both companies got the majority of their capital from the Induyco group which itself was part of Investronica and Invesgen. Its creation was motivated by labor conflicts which occurred at Induyco during those years.

In the field of supplying special materials for sale, the company created Mostoles Industrial in the same way as Induyco. Mostoles Industrial, unlike Induyco, retained El Corte Ingles as its exclusive customer while having a non-proprietary relationship with it. Mostoles is most well known for its production of kitchen furniture for the "Forlady" brand.

On the side of real estate development, the company created Construcción, Promociones e Instalaciones S.A. in 1976, whose capital is derived in its entirety from the El Corte Ingles group, and which is responsible for the construction of new stores and renovation of existing ones.

 Publicity and advertising
El Corte Ingles has one of the biggest advertising budgets in Spain. In 2011, the group was the biggest advertiser in Spain, with an investment of 171.3 million euros, and as an individual El Corte Ingles itself was the third biggest, with a budget of 99.8 million euros. The company periodically conducts large publicity campaigns like Semana Fanstisca (Fantasic Week) and the Ocho Dias de Oro (the Eight Golden Days) by announcing discounts on its products. On the Christmas holiday, it organizes an animation spectacle called "Cortylandia" in its main stores.

Furthermore, part of El Corte Ingles' company culture includes sponsoring a number of activities that also serve as a form of advertising. For example, the El Corte Ingles Rally is a rally race that ran on the Canary Islands from 1977 to 2001.

 Locations
El Corte Ingles has 94 stores in the original format spread throughout Spain and Portugal. Stores are based in the following cities:

Flagship store

El Corte Inglés' flagship store is located in Madrid at 79 Calle Raimundo Fernández Villaverde. The complex encompasses several buildings and carries the most comprehensive collection of designers of any large store in Spain. Designer boutiques in this store include: Hermès, Louis Vuitton, Cartier, Armani, Armani Jeans, Armani Collezioni, Gucci, Loewe, Dockers, Ralph Lauren, Bulgari, Dior, Dior Homme, Georges Rech, Versace, Hugo Boss, Boss Woman, Ermenegildo Zegna, Tommy Hilfiger, Dolce&Gabbana, Burberry (men/women), Façonnable, Pal Zileri, Paul & Shark, Lacoste, Pavillon Christofle, CH by Carolina Herrera,  Escada Sport, James Purdey and Sons, Lloyd's, Purificación Garcia, Calvin Klein, Caroll Paris, Amitie, Episode, store brands (Emidio Tucci, Dustin) and many others. Also included is a branch of the Madrid-based Aldeo jewelers, carrying such jewellery designers as Boucheron, Blancpain and Hamilton.

 Brands

 General
 El Corte Inglés: general.
 Hipercor: general (only in Hipercor centers).
 Supercor: Urban supermarkets.

 Telecom
 Sweno: telecom.
 Telecor: telecom.

 Cryptocurrency
 Bitcor: Cryptocurrency.

 Security
 Sicor: Private security.

 Food
 Aliada: generic brand.
 Special Line: diet foods.

 Culture
 Ámbito Cultural: cultural events, expositions, literary prizes, cinematography, musical and painting awards, scholarships.
 Cineclub: collection of classic cinema.
 Pitiflú: children's entertainment, including storytelling, magic shows, workshops, puppet shows,children's theater and circus events.
 Rubiños 1860: bookstore.

 Appliances, electronics, and computing
 Digrato : coffee machines and single-dose coffee capsules.
 Inves: software.
 Saivod: home appliances and electronics.
 Ansonic: home appliances and electronics (only in Hipercor).

 Sports
 Boomerang: sports.
 Runfit: sports (only in Hipercor).

 Clothes
 Alía: clothes.
 Dustin: clothes.
 Easy Wear: clothes.
 Emidio Tucci: men's formal wear.
 Énfasis: clothes.
 Formul@ Joven: clothes.
 Gloria Ortiz: clothes and accessories.
 Lloyd's: clothes.
 Privium: home wear.
 Sfera: clothes.
 Yera: clothes.
 Unit: clothes.

 Other
 Urban-Chic: home furnishing (only in El Corte Inglés).
 Urban-Class: home furnishing (only in El Corte Inglés).
 Casa Actual: home furnishing (only in Hipercor).
 La Tienda en Casa: distance selling (television / internet).
 Línea Pura: cosmetics.
 Oleada: cosmetics.
 Oralli: travel accessories.
 Doblecero: loyalty card.
 Plantea: skin care.
 Primeriti: private online sales club.
 Veckia'': cosmetics.

Notes

References

External links

 Official website

Retail companies established in 1940
Companies based in Madrid
Department stores of Spain
Privately held companies of Spain
Spanish brands
Spanish-language websites
1940 establishments in Spain

El Corte Inglés


Academia este o editură și o librărie cehă înființată în 1953 de Academia de Științe a Cehoslovaciei (ČSAV). Începând cu 2007 este un departament al Centrului pentru activități comune al Academiei de Științe a Republicii Cehe, instituție publică de cercetare înființată de Academia de Științe a Republicii Cehe (AV ČR).

Sediul editurii este Casa Wiehl nr. 792 din Piața Wenceslas din Praga 1. O placă memorială amplasată pe clădirea librăriei amintește că această casă a fost donată de arhitectul Antonín Wiehl  către Academia Cehă de Științe și Arte.

Nume
Între anii 1955 și 1965 editura a purtat denumirea Nakladatelství Československé akademie věd ("Editura Academiei de Științe a Cehoslovaciei, prescurtată Nakladatelství ČSAV și abreviată sub acronimul NČAV). În 1966 a primit actuala denumire Academia, fiind înregistrată în anii 1966-1992 ca Academia, nakladatelství Československé akademie věd  (Academia, editura Academiei de Științe a Cehoslovaciei), prescurtată Academia, nakladatelství ČSAV. În urma divizării în 1992 a Academiei de Științe a Cehoslovaciei în Academia de Științe a Republicii Cehe și Academia de Științe a Slovaciei, a avut loc o modificare a numelui mai lung în Academia, nakladatelství Akademie věd České republiky (Academia, editura Academiei de Științe a Republicii Cehe), prescurtată Academia, nakladatelství AV ČR. Pentru a distinge editura de librărie se folosesc denumirile Nakladatelství Academia și Knihkupectví Academia.

Orientare editorială

Editura Academia este specializată în publicarea de monografii științifice originale, lucrări ale oamenilor de știință cehi și traduceri ale operelor unor importanți autori străini. De asemenea, ea publică enciclopedii, dicționare, manuale de învățare a limbilor străine sau manuale universitare, dar și ficțiunile de bună calitate. Principalele colecții publicate sunt Atlasy a Průvodce, Paměť, Historie, Šťastné zítřky, Gerstner, Galileo și altele. Editura publică populara revista științifică Živa și administrează rețeaua librăriei Academia de la Praga și Brno și a centrelor culturale și literare din Ostrava și České Budějovice. Ea organizează, de asemenea, în mod regulat diverse evenimente culturale.

Grupul țintă al editurii Academiei este format în principal din cititori profesioniști: studenți și pedagogi.

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Body horror, biological horror, organic horror or visceral horror is horror fiction in which the horror is principally derived from the unnatural graphic transformation, degeneration or destruction of the physical body. Such works may deal with decay, disease, deformity, parasitism, mutation or mutilation. Other types of body horror include unnatural movements or the anatomically incorrect placement of limbs to create "monsters" from human body parts. David Cronenberg, Frank Henenlotter, Brian Yuzna, Stuart Gordon, Lloyd Kaufman, and Clive Barker are notable directors of this genre. The term body horror was coined with the "Body Horror" theme issue of the University of Glasgow film journal Screen (vol. 27, no. 1, January–February 1986), which contains several essays on the subject.

Notable films and television series

Notable writers

In his introduction to The Mammoth Book of Body Horror, the film director Stuart Gordon says that "Body Horror has been with us since long before there were movies". According to the summary of this anthology, the important writers of Body Horror are :

 Mary Shelley
 Edgar Allan Poe
 H. P. Lovecraft
 John W. Campbell
 George Langelaan
 Richard Matheson
 Stephen King
 Clive Barker
 Robert Bloch
 Ramsey Campbell
 Brian Lumley
 Nancy A. Collins
 Richard Christian Matheson
 Michael Marshall Smith
 Neil Gaiman
 James Herbert
 Christopher Fowler
 Alice Henderson
 Graham Masterton
 Gemma Files
 Simon Clark
 Barbie Wilde
 David Moody
 Axelle Carolyn
 Tony Vilgotsky
 H. G. Wells

But others names could be quoted, according to Xavier Aldana Reyes in his book Body Gothic :

 Poppy Z. Brite
 Kathe Koja
 Dennis Cooper
 Bret Easton Ellis

Notable graphic novels

Use in video games
In recent years, the subjects of human experimentation, medical research, and infection have played large roles in video games whose plots are heavily influenced by themes common in body horror.

Use in tabletop gaming

See also
 Biopunk
 New Extremity
 New Gothic
 Organ transplantation in fiction
 Psychological horror

References

External links
 Inside Out: Body Horror
 Internet Movie Database films listed under keyword body-horror

Horror fiction lists
Body horror

List of body horror media


Begivenheder

Januar
 Kim Wilde debuterer og slår igennem med hittet "Kids in America".
 Det amerikanske heavy metal-band Mötley Crüe bliver dannet..
 24 januar - Aerosmith forsanger Steven Tyler bliver såret i et motorcykelstyrt, og han er indlagt i to måneder.

Februar
 9. februar – Phil Collins udgiver hans første solo album (men forlader ikke Genesis før i 1995).
 14. februar - Billy Idol forlader bandet Generation X for at begynde en solokarriere.

Marts
 27. marts - Ozzy Osbourne bider hovedet af en due ved en CBS-pladeselskabs indsamling i Los Angeles.

April
 4. april sang Debbie Cameron & Tommy Seebach sangen Krøller eller ej ved Eurovision Song Contest 1981
 4. april – Den britiske popgruppe Bucks Fizz vinder Eurovision Song Contest, afholdt på RDS Simmonscourt Pavilion, Dublin, med sangen "Making Your Mind Up".
 11. april – Van Halens lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen gifter sig med skuespillerinde Valerie Bertinelli.
 27. april – Ringo Starr og Barbara Bach gift, i London, England.

Juni
 19 juni – den 13-årig Céline Dion debuterer i et lokalt talkshow i Montréal, Michel Jasmin Show, i forbindelse med hendes første single Ce n'était qu'un rêve

Årets album

A – G
 10 cc – Ten out of 10
 ABBA – The Visitors
 AC/DC – For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)
 The Adolescents – The Adolescents (debut)
Hasse Andersson & Kvinnaböske Band - Annat Var Det Förr
 Elisabeth Andreasson – Angel of the Morning
 Aerosmith – Greatest Hits
 Bad Religion – Bad Religion (EP)
Bamses Venner - Spor 8
 Agneta Baumann – I Am an Illusion (debut)
 The Beach Boys – Ten Years Of Harmony (1970–1980)
 The Beat – Wha'ppen?
 Black Sabbath – Mob Rules
 Blue Öyster Cult – Fire of Unknown Origin
 The Buggles – The Age of Plastic
 Caramba – Caramba
 Phil Collins – Face Value
 Crass – Penis Envy
 Kikki Danielsson – Just Like a Woman
 Dead Kennedys – Plastic Surgery Disaster
 Def Leppard – High 'N' Dry
 Depeche Mode – Speak and Spell (debut)
 The Descendents – Fat (EP)
 Dolenz, Jones, Boyce and Hart – Concert In Japan
 Duran Duran – Duran Duran (debut)
 Bob Dylan – Shot of Love
 Electric Light Orchestra – Time
 Eurythmics – In the Garden
 Agnetha Fältskog & Linda Ulvaeus – Nu tändas tusen juleljus
 The Gap Band – Gap Band Ⅲ
 Art Garfunkel – Scissors Cut
 Genesis – Abacab
 Ebba Grön – Kärlek & Uppror

H – R
 Hansson de Wolfe United – Existens Maximum
 George Harrison – Somewhere in England
 Heaven 17 – Penthouse and Pavement
 The Human League – Dare
 Iron Maiden – Killers
 Michael Jackson – One Day in Your Life
 Rick James – Street Songs
 Japan – Tin Drum
 Keith Jarrett – Invocations / The Moth and the Flame
 Journey – Escape
 Björn J:son Lindh – Musik
 Judas Priest – Point of Entry
 Kiss – Music from "The Elder"
 Kraftwerk – Computerwelt
 Lakeside – Fantastic Voyage
Kim Larsen - Jungle Dreams
 Lustans Lakejer – Uppdrag i Genève
 Meat Loaf – Dead Ringer
 Eddie Meduza – Gasen i botten
 Mötley Crüe – Too Fast for Love
 New Order – Movement
 Gary Numan – Dance
 Ozzy Osbourne – Blizzard of Ozz (debut)
 Ozzy Osbourne – Diary of a Madman
 The Police – Ghost in the Machine
 Queen – Greatest Hits
 Roger – Many Facets of Roger
 The Rolling Stones – Tattoo You
 Todd Rundgren – Healing
 Tv·2 – Fantastiske Toyota
 Rush – Exit...Stage Left
 Rush – Moving Pictures

S – Ö
 Neil Sedaka – Now
Tommy Seebach - Love On The Line
 The Selecter – Celebrate the Bullet
 Simple Minds – Sons and Fascination
 Soft Cell – Non-stop Erotic Cabaret
 Spandau Ballet – Journeys to Glory (debut)
 Ringo Starr – Stop and Smell the Roses
 Status Quo – Never Too Late
 Jim Steinman – Bad for Good
 Styx – Paradise Theater
 Peter Tosh – Wanted Dread and Alive
 Magnus Uggla – Godkänd pirat
 Ultravox – Rage in Eden
 U2 – October
 Bunny Wailer – Bunny Wailer Sings The Wailers
 Bunny Wailer – Rock 'n' Groove
 Bunny Wailer – Tribute
 Van Halen – Fair Warning
 Venom – Welcome to Hell (debut)
 Kim Wilde – Kim Wilde (debut)
 Third World – Rock the World
 Yes – Classic Yes
 Neil Young – Re-ac-tor
 Frank Zappa – You are What You is
 ZZ Top – El Loco

Født
 12. januar – Thomas Hulenvik, svenske komponister.
 31. januar – Justin Timberlake, amerikansk popsanger.
 11. februar – Kelly Rowland, amerikansk sanger, medlem af Destinys Child .
 17. februar – Paris Hilton, amerikansk arving, skuespiller, sanger og fotomodel.
 1. april – Hannah Spearritt, britisk musiker og skuespiller.
 10. april – Liz McClarnon, britisk sanger.
 27. April – Fabrizio Faniello, maltesisk sanger.
 26. maj – Erik Ljung, svensk musiker og sangskriver.
 30. maj – Devendra Banhart, amerikansk musiker.
 15. juni – Billy Martin, amerikansk musiker.
 21. juni – Brandon Flowers, amerikansk musiker, forsanger i The Killers .
 30. juni – Andrew Knowles, britisk musiker og kunstner.
 9. juli – Klas Landahl, svenske kunstner, billedhugger, musiker og forfatter.
 8. august – Bradley McIntosh, Britisk musiker.
 4. september – Beyoncé Knowles, amerikansk sanger.
 21. September – Nicole Richie, amerikansk skuespiller og sanger.
 1. oktober – Jamelia, britiske R & B -sångare.
 9. oktober – Andrea Tarrodi, svenske komponister.
 2. december – Britney Spears, amerikansk sanger og skuespiller.

Dødsfald
 9. januar – Kazimierz Serocki, 58, en polsk komponist.
 23. januar – Samuel Barber, 70, amerikansk komponist.
 9. februar – Bill Haley, 55, amerikansk rock and roll musiker
 15. februar – Michael Bloomfield, 37, amerikansk guitarist.
 18. februar – Gösta "Snoddas" Nordgren, 54, svenske sanger og bandyspiller.
 9. april – Eric Gustafsson, 83, svenske skuespiller og sanger.
 12. april – Tor Bergstrom, 80, svensk sangskrivere, forfatter og komponist.
 11. maj – Bob Marley, 36, jamaicanske sanger og sangskriver.
 25. maj – Rosa Ponselle, 84, amerikansk operasanger ( sopran ).
 21. juni – Gunnar Ek, 81, svenske komponist, organist og cellist.
 23. juni – Zarah Leander, 74, svensk sanger og skuespiller
 13. juli – Karl Kinch, 88, svensk skuespiller, teater ledere, direktører og operette sanger ( tenor ).
 3. august – Seymour Österwall, 73, svensk jazzmusiker (tenor saxofon), orkesterleder og komponist
 14. juni – Karl Böhm, 86, østtyske leder
 12. oktober – Yngve Westerberg, 75, svenske komponist.
 14. oktober – Ingemar Liljefors, 74, svenske komponist og pianist.
 29. oktober – Georges Brassens, 60, franske sangere.
 30. September – Sigrid Taube, 93, svensk pianist og komponist.
 3. november – Verner Karlsson, 75, svensk musiker.
 5. november – Friedrich Mehler, 84, svenske komponister
 17. november – Jonas Olsson, 95, svensk statsborger musiker.
 26 November – Hans Theselius, 62, svensk musiker.
 27. november – Lotte Lenya, 83, en østrigsk-amerikansk sanger og skuespiller
 27. december – Hoagy Carmichael, 82, amerikansk komponist og tekstforfattere

Kilder

Musik i 1981


Count Jan Potocki (; 8 March 1761 – 23 December 1815) was a Polish nobleman, ethnologist, linguist, traveller and author of the Enlightenment period, whose life and exploits made him a celebrated figure in Poland. He is known chiefly for his picaresque novel, The Manuscript Found in Saragossa.

Born into affluent Polish nobility, Potocki lived abroad from an early age and was primarily educated in Switzerland. He frequently visited the salons of Paris and toured Europe before temporarily returning to Poland in 1778. As a soldier, he fought in Austrian ranks in the War of the Bavarian Succession, and in 1789 was appointed a military engineer in the Polish army. During his extensive voyages he actively documented prevailing customs, ongoing wars, revolutions and national awakenings, which made him a pioneer of travel literature. Fascinated by the occult, Potocki studied ancient cultures, rituals and secret societies. Simultaneously, he was a member of parliament and took part in the Great Sejm shortly before the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.

In spite of his literary career, Potocki became burdened by mental illness, melancholy as well as severe clinical lycanthropy, which led him to believe that he was transformed into a werewolf. He committed suicide by gunshot in 1815, however, the circumstances of his death remain controversial to this day.

Life
Jan Potocki was born into the Potocki aristocratic family, that owned vast estates across Poland. He was educated in Geneva and Lausanne, served twice in the Polish Army as a captain of engineers, and spent some time on a galley as novice to the Knights of Malta. His colorful life took him across Europe, Asia and North Africa, where he embroiled himself in political intrigues, flirted with secret societies and contributed to the birth of ethnology – he was one of the first to study the precursors of the Slavic peoples from a linguistic and historical standpoint.

In 1790 he became the first person in Poland to fly in a hot air balloon when he made an ascent over Warsaw with the aeronaut Jean-Pierre Blanchard, an exploit that earned him great public acclaim. He spent some time in France, and upon his return to Poland, he became a known publicist, publishing newspapers and pamphlets, in which he argued for various reforms. He also established in 1788 in Warsaw a publishing house named Drukarnia Wolna (Free Press)  as well as the city's first free reading room. His relation with Stanislaus Augustus was thorny, as Potocki, while often supportive of the king, on occasion did not shy from his critique. He was also highly critical of the Russian ambassador, Otto Magnus von Stackelberg.

Potocki's wealth enabled him to travel extensively about Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia, visiting Italy, Sicily, Malta, the Netherlands, Germany, France, England, Russia, Turkey, Dalmatia, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Spain, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, and even Mongolia. He was also one of the first travel writers of the modern era, penning lively accounts of many of his journeys, during which he also undertook extensive historical, linguistic, and ethnographic studies.

Potocki married twice and had five children. His first marriage ended in divorce, and both marriages were the subject of scandalous rumors. In 1812, disillusioned and in poor health, he retired to his estate at Uładówka (now Uladivka) near Vinnytsia in present-day Ukraine, suffering from "melancholia" (which today would probably be diagnosed as depression), and during the last few years of his life he completed his novel.

Believing he was becoming a werewolf, Potocki committed suicide on 23 December 1815 by fatally shooting himself with a silver bullet blessed by his Catholic village priest.

The Manuscript Found in Saragossa

Potocki's most famous work, originally written in French, is The Manuscript Found in Saragossa (Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse). It is a frame tale. On account of its rich, interlocking structure, and telescoping story sequences, the novel has drawn comparisons to such celebrated works as the Decameron and the Arabian Nights.

The book's title is explained in the foreword, which is narrated by an unnamed French officer who describes his fortuitous discovery of an intriguing Spanish manuscript during the sack of Zaragoza in 1809, in the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Soon after, the French officer is captured by the Spanish and stripped of his possessions; but a Spanish officer recognizes the manuscript's importance, and during the French officer's captivity the Spaniard translates it for him into French.

The manuscript has been written by a young officer of the Walloon Guard, Alphonse van Worden. In 1739, while en route to Madrid to serve with the Spanish Army, he is diverted into Spain's rugged Sierra Morena region. There, over a period of sixty-six days, he encounters a varied group of characters, including Muslim princesses, Gypsies, outlaws, and kabbalists, who tell him an intertwining series of bizarre, amusing, and fantastic tales which he records in his diary.

The sixty-six stories cover a wide range of themes, subjects, and styles, including gothic horror, picaresque adventures, and comic, erotic, and moral tales. The stories reflect Potocki's interest in secret societies, the supernatural, and oriental cultures, and they are illustrated with his detailed observations of 18th-century European manners and customs, particularly those of upper-class Spanish society.

Many of the locations described in the tales are real places and regions which Potocki would have visited during his travels, while others are fictionalized accounts of actual places.

While there is still some dispute about the novel's authorship, it is now generally accepted to have indeed been written by Potocki. He began writing it in the 1790s and completed it in 1814, a year before his death, though the novel's structure is thought to have been fully mapped out by 1805.

The novel was never published in its entirety during Potocki's lifetime. A proof edition of the first ten "days" was circulated in Saint Petersburg in 1805, and a second extract was published in Paris in 1813, almost certainly with Potocki's permission. A third publication, combining both earlier extracts, was issued in 1814, but it appears that at the time of his death Potocki had not yet decided on the novel's final form.

Potocki composed the book entirely in the French language. Sections of the original manuscripts were later lost, but have survived in a Polish translation that was made in 1847 by Edmund Chojecki from a complete French copy, now lost.

The most recent and complete French-language version, edited by François Rosset and Dominique Triaire, was published in 2006 in Leuven, Belgium, as part of a critical scholarly edition of the complete works of Potocki. Unlike Radrizzani's 1989 edition of the Manuscript Found in Saragossa, Rosset and Triaire's edition has been based solely on Potocki's French-language manuscripts found in several libraries in France, Poland (in particular, previously unknown autograph pieces that they discovered in Poznań), Spain, and Russia, as well as in the private collection of Potocki's heirs. They identified two versions of the novel: one unfinished, of 1804, published in 1805, and the full version of 1810, which appears to have been completely reconceived in comparison to the 1804 version. Whereas the first version has a lighter, more sceptical tone, the second one tends towards a darker, more religious mood. In view of the differences between the two versions, the 1804 and 1810 versions have been published as two separate books; paperback editions were issued in early 2008 by Flammarion.

The first English-language edition, published in 1995, was a translation of Radrizzani's edition by Oxford scholar Ian MacLean. Potocki's novel became more widely known thanks to the stylish black-and-white 1965 film adaptation directed by renowned filmmaker Wojciech Has and starring Zbigniew Cybulski as Alphonse van Worden.

Travel memoirs
 Histoire Primitive des Peuples de la Russie avec une Exposition complete de Toutes les Nations, locales, nationales et traditionelles, necessaires a l'intelligence du quatrieme livre d'Herodote (St. Petersbourg: Imprime a l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, 1802)
 Voyage dans les steppes d'Astrakhan et du Caucase (Paris, 1829).
 Voyage en Turquie et en Egypte (1788; Polish translation by Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Podróz do Turek i Egiptu, 1789).
 Voyage dans l'Empire de Maroc (1792)

Modern editions have appeared as follows:
 Voyages en Turquie et en Egypte, en Hollande, au Maroc (Paris: Fayard, 1980; new edition, Éditions Phébus, 1991)
 Voyage au Caucase et en Chine (Paris: Fayard, 1980)

Honours and awards
 Order of the White Eagle
 Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st Class
 Order of St. Vladimir, 1st Class

See also
 Back-translation of The Saragossa Manuscript
 List of Egyptologists
 List of Poles
 Polish literature

Notes and references

Ian MacLean, introduction to The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, London, Penguin Books, 1995

External links

 Jan Potocki  Histoire anciènne du gouvernement de Volhynie : pour servir de suite à l'histoire primitive des peuples de la Russie, Sankt Petersbourg 1805
 "English-language Sources of Biographical Information about Jan Potocki," Looking for the Manuscript Found in Saragossa, accessed April 17, 2015
  – includes image of Polish stamp commemorating Potocki's flight

1761 births
1815 deaths
Members of the Great Sejm
People from Vinnytsia Oblast
Polish ethnologists
Polish Egyptologists
Polish writers in French
19th-century Polish novelists
Polish male novelists
Counts of Poland
Suicides by firearm in Ukraine
Knights of Malta
Jan Potocki
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1810s suicides
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Jan Potocki


An Neohouzeaua helferi in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Munro, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni James Sykes Gamble. An Neohouzeaua helferi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neohouzeaua, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neohouzeaua

Neohouzeaua helferi


An Bromelia estevesii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme. An Bromelia estevesii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bromelia

Bromelia estevesii


An Stylochaeton salaamicus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicholas Edward Brown. An Stylochaeton salaamicus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stylochaeton, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stylochaeton

Stylochaeton salaamicus


Saki Ueno (født 20. november 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Hun har tidligere spillet for Japans kvindefodboldlandshold.

Japans fodboldlandshold

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Japan

Saki Ueno


1989: Dengang jeg var 5 år gammel er en animationsfilm fra 2010 instrueret af Thor Ochsner efter manuskript af samme. Det er desuden en kortfilm på kun 10 minutter.

Handling

Handlingen udspiller sig i oktober 1989.
Den 5-årige Thor er med sin far på vej i bil til lufthavnen for at hente sin mor, der lander med et fly fra Luxemburg, da der sker en ulykke. Det er denne virkelig hændelse, som er baggrunden for en historie, instruktøren har valgt at fortælle 21 år senere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2010

1989: Dengang jeg var 5 år gammel


Suché este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 389 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Suché este atestată documentar din 1266.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Suché


Iđirot (vodeni kmin; lat. Acorus), maleni biljni rod jedini u porodici Acoraceae i redu Acorales.

Rod i porodica rašireni su po Europi, djelovima Azije i Sjevernoj Americi, poglavito u močvarnim staništima. Postoje tri vrste
, A. calamus i A. gramineus uzgajaju se i kao ukrasno bilje u vrtovima, treća je A. americanus iz Sjeverne Amerike

A. calamus ili obični iđirot ima varijetet, A. calamus var. angustatus Besser, a ponekad je za nju smatraju i  američku A. calamus var. americanus Raf.Kew</ref>

Opis reda
Acorales, iđirot (u Sjevernoj Americi nazivan "slatka zastava") red je cvjetnica i najosnovnija loza među jednosupnicama (jednosupnicama), za koje je karakteristično da imaju jednu supku. Ovaj red sadrži jednu porodicu Acoraceae i jedan rod (Acorus), koji se sastoji od dvije do četiri vrste biljaka koje nalikuju perunikama.

Acorus calamus (slatka zastava) javlja se u močvarama Sjeverne Amerike i od Indije do Indonezije. Ostale su vrste rasprostranjene u umjerenim područjima Azije i Europe, gdje se često nalaze na rubovima jezera ili uz brze potoke.

Slatka zastavica se koristi kao biljni sastojak barem od klasične grčke ere. I A. calamus i A. gramineus obično se uzgajaju kao ukrasne biljke u vrtovima.

Acorus je prije bio svrstan u obitelj Araceae zbog skupljanja sićušnih, savršenih (dvospolnih) cvjetova u lopaticu, no kasnije je uočeno da se Acorus razlikuje u nekoliko aspekata — prije svega po tome što ima unifacijalne, a ne dvospolne listove, introrsne, a ne ekstrorsne prašnike (s prašnikom koji se otvara prema unutrašnjosti cvijeta, a ne prema van), suhi, a ne mesnati plodovi, eterična ulja, a ne rafide, i apikalna, a ne bazalna placentacija. Osim toga, istraživanja primjenom tehnika sekvencioniranja DNA pokazala su da se ovaj rod razlikuje od Araceae i da bi ga trebalo staviti kao baznu lozu svim ostalim jednosupnicama. S obzirom na ove morfološke i genetske razlike, većina botaničara smatra opravdanim zasebnu porodicu i red.

Vrste
 Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf.
 Acorus calamus L.
 Acorus gramineus Sol.in Aiton

Galerija

Vidi i
Šaš (Carex)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

jednosupnice

Iđirot


The Massacre er 50 Cents andet studiealbum, der blev udgivet den 3. marts 2005. Albummet nåede første pladsen på Billboard 200 og UK Albums Chart 2005.

Sangliste

Hitlister

Album fra 2005
Rapalbum

The Massacre


Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica (abreviado Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. o BSAB) es una revista científica argentina ilustrada que se dedica a la difusión de la investigación de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica (SAB). Se publican investigaciones científicas nacionales e internacionales en todos los campos de la botánica desde su creación en 1945.

Su primer director, en el cargo desde 1945 hasta 1976, fue el doctor Angel Lulio Cabrera. Desde 2018 su directora es la ingeniera agrónoma Ana María González, del Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (Corrientes).

La posibilidad de publicar en el Boletín es gratuita para los socios de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica.

Desde 2014 su periodicidad es de cuatro números al año. Hasta 2022 lleva publicados cincuenta y siete volúmenes. Desde el volumen 40 se encuentra disponible para su lectura de manera gratuita en la biblioteca digital Scielo. con una distribución bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.

Su información se encuentra en diferentes bases de datos especializadas:

 AGRICOLA
 Biological Abstracts
 BIOSIS Previews
 CAB Abstracts
 Chemical Abstracts Service
 Ecological Abstracts
 Fuente Académica
 MIAR
 Núcleo Básico de Revistas Científicas
 SciELO
 Scopus

Métricas de revista
2022
 Web of Science Group: 0,505
 Índice h de Google Scholar: 15
 Scopus: 0,462

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la revista en Scielo

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas en español
Revistas científicas de Argentina
Publicaciones fundadas en 1945
Revistas científicas de acceso abierto


Netpolitik (ou política em rede) é uma diplomacia de tipo emergente que difere da realpolitik . Em 2002, o Aspen Institute convocou uma conferência de três dias em Aspen, Colorado, para explorar o significado de netpolitik e como a internet está mudando os poderes do Estado-nação, as relações internacionais e a segurança nacional.

Do relatório  produzido por esta conferência, sintetizado por David Bollier, "Netpolitik é um novo estilo de diplomacia que busca explorar as poderosas capacidades da Internet para moldar política, cultura, valores e identidade pessoal. Mas ao contrário da Realpolitik – que busca promover os interesses políticos de uma nação através da coerção amoral – a Netpolitik trafega em questões 'mais suaves' como legitimidade moral, identidade cultural, valores sociais e percepção pública".

A Netpolitik requer recursos diferentes da realpolitik e, portanto, é diferente em sua disponibilidade para uso, trazendo implicações para a execução da diplomacia. O surgimento da netpolitik (política em rede) e sua interação com a realpolitik estão relacionados, mas não limitados ao soft power e sua interação com o hard power.

Netpolitik pode se sobrepor a outras 'políticas' propostas, como mediapolitik (política de mídia), cyberpolitik (ciberpolítica) e noopolitik (noopolítica), mas seus proponentes argumentam que nenhum deles é suficiente para lidar com questões do século XXI, como alta tecnologia e invasão biológica, e que apenas netpolitik incorpora a forma de rede como o princípio organizador na condução dos assuntos mundiais.

Referências

Política
Internet
Globalização

Netpolitik


Bengo is a province of Angola. Its capital is Caxito. It has an area of 31,371 square kilometres, and its population as of the 2014 Census was 356,641. The province was created in 1980 by dividing the original province of Luanda into Bengo and a new smaller province of Luanda.

Geography
The province is bordered by the provinces of Zaire to the North, Uige to the Northeast, Cuanza Norte to the East, and Cuanza Sul to the South. It has two western coastal stretches along the Atlantic Ocean, and forms an enclave around the national capital's province of Luanda. The Kissama National Park and the Kibinda Forest Reserve are here. The province also has a number of lakes, most of them are in the municipalities of Dande and Icolo and Bengo. There are lagoons at Panguila and Ibendoa, Cabiri and Ulua do Sungui.

Municipalities

Since the territorial reform of July 2011
The Angolan National Assembly approved a law on July 27, 2011 reorganizing the territorial subdivisions of Luanda and Bengo Provinces
.

The law moved the Icolo e Bengo and Quiçama municipalities from Bengo Province to Luanda Province and created new municipalities in both provinces. Now, Bengo Province is divided into six (6) municipalities:

Before the territorial reform of 2011

The province of Bengo contained five (5) municipalities (municípios):

Since 2011, Icolo e Bengo and Quiçama have been moved to Luanda Province.

Some sources show the following municipalities in Bengo Province: Bula-Atumba, Dembos and Pango-Aluquém; while others list those three in Cuanza Norte (Kwanza Norte) province.

Communes
The province of Bengo contains the following communes (comunas); sorted by their respective municipalities:

 Ambriz Municipality:– Ambriz, Bela Vista, Tabi
 Bula-Atumba Municipality: – Bula Atumba, Quiage (Kiage)
 Dande Municipality: – Barra do Dande, Caxito, Mabubas, Quicabo (Kikabo), Úcua
 Dembos Municipality: – Paredes, Piri, Quibaxe (Kibaxe), São José das Matas
 Nambuangongo Municipality: – Cage (Kage), Canacassala (Kanacassala), Gombe, Muxaluando (Muxiluando), Quicunzo (Kicunzo), Quixico (Kixico), Zala
 Pango-Aluquém Municipality: – Cazuangongo (Kazuangongo), Pango-Aluquém
 Ícolo e Bengo Municipality: – Bom Jesus do Cuanza, Cabiri (Kabiri), Caculo Cahango, Calomboloca (seat: Cassoneca), Catete
 Quiçama Municipality: – Cabo Ledo, Demba Chio, Mumbondo, Muxima, Quixinje (Kixinje)

Natural resources and geology
Bengo is known for its abundant fish, with fishing communities along the coast.  Late Cretaceous fossils are known from this region, including unique turtles (Angolachelys) and the first dinosaur fossil skeleton from Angola: the Angolatitan.

List of governors of Bengo

See also
Fortress of Muxima

References

External links
 Official website of province governor
 Information on this province at the Angolan ministry for territorial administration
 Information on this province at Info Angola

 US government statistics from 1988
  from Info-Angola
 - Defence Minister's visit
 Province geographical info at geoview.info

Provinces of Angola
Luanda Province

Bengo Province


الجِرِش (بالعبرية גֵרֵשׁ؛ بالمسورية גָּרֵשׁ) والجِرشَيِيم (גרשיים) علامتان من علامات الطعميم المستعملة في نصوص التوراة وغيرها.

علامة جرش (׳) مستعملة لتمثيل أصوات غير الأصلية في اللغة العبرية، تُلحق ببعض الحروف لتغيير لفظها، كما هو حال حرف H في كثير من اللغات.

علامة جرشييم (״)، مثنى جرش، ترسم قبل الحرف الأخير من اللفظ المختصر.

مراجع

أبجدية عبرية
ترقيم
ترقيم عبري

جرش وجرشييم


Onni ist ein finnischer männlicher Vorname.

Herkunft und Bedeutung
Onni bedeutet im Finnischen Glück.

Namenstag
 Finnland: 28. Februar (bis 2000 in Schaltjahren am 29. Februar)

Bekannte Namensträger
 Onni Hiltunen (1895–1971), finnischer Politiker
 Onni Kasslin (1927–2003), finnischer Radrennfahrer
 Onni Pellinen (1899–1945), finnischer Ringer
 Onni Peltonen (1894–1969), finnischer Politiker
 Onni Rajasaari (1910–1994), finnischer Leichtathlet
 Onni Talas (1877–1958), finnischer Diplomat und Politiker

Weblinks
 Onni auf behindthename.com

Männlicher Vorname
Finnischer Personenname

Onni


IAI-Bird-Eye, est un drone de reconnaissance tactique israélien.

Développement
Le développement de l'IAI Bird-Eye a commencé en 2003, en préparation d'un appel d'offres de l'administration israélienne pour le développement des armes et des infrastructures technologiques, pour la fourniture de modèles de mini-drone. Le besoin opérationnel d'un mini-drone a été identifié à la suite de la deuxième Intifada, lorsqu'en mars 2002, Tsahal a décidé d'acheter des services de systèmes de défense aéronautique pour des missions de renseignement tactique, à des fins de sécurité permanentes. La mission de l'entreprise était de lancer des drones dans la bande de Gaza et en Cisjordanie pour surveiller les activités terroristes dans l'Autorité palestinienne et mettre en garde contre les tentatives d'infiltration d'escouades terroristes sur le territoire israélien. En janvier 2004, un concours de démonstration a eu lieu, auquel ont participé, entre autres, des drones IAI, Elbit Systems et Rafael Advanced Defence Systems. Après le concours, l'armée israélienne a annoncé qu'elle préférait l'Elbit Skylark et a finalement remporté un appel d'offres officiel quelques années plus tard. IAI a décidé de continuer à développer le Bird-Eye pour les marchés internationaux.

Description
Les Bird Eye sont des drones de reconnaissance tactique appareils qui sont propulsés par un moteur électrique actionnant une hélice bipale. Cela permet de grandement réduire la signature acoustique du drone même à basse altitude. Différentes versions sont construites, la plupart d'entre elles sont équipées d'ailes en flèches recourbées vers le bas à leurs extrémités et sont démunies d'empennages.

Le matériel de reconnaissance est constitué d'une caméra optique ou infra-rouge située dans une boule gyrostabilisé installé sous le fuselage.

Le drone peut être lancé à la main ou grâce à une catapulte élastique. Un seul opérateur est nécessaire pour contrôler le drone

Ces appareils sont en général lancés à la main ou avec un élastique et peuvent être gérés par une seule personne. Les images recueillies sont retransmises en temps réel au poste de contrôle. L'atterrissage se fait grâce à un parachute qui est en général installé sous le fuselage ce qui permet d'éviter d'abimer le matériel électro-optique.

Variantes

 Bird-Eye 100 - Version de base. Moteur électrique
 Bird-Eye 400 - Version à l'envergure plus grande. Moteur électrique.
 Bird-Eye 500 - Configuration légèrement différente des précédents modèles. Moteur électrique.
 Bird-Eye 600 - Dérivé agrandi du Bird Eye 400. Moteur électrique.
 Bird-Eye 650 - Version modernisée du Bird Eye 400. Moteur électrique.
 Bird-Eye 650D - Version avec un moteur thermique.

Histoire opérationnelle
Un drone a été abattu en 2015 lors de son engagement durant la guerre du Donbass.

Opérateurs militaires

  - sous le nom de Zastava. En mars 2009, Israël et la Russie ont signé un contrat pour fournir des drones de reconnaissance IAI Bird-Eye 400, dans le but d'améliorer sa flotte de drones, après une mauvaise performance pendant la guerre d'Ossétie du sud. Là où les Forces de défense de Géorgie ont utilisé l'Elbit Hermes 450, les russes utilisaient les drones Tiptchak ainsi que des drones de l'ère Soviétique. L'accord était le tout premier achat annoncé publiquement par la Russie de matériel militaire israélien. Il est fabriqué par Israel Aerospace Industries. En 2009 Israël signe un contrat de 400 millions de $ avec la Russie pour qu'une ligne d'assemblage du drone soit installée en Russie.
  - En février 2015, Israel Aerospace Industries et l'indien Alpha Design Technologies ont signé un accord pour la production et la commercialisation de mini-drones en Inde, couvrant les modèles Bird-Eye 400 et Bird-Eye 650 d'IAI. Les sociétés ont annoncé que la production des systèmes aura lieu en Inde, tandis que l'intégration d'applications et de sous-systèmes supplémentaires sera réalisée par Alpha en Inde avec le soutien d'IAI.

Voir aussi

 IAI Searcher
 ZALA 421-16EM
 Orlan-10
 Eleron-3
 Aeronautics Defense Orbiter
 RQ-2 Pioneer
 Granat-3
 Ghods Mohajer-6

Notes et références

Drone de reconnaissance
Drone russe
Drone israélien
Drone
Arme militaire fabriquée en Israël
Arme militaire fabriquée en Russie
Drone militaire

IAI Bird-Eye


La Unión Euroasiática es un proyecto de integración económica y política de derecho basado en la Unión aduanera de Bielorrusia, Kazajistán y Rusia y el Espacio Económico Único de la UEE, y ampliable a otros estados de la Comunidad Económica Eurasiática (EurAsEC) y la Comunidad de Estados Independientes. Se crearía mediante la unión de las estructuras existentes de la Unión aduanera y el Espacio Económico Único, e incluso prevé instituir una moneda única.
El surgimiento de esta unión puede ser visto como parte de la estrategia rusa de recuperar el protagonismo que una vez tuvo en el escenario político internacional durante la llamada Guerra Fría, a la vez que sirve de contrapeso a la Unión Europea, junto con otras iniciativas como el grupo de los BRICS o la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghái (OCS). La visión de tener una moneda común al estilo Euro, que se planea llamarse Altýn, como una vieja moneda que existió en la época imperial rusa e inicios de la Unión Soviética. El propósito de esta unión es hacer de contrapeso a la Unión Europea en el viejo espacio soviético,.

Historia
La Unión Euroasiática fue propuesta en marzo de 1994 por el Presidente de Kazajistán, Nursultán Nazarbáyev, pero no fue hasta una reunión de la EurAsEC en diciembre de 2010 cuando la idea volvió a considerarse.

El 3 de octubre de 2011, el Presidente del Gobierno de Rusia Vladímir Putin publicó un artículo sobre las perspectivas de este proyecto y su posición respecto a otras organizaciones internacionales como la Unión Europea.

El 29 de mayo de 2014 los Presidentes de Rusia, Bielorrusia y Kazajistán firmaron el Tratado de creación de la Unión Económica Euroasiática, que entró en vigor el 1 de enero de 2015.

El 10 de octubre de 2014 en una reunión celebrada en la capital Bielorrusa, Minsk, Armenia se convirtió en el cuarto miembro pleno de la Unión Económica Euroasiática (UEE) y la Unión Euroasiática junto a Bielorrusia, Kazajistán y Rusia, en un paso de fortalecimiento del proceso de integración en el espacio postsoviético. También en este evento se ha creado la hoja de ruta para la adhesión de Kirguistán a la Unión Euroasiática.

Véase también
 Comunidad Económica Eurasiática
 Unión Económica Euroasiática
 Unión aduanera (Eurasia)
 Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI)
 Eurasianismo
 Irredentismo ruso

Referencias

Organizaciones internacionales
Eurasia

Unión Euroasiática


Civilisation II é o quinto EP da banda britânica Kero Kero Bonito, lançado em 21 de abril de 2021 pela Polyvinyl. O seguimento do EP Civilisation I de 2019, Civilisation II foi precedido pelo single "The Princess and the Clock" em 24 de fevereiro de 2021.

Em um comunicado à imprensa, Kero Kero Bonito descreveu Civilisation II como uma continuação das ideias apresentadas em Civilisation I, onde eles "exploram tendências humanas instintivas em três faixas, todas completamente criadas usando hardware vintage". Ambos os EPs foram fundidos em um álbum de compilação, intitulado simplesmente como Civilisation e lançado em 10 de setembro de 2021.

História
O EP prequência Civilisation I, lançado em 30 de setembro de 2019, foi originalmente concebido para ser um projeto autônomo de quatro faixas, chamado Civilisation, para construir os temas de seu segundo álbum Time 'n' Place para sua turnê de 2019, mas foi encurtado para três faixas e dividido em dois projetos. A continuação, Civilisation II, originalmente deveria ser lançada em 2020, mas foi adiada para 2021 por causa da pandemia do COVID-19.

Lançamento e Divulgação
Kero Kero Bonito anunciou o EP em 24 de fevereiro de 2021, juntamente com o lançamento do single "The Princess and the Clock" com um videoclipe de acompanhamento em seu canal no YouTube. O EP foi lançado via Polyvinyl em 21 de abril de 2021, juntamente com o single "21/04/20" sendo enviado para o canal do YouTube.

Composição
Civilisation II foi descrito como um disco dream pop, synth-pop, hyperpop, futurepop, glitch pop, art pop e indie pop. A produção do EP foi feita com um sampler Korg DSS-1 e consistiu em uma mistura de sintetizadores vintage e letras evocativas com um arranjo sonhador. Kero Kero Bonito também citou que as três faixas do disco, como Civilsation I, também representam três tempos diferentes: passado, presente e futuro.

Canções
Civilisation II abre com a faixa chiclete, synth-pop, pop experimental e hyperpop "Princess and the Clock".  A música representa o "passado", liricamente fala sobre "um protagonista sequestrado sendo preso em uma câmara" com uma influência chiptune na produção. A segunda faixa representando o "presente", "21/4/20" é uma música indie pop com uma "vibe futurista". A letra da faixa foi descrita como "ambulante e diarística" sobre reflexões sobre o bloqueio do ano anterior através de um estilo de fábula, e foi comparada como uma sequência de "Visiting Hours". O registro fecha com a faixa synth-funk, electro, glitch pop e techno "Well Rested", um remix da música "Rest Stop". Notado como o "corte mais experimental do EP", a batida da faixa foi caracterizada como "entre vaporwave e acid house". A música representa o "futuro", apresenta lirismos sobre um colapso ambiental sobre "visualizar um futuro transumanista à medida que a humanidade evolui para novas formas".

Recepção
Civilisation II foi recebido com críticas positivas após o lançamento. No Metacritic, que atribui uma classificação normalizada de 100 com base em comentários de críticos convencionais, o álbum recebeu uma pontuação de 82 em 100, com base em comentários de cinco críticos, indicando "aclamação universal".

Shaad D'Souza, da Pitchfork, descreveu o EP como "focando no impacto emocional do desastre com engenhosidade, inteligência e um som quente e brilhante" em contraste com as "visões de pesadelo de guerra perpétua e fumaça de incêndio" de Civilisation I. Eles também observaram que "não medita tanto no declínio humano quanto nas fábulas e mitos que criamos para nos ajustar a ele". Martyn Young do Dork afirma que o EP "representa a alegria multifacetada de uma banda que pode fazer tudo". Jeff Cubbison, do Impose, chamou a faixa "The Princess and the Clock" de um "hino pop de sintetizador experimental explosivo", descrevendo-o como um "conto de fadas sombrio e pungente". Joe Vitagliano do American Songwriter nomeou o EP como um dos "melhores" lançamentos do primeiro semestre de 2021, escrevendo que "a mistura eclética de sintetizadores vintage, letras evocativas e arranjos sonhadores se juntam para formar algo verdadeiramente sublime".

Kate Elridge, da Riot, por outro lado, descreveu o EP como "menos coeso" do que Civilisation I e, embora tenha um "início promissor", comentando que as três faixas são "separadas e não relacionadas", fazendo com que o EP pareça "desorganizado e incompleto".

Faixas

EP de 2021
Álbuns de Kero Kero Bonito

Civilisation II


Blue Flame is a rocket-powered land speed racing vehicle that was driven by Gary Gabelich and achieved a world land speed record on Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah on October 23, 1970. The vehicle set the FIA world record for the flying mile at  and the flying kilometer at . Blue Flame's world records have since been broken.

Design and construction
Blue Flame was constructed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin by Reaction Dynamics, a company formed by Pete Farnsworth, Ray Dausman and Dick Keller, who had developed the first hydrogen peroxide rocket dragster,  called the X-1 and driven by Chuck Suba.  The car used a combination of high-test peroxide and liquified natural gas (LNG), pressurized by helium gas. The effort was sponsored by the American Gas Association, with technical assistance from the Institute of Gas Technology of Des Plaines, IL.

The engine was designed by Reaction Dynamics and some of the components were manufactured by Galaxy Manufacturing  of Tonawanda, New York.

Blue Flames engine is a regeneratively cooled variable thrust liquid-propellant engine.  It can operate on either a single- or dual-propellant basis. In operation, it permits natural gas use as a liquid, gas, or both with a two-stage combustion start.  The oxidizer flow is established first, then LNG enters a heat exchanger where it vaporizes and is brought to combustion temperature. The gas is then injected into the combustion chamber with the oxygen provided by the hydrogen peroxide.  A stable flame front is established and the remaining liquified natural gas (LNG) is injected to bring the engine to full power.

Nominal engine running time was 20 seconds at full thrust of , the equivalent of .   Keller stated the Goodyear Tire Company restricted their top speed to . Reaction Dynamics subsequently modified the LNG flow in the two-stage injector system to almost halve the maximum thrust.  The actual thrust during the record runs was between  [equivalent of ]  and . Blue Flames record runs involved accelerating continuously to the mile midpoint, then coasting through the mile.  The peak speed, approximately , was reached at that point and then the vehicle decelerated the rest of the way.  The kilometer speed trap was biased towards one end of the mile, resulting in the  higher speed.

Blue Flame uses an aluminum semi-monocoque with welded tubular structure in the nose section and an aluminum "skin."  The vehicle is  long,  high to the top of the tail fin, and  wide, with a wheelbase of . It has an empty weight of  and is approximately  fully fueled and loaded. Goodyear designed 8:00-25 tires for the vehicle, with an outside diameter of  and smooth tread surface to help prevent heat buildup, filled with nitrogen gas at .

Land speed record
On 23 October 1970 at Bonneville, Gary Gabelich drove Blue Flame to a new record of  for the flying mile,  for the flying kilometre.

Legacy
Blue Flame is now on permanent exhibition at the Auto and Technik Museum Sinsheim in Germany.

See also
 Rocket car

References

External links
 Break the Record - Official Blue Flame LSR video
 Speedquest - The Blue Flame movie from Dick Keller's personal collection that he released into the public domain in 2011

Further reading

Rocket land speed record cars

Streamliner cars

Blue Flame


المضادات الفطرية  هي أدوية تستخدم في علاج الإصابات الفطرية مثل مرض قدم الرياضي ومرض القوباء الحلقية بالإضافة للعدوى بالمبيضات البيض والعدوى الفطرية الجهازية.
لقد كان للانتشار المروع لكل من عدوى النسوجيات وعدوى الكورانية في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر الأثر الأكبر في دفع الجهود باتجاه إيجاد دواء فعال لعلاج تلك العدوى الخطيرة والقاتلة. لكن لسوء الحظ فلم تتكلل هذه الجهود بالنجاح حتى 1960 وذلك بالتوصل إلى كل من النيستاتين والأمفوتيريسين ب والفيليبين والهامايسين.

تعدّ التطورات الحاصلة على المستوى الطبي في مجال علاج السرطان وزرع الأعضاء بالإضافة إلى الوقاية المتبعة عند الإصابة بالإيدز هي المسؤولة عن الارتفاع الخطير في معدل إصابة الأشخاص بخلل في جهاز المناعة مما يجعلهم عرضة لعدوى فطرية قد تهدد حياتهم. وبناءً عليه فقد تم العمل الجاد لإيجاد طرق جديدة لعلاج هكذا عدوى تتجاوز بفعاليتها الطرق التقليدية في العلاج.

تاريخ
في ستينيات القرن الماضي تم التوصل إلى اكتشاف كل من النستاتين والأمفيتراسين ب والفيليبين والهامايسين كمضادات فطرية ولكن بسبب سميتها فقد تم استبعاد الفيليبين وأبقى على استخدام النستاتين والهامايسين للاستخدام الموضعي وعلى الأمفيتراسين ب للعلاج الجهازي.

كما تم التوصل أيضاً إلى اكتشاف فلوسايتوسين ذو التأثير الفعال على كل من المبيضات والرشاشيات. حالياً يتم استخدامه فقط مع الأمفيتراسين ب.

ومن ثم تم اكتشاف مركبات الآزول والتي تعدّ حقبة جديدة في تاريخ المضادات الفطرية من حيث فعاليتها وسميتها الخفيفة. أول هذه المركبات كان كلوتريمازول الذي اكتشف لاحقاً بأنه يسبب أضرار عند اعطائه بشكل جهازي واقتصر استخدامه على العلاج الموضعي. أما المركب الثاني فهو مايكونازول وقد تم استخدامه حقناً عن طريق الوريد لسنوات عديدة قبل أن يكتشف تأثيره الضار وتحوله إلى دواء للاستخدام الموضعي. ثم تم اكتشاف كيتانونازول حيث اعتبر مرحلة جديدة في عمر هذه المركبات حيث تتمتع بفعالية دوائية ذات طيف واسع في علاج الفطريات عند استخدامه عن طريق الفم. في ثمانيات القرن الماضي تم التوصل إلى فلوكونازول وإتراكونازول.

خلال فترة تطور مركبات الآزول كان العمل جارياً على تعديل الأمفيتراسين ب لزيادة فعاليه والتخفيف من تأثيره السمي وأفضل ما تم التوصل إليه في هذا المجال كان بدمج جزيئات هذه الدواء مع حوامل دهنية.

مضادات الفطور التقليدية

1- مضادات الفطور الببتدية
تختلف هذه المركبات في تأثيرها ولكن بشكل عام تعمل هذه المركبات على قتل أو تثبيط النمو عند الفطور من خلال تحليل أو الاقتران أو تخريب الغشاء السيتوبلازمي وتشكيل ثقوب فيه ومن ثم حدوث تسرب في المحتويات الخلوية أو من خلال تأثيرها على السيتوبلازما أو النواة.
تكون مضادات الفطور الببتدية الطبيعية مشتقة إما من:
 الجراثيم (إتيورين ، باسيلومايسين ، سيرينجوتوكسين ، سيباسيدين )
 الفطور (إتشينوكاندين )
 الحشرات (سيسروبين أ، ب Cecropins A and B، دورسومايسين ، ديرماسنتين )
 النباتات (زيماتين ، فرانجفلولين ، نومميولارين )
 الثدييات (جالنسين ).

2- مضادات الفطور المانعة لتشكيل الكيتين
يتواجد الكيتين في الغشاء السيتوبلامي الخلوي ويعد غيابه من جدران الخلايا عند الثدييات هدفاً محتملاً من أهداف الاستراتجيات الدوائية المتبعة في معالجة الفطور. من أم المركبات التي تعمل على تثبيط تركيب الكيتين هي:
نيكومايسين  وبولي أوكسين .

3- مضادات الفطور التي تستهدف الغشاء السيتوبلازمي أو الاستقلاب

أ)- البولين
تتحد مركبات هذه المجموعة بسرعة مع المركبات الستيرولية  وبشكل محبب الأرجيستيرول ، الذي يشكل الستيرول الرئيسي في تركيب غشاء الخلية الفطرية. بينما تتحد بشكل أقل حدة مع الكولسترول، المكون الستيرولي الرئيس في جدارن الخلايا عند الثدييات. كنتيجة لهذا الاتحاد يحدث تخريب لجدران الخلايا مع حدوث تسرب للبوتاسيوم والمغنيزيوم المتواجدان داخل الخلايا ومن ثم موت الخلية الفطرية. من جهة أخرى تخرب هذه المركبات الأنزيمات المسؤولة عن عملية الأكسدة في الخلايا المستهدفة وبالتالي موت الخلايا. تتضمن هذه المجموعة مركبات تستخدم بشكل شائع في علاج العدوى الفطرية:
 نيستاتين : يستخدم للعلاج الموضعي على شكل معلق يؤخذ عن طريق الفم.
 أمفوتيراسين ب : يستخدم للعلاج الجهازي عن طريق الحقن بالوريد ويتواجد تحت عدة أسماء تجارية.
 SPA-S-753 (ن ميثيلأمينوأستيل-بارترسين أ2 ديمثيلأمينوإثيلأميد ديسوربيت) (N-dimethylaminoacetyl-partricin A2-dimethyl-aminoethylamide diascorbate)

ب)- الآزول
تعمل هذه المركبات على تثبيط السايتوكروم عند الفطور، ديميثيليز الموسوم س14. حيث أن تثبيط هذا الإنزايم يؤدي إلى منع تشكل الأرجوستيرول من أجل جدار الخلية الفطرية. أيضاً يتم تعطيل أنزيمات الأكسدة المترافقة مع الغشاء الخلوي بالإضافة إلى تجمع الدهون الفوسفورية ضمن الخلية وبالتالي موتها. تقسم هذه المجموعة كيميائياً إلى مجموعتين:
 إميدازول : تتضمن كلوتريمازول ، إيكونازول ، كيتوكونازول ، مايكونازول .
 تريآزول : تتضمن فلوكونازول ، إتراكونازول ، تيركونازول ، أمورولفين .

مراجع

مبيدات الفطريات
مضادات العدوى

مضاد فطري


Los pneumóridos (Pneumoridae) son una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos y el único miembro de la superfamilia Pneumoroidea. Se distribuye por África.

Géneros
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
 Bullacris Roberts, 1941
 Parabullacris Dirsh, 1963
 Paraphysemacris Dirsh, 1963
 Peringueyacris Dirsh, 1965
 Physemacris Roberts, 1941
 Physophorina Westwood, 1874
 Pneumora Thunberg, 1775
 Pneumoracris Dirsh, 1963
 Prostalia Bolívar, 1906

Referencias

 Blanchard, 1845 : Histoire des insectes : traitant de leurs moeurs et de leurs métamorphoses en général et comprenant une nouvelle classification fondée sur leurs rapports naturels. Tome II. Coléoptères, Orthoptères, Thysanoptères, Neuroptères, Lépidoptères, Hémiptères, Aphaniptères, Strepsiptères, Diptères, Anoplures et Thysanures. F. Didot frères. Paris, 1-524.

Enlaces externos

 Pneumoroidea en TolWeb

Familias de insectos
Caelifera

Pneumoroidea


Memorijal Ivana Ivančića naziv je za atletsko natjecanje u bacanju kugle, koje se u sklopu Hanžekovićeva memorijala održava večer ranije na fontanama u Ulici Hrvatske bratske zajednice u Zagrebu od 2015. godine. Bacanje kugle je 2014. godine održano prvi puta na fontanama, u čast hrvatskog atletičara Ivana Ivančića, bacača kugle i trenera hrvatskih i svjetskih atletičarskih prvaka (Sandre Perković, Ivane Brkljačić, Edisa Elkasevića), koji je preminuo 2014., od sljedeće godine ovo natjecanje nosi naziv "Memorijal Ivana Ivančića".

2015. godina

2016. godina

Pobjednik je bio Amerikanac Ryan Crouser, s novim rekordom mitinga od 22,28 metara.

2017. godina

2018. godina

Ryan Crouser je pobijedio hitcem od 22,09 metara, Hrvat Stipe Žunić bio je osmi s bačenih 20 metara.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Šport u Zagrebu
Atletika u Hrvatskoj

Memorijal Ivana Ivančića


An Miltoniopsis vexillaria in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni God.-leb.. An Miltoniopsis vexillaria in nahilalakip ha genus nga Miltoniopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Miltoniopsis

Miltoniopsis vexillaria


ඉතාලි ජනරජයේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා () යනු, ඉතාලියේ රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, එම භූමිකාවෙහි, ජාතික සමගිය නියෝජනය කරමින් සහතික කරනුයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුකූලව ඉතාලි දේශපාලනය මෙහෙයවෙන බවයි.  ජනාධිපතිවරයාගේ ධූරයේ නිල කාලය වසර හතක් වෙයි. ජනරජයේ අවසන් (11වන) ජනාධිපතිවරයා වූයේ  ජෝර්ජියෝ නැපොලිටානෝ වන අතර,   2006 මැයි 10 දිනදී, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ඡන්ද ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමේ සතරවන වටයේදී තේරී පත්වූ ඔහු, 2013 අප්‍රේල් 20 දිනදී  දෙවන ධූර කාලය සඳහා හයවන වටයේදී තේරී පත් වූයේ සරල බහුතරයක් සඳහා අවශ්‍ය ඡන්ද 504 ට වඩා බෙහෙවින් ඉහළ ඡන්ද 738 ක් ලබමිනි. 2015 ජනවාරි 31 දිනදී, ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා විනිශ්චයකාර සර්ජෝ මටරෙල්ලා, ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙසින් තේරී පත් විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

ඉතාලියේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා


An Prosthechea aloisii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dodson och Eric Hágsater. An Prosthechea aloisii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Prosthechea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Prosthechea

Prosthechea aloisii


Costache Radu (n. 1844, Bacău – d. 1908, Bacău) este o personalitate complexă a celei de a doua jumătăți a secolului al XIX-lea în urbea Bacău. Istoria îl reține atât pentru excepționala valoare documentară a lucrării Bacăul între 1850 - 1900 cât și pentru activitatea sa ca primar al Bacăului.

Biografie
Puținele informații despre viața lui Costache Radu sunt furnizate, în cea mai mare parte, chiar de el însuși în cartea menționată: "Bacăul între 1850 - 1900". A învățat mai întâi cu dascălul Gheorghe de la Sf. Ion, apoi la "Schoala Domnească" cu profesorul  Constantin Platon, o altă personalitate marcantă a Bacăului, fost primar și el și întemeietorul Școlii de Băieți Nr. 1, viitorul Liceu Principele Ferdinand.
Va face studiile de drept la Iași, după care se va întoarce ca avocat la Bacău, unde va desfășura o activitate foarte diversificată ca jurist, jurnalist, cărturar și om politic.

Jurnalistul
A avut o contribuție deosebită la dezvoltarea jurnalismului, redactând, editând sau colaborând la publicațiile:
 "Zorile" (primul ziar băcăuan, apărut la 21.09.1867)
 "Rusaliile" (editat chiar de Costache Radu, 1868-1869)
 "Gazeta de Bacău" (1870-1890)
 "Curierul de Bacău" (1878)
 "Mica revistă" (1886)

Dramaturgul
Fiind un înflăcărat susținător al funcționării unui teatru băcăuan, va merge până la a scrie el însuși piese de teatru:
 "Băile de la Slănic" (5 acte, 1876)
 "Doctoria soacrelor" (un act, 1882)
 "Senatorul somnoros"
Va face impresariat artistic și chiar va accepta preluarea direcțiunii teatrului, găzduit cu generozitate de N. Drăgoianu în hotelul cu același nume.

Primarul
A fost primar în două rânduri:
 1889 -1890
 1894-1895

Realizări
 Trotuare cu bazalt (10km)
 Finalizarea Bulevaedului Carol (actualul Bulevard Unirii)
 Înființarea Serviciului de Salubritate
 Aducțiunea de apă potabilă
 Modernizarea canalizării
 Școala de Fete Nr. 1, viitorul Liceu de fete, azi Colegiul Național "Vasile Alecsandri" din Bacău

Politicianul
A participat la toate marile evenimente ale vremii sale, fiind întotdeauna de partea progresiștilor, dorind modernizarea și propășirea națiunii. În Parlamentul României și în presă, va milita pentru respectarea drepturilor celor lăsați în voia sorții de autorități. Multe din articolele sale vor ataca guvernul și oficialitățile pentru indiferența dovedită față de acești oameni.

Note

Bibliografie
 Costache Radu -Bacăul între 1850-1900 –Ediția a 2-a, revizuită – Bacău: Grafit, 2005
 Lucian Șerban – Costache Radu și recuperarea trecutului solidificat, introducere la  Costache Radu - Bacăul între 1850-1900 – Ediția a 2-a, Grafit, 2005, pp. 2 – 4
 Laura Huiban - Bacăul lui Costache Radu reeditat – oct. 2008

Nașteri în 1844
Decese în 1908
Primari ai Bacăului

Costache Radu


Anzû ya da dZû ya da İmdugud (Sümerce:  AN.IM.DUGUDMUŠEN), antik Mezopotamya dininde geçen daha küçük bir tanrı ya da canavardır. Tanrıça Siris'in oğludur. Zu ve Siris, ateş ve su soluyabilen dev kuşlar olarak görülmüştür. Buna rağmen, Zu aslan başlı bir kartal olarak da tasavvur edilmiştir.

Gök tanrısı Enlil'in hizmetkarı olduğuna inanılırdı. Efsaneye göre, her şeyin kaderini yönetebilmek için Kader Tabletleri'ni efendisinden çalar. Hikâyenin bir başka şeklinde tanrılar Lugalbanda'yı tabletleri geri getirmesi için gönderir ve bu arada Lugalbanda Zu'yu öldürür. Bir başkasına göre ise, Ea ve Belet-İli Nünurta'yı tabletleri getirmek için görevlendirirler. Üçüncü bir anlatıma göre ise Zu'yu Marduk öldürmüştür.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
  Encyclopedia Mythica'da Zu

Antik Semitik dinler
Mezopotamya tanrıları
Pers mitolojisi
Mezopotamya demonları
Canavarlar
Hava ve gök tanrıları
Mitolojik yırtıcı kuşlar

Anzû


اللوحة البويتينغرية أو لوحة بوتنجر (Tabula Peutingeriana) هي نسخة من القرن الثالث عشر لخريطة رومانية قديمة تبين الطرق الإمبراطورية العسكرية. تحمل اسم الإنساني وجامع التحف كونراد بويتينغر الذي ورثها عن صديقه كونراد بيكل، أراد بويتينغر نشر هذه الخريطة، لكنه توفي قبل أن يتمكن من ذلك.

مراجع

المكتبة الوطنية النمساوية
خرائط
روما القديمة
سجل ذاكرة العالم

خريطة بيوتينجر


Michael Fokine ( – 22 August 1942) was a Russian choreographer and dancer.

Career

Early years

Fokine was born in Saint Petersburg to a prosperous merchant and at the age of 9 was accepted into the Saint Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. That same year, he made his performing debut in The Talisman under the direction of Marius Petipa. In 1898, on his 18th birthday, he debuted on the stage of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Paquita, with the Imperial Russian Ballet. In addition to being a talented dancer, Fokine was also passionate about painting and displayed talent in this area as well. He also played musical instruments, including mandolin (played on stage in ensemble led by Ginislao Paris), domra, and balalaika (played in Vasily Andreyev's Great Russian Orchestra).

Transition to choreographer
He became frustrated with the life of a dancer and began considering other paths, including painting. In 1902, he was offered a teaching position at the Imperial Ballet School and was able to explore the artistic possibilities of choreography. In 1905, he created his first full-length ballet, Acis et Galatée, which was performed by his students and based on a Sicilian legend. Among his students were Desha Delteil and Bronislava Nijinska.

Some of Fokine's early works include the ballet Acis and Galatea (1905) and The Dying Swan (1907), which was a solo dance for Anna Pavlova choreographed to the music of Le Cygne. Acis and Galetea included an acrobatic dance with young boys playing fauns, one of whom was Vaslav Nijinsky. Fokine later featured Nijinsky in ballets including Chopiniana (1907), which was renamed Les Sylphides in 1909.

Ballets Russes
In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the resident choreographer of the first season of the Ballets Russes in Paris. At Ballets Russes, he collaborated with other artists to create a ballet of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade, which premiered in 1910. The ballet was inspired by symphonic poems composed by Rimsky-Korsakov and the tale of the 1001 Nights. The sets designed by Léon Bakst matched the sexualized choreography. Despite the lack of historical accuracy, the ballet was successful due to its brilliant colors, exoticism, and sexual overtones. The 1910 production featured Nijinsky in the role of the Golden Slave.

The Firebird (1910), with music composed by Igor Stravinsky was also created by a "committee," a process inspired by the Wagnerian notion of Gesamtkunstwerk, which is the synthesis of elements such as music, drama, spectacle, and dance to create a more cohesive artwork. Petrushka (1912), with music also composed by Stravinsky and set design by Alexandre Benois Petrouchka, was inspired by the Russian puppet which traditionally appeared at the Butter Week (Shrovetide) Fairs. In this ballet, Fokine included street dancers, peddlers, nursemaids, a performing bear, and a large ensemble of characters to complement the plot. The story was centered on the sinister Magician (Enrico Cecchetti) and his three puppets: Petrouchka (Nijinsky), the Ballerina (Tamara Karsavina) and the savage Moor (Alexander Orlov). Fokine's ballet Le Spectre de la Rose (1911) showcased Nijinsky as the spirit of the rose given to a young girl. Nijinsky's exit featured a grand jeté out of the young girl's bedroom window, timed so the audience would last see him suspended in mid-air. In 1912, Fokine created an adaptation of Daphnis et Chloé.

He left Ballets Russes in 1912. In 1914, Diaghilev convinced Fokine to return to Ballets Russes, where he then created the ballets Midas, Josephslegende, and Le Coq d'Or. The Paris premiere of The Golden Cockerel by Ballets Russes in 1914 was an opéra-ballet, guided by Fokine with set design by Natalia Goncharova.

American Ballet Company
The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, disrupted the established touring circuit, which included countries now on opposing sides. Many dancers, including Fokine, returned to their home countries. He moved to Sweden with his family in 1918, and later established his home in New York City, where he founded a ballet school in 1921, and continued to appear with his wife, Vera Fokina. One of his pupils was Patricia Bowman. By 1924, he organized the American Ballet Company, which performed regularly at the Metropolitan Opera House and toured the United States. His first piece for the company was the comedy Bluebeard, set to a score by Jacques Offenbach.

His ballet Les Sylphides was the first production at the American Ballet Theatre on 11 January 1940. In 1937, Fokine joined Wassily de Basil's offshoot of the Ballets Russes, which was eventually named the Original Ballet Russe. Among the new works Fokine created during this period were Cendrillon (1938) and Paganini (1939). His choreography was featured with the company until 1941.

Fokine staged more than eighty ballets in Europe and the United States. His best-known works were Chopiniana, Le Carnaval (1910), and Le Pavillon d'Armide (1907). His pieces are still performed internationally. The Mariinsky Ballet performed a retrospective of Fokine's work at London's Covent Garden in July 2011.

Death
Fokine died in New York on 22 August 1942, aged 62. In tribute to his passing, seventeen ballet companies around the world performed Les Sylphides simultaneously.

Teaching methods and style
Fokine aspired to move beyond traditional ballet, toward a method of utilizing ballet to communicate the natural beauty of Man. He did not believe virtuoso ballet techniques to symbolize anything, and thought they could be substituted with forms that better expressed emotions and themes. Fokine was a strong believer in the communicative power of dance and pushed for creativity that broke tradition, believing that tradition is often distinct from reality and fails to capture the entire spectrum of human emotions. He believed that unless movements are expressive, they are irrational and neither delightful nor tolerable.

Fokine also sought to strip ballets of their artificial technicality and outdated costumes. He believed that many of the ballets of his time used costumes and techniques that did not reflect the themes of the ballets. Fokine studied Greek and Egyptian art, including vase painting and sculpture, and incorporated these into his ballets. As a choreographer, he took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes when pointe did not serve any "artistic purpose". He believed that pointe should be used when the dancing body desires to express a soaring and upward theme, rather than to flaunt the strength of dancers' feet. He presented this new idea to the Imperial Mariinsky Theater's management, but did not win their support. One of Fokine's requests was to have his dancers perform barefoot in his 1907 ballet Eunice. His request was denied, and Fokine had toes painted on the dancers' tights so they would appear to be barefoot.

He also experimented with shifting the emphasis of movement away from the lower body and towards the whole body, with freer use of the arms and torso and using each muscle with clear intention. In doing so, Fokine sought to unify motion with emotion and the body with the soul, bringing new life to the ballet as a language and an art.

In 1923, he choreographed the ballet Ajanta Frescoes for Anna Pavlova after she had been inspired by her visit to the Ajanta Caves.

Cultural depiction
Nijinsky (film), film by Herbert Ross - portrayed by Jeremy Irons (1980)
Anna Pavlova, film by Emil Loteanu - portrayed by Sergey Shakurov (1983)
Tribute To Ballet, with Prefatory poem To M. Michel Fokine, by John Masefield (1938)

See also
List of dancers
List of Russian ballet dancers

References

Notes

References
Beaumont, C. W., Michel Fokine and His Ballets,
Anderson, Jack.
"Michel Fokine|Russian Dancer and Choreographer." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Web. 21 February 2016.

External links

Fokine, Michel, 1880–1942. "Papers: Guide". in the Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library.

Fokine on Britannica.com

1880 births
1942 deaths
Ballet choreographers
Ballets Russes choreographers
Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery
Ballets Russes dancers
Male ballet dancers from the Russian Empire
People from Yonkers, New York
Dance in New York City
Choreographers of American Ballet Theatre
White Russian emigrants to the United States
Choreographers of Mariinsky Theatre
Mariinsky Ballet dancers
Mandolinists from the Russian Empire
Choreographers from the Russian Empire

Michel Fokine